Stable Building

AND

Stable Fitting

GiRAUD.

CO

CO

CO
CNI

$4

100

05 CQ

o

OQ

o
PQ

(U
OQ
O

o

5=1

03

-•-3

o

>

CQ

I— •
o

o5
o

H-l

o3

O
O

I

CQ
CQ
(L>

o3

w

CQ

■OD

CQ

c3 c3

CQ

o3 u

CQ <4H
. . 0)

> CQ "OD

P O -^

o3

O

O
O

• pH {^

03

CQ
-♦J

o

OS

o
o

I

CQ
CQ

a>

o3

w

CQ
"00

>
03

c3

CQ

-♦J
P

o

"oa

03

5=1
•I-l

03

Q

0)

I— t
»2

O

■i-i
-»-a
03
P<

pi
O
O

o

,0 OQ

IS

^ <U

^ s

;S «^

'^ CQ

o
W

o

• rH O

$H
>

o3

s a

o
o

u

a

n
<

03

Q
Ex)

n

l-H

o

CO

p

o

I— <

H

o

<
>

X

.J

<

a<

D

w

d
o

o
z

D

o

o
z

Q

<
O

z

Q

D

W

CO

»

CO

E

&4

S3

•4^

CO

o

•f-H

o3
O

■ I— <

§^
S=l

o

o3

rJd

o

a

CD

r-rt oT

03

cS

-4-3

V2

CQ

C(-H

O

>

c8

o

bO

^

d

03

H

-4-3
i=l

-r-l

e<-H

O

e*-(

O

r/5

n3

ho

P

rt

^

-r-l

■tU

rd

1=1

CQ

•a

,J=I

c«

>-c5

n-i

!=!

fl

ci

S3

CQ

(D

bJO

oS

P4

o

Od

bO

a

• r-«

.g

o8

-«^

rt

o

O

THE ST. PANCRAS IRON-WORK CO.

ORIGINAL INVENTOES, PATENTEES, AND MANUFACTUREES OF IMPEOVED

STABLE FITTINGS.

Supplied to H.M. The Queen, H.E.H. The Prince of "Wales, and many other Sovereigns and Princes ;
Noblemen, Gentlemen, Corporations, Eailway Companies, Carriers, Tradesmen, &c., &e.

Illustrated Priced Catalogues sent on application to —

The St. Pangras Iron-works, Pangras Road, LONDON, N.W.,

WHERE THE SHOW-ROOMS ARE.

Telegraphic Address— "EQUITATION, LONDON."
ii

TELEPHONE 7519.

I mill Mill iiMi iini iiiii iiiii iiiii Mill iMM Hill iiiii iiiii mil iiiii iii

3 9090 013 407 10

STABLE BUILDING

AND

STABLE FITTING:

Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine
Cummings Sciiool of Veterinary Medicine at
Tufts University
200 Westboro Road
North Gratton, MA 01536

STABLE BUILDING

AND

STABLE FITTING:

A HANDBOOK FOR THE USE OF ARCHITECTS,
BUILDERS, AND HORSE OWNERS.

BY

BYNG GIRAUD,

ARCHITECT.

ill^ Jiftg-sijc plates anb nnrnzxarxB Jllastralions in tj^e ^txt.

LONDON:
B. T. BATSFORD, 52, HIGH HOLBORN.

1891.

r

PREFACE.

In presenting the following pages to the public, the Author
believes that he is supplying, in a convenient shape, in-
formation on the subject of stable building and fitting, much
of which has hitherto been obtainable only in a broadly
scattered form. Having been largely engaged in designing
buildings for stabling, he has acquired considerable experience
in their construction, and in the best methods of draining,
paving, lighting, and ventilating them; the result of which
will be found embodied in this work.

BYNG GIRAUD.

September 1890.

CONTENTS.

-*04

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Site for stabling — Aspect— Modern improvements — Improved fittings-
Iron stables — An iron homestead — Portable iron stables — Principles
of arrangement — Provision for extension — Simplicity in construction

Pages 1-5

CHAPTER II.

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT.

Circumstances regulating arrangement — Administrative block — Washing-
room — Vestibule to stables — Arrangement of town stables — Rooms
over stables — Lairs and hock baths — Examples of stables — "Private
stables," Design No. i — Design No. 2 — Design No. 3 (for town or
country) — Design No. 4 (Stables for hunters) — Design No. 5 (suburban
stables) — Designs Nos. 6 and 7 (town and country stables) — Difficulties
in towns — Stables in mews — Design No. 8 ("inclosed") — Stables on
upper floors — Dimensions of stables — Convertible stalls and boxes —
Portable partitions — Loose boxes with stalls — Capacity of stables —
Boxes for hunters — Covered way — Breeding stables — Racing stables —
Farm stables — Hay and corn stores— Preparation of fodder — Distribu-
tion of fodder — Capacity of hay and corn store — Cubic capacity of
hay — Tramway and omnibus stables ^^ Omnibus stables — Tramway
stables — Manager's offices, «S:c 6-20

CHAPTER III.

CONSTRUCTION.

Shape of building — Treatment of foundations — Concrete — Outside walls —
Intermediate walls — Foundation walls — Relieving arches — Stone walls
■ — Walls on arches — Damp courses — Rounded edges — Recessed down

viii CONTENTS.

pipes and taps — Rough cast — Depeter work — Facing with tiles, &c. —
Smithies — Dressing rings — Isolation — Division walls — Fireproof build-
ings— Fireproof floors — Concrete floors — Mr. Hyatt's system — Wood
floors — Posts for lofts — Sills — Stables on upper floors — Ventilating
partitions — Roofs — Lean-to roofs — Common rafters — King-post roofs
— Queen-post roofs — Duties of tie-beams — Provisional strength of
members — Loft in roof — Open roofs — North London Tramway roofs —
Zinc roofs — Templates — Wrought-iron roofs — Roofs at Ponder's End —
Slating and Tiling — Covering for walls — Washable distemper — Pointing
— Tuck pointing — Colouring brickwork — Wells — Well at Ponder's
End — Abyssinian wells — Supply of water — Closets and urinals —
Trough closets — Slate urinals — Inclosure walls — Inclosure fences

Pages 21-37

CHAPTER IV.

DRAINAGE.

Drainage requirements — Open surface channels — Wrought iron surface
gutters — Open brick channels — Channel bricks and blocks — Drainage
of loose boxes — Outlets of gutters — Granite open gutters — Wrought
iron covered surface gutters — Drainage in relation to paving — Slope of
stalls — Steep inclines — Underground drainage — Jointing pipes in clay
— Cement joints — Filling in — Velocity in pipes — Manholes — Inspection
pits — Ventilation — Yard gullies — Iron syphon traps — Earthenware
traps — Drainage of omnibus and tramway stables — Disposal of sewage
— Cesspools — Manure-pit with cesspool — Surface drainage — Rain water
— Advantage of soft water 3S-49

CHAPTER V.

PAVING.

Requirements of paving — Adamantine clinkers and paviors — Grooved
paviors — Tebbutt's "safety brick" — Vitrified bricks — Paving with
stocks — Examples of paving — Herring-bone paving — Height of floor —
Paving without concrete — Preparing ground — Laying — Composite
paving — Granite cubes — Advantages of good paving — Difi"ercnce in
cost — Omnibus stables — Various stone pitching — Cobble stones — ,
Wood paving — Paving of smithy 50-59

CONTENTS. IX

CHAPTER VI.

VENTILATION.

General considerations — Temperature — Cubic contents of stables — Re-
quirements of various horses — Admission of air — Fanlights and louvres
— Construction of louvres — Lantern ventilation — Stables at Poplar
— Ventilating tiles — Down-cast ventilation — Through ventilation —
Ceilings and lofts — Perforated pipes — Head-post ventilators — Boyle's
ventilators — Ventilation of upper floors — Glazed ventilators — The
Sheringham ventilator — Loose boxes — Cubic contents — Examples

Pages 60-68

CHAPTER VH.

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

Separation in stables — Cast and wrought iron details — Stall divisions —
Ramp panels — Portable partitions — Safety bars — Heel-posts and
pillars — Ramps and posts — Fixing posts — Loose box partitions — Loose
box doors — Door frames — Swing doors — Latches and locks — Locking
bolt — Bales — Safety hooks— The Malet bale suspender — Safety catch
— Cleating — Double cleating — Kicking-boards — Mangers — Manger
posts — \Yrought iron mangers — Water fittings — Crib-biting — Safety
mangers — Hay-racks — Loose box sliding bars — Halter tying — Smithy
fittings — Hearths, bellows, &c. — Vice bench — Harness-room — Heating
apparatus — Boilers — Open boilers — Girth stretchers — Saddle airers —
Saddle-horses — Clothes press— Harness — Harness brackets — Coach-
houses, warming, &c. — Coach-house doors — Hinges and fastenings —
Gate stops — Table — Corn-stores — Machines for food — Food supply —
Corn-bins — Preparing food, motive power — Horse-power — Gas engine
— Hoisting and gear — Jacob's ladder^^Hayloft doors — Hanging and
sliding doors — Water supply — Washing apparatus — Valves — Gas supply
— Oil lamps 69-96

( xi )

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate i. Private Stables, Design No. i. Ground floor, and ist
and 2nd floors.

Plate 2. Private Stables, Design No. i. Front elevation.

Plate 3. Private Stables, Design No. i. Elevation to yard and
back view of stables; section of stable, and elevation of coach-
house and corn store ; plan of corn and hay store ; general
elevation to road ; and entrance gates.

Plate 4. Private Stables, Design No. 2. Ground plan and
elevation to road.

Plate 5. Private Stables, Design No. 2. One-pair plan ; eleva-
tion to yard, and transverse section through stable.

Plate 6. Private Stables, Design No. 3. Ground plan and eleva-
tion to yard ; plan of corn store, hayloft, and roof.

Plate 7. Private Stables, Design No. 4. General plan and eleva-
tion.

Plate 8. Private Stables, Design No. 5. Front elevation and
ground plan.

Plate 9. Private Stables, Design No.,5. Transverse section, longi-
tudinal section of stable, and plan of hayloft.

Plate 10. Private Stables, Design No. 6. Ground floor plan, first
floor plan, front elevation, and back elevation.

Plate ii. Private Stables. Design No. 7. Ground floor plan,
first floor plan, front elevation, and end elevation.

Plate 12. Private Stables, Design No. 8. Ground floor plan,
first floor plan, and front elevation.

xii DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate 13. Paving in various kinds of brick.

Plate 14. Fig. i. Paving with circular grooved bricks and
wrought-iron open surface gutter. Fig. 2. Staffordshire vitrified
blue-brick paving with y-shaped grooves, and open surface
gutter bricks. Fig. 3. Semicircular grooved brick paving, with
special open surface gutter brick. Fig. 4. Metallic semi-
circular grooved paving, 3 inches thick, with metallic open
surface gutter.

Plate 15. Fig. i. Heel-post secured with concrete. Fig. 2. Heel-
post with stone and Lewis bolts. Fig. 3. Heel-post with
safety cap. Fig. 4. Rounded end to ramp. Fig. 5. Terminal
to posts. Fig. 6. Socket for portable heel-post. Fig. 7. Clutch
box for ramp rail.

Plate 16. Fig. i. Section of plain ramp rail and sill. Fig. 2. Side
view of ditto. Fig. 3. Elevation of loose box : — ^, top rail ;
b, centre rail ; c, sill.

Plate 17. Fig. i. Elevation of loose-box pillars, and door with
iron frame. Fig. 2. Plan of ditto. Fig. 3. Loose-box door
at angle of 45°. Fig. 4. Elevation of loose-box door, with
wood frame. Fig. 5. Wrought iron mountings for loose-box
door.

Plate 18. Fig. i. Strong stall partition, with cast iron column,
harness brackets and ventilating sill. Fig. 2. Stall division,
with ventilating ramp and wrought iron heel-post. Fig. 3.
Ditto, with single safety barrier bar. Fig. 4. Ditto, with
double safty bar and solid panel.

Plate 19. Fig. i. Halter weight-box in wood, with rein guide.
Fig. 2. Side view of shackle, with wrought iron guide bar
and friction roller. Fig. 3. Halter weight-box of wrought
iron with chain. Fig. 4. Stout shackle for cart horses, with
wrought-iron stiffening bar. Fig. 5. Wrought iron halter
weight-box, with friction roller and strap. Fig. 6. Side
view of portable partition and ramp, with clutch-boxes and
socket. Fig. 7. Ditto, plain partition for cavalry stables, with
portable manger. Figs. 8, 9, and 10. Designs for head-stall
fasteninsTS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. xiii

Plate 20, Mangers. Fig. i. Method of securing wrought iron
trough manger. Fig. 2. Portable cavalry manger. Fig. 3.
Elm manger, with oak post and fir bearer. Fig. 4. Section of
elm mangers without posts.

Plate 21. Mangers— details. Fig. i. Front view of ring and
bolt to manger. Fig. 2. Part view of front, with capping.
Fig. 3. Side view of capping. Fig. 4. Section through capping.

Plate 22. Mangers for stalls. Fig. i. Water pot, corn trough, and
under-head hayrack. Fig. 2. Corn trough and deep under-
head hayrack. Fig. 3. Manger, with water pot and hayrack
on top plate. Fig. 4. Ditto, but without water pot. Fig. 5.
Wrought iron trough manger, with over-head hayrack. Fig. 6.
Patent radial hayrack.

Plate 23. Mangers for loose boxes. Fig. i. Left-hand corner
manger complete, with vertical hayrack on plate. Fig. 2.
Manger, with under-head hayrack, for loose box or stall. Fig. 3.
Left-hand corner manger (complete), with under-head hay-
rack. Fig. 4. Ditto, without water pot. Fig. 5. Ditto, matched
boarded beneath. Fig. 6. Ditto, right-hand corner manger,
with large shallow hayrack on plate. Fig. 7. Right-hand
corner manger, with under-head rack and back plate cut
away. Fig. 8. Deep corner hayrack. Fig. 9. Corner manger
for crib-biters. Fig. 10. Corn manger or water trough.

Plate 24. Rack and pillar chains. Fig. i. Flax fastening, with
spring safety hook. Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5. Chains of various
patterns. Figs. 6, 7, and 8. Sections of water pot. Fig. 9. Side
view of ditto. Fig. 10. Enlarged view of inlet and union.
Fig. II. Manger with water pot. Fig. I2. Corner manger for
water or food.

Plate 25. Fig. i. Front elevation of" entrance gates and plan of
ditto. Fig. 2. Inside elevation of suspended sliding doors.
Fig. 3. Detail in elevation. Fig. 4. The same in section.

Plate 26. Elevation, section, plan, and details of oak fencing.
Fig. I. Inside view of wicket gate. Fig. 2. Inside view of
coach-house door, with patent roller bolt and fastening.

Plate 27. Elevation, section, plan, and details for sliding door
on rollers.

xiv DESCRIPTION OF PL A TES.

Plate 28. Hinges. Fig. i. Cranked hinges, plan and outside
view. Fig. 2. Straight hinges for flush doors, plan and out-
side view. Fig. 3. Collinge's patent hinges, top and bottom
(outside view).

Plate 29. Brackets. For riding harness : — i. Lady's saddle bracket.
2. Gentleman's ditto. 3. Stirrup bracket. 4. Girth ditto.

5. Bridle ditto. For driving : — 6. Pad ditto (for single harness).
7. Ditto for double harness. 8. Collar bracket. 9. Ditto, with
martingale and crupper ditto. 10. Bridle ditto. 11. Rein or
crupper ditto- 12. Hame or bridle ditto. Heavy cart-horse
harness : — 13. Breeching bracket, with forged hook for crupper.
14. Bridle bracket. 15. Collar ditto. 16. Double rein hook.

Plate 30. 1. Wrought iron bracket for pad, for single harness.

2. Bracket for collar, showing one of two, for double harness.

3. Ditto. 4. Ditto for pad ditto. 5. Ditto for bridle ditto.

6. Ditto for pad ditto. 7. Rein or crupper holder.

Plate 31. General requisites. Fig. i. Harness-room stove.
Fig. 2. Octagon stable hand lantern. Fig. 3. Safety stable
lantern for candles. Fig. 4. Showing means of suspending
same- Fig. 5. SHding lantern for oil. Fig. 6. Hurricane lamp.
Fig. 7. Galvanised iron sand box. Fig. 8. Box of galvanised
iron for brushes, leathers, &c. Fig. 9. Ditto, for soap. Fig. 10.
Ditto, for stopping mixture. Fig. 11. Galvanised iron fork
hook. Fig. 12. Ditto, implement hook. Fig. 13. Salt rack to
be fixed to wall. Fig. 14. Galvanised iron fork and shovel
hook. Fig. 15. Carriage setter.

Plate 32. London General Omnibus Company's general plan of
stables at Poplar. A. Stables. B. Loose boxes- C. Surgery.
D. Lair. E. Smithy. F. Harness makers' shop. G. Mana-
ger's house. H. Entrance gates. L Gullies, a, mangers ;
b^ corn chest ; c, posts supporting hay store ; d, counter ; e, sink ;
/, copper ; g, meter house ; h, washers' store ; /, privy; k, office;
/, living room ; rn, kitchen ; n, scullery ; o, dust ; ^, w.c.

Plate 33. Plan of stable and drains.

Plate 34. Longitudinal section of stable.

Plate 35. Transverse ditto, showing kicking boards and details
of roof.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. xv

Plate 36. Front elevation of stables.

Plate 37. Plan, section, and elevation of loose boxes, and sur-
gery.

Plate 38. Plan of stable roof.

Plate 39. North London Tramway Company's general plan of
stables at Ponder's End. A. Entrance gates. B. Wicket
gate. C. Boundary fence, a, large meter connected with Gas
Company's main in Tramway avenue ; a, small meter for
gas engine ; b^ burners ; r, screw-down tap ; d, water trough ;
e, gullies ; /, valve well ; g^ ventilator to sewer ; h, man-hole ;
/, chase for down pipes ; 7, smith's hearth ; k^ corn chest.

Plate 40. Longitudinal section of stable.

Plate 41. Transverse ditto.

Plate 42. Elevations of stables, showing longitudinal section of
roof of shed.

Plate 43. Fig. i. Transverse section of roof of shed, and inside
view of screen. Fig. 2. Transverse section of Mansard roof.
Fig. 3. Detail for fixing purlins on iron roof.

Plate 44. Details of iron roof (Plate 43, Fig. i) 40 feet span.

Plate 45. Longitudinal section of smithy, and details of hearth.

Plate 46. Transverse section of smithy, locking bolt, and dress-
ing ring.

Plate 47. Ground floor and first floor ; plan of corn store, hay
loft, engine house, and tank house.

Plate 48. Longitudinal section through corn store and engine
house.

Plate 49. Details of privy and man-hole.

Plate 50. Cambridge Tramways Company. General plan.
First floor plans of dwelling and corn store, and plan of roof.

Plate 51. Ditto. Elevation to road, and elevation of offices,
smithy, loose box, &c., in yard.

Plate 52. Ditto : — Elevation of corn store and stables in yard.

xvi DESCRIPTION OF PL A TES.

Plate 53. Southampton Tramway's stables. Fig. i. Plan of lair
at Shirley. Fig. 2. Plan of horse track and corn store at
Portsvvood.

Plate 54. General details for corn stores. Figs, i, 2, and 3.
Plan, detail, and part front view of corn bin. Fig. 4. Section
of wooden corn chest. Fig. 5. Section of cast iron column.
Fig. 6. Wrought iron corn chest. F'g. 7. Plan and section of
cast-iron shoe for post.

Plate 55. Part plan and transverse section of Messrs. Crosse &
Blackwell's stables.

Plate 56. Part plan and transverse section of Col. Fitzwygram's
design for stable.

STABLE BUILDING

AND

STABLE FITTING

CHAPTER L

GENERAL REMARKS.

Site for stabling — Aspect — Modern improvements — Improved fittings —
Iron stables — An iron homestead — Portable iron stables — Principles
of arrangement — Provision for extension — Simplicity in construction.

As one approaches the immediate confines ' of a country Site for sta-
mansion, the most conspicuous object is often the clock-tower bling.
of the stables ; and the block of buildings to which it belongs,
with its high enclosure walls and entrance gateway, forms an
object of importance second only to the house itself But
although it forms in such case a feature in the landscape, it
is of prior importance that its relation with the house shall not
become, in any way, an objection to it as a dwelling. At the
same time, its aspect and construction may be of grave conse- Aspect,
quence to the animals housed in it, and where it cannot be
altogether placed as the architect would desire — on a gravel
slope with a south or south-westerly aspect — provision must be
made to modify or altogether counteract the effects of an
undesirable situation. Even in the country the aspect of a
stable is not always a matter of choice ; but a building with
plenty of light, well drained and ventilated, and entirely free

B

STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Modern im-
provements.

Improved
fittings.

Iron stables.

from damp, is essential, not only to good appearance and
successful grooming, but for the working capacity and health
of the horse ; and, moreover, in a stable where these require-
ments are complied with, an economy is effected even in the
food. Food supplies, in a measure, the absence of warmth ;
and a horse which is kept in a stable sufficiently near to the
temperature of his own body, will eat less, with the same bene-
ficial result, than one which is in a cold stable ; so that, apart
from all considerations of humanity, it is a commercial mistake
of the gravest kind to put a valuable animal into a cold or
badly ventilated stable, and is the cause of many of the
diseases to which horses are liable. " Unless," says a writer on
this subject, " animals are placed in circumstances congenial
to their habits and necessities, it is in vain to look for any
remedy, and whatever plan may be designed for their improve-
ment, nothing will be found to be of service unless it is in
accordance with the natural and ascertained laws of health."

If in modern times no improvement has taken place in the
breed of horses, their existence in European countries has
become one of greater comfort than in the past, and such
stables as were formerly common are now only to be met with
where the owner is heavily handicapped by poverty, and even
in such cases there is generally an effort to do the best possible.
The drainage and improved sanitation of towns admit of
stables being erected in our midst without injury to the health
of the community, and at the same time tend greatly to
improve the condition of the horse.

The modern fittings of stables have become in every respect
more conducive to this end ; iron — painted, galvanised, and
enamelled — being liberally used at home and abroad.

Stables have been sent out to Egypt, and other countries
infested by ants, with fittings entirely of this material ; the
stalls and loose boxes being lined from the floor to the top of
the manger with plates of iron, and the divisions between the
stalls, instead of having the usual wood cleating, being fitted

GENERAL REMARKS. 3

with steam-hammered, perfectly-fitting wrought iron plates,
secured and strengthened by double-grooved pieces between
the middle rails and sills of the partitions. Whether the use
of iron, especially of wrought iron, is expedient to this extent,
must be a question of experience ; but as the hardest wood is
often reduced to a fragile shell in a single night by a visitation
of ants, it would seem, in such countries as Africa and India,
for instance, to be, in conjunction with masonry and cement,
the only available material.

An iron homestead, to accommodate loo cattle, and An iron home-
attached to a farm of 400 acres, has been built by Mr. st^^^*
Humphreys, of Albert Gate, from a design by Mr. Clark, and
as the arrangement is unique in its way, a short description of
the stables and yards may not be out of place. The range of
buildings is only one story high ; the stalls and boxes are
connected with the mixing-room and chaff-house by means of
covered passages, so that the animals may be fed without being
disturbed, in the manner shown on Plate i. They are lighted
from the roof by skylights, and adjoin a covered yard. The
cart, implement, and tool-house, including a workshop, are
placed in immediate proximity to the stables. The stores for
hay, straw, roots, &c., are all in close relation to the mixing
floor and machinery for the preparation of food. There are
two open and two covered yards in this design, the former
being, of course, provided with feeding-sheds for the cattle.
The description of roof well suited for this kind of yard will
be found on Plate 44, and by the necessary increase of its
several members may be made to a much wider span, without
the use of intermediate posts, and also afford ample scope for
ventilation.

Galvanised corrugated iron has been in use for many years, Portable iron
for temporary and portable buildings, and has been largely used stables.
for stables. These are usually constructed of fir framing,
mortised \ so as to be taken to pieces and re-erected without
difficulty. They are built with air spaces and filled in also

B 2

4 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

arrangement.

with felt, which renders them warm in winter and cool in
summer, and are Hned with f or f inch match-boarding.
Buildings of this description should not be left entirely open to
the apex of the roof, but should be half-ceiled with the match-
boarding, and ventilated on the ridge.
Principles of In the several succeeding chapters the author has endeavoured
to illustrate the various circumstances which control the
principles of stable building, and regulate the provisions to be
made in town and country. The buildings, consisting of stables,
separate loose boxes, coach-houses, corn and hay stores, &c.,
as well as those other constructions rendered necessary where
large studs of horses are kept, either for public vehicles, for
business purposes, or for pleasure, have been treated as
questions which have advanced in all their provisions with the
progress of the times; commencing with the planning and
arrangement of the buildings, and passing severally to the
important questions of construction, drainage, paving, ventila-
tion, and fittings, and the numerous details of construction.

An important consideration in the construction of stabling is
the provision for its possible extension. In large establish-
ments it is customary to provide a separate accommodation
for carriage horses, hunters, hacks, and others ; and if the
possible increase of the stud is kept in view when the buildings
are designed, a great deal of expense and trouble may be
saved, and if planned in the form of a quadrangle this is not
a difficult matter. By means of the Table in Chapter VII.,
the provision for fodder can also be correctly calculated and
sufficient margin allowed in the bins and hay-loft for a reason-
able increase. The size of the yard can be regulated by the
inclosure walls ; and in the country, whether stabling be attached
to the house or situated some distance from it, a liberal area
should be allowed for this purpose. In the former case the
arrangement should be such that, having set down at the
entrance to the mansion, the carriage should be able to reach
the stabling without passing again through the entrance gate-

Provision for
extension.

GENERAL REMARKS. 5

way \ in this case it will be best to have a separate entrance to
the stable yard.

It is unnecessary to encroach on the succeeding chapters by Simplicity in
any reference to the distribution of the buildings in the yard, construction.
The stables for private and public uses, illustrated and de-
scribed in the following pages, with the several details of their
fitting, are chiefly those which have been designed or adopted
by the author ; and, in carrying them out, he has sought always
the simplest and most efficient methods, with the use of those
fittings which, without being affected by fashion, or the pro-
motion of some untried invention, have been found by experi-
ence to be the most moderate in cost, and to best answer their
purpose.

6 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

CHAPTER II.

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT.

Circumstances regulating arrangement — Administrative block — Washing-
room — Vestibule to stables — Arrangement of town stables — Rooms
over stables — Lairs and hock baths — Examples of stables — '* Private
stables," Design No. i — Design No. 2 — Design No. 3 (for town or
country) — Design No. 4 (Stables for hunters) — Design No. 5 (suburban
stables) — Designs No. 6 and 7 (town and country stables) — Difficulties
in towns — Stables in mews — Design No. 8 ("inclosed") — Stables on
upper floors — Dimensions of stables — Convertible stalls and boxes —
Portable partitions — Loose boxes with stalls — Capacity of stables —
Boxes for hunters — Covered way — Breeding stables — Racing stables —
Farm stables — Hay and corn stores — Preparation of fodder — Distribu-
tion of fodder — Capacity of hay and corn store — Cubic capacity of
hay — Tramway and omnibus stables — Omnibus stables — Tramway
stables — Manager's offices, &c.

Circumstances The planning and arrangement of stables, with their necessary

regu atmg contingent buildings, are dependent on many circumstances,
arrangement. ° . .

but chiefly upon the locality, the number of horses for which

accommodation is required, and the nature of their employment.

Aspect is also a matter of some importance, but it does not

affect the relative positions of the buildings in the yard, and

cannot be considered an essential point, except for racers and

brood-mares. In order to secure the most favourable aspect,

stables are sometimes built with a door at either end, to be

closed or left open according to the prevailing wind, and in

large stables, doors are sometimes placed on all four sides ; a

very good scheme in theory, but rarely compatible with the

arrangements of a convenient plan.

Administra- The administrative department, such as the residence of the
tive block.

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 7

coachman, the mess-rooms and sleeping apartments of the
grooms, the harness, saddle, washing-rooms, and stores, should
be in a central position, but easily accessible from the stalls and
loose boxes. Where special provision is made for washing, as in
the case of hunters, the washing-room should adjoin the saddle-
room, or form a part of an ante to the stable, into which the
saddle-room may be made to open.

This room should have plenty of Hght, and a liberal provision Washing-
for hot and cold water, but in ordinary cases the horses are ^°°'^'
either groomed in their stalls, in a box set aside or built for
that purpose, or outside the stable, sometimes under cover on
a paved area, as shown on Plates i and 6.

A good arrangement is obtained by an archway entrance to Vestibule to
a vestibule, with access on either side to the stalls and loose stables,
boxes, where a convenient place can be found for a boiler and
sink. This plan ensures a freedom from draughts, where the
aspect is not a good one, and affords a shelter for the groom.

In the country, where the area of the yard is seldom limited Arrangement
and almost any aspect can be obtained, the greatest facility g^^^^^^g^
will be found for the disposition of the several buildings ; but
even in London, where inclosed spaces have been secured,
some examples of the best description of stabling exist. In
Sackville Street, Piccadilly, there are some well-planned stables
for a large number of horses. In the front, on either side of
the entrance gates, are two four-stall stables ; two separate
coach-houses, loose boxes, a stable for two horses on night
duty, washing-boxes, and harness-rooms, are arranged round
the court yard. On its right and left hand are two separate
staircases, one leading to the coachman's residence, and the other
to the grooms' and helpers' rooms, and sleeping apartments.

If the site allows it, stables are better without rooms or lofts Rooms over
above them, unless the floors are made of concrete ; for if the ^^^" ^^'
grooms' apartments are over the horses, and divided from
them by a wooden flooring only, the noise is liable to disturb
their rest at night ; and if the hay-loft is over the stable, the

8 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING,

forage is contaminated by the gases rising from below. When
the old-fashioned overhead hay racks were used this was still
more objectionable, as the dust also fell through the trap by
which the racks were supplied, on to the horses' heads, and
rooms were usually approached by an open staircase, exposing
the dwellers constantly passing up and down to possible
contagion from a glandered horse.
Lairs and hock A lair, or large loose box, is a useful addition to an extensive
baths. establishment. It should be fitted up with a boiler, from

which a channel may be carried to a portion divided off for
the purpose of a warm bath. A loose box, easily convertible
into a hock bath, is illustrated on Plate 39 j it is supplied with
a cold-water tap and drain, and may be used as a bath by the
simple expedient of boarding up the doorway to the height
required ; any escape of water being provided against by a
little clay puddling.
Examples of A series of twelve plates, embracing eight separate designs,
stables. ^^^ called for the sake of distinction " Private Stables," shows

a variety of arrangements varying chiefly with the required
accommodation, and provided with the latest and most
serviceable appliances for keeping the occupants in a healthy
and useful condition.
Design No. i. The aiTangement illustrated by Design No. i, and extending
Private stables ^^gj. pj^tes I, 2, and 3, is a provision for a large stud of horses
in the cr.untry, capable of future extension by additional
stabling or the right. The administrative block in the centre
has extra provisional accommodation for attendants and stores,
SO also has the corn-store situated over the coach-house,
having been designed with a view to this enlargement. This
building has boxes for hunters and a harness-room on the left,
and the probationary boxes L, to which any doubtful cases of
illness can be relegated, previous to their removal to the
infection wards M, on the right.

These are cut off from all communication with the other
stables, and when the attendant comes from them, he passes

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 9

at once into the fresh air, whilst the inmates of the sick boxes,
without being disturbed, can be fed or inspected by means of
the passage at the back. This passage also forms a private
entrance for the owner or superintendent of the stables, who
can thus enter the yard at any time without passing through
the central offices.

The first floor consists of a sitting-room or kitchen, a chamber
1 8 feet by 12 feet, which may be used as a mess-room, three
bedrooms, and a bath-room. The second floor has two bed-
rooms and two store-rooms, and from this floor there is a steep
staircase leading to the clock-turret above. The entrance
gateway and a portion of the south inclosure wall are shown
on Plate 3.

In the Design No. 2, illustrated by Plates 4 and 5, also for Design No. 2.
the country, but for a smaller number of horses, the hay and Private stables
corn store, where the fodder is also cut, bruised, and mixed, is
over the coach-house, and a shoot passing through the wall
discharges the food, when prepared for consumption, into a
bin in the washer's room below. This room, provided with a
copper and sink, adjoins the harness-room, in which a bench is
fitted up for cleaning bits, spurs, &c., the glass case for their
reception being placed in the recess adjoining the fire-place.
The transverse section is taken through the stalled portion of
the stable, and looking to the left shows a partition of the
loose box and the interior of the end stall in elevation. Access
to a living-room and bedroom for a groom is obtained by a
staircase from the porch, and above is a clock-chamber or
store.

A design will be found on Plate 6, which, with slight modifi- Design No. 3.

cations, can be adapted to either town or country. The ^^^ ^°^^'" °^

11 1 • 1 r country,

harness and washer's rooms are situated, as m the former

design, between the coach-house and the stable, a position

which, as it forms the centre of administration, will be found

most convenient as a general rule. There are four stalls in this

stable, with a loose box opening to the air, and shut off from

10 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Design No. 4.
Stables for
hunters.

Design No. 5.

Suburban

stables.

Designs Nos.
6 and 7.
Town and
country
stables.
Difficulties
in town.

the building. The hay and corn is stored and mixed over the
harness-room, and discharged by a shoot into the washer's
room.

On Plate 7, which shows some stabling designed for hunters,
it will be seen that the corn-store and hay-loft are over the
mixing-room and archway, with a couple of rooms for the men
above the harness-room. The ground plan of this design is
that of Mr. Walsh, better known as " Stonehenge."

The Design No. 5^ providing for a pair of horses only
(shown on Plates 8 and 9), is more especially suited for the
suburbs, for the country, or for any site where the length of the
frontage is not so much a consideration as it usually is in
towns, and where space sufficient for ventilation and light is
available in the rear; but as this particular design is also
ventilated in the roof and lighted in the front, it may be
adapted to a mews, or where there is no area at the back,
although the frontage, 40 feet, is in excess of what is usually
allowed for this situation. The stable, harness-room, and
coach-house, are entered from an ante, open to the yard by an
elliptic arch; a staircase from the harness-room leading to
the corn-store and hay-loft above it, from which a shoot
descends with the food, whence it is removed to a bin in the
stable, as shown on Plate 9. Suburban stables, however, of
limited accommodation, having stalls for only two or three
horses, are most frequently built at the side of the house, and
approached from the road.

The Designs Nos. 6 and 7 (Plates 10 and 11), more
especially illustrate the difference in the arrangement of town
and country stables. In town the cost of land restricts the areas,
and also reduces the frontages of stables. This, together with
the rights of the adjoining properties and the necessary Acts
of Parliament, do not leave the architect the same scope for the
arrangement of his plan as he possesses in the country, or even
in the suburbs. In the latter case, where perhaps only one or
two horses are kept, the stabling can be built in a small inclosed

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 1 1

yard at the rear of the house, and should be approached, if
possible, by a lane or mews.

Where a stable is built in a mews, the length is at right- Stables in
angles to, and not parallel, as it should be, to the frontage. A "^^ws.
reference to Plate 1 1 will show, at a glance, the advantage of
the latter over the former arrangement ; more light is admitted
and a thorough ventilation is obtained, which can be regulated
at will.

The plan on Plate lo is that of some stabling in a mews
under the most favourable condition, having a yard at the
back, and the liberal allowance of 36 feet frontage, viz. 17 feet
6 inches for the stable^ and 19 feet 3 inches for the coach-
house ', a couple of apartments over the latter, well lighted and
ventilated, being thus obtained, with a hay-loft (30 feet by 17 feet
6 inches), in which the food can be prepared and passed down
a shoot into the bin at A. The coach-house in a mews, how-
ever, is often only 8 feet 6 inches, or 9 feet in width, and if
two carriages are kept, they are put one behind the other.
The minimum frontage which should be allowed for a coach-
house and stable of this description may be taken at 25 feet,
measuring from centre to centre of the party walls, which allows
1 5 feet 6 inches for the width of the stables, and 8 feet 6 inches
for the coach-house. Where a small area can be obtained in
the rear (or better still, the 100 feet superficial required by the
building Act for a divelling), a much better arrangement can be
devised, without which the harness-room must be lighted with
a skyhght, and the groom's apartments will be limited, or
entrench on the hay-loft.

It need scarcely be added that the loose box, which is
generally situated at the back, the best place all things con-
sidered, being the quietest part of the stable, is often dark and
difficult to ventilate, and in these respects unsuited to its
purpose.

An example of a stable for the country is shown by Design Design No. 8.
No. 8 (Plate 12), with a centre washing-house for the horses "Inclosed."

12 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

and carriage, having direct access to the stable, coach-house,
and harness-room ; and by means of a passage to a loose box,
entirely shut off by a 9-inch wall, carried up to the roof. The
coach-house is closed to the washer's room by revolving
shutters, and the stable and harness-room on either side by
ordinary doors. The hay and corn store is reached from
this central room, and has a pair of sliding doors over the
entrance gateway. The stable and loose box have a south-
western aspect. This plan may be varied on the upper floor
to provide a sleeping-room for the groom ; and the coach-
house could be also carried up to afford additional accommo-
dation if required. The whole is inclosed within the entrance
gates.
Stables on Owing to the value of land in towns, the plan referred to in

upper floors. ^^ preceding chapter of having stables on upper floors is now
becoming very general, and is a good substitute for the limited
accommodation obtained in a mews, especially as regards the
position of loose boxes. In such a structure the ground floor
can be devoted to coach-houses, with a central yard, ap-
proached through an archway, from which the upper floors
are reached by the necessary slopes, provisions being made on
each floor for the corn-stores, harness-room, washing-boxes,
&c., with an asphalted yard, and dwelling for the grooms upon
the roof. The stables in such a building can be well lighted
and ventilated from the roadway, and from the yard. Those
designed for Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell by the late R. C.
Roumieu, and illustrated on Plate 54, are thus described in
the Builder of April 15th, 1876: — "These premises have a
central open space (the height from the floor to ridge being
40 feet), round which, on the ground floor, are recesses for
eighteen vans and stabling for four horses, with store spaces
for straw and fodder, harness-rooms, and a yard for dung,
water-closets, &c., with a double inclined plane of an easy
ascent to the principal stable floor. On the stable floor are
stalls for thirty-five horses, and a loose box for a sick horse,

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 1 3

with a fodder-box and chaff-room. In the front towards the
street, in the floor above, are the stablemen's Hving and bed-
rooms, &c., with windows looking into the open space above
the stable, so that a view can be taken at any moment of the
whole of the stable on the upper floor. The area is lighted by
a continuous lantern, with lights to open upon centres, to
ensure good ventilation ; and gas is laid on for night."

The size and general proportions of an ordinary stable may Dimensions
be pretty accurately arrived at from its cubic measurement, of stables,
which ought to give from iioo to 1500 cubic feet of air per
horse; a minimum width of 16 feet 6 inches, or from that to
18 feet, according to the arrangement of the plan (which may
be modified by the introduction of loose boxes), being sufficient
for a stable having a single row of stalls, as shown on Plates
4, 6, 8, 10, II, and 12. Taking the first-named width of
1 6 feet 6 inches, being 9 feet 6 inches from the wall to the
centre of the heel-post, and 7 feet for the passage, with a width
for each stall of 6 feet 2 inches from centre to centre of parti-
tions, and a height of 12 feet to the ceiling, a cubic contents of
1 2 2 1 feet per horse is obtained. For a stable containing a
double row of stalls having a ceiled roof and passage in the
centre, as much as 29 feet is sometimes allowed, as shown on
Plate 56. Taking 9 feet 6 inches for the stalls, 10 feet for the
passage, and 1 2 feet for the height, this gives a cubic capacity
of 1073 feet, scarcely sufficient if there were no opening in the
ceiling, which, in this case, utilises the space in the roof The
author considers that for ordinary horses, where a stable of
this kind is ceiled, a width of 28 feet and a height of 13 feet,
are the most desirable dimensions, giving a cubic contents of
II 2 2 feet per horse ; but that if open to the roof, as shown on
Plate 41, 27 feet in width is sufficient, being 8 feet for the
passage, and 9 feet 6 inches for the stalls on either side, with
a height of i o feet 6 inches to the underside of the tie-beam, or
springing of the roof This gives a cubic contents of 1260 feet ;
but this question is largely dependent on that of ventilation,

14 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Convertible
stalls and
boxes.

and is further dealt with in Chapter V. The length of a stable
can be easily obtained by multiplying the width of the stalls
(say 6 feet 2 inches) by the number of horses to be accom-
modated in a single row, and by half the number to be provided
for in a stable with a double row of stalls. The stables above
described are suited for carriage and coach horses, hacks, and
the like, and have an available area in the stalls of 57 feet, but
this would not be sufficient for racers or hunters, or the larger
class of horses devoted to heavier work.

Several schemes have been devised for converting two
stalls into a loose box, or a loose box into two stalls. The
middle heel-post a^ Fig. i, consists of a column secured at the
base, and also at the roof, with two revolving sockets, top
and bottom ; through this the centre portion b of the two

Fig. I.

i

» —

a.

— ... ..^

c
t

Fig. 2.

-^ —

i^

'-•-••''>•

.. r

Fig. 3.

I I r

4 1

I
I

1
J i

h h h

Jo feu-.

stalls is made to slide, and thus close up the posterior ends of
the stalls by a quarter turn of the column, the door to this
converted loose box being in the outside partition at c.
Another arrangement. Fig. 2, consists of a movable heel-
post at d^ and a head-post turning on a pivot hinge at e.
This renders the area /, however, a useless space, liable to
accumulate dust and debris.

Neither of these plans are entirely satisfactory, for either the
stalls, as stalls, will be unnecessarily long in proportion to their
width, and suitable only for hunters, or there will be insufficient
depth in them for loose boxes, or not sufficient width for stalls ;

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 1 5

in fact, they must be either too large or too small, and are
deficient in, or overdone with, manger accommodation.

The movable parts, such as sockets and hinges, of all these
designs are made in brass, to prevent their being rusted up
when they are left some time without shifting.

Fig. 3 is a less costly and thoroughly practical arrangement Portable par-
for conversion, where it is desired to make temporary additional t^^^ons.
provision by putting up the movable partitions gg^ removing
the portions marked h, and thus converting the two loose
boxes into four stalls.*

A combination of loose boxes and stalls under the same Loose boxes
roof is the ordinary plan adopted in private gentlemen's stables, '^^^^ stalls.
and expense is considerably lessened by this arrangement, a
minimum area of 121 superficial feet (11 feet square) being
given to the boxes. On Plate 12 will be found a plan for a
small stable, having two stalls and one separate loose box with
washing-place in the centre, and coach-house at the back ; but
this very convenient provision for washing carriages and horses
has, in many cases, to be sacrificed to contingencies of space,
and the advantage of an isolated loose box is lost. On Plate 6
will be found a design for a more effectually detached loose box
than usual. A cube of 12, containing 1728 cubic feet, may be
taken as adequate for an ordinary loose box, which may be
increased to 2000 in those built expressly for infirmaries.

The several provisions, speaking generally, which give to Capacity of
each stable accommodation for twenty, twelve, or ten horses, stables,
afi'ord also the greatest facility for supervision, ten being a fair
allotment for one man. A stable, there-fore, containing twenty
horses would be provided with two attendants, and they would
have the advantage of mutual assistance, which is frequently
required, whilst a stable containing twelve or ten would have
but one man. There is, however, the liability of a more rapid
spread of epidemic with the larger number of horses in one
stable, and since assistance can soon be obtained in a yard, or

* See also Figs. 6 and 7, Plate 19, for portable partitions.

l6 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

from an adjoining stable, the smaller number, as arranged on
this plan (except where the nature of the site renders it
impracticable), may be considered the best.
Boxes for JIunters, owing to the exhausting character of their work,

hunters. should have plenty of room for recruiting and repose ; boxes,

as a rule, are most suitable for them, and these should be at
least 12 feet square ; this gives an area of 144 feet super, whilst
some authorities consider they should have double this amount,
to give them plenty of room to roll. Mr. G. Tattersall says
they should be 22 feet long and 13 feet wide, with a 12-foot
passage and height of 1 2 feet. Four or six boxes are sufficient
in one building, as the horses are less likely to be disturbed
when housed in small numbers, and the stable is more easily
kept at one temperature. It is convenient to have some of
them convertible into stalls upon the simplest principle.

A design for a stable for hunters is shown on Plate 7, in
which the stalls are 12 feet by 12 feet, and by means of a
portable heel-post and partition, can be converted into stalls of
the ordinary width (6 feet), and the six marked A can be made
into closed loose boxes by putting up doors in the position of
the dotted lines, and adding about 2 feet of partition, or the
temporary provision of a safety bar might be used (as shown on
Plate 18, Figs. 3 and 4).
Covered way, A covered way for exercising the horses under shelter, and
passing entirely round the yard, is a common and useful pro-
vision, and helps to shade the stables in the time of extreme
heat. It should be made 7 or 8 feet wide and 9 feet high.
Breeding In breeding stables the yard should be particularly well

stables. sheltered, the boxes having a south-west aspect and a dry soil.

For barren and brood mares they should be respectively about
12 and 15 feet square, with a well-screened shed to keep them
from the wet when they are allowed to be loose.
Racing " Nimrod," writing from his experience of the best type of

racing stables, seems to consider that the proportionate number
of loose boxes to stalls should be in the ratio of about six to

stables.

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 17

seven ; and in a model plan arranges them on two opposite
sides of a rectangular yard. The centre of one side is occupied
by a passage leading to a riding school at the back, on either
side of which are situated four boxes and four stalls. On the
opposite side, and in the centre, is the coach-house, with the
drying-room on one side, and the saddle and harness-room on
the other ; a building with six stalls for hacks on the left-hand
side of the yard, and four more loose boxes on the right, occupy
the remaining spaces, thus leaving a free passage for air
between the two ranges of buildings. The rooms for the boys
are placed over the drying-room, coach-house, and harness-
room, and the hay and straw loft over the stalled stable. The
stalls are 6 feet wide by 12 feet deep, with a 12-feet walk in the
rear, and the boxes 10 feet wide and 18 feet in depth. A pump
occupies the centre of the yard.

On farms, the stable-buildings, in the form of a quadrangle (a Farm stables,
shape in which all large stabling is now usually built), are a
conspicuous portion of the homestead group, and a south or
west aspect in the yard can generally be selected without detri-
ment to the other buildings; in fact, where stables are built
with a passage in the centre, and stalls on either side, and with
windows opposite each other, to produce a through ventilation,
an east and western aspect is by no means a bad one, provided
the stables are well sheltered from the extreme severity of the
easterly winds. Farm-stables, like those for omnibus and tram-
way horses, should be plainly and strongly built, but with the
same regard to sanitary requirements, and precautions against
damp, that are considered necessary for more valuable horses.

Having decided the number of horses for which provision has Hay and cora
to be made, the position of the corn-store and hayloft depends ^^°^^s.
chiefly on the site, but the storage cannot be conveniently
separated from the cutting, bruising, and mixing of the food
especially if large quantities have to be dealt with ; and where
machinery is used for this purpose the engine-house should be
divided from the stores by a party wall (as a precaution against

C

1 8 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

fire), through which the motive power can be transmitted for
working the several appHances, as shown on Plates 47 and 48.
Even where horse-power is used, as in the case of the South-
ampton Tramways (Plate 53, Fig. 2), it is better, for obvious
reasons, to have a party wall.

Like the coach-house, the corn-store may be a separate

building, or.

together

with the

grooms

Preparation
of fodder.

apartments, form a
portion of a central block. In Plates i, 2, and 3 it will be
seen that the author has placed the corn-store and mixing-room
over the coach-house, accessible for storage from the public
road, but reached by a staircase only from the yard.

It is advisable to have the water tank in the immediate
locality of the stores, with a stand-pipe and hose in connection
with the supply, as fully described in Chapter VII.

The hay may be stored and cut on the first floor, the corn
being stored, bruised, and mixed with the cut hay, delivered by
means of a shoot, on the floor below, as designed at the stables
at Portswood; or the whole operation may be performed on
the first floor, as shown on Plate 53, and the food lowered in
sacks.

These operations are performed by the London General
Omnibus Company, principally at their central depots, and the
mixed food is thence despatched in sacks by three-horse vans
to the numerous stables situated in all parts of London ; and at
Southampton the stables at Shirley are supplied from the
depot attached to those at Portswood. In the former case the
cost is minimised by the concentration, owing to the large
number of stables supplied.

To obtain the area and capacity of a space to be devoted to
hay and corn j-j-^g storage of hay and straw, it is necessary to arrive at the
cubic contents they will require. A truss of new hay or straw
occupies about ii cubic feet, a space therefore measuring
8 feet 3 inches by 8 feet by 6 feet high will give a superficial
area of 66 feet, and have a cubic capacity of 396 feet ; it will
hold exactly thirty-six trusses (equal to one load), which, sup-

Distribution
of fodder.

Capacity of

PLANNING AND ARRANGEMENT. 19

posing a horse to consume 16 lbs. a day, would afford a supply
for 135 days, and taking the same area with a height of 9 feet,
it would provide for one and a half loads. On Plate 1 1 the
portion of the loft inclosed on the plan by the dotted lines and
marked a, is suggested as a space to be devoted to storing hay
and straw, the larger portion being for corn, machinery, and
mixing, and the remainder for passage.

A truss of old hay weighs 56 lbs., and a truss of new hay Cubiccapacity
60 lbs.; but various circumstances contribute to the fluctua- °^ hay.
tion of their cubic contents — the character of the grass land
from which the hay is cut, the size and consequent weight of
the stack (which may weigh from %Z lbs. to 200 lbs. per cubic
yard), and its age (hay is considered old after September).
The size of the trusses vary from 7-50 to 11*25 cubic feet;
the smaller measuring 3 feet by 2 feet by i foot 3 inches, and
the larger 3 feet by 2 feet 6 inches by i foot 6 inches.

It is calculated that for every acre of grass made into
ensilage, 300 cubic feet capacity of silo is required, and one
ton of ensilage is pressed into a space of 50 cubic feet.

Tramway and omnibus stables differ materially in their Tramway and
arrangement from those already dealt with as " Private Stables," o"^^ibus
additional buildings being required, such as the foreman's
dwelling, smithy, workshop, harness-maker's shop, and lamp-
room (which should be an isolated building), but as the harness
is kept in the stables, there is no necessity for a harness-room,
beyond the store in which provisional sets of harness are kept.
It is only in large establishments that a smithy is necessary,
and it is generally an economy in the case of omnibus and
tramway stabling to provide a fitter's and harness-maker's shop
a design for a smithy will be found on Plates 45 and 46.
The loose boxes are built in a row, and do not form part of the
stables ; they should be about 5 per cent, on the number of
horses provided for. One of these is often fitted up as a surgery,
as shown on Plate 37, and is used by the veterinary surgeon on
his periodical visits to the stables.

C 2

20 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Omnibus
stables.

Tramway
stables.

Manager's
offices, &c.

Plate 32 shows accommodation for 160 omnibus horses,
with provision in dotted Hnes for another 40, making 200 in
all. The hayloft in this plan occupies a position over two of
the stables (which contain 20 horses each, and are 54 feet long
by 25 feet wide). There is also a covered shelter for omnibuses,
formed with iron trusses, boarded and slated, and covering
part of the space between the tvvo ranges of stables, and under
which the horses are washed.

Plates 39 and 50 illustrate severally the arrangement of
the North London and the Cambridge tramway stables. The
former accommodates 120 horses (12 in each stable), and the
latter has eighteen stalls, a loose box, and two closed stalls for
restless horses, under one roof There is also a separate loose
box for isolation. In his design for the Southampton stables
(at Ports wood and Shirley), the author carried out much the
same plan as in North London, each stable being divided into
twelve stalls, but the awkward shape of the land at Portswood
did not admit of so convenient an arrangement of the other
buildings as at Ponder's End for the North London. In the
former yard, as at Cambridge, the corn store is over the car
shed, but the loft door opens to the yard instead of to the
public road, and the step ladder is placed in the mixing room,
as shown on Plate 53, Fig. 2, whereas at Cambridge the loft is
reached from the yard.

The manager's offices, or the foreman's dwelling, should be
at the gateway to the yard, or at the entrance to the company's
property, as on Plates 32 and 50. At Ponder's End the
manager's house was built at the junction where the company's
road to the stables leaves the highway ; at Poplar it forms the
first of a terrace built for the accommodation of the men. Suffi-
cient land is commonly taken for this purpose, and the men
thus become tenants of the company, and are in the immediate
vicinity of their work.

( 21 )

CHAPTER III.

CONSTRUCTION.

Shape of building — Treatment of foundations — Concrete— Outside walls —
Intermediate walls — Foundation walls — Relieving arches—Stone walls
— Walls on arches — Damp courses — Rounded edges — Recessed down
pipes and taps — Rough cast — Depeter work — Facing with tiles, etc. —
Smitliies — Dressing rings — Isolation — Division walls — Fireproof build-
ings— Fireproof floors — Concrete floors — Mr. Hyatt's system — Wood
floors — Posts for lofts — Sills — Stables on upper floors — Ventilating
partitions — Roofs — Lean-to roof — Common rafters — King-post roofs
— Queen-post roofs — Duties of tie-beams — Provisional strength of
members — Loft in roof— Open roofs — Gabled roofs — North London
Tramway roofs — Zinc roofs — Templates — Wrought iron roofs — Roofs
at Ponder's End — Slating and tiling— Covering for walls — Washable
distemper — Pointing — Tuck pointing — Colouring brickwork — Wells
— Well at Ponder's End — Abyssinian wells — Supply of water— Closets
and urinals — Trough closets — Slate urinals — Inclosure.walls — Inclosure
fences.

All buildings for the purpose of stabling should be rectangu- Shape of
lar ; but this is often rendered impracticable by the shape of buildmg.
the site, as shown on Plates 50 and 53. Circular or oval
ranges of buildings are also sometimes erected for hunters,
with a view of obtaining a more convenient shape for the
covered ride usually attached, in the fofm of a verandah, to the
front of these buildings, and supported by iron columns ; but
in this form they are more costly in construction, and wholly
unsuited for ordinary stables.

After setting out the work upon the ground, the architect Treatment of
will be guided in the excavations by the character of his ^foundations,
design and the nature of the soil ; upon these the dimensions
of the trenches and the depth and proportions of the concrete

Fig. 4.

Concrete.

22 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

will depend. This will vary considerably in the case of stable
buildings, but should never be less than 9 inches under the
foundations of a corn store, for instance, or the walls of
stables which are built in several floors. A section of an
ordinary stable wall, 14 inches thick, with the level of the
floor, is shown on Fig. 4 ; but even here the depth of excava-
tion may occasionally require ex-
ceptional treatment. A case of
this kind occurred to the author,
where a peat bog occupied a con-
siderable area of the site, with a
depth of 10 feet to the gravel upon
which it was proposed to build. In
this instance, holes were sunk to
the gravel, and piers of concrete, 3 feet square, carried up to
within a short distance of the ground-level ; arches were then
thrown from pier to pier, consisting of three rings of brick in
cement, rising slightly above the finished level of the stable
floor, and upon these the walls were built ; by this means a
great saving was effected in the brickwork, and the stalls
were unusually dry.

A good concrete, giving the proportions of i in 8, is to be
obtained by the use of the boxes shown in Fig. 5.

A to be filled once with cement ..
A ,. .. twice with washed sand ,

cubic feet,
equal to 3*85

»>

>>

once with screened gravel

7-70
19*3

70 »

27

CONSTRUCTION. 23

This is not equal to a cubic yard of concrete mixed, which
takes 30 cubic feet of ballast and sand, and 3 J cubic feet of lime,
measured dry. Thames ballast contains about two parts of
gravel to one of sand.

All outside walls for stables should be one and a half brick Outside walls,
thick, as damp and cold easily penetrate through 9-inch work.

In the walls forming the divisions between stables, piers Intermediate
14 or 18 inches wide may be used, as shown on Plates 34 and ^^ ^*
35, by which means the intermediate brickwork can be reduced
to 9 inches, the piers projecting 2J inches from either face of
the wall, but they should occur at those places only where the
principals of the roof are sustained, and will be improved in
appearance if the angles are finished with bull-nosed bricks ;
it is better, however, to carry the 14-inch work to about 3 feet
9 inches from the level of the floor. This is especially
necessary where provision is made by brick corbelling for the
support of the manger, as shown on Plate 20, Fig. 4 ; and care
must be taken in construction that the sailing courses, as they
are termed, consist entirely of headers built in cement ; each
of the four courses (the extreme projection of which is
4 J inches), should break joint with the one below it ; all brick
corbels should be executed in this way ; those for the support
of wall plates, for instance, though the author does not recom-
mend their use.

The brickwork in all cases should be carried through beneath Foundation
the openings for doors, drains, &c., and the fixing of the door- '*^^^^^-
frames to the brickwork should, in the case of stables, be
especially strong. The frames should.be secured by pieces of
hoop-iron screwed to three wooden bricks built firmly into the
brickwork at equal distances on each side of the opening, and
these, together with all other frames, bedded and pointed in
lime and hair.

Relieving arches must also be turned over ; all the openings Relieving
as shown on Fig. 6, which illustrates the window of a corn ^^^ ^^'
store, swung on pivots.

24 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Stone walls. If the Stables are built in stone countries, of rough, irregular,
or laminous materials, the external walls should be at least
20 inches thick, and built and pointed in cement up to the
level of the paving when the soil is such as to require special
prevention against damp.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

UUJUJ

□noon

«—

..<»' ^-'-

Walls on
arches.

Damp
courses.

Rounded
edges.

The walls are sometimes built on arches, with a view of
cutting them off more thoroughly from damp.

Stoneware forms one of the best materials now in use for damp
courses. It is made for this purpose in the form of vitrified
blocks, with groove and tongue joints, to suit any thickness of
wall, as shown by Fig. 7. Staffordshire bricks built in cement,
two thicknesses of slates also in cement, or asphalte J inch
thick, are effectual also as damp courses. A dry area even, all
round the building, may be sometimes rendered necessary in
swampy districts ; in fact, the more the damp is cut off, by the
intervention of space, the better ; and this is the chief value of
the stoneware damp courses.

All sharp corners, liable to injure the horses, should be
avoided ; the angles in the yards, and especially the outside
edges of all door jambs (where the doors are not hung flush
with the outer face of the wall, in which case they should be
rounded on the inner angle), are unsafe, unless carried up with
rounded corners to the height of at least 8 feet, as shown in
Fig. 8, and also on Plate 27. This is done with a specially
moulded brick (Fig. 9), known as " Cliff," or " Burt's No. 8
bull-nosed bricks." These bricks may also be advantageously
used in forming window-sills, where the windows are so low
down as to render the ordinary square stone projecting sill a

CONSTRUCTION.

25

possible cause of injury to passing horses ; in this case they
must be built in flush with the wall.

Cast-iron rain-water pipes, and even water taps, are best Recessed
protected by being recessed in the walls, as they are necessarily ^ojj P^P^^

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

more liable to be broken in stables than in other buildings.
The former should be in chases, built as the work progresses,
by inserting a piece of wood of sufficient scantling for the
diameter of the pipe, and building round it to the required
height. It will be seen in the accompanying designs that the
down pipes, both in and outside the buildings illustrated are
mostly recessed (see /, Plate 39).

A good effect is produced for the walls of stables and coach- Rough cast,
houses by the use of rough castwork; the mixture for this
purpose is made with washed gravel, mixed with hot hydraulic
lime and water. This is cast upon a prepared surface from
large trowels whilst it is in a semi-liquid state. To prepare the
ground a layer of coarse stuff is " pricked up," upon which a
second layer of a similar kind is spread. Whilst the latter is
wet, and in progress, the material is thrown upon it, and forms
a rough coating, which is at once coloured with lime-wash and
ochre.

A still better result may be obtained by what is known as "Depeter
" Depeter," consisting of small stones pressed into the material ^°^^*
whilst soft. Both of these operations may be performed on
the outer surface of rough brickwork, or upon brick nogging,

26 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Facing with
tiles, &c.

Smithies.

and have found considerable favour in rustic designs for stabling,
especially in conjunction with ornamental tile facing. But the
character of the construction, as well as the materials used, are
dependent largely on locality, and may be influenced also by
the style of existing buildings.

A cheap and effective method of covering the gables, and
walls of the upper floors of stable buildings, often used in union
with rough cast and half timber work, is illustrated by Fig. qa,

and also shown on Plates 6 and 7.
Fig. 9a. The face of the timber framing is

covered with oak laths and tiles,
the hidden and upper part of each
tile being pointed with lime and hair
mortar. The framing may be
finished on the inner side with the
usual lath and plaster, or treated as
brick-nogging, and filled in with
brickwork of the necessary thick-
ness. Ornamental concrete slabs,
plain or stamped with a pattern, may be also successfully
employed.

Smithies are only used in large establishments where special
buildings are required for shoeing. Omnibus and tramway
stables are usually provided with them, and also with fitters^
and harness-makers' shops.

The author has found that the design on Plate 45 has
afforded general satisfaction to the several companies for whom
it has been built. The whole of the hearth is constructed in
brickwork in cement, including the hood, which is supported
by a wrought angle iron 4 inches by 4 inches by i-inch, in such
a manner that the weight is thrown effectually on to the outer
wall. The flues of these hearths should always be cored
throughout with cow-dung mortar. It will be seen by referring
to the sections on Plates 45 and 46, that the light, which if
possible should be northerly, is admitted from a nearly vertical

CONSTRUCTION. 27

sash fixed at the height of 1 3 feet, immediately under the slope
of the roof, and should have an available area of one-tenth of
that of the walls.

A smithy of this size will afford sufficient accommodation for Dressing
200 horses, and dressing-rings are provided, as shown at R, on ^^^S^.
Plates 45 and 46, for the shoeing of three horses at a time ;
these are firmJy bolted through the wall, as exhibited in detail
on Plate 46, Fig. 2.

Loose boxes, when designed for large stables, as shown on Isolation.
Plates I, 32, and 39, or exclusively for the use of invalided
horses, can only properly fufil their purpose by being not only
built as far away as possible from the other stables, but by
being separated completely from each other.

The division wall should, therefore, be carried up to the Division walls,
under side of the roof, or continued in inch boarding as shown
on Fig. 2, Plate 37. The walls should be rendered in cement
or carefully pointed, and, together with the inside of the louvres
in the roof and all internal woodwork, be frequently limewhited.
The walls dividing these boxes may be one brick in thickness,
but ail the external walls should be built in i\ brickwork.
They are provided with eaves, gutters, or with parapet walls,
double-tile creasing, and cement fillets, as shown on Fig. i,
Plate 37. The roof in this case is covered with zinc, and the
wall plates are partly supported by corbels of brick in cement.
The louvres are covered with close f-inch boarding and plain
zinc.

The question of fireproof buildings is one which has for some Fireproof
years past exercised the ability of the profession, with, until buildings,
lately, very little practical result. It is certain that wood has
often more effectually opposed the destructive progress of a
conflagration than iron.

If floors cannot be made absolutely fireproof, they can be Fireproof
constructed to check the progress of fire. Those of the hay floors,
and corn stores, upon Plates 3, lo, 11, and 12, are designed
with a view of protecting the iron used in the construction as

28 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Concrete
floors.

Mr. Hyatt's
system.

Wood floors.

much as possible from the action of the heat ; for the destruc-
tion of a building, in the event of fire, where iron girders are
exposed, may be pretty safely anticipated. Fig. lo shows a
longitudinal section in part, of a concrete floor composed of

one part of Portland cement,

Fig. IO. i. r j j r

one part of sand, and four
parts of broken flints or pum-
mice-stone, sufficiently small
to pass through a ring if
inches in diameter; a layer,
2 inches thick, of metallic
paving is spread on the top of
the concrete, and the under surface covered with Hitchings*
patent fireproof plaster, forming a ceiling to the floor below.
A floor of this description, or finished with i\ inch of asphalte,
presents an excellent surface for mixing the food upon, and
the posts of the corn-bins, shown in Figs, i, 2, and 3, Plate
54, can be fixed firmly into the concrete while the work is in
progress. The concrete must be perfectly set where asphalte
is used, before it is laid on.

The method of constructing floors by embedding wrought-
iron grills in cement or plaster of Paris (answering the purpose
of our concrete*), was first used by the French, and was adopted
for the floors of the Louvre.

Mr. Thaddeus Hyatt has gone very deeply into the use of
concrete for floors, and has published a work, the result of
many experiments, which shows conclusively the great strength
of floors having wrought-iron cores embedded in this material.
Although preference should be given to these floors for corn
stores, and where machinery is used, over those of the ordinary
construction in wood, a very perfect close-jointed floor may be

made of the latter material, in favour of which a

strong

pre-

judice exists, as it is reputed not only to maintain but improve
the condition of grain. On Plates 47 and 48 will be found

* The Systeme Thusne, Systeme Vaux, and others.

CONSTRUCTION.

29

a floor of this description. In this case the joists are 9 inches
by 3 inches, and 26 feet 6 inches long ; they are supported in
the centre by a longitudinal girder, 10 inches by 4 J inches,
40 feet long, and resting at either end on the stone template of
a brick pier and built into the wall, with three cast-iron columns
as its intermediate supports. The joists have two rows of
herring-bone strutting, one on either side of the girder, and are
15 inches from centre to centre. The columns, which are
shown in detail by Fig. 5, Plate 54, are 9 feet 9 inches in height,
and weigh 3J cwt. each. They are socketed into a block of
Portland stone, resting on concrete. The boards are i J inches
thick, planed on the upper surface, and grooved and tongued
with hoop iron.

Posts of wood are also used as supports, in many cases fitted Posts for
into cast-iron sockets, as shown in Fig. 7 on the same Plate, ^*^^^^'
bedded on stone or concrete, and tenoned into the under side
of the girder. The floors of corn-stores should be made to
carry a weight of 2 J cwt. per foot super.

The floor of the corn-store and hayloft
over the car-shed at Cambridge was
boarded, and Fig. 11 shows a section of
the oak sill and rolled girders carrying
the floor over the gateway to the car-
shed at H, on Plate 51.

The construction of stables upon upper
floors, referred to in the last chapter,
may be carried out in two different ways ;
either by means of arches built in rings, of
brickwork in cement and springing from
rolled or cast-iron girders (the former are
now in most frequent use), or of rolled-iron joists bedded in
concrete, as previously described, the method now most com-
monly followed.

In those erected for Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell's stables,
the former method was adopted. The brick arches, carrying

Fig. II.

Sills.

Stables on
upper floors.

30 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Ventilating
partitions.

the first floor (13 feet above the ground level), were filled m
and levelled up with finely-broken bricks, upon which was spread
a layer of Messrs. Wilkinson's granite paving, V'joi^^^d, in
imitation of stones. The inclined approaches, branching to the
right and left, having a slope of i in 5, the ascent commencing
with a single incline at the back of the yard, were covered with
planks, having wood fillets firmly spiked on at every 30 inches,
and the surface was tarred. It is kept constantly and thickly
strewn with tan.

The stall partitions have ventilating partitions of iron resting
upon small blocks of stone, thus raising the sill about 3 inches
above the level of the floor, and giving a through ventilation to
all the stalls, as shown in Fig. i, Plate 18.

A large iron tank supplies the water-troughs, and a hose was
arranged for the purpose of washing down the stalls, and also
for use in the event of fire. A section and plan of these stables
will be found on Plate 55.

The treatment of roofs is an important part of construction ;
in those for covering stables, as little iron as possible should be
used, as it rapidly corrodes and requires constant painting.
The span is seldom sufficient in a private stable to render it
necessary, for the sake of economy, that a roof framed entirely
in iron shall be used, as in the case of a livery stable-yard or
that of a shed for a tramway or omnibus company, where it is
also requisite to dispense with intermediate supports.
Lean-to roof. That which is known as a lean-to roof is used when the span
does not exceed 10 or 12 feet. It consists of common rafters
only (sometimes with an intermediate purlin), these are 12 inches
apart, notched on to a wall-plate on one wall, and resting
against or buflt into the other, against which the roof leans.

Above this span, and up to 20 feet, the common rafters are
carried by a central ridge, from which they slope to the wall-
plate on either side, at an angle depending on the nature of
the material with which the roof is covered ; they are braced
by a collar-tie, and, when there is a ceiling, are additionally

Roofs.

Common
rafters.

CONSTRUCTION. 31

strengthened by the ceiUng joists bemg secured to the foot of
the rafters.

For roofs from 20 to 30 feet span, a king-post and principal King-post
rafters are required, which, together with the struts, form what ^°°^^-
is known as a truss, or principal, and sustain the purlins in a
longitudinal direction about every 10 or 12 feet, and upon
which, in their turn, the common rafters are supported, as
shown on Plate 35. Above this span it is usual, if timber is Queen-post
employed, to use a queen-post roof. ^^^ ^*

The thickness of the tie-beam for the roofs of lofts and Duties of tie
stables varies with the purposes it may be called on to fulfil, but ^^"^^'
in wood is rarely made so light as to perform its duties as a tie
cnly. It has often to carry the weight of shafting or of a ceiling,
and to withstand the effect of machinery in motion, as shown
on Plate 48 ; or it may have to support the bales and the poles
from which they are suspended, as shown on Plate 35 j or,
through the heel posts, may have to resist the shocks from the
vagaries of a kicking horse j it may also have to carry the floor
of a loft.

A case is illustrated on Plate 41, where the members of the Provisional
roof were made of extra (provisional) strength, with a view to niembers^
the conversion of the buildings into fitter's shops for the
introduction of steam tramways.

The best accommodation for the storage of fodder, when it Loft in roof,
is considered desirable to utilise the space in the roof for the
purpose of a loft, will be found in the method of construction
illustrated on Plate 43, Fig. 2.

The design for the open roof on -Plates 34 and 35, and Open roofs,
that also on Plates 40 and 41, have both been found successful
examples in practice. The interior of such roofs may be pre-
served and kept wholesome by being wrought and painted, or
left rough and well-sized and limewhited.

The somewhat complicated construction of roof shown in the Gabled
first of these designs has two gables at right angles with the ^°°^^-
longitudinal section of the king-post r«of, for the purpose of

32 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

lighting and ventilation, with a shutter on butt hinges in each,
and a smaller gable with louvres at the opposite end. This
roof is covered with corrugated tiles.
North London The roof illustrated by Plates 40 and 41 is covered with
Tramways Vielle Montagne zinc of the Italian pattern, and therefore, but
for the above-named provision, might have been made lighter
in some of its members. This is laid upon i-inch diagonal
boarding, wrought on the underside for painting, with wood
rolls or rafters if inch wide nailed to it, the latter being
rounded to receive the corrugations c^ the zinc, as shown on
Fig. 12. Where the boarding is dispensed with, the rafters are

3 inches by ij inch.

Fig. 12.

Zinc rcofs.

Templates.

Wrought
iron roofs.

The additional depth is also used with the boarding, and
allows a space for air between the two materials, an advantage
(where zinc of sufficient thickness is used) in a stable or corn
store.

The pole plates, purlins, and longitudinal timbers of the-
stables above referred to rest on small York stone templates
9 inches by 9 inches by 3 inches, built into the walls, whilst
those of the girders, to which the heel posts are tenoned, are
18 inches by 9 inches by 3 inches. It is not a good plan to secure
the heel posts to any members of the roof, the timbers of which
should be made of sufficient section to transmit its weight to
the external walls. In this case the longitudinal girders do not
support the principal of the roof, and a slight camber is given
to the tie-beam.

For the covering of yards and sheds, where the span is over
30 feet, wrought-iron trusses are preferable to wood ; although
the purlins to receive the boarding should be of the latter
material. These may be secured to the principal rafters either

CONSTRUCTION. 33

by knees, or by small L-irons running the entire length of the
purlins.

The roofs of the car-sheds at Ponder's End are illustrated on Roofs at
Plates 42, 43, and 44, and show the construction and details of Po^^^^'^ End.
a roof with wrought-iron trusses for a span of 40 feet. These
roofs were glazed for the length of 7 2 feet on either side, with
Rendall's patent glazing, which does not require the use of
putty, a method not only successful in keeping out the wet, but
in providing against the dripping of the condensed water
from the under surface of the glass. The other portions
of these roofs were covered, like the stables, with zinc of the
Italian pattern and No. 16 gauge.

Slates and tiles are both indifferently used for the roofs of Slating and
stable buildings, but the latter are more in harmony with the filing,
style of building usually adopted for this purpose in the
country.

In all well-finished stables the rough surface of the brick- Covering for
work over the mangers should be rendered with cement, or ^^^^^^
covered with glazed tiles or other material of a non-absorbent
nature, such as slate, to a height of at least 2 feet above the top
of the manger, as shown on Plates 40 and 41, the remainder
of the walls, if economy is to be considered, being carefully
pointed and well whitewashed in two coats. In private stables
this space cannot be better treated than with tiles, as in Plates
5 and 9. Where there is plenty of light, however, the highly
glazed white tiles, which are a great advantage in a dark stable,
have been found to try the eyesight of the horses. This has led
to the manufacture, by the St. Pancras Iron Company, of a tile
made of glass, which, with a slightly roughed and veined surface
of green, is very effective and perfectly non-absorbent. Under
the mangers the wall is better covered with matched boarding,
to correspond with the stall divisions, or rendered with cement.

If the whole surfaces of the walls are covered with plaster or Washable dis-
cement, an agreeable tint of great durability can be given to temper,
them by the use of Duresco distemper or Morse's water-colour,

D

34 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Tuck point
ing.

Colouring
brickwork.

both of which can be washed without injury to the surface, and
are much less expensive than paint for inside work. The
Duresco will cover, in two coats, from 200 to 300 square yards,
and for outside surfaces (such, for instance, as the dado, shown
on Plate 42) from 100 to 200 square yards.
Pointing. The best description of pointing for all stable buildings is

" a neat struck and ruled joint " for the outside work. Tne
internal walls, when prepared for whitewash only, to be finished
with what is called " a neat struck and fair joint," the walls
being well cleaned down and stopped.

Tuck pointing for external work is not durable, and it is
better to confine this description of pointing to the arches of
doors and windows, and the decorative parts of cornices, where
coloured bricks are used, to quoins, &c., and where it can be
executed in putty.

The custom of colouring brickwork has become objectionably
frequent, and is generally done to hide the inferior quality of
the bricks, or to conceal defects in the work ; it has also an evil
effect on the lime used in the pointing.
Wells. A great deal of importance is necessarily attached to the

water supply of stables, which, if not supplied by a company,
is usually drawn from a well. There are often circumstances
in which it can be obtained from a reasonable depth, and free
from impregnation ; such an opportunity presented itself to the
author at Ponder's End.
Well at The water for these stables was drawn from a stratum of

Ponder s End. gj-g^yel resting on the London clay. The well, which was situ-
ated between the New River and the River Lea, yielding a
constant and liberal supply of pure water (which had been well
filtered by its passage through 10 feet of gravel and sand), was
lined with rock concrete tubes. These tubes, shown on
Fig. 13, are silicated by the Victoria Stone Company's process,
are made of a dense cement concrete, and have been for many
years in use in the United States. They are manufactured by
Messrs. Sharp, Jones, & Co., for sewers from 12 to 36 inches in

CONSTRUCTION.

35

Fig. 13.

Abyssinian
wells.

diameter, the larger size being well adapted for steining wells,
and where extra strength is required on account of additional
depth they can be cemented at the joints and surrounded by
concrete. Those used at Ponder's End
were 3 feet inside diameter^ 2^ inches
in thickness, and 3 feet in depth, and
weighed 250 lb. each. They had an
O.G. edge for joining, which can be
rendered watertight with cement.

The author has also been successful in
obtaining an abundant supply of water
by the use of Messrs. Legrand and
Sutcliffs Abyssinian tubes. Three of
these were sunk and connected with an
horizontal cast-iron main, and the number may be easily
multiplied to meet an increased demand.

It will be clearly seen that the quantity of water supplied by Supply of
these wells does not so much depend on the diameter of the ^V^^^""-
tubes, as upon the character of the stratum from which the
supply is drawn, and it is better in most cases to sink a series
of 3-inch tubes, about 30 feet apart, and connect them as above
described, than to depend on one of larger diameter.

Closets and urinals for the men engaged in a stable yard Closets and
should be erected in a part where they are least in view, and ^""^^^•
be protected by a screen wall, as shown on Plate 49 ; this
illustrates a closet of rather a primitive description, but of the
kind which is chiefly constructed for large stable yards, con-
sisting of a trough with 4j-inch brick in ..cement dwarf wall as a
riser, with 4j-inch by 2i-inch fir kerb built into the walls at
each end, and notched into the sills of the separating screens.
The trough a is built up in concrete and rendered (J inch
thick) in Portland cement, having a slope of i in 24 to the out-
fall, and is provided with a valve by which it can be freely
flushed. The walls are pointed and twice limevvhited. The
flooring is formed of 6 inches of broken brick, covered with

D 2

36 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Trough
closets.

3 inches of metallic paving. The roof is of zinc (No. i6
gauge), on |-inch rough boarding. The door frame has a
transom, over which it is left open for ventilation.

A series of closets upon this principle, of a somewhat better
description, having an earthenware trough and automatic
flushing apparatus, as shown in Fig. 14, has been patented by
Messrs. Bowes, Scott, & Co.

Fig. 14.

Slate urinals.

Inclosure
walls.

The best description of urinals for stable yards, are those
v/ith slate divisions, which should not be less than 2 feet apart,
5 feet 6 inches high, i foot 6 inches wide, and i^ to if
inch thick. The riser forming the trough should be also of
slate, and fixed at an angle of 75° with the level of the
paving. The back may be of slate or of brickwork rendered
in cement.

The inclosure walls and fences of yards may be taken at a
minimum height of 7 feet ; an example of each, as erected at
Ponder's End, will be found in the positions A and ■ C, on

CONSTRUCTION, 37

Plate 39. The wall at A (Plate 25) is built of white stocks with
splayed plinth and details of red brick.

The piers of the entrance gates are the same, but are cham-
fered, and have a red brick necking fillet and Portland stone
caps.

On Plate 26 will be found the inside view and details of the Inclosure
fencing at C. The thick black hnes on the diagrams a and b ^^^^^s-
represent the saw cuts, by which the rails and vertical boarding
are obtained ; the former are tenoned into the oak posts, the
butt ends of which are left rough and charred up to ground
level.

38 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING,

CHAPTER IV.

DRAINAGE.

Drainage
requirements.

Open surface
channels.

Drainage requirements — Open surface channels — Wrought iron surface
gutters —Open brick channels — Channel bricks and blocks — Drainage
of loose boxes — Outlets of gutters — Granite open gutters — Wrought
iron covered surface gutters — Drainage in relation to paving — Slope of
stalls — Steep inclines — Underground drainage — Jointing pipes in clay —
Cement joints — Filling in — Velocity in pipes — Manholes — Inspection
pits — Ventilation — Yard gullies — Iron syphon traps — Earthenware traps
— Drainage of omnibus and tramway stables — Disposal of sewage —
Cesspools — Manure-pit with cesspool — Surface drainage — Rain water
— Advantage of soft water — Remarks.

The most perfect system of drainage for stables, is that which
carries away most completely, the largest volume of sewage in
the shortest space of time, and affects the surface level of the
paving least. The importance of this consideration can only
be thoroughly understood in connection with the succeeding
chapter.

Open surface channels are strongly to be recommended for
the interior drainage of stables ; they are freer in their action
than underground drains, as they are kept clean by the constant
sweeping and washing of the stable, and the difficulties which
arise from disturbing the surface of the ground in the event of
a stoppage, are confined to the main drain or the larger
tributaries in the yard. These channels can be made of the
material with which the stable is paved — viz., of brick, Wilkin-
son's or other metallic paving, or of iron. A good surface
gutter may also be formed in granite cubes, if they are carefully
selected, laid to proper falls, and pointed in cement; but

DRAINAGE. 39

this is more especially suited for the stables of the heavy kind
of draught horses.

A serviceable wrought-iron open-surface gutter is shown on Wrought iron
Plate 14, Fig. i, the invention of Mr. Spooner of the Royal ^^^^^^^
Veterinary College. It is roughed on the surface, and provided
with riveted lugs for bedding on concrete ; and, owing to its
shallow character, is easily kept clean. This kind of gutter is
only equalled by one of a similar curve, or slightly deeper,
executed in Wilkinson's granite asphalte, or some similar
metallic paving, and grooved to form a foothold, as shown in
Plate 14, Fig. 4. A gutter of this kind is more likely to keep
its level if laid upon concrete than upon the usual bed used for
these materials — viz., a depth of 6 inches of broken bricks, and
is without the disadvantage of joints, inseparable from iron
gutters of every description.

The ordinary open brick channel, shown on Plate 14, Fig. 2, Open brick
when formed of the hard semi-circular Staffordshire gutter channels,
bricks, wears too slippery, and yet presents so sharp an edge in
the gutter as frequently to cut the hocks of horses as they
stretch their legs over it or rise to their feet. With a view to
obviate this difficulty, the author designed the form of brick,
illustrated in Fig. 15, and on Plate 14, Fig. 3, which has the
advantage of the iron gutter, first designed by
Mr. Spooner, but afterwards somewhat modi- ^5-

fied in shape by the St. Pancras Iron Com-
pany. Although the stable may be paved
with brick, the gutter may be formed with
metallic paving, and sufficiently grooyed to
prevent any slipping on its rounded surface, which should form
a flat curve.

Channel bricks and blocks of various sizes, to correspond Channel
with the grooved, and chamfered bricks, of which the several ^^[JJ^^^^^g
pavings (more fully described in the succeeding chapter) are
composed, are made by several firms. Figs. 16 and 17, manu-
factured by Mr. J. Hamblet, are excellent shapes for the stopped

40 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

ends, and junctions of surface gutters. Fig. i8 shows a per-
forated gutter brick by the same maker.
Drainage of It is not SO easy to combine a complete system of open
surface drainage with the best method of paving a loose box.

Fig. i6. Fig. 17. Fig. 18.

loose boxes.

The most natural means would seem to be a central gully, to
which the watersheds of the floor may be made to converge with
the shortest gradient, and the liquid be got rid of as quickly
as possible. By any of the plans shown on Plate 13, A, B, C,
or D, the slope of the paving is reduced to the minimum, and
the floor of the box when grooved can be made practically
level. But there is a great advantage, in a sanitary point of
view, in having both stalls and loose boxes free from gulhes,
and this the author has endeavoured to obtain in his designs
shown on Plates 10 and 11, without making the slope any
longer in the loose boxes than in the stalls, by means of open
surface gutters.

The drainage of the loose boxes, shown on Plate 11, is
treated in the same way as in the stall <5, on Plate 13, and by
this means a very good system of open surface draining is
obtained with an easy slope to the principal drain, re-
presenting an incline of i in 80. On Plate 10, also, a system
of open surface drains is shown, and the slope of the loose box
is that of the stalls ; but, as a question of paving, as giving the
best foothold upon a grooved floor with the most level surface,
the principle of a covered gutter with a fall, or that of a central
trap, is undoubtedly the best.
Outlets of The square openings in the wall on either side of the door,

gutters. as shown on Plate 41, through which it is usual to discharge

the surface drainage into the gully immediately outside, do

DRAINAGE. 41

not appear sufficiently large, nor should they be situated in
positions to admit any draught to the detriment of the horses,
an objection which has been raised by the advocates of covered
drainage. A good position for a gully is immediately inside
the wall, if this objection is seriously entertained. Major-
General Sir F. Fitzwygram, in his work, suggests that an open-
surface gutter should be carried, not less than 12 feet beyond
i'.s passage through the wall, before joining the underground
drain, and considers it acts as a sort of natural trap to prevent
solid matter from passing into the drains, and also keeps the
effluvia from reaching the stable (see Plate 56), but both these
duties should be performed by an efficient trap. The whole
length of the surface gutter being well flushed in washing, the
liquid should pass at once through the wall ; and, by means
of a syphon trap and pipe, as shown on Plates 8 and 9, reach
the subterranean system quickly.

When open surface gutters are formed in the granite paving Granite open
of the passage, as in the tramway stables at Southampton, g^^^^^^'s*
however well the cubes may be laid, they should have a fall of
not less than i in 60, the gutter starting at a level with and
dividing its fall with the slope of the passage.

Wrought iron surface gutters, having perforated movable Wrought iron

covers, shown in Fisf. 1 0, are now much in use in stables where covered sur-
' b Ji face gutters.

open-surface gutters are objected

to, but they are more liable to be ^^^* ^^'

choked, and if left uncovered are

dangerous to the horse; while

those of cast iron are still less

desirable, as they are more liable

to be broken. The objection

that the litter in open-surface gutters is not kept so dry is

scarcely a vaUd one, since of the whole area of the stall, it is

only the actual surface of the gutter itself (a small one), that

will be especially dry, or dryer than it would be with an open

surface of sufficient fall.

42 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Drainage in
relation to
paving.

Slope of
stalls.

Steep inclines.

Underground
drainage.

The effective drainage of a stable depends a great deal upon
the material and character of the paving, which is dealt with in
the succeeding chapter. The stalls should not have a greater
incline than i in 80, or \\ inch in every 10 feet, unless they
are paved with granite, when it may be increased to i in 60 or
2 inches in 10 feet, as the rougher surface impedes the velocity.
On Plate 10 it will be seen that the granite paving at the head
of the stalls and loose box commences an inch lower in each as
it approaches the outlet at O, and this gives a fall of i in 60,
and the same to the gutter in the passage. On Plate 1 1 this
difference is increased to 2 inches, and the incline in stalls and
loose boxes reduced to i in 80 ; whilst the principal gutter has
the same fall to O.

A steeper incline than that of i J inch in the length of a
stall is not only unnecessary when the paving is of brick or
asphalte, but it puts a strain upon the horses and affects those
especially which do not lie down to sleep. Many consider that
a stall should be perfectly level, and for use in such instances
a gutter is made having a level wrought-iron perforated top
with cast-iron invert for bedding on concrete, and a slope of
I or I J inch in the length of the stall.

The section, Fig. 19 a, is that of a gutter, manufactured by
Messrs. Cottam and Willmore, having a fall of i in 120 (equal
to an inch in 10 feet), and used in union with
their syphon trap, shown in Fig. 2 6a. By the
use of these gutters the paving of a stall can be
made perfectly level in its length, with a fall, from
either side to the centre, of J of an inch for brick
and \ an inch for asphalte. The loose boxes can
be drained in the same way. The cover is made
very strong by an iron rib running along the centre, and alto-
gether it forms one of the best examples of surface drainage.

Vitrified stoneware pipes, with socket joints, form the best
description of underground drainage. They should be laid as
straight as possible, with a uniform fall, which for 4-inch • pipes

Fig. 19A.

DRAINAGE. 43

need not exceed i in loo, giving a velocity of 3 feet per
second; they should be without right-angled junctions or
sharp bends, and the gradients may be regulated in long
distances by a judicious use of cesspits.

These pipes are often jointed in clay, which can only be Jointing pipes
considered superior to cement in exceptional cases ; where, ^^ ^ ^^*
for instance, the ground is liable to subsequent settlement,
that would cause a fracture to a too rigid line of pipes. The
joints should have two layers of tarred yarn forced into the
bottom socket, and the entire remaining space between the
spigot and socket filled up with tempered clay, well driven
home with proper tools. The joint, externally, should also
be enveloped in a band of clay.

In most cases, however, the use of Portland cement is to be Cement joints,
recommended, in preference to clay, and it is sometimes
necessary to take the precaution of bedding the pipes half
way up in a concrete cradle. The caulking should be done
all round with oakum or gaskin, which will prevent the cement
escaping through the joints. Wooden scrapers should also
be used as the work proceeds, to remove any portions of
cement that may afterwards harden and stop the passage.
All liquid should be carefully excluded from the pipes until the
cement is set, nor should they be covered in until it has
completely hardened. It is a good plan to let the socket of
every pipe rest on a bedded brick that the joints may be
more effectually caulked. The cement used should consist of
one part of cement and two parts of clean sharp sand.

In all cases where the ground has "to be filled in, a liberal Filling in.
use of water by means of a hose should be allowed to run into
it, so that as firm a bed as possible may be obtained for the
concrete and paving.

Four-inch drain pipes, as shown on Plates 32 and 50, will Velocity in
suffice as branches from the stables and gullies, but they should P^P^^*
be of 6-inch diameter from the men's closets, and have a
fall of not less than i in 150, which will give the same velocity

44 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

as a 4-inch drain with a fall of i in loo, viz. 3 feet per second,
both pipes running half-full under the same conditions. A
9-inch pipe would have a fall of i in 225, a 12 -inch pipe a fall
of I in 300, and an 18-inch pipe a fall of i in 450. The size
of the main drain is regulated by the number of horses, but
is rarely required to be above 9 inches.
Manholes. Manholes, inspection, and ventilating pits are, with few

exceptions, necessary only in long lengths of drains ; but the
first of these is often required at important junctions. The
author was, on one occasion, obliged by the authorities to con-
struct a small manhole on premises where he was carrying out
some stable buildings simultaneously with a drainage scheme
for the town, as illustrated by the manhole h on Plate 39.
Plans and Sections of one of these manholes, with the angle
footiron used, are illustrated on Plate 49. It is of exceedingly
simple and inexpensive construction, and was built for an egg-
shaped sewer, 2 feet by 3 feet.
Inspection Pits for the purpose of inspection and cleansing are built

^^^^' with the pipes running through them, having a 2 -foot length of

pipe with a movable section, as shown on Fig. 20 ; by the

Fig. 20.

insertion of a chisel at the ends, the upper piece may be
detached, and replaced. The pits are closed in with air-tight
covers. A drain should be ventilated at every 300 feet. A
cement-jointed vertical drainpipe built into a chamber of brick
in cement is one of the simplest methods. The outlet should
have a strong cast-iron grating (bedded on cement brickwork),
as shown in Fig 21. The inside surface of the brickwork, at
both ends of the pipe being rendered J -inch thick with Portland
cement.

DRAINAGE.

45

Yard gullies may be made in the form shown in Fig. 22 Yard gullies.
of brickwork, built and lined with cement, having a 2-inch
York stone trap and cast-iron cover; or in stoneware up to

Fig. 21.

VENTILffTOn.

Section fi.B

1

Y-JA >

< ^

< >

< X

V

t

.

S S

>

< ^

< >

X V

\

< >

<J ^.^

< X

1

•^.A

- . /^

PLftM

18 inches diameter. The former is best suited for a large yard,
where there is a considerable flush of water and a very small
percentage of soil conveyed by the pipes ; but for small areas
and general purposes, the stoneware gullies. Figs. 23 and 24,

Fig. 22.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24.

manufactured by Messrs. Doulton, will be found most

effectual. They can be obtained with outlets of varying sizes .

The use of the syphon trap in some form or other, has Iron syphon

traps.

46 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

become now almost universal. The old-fashioned bell which
encouraged the lodgment of deposit, and was seldom properly
flushed, has never been satisfactory ; it was frequently rendered
useless by the removal of the bell for the purpose of sweeping
refuse into the drain, the trap often being thus laid aside and
not afterwards replaced. Fig. 25 is a production in which the

Fig. 25.

Fig. 26.

Fig. 26a.

syphon fomiing the trap for the drainage of a stable is cast
in one piece with the pot, and effectually prevents any tam-
pering with its action as a water seal. It can be had with
the outlet either at the bottom or the side. The trap Fig. 26
is even more simple in construction, and is easily cleaned ; but
more difficult to fix with the 4-inch earthenware pipes. In this

trap also, the syphon arrange-
ment forms a part of the pot
and cannot be separated from it.
The syphon trap illustrated
in Fig. 2 6a is another example
of improved stable drainage
when used in connection with
the gutter shown in Fig. 19A.
The latter passes through the
stable wall at h^ dispensing with
horse and mare pots and all
'■'^\^'>i>?:'\^X^is--''^^ underground dramage m the

stable.
Earthenware Fig. 27 is an earthenware syphon trap, shown also in plan
traps. on Plate 8, where it is built into the wall of the stable. These

traps are made with the outlet connection at the side or the

DRAINAGE.

47

back, as shown by the dotted Hnes. The ordinary size measures
8 inches square on the outside at the top, but they can be also
obtained in other sizes, and fitted either with iron gratings
or perforated earthenware covers.

Plates ^$, 34, and 35, illustrate the covered drainage of Drainage of
omnibus and tramway stables, containing a large number of

Fig. 27.

Fig. 28.

omnibus and

tramway

stables.

horses in each building. The stable illustrated on Plate ^$
contains twenty horses, and has an area of 1350 feet super.
It is trapped by two brick gullies (14 feet from each end wall)
built in 4^inch brickwork and also rendered inside with
cement ; they are 1 2 inches square, their depth being regulated
by their position on the line of pipes. The pot is of strong
cast iron, shown in Fig. 28. The loose boxes shown on Plate 37
are each drained in the centre by a similar gully, the paving
having a uniform fall of i in 50 from all sides. These boxes
are 10 feet by 10 feet, and have, therefore, an area to be
drained of 100 feet.

The ultimate disposal of the sewage, after its passage through Disposal of
the pipes, depends upon whether it is taken to a cesspool, often sewage.
the case with stables in the country, or to a system of public
sewers.

In the designs numbered i and 4, on Plates i and 7, it will Cesspools,
be seen that the drainage is taken to a central cesspool. It
will be necessary to describe the construction of the first of
these cesspools only, which acts in the double capacity of
cesspool and dung-pit, and is marked K on the plan. This
cesspool, designed to receive the drainage from the surrounding
buildings, is 6 feet in diameter and 9 feet deep, and contains

48 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

9 cubic yards. It is built in brick in cement in two half-brick
rings, well grouted, and resting on a bottom of Portland cement
concrete, which projects 6 inches beyond the external radius of
the wall, the latter having a backing of 9 inches of puddle, com-
posed of well-tempered clay. The interior is rendered through-
out in Portland cement ij inch thick. The top is domed over
with concrete, the upper surface sloping funnel-shape to a
central iron grating 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, acting also as
a manhole, through which the manure is drained into the
cesspool.
Mnnure-pit The manure-pit is 9 feet in diameter, and the walls are

with cesspool, c^^j-j-iefi y^^ to a height of 2 feet 9 inches above the level of
the yard. The whole can be covered with a roof if it is con-
sidered necessary to protect the manure from being diluted
by the rain which would filter into the cesspool, the more
solid refuse would be removed in the ordinary manner by a
barrow.

In large stables, a separate system of drainage is sometimes
added to receive the surface water, such as the washing of
the yard and the rainfall, and to convey it to an adjacent
ditch, and if this is done the value of the manure is con-
siderably increased.

As a large area is usually supplied by the roofing of stables,
it is often worth while to collect the rain water into a sub-
merged tank. This may be made entirely of concrete and
lined with cement, which has been done by tlie Author in three
or four cases. Earthenware pipes of 3-inch diameter with a
fall of I inch in 10 feet, are usually large enough for the
purpose, but where the length is considerable, 4-inch pipes are
necessary. The tank must of course be of corresponding
dimensions to the area of the roofs, taking the rainfall (in
London) at 24 inches per annum ; and the water can be raised
by an ordinary hand-pump.

It is unnecessary to comment upon the superiority of soft
water over hard for medical purposes, and for cleaning harness.

Surface
drainage.

Rain water.

Advantage
of soft water

DRAINAGE, 49

but for the former purpose it should be filtered, as it it likely
to collect impurities from the roofs; sometimes, by upward
filtration through sand and gravel, the tank itself may be made
to perform this duty.

The Author cannot pass from this section of his subject
without dwelling for a moment upon the imperative necessity
of the strictest supervision whilst the pipes for drainage are
being Ir.id, for errors may be then committed which cannot
always be afterwards detected, and if capable of repair, are only
so at considerable inconvenience and cost, when the drains
are covered in and the yard and stables are paved, and a great
many, or may be all, the pipes are under concrete.

E

50 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

CHAPTER V.

PAVING.

Requirements of paving — Adamantine clinkers and paviors — Tebbutt's
"safety brick" — Vitrified bricks — Paving with stocks — Examples of
paving — Herring-bone paving — Height of floor — Paving without con-
crete-— Preparing ground — Laying — Composite paving — Granite cubes
— Advantages of good paving — Difference in cost — Omnibus stables
— Various stone pitching — Cobble stones — Wood paving — Wood
flooring — Paving of smithy.

Requirements All paving should fulfil the following requirements^ viz. it
o pavmg. should be watertight, easily cleaned, durable, and not slipper}'.
These conditions maybe said to be most nearly approached by
the use of the adamantine or Dutch clinker, when bedded on
concrete. Very few of the latter, which has been in use for
centuries in Holland, now find their way into England, mainly
owing to our improved manufacture of an article equal, if
not superior in quality, and much less in cost.

The adamantine clinkers of the best quality, and in most
general use for first-class stables, causeways, yards, and pas-
sages, are 6 inches long, i j inch wide, and
Fig. 29. 2J inches deep. Laid flat it takes 70, on

^ X edge 120, and in herring-bone pattern 136,

to pave a yard super, and 1000 of this

dimension weigh 18 cwt. For stables they

are also made with chamfered edges as shown

in Fig. 29. A plain orange adamantine clinker may be

obtained, well suited for coach-houses, 6 inches by ij inch

by 2f inches deep ; of these the same number per square

Adamantine
clinkers and
paviors.

PA VING.

51

yard are required, viz. 120, and they weigh 20 cwt. per
1000. The clinkers above described have a sandy surface,
and a very agreeable colour, varying between a pale yellow and
a deep orange. K brown Welsh pavior is also manufactured,
chamfered on all the edges for reversing, and measuring
8 inches by 2f inches by 2f inches ; 60 of these will cover one
yard super, and 1000 weigh 37 cwt. These are made of the
same size in 6 panels, with semicircular grooves, but in this form
they weigh only 36 cwt. per 1000. Other varieties of these
bricks are to be obtained, composed, it is said, of the identical
clay from which the Roman pottery and bricks were made,
most of them either chamfered or traversed by V or semi-
circular grooves as in Fig. 30. The latter, where laid in
a diagonal direction with a central groove, or open surface
gutter, are most easily kept clear. This is illustrated on
Plate 6, and on Plate 13, in the stall d. The grooves may
have a maximum slope of \ inch in their length, equal
to I in 96. Fig. 31 exhibits a specially splayed brick to

Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

avoid the difficulty and waste of cutting for this description of
laying.

Paviors, with semicircular grooves crossing them diagonally,
are also made, to facilitate this method of paving, so that,
although the brick may be laid transversely with the stall, as in
A, Plate 13, the drainage will take a diagonal course towards
the centre.

The grooves of a paving should not exceed 5 inches in
distance, from centre to centre; but where the smaller

E 2

52 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Teblmtt's
" safety
brick."

size grooved clinker is used, this is reduced to if inch ;
whilst in those with a diagonal groove (the width of the brick
being 3 inches), the distance will be found to work to about
4;^ inches.

All descriptions of chamfered bricks must be truly moulded,
carefully laid, and well grouted, or they are open to the objec-
tion of allowing the urine and washings to soak into the
foundations, as they form channels at the joints. It is rightly
considered that by the use of the semicircular grooves, the drain-
age is rendered more efficient, and the paving can be laid at a less
inclination than it would otherwise require, say, \\ instead of
2 inches in the length of a stall. The V-shaped grooves and
chamfered joints are frequently not only too deep and sharp,
so that they secrete the refuse, and are not completely
cleaned by sweeping ; but the liquid does not pass in the
most direct line to the gutter, and is reduced in velocity by
the diminished gradient of a zigzag course, where the grooves
run at right angles with each other.

One of the strongest recommendations put forth by Mr.
Tebbutt, the inventor of an entirely new kind of stable brick,
is its facility for surface drainage. This brick has eight regular

circular protuberances on its surface,
as shown on Fig. 32, the knobs
being 2 J inches across, an inch
high, and f of an inch apart. They
possess something of the appearance
of the old cobble stones flattened
down, and have, to a great extent,
their advantage in giving a foothold,
without the imperfect drainage the old system created. The
rounded surface of each protuberance is intended to guide the
hoof downwards against the next knob, when foothold is re-
quired ; especially when the hoof is placed at an angle to the
floor in the act of rising. A very perfect system of drainage
appears to the author to be obtained in the use of these

Fig, 32.

PAVING. 53

bricks ; the straw resting upon the several raised surfaces,
allows the urine to be drained from beneath it, and a less
amount of material, it is claimed, is necessary, than is often
put down upon a slippery pavement, to render the foothold
less uncertain. The gutter brick.
Fig. 33, is laid in conjunction with ■^^'^•

this paving ; but the slope given to
form the channel should be suffi-
cient, with a flat surface between *Jv'"'^T^ ^^--^^^
the excrescences, to form a good
open surface gutter, without the
deep and narrow groove, which it may be found difficult to
keep clean and free, and was objected to so strongly in the old
form of cast-iron gutters. This paving has only been lately
used ; but in the stables where the author has examined it,
the opinion expressed by the grooms of the ease by which it
can be kept clean is in its favour. It may be added that it
has taken the Silver Medal at the International Inventions
Exhibition, and the Gold and Silver Medals at the last two
Architectural Exhibitions. Twenty-six will pave i yard.

Blue Staffordshire paviors, also known as vitrified or metallic Vitrified
bricks, are made with one, two, and three transverse V-shaped bricks.
grooves, and one longitudinal groove in the centre, thus a brick
9 inches by 4J inches is divided into 4, 6, and 8 panels ; they
are also made with a single transverse groove across the centre,
as shown in Fig. 2, Plate 14, giving two panels to each^ and of
sizes varying from that of a clinker to 14 inches by 9 inches by
4 inches. The following table (p. 54) gives those in ordinary
use, with the number required per superficial yard, and their
weights per 1000.

Clinkers, 6 inches by 2J inches by if inch on the face, are
also made in this material, chamfered and plain, and a useful
size, 9 inches by 4J inches by 3 inches on the face, with
semicircular grooves.

The bricks of this description, manufactured by Mr. J.

54 STABLE BUILDING ANDISTABLE FITTING.

Length.

Width.

Depth.

No. per
yard.

Weight

per

1000.

Length.

Width.

Depth.

No. per
yard.

Weight

per

1000.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

Super.

Cwt.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

Super.

Cwt.

9

4^

2

32

55

9

3

4^

48

80

9

4^

2i

32

63

«i

4i

2i

36

60

9

4^

2-1

32

67

8i

4

2i

40

50

9

4i-

2f

32

72

8

2|

2f

60

36

9

4.^

3

32

75

5i

5i

3

48

^5

9

3

3i

48

69

4i

4i

3

64

50

Paving with
" stocks."

Examples of
paving.

Hamblet, underwent a test by Mr. D. Kirkaldy, and were found
to offer a resistance to crushing of from 8,582 to 10,185 lbs.
per square inch ; they are, therefore, extremely hard and
durable 3 when broken they should be very dark in section, but
for first-class stables their sombre colour is somewhat against
them. An equally hard brick of a lighter colour would be
extensively used.

Ordinary stock bricks are frequently used for paving, but
they are too soft for the purpose ; they wear in uneven hollows,
and absorb and retain moisture, rendering the stable damp and
unhealthy. If used, they should be carefully selected, laid to
break joint, and a grouting composed of two parts of washed
sand and one of Portland cement, made to about the consistency
of cream, should be well worked into the joints. 36 flat, and 52
on edge, will pave i yard super; 450 weigh one ton.

Several methods of paving in brick, which may be either plain
or grooved, are illustrated on Plate 13. The loose boxes,
A, B, C, and D, are drained by a central syphon trap (Fig. 24),
to which the pavement, on each side, converges ; B having a
wrought-iron covered gutter, with a prolonged branch to carry
off the waste from the water-trough, which, in this instance, as
also in those of the stalls, a and d, form part of the mangers.
These two stalls are paved severally with transverse and diagonal
courses ; the former having a wrought-iron covered gutter, and
the latter, the open surface channel of wrought iron described

PAVING. 55

in the previous chapter. C illustrates a stall paved laterally with
grooved bricks, having a fall of \ inch to 3 feet 6 inches to an
open surface gutter, formed of the gutter-brick shown in Fig. 3,
Plate 14, or made in granite asphalte. The stall b could be
fitted with a covered or open surface drain, stopped at the
mitre, about 4 feet from the wall, where the fall from the
manger brings the drainage to a central point ; in addition to
this the slope, as shown in Fig. 4, Plate 20, may be formed
under the manger.

All these principles of paving have their several merits for Herring-bone
stalls and loose boxes, but the best effect in brick paving for P^^^^S*
passages, yards, causeways, and coach-houses is produced by
the herring - bone pattern. Fig. 34,
especially where clinkers are used. Fig. 34.

The floor of a stable, at the entrance, V^V^%/\/V/\/ ^^Jght of
should be at least 2 inches above the

general level of the yard, at a point in

a line about 10 feet at right-angles with

the outer face of the wall, to which

point it should fall in a uniform slope

forming the paved causeway running along the front of the

stables, illustrated on Plates i and 39, and upon which the

horses are usually groomed.

Bricks and granite cubes are sometimes laid in mortar on a Paving with-
bed of ashes or sand, where there is a good substratum of *^^^ concrete,
gravel, but it does not make permanent and substantial work.
Portland cement concrete forms the best bed for a floor,
whether it consists of brick, granite, wood, or cement, and
should be 6 inches deep, especially for heavy horses, to with-
stand the constant pounding of an iron-shod hoof.

Before the concrete is spread, the surface of the ground must Preparing
be prepared, being made perfectly solid and levelled to the g^°^^*^-
requisite falls. The materials should be gauged dry in boxes, and
mixed as described in Chapter III., the proportion being one
of Lias lime, or Portland cement, to seven of ballast. When

56 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

the concrete is set, the surface should be floated over with a
mixture of clean sharp sand and cement in equal proportions,
and levelled, with a straight-edge, to the thickness of about
\ of an inch, the bricks being thoroughly saturated with water
and laid in this state, allowance being made for embedding
them in the cement.

Laying. The Author has before referred to the necessity of care in

producing a uniform level, and regulating the joints, especially
of grooved and chamfered paviors ; and this can only be done
by separately adjusting them with a small trowel to a line
stretched along the proposed finished surface of the paving.
When the bricks are set, a mixture of pure cement, of about
the consistency of cream, should be spread over the pavement
and swept backwards and forwards with a broom, well into the
joints, being cleaned off at once with sawdust before it has
time to harden on the floor.

Composite Stewart's metallic paving, and Wilkinson's, of Newcastle, are

paving. practically of the same value as a paving, their chief ingredient

being Portland cement, laid on 6 inches of cement concrete,
or on a layer of 6 or 9 inches of clean broken bricks. Roughed
with semi-circular grooves they form a good flooring, and
without the grooves, are particularly suitable for corn stores
and coach-houses. When used for a stable, as shown on Plate 6
and Plate 14 (Fig. 4), the grooves can be deepened to their
outfall after the floor is laid and set ; this can also be done when
clinkers are used, and although it adds to the cost, the surface
of the floor in this case can be made almost level, its fall being
divided with the grooves. Paving of this description should
be laid in two thicknesses, or it cracks and peels off, and if
laid on broken bricks must have an average thickness of
3J inches, to resist the effect of the constant stamping of the
horses. If properly laid it is very durable, hardens with age,
and wears with a sandy surface.

Granite cubes. Jersey or Welsh granite cubes, as used in random paving for
yards, are equal to a paving of bricks, unless they are adaman-

PAVING. 57

tine clinkers, where both are laid on 6 inches of concrete.
The vitrified bricks share with the granite the disadvantage of
becoming slippery with wear, without the advantage possessed
by the granite, which is capable of being re-roughened.

For stalls, loose boxes, coach-houses, &c., a flooring of brick Advantages of
or metallic paving is more easily washed and has a better ^^^ paving,
appearance ; but no description of paving can supply the
necessity for the frequent and active use of the besom, and no
stable can be thoroughly clean and healthy if the bedding is
not entirely taken out once a day, the stable completely swept,
and the drains well flushed.

The difference in cost is in favour of granite, and where the Difference in
traffic is heavy, it is certainly a more suitable material, if it is ^^^^'
laid to proper currents and grouted with cement.

The Author has frequently used granite for the passages of
stables, in conjunction with brick, metallic paving, and wood
in the stalls, the surface gutter being laid in purpose-made
bricks, or formed in the metallic material.

The whole of the stables, loose boxes, and yards of the Omnibus
London General Omnibus Company, are paved with these stables,
granite cubes, with the exception of the portions marked a
on Plates ^2 and n, consisting of a strip i8 inches in width,
for receiving the debris from the mangers, and the areas ^, b,
occupied by the corn chests. These are paved with hard
paviors, laid on concrete like the cubes, and grouted in cement.
One super yard of these cubes is equal to 3 cubic feet, and one
ton will lay 6^ yards of paving.

The following is a list of the stone pitching most generally in Various
use, and found to answer best for paving, with the number of ^^^ne pitching,
yards super the several descriptions will cover per ton.

Rowley rags will pave 45 yards super per ton.

Macclesfield stone pitching ,, 5 J

Leicester ,, 4^

Neury „ 4I

Mount Sorrel (4" X 4") .. ,, 6

> 5> >5

J J J J>

J tl > J

58 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Cobble stones. When carefully selected, and laid by an expert, the boulders
not being too small, the old cobble stones form a durable
paving, and give a good foothold to the horse. But they are
unsanitary for stables, and require, owing to their irregular
character, a great deal of flushing in yards and passages.

The Shirly and Portswood stables, designed by the Author for
the engineer to the Southampton Tramways, are paved with
wood blocks ; but the passages, for the width of 7 feet 6 inches,
have a granite paving with a sunk surface channel on each side,
which conveys the drainage through two holes in the front wall
to an outside syphon-trap. A width of 10 feet is also laid in
granite along the front of the stables.

Wood paving. Wood has been frequently used as a paving, especially where
sawdust is adopted in the place of straw — a material much in
use a short time since in many of the large London stables —
even where they were paved with stone. Its advocates con-
tend that it is warmer, especially when laid on wood, that it is
more healthy for the horse, and affords the body more uniform
repose ; it is no doubt cheaper, and can be procured where
straw is difficult to obtain. The absorbent nature of wood,
however well covered with sawdust or straw, the unequal
character of the cubes, and the likelihood of a flooring so laid
being improperly swept and drained, and becoming impure, and
its want of durability, have always appeared to the Author insur-
mountable objections to its use, except in case of smithies.
The blocks used are generally of spruce, either 9 inches by
4 inches by 4 inches, or 9 inches by 4 inches by 6 inches.

Wood Some years ago a paving was introduced, consisting of per-

floonng. forated planks, raised a few inches above an impervious floor

which was drained from beneath.

Another description of wooden, floor was perfectly level, and
consisted of fir strips (creosoted) 3J inches by 2 inches, laid
diagonally in two laps turning on centres, and meeting in a mitre,
so as to give access to the receptacle beneath, a space of half-
an-inch being left between the boards for the drainage. . The

PA VING. 59

wooden surface thus formed was studded with nails having
heads of about \\ inch in diameter, and closely hatched to
form a foothold,

Creosoted wood blocks, 9 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 6 Paving of
inches deep, may be recommended, however, as the paving of ^"^^^ ^'
that portion of a smithy on which the hearth is built, the
remainder, where the horses stand to be shod, being laid with
4-inch granite cubes, an open surface gutter dividing the two
portions from each other, as in Plate 50, where a dotted line
is shown indicating the boundary of the wood paving. The
blocks should be laid in parallel courses, breaking joint, and
spaced about half an inch apart, carefully cut and fitted,
and finally grouted with a mixture of boiled pitch and tar.

6o STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

CHAPTER VI.

VENTILATION.

General considerations — Temperature — Cubic contents of stables — Re-
quirements of various horses — Admission of air — Fanlights and louvres
— Construction of louvres — Lantern ventilation — Stables at Poplar
— Ventilating tiles — Down-cast ventilation — Through ventilation —
Ceilings and Lofts — Perforated pipes — Head-post ventilators — Boyle's
ventilators — Ventilation of upper floors — Glazed ventilators — The
Sheringham ventilator — Loose boxes — Cubic contents — Examples.

General con- The natural tendency of heated vitiated air to rise to the
sideration. highest point in a chamber affords the greatest facility for ven-
tilating a stable, if means are provided in the roof, or at the
ceiling level, for its immediate escape : when this is not afforded,
it cools and descends, and, mixing- with the atmosphere, is
breathed over again by the horses ; and as in this state it is
largely impregnated with carbonic acid gas (which when heated
is lighter than pure air), it is hardly necessary to point out its
evil effect upon the health and working capacity of the horse.

Before so much attention was paid to the subject of ventila-
tion it was no uncommon thing for those who had the charge
of horses to shut off, as much as possible, the admission of fresh
air by stuffing the openings in their stables with straw and even
nailing sacking over the windows ; and a great deal of super-
stition still exists, which results in the sacrifice of free ventilation
and light for the sake of warmth, in the endeavour to exclude
what are supposed to be injurious draughts.

There is a great advantage, where the position of the build-
ing allows it, in having the windows at a sufficient height and

VENTILATION, 6 1

opposite each other, so that a through ventilation may be sus-
tained, and the sashes closed or opened, as the direction of the
wind may dictate, or the temperature of the stable necessitate.
A stable having this advantage should have the double aspect
of north-west and south-east, or nearer to the north and south
than to the east and west ; the entrance being towards the
south, and the heads of the horses to the N.N.W., as the light
admitted from a northern direction is more uniform in cha-
acter than any other, and better for the sight.

The temperature of a stable should vary with the kind of Temperature,
work in which a horse is engaged ; the maximum should not
be over 65^ at any time, nor should it be allowed to fall below
45°. For most horses an average between 50° and 60° is the
best and most easily maintained. As a rule, the greatest
difficulty will be found in keeping it sufficiently cool. To a
great extent the automatic action of the ventilators hereafter
described can be depended on ; for the rest, the aspect of the
stable in relation to the prevailing wind and the infallibility of
natural laws must be considered in the use of what may be
called the provisional appliances.

In a well-ventilated stable an even temperature may be
maintained by a daily observation of the prevailing wind,
attention to the increased or lessened pressure of the atmos-
phere as the horses are admitted or discharged from the building,
and by opening or closing the windows as the case may
require. It need scarcely be added that a barometer will
greatly facilitate the necessary observations.

The conditions in a stable vary much^more than in a house. Cubic contents
though the same argument holds good with regard to the former, of stables.
viz. that it is not sufficient to consider the cubic contents if the
necessity of the constant, and at intervals, the complete change
of air, is lost sight of. It is impossible, as the best authorities
admit, to establish any comparison as to the cubic contents
required for a horse, with that which is necessary for a human
being \ the latter is more susceptible to change of temperature,

62 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Requirements
of various
horses.

Admission o\
air.

and, living upon animal food, gives off more noxious gases ; he
requires therefore a larger cubical space, but cannot endure so
low a temperature. General Fitzwygram considers, from his
" experience gained in barrack stables and elsewhere, that with
the concomitants of good ventilation, good drainage and paving,
hght, and cleanliness, i2co cubic feet, with a ground area of
87 feet super per horse are sufficient, though probably the
minimum required for maintenance of health."

For omnibus and tramway horses, and those employed by
carriers, tradesmen, &c., about 1000 cubic feet may be con-
sidered a sufficient allowance of air, but the larger description
of horses belonging to contractors and brewers have a propor-
tionate increase, owing to the larger size of the stalls they
occupy, which should not be less than 7 feet wide. Hunters
and racers obtain the greatest amount, also due to the very
large surface area it has been, perhaps falsely, considered they
require for rest, which in some cases amounts to over 280 feet
super (exclusive of passages), and gives a cubic contents of
from 3000 to 3400 feet. For a great part of the year a stall
of this description would require to be warmed. Carriage
horses, again, which are generally more closely confined than
the ordinary working horse, should not have less than iioo
to T200 cubic feet.

The steady supply of a sufficient quantity of fresh air to
replace the impure, without that spasmodic action in the form
of draughts which is the result of bad ventilation, is accom-
plished in stables in many ways. A recuperative process is
always going on by the natural pressure of the atmosphere
under doors, and through the smallest crevices ; but this is not
sufficient, and in lofty stables especially (stables should not
have a greater height than 12 or 13 feet without an outlet in
the roof) the air rapidly stagnates. The admission of this
additional amount of fresh air, to take the place of that which
is encouraged to escape from the roof, should be based upon
the simple expedient of exhaust and supply, but automatic
arrangements for this purpose are not to be entirely depended

VENTILA TION.

63

upon for the thorough ventilation of stables. Where the tem-
perature is suddenly raised and vitiated by the introduction of
horses warm from their work, something more is required,
which will, especially in hot weather, aftbrd an additional
impetus to the immediate escape of the foul air whilst it is
heated and buoyant^ and for this purpose fanlights and louvres
in the roof are the most effective provisions.*

A fanlight over the door, except in the case of a smithy or Fanlights and
washer's room, is preferable to fixed louvres, as the fresh air °^^^^^'
is admitted too much in the character of a draught, especially
in the cold winter nights, when the louvres in the roof will be
found sufficient, and the window over the door can be closed.

The blades, moreover, of louvres are often fixed at an im- Constrnction
proper angle, and allow a current of cold air to pass in without of louvres,
impinging, as it should do, on the slats. A draught will often
strike a wall and rebound, and thus reach a part of the stable
it could not otherwise affect. This may exist to a serious
extent in a gale, and often leads to louvres being
rendered non-effective by a stuffing of straw.
The slats to fixed louvres should not be at a
less acute angle than 55°. They shoi.ld be
6 inches wide, and the frames have at least five
slats in every 2 feet of height ; by this arrange-
ment they overlap each other sufficiently to
give an upward direction to the air, as shown on
Fig. 35, and they may be made, by a simple
arrangement, to open and close like a Venetian
shutter.

The stable illustrated on Plates 40 and 41 is, with the excep- Lantern venti-
tion of a fanlight over the door, entirely lighted from the roof l^tio"-
by eight fanUghts, which form a continuous lantern. These

* Supposing the air to be changed three times in every hour, a stable
containing 1200 cubic feet per horse, would give to each animal 3600 cubic
feet of air per hour ; being at about one fourth the velocity at which it
could be removed in that time, without creating a draught, at a tempera-
ture of 60° Fahr.

64 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

are hung on central pivots, and opened or closed by lines and
pulleys. By this arrangement the temperature can be lowered
to any extent, and the lights are placed beyond the convenient
reach of any device for darkening the stable ; in addition to
which, there are two glazed ventilators of the description used
in churches, in the end wall of each stable, as shown on
Plate 56.

Stables at The plates from 32 to 38 inclusive, illustrating the stabling

^ ' of the London General Omnibus Company at Poplar, show a

system which offers great facilities for ventilation in the roof.
These stables are 54 feet long by 25 feet wide by an average
height of 14 feet 6 inches, which gives 19,575 cubic feet. The
gables and the four kerbs " a " contain severally 460 cubic feet
and 32 cubic feet, making a total of 20067 cubic feet, which,
divided by 20, the number of horses in the stable, gives 1003
cubic feet per horse. The loose boxes are 10 feet by 10 feet
by an average height of 12 feet 3 inches, making 1225 cubic
feet; and, allowing 20 cubic feet for the louvred ventilators
(Plate 37), gives 1245 cubic feet per horse. In dealing with
loose boxes where, as in this case, they are treated as separate
buildings from the stables, on account of possible contagion, the
Author has found 12 feet by 12 feet a more convenient size, as
affording greater facility for shifting a horse in the event of
operation, &c. The kerb a^ which opens in the form of a
trap in the roof of these stables, should only be used on excep-
tional occasions (as it produces a too rapid change), and be
kept entirely closed during the winter. This description of
ventilation is open to the same objection which attaches to
ordinary sashes and frames, viz. that of admitting a direct
current of cold air to play upon the horses when opened, as
they are on their admission, warm from their work.

Ventilating An additional and not so violent a method is afforded by the

use of corrugated tiles, as shown in Fig. T^d. The tiles being laid
dry, a space is left under them through which a large portion
of impure air escapes as it rises to the roof. They are especially

tiles.

VENTILA TION. 6$

serviceable laid in this way for the roofs of smithies, as the
smoke also quickly passes through the interstices ; and in
washers' rooms and where a copper is used, the steam passes
rapidly away.

Fig. 36. Fig. 37.

In crowded localities, where structural arrangements render Down-cast
it impossible to obtain a supply of air direct through an external ventilation,
wall, it is necessary to use a down-cast ventilator, by means of
which the fresh air is driven down a vertical shaft into the
stable ; an arrangement of this kind, by Messrs. Boyle, is illus-
trated by Fig. 37. It is constructed on the principle of a wind-
sail, and the shaft can be recessed in the wall as a down-pipe,
or the ventilator affixed at the eaves, or, in a more ornamental
form, on the ridge of the roof ; or the extraction and supply
shafts could be carried up in one stack together with the flue
of the harness-room boiler, from which pipes for warming
the stable and coach-house are fed, and the whole of the
mechanical and automatic arrangements have one centre of
operation.

It is a good plan, when there is an absence of through Through ven-
ventilation, to create a subsidiary circulation, by leaving a space ^i^^tion.
of about 4 inches between each partition and the wall -, this
would be kept up, without reaching the horse in the form of
a draught. Cavalry stables, built as a rule to accommodate
14 or 16 horses, with a couple of spare stalls in each stable,
have usually a space under the manger passing through the
partitions, and running from end to end of the stable, as shown
in Fig. 7, Plate 19, with a space also for ventilation below the
partition. The latter provision is considered by many as a

F

lofts.

66 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

doubtful advantage, tending to produce diseases of the hock,
by creating a draught along the surface of the floor.
Ceilings and Few first-class stables are now constructed without being
wholly, or partially ceiled ; and it not only improves the interior
in appearance, but contributes largely in keeping the stable at
a regular temperature, making it warmer in the winter and
cooler in the summer ; in fact, in racing stables, where addi-
tional warmth has been required, a false floor has been some-
times made and strewn with stubble or straw.

The space thus created in the roof cannot be considered a
good receptacle for the storage of food, if the flooring, being of
wood, is not closely jointed and of unshrinking material. It is
true facilities are created in such a loft for the free passage of
air over the fodder by means of a louvre in the gable at each
end, and it would thus be kept in a dry and wholesome condi-
tion ; but unless the floor is of concrete, or the ventilation of
the stable below complete, the noxious gases would be likely
to find their way through an ordinary floor into the upper
chamber, as they did in the old system of construction, where
there was an open connection with the loft from the stable
below.

The design on Plates 40 and 41 can be partially ceiled,
leaving the lantern in the roof open to the stable for its entire
length, and although this would reduce the cubic contents
nominally from 1 150 to 960 per horse, it would leave the through
ventilation by means of the louvres in the gables intact, but in
this case it would be improved by the addition of another
12 inches to the height.

General Fitzwygram's design, as shown on Plate 56, may
also be either ceiled at the underside of the tie-beam at r,
leaving, as he suggests, a longitudinal opening about 3 feet
wide, and nearly the whole length of the stable ; or it could be
left open to the roof; but in the former case the cubic contents
would be largely reduced, though the space between the ceiling
and the roof would be left for circulation ; or a ceiling could be
attached to the underside of the principal rafters, without

VENTILA TION. 67

materially affecting the air in the roof. The iron gratings at
a, which extend for nearly the whole length of the stable,
allow the vitiated air to escape, whilst the fresh air enters at the
air bricks below the manger in every stall.

The air is sometimes admitted at this place through a per- Perforated
forated iron pipe, with inlets in the external wall running the P^P^s.
whole length of the stable at a height of about i foot 9 inches
from the ground.

At the Corporation stables of the police at Aberdeen, the Head-post
fresh air is admitted to the stables through the head-posts of ventilators,
the traverses, communicating with a longitudinal duct of this
description ; the foul air being carried off through openings in
the ceiling, connected with Buchanan's current ventilator on
the ridge of the roof.

Inventors have departed so widely from the simple laws of Boyle's venti-
nature before referred to, and first applied successfully to build- ^^^ors.
ings by the Haydens, of Trowbridge, that the success achieved
by Messrs. Boyle in the appHcation of their air-pump exhaust
and down-cast ventilators is not surprising. By means of an
ingenious bell-mouthed arrangement, a large body of external
air is collected and forced into active operation. It exhausts a
central chamber which terminates the outlet pipe ; and to supply
the vacuum formed by this means, the foul air from
the stable rushes up the shaft, and passes from ^^' ^ '
the building. Fig. 38 shows the form of this
ventilator, which can be attached to the end of
a pipe, or affixed to the ridge, as illustrated on
Plate 9.

It will be seen that this system is especially 11 |||| Ventilation

adapted for the ventilation of those buildings, vZT/ of upper

, - , . . - YITt floors,

already described as consistmg of more than one

floor, as horizontal flues, having openings in the

ceilings, can be carried between the floors, passed up the

walls, and concentrated in these extraction ventilators on the

ridge ; by means of a divisional plate, the currents from the

branches are prevented from striking each other, and possibly

F 2

6S STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Glazed venti-
lators.

The Shering-
ham venti-
lator.

Loose boxes.

Cubic
contents.

Examples.

creating an adverse current ; or a central extraction shaft may
be used, connected with openings in the walls, to flues between
the floors, or immediately under the ceiling, and terminating
above the roof, with an induced up-current cowl.

Defective vision, weakness of the sight, and (notwithstanding
the ignorant belief that horses put on flesh in darkened stables)
injury to health, and neglected sanitation, are the usual con-
sequences of the absence of light. By the use, therefore, of
glazed ventilators, as shown on Fig. 39, and on Plates 3, 8, and
9, the double purpose of lighting and ventilating the stable may
be accomplished.

Where stables are lighted from the roof, by swing sashes or
other means, Sheringham's ventilators, illustrated by Fig. 40,

Fig. 39.

Fig. 40.

are most frequently used. They are made of galvanised iron,
and fitted with brass pulley, line, and balance weight, and an
.external grating for the admission of air, 13 J inches by 6 inches ;
but the principle of their construction can be applied to any
opening.

Loose boxes should be ceiled on the underside of the rafters,
if used for infirmaries, and are improved by a separate louvre
ventilator to each roof, as shown on Plate 3.

From 1500 to 2000 cubic feet of air per horse are required
for loose boxes of this kind, as the fresh air is not so freely
or so frequently admitted as in a stall.

In the series of designs of " private stables," the various
methods of ventilation which the Author has ventured to
advocate in this chapter, are illustrated, many of them having
been carried into most successful operation.

( 69 )

CHAPTER VII.

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

Separation in stables — Cast and wrought iron details — Stall divisions —
Ramp panels — Portable partitions — Safety bars — Heel-posts and
pillars — Ramps and posts — Fixing posts — Loose box partitions — Loose
box doors — Door frames — Swing doors — Latches and locks — Locking
bolt — Bales — Safety hooks — The Malet bale suspender— Safety catch —
Cleating — Double cleating — Kicking-boards — Mangers — Manger posts
— Wrought-iron mangers — Water fittings — Crib-biting — Safety mangers
— Hayracks — Loose box sliding bars — Halter tying — Smithy fittings
— Hearths, bellows, &c. — Vice bench — Harness-room — Heating ap-
paratus— Boilers — Open boilers — Girth stretchers — Saddle airers —
Saddle-horses — Clothes press — Harness — Harness brackets — Coach-
houses, warming, &c. — Coach-house doors — Hinges and fastenings —
Gate stops — Corn-stores — Machines for food — Food supply — Corn-bins
, — Preparing food, motive power — Horse-power — Gas engine — Hoisting
and gear — Jacob's ladder — Hayloft doors — Hanging and sliding doors —
Water supply — Washing apparatus — Valves — Gas supply — Oil lamps.

Horses are separated in the stables either by boarded parti- Separation in
tions, otherwise known as traversers, by poles, chiefly used in stables,
cavalry stables, or by bales. In first-class stables the partition
usually consists of an ornamental heel-post, an iron grating, or
ventilating ramp, as it is called, with a top and intermediate
rail j and a sill which receives the bottom ends of ^the boards,
the top ends of which fit into a groove in the underside of the
intermediate rail, as shown on Plate i8. Fig. 2

Great varieties of these details are now manufactured in Cast and
wrought as well as in cast iron, and are consequently lighter and wrought iron
yet stronger than cast-iron fittings. The objection that the

yo STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

former is more easily affected by oxidation is not sufficient to
outweigh the advantages gained where strength is required, as,
for instance, in the heel-post ; and the ironwork in a private
gentleman's stables, where the best designs are used, and where
they are not likely to suffer from neglect in the matter of clean-
ing and painting. On the other hand, there is less opportunity
for ornamental detail in wrought iron than in cast, and it is
impracticable to execute much of the work, such as name-
plates and numbers, the bosses of head-stall fastenings, and the
heads of posts in wrought iron. All iron, when used in stables,
is largely affected by the salts of ammonia, and breaks out in a
sort of tubercular eruption, the injury to the fittings by oxidation
being only a question of time or neglect. This is considerably
modified if the iron is galvanised — an expensive process, which
renders wood, where it can be used, as in roofs, a more desir-
able material.

Stall divisions. Examples of a simple description of stall-divisions will be
found severally on Plates i6 (Figs, i and 2), and Plate 18
(Fig. i), consisting of the ordinary boarding only, with a top
and bottom rail. In the latter illustration the deficiency of a
ventilating ramp is partially supplied by spaces beneath the sill ;
but this is not so good as the through ventilation afforded at a
higher level in the partition, shown in Fig. 2 on the same
Plate.

Ramp panels. The maximum height of the middle rail in a stall being only
4 feet 6 inches (though it is often a foot lower) brings the horse
into more immediate companionship with its neighbour by the
use of an open ramp. This is not, however, always desired, and
panels or solid ends, shown on Plate 18 (Fig. 4), are often fitted
into the head of the partition. It is supposed that the horses
are irritated by seeing each other whilst feeding, and if the
particular combination of hayrack and manger illustrated on
Plate 22 (Figs. 3 and 4), now considered to be the best for
feeding, are used, it becomes a necessity, as a horse, having
eaten his own allowance, may endeavour to obtain through the

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 7 1

open bars the food of his neighbour in the adjoining stall, and
thus upset the amicable relation which should exist between
companions and neighbours. Messrs. Barton & Ballard, in this
case, fill in the ordinary ramp bars, for a distance of about
3 feet 6 inches, with wood, to which sheet iron is screwed, and
this can be easily removed.

Portable partitions, such as those on Plate 19 (Figs. 6 and 7), Portable par-
are made with clutch boxes, to ensure their easy removal, titions.
Fig. 7 illustrates the stable fittings of the officers' quarters at
the barracks on the western heights at Dover, as fitted up by
Messrs. Barton and Ballard. It will be seen in this case that a
clutch is rendered necessary at both ends of the ramp rail, as
the iron column which does duty for the heel-post is carried up
to support the roof; but on Fig. 6, where the post is only of
the ordinary height (about 6 feet), the ball / is made to
unscrew, and the end of the rail being dropped into a slot in
the post, is kept in position when the ball or finial is replaced.
The ramp or top rail, as the case may be, can be thus removed
for the purpose of renewing any broken boards, without injuring
the wall or disturbing the heel-post. The sills of stall divisions
are also made with a movable piece near the heel-post, to
facilitate repairs. An enlarged diagram of the socket of the
portable post at K, and the clutch box and socket at/and^
will be found on Plate 15 (Figs. 6 and 7).

The safety bar is a contrivance of a temporary nature for Safety bars,
shutting off the adjoining stalls and preventing any occupant
which may get loose inflicting injury on the other horses. On
Plate 18 (Fig. 3) a safety bar a is .shown partially drawn
from its sheath in the partition. When required, it is pulled
out and dropped into a socket fixed into the wall. Fig. 4
shows a similar arrangement having two bars. Thus, for
instance, any of the stalls in the plan on Plate 7 might be con-
verted into temporary loose boxes by this means, as indicated
by the dotted lines.

It is suggested by the makers that when these bars are

72 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

partially drawn out they may be used as temporary brackets for
harness.
Heel-posts The pillars of loose boxes and the heel-posts of stall

and pillars. divisions, which vary from 3 J to 6 inches in diameter, accord-
ing to the description of horse for which they are used, are
manufactured also in cast and wrought iron. Of the latter, the
St. Pancras Iron Company claim to be the original makers.
The posts are made of solid welded plate iron, having bases
cast round them forming a plinth to the height of 6 inches
above the level of the paving, and adding, by this extra thick-
ness, materially to its strength at that part which is the weakest,
and also, from its position, the most liable to be fractured.
Ramps and The ornamental heads of these posts are most frequently of

posts. ^g^gj. jj.Qj^^ those of superior manufacture being of brass, whilst

the rings for pillar reins, or chains, which are fixed in front of
the post, or on either side, are also of brass or wrought iron,
and will be found illustrated on Plate 15 (Fig. 5).

A design providing a temporary post hook for hanging harness
has been patented which goes back into a flush recess in the
post when not in use ; but it appears to the Author an unneces-
sary element of danger in the event of the hook being care-
lessly left projecting into the passage, which is likely to happen
except in the case of loose boxes where they can be placed
much higher than in stalls. That the plainer these posts
are made the better, seems admitted by the manufacturers,
as partitions are made dispensing even with the finials to the
posts, the ramp rail finishing with a flat cap or rounded end in
place of a ball, as shown on Plate 15 (Figs. 3 and 4), so that
the leg may slide off if thrown over the partition by violent
kicking. These divisions are, however, unsightly in appear-
ance, and in the plain round ball, at the height of 6 feet from
the ground, there does not appear any great element of danger.
It is very different in the case of a projecting iron hook, or the
safety bar before alluded to, when partially drawn out for the
same purpose, and only a little over 4 feet from the ground.

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 73

A design of the Author's for bedding posts in concrete will Fixing posts,
be found on Plate 15 (Fig. i), open spaces being left in the
casting for the purpose of working the concrete into the cavity
in the base, and thus forming a key which holds it firmly in
position, as the concrete hardens into a solid mass. The
system of setting the posts in concrete is not so general as that
in which they are secured to a stone, but is to be strongly re-
commended, as all the ironwork should be fixed before the
paving is laid, and it is an easy matter to adjust these posts
when there is nothing but the concrete to deal with. Portland
or hard York stone is most frequently used for the purpose.
The stone is partially bedded in or beneath the concrete
(Plate 15, Fig. 2), the posts being secured by a flange fastened
by Lewis bolts to the stone, and leaded. Although this method
secures to posts a perfectly immovable position, so long as the
stone remains sound and in its place, it has the disadvantages
which often attend the letting of iron into stone, viz. causing it to
split from corrosion of the iron, or through frost. Of course, if
it is under concrete it is safer, and with the addition of the pave-
ment above, it is not likely to be reached, in a stable^ by the frost.

I^oose box partitions are made like those of stalls when the Loose box
boxes are grouped in the same building with them, and differ Partitions.
only in the top rail, which is horizontal instead of being ramped,
as shown on Plate 16 (Fig. 3). Tastes vary as to the depth of
the grating forming the upper portion of a loose box enclosure,
but it should be made lower in the door and front than in the
divisional partitions, to give the attendant an uninterrupted
view of the interior ; in the former it varies betwen 2 and 4 feet.
Where it adjoins a stall, by the introduction of an inverted
ramp, as shown on Plate 17 (Fig. 3), the middle rail of the
loose box is made to correspond in height and curve to the top
rail of the stall division, and in this case the ironwork is about
2 feet 8 inches in its greatest depth at the heel-post, and about
6 inches at the head of the stall ; the woodwork below having
a minimum of 4 feet 8 inches.

74 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE EITTING.

Loose box
doors.

Door frames.

Swing doors.

Latches and
locks.

Fig. 41.

The doors of loose boxes are made to roll back upon small
wheels, as shown in Fig. 41, or they are hung to open outwards,
or to swing both ways, but should never be constructed to open
inwards, as a horse often takes up his position immediately
inside the door, and would effectually prevent
its being opened. The door should not be less
than 3 feet 8 inches in width, the posts being
fixed at 3 feet 8J inches, thus giving a quarter
of an inch play on either side. A consider-
able amount of stiffness is added to the door-
way by a wrought-iron bar connecting the posts
at the top, and forming an arch, as illustrated
on Plate 17 (Fig. i).

The framework of the door may be made of
iron, or have a partial mounting only of that material, as shown
on Plate 17 (Figs. 4 and 5).

An example of a swing door manufactured by Messrs.
Denning & Cook will be found on Plate 17 (Figs, i and 2),
which has also the advantage of being taken down without the
removal of any bolts or screws, simply by being lifted off the
pivots.

The position of the doors depends upon the plan of the
stable. On Plate i the doors are all placed in front, and they
can be hinged or made to slide. On Plate 16 (Fig. 3) will be
found the elevation of a loose box with the door in this position,
whilst on Plate 17 (Fig. 3) a loose box is shown, supposed to
occupy a corner of a stable (as on Plates 10 and 11), the
position of the door being at an angle of 45° with the parti-
tions.

Considerable attention has been given to the latches, locks,
and handles of loose box doors, with the view of avoiding injury
to the horses in passing in and out, and also to prevent their
opening the door from the inside, as they have been often known
to do with the tongue. A section and front view of a mortise
safety latch which falls into a recess when the door is open, is

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

75

shown by Fig. 42 ; ^ shows the position of the tongue when
the door is shut, which will be seen also by the dotted lines on
the section, and a when the door is open. A mortise lock
and handle is also represented by Fig. 43, the latter being flush

Fig. 42.

Fig. 43.

S Q

Fig. 44.

fTS
c

^ "^-^ °

[

6^

0

0 -J

with the lock on both sides of the door. Another design for a
loose box mortise latch with flush handle is shown by Fig. 44.
This is manufactured for if and 2-inch doors.

A design which has been very generally used by the Author Locking bolt
for the external doors of stables and loose boxes is shown on
Plate 46. Answering only as a bolt during the day, it may be
secured by night by means of a padlock, and if small bolts are
used where indicated by the square heads, is a secure, as well
as a ready and easy method of fastening ; but it frequently
happens that these bolts are only screwed on from the outside,
and, of course, can be easily removed.

Brewers', carriers', omnibus and tramway companies' horses. Bales.
&c., are usually divided in their stables by bales. These are
suspended at one end either from bale-poles extending the
whole length of the stables, and secured by cleats to the upper
surface of tie-beams, as upon Plates 34 and 35, from longi-
tudinal girders, as shown on Plates 40 and 41, or from a hook
in the ceiling. Each bale is attached at the other end by a
wrought-iron link to the manger, and protected by sheet iron

76 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

for the length of about 3 feet. They are made of elm or oak,
and should not be less than 2 inches thick. Their position
and dimensions are illustrated by Fig. 45, the upper bale being
regulated to the height of i foot ij inches from the level of the
paving.

Fig. 45.

-«»«— -y

£lj'i sffci-k.

S

-T*

• •«*

N

.. , , ,..-^,.v:..r ^«^

r^ ::aLccr,

)

i-.

'iVW^/if^///M/W//W/////////////////////^/////^^^^

B/JLES.

Safety hooks.

Although the use of bales brings the horses in nearer rela-
tion to each other — and with this view they are frequently
alternated with partitions, so that the two horses running
together at day are only divided at night by a bale — their use
can only be excused on the ground of want of space, or
economy. On the other hand, being constantly knocked
about, they are soon worn out and destroyed ; they are also
(unless provided with proper safety hooks) dangerous to the
horses ; as -they are in the habit of getting their legs over them
when kicking, and in the absence of a provision of this kind
it is better to use a rope which can be severed in emergency)
than a chain. Fig. 46 is a diagram of a hook used for this
purpose. By striking the ring a in an upward direction,
the hook which is hinged at b is disengaged, and the bales
fall of their own weight to the ground, and release the
horse, but considerable injury may be incurred before the

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

77

arrival of assistance. The Malet bale-suspender fulfils the The Malet
intention of its inventor in this respect, by immediately releasing ^p/^"^^^"
the horse without assistance when he is cast. It consists of a
self-acting steel spring, a a^ Fig. 47, with an opening at

pender.

Fig. 46.

Fig. 47.

c through which the bale b is dropped into position, and
pressure exerted at ^releases the bale. The bronze medal
of the Inventions Exhibition was awarded Colonel Malet
for this invention, which is especially adapted for cavalry,
by whom the bale is much used ; and by means of a pole it
can be appHed also to the swing bale illustrated by Fig. 45.

Another design, in some respects of a still better pattern^ Safety catch,
because it is more compact and offers less opportunity of
injury to the horse, is manufactured by Messrs. Cottam and
Willmore, of Winsley Street, and is shown on Fig. 47A. In the
event of an accident, the ring being pushed up from its position
to that shown at A, the catch C releases the bolt B from its
casing, and allows the bale and wooden roller to fall ; by lifting
the bale the bolt may be replaced in its former position, and
the ring, now at A\ forced down over the catch.

The boarding of loose boxes and stalls, or the cleating, as it Cleating.
is technically called, should be made of the best well-seasoned
red deals, oak, teak, or pitch pine ; and, although the boards

78 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Double
dealing.

Kicking-
boards.

Fig. 47A.

are nearly always placed in a vertical position, they are some-
times preferred horizontal, as on Plate 56. In this case eight
deals form a very good height for a stall division, but a strong

cast-iron grooved frame, or wrought
channel iron, must be firmly se-
cured in the wall to receive the
ends of the boards. This method
does not recommend itself as
superior to the ordinary fixing,
although it has been suggested that
it is tougher in resisting the heels
of the horses, and less likely to
open at the joints. This latter
should not happen if the wood is
sufficiently seasoned, is of the ne-
cessary thickness, and is properly
grooved and tongued.

For the stalls of especially
powerful horses the partitions
should be made in two thick-
nesses of i^inch deal, one placed
vertically and the other horizon-
tally, both being ploughed and tongued and let into the post
in the ordinary way. An example of an extra strong stall
division with cast-iron column 4 inches in diameter, fitted with
harness-bracket and hooks, will be found on Plate 18 (Fig. i).
The boarding, 2J inches in thickness, is let into a stout cast-
iron ramp rail and wrought-iron sill. The extreme height is
7 feet, which is sufficient for all horses under 16 hands.

Where the walls of stalls are unprotected, either by cement
or boarding, and the brickwork is consequently exposed to the
heels of the horse occupying either of the end stalls, it is neces-
sary to provide what are known as kicking-planks, consisting of
series of elm or oak boards about 4 feet in height, 12 inches
wide, and \\ inch thick. These should be firmly spiked to

BALE.

f r 1 1 f ^ >! '. ^

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 79

bond timbers (4 inches by 3 inches, and 5 feet 6 inches long)
built into the wall, and bedded in lime and hair, with three
5-inch spikes to each plank, the bottom of the boards being
buried 3 inches below the level of the paving, as shown on
Plate 35.

The chopped food which is now so universally given to Mange .
horses, has simplified the construction of mangers, especially
in large stables where the water is provided in troughs in the
yard,

A plain trough of oak or elm boards, bound on the outer
edge with sheet iron and firmly secured to the wall, may be
considered the best and most economic manger for farm horses
and the like, and they can be made for about half the cost of the
simplest ones in iron. A manger of this description, designed by
the Author, is illustrated on Plate 20 (Fig. 4), the enlarged
details of which will be found on Plate 21. It will be seen
that by an arrangement of the washers, the bolts which help to
secure the manger to the wall, and at the same time prevent the
horse from tossing out his food, are made to carry the rings for
halter-tying. This kind of manger is exceedingly strong, and
dispenses with the inconvenient post and cross-bearer shown on
Plate 20 (Fig. 3), which is, however, sometimes preferred when
the manger runs along an external wall ; but if the brickwork
is 14 inches thick, and the bolts as well as the sailing courses
are built in with cement for about four courses in height, the
manger will be found sufficient to resist the most eccentric
antics of any horse, and is especially suited for heavy con-
tractors' horses, and for those of brewers and farmers.

When the wooden posts are used they should be left rough Manger posts,
and bedded in concrete, after having been charred or well
coated twice with tar, otherwise the moisture, by finding its way
along the surface of the wood, will cause its rapid decay.
Where bales are used and divisions between the manger in
the absence of partitions rendered imperative, they should be
capped with sheet iron let in flush with the surface and secured

80 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

to the wood with countersunk screws. To this division one
end of the bale can be firmly secured. In the long undivided
trough, often used in farm stables, depredations will be com-
mitted upon each other by the horses whilst feeding, and if
they are not made at least 12 inches deep the food will be
thrown out. With a view to prevent this, they are sometimes
sloped inwards towards the top, but are liable in this shape
to secrete the dirt and become foul.
Wrought-iron A very good plain wrought-iron manger can be made after
mangers. ^^ pattern on Plate 20 (Fig. i), but it should be galvanised,

and this adds about t^^) P^^ cent, to the cost of a similar one
in plain wrought iron, but is only very slightly in excess of one
in enamel. A single trough manger, about 6 feet long, with a
square overhead rack 2 feet 6 inches in length, which will be
also found on Plate 22 (Fig. 5), can be obtained in enamelled,
plain, or galvanised iron. These mangers, although admirably
fulfilling the requirements of strength and economy, are not
appropriate for a gentleman's private stable, and those made of
iron for this purpose are manufactured in great variety and
treated in several ways. They are made plain and painted ;
they are galvanised only, or galvanised and painted; and they
are also to be had partly enamelled and partly painted or gal-
vanised, the inside of the water-trough and manger-pan only
being enamelled. Much attention has also been given to
mangers with a view to protect the horses from injuring their
heads with the fittings beneath, for which purpose matched
boarding, as shown on Plate 23, Fig. 5, carried down to various
depths, is used, and a manger is also sold by Messrs. Cottam
and Willmore, in which the fittings have a guard of wrought
iron bars carried with an inward slope from the under side of
the manger-plate to the paving. These arrangements also
prevent the bedding from being thrown up underneath the
manger instead of being properly cleared out from the stall
every day.

It would be impossible in a work of this kind to illustrate the

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 8l

numerous descriptions of mangers to be obtained from the
several manufacturers, but upon Plates 22 and 23 those in
most general use will be found.

An ordinary manger of simple construction is illustrated on Water fittings
Plate 24, Fig. 11, with waterpot, manger for chopped food or
corn, and shallow under-head hayrack of wrought iron. The
water can be turned on and drained away through one orifice,
and carried off by a waste pipe into the drain or into a central
open gutter in the stall. It is admitted into and withdrawn
from the trough by a double-action cock, through a rose or by
a flush inlet in the side, and a similar outlet at the bottom of
the trough, as shown on Plate 24. The front of this manger
has a large roll to prevent the mouth of the horse being cauglit,
as it may be in some mangers, and the edges are overhung on
the inner side to avoid any waste of the food. Portable
enamelled water-pots are the best for racers and hunters, as
they can be removed when it is considered that the horses have
had sufficient ; or if fixed, they can be fitted with drop covers.
The infirmary loose boxes, Z, on Plate i, have provision for
portable quadrant mangers, and they are easily washed and
replaced or removed altogether for a time, if desirable.

The vice of crib-biting, if vice it can be always called, since it Crib-biting,
often originates in pain, has been provided against by many in-
genious inventions. That of Professor Varnel's is one of the most
practical, as it leaves the horse without anything to bite. In
this arrangement, when the manger is not pulled out for use,
which is done by a strap as shown in Fig. 48, it fits into a
recess, leaving a perfectly smooth surfaceas in Fig. 49. Water-
troughs and hayracks are made upon the same principle. The
dotted lines in the side view, Fig. 50, illustrate the position of
the latter when not in use. The space required at the back
for the action of the manger may be increased in width to form
a passage, as shown at the back of the boxes M, on Plate i ,
the mangers being replenished from behind without disturbing
the horse by entering the stable.

G

82 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Another method designed for the confusion of crib-biters is
that of a roller forming the outer edge of the manger, which
revolves when the horse attempts to grasp it with his mouth.

Fig. 48.

Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.

ftiONr vii**

sioa tf/c

Safety
mangers.

The Author is indebted to the St. Pancras Iron Company
for the illustration, Fig. 51, which shows an arrangement for
the special protection of the horse, and also illustrates some

Fig. 51.

of the most recent fittings to stalls of a superior description.
This manger is provided with a wrought iron curved front, pre-
senting a perfectly smooth surface of considerable depth, and
gradually sloping to the wall.

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. ^l

As objections are frequently raised to the principle of under- Hayracks,
head hayracks, and the height of the old-fashioned rack, con-
siderably above the manger, is equally condemned, manufac-
turers have turned their attention to the construction of a rack
on a level with the manger which possesses the happy medium,
although by its use in stalls it cuts off the through ventilation,
to a great extent, from those on either side. Plate 22, Figs. 3
and 4, and Plate 23, Figs, i and 6, show four racks of this
description, from which it will be seen that the horse feeds
through the vertical bars, and by the use of a sloping grid, the
hay is brought to the front of the rack. These grids are usually
provided with a pan to receive the hay seeds, and they are thus
removed from the rack by a portable tray.

In loose boxes, horses are either given their entire freedom. Loose boxes.
or they are secured to a head-stall fastening, or permitted a S^i^i'^S b^'^s.
hmited freedom by means of a sliding bar, as shown in Fig. 52,
which, being placed between the
manger in one corner and the ^^'

water-pot in the other, allows them
to move from side to side. This
bar, which should be countersunk
in a plate securely fastened to

the wall, is made about 4 feet 6 inches in the bar, and 5 feet
including the plate. It is provided with a runner and chain
which travels along the bar as the horse moves to either
side. In ordinary loose boxes, however, such as those on
Plate 39, it is not usual to provide any other head-stall fasten-
ing than a wrought-iron dressing ring secured with a f -inch
bolt through the wall, a large detail of which will be found on
Plate 46. A few of a superior character for more ornamental
fittings are also shown on Plate 19, Figs. 8, 9, and 10.

Halter-tying weight boxes, for fixing beside the manger of a Halter-tyiug.
loose box, or beneath it in a stall, together with several examples
of rack-and-pillar chains, are illustrated on Plates 19 and 24;
these, which are of various kinds, are fully described in the

G 2

84 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

" Descriptio7i of the Plates^'' and are all for the purpose of
securing the horse in the stable or whilst it is being dressed,
at the same time affording it sufficient freedom when it is
feeding or at rest.
Smithy The fittings of a smithy are not of a numerous kind, the

fittings. hearth being the most important. This is usually a solid con-

struction of brickwork, and is fully described in Chapter III.,
although a very heavy hood of iron is now frequently used as a
substitute for brickwork.
Hearths, A portable hearth, as shown in Fig. 53, is a great con-

bellows, &c. yenience where a limited number of horses are kept. It is
known as the " Cyclops " hearth, and may be fitted with a
blower or ordinary bellows, or with a fan worked by means of
a simple hand-wheel and strap. The latter produces a welding
heat in less time than an ordinary bellows. The two descriptions
of bellows u^ed in smithies are illustrated by Figs. 54 and 55 ;

Fig. 55.

Fig. S3.

Fig. 54.

Vice-bench.

the latter is now in most general use, and occupies the least
area. The anvil blocks should be 3 feet by i foot 6 inches in
dimension, and consist of a block of yellow timber let into the
floor and bedded in concrete to the depth of at least i foot
9 inches.

The smithy should also be fitted with a vice-bench of the

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

«5

height of 3 feet i inch from the floor-level, and from 8 to lo
feet in length, carried upon strong 3-inch bearers wedged into
the wall, and supported on legs 3 inches square firmly secured
into the floor. A series of louvre slats, at least five in number,
should be fixed in the space over the door, as shown on
Plate 45.

A very important section of the fittings for stables are those Harness
in connection with the harness room, and of these the first '^^^'^'
which present themselves are those for keeping the harness free
from damp. Mildew, which is now universally admitted to be
of vegetable growth, springing from spores carried by the air,
and finding a congenial substance for development in damp
leather, rapidly spreads over harness which is left in stables
or harness rooms insufficiently warmed, damp, or unventilated.

No harness room can therefore be considered complete with- Heating
out some means by which a regular temperature can be main- apparatus,
tained, and as a supply of hot water should always be ready, a
boiler is one of the first requirements. " The Loughborough,"
a view of which will be found on Plate 31, Fig. i-, has been
designed, among many more, for this purpose, and can be
further made to heat a row of pipes in an adjoining coach
house or washer's room. It can be built into a fire-place, as
in Plate 8, or stand out in the open, and the
sockets placed either at the back or the sides as
may best suit the construction of the building
and the position of the coil or line of pipes.
This boiler is 25 inches in height, 17 inches
wide, and 13 inches deep.

For small harness rooms a close stove (Fig. Hg^irrTXli Boilers.
56) about 10 inches wide by 18 inches deep,
either of wrought or cast iron, with a portable
boiler to contain from one to two gallons fitted to the top is
sufficient ; but an open grate is always more useful for drying
saddles or girths. Convertible grates of this description are
made, varying from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet in width, which

Fig. 56.

86 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Open boilers.

Girth
stretchers.

can be altered into a dose fire at will ; they are also made for
large rooms with a boiler for supplying hot water for gruel, &c.,
and separate provision for feeding hot water pipes for heating
purposes.

In tramway and other stables of the kind, hot water for all
purposes is obtained by means of an open boiler built in
brick in cement, in a room set aside for the attendants, and
used by the visiting veterinary surgeon, generally situated
somewhere convenient to the loose boxes, as shown on Plates
37 and 50. In these cases the harness brackets are fixed
in the stables. They consist of a deal board 5 feet long, about
12 inches wide, and \\ inch thick, chamfered at the edges
and fitted with two stout ash pegs, two iron harness brackets,
and two rein hooks.

Girth stretchers are very necessary articles for preserving the
shape of the girths whilst they are drying, and are principally
made of two patterns ; of varnished wood, having straps for
six girths, as shown on Fig. 57, or hinged, and of enamelled
iron, made in the form of a screen for standing before an open
grate, as in Fig. 58.

Fig. 57.

Fig. 58.

Saddle airers. Saddle airers are also required for keeping the saddle open
and in its proper shape whilst being dried before the fire or
out of doors. They can be obtained painted, enamelled, or
covered with leather. Fig. 59 shows a wooden frame for this

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

87

purpose, which can be had in polished oak or well-seasoned
fir, and exhibits the saddle strained in its position for drying.
One in enamelled or galvanised iron is also illustrated by
60.

Fig. 59. Fig. 60.

1

Fio"

A combination of a table and saddle-horse is a useful article Saddle-horses.
of furniture for harness rooms, and is shown open as a table
by Fig. 61, and closed as a saddle-horse by Fig. 62. The

Fig. 61.

Fig. 62

lower portion is fitted up as a cupboard with two drawers
above it

Another description of harness-cleaning horse, constructed
like the above to receive two riding saddles, one at each end,
is shown on Fig. 62,. This is fitted with a wrought-iron shaft,
having collar, pad, and bridle hooks for single and double
harness. It has also two flaps on hinges, making temporary
shelves resting on bearers which are drawn out from beneath,
and when closed form cupboards for tools.

A table or counter of a larger description is also used, and Clothes press.
makes a capacious press for clothing where there is a large stud

88 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Harness.

Fig. 63.

Harness
brackets.

of horses. These, as well as the horses, are sometimes fitted
with casters for the convenience of moving about.

Bits, curbs, spurs, and the smaller ornamental details of
harness, especially those of steel, are best preserved from damp

in glass cases lined with cloth. In
some establishments, as in the Queen's
stables, whole suites of harness are thus
provided for. They may be fitted up
over the fireplaces or in recesses, if
possible upon an inner wall, to secure
them from the action of damp.

A variety of the most modern brackets
for riding and driving harness are ex-
hibited on Plates 29 and 30, and more
fully described in the Description of
Plates. They are made of enamelled
iron, and to admit the freest ventilation
through the several parts. These can
be fastened to the matched boarded
lining of the harness room, and should bear beneath them the
names of the several horses to which the harness belongs.
Coach-houses, fhe principal fittings of a coach-house are confined to its
warming, . ^^ccmWi^ apparatus, which depends to some extent on the
arrangement of the several buildings, but is most generally
accomplished by means of hot-water pipes in connection with
the harness-room boiler. Coach-houses should be kept to a
level temperature, as variations of heat and cold are as injurious
to varnish as the damp is to the lining and leather of carriages
and harness. A stove, as shown on Plate 8, may be made to
perform the double duty of heating both the harness-room and
coach-house j or, if the plan does not admit of this arrange-
ment, the latter may be warmed by an arterial circulation
carried beneath the floor, or concentrated in a nest of pipes
from the boiler of an open grate, as on Plates 10 and 11, or
from a closed stove.

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

89

Fig. 64.

As much light is not desirable in a coach-house, a light over
the entrance doors, as on Plate 8, a portion of which may be
made to swing, or a single window about 8 feet above the level
of the ground, will be found sufficient.

The doors may be hung on hinges or made to slide, either Coach-house
past each other, or to the right and left, or the entrance may ^°*^^*
be closed by revolving shutters of iron or wood as shown
on Plate 12. Either of these is more convenient than a central
movable post.

Collinge's hinges, shown on Plate 28 (Fig. 3) are the best Hinges and
for coach-houses and entrance-gates, and are made upon the fa.stenings.
principle of the ball-and-socket, the latter
forming a receptacle for oil as shown on
Fig. 64, the overhanging lip serving to exclude
the wet and dust. For jambs or piers of
stone or brickwork, they are manufactured with
fangs, as shown on Fig. 65. Fastenings are
used of various kinds, one of the best and
simplest being the ordinary locking bar, supple-
mented, where the doors are hung on hinges^ by
bolts at top and bottom. An ingenious com-
bination of the two has been registered by the
St. Pancras Iron Company, and is illustrated on
Plate 26 (Fig. 2), including also a stop which
fixes the door when open. A bolt with a wheel
attached to the bottom, works up and down in a
slide to allow of the door passing over rough
ground, such as the granite paving of a yard,
without raising the bolt, a socket being securely
let into the ground into which the wheel drops.
This wheel can be made to carry some of
the weight of the door if the course over which
it has to travel is sufficiently level, and the door may be
opened and closed by lifting the bolt from the socket, which
can be done bv the foot.

Fig. 65.

Fig. 66.

Fig. 67.

90 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Gate stops.

Com stores.

The ordinary " let down " stop is represented by Fig. 66, and
a catch suited only for an entrance gate is shown in Fig. 67.

The doors of smithies should be provided with 7 -inch tower
bolts and 8-inch rim locks.

The accompanying table is for the purpose of ascertaining
the size of a bin required for any quantity of food.

Barley

„ new

,, meal
Beans, whole

,, bruised

Bran

Chaff

Maize, large (whole) ..

,, ,, (bruised)

,, small

Oats

,, new

,, bruised

Oat meal

Peas

,,. . ("16 lbs. oats "I

^^^^^^^ (lolbs. chaff)

Per cubic
foot,
lbs.

42-375

39* 000
27*500

50*^75

27-875

11-125

5-750
46-000

39-625
48 - 000
33-500
31-188
20 - 000
38-000
49"J25

13*000

Per bushel,
lbs.

54-37
50-04

35-28
65-27

35-76
14-27

7-38
59-02

50-84
6i-5»
42-98
40-01
25-66

48-75
63-03

16-68

Cubic feet
per cwt.

2-643
2-872

4-073
2 -201

4-018

10*067

19-478

2*435
2-826

2-333
3-343
3*591
5-600

2-947

2'28l
8-615

1,728 cubic inches =

I cubic foot.

27

J)

feet =

I ,, yard.

1-283

»>

»> ^^

I bushel.

2218-192

j>

inches =

I ,,

Various questions present themselves for consideration in
providing the fittings for the storage and preparation of fodder,
depending chiefly on the number of horses and their kind.

Corn is stored in a framed and matched boarded chamber,
as illustrated on Plate 47, shut off by a door having a lock and
key, from the other part of the store, or in bins, as shown on
Plates 5 and 53. A detailed illustration of one of these latter
receptacles, which are made to vary in size according to the

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. QI

required capacity and plan of the store, will be found on Plate 54
(Figs. I, 2, and 3). The bin is 6 feet square by 2 feet 8 inches
high, and (supposing the com to be within 2 inches of the top)
contains 70 bushels. As the corn diminishes in the bin, the
boards (8 inches deep) may be removed at pleasure from the
grooves.

The advantage of bruising oats has been long admitted as an Machines for
economy in feeding \ when thus treated they have been found ^°°^-
to go one-half further in measure, whilst the horse is kept in
better condition. Machines are made for this purpose which
will crush from i J to 6 cwt. per hour by manual power, and of
course a great deal more when worked by a gas engine, or
by steam, or horse-power. Some of these machines are made
with a steel barrel, having two cutting edges and a cutting plate
of hard metal fitted on each side, so that when turned in one
direction it will kibble peas, beans, and maize, and if reversed
will kibble barley and oats. Chaff-cutters and mixing-machines
of various sizes and power are also manufactured. The latter
consists of an archimedean screw, by which means the chaff and
bruised corn are thoroughly turned over and mixed together.

The daily supply of mixed food for horses usually consists of Food supply.
16 lbs. of corn and 10 lbs. of chaff, making a total of 26 lbs.
A chest, therefore, such as that represented on Plate 54
(Fig. 4), being 3 feet by 2 feet by 4 feet, contains 24 cubic feet,
and as there are 1 3 lbs. of this mixture to every cubic foot, this
chest would hold a day's supply for a stable for 1 2 horses. A
chest to contain 4 bushels, as shown on Plate 54 (Fig. 6) can be
obtained in japanned or galvanised iron, and various others of
different sizes and shapes, some being made with sloping lids.*

* The Winchester bushel, which was the former standard for England
and originally kept at Winchester, was measured by a law of King Edgar
observed throughout the kingdom. It contained 2150-42 cubic inches and
the gallon 268|- cubic inches. The Imperial standard bushel now used
contains 2218-19 cubic inches. The proportion of the latter to the former
therefore is about 32 to 33, viz., 32 pecks, bushels, or quarters of the new
measure are equal to 33 of the Winchester measure.

92 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

Corn bins.

Preparing
food ; motive
power.

Horse power.

Gas engine.

Fig. 68.

To arrive at the contents of a bin or chest in bushels, mul-
tiply the cubic contents by 0*779.

Corn bins are sometimes marked with a gauge, which gives
at a glance their contents in bushels, horizontal lines of paint
being drawn at every 5 bushels, with shorter intermediate lines
marking the height of every bushel, so that a close approximate
of the amount in the bin can be ascertained by levelling the
corn to the nearest line of the gauge.

The fittings for cutting, bruising, and mixing the materials
for food, depend on the means which are used for carrying out
these operations, and whether manual, horse, or
engine power. In stables where only a few horses
are kept, the chaff is cut and the corn bruised by
manual power only, and is usually passed down
into the stable (sometimes into the corn-chest
itself) by means of a shoot, which may be made (if
desired) as shown on Fig. dZ, with a contrivance
after the manner of a shot-belt to measure the exact
amount of food required for each horse's meal.

Where horse-power is employed a large area has
to be devoted to the track. At the Portsvvood
stables, for instance, shown on Plate 53, Fig. 2,
where two horses are employed, an area of 600
feet super is occupied. The gear for a single horse, illus-
trated by Fig. 69, is for a machine with a 36-inch driving
wheel. The pinion shaft revolves at a speed of 7 to i, and by
means of a separate intermediate motion to ^2)h to i of the
horse.

Very much preferable as a motive power, where there is
sufficient work for a horse, is a small gas engine. At the
stabling designed by the Author for 120 horses, and illustrated
on Plate 39, a small Crossley gas engine of 3J horse-power, in
addition to lifting the water for all purposes to a height of
30 feet, was successfully employed in working a hoist for lifting
the sacks of corn to the upper floor, a large size chaff-cutter

FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 93

and heavy bruiser, and in lifting the corn into the hopper. An
engine of this description can be worked at the cost of \d.
per horse-power per hour, or \d. per hour in excess of that for
steam. It has an advan-
tage over the latter, and Fig. 69.
especially over horse-power,
both in economy of time
and space. It is always
ready for use, and only
requires the ignition of the
gas jets, and a turn of the
wheel, to set it in motion.

For heating ordinary boilers and furnaces any kind of coal
may be used. Anthracite is the best fuel for gas engines, on
account of its freedom from vapours, and greater cleanliness.

The shafting, 2 J inches in diameter (with the position of the
several pulleys and brackets), for transmitting the power to the
machinery on the upper floor, is shown on Plates 47 and 48 ;
the chaff-cutter making about 4J cvvts., and the bruising mill
bruising from 4 to 5 bushels per hour.

The hoist before referred to, connected with the motive Hoisting and
power by the ordinary shafting and gear, as shown on Plate 47, ^^^^"
or a wheel (illustrated on Plate 8), or a small crane for light
work, as shown on Plate 51, are generally considered sufficient
for the purposes of lifting in ordinary stables, but where several
loads of hay have to be stored in a limited timiC, and steam or
a large gas engine is in use, a portable Jacob's ladder is a great
saving.

This contrivance consists of two endless bands of leather Jacob's ladder,
running parellel with each other, but not at too great a rate to
prevent a truss of hay being placed on each of the pairs of
arms, which project from the straps, and convey the trusses in
continuous procession to the loft.

Where sliding doors are used (and they are much more con- Hayloft doors,
venient for haylofts than those with hinges), it will be found

94 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

the best method to suspend them from a wrought-iron or steel
rail, as shown on Plate 25, Figs. 2, 3, and 4. It will be seen
from these diagrams that the supports can be placed sufficiently-
close to save a light rail from any deflection, being only 3 feet

from centre to centre for a doorway
^^^' 7°- 6 feet in width. At the same time

jrni f^ they are acting as stops, and bring

the doors to their proper position
when shut ; and if secured by the
locking bar (Fig. 70) they do not
require any other fastening, if the supports are placed in the
positions indicated, for they cannot be pushed either to the
right or left when the bar is fast.
Hanging and The ordinary way of hanging with the strap suspending from
sliding doors. ^^^ secured to one side of the door only, so that the ends of
the brackets may be passed in sliding has a tendency to tip the
bottom of the door inwards, as it is not in equilibrium. Another
example of a sliding door will be found on Plate 27, with wheels
running on a rail secured to a sill framed with the door posts.
This door is also provided with two sliding inspection panels
a., a, for viewing the inside of a stable without disturbing the
inmates. An enlarged detail of the wheel and frame will be
found on the same plate.
Water supply. The water required for the various purposes of stabling
m.ay be drawn from a well on the premises, or supplied from
without. In either case the same system of distribution will be
required, although it is usual in the latter case, and where much
water is consumed, to have a meter with a stop cock (protected
by a meter house) as some check upon the supply. In the
stables illustrated on Plate 39 the pipes are shown in thick
dotted black lines, the gas supply being represented in full
strong lines. The water in this instance is raised to a wrought-
iron cistern having a capacity of 2000 gallons, and placed on
the top of a tank house. This is done by means of a 3j-inch
double-barrel brass pump, fitted with a common vacuum vessel

FITTINGS AND DETAILS.

95

and 2-inch suction and delivery pipes. The tank is situated
20 feet above the level of the yard, giving a pressure at the
valve / in the yard (allowing for friction) of about 15 lb. per
square inch.

A hand nozzle, marked a on Fig. 71, with copper-riveted Washing
hose b and gun-metal union for joint r, is provided, for the ^PP^ratus
purpose of washing the carriages by aid of the above pres-
sure, at any part of the yard. Indiarubber hose of small
dimensions may be used, but they are not equal in durability
to those of leather made by Messrs. Merryweather and others.

Fig. 71.

Fig. 72.

The valve wells shown by Fig. 72 are built' in brick, in
cement, lined with a rendering f -inch thick of Portland cement,
and for the purpose of protection have a strong hinged cover
of cast iron.

The valves consist of a loose screw-down hydrant with hand- Valves,
wheel and screwed outlet to receive the hose pipe ; they are
also fitted with a gun-metal cap and chain. The most con-
venient place for these valves, which can be used wherever a
pressure is to be obtained sufficient fo^ the purpose of washing
carriages, depends upon the plan of the stabling, and the posi-
tion of the carriage to be washed will be limited only by the
length of the hose, the latter being also used for washing out
the stable and boxes and flushing the drains.

Gas is now most generally used for lighting where it is within Gas supply,
easy reach, and in large stables is laid on upon the principle
shown on Plate 39. It will be seen that where a gas engine is

96 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING.

used a supplementary meter a is attached, supplied through
one of larger size which registers the entire amount and is
placed immediately within the boundary of the premises. The
pipes are carried from the principal main, diminishing in
diameter as they approach the several burners most remote
from their supply. All the burners in this case are f inch in
diameter, the gas engine of 3 J horse-power being equal to
about 25.
Oil lamps. Where the gas works are too far removed from the site of the

stabling to be available, oil lamps, as shown on Plate 31, Fig. 5,
can be made to shift from stall to stall as the groom proceeds
with his work, or can be moved by the aid of runners along
the whole length of a stable. The safety lamp, Fig. 3, on the
same plate, made for burning candles, can be treated in this
way if its use is preferred to oil.

( 97 )

INDEX.

A.

Aberdeen Corporation stables, 67
Abyssinian wells, 35
Accommodation, 15
Administrative block, 6
Admission of air, 62
Advantage of good paving, 57

of soft water, 48

Ants, destruction by, 2

Arches, relieving, 24

Area of stalls, 14

Arrangement of buildings, 4, 6, 7

Aspect, I, 6

Attendants, number of, 15

B.

Bale-poles, 75

Bales, 75

Ballast, 23

Bedding posts, 79

Bellows, 84

Bevelled bricks, 51

Boarding, 78

Boilers, 85

Bolts through mangers, 79

Bosses and head stall rings, 83

Bowes, Scott, & Co.'s closets, 36

Boxes for concrete, 22

Boxes for hunters, 16
Boyle's ventilators, 67
Brackets for harness, 86, 88
Brass fittings, 14
Breeding stables, 16
Bricks, bull-nose, 25

grooved, 5 1

gutter, 39

paving, 50

stock, 54

Broken boards, 71

C.

Cambridge Tramways, 29
Capping to mangers, &c., 76,

79
Care in paving, 56

Carriage shed, 33
Cast iron, 69
Caulking, 43
Cavalry stables, 71
Ceilings and lofts, 66
Cement, 43

rendering, 33

Central depots, 18
Cesspool, 47
Chaff-cutting, 91
Chains, 83
Chamfered bricks, 52

H

98

INDEX.

Channel bricks, 39
Choice of site, i
Chopped food, 18, 19
Cistern, 95
Clay jointing, 43
Cleating, 77, 78

double, 78

horizontal, 78

Clinkers, 50
Closets, 36
Clothes press, 87
Clutch boxes, 71
Coach house doors, 89

houses, 88

Cobble stone paving, 58

Collinge's hinges, 89

Colouring bricks, 34

Columns, 29

Combination loose box and stalls,

15

Common rafters, 30

Concrete, 22

mixing, 22

piers, 22

slabs, 26

tubes, 35

Construction, 21

of louvres, 63

Convertible grates, 85

loose boxes, 14

Corn bins, 92

bruising, 91

chamber, 91

chest, 91

shoots, 92

stores, 17, 90

store window, 24

Corner bricks, 25

mangers, 81

Corrugated tiles, 65

Cost of gas engine, 93

Cottam and Willmore's traps, 46

Crosse and Blackwell's stables, 12,

29
Cubic capacity of bins, 92

• of hay, 19

■ of hayloft, 18

of stables, 15, 61

feet of grain per cwt., 90

D.

Damp course, 24
Depeter work, 25
Description of fodder, 18

of timber, 77

of plates, xi.

Difficulties in towns, 10
Dimensions of stables, 13
Dinning and Cook's swing door,

74
Disposal of sewage, 47
Division walls, 27
Door frames, 74
Double cleating, 78

row of stalls, 14

Doulton and Co.'s traps, 45
Downcast ventilation, 65
Down pipes, 25
Drainage, 38

in relation to paving, 39

of loose boxes, 40

Draughts, 62
Dressing-rings, 27
Dung-pits, 48
Duresco distemper, 33
Duty of tie-beams, 31

E.

Earthenware traps, 45
Economy of piers, 23
Elm mangers, 79
Entrance gates, 37

INDEX.

99

Examples of paving, 55
— — of stables, 8
Excavations, 21
Extensions, 4

F.

Fanlights, 63
Farm stables, 17
Fastenings, 75, 94
Fencing, 37
Fireproof buildings, 27

■ floors, 27

Fitter's shop, 19

Fittings, cast and wrought-iron, 75,

94

Fitzwygram, General, arrangement

by, 41
Fixing posts, 73
Flooring of corn store, 28
Fodder, 91
Footings, 22
Foundations, 21
Framed wood floor, 59
Frames for loose-box doors, 74

G.

Gabled roof, 31
Gates, 37
Gate stops, 90
Gas burners, 96

engines, 93

meters, 96

pipes, 96

• supply, 96

Gear for preparing fodder, 93

General remarks, i, 60

Girders, 29

Girth stretchers, 86

Glass tiles, 38

Glazed tiles, 33

Glazed ventilators, 68
Granite open gutters, 41

paving, 57

Gravel, 23

Grids for hay racks, 83

Grills for floors, 28

Guard bars for mangers, 80

H.

Halter tying, 83
Hanging doors, 19
Hard paviors, 54
Harness brackets, 88

cleaning horse, 87

maker's shop, 19

■ room, 85

Hay, cubic capacity, 19

Hayden's principle of ventilation,

67.
Hayloft, 17

doors, 94

Hayracks, 83
Head-post ventilators, 67
Hearth for smithy, 84
Heating, 85, 88
Heel-posts and pillars, 72
Herring-bone paving, 55

strutting, 29

Hitching's plaster, 28

Hock baths, 8

Hoisting gear, 93

Homestead, 3

Hood in smithy, 84

Hoop iron, 23

Horse for cleaning harness, 95

Horse-power, 92

Horses, improvement of, 2

Hunting stables, 10, 16

Hyatt's concrete floors, 28

Hydrants, 95

lOO

INDEX,

I.

Inclosure fences, 37

walls, 36

Inspection pits, 44

provision for, 8 1

Intermediate walls, 23
Iron corn-chests, 91

homesteads, 3

mangers, enamelled, 80

galvanised, 80

■ and painted, 80

painted, 80

stables, 2
syphon traps, 45
wrought and cast, 69

Isolation, 45

J.

Jacob's ladder, 94
Jointing pipes, 43
in cement, 43

K.

Kicking boards, 78
King-post roofs, 31
Kirkaldy's brick tests, 54

L.

Lairs, 8

Lamps, 96

Lantern ventilation, 63

Lean-to roof, 30

Leicester granite, 58

Level of floor, 55

of stalls, 42

Light and air, 62, 68

Lime whiting, 34

Living accommodation, 7, 9, 13

Locking bar, 94

bolt, 75

Locks for loose boxes, 75

Lofts, 31

London General Omnibus Com-
pany's stables, 57, 64
Loose boxes, 73

box doors, 74

■ mangers, 8 1

■ size of, 16

with stalls, 15

Loughborough stove, 85

M.

Machinery, 91
Macclesfield stone, 58
Malet's bale suspender, 77
Manager's house and office, 20
Mangers, 79

with posts, 79

wrought iron, 80

Manholes, 44
Manure pit, 48
Measurement of food, 92
Mews, II
Mixed food, 22
Mixing concrete, 22

■ machine, 91

Morse's water colour, 33
Mount Sorrel granite, 58

N.

New hay, 19
Newry granite, 58
Nimrod on stables, 16
North London Tramway stables, 32
Number of bricks per yard, 50, 51,
53> S4> 55

O.

Oak posts to mangers, 79
Oil lamps, 96
Omnibus stables, 20, 57
Open brick channels, 39

INDEX.

lOI

Open roofs, 31

surface channels, 39

Ornamental posts, 72
Outlet of gutters, 40
Outside walls, 23

P.

Panel to ramp, 70
Partitions, 70
Paving bricks, 50

granite, 57

metallic, 56

requirements of, 50

smithy, 59

without concrete, 56

wood, 58

Paviors, 51
Peat bog, 22
Perforated pipes, 67
Piers in concrete, 22
Pillars of loose boxes, 72
Pipes (drain), 42 .
Pitch pine, 77
Plank flooring, 59
Planning, 6
Pointing, 34
Portable hearths, 84

iron stables, 3

partitions, 71

• mangers, 81

ramps, 71

water pots, 72

Portswood stables, 92

Post hook, 72

Posts to lofts, 29

Pounds of grain per cubic foot, 90

per bushel, 90

Preparing ground for paving, 56
Private stables, 8
Provisional strength for roofs, 31
Pump, 95

a.

Queen-post roofs, 31
Queen's stables, 88

R.

Racing stables, 16
Rain water, 48

drains, 48

tanks, 48

pipes, 25

Ramps, 72

panels, 70

rails, 70

rounded, 23

Recessing down pipes and taps, 25

Rendall's glazing, 33

Rendering walls, 33

Requirements of horses, I, 62

Revolving shutters, 12

Rock concrete tubes, 35

Roley rags, number of yards super

per ton, 58
Roofs, 30

at Ponder's End, 30

■ common rafter, 30

king-post, 31

lean-to, 30

lofts in, 31

open, 31

queen-post, 31

wrought iron, 32

zinc, 32

Rooms over stables, 7
Rough cast, 25
Rounded corners, 23
ramps, 72

S.

Saddle airer, 86

horse, 87

room, 7

102

INDEX.

Safety bars, 71

catch, 77

hook, 77

mangers, 82

Sailing courses, 79
Separation in stalls, 69
Shafting, &c., 93
Shape of buildings, 2 1
Sherrington ventilators, 68
Shirley stables, 18

Shoot for corn, 92
Simplicity of construction, 5
Size of loose box, 15
Sizes of bricks, 50, 52, 54
Slate urinals, 36
wSliding bar, 83

doors, 74

Slope in stalls, 42, 57
Smithy, 26

fittings, 84

Soft water drains, 48

tank, 48

Southampton Tramway stables, 18
Stable doors, 94
Stables, i

for hunters, 10

for racers, 16

m mews, 1 1

in Sackville street, 7

in the countiy, 9

in towns, 10

on upper floors, 12, 29

Stall divisions, 70
Stalls, 13, 17

with loose boxes, 15

Steep inclines, 42
" Stonehenge," 10
Stone walls, 24

ware damp courses, 24

Stop ends to gutters, 40

Stopping openings, 60

St. Pancras Iron Company's stalls, 82

Stuart's metallic paving, 56
Suburban stables, 10
Superficial area, 14
Supervision, importance of, 49
Surface drainage, 48
Surgery, 19
Suspended doors, 94
Syphon traps, 45

T.

Table of capacity of grain, 90

of vitrified bricks, 54

Tank, 95

Tattersall, Mr. G., on hunting

stables, 16
Temperature of stables, 61
Templates, 32
Thames ballast, 23
Thickness of walls, 23
Through ventilation, 65
Timber in roofs, 31
Town and country stables, 9, 10
Tramway stables, 19
Treatment of foundations, 21
Trough closets, 36
Tuck pointing, 34

U.

Underground drainage, 43
Upper floors, 12, 69
Urinals, 36

V.

Valves, 96

Various kinds of stone paving, 58
Velocity in drains, 43
Ventilating heel-posts, 67

partitions, 30

tiles, 65

upper floors, 67

INDEX.

103

Ventilation, 45, 60
Vestibule of stables, 7
Vice bench, 84
Vitrified bricks, 53

W.

Walls on arches, 24
Washable distemper, -^,1
Washer's room, 9
Washing carriages, 95

room, 7

Water fittings, 81

pot, 81

supply, 95

Weight and capacity of grain, 90

of stock bricks, 55

of vitrified bricks, 54

Well, 34

for value, 95

Wilkinson's paving, 39
Wood floors, 28

paving, 58

Wrought iron capping, 76, 79
• covered surface gutters.

41

mangers, 80

roofs, 32

surface gutters, 39

Y.

Yard gullies, 45
Yards, 4

Z.

Zigzag drainage, 52
Zinc roofs, 32

LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

CO

^

Ul

■ o

_l

r^

<

a-

•b

a)

UJ

>

CJ

•o

DC

^

a.

^

,tigr>H^id'

^
^'«>

I

CM

o-

UJ
Q

u

_j

CD

<
I-
CO

I-
<
>

CL

Plate 6.

PRIVATE STABLES.

DESIGN N9 3.
Byivci GtroJUxL .Architect.

Plate 7.

PRIVATE STABLES.

DESIGN N9 4.
Arra/wcrnenX by Sicnehencfe .

^f^'Wf- i*"' - " .wfr*^^' ifrf'

Blev^tion.

.?6- o

' ■ f ■ l' ■ I llf

Plate 8.

PRIVATE STABLES.
DESIGN NP 6.
£yru^ Giriaid , ArchiUct .

v/-y-«tj>v;/,«-

Jiac;;j.?a^i»^r"-fcr-f?>»i>i<it» •■ "f^^ij-t'^ Jrf,/r-

"^5**"*"

f=^ff OA/r £L€V^ TiON.

^^^^^^^^©:: : ::::

-D

GROUND Pua/^.

mil I r 'i y -r T ■? r I i

/<»

'ic

Joj^ie^.

Plate 9

PRIVATE STABLES.
DESIGN NP 5. Q • Byn^ Giraxul,ArckiUct.

I, ;i .;,.» .- i-.v

S£Cr/OAr O/V L/Af£ C.O.

FIRST FLOOR PL/^N

SECTION ON L/NE /J . B . —

''u 3 S 7 ^ Jr 4 3 3 /

'iiu I I J I I 1 1 1 1-

^

ic

PRIVATE STABLES.

DESIGN NO 6 FOR TOWNS.
B. Gircu^d. Architsct, £tc:

Plate 10.

M ■£

GnouND Floor ftf/N,

f//iSr FLOO^ PLf9M.

U I I I I I I I I I.

/^ ^o'^"'"- ^o _^

n

6o/ee^

Rate U.

PRIVATE STABLES.

DESIGN N9 7 FOR COUNTRY

/^//fsr PLgor Fl/jn.

End CiEV/fT/ON,

u_i

I I M I I I

./<?

C no UUP fLOOfi ^ /7>V.

Sc n L£..

Jc_

I^

II

ly'c^-i^

Hate 12.

PRIVATE STABLES.

DESIGN NO 8 .

Byrwi GtrcauL,

Arc/wtect.

Ya^^/a^^rr

'!•*- t""

SLEV^T/OU.

.Jr

¥o

so^i

fr -^-

Sf.i"

GROUND PLffN.

OAfJf PnJR PLffN.

PAVING.

Plate 13.

uJ" ^ f r f f r / f ^ ?

ja /fft

^

O

>

<

•V,

V

•|^

^

HEEL POSTS.

Plate 16,

Eni-arced y/£W.

T'/rr/i r//-Ct.6.

■f

Z' ■ 0'-.

/Vc J

F/c 2

f/c 6 .k.

Clutch sox.
^ 9

-J. 6'—;

1 i
1 L

'^r

[L
i 1

—J

L

'ff

^

//c /^

•

r

Jmhesn 0 12 3 4 5

IIIIIIIMIIll ^ I I t L_

bvchjes

J I I I i I ' I I I I

SCALE FOR FIGS: 6&7 ONLY,
o I

6

ioftd

zferf

RAMP RAILS

Plate IG.

-H*

li i

I

£NL»/iC£D SECTION.

FfQ »

ELEV/iTlON.

hvTKrK wlWl '^i Vr

t- 1

" < ^ -/ f f f ^ f ^ f ^^^r

tfccJe jrbr Sedr'vfis.

f , , . ^ ^ .5 4 S S y S; 9 /" // /^ ///CH£S.

^fc _ J .

3 1.

LOOSS'-'BOX.

Plate 17

LOOSE BOXES

FtG I

ELEV/TT/Orx.

':.f/C 2.

F/c ^.

K

11

....J'. 9"--*

F/c S.

Ff^ffME. .

ELEVflTfON.

iiiyiiiiiiil

/ z 3 -^ r 6

■J. ..I I \ 1 L

Sr

/ofctt

Plate 18.

STALL PARTITIONS

FIG. I

FIG. Z

msm

e---iz>

9 ».

FIG.3 .

FJC . ■n-

% ^

1 i

.^TTimmT II

J.il. ... 1

"f"^

|-

^*

P

\

i

-B

w

r-«=^

otnn

9 . o -,

en
o

<
I-
if)

o
z
<

Z

o

I-

<

OL

MANGERS

Plate 20.

f/c /

FtC B

ins: 6 C /

I llllllllllll L_

.5 4 .»

J I i_

e jket-

"Plate.21.

MANGERS.

f/C /

f/c s.

Ficd.

Scah for Fin Z Ordy. Injchje^

, % O

Jjhches

Tlate.23.

MANGERS.
LOOSE BOXES.

F/C 3

f/C 2

F/C -^

STALL FITTINGS.

Plate 2'i.

Ftc /

FIGZ

FfC 3 FfG 4 Ftc S.

% .^^;,

""^^S^^^^^^^^^

^^^:^^^^^55^^5^^^^^5^^

cv^

F/c //

F/ G\ /Z .

c o

-I

5 fed

Plate. 25.

GATES AND DOORS

ftc. /

I.I I ', 1 1 1 1.1

^^^

3III

III! Ml I I.I

Tr335jinJira37trte^*IT3^^^

\

Be J.

y^/c-f.

JSoofts ro/^ CoFfN Sto/^e.

Oenefcd ScaJje.

O -I Z 3 4- 5 e 7 s 9 io'

1 I I I I 1 ! 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 t

13

feet

L I I I.

5 O

f ' ' ■ I I I

Scale for Details.
1

3 feet

Piate.26.

FENCE AND GATES

Section.

I
I

{rraiz/td i^ev-

/IT C.

fiC Z.

1 I 1 I 1. I 1_

-l_i.

s- s y » 9 /ofeet:

1 I

Plate. 27

SLIDING DOORS.

<SedLcTv. Cct-i^Cdo

f^^ ajDSDcesq

7^Zcty7^.

Scaler forEleyaJtUine, Fla/v & SecUorv.

lod/eb

Scale forEnJjxrgeabDeUiiL .

ifbot

HINGES

Plate,2a

F/c /

X . S

: <f

r

I

^

i

, J I .1.-

PLfffl,

1

It! ':

i'/.ri'

ff-rroN.

..4V.

f/c2

k-?i^>'

V— B IT

i*— C

■r

f—r-

I.I
—4^

%^^_^::\z^'^- 3«

i=t

i_

r

PlWa/.

^/8'

.A A A

<f

Vtav^

-€>-•

_.J.

BLBV/TTiON.

a

TO/'

<K

(&

CQ)

//♦J'.- /Jl It /c 9 i 7 /T S 4 J Z f O

LUO 1 l~~i 1 I I I I 1 > 1 '

BOT TOM.

//"a of:

1

HARNESS BRACKETS

Plate. 29

PLate.30.

Plate.31.

//<; /

a:

<

0.

o

a.

I-
<

u

z

3

00

<
I-
cn

>
z
<

Q.

£
O
O

(/}

m

z
s
o

<

Ui

z

Ui

O

z
o
o
z
o

u.
O

LONDON GENERAL OMNIBUS COMPANYS STABLES

Plate 33.

.Plci7V> o/' S/'Cl/j^C

P/^ct^i^ o/ D/yzirta.^^.

Hill .\.\ I i. 1 1 I 1 I 1

SCflL £ .

-0 —

zoyt^e.

I

•fl-

■V-

iVv-

'*-

«o -

Tlate.37

LONDON GENERAL OMNIBUS COMPANYS STABLES.

LOOSE BOXES & SURGERY.

"^^>^^g:^^^^^^^^^^^^jgq W^ ]S^ggg^^sgi

ffTfTT

i

ft

M

lorv^cirju/irvoU. nS&cJMrfv' /f. S.

Scale

Hate. 38.

LONDON GENERAL OMNIBUS COMPANYS STABLES.

^^■^■%'^^w^%^j i"*^^:

]Pl<xfi «/" Jtoo/^.

,,.':' ? f f ^ f f / f ; f

ScaCe,.

jn/'ee.f.

I'yyng GuroLucb

NORTH LONDON TRAMWAYS,

Plat.^.;9

f^£ft^y V/CNQLEs M /.C e Sit^mr*4-

Sy/vc Cin^ i*o ^rc7tijterj^.

fin,.'

io Jo ■''' £0 sv

CD
U

-I
CQ
<

CO <)

X
H"

o:
o

z

J:

s
Q

1

«-

CO
UJ

_J

OQ
<

>^

r

0:J.

o

■u

-^

<^*.

^^m

Plate -^4.

Det^/ls O^ //lONROOr

Sctf^4: Jen JkyZiy/r &

:f

Jccde- jW- S/ic€.

Plate 45.

NORTH LONDON TRAMWAY STABLES
Bvncf Giraiul , Arduiect-

SMITHY.

nzi

:^

'^yMoa/

A——''

»MBr.

Jtaut oct /f.B.

yicuv a-^ C. o.

9\2'

for

j I

^1

Vtrtsltint

j:r:

-----zrrzzb.

J'lefatiow

I I II I i I I II 1 1 1

■iStxrtc.

9

^

^

^

if

lb

■ •■■^ f f * \ f

,-f*^

nate 4^b.

NORTH LONDON TRAMWAY STABLES.
Hynx^ Citrcuxci. ArcJdtect.

smTthy.

LONG/ruO/N/IL SECTION.

,ft*t-

Fi c I

t ^

4ir

♦

O'

«-,

O

£LEVftr/ON.

0

.0U^

./i:

irfi"""

o

o

o o

^

y-- ;e --♦!

I
It

'^/C -?.

I

f

r

^ Sect/on. ^

I

"■""" L-

'^ i i f <' r ^ ^ f'-c^'f

a/t£SS/UC /f/A/GS /fr /f

PJale47.

NORTH LONDON TRAMWAY STABLES . Bynu Gtraud . ArcJiitect

FIRST FLOOR

iiiii I I 1 I I ■ ■ ■ ■ '

j^f<^

GROUND FLOOR,

NORTH LONDON TRAMWAY STABLES
Bjnyi Gu'ouMci, Aj'chiteci ■

Plate 46.

LoNO/Tuot«f/fL Smct/on Thro' Engine Mouse

Tanlc.

Fl3

LoMCiTUDiN/it. Section Thro' Cornstore.

t
£Ma/N£. Mouse.

•jv

joffxi

Plate 43.

DRAINAGE.
A/ofiTH London Tn/JMwsy Stables.

I

ins 1^. I .<? -/ g 3 ■> .? <? r << .? jo

fr,

Plate bO.

CAMBRIDGE TRAMWAY STABLES.

TffOM/rs fLoY» Eittu.fU'er'

Byhg CfA0i/o ^rcAciect.

\

GrtHtnd. TZttn-

^rst ^lvvr2icLrv

7ii/'stJF(t?cr.t(aJt^

Jtcef of Cafsked,.

Q

o

Q
k

•J

Si
0

I.

M
«l

5

M

o

5

Plate S3.

SOUTHAMPTON TRAMWAY STABLES, PORTSWOOD.
Hyng GircaxxL , Architect .

ftcr.tiEflc7€JDUVft^l_.^ \

t .

f

;-««f

CORN STORE

Plate SI

'■■■'■'■■ 1 1 '

I I I I I 1 I ■ : - I I .. J u

J^«^

MESS"?? CROSSE & BLACKWELL'S STABLES.

THE LATE R. C ROUMIEU ARCHT

Plate 65.

'""'■■ 1 1

20

lo,ict.

COLONEL FITZWYGRAM'S DESIGN.

Plate 56

^j^^^^^d

I 4

SECTtON A.B,

Jb-.

CQI

^ Wfy^ I ^/^/;i3 ^ m)

fir D.

PART PLAN. J

-1 I I I I I I

/o

_1

jo/Vv-.

Webster Family Library of Veterinaiy IWedicine
Cmmos Schoci of Veterinary Medicine at

- d

PAYING FOR STABLES, &c.

^'ADAMAJ^TIJHE CLINKER," Regd.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS.

This Paving is supplied to Her Majesty, H.R.H. Prince of Wales, and other
Members of the Royal Family ; also to the principal Nobility of this,

and foreign countries.

Clinkers are supplied, direct from. Works, or by the leading Stable Fitters

and Builders' Merchants.

CAUTION. — As there are spurious articles in the market, all genuine
Clinkers are stamped "Adamantine Clinker, Regd."

TOWERS & WILLIAMSON,

ADAMANTINE CLINKER W^ORKS,
LITTLE BYTHAM, GRANTHAM.

WORKS ESTABLISHED 1850.

Fourth Edition^ revised and enlarged, Royal Svo, cloth. Price \os. 6d. ;

nettf 8j 6d. ; or Qx. post-free.

THE PLUMBER AND SANITARY )<0USE8 :

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL PLUMBING WORK,

OR THE BEST MEANS FOR EFFECTUALLY EXCLUDING NOXIOUS GASES FROM OUR HOUSES.
^VITH A CHAPTER ON COWL TESTING.

By S. STEVENS HELLYER.

With 27 Lithographic Plates, and 262 Illustrations in the Text.

" The best treatise existing on Practical Plumbing." — The Builder.

" The book is one with which every Architect and Builder, and we might say every Householder should
become conversant." — The Engineer.

" The most complete English Treatise published." — T/ie Building News.

" Unquestionably the best Manual of Plumbing Practice." — The Sanitary Engineer.

"A valuable practical work on everything relating to Plumbing work within the House." — 7'-^^ Lancet.

PUBLI SHED BY

B. T. BATSFORD, 52, High Holborn, London.

ni

PRACTICAL WORKS for the use of Architects, Surveyors,
Builders, &c. Published by B. T. BATSFORD, 52, High
Holborn, London.

Estimating^ ; a method of Pricing Builders' Quantities for Competitive Work without the
use of a price book. By a Practical Estimator. Second Edition, carefully revised. Crown 8vo,
cloth. Price 6j. 6^. ; nett ^s. 6d.

Repairs ; How to measure and value them in Competition. A Handbook for the use of
Builders, Decorators, &c. By George Stephenson, Author of ' Estimating.' Crown 8vo,
cloth. Price 3^. 6d. ; nett 3^.

"We recommend all young men in the Building Trades who are likely to be called upon to do any estimating,
to obtain this little book and make it their pocket vade-mecum." — Illustrated Carpenter and Builder.

The Orders of Architecture — Greek, Roman, and Italian. Selected from Nor-
mand's Parallels and other Authorities. With 3 New Plates, specially piepared for this work.
Edited with Notes by R. Phene Spiers. 20 Plates. Folio, cloth. Price ioj. dd. ; nett %s. dd.

A Treatise on Shoring and Underpinning, and generally dealing with Dangerous
Structures. By Cecil Haden Stock. With numerous Illustrations on 10 lithographic plates.
Demy 8vo, cloth. Price 4^. dd. ; nett 3^-. 9^.

Examples of Iron Roofs of all Designs and Spans up to 75 feet. With Complete
Details, Weights, and Diagrams of Strains for each Principal. Simplified and Tabulated for
the use of Architects, Engineers, and Students. By Thomas Timmins, C.E. 4to, cloth.
Price \2s. 6d. nett.

"A very useful work for the architect and engineer. We can commend the work, and very specially to
Students." — British A rchitect.

Strains in Structures ; A Text Book for Students. By G. A. T. Middleton, Asso-
ciate R.I.B.A. Illustrated by 89 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth. Contents : — I. Loads on
Supports — II. Shearing Stresses in Cantilevers and Beams — III. Stresses in Flanges — IV. Rec-
tangular Beams — V. Method of Designing a Wrought-Iron Girder — VI. Columns and Struts —
VII. Framed Cantilevers — VIII. Framed Beams and Girders — IX. Roofs, Dead Load only —
X. Roofs, Wind Pressure and Combined Loads. Price 4^-. ; nett 3^. 40^.

Approved by the Science and Art Department.
Building Construction and Drawing (Elementary Stage, Part I.) ; specially adapted
for the use of Students in Science and Technical Schools. Compiled by Charles F. Mitchell
(Lecturer on Building Construction and Technical Carpentry and Joinery). Revised by the
Technical Teachers of the Polytechnic Institute, Regent Street. With 550 Illustrations, fully
dimensioned. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 3>s'. ; nett 2s. 6d.

MR. BANISTER FLETCHER'S TEXT BOOKS FOR ARCHITECTS & SURVEYORS.

Arranged in Tabulated Form, and fully indexed for ready reference.
Quantities. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. Containing the following Supplemen-
tary Chapters : — Cubing— Forms of Fair Bills— Priced Schedules — The Law — and examples of
the "taking off" of Bricklayer of the entire Front, and also of every Trade for the Drawing
Room in the same Villa. With 5 lithographic plates, comprising elevation, 2 sections, and
2 plans. Crown 8vo, cloth. Price ds. ; nett ^s.

The Metropolitan Building Acts; comprising the principal Acts, and the latest
Amendment Acts, Rules, Orders, &c., giving the most recent legal decisions, and illustrated
with 22 coloured plates, showing the thickness of walls, plans of chimneys, &c., &c. Also,
Part I. of the Act, in tabulated form, for easy reference. Crown 8vo, cloth. Price 6s. 6d. ;
nett 5^-. 6d,

Dilapidations. Third Edition, much enlarged, with all the most recent Legal Cases and
Acts. The legal portion revised by E. Uttermare Bullen, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Crown
Svo, cloth. Price 6s. ; nett p.

liight and Air ; with Methods of Estimating Injuries, Reports of most recent Cases, &c.
Second Edition, revised and enlarged. With 17 coloured diagrams, &c. The legal portion
revised by E. Uttermare Bullen, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Crown Svo, cloth. Price 6s. 6d. ;
nett 5^. 6d.

iv

:'X.v-*.', r '<i /"i^'.'.H' i } Xm:

-.'..-