SPECIMEN EXAMINATIONS | FOR MERCHANT MARINE DECK OFFICERS CG-101 JULY 1, 1963 UNITED ‘STATES COAST GUARD TREASURY DEPARTMENT L/WHOI MB MANN ing ni ANN SPECIMEN EXAMINATIONS FOR MERCHANT MARINE DECK OFFICERS CG 101 JULY 1, 1963 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD TREASURY DEPARTMENT U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1963 TREASURY DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ADDRESS REPLY TO: COMMANDANT U.S. COAST GUARD HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON 25, D.C. CMC July 1, 1963 FOREWORD Candidates for merchant marine deck officer’s licenses are required to pass written examinations to demonstrate their professional qualifications. This publication con- tains questions which should acquaint those seeking such licenses with the nature of the material they will be required to know. The pamphlet “Specimen Examinations for Merchant Marine Deck Officers,’ CG— 101, dated July 1, 1958, is superseded by this publication. It is hoped that the specimen questions and information contained herein will be helpful to those endeavoring to qualify for licenses as deck officers. EG Maud EK. J. ROLAND, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant. Dist. (SDL No. 77) A: None B:n(100) ; c(9) ; e(5) ; d(2) ; b, p(1) Crom (tb) IDii; 1m; nor (1) Haan (1') List 112 List 160 il INTRODUCTION The specimen examinations published herein are for the purpose of acquaint- ing prospective candidates with the nature of the material they will be required to answer in order to qualify for licenses. Candidates will not be asked the same number of questions published under the respective grades and titles; nor are the examining officers precluded from using questions not contained in this publica- tion. However, this book provides a fairly comprehensive guide to the nature of the material used. Candidates should also be prepared to answer questions of the multiple-choice type. In order to conserve space, duplication of questions under the different grades has been eliminated as far as practical. In studying for the higher grades of license, similar subject matter shown for the lower grades should be carefully reviewed. Candidates for lower grades should also acquaint themselves with the material given for required subject matter in the higher grades, although they will not be required to show the same degree of knowledge of the more difficult problems. Candidates must be prepared to demonstrate their proficiency in the use and adjustment of the sextant; plotting of courses, bearings, and lines of position on charts, and the application of the International, Inland, and Pilot Rules of the Road through the use of models. An actual demonstration of the candidates knowl- edge of signaling is also required. A minimum qualifying speed of six words per minute is required for signaling with flashing light. Effective January 1, 1959, every applicant for an original deck officer’s license, raise in grade, or increase in scope of license for service on ocean, coastwise, or Great Lakes vessels of 300 gross tons or over shall be required to qualify as a radar observer. Questions of the type that will be given have been included in this publication under the separate heading ‘“‘Radar Observer.” Subjects have been numbered in accordance with Table 10.05-45(b). “Subjects for Deck Officers of Ocean or Coastwise Steam or Motor Vessels’ in the Rules and Regulations for Licensing and Certificating of Merchant Marine Personnel. A copy of the table is included for convenient reference. Further Table 10.05—-45(b) has been categorized into five groups as shown below to set forth the order in which groups of subjects shall be given. The groups will be administered in the order shown. For example, a candidate will be given the applicable subjects in Group One first. These shall be completed in their entirety before proceeding to Group Two and so on. However, the subjects within each particular group will not neces- sarily be given in the order set forth. This will be left to the discretion of the officer administering the examination in order to provide for the most efficient use of his and the candidate’s time. Group One Navigation . Latitude by Polaris . Latitude by Meridian Altitude Method . Fix or Running Fix . Star Identification . Compass Deviation . Middle Latitude Sailing a> TP WwW DH ill 7. Mercator Sailing 8. Great Circle Sailing 9. Piloting Group Two 1. International and Inland Rules of the Road Group Three 1. Chart Navigation 2. Aids to Navigation 3. Instruments and Accessories 4. Magnetism, Deviation and Compass Compensation 5. Chart Construction 6. Tides and Currents Group Four . Ocean Winds, Weather and Currents . Nautical Astronomy and Navigation Definitions . Stability and Ship Construction . Seamanship . Cargo Stowage and Handling . Change in Draft due to Density . Determination of Area and Volume . Speed by Revolutions . Fuel Conservation CMONATHWH eH Group Five . Signaling by International Code Flags, Flashing Light: Lifesaving, Storm and Special Signals . Lifesaving Apparatus and Firefighting Equipment Ship Sanitation . Rules and Regulations for Inspection of Merchant Vessels Laws Governing Marine Inspection Ship’s Business . General . Practical demonstration of knowledge and use of the sextant Pon me CO VD N A bibliography of texts which may be helpful is included. This cannot be re garded as complete, and failure to list any specific work is not intended to slight its value. Material in the examination has been drawn from other sources as well as the references cited. Prior to sitting for a license examination, applicant must meet other require- ments. A brief summary of these follows. AGE AND EXPERIENCE Applicants must be at least 21 years of age, with the exception of third mates, who must be at least 19 years of age. Minimum qualifying experience is required for each grade of license. These requirements are set forth in detail in CG—191, Rules and Regulations for Licensing and Certificating of Merchant Marine Per- sonnel. CITIZENSHIP All applicants for an original, renewal, or raise of grade of license must be citizens of the United States, native born, or fully naturalized. This must be established by acceptable documentary evidence. Persons not able to prove Ameri- can citizenship will not be examined for an original license. iv APPLICATIONS Form CG-866 (License Applications) may be obtained either by written re quest or personal application to any Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, U.S. Coast Guard. It must be completed in all respects. All statements of sea service made therein must be supported by documentary evidence, issued by responsible persons, officers, or organizations. When the application has been completed, it must be presented personally by the applicant at a Marine Inspection Office. Each applicant for an original license is required to have a written endorsement from a Master and two other licensed officers of a vessel on which he has served. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Upon acceptance and approval of his application, the candidate will be sent to one of the offices of the U.S. Public Health Service for a physical examination. For an original license as master, mate, or pilot, the applicant must have either with or without glasses, at least 20/20 vision in one eye and at least 20/40 in the other. The applicant who wears glasses, however, must also be able to pass a test without glasses of at least 20/40 in one eye and at least 20/70 in the other. The color sense will be tested by means of a pseudo-isochromatic plate test, but any appli- eant who fails this test will be eligible if he can pass the ‘‘Williams” lantern test or equivalent. REEXAMINATION AND REFUSAL OF LICENSES Any applicant for license or endorsement who has been duly examined and re- fused may come before the same Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, for reexam- ination at any time thereafter that may be fixed by such Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, but such time shall not be less than 1 month from the date of his last failure. In the case of another failure, he will not be reexamined until after a lapse of at least 6 months from date of last failure. A candidate who has been duly examined and refused a license by an Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, shall not be examined by any other Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, until 1 year has elapsed from the date of the last refusal without the sanction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, that refused the applicant. REQUIREMENTS FOR RENEWAL OF LICENSE Every Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, shall, before renewing an existing license to a master, mate, or pilot who has served under the authority of his license within the 3 years next preceding the date of application for renewal, or who has been employed in a position closely related to the operation of vessels during the same 3 year period, require that such licensed officer present an affidavit that he has read within the 3 months next preceding the date of application the Rules of the Road applicable to the waters for which he is licensed and demon- strate his knowledge of the application of the Rules of the Road. Every Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, shall, before renewing an existing license to a master, mate, or pilot who has not served under the authority of his license within the 3 years next preceding the date of application for renewal, or who has not been employed in a position closely related to the operation of vessels during the same 3 year period, satisfy himself that such licensed officer is thoroughly familiar with the Rules of the Road applicable to the waters for which he is licensed. A written examination may be required for this purpose, or the applicant may be examined orally and a summary of the oral examination placed in the officer’s license file. e DJ jn ua pee 1A " Laan ems rea PS dk cP wee! ’ pier aca aulgelt: med oo 1 fae t te oe FD) pang 6:4 1? enrol nit (pA @ a OT 3) Aa ae eee “yess nah “al 0-8? ogre (Sy meee. gil fot widen oot) ew - wile lea me A ON Ok yinnt th fle ow illyin ot 44a 1 | OA ee = eee Tm go f 4 en 5 | ~inaty, Ca ghey jit” Yt ee yay ae Hd ey fits ah gees i 1: 9A ws - b eh » aety i@ Le | ou t 47 GPA if) Seay j ti * . | i il oe i ‘ we on i “vu ee mr oi! Sh. joa F 4 i ba i ce ine ’ ® ® ews is Ji. 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Candidates may use any method of solution. 3. RUNNING FIX-SUN. Enroute from New Orleans, La. to Tampico, Mexico, in D. R. Latitude 25°-55’ North, Longitude 98°-10’ West, Observed Altitude (ho) 29°—20’.1 The ship’s course was 230°, speed 20.3 knots. At LAN a meridian altitude Observed Altitude (ho) 41°-55'.7 Required: The ship’s position at Local Apparent Noon. Greenwich Hour Angle 55°-37'.4 an observation of the sun was taken and the following data recorded: Declination 22°-47’.0 S. was taken and the following data re- corded: Declination 22°-46’.3 S. Enroute from Toledo, Ohio to Port of Spain, Trinidad in D. R. Latitude 14°- 86’ North and Longitude 62°-32’ West Observed Altitude (Ho) 37 °-28’.7 The ship’s course was 165°, speed 11.7 knots. 3h-50m-138s after the a. m. ob- servation, a p. m. observation of the Observed Altitude (Ho) 80°-16’.0 Required: The ship’s position at the time of p. m. observation. Greenwich Hour Angle 7°—48’.1 Greenwich Hour Angle 65°-20’.9 an observation of the sun was taken and the following data recorded: Declination 23°-01’.4 N. sun was taken and the following data recorded: Declination 23°-00'.6 N. Candidates may use any method to obtain solution. anne eeenrereeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeece In the winter, the following 3 sextant altitudes of the sun were obtained. The height of eye was 65 feet, the sextant Observation No. 1 SuntSextwaltire 22 Pera a 8°-34'.2 eat eeneSSUnG se ay asks 748) 7A Ne Temperature. 4.4222 ee +20° F Required: The observed altitude. index error was 0’.5 on the arc in all observations. Given: Observation No. 3 (Upper Limb) Observation No. 2 31°-46’.8 49°-26'.7 1034 mb 30.0 in. 5 +40° Celsius +60° F. (Centigrade) 2 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD GIVEN: No. 1 OR, pee ee ee 1 January 1958 GM Se 12h-04m-57s Laotian 57°-—32’.0 West Required: The meridian angle and declination of the sun in each of the 3 5. CHART NAVIGATION. What regions of the earth may not be shown by the ordinary Mercator chart projection? What would be the appearance of straight lines on a Mercator chart if transferred to a globe? What government agency of the United States publishes charts of for- eign waters? What government agency of the United States publishes charts of the United States and its possessions? If you wished to measure the distance between point “A” at Latitude 30° and point “B” at Latitude 40° on a Mercator chart with the dividers set to measure 30’ at each step, at what two points on the latitude scale would you set each leg of the dividers in order to obtain the most accurate measure- ments? How does a great circle appear when plotted on a gnomonic chart? Name the various instruments or de- vices that may be employed in deter- mining the course on a Mercator chart. What chart would you consult to de- termine weather conditions, currents, or locations where ice might be encoun- tered ? Distinguish between small _ scale charts and large scale charts, and state the use of each. How are charts kept up to date? How would you know when a chart was last corrected ? Having once determined the course to sail a great circle, can this course be used until the destination is reached ? How may the likelihood of encoun- tering gales be determined from a pilot chart? How is normal barometric pressure and temperature indicated on the pilot charts? What is the true shape of the earth? Describe the polyconic projection. Describe the tidal current charts pub- lished by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. No. 2 No. 3 2 May 1958 3 September 1958 5h-29m-33s 21h-09m—43s 15°-29’.0 East 157°-18’.0 West eases. Indicate whether the sun is east or west of the meridian in each case. How is the ship’s position deter- mined by means of cross bearings (3 bearings) which are taken at different times? When observing cross bearings of objects, how much should their bear- ings differ to obtain a good fix? When obtaining distance off by two bearings on a single object, how is the distance run between bearings deter- mined? Explain the use of the 26%4° to 45° bearing, and state how it can be used to predict the time due abeam. In taking a vertical sextant angle to determine the distance off an object, where would you find the height of the object? Explain the 30-60 case, or % rule, for determining distance off an object by means of two relative bearings on the object and the run between the bearings. For what purpose is the “danger bearing” used by the navigator? In the vertical danger angle, what is indicated when the sextant angle is found to be greater than that deter- mined by the desired distance off the vertical object? By whom are chart catalogues issued, and what information do they contain? What is meant by “Doubling the an- gle on the bow,” and how is this method used? What information is contained in the Coast Guard “List of Lights and other Marine Aids’? What Government agency publishes the Tide Tables? What publication contains astronom- ical data for use by mariners? How may a range provide a bearing? Where can detailed information about ocean currents be obtained? State the use of the “bow and beam” or “4 point” bearing, and describe how one is obtained. State how middle latitude sailing can be used when a vessel’s course crosses the equator. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 3 Describe briefly the use of aeronauti- cal radio ranges for surface navigation. What signal is emitted by such sta- tions? How would you check the calibration for a radio direction finder? Why is it desirable that a ship’s radio direction finder set be capable of receiving signals between 275 and 515 kilocycles? What publications give information about stations which may be employed by the navigator in determining posi- tion by radio? How are Sailing Directions rected? Of what use are Notices to Mariners in correcting charts? How often are the Notices to Mar- iners published? A vessel is on course 045° at a speed of 10 knots. What is her departure each hour? If the vessel is at Latitude 45°, what is her hourly change of longitude? A vessel is on a course of 060° at a speed of 20 knots. How much does she change her latitude each hour? How would you obtain a radio bear- ing, when the minimum, or null, is not well defined? In picking up a light, what advan- tage might you gain by going on to the upper bridge, or posting the look- out aloft? Running coastwise, you sight a buoy bearing 10° on the starboard bow. The buoy marks a dangerous shoal to the right of the buoy with safe water to the left. If, after an interval, the buoy bears 6° on the starboard bow, what would be indicated? What action would you take? How may vessels in distress enable ships and radio direction finder stations to take radio bearings? Describe the effect of electrical con- ductors near the radio direction finder. A radio beacon is 6° east of your vessel in Latitude 45° North. State the amount and direction to correct a bear- ing for plotting on a Mercator chart. From Latitude 60° South and Longi- tude 150° East to Latitude 60° South and Longitude 150° West, determine the distance by parallel sailing. A vessel’s noon position by observa- tion is Latitude 40°-02’ South and Longitude 15°-09’ West. Her dead reck- oning position advanced from the pre- vious noon position is Latitude 40°-20’ South and Longitude 15°-09’ West. Required: The set and drift of the current for the previous 24 hours. You sight a mountain peak just breaking clear over the horizon. If the chart lists the height of the mountain cor- as 720 feet and your height of eye is 45 feet, what is your distance off? Give the meaning of the following symbols as shown on a chart: (a) (b) (ec ink anaes State the meaning of the following abbreviations used on charts to indicate bottom characteristics: Cl. 127 Co. Ss G. Sh. M. Sn. Oz. St. State the characteristics of Deer Island Light in Boston Harbor for which the light list gives the following information: EO W., Alt; FL, R.,°30 sec:, RK: sector: What precaution is necessary if you use a pilot chart to determine variation? How are ocean currents and their drift indicated on pilot charts? Describe plotting sheets and their use. On a vessel outward bound, range lights are seen in line over the stern. If the ship is on gyro-compass head- ing 150°.5, what is the gyro-compass error, if the chart shows the range line to be 331°-30’ true? On what part of a Mercator chart do you: (a) Find the longitude scale; (b) Find the latitude scale; (c) Measure distance? How would one know whether the fig- ures on charts indicating depths mean fathoms, feet and fathoms, or feet? Do the figures shown on Atlantic Coast charts indicate depths at high or low water? What is the length of a statute mile? How is variation indicated on a chart? 4 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 6. COMPASS DEVIATION. Enroute from New York to Rio de Janeiro, in D. R. Latitude 9°-16’ South and Longitude 32°-02' West, an azi- muth of the sun was observed. The following data was recorded at the time of observation: Compass Bearing of Sun 273°-00’ psc Greenwich Hour Angle 75°-39'.1 Variation for the locality was 21°-30’ West. Required: The true azimuth. The deviation of the standard com- pass. Declination of Sun 21°-02’.0 S. Candidates may use any method of solution. 8. MIDDLE LATITUDE SAILING. By middle latitude sailing, find the true course and distance from Gedney Channel lighted whistle buoy in Lati- tude 40°-28’.8 North and Longitude 73°-53'.7 West, to Nantucket Shoals Lightship, in Latitude 40°-37’ North Boe Ee tine 69°-37’'.1 West. Show all work. 11. PILOTING. A vessel is heading 205°. At first bearing, a light bears 241° and the log reads 87 miles. At second bearing, the same light bears 258° and the log reads 98 miles. What is the distance off at time of second bearing and when abeam? Your course is 255° p.s.ec., variation 23° East, deviation 2° East. A light is sighted bearing 255° True. On what compass bearing must the light be ob- served such that the run between bear- ings would equal your distance off when abeam? Compass course is North, speed 10 knots, and the first bearing of a light ashore is 26%2° on the bow at 10:10 a.m. At 10:52 a.m., the same light bears 45° on the bow. Give the distance the vessel will pass off the light when abeam. ‘ A vessel steering 10° picks up a shore light bearing 30°, log reading 45 miles. Later the same light bore 75°, log reading 56 miles. What is the distance off when abeam? A vessel is steering North, speed 10 knots, and a bearing is taken of a light 2 points on the bow at 0800. At 0900, the same light bears four points on the bow. How far will the ship pass off the light when abeam on the same course and at what time will she be abeam? Note: Problems may be given pertaining to piloting which are under other titles in this book. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE if 12. AIDS TO NAVIGATION. When a buoy marks the starboard side of a channel for a vessel entering port, state: (a) The shape of the buoy; (b) The color of the buoy; (c) The type of number on the uoy ; (d) The color of its light. Define exactly what is meant by an occulting light. (Candidates may sub- mit a sketch such as those contained in the light lists to help demonstrate complete comprehension of the term.) What is meant by the “Period” of a light as listed in the light list? What height of eye on the part of the observer is assumed in calculating the geographic ranges of lights for charts and light lists? What significance have buoys which are fitted with a light which shows not less than 60 flashes per minute? Define exactly what is meant by a quick flashing light. (Candidates may submit a sketch such as that contained in the light list to help demonstrate their complete comprehension of the term.) Name the types of buoys sketched Below and sketch the chart symbol for each. A B c — =A = = —— c What system is followed in assign- ing colors to the lights of buoys in the lateral system of buoyage of the United States? A vessel hears the radio distance finding signal from a light vessel and 5 seconds later hears the corresponding sound signal. What is her distance from the light vessel? How are the buoys numbered in the United States lateral system of buoy- age? (a) What color would the buoy il- lustrated be painted? (b) What sort of number would be assigned such a buoy? (c) How should such a buoy be left in passing when entering from sea- ward? (d) How is such a buoy shown on a chart? Sketch chart marking for such a buoy. On a clear night, how could you de- termine whether a navigational light is at its maximum geographic range of visibility when you first sight it? 15. INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES. What is the purpose of the liquid used in the magnetic compass? Give a brief description of the gyro- compass. What is a Pelorus? Describe the Azimuth Circle. How often should a chronometer be wound? How are ship barometers checked for accuracy? What is a chronometer used for? ee the daily rate of a chronom- eter. Describe the Aneroid barometer. In a heavy sea, the gyro alarm unit in the wheelhouse sounds. What would you do? What properties of the earth make the gyro-compass a meridian seeking device? What three forms of steering are available on a vessel equipped with a gyro pilot or iron mike? In what direction does the axle of a gyro-compass wheel point? 6 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Make a rough copy of the sketch State the names of the waves in below and label on it the following: the order in which they appear from Ground wave, Second sky wave, First left to right on the Loran receiver-in- sky wave, and Ionosphere. dicator. Name the parts of a sextant indi- in the diagram below: cated by the letters “A” through “N” dev iui i nore . " enn ss SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 7 What index error is indicated by the reading of the vernier on the microm- ae Z Z SEER QQ SG SS Along what line is the value of micro- seconds in miles the least; i.e., where does the Loran reading give the great- est positional accuracy? What is a clinometer? What is a “microsecond”? Make a rough copy of the sketch be- low and indicate on it the ground wave, first sky wave and second sky wave. In using sky waves to obtain a Loran line of position, what precaution is nec- essary to insure that the complete wave is being used? What care do you use in handling glass sounding tubes? eter sextant shown below? Give a brief description of the Radio Direction Finder. Describe the use of parallel rules. What errors affect a radio bearing? When using the fathometer, suppose three distinct flashes are registered on the dial; by which one would you be guided? How do you haul in a log line and care for it while not in use? How would you determine whether you are holding the sextant vertically when taking a sight and making the final adjustment of the tangent screw? What would be the effect on the alti- tude if the sextant is not held vertically when the sight is taken? In what position is the loop antenna of a radio direction finder: (a) When the loudest signal is re- ceived; (kh) When the minimum signal is received; (c) Which is used to obtain the bearing and why? 8 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD What do you mean by “arming” the lead? Describe an engine room telegraph. What is a taffrail log? How do you mark a fifty-fathom lead line? What is a protractor? Upon what principle do echo sounders operate? ; Describe the mechanical sounding machine, its parts, and the procedure for taking soundings. Why is it necessary to calibrate or compensate radio direction finders? How would you examine a sextant for detection of error due to the horizon glass being out of adjustment for per- pendicularity? What conditions are likely to cause patent logs to give inaccurate read- ings? On 12 June, at 0100 GMT a radio time signal shows chronometer ‘‘C” to be 1m-42s slow. On 17 June, at 0900 GMT a radio time signal shows chro- nometer “‘C’” to be 1m-50s slow. On 18 June, at 0100 GMT an observation was taken. Assuming a constant chro- nometer rate, what correction should be applied to chronometer “C’”? On 12 December, a radio time signal at 0300 GMT shows chronometer “A” to be 12m-29s slow. On 14 December, a radio time signal at 1200 GMT shows chronometer “A” to be 12m-10s slow. On 16 December, an observation is taken at 2100 GMT. What correction to chronometer “A” is,required, assum- ing there was a constant chronometer rate? In taking the time for an observa- tion, how should the chronometer be read; i.e., in what sequence do you note the hours, minutes and seconds of time on the chronometer? If your vessel was on the meridian of Greenwich and the sun was on the meridian; i.e, its bearing was due South or due North, wouid the chronom- eter read 12-00-00 if it had no error? 18. TIDES AND CURRENTS. What is a reference station as used in the tide tables? What is meant by the “height of tide”? What is meant by the “range of the tides’? At Portland, Maine on 16 August 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and height of a.m. low water? (b) If your chart for Portland showed a depth of 24 feet for a given area, what would be the depth at low water for that area? (c) If your vessel had its clocks set for Eastern Daylight Saving Time, what would be the ship’s time at low water? 19. OCEAN WINDS, WEATHER AND CURRENTS. What is “humidity”? What is a “psychrometer’’? Describe the Centigrade scale for measuring temperature. _ Convert 15° Celsius (Centigrade) into the temperature Fahrenheit. At Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama on 6 March 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and height of p.m. high water? (b) If your chart showed a depth of 20 feet for a given area in this vicinity, what would be the depth at high water at this area? NW of Capul Island, San Bernardino Straits, P. I. on 16 November 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and velocity of maximum p.m. flood current? (b) In what direction does the flood current flow at this position? (c) What time meridian is used in tabulating the times given for the cur- rents? What is atmospheric pressure and what instruments may be used to meas- ure it? What is normal atmospheric pres- sure? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 9 On a weather map: (a) A region where the atmos- pheric pressure is higher than that of surrounding regions is called a........ (b) A region where the atmos- pheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding regions is called a........ Explain the pressure-volume rela- tionship of gases if temperature is con- stant. Either state in words or in math- ematical notation. (Boyles Law). State “Buys Ballot’s Law”’. What is meant by the daily pressure variation of the atmosphere? Where is this weather phenomenon most charac- teristic? What is an “isobar’’? What wind direction would be most likely for a vessel at position “A” on the weather chart sketched? (a) In the Northern Hemisphere; (b) In the Southern Hemisphere? HAN * Sketched below is a vertical section through an air mass. Show how the iso- bars on the weather map would repre- sent such an air mass assuming that the air mass is round and concentric. Label appropriately the center of the air mass. 690-515 O - 63 - 2 What is the reading on the mercurial barometer sketched below? What are the “horse latitudes’? What is “wave direction”? (a) How is it recorded on the weather report? (b) How is the wave direction de- termined? What are the “doldrums”? What is a “monsoon”? causes. Make a rough copy of the sketch be- low and indicate thereon the length and height of the waves. i Oe Sa What is an “anemometer’’? What is a cold front? Cirrus clouds are composed of what form of water vapour? Low clouds are defined as those whose mean upper level is 6,500 feet. Middle clouds are defined as_ those whose mean lower level 6,500 feet and whose mean upper level is 20,000 feet. High clouds are defined as those whose mean lower level is 20.000 feet. Classify as low, middle, or high the following cloud forms: (a) Cirrus; (b) Nimbostratus; (c) Altostratus. State its 10 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD In order for clouds to form in the atmosphere, what must be present be- sides water vapor? Why do clouds always appear thick- er, darker, and closer together near the horizon? Why do thunderstorms occur most frequently from midnight to early morning at sea, whereas, on land they occur frequently in the late afternoon? What sequence of cloud types is char- acteristic of the approach of a cold front? What is a “growler’’? What is meant by: (a) Hummocked ice; (b) Ice jamming; (c) Icebergs? A vessel’s true course is 175° and speed is 18 knots. The apparent wind is from SSW with a 15 knot apparent wind velocity. Required: (a) The direction from which the true wind is blowing. (b) The velocity of the true wind. To what wind force on the Beaufort Scale do the following conditions cor- respond? Wind Speed...... less than 1 knot; ee Sea Condition smooth and mirror ike. What is a squall? What is a tropical cyclone? How may clouds provide early in- dication of a tropical cyclone? Interpret the wind rose, sketched as it would be shown on a Pilot Chart to- gether with the scale of wind percent- ages. 10 20 30 40 0 TT | When a tornado moves out over the water from land, what name is applied to the resulting phenomenon? State the usual sequence of winds, clouds, precipitation, pressure and tem- perature which will be observed on the line of direction of movement of the depression illustrated. Direction of Movement 4 Cold Front Warn Front What is the usual sequence of direc- tions in which a tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere moves? State the rule for determining the dangerous and navigable semicircle of tropical cyclones. What is the general direction in which storms move in the temperate zones? 50 60 70 80 90 00 1 aa SCALE OF WIND PERCENTAGES SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 11 Listed below are four months during which tropical cyclones are known to occur in the North Atlantic. Arrange them with the month of highest fre- quency of such storms first; the next highest, next, ete. October May September June Where do tropical cyclones form? Why do tropical cyclones never form closer than 5 degrees to the equator? The reported wind velocity in three areas of a weather map are: iJ 2 10 knots; PHC AG es so ube 20 knots; ATCA tO) v5 BPekeie 30 knots In which of the three areas will the isobars be spaced closest? How should isobars be drawn on a weather chart at a front? What is the angle that wind arrows normally make with the isobars on weather charts of ocean areas? In what direction does the wind blow around a cyclonic storm in: (a) The Northern Hemisphere; (b) The Southern Hemisphere? Why are anticyclonic areas normally accompanied by clear and fine weather, whereas cyclonic areas are accompanied by clouds, precipitation, and generally foul weather? In the Northern Hemisphere, how should a steam vessel maneuver in the navigable semicircle of a tropical cy- clone? If the wind velocity about the center of a tropical cyclone is 75 miles an hour and the speed of the storm along its direction of advance is 25 miles per hour, what is the maximum wind ve- locity that may be encountered in the dangerous semicircle, and what would be the minimum wind velocity in the navigable semicircle? What are the “roaring forties,” and where are they located? What weather conditions may result from the movement of a warm air mass over a colder sea surface? What are the Aleutian and Icelandic lows? Is it possible for open isobars to ex- ist, that is, isobars that do not form a closed curve? Explain your answer. Are the Weather Codes provided by the U.S. Weather Bureau solely for use with United States weather reports, or may they be used in coding and decoding weather reports of other na- tions? What is the Gulf Stream? Describe the California current and state what segment it forms in the general circulation of the waters of the North Pacific Ocean. The direction of the wind is denoted by the direction from which it is blow- ing. How is the direction of a current denoted? Under certain conditions in the Northern Hemisphere it may be as- sumed that the current sets 30° to the right of the direction in which it is driven by the wind and its velocity is 2 percent of the wind velocity. Basing your answer on the foregoing state- ment, estimate the direction and ve- locity of the current that may be ex- pected if the wind is from the South South West at 35 knots. Given: Noon D. R. position; Latitude 45°-—06’ South; Longitude 30°-51’ West; Noon observed position; Latitude 44°54’ South; Longitude 30°-51’' West. Required: The set and drift of the current, assuming a 24 hour run from the previous noon. 12 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 20. NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY AND NAVIGATION DEFINITIONS. ‘ What is: 1. Parallax? 2. Computed altitude? 8. The mean sun? 4. Refraction? 5. A time zone? 6. A meridian? 7. A great circle? 8. The equation of time? 9. Greenwich hour angle? 10. Local hour angle? 11. Dead reckoning? 12. Observed altitude? 13. The Zenith? 14. Meridian angle? 15. Magnetic variation? 16. Local mean time? 17. A knot? 18. A planet? 19. An assumed position? 20. The date line? 21. An Azimuth? 22. -Apparent noon? 23. A line of position? 24. The cotangent of an angle? 20; rp? 26. Local apparent time? 27. The secant of an angle? 28. The cosine of an angle? 29. The tangent of an angle? 30. Mean time? 31. A fix? 32. The sine of an angle? 33. Interpolation? 34. A meridian transit? 35. Relative bearing? 36. The meaning of the term “de- parture” as used in the sailings? 37. The cosecant of an angle? 38. Semi-diameter of a celestial body? Draw a sketch to illus- trate. 39. An intercept? 40. Zenith distance? 41. Declination? 42. A celestial meridian? 43. A reciprocal bearing? 44, A vertical circle? 45. The elevated pole? 46. The celestial horizon? 47. The supplement of an angle? 48. Magnetic deviation? State its cause. 22. SIGNALING BY INTERNATIONAL CODE FLAGS, FLASHING LIGHT; LIFESAVING, STORM AND SPECIAL SIGNALS. How would you indicate in signalling by blinker light that you were going to send a message in code? In receiving a message by blinker you miss all but the last two words “in dis- tress.” How would you request the transmitter to repeat that part of the message which you missed? What is the procedure sign for “Mes- sage received’’? oa all the symbols of the Morse code. In the Morse code, what does the let- ter “G” signify when signalling by blinker? In exchanging messages by means of flashing light, is it always necessary for vessels to establish their identity? Under what circumstances can ves- sels signalling by flashing light omit both call and identity components of the message? Ww wW What does --—- -—- --- --- sig- nify during a communication when sent by blinker” What is the general call employed in signalling by means of flashing light? If you missed part of a message being sent by blinker light, how would you send “Repeat all after’? What is the procedure sign for “you are correct’? In signalling by blinker light, how would you signal: “Erase entire mes- sage’? What is the procedure for the space sign? Write the entire procedure of a plain language message in Morse Code, leav- ing out any text. What code message would you send to a pilot station with the ship’s signal searchlight to indicate “I desire a pilot”? How does a receiving ship acknowl- edge code groups and numbers in sig- nalling by blinker light? What is the procedure sign for “from” in blinker signalling? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 13 At night when a breeches buoy has been rigged from shore to a stranded vessel, what is the meaning of the waving of a white flag or arms in a vertical motion by day, or at night a white light or flare being waved in the same manner? What is the color of rockets, shells, or rocket parachute flares used as dis- tress signals to indicate that the vessel firing them is in distress, and requires assistance from other vessels, or the shore? What is the lifesaving signal for “This is the best place to land’? When using a breeches buoy what signals are used at night to signify: (a) Haul away; (b) Slack away; (c) Avast hauling? What is the lifesaving signal for “you are seen,” “assistance will be ren- dered as soon as possible’? (a) By day. (b) By night. During the day, at sea, a vessel is sighted displaying the international code flags ‘““NC.” What would this in- dicate to you, and what action would you take? What signals are employed in connec- tion with the use of shore lifesaving apparatus to signify in general, “Af- firmative’’? What is indicated when a _ vessel displays a red light over a white light, not over six feet apart, on her arrival in port? What is the signal used on vessels equipped with radio telephone by which they can inform other vessels or shore stations that they are in distress and require assistance? Will such a signal be understood in any language? What distress signals would be ap- propriate for use in _ international waters in a fog to obtain assistance from other vessels in the vicinity? What are the day and night signals to be made by a vessel seeking the serv- ices of a pilot? If you sighted several red parachute flares, but no aircraft or surface vessels in the vicinity, what would be indicated and what should be your action? What does a day signal consisting of a square flag with a ball above or below it indicate? Should you sight rockets or shells, throwing red stars one at a time at short intervals, what would be indi- cated? What custom is followed in hoisting the ensign, jack, house flag, etc.? What signal should be displayed, by day and by night, when loading or dis- charging oil in bulk at a dock? Should you sight a yellow flare float- ing downward from a small parachute about three hundred feet in the air, what would it indicate, and what ac- tion would you take? At night a vessel is reported show- ing flames on board (as from a burning tar or oil barrel). What would this in- dicate and what action would you take? What is the lifesaving signal for “slack away”: (a) by day; (b) by night? What does the following landing sig- nal for the guidance of small boats bringing away the crew of the wrecked ship signify? (a) Vertical motion of a white flag. What is the lifesaving signal for ‘haul away”: (a) by day; (b) by night? Describe the day and night Hurri- cane warning. Describe the Small Craft warning signals, day and night. storm i 24. SEAMANSHIP. What precautions should be taken with respect to portable stanchions on a gangway or accommodation ladder? In using an accommodation ladder at anchor in a seaway how can boats be prevented from getting under the lad- der because of their rising and falling with the waves? 14 If a force of 50 pounds is applied at point “F” of a two fold tackle as shown; (a) What weight may be lifted at “W,” allowing 10 percent friction loss at each sheave? (b) If “W” is lifted 2 feet, how far must the line at “F” be pulled? (c) What is the stress on the padeye at “C” when lifting the weight? Stevedores employed on vessels fitted with two booms at a hatch occasionally use a floating block between the two booms for handling weights, swinging the two booms together, as shown in the sketch below. If the weight is 6 tons, what is the weight on each boom? If the shackle joining the two runners should fetch up on the floating block, what will be the effect? + Shackle UNITED STATES COAST GUARD What objection could be raised to a number of men, such as troops, march- ing in step up a gangway? How is the size of a shackle meas- ured? What precautions would you take with regard to a shackle used aloft on a boom or the mast? When a seaman shackles his bos’ns chair to rigging for work aloft such as slushing down, what precaution must be taken if a screw pin shackle is used? In handling a weight, what part of a tackle has the greatest stress? (a) In hoisting. (b) In lowering. (c) State reasons for answers to (a) and (b). What should be done when, in trans- ferring bulk oil, an oil hose leaks badly at the connection? Describe the proper method of clos- ing a valve in cargo piping, and state the reasons for doing it in this manner. Describe the proper method of open- ing a valve in cargo piping. What precautions should be taken before starting a steam windlass or winch which has been standing idle? Name seven of the ten parts of a block indicated on the diagram below. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 5 Would you drive in wooden wedges with the smooth grain parallel to the cleat as in Figure “A” or with the smooth grain parallel to the batten as shown in Figure “B”? Why? Name three types of pumps used in the handling of liquid cargo. When using turnbuckles for securing gear, particularly where the turnbuckles are inaccessible for routine inspection, what precautions should be taken to insure that the turnbuckle does not back off? Is a hook or a shackle of the same size stronger? Give two good reasons why wire rope cargo falls, topping lifts for booms, and other wire rope gear should be lubri- cated periodically. What is the minimum size block you would use with a specified size of ma- nila rope? What is the minimum size block that should be used for a 3” manila rope? What is the minimum diameter sheave that should be used with a 3” manila rope? When a vessel is fitted with sideports, what precautions must be taken to as- sure that they are accessible for being secured, and for inspection at sea? How are sideports usually secured? If the warranted breaking strength of a wire rope is divided by the safety factor required for a particular applica- tion, the result is known as the ——__ ————_.. This question may be stated also as follows: BS = ? where BS = breaking strength FS FS = factor of safety Some grades of sisal rope are listed by their manufacturer as having 80 percent of the strength of the same size manila. For a certain sling, a 3 inch manila line was necessary. What size sisal would you use for the same sling? If the 3 inch manila was used for 2000 pounds of weight, what weight would you lift with 3 inch sisal having 80 percent of the strength of manila? What precautions must be enforced by ship’s officers when working cargo at a hatch with only part of the port- able hatch beams or pontoons removed? On freight vessels what is the pur- pose of the wooden ceilings under the square of a hatch? What precautions should be taken with wet manila rope? Does a splice or a knot weaken a manila line more? What is a preventer stay and how is it rigged? Name at least five factors that make an adequate factor of safety necessary on any wire rope purchases or topping ifts. Describe the proper method of open- ing and uncoiling a new manila line. Using the formula B = C’ x 900, where “B” is the breaking stress in pounds and “C” is the circumference, compute the breaking stress of a 3 inch manila rope. How is the draft of a vessel affected when passing from salt to fresh water? Give reasons. What precautions must be taken with respect to stuffing-boxes and glands on pumps when discharging petroleum cargoes? What precautions should be taken when using a spray gun for painting? A sling is rigged on a piece of pipe weighing 1,000 pounds. What stress is exerted on each sling leg when the pipe is lifted? See sketch below. 1,000 lbs. — 16 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD What is the purpose of the telemotor equalizing valve and bypass valve in the wheelhouse on vessels fitted with this type steering apparatus? What devices, other than telemotors, are used to control steering engines from the pilot house? In the event that the pump room on a tank vessel becomes flooded with oil, what means must be provided for pump- ing it out? When electric cable passes through a watertight bulkhead, what equipment must be provided and maintained in good condition? When electric cable passes through a fire-screen bulkhead. what care is needed’ In what condition is armored electric cable required to be maintained? Describe briefly a marine boiler and precautions that deck officers should bear in mind with respect to its opera- tion. What precautions should be enforced when men are working with pneumatic or electric chipping hammers? What is the purpose of the fresh water line on the load line markings? Where machinery, such as gears, pis- ton cranks, or other hazards, is exposed, what safety measures are required by the Regulations? Name at least three types of engines used on merchant vessels and state briefly their characteristics with respect to maneuvering the vessel, i. e., backing power, starting and stopping, etc. On vessels fitted with power ventila- tion, where may the switches be found for shutting off the ventilation in the event of an emergency such as a fire? What care should be taken of steam deck machinery during freezing weather? Describe reciprocating steam engines, and state the usual method of connect- ing them to the shaft when they are used as main propulsion units. On vessels equipped with refrigera- tion, other than small unit type re- frigeration of not more than 20 cubic feet capacity, what equipment is re- quired to be provided so that men may work on the machinery in the event of leakage of the refrigerant? What is the purpose of the following: (a) Main circulating pump; (b) Main bilge and ballast pump; (c) Thrust bearing? Name the four following canvas stitches and describe briefly the use of each. (a) Which is longer, a No. 15 sail needle or a No. 10 sail needle? (b) From what materials is canvas made? What is meant by the phrase “reefing a sail” or “taking a reef” in a sail? What precautions should be taken when stretching tarpaulins to cover hatches? A vessel in fresh water draws 23 feet. What does she draw in salt water, using the scale below? DISPLACEMENT IN TONS MEAN DRAFT IN FEET SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 17 Describe briefly diesel engines. State how they are connected to a propeller shaft. What are their maneuvering characteristics? Describe a capstan. Describe briefly turbo-electric drive. What is freeboard? What is the purpose of a towing en- gine? Where must draft marks be placed on a vessel? What is loaded displacement? What is light displacement? What type of sails are required in lifeboats? Give the steps, in rigging a lifeboat mast and sail. What is the total deadweight capacity of a ship? What is “gybing?” Where is the load line located on a ship? What is net tonnage? What is gross tonnage? How are grommets installed on can- vas work? What equipment is required by the Regulations to enable persons to get in and out of a boat in the water and climb to the boat deck? How do you know how many persons a lifeboat is allowed to carry? If you were hove to by the sea anchor and the dragline carried away, how would you keep the boat’s head up to the wind and sea? How is a sea anchor hauled in? Which oar is the stroke in a lifeboat? What are the parts of an oar? From what wood are oars usually made? How is a sea anchor used? What may be used in lieu of a sea anchor? In addition to sufficient air tankage to float when it is filled with water, what quantity of air tankage is required for each person permitted in a lifeboat? How are air tanks of lifeboats tested? What materials are used for the con- struction of lifeboats? When steel or iron is used for the construction of lifeboats, what is done to prevent corrosion? In sailing a lifeboat: (a) What is the effect of putting more weight in the forward end of the boat? (b) What is the effect of putting more weight aft? In a lifeboat under sail, what is meant by: (a) Tacking; (b) Wearing? Canvas is normally designated as to weight by a number. Is No. 0 canvas heavier or lighter than No. 4? How are lifeboats numbered on board a vessel? What is a bolt rope? What is a trysail? How would you test canvas? What equipment is required for signalling distress from a lifeboat at sea in the daytime? State the procedure that you would use in bringing a lifeboat aboard. How would you land a lifeboat on a beach with a strong wind blowing on shore, a high sea, and heavy surf? Lowering a lifeboat when the ship has sternway, what precautions would you take? Where vessels are provided with ma- nila lifeboat falls, how must such falls be SPOTS in order to protect them from ice? List the equipment for a lifeboat which would be suitable for signalling purposes during the hours of darkness. In a lifeboat which is not equipped with simultaneous releasing gear, which fall should be unhooked first? State in sequence the commands usu- ally employed by the person in charge of a lifeboat in the water to get the boat under way using oars. At the start of the sequence the oars are in the stowed position in the boat. What command is usually employed, meaning, “‘Complete the stroke and then temporarily cease rowing’’? What command is used when it is de- sired to check the headway of a life- boat? Before swinging out a lifeboat, which gripes would you let go first? Why? In a motor lifeboat, how does the torque of a right-handed propeller affect the boat? What are the most important things to be done before a boat is lowered? In what part of a lifeboat are the hatchets kept and for what purpose? How would you launch a boat in a heavy seaway? Which end of an anchor chain con- necting shackle is placed outboard and why? Why are studs used in an anchor chain? State the advantages in having an ample scope of chain out when anchored. (Illustrate by sketch if you desire). How would you let go an anchor in deep water? 18 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Name the device pictured and describe one or more methods of engaging the motor or engine drive to heave up the anchor chain. What precautions must be observed by a vessel anchored in an exposed roadstead? Standing anchor watch in a fog, what signal can you give when a vessel ap- proaches so close that collision seems possible? If an anchor drags in a clay bottom, how may its holding power be affected? Describe the advantage of detachable links over U-shaped connecting shackles in anchor cable. How do crosses, elbows, or round turns get into cables? Where would you make an anchor buoy-rope fast? How is the size of a chain cable measured? Name the mooring lines in the sketch below. Why is it advisable to have a man stationed at the windlass to handle the anchors, if necessary, when proceeding in constricted or congested waters? Describe the use of the anchor in turning a ship. What would you do if, riding to a single anchor, you found you were dragging? A vessel 450 feet long anchors with 105 fathoms of chain, and with 20 fathoms from her hawse pipe to the bottom. What diameter circle will she describe as she swings to the tide? What is a lee tide? What is a weather tide? Anchored in an exposed roadstead, what precautions should you observe? When a vessel is moored to two anchors, what is the most advantageous position for the cable shackles, or de- tachable links, in event of a foul hawse? Why are ships moored with two anchors? What is the length of a shot of chain? In a congested anchorage, what pre- cautions are necessary at slack water when the tide is changing? Describe how you might carry out an anchor using ship’s lifeboats. On a vessel fitted with cowl type ventilators it is necessary to trim the ventilators at night with only one standby man available. The ventilators are stiff so that using the handles he could not trim them alone. Using a pinch bar through the handle would break off the handle. How could he trim the vent alone? (If you wish, illustrate the answer by a sketch). You are left in charge of a vessel at night alongside of a dock in New York Harbor, and you discover that a serious fire has started on your vessel. Explain in detail what you would do. A mate standing on the port wing of the bridge, 30 feet from the vessel’s center line, sights a vessel across the jackstaff, 200 feet forward of the bridge, and assumes the vessel is dead ahead. How much is he in error? What is the best position for deter- mining the relative bearing of an ob- ject seen from the bridge? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 19 What is the usual method employed on merchant vessels to stopper off a wire mooring line? What is the usual method employed on merchant vessels to stopper off a manila mooring line? Why is the rudder of a single screw vessel most effective when the propeller is turning ahead? What are the Coast Guard instruc- tions for use of the breeches buoy? What are two reliable signs that the vessel is in the vicinity of field ice? In the event of grounding, what con- sideration must be kept in mind before ordering the use of the engines in an effort to get into deeper water? Man overboard from a _ steamship. What would you do? Describe at least three methods which are employed on merchant vessels to reduce corrosion. On a steamship running into and pupping heavy seas, what would you 0? How can two mooring lines be made fast to one bollard on a pier so as to permit casting off either line without slacking the other? On a deep-sea vessel you receive or- ders to get the anchors ready for an- choring in an hour. Describe in detail all the steps that should be taken to have both anchors in complete readi- ness. What other gear should be avail- able? What is the ustal amount of chain used when anchoring to a single an- chor? What factors must be considered in determining the amount of chain used? On a single screw steamer (right- hand propeller) going full ahead, the engine is put full speed astern. Which way will the stern swing (no wind or current) if the rudder was: (a) Amidship; (b) Hard left; (c) Hard right? Why should rubber gaskets not be painted or greased? Is it possible to steer a vessel laying at anchor? List at least six items of ground tackle ordinarily carried by an ocean- going power-driven vessel of 15,000 tons displacement (approximately). When making fast alongside where there is a big rise and fall of tide, what care is required? How could you make the eye of a mooring line safe for handling? What is the effect of storm oil? Why is a buoy-rope used on an an- chor? How would you make a quick turn to starboard in a twin-screw vessel with headway and both propellers turning full ahead? With what equipment should a ship be provided to prevent injury from stepping into the hawse pipes? If you were in charge of the foc’sle head when getting underway from an anchorage, what information would you furnish the bridge? How would you protect a line in way of a mooring chock? On an old-fashioned stock anchor, what is the purpose of the stock? On the modern, commonly used form of stockless anchor, what part serves the same purpose as the stock of an old-fashioned anchor? State the effect on handling qualities caused by variation in a vessel’s dis- placement; i.e., what may be expected in a deeply loaded ship, a ship in the light condition, etc. Is a vessel under better control when going ahead on the engines or when backing? What is a devil’s claw and how is it used? What is meant by a left-handed screw? Describe briefly the action of educ- tors fitted on many modern vessels for pumping water out of a chain locker. What is the purpose of the preventer bars on the Rottmer type releasing gear illustrated? pee 20 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD How are the shots of chain in an anchor cable joined together? How are the shots of chain marked? Lying at anchor, you dropped a sec- ond anchor when it started to blow. When would you pick up the second anchor? Why? What is a messenger? Name the types of beams sketched below: Ae B. Cc. What steps to avoid oil pollution should be taken by a vessel when load- ing or discharging bulk petroleum prod- ucts? What is the advantage of taking a round turn on the bitt toward the di- rection of strain before taking the other turns on a set of bitts? Where must a ship’s lookout be sta- tioned during the hours of darkness, and poor visibility? What are the dangers involved in paint or oil soaked rags on a vessel, and how would you avert these dan- gers? Describe the precautions that should be observed to eliminate fire hazards in paint lockers. May paints be stowed in locations other than in properly equipped and fitted paint lockers? Because of fire on board, you have to abandon ship and take to the life- boats. After leaving the burning vessel, should the boats be sailed away or kept near the position of the ship? In a smooth sea, how would you ap- proach a burning foreign vessel in a lifeboat to take the passengers and crew off? You are using a steel snatch block on deck through which is rove a steel cable used for a heavy strain. What precautions would you take? Describe the precautions that should be observed when men work over the side on stages. How often must a vessel be placed in dry dock or hauled out for examina- tion? What is the purpose of the nonreturn valves or valves fitted with reach rods to the deck on bilge suction piping in the holds of all passenger ships and many freight vessels? Why is the use of doubler plating for repairs or alterations to be avoided on plating of compartments designed to carry fuel oil or other inflammable or combustible liquids? If the power plant of a vessel is shut down and she is rolling heavily in a seaway, how may the rudder be held steady? What is the purpose of ballast tanks aboard ship? How would you prevent chafing dam- age to tarpaulins from the locking bars on the hatches? 25. CARGO STOWAGE AND HANDLING. When cargo is marked “USE NO HOOKS,” what precaution may be taken to avoid damage by longshore- men? To avoid oil pollution, what precau- tions should be observed when discharg- ing ballast in coastal waters? When cargo received for shipment appears in poor condition or deficient in packing, what measures are neces- sary to protect the vessel against dam- age claims? In writing a report for the Chief Of- ficer or Master concerning cargo which appears to be in poor condition, what information should be included? In examining a cargo hold prior to loading general cargo, name at least ten points to which you should pay particu- lar attention. Describe briefly the purpose of a dock receipt. Describe briefly the purpose of a mate’s receipt. In the event that cargo is damaged by longshoremen, what information should be contained in the report of the officer observing the goods? What method of extinguishing fire in a cargo hold is the best to minimize damage to the cargo? Why should full barrels be stowed “bung up and bilge free”? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 21 Referring to the illustration: (a) What objections may be raised to the stowage shown? (b) What measures could be taken if such a stowage was necessary? Describe briefly at least four meth- ods by which pilferage of cargo can be reduced, What measure could you require to eliminate need for a “fiddle-string” span when handling cargo as shown? ANEERAN Define: (a) Grain Cubic. (b) Bale Cubic. (c) Measurement ton (used in computing freight charges). When stowing deck cargo, what areas of the deck must be kept free? What is a good method for caution- ing longshoremen against using for stowage areas of the deck which should be kept free? When filling oil or water tanks con- tiguous to loaded cargo holds, what precautions should be observed to pro- tect the cargo? When a vessel is loading a general cargo for discharge at several different ports, what precautions are usual to minimize the dangers of short landing or overcarriage of cargo? What are the duties, during transfer operations, of the senior deck officer on duty on a tank vessel? Describe briefly how you would avoid cargo damage caused by leakage or drainage from wet cargo. On a tank vessel, under what condi- tions must cargo operations be stopped? Why is it advisable to make frequent inspections of the pump room when loading a tank vessel? What must be done by the deck offi- cer on duty when loading or discharg- ing is suspended because of failure of deck machinery? What are the meanings of the fol- lowing three terms used in marking shipping containers: Gross, Tare, Net? What precaution is necessary to avoid danger from an accumulation of hazardous gases prior to and during operation of pump room machinery? What are the seven classifications of dangerous articles that may be carried as cargo? Whrt is meant by the term “dew- point”? What care must be taken in the stow- age of ’tween deck cargo to assure the safety of men handling ’tween deck hatches and beams, or working cargo in the lower hold? In loading general cargo, why should the space between the spar battens (sweat boards) and the shell be kept free of cargo? How would you stow metal drums? Why is it inadvisable to stow cargoes susceptible to heat damage on tank tops of tanks carrying fuel oil? What is a bill of lading? What is a stiff ship? What is a tender ship? In handling cargo by the “yard and stay” or “married falls” method, how would you rig to assure that both pre- venter and guy are taking their share of stress? Why should preventer and guy take stress together rather than preventer being slack? What is a measurement ton? What is the advantage of a net sling fitted with a “pie-plate” over a plain net? 22 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD When loading long reinforcing rods, pipe, rails, or similar steel items using a single chain sling as shown, what is the usual method employed to prevent the draft slipping out of the sling? Ex- plain the reasons for this. How should cargo falls be wound on a drum? What precautions to avoid injury should be observed by men landing drafts? If the dry bulb temperature is 80° and the wet bulb temperature 70°, what is the relative humidity in a cargo hold? From what book could you determine the applicable regulations relating to a dangerous commodity to be transported? How does measurement cargo differ from deadweight cargo? In loading a general cargo, what pro- visions could you make to minimize loss of cubic space due to broken stowage? Name the sources of moisture in the air of a cargo hold. What is spontaneous combustion? What types of cargoes are most liable to take fire through spontaneous com- bustion? What measures should be taken to avoid fires caused by spontaneous com- bustion? What reasons, other than preventing sweat, make ventilation necessary for many cargoes? What is meant by the stowage factor of any consignment? Of what use is it? What is meant by the absolute hu- midity of the air? What does “full and down” mean? What is the difference between a long ton and a short ton? How could you find the bung of a dirty cask? What type of dangerous cargo is in- dicated by each of the following? (a) Green label. (b) Red label. (c) Skull & crossbones. In loading or discharging automo- biles, what precautions should be taken against damage? In stowing automobiles, state the measures that should be taken to peels their discharge in good condi- ion. Would you secure a boom guy and preventer to the same cleat? Would you secure a boom guy and preventer to the same shackle at the boom head? What stowage must be provided fibers of animal or vegetable origin that have been involved in a fire or that have been wet? What stowage must be provided fibers or fabrics impregnated with more than 5 percent of animal or vegetable oil? _ How must lumber be handled in the holds of vessels loading, unloading, or containing explosives? What are three uses of dunnage? How should dunnage be stacked? In what part of the hold would you require most dunnage? Explain your answer. In what direction would you lay dunnage? What precautions must be taken when stowing containers of inflammable liquid in a hold whose boundary bulkhead ad- joins the boiler or engine room? Why are cargo battens, or spar ceil- ing, fitted on the sides of cargo holds? What care must be taken in laying dunnage over a finished commodity block? If the portable electric cord for a cargo cluster light were cut in two dur- ing cargo operations, would it be per- missible to use it after carefully splic- ing and wrapping it with insulating tape? Name the numbered parts of the booms and cargo gear fittings illus- trated. ra On what types of cargo would you use the slings illustrated? How many board feet of dunnage would you estimate to be in a stack whose outside dimensions are 6 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 14 feet long? What precaution is advisable in stow- ing cargo adjacent to a ladder? What precautions are necessary in the loading or unloading of sulfur in bulk? Why is sulfur dust dangerous? What precautions should be observed when stowing fibers of vegetable origin, such as jute, hemp, flax, sisal, coir and kapok? What precautions should be observed in the stowage of excelsior either as cargo or as packaging material for other commodities? In order to load a consignment of goods into the ’tween decks, stevedores in a foreign port request permission to use one king beam and hatch boards, leaving the blind beam out to expedite resuming work in the lower hold. (a) Would you regard this as an advisable procedure? (b) What precaution against men falling into the open hold from the *tween deck should be taken? Why is it important that the switch for an electric cargo winch be in the off position when the winch is not being operated? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 23 When the controller for an electric winch is in the neutral or off position, what prevents the winch drum paying out when the cargo whip is subject to tension? In carrying fresh vegetables to ports subject to severe winter conditions, what precautions may be necessary? What care_would you take to avoid sweat damage when stowing cargo in a deep tank not fitted with ventilation? What precautions are necessary in the stowage of matches which may be struck anywhere? What precautions are required in the stowage on deck of combustible liquids? What are the general stowage re- quirements for corrosive liquids? What precaution is necessary when using a gasoline powered fork lift truck for stowing tin plate in the hold of a vessel? Checking parcels into a special cargo locker you receive a small case as sketched. What action would you take? Would you permit longshoremen to move railroad freight cars or barges with cargo falls led from the booms? How may cargo be protected against possibility of falling into the water be- tween the ship and the dock? If a boom could not be lowered to rig a rain tent gantline, how would you send a man aloft on the purchase? What precautions should be taken during the loading of a cargo of grain in bulk? When is the use of redwood, oak, mahogany, or similar types of wood in- advisable for dunnaging? When is the use of resinous pine wood inadvisable for dunnage? Would you permit longshoremen em- ployed by a stevedore to perform cargo operations while under the influence of liquor? How should dunnage be laid for bag goods and fragile paper cartons? How would you secure a deck cargo of empty drums or barrels? 24 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD In stowing crated cargo in the holds, you are obliged to stack vertically the three crates whose ends are illustrated. How would you arrange them in order to have the strongest on the bottom sup- porting the others, the next strongest in the middle and the weakest on top? The materials used in fabricating the crates are of equal strength, the only differ- ence being in the manner of construc- IWAN TA $= 37 AY A Describe the hazard involved in the transportation of the various types of fish oils, and the care necessary in stowing such oils. How would you stow nitrocellulose motion picture film used for the enter- tainment of passengers on a passenger vessel? What care is required in the stowage and use of acetate or slow- burning film? How should coffee beans in bags be stowed, and what precautions should be taken during the voyage to insure the arrival in good condition? A vessel is fitted with deep tanks with a capacity of 1000 tons of fresh water. What quantity of peanut oil with a specific gravity of 0.92 could be trans- ported in such tanks? Where would you stow bags of strong smelling cargo? A crate of machinery has a hole knocked through a board and tar paper lining in the process of loading. Should you note an exception? State your rea- sons. In stowing cartons of canned goods how could you avoid soiling and crush- ing by longshoremen? What care must be taken in a cargo hold following leakage from packages containing poisonous material? What precautions would be necessary in the stowage of the cased goods as shown? | | When it is necessary to heat a vege- table oil, such as palm oil, to keep it liquid for discharge, what care is neces- sary to avoid damage? What care is necessary in stowing foodstuffs in general cargo? If the rate of loading at a given port is about 30 tons per gang hour for bagged flour, how long would it take to load 600 tons, using two gangs? How would you stow potatoes? How would you stow bags of seeds? How should case goods be stowed? What quantity of marble with a stow- age factor of 20 (including allowance for broken stowage) can be loaded into a hold containing 40,000 cubie feet of stowage space? During the loading of explosives, what should be done with damaged or leaking containers of explosives? Describe the stowage required for rice. What precautions are necessary when stowing tea? How do you stow steel plates? What are the advantages of stowing cases or cartons as sketched? 7 H e H s 4 H r] 4 ‘ 5 8 H H 1 ; $: 4 When refrigerated spaces are acces- sible to personnel during a voyage, what devices are fitted to enable a man to warn other crewmen should he be locked in the cold compartment? If a longitudinal bulkhead divides a refrigerated space, how is it fitted to prevent asymmetrical flooding in the event of damage? Describe the care necessary in carry- ing fresh fruits and vegetables. How would you determine the tem- perature of frozen meat before stow- age? Into what three general classes are refrigerated cargoes divided? In connecting cargo hose, what is the minimum number of bolts permitted at a flanged joint? What provisions should be made for any leakage from cargo hose connec- tions? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 25 How would you remove any odors after discharging refrigerated cargo? After discharging refrigerated cargo, what are the advantages of thoroughly airing the cold storage compartments? In defrosting coils in reefer spaces using sea water, what precautions should be taken to assure cleanliness? How are drains in refrigerated ’tween deck spaces fitted to preserve insulation when carrying cargoes that require a very low temperature? Where lower holds are used for frozen cargoes, how may bilges be kept free from frozen water? Describe briefly the methods employed to provide refrigeration in the holds of vessels. What would you do if you noticed a large quantity of oil on the water near your vessel while loading bulk oil on a tanker? If you were loading a cargo of gaso- line and a tug tried to come alongside in the way of cargo tanks, what would you do? What should be done with oil in the oil hose after the oil transfer has been completed? State the hazards incident to the re- frigeration of perishable cargo by means of blocks of so-called “dry ice.” In lifting a cargo of heavy oil, when the vessel is down to her marks before all tanks are full, is it best to leave each tank slack or to fill up as many tanks as possible, and leave only the minimum number of tanks slack? Ex- plain your answer. In an emergency, is it necessary for the senior officer on a tank vessel to follow the tanker rules? In transferring an oil cargo, what would you do if your vessel surges badly along the dock? An oil hose has an inside diameter of 6 inches. What is the minimum radius circle in which such an oil hose should be bent? aA) ‘ae! 690-515 O - 63 - 3 SSS aAL_~.- TAB Sa ISS SS SSS SSS SESE SSS SSE . =o be x a ee ~ $ g | EE: | Z —_s Z ( Ar : LZ Sketched is a typical tank top ar- rangement on a tank vessel. Name and state the purpose of “A,” “B,” and “C.” What precaution should be taken to prevent a deck spill from running over- board? In transferring an oil cargo, what would you do if the oil hose got pinched between vessel and the dock? What is meant by “topping off” an oil tanker? In starting to transfer an oil cargo, what would be your duties and how would the oil pumps be operated? Describe what is meant by: (a) Grade A inflammable liquid. (b) Grade B inflammable liquid. (c) Grade C inflammable liquid. (d) Grade D combustible liquid. (e) Grade E combustible liquid. In rigging a windsail to ventilate oil tanks after cleaning operations, would you place the lower end of the canvas duct at the top or bottom of the tank? Why? What safety features make the type flashlight illustrated below suitable for use on board tank vessels where an or- dinary flashlight might be hazardous? ‘A gZ w 26 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Describe the operation of a jet ex- hauster. rae How often must cargo piping be tested on tank vessels? How often must cargo pump pressure gauges on a tank vessel be tested for accuracy? : How often must cargo pump relief valves on a tank vessel be tested for satisfactory operation? What pressures are forbidden by reg- ulation for cargo hose when transfer- ring cargo on a tank vessel? What type of device may be used by shippers and consignees to detect any variation in cargo temperature that may have occurred during a voyage? What precautions should be taken in opening a hold in which barrels or cases of gasoline are stowed? As applied to bulk oil cargoes, what is meant by: (a) Ullage; (b) Innage; (c) Thiefage? What is the usual method of cleaning oil tanks? What would you do if you had a bad oil spill on deck while transferring oil cargo on a tanker? In loading an oil cargo, what would you do if the tank valve jammed when open? When loading case oil, what should be done with leaking cases? What permission should be secured before general cargo, freight, etc. can be handled at the same time that gaso- line in bulk is being transferred? How could you determine the regula- tions governing shipment of animals ex- ported from the United States? What should be done if an oil hose leaks badly at the hose connection? How should the sampling or sounding hole (ullage hole) in an oil tank be pro- tected when the tank is open and not gas free? What is the purpose of a bondin wire as illustrated and where shoul it be connected? Why should a bonding wire be con- nected before the cargo hose, and the connection maintained until the hose is removed? Explain the use of a switch in a bonding cable. 28. LIFESAVING APPARATUS AND FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Describe the purpose and use of the following lifeboat equipment. (a) Hatchets. (b) Smoke signals. (c) Drinking cups. What is the length of line which is required to be attached to one of the lifebuoys on each side of a vessel? _ What amount of buoyant apparatus is required on ocean passenger vessels, and how is it to be stowed? How many lifeboats and type “A” life rafts are required aboard coastwise Pes vessels of over 3800 gross ons? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 27 One of the lifeboats on each side of a passenger vessel shall be of suitable size and design for doing emergency work at sea. Describe how these boats are to be fitted and carried while at sea. What defects make cork life preserv- ers unfit for service? Describe the daytime distress smoke signals required on lifeboats and life rafts, and state how they are operated. Describe the distribution and stow- age of life preservers aboard ocean passenger vessels. Would it be necessary to turn a life raft over if it capsized? How do you know how many persons a lifeboat is allowed to carry? Describe the construction of a life preserver. Describe the auxiliary line required to be carried aboard ocean passenger vessels as equipment for the impulse- projected rocket type line throwing ap- pliance or the Lyle gun. How many service lines are required, and how shall they be stowed? Can a painter of a lifeboat be of any size besides 234 inch rope? Describe a lifeboat compass, and state the requirements for compass and mountings in new installations or re- placements. Name the items carried in lifeboats for signalling or attracting attention. What care should be given ring buoys? How are all ring life buoys to be dis- tributed and secured aboard ocean passenger vessels? How many means of escape must be provided on steamers from all en- closures where passengers or crew may be quartered, or where anyone may be employed? How are such avenues of escape required to be located? Describe in detail the markings re- quired to be shown on each lifeboat of a vessel. How would you test the air tanks of a lifeboat for tightness? How are lifeboats required to be numbered and marked? Describe the electric water light, and state how it is ignited. What is the service use of the follow- ing items of lifeboats equipment: (a) Batteries in flashlights; (b) Red hand flare distress sig- nals; (c) Floating orange smoke distress signals? What equipment is required for each lifeboat of less than 60 persons capacity carried aboard ocean passenger vessels? What color are the sails carried in lifeboats aboard ocean and coastwise passenger vessels? Are all lifeboats installed on a par- ticular passenger vessel required to be fitted with the same type of releasing gear? What markings do the Regulations require for watertight doors and associ- ated equipment? How long may the spare flashlight batteries be used as equipment in life- boats aboard ocean passenger vessels? How many spare bulbs must be pro- vided for each lifeboat flashlight? How many years after the date of manufacture may red flare distress sig- nals be used as lifeboat equipment? Describe the following items which are required to be carried in lifeboats aboard ocean passenger vessels. (a) Heaving line. (b) Jacknife. (c) Ditty bag. (d) Bucket. How many of each of the following distress signals must be carried as life- boat equipment aboard ocean and coast- wise passenger vessels, and what is the limit of their service use? (a) Floating orange smoke sig- Ss. (b) Red hand flare signals. (c) Red parachute flare signals. How many of each of the following distress signals must be carried in life- boats aboard ocean cargo vessels? (a) Floating orange smoke sig- nals; (b) Red hand flare signals; (c) Red parachute flare signals? How must a water light be attached to a life float or buoyant apparatus? What care should be given kapok life preservers? Describe the calcium carbide water light, and state how it is ignited. How are all lifeboats and liferafts required to be carried or stowed? What equipment for the stowage and protection of falls must be provided for properly lowering the lifeboats aboard ocean passenger vessels of over 1000 gross tons, where lifeboat winches are not used? State the number of lifeboatmen re- quired for: (a) A lifeboat carrying less than 41 persons. (b) A lifeboat carrying from 41 to 60 persons. (c) A lifeboat carrying from 61 to 85 persons. (d) A lifeboat carrying from 86 to 110 persons. (e) A lifeboat carrying over 110 persons. nal 28 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Describe the distress lights or flares with which lifeboats and liferafts are equipped, and state how they are ignited. To what equipment are self-igniting water lights attached, and what two types of water lights are in general use? Who must be placed in charge of a lifeboat on all services other than rivers? How often are fire and boat drills re- quired? What is the minimum length of life- boat falls? Describe briefly the Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher System. In what weather conditions are tank vessels forbidden by the regulations to start or continue transfer operations? Would you use a canister type gas mask for entering a hold into which CO: gas had been injected to extinguish a fire? Describe the Smoke Pipe Fire Detec- tion System. Where will you find listed the life- saving and fire-fighting equipment re- quired to be carried aboard ocean passenger vessels? How many complete recharges must be carried for each gas mask required to be carried aboard ocean passenger vessels and where must they be stored? Where shall fire axes be located aboard passenger vessels? How is fire hose tested, how often, and by whom? What care would you give the ship’s davits? What are the three basic methods of fighting fire? Name three types of fire detecting systems. How many extra charges are required to be carried for portable fire extin- guishers? When a tank vessel is provided with steam smothering system for the ex- tinction of fire in the liquid cargo tanks, in what position should the valves to the tanks be left? Under what circum- stances may they be in other than the normal position? How would you mark the steam smothering line valve to a dry cargo hold on a tank vessel, unless a line in- dependent of the line for the liquid cargo tanks was provided? On a tanker at sea carrying cargo, would you use portable electric lights to provide illumination for work being per- formed in the enclosed space below the midship house directly above the cargo tanks? If you use portable lights, what type should you use? How would you mark a locker con- taining oxygen breathing apparatus? How is the location of emergency squad equipment indicated? How are fire doors marked? What distress signals are required to be carried within the pilot house or on the navigators bridge of ocean and coastwise vessels? Name the four types of fire extin- guishers, and state the kind of fire on which each is most effective. How often should all fire equipment be examined and inspected by the ves- sel’s personnel? On the foam type fire extinguisher sketched, name and describe the func- tion of each of the parts indicated by letters. SE . SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR THIRD MATE 29 Who shall be assigned the duty of seeing that the lifeboats and other life- saving equipment is at all times ready for immediate use? How would you combat fire in a cargo hold using a CO, extinguishing system? State in detail the steps you would take. What is the purpose of the electric drill required to be carried in the emer- gency equipment? How would you make use of a half-inch electric drill for this purpose? Describe the steam fire-extinguishing system for cargo spaces on tank vessels and its method of operation. Describe the sign required to be posted at the gangway of tank vessels at a dock transferring cargo. Describe the signals required to be displayed by a tank vessel at a dock transferring cargo. In the event that the remote controls for release of CO. gas failed to operate for a fire, what alternate method of re- lease is required by the regulations? What regulation has for its purpose the placing of fire extinguishers only in the correct and authorized position should they be moved temporarily for any reason? What precautions are to be taken re- garding paint and lamp lockers? How would you combat a fire in the engine room of a vessel fitted with CO: extinguishing equipment? When must a supervised patrol be maintained aboard ocean passenger ves- sels on an international voyage? How do the Regulations define an ‘inflammable liquid?” Certificates of Inspection often use the phrase “approved for the carriage of Grade ‘E’ liquids in the deep tanks.” What is meant by Grade “E” liquids? What equipment must a fire watch- man have in his possession at all times when on duty? Is it permissible to require a watch- man to sweep passageways in the early hours of morning when no other crew members are available for this work? How is the spread of fire by convec- tion prevented? How are manual alarm boxes for use in event of fire marked? How are the bells or other alarm de- vices which operate from manual alarm boxes, sprinkler devices, or smoke de- tectors identified? How are fire extinguishing system controls marked? State the precautions demanded by the Regulations with respect to cargo tank hatches, ullage holes and Butter- worth plates on a tank vessel which is not gas free. In working on tanker hatch covers, what type of tools must be used? How would you prevent the spread of fire by conduction of heat? 30. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR INSPECTION OF MERCHANT VESSELS. When the seamen of a merchant vessel sign articles, how do they agree to conduct themselves? What do the articles stipulate must be done in event of embezzlement, or willful or negligent destruction of any part of the vessel’s cargo or stores? In what manner must any member of the crew who feels aggrieved by any breach of the articles of agreement or otherwise represent the same, and to whom must he state his case? What recourse is provided in the articles for the master of a vessel when an individual signs on for a rating which he is incompetent to perform? What is the penalty for coercing of witnesses or inducing a person to testify falsely in a marine investigation of a shipping casualty? When and how are passengers and crew instructed in the method of putting on and adjusting life preservers? What is the duty of the master, or person in charge of a vessel in the event of collision with another vessel, and what is the penalty for failing to perform this duty? What is the penalty for unreasonably refusing to serve after signing articles? For what reasons may an officer’s li- cense be suspended or revoked? What is the Law regarding lookouts at night? Should the passengers aboard an ocean passenger vessel be encouraged to participate in fire and boat drills? What is the penalty for inattention to, and neglect of duty whereby the life of any person is destroyed? What is the penalty for being under the influence of liquor aboard ship and thereby failing to perform duty in pre- venting danger to vessel and persons aboard? What is the penalty for a licensed officer if he places his license beyond fais control, or voluntarily parts with it? 30 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD When, where, and how should the license of officers be posted on a vessel? What is the penalty for failure to com- ply with this rule? What attention should be given to airports, coal ports, or other openings in the ship’s side: (a) When ready to leave port; (b) At sea? What is the minimum diameter re- quired for a fog bell? Where must a fog bell be located? What is the law regarding officers and crew frequenting steerage passen- gers quarters? Describe the draft marks required to be marked on vessels 50 gross tons and over. What is the law on bringing a dan- gerous weapon or explosive aboard a vessel of the merchant marine? How often must the lifeboats aboard ocean cargo vessels be swung out to oo eam that the gear is in proper or- er? How often must fire and boat drills be held? Where must the whistle for a vessel be located? Where shall station bills be posted? What is the law relating to smug- gling goods into the United States, and what is the penalty for its violation? What is the fire alarm signal? What sort of report is made of the fire and boat drills? What does the law require regarding hatches, side ports, etc., before proceed- ing to sea? What is the signal for boat stations? How are steering orders to be given? What information must the station bill show? What is the purpose of a station bill? What is the signal for dismissal of fire drill? What color must side light screens be painted? What is the signal for dismissal from boat stations? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 1. LATITUDE BY POLARIS. On 25 July 1958 in D. R. Longitude 160°-03’ West, Polaris was observed at morning twilight to have a sextant al- titude of 49°-02’ and a bearing of 002° by gyro-compass. The chronometer read 2h-18m-12s. The chronometer was fast 6 minutes and 4 seconds. The sextant error was 1’ off the arc. The height of eye was 25 feet. Required: The latitude at time of sight. The gyro-compass error. CE ST Pe a 2. LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN ALTITUDE METHOD. Alpheratz is observed on the meridian bearing South with an observed alti- tude of 75°-03’.8. Declination of Al- pheratz is 28°-51’.1 North. Required: The latitude at time of sight. Show all work. 3. FIX OR RUNNING FIX. Enroute from Naples, Italy to the Dardanelles, in D. R. Latitude 36°-21’ North and Longitude 19°—45’ East, four celestial bodies were observed. Given Body Observed Altitude AV AB GAs este ta 29e—O3e4 DUBE. 2228 2= 56°—48’.0 SRIG Awe Se o5e 2 lon 42°—38'.1 AGED CCA. 222s. = 59°—59'.2 the following information on the celes- tial bodies, determine the ship’s posi- tion. Greenwich Hour Angle Declination 260°-38'.7 38°—44'.5 N. 14°-20'.8 61°-59’.4 N. 338°-57'.9 10°-56'.2 S. 306°-31’.6 26°-51'.7 N. Candidates may use any method of solution. nn eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee — 4. STAR IDENTIFICATION (any method). On 18 March 1956, at Latitude 15°-08’ South, Longitude 64°-19’ East, an evening observation is taken at 14h— 382m—44s GMT of a star whose cor- rected altitude is 43°-02’.7 and whose azimuth is 338°.5 True. Required: Identify the star. Candidates may use any method of solution. Show all work. Given: No 1 Alpheratz 1D EA ey ha ace ee 7 January 1958 (Cae a ee 1h—-14m-—37s | LOCK 2 ey pal a 125°-36’ West Required: The meridian angle and declination of the star in each of the 3 cases. Indicate whether the star is No. 3 Schedar 17 January 1958 18h—03m—49s 02°—58’ East No. 2 Ankaa 12 January 1958 12h-39m—53s 0de=27 Hast East or West of the Meridian in each case. dl 32 The following 3 sextant altitudes of stars were obtained. The height of eye Given: Observation No. 1 Star: Sext. (Alt. 2=--- 32 4°-19’.8 iBarvebressures- 225 30.6 in Temperature 22 92° F Required: The observed altitudes. UNITED STATES COAST GUARD was 22 feet; the sextant index error was 2’.0 on the arc in all observations. Observation No. 2 Observation No. 3 14°—05’.1 48°-56’.2 980 mb 29.6 in. (—) 20° Celsius 48° F, (Centigrade) 5. CHART NAVIGATION. How would you assess the accuracy of a nautical chart? What type pencils and erasers are best for chart work? What care should be taken in using pencils and erasers, to keep charts in good condition? How is information concerning mag- netic variation shown on Pilot Charts? Some foreign charts are published with the depths shown in meters. Con- vert 10 meters into fathoms. How should charts be stowed? What is the importance of the issue date shown on charts? A vessel steams 27 minutes at 20 knots from bearing “1” to bearing “2.” Would the position of the vessel at bearing) “2” be at point “A,” “B” or “C,” assuming she sailed along one of the tracks plotted? Where may the issue date be found on a chart? When Notices to Mariners are re- ceived on board a vessel, how long should they be retained before being discarded? What is the vertex of a great circle? What is a chain of soundings? What is composite sailing, and when is it used? How can you determine what charts and publications are to be corrected by the notices listed in the Notices to Mar- iners? What government agency prepares light lists for foreign waters? What government agency prepares light lists for the United States and its possessions? When plotting a fix by means of three cross bearings taken at approximately the same time, what would you assume if the three bearing lines do not inter- sect in a point or in a very small tri- angle? What branch of the government pre- pares the American Ephemieris, the Air Almanac and the Nautical Almanac? Describe briefly the contents of at least two of the three publications men- tioned in the preceding question. Why are the backs of pages in “‘No- tices to Mariners” left blank? What government agency publishes the Coast Pilot? What government agency publishes the Sailing Directions? Describe what is meant by the point of tangency on a gnomonic chart. What information is contained in H. O. No. 205, “Radio Navigational Aids”? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 33 If the co-ordinates on a great circle course are transferred from a gno- monic chart to a Mercator chart and the lines connecting them drawn, what is the appearance of the great circle course on the Mercator Chart? How should charts be kept corrected? What precautions are necessary when charts have laid unused for a lengthy period after the date of issue? If a vessel has laid off a great circle track and has departed from the track through bad weather or lack of obser- vations, should she attempt, when her position is determined, to get back on the original track laid down or work out a new course from her determined position? A vessel on course 000° sights a light vessel dead ahead at a distance of 10 miles. What course should she set to pass the light vessel one mile off her port side? What information is provided by the Daily Memoranda? Is the water ever shallower than in- dicated on a chart? Explain. In approaching land, what scale chart should be used? Name the reference planes of sound- ings used on charts and state how you would determine the reference plane when consulting a chart. What precautions would you take when transferring positions from one chart to another? What information is contained in the Coast Pilots? How is the latitude and longitude of a particular point on a Great Circle chart determined? How would you know of the issuance of new editions of Hydrographic Office charts in order to replace the old cor- rected charts aboard ships? Are parallels of latitude straight lines on a polyconic chart? Explain your an- swer. Explain the limitations on the use of middle latitude sailing when crossing the equator. In taking a vertical sextant angle, what care is required if the object ob- served is situated far inland from the shore? State three methods by which, with- out obtaining the precise position, the navigator may assure himself visually that he is clear of any particular dan- ger. A vessel desires to make good a course of 100° and a speed of 9 knots through a current setting NE. True with a drift of three knots. Required: The course and speed re- quired to accomplish this. What precautions should be taken when obtaining the position of a ship by means of a “bow and beam” or “four point” bearing? Why should bearings of near objects be used in preference to objects farther away, even though the latter may be more prominent? What caution should be observed in “homing” on the bearing of a light- ship’s radio beacon signal? Why is a correction necessary in plotting on a Mercator chart bearings obtained through the use of a radio direction finder? What preparation would you make when planning to enter a strange port? A vessel hears a radio distance find- ing signal from a light vessel and 10 seconds later hears the sound signal. eet is her distance from the light ves- sel? What measures should be taken to check the accuracy of direction finder bearings? When taking radio direction finder bearings off a coast with islands be- tween your ship and the shore transmit- ter, what care would you exercise? Why? Describe briefly how ocean station vessel’s radio beacons may be located on the chart. When a vessel equipped with a radio direction finder hears a distress signal, what measures should be taken? What factors must be considered in obtaining radio direction finder bear- ings on a station broadcasting enter- tainment programs? How is a radio direction finder on board ship calibrated for errors caused by electrical conductors nearby? How are bearing errors caused by nearby electrical conductors corrected on board ship? What is the meaning of the following information taken from the radio bea- con chart for the stations indicated? I San Francisco L.S. 314 (3-6). II Farallon 314 (3-6). III Bonita Pt. 314 (3-6). How is “night effect”? usually mani- fested in radio-direction finder bear- ings? Why is night effect unusual when a vessel obtains a bearing from a position less than 50 miles from the radio bea- con? 34 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 6. COMPASS DEVIATION. Enroute from New York to Cape of Good Hope in D. R. Latitude 31°-26’ North and Longitude 55°-17’ West, an azimuth of the star 6 (Delta) Cyngi was observed. The following data was ob- tained at the time of observation: Compass Bearing of Star Greenwich Hour Angle Declination of Star 329°-00’ pse 150°-36’.3 45°-01’.9 Variation for the locality was 18°-30’ West. Required: The true azimuth. The deviation of the standard com- pass. 9. MERCATOR SAILING. By mercator sailing, find the true course and the distance from Ambrose Channel Lightship (Lat. 40°-27'.1 North and Long. 73°-49’.4 West) to a Candidates may use any method of solution. point in Lat. 32°-22’ North and Long. 64°-39’.0 West, off St. David Island Lighthouse, Bermuda. Show all work. 11. PILOTING. Running along the coast off a light- house listed as 145 feet high. You meas- ure its vertical sextant angle and find it to be 1°-3’. How far off the light- house are you? Steaming south by gyro at a speed of 12 knots, a lighthouse was observed bearing 126°-00 by gyro. After a run of 30 minutes the same lighthouse bore 100° by gyro. Required: Distance off at second bearing. Distance off when abeam. A ship is steering 101° p.g.c., Varia- tion 23° East, deviation 3° West, which is 82° p.s.c. A light is sighted bearing 129° true. On what gyro bearing must the light be observed so that the run between bearings would equal the dis- tance off the light when the light bears 191° gyro? NoTE: Problems may be given pertaining to piloting which are under other titles in this book. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 35 "12. AIDS TO NAVIGATION. What is the meaning of a red nun marked with a yellow triangle as illus- trated? YELLOW What is the meaning of the “class” of a buoy as specified in the U.S. Coast Guard Light List? When a buoy is in position during a certain period of the year only, how may the dates when the buoy is avail- able be determined? Describe the use of a range (or lead- ing lights) in entering or leaving a harbor. What precautions must be ob- served in the use of such ranges? What is the significance of the shape of unlighted buoys as used in the lat- eral system in United States waters? On a clear, dark night, a light is sighted just breaking clear of the hori- zon. If your height of eye is 50 feet and the charted visibility of the light is 12.5 miles, what is your distance from the light? Define exactly what is meant by a group occulting light. (Candidates may submit a sketch such as that contained in the light list to help demonstrate complete comprehension of the term). Name the different types of buoys sketched. Where it is desired to show the need for particular caution, at important turns, etc., what light period is given buoys? What is indicated by the white buoy with green top as sketched? GREEN How would you identify a lighthouse in the daytime? Where are station buoys found and what is their function? How far could you see a powerful navigational light whose height is 100 feet from the bridge of a vessel where your height of eye would be 80 feet above the water? What word indicates color variations in the characteristics of a light? Define exactly what is meant by an interrupted quick flashing light. (Can- didates may submit a sketch such as that contained in the light list to demon- strate their complete comprehension of the term). 36 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Entering from seaward you sight the black and white vertically striped light- ed buoy illustrated above. How are bearings relating to sectors of visibility of lights stated in light lists? What are the standard light colors used for lighted aids to navigation? What do colored sectors in lights mark? NAN a. On which side would you leave this buoy in passing? b. What number would such a buoy have? c. What color light would the buoy display? d. What phase characteristics would the light of this buoy have? e. How would this buoy be indicated on a chart? How is the power of a light expressed in the light list? How would you determine if the visibility given for a light is the geo- graphic or luminous range? Describe the effect of atmospheric re- ecu on the visibility of navigational aids. In entering a United States port the Heri lighted buoy is sighted as shown elow: : a. On what side should it be left in passing? b. What type number would it have? c. What color light would it show? d. How would this buoy be indicated on a chart? e. What phase characteristics would this light have? 15. INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES. How would you clean the are of a sextant? What is the purpose of the mercury ballistic wicks on the master gyro-com- pass? Why are corrections for latitude, height and temperature applied to a mercurial barometer? Describe in detail the procedure of stopping the gyro-compass. What routine inspection of the gyro- compass should be made each watch at sea? State briefly what you would check? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 3i7/ Name the corrector indicated by each letter on the sketch and state the type of magnetism each is designed to cor- rect. How can the brightness of the reflec- tion from the horizon glass be varied in a sextant? How is the master gyro-compass com- pensated for permanent errors? Sup- pose the master gyro heading is 278° and it has been definitely established (by azimuth, bearings, etc.,) that the compass has a 2° easterly permanent error, state how you would compensate the master to read true. How do you determine the accuracy of a ship’s barometer, whether mer- curial or aneroid? Why is mercury used in the barom- eter in preference to other liquids? Make a rough copy of the sketch be- low and on it label the following: “E- Layer,” “F-layer,” “One Hop F,” “Two Hop F,” “One Hop E,” “Two Hop E,” and “ground wave.” In taking a loran reading: (a) What will be the result of matching a first sky wave with a ground wave, or matching a first sky wave with a second sky wave? (b) What precautions should be taken to insure that the first pulse in a train of pulses is not being overlooked? In the loran method of navigation: (a) What is the base line? (b) What is the base line exten- sion? In using a loran chart, the lines on the chart are for ground waves. Where are the corrections to be found when using sky waves? When sky waves are used for com- puting loran lines of position, are they more accurate close to the station or far away from the station? What does blinking of a loran signal indicate? How is a chronometer’s accuracy checked? What is the error of collimation of a sextant? What is a ground wave? What is a sky wave? What is the critical range in loran reception; why is it critical; and what precautions must be taken with regard to the use of signals? Explain the construction, principle, and care of the barograph. Upon what 2 natural forces does the directive force of the gyro-compass de- pend? State briefly the routine inspection and maintenance care which should be given the master gyro-compass each month. What are the markings of the hand lead line? 38 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD What is a hygrometer and what is it used for? What is a Pitometer Log? Describe its principle. When a patent log line is hauled in, how do you take the turns out before drying it and stowing it away? What is a stadimeter? What is a hydrometer and what is it used for? What is a psychrometer? Where is information concerning loran coverage, charts, and tables avail- able? Which end of a Kelvin sounding tube must be uppermost when taking a sounding? Describe the glass sounding tube or other depth recording device used with a patent sounding machine, and state how Boyle’s law applies to the principle upon which it operates. Give a brief description of the prin- ciple and operation of the Fathometer. Explain the use of chemical tubes to record soundings. What effect will an unusually soft bottom have on soundings obtained by fathometers? NN WS SSS SS Explain in detail and in proper order the procedure to be followed in taking soundings with a sounding machine. What method is generally employed aboard merchant ships for checking ac- curacy of a chronometer and determin- ing its rate? Why is the morning normally the best time of day for winding time pieces? Where will complete information be found on the times, frequencies of emis- sions, and characteristics of radio time signals? On 1 June, a time signal at 1200 GMT shows chronometer “A” 3m-—52s fast. On 5 June, a time signal at 1800 GMT shows chronometer “A” 3m-—35s fast. An observation is taken on 7 June at 1800 GMT. Assuming a constant chronometer rate, what correction should be applied to chronometer ‘A’? In New York (Zone +5) a time sig- nal was heard, and at 1400 Eastern Standard Time, the chronometer read 18h-35m-38s. What was the chronom- eter error? What is the reading of the microme- ter sextant illustrated? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 39 18. TIDES AND CURRENTS. Define: (a) Flood tide. (b) Ebb tide. (c) Set of tide. (d) Drift of tide. Where would you find the time of slack water after high or low water in any given port of the United States? What are subordinate stations, as used in the Tide Tables? What is the purpose of the ratios given in the Tide Tables for computing height of tide and how would you use such ratios? Name three planes of references to which soundings and tidal data are re- ferred. Describe the effect of wind and ab- normal barometric conditions on the tides. What celestial body is principally re- sponsible for the tides, and what addi- tional celestial body influences the tide? At St. Johns, New Brunswick on 7 February 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and height of a.m. high water? (b) If the largest scale chart of the locality showed a depth of 10 feet 19. OCEAN WINDS, WEATHER AND CURRENTS. How is the sea water temperature ob- tained for a weather observation? How would you read a thermometer? State the sources of possible error. How should a wet and dry bulb hy- grometer be placed and what care should be given to this instrument? Convert (—) 10° Celsius (Centi- grade) into temperature Fahrenheit. What is “sleet’’? Define the term “temperature”. On a weather map: (a) An elongated area of high pressure extending from an eminence (or high) is called a 1 (b) An elongated area of low pres- sure extending from a depression (or lows) mistealledial Rite err- ciclei ? ee What is “wave height’? What “wave height” should be re- corded? How is the visibility determined? What is a “synoptic chart’? What is an “occluded front’? What is the meaning of the term “sky cover” and how is the “sky cover’ de- for a given area, what would be the depth at high water at that area? At Anchorage, Alaska on 3 May 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and height of p.m. low water? (b) If your chart of Anchorage showed a depth of 20 feet for a given area, what would be the depth at low water at this area? At Deer Island Light, Boston, Mass. Harbor on 28 March 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and velocity of maximum p.m. ebb cur- rent? (b) In what direction does the ebb current flow at this position? (c) What time meridian is used in tabulating the times given for the currents at this port? At San Diego Bay Entrance, Cali- fornia on 13 January 1958: (a) What is the tabulated time and velocity of maximum a.m. flood current off Ballast Point? (b) In what direction does the flood current flow at this position? (c) What time meridian is used in tabulating the times given for the cur- rents at this port? termined for purposes of weather re- ports? What is meant by the cloud “ceil- ing’? How would you determine the ‘cloud ceiling’’? What are the four principal families or types of clouds, and what feature forms the basis of the classification? Low clouds are defined as those whose mean upper level is 6,500 feet. Middle clouds are defined as those whose mean lower level is 6,500 feet and whose mean upper level is 20,000 feet. High clouds are defined as_ those whose mean lower level is 20,000 feet. Classify as low, middle, or high the following cloud forms: (a) Altocumulus. (b) Cirrostratus. (c) Stratus. Why are islands or shore lines in the tropics often marked by cumulus type clouds in the daytime, particularly in the afternoon? 40 Interpret the data provided by the current rose shown from the Atlas of Surface Currents, North Atlantic Ocean. (H. O. Publication 571). ORIFT KNOTS 0.00 to SCALE 0.33 0.34 0.66 0.99 © 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 SCALE OF FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE 257 What is the meaning of the term “drift-ice” (or “‘pack-ice”), used in a wide sense? Discuss the ice movements in the North Atlantic. What is “‘fast-ice’’? What is the best position for conning a ship in ice? Explain the temperature volume re- lationship of gases if pressure is held constant. State in words or mathe- matical notation. (Charles Law). How is the correction for an aneroid barometer noted and where should this correction be posted? How often should the correction for an aneroid be checked? } How is the correction for an aneroid determined? What action is taken by the weather bureau when comparison indicates that a barometer is defective? What care must be given an aneroid barometer to assure that it will retain its calibration? UNITED STATES COAST GUARD State the precautions necessary to ob- tain the correct sea level pressure when using an aneroid barometer. Describe briefly the relationship be- tween barometric pressures and the cor- rections that must be applied to alti- tudes of celestial bodies observed by sextant. What is “vapor pressure”? A’ vessel’s true course is 025° and speed 22 knots. The apparent wind di- rection is from NE. with 16 knots ap- parent wind velocity. REQUIRED: (a) The direction from which the true wind is blowing. (b) The velocity of the true wind. To what wind force on the Beaufort Scale do the following conditions cor- respond? WIND SPEED..... 17 to 21 knots, SEA CONDITIONS..... Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white foam crests; there may be some spray. What is a cyclone? Distinguish between a tropical cy- clone and an extra-tropical cyclone. Describe squall lines and the condi- tions associated with them. How can the barometer show the ap- proach of a cyclone in the tropics? At what latitude (North or South) does a tropical cyclone normally re- curve? When do tropical cyclones usually move at the slowest speed? State two reasons why tropical cy- clones are divided into semi-circles, one considered dangerous and the other con- sidered navigable. What is the effect of current upon the waves caused by a storm? What provides the energy for at- mospheric disturbances along frontal zones? What cyclones name is applied to tropical in: The North Atlantic. : The western North Pacific. The Phillippines. Western Australia. What causes the fog frequently as- sociated with the frontal areas between two air masses? Why are night condi- tions more conducive to such fogs than day conditions? Is fog more common and dangerous along cold fronts or warm fronts? Why? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 4] When water vapor condenses in a storm area and is precipitated in the form of rain, snow, etc., what is the etfect upon the temperature of the air? Which is lighter: (a) dry air; (b) moisture laden air? What are isallobars? What is their value in constructing weather maps and forecasting? In what direction do warm fronts usually move and what is their average speed of movement? In the Southern Hemisphere, in which semi-circle of a tropical cyclone would a vessel be if the wind shifted counter-clockwise, while she was hove to? In the Northern Hemisphere, how should a steam vessel maneuver in the dangerous semi-circle of a tropical cy- clone? Hove to in the Southern Hemisphere under tropical cyclone conditions with the barometer falling and the wind shifting clockwise, what is the vessel’s probable position relative to the center of the storm, and what action should be taken if possible to avoid the center of the storm? Describe the use of a “storm card” or diagram of wind direction in maneuver- ing in a tropical cyclone area. What weather conditions may result from the movement of a cold air mass over a warmer sea surface? If the smoke from the funnel does not rise, but lays horizontally, what atmos- pheric conditions are indicated? What is the “Bermuda high’? What causes the fog frequently en- countered off the grand banks of New- foundland? How can a ridge of high mountains give rise to a depression? What is a central area of high pres- sure called and in what direction do winds circulate around it in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? man COLDER AIR 690-515 O- 63-4 What is a line called which connects all points on a weather chart that have the same reading of the barometer? What is the relation between wind direction and the direction of the iso- bars on a weather chart? Draw a sketch of the earth showing the location of high and low pressure belts and the general wind systems. What is the normal barometric pres- sure at sea level? Where can _ detailed information about ocean winds and currents be ob- tained? How do you determine the reliability of the ship’s barometer, whether mer- curial or aneroid? State how Buys-Ballot’s law is used at sea in order to determine the approx- imate bearing of a storm center. What is the dew point of the atmos- phere and how is it determined? What is the distinction between tide and current? Hove to in advance of a tropical cy- clonic storm, in what position would a vessel be with respect to the track fol- lowed by the storm center if: (a) The wind veered; (b) The wind backed; (c) The wind remained steady in direction and increased in force? What are the dangerous and navi- gable semicircles of a tropical revolving storm in the Northern Hemisphere? What are the indications of the ap- proach of revolving storms? What is a Warm Front? What does the size of waves depend upon? What are the two reliable signs of field ice? Sketched below are vertical cross sec- tions through two types of frontal sys- tems. - (a) What are fronts called when the warm air is aloft? (b) What type of such a front is “A” and what type is “B”? npn WARM AIR COLD AIR COLDER AIR 42 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 20. NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY AND NAVIGATION DEFINITIONS. What is: 1. Vernal equinox? 2. Conversion angle? 8. Hour circle? 4. Logarithm? 5. Nautical twilight? 6. Time signal? 7. Occultation? 8. Solstice? 9. Meridional parts? 10. Prime meridian? 11. Greenwich apparent time? 12. Greenwich mean time? 13. Sidereal hour angle? 14. Apparent time? 15. Polar distance? 16. Amplitude? 17. Diurnal circle? 18. Sidereal day? 19. Circle of equal altitude? 20. Parallel of altitude? 21. Most probable position? 22. Greenwich sidereal time? Define the term “magnitude” as it is employed in nautical astronomy. What is meant when two celestial bodies are said to be in: (a) Conjunction; (b) Opposition? 22. SIGNALLING BY INTERNATIONAL CODE FLAGS, FLASHING LIGHT; LIFESAVING, STORM AND SPECIAL SIGNALS. What would be indicated by a black or green signal seen floating in the air from a parachute about 300 feet above the water? State the meaning of the following hoist in International Code Flag Sig- nalling: (a) (b) (c) Answering pennant x dh E Z 1 1st 1st repeater repeater 0 0 3rd repeater When signalling by International Code Flags and using the code flags or answering pennants to indicate a deci- mal point, is the code flag included in determining which repeater or substi- tute is to be used? In sending a message to a vessel by Morse Code using flashing light, how would you indicate that the message would be coded from the International Code of Signals? Describe how the International Code flags are used to signal the position of the ship expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. Name the component parts of a Morse Code message. ; Show exactly how you would signal the following times, using the Interna- tional Code flags: (a) Five minutes past midnight. (b) Six-forty-five p.m. (c) Ten o’clock a.m. (d) Ten o’clock p.m. What signal, that may be transmitted by flashing light, is provided by the In- ternational Rules of the Road to in- dicate that a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore? . When a vessel in distress in Inter- national Waters requires assistance from the shore, what signals are pro- vided by the International Rules of the Road for her to use? What is indicated by an aircraft circling a vessel at least once, then crossing the bow close at a low altitude opening and closing the throttle or changing the pitch of the propellers, and then flying away on a particular bearing? Describe the procedure for calling an- other vessel, or vessels, using the Inter- national Code flags. Describe the procedure for answering flag signals. Describe the correct use of the erase sign and show how the erase sign is made in signalling by flashing light. For what purpose is the model verb “to glean” printed in all of its forms in the text of the International Code of Signals? What is the lifesaving signal indicat- ing, “landing here highly dangerous’? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 43 How would you transmit the follow- ing procedure signals and signs in sig- nalling by blinker light: (a) Space sign; (b) “Everything which follows in this message is to be repeated back word by word, as soon as received;”’ (c) Ending sign; (d) From; (e) “You are correct”? How do you complete a signal using flags? What are the meanings of the flag letters, “D,” “E,” “F,” “G” when flown as single letter signals? How would you signal the following message by International Code Flags? “Bearing 45 miles 90° true from Diamond Head, Hawaii.” (The hoist for Diamond Head AEWN). In signalling by blinker light, what is the sign for end of message and how is it answered? How many flags are in an Interna- tional Code Flag hoist used between a vessel towing and the vessel she is towing? How are towing signals made at night? What is the meaning of the letter “W” when sent by the receiving ship during a communication by blinker light? In signalling by International Code Flags, what is the significance of sig- nals consisting of: (a) Single-letter signals; (b) Two-letter signals; (c) Three-letter signals; (d) Four-letter signals? Four-letter signals beginning with the letter ‘‘A” are used for what type signals? How are the code flags used to signal the chronometer time? Explain the use of amplifying phrases in International Code Sig- nalling. How would you acknowledge the re- ceipt of a code group in a coded mes- sage sent you by blinker light? If at sea you sighted an interna- tional orange buoy about three feet in diameter, what action should you take? What is the space sign used in sig- nalling by Morse Code and for what purposes is it used? What is the meaning of the answer- ing pennant over “G” in International Code Flag Signalling? What is the break sign in blinker signalling? How would you call a pilot by blinker light at night? In sending a message by flashing light, how would you request the re- ceiving ship to repeat back, word for word, the message? NNN Reece 24. SEAMANSHIP. Make a rough sketch of the standing lug lifeboat sail as shown; name the edges, and corners, and describe briefly its construction. In anchoring a vessel in fog, how might you determine the vessel’s way through the water in order to have the vessel dead in the water or with mini- mum way on her when the anchor is dropped? What precaution, with respect to way of the vessel, is necessary in anchoring in a strong current or tidal stream? In picking up the anchor, what infor- mation must the Mate on the foc’sle head relay to the bridge in order that the engines may be used to minimize the stress on the windlass and chain? What is the purpose of the stream and kedge anchors, that are carried by sea going vessels? ' Describe in detail how merchant ships prevent water from entering the chain locker. : In addition to flooding the chain locker, what damage may be caused a vessel by taking water through the chain pipes? 44 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD You are standing by the anchor wind- lass on the foc’sle head of a vessel pro- ceeding in a channel. You receive an order to drop the anchor because the vessel has taken a sudden sheer toward another vessel or the shore. Describe how you would handle the anchor. How would you embark passengers into a lifeboat when abandoning a ves- sel in rough weather? What test is required by the Regula- tions each year where practicable in order to test the strength and efficiency of lifeboats and the gear for lowering them? Where a lifeboat may be damaged in lowering by projecting obstructions or contact with the hull due to list, what provisions must be made to facilitate launching if the boat is 15 feet or more above the water when the vessel is light? Name the anchors carried by a sea- going vessel. How is the required number and weight of anchors for a vessel deter- mined? Shown below is a sketch of a brake band assembly and compressor for a typical windlass. (a) Describe the care and inspec- tion you would make in seeing that this equipment is in good condition for its service. (b) The steel bar “B,” angled up into the central groove of the wildcat, has what function? Name the parts indicated on the anchor sketched. Describe the methods that may be em- ployed to move an anchored vessel to avoid striking, or being struck by other vessels while swinging in a tide or wind shift. With the wind and tide in opposite di- rections, what factors will determine the manner in which a vessel will ride to her anchor? Describe briefly how a sailing vessel is able to sail in the direction from which the wind is blowing. What equipment for sewing canvas is required in a lifeboat? What is the purpose of canvas covers on lifeboat winches? =p ills ek Ae ni E A | SS SS SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 45 What color is required for lifeboat sails? What care should be given canvas aboard ships? How many tarpaulins are required for hatches of a merchant vessel in ocean service? What is the minimum grade of ma- terial required for tarpaulins? Where the shell of a lifeboat is liable to damage, wear, or corrosion from con- tact with chocks, how is the boat fitted to keep the possibility of such damage to a minimum? Where the shell of a lifeboat is liable to damage, wear, or corrosion from con- tact with chocks, what maintenance care should be taken by the officers and crew of the vessel? What protectien is afforded aboard ships against flooding of compartments by water backing through scuppers, tank overflows, sanitary discharges, etc., below the freeboard deck? What are the dangers that may be created by vent or sounding lines from a double bottom tank being damaged be- low the deck of a vessel in cargo holds or other spaces? What precautions must be taken to avoid harbor pollution when taking fuel oil or petroleum cargoes? Where vessels are fitted with cowl type ventilators, what means must be provided for closing them in the event of storm or fire? What is the importance of freeing ports on a vessel with solid bulwarks operating in a heavy sea? What speed must a fully loaded motor lifeboat be capable of attaining? What quantity of fuel is required to be carried in a motor lifeboat? In shifting a vessel forward on a pier as illustrated, would off-shore head- line “A,” inshore headline “B,” or in- shore headline ‘‘C” provide the greatest pulling effect? Why? Br acer wan Referring to the sketch: (a) What is the name and purpose of the figure illustrated? (b) Explain the meaning of the various lines and letters. (c) How is the marking placed on vessels? 7 s WwW WNA What is the required length of life boat falls? If for any reason the boat falls were too short to enable a lifeboat to be lowered into the water, what might be done? Are provision and special equipment lockers of a lifeboat required to be watertight? What color should running light screens be painted? Describe the use of tricing lines on lifeboats suspended from gravity davits when the boat is swung into the em- barkation deck for passengers to get into it. State why the frapping lines should be passed before releasing the tricing line pelican hooks. When the vessel is moored to two anchors, does she require the same amount of cable on each of the two anchors as when laying to one anchor? How are lifeboats required to be num- bered and marked? What is the purpose of the footings in a lifeboat? 46 Describe briefly the operation of an electro-hydraulic steering apparatus and the type of hand-operated emer- gency steering gear that may be pro- vided with it. If you were in charge of a lifeboat: (a) How would you prevent it from swinging as the vessel rolled when the boat is at the embarkation deck? (b) How would you prevent it from swaying if the ship is pitching? Describe how a lifeboat should ap- proach a wrecked vessel in rough weather to save passengers and crew and then return to her own vessel. When moored to two anchors, how is a foul hawse prevented? What scope of chain is used under normal conditions in anchoring? What anchor is normally used in an- choring? What precautions to avoid pollution of coastal waters should be taken by a vessel pumping bilges, ballast, or oil overboard at sea? What precaution must be observed when taking on water ballast to avoid danger of oil pollution, cargo damage, and structural damage to the vessel? In the sketch shown: (a) What is the tension on a top- ping lift when the height of the king- post above the boom gooseneck is 40 feet, the length of the topping lift span is 40 feet, and the boom forms an angle of 45° with the kingpost? (b) What is the thrust on the boom in the sketch when the weight of 1 ton is being lifted? Consider loss of efficiency due to friction as 10 percent at each block. UNITED STATES COAST GUARD A beam weighing one ton is to be lifted by a bridle sling, each leg of which forms an angle with the beam of 30° as shown in the sketch below. What is the stress on each leg of the sling, when the weight of the beam is sus- pended from the sling? What is the minimum number of tucks in an acceptable thimble or loop splice in wire rope for use on cargo gear? What precaution must be taken in splicing nylon or other plastic type rope with a slippery surface and high elas- ticity? : A weight of 3 tons must be lifted using one-half inch diameter wire rope with a breaking strength of 9.4 tons. A factor of safety of 5 is required. (a) Will doubling up the gear, that is, using a single sheave moving block, provide the necessary factor of safety, considering friction loss as 10 percent per sheave for each of two sheaves? (b) What strength must the shackle for the upper block have, using a safety factor of 5? A vessel is loading cargo in a for- ward hold when it is noticed that the pipe running along the bilge to the fore- peak is leaking water badly. The fore- peak tank is full of water. What would you do to prevent damage to the cargo? What care should be given mooring lines when ice and snow conditions are encountered? What caution should be observed when navigating a power-driven vessel in shallow water? What are the two functions which paint used on a vessel’s bottom must perform; i.e., what are the two types of paint used on a ship’s bottom, and what is the purpose of each type? What precautions should be borne in mind by ship officers when maneuvering vessels powered with geared turbine drive? In a limited space, why is it easier to turn a single right-handed screw ship to starboard than it is to port? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 47 Would you measure wire rope as “A” or “B” in the sketch? What minimum factor of should be used with wire rope? Is the steering effect of a right handed propeller greater going ahead or astern? Why? Describe the instructions required to be posted in the steering engine room. Describe briefly the purpose of a main steam condenser, and the con- sideration that a deck officer may be obliged to give it. Why do ships yaw badly in a follow- ing sea? What methods are available to reduce yawing? Describe the effect of wind on the steering and heading of a vessel under- safety way. What is the most likely damage that may occur to an ordinary merchant vessel when operating in floe-ice, or in areas where large logs or floating ob- jects of like nature may be encountered? In the sketch below the seamen are testing a rope to assure its safe working load. Each seaman exerts a force of 100 pounds. Is the stress on the line greater in case “A” or case “B”? Explain your answer, stating the total stress on the line in each case. (A) What is the purpose of loadlines on vessels? How do you measure freeboard? When must the steering gear be tested by a licensed officer? Describe the devices used for the measuring of ullages. How should guys be positioned for maximum efficiency in securing a boom? How often must motors in motor- propelled lifeboats be operated? What equipment must be provided on gasoline powered lifeboat motors to pre- vent fire caused by carburetor backfire, or danger because of gasoline dripping into the bilge? How are motor-lifeboat gasoline tanks vented, i.e. what means are provided to prevent the gasoline becoming “air- bound” in the tanks and not flowing to the fuel lines? Describe briefly the use of steam tur- bines as main propulsion units and the methods of connecting the engine to the shaft. What precautions should be taken in order to prevent kinking when using manila mooring lines on a windlass gypsy-head or a capstan? What is the purpose of the brake fitted on the steering gear of some ves- sels? 48 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD In what length of time should the steering engine be capable of putting the rudder hard over from one side to hard over to the other side? Describe the factors affecting the steering effect of a right handed screw propeller, when going ahead. What measures could you take to pre- vent a vessel pounding heavily in a head sea? Approaching a dock starboard side to, in a right-hand single screw steamer with moderate headway, what precau- tions should be taken, before backing, in order to prevent the bow from swing- ing in toward the dock when the engine is reversed? Can the guys of a boom be so posi- tioned that they need not be slacked off or hove in when raising or lowering the boom? Describe the method of rigging booms where two topping lifts are employed to eliminate guys. What is the proper method of placing cable clamps on wire rope? Would you place the nuts used to fasten the “U” bolts all on the same part of the rope, or would you stagger the clamps alter- nately? How would you turn the stern quickly to port in a twin-screw vessel with sternway and both engines going full astern? In making a “hydro” report on the sighting of a derelict, what information would you endeavor to include? If a guy is rigged as shown in the sketch, what is the effect? A 8 inch line has a breaking stress of 9000 pounds. Using a safety factor of 5, what weight would you pick up with a threefold tackle, considering loss of ef- ficiency due to friction as 10 percent at each sheave? With a right-handed single screw backing, why is the stern forced to port? How should hatch beam or pontoon slings be fitted for safety of personnel handling them? If a hook be straightened out, is it safe to bend it back and then return it to use? What is the deck line on ocean and coastwise vessels? Note: This question refers to the loadline markings of a vessel. What is the maximum weight per draft permitted when loading explosives in accordance with the Regulations? Does a knot in a manila line increase oP reduce the breaking strength of the ine? Using the rule of thumb B = =, where “B” is the breaking stress in tons and “C” is the circumference, determine the breaking stress of a 3-inch manila line. Using the rule of thumb formula B=, where “B” is the breaking stress in tons and “C” is the circumfer- ence, find the size of manila rope to use to lift a 1-ton weight, when a factor of safety of 7 is required. What is the required factor of safety for lifeboat falls? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 49 If a force of 50 pounds is applied at point “F” of the luff tackle shown: (a) What is the weight that may be lifted at “W,” allowing 10 percent friction loss at each sheave? (b) If “W” is lifted one foot, how far must the line at “F” be pulled? (c) What stress is put on the pad- eye at point “C” when lifting “W”? A manufacturer states that the breaking strength of his 3-inch circum- ference manila rope is 9,000 pounds. If you use this rope as a single whip cargo fall, what is the safe working load, using a factor of safety of 7? On merchant vessels when using booms to handle heavy weights or deli- cate objects, how do you reduce dynamic stresses; that is, stresses due to change of velocity of the load, such as taking up fast on a load at rest, increasing speed of hoisting, or suddenly stopping? Why is the hauling part of a heavy lift purchase usually led to the mast rather than directly to the winch? When is the tension of a topping lift at a maximum; i.e. at what angles with the mast is the heaviest stress put on the topping lift due to the weight of the boom and any weight being lifted? 25. CARGO STOWAGE AND HANDLING. In discharging cargo into a lighter as shown, with only a small amount of drift on the boom, what care is neces- sary? If 2,000 tons of iron ore with a stow- age factor of 15 is stowed in a cargo hold of rectangular shape whose bottom is 50 feet long and 45 feet wide, what is the height of the center of gravity of the ore above the bottom of the hold? What type of tools should be used for opening and closing oil tank hatch covers? At what pressure should the oil dis- charge piping of tank vessels be tested? You are required to load wet logs in No. 4 lower hold and cases of canned goods in No. 4 ’tween decks. What pre- caution would you exercise to avoid sweat damage to the canned goods? Describe the stowage of cement and the precautions necessary for protec- tion of other cargo in the same hold with cement. Define: (a) Explosive range. (b) Fire point. (c) Flash point. Describe briefly how the amount of water below the oil in an oil tank may be determined. Define: (a) Inflammable liquid. (b) Combustible liquid. What precautions must be observed in the choice of wood for use as dun- nage? Describe the methods employed in the shipment of wet hides and the precau- tions necessary for good cargo turnout. Describe the precautions necessary in the stowage of essential oils. Nore: “Essential Oils” is a term used to de- scribe such oils as almond, attar of roses, clove, wintergreen, lavender, etc., which are used in perfumery and cooking. 50 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD In loading adjacent tanks with dis- similar products; would you top off your second tank at level “A,” “B” or “C”? Why? TANK 1 TANK 2 How many gallons are there in a United States barrel? Prior to loading Grades “A,” “B,” or “C” cargoes, what precautions are necessary with respect to boiler and galley fires? With respect to the danger of fire and explosion of liquid petroleum cargoes, why are greater precautions usually necessary when loading than when dis- charging? A locomotive weighing 32 tons is stowed on its 4 wheels, each of which has an area of one foot resting on the deck. (a) What is the load per square foot on the deck if the locomotive’s weight is equally distributed on the 4 wheels? (b) If the deck capacity is 400 pounds per square foot, how could the weight be distributed? What protection against fire is neces- sary where cowl deck ventilators feed directly into a magazine or a hold in which explosives are stowed? On vessels carrying mail, is it permis- sible to break bulk prior to discharging of the mail in ports of the United States? Would you consider the stowage of boxed cargo better at “A,” making use of all possible space, or at “B” where the successive tiers are kept level? State your reason. A vessel preparing to load grain has four small hatches installed as sketched at “A,” “B,’’“C” and!“D™amiher-tween deck. What is their purpose? When a hold is completely filled with loose grain in bulk, what quantity must be contained in feeders for that hold? i) i { \ S | How many long tons are there in 100 metric tons if a metric ton is .98421 long tons? Explain what is meant by optional cargo and state the care necessary in the stowage of such cargo. When trimmers are employed on bulk cargoes, what precautions should be taken to insure that none have been walled off by cargo in the hold? A vessel has a fresh water allowance of 8 inches. A hydrometer reading taken in a sample of water in which she is loading reads 1015. How far below her salt water draft may she load due to allowance for fresh water? In stowing carboys of acid, which are not completely boxed, what is the maxi- mum number of tiers permitted? Why is the top planking of bins con- structed for deck cargo required to be of sturdy construction? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 51 You are required to supervise the stowage of two consignments of butter contained in cases as sketched. Describe the difference in the manner of stowage required for each lot. Your reading of a combustible gas in- dicator showed that less than 0.1 per- cent petroleum vapor was present in a tank that had been used for sour crude (containing hydrogen sulfide, H: S). Would you consider the tank safe as far as toxicity and explosibility are con- cerned? Describe the hazards that may be in- volved when working in tanks that have carried gasoline having a tetraethyl lead content. Where shifting boards are rigged for a grain cargo: (a) Would you regard wooden shores “A,” “B,” or “C” as most ef- ficient? (b) Why? (c) What compensation is made for inefficient positioning of shores? BDaen._ inane Mita anne An oil hose has an inside diameter of 8 inches. What is the minimum radius to which the hose should be bent? hose diameter By radius of bend When gas-freeing a tank vessel, what precaution must be taken with respect to vent lines, heating coils, steam smothering lines, and loading and dis- charge piping? When a centrifugal pump is operat- ing with a suction lift: (a) what care is necessary? (b) What is the maximum suction lift possible? Describe the proper manner of read- ing the thermometer shown, when deter- mining the temperature of a liquid cargo. 52 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Why is a stop-check valve such as that sketched required to be fitted on a pump room bilge suction when the bilges are pumped by the cargo pumps or cargo stripping pump? What means are required to evacuate the oil from a flooded pump room? When a vessel has a gas-free cer- tificate reading ‘“‘safe for men-safe for hot work”: (a) What is the maximum vapor content in the tank’s atmosphere? (b) What residues may be present in the tank? A vessel loads frozen ice cream which comes aboard packed in dry ice. What precautions would be necessary in stow- ing and discharging such cargo? After the bales for port “A” had been discharged at that port, how would you protect the cartons for port “B” against damage from the rolling or pitching of the ship enroute to port “B”, if shoring material was not at hand? Note: The separation between ‘‘A” and “B” is thwartship. If a case is marked as sketched, what is the meaning of “A,” “B,” and “C”? waco A YOKOHAMA—+= 201/300 ——» c What are the three necessary condi- tions that must be maintained in a re- frigerated compartment in order to have good cargo turnout? What are the duties of the senior deck officer during oil transfer opera- tions? Why is it important that the ventila- tion ducts in pump rooms extend below any floor plates so that air is circulated through the lowest part of the pump room? A vessel is fitted with insulating mats which enable her to make a refrigerated space in the square of a ’tween deck whose wings and ends are refrigerated. In using such mats, would you consider the tightness of the bottom mats or the top mats of the space as being more im- portant? What inspection is required prior to making repairs involving riveting, weld- ing, burning, etc., on a tank vessel? What provisions are made in the bilge system of a vessel to protect the pipes from becoming clogged or the pumps being damaged? How can the possibility of clogging the bilge suction be reduced when carry- ing granular cargo such as grain, coal, rock ballast, ete? In supervising the stowage of bagged cargo in a hold: (a) When would you stack the bags as in “A”? (b) When as in “B”? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 53 In supervising the discharge of deli- cate crates from a cargo hold, would you sling them as in “A” or “B”? Why? The deep tanks of a vessel hold 500 tons of fresh water. How many tons of coconut oil with a specific gravity of 0.93 could be stowed in these deep tanks? A vessel reserves 30’ x 60’ of the deck area of a hold for 300 tons of ma- chinery parts stowing at 30 cubic feet per ton. How high will the consignment of machinery stow? Referring to the sketch: (a) When is shoring used in the ’*tween deck of a vessel? (b) What is the purpose of the carlings indicated by “‘B”’? When the topping lift is up and down in the stowed position of the boom, how would you take the weight off the se- curing collar in order to release it? See illustration. In carrying horses, many remote from the water barrel get an insuf- ficient supply of water owing to the laziness of attendants; how can you de- tect this? Would you stow cylinders containing compressed gases adjacent to the side of a ship? When empty drums or barrels have been used to hold dangerous goods, what precautions must be taken in order to ship them empty, without restrictions? 54 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD How should plate or sheet glass be stowed? How would you stow cargo parcels in order that the markings are readily found? The bilge drain wells of a hold are located in the after end. Would it be preferable to stow drums of liquid latex in the forward or the after end of this hold? What practice is frequently followed to eliminate danger of contamination or tainting by odorous or liquid com- modities? Oxidizing materials such as chlorates, nitrates, or peroxides must not be stowed in the same compartment with certain types of cargo. Name at least two such types. In securing deck cargo as illustrated: (a) What is the purpose of angle iron “A” and wooden capping “B”? (b) How may the wedges used for tightening the braces as at “C” be pre- vented from working loose? How may ’tween deck drains in a cargo hold be checked to determine if they are functioning properly? Why is it important that ’tween deck drains be in good condition? How should bilges or drain well strainers be prepared for stowage of bulk cargoes? How many board feet of dunnage would you estimate to be in a stack which is 5 feet high, 5 feet wide, and 12 feet long? Before proceeding to the next port, what measures to prevent overcarriage should be taken upon completion of dis- charge of a partial cargo? Describe the conditions that must be observed in the stowage of corrosive liquids. What type of nails are required for the inside sheathing of a magazine for explosives? Why? Define: (a) Weight cargo. (b) Measurement cargo. (c) Ad valorem cargo. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 55 When heavy crates or boxes of cargo are tightly stowed as illustrated, how may breaking out the first box be fa- cilitated for the longshoremen in the port of discharge? What precautions to prevent theft are usual at sea when carrying precious metals or bullion? What stowage is required for motion picture films with a nitrocellulose base? A hold of a vessel has a bale capacity of 60,000 cubic feet. Would it be feasi- ble to stow 300 tons of baled kapok in this hold if 10 percent were allowed for broken stowage? The stowage factor of kapok is 188. What type portable lights and light- ing fixtures should be used in loca- tions where an explosion or fire hazard may exist due to flammable gases or vapors, combustible dust, or easily ignitible fibers or materials producing combustible dusts? What is the minimum thickness of timber that may be used for grain shift- ing boards? Describe the work performed by the National Cargo Bureau and its sur- veyors with regard to cargo stowage. What precautions are necessary in the stowage of calcium carbide? In securing deck cargo, why is tomming as shown at “B” preferable to shoring as shown at “A”? Name the numbered parts of the drum illustrated. 2 How would you fight a calcium car- bide fire? What precautions are necessary for a cargo of cotton? Describe the precautions necessary when a cargo hold is partially filled with loose grain in bulk. When deck cargo is stowed above the bulwarks and closer than 8 inches to the side of the vessel, how would you eliminate the need for longshoremen hanging over the side to secure guys? When cargo is being handled which is injurious or irritating to eyes, res- piratory passages, or lungs, what pre- cautions should be taken to safeguard personnel working in the area? Describe the care required in order to carry a cargo of bagged sugar. What precautions should be observed in stowing burlap bags or cargo pack- aged in burlap? How would you load a cargo of iron ore? Describe the precautions necessary in the carriage of vegetable oils in bulk. When dangerous cargoes are loaded: (a) What disposition must be made of damaged or leaking packages? (b) Where should such damaged packages be repaired or recoopered? 56 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD When mechanical equipment, such as that sketched, is used to discharge bulk cargoes: (a) What damage to ship’s struc- ture can be caused and how is it averted? (b) In the event that damage is noted, what measures should be taken by the ship’s officers? How would you make a lee side for a lighter while lying at anchor? How would you stow on deck carboys containing corrosive liquids? What type of cargo can be handled by the methed of single whip and skid, as illustrated? N) SES In the event that leakage, occurred from carboys of corrosive liquids stowed on deck, what steps should be taken? What is the meaning of the term “on deck protected” as applied to dangerous cargoes? Given a dry bulb temperature of 75° and a wet bulb temperature of 62.5° find: (a) Relative humidity. (b) Dew point. Define an “inflammable solid’. Define an “oxidizing material’. What care is necessary during the voyage when transporting a cargo of explosives or other dangerous articles? Would you use dark or light colored tarpaulins or awnings to protect com- pressed gases in cylinders from direct rays of sun? Why? When a vessel is carrying inflam- mable liquid cargo on deck or in the holds, what precaution must be taken to warneof the danger? What signals must be displayed by a tank vessel during transfer of bulk cargo? When a tank vessel is fast to a dock during transfer of cargo, what warning must be given persons approaching the gangway? What precautions must be taken against operation of the radio equip- ment when Grades “A,” “B,” or “C” liquids are being transferred? Why are vessels engaged in the car- riage of refrigerated cargoes usually painted white and provided with wooden decks over the refrigerated spaces? oon, SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE bye If a ship drydocks while carrying re- frigerated cargo, what steps must be taken if the refrigerating plant must be operated? A vessel has two similar reefer spaces, one holding apples with a spe- cific heat of .90, the other holding smoked bacon with a specific heat of .50. Both boxes are kept at 35° F. If the refrigeration machinery is shut down, which box will lose its tempera- ture most rapidly? Which will require the longer time to cool down from a tem- perature of 70° F., using the same ma- chinery and the same power? Name at least two types of refriger- ant gases used on merchant vessels and describe the hazards that they can create. State the purpose of gratings in re- frigerated compartments and describe in detail how you lay them. Would you use the gratings for stow- age of high density cargo of a general nature in a refrigerated compartment which is thoroughly insulated? Show (by means of a sketch if de- sired) how you would determine the maximum length of steel pipe that could be loaded. A vessel loads 2000 tons of cargo using ten gangs of longshoremen, ten hours each: (a) What is the rate of loading per gang hour? (b) If each of the above gangs is composed of 15 men, what is the rate in tons per man hour? Why should insufficiency of packing or use of poor packaging material be noted on an exception report? When inflammable liquids are stowed on the deck of a vessel, what precau- tions are mandatory in order that fire- fighting equipment is immediately at hand? What precautionary measure is usual on merchant vessels to warn longshore- men or other workmen against using the ship’s booms to lift weights in excess of their safe working load? In loading ore would you permit each hold to take its full complement before the others are started? How is the stowage factor for a com- modity determined from the measure- ment and weight? 27. DETERMINATION OF AREA AND VOLUME. Find the volume of a cone 30 feet in height, whose base is 40 feet in diam- eter. A hold is 25 feet wide and 12 feet deep. If you stow 165 tons of cargo against the forward bulkhead, how far aft will it extend, allowing 45 cubic feet to a ton? The diameter of a smokestack is 10 feet and its height 40 feet. (a) What is its surface area in square yards? (b) Find how much it would cost to give it one coat of paint if 1 gallon of mixed paint costs 3 dollars and covers 70 square yards. Find the number of square yards of canvas required to make a trysail, the luff being 40 feet, the foot 30 feet. The foot is at right angles to the luff. How much would the canvas cost at 37 cents per linear yard, the width of sail canvas being 2 feet? A rectangular plate is 24 feet 6 inches long and 8 feet 9 inches wide. What is the area of the plate? 28. LIFESAVING APPARATUS AND FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Describe the stowage of the water which is required to be carried in life- boats on ocean and coastwise passenger vessels, May a lifeboat which is certified to carry 65 persons be fitted with an ap- proved type of hand propelling gear? How often are drills with the line- throwing appliance required to be held aboard ocean passenger vessels? How often must fire and boat drills be held? 690-515 O- 63-5 Describe the method of firing the mounted line-carrying gun. Adrift in a motor lifeboat from an ocean passenger vessel, what equipment could you utilize to signal or attract an airplane or vessel? How should lifeboat chocks on pas- senger vessels be fitted in order to fa- cilitate the launching of the boats? How often must fire and boat drills be held aboard ocean passenger vessels? 58 How often must life floats and buoyant apparatus be cleaned and thoroughly overhauled? Describe the use of the mechanical firing attachment required for the line- carrying (Lyle) gun. Describe the stowage and method of securing life floats and buoyant appara- tus aboard ocean passenger vessels. How must the emergency lights on a passenger vessel be marked? When lifeboats are damaged and re- pairs are necessary, what is the pro- cedure before making such repairs? Describe the stowage of the following equipment in a lifeboat aboard an ocean passenger vessel: (a) Hatchets. (b) Oil, illuminating. (c) Oil, storm. In lifeboats aboard ocean and coast- wise passenger vessels: (a) How many spare bulbs and batteries for the flashlight are required te be carried? (b) How long may the batteries remain in the flashlight or be used as spares? What license or certification must be held by persons appointed as first and second in command of each lifeboat and liferaft carried aboard ocean passenger vessels? Who is charged with the appointment of persons to command lifeboats and liferafts? May articles not required by the regulations be stowed in a lifeboat aboard ocean passenger vessels? How many lifelines are required to be fitted on an ocean cargo vessel’s life- boat davit spans? How many lifelines are required to be fitted to an ocean passenger vessel’s davit spans? How many lifelines are required to be fitted to an ocean passenger vessel’s davit spans for the emergency boats? How often must valves and other ap- UNITED STATES COAST GUARD pliances necessary to make a compart- ment watertight be operated to meet the passenger vessel requirements? Describe the provisions carried as liferaft equipment aboard ocean or coastwise passenger vessels and the stowage thereof. What lifeboatage is required on ocean cargo vessels? How many service lines are required as equipment for the line-throwing ap- piianee carried aboard ocean cargo ves- sels? What is the service use limit of the rockets carried as equipment for a line- throwing appliance? When passenger vessels are fitted with watertight doors in the subdivision bulkheads, may these be kept open at sea? State the type, number and location of fire extinguishers required to be pro- vided for emergency power plants and emergency fuel tanks aboard ship. Describe the combination letter and number symbol used to classify hand portable fire extinguishers carried aboard ocean passenger vessels. Whenever a vessel, moored to a water- front facility, is without power to oper- ate its fire pumps, what measure should be taken to provide water for fire-fight- ing purposes? State the three methods by which fire spreads and what should be done to prevent this in combating fires on board vessels. What are the requirements governing the number and location of fire hydrants aboard ocean passenger vessels? At annual inspections, what is done to the carbon dioxide (CO:) cylinders in a CO, fire-extinguishing system? When are the cylinders replaced and when must they be recharged? Must a fire hose remain connected to its hydrant at all times? If not, under what conditions may it be disconnected and where must it be stowed? 30. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR INSPECTION OF MERCHANT VESSELS. _ What is a licensed officer’s duty in as- sisting marine inspectors of the Coast Guard? In the log book: (a) When are entries to be made? (b) What is required if an entry is not made on the same day as the occur- rence? (c) Can an entry be made more than 24 hours after arrival in port, of any occurrence previous to arrival in port? If your vessel is equipped with life- saving apparatus over and above that required by the Merchant Marine In- spection, is it necessary to give the same care to the upkeep of this extra gear that you give to the required equip- ment? Give the reason for your answer. What is the Oil Pollution Act and the penalty for its violation? Name some of the records which may be required as evidence by a hearing board in the event of a marine casualty or accident. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR SECOND MATE 59 What does the law state with regard to the rating of the man at the wheel in narrow and crowded waters or in low visibility? What data does the certificate of in- spection contain, by whom is it issued and how long is it issued for? Name some of the information which may be found on a Certificate of In- spection. What devices are required by the regulations to warn the passengers and crews of vessels in the event of emer- gency? What stations on a vessel must be connected by voice tube or telephone? What is the penalty for failure to promptly report a collision with aids to navigation to the Merchant Marine In- spectors? How does the officer or lifeboatman in charge of a boat know if the men as- signed report to the proper boat and are familiar with the duties assigned on the station bill? If a vessel sights people in danger of being lost at sea, is the master legally obliged to assist them if he may do so without serious danger to his own ves- sel, crew, or passengers? Where the crew of a vessel assists in saving life from a vessel in distress and are thereby unable to assist in saving property, are they entitled to salvage? What are the emergency signals used for the following: (a) Fire alarm. (b) Dismissal from fire stations. (c) Boat station or boat drill. (d) To lower boats. (e) To stop lowering boats. (f) Dismissal from boat stations. What information is required on a Notice of Casualty? By whom must instruments, ma- chines, and equipment connected with the safety of life be approved before they may be used on board ship? What would you do in the matter of handling the crew and advising and handling the passengers in time of emergency? How shall spaces or lockers contain- ing equipment for the use of the emer- gency squad be marked? Describe the method of electrical bonding mandatory for vessels trans- ferring liquefied petroleum gases and which is usually employed for vessels transferring inflammable or combustible liquids. What is the rule regarding unneces- sary whistling within any harbor limits of the United States and what is the penalty for its violation? What is the penalty for flashing, or causing to be flashed, the rays of the searchlight into the pilot house of a passing vessel? How are fire and boat drills to be conducted? What is the penalty for any licensed officer who shall authorize or permit the carrying of any light, electric or other- wise, not required by law, that will in any way interfere with distinguishing the signal lights? When should the vessel’s drafts be taken and entered in the log book? What does the law state in regard to the rating of the lookouts? When a vessel is in port and the power plant is to be shut down or made in- operative for a period, what precautions must be taken? In port what information for use in emergency should be immediately avail- able for duty officer, watchmen, and other operating personnel? .. Define the term “flame arrestor” as it is used in the Tanker Regulations. Define the term “flame screen” as used in the Tanker Regulation. How would you mark the manual control for automatic fire dampers in ducts passing through main vertical zone bulkheads of passenger vessels? What is the purpose of a pressure vacuum valve required on many types of tank vessels and what care should it receive? How must entries be made in the of- ficial log book? How often shall the motor or hand- operated propelling gear of a lifeboat be operated and how long each time? When a fire watchman fails to follow his prescribed route, or to record each station within the specified time, what action must be taken? Why should fire extinguishers not be stowed in passenger and crew quarters when the extinguishing medium is kept under pressure? - SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE 1. LATITUDE BY POLARIS. On 1 September 1958, in D. R. Longi- ter was 1m25s fast. The sextant index tude 51°-06’ West, Polaris was observed error was 1’.5 off the arc. The height at evening twilight to have a sextant al- of eye was 25 feet. titude of 47°-80’ and a bearing of Required: 359°.5 by gyro-compass. The chronom- The Latitude at time at sight. eter read 10h—45m—24s. The chronome- The gyro-compass error. 3. FIX OR RUNNING FIX. Enroute from Spain to Milwaukee, in bodies were observed. Given the follow- D. R. Latitude 46°-10’ North and Longi- ing information on the celestial bodies, tude 26°-05’ West, three (3) celestial determine the ship’s position. Body Observed Altitude Greenwich Hour Angle Declination SAGWRNG ==> 5-2. 4 =e 19°-24’ 9 60°-07'.8 IY /C—Bi 5 Se MOONB(HRL:) 2522.7 22 13°-19'.9 321°—49'.2 05°—45’.2 S. JAD OA MUL U SSE See Se 31 °—29'.4 441°-34’'.9 19°-24’.6 N. Candidates may use any method of solution. The following 3 sextant altitudes of tant index error was 2’.0 on the arc in planets were obtained on 2 March 1958. all observations. Given: The height of eye was 57 feet, the sex- Venus Jupiter Mars Observation #1 Observation #2 Observation #38 Rlanetssext-nalts-— = 2°-09’.6 12°-47’.6 46°-13'.3 ary apressures 2. -2.——-)).+ 30.5 in. 1030 mb. 30.0 in. ihemperature =.+..-+-.--=== 80° F. 28° Celsius 52nor. (Centigrade) Required: The observed altitudes. emma cu The following 3 sextant altitudes of 2’.5 off the arc in all observations. stars were obtained. The height of eye Given: was 64 feet; the sextant index error was Observation #1 Observation #2 Observation #3 Starksextiyaltj—— 2 =8 See ee SOSH ot 15°-21’.6 60°-01'.3 bare Pressures S22. ke 30.5 in. 990 mb. : 30.0 in. sRemperature }s— se a 1S J, (—) 15° Celsius Game te (Centigrade) Required: The observed altitudes. 61 62 Given: No. 1 Mars Wigteme saa eS 26 April 1958 Gp tees See 05h-88m-—27s WOW ete oe 16°-23'.0 West Required: The meridian angle and declination of the planet in each of the 3 cases. Indicate whether the planet 4. STAR IDENTIFICATION (any method). On 20 January 1956, at Latitude 7°- 09’ South, Longitude 112°-15’ West, a morning star observation is taken at 12h-48m-39s GMT of a star whose cor- rected altitude is 40°38’.2, and whose UNITED STATES COAST GUARD No. 2 No. 3 Saturn Jupiter 7 September 1958 29 May 1958 14h—08m—58s 22h-38m-17s 48°—56’.0 East 5°—57’.0 West is east or west of the meridian in each case. azimuth is 118°.9 True. Required: The name of the star. Candidates may use any method of solution. Show all work. 5. CHART NAVIGATION. How does a great circle course appear on a polyconic chart? How are the latitude and longitude of a point found on a gnomonic chart? How is the true bearing determined between any two points on a large scale polyconic chart? How is the distance measured on a polyconic chart? Describe the usual method for using a gnomonic chart to determine the great circle course for a ship. Can any chart representation of the earth’s surface preserve all of the fol- lowing properties: (a) The true shape of physical features. (b) Correct angular relationships. (c) Equal areas, or the representa- tion of areas in their correct relative proportions. (d) True scale values for measur- ing distances. (e) The representation of great circles as straight lines. (f) The representation of rhumb lines as straight lines. What is the principal feature of Mer- cator projection charts that makes them desirable for marine navigational use? Does a Mercator projection chart cor- rectly picture the shape of an area? Explain your answer. Are all charts oriented so that north is shown at the top of the sheet? Ex- plain your answer. State in detail how you would make use of depth curves on nautical charts to assist you in fixing your position. What is meant by the figures 1:200,- 000 on a chart? For what type navigation would a chart with 1:200,000 on it be suitable? Convert 7% meters into feet. State the purpose and describe the use of hachures on charts. ‘ibe is the length of a nautical mile? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE A ship “X” checks her position using a sextant to determine angles “D” and “E” between points “A” and “B,” and “B” and “C” respectively. How accurate would you consider the position thus determined when plotted with a three arm protractor? \ State three methods by which, with- out obtaining the precise position, the navigator may assure himself that he is clear of any particular danger. How would you determine your posi- tion by a chain of soundings? State what navigational aids are in- dicated by the symbols below. -(a) ~(b) -(c) A () -(a) g 63 A vessel with a speed of 10 knots is oe through a current setting E true with a drift of 6 knots. (a) What course should be steered to make good a course of NW true? (b) What speed will the vessel make on this course? Two vessels are in Latitude 50° North. They are 400 miles apart when they obtain radio direction finder bear- ings of each other. (a) Would they bear east or west from each other precisely on the uncor- rected radio bearing? (b) Would the bearings of one differ from the other by precisely 180°? Sketched is a marine type radio di- rection finder loop antenna. Why is it important that the insulator and gasket noted by “A” be kept in good condition and clean from paint and other mate- } rial? Would you use Mercator sailing or Middle Latitude Sailing for a distance of 600 miles or more? Explain your answer. What accuracy can be expected nor- mally with bearings furnished by shore radio direction finder stations? How would you regard bearings by shore radio direction finder stations which were described, as deubtful, ap- proximate or second class? For courses near 090° or 270°, why is the use of the Mercator sailing formulas not normally desirable? When is great circle sailing most ad- vantageous? 64 6. COMPASS DEVIATION. Enroute from Philadelphia to Liver- pool, in D. R. Latitude 42°-00’ North and Longitude 50°-00’ West, an azi- muth of the star y (Gamma) Ursa Compass Bearing Of Star 28°-00’ pse Variation for the locality was 24°-36’.0 West Required: The true azimuth. The deviation of the standard com- pass. 11. PILOTING. Your vessel is steering 283° True, a light is sighted bearing 219° p.s.c., vari- ation 23° East, deviation 1° East. On what compass bearing must the light be again observed so that the run be- tween bearings will equal the distance off when the light bears 193° True? On course 104° p.g.c., gyro error 1° West, a light is sighted bearing 113° p.s.c., variation 23° East, deviation 1° West. On what gyro bearing must the light be observed so that the run be- tween bearings will equal the distance off when the light bears 194° p.g.c.? On course 283° True, a light is sighted bearing 228° p.s.c., variation 23° East, deviation 3° East. On what bearing must the light be observed so that the Greenwich Hour Angle 255°-55’.6 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Minoris was observed. The following data was obtained at the time of obser- vation: Declination Of Star 71°-59’.1 N. Candidates may use any method of solution. run between bearings will equal the dis- tance, off when the light bears 167° p.s.c.? A ship is steering 101° p.g.c., vari- ation 23° East, deviation 3° West, which is 82 ° p.s.c. A light is sighted bearing 129° True. On what gyro bear- ing must the light be observed so that the run between bearings would equal the distance off when the light bears 191° gyro? It is desired to avoid coming closer than within 0.8 miles of a light listed as 110 feet above high water level. Deter- mine the proper vertical danger angle in this case and state how you would use it. Notes: Problems may be given pertaining to piloting which are under other titles in this book. 12. AIDS TO NAVIGATION. How are arcs of visibility and limits of a light given in a light list? From what reference point is the height of a light measured? Describe how light phase characteris- tics are assigned to buoys in the lateral system of buoyage of the United States. What action should be taken if a light is found to be extinguished or any other defect is noted in its operation? How may the color of a light be af- fected by atmospheric conditions? What is the purpose of international numbers assigned to major seacoast lights in the light list? What is indicated by the white and black alternate horizontally banded buoy sketched? BLACK SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE Entering from seaward you sight the black and red horizontal band buoy shown. (a) Which side is best to leave it on in passing? (b) What number would you ex- pect it to have? (c) What color light would you ex- pect it to show? (d) What light phase characteris- tic would it likely have? (e) Sketch the chart symbol for the buoy. 65 _A buoy painted yellow and red as illustrated is used in what system of navigational aids? YELLOW 13. SPEED BY REVOLUTIONS. Propeller pitch 17.7 feet, revolutions per day 81,630, calculate the day’s run 15. INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES. Do Loran sky wave corrections repre- sent the exact amount of correction necessary or are they merely average correction values? Explain. Are Loran sky waves as reliable and accurate for navigational purposes as ground waves? What precautions must be borne in mind in celestial navigation or piloting, when the navigator uses lines of posi- tion that cross at small angles? Where is the most unfavorable area allowing 6 percent slip. for obtaining a line of position from a pair of Loran transmitters? Describe the factors which influence the accuracy of a fix obtained by using Loran lines of position. Explain briefly how the 180° ambi- guity in radio direction finder bearings may be resolved. If a ship’s radio direction finder is fitted with a quadrantal error compen- sator, will it be affected by changes made in the set or its surroundings? 66 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 16. MAGNETISM, DEVIATION AND COMPASS COMPENSATION. Name and describe the functions of cA.” “BY” §C” and “D” in the sketch shown. \N ND + \ K\ Zs LZ BEB BEDE Using the Napier diagram shown be- low: (a) Determine the magnetic course when steering 271° by compass. RAPE ANROINDS Nene XA AKA LAG, XOX At what point in a bar magnet is the attraction greatest? If an unmagnetized soft iron bar is brought near a compass, how should it be held to exert the maximum effect? What is meant by “dip” (also known as magnetic inclination, or magnetic latitude) ? In adjusting the magnetic compass, SF \ Ay \ " a aS Wah SS JT? 7 ee (b) Determine the compass course to steer to make a magnetic course of 260°. YX is it best to place fewer magnets very close to the compass or more magnets farther away from the compass? Ex- plain your answer. On what magnetic heading of the vessel is the maximum deviation caused by induced magnetism in vertical soft iron? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE 67 Would you regard “A” “B,” “C” or “D” sketched below as representing cor- Wood: Soft EZ Iron: ZB A Where is there no induced magnetism in vertical soft iron? What is the effect of a change of latitude on uncorrected deviation due to permanent magnetism? Why is it desirable: (a) To check a compass adjust- ment on opposite cardinal headings to that of initial placement of correctors; (b) To check the quadrantal sphere positions at an adjacent intercardinal rect placing of the iron in a Flinders bar holder? Why? SES MAY (A « OSS ——_—— A — EAK nt E a heading from that of initial position- ing; (c) To “halve” any errors found in each instance? How would you correct easterly quad- rantal deviation on a SW heading? If the westerly deviation increases on westerly headings as the vessel steams south, what adjustment should be made in the Flinder’s bar? How would you correct your compass for westerly error due to permanent magnetism? eee eeee ee 18. TIDES AND CURRENTS. What is meant by the term “vulgar establishment of a port’’? What is the diurnal range of the tides? What causes the difference in height between two successive high waters of the tides? How would you determine the time of high and low water for a locality not listed in the Tide Tables? Define the term “lunitidal interval’, and state the various types of lunitidal intervals that may occur. At Longview, on the Columbia River (Lat. 46°-06’ North and Long. 122°- 58’ West) on 21 October 1958: (a) What is the time and velocity of the maximum PM ebb current? (b) What is the direction and the average velocity of the ebb current at this point? (c) Under what conditions would tabulated data of the Current Tables be inapplicable to this position? At Newburg, New York (Lat. 41°- 30’ North and Long. 74°-00’ West) on 29 July 1958: (a) What is the time and velocity of maximum PM ebb current? (b) What is the average velocity of the ebb at this point? (c) In what period of the year might you expect values other than those tabulated in the Hudson River? At the Columbia River Entrance (N. Jetty) on 4 February 1958: (a) What is the time and height of PM low water? (b) What is the mean range of tides for this locality? (c) What is the diurnal range of tides for this locality? (d) What is the range of PM tides at this locality? At Godthaab, Greenland on 4 July 1958: (a) What is the time and height of AM low water? (b) What is the range of AM tides for this date at this locality? 68 19. OCEAN WINDS, WEATHER AND CURRENTS. What is the meaning of the term “dew point’’? What is a hygrometer? What is an “isotherm”? Referring to the sketch: (a) What is the name of the in- strument, used to record temperature? (b) State how the bimetallic ele- ment causes changes in temperature to be recorded. N \) AAweassennasll . AANA RAS : ayaa is “saturation”? Explain in ull. Convert (—) 15° Celsius (Centi- ereue) into the temperature Fahren- eit. Describe the type of precipitation as- sociated with the approach of a warm front and cold front. How is the barometric pressure at sea level indicated on a weather map at sea and on a ship’s report (the sym- bol PPP designates the pressure on the standard form for reports) ? How is atmospheric pressure ex- pressed in meteorology; i.e., in what units is it measured? Explain how the hair hygrograph records the humidity. a Hair Element _- Z re SM EPOL Lz J s Z 4 2. —e a et ARRAN AAAAARA AAAAAAAARRARARARARRN UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Explain how the temperature, pres- sure, and volume of gas are related. State in words or in mathematical nota- tion the gas laws. How is the pressure affected by the passage of a front? Define: (a) A bar. (b) A millibar. What is a “gradient”? What is “advection fog’’? What is an “air mass”? How does a body of air acquire char- acteristic properties? What are the phenomena, charac- teristic of the passage of a cold front, which are associated with wind shifts? What is the “Wave period”? How is the “Wave period” deter- mined? What is the name of the cloud type which gives rise to halos of the sun and moon? 2 How is altrostratus distinguished from cirrostratus and nimbostratus? Name six atmospheric processes which cause air to be cooled below its dew point, thus causing condensation and clouds. What sequence of cloud types is char- acteristic of the approach of a warm front? What are the signs that may indicate the proximity of ice? What is a “lead” in ice? What are the causes of packing of compact slush, or packing of hum- mocked-ice? _How should an ice field be entered? Why is it standard procedure to rig for towing before reaching ice, when vessels are to proceed in an ice convoy? How are ships moored to ice? What precautions should be taken by a vessel which is drifting with engines stopped during the night or during a period of poor visibility in an area where icebergs are prevalent? What influence has the earth’s rota- tion on air currents moving from a position of high pressure to a position of relatively low pressure? When a vessel transmits a radio mes- sage advising of a tropical storm, is the vessel liable for the cost of the mes- sage? How are messages concerning storms preceded when transmitted by radio- telegraphy? What information should be included in a message from a vessel warning of a tropical storm? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE 69 How may swells indicate the ap- proach of a tropical storm? How does the appearance of a trop- ical cyclone, as depicted by the isobars drawn on a weather map, differ from the appearance of an extratropical cy- clone originating in the middle lati- tudes? ' Can storms with gale winds occur under anti-cyclonic conditions with ris- ing barometers? Explain your answer. The maximum height of storm waves can be approximated by the formula: H = 1.5 V F where H is the height in feet and F is the fetch in nautical miles Using this formula, determine the maxi- mum height of storm waves that may be encountered when a gale is blowing from a direction in which the coastline is distant 64 miles. In stormy weather at sea, is the di- rection in which the waves are moving always the same as the direction of the wind? State the reasons for your an- swer. In which semicircle of a tropical cy- clone would a vessel be if the wind shifted clockwise while she was hove to in the Northern-Hemisphere? In the Southern Hemisphere, how should a steam vessel maneuver if she is on the storm track in front of the center of a tropical cyclone? Answer in full. Hove to in the Northern Hemisphere, under tropical cyclone conditions the barometer is rising and the wind is shifting counter-clockwise. What is the vessel’s probable position relative to the center of the storm and what action should be taken to leave the storm area as rapidly as possible? I-xplain the value of synoptic charts of weather conditions for maneuvering of vessels in extra-tropical storms. What are “foehn” and “chinook” winds? State the three elements which com- pose the pressure tendency. How is the pressure tendency deter- mined: (a) With a barograph; (b) With a barometer? A vessel discharging cargo at anchor observes an approaching thunderstorm. A flash of lightning is followed after 12 seconds by thunder. Six minutes later another flash of lightning is followed in 8 seconds by thunder after the second flash of lightning. How much time does the vessel have to rig rain tents or cover ie snatches before the storm reaches er? What is the effect of the earth’s rota- tion on the direction of current? Under certain conditions in the Northern Hemisphere it may be as- sumed that the current sets 30° to the right of the direction in which it is driven by the wind, and its velocity is 2 percent of the wind velocity. (a) Basing your answer on the foregoing statement, estimate the di- rection and velocity of the current that may be expected if the wind is from the east at 35 knots. (b) Using the direction and veloc- ity of the current estimated in (a), find the course to steer to make good a course of 210° if the speed of your vessel is 12 knots. To solve this problem, consider current only, disregarding any other factors that may be involved. Give a general description of ‘‘Buys- Ballot’s law”. What is a cold front? The direction of the wind in a cy- clone is South. State the probable bear- ing of its center from the ship in the Southern Hemisphere. Describe cirro-stratus clouds. What is an occlusion in an extra- tropical cyclone? The three sketches below show the symbols used on printed weather maps to represent cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts at the surface. (a) What type front is represented by sketch No. 1? (b) What type front is represented by sketch No. 2? (c) What type front is represented by sketch No. 3? eT Say soe Mh #2 _m ww iw Wi VE #3 70 22. SIGNALING BY INTERNATIONAL CODE FLAGS, FLASHING LIGHT; LIFESAVING, STORM AND SPECIAL SIGNALS. State precisely how you would express the following times using coded inter- national code flag signals: (a) 3:18 a.m. (b) 7:56 p.m. (c) 11:01 a.m. (d) 11:01 p.m. How many flag hoists should be shown at a time? You are on a ship constructed with twin screws and have lost both pro- pellets. The flag signal “TH” means “I ave lost my propeller.” In signalling another vessel, how could you assure that he understands you have lost both propellers? When a vessel is in distress and has sent a radio telegraph message request- ing assistance, what measure would be taken to insure that rescue craft can obtain her precise position and shortest course to take in order to assist her? What radio distress signal is provided so that a vessel may obtain assistance from other vessels even though such vessels may not have a radio operator on watch at the time the distress signal is transmitted? What pyrotechnic equipment must be provided on United States merchant vessels on the high seas for the purpose of indicating that they are in distress and require assistance from other ves- sels or the shore? If you sighteca a red flare at sea, sus- pended by a small parachute about 300 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD feet above the water, with no vessels or aircraft in the vicinity of the flare, what does the signal indicate, and what ac- tion would you take? If an aircraft flies over your ship and circles, then crosses close ahead at a low altitude opening and closing the throttle, or changing the propeller pitch, and then heading away in a par- ticular direction, what action would you take? If, after a period the aircraft crosses the wake close astern at a low altitude, x Sate and closing the throttle, or changing the propeller pitch, what would this indicate? What is the standard rate of sig- nalling by semaphore? What does “PRB” mean when it is received as the first group in the text of a message sent by flashing light? State the function of the model verb “Glean.” If you are receiving a message in morse code, which is being transmitted by sound, what procedure should you follow when a word or group is missed? If while at sea, you sighted a buoy 3 feet in diameter aint yellow, what action must you take? What are the warning signals dis- played in inland waters of the United States by Coast Guard vessels while neenEe or servicing aids to naviga- ion? $I 24. SEAMANSHIP. Why is great care necessary in in- specting preformed type wire rope, when this is used for cargo falls, top- ping lifts, slings, guys, or other gear on a ship? Describe in detail how you would at- tach a wire rope socket. A pontoon weighing 2,000 pounds is to be lifted by a four-legged bridle sling, each leg of the sling forming an angle of 15 degrees with the top of the pon- toon as indicated in the sketch below. What is the stress on each leg of the sling when the weight of the pontoon is suspended from it? What would be the effect of a wire rope fall jamming in a sheave of the purchase of a jumbo boom when lower- ing a weight? _ Why is extra care necessary when winding wire rope for the purchase and topping lift of a heavy lift boom on winch drums? What circumference of manila line would be required for a lifeboat fall rove off through two triple blocks if the weight of the boat is 4,000 pounds, the gear of the boat 1,050 pounds, and the capacity 30 persons? Hint: The weight of each person by regula- tions is considered 165 pounds. The factor of safety required by regulations is 6. Use the formula B = C2 x 900 for computing strength of manila line, where ‘“‘B”’ is breaking strength in pounds, “C’’ is circumference. Friction is con- sidered at 10 percent loss per sheave. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE il Referring to the sketch: (a) With a gun tackle purchase made fast to the hauling part of a single whip as shown, how much weight at “W” may be lifted with a force at “F” of 100 pounds, allowing 10 percent friction loss at each sheath? (b) To lift “W” 3 feet, how far must the line at “F” be pulled? (c) What stress is put on the pad- eye at “C” when lifting the weight? Bloeks and Tackles In the selection of correct thickness of grain shifting boards, what is the governing factor? In the selection of the correct rec- tangular cross section or diameter of timbers to be used as shores for grain shifting boards, what are the governing factors? What size of wire rope and shackles is the minimum allowed to be used for staying grain shifting boards? Where must shores used for bracing grain shifting boards be bridged? What action must be taken if the drum of an electric winch rotates to pay out the wire under the stress of a load while the switch is in the “off” posi- tion? What is the minimum thickness of wood to be used for hatch boards on weather deck hatches? What is the minimum number of tar- paulins required for covering hatches, and what is the minimum grade of the material to be used? arts of the In a steel lifeboat, what ongitudinal boat’s structure give it strength? What care must be taken when alumi- num fittings are used on steel vessels in salt water service? How do you rig an anchor buoy and how should it be handled for safety and efficiency when dropping or raising a bower anchor? Describe the construction of the de- tachable links used to join shots of chain and the procedure of connecting and disconnecting shots. Within what length of time should a properly operating steering engine be able to put the rudder from hard over on one side to hard over on the other side with vessel going full speed ahead? In the event of a fireroom fire, what provisions are available to shut off the fuel pumps? In anchoring in deep water, what precaution should be taken? Why must you avoid twists in the chain between the wild cat and the an- chor, when the anchor is hove tight and in the hawse pipe? How is the wear on a shot of chain cable determined? How should the bitter end of anchor cables be secured in the chain locker and why should it be so secured? When a vessel is moored with two an- chors down, how may she insure swing- ing the right way with the change of the tide? What could be the result of swinging the wrong way on a vessel moored with two anchors in a tideway? If a draft of 1,000 pounds of cargo be lifted with the sling sketched here, what is the compressive stress on the spreader shown? b) iy y 1? g g Z Z 4 Z é cA e Z e Z @ 72 A vessel displacing 8,000 tons making 5 knots brings up on her anchor in one hundred feet. The chain has a breaking strength of 320,000 pounds. Will the stress on the chain exceed the breaking strength? Note: Use formula F=WxV2 2.28 where “F” = stress in pounds “Ww”? — displacement of the vessels in pounds “G” = acceleration due to gravity, 32.16 “Vv”? = speed in feet per second : ““S”? = distance in which the vessel is stopped. Describe the effect of wind on a vessel backing. Are there any rules which specify the size of mooring lines which a vessel must use? If a man falls overboard 300 feet for- ward of the stern of a vessel making 15 knots: (a) How long would it take for him to reach the stern (and the danger of the propeller striking him) ? (b) What orders would you give to prevent the propeller striking him? Bringing up on her anchor chain at 3 knots, will a vessel exert a greater stress on her chain in light or loaded condition? Why? Describe a fire warp and how it is used. On a vessel where it is necessary to stow the chain in the locker, prescribe the precautions necessary to avoid in- jury to the men tiering the chain. What care should be taken to prevent eye injury or other injuries to a man while handling the brake of a windlass in letting go the anchor? A vessel is moored stern to a quay, bow anchored to two anchors with a slight spread. Both anchor cables and lines are taut. A strong wind comes up athwart the mooring as illustrated. How UNITED STATES COAST GUARD may the leads of the lines and cables be improved? How should a windlass be fitted to prevent injury to personnel while en- gaging or disengaging the wild cat, han- dling lines, ete.? The after holds of many vessels are sounded from the shaft alley. Why are these sounding pipes fitted with spring loaded self-closing valves? When a vessel is fitted with a gang- way that does not have self-adjusting treads, how do you protect people from injury to their legs by slipping through the steps when the gangway is nearly horizontal? What may be the result of permitting a centrifugal or rotary pump to run dry when pumping inflammable or combus- tible oils? In washing the holds of a freight vessel the strainers become plugged and it is impossible to pump out the water by means of the bilge pump. A portable pump is rigged on deck, 35 feet above the tank top of the hold and hose lead both down the hold and over the side, but the pump fails to pump the water out of the hold. Under these circum- stances, what would you do to pump out the water? On a deeply loaded vessel in heavy weather taking green seas aboard, what prevents water going into the tanks through the gooseneck vents on deck? What inspection and maintenance would you give gooseneck vents? What is the purpose of equalizing valves fitted where tanks are divided by a longitudinal bulkhead? How would you maintain such valves and in what position should they be kept? Describe the precautions which you would regard as necessary for personnel engaged in painting with spray guns. Describe the precautions necessary in painting with red-lead or lead based paints. SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE 73 Describe briefly the usual procedure followed in cleaning and gas-freeing oil tanks. When seamen are working upon a mast near radio transmitting antennae, what precautions should be taken? What precautions should be observed to prevent shock of personnel, when portable electric lights, or appliances are used? In taking bunker oils, or loading or discharging oil cargo, what precautions should be taken to prevent harbor pol- lution in the event of a spill on deck? If through an accident, oil is spilled into harbor waters, how can pollution be minimized? What precautions are advisable when padeyes, cleats, lashings, or other fit- tings are so located on the decks that personnel may trip or stumble over them in the dark? Why is a reciprocating or rotary type pump normally employed for stripping tanks of liquid? Describe how planks used for staging . should be tested in order to determine that they are strong enough to carry their load with an ample safety factor. To determine if a tank is gas free: (a) What instrument is used? (b) In circumstances where a gas chemist is unavailable, what precau- tions must be observed in using such in- struments? What precautions should be observed when using carbon tetrachloride fire ex- tinguishers, or when employing carbon tetrachloride for cleaning purposes? What is the “carrier” bearing fitted on most modern vessels at the rudder? If a vessel is moored as sketched, with a camel well aft between the ship and dock, what would be the effect of heaving on the head lines with the stern line taut? PL < eB at = : i th dy te 690-515 O - 63 - 6 a 2 Referring to the sketch: (a) When buffer springs are fitted on a quadrant type steering gear, why is it important that the quadrant be free to move on the rudder stock? (b) Under what circumstances would you use a key in the keyways marked “B”? Note: Tension and compression on springs ex- aggerated in sketch for clarity. What materials are usually employed for rudder gudgeon bushings and how is the bushing clearance determined? Describe the methods used to repair leaking rivets. What precautions should be taken when personnel are obliged to traverse decks over the top of deck cargo? How could you stop a leak caused by a rivet dropping out of the shell below the water line? A crack appears on an internal bulk- head of a vessel at sea. What measure could you take to stop the crack from lengthening? When oil is discovered in a vessel’s bilge wells at the time soundings are taken, what steps should be taken to prevent oil pollution of coastal waters? ce “a - 4 74 In replacing strainer plates for hold bilge suctions, what is the amount of pte that must be perforated with oles for the water to pass through? In washing out holds or in circum- stances where it is feared the nature of the cargo will tend to clog the strainer plates should pumping water be neces- sary, what precautions might be taken to insure that the water will flow into the well? What markings are required on the trick wheel in a vessel’s steering engine room, in order that any possible mis- understanding of orders may be averted, should it be necessary to have a man steering from there directed by orders from outside? Why must indiscriminate welding of padeyes or other fittings on a vessel’s structure be avoided, even when no fire hazard is involved? What precautions with respect to the bilge wells and strainers would you 25. CARGO STOWAGE AND HANDLING. A vessel loading grain has the feeder constructed in the square of the hatch. The distance from the feeder to a bulk- UNITED STATES COAST GUARD take on a vessel prior to taking 3 feet of sand ballast in the lower hold? When spray painting is being done in a compartment, what precautions must be taken against fire or explosion? Describe the specifications for wedges to be used in battening hatches. Describe the specifications for batten- ing bars to be used on hatches. What number of locking bars is re- quired for hatches? In painting decks, what precautions should be taken against creating a slip- ping hazard for personnel working about the deck? Where a vessel is fitted with a positive means for closing a nonreturn valve above the freeboard deck, what notice is required? Note: Candidates for Chief Mate’s Licenses may be asked questions on ship construction similar to those in the Master’s Examination in connection with the subject of seamanship. head is 30 feet as sketched. What pre- caution is required by the grain regula- tions? AS = oe ams \ | SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE (a) What is the height of the center of parity of the hold shown? (The hold as rectangular form). V1 1 | soba rib satel |] 1/1} Three hundred tons of one-half inch steel plate with a stowage factor of 7 are stowed across the bottom of a cargo hold measuring 60 feet by 40 feet. At what height is the center of gravity of the parcel of cargo above the inner bottom? How could you raise the height of the center of gravity and facilitate discharge? A vessel loads a bulk cargo which may shift under bad weather conditions. She is not required by regulations or ac- cepted stowage rules to provide shifting boards. What precautions may be taken to minimize danger? How can you estimate the tendency to shift of a bulk commodity? Discuss the factors that may influence the tend- ency of a cargo to shift. Slabs of copper are to be loaded each of which is 12 inches wide, 12 inches long, and 4 inches high. Each slab weighs 110 pounds. How high might this commodity be stowed in a ’tween deck whose allowable load per square foot is 450 pounds? How would you stow citrus fruit packed in the type crate illustrated? 4 Az 3 = b Z Z % Z Ww A lot of special cargo on a pier is to be loaded. You examine one of the identical cartons of the lot which is marked as sketched. a. What is the purpose of the marking? b. What is the total cubic space the consignment will occupy? Note: 22/25 on the carton sketched indicates this to be the 22nd piece of a total of 25 pieces or cartons of the lot. AARECIFE ri" 1618" BES Ray What are three basic methods of pro- tecting personnel when stowing radio- active materials? Why is cargo stowed in ’tween decks, on decks, and in the wings of the hold more likely to shift than cargo in the lower hold? What precaution is advisable when bulk cargo is stowed in the ’tween decks? What is the principle of operation of a combustible gas indicator? What precautions would you observe in order to assure proper readings from a combustible gas indicator? 76 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Three compartments of equal volume as sketched are available to carry a cargo of quick-frozen fruit on a long voyage. The only point that must be considered is the economy of refrigerat- ing plant operation during the voyage. Which of the three would you select? Explain your answer. ees A cargo of gasoline has a coefficient of expansion of .0006 per degree Fahr- enheit. If this cargo is loaded at a temperature of 60° F., and cargo tem- peratures up to 74° F. are anticipated on the voyage, how many barrels would you leave out in a tank whose capacity is 10,000 barrels, in order to allow for expansion? When a vessel which is fitted with heating coils in her tanks is carrying light fuel such as kerosene or gasoline, what precautions should be taken to eliminate any possibility of contaminat- ing boiler feed, inspection tanks, heat- ing pipe lines, etc.? When carrying chilled beef suspended from hooks in the overhead of a re- frigerated compartment, where is the center of gravity of the compartment? What care is necessary in the success- ful carriage of chilled beef suspended from hooks? How shbuld such beef be stowed? Describe briefly the automatic con- trols used in refrigerated compartments to regulate temperature and humidity. What check is advisable by the cargo officer and/or refrigerating engineer on automatic temperature and humidity controls? What shipping papers relating to the cargo are required on board a loaded tank vessel or vessel towing a loaded tank vessel and what information must be afforded by such papers? Would you permit scaling of the deck or hull adjacent to a hold where cargo is being worked? Why? How would you load “A,” 50 feet long and 5 feet deep, into hatch “B” which is 45 feet long? Answer in detail, Describe the precautions you would take to protect passengers from injury on vessels working cargo. A vessel has a dead weight carrying capacity of 5,000 tons and a cubic ca- pacity of 300,000 cubic feet. How much of each of the following commodities should she load to be full and down to her marks? Lead .... Stowage Factor.... 18 Cotton .. Stowage Factor.... 80 Describe briefly the dangers that may arise when carrying goods of a hygro- scopic nature. What are the requirements for a gen- eral average? What inspection of cargo equipment is required by the Master of a vessel prior to loading explosives? Is the Master of a vessel empowered to reject the equipment for loading ex- plosives furnished by a contracting stevedore? A vessel has a dead weight carrying capacity at load displacement of 10,500 tons. Fuel, water, and stores require 1,500 tons. Her cubic capacity is 500,000 cubic feet. What is the average stowage factor of a cargo that she could carry that would put her “full and down”? Describe at least two methods em- ployed on vessels for determining the relative humidity in a cargo hold. When stowing a commodity which is very dense, such as pigs of lead or flasks of mercury, what precautions should be taken to avoid structural damage to the ship? How is a cargo vessel loaded in order that she may have quick dispatch at several ports of discharge? Outside air has a dry bulb tempera- ture of 70° and a relative humidity of 70 percent. Would there be any danger of condensation if a cargo with a sur- face temperature of 65 degrees is venti- lated with outside air? (a) Would you consider sweat likely on the side of a ship with a sea water temperature of 38°, an air tem- perature in hold of 54° drybulb, and 45° wet bulb? (b) Would you ventilate if outside air was 60° dry bulb, 52° wet bulb? A vessel with a beam of 50 feet has a freeboard of 10 feet on her high side and a list of 5°. What is her mean free- board if the low side is not accessible to measure the freeboard? What precautions would you take to avoid excessive strain on your vessel while loading bulk cargo? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE rere 26. CHANGE IN. DRAFT DUE TO DENSITY. A vessel loads a full cargo at a dock where the hydrometer floats at 1012. To what draft will she have to be loaded so as to draw 23 feet, 6 inches, when she gets to sea? How would you determine the ap- plicable load line for a port? Determine the displacement in sea water of a vessel which has a loaded draft of 24 feet, length along the load water line of 450 feet, beam at the load water line of 56 feet, and a block co- efficient of .8. _ How would you determine the load line in fresh water for a vessel loading to winter or Winter North Atlantic Load Line? 28. LIFESAVING APPARATUS AND FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT. What precautions would you take in handling boats equipped with releasing gear which operates under tension (Rottmer gear) ? Where passenger vessels are fitted with loud speaker systems, how often do the Regulations require that the sys- tem be tested? How often must the emergency light- ing and power system be operated and inspected? State the test required for internal combustion engine driven gen- erators and storage batteries on pas- senger vessels. How often must watertight doors in subdivision bulkheads be operated on passenger vessels? How often must watertight doors in subdivision bulkheads be inspected on passenger vessels? Describe the lowering of lifeboats at the vessel’s annual inspection. What is the total weight used for weight-testing lifeboats and davits at annual inspection? On cargo vessels of over 500 gross tons on international voyages, when the lifeboat deck is more than 30 feet above the light load line, what do the regula- tions require for launching a boat in the hours of darkness? Sketched below are three typical fire alarm system thermostats. (a) Describe briefly what causes such thermostats to actuate an alarm. (b) When the system is de-ener- gized or the power on it fails, how is the officer on watch alerted? (c) How are such thermostats tested? Do the Passenger Vessel Regulations permit the dismantling of lifeboats or rafts for maintenance work at sea or when passengers are aboard? In ordering or purchasing equipment for lifesaving purposes akoard ship, how would you determine if they were approved by the Coast Guard? What markings are required on pas- senger vessels to direct the passengers to their lifeboat embarkation stations? Can life preservers be laundered or repaired, and if so, under what condi- tions? A vessel has a beam of 60 feet. The distance from the davit span to the light water line is 40 feet. What is the required length of the lifelines fitted to the davit span? How may you determine if cleaning oils, disinfectants, and waxes are ap- proved for use aboard vessels? How are persons in the engine or fire room warned of the release of carbon dioxide gas? How are passenger vessels required to mark lifeboat stations on the em- barkation deck? What precautions do the Regulations for Passenger Vessels prescribe with respect to painting? How often must the fuel tanks be emptied and the fuel changed in motor lifeboats carried aboard passenger vessels? How often must all life floats be cleaned and thoroughly overhauled? Is it permissible to use fire hose for washing down the decks? 78 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD On a vessel where passengers are car- ried who do not speak English, what precautions are required by the Regula- tions with respect to notices, directional signs, etc.? What is the maximum temperature that should be permitted in the compart- ment where carbon dioxide cylinders are stowed? What provisions against the danger of fire must be provided on vent out- lets from oil tanks? On passenger vessels, how frequently must the smoke inlet for the fire detect- ing system in the cargo hold be ex- amined? How would you smoke test the system for fire detection in the hold? Are galvanized nozzles and couplings acceptable for use on United States merchant vessels? ; The Passenger Vessel Regulations state: “all parts of the fire main located on exposed decks shall either be pro- tected against freezing or be fitted with cutout valves and drain valves so that the entire exposed part of such piping may be shut off and drained in freezing weather.” (a) Assume that you have the night duty on a passenger vessel in a northern port in freezing weather. A rubbish fire breaks out on the open fore deck. State in detail what steps you might have to take to make effective use of your fire hose. (b) What precautions must be taken with respect to cut off valves in non-freezing weather? On a vessel fitted with smoke detect- ing apparatus for the holds and deep tanks where liquid and dry cargo may be alternately carried, what precautions must be taken when liquids are carried? How is the radio operator of a tanker warned against the use of his equip- ment while inflammable cargo is being transferred? In discharging CO: into a paint locker of small size with a watertight door battened down and a mushroom ven- tilator screwed down tight, what pre- 29. SHIP’S SANITATION. What measures should be taken to in- sure that men handling food are free from communicable disease, and take sanitary precautions while performing their duties? What type toilet seats must be pro- vided for the use of the crew? What provisions for the protection cautions should be borne in mind? What do the Regulations prescribe with respect to openings of spaces pro- tected by a CO; fire extinguishing sys- tem? Why should a CO: system differ from a steam system with respect to such openings? On a ventilation duct passing through a main vertical zone bulkhead of a pas- senger vessel, how could you determine in case of fire whether the automatic damper had functioned properly? At what temperatures do automatic fire dampers operate to close passenger ship vent ducts? In locations such as the galley, what temperature is permitted? . How would you inspect the ventila- tion duct dampers for necessary mainte- nance and repairs? How may a person unfamiliar with a passenger vessel find the location of fire-fighting equipment and means of ingress as quickly as possible if the vessel is over 1,000 gross tons or on in- ternational voyages? What regulations govern making alterations, repairs, or operations in- volving riveting, welding, burning, etc., in or on the boundary of oil tanks, oil lines, or oil heating coils? Describe the precautions against fire from electrical cables and lighting fix- tures that you would take in cargo holds. What publication sets forth the Regulations for transportation of ex- plosives or other dangerous cargoes? What is the duty of the master of a vessel carrying dangerous goods when the containers in which these goods are packed develop leaks during the voyage? What amount of carbon dioxide is re- quired aboard merchant vessels fitted with the CO; type of extinguishing sys- tem? On vessels fitted with mechanical ex- haust ventilation over galley ranges, what precautions should be taken to prevent fire in vent ducts? Explain your reasons. of the crew are required on vessels trad- ing in areas where insects are a prob- lem? How should hose used for filling potable water tanks be stowed, and what care should be taken in handling such hose? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR CHIEF MATE 79 What is the purpose of the check valve shown on a pier’s water connec- tion used for connecting a ship’s fire line to a shore supply of water pres- sure? How should potable water piping be marked? How would you detect the presence of rats on board your vessel? Why is an air gap, such as that illus- trated, required in sinks, wash basins, tubs, trays, washing machines or other similar receptacles that may be con- nected to a potable water supply? Describe the four methods which may be employed to prevent rat infestation of a vessel. 30. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR INSPECTION OF MERCHANT VESSELS. How often must the lifeboat crew of a passenger vessel be exercised in their duties in the lifeboats, i.e., rowing, and operating hand propelling gear in the water? How often must each lifeboat of a passenger vessel be lowered to the water? What members of the crew, if any, are not required to exercise at the oars? Where must copies be posted of the placard “Instructions for the Use of the Gun and Rocket Apparatus for Saving Life from Ship Wreck as Practised by the United States Coast Guard?” What is the minimum standard for natural or artificial lighting in snaces where the crew is regularly employed or quartered? What color paint must be used in crew spaces? What persons are excluded from the pilot house and bridge of vessels under way? What persons may be allowed on the bridge upon the responsibility of the Master? Describe the signalling lights required on vessels over 150 gross tons both for new and existing vessels. What certificate is accepted as prima facie evidence of compliance with the Rules and Regulations for Bulk Grain Cargo? Must the station bill set forth the duties and duty stations of apprentices, beauty parlor operators, horse tenders, or workaways? Explain. State in detail the requirements of the Regulations with respect to drills with line throwing appliances? What vessels are required to have an emergency squad? Do the Regulations permit other than required vessels to have such a squad? What are the duties of the emergency squad? What is the signal for the assembling of the emergency squad? 80 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 31. LAWS GOVERNING MARINE INSPECTION. Should the Master of a vessel fail to preduce log books, advance sheets, slop chest invoices, or accounts requested by the shipping commissioner, is he liable to penalty? Would a mate or other mem- ber of the crew be liable for such a failure? What is the law concerning time off duty for licensed officers before taking charge of a watch on sailing day? In the event of any collision with a light ship, buoy or other aid to naviga- tion, what is the duty of the person in charge of the colliding vessel? What penalty is provided by the law for failure to maintain the crew quarters in a clean and sanitary condi- tion and failure to provide and maintain the proper plumbing and mechanical ap- pliances? What is the duty of the Master of a vessel with respect to an alien stow- away and to what penalty is he liable for failure to perform such duty? Whenever possible, who must sanc- tion the engagement of a seaman in a foreign port? Where must the tonnage and official number of every documented vessel be placed? What ratings may be filled by a sea- man holding a merchant mariner’s docu- ment endorsed able seaman? What is the penalty for maltreatment of crew? What is the penalty for shipping a man not holding a Merchant Mariner’s Document issued by the Coast Guard? SPECIMEN EXAMINATION FOR MASTER 1. LATITUDE BY POLARIS. On 26 August 1958, in D. R. Longi- tude 36°-10’ West, Polaris was observed at evening twilight to have a sextant altitude of 23°-25’ and a bearing of 001° by gyro-compass. The chronometer read 9h-26m—40s. The chronometer was 1m-50s slow. The sextant error was 1’.0 on the arc. The height of eye was 30 feet. Required: The latitude at time of sight. The gyro-compass error. a aT 3. FIX OR RUNNING FIX. Enroute from Pago Pago, Samoa to San Francisco, in D. R. Latitude 2°—47’ South and Longitude 161°-19’ West, three celestial bodies were observed. Given the following information on the celestial bodies, determine the ship’s position. Body Observed Altitude Greenwich Hour Angle Declination PEMEBOLA .=-2....-2--.- 57°-54'.4 188°-30'.4 14°-48’.9 N. a o_o 09°—48’.9 86°-25'.4 38°-44’.7 N. SAs URN (Planet)... ___- 56°-24’.9 130°-34’.2 17°-20'.3 S. __ a I FS 4. STAR IDENTIFICATION (any method). On 17 April 1956 at Latitude 13°-16’ North, Longitude 92°—38’ East, a morn- ing observation is taken at 22h—58m-— 28s-GMT of a star whose corrected altitude is 41°-53’.2 and whose azimuth 187°.7 True. Required: Identify the star. NS ,,,neeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Given. No. 1 Lo = 7 January 1958 Co Gio la aaa mee 01h-17m-23s Bongitude —+.-.__- 58°—20'.0 West Required: The Meridian Angle, Hori- zontal Parallax, and Declination of the Moon in each of the three cases. In- No. 2 No. 3 31 May 1958 23 September 1958 11h—-47m-02s 20h—02m—20s 149°—49’.0 East 20°-39’.0 West dicate whether the Moon is East or West of the Meridian in each case. Given No. 1 Venus ipatens = ee E 2 January 1958 i eet. So) Sak 38h—47m—22s Roncitude 2+. 2. 2 123°-47'.0 West Required: The Meridian Angle and Declination of the Planet in each of the three cases, Indicate whether the planet No. 2 No. 3 Jupiter Saturn 14 May 1958 15 August 1958 9h-25m—45s 23h—02m-19s 165°—23'.0 Bast 88°-38'.0 West is East or West of the Meridian in each case. 81 82 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD The following 3 sextant altitudes of the moon were obtained. The height of eye was 61 feet and the sextant index Observation No. 1 Moon) sext: ali. 2222222 22-2% 6°—17'. Bars eressures 2-82. a 29.2 in Temperature = 2. .--=--.5-=- 51° EF: Hor vearallaxe22 = ees 55’.5 Required: The observed altitudes. error was 2’.5 on the arc in all observa- tions. Given: (Upper Limb) Observation No. 2 Observation No. 3 23°-26'.2 46°-42’.8 980 mb. 30.4 in. 0° Celsius 80° F. (Centigrade) 612 57’.9 EE The following 3 sextant altitudes of planets were obtained on 6 February 1958. The height of eye was 18 feet, the sextant index error was 2’.5 off the arc in all observations. Given: Saturn Jupiter Venus Observation No. 1 Observation No. 2 Observation No. $ Rianetisext.ali 7°-56’.7 15°-—37'.9 Pa 3 iE Bars Pressure 2-22) ==-=— 29.0 in. 1000 mb. 80.0 in. Temperature === 25-—-- === (—) 5° F 33° Celsius 52° F. (Centigrade) Required: The observed altitudes. 5. CHART NAVIGATION. What chart would you use to locate the earth’s magnetic equator? A vessel at 60° South Latitude is 300 miles due West of a radio beacon. Deter- mine graphically, by use of the con- version angle formula: conversion angle = % difference longitude X sine Middle Latitude or by table, the bearing that would be ob- tained by the use of a radio direction finder. When a scale is given for a Mercator chart, to what part of the chart is it generally applicable? How is distance measured on a poly- conic chart? Make a rough sketch showing how the charted island with contours in- dicated would appear at positions “A” and “B” in profile. (contour interval—200 feet) se AN The distance between two points on a polyconic chart of the Great Lakes is 100 statute miles. How long would it take a vessel making 15 knots to tra- verse the distance? Describe how you use a gnomonic chart to determine a composite Great Circle Track with a limiting latitude. Name the type of Gnomonie Chart sketched. 1 ( , 4 j Aj bf \ i) i fet 4 y i dil 7 ‘ ios ia) mi i baad an) on dL ae) i” fi J Hy pee fin - * oie oe P | .* 4 ‘ f i ; } j \) POH) fae Rh fie a TG of © j 7 ia) s Amt =