The Rural Science Series Epitep sy L. H. BAILEY THE SPRAYING OF PLANTS $i Ste ay woo tty ’ A. MILLARDET FRANCE. BORDEAUX, PROFESSOR IN THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 26.) See page ( THE SPRAYING OF PLANTS A SUCCINCT ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF THE APPLICATION OF LIQUIDS AND POWDERS TO PLANTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF DE- STROYING INSECTS AND FUNGI BY. Es G? LODEMAN INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICULTURE IN THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY WITH A PREFACE BY B. T. GALLOWAY CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMEMT OF AGRICULTURE : “IAN 29 Oe dee eet oA . New Bork = MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON 1896 All rights reserved Copyricgut, 1896, By MACMILLAN AND CO. x*4, THESIS PRESENTED TO THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE. Nortwootd ress J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith. Norwood Mass. U.S.A. SEINER MUTTER IN INNIGSTER LIEBE ZUGEEIGNET DER VERFASSER PREFACE. In looking back over the past*ten or twelve years, it is dif- ficult to realize the rapid advance made in combating the insects and fungi which attack our cultivated plants. It is not going too far to say that the discoveries made within this period have worked almost a revolution in certain lines of agriculture. So phenomenal has been the progress in this direction that we are sometimes led to think that we have gone forward too fast, for in our intense desire to make the work thoroughly practical we have in many cases merely skimmed the surface, overlooking some of the most important funda- mental questions involved. However this may be, the fact remains that America to-day stands well to the front in the discovery and application of practical methods of dealing with the numerous insect and fungous enemies of cultivated plants. The.advance in this department has been so rapid that it has hardly been possible for investigators to keep track of all that has been written on the subject, nor has it, under the circum- stances, been an easy matter to pause and consider what is to be the final outcome of work of this kind. This seems to be a fitting time, therefore, to take a broad survey of the subject in order that we may see where we stand. Mr. Lodeman has done this in the present volume, in which is given a clear, con- cise statement of the existing condition of our knowledge on ix p4 Preface. the spraying of plants and the fundamental principles under- lying this operation. As to the future, it can only be said that the prospect for broadening the work so well begun is exceedingly promising. As yet it cannot be stated that we have a well-defined science of plant pathology, but gradually the investigations and thought in this direction are being crystallized. It is now realized that to truly understand and appreciate pathological phenomena we must be familiar with physiology, the normal life processes of plants. After all, the highest aim of the investigator in this field of research is not to deal only with effects as he finds them, but to study causes, as it is only by this means that the true nature of many of the phenomena involved can be obtained. Following this line, we shall in the future look for a science capable of elucidating the problems which form the very basis of agricultural and horticultural pursuits. B. T. GALLOWAY. WASHINGTON, D.C. CONTENTS. PART I. THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF SPRAYING. CHARTER. Earzty History or Liquip APPLICATIONS. First Applications to Plants — Present Distribution of Insect and Fungous Parasites — Oceans as Barriers — Protective Applica- _ tions the Most Effective Measures — Spraying Defined — Early Recommendations — Vinegar — Rue — Urine — Dung — De- struction of Plant Lice — Tobacco, Water, Powder — Soap — Soot — Sage — Hyssop — Wormwood — Lime — Petroleum — Turpentine — Tansy — Leek — Hellebore — Oils — Sul- phur — Paints — Washes — Forsyth’s Composition — Ashes — Sand — Plaster — Burnt Bones — Decoction of Walnut Leaves — Train-oil — Whale-oil — Flax Rubbish — Sea-weed — Sea- shells — Sea-sand — Mortar Rubbish — Clay — Tanner’s Bark — Leather Scraps — Salt — Corrosive Sublimate — Alcohol — Potato Water -— Decoctions of Elder — Bitter Herbs — Pepper — Lye — Pot and Pearl Ashes — Tar— Hot Water — Soft Soap — Farmyard Drainage — Brimstone — Burdock Leaves — White Hellebore — Nitre — Whale-oil Soap — Nux Vomica — Scotch Snuff — Cayenne Pepper — Aconite — Pigeon Dung — Eau Grison — Quassia Chips — Copper Sulphate — Various Formulas containing these Ingredients — Applications recom- mended against Canker — Cantharides — Plant Lice — Me- chanical Injuries — Canker-worms — Red Spider — Insects on xi Xl Contents. Melons — Scale Insects — Apple-tree Borer — Slugs — Cater- pillars — Bed-bugs — Brown Turtle Insect — White Scaly Coc- cus — Pine-bug — Peach Mildew — Woolly Aphis — Aphis — Thrips — Wood-lice — Insects on Fruit Trees — Currant Worm — Rose-bug — Mildew on Chrysanthemum, Grape, Gooseberry — Curculio — Rose Mildew. Pages 1-18 CHAPTER II. SPRAYING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. IN FRANCE. Discursive Trials of Fungicides (page 19). — Acetate of Potassium — Sulphur — Downy Mildew of the Grape in France — Powdery Mildew of Grape — Powders — Iron Sulphate — Plaster — Fungivore — Pear Diseases — Sulphuric Acid — Copper Sul- phate — Spores affected by Copper Sulphate — Treatment of Grape Anthracnose — Copper Sulphate upon Posts, Tying Materials, and Stocks — Phenic Acid Emulsion. Origin of the Bordeaux Mixture (page 24).— An Accidental Dis- covery — Early Experiments in its Use — Downy Mildew first systematically treated with Bordeaux Mixture — Other Mate- rials tested —First Published Formula for the Bordeaux Mix- ture — Tomatoes sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture for Rot — Recommendations for Treating Potatoes — Treatment of Beaune — Treatment of Millardet — Spraying with Simple Solution of Copper Sulphate — Spraying with Milk of Lime — Treatments with Powders. Origin of the Ammoniated Copper Fungicides and Various Com- binations (page 30).— The Use of Eau Céleste — A Dilute Bordeaux Mixture — Bouillies Bourguignonnes. Powders (page 52). — Podechard’s — David’s — Sulphosteatite — Sulfatine. Perfection of Fungicides (page 34).— Stock Solutions for the Bordeaux Mixture — Treatment of A. Bouchard — Modified Eau Céleste — Bouillie Berrichonne — Treatments for Anthracnose of Grapes — Tests of Fungicides — Grape Black Rot in France — Bordeaux Mixture containing some Dissolved Copper — Bor- Contents. X1li deaux Mixture Céleste— Bordeaux Mixture and Molasses — Tests of Fungicides — Bordeaux Mixture, Various Formulas and Combinations — Treatments for Pear Diseases. Insecticides (page 50). — Soap — Alcohol — Aloes — Oxalic Acid — Fichet’s Insecticide — Petroleum — Kerosene Emulsion — Sul- phide of Potassium — Benzine — Glue — Salicylic Acid — Red Oxide of Mercury — Carbonate of Soda — Carbon Bisulphide — Pyrethrum. IN ITALY (page 53). Early Applications — Adoption of French Practices. IN OTHER CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (page 53). Treatments for Oidiwm Tuckeri — Introduction of the Grape Downy Mildew — Adoption of French Practices — Present Methods. IN ENGLAND (page 54). Slow Adoption of the French Methods — Potassium Sulphide — Introduction of Copper Sulphate — French Journals quoted — Insecticides. IN AUSTRALASIA (page 57). Experiments with Fungicides — Introduction of French and Ameri- can Practices — Tasmanian Spraying Laws. Pages 19-58 CHAPTER III. SPRAYING IN AMERICA. IN THE UNITED STATES. Spraying for Leaf-eating Insects and the Codlin-moth (page 59). — Appearance of the Potato Bug — First use of Paris Green — First use of Paris Green for the Canker-worm — First use of Paris Green for the Codlin-moth — First use of London Purple —Introduction from England — Paris Green and London Pur- ple compared. Spraying for the Curculio (page 68)—The Arsenites and the Curculio — Discussion of the Value of Spraying for Curculio — New York Practices — Ohio Practices. X1V Contents. Other