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This Book is Entirely Home Production.

Published by the World's Fair Commlssion of the State of Washington for distribution at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

Edited by Elwood Evans, of Tacoma, President of the Washington State Historical Society, and Edmond S. Meany, of Seattle, Statiti- cian of the Washington World's Fair Commission.

The paper was made by the Fuget Sound Pulp and Paper Company, of Everett.

The halftone engravings were made by W. D. 0. Spike & Co., of Tacoma.

The book binding was done by the Pioneer Bindery, of Tacoma.

Thet

"Tacoma Daily News,'

State Government.

Irovernor John H. McGraw

Lieutenant Governor Frank H, Luce

Secretary of State ' James H. Price

Treasurer Owen A. Bowen

Auditor Laban K. Grimes

Attorney General William C. Jones

Superintendent of Public Instruction C. W. Bean

Commissioner of Public Lands W. T. Forrest

State Printer 0.0. White

R. O. DuNBAK, Chief Justice

T. L. Stiles

.Supreme Court \ J. P. Hoyt

'' . T. J. Anders

Elmon Scott

The Washington World's Fair Commission,

o

President . N. G. Blalock . . Wiilla Walla

Vice-President . . . S. B. Conovf:k . . Port Townsend

Secretary P. C. Kauffnian Taconia

Executive Commissioner G. Y. Calhoun T^a Conner

Assistant Ex. Commissioner. .Percy W. Rociiestku Seattle

Commissioner L. R. Grimes EUensburgh

Commissioner W. L. LaFollette Pullman

Commissioner T. H. Cavanaugh Olympia

Commissioner C. H. Ballard Conconnully

BOARD OF WASHINGTON LADY MANAGERS.

President Mrs. Alice Houghton Spokane

Vice-President Mrs. M. D. Owings Olympia

Secretary Mrs. C. W. Griggs Tacoma

Alternate Lady Manager Mrs. Josephine Ettinger Palouse City

Treasurer.— Though not a member of either Board, Mr. Samuel Collyer, of Tacoma, was selected as Treasurer of both Boards.

WASHINGTON.

Prior to the purchase of Ahiska, ^^^ashington '^vas the extreme Northwestern Territory of the United States. Bordering the Pa- cific ocean, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Gulf of Georgia and 49th degree North latitude divide it from British Columbia on the North; the Columbia river and 46th degree North are its South boundary, separating it from Oregon; to the East is Idaho, the line dividing that State from Washington being a meridian run- ning due North from the point of intersection of Snake river, by the 46th degree North latitude. The area of the State embraces nearly eight degrees of longitude, with an average width of three degrees of latitude, containing 69,994 square miles, or 44,796,160 acres. Deducting the approximate area of Puget Sound and the moun- tainous regions unfit for cultivation, there remain about 35,000,- 000 acres, of which about 20,000,000 acres are timber lands, about 5,000,000 are rich alluvial bottom lands, and 10,000,000 acres prairies and plains. Of the latter a large proportion is well adapted to wheat raising, all for stock raising.

HISTORY.

The historic antecedents of the region which has become the State of ^yashington date their real beginning with the birth of the Great Republic, the United States of America. Cotemporane- ously with the inauguration of George Washington as President was the discovery of Washington's magnificent inland and adja- cent seas and the mighty river Columbia. Whilst those mem- orable events are the most appropriate commencement of the Centennial annals of Washington, yet the narrative must be pre- ceded by a brief chronicle of the discoveries of North Pacific re- gions by the navigators of other nations, in order to render intelligil}le the measure of national claims to the territory, the acts which give origin to what may be called the " Oregon Con- troversy," that half-century of contention between the United States and Great Britain as to sovereignty of so much of the State of Washington as lies north and west of the Columbia river.

8 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

At the time and for centuries following the discovery of America, ignorance prevailed as to the geographic contiguration of earth's continents and seas. That assertion linds apt demon- stration in the papal hulls of 1454 and 149o. liy the former Portugal had obtained the grant of " (exclusive right of naviga- tion, conquest, trade, tishing in all seas and countries which they might lind between Cape Bojador and the Indies not before occu- pied by a Christian nation." On the 2d May, 1493, " the undis- covered world was divided (by Pope Alexander VI.) between Spain and Portugal." From pole to pole, a meridian of one hundred leagues M'est of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands was the partition line. All lands and seas discovered East of that line were allotted to Portugal; all West were awarded to Spain.

It was also the faith of the early geographers that in 150O Gaspar Cortereal, a Portuguese navigator, had sailed westward from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean through a channel in lati- tude 58 degrees North, which was called the " Strait of Anian." The hope animated adventurers in that age to discover such strait, passage through Avhich would shorten the distance between Europe and Eastern Asia, between the gold producing provinces of the Spanish Pacific coast and the old European nations. Search for the Northwest passage aimed to annihilate distance between West- ern European countries and Eastern Asia by a water transit of the North American continent.

In 1517-1521, Hernando Cortes had discovered and reduced Mexico to the condition of a Spanish province. His dominion securely established, in the belief that the coast was an extension of India, he projected voyages of exploration from Mexico along its coasts. Those pioneer Spanish explorations terminated in 1543, wnth Ferrelo's voyage, in which was discovered and named Cape Mendocino. He sailed north to the 44th degree North latitude. The Pacific coast had been thoroughly examined from Panama to northward of Cape Mendocino. To the coast north of Cape San Lucas, Spanish maps ascribe the name " Coast of California the South Sea." Mexico was known as New Spain. North of Mexico the entire coast was claimed by Spain under the name of California.

Such were the initial movements in North Pacific coast dis- covery. G-eography as illustrated in the charts or maps at that period had made but little progress; the theories of geographers

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 9

and navigators were extremely crude; their maps delineated their hope rather than their knowledge. It predicted the existence of a body of water, a ship-channel, or as it was then called, a North- west passage. Such passage or water-way was located, and then voyages were made to seek for it, or to verify the map.

That a " Northw^est Passage'' w^ould be found, that the " Strait of Anian" existed inspired many a voyage of discovery, yet until the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the voyages to the North American Pacific coasts had been restricted to the Spaniards and Russians. To this assertion One notable exception must be made, viz: The British claim that shores of the territory now embraced in this State were approached in 1579 by Sir Francis Drake, the renowned Buccaneer; that the coast by him named New Albion embraced this State. He sailed from Plymouth, England, De- cember 13, 1577, in command of three small vessels and two pinnaces. The latter were wrecked before reaching the Strait of Magellan. The Golden Hind, commanded by Drake, was the only vessel of his fleet which reached the Pacific ocean. In that vessel he cruised along the Spanish- American coasts, seized and sacked defenceless cities and ships. His vessel filled with plunder, he continued his voyage northward to avoid Spanish cruisers and in the hope to escape to the Atlantic by the supposed Northw^est passage. Failing to find such a passage he crossed the Pacific ocean and returned to England by way of the Cape of Good Hope.

In a historic collection called the "Pilgrims," published in 1625, by Samuel Purchas, in a note made by Michael Lok, the elder, touching the strait of sea commonly called Strait of Anian^ he says: " He met in Venice in 1596 an old Greek mariner called Juan de Fuca, but whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, who detailed that in 1592 he sailed in a small caravel from Mexico in the service of Spain, along the coasts of Mexico and California until he came to the latitude of 47 degrees; that there finding that the land trended North and Northeast with a broad inlet of sea between 47 and 48 degrees of latitude, he entered thereinto, sailing therein more than twenty days, and at the en- trance of this said strait there is on the Northeast coast thereof a great headland or island with an exceeding high pinnacle or spired rock like a pillar thereon."

Authorities now recognized, establish that the so-called " note

10 STATE OF WASHlNiiTON.

made by Mic-liael Lok, the elder,'' was a lal'iitalioii devoid of truth; that tlie alleged " Greek mariner, called Juan de Fuca," was a myth; that the voyage and its narrative are fa hies (juite as much as that longest-believed of myths, the "Strait of Anian."

The statement by Michael Lok was long credited; it gave impetus to vt>yages of exploration to the North Pacific.

Early in the eighteenth century (1711) Northern Asia (Sibe- ria and Kamtchatka) had l)een conquered by the Russians and was merged into the Russian Empire. Peter the Great, in the latter part of his reign, devoted much attention to the jjrovinces of Eastern Siberia. Scientific men at Petersburg urged that the question '' AMiether Asia and America were separate continents" should be determined. The emperor zealously entered into the solution of the problem. He drafted instructions to Captain Vitus Bering, an oflicer of Danish birth serving in the Russian navy, whom he had selected to command the expedition: "To construct at Kamtchatka or other commodious place, one or two vessels; with them to examine the coasts to the north and toward the east, to see whether they were not contiguous with America, since their end was not known."

Peter the Great died before the execution of the enterprise, but his widow and successor, the Empress Catharine, confirmed his appointment and approved the orders. Bering, himself, thus briefly states the purpose of his voyage: " I was to inform my- self of the limits of Siberia, and particularly if its eastern corner was separate from America." In 1728 Bering passed through the strait now bearing his name into the Arctic ocean, satisfied that the continents were separate, "for beyond we could discern no land to the north, neither toward the east."

In 1730,Gwosdew, under instruction " to undertake the dis- covery of the land opposite their country," (Tehuktchi coast) saw both sides of the strait, and verified the result of Bering's voyage. In a subsequent voyage (1741) Bering discovered and named Mount St. Elias, examined the American coast for some distance, and discovered several islands of the Aleutian group. On one of these islands the gallant .commander died; to perpetuate his memory his comrades named it Bering — such is his monument. Their vessel shortly afterward went to pieces, and for months the surviving crew were compelled to remain upon the desolate island. They subsisted upon sea animals, and made clothing of

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 11

their skins. On their return to Kamtchatka they carried the skins they had preserved. Thus the necessities of Bering's crew taught the great fact that that portion of the North Pacific coast was prolific in valuable furs. Bering's voj^age opened to com- merce a new feature. It stimulated the Russian fur trade; it led to the formation of the Russian establishments in North America, it established Russian claim thereto. Those operations, advanc- ing southward, located the South line of Russian discovery and claim at 54 degrees 40 minutes North latitude. The Spanish government became fearful that Russia would encroach upon Spanish claim to the lower coasts. Charles III, to check Russian settlement, resolved to renew the exploration of the \\"estern coast of America; to extend Spanish voyages to higher Northern lati- tudes; to occupy the vacant coasts and island adjacent to New ♦Spain; to establish settlements for the securing to the crown of those territories. Under his orders California was occupied as a Spanish province. On the 2oth of January, 1774, .Juan Perez sailed from San Bias. He made the coast .of Queen Charlotte's island, named the point Cape Santa Margarita, (the Cape North of modern geography), rounded that cape and entered Dixon's Channel. Scurvy appearing among his crew he turned south- ward. On the 9th of August he discovered Port Lorenzo, now known as Nootka Sound. His pilot (Martinez) observed, the point now named Cape Flattery, and named it on the Spanish charts as Cape Martinez. In latitude 47 degrees 47 minutes Perez sighted the snow-capped peak to which he gave the name Sierra de Santa Rosalia, now called Mt. Olympus, the name given it by Captain George Vancouver.

In 1775 Heceta sailed from San Bias, Mexico, in command of the Santiago and Sonora, the latter commanded by Bodega y Quadra. Early in July Quadra made the land, 48 degrees, 27 minutes North. Thence he coasted southward, inshore, seeking the outlet of Strait of Fuca as laid down on Bellin's chart between 47 and 48 degrees North. He anchored near the mainland, 47 degrees 20 minutes North, sent a boat ashore with seven men, all of whom were murdered by the natives. Quadra named the land Punta de Martires (the Point Grenville of modern geography). The crew of the Sonora had been attacked with scurvy, succeeded by other causes for discouragement. To commemorate his mis- fortunes, Quadra named the adjacent island Isla de Dolores.

12 8TATK OF WASl 1 1 .N( ; TON .

(Tliis is the Destruction Island of modern diarts, a name ascriltcd to it in 1787 by Captain Berkley, of tli(> ship ImixTinl l<]agle, in memory of tiie sad fate of several of liis erew, wlio, u])on going ashore, were murdered by the natives.) The Santiago and Sonora having separated. Quadra sailed nortlnvanl to tlu^ island so long called Quadra and Vancouver Island, known now by the lather name, lleeeta followed down the coast, and on tlie lotli day of August discovered an opening (40 degrees 17 minutes), from which rushed so strong a currcMit tliat he was unable to elFect an entrance. To this opening .he gave tlu> name of " Enseiiachi dc Heceta," in honor of the discoverer, and noted it as the mouth of the " Rio de San Roque."

On the 22d of July, 1776, Captain James Cook anchored under Cape Martinez. It is the northwest promontory of this State. To it Captain Cook gave the name, by which it is now known. Cape Flattery. Failing to see the Strait of Fuca, lie stood away to the northwest. Having ascertained that no such strait existed between 47 and 48 degrees North, he denied its ex- istence, and by such denial attested that until then he had given credit to Lok's statement. In 1787 Captain Berkley, an Englisli navigator sailing in the Austrian East India Company's service,, in the ship Imperial Eagle, descried the entrance of the straits now called Juan de Fuca. In the ship's long boat he assured hiinself of its existence, but attempted no examination. At Ma- cao, the following winter, he communicated his discovery to Cap- tain John Meares, who was about to sail for Northwest America, under the Portuguese flag.

On the 29th of June, 1788, Meares, in the Felice, entered the strait, but made no extended reconnoissance. In his narrative he says: " The strongest curiosity impelled me to enter tliis strait, which we will call by the name of its original discoverer, John de Fuca." Meares then sailed southward to examine the mouth of the Rio de San Roque. On the 5th of July he discov- ered the entrance of Shoalwater Bay, calling the heads respect- ively Cape Shoalwater (now Toke Point) and Low Point (now Leadbetter's Point). After fruitless efforts in the vicinity of the mouth of the San Roque, he announced: " We can now with safety assert that no such river as that of St. Roc exists as laid down on the Spanish charts." He perpetuated the evidence of his chagrin l)y naming the southwest promontory of Washington

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 13

Cape Disappointment. Still further to contemn what he regarded as mere pretensions of Heceta, he changed the name Ensenada de Heceta to Deception Bay.

In the same year American enterprise and commerce appear in tliese latitudes and contribute largely to the exploration and knowledge of these regions. In 1787 a voyage of discovery and mercantile adventure was planned and undertaken by Joseph Barrell, Samuel Brown, Charles Bultinch, -John Derby, Crowell Hatch and John M. Pintard, an association of merchants of the city of Boston, who fitted out and dispatched to the Northwest coast of America the ship Columbia, over two hundred tons bur- den, commanded by Captain .John Kendrick, and the sloop Wash- ington, of ninety tons, commanded by Captain Robert Gray. That voyage was the first undertaken by citizens of the United States to Northwest America. Medals were struck commemorat- ive of its projectors and the agencies employed. On the one side of such medals Avere the Washington and Columbia — pioneers to secure American supremacy in these regions; on the other side were the names of the merchant proprietors who projected the scheme of utilizing and developing the commerce of the Northwest coasts.

' The purposes of those Boston merchants are thoroughly fore- shadowed in the instructions to Captain John Kendrick, to whom the command of the expedition was entrusted: "That the most inviolate harmony and friendship may be cultivated between you and the natives, that no advantage be taken of them, but that you endeavor by honest conduct to impress upon their minds a friendship for . Americans. If you make any post or improve- ment of land on the coast, be sure you purchase- the soil of the natives; and it would not be amiss if you purchased some ad- vantageous tract of land in the name of the owners; if you should, let the instrument of conveyance bear every authentic mark the circumstances will admit of."

" It must appear obvious how very favorable such a trade would be to the United States of America, as well as to individ- uals, for, in case of success, a very valuable property would be brought into the country from a trifling advance, and in a short time establish a trade superior to any the country enjoys at pres- ent, and the idea may with propriety be extended to an estab- lishment in that country equal at least to what the Hudson's Bay Company is to Great Britain.

14 STATE OF \VASH1N(JT0N.

■■ Hut ill case tlu' t"ur trade does not answei- at Xootka then to proceed along the coast to tlie nortliward, exaniinin<f the same in the most attentive manner for hays, rivers or liarliors suilalile for the traile hetween Nootka and I'lincc William's Sound, in latitude (K) degrees 19 minutes North, longitude 2\-) degrees 7 minutes East, as hetween those two ]tlaces the coast was not ex- }>lored hy Captain Cook or any other toriner navigator."' The two vessels sailed from Boston on the 1st of Octoher, 1787, and arrived in Nootka Sound in the month of Sei)teml)er, 1788. Both continued on the coast until the '.)d of July, 1789. Upon that date Captain Gray was transferred to the Columhia, and that ship sailed on her return to Boston via China. The voyage was accomplished in safety, and he was the first navigator to carry around the world the Hag of the United States of America.

Previous to the sailing of the Columhia for Boston, Captain Gray, in the sloop Washington, had explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca to its full extent prior to any English or Spanish vessel having navigated its waters. After the departure of the Colum- bia, Captain Kendrick in the sloop Washington, remained, and in the winter of 1789 he erected Fort Washington at Mawinna on Nootka Sound.

In the following summer Captain Kendrick explored the en- tire extent of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, passed north through the Gulf of Georgia, coming out on the Pacific ocean north of Vancouver's Island, demonstrating that Nootka was upon an island and not upon the continent; in other words, that the land now known as Vancouver Island was an island.

In the summer of 1791 Captain John Kendrick, for his own- ers, purchased of the native chiefs extensive tracts of land between the 47th and 51st degrees aggregating in amount 2,896 square miles, the conveyances of which were executed by the native chiefs. Kendrick, by the consent of said native chiefs and in ac- cordance with his instructions, took formal possession of said tracts. He left the coast on the 29th of September, 1791. By an accidental discharge of a salute he was killed. The little sloop Washington, with her cargo of furs, was lost on the coast f)f China.

On the 27th of September, 1790, Captain Robert Gray, in the ship Columbia, sailed from Boston on a second voyage for North- west America. He cruised on the coast until September, 1791.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 15

Avlien lie returned to I'lyoquot. Xootka Sound, for winter quar- ters. \Miile at the villajje of Clicksclocutsee, twelve miles from the ocean, he huilt a fort, called Fort Defiance, which he mounted with four cannon, and having supplied it with ammunition, placed it under co iimand of his first officer, Mr. Haswell. He then and there built a schooner of forty tons burden, Avhich he called the Adventurer.

Sppanish expeditions were contemporaneously engaged in the exploration of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Gulf of Georgia and adjacent waters. In 1790 Quimper thoroughly examined the Southern shore of the strait. Neah Bay was named Puerto Nunez Gaona, and Port Discovery was called Puerto Quadra. Quimper also discovered the entrance to Admiralty Inlet, to which he gave the name of Canal de Camaano. This was the Southern limit of Spanish explorp^tions. On March 8th, 1782, the Sutil and Mexicana, respectively commanded by Galiano and Valdez, sailed from Acapulco to the North Pacific. This expedi- tion concluded the Spanish exploration of the Canal de Haro, Rosario Straits and the Gulf of Georgia. On the 21st of June they fell in with Captain George Vancouver in an open boat pur- suing his examination of the inlet, shore line, etc., of these waters. During the summer Fidalgo commenced a settlement and the erection of fortifications at what is now Neah Bay. Remains of masonry, bricks, etc., are still occasionally being exhumed in that locality. Upon the withdrawal of the Spaniards from these latitudes the settlement was abandoned.

In 1791 the British government fitted out an expedition, un- der the command of Captain George Vancouver, R. N., consisting of the sloop of war Discovery, the tender, Chatham, and the transport Doedalus. Captain Vancouver had been appointed commissioner on the part of Great Britain under the Nootka Sound Treaty with Spain. On his voyage to Nootka he was to examine the Pacific coast from 30 degrees to 70 degrees North, to ascertain in what parts civilized nations had made settlements, and to determine whether or not any effective water communica- tion available for commercial purposes existed between the At- lantic and Pacific oceans. Vancouver entered the Strait of Fuca April 29, 1792. Off Cape Flattery the American ship Columbia, Captain Gray, sailing from Nootka, was boarded by Captain Vancouver. Grav communicated all he knew about the strait

16 STATK OF WASHlNtJTON.

and inforiued Vancouver i>f his nine days' nnsucoessful attempt in latitude 4() degrees 10 minutes to enter a fresh-water river, which lie claimed to have then discovered. Vancouver replied: " That an opening had heen seen hy him on the 27th with ap- pearance of fresh water, but that the same was not inaccessible from currents, but because of breakers extending across, and that there was not any safe navigable opening, harbor or place of security for shipping on the coast from Cape Mendocino to Cape Flattery, that this part of the coast formed one compact, solid and nearly straight barrier against the sea." Gray, not discour- aged nor diverted from his purpose, sailed southward, and on the 7th of May discovered and entered what he named Bulfinch Har- bor, now known as Gray's Harbor. On the morning of the 11th May, 1792, he successfully entered the mouth of and anchored in that river to which, after his ship, he gave the name Columbia. By that important discovery the United States acquired, by right of discovery, the vast area of territory West of the Rocky moun- tains, watered and drained by the mighty river of the West.

During the summer the exploration of the islands, bays, har- bors and inlets of the great inland sea of Washington, and the waters adjacent had been completed by Vancouver. Admiralty Inlent, Puget Sound, Hood's Canal, Gulf of Georgia, and most of our present nomenclature originated with that eminent navigator and were magnanimously perpetuated by our own Wilkes a half century later (1841), when he verified the thorough work of Van- couver and his Spanish contemporaries. After Captain Gray had discovered the Columbia river he returned to Nootka. On the 12th of October, 1792, the Vancouver expedition sailed soutl>- ward; the Doedalus entered and examined Gray's Harbor. To Lieutenant Broughton was assigned the exploring of the Colum- bia river. On the 20th of October the Chatham anchored in Baker's Bay. Vancouver, in the Discovery, proceeded to the bay of San Francisco. Broughton ascended the Columbia in an open boat, reaching in December the point which he named Vancou- ver, and upon which the city of Vancouver is now built. Having finished this examination and claimed the country in the name of his sovereign he joined Vancouver at San Francisco. The Spaniards shortly subsequent withdrew from Nootka, and thus terminated explorations of the Strait of Fuca and adjacent wa- ters.

STATE OF AVASHINGTOX.

17

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 19

The foregoing chronicle has been confined to voyages to the Pacific Coast of North America. The facts have been detailed upon which depends the claim to the coasts or territory conse- c^nent upon the nationality of the navigator alleged to have made the discovery.

It has now become essential to refer to the overland approach to Nortliwest America; the crossing of the continent from ocean to ocean.

In the first half of the eighteenth century the existence of the Rocky mountains had been made known. Rumor had as- serted the existence of a great river flowing westward from that mountain chain to the Great South sea. In 1778 was published the Journal of Captain Jonathan Carver narrating alleged travels in 1776-8, " through the interior parts of North America for more than five thousand miles." Carver's Journal is only noteworthy because it contained the first mention of the word " Oregon." He applied the name to a great river flowing west- ward from the Rocky mountains, w^hich had never been seen by a white man. When Gray's discovery had assured the existence of the Columbia river, those who would have robbed him of the credit of his discovery applied the name " Oregon" to that river. The territory it drained subsequently received the name. That name " Oregon," itself, continues a mystery, its meaning and or- igin are alike mythical. Brj^ant's sublime verse (1817) perpetu- ated the name, and stamped it indelibly on the region '' where rolls the Oregon."

The first white man who crossed the Rocky mountains was Sir Alexander Mackenzie, a native of Scotland, a partner in the Northwest Fur Company. The party reached the Pacific ocean at the point named by Mackenzie ''the cheek of Vancouver's Cascade Canal," latitude 52 degrees 20 minutes 48 seconds North, longitude 128 degrees 2 minutes West of Greenwich. About to set out on his return, he " mixed some vermillion and grease, and inscribed in large characters on the Southeast face of the rock on which we slept last night this brief memorial: Alexander Mac- kenzie from Canada, by land, the twenty-second day of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three."

That first expedition across the continent determined " the non-existence of any passage Northeast or Northwest from the

20 STATE UF WASlllXtiTOX.

Atlantic to the Pacific ocean; luit iii(rii;il ((.iiiiiHinication by rivers was clearly proved."

]'.y the recognition of its Independence^, tlie United States of America, as successor to Great l^ritain, liad lor its \\'cst ])oundary the mid-channel of the Mississippi river northward from tlie GuJf of Mexico to its source. That river was the Eastern l)ounilary of the French province of Louisiana, as aflixed by the treatv of 17G:>. The Northern )):)undary of Louisiana liad hecn defined in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht; it was tlie Soulhcin boundary of the Hudson's Bay territory. While Louisiana was a French province it may be described as having included the territory be- tween the Mississippi river and the summit of tlie Rocky moun- tains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the South boundary of the Hudson's Bay territory. In 1762 France ceded Louisiana to Spain. By the recognized law of nations as then api)lied to European provinces on the North American continent, Spanish Louisiana extended westward to the South sea without some ad- verse power had made prior settlement. As Spain claimed terri- tory bordering upon said South sea or Pacific ocean, and no. adverse national claim intervened until 1792, when the United States claim attached by reason of the discovery of the Columl:)ia river by one of its citizens, Spanish Louisiana may be claimed tO' have extended westward to the Pacific ocean. Alter 1792 Spanish, claim had become subject to the claim of the United States.. In 1800 Spain retroceded Louisiana " with the same extent it now has in the hands of Spain, and which it had when France possessed it, and such as it should be according to the treaties made between Spain and other States." On the 15th October, 1802, Spain redelivered to the French republic the province of Louisiana as thus defined. On April 30th, 1803, the United States purchased of Napoleon Louisiana as above described.

The United States had acquired a claim to the territory watered by the Columbia, by discovery of that river. Hence the Louisiana purchase in unmistakable language vested'in'the United States absolute title to the territory between the Mississippi river and the summit of the Rocky mountains bounded North by the 49th parallel westward; together with the appurtenant right to the territory West of the mountains which enured to Spain while held as a Spanish province.

Claim to territory by virtue of discovery, however well recog-

STATE OF WASHNIGTON. 21

nized by the comity of nations, must be followed by acts of settle- ment and occupancy to ripen into title. The Louisiana purchase only restored to the United States the right of contiguity — the right of continuing westward with its territory to the Pacific, which had been surrendered by Great Britain.

Eyer alive to the value and necessity of acquiring knowl- edge of the interior and its communication with the Pacific coast,. President Thomas Jefferson, on the 18th January, 1803, sent a contidential message to Congress, recommending an exploration to trace the Missouri to its source; to cross the Rocky mountains and follow the best water communication to the Pacific ocean. Congress made the necessary appropriation. The expedition was entrusted to Captain Meriwether Lewis, who associated with him Captain William Clark, both of the United States Army. On the 14th May, 1804, the party crossed the Mississippi river, and commenced the ascent of the Missouri river, in keel boats cor- delled by hand. Having crossed the Rocky mountains, the party followed the Columbia river to the ocean. On November 15, 1805, they camped at Cape Disappointment, where they remained but a few days. The party crossed over to Clatsop Beach, erected a block house, and remained there for the winter. On the 23d March, 1806, Lewis and Clark's expedition started upon their return, and arrived at St. Louis on the 23d September, 1806, without having lost a man.

In 1808 the American Fur Company was organized with headquarters at St. Louis. Parties of trappers were dispatched by that company next year, crossed the Rocky mountains, trap- ped down the river Columbia, wintering on its banks above the Cascade range.

In June, 1810, Captain Nathaniel Winship, in the ship Alba- tross, from Boston, attempted the first American settlement at Oak Point, on the South side of the Columbia river. The Alba- tross had sailed July 6, 1809, via Cape Horn and the Sandwich Islands, arriving at the mouth of the Columbia river May 26, 1810. Some ten days later the site was selected, land was cleared, seeds planted, a trading and dwelling house commenced. The annual freshet of the Columbia inundated the garden, flooded the storehouse and caused the abandonment of the enterj^rise.

During the year 1810 John Jacob Astor formed the Pacific Fur Company. The project embraced a principal establishment

•22 STATK OF WASl 1 1 N( ;T()N.

at tlu' mouth of (l)i' Cnluiiihia rivci' ;is li(';i(l(|U;ii't('rs and tlcpot; trading |)i)sts and parties were to he distrihuted tlirough tlie in- terior, witli a line of ])osts on the Colunihia and Missouri rivers. The ship Toniiuin, ('ai>tain Tliorne. conveveil a ]>arty via Capo Horn, and Wil-^on 1*. Hunt at tlie same time led an overland expedition to the mouth ol' the Columhia river. The Tonquin entered the river March iM, ISll, and on the lltli of April the erection of the fort and warehouses was eonunenced at Astoria. The NortliAvest Company, of Canada (several of whose members Mr. Astor had taken into his enterprise and conlidenee), had de- termined to haffle INIr. Astor and secure the country. To avoi«l the delay of an impressment of Canada employes as British sub- jects. My. Astor secured the convoy of the United States frigate Constitution, well off' the Atlantic coast. Simultaneous with the sailing of the Tonquin, the Northwest Company dispatched a part}' in charge of David Thompson across the Rocky mountains to anticipate the arrival of that vessel at the mouth the Columbia river. Snow in the mountains checked Thompson's j^rogress, and he only reached the mouth of tlie Spokane river and estab- lished a post at the time the settlement at Astoria had commenced. Along his route he distributed British flags to the Indians and took possession of the country in the name of the British crown for the Northwest Company. In June the Tonquin sailed up the coast. Having arrived at Clyoquot Sound, on the West coast of Vancouver Island, she was captured by the natives and all her crew murdered except the Indian interpreter. A large numl)er of Indians, while robbing the ship next day, were killed by the explosion of the magazine. During the same summer, Mr. Stuart, of Astor 's company, established Fort Okanogan, at the junction of the river of that name with the Columbia river.

On the 12th of December, 1818, the British sloop of war Racoon, twenty-six guns, appeared before Astoria. The United States flag was torn down, the British standard raised, and the name of Astoria was changed to Fort George. A short time previous the agent of Mr. Astor, for the mere bagatelle of $40,000, Iiad sold tlie business of the Pacific Fur Company to the North- west Company, who succeeded to the occupancy of the territory West of the Rocky mountains.

In 1817 the United States government sent the United States sloop of war Ontario, Captain .James Biddle, United States Navy,

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

23

SAN JUAN COUNTY FRUIT TREE IN BLOOM.

J

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 25.

bearing the Hon. J. B. Prevost as commissioner, to receive the return of Astoria as an American settlement, captured during the war, in accordance with a provision of the treaty of Ghent. On the 19th of August, 1818, Captain Biddle raised the flag of the United States over Fort George, and the name of Astoria was reinstated. The formal surrender of property by the British commissioner and the agent of the Nortwest Company was made October 6, 1818, but Mr. Astor never revived operations in the region. A convention between the United States and Great Brit- ain was entered into October 20, 1818, for ten years permitting the joint occupancy of the territory west of the Rocky mountains by tlie citizens and subjects of both nations.

By the Florida treaty, Februrary 22, 1819, the Southwestern boundary of the United States was defined as follows: " From a line drawn on the meridian from the source of the Arkansas river northward to the forty-second parallel. North latitude; thence along the said parallel to the Pacific ocean." That boundary line between the United States and the then Mexican Province of California was adopted and ratified January 12, 1828, by the Re- public of Mexico. Among other provisions of the Florida treaty, Spain ceded to the United States " all rights, claims and pre- tensions to any country north of the forty-second parallel." Hence whatever rights Spain possessed to assert claim to territory on the Pacific coast north of the forty-second parallel, which had failed to pass to the United States by the transfer of Louisiana to the latter were, b}^ the Florida treaty, fully conveyed and con- firmed to the United States.

Thus and thereby the forty-second parallel had become the southern boundary of the United States west of the Rocky mountains.

On the 17th of April, 1824, by treaty between the United States and Russia, " the parallel of 54 degrees 40 minutes North was fixed as the line north of which citizens of the United States were prohibited from making settlements, and south of which no Russian settlement should be allowed." In February, 1825, Great Britain and Russia entered into a similar treaty as to their boundaries. The contention as to the territory westward of the Rocky mountains, which had acquired the name " Oregon," bounded north by 54 degrees 40 minutes North lati- tude, and south by the forty-second parallel of North latitude

26 STATK OF WASI 1 1 N( i'l\)N.

was liniitoil to two contt'stants. vi/.: Tlic Unitod States and (ireat r.riuiiu.

With the termination of Astov's enteriirise, ISIH, the Nortli- west Company Initl sueeeeded to an exclusive oecupany of Oregon. Under the joint occupaney treaty, ISIS, full sanetion had been conferred to prosecute their trade in the territory. Their ojiera- tions extended far and wide into unexplored, unoeeupied regions. The company respected no right of territory, but sent its parties wherever profit promised to remunerate. The inhmd voyage of Sir Alexander Mackenzie was prosecuted in its interest. In 1804, having V)ecomc advised of the proposed expedition of Lewis and Chu-k. it souglit to forestall the United States government by fit- ting out a party under Daniel W. Harmon, with instructions to reach the mouth of the Columbia river in advance of the arrival of the ])arty led by Lewis and Clark. Ill health defeated Har- mon's purpose. In the next spring Laroquc, a partner, started to establish posts on the Colunil)ia river and to occupy the coun- try. He did not cross the Kocky mountains. In 1806 Simon Fraser, another partner, crossed the Rocky mountains, estab- lished a post on Eraser's lake, 54 degrees North, and named the country north of 52 degrees New Calidonia. The country was formally taken in the name of the British crown for the North- west Company. In the controversy for the supremacy of the soil those acts were relied upon by Great Britain to support claim to Oregon.

The Hudson's Bay Company had, since 1670, exclusively en- joyed the fur trade of the interior and northern part of the conti- nent until the formation of the Northwest Company. The policy and organization of the two companies were radically different. The methods of trade were widely dissimilar, ^^'ith the same purposes in view, the accomplishments were diametrically oppo- site. The Hudson's Bay Company had been granted by Charles II vast regions in which they had established colonies, occupied an empire in extent in their operations. The Northwest Company was a joint stock association, a partnership of traders who pursued their business in the unoccupied wilderness. They cared not to acquire territory; colonization was no part of their purpose. The Hudson's Bay Company relied upon its grant of " sole trade and commerce of all those seas, straits, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds lying within the entrance of Hudson's Straits with all the

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 2T

lands, countries and territories upon the coast and confines,, henceforth to be known as Rupert's Land." The trading posts or forts were established with a view of rendering them accesible to Indians, as also to promote co-operation in the event of Indian outbreak. In the early part of the present century bitter compe- tition had ]>een engendered between the two companies, which early afterwards culminated in actual hostilities. In the struggle for supremacy both companies (1819-20) had been reduced to the verge of insolvency. At that juncture Lord Bathurst, British Secretary of State for the colonies, effected an union of the two companies. On March 20, 1821, a partnership was formed for the term of twenty-one years to pursue the fur trade under the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company. The British parliament passed the act July 2, 1821, entitled "An act for regulating the fur trade and establishing a criminal and civil jurisdiction in certain parts of North America." The British crown was author- ized to issue a license of exclusive trade "as M^ell over the country to the east as beyond the Rocky mountains and extending to the Pacific ocean, saving the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company over their territory." The Hudson's Bay territory was already a British province. In it that company had already enjoyed the exclusive trade. On December 15, 1821, the British government granted to the Hudson's Bay Company and to William McGilli- vray, Simon McGillivray and Edward Ellice, representing the shareholders of the Northwest Company, a license of exclusive trade for twenty-one years as against all other British subjects " in all such parts of North America to the northward and west- ward of the lands and territories of the United States or to any Eviropean government, state or power; reserving no rent." Un- der that so-called license of trade, that fur-trading partnership to secure privileges which they could not enjoy or exercise under the Hudson's Bay Company charter, were assigned the political mission to carry "the territory westward of the Stony mountains."

In 1824 the Hudson's Bay Company had succeeded to all the rights and interests of the Northwest Company had succeeded to the Indian trade west of the Rocky mountains.

In 1835 the business of the Hudson's Bay Company in Ore- gon had so increased that its pursuit rendered necessary twenty- two trading establishments, several migratory, hunting and trad- ing expeditions and six armed vessels.

28 STATE OF WAS^IUKUTON.

The forced retirement of the Pacific Fur Company (1814) had been followed by tlio withdrawal of American traders and trappers from the territory west of tlic Reeky mountains. The iwt of Congress, April 181('), regulating the Indian trade, declared what was Indian country and excluded from trading or hunting therein all who Avere not citizens of the United States. That law effected the exclusion of British fur traders from United States territory east of the Rocky mountains. It measurably contribu- ted to withdraw American competition in the Indian fur trade witli the Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon.

\n 1825 the Rocky Mountain Fur Company resolved to pros- ecute their trade in countries bordering on the Pacific. That company's parties crossed the Rocky mountains and hunted in the Snake river country. In 1826 Jedediah S. Smith, one of the partners, led a large party west of Great Salt Lake. Instead of returning in the fall he pushed westward toward the Pacific, his party wintering in San Diego.

Smith and his party struck the coast at the mouth of Rogue river. Thence they followed the beach to the South bank of the Umpqua. Smith's party were attacked by savages armed with knives and clubs, and fifteen were killed. Smith and two com- panions, who survived, arrived safely at Fort Vancouver in Au- gust, 1828. On hearing their story. Dr. McLoughlin sent a party to the Umpqua country. Property to the value of $3,200 was restored to Smith, and the other refugees were treated with the greatest kindne&s. Smith sold his furs to Dr. McLoughlin. With the remnant of his party, he set out in the spring of 1829 for the Rocky mountains, meeting at Pierre's Hole Fitzpatrick, who had been sent in search of him. The generous hospitality and liber- ality of Dr. McLoughlin dispelled all spirit of competition.

The success of the Missouri fur traders soon provoked the competition of the North American Fur Company. The latter dispatched trapping and trading parties west of the Rocky mountains, but formed no permanent establishments.

In 1827 Mr. Pilcher left Council Bluffs with forty-five men and one hundred horses, crossed the South Pass and wintered upon Green river. The next spring he proceeded to Snake river and followed the western base of the Rocky mountains as far north as the Flathead lake, where he remained during the winter of 1828-1829. The next season he descended Clark's Fork to Fort

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

29

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 31

Colville and recrossed the Rocky mountains on the Hudson's Bay- Company trail to York Factory.

Those expeditions of the American fur-trading parties west of the Rocky mountains were confined to the Snake river and its tributaries, and the region to the southward. They were mi- gratory parties with temporary depots adopted as rendezvous, where the results of trade were concentrated, to which the parties at a designated time would return. While these operations were being prosecuted, American trading vessels were attempting to renew trade in the Columbia river. In February, 1829, the brig Owyhee, of Boston, Captain Dominis, entered the Columbia, fol- lowed by the schooner Convoy, Captain Thompson. As soon as it was learned at Fort Vancouver that those vessels were trading at the mouth of the river, the river sloop Multnomah, laden with trading goods, was sent to Fort George (Astoria^. The Convoy proceeded up the Willamette river to Clackamas rapids and there opened trade with the natives. On the recession of the summer high waters, the schooner grounded. The Indians became in- solent and menaced both vessel and crew. Dr. McLoughlin sent assistance and compelled the Indians to make restitution of the stolen property.

When misfortune overtook any fellow being, he was ever ready to extend assistance. With the utmost promptness he pun- ished with severity every depredation by Indians upon the white race, American or English. The malefactor Avas demanded; if not surrendered, the tribe or band were treated as accessories. Where thefts were committed restitution must follow. On March 10, 1829, the Hudson's Bay Company ship William and Ann was wrecked whib attempting to enter the Columbia. Such of the crew as had escaped in boats were murdered by Indians at Clatsop. The Indians stripped and plundered her. None of the crew had survived ; much of the cargo was in possession of the savages. Dr. McLoughlin, with a party armed with a swivel demanded restitution of the wrecked goods, which demand was met by the Indians firing upon the party. Upon discharge of the swivel, the Indians fled. The property was then peaceably sur- rendered. The next year (May 2, 1830,) the ship Isabella, from London, struck on the northeast point of Sandy Island. Her officers and crew, demoralized at the previous fate of the William and Ann, deserted her, never landing from their boats until they

32 STATE OF W ASl I INCiTOX.

reached Fort Vancouver. Tliat cargo remained undisturbed by Indians.

In 1831 Captain B. L. K. lionneville, United States Army, applied for tAvo years' leave of absence "to explore the country to the Rocky mountains and beyond, within the limits of the territories of the United States 1)ctween our fi-ontier and the Pa- cific."

On the 1st of INIay, 1882, tlic l>onneville i)arty, numl>erin<j; one hundred and ten men and twenty wagons, started from Fort Osage, carrying a large quantity of trading goods. He remained west of the Rocky mountains over two years. Bonneville went as far west as Fort Walla Walla. His i)arties penetrated the val- leys of the Humboldt, Sacramento and Colorado. He encoun- tered the competition of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the bitter and unceasing rivalry of the expeiienced Missouri fur traders. The venture was pecuniarily a failure.

In 1882 Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth, of Massachusetts, crossed overland to Oregon, for the purpose of estal)lishing salmon fisheries on the Columbia river, in connection with prosecuting the Indian fur trade within the territory. He dispatched a vessel via Cape Horn to the Columbia laden with trading goods. On the 29th October Captain Wyeth and his party arrived at Fort Vancouver. It had been calculated that his vessel would make the voyage to the Columbia in about the same time it occupied the overland party to cross the continent. The vessel, however, never reached its destination. John Ball, a member of Wyeth 's party, opened a school at Fort Vancouver in January, 1882, but the attempt proved a failure. On the 1st of March following, Solomon H. Smith, another of Wyeth's company, accepted an engagement to teach school at Fort Vancouver for six months. The teacher at first became discouraged. Instead of an English school, he found a great confusion of tongues. To the writer he thus described that primitive Babel: "The scholars came in talking in their respective languages, Cree, Nez Perce, Chinook,. Klickitat, etc. I could not understand them, and when I called them to order there was only one who understood me. As I had come from a land where discipline was expected in scliool man- agement, I could not persuade myself that I could without order accomplish anything. I therefore issued my orders, and, to my surprise, he who did understand joined issue with me upon my

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 33

government of the school. While endeavoring to impress upon him the necessity of discipline and order, and through hin. mak- ing such necessity appreciated by his associates, Dr. McLoughlin, Chief Factor, entered the room. To the doctor I explained my difficulty. He investigated my complaint, found my statements correct, and at once made such an example of the refractory boy that I never afterwards experienced any trouble in governing. I continued in the school over eighteen months, during which the scholars learned to speak English. Several could repeat Mur- ray's grammar verbatim. Some had gone through arithmetic, and upon review copied it entire. Those copies were afterwards used as school books, there having been only one printed copy at Fort Vancouver. The school numbered twenty-five pupils."

Captain Wyeth, in 1833, returned to Boston. A number of his party remained in the country, making settlements in the Willamette Valley. Captain Wyeth renewed his efforts to estab- lish direct trade between Boston and the Columbia river. Having dispatched the brig May Dacre, Captain Lambert, laden with trading goods and supplies, to the Columbia via Cape Horn, Captain Wyeth again crossed the continent in 1834, with two hundred men. In that overland train were Dr. Nuttall and John K. Townsend, of Philadelphia, both well known to science, the latter the author of a pleasing narrative of that journey. Cap- tain Wyeth was also accompanied by a pioneer party of the Oregon Methodist Mission, consisting of Revs. Jason and Daniel Lee, Messrs. P. L. Edwards, Cyrus Shephard and C. M. Walker, lay members. The train started from Independence, Mo., April 24, 1834, and reached the junction of the Snake and Port Neuf rivers early in July. At that point Wyeth built Fort Hall, in which he stored his trading goods. Having fitted out trapping parties, he proceeded to Fort Vancouver, reaching that point about the time the May Dacre arrived in the river. At the lower end of Wapato (now Sauvie's Island) Wyeth established a salmon fishery and trading house, which he named Fort William. The salmon fishery proved unsuccessful.

His efforts to trade with the Indians were without profit. The competition of the Hudson's Bay Company, constant trouble with the Indians and the loss of several of his men disheartened him. That island had been thickly inhabited by Indians until 1830, when they were nearly exterminated by congestive chills and

(2)

34 STATE OF AVASHINGTON.

fever. The Indians attrihutod the introiluctioii of fever and ague to an American vessel that liad visited tlic river. To those who understand Indian character, and tlieir views as to death result- ing from such diseases, it will he readily understood why Wyeth's attempted establishment on A\^apato Island Avas subject to their continued hostility. He l)eh)nged to the race to whom they at- tributed the cause of the destruction of their people, and his em- ployes were ))ut the lawful compensation, according to the Indian code, for the alllictiou they had suffered.

With a half cargo of salmon the brig sailed from Fort Wil- liam in 1835 and never returned. In 1836 Captain Wyeth re- turned to Massachusetts. The remnants of his venture he en- deavored to sell in London to the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company. By them he was referred to the officers in charge at Fort Vancouver. In 1837 Dr. McLoughiin purchased Fort Hall. Wyeth's employes, generally, remained in the territory. The occupancy of Fort Hall b}-^ the Hudson's Bay Company proved a successful check upon the American fur trade west of the Rocky mountains.

^\'yeth's expeditions though financially disastrous to him, proved valuable to the United States and to the Territory. His memoir, printed by order of Congress, attracted attention to Oregon; its resources, climate, soil, productions and accessbility stimulated American immigration.

THE OREGON CONTROVERSY.

Voyages of discovery to the coast, and the acts so briefl}^ de- tailed, constitute the bases upon which Spain, Great Britain and the United States asserted claim to the Northwest coast.

Russia claimed north of the 51st degree with all adjacent islands. Spain claimed to the 55th degree by right of discovery, relying of the voyage of de Fuca in 1592, and Admiral Fonte's voyage in 1540, to 55 degrees North latitude. Great Britain as- serted no exclusive right to particular portions of the coast, but maintained that the voyages of Drake, Cook, Meares and Van- couver to the coast; the overland voyages of Mackenzie and Thompson, followed by the formation of establishments within the territory, " conferred a right of joint o'ccupancy with other states, leaving the right of exclusive dominion in abeyance."

At the outset of the controversv the United States' claim was

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 35

two-fold : First — In its own right, based upon the discovery of the Columbia river, by Captain Gray; the exploration of that river by Lewis and Clark, followed by settlements by its citizens upon its banks. Upon the principle that the discovery of a river followed by acts of occupancy, secured a right to the territory such river drained, the United States asserted claim to the territory west of the Rocky mountains lying between 42 and 51 degrees North, subject, however, to the rights of Spain of prior discoveries of islands and lands upon the coast. Second— As successor to France.

By the purchase of Louisiana in 1803 the United States ac- quired the right of continuity to the territory west of the Missis- sippi river to the Pacific ocean, of the breadth of that province, its north line being the boundary between the Hudson's Bay territory and the French provinces in Canada.

Negotiations between the United States and Great Britain were commenced early in the century; the war of 1812 inter- vened; Astoria, captured by the British during that war, had been restored. In 1818 the condition was slightly changed by the convention which permitted a joint occupancy of the terri- tory by the citizens and subjects of both nations, really a non- occupancy by the nations themselves, for each but agreed that they will not exclude the citizens of the other nor gain any right or claim by virtue of the occupancy by their own subjects or citizens. On the 22d of February, 1819, the United States, by the Florida treaty, acquired from Spain all that nation's right and claim to lands upon the Pacific coast north of 42 degrees North latitude. In 1824 and 1825 the United States and Great Britain had respectively concluded treaties with Russia by which 54 degrees 40 minutes North latitude was established as the south boundary of Russian possessions on the northwest coast.

In 1827 the Joint Occupancy treaty was renewed with the modification that either nation could abrogate it by giving twelve months' notice. The Oregon question continued to be more or less agitated until June 15, 1846, the United States Senate ad- vised President Polk to accept the treaty of Limits then offered, actually ratifying such treaty before it had received the signa- tures of the respective diplomats. By that treaty latitude 49 degrees north was fixed as the northern boundary. But the treaty of 1846 proved but a temporization, not a settlement.

m STATE OF WASHINGTON.

True, it averted war, it yielded to Great Britain all of Vaneou- ver's Island, but ito ani))iguous description of the water boundary between the two nations, its vague recognition of the possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Com- panies to their establishments — almost wholly in Washington — left very much for future controversy. In 1859 war was immi- nent, growing out of the dispute as to the sovereignty of San Juan Island. That difficulty was temporized by a military joint occupancy of the disputed island. A special treaty l:)ecame nec- essary to enable the United States to secure by purchase the ex- tinguishment of the possessory rights of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Companies to large tracts of land in the territory. Not till 1872, by the award of the German Empe- ror, was the water boundary adjusted and the Oregon controversy finally determined.

OREGON SETTLEMENTS AND AMERICANIZATION IN- TRODUCTORY TO WASHINGTON HISTORY. '

There were three classes of settlements: First — The estab- lishments, forts, trading-posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. Second — The missionary establishments under the auspices of religious boards or societies. Third — The settlement proper by individuals. The first permanent American settlements of the latter class were almost exclusively south of the Columbia river. Willamette Valley first attracted the immigrant, and for several years continued the American Oregon; still the most interesting and important acts of occupancy historically considered were those other settlements above referred to, almost entirely within the State of Washington, as at present defined. Willamette Val- ley Avas the most accessible. It was the fitting resting place after the tedious season's journey across the plains; nay, its fine cli- mate invited the wearied immigrant to adopt it as his home. The Hudson's Bay Company threw no obstacle in the way of American settlement south of the Columbia river. It did at that time discourage, and as far as practicable defeat American settle- ment-north of that river. That company acted upon the reli- ance that the Columbia would be adopted as the boundary be- tween the two nations.

In 1841 the death of a prominent settler, leaving estate, sug- gested the necessity of law, of governmental organization. It was

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 37

attempted at that time, but proved abortive. In 1843 another effort was made, with partial success. In 1845 the settlers were sufficiently numerous to demand and ensure an efficient govern- ment " by the people and for the people." A fundamental code had been adopted in July, 1843; it was revised and adopted by a vote of the people in July, 1845. The Oregon pioneers called it a provisional government, to endure "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." It extended over the whole of Oregon, up to 54 degrees 40 minutes. It scrupu- lously regarded the rights of British subjects, permitting the British office-holder in his oath of office to save allegiance to the British crown, exacting from the American functionary the oath to support the Federal constitution. Its laws were humane — trial by jury, freedom of conscience, the habeas corpus were all secured. The will of the majority was declared supreme, and above all it dedicated to freedom all of Oregon, stamping upon its virgin soil the hallowed principle: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said Territory, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."

In 1833 the Hudson's Bay Company established a fort at Nisqually, near the head of Puget Sound. On the adjacent plains were cattle ranges and sheep ranches of the Puget Sound Agri- cultural Company, guarded by the stockade and buildings after- wards garrisoned by United States troops and called Fort Steila- coom.

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions had established a missionary station at Waiilaptu (1836) under the charge of Dr. Marcus Whitman, and another at Chemakane, the Spokane river (1838), under charge of Rev. Messrs. Eells and Walker. On the 24th November, 1838, two Roman Catholic priests (Rev. F. N. Blanchet, afterwards Archbishop of Oregon, and Rev. M. Demers, late Bishop of Vancouver Island) arrived at Fort Vancouver, where they established a mission. Soon there- after another station was located on the Cowlitz Prairie, and Father Demers extended his labors to the native tribes of Puget Sound and further north.

In 1840 the Rev. J. P. Richmond, of the Oregon Methodist Mission, located at Nisqually. During 1841 the United States exploring expedition. Captain Wilkes, United States Navy, spent

38 8TAT]>: OF WASHINGTON.

the summer in surveying the coasts, hays, harlwrs and rivers of this State. In 1843 Lieutenant Fremont, United States Engi- neers, on his second overhmd expedition, reached Vancouver, connecting his tirst reconnoissance with the Eastern terminus of Captain Wilkes' exploration.

Between 1824 and 1845 the territory which now constitutes the State of Washington M'as under the control and jurisdiction of the Hudson's Bay Company. North of the Columbia river had been established forts at Vancouver, W^alla Walla, Okan- ogan, Colville, Nisqually, Cowlitz river, and a claim had been located at Cape Disappointment. By this distribution of posts the trade of the country had been secured, the native tribes re- duced to subjection, the occupancy and possession of the whole' country acquired.

The treaty of 1827 permitted Oregon to be jointly occupied by the citizens and subjects of both Nations. Great Britain had several times offered as a boundary the line of 49 degrees west- ward of the Rocky mountains to the Columbia river, thence by its channel out to the Pacific ocean. North and west of the Columbia river Great Britain, through the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, held possession of the whole territory, while the United States was not represented by a single settler. The presence of such a company with animus and hope to secure British title to the region which assured to said company the exclusive posses- sion was most discouraging to American settlement. Yet such was Oregon, north of the Columbia river, when it began to be- pepled by American men and women.

In 1844 Colonel M. T. Simmons, who had crossed the plains in 1843, made an unsuccessful attempt to reach Puget Sound. In 1845, with a small party, he settled on the Deschutes river, at the extreme head of Puget Sound, calling their settlement New Market, now the town of Tumwater. There were numerous In- dian population, over whom the Hudson's Bay Company had acquired perfect control. That company did not incite the In- dians to open or direct hostility against the American settlers., but for many years there was an educated preference for the- "King Georges," as the Indians called the English; an actual prejudice against the " Bostons," the Indian name for Americans. The Indians were well aware of the hostility of interest between the two nationalities then present in the territory. The objects

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 39

of the company and its employes were widely different from the purposes of the American settlers. The former sought to appro- priate the wealth of the country, to carry it away. The latter to utilize it for the benefit of a resident population.

The business of the Hudson's Bay Company rendered neces- sary the employment of the Indian. It broke up bands or tribes, fitted out hunting parties and kept them constantly on excur- sions, thus defeating concentration of numbers as well as securing the country for the furs and game. The purpose did not require dispossession of the Indian, but their surest reliance for profits was in putting to the best account his habits. Thus the Indian was stimulated to activity and zeal for his individual benefit and moulded into a retainer. Neither did the Company require landed possessions, except to a very limited extent.

How different the relations of the American to the Indian. The settler required the exclusive occupancy of the land, the cul- tivation of which destroyed its value as estimated by the Indian. The presence of settlements dissipated the game upon which he subsisted. These invariable concomitants of American settle- ment fully account for the " irrepressible conflict" between the settler and the Indian race.

The Indian makes no fixed habitation, really occupies no land, and surely reduces none to possession, yet he jealously watches the encroachment of others, not because he needs lands but because he has learned to regard it as his hunting ground; here he had acquired subsistence; his dead are gathered here. In preparing Washington to become a future State of the American Union its pioneers were subjected to the usual difficulties and dangers consequent upon the presence of aborigines, dangerous in their disposition, but more so when influenced by the presence of two white races, quasi hostile in their relations to each other.

On the 27th of June, 1844, the Oregon Provisional Govern- ment established the District of Vancouver, embracing all of Oregon north of the Columbia river. On December 22, 1845, all of Vancouver county west of the Cowlitz river was erecteJ into Lewis county.

On the 29th of November, 1847, the Whitman massacre oc- curred. Dr. Marcus Whitman and his excellent wife (one of the two heroic women who had crossed the continent on horseback in 1836) had established a mission at Waiilatpu under the auspi-

40 STATE OK WASHINCITON.

ces of tlie AiiR'ricaii Board of Foreign Mission. Houses, sliops, a mill, a school house and place of worship, for the Indians — in- deed, all the accompaniments of civilization had been provided — and there the good Whitman treated the savages as children of our common father. But the pious missionaries were murdered in cold blood, together with nine other inmates of the estalAish- ments. Every white American within reach fell victims to the merciless perfidy of the treacherous Cayuse Indians. A rude mound near the old site, overgrown with weeds, enclosed only by a plain fence, marks the last resting-place of the victims of In- dian jealousy, superstition and hate. The Cayuse war was the necessary sequel. The Oregon pioneers had been denied all pro- tection by the Federal government, but nobly they avenged the Martyr Whitman's death and restored peace to the country. The battlefields of that war are in Washington; a war declared and waged by the Oregon Provisional Government before the United States extended its jurisdiction over the country.

On the 14th of August, 1848, Congress organized Oregon Ter- ritory. General Joseph Lane was appointed its first Governor. With his arrival, in 1849, United States troops occupied Forts Vancouver and Steilacoom, the former on the north side of the Columbia river, the latter on Puget Sound.

In 1850, as shown by the seventh census of the United States, Oregon embraced 308,052 square miles; population, 13,294. The portion soon after set off as Washington Territory consisted of the two counties of Lewis and Clarke, with an area of 123,022 square miles; population, 1,021, and included all of the present Wash- ington, Northern Idaho and Montana, west of the Rocky moun- tains.

In Lewis county 146 dwelling houses were occupied by that number of families; 13 pupils are returned, but 23 had, during the year, attended school. School fund, $500. Ninety-one chil- dren between 5 and 20 years; and of the whites above 20 years of age, 6 were unable to read and write. Number of farms, 55; acres improved, 13,441; acres unimproved, 35,804; value of farms wath improvements and implements, $287,285; number of horses,, mules, etc., 867; number of sheep, 10,208; bushels of wheat raised, in 1850, 10,755; bushels of Indian corn, 5; bushels of peas, 2,844;. number tons of hay, 8; number of meat cattle, 5,577; number of swine, 997; bushes of rye and oats, 5,850; bushels of potatoes.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 41

27,347; pounds of wool, 18,150; pounds of butter and cheese, 2,644; value of slaughtered animals, 18,000; value of orchard produce, $15,100; capital employed in manfactures, !)^80,000; hands employed on same, 29; annual product, $71,200.

Clarke county — Number of families, 95; scholars,. 11; farms, 7; whites between 5 and 20 years of age, 98; acres improved, 3,705; acres unimproved, 16,935; number of horses, 507; number of meat cattle, 1,816; sheep, 1,120; swine 569; bushels of wheat, 1,050; bushels rye and oats, 900; bushels potatoes, 5,550; pounds butter and cheese, 200; value of land with improvements and im- plements, $215,480; value of product of market gardens, $500; capital invested in manufactures, $110,000; hands employed, 40; annual product, $251,500.

On the 27th September, 1850, Congress passed the donation law, which enabled the early settlers who had taken land claims under the Oregon Provisional Government to secure their titles. It granted donations of land to actual settlers. Early in Jan- uary, 1851, Steilacoom was founded by Captain Lafayette Balch. The settlements at Pacific City and Chinook had attained such prominence that on the 4th of February, 1851, the Oregon Legis- lature passed an act organizing Pacific county. In April of the same year claims were located at Port Townsend. Congress es- tablished the Puget Sound collection district February 14, 1851, and during that year the custom house was located at Olympia, and an Indian agent located north of the Columbia river. Gold having been discovered on Queen Charlotte's Island, the sloop Georgiana, Captain Rowland, sailed thence, November 3, 1851, with twenty-two passengers, among whom were some of our most prominent citizens, and a crew of five. On the 19th the sloop, hav- ing made harbor on the east side of the island, was cast ashore, robbed by the Indians, and the passengers and crew reduced to captivity. The collector of customs at Olympia, December 18th, sent the schooner Damariscove, Captain Balch, to their relief with a force of United States troops from Fort Steilacoom and volunteers. The captives were rescued, and arrived at Olympia January 31, 1852. During the year 1852 quite an immigration occurred to the Puget Sound country, and settlements extended to the northern boundary. The question of setting off the terri- tory north of the Columbia river was much agitated, and con- ventions were held to promote such division. The Oregon Legis-

42 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

lature at its sessions of ISol-'i ami IcSo'i o liad increased the number of counties nortli of the Columbia river by the establish- ment of Thurston, Pierce, King, Jefferson and Island counties, and had memorialized Congress to erect that portion of Oregon into a separate Territory, to be called Columbia.

WASHINGTON AS A SEPARATE POLITICAL ORGAN- IZATION.

The passage of the act by Congress, March 2, 1853, endowing the Territory of Washington with separate political life and con- ferring name and identity, might be regarded as the commence- ment of the history proper of such political organism — yet how could the antecedents of the region from which it was created be disregarded ? That introduction, so necessary, compels the abridg- ment of local history to a passing notice of leading events.

The organic act established as the dividing line between the Territories of Oregon and Washington the Columbia river from its mouth to the forty-ninth parallel, thence east along said par- allel to the Rocky mountains.

President Pierce appointed Major Isaac I. Stevens, United States Engineers, Governor; Charles H. Mason, of Rhode Island, Secretary; J. S. Clendenin, of Mississippi, United States Attorney, and J. Patton Anderson, of Tennessee, Marshal. The first Su- preme Court was composed of Edward Lander, of Indiana, Chief Justice; Victor Monroe, of Kentucky, and 0. B. McFadden, of Pennsylvania, Associate Justices. All of that first Territorial administration, except the venerable Edward Lander, have fin- ished their earthly career.

The counties north of the Columbia river had constituted the Third Judicial District, to which had been assigned Hon. William Strong, Associate Justice. Residing within the limits of Washington, he continued to administer judicial functions un- til the Washington judiciary were assigned to their respective districts.

On the arrival of Marshal Anderson, he forthwith took a census of the Territory, returning as its population 3,965, of whom 1,682 were voters.

Congress had made appropriations for the survey of railroad routes to the Pacific ocean. The Secretary of War selected three great lines, entrusting to Governor Stevens, en route to the Ter-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 43

Titory, the exploration from the headwaters of the Mississippi river to Puget Sound. That survey occupied the entire summer ;and fall. By proclamation, September 29, 1853, from the sum- mit of the Rocky mountains, Governor Stevens announced his entrance into the Territory, his assumption of executive duties. Arrived at Olympia, the selected capital, on the 28th November, 1853, the judicial districts were defined, the judges assigned, the Territory apportioned into legislative districts, election precincts and an election ordered. Columbia Lancaster was elected Dele- gate to Congress. In February, 1854, the first Territorial Legis- lature convened at Olympia and adopted a code of procedure, which remains substantially as then enacted. Several new coun- ties were established and the organization of the Territory com- pleted.

During the year 1854 and the early half of 1855, especially in the remote northern settlements, the territory xperienced much trouble from hostile incursions of foreign Indians, members of tribal nations, upon the northern coast.

More or less difficulty occurred with the Indians within the territory, but the efficient service of the United States troops at Fort Steilacoom, and the energetic action of General Stevens, ex- Officio Superintendent of Indian affairs, prevented any general •outbreak. Treaties were negotiated by Governor Stevens with the various Indian tribes by which the Indian title to the lands was extinguished upon the most liberal concessions to the Indi- ans, and with scrupulous regard for their welfare. Those Indians who had refused to join the treaties, urged that the release by them of these lands would be followed by the advent of white settlers. In 1855 gold was discovered in the rivers of Eastern Washington, near the forty-ninth parallel. Miners journeying thither necessarily traversed country hitherto unfrequented by the white man. The predictions of the malcontents seemed to be verified, and they grew in influence with their fellows. Unarmed miners, alone or in small parties, were murdered during the sum- mer of 1855, which became known by the non-return of the gold- seeker at the time fixed for his return, and by reports of friendly Indians. Emboldened by success in cutting off unarmed travel- ers, the Indians became more defiant. In the fall, in cold blood, attended with most shocking barbarity, they murdered Andrew J. Bolon, an United States Indian Agent, one of our best citizens,

44 STATK OF WASHINGTON.

one who had been selectod fur his justness as a man, his friend- Bhip and influence with tlie Indian race. Major llaller. United States Army, with a company of infantry, was sent to arrest the murderers, but was compelled to retire. Sychronously with these hostilities east of the Cascade mountains, the brutal massacre on White river. King county, developed the fact that a combination of Indians existed to wipe out the white settlements. The " Ore- gon-Washington Indian War' was the result of those repeated outrages. It continued from November 1, 1855, till the close of August, 1856. Its history cannot be given in detail, but in its inception, its causes, its progress, the people of Washington have no cause for reproach or shame. In no respect were they aggress- ors— no act of theirs provoked its commencement — they were in- nocent of every incentive for its being forced upon them, save their lawful presence in the country. That war was prosecuted by the settlers solely with a view to secure the return of peace.

The discovery of gold in British Columbia, in 1857-8 was the forerunner of the Fraser River excitement. The rush of humanity to Washington in 1858-9 was quite as great as had marked the settlement of San Francisco in 1849-50. On the 16th of May, 1858, a hostile combination of Spokane, Pend d'Oreille,, Palouse and Coeur d' Alene Indians surprised and badly whipped the command of Colonel Steptoe, United States Army, on the Snake river, in Eastern Washington. General N .S. Clarke, com- manding this military district, sent Colonel (afterwards General) George Wright to chastise those Indians. On the 1st of Septem- ber, at " Four Lakes," he administered a severe punishment with- out the loss of a single soldier. On the 6th, in a tight of seven hours, he drove the hostiles fourteen miles. The loss of the In- dians was severe, among whom were two of the principal chiefs. This quelled the outbreak and peace was again restored in East- ern Washington.

In the fall of 1858 the interdict against white occupancy of Eastern Washington had been rescinded by General N. S. Clarke, United States Army, in command of the department of the Pacific. Eastern Washington was thrown open to settlement- The country at once commenced to develop. The Legislature of 1859 recognizing the former creation of the county of Walla Walla, provided for its organization by the appointment of county officers. Upon the admission of Oregon as a State the area of

STATE OF WASHIXGTOX. 45

Washington had been vastly increased by the annexation of all the territory lying between the eastern boundary of Oregon and the Rocky mountains. During the year 1859 numt-ers of farmers and stock-raisers settled in Walla Walla Valley.

The Salmon river gold excitement, in 1860, proved, however, to be the great magnet which attracted population. The stam- pede to the new Eldorado was as notable as had marked California in 1848-9, and Fraser river a decade later. A Xez Perce Indian visiting California had met Captain E. D. Pierce, an old pros- pector, to whom he told a story colored with superstition and imagination peculiar to the Indian race: The Xez Perce, with two of his people, had been traveling. They came to a canon, deep, dark and dismal and walled in by perpendicular rocks, from which jutted irregularly outspreading spurs, where thev camped for the night. In the darkness a brilliant light shone forth, which they steadily watched, not daring to avert their eyes. They regarded that light as the eye of the spirit of the place. When morning came they repaired to the spot where the light had appeared. It seemed like a ball of crystal so solidly em- bedded in the rock that it could not be detached. Regarding it " medicine," they feared to use violence to remove it, and con- tinued their journey, allowing the brilliant gem to remain. Cap- tain Pierce resolved to find that '" ball of light,'" the " star.'^ the "gem of the mountains" seen by the Xez Perces in that canon. He came to Walla Walla. In the spring of 1860, with a partv of five others, he started for the Sez Perce country. Those Indians refused to permit gold discoveries to be made in their vicinity, as they did not desire the encroachment by white settlers. Captain Pierce and his party were ordered to leave. Captain Pierce, however, employed a Nez Perce woman for a guide, and passed over the Lo-Lo trail to the north fork of the Clearwater river. Here his party camped to rest and recruit the animals. The party remained and prospected untU satisfied of the existence of gold in paying quantities; they then returned to Walla Walla.

J. C. Smith, known as Sergeant Smith, had the greatest faith in the prospect. Failing to enlist the co-operation of the Walla Walla merchants, he fitted out a party of fifteen, on his own personal credit, who reached the Oro Fino mines in Novem- ber. The winter was occupied in building five log cabins and in working the mines under the snow. About the 1st of January

46 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

two of the miners returned to \\'alla \\'alla, coming out on snow- slioes. ^T'ergeant Smith returned to ^^'alla ^\'alhl in tlie early part of March, with .$800. The dust was sent to Portland. In 1861 the rush began.

We cannot follow this romantic narrative of mining excite- ments, the spontaneous growtli of little communities, the terri- torial development far and near engendered through their agency. Lewiston and Wallula (the site of the old Hudson's Bay Com- pany's Fort ^^'alla "NA^alla) at once became centers of trade. The Legislature, at its session in 1858-9, had cut off from Walla Walla county the territory north and west of the Snake river, and nom- inated the new county Spokane. In the latter part of 1862 the Boise River mines had been discovered. Sufficient population had appeared to warrant the establishment of the Territory of Idaho, by act of Congress of March 2, 1863. That act reduced the area of Washington, cutting off all of the territory south of the forty- sixth parallel of North latitude, and all east of the one hundred and seventeenth degree of West longitude. A year later, the act of Congress of March 2, 1864, established the Territory of Montana.

The Fraser river excitement had continued (1859). A large population had been attracted to the northern part of W^estern \\"ashington. A large number had settled upon the island of San .Juan, chief island of that famous archipelago then in dispute between the United States and Great Britain. In the summer of 1859 the attempted exercise of criminal jurisdiction over a citi- zen of the United States by a British magistrate seriously threat- ened the peace of the two nations.

The treaty of June 15, 1846, had yielded to Great Britain all of Vancouver Island. Lord Aberdeen the author of the original draft of that treaty, in submitting that draft to Louis McLane, the United States plenipotentiary at London, in express language proposed to run the line on the forty-ninth parallel to the Gulf of Georgia, and thence " by the Canal de Haro and Strait of Fuca to the Pacific ocean." Secretary Seward, February 20, 1868, in communicating information to the United States Senate on the occupation of San Juan Island, remarks:

" The treaty having been concluded, and the exciting con- troversy of forty years having been settled, the government of the United States remained, for a time, without any further in-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 47

terest in the boundary, awaiting the settlement of the country before exhibiting any anxiety to have the line definitely marked.

"In November, 1846, Mr. Bancroft, then minister of the United States at London, communicated to the Secretary of State his apprehensions of a design on the part of Great Britain to claim the boundary line to be through the Rosario Strait instead of the Canal de Haro. Mr. Bancroft met this pretension promptly, and for a time it was apparently abandoned.

"In January, 1848, the British minister accredited to the United States, made a proposition to the United States to appoint joint commissioners for the purpose of determining the water bovindary.

" In 1852, the Territory of Oregon, by an act of their Legis- lature, included the Haro- Archipelago in one of its counties; and, after the passage of this act, the Hudson's Bay Company estab- lished a post on San Juan Island. When the Territory of Wash- ington was created these islands were declared by the Legislature of that territory to form a part of Whatcom county. In 1855 the property of the Hudson's Bay Company on San Juan Island was assessed in the same manner as other property within the terri- tory, and, upon their refusal to pay the taxes, their property was advertised and sold in the usual way, to satisfy the demand. This led to a correspondence between the Governors of Vancouver Island and Washington Territory, in which the former declared that he had the orders of Her Majesty's government to regard the islands of the Haro-Archipelago as a part of the British Domin- ions. This correspondence, with a heavy claim for damages, was- laid before this department by John F. Crampton, Esq., the British minister here at the time, with a renewal of his proposi-, tion for the appointment of a joint commission to determine the boundary line.

"The executive recommended to Congress the creation of a commission to determine the boundary line; and, on the 11th of August, 1856, an act was passed authorizing a commission, on the part of the United States, to unite with similar officers to be ap- pointed on the part of the British government.

"The United States commissioner based his claims to the Canal de Haro on the ground that it was the main channel south of the forty-ninth parallel leading into the Strait of Fuca, and

48 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

that it accomplished the sole object for which the line was de- flected south from the forty-niiithparallel.

•Tlie British commissioner lay claim to Rosario strait on the ,i,aH)und that it answered to what he designated as the 'very peculiar wording' of the treaty; that is, that the Rosario strait 'separates from Vancouver Island;' whereas, the Canal de Haro merely separates Vancouver Island from the continent.

■ The British commissioner offered as a compromise an in- termediate narrow channel, which would throw the island of San Juan, the most valuable of the whole group, on the British side of the line. This compromise the United States commissioner refused to accept."

Several conflicts of authority had arisen between officials of Whatcom county and the representatives of the Hudson's Bay Company in occupancy of the Island of San Juan, growing out of the attempted levy and collection of taxes; custom house officials had also been resisted in the collection of duties.

On the 14th of July, 1855, William L. Marcy, Secretary of State, addressed a letter to Governor Isaac I. Stevens, in which he said:

"'The President has instructed me to say to you that the officers of the Territory should abstain from all acts on the disputed grounds which are calculated to provoke any conflicts, so far as it can be done without implying the concession to the authority of Great Britain of an exclusive right over the prem- ises. The title ought to be settled before either party should exclude the other by force, or exercise complete and sovereign rights within the fairly disputed limits. Application will be made to the British government to interpose with the local au- thorities on the northern borders of our territory to abstain from like acts of exclusive ownership, with the explicit understanding that any forbearance on either side to assert their rights, respect- ively, shall not be construed into any concession to the adverse party."

That conciliatory dispatch was occasioned by the attempt on the part of the authorities of Whatcom county, which included San Juan Island, to collect taxes by distraining a lot of sheep belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company.

In 1859, General William S. Harney, United States Army, was in command of the Department of the Columbia. On the

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

49

MAMMOTH OREGON GRAPE BUSH.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 51

11th of July of that year, twenty-two citizens, representing their fear of incursions from Northern Indians, and recounting certain depredations and murders which had been committed by ChiHam Indians, petitioned General Harney to station on the ishmd a •company of United States troops. A circumstance trivial in itself materially influenced the action of General Harney. On the loth of June Lyman A. Cutler shot a hog belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, in the act of destroying his garden. Cutler offered "to pay a fair valuation to the agent of the company, who de- iriianded 1100. In the afternoon several of the prominent com- pany officials called, among whom was Chief Factor Dallas, and •demanded payment, in default of which they threatened to con- vey Cutler to Victoria, Vancouver Island, for trial. On the 9th of July General Harney visited San Juan Island. In a letter to the commanding general of the United States Army, dated July 19. 1859, that officer, after detailing the above acts, said:

•' To prevent a repetition of this outrage I have ordered the company at Fort Bellingham to be established on San Juan Island for the protection of our citizens, and the steamer Massa- chusetts is directed to rendezvous at that place with a second <;-onipany.''

On the 31st of July Lieutenant-Colonel Silas Casey, com- manding the District of Puget Sound, dispatched the Massachu- .setts, with Major Haller's company I, Fourth Infantry, to San Juan Island. Lieutenant Arthur Shaaff and twenty men were • ordered to report at Semiahmoo to the United States Boundary Commission. In communicating such fact to department head- •quarters, Colonel Casey inclosed the correspondence between ■Captain Pickett and the British officials. That officer demanded the immediate presence of the Massachusetts at San Juan, as " the Tribune, a 30-gun frigate, is lying broadside to our camp; and, from present indications, everything leads me to suppose they will attempt to prevent my carrying out instructions."

On the 30th of July the agent of the Hudson's Bay Company notified Captain Pickett that the island was the property of the Hudson's Bay Company, and requested that he and the whole of his party would immediately cease to occupy the same; and that, should Captain Pickett be unwilling to comply with the request, he. Griffin, "would feel }x)und to apply to the civil authorities." Captain Pickett replied on the same date that he did not acknowl-

52 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

edge the right of the Iliulson's Bay Company to dictate his oourse of action; that he was there by order of his government, and would remain till recalled by the same authority.

On the -id of August an interview was held at Captain Pick- ett's camp between Captain Pickett and the commanding officers of the three British ships, the Tribune, Plumper and Satellite. Captain Hornby demanded the terms on which Captain Pickett occupied the island, to which the latter replied: "By order of the general commanding, to protect it as a part of the United States Territory." Captain Hornby presented the protest of- Governor Douglas, made August 2, 1859, reciting that: "The sovereignty of the Island of San Juan, and of the whole of the Haro-Archipelago, has always been undeviatingly claimed to be in the crown of Great Britain; and I solemnly protest against the occupation of said island, or any part of said Archipelago, by any person whatsoever, for or on behalf of any power." He urged that occupancy of a disputed island by an United States military force necessitated a similar action by the British authorities.

On the 6th of August General Harney addressed Governor James Douglas: " I placed a military command upon the Island of San Juan to protect the American residents from the insults and indignities which the British authorities of Vancouver Island and the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company recently offered them, by sending a British ship-of-war from Vancouver Island to convey the chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company to San Juan, for the purpose of seizing an American citizen and forcibly transporting him to Vancouver Island to be tried by British laws."

General Harney requested the senior officer of the United States Navy commanding the squadron on the Pacific coast " to order to Puget Sound such force as available to assist in the pro- tection of American interests in that quarter, and to enable us to meet successfully any issue that may be attempted to be made out of the present impending difficulties."

Under date of the 8th of August, in a letter to the General- in-Chief of the United States Army, General Harney supple- mented his former letters by the further information: "The Island of San Juan has for months past been under the civil jurisdiction of Whatcom county. A justice of the peace had been established; the people had been taxed, and the taxes were paid

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 53

by the foreigners as well as Americans. An inspector of customs had been placed upon the island in the discharge of his proper duties. When Governor Douglas heard of the arrival of Captain Pickett's command at San Juan, he appointed a justice of the peace and other civil authorities, and sent them over in the British sloop-of-war Plumper to execute British laws on the island. Captain Pickett refused to permit them to act as such, aiid I have sustained him in his position."

The number of troops forming Colonel Casey's command was 461. He had eight 32-pounder8 landed from the steamer Massa- chusetts, one 6-pounder and five mountain howitzers. His posi- tion was near the Hudson's Bay Company's establishment, his heavy guns being so placed as to bear upon the harbor, as also upon vessels approaching the opposite side of the island. The camp of Colonel Casey was not, however, secure from the ships of war.

The British fleet and forces consisted of five vessels of war, with combined armaments amounting to 167 guns, and 2,140 men, of which 600 were marines and engineer troops.

On the 16th of September the Secretary of War addressed Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army: " The main object is to preserve the peace and prevent collision between the British and American author- ities on the island until the question of title can be adjusted by the two governments. It would be desirable to provide, during the intervening period, for a joint occupation of the island, under such guards as will secure its tranquility without interfering with our rights. In any arrangement which may be made for joint occupation, American citizens must be placed on a footing equally favorable with that of British subjects."

On the 25th of October General Scott addressed to Governor Douglas the folowing: " Without prejudice to the claim of either nation to the sovereignty of the entire Island of San Juan, now in dispute, it is proposed that each shall occupy a separate por- tion of the same by a detachment of infantry, riflemen or marines, not exceeding 100 men, with their appropriate arms, only for the equal protection of their respective countrymen in their persons and property, and to repel any descent on the part of hostile Indians."

54 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Letters were exchanged between General Scott and Governor Douglas. On the 3d of November Governor Douglas wrote to General Scott: " If you will proceed to divest the large military now on San Juan of its menacing attitude by removing it from the island, we will instantly withdraw the British naval force now maintained there; and, as soon as I receive instructions from my government, I shall be glad to co-operate with you in arrang- ing a plan for the temporary maintenance of order and protection of life and property on the island."

On the 5th General Scott reduced the forces on the island ot the single company of Captain Pickett. General Harney was di- rected to report in person to the Secretary of War. Captain Hunt had been substituted for Captain Pickett as the command- ing officer of the detachment of the joint occupation. On the 20th of March, 1860, Admiral Baynes, Commander-in-Chief of her British Majesty's naval forces in the Pacific, gave notice to Cap- Hunt, United States Army, commanding the United States troops on San Juan Island: "That a detachment of royal marines, with their appropriate arms, equivalent in number to the troops of the United States under his command, will be disembarked on the north point of the Island of San Juan for the purpose of establishing a joint military occupation agreeably to the proposi- tion of Lieutenant-General Scott."

Negotiations were renewed between the two governments. On the 8th of May, 1871, the Treaty of Washington was con- cluded. By the thirty-fourth article of that treaty the respective claims of the two nations were submitted " to the arbitration and award of His Majesty, the Emperor of Germany, who, having re- gard to Article 1, of the treaty of June 15, 1846, defining the bound- ary of the possessions of both on the northwest coast of America, shall decide thereupon, finally and without appeal." The claim of the United States was ably represented by George Bancroft. The claim of the British was represented by Messrs. Petre and Odo Russell. The award was made October 21, 1872, by Will- iam I., Emperor, and simply recites: " Most in accordance with the true interpretations of the treaty concluded on the 15th of June, 1846, between the governments of Her Britannic Majesty and of the United States of America, is the claim of the govern- jnent of the United States that the boundary line between the

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55

STATE OF WASHINGTON. bT

territories of Her Britannic Majesty and the United States should be drawn through the Haro Channel."

"That award," said President Grant in his message of De- cember 2, 1872, " confirms the United States in their claim to the important archipelago of islands lying between the continent and Vancouver Island, which for more than twenty-six years (ever since the ratification of the treaty) Great Britain had con- tested, and leaves us, for the first time in the history of the United States, as a nation, without a question of disputed bound- ary between our territory and the possessions of Great Britain on this continent."

At the very birth of Washington, its future development and greatness were believed to depend upon the building of the Northern Pacific railroad and the location of its terminal port upon Puget Sound. It was the route and road earliest proposed for transit of the continent. Its friends and propagandists crys- tallized such a public sentiment, before even California had be- come United States territory, that rendered probable the building of a transcontinental railway. For over half a century the agita- tion of a Northern Pacific railroad had been continued.

lu 1853 Congress appropriated $150,000 for surveys to ascer- tain the most practicable railroad route from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. The Secretary of War determined upon the lines to be examined, and selected those who were to conduct the explorations. On the 8th of April, 1853, Isaac I. Stevens, Governor of the Territory of Washington, was assigned to the charge of the northern route, with instructions to explore and survey a route from the sources of the Mississippi river to Puget Sound. George B. McClellan, then brevet Captain of Engineers, United States Army, proceeded direct to Puget Sound, and, with a party, explored the Cascade range of mountains, thence eastward until he met the main party under Governor Stevens, marching westward from St. Paul, Minnesota. The de- cisive points determined were the practicability of the passes of the Rocky mountains and Cascade range, and the eligibility of the approaches. Governor Stevens recommended that, from the vicinity of the mouth of Snake river, there should be two branches, one to Puget Sound across the Cascade mountains, and the other down the Columbia river on the northern side. Governor Stevens in his messages, addresses and personal efforts; the Legislature

58 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

by memorials and legislation; the press and the prominent citi- zens of the Territory, kept alive the agitation of the " Northern route" from the time that the successful results of the Stevens survey had been published.

On the 28th of January, 1857, the Legislature of the Terri- tory passed *' An act to incorporate the Northern Pacific Railroad Company." That earliest charter names as corporators, Governor Stevens, and numerous citizens of Washington, Oregon, Minne- sota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, California, Maine and New York. That act prescribed lines of road almost identical with the pres- ent Northern Pacific railroad system. On July 2, 1864, Congress granted the charter of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. Josiah Perham, of Boston, was its first President. The title de- fines the franchise: "An act granting lands to aid in the con- struction of a railroad and telegraph line from Lake Superior to Puget Sound on the Pacific coast, by the Northern route." The company were to accept in writing the conditions imposed, and notify the President of the United States. On the 15th of De- cember, 1864, the acceptance was made. As the charter prohibited the issue of bonds, the company were handicapped in raising funds. Perham and his associates, disheartened, transferred the charter to Governor J. Gregory Smith and associates.

In 1866 Congress was petitioned to extend aid. The com- pany asked no money, but simply a guarantee of interest on a portion of its stock for a term of years, but were denied. In 1867 two parties were engaged in examining the passes of the Cascade range for a direct line to Puget Sound and in locating a line east- ward from Portland, Oregon, up the valley of the Columbia.

Congress, on May 31, 1870, authorized the issuance of bonds for the construction of the road, with authority to secure the same by mortgage on all property of the company, including the franchise.

A mortgage to secure those bonds was executed on the 1st of July, 1870, to Jay Cooke and J. Edgar Thompson, trustees. Those amendments to the charter could not have been secured but by the influence of the Oregon United States Senators. Naturally from thenceforth the policy of the Northern Pacific was to forward the interest, growth and development of Portland. The line across the Cascade mountains, transposed from the main line to branch, was to be indefinitely postponed. With 15,000,-

STATE OF WASHl]!?GTO'N. 59

000 advanced by Jay Cooke & Co., the building of the road commenced in February, 1870, at Duluth, and within that year work progressed westward 114 miles to Brainard. On the Pa- cific slope work was initiated in 1870. The amendatory act required the construction of twenty-five miles between Portland and Puget Sound prior to July 2, 1871; and so the company built, from the town they named Kalama on the Columbia river, north- ward that distance. During 1872 forty miles had been built northward and were in running operation. On the 1st of Jan- uary, 1873, General John W. Sprague and Governor John N, Goodwin, agents for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company^ formally announced the selection of the city of Olympia as the terminus on Puget Sound of that road. A few months later. July, 1873, the company at New York declared its western termi- nus at Tacoma. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co., in September^ 1873. greatly embarrassed operations; but the road reached it? terminus on Puget Sound the day preceding the date prescribed in the charter and its amendments. A reorganization of the company, on a different financial basis, followed, with Charles B, Wright as President.

Plich coal fields had been discovered east of Tacoma. Gen- eral George Stark, vice-president, made an examination of those coal fields with reference to building a sufficient portion of the " branch " to connect them with Tacoma. Says he : " The build- of this Cascade branch for the development of our coal resources seems now to be the one wheel which, if started, will put the whole train in motion; and I trust that ways and means to ac- complish it will be devised at an early day." During 1877, the first portion of the Cascade branch road was built connecting Tacoma with Wilkeson.

Frederick Billings had become, 1880, president of the com- pany. He favored the completion of the entire work; the sur- veys of the Cascade mountain passes were resumed with in- creased vigor. After a careful instrumental survey a line was located by way of the Naches Pass.

In the fall of 1880 a loan of $40,000,000 had been success- fully negotiated, but the method of taking the bonds and furnish- ing funds contingent upon securities upon accepted sections of road and the land grant rendered it impossible to grade the un-

€0 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

completed line or to advance track-laying and build the Rocky Mountain tunnels.

Such was the condition of the Northern Pacific when Henry Villard assumed the Presidency. The Oregon Railway & Navi- gation Company had succeeded the Oregon Steam Navigation Company; and he was also its president. A railroad along the south side of the Columbia to throw out branches to secure the great wheat-growing wealth of Eastern Washington and Oregon was at once projected.

As the Northern Pacific advanced westward under the man- agement of President Billings, in 1880 and the spring of 1881, the hope had been engendered that the building of the Cascade Division was near at hand. Indeed the Northern Pacific was -about providing to push its main line down the north side of the Columbia, or to build the Cascade branch, or both. The road could not stop in the interior of the continent. It had to advance when it reached the mouth of Snake river.

President Villard visited Puget Sound in the fall of 1881. He did not disguise his motive that Portland should continue ■" the focus, the center, the very heart, so to speak, of a local sys- tem of transportation lines aggregating fully 2,000 miles of standard guage road." Of the policy of the Northern Pacific in- augurated by his predecessor, he said: " There was a determined effort resolved upon by the former management of the Northern Pacific to disregard the Columbia river; to disregard the com- merce of this great city, and to make direct for Puget Sound in pursuit of the old unsuccessful policy of building up a city there. I do not believe that any effort to build up a rival city on Puget Sound can ever succeed. I mean that Portland will always re- main the commercial emporium of the Northwest." President Villard, however, continued the surveys ©f the Cascade moun- tains, and the Stampede Pass was selected.

Overland railroad communication was fully consumated via Portland and the road connecting it with Tacoma. The last spike -was driven on September 7, 1883, sixty miles west of Helena. A few days later Oregon and Washington celebrated the great consummation. On Monday, the 5th day of July, 1887, the people of Washington commemorated the arrival on Sunday, the 4th of July, of the first overland train direct froni Duluth to Ta- •coma. A year later was commemorated the completion of the

STATE OF WASHINGTON . 61

tunnel through the Cascade mountains. The great work of the century had been finished.

In November, 1869, a law was enancted for the submission of the questions of calling a convention for the purpose of fram- ing a constitution and applying for admission into the Union as a state. If a majority voted in favor, the next legislature was to provide for the election of the delegates to such convention. At the election in 1870 the project met with little favor. In 1871 a precisely similar act passed and met with a like result. In 1875 the legislative assembly passed an act to provide for the forma- tion of a constitution and state government for the Territory of Washington. It directed the submission of the proposition. If a majority were in favor the legislature was " to provide for the calling of a convention to frame a state constitution, and to do all other acts proper and necessary to give effect to the popular will."

At the election of 1876, a large majority favored the proposi- tion. The Legislature passed an act, approved November 9, 1877, " to provide for calling a convention to frame a constitution for the State of Washington, and submitting such constitution to the people for ratification or rejection." That act provided that a convention of fifteen delegates, three of whom were to be elected by the Territory at large, should assemble.

Alexander S. Abernethy of Cowlitz county, was its President. The counties of North Idaho participated, a large majority of the citizens of that portion of the Territory having favored annexa- tion to Washington. A constitution was duly framed, and rati- fied at the general election of 1878, by a vote of 6,462 to 3,231. Year after year the admission of the State of Washington con- tinued to receive increasing consideration.

Early in the " eighties " anti-Chinese agitation became a noticeable feature, especially upon Puget Sound. Chinamen had introduced themselves at every point where labor was needed. The people had become almost unanimously of the opinion that Chinese laborers should be excluded. Large numbers of Chinese laborers discharged on the completion of the Canadian Pacific railroad congregated at Tacoma, Seattle and Olympia. In the fall of 1885 i^ublic meetings were held, led by members of the organizations claiming to be for the benefit of the workingman. By the spring of the following year the Chinese had all been ban-

62 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

ished from Pierce county, and a large number were driven from' King county. These acts involved the declaration of martial law by Governor Squire, the calling out of United States troops by President Cleveland, and in some instances the loss of life and property in a number of the conflicts.

Governor Miles C. Moore was the last of the territorial gov- ernors. On the 1st day of October, 1889, Elisha P. Ferry, repub- lican, was elected governor of the State of Washington, receiving 33,711 votes, his democratic competitor, Eugene Semple, receiving 24,731 votes.

John B. Allen was elected at the bienniel election of 1888, as delegate in Congress, but the passage of the Admission Bill ter- minated his office. John L. Wilson, republican, was elected at the first state election, October 1, 1889. He received 34,089 votes. Thomas C. Griffitts, democrat, received 24,492 votes.

The admission of Washington as a State had been discussed in Congress before the meeting of the constitutional convention of 1878. The first bill introduced by Thomas H. Brents, in the Forty-fifth Congress, was an act to provide for the admission of the " State of Washington " under the constitution of the conven- tion of 1878. Objections were made to certain features of that constitution; and in the Forty-seventh Congress (1881-83) Dele- gate Brents introduced a second bill for the admission of Wash- ington, drawn in accordance with the legislative memorial. It authorized the people of Washington Territory and the northern part of Idaho Territory to hold a convention to frame a State constitution and to form a State government. In advocating its passage, Mr. Brents cited from the United States census of 1880, to prove that the Territory of Washington, exclusive of the north- ern counties of Idaho, had the requisite population to entitle it to admission. By the census of 1880 that population was 75,116, and taking the ratio of increase, at that time, June, 1882, it wa& not less than 125,000. On account of this small population, ob- jection was urged against Washington's admission.

Session after session Washington continued to memorialize Congress for Statehood. In the spring of 1886 the subject wa& again fully before Congress. The bill was for a convention to frame a State censtitution preparatory to admission. The bounda- ries included certain northern counties of Idaho. Another bill traveled hand in hand, providing for the annexation of those

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

63

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 65

three Northern Idaho counties to Washington. Memorials had passed both Legislatures favoring such annexation. The ques- tion had been submitted to the people of North Idaho at a general election, and 1,216 votes were polled for annexation and seven against it. The annexation bill passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Cleveland. Later separate bills had passed the Senate for the division of Dakota, and to enable the people of North and South Dakota, Washington and Montana to form constitutions and State governments.

Mr. Springer, of Illinois, proposed a substitute, an omnibus bill, obnoxious to the friends of the applying Territories; the prospect of admission by the Fiftieth Congress seemed hopeless. Already there was talk of an extra session to do this act of simple justice. On the 15th of January, 1889, the House having under consideration the bill for the admission of Dakota, Samuel S. Cox^ of New York, addressed the House: " I favor the substitute pro- posed by the gentleman from Illinois and his committee. If these Territories cannot be brought in within a reasonable time, I propose to help any conference between the two bodies look- ing to the Statehood of Dakota and the other Territories. What concerns us immediately is the admission as States, with proper boundaries and suitable numbers, of five Territories — the two Dakotas, Montana, Washington and New Mexico."

On the 16th of January the senate bill for the admission of South Dakota was called up. The house committee favored the division of Dakota, and reported the "Omnibus Bill," which in- cluded New Mexico. Many amendments were offered and voted down. On the 18th of January the Omnibus Bill passed the house.

The bill went to the Senate. It was disagreed to by that body. On the 14th of February the report of the disagreement of the two houses was called up. The house instructed its con- ferees to recede so as to allow, first, the exclusion of New Mexico from the bill; and second the admission of South Dakota under the Sioux Falls constitution; and third, the re-submission of that constitution to the people with provisions for the election of state officers only, and without a new vote on the question of " divi- sion," and for the admission of North Dakota, Montana and Washington by the proclamation of the President.

(3)

€6 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The bill thus amended passed. It was entitled " an act to provide for the division of Dakota, and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington to form -constitutions and state governments, and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of public lands to such states," and was approved by- President Cleveland, on the annivesary of Washington's birthday, February 22, 1889. It provided for an election of delegates, sev- enty-five in number, who were to meet at Olympia on the 4th day of July, 1889. That convention met; it remained in session until August 22, 1889. The constitution it framed was ratified at an election held October 1, 1889, by the vote of 40,152 for the con- stitution, and 11,789 against.

The President's proclamation of admission was issued No- vember 11, 1889.

The State officers were inaugurated November 18, 1889; the State Legislature, November 19, elected John B. Allen and Wat- son C. Squire the first United States Senators for the State of Washington.

The former drew the term expiring March 3, 1893; the latter the short term ending March 3, 1891. A biennial election was held in November, 1890. The Legislature then chosen elected Watson C. Squire United States Senator for six 3'ears from March 4, 1891. A general election for State officers occurred in Novem- ber, 1892, at which John H. McGraw, of Seattle, was elected Governor. The Legislature elected at the same time commenced balloting for a successor to United States Senator John B. Allen on the day fixed by law and continued balloting, taking two votes each day, until the final adjournment. One hundred and seven ballots without a choice were taken, and, the Legislature having adjourned. Governor McGraw appointed John B. Allen United States Senator.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 67

NOTE BY THE EDITOR.

In the preparation of the following exhibit of the present status of Washington resources, its elements of natural wealth, and a summary of its industries, valuable statistics and descriptive matter have been ex- tracted from the "New Year" issues of the Tacoma News, Puget Sound Lumberman, West Coast Trade, Spokane Review, and Tacoma Weekly Ledger. In some instances copious extracts have been appropriated, with- out being noted as quotations. The valuable data embodied in the annual reports of Governors Watson C. Squire, Eugene Semple and Miles 0- ]Moore have proven great aids. Especial acknowledgments are also ten- dered for the assistance derived from the oflBcial reports (1892) of State Auditor Reed, Fish Commissioner Crawford, Superintendent of Public In- struction Bryan, Secretary Weir, and Land Commissioner Forrest,

With the sole desire to secure the most reliable local data, Edmond S. INIeany, press agent and statistician of the Commission, addressed to each newspaper throughout the State two circular letters urging a con- tribution of historical and statistical matter relating to their respective counties, and arrangements had also been made ^^^th nearly all the assess- ors of the state, through the various Boards of County Commissoners, to have official statistics gathered as the work of assessing the 1892 taxes was being done. Such returns from the assessors would naturally be expected ta be below the actual facts, and should be more reliable, as they are the only official statistics of this kind ever gathered in this State. If omissiona have occurred or inaccuracies appear in succeeding pages through failure of those who should be best informed and should be most interested Ib' truthfully chronicling local development, no censure should attach to the- Commission or its compilers.

PART II.

1792. AFTER ONE HUNDRED YEARS. 1892.

Washintgon progress, and the present of the State are aptly demon- strated by the following statistics illustrating the comparative growth, the actual wealth of the State, and the resources which promise so glorious a future. In the New Year " West Coast Trade " the editor thus chronicles the retrospect for 1892 :

"The record of Washington for the past year has been one of solid, substantial growth in material progress ; industrial enterprises of all kinds have prospered, while the productions of field, farm, forest, and mine for the twelve months past have been greater than for any similar period in the history of the State. On a conservative basis, the product of the State for 1892 is as follows : Grain of all kinds produced, about 26,000,000 bushels, worth perhaps $10,500,000; hops, valued at $1,600,000; coal, $1,150,000; cattle, $1,000,000; sheep, $350,000; precious metals, $500,000; fisheries, $1,800,000; lumber, shingles, and lath, $2,500,000. To these must be added the output of stone, lime and manufactured articles that will easily awell the total product of the State to $25,000,000."

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Total school revenue for the year ending November 30, 1892, $2,878,- 548.34 ; of this sum, $735,131.72 special taxes ; $1,018,953.65 sales of bonds'; from other sources, $31,808.05; county apportionment fund, $604,851.99.

Expenses for the year ending November 30, 1892 : Teachers' wages, $882,450.18 ; rents, repairs, fuel and incidentals, $377,488.82 ; school sites, buildings, furniture, libraries, etc., $1,006,353.36; interest on bonds, $124,- 301; redemption of bonds, $11,183.89; total, $2,402,277.25.

Total present value of all school property as follows : Buildings and sites, $3,669,441 ; furniture, $315,117.70; apparatus, $92,358.75; libraries, $11,727.25; total, $4,088,644.70, an increase over 1890 of $2,088,285.50. Amount of insurance on school property, $1,404,137.

To secure a permanent State fund for schools, there have been ex- pended $55,000 for surveying and platting lands, and sales have been made of school lands to the value of $2,500,000, of which $450,000 have been paid into the State treasury, the balance running at 6 per cent, interest. The cash payments already invested in county bonds at an average of 6 per cent interest amount to $365,000, and the money on hand is being invested as rapidly as possible. The great area of school lands yet unsold, gather-

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

STATE OE WASHINGTON. 71

ing value with passing time, is to form an irreducible fund, and at present valuations this fund has now reached the estimate of ever $35,000,000.

There are 1,720 school districts. Since 1890 126 new school houses have been built, making a total to date of 1,515, with 180 graded schools.

Number of children in the State between 5 and 21 years of age, 106,- 130, of which 78,819 are enrolled in public schools ; average daily attend- ance, 50,716; average monthly salary paid male teachers, $52.29; to fe- males, $42.16. There are 112 defective youth in the State — a special insti- tution for them at Vancouver.

The few excellent institutions we have compare well with those of any new State. Among these are the State University at Seattle, State normal schools at Ellensburgh and Cheney, Spokane college, Annie Wright sem- inary, at Tacoma ; Coupeville academy, at Ooupeville, Whidby Island ; Lynden college, Whatcom county ; Methodist college at Tacoma ; Baptist Grace seminary, Oentralia ; Presbyterian academy at Sumner ; Whitman college (Congregational), at Walla Walla; Methodist college at Olympia, and several excellent Catholic schools.

STATE INSTITUTIONS.

INSTITUTIONS. COUNTY. LOCATION.

1 Capital Thurston Olympia

2 Insane Asylum, (Wn. W.) Pierce Steilacoom

3 Insane Asylum, (En. W.) Spokane Medical Lake

4 Penitentiary Walla Walla Walla Walla

5 University King Seattle

6 Agricultural College Whitman PuUman

7 Normal School Kittitas Ellensburgh

8 Normal School Spokane Cheney

9 Reform School Lewis Chehalis

10 School for Defective Youth Clarke Vancouver

11 Soldiers' Home Pierce Orting

12 State Fair Yakima North Yakima

COMPARATIVE POPULATION FROM 1853 TO 1892.

1853 Taken by U. S. Marshal J. Patton Anderson, Organiz-

tion, Washington Territory 3,965

*1860 Eighth United States Census 11,594

1870 Ninth " " " 23,955

1880 Tenth " " " 75,116

1890 Eleventh " " " 349,390

1892 Census by Authority of State 395,837

*In 1860 the Territory of Washington embraced the present State of Washington and all the region West of the Rocky mountains North of the forty-second parallel of North latitude, excluding therefrom the area of the State of Oregon as then and now bounded. In other words, all of the States of Washington and Idaho, and so much of Montana as lies West of the Rocky mountains. In all that vast region the population was 11,594,

72 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

WEALTH OF STATE AS EXHIBITED BY PROPERTY.

The assessments of taxable property from 1874 to 1892, inclusive, clearly demonstrate steady growth and substantial progress :

ASSESSMENT.

1874 $14,185,098

1875 14,569,15&

1876 15,138,078

1877 17,281,182

1878 18,673,437

1879 21,012,832

1880 23,708,587

1881 25,786,415-

1882 32,566,807

1883 44,107,567

1884 51,008,484

1885 50,484,437

1886 51,491,159

1887 61,562,739

1888 89,641,548

1889 125,165,215

1890 217,595,739

1891 324,247,419

1892. Real estate $234,172,852

Personality 39,469,247

Railroad 12,204,725

Total $285,846,824

The valuation of lands in this State, together with improvement is $102,560,833; of lots, $104,151,322, and lot improvements, $27,460,697. The returns show that there are in the State 176,008 horses, mules, and asses ; 224,723 cattle; 246,200 sheep; 49,168 hogs ; 49,861 wagons and carriages; 15,161 sewing and knitting machines ; 14,186 watches and clocks, and 6,394 melodeons, organs, and piano fortes.

1891. 1892.

Amount of taxes paid into general fund $204,232 76 $284,714 54

STATE LANDS.

Surveyed. Unsurveyed. Total Area.

22,335,000. 22,461,160. 44,796,160.

SELECTED STATE LANDS.

Following is a list of the granted lands selected by the State of Wash- ington, as approved by the local United States land offices up to and includ- ing March 18, 1893, as obtained through the courtesy of W. T. Forrest, commissioner of public lands :

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

73

^- f*^*

iiiti iiifitii -lii'iiiiifffri i

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

75

GRANT FOE

State, charitable, educational, penal

and reformatory institutions

Public buildings at the State capital .

Scientifiic schools

State normal schools

Agricultural college

Amount of Grant Acres.

200,000.00

132,000.00

100,000.00

100,000.00

90,000.00

Amount Se lected, Acres

97,301.71

64,112.85

42,475.57 51,928.81 42,727.00

Valued at

$892,082 94

1,090,930 74 365,812 70 400,552 00 571,868 40

The above lands are about equally divided as to location, one half be- ing east and the other half west of the Cascade range.

None of the lands granted by the enabling act shall be sold at less than $10 per acre at public sale.

In addition to the 622,000 acres granted by the enabling act for the special purposes named, the grant for common schools, as approximated by Commissioner Forrest, will reach 2,300,000 acres. These figures are found by calculating the number of square miles in the State, less the sur- face covered by water, and reservations for national purposes. The act provides that where sections 16 and 36 (set apart as school sections) have been sold or otherwise disposed of under authority of any act of Congress, other land equivalent thereto, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter section, and as contiguous as may be to the section in lieu of which the section is taken, are granted for the support of common schools.

None of the lands granted for educational purposes, or to the common schools, can be disposed of at less than $10 per acre, but under regulations of the legislature may be leased for periods of not more than five years in quantities not exceeding one section to any one person or company. These lands are not subject to homestead or any other entry, whether surveyed or unsurveyed. Mineral lands are not included in the grant to the State of sections 16 and 36, and the title to the State may be defeated to any of these sections upon proof of mineral character, by claiming them as min- eral lands. However, indemnity lands can be selected in lieu of school sections that may be proved to be mineral lands.

SCHOOL LAND SALES.

The average price of school lands disposed of thus far throughout the State is $22.25 per acre, the total number of acres sold being 89,283.37. The largest sales were in Whitman county, 17,505 acres ; Spokane county, 9,040 acres; Yakima, 7,605 acres; 2,393.28 acres in King, and 222 in Pierce.

PACIFIC RESERVE.

On the 20th February, 1893, President Harrison, by proclamation, es- tablished the " Pacific Reserve," embracing 212 square miles, seven north and south, and six east and west, embracing portions of Pierce, Lewis, Yakima, and Kittitas counties, containing 966,090 acres. Mount Rainier is about the center of the reserve. The reserve is particularly described as follows :

76 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Beginning at the southwest corner of township 13 North, range 15 East, of the Willamette base and meridian ; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line between ranges 14 and 15 East, sub- ject to the proper easterly or westerly offset on the 4tli standard paralltO North, to the point for the northeast corner of township 18 north, range 14 East ; thence westerly along the unsurveyed township line between townships 18 and 19 North, to the southeast corner of township 19 North,, range 7 East ; thence southerly along the unsurveyed range line between ranges 7 and 8 East, subject to the proper easterly or westerly offsets on the township line between townships 17 and 18 North, and the fourth standard parallel North, to the point for the southwest corner of township 13 North, range 8 East; thence easterly along the unsurveyed township line between townships 12 and 13 North, to the southwest corner of town- ship 13 North, range 15 East, to the place of beginning.

INDIANS AND INDIAN KESERVATIONS.

In the State are eighteen so-called Indian reservations with an area of 7,094,950 acres, and an Indian population of 10,837. Fourteen are located west of the Cascade mountains, containing 302,710 acres. The remaining four, with an area of 6,792,240, are in Eastern Washington. A large por- tion of these lands have been allotted in severalty to Indians, who, by the act of Congress of 18th February, 1887, called " the allotment in severalty act," together with those Indians who " severed tribal relations and adopted the habits of civilized persons, were declared to be citizens of the United States, entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of citi- zens." Good schools and several churches are located among them. Some have become farmers, stock raisers ; others build and own sea-going schooners, and go to sea, fishing, sealing and whaling. Others within the agency limits, have stores and handle stocks of goods.

PUYALLUP INDIAN AGENCY.

Chehalis Reservation. — Original size, 4,224 acres ; present size, 471 acres; allotted, 3,753 acres; population, 157, all citizens.

NiSQUALLY Reservation. — Size, 4,717 acres, all alloted ; population, 90, all citizens.

PuYAiLUP Reservation. — Original size, 18,062 acres; present size, 585- acres; allotted, 17,477 acres; population, 609; all citizens; one Presbyte- rian and one Catholic church.

Shouliothe Reservation. — Size 335 acres, none allotted; population, 400, scattering.

Squaxson Island Reservation. — Size, l,494i^ acres, all allotted ; pop- ulation, 119, all citizens.

QuiNAULT Reservation. — Size about 224,000 acres, none allotted ; popu- lation, 296.

Skokomish Reservation. — Original size, 4,990 acres; present size, 27& acres; allotted, 4,714 acres; population, 227, all citizens.

There are four boarding and two day schools in the agency, supported by the government.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 77

Recapitulation'. — Original size of agency, 257,822^ acres ; present size, 225,667 acres; allotted, 32, 155i^ acres; population, 1,898.

TULALIP INDIAN AGENCY.

TuLALip Reservation. — Size,23,040 acres; cultivated, 605 acres; one boarding school; one Catholic church on each reservation; population, 460; citizens, 97.

LuMMi Reservation. — Size, 12,312 acres; cultivated 560 acres; one day school ; population, 401 ; citizens, 75.

SwiNOMisH Reservation. — Size, 7,195 acres; cultivated, 400 acres ; pop- ulation, 257; citizens, 49.

MucKLESHOOT RESERVATION. — Size, 3,367 acrcs ; cultivated, 400 acres, population, 161.

Madison Reservation. — Size, 7,284 acres; cultivated 130 acres; popu- lation, 161; citizens, 34.

Recapitulation. — Size of agency, 53,198 acres; cultivated, 2,095 acres, schools, 2; churches, 5; population, 1,440; citizens, 254.

Some of these lands are very rich, and all are adjoining and near the waters of Puget Sound. The figures show a farming community, but the larger portion of the natives prefer fishing and hunting.

MAKAH INDIAN AGENCY.

Neah-Bay Reservation. — Size, 23,000 acres; one school; population, 442.

Quillayute Reservation. — Size, 845 acres ; population, 243,

Recapitulation. — Size of agency, 28,845 acres; cultivated, 25 acres j school 1 ; population, 685. Seals taken in 1892, 2,340, averaging $10 each per skin, $23,400.

Hon. John McGlynn is agent in charge, with office and residence at Neah-Bay. These two tribes or bands of Indians, living on the ocean front, from whence their sustenance has been obtained, are born sailors, much of their time being spent in canoes on the water, sometimes 100 miles off the coast, in fishing and hunting seals, whales, etc. They have made much money, owning sea-going schooners, and at this time Indians are the agency traders, carrying on the agency store, keeping accounts and otherwise acting as successful business men.

The splendid school (for both sexes) at Bahaida has changed these for- mer free-booters and fierce savages into peaceful, industrious citizens. The old Indians generally dislike civilization, but the younger ones are pro- gressive. The lands of this agency are of poor character.

reservations east of the CASCADE MOUNTAINS.

Colville. — Size, 2,800,000 acres.

Spokane. — Agent, Major Hal J. Cole ; size, 200,000 acres.

Yakima. — Agent, Major Jay Lynch ; size, 800,000 acres.

Columbia. — Size, 2,992,000 acres.

Total area of the four reservations, 6,792,240 acres.

Messrs. Cole and Lynch are the only agents east of the Cascades Their agencies are spread over an extensive area whose Indian population- in many instances have become farmers and stock raisers, owning great-

78 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

herds of cayiise ponie? and cattle, building and li\ang in houses, and in many ways showing a regard for better ways of living.

These eastern tribes, advancing slowly in civilization, still have among their number many of the old nomadic class, "at home" wherever their lodge is pitched.

Indian population of the State 10,837

'On reservations 7,938

Off of reservations 2,899

Males on reservations 4,018

Females on reservations 3,920

Males off reservations 1 ,460

J'emales off reservations 1,439

The rate of mortality shows a decrease in population at the rate of 1 per cent, per annum for the last ten years.

CLIMATE.

Mr, Henry F. Alciatore, director of the Washington weather service, is authority for the following on climatic conditions :

The State has a mean annual temperature of 50 degrees, ranging from 45, the lowest, in Stevens county, to 54, the highest, in Walla Walla county.

In Western Washington the mean annual temperature ranges between ^3 degrees in the western half of Lewis county and 47 degrees along the middle Sound coast line of Clallam county. The coldest month is January, .with a mean temperature of 37 degrees, and that from that month on the mean rises about 4 degrees each month till July, when the maximum is reached at 63 degrees ; from July to December the mean decreases at a .rate of about 5 degrees each month. The mean temperature of the sum- mer months is sensibly the same, being 60 in June, 63 in July, 62 in August.

The mean annual temperature of Eastern Washington ranges between 54 degrees, the highest, in Walla Walla county, and 45, the lowest, in .Stevens county. A comparison of the mean temperature for each month •discloses the fact that, as in Western Washington, the coldest month is usually Januaj"y, with a mean of 26, and the warmest month July, with a mean of 72 degrees. The mean monthly temperature rises rapidly at a rate of about 8 degrees till July is reached, when it falls at an equally rapid rate till December. Between July and August there is a difference •of only 1 degree in their mean temperature. Although the mean annual temperature of Western and Eastern Washington is sensibly the same, viz. : 50.4 in the former and 49.7 in the latter, the mean winter tempera- ture in Eastern Washington is much colder.

The mean monthly temperature for January in Western Washington is usually about 11 degrees higher than that of Eastern Washington ; in February it is 9 degrees, while in March the difference is only 2 degrees. From April to September, inclusive, the conditions are reversed, the monthly mean temperature in April in Eastern Washington being 1 de- gree higher than that of Western Washignton, 5 degrees in May, 6 degrees in June, STdegrees in July, 8 degrees in August and 2 degrees in Septem-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 79

ber. From October to December, inclusive, the former conditions again prevail, the October mean being 2 degrees higher in Western than in East- ern Washington, 6 degrees in November and 8 degrees in December.

In short, January, February, November and December are much warmer, and May, June, July and August much cooler in Western Wash- ington than the corresponding months in the Eastern portion of the State. The temperature in March, April, September and October is sensibly the same in both sections of the State.

The mean annual rainfall over the western halves of Clallam, Jeffer- son, Ohehalis and Pacific counties ranges from 70 to 107 inches. This area of very heavy rainfall represents but 6 per centum of the total area of the State, and further, the bulk of it occurs during the three winter months, the rest of the year the rainfall being tolerably well distributed and not at all excessive.

East of the Cascade range there is an average annual rainfall of 16.5ft inches, or 1.38 inches per month.

The mean annual rainfall in Western Washington is not quite 53"- inches. January, with a mean monthly fall of 7.82 inches, and December, with 7.65 inches, are the two wettest months in the year, while July, with. 0.96 inch, and August, with 1.13 inches, are the two dryest months.

January has a mean monthly fall of 7.82 inches, February 6.45 inches^ March 5.80 inches, April 3.21 inches. May 2.77 inches, June 1.94 inches^ July 0.96 inch, August 1.13 inches, September 3.31 inches, October 4.5€ inches, November 6.94 and December 7.65 inches.

In Eastern Washington the rainfall during the dry season, from May to September, is about half what it is during the wet season, December is the wettest month, with an average fall of 2.58 inches, January with 2.17 inches, February 2.08 inches, March 1.20 inches, April 1.33 inches, May 1.25 inches, June 0.88 inch, July 0.56 inch, August 0.27 inch, Septem- ber 0.69 inch, October 1.92 inches and November 1.58 inches.

In the greater portion of Western Washington, where the rainy days are more frequent than elsewhere in the State, every other day in October and March is rainless, while during the intervening months the number of rainy days is slightly greater, rising to three days out of four in Decem- ber, the rainiest month. In the Eastern portion of the State the frequency of rainy days is, of course, much less. During the dry season Wasliington is favored with many fine, clear and pleasant days and a goodly amount of sunshine.

To summarize, Washington enjoys a mild, equable and remarkably salubrious climate.

In brief, on the Eastern side of the mountains the summers are warmer and the winters colder than on the Western side, but no very cold weather anywhere except in the mountains. >

The "Chinook wind," blowing from the southwest, thaws with its warm breath, exhilarating with new life animal as well as vegetable creation.

Thunder storms and electrical disturbances are scarcely known ; we

80

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

have no blizzards nor hurricanes, and seasons rotate from year to year without startling changes of temperature.

Mean monthly and mean annual temperature and rainfall deduced from observations covering a period of from two to forty years in Wash- ington :

MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE.

January . . . February . .

March

April

May

June

July

August . . . . September October . . . November . December .

Year

January . . . February. .

March

April

May

June

July

August .... September October . . . November . December .

Year

Month.

MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL.

HEALTH STATISTICS, ETC., YEAR ENDING SEPTExMBER 30, 1892.

DEATHS.

Total, 1,356— Males, 807 ; females, 549. Thirty were Indians and half- breeds, 16 colored, 12 Chinese. Of the white deaths 771 were of males and 527 of females.

BIRTHS.

Total, 3,204— Males, 1,629 ; females, 1,579. Thirty-seven were Indians, 12 whites, 1 Chinese. Sixteen mothers were delivered of their twelfth child. Nineteen of the births were illegitimate. Twelve of the mothers were under 16 years of age, and two of the fathers were over 80. Of the white births 1,607 were of males and 1,547 of females.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

81

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 83

MARRIAGES.

Total, 1,781 — Eighty-five were of Indians and half-breeds and 37 of •colored persons. One groom and 36 brides were less than 16 years old ; 56 grooms and 493 brides were aged between 16 and 20 ; 946 grooms and 866 brides were aged between 20 and 30 ; 468 grooms and 189 brides were aged between 30 and 40 ; 115 grooms and 39 brides were aged between 40 and 50 ; 44 grooms and 18 brides were aged between 50 and 60 ; 15 grooms and 3 brides were aged between 60 and 70, and 2 grooms were more than 70 years old.

MATERIAL WEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES.

The natural resources of the State are vast and inexhaustible. Tim- ber, coal, minerals, the fisheries, grain, hops, fruits are among the notable products. The value of those several elements of wealth will be made manifest by the following exhibits :

TIMBER PRODUCTS.

STANDING TIMBER.

The best of timber does not grow directly on the coast, says the ■" Puget Sound Lumberman," in its 1893 annual edition, but beginning ^bout a mile back from the ocean it gets larger and better for two or three miles, where it becomes large and fine, this condition prevailing for a num- ber of miles eastward. Again it becomes very large and heavy at the base •of the Cascade mountains, diminishing again as the summit is reached and increasing yet again as the descent is made on the eastern side, until the foothills are reached, where the best timber of Eastern Washington is found.

Of the thirty-four counties in the state, only two, Franklin and Adams, are given as being treeless, and the following exhibit shows Washington's timber wealth geographically :

NO. ACRES NO. OF FEET TOTAL

TIMBER. STANDING. VALUE.

Eastern Washington 11,616,720 106,978,041,000 $80,426,521

Western Washington 11,971,792 303,355,294,000 189,134,808

Average number of feet per acre in Eastern Washington, 9,209.

Average number of feet per acre in Western Washington, 25,399.

Average number of feet per acre in the entire state, 17,393.

Average stum page value in Eastern Washington, about 75 cents per 1,000 feet.

Average stumpage value in Western Washington, about 62 cents per 1.000 feet.

Average stumpage value in the entire state, about 65)^ cents per 1,000 feet.

VARIETIES OF TIMBER.

Following are the principal woods found in the different counties of Washington :

Asotin — Pine, fir, tamarac, alder.

Chehalis — Fir, spruce, cedar, Alaska pine, alder, maple, ash, larch.

84 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Clallam — Fir, spruce, cedar, Alaska pine, alder, maple, asli, Alaska cedar, yew, oak.

Clarke — Fir, spruce, cedar, Alaska pine, larch.

Columbia — Pine, fir, alder, tamarac.

Cowlitz — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, ash, maple, alder, larch, oak.

Douglas — Pine, fir, tamarac.

Garfield — Pine, fir, tamarac, alder.

Island — Fir, cedar, spruce, Alaska pine, maple, alder, cotton wood, ash, yew, oak, pencil cedar.

Jefferson — Fir, cedar, spruce, Alaska pine, maple, alder, cottonwood, ash, yew, Alaska cedar.

King — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, spruce, cottonwood, maple, alder, Alaska cedar, larch, oak.

Kitsap — Fir, cedar, Alaska Pine, spruce, alder, maple.

Kittitas — Fir, pine, cedar, larch, Alaska cedar.

Klickitat — Fir, pine, cedar.

Lewis — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, ash, maple, oak, alder, larch, willow.

Lincoln — Pine, fir, tamarac.

Mason — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, spruce, maple, alder, ash, cotton- wood.

Okanogan — Fir, pine, tamarac, larch, Alaska cedar.

Pacific — Fir, Alaska pine, spruce, cedar, maple, alder, cottonwood, ash.

Pierce — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, spruce, alder, cottonwood, ash, maple, Alaska cedar, larch, oak.

San Juan — Fir, cedar, spruce, alder, maple, oak, j'ew.

Skagit — Fir, cedar, spruce, Alaska pine, white pine, larch, maple, al- der.

Skamania — Fir, larch, pine, cedar.

Snohomish — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, spruce, cottonwood, alder, maple, larch.

Spokane — Fir, pine, cedar, spruce, tamarac.

Stevens — Pine, fir, tamarac, spruce, cedar.

Thurston — Fir, cedar, Alaska pine, spruce, maple, alder, ash, cotton- wood.

Wahkiakum — Fir, spruce, cedar, Alaska pine, larch, maple, alder.

Walla Walla — Pine, fir, alder, tamarac.

Whatcom — Fir, spruce, cedar, Alaska pine, maple, alder, larch.

Whitman — Pine, fir, cedar, spruce.

Yakima — Fir, pine, cedar.

It wall be noticed that some of the woods mentioned as existing in the state are not given in the list by counties. The reason for this is that these woods are not found in very large quantities in any one place, but are scattered among other timber, some throughout several counties and others only in rather remote places. The woods mentioned in the county list comprises about all that are found in the state in large bodies.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 85

OUTPUT OF LUMBER AND SHINGLE MANUFACTURES 1892.

Nearly one-third of the population is dependent upon the saw and shingle mills, sash, door and other wood-working establishments. The output is as follows :

Output of lumber, feet 1,164,425,880

Output of lath 436,716,000

Output of shingles 1,883,868,750

The shipments of lumber and shingles were as follows :

Lumber to foreign points, feet 105,002,710

Lumber to coastwise points, feet 263,666,523

Lumber by rail, feet 100,650,000

Shingles by rail 913,300,000

Shingles by water 8,608,000

The shipments may be compared as follows :

1891. 1892.

Foreign 98,366,000 105,002,710

Coastwise 220,000,000 263,666,523

Shingle shipments 625,000,000 913,300,000

The value of lumber, shingles, sash and doors and other manufactures last year may be put down at $19,000,000, as follows :

Lumber $12,481,543

Shingles 2,187,898

Manufacturers of wood 3,542,429

Of this amount nearly $9,000,000 was from eastern, coastwise and foreign points. The lumber and shingle men paid out to the different rail- road companies $1,877,945 in freight the past year.

The capital invested in lumbering and wood-working plants in Wash- ington is over $30,000,000. The number of men employed in saw and shingle mills, wood-working factories, and the logging camps is about 12,000, to whom are paid Ln wages over $7,000,000 yearly. The industry may be summarized as follows :

Number of saw mills in Washington 227

Number of shingle mills in Washington 246

Number of sash, door and other factories 73

New shingle mills added in 1892 127

The aggregate yearly capacity of the saw and shingle mills of Wash- ington is as follows :

Saw mills 2,970,000,000

Shingle mills 3,723,000,000

COAL PRODUCT.

The following extracts are made from the United States geological survey of 1891 :

Total product in 1891 1,056,249 short tons

8pot value $2,437,270

•86

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The following table shows the product of the State for the past five years by counties ;

Counties.	1887.	1888.	1889.	1890.	1891.
King	Sh'ttons. 339,961 104,782 229,785 15,295	Sh'ttons. 546,535 220,000 276,956 42,000	Sh'ttons. 415,779 294,701 273,618 46,480	Sh'ttons. 517,492 445,311 285,886 15,000	Sh'ttons. 429,778 348,018 271,053 1,400 6,000
Kittitas
Pierce Thurston
Whatcom
Not specified	82,778	130,259
Total	772,601	1,215,750 1,030,578 1,263,689	1,056,249

The first discovery of coal in Washington was made in 1852, and the first mine was opened on Bellingham bay in 1854. The coal from this mine was shipped to San Francisco and was the only coal shipped out of the Territory until 1870, when exportation commenced at Seattle, from the Seattle, Renton and Talbot mines in that vicinity. In 1874 the product from the Seattle mines was 50,000 tons; from July 1, 1874, to July 1, 1879, the product was 155,000 tons. In the year ended December 31, 1879, the product was 137,207 short tons. The Renton mine, opened in 1874, pro- duced in 1875 and 1876 50,000 short tons. The Talbot mme, opened in 1875, produced in 1879 18,000 short tons of coal. Records of the operations of Washington coal mines are incomplete, and entirely wanting from 1879 to 1884. The mining during this time was confined to King and Pierce -counties. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1885, the total product of the Territory is given at 380,250 short tons, of which King county is credited with 204,480 short tons and Pierce county with 175,770 short tons. The annual product since that time has been as follows :

COAL PRODUCT POK SEVEN YEABS.

Years.	Total product . .		3 CP
1885	Sh'ttons. 380,250 423,525
1886	iS 925.9.^1	$2 25 2 19 3 00 2 32 2 71 2 31
1887	772,601 1,699,746 1,215,750 3,647,250 1,030,578 2,393,238	1,571
1888
1889	2,657 2,206 2,447
1890	"270 211
1891	1,056,249	2,437,270

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

87

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

89

COAL PEODUGT OF WASHINGTON IN 1891, BY COUNTIES.

Counties.

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King

Kittitas . . Pierce .... Skagit .... Whatcom .

Totals

Sh't tns. S tns. S tns. S tns.

417,591 4,533 7,654!

337,852 2,809 7,357|

246,053 4,683 5,317 15,000

1,000 lOO! 300

6,000

Sh't tns.

429,778

348,018

371,053

1,400

6,000

1,008,496 12,025 20,428 15,300 1,056,246 $2,437,270 $2 31f21l'2,447

[,009,278 $2 35 2261,285

772,421 2 22 148! 501

632,671 2 33236! 601

4,900 3 50100 30

18,000 3 00 150! 30

Washington's coal fields.

Called the Pennsylvania of the West by reason of its great coal de- posits, says the New Year number, 1893, of "The West Coast Trade:" Washington is destined to become the greatest coal-producing State in the Union ; an eminent writer on the mines and minerals of the nation being authority for the statement that the deposits of coal in the State of Washington are larger than the combined supply of the Atlantic States. Not only is the supply larger, but the veins are also larger and more easily worked than those of the eastern States. As yet they are practically un- touched, an idea of their size and dimensions being obtained from the fact that coal, covering an area of 1,000,000 acres, is known to exist in eighteen counties.

The coal lands of the State form a magnificent combination, and may be divided into seven great groups, viz : The Roslyn, Kittitas county ; the South Prairie and Wilkeson, Pierce county; the Green River basin. King county ; Skagit river, Skagit county ; Bellingham Bay, Whatcom county ; Bucoda, Thurston county, and Cowlitz, Lewis county.

The output of the various mines of the State for the year is estimated at 1,500,000 tons, and, on a basis of $2.50 per ton at the mines, the value of the product for the year was worth $3,750,000.

The magnitude of the coal mines of AVashington have already at- tracted the attention of the United States government, and men have been sent out to this State to make a scientific geological survey of them. There exists in the State in large quantities the finest anthracite, bituminous^ eemi-bituminous, and lignite or brown coals.

Secretary Allen Weir, in his exhaustive " Second official report," Jan. 1, 1893, thus summarizes the coal product of 1892 :

The amounts of coal produced by some leading mines for part of 1892> and estimated production for whole year :

90 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co., to Sept. 22. . 60,800 tons, for year. . 78,800 tons. Northern Pacific Coal Co., to Sept. 1. .141,718 tons, for year. .261,718 tons. Oregon Improvement Co., to July 31. .143,291 tons, for year. .239,291 tons.

Seattle Coal & Iron Co. to Oct. 1 69,468 tons, for year. . 96,468 tons.

Black Diamond Coal Co., to Sept. 1 . . . 55,042 tons, for year. . 95,000 tons. Cedar River Coal Co., to July 1 12,000 tons, for year. . 22,000 tons.

Totals to above date 482,319 tons, for year. .793,277 tons.

All other coal productions for year 75,000 tons.

Total coal production of State for 1892 868,277 tons.

The report of the inspector of coal mines for the First district, shows that the production in the year 1892 was 761,118 tons, divided as follows :

<^ilman 102,105

Newcastle J54 225

Franklin 73^500

■Cedar Mountain 12 573

Jennings 4 740

^l*a 13,500

I^oslyn. 271,513

Black Diamond 89 935

Kangley 14.',m2

Blue Canyon 25,675

I'enny 3^566

The production of the Denny mine was not included in the total as it was all used at the Denny Clay Company's factory.

The number of employes in the district was: Outside, 586; inside, 1,552. Total, 2,138. There were 53 fatal accidents, of w^hich 45 were in the Eoslyn explosion last May, and 29 non-fatal accidents.

The coal mined in 1892 in the second district amounted to 375,457 tons.

EASTEEN WASHINGTON.

The product of the coal mines of eastern Washington has been in- creasing rapidly for years. In 1890 the output of the mines at Roslyn, in Kittitas county, the only producing mines in eastern Washington, was 445,202 tons.

The coal mines of Roslyn were worked first in 1886, but it was not until 1887 that the mines were worked on a large scale. In that year the product was 104,000 tons and each year it has been increased. With the present facilities for mining and shipping coal these mines are capable of producing from 800,000 to 1,000,000 tons a year.

The Roslyn coal field has an area of 52 square miles. The coal meas- ures extend with a uniform depth of from three to eight feet. The coal is bituminous.

Coal of excellent quality has been discovered in merchantable quan- tity in Klickitat and Yakima counties. In Kittitas a continuation of the Roslyn coal fields has been located near the mouth of the Wenatchee and iurther north in the Methow valley of Okanogan county.

Near the summit of the Cascades, on the eastern slope, another im-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 91

mense deposit of semi-anhtracite was discovered late last fall. Samples- indicate that the coal measure is both deep and of excellent quality.

Along the Kettle river in Stevens and Okanagan counties are large measures of bituminous and coking coal.

MINING AND MINERALS.

Gold and silver, lead, copper, iron, zinc, antimony, nickel, bismuth and other useful metals are found in merchantable quantities in many portions of the state. Mountains of granite and building stone, of marble of beautiful varieties, exist ; clays of remarkable purity in beds of great extent have been successfully utilized. The Spokane Review in its Ency- clopedic issue of January 1, 1893, commenting on the wealth and progress- of mining in Eastern Washington, says :

"The immense coal fields already developed or discovered and the potter's clay, of finest quality, absolutely free from iron, and other clays bearing a high percentage of the future metal of the arts and industries,, aluminum, have demonstrated that there are deposits in this state as great as in any other portion of the United States.

" The great mineral belt, which encircles Spokane, begins in Southern Idaho, traversing the entire state, and including Northwestern Montana, and extends north to the Lardeau country in British Columbia at about the fifty-first parallel.

"The principal mineral producing counties of Eastern Washington are Stevens, Okanogan, and Kittitas. In several others, notably Yakima county, good indications of mineral are found.

" In western Washington there are three well defined mineral districts, lying at the head of the streams which form the Snohomish and Skagit rivers. The furthest south is called the Silver Greek district. Silver Creek runs into the Skokomish and the latter stream converges with the Snoqualmie to form the Snohomish. At the head of Silver Creek is the- Cady Pass. A mountain range separates this district from the Monte- Cristo district, which lies along the north and south forks of the Sauk river, a tributary to the Skagit. Still further north is the Cascade dis- trict, on Cascade creek, also a tributary to the Skagit. In each of these districts large bodies of good ore have been found and located by men who are preparing to work them and who are not offering them for sale, be- cause they believe them to be of great value for development.

" Silver Creek is about 45 miles from the nearest railroad point at Sno- homish City. The most northern district, Cascade Creek, is about 90 miles from Sedro, the new railroad town on the Skagit. The ores are mainly galena, carrying both silver and gold, with occasional sulphurets. The veins are true contact veins, with hang walls of porphyry and foot walls of granite, and they are so wide and so accessible for mining operations that low grade ore can be worked at a large profit.

"Further south we have Snoqualmie district. Cedar River mines, Min- eral Creek and Gold Hill mining district, so many mineral belts, the favor- able reports from each and all of which bear testimony to tlie great and assured future mineral wealth of our State."

92 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

From the able and exhaustive report of Gov. Miles C. Moore to the Secretary of the Interior (1889), the following is quoted:

"The iron ores of Washington consist of bog ore, limonite, hematite, and magnetic ore. Bog ore is found underlying the flats bordering Puget Sound ; brown ore is found on the Skagit River. The largest beds of mag- netic ore are found in the Cascade jNIountains, from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the water-courses. Large deposits of ore occur on the east side of the Cascade range, near the Cle-elum River, 25 miles from the Northern Pacific Railway. The ore is magnetic and assays about 66 per cent. Ex- tensive deposits are also found on the Snoqualmie River, on the line of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway. The ores of this mine are said to be of superior quality, and are what are termed typical steel ores.

"BUILDING STONE.

"Granite is found in the Cascade Mountains, in the vicinity of Spo- kane Falls, and along Snake River, in Garfield and Whitman counties. A quarry of this valuable stone is on the site of the hospital for the insane at Medical Lake, in Spokane county.

" A fine, greenish-gray sandstone is furnished in large quantities by the Chuckanut quarries on Bellingham bay.

" Marble has been discovered at points near the Spokane & Northern Railway, in Stevens county, and in other localities. Also a superior arti- cle of fine clay, suitable for fire-pottery and fire-brick.

"LIMESTONE.

"The principal deposits of limestone occur on the islands in the San Juan archipelago, where there are unlimited quantities of the finest lime- stone, averaging over 90 per cent, pure lime. These are the only lime- stone quarries being worked to any considerable extent. The cities of Puget Sound, Oregon, and in fact nearly the entire Pacific Northwest are supplied from these kilns. Limestone and marble are found in conjum- tion with iron ore in the Cascade Mountains, and have great value, not only for flux, but also for commercial purposes."

FISHERIES.

Extracts from the very valuable third annual report, by Hon. James Crawford, State Fish Commissioner, for the year 1892, wall present in the best possible manner the importance and present condition of this great and growing industry.

The fish and oyster industry is divided into three districts, viz : The Columbia river, Willapa Harbor (formerly known as Shoalwater Bay) and Gray's Harbor, and the waters of Puget Sound. The canning of sal- mon constitutes the principal fish industry of the Columbia river, although the amount shippped to Eastern cities, in refrigerators, has begun to as- sume gigantic proportions. The following table gives the number of cases ■of spring salmon canned on the Columbia river from the beginning of the £sh industry in 1866 to and including the present year :

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

93

YEAR

1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870

NUMBER CASES OF SALMON CANNED.

CASES.] YEAR. CASES.

4,0001881 550,000

18,000|1882 541,000

. . 28,0001883 629,000

:.... 100,00011884 620,000

150,000|1885 553,000

1871 .... 200,00011886 448,000

1872 250,000 1887 354,000

1873 250,000

1874 350,000

1875 375,000

1876 450,000

1877 460,000

1878 460,000

1879 480,000

1880 530,000

During the season of 1892 twenty-two (22) establishments have been engaged in canning salmon on the Columbia river, ten of which are located on the Washington bank of the river, although a majority of the canneries on the Oregon side of the river received fish from traps, wheels and seines that were operated on the Washington side. The following table gives the pack of each of the Washington canneries ; also number of boats and nets, seines and traps from which they receive their supply of salmonj

1888 364,800

1889 321,300

1890 429,000

1891 402,150

1892 465,000

Total 9,323,550

Name.

Wm . Hume

Eureka Packing Company

Hapgood & Co

T\^arren, of Cathlamet

Ocean Packing Company

J. G. Megler&Co

Pillar Rock Packing Company . . North Shore Packing Company.

P. J. McGowan & Sons

Aberdeen Packing Company

Totals 1 176,689 I 390

No cases packed.

9,000 24,200 10,500 10,500 13,200 23,359 13,200 13,840 13,890 45,000

Boats and nets.

20 70 40 20 38 93 32 63 3 11

2

18 95

21

118

The fishermen were paid $1 apiece for salmon. Allowing three salmon to each case, the amount received by the fishermen was $530,067 ; this does not include the salmon taken by fishermen residing in Washington, for twenty-six fish wheels located in Washington have been furnishing salmon to canneries situated near the Cascades and The Dalles, in Oregon ; .also about one hundred boats and gill nets have been fishing for the same canneries. The catch of the wheels averaged about twenty tons of salmon ■each, which at $60 per ton, the average price paid, brought $31,200. The average catch of nets was five tons each, which at $60 per ton, brought 430,000. The traps, seines and gill-nets owned and operated in Washing- ton supplied the Astoria, Oregon, canneries with 145,375 salmon at $1 *ach, brought $145,375. Adding $11,520, the amount received by fisher- £nen on the Washington side of the river for fall salmon furnished to can-

94 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

neries in Oregon, will swell the amount received by the fishermen of "Washington, from canneries alone, to $748,162. The value of the salmon pack of the Columbia river, in AVashington, for tlie spring and summer season of 1892, is $971,789.50.

In the following table will be found the number and value of the dif- ferent appliances owned in Washington, used in fishing for salmon during the past year :

334 traps, average value $800 $267,200-

750 gill nets and boats, average value $500 375,000

10 seines and outfits, average value $1,000 10,000

26 fish wheels, average value $1,200 31,200

75 sail boats, average value $100 7,500

7 steam pile drivers, average value $1,200 8,400'

40 hand pile drivers, average value $75 3,000-

160 pound-net boats, average value $40 * 6,400

3 plungers, average value $700 2,100'

4 small steamers and naptha launches 6,000

Skiffs and other small boats 2 000'

Total $71 7 ,800

To the $748,162 must be added $102,000, the amount received from sal- mon sold to cold storage plants and other fresh fish dealers, for about 1,700' tons of different species of salmon, a fair average of the price being $60 a ton, makes the total amount received by the fishermen of the Washington side of the Columbia river, from salmon alone, $850,162.

THE STURGEON INDUSTRY.

The sturgeon, as an article of commerce, stands second in the list of the food fishes of the Columbia river. In the fall of 1888 S. Schmidt & Co.. shipped the first car of frozen sturgeon to the East. Previous to that time there had been a few cars of pickled sturgeon shipped, but the freezing and shipping of sturgeon really dates from that year. From the roe of the sturgeon is made that relish so dear to the epicurean palate— caviar. The- bladders of these fish are manufactured into isinglass. Four firms are now engaged in the business of freezing and shipping Columbia river stur- geon. Their names and places of business are as follows :

By Wallace Brothers, Kalama 450 tons.

By S. Schmidt & Co., Skamokawa 650 tons.

By C. B. Trescott & Co., Portland 351 tons!!

By the Pacific Fish Co., Rainier 630 tons .

Total 2,081 tons.

CAVIAR.

By Wallace Brothers 150 kegs, averging 135 fts. each

By S. Schmidt & Co 219 " " << << i<

By C. B. Trescott & Co 105 " " " " "

By the Pacific Fish Co 240 " " " " "

Total 714

The caviar has been usually disposed of in the Hamburg market.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

95

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

97

SHAD.

This desirable talkie fish continues to increase in number and size in the Columbia river, enough having been caught to net the owners of traps and nets about $2,000. They have been taken at the Cascades, about 150 miles from the mouth of the river.

CARP AND CATFISH.

About $2,000 worth have been marketed during the year, and $5,000 worth of eulachon, here called Columbia river smelt.

DISTRICT OF WILLAPA AND GRAY'S HARBOR. Salmon pack of the Willapa Harbor canneries for 1892 :

NOKTH KIVER CANNERY OP WILLAPA HAKBOK.

No. of Cases.	Species.	Present JNIarket Value.	Value of Pack, less 5 per cent. commission .
3 000	Qninnat	$3 60 per case 3 60 per case 3 30 per case	$ 10,260 00
9*000	Silversides	30,780 00
2,500	Chums	7,744 50

COSMOPOLIS CANNERY.

4,500,

9,000 , 3,000

Total valut

Quinnat . . , Silversides Chums. ...

3 60 per case . 3 60 per case . 3 30 per case .

15,390 00

30,780 00

9,415 00

104,369 50

The amount received by the fishermen for salmon supplied these two canneries is about $30,000.

OYSTER INDUSTRY AVILLAPA DISTRICT.

Fifty thousand sacks were shipped during tlie year 1892, at an aver- age price of $1.60 per sack, amounting to $80,000. Number of men em- ployed, 300.

DISTRICT OF PUGET SOUND.

The following table gives the catch of each species of food fish, also the prices received for them :

Species op Fish.	No. caught.	Pounds. 1,800,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 800,000 800,000 500,000 60,000 20,000 50,000 50,000 200,000 150,000 1,000,000	Average price. 8c each 8c each 5c each 16c per ft 3c per ft 2c per ft 3c per ft 7c per ft 3c per ft 3c per ft Ic per ft Ic per ft i^c per ft	Value.
Saukeye salmon	300,000 500,000 100,000 100,000	$ 24,000
Silverside salmon	40,000
Fall salmon	5,000
Steelhead salmon	16,000
Halibut	24,000
Smelt		10,000
Cod .		18,000
Black cod		1,400
Rock cod		1,500
Lin"'		1,500
Percli		2,000
Flounder .		1,500
Herring		5,000
Othpr tish		5,000
Total	$ 138,700

(4)

98 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The Myers Tacking Company, of Seattle, put up 7,206 cases of silver- side salmon and 8,090 cases of chum salmon, worth $54,000, and the Chit- tenem Packing Company, of P.laine, 15,000 cases of saukeve f^almon, worth $60,000.

There is no change in the catch of dogfish. The value of the catch is $14,000.

The number of men engaged in fishing on the Sound is 720, di^^ded as follows: Seattle, 300; Blaine, 150; Tacoma, 100; Port Towusend, 75; Whatcom, 25; Olympia, 20; scattering, 50.

PUGET SOUND OVSTKR OUTPUT.

The oyster acreage and output of Puget Sound for the year was as follows :

LOCATIOX.

Acres. I^'f V' ""I"*" put of sacks.

Big Skookum . Oyster Bay . . . North Bay . . . .

Mud Bay

Hood's Canal. Samish Bay. . Scattering . . . .

Total.

1 40	50
1 80	125
50	70
30	40
60	150
25	50
50	75
3'So	560

The oystermen received $2.25 per sack for the oysters, making a total of $42,840 for the year's output. Atout 10,000 sacks of clams have been dug by Indians and were sold for $10,000.

Recapitulation of the amounts received by lishermen of the State of Washington :

From Columbia river salmon $850 162

From Columbia river sturgeon 100 000

From Columbia river shad 2 000

From Columbia river smelt 5 OOO

From Columbia river catfish and carp 2,000

From Columbia river trout 3 oOO

Gray's and Willapa Harbors 42 000

Puget Sound salmon and other food iislies, and dogfish oil 172,700

Total $1,176,862

Oysters and clams from Willapa Harbor $80,000

Puget Sound 52,840

Total $132,840

COMMERCE.

No accurate statement of the commerce of the State can l)e rendered, o-nang to the fact that a large proportion of the grain product of the south- eastern section, the salmon pack, and lumber of the Columbia river, find

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

99

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

101

their way to market by way of Portland and Astoria, Oregon. Vessels car- rying these products clear from the Astoria custom house. Considerable shipments of wheat, barley, and flaxseed, wool, and hides, are made from the Walla Walla and Palouse regions direct to St. Paul, Milwaukee, Chi- cago, and the eastern cities. Flouring mills grind large quantities of wheat, the product of which is sold in the mining regions of north Idaho and Montana.

Puget Sound has an extensive foreign commerce. Wheat is shipped to Europe, lumber to all parts of the Pacific. Teas are shipped direct from China and Japan. The coal consumed in San Francisco and other California cities comes chiefly from Puget Sound. Ocean steamships ply regularly between San Francisco, Portland, and the Sound ports. Innu- merable steamboats and other water craft are engaged in the local trade, while lines of boats run daily between Tacoma and Seattle, Port To\ati- send, and Victoria. Our trade relations with British Columbia and Alaska are extensive and constantly increasing.

VESSELS ENTERED — FROM JANUARY TO AUGUST, 1892.

American from Foreign.	Foreign Vessels FROM Foreign.	American from Coastwise.	Foreign from Coastwise.
Tons.	No.	Tons.	No.	Tons.	No.	Tons.	No.
483,960	761	64,470	72	186,788	166	43,966	35

American for Foreign.	Foreign for Foreign.	American for 1 Coastwise.	Foreign for Coastwise.
Tons.	No.	Tons. No.	Tons.	No.	Tons.	No.
500,960	783	103,093 1 98	174,257	148	1,560	1

Value.... $1,133,727 Value.... 8,762 Value.... 3,705

Value.... 2,916,590 Value.... 503,608

EXPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1892

Lumber 212,754,000

Laths 4,144,000

Shingles 1,608,000

Wheat 3,293,036 bushels

Flour 130,844 barrels.

Imports (11 months) 1892 $679,847

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS.

WESTERN WASHINGTON.

AYestern Washington is a region composed of great agricultural val- leys, tide-marsh lands, forests of timber and mountains of mineral.

102 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

While the timber and mineral lands largely predominate, they are in- terspersed A\dth fertile valleys, the Puyallup, Snomohish, Skagit, Ohehalis- and White River being the largest, while small ones are innunieral)le in all direotions, aggregating a large amount of arable lands. The tide-marsh lands of AVestern Washington consist of thousands of acres along the en- tire shore line of Puget Sound. Most of these tide-fiat lands have been reclaimed by dyking; and vegetables, hops, cereals, fruits, and all the grasses grow in perfection and in enormous quantities.

In the State there are 100,000 acres of open tide-marsh prairie and about 130,000 acres of spruce and brush tide-marsh lands. Near the mouth of Columbia river, on Wailicut river, are 1,650 acres; on the Chi- nook river 1,475 acres, around Willapa harbor 15,000 acres open marsh and fi'om 5,000 to 10,000 acres of brush and spruce lands. On the south side of Gray's harbor are 29,000 acres ; on the east side, where the Chehalis river empties, about 30,000 acres, and on the north side 25,000 acres — a to- tal of 84,000 acres, of which 20,000 are open tide-marsh prairie. On the ocean coast north of Gray's harbor, including Neah bay, are 20,000 acres tide-marsh, over one-third of which is open marsh. On the south side of the Straits of Fuca are 2,000 acres ; on Hood's canal, 4,000 acres, and on the east side of Puget Sound, there are in Pierce county 5,800 acres; in King county, 1,250 acres; in Snohomish county, 20,000 acres: in Skagit county, 50,000 acres ; in Whatcom county, 4,000 acres ; in Island county,, 4,000 acres, and in San Juan county, 600 acres. In reclaiming these lands,, about 250 miles of dyke have been built, at an expense of over $500,000.. Tide-marsh improvement began about 1864 by a few ventursome settlers in Snohomish and Skagit counties.

In a "report on the Tide-Marsh lands of the United States," in 1885, the department of agriculture officially stated that " reclamation has no- where been so popular and uniformly successful as with the pioneers on the shores of Puget Sound." The report further said that " perhaps ncv other farm lands in the country have for a series of years yielded so large returns on the invested capital as the dyked lands of Puget Sound." On the average, it costs $20 an acre to dyke and drain a tide-marsh farm. Improved, this land for farming purposes is worth $100 to $300 per acre, and at the latter price will yield a large per cent, on the invested capital.

As an evidence of the productiveness of tide-lands, following are ac- tual total results for large areas of Skagit county land in 1888 : On 10,820 acres were produced 15,530 tons of oats; on 2,330 acres were cut 6,940 tons of hay, and 6,000 acres, mostly in meadow, pastured 1,735 cattle, 755 horses, 1,350 hogs and 530 sheep. W^ith dyked land in good condition, 100 bushels of oats, 80 bushels of barley, 60 bushels of wheat and four tons of hay per acre are common crops.

The hop yards of Puget Sound are the most prolific known, and easily avearge 2,000 pounds to the acre. In the one industry of hop- raising alone, Western Washington leads the world. The vegetable pro- ductions of Puget Sound are wonders in size, and unite Math perfection. of growth the highest excellence of flavor^

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 103

EASTERN WASHINGTON

Is the great wheat granary of the Pacific coast, its peculiar volcanic soil being adapted to a most marvelous extent to the production of all cereals. Every succeeding year adds to the already extensive wheat area of Eastern Washington, and the time is not far distant when the great sage-brush plains will be as one vast field of waving grain. The average yield of wheat per acre in this section is about 25 bushels, while it not infrequently reaches 50 and 60. The yield of corn in Southeastern Washington is about 30 bushels to the acre, and barley averages 30 bushels to the acre. As a wheat-producing State, Washington ranks first, the average yield per acre being 23.5 bushels to 18.0 in Oliio, 16.8 in Oregon, 15.5 in Cali- fornia, 15.5 in Illinois, 13.4 in Pennsylvania, 11.0 in Minnesota, 10.6 in Dakota, and 8.6 in Virginia. Insects and mildew are unknown, and, after years of cultivation, the soil seems as fertile as ever. This inexhaustible fertility is ascribed to the presence of an unusually large percentage of potash and soda in the soil.

IRRIGATION.

The rainfall varies in different parts of the great wheat belt, but in the vast areas where there is the least rain wonders are being accomplished by irrigation.

Companies organized with millions of dollars of capital are now at work in different localities east of the mountains, and canals and ditches, some sixty miles in length, and capable of conveying an immense volume of water, are now in process of construction.

On these irrigated lands enormous crops of grain and vegetables are grown, while as many as five crops of alfalfa are being cut in a single year from irrigated land. Washington is undoubtedly the foremost in the northwestern sisterhood in this work of irrigation. The experimental age has passed, and the certainty of immense crops from the sagebrush plains, when covered by ditches, has stimulated enterprises of this nature until miles of canals are built and under construction, dozens of flowing artesian wells have been drilled, and many pumping stations have been established to lift the waters of the mighty rivers from their deep beds to the thirsty plains through which they flow. While Yakima county so far leads in this work, other sections are following closely in her footsteps. In Kittitas county work is progressing rapidly upon a ditch large enough to cover all the dry lands in the county, while in Walla Walla, Asotin, Klickitat, Douglas and Stevens counties, ditches are being built which will render fertile thousands of otherwise barren acres.

In 1890 there were 48,000 acres of irrigated lands in Eastern Washing- ton. The average size of irrigated farms, or rather irrigated portions of farms on which crops were raised, was 47 acres. The cost of preparing the land for cultivation, excluding the cost of bringing the water to the land, but including such items as clearing the land, where necessary, of trees and sagebrush, and also plowing and fencing, was $10.27 per acre. Adding to this amount the cost of bringing water to the land, $4.03 per acre, and the orginal cost of the land at the government land office of $1.26

104 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

per acre, the total cost of the cultivated land to the h'rigator was $15.55 per acre. In comparison with this, the estimated average value of the land, after being prepared for crops by clearing and irrigation, is placed at $50 per acre, showing an apparent prolit of $34.45 per acre, less the cost of buildings. Deducting the average annual expense for water from the annual value of products, $17.09 per acre, it shows an average annual profit per acre of $16.34. The question of reclaiming tlie great sagebrush plains of Eastern Washington, where the annual rainfall does not give sufficient moisture, is being rapidly solved and aided by the magic touch of the life-gixdng fluid, golden fields and fruitful orchards are encroaching more and more with each succeeding year upon the barren lands, until, in time, the leagues of sagebrush plains and barren hills will disappear.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

The fruits of Eastern Washington are already famous throughout the country for their size, variety and flavor, especially those from the great fruit centers of the Yakima and Walla Walla valleys. Apples, pears, plums, prunes, watermelons, and berries of nearly every variety, grow to great size and luxuriance, and find a ready market throughout the cities of the northwest, while hops and vegetables of every description reward with bountiful crops, the industrious husbandman. Large areas of rolling hill and prairie, not yet encroached upon by the wheat-raiser and irrigator, furnisli grazing land for thousands of cattle, from whose herds the markets of the state and of the northwest obtain their supply of beef. The stock- raising industry has been and is to-day an important one in Eastern Washington, but with the advent of the farmer and fruit raiser, the graz- ing lands are rapidly being appropriated to more remunerative industry.

HOPS.

Since the introduction of hop cultivation it has become the great ag- ricultural industry of Puget Sound and Yakima valley. There are some 7,000 acres in that crop, yielding, according to locality and care in cultiva- tion, from 600 to 3,000 pounds per acre, with an average price of 17 cents per pound, the average cost of production between 7 and 10 cents per pound.

The crop of 1890 was the heaviest ever produced in the State, 50,000 bales ; of 1891 somewhat less, and the crop of 1892 a still further decrease, owing to insect pests. It is believed that the systematic efforts being used will stop this destructive element and keep the hop crop of Wasington up to its standard. The average price obtained by our growers (1890) has been about 20 cents per pound. Number of bales produced in Washington 1890 42,476

" " " " 1891 34,026

" " " " 1892 24,000

FRUIT GROWING.

Henry Bucey, Esq., the president of the State Horticultural Society, is authority for the following :

"Along the water-courses of Eastern Washington can be found fine land and climate for growing apples, pears, plums, cherries, and in some

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

105

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 107

places peaches are grown very successfully and profitably, while small fruit growing is made immensely profitable. Grapes and melons are also produced in great abundance, melons growing to perfection upon prairie lands.

"The cause of these particular localities being so favorable to fruit culture is attributed to the influence of the warm winds from the Japan current, which sweeps across the Pacific ocean in a northeasterly course from the South Sea Islands, striking the shores of Oregon and Washington. These winds blow up the Columbia river and other channels tributary to the ocean, until their influence is lost by coming in contact with cold air at certain altitudes.

" That this is considered the true cause and theory is further demon- strated from this fact : That on certain localities on the Columbia river and on other water-courses where the river suddenly curves, and there is low land on one side and high on the other, which somewhat arrests the cur- rent of air and causes an accumulation at this point, it will be found that those places are admirably adapted to growing peaches and grapes and other less hardy fruits, in great abundance and of excellent qualtity. Yet this section of the country is like some of the eastern States — occasion- ally subject to severe frost in the early winter and spring, killing both fruit and trees.

"The Walla Walla, Yakima, Snake river, and other valleys are famous for producing fruits.

" Western Washington is more favorably adapted to fruit culture gen- erally, as its mild climate being free from the severe frosts of winter and the hot and dry weather of the summer, makes it in every respect the natural home of the apple, pear, plum, prune, and cherry, which small fruits grow in great abundance except the grape, which does only moder- ately well.

" This section justly deserves the reputation accorded to it for the pro- duction of fine apples, as all those fine and popular varieties which are so diflicult to produce elsewhere grow to perfection here with but ordinary care. The trees grow thriftily and bear young ; overbearing is a thing to be guarded against, and handpicking and shaking must be resorted to.

' ' This is the natural climate and soil for the pear, and the fruit pro- duced here is, in size and quality, perfection.

"The production of plums and prunes in Western Washington is the wonder and astonishment of all who visit its orchards and gardens ; for size, quality, and quantity they cannot be surpassed by any country. There is no insect to prey upon the fruit or the tree, and the fruit is per- fect. The tree grows vigorously and bears early. A profit of $600 per acre has been realized from a prune orchard of ten-year old trees. Prune- raising in what is called the Sound country, is destined to become one of the leading industries. The cherry is also grown here to perfection, from the Early Richmond for tarts to the sweet and delicious Elton and Royal Ann. The trees bear so heavily that cherries completely encircle the branches, forming in appearance a rope of cherries. The trees grow more

108 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

thriftily tlum any otluT fruit tree?, and tlu' cherries are superior in size and quality.

" I do not consider this a good climate, generally speaking, for grow- ing the peach or the grape; but for all kinds of small fruit, such as straw- berries, blackberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries and cranberries, this country cannot be excelled. The cranberry is now being successfully and profitably cultivated wherever tried, and strawberries were raised here this last season that measured seven inches in circumference, several tons of fine berries being raised to the acre."

RAILROAD DEVELOPMENT.

Says the new year "West Coast Trade :" " No transcontinental line of railway found access to Washington until 1885, but to day four great roads enter its borders, either with their trunk lines or important branches, and with these and other roads built within the state or under construction, Washington is rapidly approaching the proud distinction of being one of the largest railroad states in the Union. The NortherH Pacific crosses the state from east to Avest, and with its various branches, has in operation to day 1,048 miles of road. The Union Pacific operates 439 miles, with important extensions in contemplation. The Great Northern, which in 1891, had in operation 87 miles of road, has since spanned the state from east to west, from Spokane to Puget Sound, and now operates 487 miles. The Canadian Pacific operates 23 miles of road in the state. Among other lines wholly within the state are the Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern, which has in operation 175 ndles, the Oregon and Washington Territory, with a total milage of 161, the Port Townsend Southern, Seattle and North- ern, and Columbia and Puget Sound, owned by the Oregon Improvement company, with a total of 101 miles, the Spokane and Northern, operating 127 miles, and various other short lines built and under construction. The past year has been an active one in railroad building throughout the state.

" During 1892, the Northern Pacific railroad has completed ninety-seven miles of road and graded thirty-one miles. Of this amount of work twenty- four miles were on the Lakeview branch of the Tacoma, Olympia and Gray's Harbor R. R., thirty-six miles from Centralia to Ocosta and thirty- seven miles on the Yakima and Pacific Coast R. R. Thirty-one miles of road were also graded on the Yakima and Pacific Coast."

MILEAGE OF RAILROADS.

NORTHERN PACIFIC AND BRANCHES.

MILES.

Main line Northern Pacific in Washington 541

Spokane & Palouse Railway 105'

Farmington Branch 7

Central Washington Railway 110

Northern Pacific & Cascade Railway 7

Burnett Branch 4

Crocker Branch .>

Tacoma, Orting & Southeastern Railway 8-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 109

MILES.

Northern Pacific & Puget Sound Shore Railroad 31

Eoslyn Branch 5

Green River & Northern Railroad 4

Tacoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor Railroad, Centralia to Ocosta. . . 66

Lake View Branch via Olympia to Ocosta 43

Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad, Spokane Branch 50

Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad, "Western Branch 164

Yakima & Pacific Coast Railroad 57

UNDER CONSTKUCnON.

Yakima & Pacific Coast Railroad, track laid 1892 37

Total 1,244

GREAT NORTHERN SYSTEM.

MILES.

Main line 345«

Seattle & Montana 119'

Bellingham Bay & British Columbia 23-

Total 487

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM.

MILES.

Main line 201

Walla Walla Branch 41

Mason branch 28

Total 270

OREGON IMPROVEMENT COMPANY'S LINES.

MILES.

Columbia River and Puget Sound 42

Port Townsend & Southern 28

Olympia Branch 18

Seattle & Northern 76

Total 164

MILES. hunt's SYSTEM.

Washington & Columbia River Railway, formerly Oregon & Wash.

Ty. R. R. Co., Eastern Division, Dayton to Hunt's Junction 86.8

Western Division, Pendleton to Hunt's Junction in Washington . . . 4.8

Eureka Flat Branch, Pleasant View to Eureka Junction 19.4

Total 111.

OTHER LINES.

MILES.

Spokane Falls & Northern — Spokane to North port 131

Ilwaco & Shoalwater Bay, Pacific county 16

Puget Sound & Gray's Harbor 28

Mason County Central 6

Clifton to Port Orchard 10

110 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Vancouver Khckitiit <k \ akiiua 12

Monte Cristo Railway 15

Blue Canyon Coal Road 12

Shelton Soutlnvestern Railroad 7

Mosquito & Coal Creek, Cowlitz county 2

Ostrander, Cowlitz county 3

Fidalgo City & Anacortes, Skagit county 11

Wm. Knight & Co., Skagit county 5

Cascades Portage, Skauumia 6

Fairhaven & Soutiiern 52

Washington Southern, Shelton to Satsop route 22

Totol 338,

Grand total in state 2 614

WASHINGTON LEADS ALL OTHER STATES.

Tlie authority for the following statistics is the " Railw^ay Age and Northwestern Railroader:"

The number of lines and the mileage of main track laid during the

year, with its geographical distribution, are shown in the following table, condensed from the detailed records :

TRACK LAID IN 1892.

States.

Maine . . .

New Hampshire. Massachusetts . . .

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania . . . .

Maryland

West Virginia. . .

Virginia

North Carolina . . South Carolina . .

Georgia

Florida

3 2

11 4

46 3

12 8 6 3

10

Alabama 3

Mississiopi 1

Louisiana 7

Tennessee 5

Kentucky 5

Ohio 11

Michigan j iQ

Indiana j 6

Illinois I 9

Wisconsin i 7

Minnesota I 17

North Dakota . . . ] 2

Miles.

14.66 28.40 21.69

236.32 15.29

256.94 29.10

203.94 23.37 56.30 33.00 67.70

146.53

20.00

8.00

121.50 65.50 35.00

197.15

220.64

156.70 69.02

122.25

200.27 92.00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

TRACK LAID IN 1892 CONTINUED.

Ill

States.

Miles.

South Dakota . . . .

Iowa

Nebraska

Kansas

Missouri

Indian Territory .

Arkansas

Texas

Colorado

Wyoming

Montana

California

New Mexico

Idaho

Utah

Arizona

Oregon . .... Washington ....

Total in fortv-three States and Territories.

3 3 2 1

13 2 6 11 10 1 4 9 2

1 4

2

289

13.50

68.50

50.80

1.00

197.13

114.00

44.50

211.23

34.75

105.00

127.30

84.55

5.85

82.70

32.90

26.60

9.00

420.73

4,062.31

It will be noticed that the State of Washington leads all others in the amount of new mileage, with 420.73. The nearest approach to this was the State of Pennsylvania, with 256.94 miles.

PART III.

INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES.

The State of Washington comprises thirty-four counties \dz : Adams, Asotin, Ohehalis, Clallam, Clarke, Columbia, Cowlitz, Douglas, Franklin, Gartield, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lewis, Lin- coln, Mason, Okanogan, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Spokane, Stevens, Thurston, Wahkiakum, Walla Walla, Whatcom, Whitman and Yakima. The population of the counties here- inafter stated is according to the State census, 1892, as returned by the auditors of the several counties.

ADAMS COUNTY. Organized November 28, 1883 ; county seat, Ritzville ; area, 2,400 square miles; population, 2,185. It is chiefly adapted for pastural and agricul- tural pursuits. The Palouse river divides it from Whitman county at the southeast corner. The Northern Pacific railroad enters the county in the southwest corner, diagonally traverses it, leaving near the northeast cor- ner, thus affording convenient transportation to market for farm products. The surface is covered with excellent bunch-grass. Stock raising is the principal occupation. The climate is too arid to promote successful wheat raising. Irrigation pro\dded, the raising of fruit and cereals would prove successful. Artesian wells have been resorted to with good results. The soil is adapted for the production of vegetables, hardy small fruits, grasses, all kinds of cereals, dairy products and live stock.

Real property (1892), except railroad track $1,003,993

Personal " " " " " 320,592

Railroad track — Northern Pacific, main line, 57 miles 1,673 feet; side track, 3 miles 954 feet, Oregon Railway & Navigation tion Company, main, 6 miles 1,584 feet; side, 524 feet 360,024

Total $1,684,609

VALUE.

Number of horses 5,163 $119,990 00

cattle 6,692 91,131 70

sheep 3,000 6,000 00

hogs 521 1,517 00

" wagons and carriages 574 13,990 00

Railro-ivl stock and railroad personalty 75,151 00

Improvements upon public lands held under U. S. . 68,097 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

Receipts for school year from all sources 29,069 93

Number of school houses 22

" " districts 28

	15,370 00
	18,314 00
859
640
414
29
	7,510 97
	50 25
	43 55
637,783
31,089 ■
25,468
1,551
315
6,022

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 113

School houses

All school property

Census, June 1, 1892, school children

Children enrolled during year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers

Paid teachers

Average salaries, male teachers

" " female teachers

Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots. . .

" " of improved land

" " in wheat

" " oats ,

" " potatoes

" apple trees

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

RiTzviLLE, the county seat, is on the Northern Pacific railroad, 325 miles northeast of Portland. It was first settled in 1883. Good water has been obtained at a depth of seventy feet. The surrounding country is chiefly grazing land, but all the cereals and general produce are raised. The Asotin County Times is published here. There is a good school em- ploying four teachers, a public hall capable of seating 300, and Methodist, Christian, Lutheran and Congregational churches. Population, 500. As- sessed value of property, $300,000.

Paha, on the N. P. R. R., ten miles southwest of Ritzville. Water is abundant here, the best supply in the county, and derived from natural springs. Products, wheat, wool, eggs and live stock.

Other Postoffices — Bemis, Fletcher, Griffith, Hatton, Lind, Wash- tucna.

ASOTIN.

Organized October 27, 1883, is the extreme southeastern county of the State; area, nearly 600 square miles; population, 1,712; county seat, As- otin, situate at junction of Asotin creek and Snake river. It is without railroad facilities, but steamers on the Snake river on its eastern and northern boundary connect with the Union Pacific system at Riparia. Ir- rigation is required to make farming profitable. Where resorted to it has proven quite successful. Stock raising is the principal industry. Lum- bering is carried on in the southern portion of the county, where timber fi-om the Blue Mountains is accessible in large supplies.

Taxable real property (1892) $395,880

" personal " " 186,201

Total $582,081

VALUE.

Number of horses 5,173 $108,333 00

" cattle 5,604 63,090 00

" sheep 6,657 13,314 00

" hogs 1,392 4,195 00

" wagons and carriages 327 12,441 00

^^4 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Improvements upon lands held under U. S 10 910 00

. OTHER STATISTICS.

Receipts of school funds, all sources 8 286 57

Number of school districts 21

" houses 1(5

School houses 9 ^g^ qq

' ' all school property 12 463 00

Census June 1, 1892, school children 644

Enrolled as attending during year 572

Average daily attendance 323

Number of teachers 28

Amount paid teachers 4 195 qq

Average monthly compensation teachers, males. . . 44 93

„ , . females.. 44 06

Number of acres taxable exclusive of town lots 105,535

" " improved land 25,202

" timber 12s'oOO

Average feet of timber per acre 10 000

Number of feet standing timber 1,280,000,000 1,280,000 00

Output of Wm. Parish sawmill in Asotin, 1892 (ft) 1,200,000

Shingles cut T. A. Irwin at Anatone 2,400,000 4,320 00

Number of acres in wheat 14 257

" " oats '51

barley 2,530

" hay 52

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES,

A.SOTIN, the county seat, is on the Snake river. Shipments of grain, fruit, and live stock are made, as the river is navigable at this point." The Sentinel, a weekly newspaper, is here published. A flour mill run by water power is located here by J. N. Rice & Co. There is a pubhc school with two teachers. Societies of Baptists, United Brethren and Methodists are here. Population (U. S. census of 1890), 635.

Anatone, on the Snake river, seventeen miles south of the county seat, settled in 1877, has a Methodist church. From this point are shipped wheat, oats, and barley. A sawmill at this place run by Wm. Farrish— output in 1892, 1,200,000 feet. T. A. Irwin runs a shingle mill— cut of 1892, 2,400,000; value, $4,320.

SiLCOTT is a postoffice nine miles west of the county seat, on the Snake river, at the mouth of Alpowa creek. Fruit and farm produce are raised in the fertile country around and shipped from this point. But this place of beautiful name is really noteworthy for the valuable reminiscence of pioneer days.

At the mouth of the Alpowa creek, where it flows into the Snake river (Silcott), there is a small orchard of ancient historic apple trees known as the " Mission Trees." The seeds were brought from Rochester, N. Y., in 1836, by Rev. Henry H. Spalding, one of the pioneer missiona- ries sent out by the American Board of Commissioners Foreign Missions. Little yearling sprigs of trees were presented by Father Spalding to the Nez Perce Indian chief Red Wolf, and by him were planted where they

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 115

.■still are growing. The trees now bear heavy crops of small white sweet flavored apples every year. In 1890 it was reported that these trees had been destroyed by a flood, but the gnarled trunks were only partially buried with debris ; beyond that no damage was done. The bones of Red Wolf are buried in a rude cairn of rocks on the hillside overlooking his •orchard of old mission apple trees, the picture of which embellishes these pages.

Theon, on Snake river, south of Asotin, was settled in 1880. It con- tains a shingle mill, a sawmill, a Methodist church. It is connected by telephone with Lewiston, Idaho, twenty miles north. Crops raised in vi- cinity ; grain, vegetables, and fruits. Gold and silver have been discovered in vicinitv. Population 200,

CHEHALIS COUNTY.

Chenalis county, bordering upon the Pacific ocean, embraces an areB ■of nearly 2,600 square miles; population, 9,797; organized April 14, 1854. Montesano is the county seat. The River Chehalis, naAdgable for a long ■distance, crosses the county from east to west flowing into Gray's Harbor, receiving in its course the Humptulups, Hoquiam, Wishkah, Satsop, Elk and Johns. The valley, watered by this river and its tributaries, known as the " Chehalis valley," varies in breadth from fifteen to fifty miles, •of excellent agricultural land, the streams being skirted with the best of timber. Prairies to the extent of 50,000 acres, adapted for grazing, lie north of Gray's Harbor. The bay so named was discovered May 7, 1792, by Captain Robert Gray, in the ship Columbia. It is of triangular shape, with base toward the ocean. At its apex, twelve miles inland, it receives the Chehalis river. At low water the harbor is surrounded by mud flats ; its greatest width north and south is fifteen miles ; its area is about 150 ■square miles. The excellent and extensive timber, with easy outlet to the «ea, the facilities to transport saw logs, afforded by the many water-ways leading into the harbor and Chehalis river, destine this county to become iSb most valuable lumber district. Around and near Gray's Harbor are -several prosperous towns, noted chiefly for their large lumber, shingle and planing mills and ship yards.

Number of acres, timber 1,230,080

Average feet per acre 31,846

Feet standing timber 39,173,440,000

:Stumpage value $29,080,080

There are sixteen sawmills located respectively at Aberdeen, Cosmopo- lis, Montesano, Hoquiam, Elma, Ocosta, Markham, Oakville and Porter, whose combined output for 1892 was 124,990,000 feet of lumber. There are also eleven shingle manufactories in the county with an aggregate cut in 1892 of 90,100,000, the value being $156,325; capital invested, $362,500; men employed, 407; wages paid, 1891, $142,180.80.

The county abounds in fertile valleys, extensive table lands, upon which thrive all vegetable and garden products, apples, pears, prunes plums, cherries, and all the small fruits. Fish, shellfish and game abound ; and its rivers abound with the Quinault salmon, the most delicious of the family of salmonidfe.

116 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Acres in wheat 370, average yield per acre 28 bushels, average price 90c " in oats 1,172, " " " " 59 " " " 44c

" in hay 2,005, " " " " 2)^ tons " " $10.75

" in hops 11, " " " " 1,344 lbs, " " U}4c

" in potatoes 192, " " " " 7 tons, " "

Number of apple trees 11,584, yield per tree 35011)8, average per ft 1}-^ cts.

Number of prune trees 2,545.

Output of logs, 1891, 55,195,000 feet; average price per 1,000, H-7'k

men employed, 288; wages, 1891, $85,956.81.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Eeal property, except railroad track $8,113,985 00

Personal property, except railroad personalty 895,373 GO

Railroad, rolling-stock and other personalty

Railroad track — Puget Sound and Gray's Harbor, 9 miles 1,056 feet ; Tacoma, Olympia and Gray's Harbor, 51 miles 4,752 feet ; Side track, 5 miles

528 feet 311,842 00

Number of horses 1,370 78,941 00

" cattle 4,934 104,000 00

" sbeep 1,400 2,795 00

" hogs 714 2,185 00

" wagons and carriages 523 17,470 00

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 31,520 00

Improvements on land held under United States. . 55,070 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

Receipts of school fund from all sources 107,372 64

Number school districts 55

Number school houses 49

School houses 106,871 00

All school property 122,809 00

Census (June '92,) of school children 3,040

Number enrolled during year 2,296

Average daily attendance 1 ,470

Number school teachers 84

Amount paid teachers 24,866 43

Average monthly compensation, male 57 25

Average monthly compensation, female 51 33

Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 577,891

Acres improved lands 7,777

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

MoNTESANO, county seat, located in 1883; situated on the Chehalis river at the head of tidewater navigation; population, according to State cesus of 1892, 1,240; contains a furniture manufactory, sash and door manufactory, the lumber mill of Stetson Manufacturing Company (output 1892, 1,400,000), brickyard, salmon cannery and the Montesano Tanning Company's tannery; churches of the Baptist, Christian, Catholic, Episco- palian, iSIetliodist, Presbyterian and Swedish Baptist denominations ; an opera house, seating capacity 450; waterworks, fire department and chem-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. U7

ical engine, electric lights, a bank with $75,000 paid-up capital, and two weekly newspapers. There are lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows, Ancient Order of United Workmen and two Grand Army posts. Deposits of iron coal and cinnabar have been discovered in the vicinity. Valuable farm- ing and timber lands are adjacent. It e ports lumber, furniture, salmon and produce. Lines of steamers connect with Portland, San Francisco and the towns on Gray's Harbor and Ohehalis river. Telephone to Olympia and other towns in the county. The Northern Pacific railroad makes daily trips between it and Tacoma. The estimated value of propertv is $1,500,000.

Abekdeen, on Gray's Harbor at the mouth of the Chehalis river, was incorporated as a city in 1890. It contains a shipyard, salmon cannery, four shingle mills, three sawmills, turning out 300,000 feet per day; salmon canneries, foundries and sash and door factories. The Wishkah river tlows through the heart of the city. The city has regular steamboat communi- cation with San Francisco, Astoria, Portland, Willapa Harbor and all points on Gray's Harbor, and an electric line connects it with Hoquiam. All denominations are represented, and all the fraternities have their halls. There are two banks, two public schools, a Catholic school, a hospital, two newspapers, water works, cost, $65,000; electric lights for streets and houses, an efficient fire department, and an opera house, seating capacity, 1,000. Assessed valuation of property, $2,040,000. Population, State cen- sus of 1892, 1860. The city has a Board of Trade. The surrounding coun- try is densely timbered.

Hoquiam, on Gray's Harbor at the mouth of the Hoquiam river, con- tains two schools, a fire department, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Methodist churches ; two sawmills, two sash and door factories, two banks, each $50,000 capital ; two weekly newspapers, a fine hotel bearing the the name of the city, and a fine opera house, seating capacity, 1,000, an electric line to Aberdeen, telephone connection to the Gray's Harljor towns and to Olympia, ocean steam navigation with Portland, Astoria, Willapa Harbor, San Francisco and the points on the Chehalis river and Gray's Harbor. The adjacent tide marsh prairies are very rich and extensive. Population, census of 1892, 1,023.

Other thriving towns and postofiices are Arctic, Axford, Bay City, Cedarville, Damon, Elma, Grand Forks, Gran^'ille, Gray's ELarbor, Hump- tulups, Juno, Laidlaw, Markham, Melbourne, Morris, Oakville, Peterson, Porter, Satsop, Sharon, Summit, Westport and Wynoochee.

CLALLAM COUNTY.

This county borders upon the Straits of Juan de Fuca and the Pacific Ocean. Area, 2,050 square miles, largely made up of mountainous sec- tions densely covered with timber, with small fertile valleys interspersed. Skirting the strait from its eastern boundary to Port Angeles is a wide belt of excellent agricultural land. The Quilliyute Indian reservation is in the southwestern part of county. The Neah Bay agency (INIakah tribe), is located at the entrance of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. These Indians are skillful in building seafaring canoes ; in them they venture far out on

:li8

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the ocean in pursuit of wliales. Of the cedar bark and the roots they manufacture garments, bhmkets, Hnes, and other implements for fishing and sealing. The county was organized April 26, 1854. County seat, Port Angeles, population 4,168. Its productions are all the cereals, vegetables, and fruits. The average of wheat product is 25 to 30 bushels per acre. Potatoes and garden stock yield immensely.

Number of acres timber 1,004,000

Average standing timber per acre 25,000

Average stumpage per 1,000 feet 50

Number of feet standing timber 25,100,000,000

Stumpage value. $12,550,000 00

There are five saw mills, respectively located at Port Angeles, Challam Bay and East Clallam. The output for 1892 was : Lumber, 22,385,000 feet.

Two shingle mills located at Port Angeles and Port Cesrcent. Output 1892:

Shingles 24,000,000

Value of shingles .$40,200 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY 1892.

VALUE.

Real property $2,994,226 00

Personal property 290,482 00

Number of horses 605 33,048 00

" cattle 1,764 37,179 00

" sheep 924 1,638 00

hogs 437 1,274 00

" wagons and carriages 224 6,963 00

Improvement land held under United States 78,563 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

Receipts of school funds from all sources 29,431 74

Number of school districts 29

" " houses 22

School houses 17,251 00

Total school property 22,404 00

•Census of school children 1,218

Number enrolled during year 1,500

Average daily attendance 632

Number of teachers employed 39

Amount paid teachers 9,313 23

Average monthly compensation teachers, male ... 51 08

" " female , 40 17

Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 140,962

Acres of improved lands 3,540

.Acres in wheat . . 206>^ Average yield.. . .49>^ Average per bush . 8234'

" oats 393 Average yield . . .60 Average per bush. 44>^

" hay 1,173 Average yield ... 3 tons. Average per ton . .$8 50

" hops 36 Average yield.l, 750 lbs. Average per lb. .. . 17c.

" potatoes. 386 Average yield . 6 tons. Number of apple trees, 2,914 ; per tree, 250 lbs. ; per lb., l>^c.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

119-

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 121

Logging summary for three camps (1891): Output, 5,000,000 feet; av- erage value, $5.50 per M ; forty men employed ; wages paid, $14,000. Butter manufactured, 60,302 lbs. Value, $8,106.08.

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Port Akgeles, the county seat, is located on the Strait of Juan de Fuca, sixty miles from the ocean. It was first settled by a co-operative colony in 1859, It was discovered and named by the Spanish exploring expedition of 1792. The town is built on successive benches of land rising from the bay. Water works, electric lights, a fire department, five schools, a bank and five weekly newspapers attest its progressive spirit. It was at one time the port of entry of the collection district of Puget Sound, and a reserve was established, lots being laid out and sold by the United States government. A coal good for blacksmithing has been discovered in the vicinity, and in the mountains back of the town are gold and silver veins. A good agricultural belt surrounds it, and the adjacent country is covered with valuable timber. Estimated population, 3,000. Assessed value of property, $2,164,000.

New Dungeness, the former county seat, is on the Strait of Fuca at the mouth of the Dungeness river. Large quantities of farm produce, fruits, live stock and grain are shipped. A Methodist church is located here. The surrounding country is a rich farming section.

Other towns and postoffices are Beaver, Blyn, Boston, Clallam Bay,, Crescent Bay, Forks, Gettysburg, Lapush, Neah Bay, Ozette, Port Cres- cent, Port Williams, Pj'sht, Quillehute, Eena, Seguin, Shuwa, Suez, Twin, Tatoosh, Wenomah.

CLAEKE COUNTY.

The Oregon provisional government June 27, 1844, created the "Dis- trict of Vancouver," embracing all territory west of the Eooky mountains north of the Columbia river to 54 degrees 40 minutes North lattitude. On December 22, 1845, the word " county ", was substituted for "district." At the session of the Oregon Legislature 1850-51, the name "Vancouver" was changed to "Clarke," in honor of Gen. William Clarke, associate of Capt. Meriwether Lewis in the Lewis and Clarke overland explorations 1804-5-6.

The present area of Clarke county is about 600 square miles, the popula- tion 11,509. The Columbia river flowing westward from Wallula turns al- most due north from the mouth of the Willamette, forming the south and west boundaries of the county, making about fifty miles of water bound- ary, to which may be added thirty miles of navigability of the Lewis river for river steamers, thus affording eighty miles of river front, assuring great transportation facilities to market.

The larger portion of the county is level, but approaching the foot hills of the Cascade mountains, the surface becomes rolling and broken. "With the exception of a few open tracts of prairie lands called "plains," the country is covered with timber. The country is abundantly watered by the Columbia and its tributaries, \nz. : the North and South Forks of Lewis river, the Salmon, La Camas and Washougal. There are large stretches

122 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of grain-producing prairies and of bunch-grass land, well adapted for grazing. "Wheat, oats, flax, and barley are sure and successful crops. Roots and garden vegetables yield abundantly. Fruits have become a specialty. Apples, pears, peaches, prunes, and plums— in fact all the small fruits and berries are raised with the greatest success. Drying and can- ning fruits have become industries.

In the southeast portion of the county is La Camas creek, flowing through La Camas lake, a beautiful sheet of water three miles long and one and a half to three-quarters miles in wadth, forty to ninety feet deep, 160 feet higher than the Columbia river. As early as 1846, the magnificent water power at the foot of the lake where the first falls occur, a sawmill had been erected which in the early "50's" shipped lumber to San Francisco upon which was realized $100 per M. When lumber fell in price the old mill was abandoned. In the spring of 1883, several Portland capitalists se- cured this water power and 2,500 acres of adjacent lands. Dams, aque- ducts and pipe lines were at once constructed for the control and delivery of the water ; a lumber mill was erected, the output of which in 1892 was 4,000,000 feet. A flouring mill with a capacity of fifty barrels per day was built, but the conspicuous features are the mills and works of the Colum- bia River Paper Company, giving employment to from eighty to ninety hands. They manufacture all kinds of news, straw, manilla, and WTap- ping paper. A vast amount of crude material is worked up annually, in- cluding about 2,500 tons of straws principally furnished by the farmers in the immediate vicinity of the mill ; 1,900 tons of rags, rope, burlap, and cotton, picked up and baled in the Portland markets, 2,000 cords of cotton- wood which is ground up into pulp, and from there finds its way into print papers. A large quantity of the chemical wood pulp manufactured under the bisulphate process, which is imported from Germany, is also used. The present daily output is in the neighborhood of 6,000 pounds straw wrapping, principally used by grocers and butchers, and from 10,000 to 12,000 pounds news and manilla.

Flouring mills are also established at Etna and Lewisville.

VALUE.

Number of acres timber 268,500

Average standing feet per acre 19,000

Average stumpage per foot ,| 70

Number of feet standing timber 5,101,522,000

Stumpage $3^571 ^065 00

There are thirteen saw mills located at Vancouver, La Camas, La Center, Washougal, Battle Ground, Amboy, Etna and Ridgefield.

Output of Lumber for 1892, feet 29,180,000

Shingle mill at Amboy, output shingles 1892 3,000,000 $5,100 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY 1892.

Real property, except railroad track $4,663,349 00

Personal property 793,819 00

JRailroad rolling-stock and railroad personalty 5,000 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

123:

Railroad track — Portland & Puget Sound, 15 miles, $15,000.00; Vancouver, Klickitat & Yakima, 11

miles, $38,500.00. Total 53,500 00

Number of horses 2,403 140,383 00

cattle 8,261 161,284 00

sheep 1,499 3,00100

hogs 2,912 8,749 00

" wagons and carriages 1,008 28,795 00

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 16,225 00

Improvements on land held under United States . . 6,364 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund received from all sources 51,233 98

Number of school districts 72

Jv umber of school houses 72

School houses 53,075 00

Total school property 64,405 00

Census of school children 4,411

Number of children enrolled during year 3,219

Average daily attendance 1,070

Number of teachers 131

Paid teachers 24,006 70'

Average monthly compensation, male 42 50

Average monthly compensation, female 35 40'

Acres taxable exclusive of town lots 249,234

Acres of improved lands 31,773

Acres in wheat 491, average yield per acre 21)4 bush., average price 73c oats 1,702, " " " 41 " " " 38c

hay 3,660, " " " 2% tons, " " $8 00

potatoes 391, " " " 6

28,500 lbs butter (1891), value $8,845 00

Number of apple trees 31,044, 200 lbs per tree, average price Kc per K> peach " 7,657, " prune " 75,000, 100 Rs per tree, A reliable authority of Clarke county has addressed the writer the fol- lowing in regard to the culture of prunes in that vicinity :

" The growing and curing the prune for market has become a staple industry in Clarke county, as it is one of the most profitable. The yield per acre varies, for the dried fruit, from $300 to $800, according to season and age of the trees. The crop is readily marketable and brings the high- est price of any like product grown in the world. The net return last year M'as over $40,000, which will run into the hundreds of thousands when the orchards that have been recently planted come into bearing. It has well been proven that Clarke county is the poor man's chance, for ten acres in bearing prune trees will yield a better and more certain net result than any 160 acres of general farming land elsewhere. The peculiarity of the soil and subsoil of Clarke county is what makes its especial adaptability to fruit culture. The soil is a light, vegetable mould, mixed wT.th a small proportion of red clay and fine gravel, under which is a sub-stratum of sand, gravel and vegetable matter from 50 to 100 feet deep. It is to this

124 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

siib-stratiim of loose matter that tlie land owes much of its superiority, as it is a natural underdrain, far better than an artificial one, for it not only- takes all the surplus moisture from the surface soil, but holds it until the time of need and returns it in summer to the surface. There are now iully 1,000 acres set out in prune trees in Clarke county."

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Vancouver, tlie county seat, is on the north side of the Oohimbia river 100 miles from the ocean, at the terminal point of the exploration in 1792, by Lieutenant Broughton, R. N. That ofHcer was second in command to Captain George Vancouver, and by the latter was assigned the exploration of the Columbia. Leaving his vessel, the Chatham, in Baker's Bay, he ascended the river for seven days in an open boat to the point on which the (;ity of Vancouver is now built, which he nominated Vancouver. In • 1824 Dr. John M(;Loughlin, executive officer of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany west of the Rocky mountains, selected it for the headquarters of the Company, and in 1825 erected the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancou- ver, and transferred to it the Company's business from Fort George (Astoria). In 1838 Fathers Blanchet and Demers established here the Roman Catholic Mission of St. James, the first mission of that church in American territory west of the Rocky mountains. In 1843 it became a United States military post, and later the headquarters of the Department of the Columbia. The State School for Defective Youth is located here. Vancouver is the residence of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Nisqually. It possesses a high school, four public schools, one academy under tiie auspi- ces of the Episcopal church; the Catholic college for boys, the College of the Holy Angels, and the convent school maintained by the Sisters of the House of Providence. There are two banks, two theatres, a fire depart- ment, churches of the several denominations, water works, lodges of the various fraternal societies, an electric street car system and electric lights, fair grounds and three newspapers. The manufacturies comprise five saw- mills, aggregate output in 1892, 22,000,000 feet, two sash and door factories, a box factory, three brick yards, an artificial stone factory, machine shop, brewery, ice factory, flouring mill, cabinet maker, and a pork packing establishment; assessed valuation, $1,656,203. Population, 1892, 5,000.

Washougal, situated at the junction of the Washougal and Columbia rivers. It contains two sawmills, and makes shipments of potatoes, oats, hay, dairy products and fruit. Connected with Portland by daily steamers.

The other towns and postoffices are : Amboy, Battle Ground, Brush Prairie, Etna, Felida, Fron Prairie, Fisher's, Hayes, Hockinson, Hopewell, La Comas, La Center, Lewisville, Pioneer, Proebstel, Ridgefield, Sara, Union Bridge, Vancouver Barracks.

COLUMBIA COUNTY. This county was cut off from Walla Walla county November 11, 1875; county seat, Dayton; area, 700 square miles; population, 6,397. There are over 100,000 acres under cultivation, 70,000 of which are in wheat. The principal products are wheat and barley. Of the former it produced iu 1892 about 3,000,000 bushels, and of barley over 600,000 bushels. Corn is

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

125

beginning to be extensively cultivated, yielding from twenty-flve to fifty bushels per acre. Barley and oats yield from thirty-five to seventy-five, and wheat in proportion. Stock raising continues still an important in- dustry. Besides great agricultural resources, there are valuable mines of opals and onyx in the northeast corner. Fourteen miles from Dayton, on the Blue mountains, in the southern portion, a large supply of merchant- able timber exists. Lumber output, 1892, 6,960,000 feet. A branch of the Washington & Columbia River Railway's road extends to Dayton ; a Union Pacific branch runs to Riparia, on Snake river. These railroads, connect- ing with the navigable Snake river, which forms the northern boundary of the county, afford great market facilities. A woolen mill and sawmills have been erected, and there is abundance of water power for numerous manufactories. A seminary is located at Huntsville ; Grace Hall, an edu- cational institution for girls, under the auspices of the Episcopal church, has been established at Dayton.

TAXABLE PROPERTY 1892.

VALUE.

Real property except railroad track $2,692,960 00

Personal property 818,326 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 32,950 00

Oregon Railway & Navigation, 50 miles 1,425 feet, $266,430 ; side track, 8 miles l,144_feet, $17,319 ; Washington & Columbia River Railway, 8 miles 1,286 feet, $41,217 ; side track, 1 mile 3,304 feet,

$3,251 328,217 00

Number of horses 7,831 $290,215 00

" cattle 6,896 93,275 00

sheep 6,755 12,310 00

" hogs 2,772 8,424 00

" wagons and carriages 1,079 34,237 00

Improvements on land under U. S 248,340 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources 29,338 18

Number of school districts 49

" " houses 51 39,245 00

Total school property 49,204 00

Census school children 2,450

Number school children enrolled for year 2,042

Average daily attendance 1,282

Number of teachers 88

Amount paid 19,507 38

Average monthly compensation, male 52 71

" " female 44 42

Acres taxable exclusive town lots 244,798 00

Acres improved lands 100,708

Acres timber 192,000

Average standing, feet per acre 11,000

Average stumpage per foot 1 00

Number of feet standing timber 2,112,000,000 2,112,000 00

126 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Acres wheat .. 42,433 Average yield . 28 bu. Average price per bu... .67 ^i " oats.... 2,004 " " . 40bu. " " " ....35 ~

" barley.. 7,573 " " . 34 bu. " " " ....36

Trees, apple... 37,284 " " .124 lbs. per tree. Average price . 1>^

" peach. .26,823 " " .150 " " " " . 1%

" plum.. . 4,960 " " .125 " " " " . 1

" prunes. 3,954 " " ,140 " " " " . 1

Output of 1891, doors and sash $5,000>

" " beer and malt 82,400

" " flour and mill stuff 196,000

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Dayton, the county seat of Columbia county, on the Touchet river, is the eastern terminus of the Dayton branch of the Union Pacific and also of the Washington & Columbia River Railway. The first settle- ment was made in 1871. It boasts excellent water works, a fire de- partment and is lighted by 2,000 candle power electric lights. One saw- mill, two planing mills, one flour mill, three chop mills, foundry and machine shops, brewery, four weekly newspapers, two national banks with a capital of $110,000, are the elements of wealth. The churches are Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Congregational, Methodist, Methodist South, Baptist, Adventists, United Brethren and Presbyterian. The court house and Central schoolhouse are creditable buildings. A public library and an opara house, with a seating capacity of 400, prove its progress. Population, (U. S. census 1890) 1880.

Hunts viLLE, on the Touchet river seven miles west of Dayton, is a station on the Union Pacific and Washington & Columbia River Railway. It contains a water power flouring mill, and is a forwarding point for grain, fruits and vegetables, the products of the surrounding country. The Meth- odists and United Brethren each have churches.

Marengo, is on the Tukanon, eighteen miles northeast of Dayton, settled in 1876. A water power flour mill is located here, and it is a forwarding point for flour, grain and farm produce.

The other postoftices are Alto, Covetts, Perry, Riparia and Starbuck.

COWLITZ COUNTY.

Set off from Lewis April 21, 1854. County seat, Kalama, the point at which Northern Pacific trains cross the Columbia river. Area, 1,100 square miles; population, 6,736. The chief industries are farming, lumbering, salmon fishing and salmon packing. It borders on the Colum- bia. Its entire length north and south is traversed by the Cowlitz river, paralled by the Northern Pacific railroad.

The Cowlitz valley is fertile, covered with timber interspersed with tracts of fertile prairie. Coal veins have been discovered but are yet unde- veloped. There is an extensive ledge of granite near Kalama. The ex- ports are timber, shingles, cattle, hogs, grain, vegetables and general farm and dairy products.

Number of acres, timber 521 ,460

Average standing feet per acre 20,000

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127

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 129

Average stumpage per foot 60

Number of feet standing timber 10,429,200,000

Stumpage value $6,257,520 00

Sawmills located at Kalama, Oastle Rock, Catlin and Silver Lake, with other mills scattered through the county, had in 1892 a combined output of 11,925,000 feet. The shingle cut of mills at Oastle Rock, Kelso and six in number, amounted to 59,300,000 ; value, $97,220.

TAXABLE PEOPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Real property, except railroad tracks $3,333,750 00

Personal property 462,850 00

Railroad, rolling stock and personality 46,749 00

Northern Pacific, 29 miles, 1,056 feet, $154,760; side track, 2 miles 2,710 feet, $5,479 ; Mosquito & Goal Creek, 2 miles 2,640 feet, $8,750 ; Ostran- der, 3 miles 1,320 feet, $11,375 ; sidetracks, 1,760

feet, $466

Number of horses

" cattle

' ' sheep

" hogs

" wagons and carriages

" steamboats, etc

Improvements on land held under U. S ,

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources

Number of school districts

" school houses

School houses

Total school property .■

Gensus school children ,

Number school children enrolled per year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers

Paid teachers

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. . . , " " " " female .

Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots

Acres improved land

CITIES, TOW?JS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Kalama, the county seat on the Columbia river, is the point on the Washington side from and to which Northern Pacific railroad trains are ferried across said river. Its birth as a town dates from 1872, when the Northern Pacific Railroad company commenced to build annually sections of twenty-five miles between Portland and Puget Sound. For some years thereafter it w^as the headquarters of the Pacific Division of that road and quite a town. It now contains two sawmills, a bank. Catholic and Con- gregational churches, a good school, a weekly newspaper, and a popula-

(5)

	180,830 00
1,546	82,980 00
6,620	130,034 00
1,012	2,086 00
1,330	3,334 00
504	14,618 00
	2,688 00
	226,750 00
	28,231 91
50
42
	21,165 00
	28,128 00
2,359
1,759
1,259
75
	11,424 87
	45 57
	37 79
321,094
1,570

130 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

tion (U. S. census 1890) of 325. Fishing ami lumbering are the i)rincipal industries.

Other towns and postoffices— Oaples, Carrolton, Castle Rock, Freeport, Jackson, Kelso, Kerns, Lexington, Mount Collin, Oak Point, Olequa, Siglitly, Silver Lake, Stella, Toutle, Tucker and Woodland. DOUGLAS COUNTY.

Douglas county set off from Spokane county Nov. 28, 1883 ; area, 4,000 square miles; population, 4,286; county seat, Waterville. The county oc- cupies an interior angle of the Columbia river, where it forms the Big Bend. The soil is well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising. Vegeta- bles and fruits succeed as do all grains except corn. It comprises the larg- est body of unbroken prairie land in the State, the value being impaired by scarcity of water. Artesian wells have been resorted to, but at a great depth w^ater has not been reached. To insure good crops irrigation is es- sential, though a few areas are found which yield successfully.

The great physical features are the Grand Coulee and the Moses Cou- lee, "tremendous depressions in earth's surface from two to five miles wide and often one thousand or more feet deep whose sides are composed of perpendicular cliffs of basaltic rock. Steamboat Rock, an immense pile of volcanic rocks in the centre of the Grand Coulee, which looks at a distance like the object it is named after, and some curious lakes in the same vicinity are a constant source of admiration and surprise to the beholder."

There are two flouring mills respectively situated in Orondo and Wa- ter\'ille.

The Badger Mountains is the only portion of the county where timber can be obtained.

Number of acres timber 35,000

Average number of standing feet per acre 6,800

Average stiimpage per acre 80

Number feet standing timber 238,000,000

Stumpage value 190,400 00

Sawmills are located at Orondo and W^aterville, and with other mills had an output in 1892 of 2,502,000 feet. The shingle cut of Stephens & Nash's mill at Waterville in 1892 was 3,000,000 ; value, $5,250.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Real property, except railroad tracks $1,096,654 00

Personal property 489,042 00

Railway track — Central Washington, 19 miles 2,640 feet, $103,350; side track, 1 mile 3,931 feet,

$3,698 107,048 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 15,097 00

Number of horses 10,504 197,826 00

cattle 11,234 156,777 00

sheep 2,810 4,800 00

hcgs 857 2,533 00

" wagons and carriages 837 24,550 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 131

Improvements on land held under U. S • 111,685 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources 30,572 68

Number of school districts 30

" " houses 21

School houses 26,740 00

Total school property 31,564 00

Census school children 1,120

Number enrolled per year 838

Average daily attendance 510

Number of teachers 46

Amount paid teachers 6,592 48

Average monthly compensation teachers, male .... 38 88

" " " " female.. 37 39

Acres of land taxable, exclusive of town lots 652,161

" improved 29,452

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Waterville, the county seat, is in the northwestern portion of county, within the Big Bend, about six miles east of Columbia river. Stage roads connect it with Ellensburgh, distant seventy miles, and with Coulee City, the western terminus of the Central Washington Railroad. A shingle mill, cut in 1892 3,000,000, value $5,250 ; sawmill, output 620,000, lime kiln, a brick yard, three weekly newspapers, a hall seating 500, a bank, Metho- dist, Presbyterian, Catholic and Christian churches, a public school em- polying two teachers are its evidences of progress. Water is excellent, the timber supply in the vicinity abundant and the adjacent country well adapted to fruit raising and farming. Population (U. S. census 1890), 293.

Other towns and postoffices — Barry, Coulee City, Douglas, Hartline, Lincoln, Macintee, Orondo, Saint Andrews, Silico and Westfield. FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Franklin county was organized Nov. 27, 1883. Area 1,000 square miles. Population 430. It is enclosed within the confluence of the Snake and Columbia rivers, Pasco, its county seat, being at the junction in the south- ern part of the county. TLe Northern Pacific Railroad enters the county at Pasco, runs directly north, dividing the county into nearly equal parts. The chief industry is stock raising. The soil is sandy and covered with sage brush, with occasional intervals of bunch grass fit for pasturage, but the county is treeless, and may be termed desert land. Along the river banks, peaches, grapes, and the small fruits are successfully raised. Al- falfa, vegetables, as also small quantities of wheat and oats are grown.

TAXABLE PROPERTY 1892. VALUE.

Real property except railroad track $362,755 00

Personal property 227,837 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 90,158 00

Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 46 miles, 728

feet, $244,531 ; side tracks, 6 miles, 4,704 feet,

$14,355; Oregon Railway & Navigation, 28

miles, 3,273 feet, $157,685 ; side track, 2 miles,

208 feet, $4,323 $414,894 00

132 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Number of horses 3,250 51,974 00

cattle 933 11,944 00

sheep '. 5,375 11,288 00

hogs 97 280 00

" wagons and carriages 61 1,316 00

Steamboats, etc 27,384 00

Number of acres taxable, excluding town lots 399,978

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund received from all sources 5,123 78

Number of school districts 3

" " houses 4 3,550 00

Total school property 39,089 00

Census school children 97

Number enrolled year 1892 82

Average daily attendance 42

Number of teachers 7

Amount paid teachers 1,782 50

Average monthly compensation, males 61 66

" " " females 46 66

TOWN AND POSTOFFICE.

Pasco, the county seat, is at the junction of the Columbia and Snake rivers (both navigable), and where the Northern Pacific crosses the Colum- bia river. It contains Methodist and Presbyterian churches, has a fire department and hall with seating capacity of 300. Ships wool and live stock. Its public school employs two teachers. Without irrigation the surrounding country is measurably valueless for agriculture. Artesian wells have been sunk to the depth of 600 feet without success. Population, 500.

GARFIELD COUNTY.

Set off from Columbia county at the session of the Legislature in 1881. Area, 650 square miles; population, 3,573; county seat, Pomeroy. Farm- ing, fruit raising and stock raising are the chief industries.

At Pataha is the flouring mill of John Hauser, with a capacity of 100 barrels per day. At Pomeroy is another flouring mill. The output of the lumber mills at Pataha, Pomeroy, Peolas and at other points for 1892 was 3,895,000 feet.

Number of acres timber 71,680

Average number of feet standing timber per acre. . 11,000

Average stumpage per foot 1 00

Number of feet standing timber 788,481,000

Stumpage value 788,481 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892. VALUE.

Real property, except railroad tracks $1,093,532 00

Personal property 374,672 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 10,107 00

Railroad track — Oregon Railway & Navigation Co.,

16 miles 264 feet, $85,065 ; side track, 1 mile

2,288 feet, $3,038 88,103 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

133

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 135

Number of horses 7,646 162,955 00

cattle 6,564 82,872 00

sheep 6,385 13,615 00

hogs 1,872 3,675 00

" wagons and carriages 836 17,495 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 6,105 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources 16,024 74

Number of school districts 38

" houses 39

School houses 18,950 00

Total school property 25,959 00

Census school children 1,493

Number enrolled per year 1,278

Average daily attendance 803

Number of teachers 53

Paid teachers 9,478 20

Average monthly compensation teachers, male .... 45 30

" " female.. 43 00

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres of land taxable, exclusive of town lots 339,107

" improved 125,886

Acres in wheat 39,607, average yield per acre 23 bushels, average price 70c " in barley 8,423, " " " 36 " " " 35c

" in potatoes 48, " " " 4)^ tons

Number of apple trees 12,948

" peach trees 11,559

plum trees 2,927

" prune trees 3,084

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

PoMEROY, on Pataha creek, is the terminus of the Pomeroy branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. Its chief features are a water power flour mill, two sawmills, planing mill, brewery, a private school, a public school employing five teachers, an opera house capable of seating 300, six churches, viz : Catholic, Methodist, M. E. South, Episcopalian, Congrega- tional and Christian, a water works, two banks, aggregate capital of $100,- 000, two weekly newspapers, a fire department, an electric light plant, telephone communication with Walla Walla, Dayton, Colfax, Lewiston, and Spokane. The population of the town and vicinity will reach 1,500.

Other towns and Postofiices — Alpowa, Chard, Gould City, Ida, May- view, Pataha City, Peola and Perry.

ISLAND COUNTY.

Island county, organized by the Oregon Legislature January 6, 1853. is constituted of the islands of Whidby and Oamano, hence its name, Whidby contains an area of 115,000 acres ; Oamano, 30,000 ; population of county, 1,790; county seat, Ooupeville. Camano, excepting some 2,000 acres, and a greater portion of Whidby, are heavily timbered with fir,

136 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

cedar, liemUx-k, spruce and alder. The remainder consists of prairie and swamp lands, producing wheat, barley, oats, hay, fruit and garden veget- ables. Whidby island has much less rainfall than the upper Sound counties. Several small lakes with numerous running streams and springs diversify its surface, and when the land shall have been cleared the island will have become an ideal farming section. The yield of apples, prunes, wheat, oats, hay and vegetables is very great.

There are two sawmills at Coupeville ; output in 1892, 2,230,000 feet»

Number of acres timber 86,007

Average feet standing timber per acre 22,000

Average stumpage per foot 50

Number feet standing timber 1,892,154

Stumpage value 946,077 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892. VALUE.

Real property $770,539 00

Personal property 291,615 00

Number of horses 461 44,615 00

" cattle ; 1,029 31,230 00

" sheep 1,208 2,416 00

" hogs 303 636 00

" wagons and carriages 182 7,565 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 8,110 00

Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots. . . 114,258

Number of acres improved 5,953

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres in wheat 512, average yield per acre 54 bushels, average price, 70c " in oats 1,612, " " " 65 " " " 50c

" in hay 2,369, " " " 3 tons " "10 00

" potatoes 59 " " " 1}4 "

" in hops 4, " " " 1,500 fcs

Number of apple trees 7,295

Steamboats and sailing vessels 100,839 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources 7,004 26

Number of school districts 11

" school houses ! 11

School houses 4,365 00

Total value of school property 6,390 00

Census school children, 1892 438

Number enrolled for year 1892 326

Average daily attendance 213

Number of teachers 14

Amount paid teachers 3,532 50

Average montly compensation teachers, male 51 25

" " " " female.... 44 94

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

OouPEviLLE, the county seat, is on the east side of Whidby Island, sixty miles northwest of Seattle. It was first settled in 1852 by Oapt.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 137

Thomas Coupe, for whom it is named. It contains Methodist, Episcopal and Congregational churches, an academy under the auspices of the latter denominations, and public schools. It is in daily communication by steamboats with all points on the Sound. Grain, live stock, hay, fruits, and farm produce are shipped in considerable quantities. There are two sawmills with a combined output (1892) of 2,230,000 feet. Population (U. vS. census 1890), 513.

Other towns and postoffices — Langley, Oak Harbor, Phinney, San de Fuca, Sandy Point, Useless and Utsalady.

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

This county was established by the Oregon Legislature, December 22, 1852. Area, 2,000 square miles. Population, 6,398. County seat. Port Townsend. Its shore-line on the Stait of Juan De Fuca and Admiralty In- let embraces the bays or harbors respectively named Port Townsend, Port Discovery, and Port Ludlow. Its western boundary borders on the Pacific Ocean. Of its 1,280,000 acres, nearly nine-tenths are mountainous and covered with heavy timber. At the head of Port Townsend Bay is located a United States military post. The resources of the county are timber, iron, coal, and fish. Deposits of bog iron ore near Chimacum are said to be inexhaustible. An iron works was established in 1880, a smelter built, and the manufacture commenced in January, 1881. The first iron was made January 23, 1881. The ore was obtained from the farm of William Bishop, at Chimacum. The mine was a stratum of bog ore twenty-two inches thick, lying two feet below the surface. The ore was soft, requiring a mixture of denser iron. This was obtained from Texada Island, Gulf of Georgia, where there is a fissure vein eighty feet wide, containing 62 per cent iron. The ores delivered at furnace cost $2 per ton. Charcoal is made from the surrounding timber, lime is brought from San Juan and Orcas Islands.

The aggregate output of the several mills for 1892 was 38,850,000 feet. The shingle cut of the mill at Brinnon for 1892, was 600,000 feet, value, $1,050.

Number of acres timber 1,152,000

Average feet standing timber per acre 27,500

Average stumpage per foot 45

Number of feet standing timber 31,640,000,000

Stumpage value 14,238,000 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Real property, except railroad tracks 5,132,000 00

Personal property 737,531 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality. 29,800 00

Railroad track — Port Townsend & Southern, 28

miles, $126,000 ; sidetrack, 1240 feet, $422 126,422 00

Number of horses 326 16,875 00

" cattle 925 18,417 00

" wagons and carriages 182 7,565 00

138 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Steamships and vessels 92,085 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 3,860 00

Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots. . . 110,373 Number of acres improved 714

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources 16,592 77

Number of school districts 15

" school houses 13

School houses 135,375 00

Total school property 142,072 OO

Census school children, 1892 1,202

Number enrolled for year 919

Average daily attendance 602

Number of teachers 29

Paid teachers 7,150 07

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. ... 62 00

" " " " female .. 51 7a

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Port Townsend, the county seat of the county, is the'port of entry of the collection district of Puget Sound, and the site of the United States- Marine Hospital for the district. The original name, Port Townshend,^ was conferred in 1792, by Captain George Vancouver, R. N., the illustrious British circumnavigator and geographer. Henry 0. Wilson, of Maine, made the first settlement on the bay, August 15, 1850. Charles 0. Bach- elder and A. A. Plummer, in April 15, 1851, took claims on Point Hudson, about a mile from Wilson, and were joined in November of that year by Francis W. Pettigrove and Loren B. Hastings. J. G. Ohnger followed in Febuary, 1852. Plummer, Pettigrove and Hastings laid off the town, each owning one-third interest. The city is furnished with water supply, elec- tric lights, street car service, telephones, a fire department, churches, schools, and a full representations of societies and fraternities. There are five banks. It is the centre as well as distributing point of a country pos- sessed of illimitable resources, timber, coal, iron, mineral and agricultural products. One large steam sawmill with an output in 1892 of 6,000,000 feet, sash and door, blind and moulding manufactories, foundry and ma- chine shop, brewery, with manufactories of furniture, carriages and wag- ons, harness, cigars, mattresses, etc., affording employment to a large number of hands. The shipments of the products of the mills and facto- ries, and the adjacent farming country, include also brick, fish, oil, etc.

The extent of the maritime business transacted at Port Townsend will be appreciated by the following exhibits :

In the collection district of Puget Sound are 324 document vessels with aggregate tonnage of 89,292.60; of these 151 are sailing vessels, tonnage,, 61,163.76; 172 are steamers, tonnage, 27,403.95 ; 1 barge, tonnage, 684.83.

Statement of foreign goods imported from January 1 to August 31, 1892 :

For consumption — Free $133,914

" *' Dutiable 298,403

Total for consumption $432,317

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 139

For transportation to other districts — Free $988,046

" " " " Dutiable 135,787

Total for transportation 1,123,833

Grand total $1,556,150

During the same months (January to August, 1892, inclusive) were

entered at custom house, Port Townsend :

American vessels from foreign 761 483,960 tons.

" coastwise 166 186,788 "

Foreign vessels from foreign 72 64,470 "

" " " coastwise 35 43,966 "

The large foreign commerce has necessitated at Port Townsend the

presence of British, French, Chilian, Hawaiian and German consuls. Population (U. S. census 1890) 4,558. Other towns and postoffices — Brinnon, Center, Dukabust, Hadlock,

Leland, Port Discovery, Port Ludlow, Pleasant Harbor and Quilcene.

KING COUNTY.

Established by the Oregon Legislature December 22, 1852 ; area, 2,040 square miles ; population, state census, 1892,77,265; county seat, Seattle. Although Elliott or D'wamish Bay was visited by John C. Holgate in 1850, and the claim he took in 1852 was then selected, the first claim actually taken was by Luther M. Collins on the D'wamish river in 1851. On Sep- tember 25th of that year Charles C. Terry and John Low took claims at Alki Point, called it New York, laid out a town site, built a house and re- turned to Portland to bring the family of Low. While Low and Terry were at Alki, Henry Van Asselt, Jacob and Samuel Maple had taken claims on the D'wamish river adjoining Luther Collins. On the 13th of November Low and Terry returned to Alki; accompanying them were Arthur A. Denny, William N. Bell and Carson D. Boren, with their fami- lies, and David T. Denny. They all wintered at Alki Point, and in the ensuing May crossed to the east side of Elliott Bay and laid off the town of Seattle.

The eastern portion of the county, traversed by the Cascade moun- tain range, is heavily timbered. The western part, bordering on the Sound, is uneven and covered with forests. The mountainous portion, about 700 square miles in area, contains the coal measures and mineral deposits. There are also vast beds of fire and potter's clay. The lakes are numerous, which, with their rivers, afforded admirable inland navigation until railroads superseded the necessity. The principal Lakes are Sama- mish, Washington and Union. Lake Washington, the second largest lake in the state, is twenty miles long, two to three miles wide and paralleling the Sound at an average distance of five mUes, the narrowest portage of two miles being abreast the head of Elliott Bay.

The products are timber, coal, marble, hops, potatoes, field-roots, dairy, cattle, hogs, poultry, orchard and small fruits, edible fish of numer- ours varieties. The industries are manufactures, coal mining, logging, saw-milling, brick making, (forty yards), hop raising, agriculture and

140

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

fruit raising. The manufactures are of lumber, iron, leather, furniture, shingles, excelsior, soap, machinery and creosoting piling. There are two douring mills at Seattle. Bordering the lakes, and in the valleys skirting the rivers are extensive areas of rich agricultural land. Throughout the county are rich swales, swamp-lands and prairies.

Coal mining is the leading industry. There are good veins of bitu- minous coal and several thin veins of anthracite. Ooal product in 1891, 429,778 short tons ; spot value, $1,009,278. The output of King county in

1890 was 517,492 short tons, valued at $1,352,920, showing a decrease in

1891 of 87,714 short tons in amount and $343,642 in value. The decrease is attributed to the labor troubles, which practically suspended operations at some of the mines about three months. One mine not affected by the strike increased its output about 80,000 tons ; the gross loss distributed among the other three producing mines being about 160,000 tons. A num- ber of new mines were opened in 1891, one of which began producing on January 1, 1892. The Columbia & Puget Sound and Seattle, Lake Shore &. Eastern Railwa3^s furnished transportation facilities.

In the southwestern corner of this county, at Quartermaster Harbor, only ten miles from Tacoma, is located the Puget Sound Dry Dock. The dimensions of the dock are as follows : Length, 325 feet; width, 100 feet, 80 feet between the walls; depth of hull, 12 feet; height of side tanks, 25' feet; outside width, 10 feet; capacity, 8,000 tons.

COAL PRODUCT OF KING COUNTY FOR FIVE YEARS.

Years.

1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891.

Total product.

Sh'ttons, 339,961 546,535 415,779 517,492 429,778

Total value.

Average j ^^^^^

price peri i

' ton :employe&

$ 954,295' 1,352,920! 1,009, 278 I

$2 55 2 61 2 35

1,220- 1,098 1,285.

IRON.

Lying in the Snoqualmie Pass, near the summit of the Cascade mountains, is probably the richest and most remarkable deposit of mag- Qetic iron ore in the world. This deposit is inexhaustible, and its great value is shown by the following analyses of several samples :

Sample.	Metallic iron.	Silica.	Phos- phorus.	Sulphur^
No. 1	69.39 71.17 68.56 67.17 69.40 70.18	2.72 1.30 2.73 4.02 2.23 1.87	0.035 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.035 0.031	0.042
No. 2	0.005
No. 3	0.019
No. 6	0.041
No. 7	0.008
No. 8	0.013

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

141

Overlying this ore is an almost inexhaustible quantity of white marble of most excellent quality. Adjoining the iron ore claims are rich veins of copper and silver.

LUMBER MANUFACTURING.

The product is mainly absorbed in home and Sound markets. All kinds of wood work for building are carried on in Seattle. There are several furniture factories in the city. The number of sawmills in the county is twenty with an output for 1892 of 156,342,650 feet. There are twenty-four shingle mills in the county; the output of 1892 was 397,630,000; value, $683,562.

Number of acres timber 879,000

Average feet standing timber per acre 23,000

Average stumpage per M feet $ 70

Number of feet standing timber 20,230,800,000

Stumpage value 14,161,560 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892. VALUE.

Number of acres exclusive of town lots 458,296

Number of acres improved lands 23,095

Real property, excej^t railroad tracks 48,519,750 00

Personal property 7,359,585 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 300,000 00

Railroad tracks — Northern Pacific, 48 miles 1056

feet, $255,460; side track, 5 miles 2,640 feet,

$11,660 ; Green River & Northern, 10 miles 2112

feet, $55,120; side track, 1 mile 4,224 feet,

$3,816 ; Northern Pacific & Puget Sound Shore,

25 miles 1,056 feet, $133,560; side track, 9 miles

1,770 feet, $19,790; Seattle Belt Line, 22 miles

4,065 feet, $113,849 ; Columbia & Puget Sound,

9 miles 2,640 feet, $42,750; side track, 10 miles

$18,000; Black River Junction & Franklin, 24

miles, $108,000; Renton & Coal Creek, 8 miles,

$36,000; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 64

miles, 4,225 feet, $343,440 ; side track, 20 miles

2,112 feet, $43,248; Seattle & Montana, 6 miles

4,680 feet, $34,432; Seattle & Montana, (5th

class) 8 miles 1,196 feet, $8,226; Seattle Termi- nal Railway & Elevator, 3 miles 1,003 feet,

$15,929 1,248,056 00

Cable, horse, motor and electric railways 446,310 00

Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 96,010 00

Gas and water mains 40,000 00

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 154,340 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 302,420 00

Number of horses 3,305 229,037 00

cattle 6,322 147,935 00

sheep 2,540 5,207 00

hogs 1,230 3,660 00

" wagons and carriages 3,660 77,240 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892 634,527 80

142 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

NuiiiIhm- of school districts 101

" school houses 116

School liouses 770,855 00

Total school property 828,354 00

Census school children, June, 1892 15,667

Number enrolled during year 11,208

Average daily attendance 7 722

Number of teachers employed, 1892 308

Amount paid teachers 177 i02 36

Average monthly compensation teachers, male 70 20

female . . 66 40

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres in oats 464, average yield per acre 63 bushels, aveiage price 52c

" in hay 1,646, " " " 3 tons, " "1150

" in potatoes 388)4 " " " 6 "

" in hops 982 " " " 1,992 pounds " " 15Kc

No. apple trees 16,464 " " per tree 200 " " " i3^c

No. plum trees 876 " " " 225 " " " 31^0

'No. prune trees 1,848 " " " 200 " " " 5c

Carrots, cabbage and turnips yields 20 to 30 tons per acre ; Celery, 12,000 pounds per acre ; Asparagus will net $800 per acre ; Onions run 500 to 1,000 bushels per acre.

The following was kindly furnished by J. W. Dodge, Esq., secretary Chamber of Commerce, Seattle:

" I hand you herewith statistics of King county under the several headings as follows: Banks, Logging, Lumber, Manufactories, Fisheries, Mines. The figures given are aggregate and cover the entire county :

BANKS.

No. Capital. Deposits. Eesources.

22 $3,820,000 $7,186,000 $11,888,000

LOGGING.

Number of companies 8

Output for 1892 (feet) 67,500,000

Average per 100 feet 4 00

Number of men employed 482

Amount of wages paid in 1892 I6I OOO 00

Acres in standing timber 448 000

Acres logged over (total) .... 60,000

LUMBER.

Number of companies 27

Value of plants $1,106,500 00

Cut of mills 1892 — lumber 209,163,500

" " lath 10,679,000

" " shingles 405,630,000

Foreign shipments 1892 9,104,000

All other shipments 1892 91,916,000

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 143

Amount on hand 44,730,000

Number of men employed 946

Amount of wages paid 1892 520,000 00

MANUFACTURES.

Number of concerns , 226

Value of output $7,712,622 00

FISHERIES.

Number of companies 3

Catch of 1892— tons 1,625

Shipped fish, " 1,000 $100,000 00

Amount canned— cases 21,000 72,000 00

Amount cured — tons 9 1,499 00

MINES.

Number 6

Kind of product, coal ; amount of output, 1892 —

tons 470,050

Value per ton 2 25

We have made no reference to mines other than coal. While much development work has been done both in iron and the precious metals we have as yet no producing properties."

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Seattle, county seat ; population, (State census 1892) 58,890. It fronts upon Elliott Bay ; it is encircled in the rear by Lakes Washington and Union. In early spring, 1852, Arthur A. Denny with his family, Oarson D. Boren and family, William N. Bell and family, and David T. Denny, all of whom had wintered at Alki Point, crossed to the east side of the bay and there took adjoining donation claims. They were soon joined by Dr. David S. Maynard from Olympia. He located south of and adjoining Boren. Upon his claim was erected the first house, and he established the first trading house. On the 23rd day of May, 1852, Maynard, Boren and the Dennys filed the plat of Seattle, laid out upon lands respectively con- tributed by each. Bell's land was not included ; long it retained the name of Bell town. In the fall Henry L. Yesler came looking for a mill site on which to operate a steam sawmill. The enterprise and the man met with favor by the Seattle fathers. They re-arranged boundaries, and between Boren and Maynard space was afforded for Yesler to secure a satisfactory location. He at once erected upon the water front of his claim the first steam sawmill on Puget Sound, its express design being to establish a lumber trade between the embryo city and San Francisco. From that beginning, two score years ago, the humble efforts of Seattle's founders have ripened into metropolitan proportions.

Owing to advantageous harbor location, the proximity of coal and timber, it being the center and point of distribution for milling points and logging camps, the larger portion of steamboats engaged in the Sound trade made it their starting point, and to such fact may be attributed its com- mercial supremacy. Over thirty steamboats ©f every size run from here

144 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

to every point on the Sound and upon the navigable waters tributary to it. Ocean steamships and large steam colliers regularly communicate with San Francisco. A fleet of sailing vessels transport its coal, lumber, grain and other products. Its industries include sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, breweries, furniture factories, iron works, brick yards, electric light and gas works, car shops, boiler works; crackers, soap, ice, candy and tile are manufactured. There are also canneries, meat packing, box niaking, wood working of all descriptions, ship and boat building, flouring mills, bottling works, cigar making, brass foundries and cornice factories. The water supply is pumped from Lake Washington into ele- vated reservoirs, the highest being 330 feet. There are fire hydrants and steam fire engines, with an efficient paid fire department.

Terms of United States Circuit and District Court are held. A United States land office, the Board of United States Inspectors of Steam Vessels tor this State and Alaska, and a branch of the Customs House and Marine Hospital are located here. Every religious denomination has its organi- zation. There are fifty-six churches, two hospitals, an orphans' home, ihe Sisters' convent and academy, and other denominational schools. All the fraternities and societies are represented. The State University is also here ; recent appropriations of land and money must be a guarantee of its future usefulness as an institution of learning.

Over sixty miles of electric and cable car lines, newspapers and maga- zines' ifithout rest, of every denomination, nationality and degree, in daily, weekly and monthly issues, and eleven public school edifices attest

. the condition of the city.

On June 6, 1889, the City of Seattle was visited by a conflagration that has no equal in the history of fires on the Pacific Coast ; and this great waste of fiames has frequently been likened to the great Chicago fire. The

^entire business portion of Seattle was destroyed, the total loss being esti- mated at $15,000,000. Inside of four years, however, the city has been re- built with finer structures, wider streets and in many ways the great fire, has proved a blessing in disguise.

Other towns and postoffices — Adelaide, Ballard, Bellevue, Black Dia- mond, Black River, Boise, Bothell, Boulevard, Buenna, Chautauqua, Cherry Valley, Christopher, Covington, Des Moines, D'wamish, Enum- claw, Fall City, Ferndaie, Franklin, Fremont, Green River, Hot Springs, Houghton, Inglewood, Juanita, Kangley, Kent, Kirkland, Latona, Maple Valley, Maury, Monohan, Newcastle, North Bend, Novelty, O'Brien, Olney, Orillia, Osceola, Palmer, Palschie, Pontiac, Quartermaster, Ra- venna, Redmond, Renton, Richmond, Ross, Slaughter, Snoqualmie, Stuck, Sunnydale, Tolt, Vashon, Westfield, White, Woodinville and Yesler.

KITSAP COUNTY.

Kitsap county was established January 16, 1857, with the name of Slaughter, in honor of Lieut. William A. Slaughter, U. S. army, kill.-d December 4, 1855, by hostile Indians. The voters of the county were au- thorized by the law creating it to select a permanent name. They adopted "Kitsap,." name of the Indian chief of the peninsula, one of the ablest

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

145

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 147

leaders of the hostiles, him to whom is attributed the slaying of the gal- lant Slaughter. The county is constituted of the peninsula between Hood's Canal and Admiralty Inlet, and includes Bainbridge and Blake Islands, with fifty miles shore line on Hood's Oanal and eighty miles on Admiralty Inlet. County seat, Sidney; population, 5,144; area, 400 square miles, the gerater portion of which is heavily timbered. The chief industry is lumbering. It has within its limits eight large sawmills, two of which, Port Gamble and Port Blakely, are among the largest in the State. The output in 1892 was 138,707,000 feet. The shingle cut of two mills respect- ively located at Colby and Sidney was 7,300,000; value, $13,275. Hay, wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, apples, pears, and the small fruits are the products of the county.

Number of acres standing timber 192,000

Average feet standing timber per acre 20,000

Average stumpage per 1 ,000 feet $0 50

Number of feet standing timber 3,840,000,000

Stumpage 1,920,000 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892. VALUE.

Total number of acres, excluding town lots 177,786

" " improved lands 5,060

Real property 2,294,347 00

Personal property 587,454 00

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 285,369 00

Number of horses 326 17,544 00

cattle 967 27,142 00

sheep 186 381 00

hogs 310 953 00

" wagons and carriages 182 4,756 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892 16,592 77

Number of school districts 29

" " houses 29 14,975 00

Total school property 19,936 00

Census school children June, 1892 1,516

Number enrolled during year 983

Average daily attendance 671

Number of teachers employed 1892 39

Amount paid teachers 7,150 07

Monthly comijensation teachers, males 52 04

females 40 44

Acres in hay 757, average yield per acre 2 tons, price per ton, $12 00.

" potatoes 119)^, " " " 4 "

Apple trees 18,255

D. E. Brooks reports from Colby the sale of 5,347 dozen eggs (1891) ; average price 30c. per dozen, $1,604 10.

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Sidney, recently made the county seat, seven miles west of Seattle, contains sewer pipe and terra cotta works, of which the output in 1891 was

148 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of value $80,000; three sawmills, witli an ag<!;resate output in 1892 of 5,860,- 000 feet. A shingle mill cut in 1892 7,000,000 ; value, $12,775. It contains a Methodist and Christian church, a bank and weekly new'spaper ; ships sewer pipe, terra cotta, lumber and farm products. Population, United States census of 1890, 579.

Other postoffices— Bangor, Butler, Charleston, Chico, Colby, Crosby, Crystal Springs, Kingston, Madrone, Ollalla, Pearson, Point No Point, Port Madison, Port Blakeley, Port Gamble, Poulsbo, Seabeck, Silverdale and Tracy ton.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

Established November 24, 1883. It hes near the geographic center of the State; the Columbia river forms its eastern boundary, the Cascade mountains bounds it on the west; area, 3,000 square miles; population, 8,066; county seat, EUensburgh. It contains an immense area of fine grazing lands, vast forests of good merchantable timber, natural hay meadows, mineral w^ealth and valuable deposits of coal and iron. Kittitas valley possesses all the agricultural and horticultural possibilities of the valley lands of Eastern Washington. Where irrrigated, the land yields forty to sixty bushels of wheat or barley to the acre, and from 250 to 400 bushels of potatoes. The principal crops are wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa and all garden products. Plums, pears and apples are the best yielding fruits, but cherries and all the small fruits succeed. The mountains be- tween the valley and the Columbia are the great stock ranges. Sloping down to the Columbia is a great series of bench lands, capable, when irri- gated of great results. Only small areas along the river have been reduced to cultivation. The products are peaches, grapes, melons, sweet potatoes, tobacco and the semi-tropical fruits. There are three flouring mills at EUensburgh and one at Thorp. Extensive progress has been made in irri- gation of the Kittitas valley. Four large canals with a length of over forty miles are now in operation, besides numerous ditches owned by individ- uals or combinations of neighboring farmers.

Every staple product of the mineral kingdom has been found within its limits. The principal placer mines are on Swauk creek, twenty-five miles north of EUensburgh. They have been worked for several years, and about $200,000 has been taken out. A few quartz claims have been re- cently located. Thirteen miles further south are the Peehastin mines. They consist of free milling gold quartz ledges ; they have been operated for several years and are steady producers. Thirty-five miles north of El- lensburgh is the Cle Elum mining district. Valuable areas of galena and copper of low grade have been discovered, giving promise of a large pro- duction. The copper ore assays about 40 per cent., carrying gold and sil- ver in varying quantities with perhaps an average of $60 per ton. In this section are immense ledges of magnetic iron. Hematite is shipped in large quantities from a mine near EUensburgh, and coal has been found in several places on the Wenatchee.

The Northern Pacific railroad traverses this valley from end to end, and the Great Northern runs up the Wenatchee valley ; thus all the settle- ments are brought within easy access of railroad transportation.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

149

Number of acres standing timber, 1,280,000; average number of feet of standing timber per acre, 20,00 ) ; average stumpage value per M feet, 6^c; number of feet standing timber, 25,600,000,OJO; stumpage value, .$15,360,000.

There are three sawmills at Cle Elum, three at Ellensburgh, one at Roslyn, one at Teanaway, one at Thorp, three at Wenatchee, which with other mills had an output in 1892 of 10,826,400 feet. Three shingle mills, two of which are at Wenatchee and the other at Teanaway, had an output of 5,300,000; value, $9,275.

The entire product is from the Eoslyn mine, operated by the Northern Pacific Goal Company. The output in 1891 was 97,293 short tons less than in 1890. The coal is shipped from Roslyn over the Northern Pacific rail- road, and is largely consumed by railroad locomotives.

COAL PKODUCT POK FIVE YEARS.

Years.	Total product.	Total value.	Average price per ton.	Total employes
1887	Sh'ttons. 104,782 202,000 294,701 445,311 348,018
1888
1889	$ 777,450 1,229,330 772,421	$2 64 2 76 2 22
1890 1891	489 501

/TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

Total number of acres, exchiding town lots

" " " improved lands

Railroad property, except railroad track

Personal property

Railroad rolling stock and personalty

Number of horses

" cattle

" sheep

" hogs

" wagons and carriages

iiailroad tracks — Northern Pacific, 73 miles, 1,584 feet, $388,490; side track, 12 miles 1,512 feet, $26,029; Gle Elum Branch, 5 miles 1,584 feet, $28,000 ; side track, 2,118, $850

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892

Number of school districts

' ' school houses

Total school property

Census school children, June 1, 1892

Number enrolled during year

	VALUE.
502,637
36,649
$3,127,452 00
	1,227,684 00
	150,028 00
5,054	179,547 00
7,332	99,648 00
22,654	45,315 00
1,238	4,594 00
925	33,569 00

	$443,459 00
	43,421 78
35
31	73,625 00
	83,451 00
2,685
1,961

1,120
46
	14,207 23
	60 40
	48 65

MW STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers employed, 1892

Amount paid teachers

Average monthly compensation teachers, male ....

female.,

TOWNS AND FOSTOFFICES.

Ellensburgh — County seat — on Yakima river and line of Northern Pacific Railroad; settled in 1872 by Honorable John A. Shoudy. On the

- 4th of July, 1389, the business portion of the town was totally consumed by fire. It, however, possesses an electric light plant, water works, street railway service, fire department, telephone service, steam laundry, sash and door factories, roller process flouring mill, foundry, planing mills, an opera house seating 1,000, two banks, three weekly newspapers, three saw- mills, combined output 1892, 2,601,000 feet. The religious denominations

. are well represented with churches, and the fraternities and societies pro- vided witli lodges and halls. Besides the excellent public schools there is a private academy, and here also is located a State Normal school. A val- uable block has been donated the State upon which the building will be

; at once erected. For school year ending September, 1892, the school was maintained forty weeks. Ninety-one students attended, 28 males and 63 female, and there were 11 graduates. The principal shipments from Ellensburgh are grain, hay, and live stock. Assessed valuation property,

. $2,300,000. Coal, lime, fire clay and various ores are shipped.

Other towns and postoffices — Ole Elum, Easton, McOallum, Mission, Peshastin, Ronald, Roslyn, Teanaway, Thorp and Wenatchee.

KLICKITAT COUNTY.

The southern boundary of this county borders on the Columbia river

. about 100 miles. Established December 20, 1859 ; area, 2,200 square miles ;

population, 5,258; county seat, Goldendale. Numerous streams flow into

the Columbia, the valleys of which are very fertile, producing cereals,

vegetables and fruits. Stock raising is the prevailing industry. Along the

Columbia is a large amount of valley land requiring irrigation, where hay

and grain are the principal products. Towards the mountains and upon

■ the foothills a vast stock range exists, upon which stock roam undisturbed.

Upon lands of low altitude all sorts of fruits are grown in great abundance.

Three flouring mills, with a combined daily capacity of 150 barrels ;

ten sawmills, output for 1892, 9,600,000 feet; five shingle mills which cut

in 1892 8,350,000 shingles valued at $11,685, are situated in this county.

. Number of acres timber 602,080

. Average feet standing timber per acre 20,000

Average stumpage 50

Number of feet standing timber 12,041,600,000

: Stumpage value 6,020,800 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

: Number of acres, exclusive of. town lots 385,798

" " improved 62,358

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

151

Real property

Personal property

Number of horses

cattle

' ' sheep

' ' hogs

" wagons and carriages

School funds received from all sources, 1892

Number of school districts

" school houses

Total school property

Census school children, June 1, 1892

Number enrolled during year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers employed

Amount paid teachers

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. . . " ' " " " female..

32,495, average yield per acre 18)^ bu,

$1,063,252 00

671,862 00

256,529 00

147,048 00

99,839 00

14,283 00

38,982 00

19,285 65-

15,600 00 19,815 00

Acres in wheat

" in oats

" in barley

" in potatoes

No. apple trees

No. peach trees

No. pear trees

No. plum trees

No. prune trees

2,559,

2,675,

82,

26,555,

27,910,

3,445,

3,490,

5,260,

" 29)4 " " 30

3 tons

per tree 100 pounds

100

50

50

50

11,813 11,094 49,639

4,645

1,123

52

48

2,207

1,596

1,145

46

9,751 64

49 86

41 32

., average price 70c

" 37>^c

40c

2)4c 2c 2c 2c

TOWNS AND POSTOFPICES.

GoLDENDALE — couuty Seat, settled in 1874. On Little KUckitat river, which furnishes water power for the mills located here. The flouring mill of Goldendale Milling Company has a capacity of 100 barrels per day and J. M. Hess' twenty barrels per day, three sawmills — combined output, 1892, 2,500,000 feet; shingle mill, cut of 1892, 1,400,000, value, $2,100. It has also an extensive sash and door factory, a public school employing four teachers, waterworks, fire department, a national bank, two weekly news- papers. Baptist, Christian, Methodist, Presbyterian and Primitive Baptist churches. Population, 1890, 1,833. It is the center and distributing point of a good farming and stock-raising region.

Other towns and postoffices — Bickleton, Block House, Canyon, Center- ville, Cleveland, Columbus, Crimea, Dot, Fulda, Gilmer, Hartland, Lyle, Pleasant, Scott, Trout Lakes and White Salmon.

LEWIS COUNTY.

This county is situated about midway between the Columbia river and Puget Sound, ^dth an area of over 2,000 square miles. It was estab- lished by the proAdsional government of Oregon December 21, 1845, its original northern boundary being defined 54 deg. 40 min. North latitude. Population, 13,042 ; county seat, Chehalis. Its great natural resources are

152 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

timber and coal. It is claimed to possess a greater area of fertile agricul- rtural lands than any other Western Washington county. The Northern Pacitic railroad traverses the county from north to south, affording communication with the outer world, and great market facilities. The ridges are heavily timbered with cedar, fir, maple and alder, the bottoms with dogwood, ^^ue maple and wild cherry. Hay crops run from two to .five tons per acre. All garden vegetables succeed. Within its boundaries are extensive coal fields, large bodies of first rate land, numerous water power, and abundance of excellent timber. Three flouring mills, sixteen sawmills with a combined output in 1892 of 57,613,000 feet; eighteen shingle mills that cut 76,150,000 shingles in 1892, valued at $127,635, are •operated in this county.

In manufactures the following was reported : Sash and doors, output 1891, $7,900; furniture $,90,000; laths, 11,000,000; men employed in 1891, 498 ; wages paid, $218,708. In logging the reports show the output of three companies in 1891 to be 16,583,565 feet; average per M, $4.50; men em- jployed, 46; wages paid, $26,700.

Number of acres timber 1,413,600

Average number feet standing timber per acre .... 21,500

Average stumpage per M $ 50

iTumber of feet standing timber 30,392,400,000

:Stumpage value 15,196,000 00

,276, average yield per acre 26>2 t>u., average price 85c

Acres in wheat	1,276,
" oats	4,501,
" hops	137,
hav	3,165,
' ' potatoes	307,
JS'o. trees, apple. .	.28,480,
" prune.	18,100,

42	((	" 423^
,912 "	11	15
2 tons	u	" 9 50
6K "	((	((

Ic

Beets, carrotts, turnips, etc., run from 20 to 30 tons per acre.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

iNumber of acres, exclusive of town lots 484,891

" improved land 19,958

Real property, exclusive of railroad tracks $6,507,858 00

Personal property 764,847 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 57,919 00

Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 28 miles 2,640 feet, $151 ,050 ; side track, 4 miles 39 feet, $8,496 ; Tacoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor, 3 miles 4,752 feet, $20,670; side track, 1 mile 1,056 feet, $2,544; Yakima-Pacific Coast, 22 miles 1,584

feet, $78,050

INumber of horses

•' cattle

' ' sheep

' ' hogs

" wagons and carriages

	260,810 00
2,783	158,373 00
8,812	177,550 00
1,383	2,716 00
2,595	7,792 00
1,051	27,921 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 153:

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892 58,142 70'

Number of school districts 72

" school houses 65 59,860 00>

Total school property 75,087 25"

Census school children, June 1, 1892 4,841

Number enrolled during j'ear 3,144

Average daily attendance . 2,057

Number of teachers employed, 1892 115

Amount paid teachers 21 ,667 33-^

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. ... 47 50'

" " female.. 45 00'

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Ohehalis, county seat, at junction of Ohehalis and Newaukum rivers, on line of Northern Pacific Railroad, thirty-three miles south of Olmypia, from which starts the branch to South Bend. It contains churches of the Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Catholic and Presbyterian denominations^ a fine school, three sawmills, aggregate output, 1892, 6,192,000 feet, five shingle mills, combined cut 1892, 28,600,000, value 49,885 ; a steam roller- flouring mill, capacity sixty barrels per day, two banks, a fire department, an electric light system, telephone connection with surrounding towns ,^ three weekly newspapers. It ships hops, lumber, grain, and flour. Coal is- found in vicinity. Population, census 1890, 1818. Assessed valuation, $720,000.

Other towns and postoffices — Agate, Amshe, Boisfort, Bremer, Centra- lia, Cinnebar, Claquato, Cora, Eadonia, Eagleton, Ethel, Fayette, Ferry ,^ Fulton, Gleneden, Harmony, Independence, Knab, Meadow, Morton, Mossy Rock, Napavine, Newaukum, Osborn, Pe-Ell, Rankin, Sallall, Sal- kum. Silver Creek, Sulphur Springs, Swofford, Tilden, Toledo, Vance,, Verndale, Wildwood, Wilson, Windom, and Winlock.

LINCOLN COUNTY.

Lincoln county, established November 24, 1883. Area, 2,200 square miles ; population, 9,540. The county seat is Davenport. It is within the- Big Bend of the Columbia. The plains are covered with bunch-grass, but water is scarce and portions are arid. Wheat, oats, barley, and rye make- good crops. Along Crab creek extensive meadows yield large crops of tim- othy. The cereals all thrive, and garden vegetables are prolific. A fine marble quarry has been discovered near Spokane. In the county are four flouring mills, twelve sawmills, combined output, 1892, 10,855,000 feet; three shingle mills, aggregate cut 1892, 5,700,000, value $9,795, sash and door factories and a creamery at Sprague.

Number of acres timber 140,800

Average number feet per acre standing timber 7,000

Average stumpage per M $ 80"

Number of feet standing timber 985,600,000

Stumpage value 788,480 00

154 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

TAXABLE PROPERTY 1892.

VALUE.

Total number acres excluding town lots . . 944,355

" " improved lands 125,626

Real property excluding railroad track $3,532,065 00

Personal property 1,319,080 00

Hailroad Track— Northern Pacific, 16 miles 2,640

feet, $87,540; side track 5 miles 1,085 feet,

$11,025; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 21

miles 4,752 feet, $116,070; side track, 279 feet,

$1,121; Central Washington, 65 miles 528 feet,

$350,330; side track, 4 miles 1,564 feet, $9,108. . 575,104 00

Railroad rolling stock and personalty 99,950 00

Improvements on land held under U. S 125,165 00

Number of horses 16,581 532,090 00

cattle 18,074 246,565 00

" sheep 12,100 24,200 00

hogs 2,283 7,295 00

" wagons and carriages l,9o3 57,100 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

•School funds received from all sources, 1892 18,208 12

Number of school districts 85

" " houses 74 53,065 00

Total school property 62,405 00

'Census school children June 1, 1892 3,074

Num.ber enrolled during year 2,406

Average daily attendance 1,457

Number of teachers employed during year 127

Amount paid teachers 23,382 98

Average monthly compensation, male 47 00

" female 41 00

Acres wheat, 86,480, av. yield per acre, 17)^ bu., av. price per bu., $0 69 " oats, 12,986, " " 30>^ " " " 38

" hay, 822, " " 2 tons, " " ton, 12 00

" potatoes, 630, " " 3 8-10" "

Fruit trees were reported by the county officers as follows : Apple, 51,312; plum, 5,211; peach, 3,000; prune, 7,850; apricot, 1,400; pear, 2,500.

There are in the county three banks, with a capital of $125,000.

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOPFICES.

Sprague, county seat, on main line of Northern Pacific railroad, forty-one miles southwest of Spokane, is the center of a large section of /grazing and farming land. Stock raising is the chief industry. It con- tains a brewery, planing mill, opera house seating 500, a bank, fire depart- ment, water works, electric light plant, car shops, the end of the Idaho •division of the Northern Pacific railroad, and two weekly newspapers. It ships livestock and farm products. Population, 1890, 1689.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 155

Other towns and postoffices. — Orab Oreek, Orescent, Oreston, Daven- port, Earl, Egypt, Fairview, Grand Coulee, Gravelles, Harrington, Hessel- tine, Kelly, Larene, Layton, Miles, Minnie Falls, Mendovia, Parrott, Eeardon, Rockdale, Sassin, Sedalia, Sherman and AVilbur.

MASON COUNTY.

Mason county, when created March 13, 1854, was nominated Sawa- mish ; that name was changed to Mason — Washington's first secretary — irt order of time as well as by efficiency of service. It lies upon the west side of Puget Sound. Hood's Oanal penetrates it to a great distance ; the- portage between the two great arms of Admiralty Inlet being but a few miles. Area, 900 square miles ; population, 3,536 ; County seat, Shelton, Three-fourths of its area is rugged and mountainous ; its river valleys are the only good agricultural land. Vast forests of fir and cedar are its nat- ural resources. Three sawmills, output 1892, 4,450,000 feet. Logging is the chief pursuit, and in 1892 the eighteen logging firms reported a total output of 105,143,527 feet, at a value of $5,000,000, and in which 612 men were employed.

Number Of acres timber 460,800

Average number feet per acre standing timber 25,000

Average stumpage per M feet $0 60

Number of feet standing timber 12,441,600,000

Stumpage value 7,464,960 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

Total number of acres excluding town lots 317,275

" " " improved lands 2,265

Real property excluding railroad track $1,448,707 00

Personal property 197,109 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 51,100 00

Railroad Track — Washington Southern, 20 miles, $70,000; Northern Pacific, 1,320 feet, $875; Pu- get Sound & Gray's Harbor, 23 miles, $80,000; Allen 0. Mason, 5 miles 300 feet, $17,6J0; Sam- uel Coulter, 2 miles $7,000; Union River, 4 miles, $14,000 190,074 GO'

VALUE.

Number of horses 406 $21,062 00

cattle 1,762 36,985 00

" sheep 306 622 00

" hogs 276 812 00

" wagons and carriages 172 5,635 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892 13,306 95

Number of school districts 23

" houses 20 18,079 Oa

Total school property 22,954 45

Census school children June 1, 1892 896

Number enrolled during year 575

156 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Average daily attendance 380

iS'umber of teachers employed 1892 37

Amount paid teachers 6,120 16

Average monthly compensation, male 50 78

" female 46 61

Acres wheat, 16, average yield, 50 bu., average price per bu.. .$1 00

" oats, 30, " Q7% " " " ... 52>^

" hay, 430, " 2 tons.

" potatoes, 62, " 6 "

Number of apple trees 8,790

" prune trees. 3,030

Banking — one bank, capital $30,000 00

Fishing — seven firms report 1891, tons oysters ..... 202 7,330 GO

Logging — fifteen companies report, output 1891, ft.. 85,900,000

Average per M 5 25

Number men employed. 620

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Shelton, county seat, twenty-two miles northwest of Olympia, con- tains a Catholic, Baptist, Episcopal and Methodist church, a public school employing three teachers, a hall seating 400, an electric light plant, a bank (capital $30,000), and two newspapers. Logging and lumbering are the chief occupations ; but as it is a good farming region farm j^roducts are raised and shipped. It is connected with Olympia by daily steamboats. One sawmill, output for 1892, 2,500,000 feet; population, 1890, 648.

Other towes and postofhces — AUyn, Olifton, Dewatto, Grove, Harri- son, Helmer, Hoodsport, Kamilchie, Mason, Mattock Pickerings and Union City.

OKANOGAN COUNTY.

Established February 2, 1888. Area, 5,500 square miles ; population, 2,578 ; county seat, Conconully. At least one-third of the area of the county is within the Colville Indian Reservation. Its wealth is its mines ; its chief industry, mining. The summit of the Cascade range of moun- tains is its western boundary. Between the mountain spurs, descending eastward, are a series of canyons or valleys, principal among which are the Wenatchee, Entratco, Chelan and Methow. To the east of the latter, di- vided from it by a range of hills paralleling the Cascades, is the valley of the Okanogan embracing one-third of the county and extending northward into British Columbia. The tillable land consists of the series of benches rising from the bottom lands and skirting the river. These benches are stock ranges, which irrigated would become valuable for farming and fruit- raising. Coal measures have been discovered. The foothills of the Cascades are thickly timbered. In every valley there is evidence of mineral wealth. The mines commence at the northern boundary with Similkimeen minea lying north of the river of that name and extending into British Columbia. • Going southward such mining camps and mineral regions as Palmer Moun- tain, the Lime Belt, Conconully, Ruby City, the Chelan and Methow dis- tricts all give assurance of the general presence of valuable ores. On the

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

157

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 159

Twisp, a branch of the Methow, a field of coal outcrops a distance of five miles. The formation is sandstone with shale lying between the veins. Its character is semi-anthracite, and it cokes freely. To the west ascend- ing the Twisp some twenty miles, ledges of copper appear. Space is not afforeded to mention in detail the many and promising mining properties of Okanogan. There are a number of sawmills in the county, the reported output of which, in 1892, amounted to 8,930,000 feet.

Number of acres timber 4,500,000

Average number feet per acre standing timber 4,600

Average stumpage value per M feet $0 80

Number of feet standing timber 20,700,000,000

Stumpage value 18,000,000 00

TAXABLE PBOPEKTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Number of acres exclusive town lots 65,750

" *' acres improved land 1,186

Real property $330,230 00

Personal property 412,412 00

Number of horses 4,360 119,22100

" cattle . . 6,981 92,436 00

" wagons and carriages 365 13,025 00

Improvements of lands held under U. S 101,550 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

Receipts for school year from all sources, 1892 16,102 52

Number of school districts 13

" houses 7 1,620 00

Total school property 1,911 00

Census of school children from June 1, 1892 558

Number enrolled during year 310

Average daily attendance 167

l^umber of teachers employed 1892 15

Amount paid teachers 1892 2,471 83

Average monthly compensation, males 47 50

females 50 19

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

OoNCONULLY, formerly Salmon Oity, the county seat, on Salmon creek, •eighty miles west of Ooulee Oity. The creek furnishes power for sawmills and concentrator. Two sawmills, combined output, 1892, 975,000 feet. It is the centre of a mining region of considerable importance. Gold, silver, and lead are produced; a weekly newspaper. Stock raising, a leading industry. Population, census 1890, 232.

Other towns and postoffices — Alma, Chelan, Golden, Loomiston, Ophir, Ruby, Silver, Sooyoos, Thompson, and Winthrop.

PAOIFIO COUNTY.

Established by the Oregon Legislature, February 4, 1851. Area, 875 square miles ; population 1892, 5,179 ; county seat South Bend. It is the ex- treme southwest county of the State, bounded west by the Pacific Ocean and

160 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

south by the Oohim))ia river. Within it are Slioalwatcr Bay, now called Willapa Harbor, and Willapa river and its valley. Shoalwater Bay is sep- arated from the Columbia river by a narrow strip of land. Two channels with middle sands between afford good entrances to the bay, the north one being a good beating channel. The bay is full of shoals and flats, half its area is bare at low tide; numerous channels, narrow but good, permeate its whole extent. The flats are covered with oysters, large quantities of which are exported to San Francisco and Portland. Fifty thousand sacks, at .$1.50 per sack, were shippeil during 1892, making $80,003, giving employ- ment to 300 men. Codfish, halibut, sturgeon, and several varieties of sal- mon abound. In the spring large shoals of herring enter the bay. The Willapa, North, Nasel, Wallicut and Chinook rivers water good farm and dairy lands and afford facilities for transportation of the products. The Willapa is bordered with tide lands subject to overflow. At its mouth it is a mile wide. The tide extends to the rapids seventeen miles above the mouth. Prairies skirt it at intervals; the bottom lands are of rich, deep soil, covered with vine maple and alder, extending twenty miles above the rapids and with an average width of ten miles. The lumbering industry is extensive. Heavy spruce, fir, and cedar timber lands are abundant and accessible.

There are large amounts of unoccupied ground adapted to oyster culti- vation. Much tide land has been reclaimed, upon which oats, potatoes, and hay are successfully produced. Six sawmills, aggregate output 1892, 42,899,044 feet; two shingle mills, combined cut 1892, 8,000,000, value $13,700. The logging business gives employment to 300 work oxen and 400 men. The building of small sailing vessels for the oyster trade is an im- portant industry.

Farm products are wheat, average 40 bushels per acre, oats, average 60 bushels to the acre. Potatoes, hay, apples, pears, plums, strawberries, cranberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries are very prolific. The Pacific Cranberry Company have under cultivation on the peninsula about forty acres, which require a large number of hands the year round; in the picking season upwards of 100 are employed. There are hundreds of acres of cranberry marsh on the peninsula unoccupied.

Number of acres standing timber 414,700

Number of feet per acre, average 26,050

Stumpage value per M feet 50

Number of feet standing timber 12,532,2J0,000

Stumpage value 6,266,000 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Acres of land, exclusive of town lots 211,235

" improved land 4,274

Real property, except railroad track $2,297,678 00

Personal property 546,766 00

Railroad rolling stock and personalty 10,770 00

Railroad track — Ilwaco Railway & Navigation, 16

miles, $56,000 ; side track, 2,800 feet, $743 66,743 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 161

Number of horses 601 31 ,544 08

cattle 2,769 52,715 00

" sheep r 455 915 00

" hogs 155 427 00

" wagons and carriages 211 6,075 00

Improvements on land held under U. S 16,960 00

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 63,150 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund for 1892, all sources 34,121 77

Number of school districts 32

" houses 31 3,9800 00

Total value school property 46,625 00

Census of school children, June 1, 1892 1,475

Number enrolled during year 1 ,125

Average daily attendance, 1892 817

Number of teachers employed 58

Amount paid teachers 13,683 37

Average monthly compensation, male 47 65

female 41 50

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

South Bend, county seat; eighteen miles from Pacific ocean near mouth of Willapa river ; terminus of branch of Northern Pacific railroad . It has a chamber of commerce, electric lights, Avater works, four banks, two newspapers, a school, seven churches, three large sawmills, aggregate out- put in 1892, 31,244,000 feet; two shingle mills, combined cut in 1892, 8,000,- 000 ; value, $13,700 ; a sash and door factory, planing mill and three brick- yards. The surrounding country includes large areas of fir and cedar timber. Estimated present population, 2,500.

Other towns and postoffices — Bay Center, Fort Canby, Frankfort, Ilwaco, Knapton, Lebam, Long Beach, Nasel, North Cove, Oysterville, Sealand, Sunshine, "Willapa.

PIERCE COUNTY.

The first permanent settlement by white men in the Puget Sound ba- sin was made -ndthin what is now Pierce county. In 1833, Lieut. Kittson, of the British Yoltigeurs (on leave), then acting as a clerk in the ser-\ace of Hudson's Bay Company, erected for that company Fort Nisqually, on the south side of Sisqualitchew creek, on a tract of land three-fourths of a mile back from Puget Sound. A stockade with bastions at two angles en- closed the office, store and buildings. In 1840 a warehouse was built upon the beach, near the mouth of the creek. The Snoqualmies, then the most for- midable Indian tribe upon the lower Sound, on the 1st May, 1849, attacked the fort, believing its capture by them would stimulate the tribes upon the upper Sound to unite with them in a war of extermination of the white inhabitants. The attack upon the fort was repulsed, but in the assault, Leander 0. Wallace, an American visiting the fort, had been killed, and two other Americans wounded. Gen. Joseph Lane, governor of Oregon, then including this region, on learning of the outbreak, Aasited the Sound and took measures to guard against future hostilities.

(6)

162 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

An outpost of tlu' Hudson's Bay Company, a mile back from the Sound (now the site of the State Insane Asylum), was garrisoned July 1, 1849, by Oapt. Bennett H. Hill's company of First artillery, and established as a military post. A terra of court was provided to meet at Fort Steilacom , Octol)er 1, 1849. Six Indians of the Snoqualmie tribe had been surren- dered by Patkanim, chief of the tribe. They were indicted for the nmrder of Wallace, tried before Hon. AV. P. Bryant, chief justice of Oregon, and two con^^cted and hung. That was the first term of court hel<l north of the Columbia river.

The county was established by the Oregon Legislature December 22, 1852. Area, 1,800 square miles. Population, State census 1892, 67,674. County seat, Tacoma. A large proportion of its surface is hea\nly tim- bered, yet there is a large area of rich agricultural land in the river valleys and bottoms. Adjacent to the shores of Puget Sound, beautiful lakes di- versify the surface. Tlie prairies are dotted with growths of young fir, cedar, pine, and scrub oak. The western portion of the county embraces a considerable water area of Puget Sound ; the eastern portion is broken and mountainous, ascending in spurs to the summit of the Cascade range. The great industry of the valley lands is hop raising. The chief natural resources of the county are timber and coal. Vegetables, hops, cereals, and all the cultivable grasses are produced in perfection. Wheat can be successfully raised, but hops, oats, and hay are grown as better paying crops.

The Washington State Soldiers' home for honorably discharged union soldiers, sailors and marines and for members of the State militia disabled while serving the State, is located in this county at Orting.

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres in oats, 219, av. yield 1892, 51 bu., av. price 1892, per bu., 55c.

" hay, 640, " " 2 tons. " " " per ton, $14 00

" hops, 403, " " 1,600 lbs. " " " per lb., 14c.

" potatoes, 115, " " 6 tons.

No. trees, apple, 8,309, " " 250 lbs., av. per tree, " per lb., 13^c.

plums, 1,333, " " 85 " " " " " 3>^c.

" prunes,2,895, " " 100 " " " " " 4c.

TIMBER AND LUMBER.

Number of acres standing timber, 668,4 JO ; average number of feet per acre, 22,750 ; average stumpage value per M, 70c ; number feet standing timber, 15,205,100,000; stumpage value, $10,643,750.

In 1891 there were eighteen mills; v^alue of plants, $1,815,000. The output that year was 171,670,026 feet; lath, 46,571,000; shingles, 29,594,- 000; number of men employed, 1,208; wages paid, $584,656.39. In 1892, number of lumber mills, 22; output, 190,6U7,830 feet. Number of shingle mills, 22; cut, 299,578,750 shingles; value, $484,125.

FISHERIES, 1892.

Number of companies, 2; capitol, $53,000; product, $182,4U0; men em- ployed, 23; wages paid, $19,680.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

163

MANUFACTURES.

Output 1891— Sash, doors, etc., $797,000; beer, $404,336; plaster, ce- ment and lime, $252,500; cornice work, $175,000; tents and awnings, $34,- 000; ice, $33,850; harness, $52,000; mattress and lounges, .$60,000: flour, feed and oatmeal, $1,409,029.72 ; matches, $45,000 ; furnitures, $7,565 ; boxes, packages, casks and tubs, .$51,450; soap, $29,760; machinery, boilers and manufactured iron, $436,843.19; cigars, $73,400; flooring tiles, $20,000; blank books, $45,000; ship building, $25,000; dressed meats, $800,000; mar- ble work and monuments, $20,500; vinegar, $46,720; brick, .$90,000; con- fectionery, $53,600 ; brooms, $17,500 ; wagons and carriages, $49,000 ; butter and cheese; $24,600; sewer pipe and tile, $27,278.86; crackers, $7,000; show cases and cabinet work, $23,590; spices and extracts, $71,300; coffins, $75,000; naphtha launches, $25,000; rubber stamps, $6,000; shirts and un- derwear, $7,000; car building and repairs, $600,000; gold and silver bullion, $855,743; soda and mineral water, $21,600.

COAL MINING.

Within thirty miles of Tacoma are practically inexhaustible coal de- posits. There are five mines opened at Wilkeson and Carbonado, and two at South Prairie. The coal is bituminous and semi-bituminous, making 66 to 68 per centum of coke. The veins are numerous, varying in thick- ness from six to ten feet, with from two to six feet of pure coal. They are all tilted up on edge, and can be mined for an average of 500 feet without descending below the water level. These veins have been traced by expert mining engineers twenty miles north and thirty-five miles south of the Wilkeson mines : The maximum daily capacity of the mines opened is as follows: Wilkeson Goal and Coke Company, 1,000 tons; Carbonado, 800 tons; South Prairie, 200 tons; Tacoma Coal and Coke Company, 200 tons. There was produced in 1891 271,053 short tons less than in 1890. The ag- gregate value decreased $181 ,669, the average price per ton declining from $2.85 in 1890 to $2.33>^ in 1891. As in King county a number of new ope- rations were begun in 1891, but only development work was done, and no coal was shipped from them. The Northern Pacific railroad is the initial line of transportation. ,

COAL PRODUCT OF PIERCE COUNTY FOR FIVE YEARS.

Years.

Total product.

Total value.

Average

price per

ton.

Total employes

1887

1888.

1889.

1890

1891.

Sh'ttons. 229,785 276,956 273,618 285,886 271,053

$578,493 814,340 632,671

$2 11>^ 2 85>^ 2 33)^

759 589 601

BUILDING STONE, CLAYS, ETC.

At Wilkeson is an extensive quarry of sandstone, varying from dark gray to yellowish gray. Granite is also obtained within thirty miles of Ta- coma, as also excellent paving stone and fine beds of valuable clays.

164

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

11,639

$39,777,580 00

5,531,429 00

341,037 00

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

Acres of land, exclusive of town lots 418,998

'* improved

Real property, excepting railroad track

Personal property

Railroad rolling stock and personality

Railroad track— Northern Pacific, 54 miles, $286,200 ; side track, 47 miles, $99,640; Burnet branch, 3 miles 3,696 feet, $19,610 ; side track, 2,126 feet, $854; Wilkeson branch, 9 miles 2,112 feet, $49,- 820; side track, 1 mile 3,380 feet, $3,478; Crocker branch, 5 miles 1,584 feet, $28,090 ; side track, 2,463 feet, $989; Tacoma, Orting & Southeast, 7 miles 3,168 feet, $40,280; Tacoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor, 12 miles, $63,600; Northern Pacific & Puget Sound Shore, 5 miles 3,168, $29,680; Portland & Puget Sound, 10

miles 3,696 feet, $48,138

Improvement in lands held under U.S..

Number of horses

' ' cattle

' ' sheep

" hogs

" wagons and carriages

" steamboats, sailing vessels, etc

Gas or water main pipes

Telegraph, telephone, and electric lines

Cable, horse, motor and electric railways

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund, 1892, all sources

Number of school districts

" " houses

Total school property

Census school children June 1, 1892

Number school children enrolled during year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers employed

Amount paid teachers 1892

Average monthly compensation, male

" " " female

The Western Washington Insane Asylum is located at Fort Steilacoom, and the number of patients on Jan. 1, 1893, was 363.

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Tacoma, the county seat, western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is situated upon a bluff 200 feet high, on the western shore of Commencement Bay. The city is the consolidation of two primitive towns respectively named Tacoma City and New Tacoma. The former, popularly called " Old Town," is now the First ward of the city. The scheme of es- tablishing a city upon Commencement Bay originated with the late Gen.

	675,178 00
	94,815 00
4,224	287,622 00
6,015	132,441 00
3,370	6,938 00
1,527	5,172 00
2,499	101,682 00
	111,130 00
	184,100 00
	86,904 00
	166,275 00
	532,910 45
74
88	725,443 00
	784,303 00
11,973
8,678
5,818
259
	161,509 55
	62 00
	52 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

166

ASOTIN' COUNTY — OLD MISSION APPLE TREES.

<

fSTATE OF WASHINGTON. 167

:M. M. McOarver, an " Oregon Pioneer of '43." In 1868, he visited Puget Sound; returning to Portland he enhsted James Steel and Lewis M. Starr in his project. The three purchased a portion of Job Oarr's land claim, and with him joined in laying out a town they named Taconia City. On July 14, 1873, the Northern Pacific Railroad Company established their Puget Sound terminus on Commencement Bay, giving to it the name " New Tacoma." Immediately the plat of the town so named was filed the growth of the town commenced. In 1880, by a vote of the electors of Pierce county it became the county seat. In 1883, the Legislature consohdated Tacoma City and New^ Tacoma under the name " Tacoma." At that date the two Tacomas together contained a population of 1,500. In June, 1892, the population had become 47,241. On the 11th of April, 1893, the city voted to purchase the water works, gas and electric light plant for the sum of $1,750,000. There are 32 miles of motor railw'ay, 35 miles electric service lines, and 2>^ miles of cable railw^ay. Its fire department is unequalled for efficiency. It« educational advantages are justly its pride. A high school with a faculty of 11 instructors, grammar and primary schools occupying 17 buildings, 110 teachers with an average daily attendance of 3,885 pupils. INIanual training has been added as a part of the regular instruction of the high school, its promoter, Hon. Walter J. Thompson, having donated therefor $20,000. There are a number of excellent private academies and business colleges. There are two excellent hospitals maintained; and there are 52 churches, representing all denominations, with an aggregate membership of 7,600.

The nine sawmills had an output in 1892 of 154,137,840 feet. The five shingle mills out 103,514,750 shingles, value, $156,638. Sash, doors, furni- ture, bricks, tiles, mattresses, tents, awnings, wagons and carriages, cigars, beer, soda water, are among the many articles manufactured. The output and value of plants are included in the county aggregate of industries. In addition to lumber the shipments from Tacoma consist chiefly of coal and wheat. For the year ending June 30, 1891, the export of wheat amounted to 3,773,775 bushels, and 149,126 barrels of flour. The coal export for 1892 amounted to 260,000 tons. There are located here a large number of grain elevators, flour and feed mills which furnish employment to a great many employes.

Seven National banks, five State and private banks, two branches of foreign banks and six savings banks, in all twenty banking institutions with a combined capital of $8,954,200; surplus and undivided profits, $2,377,127.80.

The Northern Pacific car shops were erected in 1891 at Edison, in the southwestern portion of the city. They occupy sixty acres of ground and the total cost was $850,000. The employes number 400 and the monthly pay roll is $40,000.

The Tacoma smelter is located on the w^ater front, accessible by rail or shipping. The fires were first startLd September 18, 1890, and ever since the works have been in continuous operation. The main furnace building is 100x60 feet in size, with a capacity of 120 tons per day. Ores

168 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

are received from Alaska, Idaho, British Columbia, California, Mexico^ and all parts of Washington.

Other towns and postoffices — Alderton, Artondale, Bismarck, Buck- ley, Burnett, Carbonado, Delano, Eatonville, Excelsior, Fern Hill, Fort Steilacoom, Fox Island, Frankfort, Gig Harbor, Hillhurst, Kapousin,. Lake Bay, Lake City, Lake Park, Lakeview, Lever, Long Branch, McMil- lin, Marion, Meridian, Midland, Minter, Muck, Norwood, Orting, Park- land, Purdy, Puyallup, Rigney, Rosedale, Roy, South Prairie, Springfield, Steilacoom, Sumner, Tanway, Vaughn, Vega, Wapato, Wilkeson, WoUa-

chet.

SAN JUAN COUNTY.

San Juan, established October 31, 1873, is constituted of the Archipel- ago de Haro, the principal islands of which are San Juan, Orcas, Lopez, Stewart, John's Decatur. Population, State census 1892, 2,139; area, 500 square miles ; County seat, Friday Harbor. These islands are well adapted to grazing, and there is a fair proportion of good agricultural land, consid- erable area of bottom lands, marshes, and fern prairies. There is much less rainfall than in other parts of Western Washington, and vegetation is- earher than at the head of Puget Sound. Sheep raising and farming are- successfully pursued. Game is abundant, especially deer. San Juan Island contains immense deposits of lime rock, from which thousands of barrels of lime are manufactured annually. Lime deposits are also found on Orcas Island, and fire-clay exists in large quantities. Fruit culture- is a successful industry. Apples, pears, plums, prunes, and cherries, peaches and berries grow abundantly. There are several sawmills with an aggregate output 1892, of 2,722,000 feet.

Number of acres timber 45,000

Average number feet per acre 20,000

Average stumpage value per M feet ...... $0 66

Number of feet standing timber 900,000,000

Total stumpage value 540,000 00'

Acreage Acreage Av. Yield Av. Price

1892. 1891. per Acre, 1891. 1891.

Wheat 700 700 40 bu. 90c

Oats 3,600 3,600 95 " 40

Hay 2,000 1,500 3K tons. $12 00

Hops 30 30 1,600 lbs.

Av. Yield Av. Price

No. 1892. No. 1891. 1891. 1891.

Trees— apple 60,000 45,000 500 lbs. 3c

cherry 3,000 ..." 10

peach 2,000 "

pear 20,000 15,000 400" 5

plum 12,000 9,000 300" 2

prune 40,000 30,000 400" 3

The Roche Harbor Lime Co. produces lime, shingles and barrels, and in 1892 the output amounted to 250,000 barrels of hme; and 5,000 barrels per day. The value of the lime output was $325,000.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 169

TAXABLE PBOPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Acres of land exclusive town lots , . 68,263

" improved land 3,972

Real property $874,560 00

Personal property 71,858 00

JNumber of horses 564 28,800 00

cattle 837 14,793 00

" sheep 4,379 8,758 00

" hogs 169 509 00

" wagons and carriages 205 5,963 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 10,126 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds 1892, all sources 8,782 22

Number of school districts 17

" " houses 15 7,005 00

Total school property 9,372 00

Oensus school children June 1 , 1892 818

Number school children enrolled during year 550

Average daily attendance 352

Number of teachers employed 29

Amount paid teachers, 1892 4,377 83

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. . , 51 40

" " " " female.. 44 46

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Friday Harbor, county seat, on San Juan Island. Has a Methodist church and two weekly newspapers. Products, fruit, hops, grain, live stock, and poultry. Strawberries produced in large crops. Population, United States census 1890, 400.

Other towns and postoffices — Argyle, Decatur, Doe Bay, East Sound, Griswold, Lopez Island, Maple, Olga, Orcas Island, Roche Harbor, Rich- ardson, Waldron, and Werner.

SKAGIT COUNTY. Established November 28, 1883; area, 1800 square miles; population, 8,960; county seat. Mount Vernon. It has a frontage on Puget Sound of 24 miles, and includes the islands of Fidalgo and Guemes. The county is drained by the Skagit river, which is navigable for sixty miles. The ex- tensive tide marsh lands on the delta at the mouths of the Skagit, the Swinomish flats, on the Samish and its valley and in Beaver marsh, a large portion of which has been reclaimed by dyking, are its most pro- ductive lands. Nearly all the tide marshes and thousands of acres of other lands are protected from overflow by dykes and levies. A conservative estimate of salt tide marsh is 50,000 acres. In addition to these a large -quantity of fresh water marsh and river bottom land require dyking for protection against high summer freshets. These dyked lands produce heavy crops of hay, oats and hops, fruits and vegetables. The county ia 'heavily timbered back to the mountains.

170 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Coal suitable for coking abounds. Extensive deposits of iron are fount? in several localities. Fire clay exists in large quantities. In the eastern part of the county mineral ledges with paying ores of silver and lead carrying^ gold are being developed. Placer mines are being operated on the upper tributaries of the Skagit river. Beds of copper have been discovered on Guemes island. Large quantities of oysters are shipped from the Samish oyster beds. Lumbering is the great industry. Thirty-two sawmills, with a combined output in 1892 of 51,255,000 feet; twenty-five shingle mills, aggregate cut in 1892, 233,000,000.

Acres of timber land, 596,890 ; average number of feet per acre, 26,500 ; average stumpage value per thousand feet, .f. 75; number of feet standing timber, 15,817,585,000; total stumpage value, $11,863,189.

There are five banks with an aggregate capital of $210,000.

Among the companies in the logging business six of them report an output in 1891 of 10,400,000 feet, at an average value of $5.50 per thousand. The number of men employed was seventy-two.

The output of the sash and door factories in 1891 was valued at $36,400.

The coal output for 1891 was 2,003 tons, valued at $3.50 per ton, and of iron the output was 500 tons.

There was but one report of the fishing enterprises, and that was 22X tons of a value of $900.

CROPS 1892.

Acres in oats 9,798, average yield per acre 83)^ bu., average price 40c

" hay 4,911, " " " SJ^ tons, " " U Oa

" hops 35, " " ♦' 1,833 pounds, " " 15c

" potatoes 238, " " " 1% tons, "

No. apple trees 25,460, " " per tree 300 pounds, " " 2c

Hiram A. Marsh, Fidalgo, in 1891, raised on four acres 300 pounds of

cauliffower seed, which he sold at $15 per pound. He also produced a

variety of cabbage seed, "Early Wakefield." On two acres he raised 1,800

pounds of seed, which sold at 62)^ cents per pound.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Acres of land, exclusive of town lots ... 283,832

" improved 43,723

Real property, except railroad track 7,669,333 00

Personal property 766,124 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 86,595 00'

Railroad track — Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 28

miles 3,696 feet, $152,110; side track, 2 miles

2,286 feet, $5,399; Seattle & Montana, 16 miles

528 feet, $80,500 ; side track, 2 miles 260 feet,

$4,099 ; Seattle & Montana, 2 miles 4,752 feet,

$2,900; Seattle & Northern, 36 miles, $180,000;

side track, 2 miles, $400 ; Fairhaven & Southern,

18 miles 3,960 feet, $93,750 ; side track, 5 miles

1,248 feet, $10,473; Fidalgo City & Anacortes,

11 miles, $53,500; Wilham Knight & Oo., 3

miles 250 feet, $10,666 $597,397 OO*

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

171

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 173

Number of horses 2,384 144,666 00

cattle... 4,643 96,653 00

sheep 1,065 2,107 00

" hogs 648 1,91100

" wagons and carriages 648 26,483 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S. 13,470 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds received from all sources, 1892 139,990 61

Number of school districts 51

" school houses 50 119,833 00

Total school property 133,772 00

Census school children, June 1, 1892 2,893

Nunber school children enrolled during year 2,324

Average daily attendance, 1892 1,490

Number of teachers employed 94

Amount paid teachers 19,158 30

Average monthly compensation teachers, male. ... 56 74

" " " " female.. 48 91

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Mount Vernon, county seat, on Skagit River seven miles from its mouth, and on the line of Great Northern railway. It is the shipping and commercial point for an area of 60,000 acres of cultivated land ; has a national bank, school, water works, a fire department, an electric light plant, Methodist, Baptist, Christian, Catholic and Free Methodist churches ; a sash and door factory, two sawmills with a combined output in 1892 of 900,000 feet, two shingle mills the aggregate cut of which was 12,360,000 shingles in 1892, valued at $19,293; and a weekly newspaper. Coal and iron deposits are in that vicinity. Population, census 1890, 770 ; present estimate, 1,500.

Other Towns and Postoffices. — Anacortes, Avon, Bay view. Birds- view, Blanchard, Burlington, Clear Lake, Cypress, East Anacortes, Edison, Fidalgo, Fidalgo City, Fir, Fredonia, Gault, Gibralter, Guemes, Hamilton, La Conner, Lookout, Lyman, McMurray, Mansford, Montborne, Padilla, Prairie, Rosario, Samish, Sauk, Sedro, Skagit City and Woolley.

SKAMANIA COUNTY.

Established March 9, 1854; area, 1,678 square miles; population, 835; county seat. Cascade.

Traversed by the Cascade range the limited area for settlement imme- diately borders on the Columbia river. In it are the falls of the Columbia. Around these rapids and falls was constructed the first railroad west of the Rocky mountains, by the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, to open communication between Portland and the interior. There is but a narrow bench of cultivatable land skirting the Columbia. The timber is heavy and principally fir, its manufacture into cord-wood is the principal pursuit of the inhabitants.

Two sawmills, output 1892 475,000

Number of acres timber 750,615

	7,506,150 00
	VALUE.
.36,406
1,522
	213,885 00
	86,192 00
	13,850 00
	21,000 00
224	9,550 00
967	19,058 00
82	164 0)
230	668 00
83	1,957 00
	28,680 00

174 STATE OF WASHING'TON.

Average number feet per acre 25,000

Average stum page value pre 1,000 $ 40

Number feet standing timber 18,765,375,000

Total stumpage

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

Acres of land exclusive of town lots

Acres improved land

Real property except railroad track

Personal property

Railroad rolling stock and personality

Bailroad track — Cascade portage, 6 miles

Number of horses

Number of cattle

Number of sheep

Number of hogs

Number of wagons and carriages

Improvements on land held under U. S

OTHER STATISTICS.

Schools funds, 1892, all sources 1 ,865 19

Nvmiber of school disti'icts 9

" " houses

Total value school property

Census school children, June 1, 1892

Number enrolled during year

Average daily attendance, 1892.

Number of tfeachers employed, 1892

Amount paid teachers, 1892

Average monthly compensation, 1892, male

" female ....

TOWNS .\ND POSTOFFICES.

Cascades, formerly Lower Cascades, on the Columbia river, by water thirty-six miles east of Vancouver, Lumber and salmon are shipped. A sawmill is here; output in 1892, 300,000 feet. Population, census of 1890, 164.

Other towns and postofhces — Cape Horn, Ohenoweth, Mount Pleasant and Nelson.

SNOHOMISH COUNTY.

Established January 14, 1861; area, 1,600 square miles; population, 1892, 14,760 ; county seat, Snohomish City. Two-thirds of its surface are mountainous, which portion is hea^^ly timbered, and abounds in deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal, marble, granite and sandstone. The western portion, bordering on Puget Sound, is margined by tide marsh, or flats, expanding into vast deltas at the mouths of the Snohomish and Stila- guamish rivers. Those lands have been diked, and the yield of wheat, barley and oats is enormous. The diked river bottom lands produce heaAily hay, oats and hops. Placer gold is found in nearlv everv stream in the

8	1,250 00
	1 ,432 00
318
160
114
10
	1,344 36
	38 33
	34 31

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 175

county. The Sultan river, a tributary of the Skykomish, a fork of the Sno- homish, has been worked for near a quarter of a century with paying re- sults. The Monte Oristo mining district is near the summit of the Cascade range, on the headwaters of the Sauk, a tributary of the Skagit river. In this district the lodes are found near the summit; the ore is of low grade, but in exhaustless quantity. The ore is galena, with pyrites, silver, carry- ing some gold. Notwithstanding the assured presence of mineral wealth in the eastern portion of the county, logging and lumbering still continue the leading industries.

There are fifteen sawmills in the county, with an aggregate output for 1892 of 62,105,000 feet, and thirty shingle miUs, combined cut in 1892, 280,- 430,000. Engaged in logging there are eight companies, who report an output for 1891 of 17,700,000 feet, at an average value per M of $5.75; they employed 159 men, to whom was paid in wages $42,300.

At the mouth of the Snohomish river has sprung up the wonderful city of Everett, which is a distinctively manufacturing city. Here are lo- cated the Puget Sound Wire Nail and Steel Company, the Puget Sound Pulp and Paper Company, the Everett Smelter, Pacific Barge Works, Sum- ner Iron Works and numerous other factories and mills, aggregating sup- port for a progressive and thriving city.

Number of acres timber, 900,000 ; average number feet per acre, 28,000 ; average stumpage value per M feet, 80c ; number of feet standing timber, 25,200,000,000 ; total stumpage value, $20,160,000.

CROPS.

Acres in wheat, 15, av. yield per acre, 52 bu., av. price, $1 GO

oats, 1,572, " " 69>^ " " 42i^

hay, 3,040, " " 3 tons, " 12 00

potatoes, 171)^, " " 5}i

No. of apple trees, 11,888 " per tree, 200 lbs., " 2

" plum " 2,004

" prune " 5,509

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE^

Acres of land exclusive of town lots 459,234

" improved land. 16,773

Real property except railroad track $8,409,327 00

Personal property 1 ,080,787 00

Railroad rolhng stock and personality 52,080 00

Railroad Track— Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 42 miles 3,168 feet, $225,780; side track, 5 miles 1 ,410 feet, $1 1,166 ; Seattle & Montana, 27 miles, $135,000; side track, 1 mile 4,316 feet, $3,635; Seattle & Montana, 17 miles, $17,000; Snoho- mish, Skykomish & Spokane, 6 miles 665 feet, $21,442; St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba, 29

miles 3,620 feet, $29,686 443,708 00

Number of horses 2,188 131,051 00

" cattle 5,081 99,651 00

sheep 2,054 4,270 00

916	2,706 00
642	1,6285 00
	73,189 00
	11,005 00
	92,943 22
57
54	66,060 00
	80,632 00
3,588
2,390
1,680
70
	23,775 64
	51 09
	46 32

176 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Number of hogs

" wagons and carriages

Improvements on land held under U. S

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund, 1802, from all sources

Number of school districts

" " houses

Total school property

Census school children June 1, 1892

Number school children enrolled during year

Average daily attendance 1892

Number of teachers employed, 1892

Amount paid to teachers

Average monthly compensation, male

" " " female

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Snohomish City, county seat, on Snohomish river, eleven miles from Its mouth, and on the line of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad. There are three sawmills, aggregate output, 1892, 17,460,000 feet; five shingle mills, combined cut 1892, 113,520,000 shingles, value, $187,842; one sash and door factory, brick yards, Methodist, Congregational, Catholic, and Free Methodist churches, two schools, opera house, water works, fire department, telephone, electric light and gas systems, two banks, four newspapers. Population, U. S. census 1890, 2,469. Assessed valuation, $2,250,000.

Other Towns and PostoSices — Arlington, Cedarhome, Darrington, Dean, Edmonds, Everett, Florence, Galena, Getch ell. Granite Falls, Haller City, Hartford, Index, Lowell, Machias, Marysville, Monroe, Mosher, Monte Cristo, Mukilteo, Noman, Orient, Oso, Pilchuck, Pomona, Silverton, Stan- wood, Stillaquamish, Sultan City, Trafton, Tulalip, Valata, Wallace, Wana, and Yew.

SPOKANE COUNTY.

The Washington Territorial Legislature on January 29, 1858, enacted a law by which the territory on both sides of the Columbia between the Cascade and Rocky mountains north of the then county of Skamania and Snake river, was constituted Stevens county. No county organization was effected under that law. On January 27, 1862, the Legislature (the organic act of Idaho having made the Washington eastern boundary our present State line) created of the reduced territory a county to which the law gave the name Spokane county. On January 20, 1863, the territory which laid west of the Columbia river was set off with name of Stevens county, the eastern area continuing Spokane. On January 19, 1864, Stevens and Spokane were again consolidated under the name of Stevens and so con- tinued until the county of Spokane was established October 30, 1879.

The area of Spokane county as now defined is 1,600 square miles. Population, 33,418; county seat, Spokane, which had been Spokane Falls

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

177

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 179

until the first legislature of the State of Washington by law eliminated the word *'Falls. The county consists of mineral, timber, grazing and good agri- cultural prairie sections. The best agricultural portion is in the southern portion of the county, narro^ving northward until Spokane is approached into an open timbered country, not sufficiently heavily wooded, however, to prevent its entire and successful utilization for grazing and farming. Wheat, rye, oats and barley are successfully cultivated. General farming yields good results, as well as wool, beef, and dairy products. Horse rais- ing is a great industry. The northwestern part, the soil being light and gravely, is a successful fruit grooving section. The county is well watered by streams and lakes, and all portions are traversed by railroads.

A remarkable physical feature of the county is Medical Lake, the location of the Eastern State Hospital for the Insane, which has 216 patients confined therein. The lake is situated on the summit of the great plain of the Columbia, at an altitude of 2,303 feet above sea level. It is • about one mile long with a width of over half a mile. It is so named from the medical properties of the water. By an analysis by Professor Lansing, of New York, the water was found to contain in grains per U. S. _gallon : Soda chloride, 16.370 ; potassic chloride, 9.241 ; lithic carbonate, traces ; sodic carbonate, 63.543 ; magnesia carbonate, .233 ; ferrous carbon- ate, .525; calcic carbonate, .186; aluminic oxide, .175; sodic silicate, 10.638 ; potassic sulphate, traces ; sodic diborate, traces ; organic matter, .551 ; total, 101.463. The Indians ascribed to its waters healing properties long before the lake had become a popular resort for the white man.

CROP STATISTICS, 1892.

Acres in wheat 51,768, average yield per acre 20 bu., average price 72c " oats 12,797, " " " 32^ " " " 37>^c

" barley 800, " " " 30 " " " 40c

No. apple trees 2J,050, " " per tree 100 pounds " " 3>^c

Number of acres timber, 427,000 ; average number of feet standing

timber per acre, 10,000; average stumpage value per thousand feet, $1.20;

number standing feet, 4,270,000,000 ; stumpage value, $5,224,01)0.

In the lumber business there are fourteen mills who report the total

value of their plants at $521,000, and their output of lumber in 1892 at

20,295,000 feet; lath, 2,400,000 ; shingles, 10,500,000. They employed 358

men, and paid in wages $122,236.

There are fourteen banks with a capital of $1,740,000.

The total amount reported for 189 1 as the value of the output of the

various manufacturing enterprises of the county, such as flour mills, sash

and door factories, cigars, etc., was $3,884,270.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

V.tLLUE.

Acres of land exclusive of town lots 1,010,392

Keal property except railroad track $29,450,176 00

Personal property 3,752,934 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 190,783 00

180

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 48 miles 4,824

feet, .1:259,242 ; side track, 9 miles 4,224 feet,

$20,776. Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 26

miles 1,125 feet, $138,929; side track, 4,275 feet,

$1 ,717. Central Washington, 23 miles 3,168 feet,

$125,080; side track, 1 mile 90 feet, $2157.

Spokane & Palouse, 25 miles, $132,500; side

track, 4,275 feet, $1,717. Spokane & Northern,

31 miles 3,998 feet, $158,786; side track, Smiles

4,760 feet, $7,803. Oregon Railway & Naviga- tion, 44 miles 2,028 feet, $235,236; side track,

3 miles 1,530 feet, $6,974. Total $1,090,917 OO

Improvements on land held under United States. . 66,282 00

Number of horses 14,079 472,594 00

Number of cattle 14,378 201,300 00<

Number of sheep 116 243 00-

Number of hogs 3,191 9,723 00

Number of wagons and carriages 2,964 97,288 00'

Gas or water-main pipes 22,299 00

Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 41,189 00-

Cable, horse, motor and electric railways 58,988 00

Elevators and warehouses on railroads not owned

by company 23,340 00

OTHEK STATISTICS.

School funds, 1892, from all sources 178,323, 15

Number of school districts 109

Number of school houses 112 491,545 00

Total school property 525,073 00

Census school children June 1, 1892 9,569

Number enrolled during year 7,172

Average daily attendance 4,287

Number of teachers employed 258

Amount paid teachers 75,446 41

Average monthly compensation, males 55 92^

Average monthly compensation, females 60 71

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES,

Spokane, the county seat, is situated at the falls of the Spokane river ; population, States census of 1892, 24,000. The city is on the main line of both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads. Six local lines of railroad concentrate at this point, viz: The Central Washington, a Northern Pacific branch running west to Coulee City 123 miles, to be ex- tended via Waterville to the Okanogan mining region ; the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, now operated by the Northern Pacific to Davenport ; the Spokane Northern, now terminating at Northport, on the upper Columbia, 125 miles, thence to be extended to Nelson, the center of the Slocan-Kaslo mining district, British Columbia ; the Spokane & Idaho, connecting by boats with the Cojur d'Alene railway, and thence into the mines ; a branch of the Union Pacific system, running south via Rockford and Farmington to connect with the main line; the Spokane & Palouse, a branch of the

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 181

Northern Pacific, south to Genesee, Idaho, thus securing radiating lines into the wheat region of the inland empire, and an equal number to the rich mineral fields to the north and east. Its street railway system is a ]>rominent feature of the city's progress; cable, electric and motor lines, operated by four companies, thirty-six miles combined. The electric light plant, the cable railway, the electric railway, the machinery of the city water works, an efficient water service for the fire department, are all operated by the water power of the falls. By a telephone system the city is connected with all points within a radius of 300 miles. The number of church organizations is about thirty, all denominations being represented, some having several church edifices. There are ten public schools, em- ploying fifty-eight teachers, one of which is the High school, with twelve instructors. Of private schools the most notable are the Gonzaga College, with 100 pupils; two parochial schools, a girls' academy, a kindergarten school and orphanage, the Jenkins University (late the Methodist College), St. Mary's Hall, a young ladies seminary; a music conservatory and a business college. The Hospital of the Sacred Heart, conducted by eighteen Sisters of Charity, has 100 patients. The Sisters of St. Joseph conduct an orphanage, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic church, wdth 150 orphans at present under their care. The Ladies' Benevolent Society maintains a children's home, and now have forty in charge. There are eight banks, wdth a paid-up capital of $1,600,000; surplus and undivided profits, $500,000. There are also several savings banks ; the two leading ones have an aggregate capital of $110,000 and a surplus of $50,000. There are located here two flour mills, four breweries, twelve wooden product factories, four iron foundries and many other manufacturing enterprises.

Like Seattle and Ellensburgh the City of Spokane was visited by fire in the eventful year for Washington fires. On July 4, 1889, the entire business section of Spokane Falls, as the city was then called, was swept out of existence by a devastating fire ; and, hke her sister cities, Spokane has also arisen resplendent from the heaps of ruins, and finer, more sub- stantial and more beautiful structures adorn Spokane, the third principal city in the State of Washington.

Other towns and postoflices — Buckeye, Cheney, Deep Creek Falls, East Spokane, Fairfield, Granite Lake, Hazard, Jamieson, Latah, Logan, Lock- wood, Marshall, Mead, Medical Lake, Mica, Mount Hope, Mickel, Para- dise, Peone, Plaza, Pratt, Rockford, Spangle, Spokane Bridge, Trent, Tjder, Waverly, Welch.

STEVENS COUNTY.

Established January 19, 1864. Area, 8,000 square miles. Population, 5,543. County seat, Colville. It is the northeastern county of the State, bounded north by British Columbia, east by Idaho. The Columbia river runs south across the State, dividing it into nearly two equal portions, the western half being within the Colville Indian reservation. The north half of the reservation has been opened to settlement and contains limestone ranges and granite hills interspersed with fertile and well watered valleys. Coal measures, galena ledges, and free milling gold ores are known to exist,

182 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

;anil there is but little doubt that in the portion opened, the mineral region will be found to be the continuation of the mineral belt extending west to the mines of Okanogan, and north into British Columbia. Farthest east, into the eastern portion of the Pend d' Oreille valley, not dissimilar to the country described, the most valuable agricultural section being the Oalis- pel valley, with numerous good farms and well stocked with cattle and horses. Between these belts are the valleys of the'Oolville and Columbia, most accessible as well as most productive. The mines of the county pro- duce gold, silver, lead, copper, and iron in large quantities. It has numer- ous quarries of marble of many different qualities and colors, sandstone, granite, lime, and slate, and in the northern portion coal measures exist. The mineral belt commences in a lime formation within forty miles of Spokane and extends from there north until it merges into the mines of Kootonai district in British Columbia. Commencing at Loon Lake, near the southern limit of this belt, numerous ledges of high grade galena are found. A few miles further on are the extensive lime quarries. A short distance north is the first of the older mining camps, Chewelah, a group ■of valuable hematite ore mines. Along the Columbia river placer mining has continued for many years, chiefly by Chinamen, with paying returns. On Deep Creek and other streams in the northeastern portion of county galena has been found. The hills in the Metalline district on the Pend d' Oreille abound with ledges of low grade galena.

Number of acres of timber, 3,260,000 ; average number of feet per acre, •6,000; average stumpage value per 1,000 feet, $1 ; number of feet standing timber, 19,560,000,000 ; total stumpage value, if 19,560,000. Total output of sawmills, 1892, 9,972,000 feet.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Number of acres of land exclusive of town lots 197,651

Number of acres of improved land 5,800

Real property except railroad track $1,335,191 00

Personal property 411,226 00

Railroad rolling stock and personalty 68,012 00

Railroad track — Spokane & Northern, 94 miles 2,112

feet, !|;472,000; side track, 4 miles 3,168 feet,

$9,200. St. Paul, Minneapohs & Manitoba, 18

miles 2,745 feet, $18,520. Total $499,720 00

Number of horses 3,231 93,347 00

Number of cattle 8,913 113,438 00

Number of sheep 314 629 00

Number of hogs 1,358 4,227 00

Number of wagons and carriages 893 25,960 00

Improvements on lands held under United States 85,460 05

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds from all sources 19,833 09

Number of school districts 43

Number of school houses 34 14, 187 00

i

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

183:

	18,971 00
1,800
1,164
787
36
	8,201 06
	51 74
	47 42

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 185

Total school property

Census of school children June 1, 1892

Number enrolled during the year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers employed

Amount paid teachers

Average monthly compensation, males

Average monthly compensation, females

TOWNS AND POSTOFPICES.

CoLviLLE, the county seat, is the center of a rich mining district, situ- ated on the Colville river fifteen miles from its junction with the Columbia river. It has an academy, a Congregational church; two sawmills, whose aggregate output for 1892 was 4,875,000 feet; a brewery, a brick yard, bank and a newspaper. It ships ore, lumber and farm products. The popula- tion is reported at 900.

Other Towns and Postoffices — Addy, Arden, Bosburg, Oalispel, Ohe- vellah, Daisy, Fruitland, Goodwin, Harvey, Hunters, Kettle Falls, Little Dalles, Loon Lake, Marcus, Myers Falls, Springdale, Valley, Walker's Prairie.

THURSTON COUNTY.

Established by the Oregon Legislature January 12, 1852; area, 700 square miles ; population, State census of 1892, 12,575 ; county seat, Olympia, which is also capital of the State. Within the limits of the county as now prescribed the first American settlement in the Puget Sound country was made in October, 1845. The little colony, consisting of five families and two bachelors, of which Colonel Michael T. Simmons was leader, settled on the prairie a short distance from the falls of the Deschutes (now Tum water). Colonel Simmons was of the Oregon immigration of 1841. The first house was built at the edge of the prairie, about two miles south of the falls, on the claim taken by David Kindred one of the party. Shortly subsequent Colonel Simmons took a claim at the falls, calling it NewTuarket, the name of his home in Missouri. The county lies at the head of Puget Sound, its coast line being broken by Budd's In- let, Mud Bay, South Bay and other inlets. The general surface is heavily timbered, but there are many intervals of rich bottom land, prairie and other open land, the latter being well adapted to stock raising. The cereals, garden vegetables and all the hardy fruits and berries are successfully produced. The timber consists of fir, cedar, alder, oak and ash. The chief industries are logging and lumbering. Coal is found in large deposits in the southern portion of the county, where coal mining is profitably pursued. Quarries of superior building stone are near Tenino, on the line of the Northern Pacific railroad. The oyster beds on the inlets near Olympia, with their abundant supply, as also the clams, have be- come famous. The acreage of transplanted so-called Olympia oysters amounts to 200; the weekly output in 1892, comprised i'85 sacks, at $2.25 per sack. The clam output was 10,000 sacks, almost entirely dug by In- dians, at $1 per sack. The oyster trade furnishes employment to numbers,

T186 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

and considerable capital is invested. Deposits of brown hematite and magnetic iron ore have been found near McAllister's Lake, six miles from Olympia.

CROP STATISTICS,

Acres in wheat, 129; av. yield per acre, 32}4 bush. ; av. price, $ 97>2

"• oats, 1,137; " " 45 " " 483^

" hay, 2,076; " " 2;^ tons; " 10 00

hops, 106; " " 1,500 tt^s. ; " 14^^

" potatoes, 374; " " 6 tons;

The number of apple trees in 1892 was 17,978, and the yield per tree was 300 pounds. P. McKenzie, of Olympia, reports raising forty tons of turnips to the acre.

There are three banks, with an aggregate capital of $215,000, and in manufactures they have, among others, a water and sewer pipe factory, with an output for 1891 valued at $500,000; printed matter, publications, 447,750; leather, $3,000.

Number of acres timber, 321,000; average number of feet standing timber per acre, 26,000 ; average stumpage value per thousand feet, $.75; number of feet standing timber, 8,346,000,000 ; stumpage value, $6,259,500.

There are seven sawmills wdth a combined output in 1892 of 36,533,000 feet ; twelve shingle mills that cut in 1892 14 ',600,000 shingles valued at -$239,100. Lath munufactured in 1891 numbered 2,500,000. In logging eight companies report an output for 1891 of 17,000,000 feet, at an average value of $4.25 per thousand feet. Number of men employed, 87; wages j)aid, $28,500.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 189-'.

VALUE.

Acres of land, exclusive of town lots 373,689

" improved 2,751

Real property, exclusive of railroad tracks $8,649,661 00

Personal property 9 :2,37r 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 71,090 00

Railroad track— Northern Pacific, 24 miles 1,584 feet, $128,790 ; side track, 3 miles 2,121 feet, $16,752; Tacoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor, 41 miles 4,752 feet, $.22,070 ; side track, 3 miles 3,606 feet, $17,384 ; Port Townsend & Southern, 18 miles, $90,000; side track, 2,640 feet, $1,003; Puget Sound & Ohehalis, 2 miles 2,640 feet,

$8,750 484,746 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S 321,405 00

Number of horses 2,118 117,117 00

" cattle 5^ 3 .' ]04,655 00

" sheep ] ^704 3,507 00

hogs 594 IJ56 00

" wagons and carriages 899 32, ' 67 00

Gas and water mains 2 095 00

Telegraph and telephone 2 450 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 187

OTHER STATISTICS.

School fund, 1892, all sources 56,579 39

Number of school districts 54

" " houses 60 133,185 00

Total school property 145,381 00

Census school children June 1 , 1892 3,342

Number school children enrolled 1892 2,531

Average daily attendance 1892 1,697

Number of teachers employed 1892.. 61

Amount paid teachers 32,074 95

Average compensation paid teachers, male 50 87

" " " " female 42 41

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

Olympia, the county seat, the capital of the State, situated at the head of Budd's Inlet, the extreme head of Puget Sound. Population, U. S. census 1890, 4,698.

Levi Lathrop Smith and Edmund Sylvester were co-partners and to- gether in October, 1846, arrived at New Market, Oregon (now Tumwater). On the 20th of that month, under the land law of the Oregon Provisional Government which so authorized. Smith in his name took the claim at the head of Budd's Inlet, upon which the city of Olympia now stands, and Sylvester located a prairie claim on the edge of what is known as Cham- bers Prairie, the two being held as partnepship property. Smith erected his cabin on the spot near the present location of Young's Hotel. He called his location " Smithfield." On the death of Smith, in August, 1848, Sylvester, the surviving member of the partnership, succeeded to the Smithfield tract, abandoning the prairie claim. Under Sylvester's sole ownership, Smithfield was surveyed and platted as a town site by William L. Frazer in 1850. Shortly afterward Hugh Allen Goldsborough resur- veyed it and made a new plat. He suggested the name Olympia, which Sylvester adopted. The city contains Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Con- gregational, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and Unitarian churches, three public school employing fourteen teachers, the Girl's Academy main- tained by Sisters of the House of Providence, a collegiate institute under the auspices of the Methodists ; the St. Peter's Hospital in charge of the Sisters of Charity ; an opera house, seating capacity of 750, one daily and two weekly newspapers, 3 banks, telephone service, water works, electric light service, a fire department, two sawmills with a combined output for 1892 of 19,960,000 feet; one shingle mill, cut 1892 7,228,000 shingles, value, .$11,884, and one sash and door factory.

Other Towns and Postoffices — Bucoda, Coinmo, Gate City, Grand Mound, Lacey, Puget City, Rainer, Rochester, Sherlock, Tenino, Tumwa- ter, Viora, Yelm.

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY.

The following is substantially an article published in the Skamokawa Eagle of December 1 , 1892 :

" The county was established April 25, 1854; population by the state census, 1892, 2,761. It stretches along the Lower Columbia river for thirty-

188 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

miles with an area of -li square miles. There are a number of thrifty towns in the countj'. Eagle Cliff, Eureka and Waterford are noted chiefly for their large canneries. In 1892 the combined pack of these canneries was over 43,000 cases, Cathlamet is the county seat. The Warren Can- ning Company has a large establishment here. The pack for 1892 was 9,500 cases. A logging railroad built the past season, from Cathlamet into the Elokomin valley, brings to the river fir and spruce logs. Cathlamet has two public halls, stores, two hotels, four saloons, a weekly newspaper, (The Gazette), and a neat court house. In the suburbs is Athens, a vil- lage overlooking the Columbia. It boasts of a sawmill, output for 1892, 2,800,000 feet. Back of Cathlamet is the Elokomin valley with its ranches and dairy farms. It contains millions of feet of lumber, and the annual cut of the combined logging firms is many millions of feet.

" Six miles below Cathlamet is Skamokawa, named for an old Indian chief. The town is scattered over a good deal of territory. Within the past year a fine draw-bridge with a 135-feet draw has been built. The Columbia River Lumber & Manufacturing Company have their works here ; output for 1892, 3,000,000 feet. Connected with the mill is a ship- yard. The village contains three stores, two meat markets, two saloons, a newspaper, a blacksmith, shoe maker, cooper, carpenters and boat builder. It has a hotel and public hall, a daily mail and money order office, and is the outlet to three extensive valleys emptying into the Lower Columbia. The lumber interests of Skamokawa are extensive, and large quantities of cedar shingles are made.

"Just around Sweet's point from Skamokawa is Bay View, where the Ocean Canning Company has an extensive plant. The pack for 1892 was 12,750 cases. Four miles further down the Columbia is Brookfield. Here J. G. Megler & Co. have their cannery. The pack for 1892 was 20,250 cases. Emptying into the Columbia at this point is Jim Crow Creek.

" Pillar Rock is the next steamboat landing, and derives it name from a singular looking rock which rises out of the Columbia river about a quar- ter of a mile from the Washington shore. At this landing the Pillar Rock Cannery is located. In 1892 the pack was 11,909 cases. Below Pillar Rock is Gray's Bay. Emptying into this bay are three rivers or creeks, named Crooked creek, Gray's river and Deep river. The ranches along these river bottoms are numerous and well cultivated. Dairy products, cattle, hogs and vegetables are marketed in Astoria. The logging industry is also extensive.

" The fishing industry gives employment to a large number of men. Of the seven canneries in the county the combined pack in 1892 was 97,000 cases of salmon. Large quantities of fresh salmon are shipped to Portland. The Columbia river is the home of the sturgeon also, and Skamokawa is a great receiving point for those fish. Here may be seen fish weighing from a dozen up to 600 or 700 pounds. As many as forty tons have been re- ceived in a single day. Shad, smelt and trout are also taken in large quantities in these waters."

In the fisheries industry seven companies report the total catch for 1891 of 1,548,000 fish, and the amount canned, 105,000 cases, at a value

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

189

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 191

of $671,000, In logging ten companies reports a total output for 1891 of 31,300,000 feet of logs, at an average value per M of $5; men employed, 78; wages paid, $31,860.

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres in hay, 679 ; average yield, 3 tons ; average price, $10 25 per ton

" potatoes, 37; " Q}4 "

Nunber of apple trees reported for 1892, 2,605.

Number of acres timber, 102,840 ; average number feet per acre stand- ing timber, -1,200; average stumpage value per M feet, 75c; number of feat standing timber, 2,180,208,000; stumpage value, $1,635,156.

TAXABLE PROPERTY.

Number of acres, exclusive of town lots

" " improved land

Real property

Personal property

Number of horses

cattle.

sheep,

hogs

wagons and carriages

■Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc

Improvements on lands held under U. S

OTHER STATISTICS.

■School funds from all sources, 1892

Number of school districts

" " houses

Total value of school property

Census of school children, June 1, 1892

Number enrolled during year

Average daily attendance

Number of teachers employed, 1892

Amount paid teachers, 1892.

-Average monthly compensation, male

" " female

	VALVE.
97,049
3,154
	$663,722 00
	120,805 00
266	12,958 00
2,235	42,074 00
476	968 00
753	1,993 00
106	2,531 00
	19,265 00
	9,857 00
	$ 2,135 92
21
20	7,005 00
	9,762 00
792
530
403
26
	2,798 35
	40 65
	39 90

WALLA WALLA COUNTY.

Established April 25, 1854, Area, 2,000 square miles. Population, 12,671, County seat, Walla Walla,

The Legislature, April 25, 18)4, essayed to establish Walla Walla county, of the territory lying between the Cascades and Rocky Mountains, lying between the 46th and 49th parallels, saving thereout the county of Klickitat and a fraction of Skamania. American settlers were few and far between and the organization failed. The Indian war of 1855-6, caused those settlers to abandon the country. At the close of that war, Col. Step- toe, U. S. Army, issued the following order, August 28, 1856: "No emi- .grant or other person except the Hudson's Bay Company, or persons hav-

192 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

ing cedeil rights from the Indians, will be permitted to settle or remain in the country." This prohibition emanated from Maj. Gen. John E. Wool,, then commanding the Pacific Military Department, and continued in effect till the spring of 1860, when Maj. Grier, in command at Fort Walla Walla, consented that Walla Walla valley might be oocupiei. Its county history dates from that period. Within the county are many of the battle fields of the Oayuse war, the Oregon and Washington Indian war of 1855-6 and the several subsequent campaigns of the U. S. troops against hostile In- dians.

In 1860 it contained and embraced the whole of Eastern Washington, the State of Idaho, and Missoula county, Montana, an area of about 150,- 000 square miles, including the famous South Pass of the Rocky Moun- tains. In the county are three classes of lands, the low-lying sandy plains along the Columbia and Snake rivers, the elevated plateaus between the latter river and the Walla Walla valley, embracing the Eureka flats, and the valleys of the Walla Walla and its tributaries. The first class of lands are wortless without irrigation, but a vast quantity of them have been re- claimed, and are among the finest fruit lands in the State. The plateau's are extensive, covering about one-third of the country's area, and are well farmed. The soil is light and somewhat sandy. The valley lands are al- most a continuous grain field, interspersed with orchards. Wheat is a great agricultural staple. Barley, oats, and flax are extensively raised. Timothy and alfalfa are important crops, to which may be added corn and rye. Along the banks of the Columbia and Snake river and in the Walla Walla valley itself irrigation is rapidly transforming what was once consid- ered desert land into orchards, gardens and meadows. On non-irrigated farms potatoes and kindred vegetables are yielding immense returns, but on irrigated lands melons and similar products are the favorites. There are over 250 miles of railroad within the county and all cultivated areas are within easy distances of railroad stations.

CROP STATISTICS.

Acres wheat, 1892, 146,240, average yield, 24, average price, 75c. per bu. " oats, " 2,000, " " 41>^, " " 46c. "

" barley, " 17,240, " " 36, " " 50c. "

u , ,, 1 ^^„ u ,, (3,V tons alfafa $8 00 per ton.

^^J' 1'^^^' }iy. " timothy 1100 "

" potatoes," 251, " " 5

The following number of fruit trees are reported for 1892, with the yield per tree and price per pound : Apples, 76,334, 345 pounds at 2c. ; peaches, 13,375, 150 pounds at 2>^c. ; pears, 11,045, 168 pounds at 4c.; plums, 9,319, 175 pounds at Ic. ; prunes, 13,473, 175 pounds at 2c. Grapes, yield 3,000 to 10,000 pounds per acre at 2c. per pound; blackberries, 5,000 to 12,000, at 5 to 7c. ; raspberries, 2,00J to 3,000 at 6 to 9c. ; strawberries, 6,000 to 8,000 at 5 to 7c.

Number of acres timber, i;8,16"); average number of feet per acre, 8,500 ; average stumpage value per ]\I feet, $1 ; number feet standing tim- ber, 919,36J,00J; stumjiage value, $919,360. Three sawmills; aggregate output, 1892, 2,050,000 feet.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

193

(7)

*^* STATE OF WASHl.NdTON.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Number of acres, exclusive of town lots 561 ,396

" improved land 263 172

Real property, excluding railroad track ." " ' ' "^ $7 2-^9 995 00

Personal property ;:::; 2;222;922 00

Kailroad rolling stock and personality 116 42 J GO

Kailroad track— Northern Pacific, 11 miles 4,752 feet, $63,07 ■ ; side track, 1 mile4,199 feet, $3,8)6. Oregon Railway & Navigation Co., 74 miles 4,646 feet, $396,864 ; side track, 13 miles 3.062 feet, $28,8 4. Washington & Columbia River, 109 miles 956 feet, $545,906; side track, 8 miles 3,966 feet, $17,503. Oregon Railway & Na^-iga- tion Co., narrow gauge, 13 miles 2,112 fe'et

, W30' 1.106,25300

improvements on lands lield under V. S 10 795 qo

Number of horses 11^52^ 387,'880 00

„ ^^"^^ 9,779 118,035 00

f^^^^ •• 31,370 62,745 00

^^^^ 2,7J3 8,037 00

wagons and carriages 2,039 71 710 00

Elevators and warehouses not owned by R. R. Cos. ' 27,'265 00

Gas or water mains and pipes 5o'o )0 00

Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 24*615 00

Horse car line ^'c-l nn

4,6(5 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds from all sources for 1892 ,| 9140451

Number of scliool districts 52 '

Number of school houses .'.".'.'.".".'.".■.'■.■ .' 52 153,600 00

Total school property 170 493 00

Census school children June 1 , 1892 3 896

Number enrolled during 1892 3143

Average daily attendance 1 768

Number of teachers employed ' 8 j

Amount paid teachers 35 _^Qg qq

Average monthly compensation, males ' 60 15

Average monthly compensation, females 46 84

CITIES, TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

Walla Walla, the county seat, is located at the junction of two lines ■of the Union Pacific Railway ; the headquarters also of what is called the "Hunt's System." Fort Walla AValla, in the suburbs, garrisoned by United States troops ; a United States Land Oflfice ; the penitentiary, about a mile northwest of the city. Brick-making is a principal labor of the convicts, the output being sold for $6 per M. The convicts are now also used in the manufacture of jute grain bags. The city contains thirteen churches. Episcopalian, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, :\Iethodist, Baptist,

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 195

Adventist, United Brethren, Christian, Congregationalist, and German Lutheran sects ; four public schools, St. Vincent's Academy for girls con- ducted by the Sisters of Charity, St. Paul's school for girls under Episco- palian auspices, Whitman College and Empire Business College ; gas and electric lights in use, a street steel railway track, a volunteer fire depart- ment, three daily newspapers, an opera house, seating capacity 600, two- national banks, four savings banks. Northern Pacific elevator, capacity 110,000 bushels, a creamery, cold storage warehouse, five flouring mills,, with combined daily capacity of over 600 barrels, two planing mills, two sash and door factories, one sawmill, output 1892, 1,500,000 feet, one iron foundry, one manufactory of agricultural implements, three breweries, a tannery, and a cigar factory. Population, U. S. census 1890, 4,709.

Other to\\Tis and postofiices — Berryman, Clyde, Eureka, Prescott, Tou- chet. Valley Grove, Waitsburg, Wallula.

WHATCOM COUNTY.

Much of the historical information about Whatcom county contained in the following was furnished by F. H. Adams, editor of the " Belli ng- bam Bay Reveille."

Whatcom county was established on March 9, 1852. This county is the most northwesterly county of the State, and therefore of the United States as well, and extends from Puget Sound with the harbor of Belling- ham Bay, east to include Mount Baker, one of the loftiest snow-capped peaks on the coast. The area of the county is 2,000 square miles ; popula- tion, 16,504. Its surface is diversified, and it is watered by Lake Whatcom, eleven miles long, numerous small lakes and the Nooksack river and its branches, the main stream being navigable for twenty miles. It is tra- versed by the Great Northern railroad, the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia branch of the Canadian Pacific, and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern branch of the Northern Pacific. These roads meet at New What- com and Fairhaven, on Belhngham Bay, the two towns lying contiguous on the famous Bellingham Bay. New Whatcom is the county seat, the sub-port of entry, and has a population of 7,5j0, while Fairhaven has a population of 3,500. These cities have planked streets, gravity water works, electric street railways, complete sewer systems and fine public buildings of brick and stone. In population and wealth the county ranks fourth in the State. The products are fruit, vegetables, hay, coal, fish and lumber. New Whatcom is built over a coal vein fourteen feet and nine inches in width, while upon Lake Whatcom is situated the Blue Canyon bituminous coal mine, which is now producive. The Cornwall coal vein^ within the city limits, has been thoroughly prospected and Avill produce enough coal to supply the coast. This vein is a rediscovery of the first pro- ductive vein on the coast, which was abandoned in 1879 because of the in- filtration of water from Bellingham Bay after producing many years.

CROP STATISTICS, 1892.

Acres in wheat, 176, average yield, 23 bu., average price, $1 05 per bu. oats, 1,096, " " 46K " " " 48>^ "

" hay, 2,088, " " 23;, tons, " " 10 00 per ton.

" potatoes, 254, " " 6 1-5 "

196

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

In 1892 there were fruit trees in the county as follows: Apple, 46,780; plum, 5,102; prune, 18,880.

There are thirteen banks with a capital of $735,000. In manufac- tures the following is reported : Sash and doors, value of output, 1891, 190,001 ; iron and brass work, $42,000. In lumber seventeen mills report a total value of their plants, $401,900; total output 1891, lumber, 61,916,- 009 feet; total output 1891, shingles, 17,403,000 (reports of three mills); men employed, 1891, 464; wages paid, $184,000; total lumber output, 1892, 77,441,000 feet, thirteen mills; total shingle output, 1892, 260,840,000 thirty-two mills. -In logging six companies report as follows : Total out- put, 1891,23,450,000 feet logs; average value perM, $5; men employed, 117; wages paid, $42,290.

Number acres standing timber, 964,280 ; average number feet per acre, 26,100 ; average stumpage value per M, 75c ; number of feet standing, 25,- 167,708,000; total stumpage value, $18,875,781.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Total number of acres, exclusive of town lots 271,440 $

" " " improved land 11,803

Real property, exclusive of railroad track 13,382,915 00

Personal property 1,239,543 00

Railroad rolling stock and personality 82,960 00

Railroad track — Bellingham Bay & British Colum- bia, 23 miles 972 feet, $115,750. Fairhaven & Southern, 34 miles 2,904 feet, $172,750; side track, 6 miles 1,458 feet, $12,552. Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 29 miles, $153,700; side

track, 5,114 feet, $2,054 456,806 00

Improvements on land held under U. S 18,875 00

Number of horses 1,949 113,852 00

cattle. 4,175 87,024 00

" sheep 2,522 5,044 00

" hogs. 1 ,178 3,509 00

" wagons and carriages 874 27,907 03

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 14,550 00

Gas or water mains and pipes 57,000 00

Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 39,330 00

Cable, horse, motor and electric railways 92,000 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds from all sources, 1892 189,011 69

Number of school districts 63

" " houses 75 188,790 00

Total value of school property 211,945 00

Census school children, June 1, 1892 4,732

Enrolled during year 4,064

Average daily attendance 2,494

Number of school teachers employed 141

Amount paid school teachers 49,717 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

197

■■-?.1

#■.

I

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 199

Average monthly compensation, male 59 75

" " " " female 55 68

CITIKS, TOWNS, AND POSTOFFICES.

New Whatcom, the county seat, until 1858 was known only as a mill- site, Whatcom creek furnishing a fine natural water power. In 1858 the Fraser river gold excitement made it a tent city of 10,000 souls. That ex- citement subsided and Whatcom with it. The gold mines being on British soil the governor of British Columbia dealt the white city a deadly blow by compelling all dutiable goods to be shipped to and from the mines through Victoria. In a twinkling Whatcom faded away, leaving the coal miners and mill men in possession. In 1882 the Washington Colony lo- cated there and the city at once received new life. In 1883 it was incor- porated. In the winters of 1887-88 the revival of railroad building and the depression in the East brought new men and capital, and a rapid and sub' stantial growth commenced.

Other cities, towns, and postoffices — Acme, Beach, Birch Bay, Blaine, Blue Canyon, Chuckanut, Olearbrook, Custer, Delta, Deming, Enterprise, Everson, Fairhaven, Geneva, Goshen, Harden, Haynir, Hillsdale, Hol- lingsworth, Keese, Laurel, Lawrence, Licking, Lummi, Lynden, Mountain View, Nooksack, Boeder, Saxon, Semiahmoo, Silver Beach, Sumas City, Timon, Van Buren, Van Zandt, Van Wyck, W^ahl, Welcome, West Fern- dale, Wickersham, Wiser, and Yager.

WHITMAN COUNTY.

So called in memory of Dr. Marcus Whitman, the pioneer Waiilaptu ' missionary, who, in 1836 located at Waiilaptu, Walla Walla county, the first American establishment in what is now Eastern Washington. He was murdered by the Cayuse Indians November 29, 1847. This county was established November 29, 1871 ; area, 2160 square miles; population, 22,579; county seat, Colfax. It lies upon the eastern boundary of the State, bounded south by Snake river, north by the 5th standard parallel, the Palouse river forming part of its southwestern and western boundary. Watered by the river last named and its tributaries explains why this section is frequently called the " Palouse Country." It is composed of an extensive upland plateau of rolling prairies, the valleys, which are numer- ous, providing drainage. These water courses do not constitute river bot- toms, as is usual; they simply flow through sand gorges, timbered suf- ficiently to supply fencing and fuel. In its natural state entirely covered with bunch grass, it produces under cultivation all the grasses and cereals except corn. Its wheat production leads. Oats, barley, and hay are suc- cessfully raised. Hay, potatoes, beets, and fruits of all kinds, carrots, tur- nips and other roots yield extensively. Stock raising in the western and southern part of the county is an important and profitable industry, wool production is largely followed. Hog-raising is profitably pursued. The northern portion of the county is well timbered, with pine, fir, cedar, and tamarack; logging is a pursuit of many. The fruit productions are limited to the hardier varieties, apples, pears, plums, and berries, except along

200 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the shores of Snake river, where peaches and grapes are successfully pro- duced in large quantities. There are twelve flouring mills in successful operation in the county, nine sawmills, aggregate output, 1892, 21,810,000 feet; two shingle mills, combined cut, 1892, 4,000,000 shingles— value, $7,000— and a paper mill. The Washington State Agricultural College and School of Science is located at Pullman, known as the " City of Flow- ing Wells," on account of the numerous artesian wells in successful opera- tion there. Throughout the country there are a number of thriving and enterprising towns and the whole county has an air of established pros- perity. The Spokane & Palouse, a branch of the Northern Pacific, and a branch of the Union Pacific, with smaller branches of the same systems, give good transportation facilities for the people of the county.

CROP STATISTICS, 1891.

Acres in wheat, 276,380; av. yield per acre, 27>^ bu. ; av. price, $ 70)^

'* oats, 14,337; " " 44 " " 403i

barley, 17,377; " " 42H " " 38%

hay, 184; " " 2 tons; " 11 00

" potatoes, 319; " " 4 "

The number of fruit trees reported for 1892, together with the yield per tree and price per pound, was as follows : Apples, 98,591, 185 pounds, at 2Xc; peaches, 20,954, 150 pounds, at 2c; pears, 8,878, 100 pounds, at 3)^c; plums, 9,441, 100 pounds, at 13<c; prunes, 14,054, 200 pounds, at 2c.

There are in the county seventeen banks ; capital, $899,030. The flour- ing mills report the value of their output in 1891 at $100,000.

Number of acres standing timber, 92,000 ; average number of feet per acre, 9,500; average stumpage value per M feet, $1 ; number of feet stand ing timber, 683,000,000 ; stumpage value, $683,000.

TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892.

VALUE.

Total number of acres, exclusive of town lots 1,007,582 $

" " " improved land 676,687

Eeal property, excluding railroad track 13,345,065 00*

Personal property 3,905,605 00

Railroad track— Northern Pacific, 85 miles 2,112

feet, $452,620 ; side track, 8 miles 390 feet, $17,-

717; Oregon Railway & Navigation Co., 194

miles 4,752 feet, $1,032,970; side track, 13 miles

739 feet $27,857 1,530,564 00

Improvements on land held under U. S 151,615 OO

Elevators, warehouses on land owned by railroad

companies not owning buildings 126,440 0-)

Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 5,420 00

Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 28,660 00

Gas or water mains or pipes 4,220 OO

Number of horses 34,204 1,184,420 00

" cattle 27,152 344,265 OO

sheep 18,519 37,120 00

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

201

'■K

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 203

" hogs 8,077 24,040 00

" wagons and carriages 4,416 147,960 00

OTHER STATISTICS.

School funds from all sources, 1892 $218,920 88

Number of school districts 133

" " houses 187 211,794 00

Total school property 251,424 00

Census of school children, June 1, 1892 8,203

Enrolled during year 6,561

Average daily attendance ... 3,845

N'umber of teachers employed 2.38

Amount paid teachers 47,768 88

Average monthly compensation, male 54 91

" " female 4S 60

CITIES, TOWNS, AND POSTOFPICES.

Colfax, county seat, is situated on the Palouse river, on the Moscow "branch of the Union Pacific R. R. It contains Baptist, Methodist, Pres- b)yterian, Episcopal, Catholic, Christian, and Congregational churches, a hospital, a Baptist college, a Catholic college and day school, a high school, two public schools, electric light system, three banks, telephone communi- cation reaching over Eastern Washington and Idaho, a fire department, tile works, two flour mills, three sawmills with a combined output (1892), 3,950,000 feet, planing mill, one agricultural implement factory, a machine and repair shop, a sash, door, and blind factory, brewery, pork packing establisment and a creamery. Large quantities of grain and live stock are shipped. Population, U. S. census 1890, 1,644.

Other towns and postoffices — Alki, Almota, Belmont, Colton, Diamond, Elberton, Endicott, Farmington, Garfield, Guy, Hooper, Johnson, Palouse City, Pampa, Penewawa, Pine City, Pullman, Rosalia, Saint John, Staley, Steptoe, Sunset, Tekoa, Thornton, Uniontown, Wawawai, AVhelan, Wi- nona.

YAKIMA COUNTY.

Established January 21, 1865. Area, 5,500 square miles. Population, ■6,039. County seat. North Yakima. It is crossed diagonally from south- east to northwest by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The eastern portion consists of the valley of the Yakima, the tributary streams and valleys joining that river and valley being respectively named the Selah, Ahta- num, Moxee, Nah-chess, Wenas, Kowichee and Tonnewock. The Yakima Indian reservation, wholly within the county, contains 800,000 acres. There is a large body of grazing land affording range for the large herds of horses, cattle, and sheep. The soil of the hills and plains is basalt and volcanic ash ; the valleys are of similar soil, accompanied with more or less alkali. By the introduction of irrigation on an extensive scale, the ■grazing lands are becoming agricultural, producing large crops of wlieat, hops, corn, tobacco, sorghum, choice vegetables, including sweet potatoes, fruits — among which are peaches — grapes, and melons. The general con-

204 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

tour of the valleys sloping eastward from the Cascades toward the Colum- bia river contributes much to successful irrigation. There is abundance of water in the numerous streams with natural fall of twenty to thirty feet to the mile. Stock raising was formerly the principal industry. Sheep rais- ing still continues a leading pursuit.

The system of irrigation is already the notable feature of county de- velopment. The canals are being located in all directions and will assure the redemption of vast areas. The canal of the Northern Pacific, Yakima & Kittitas Irrigation Company, extends from Tonnewock to Prosser. It. will irrigate 70,000 acres. It is 30 feet wide at bottom, 62)^ feet wide at top, 8 feet in depth. Its headgate is 7>^ miles below North Yakima ; thence it flow's down the left bank of Yakima river 65 miles, terminating near Prosser. The canal of the Columbia & Yakima Irrigation Company starts at Prosser, follows Yakima river 19 miles, crosses that river and runs southeast to Columbia river, opposite Wallula. The same company is constructing another canal which branches off from where the Yakima river is crossed, thence runs to Columbia river at foot of Priest's Rapids. Its canals are 44 feet wide at top, 18 feet at bottom, with 6 feet depth of w^^ter. They follow natural drainage, grade one foot fall in 1 ,000 feet. The canal of the Yakima Land & Improvement Company runs from Kioma to Kennewick ; its length will be 80 miles,- of w^hich 65 mils are already com- pleted. That company also owns a canal 6 miles long on east side of Yak- ima river. All the above-named canals take their waters from the Yakima river. The Yakima Land Company, who own extensive tracts in Moxee valley, have constructed two 8-inch w^ells of the depth respectively of :>14 and 345 feet, now flowing with an output of 1,000,000 gallons every 24 hours. The water is distributed by a pipe system instead of open ditch. By the Selah Valley canal the water is taken from the Nah-chess river, 30 miles northwest of North Yakima. The canal is 2l feet wide on top, 8 feet wide on bottom, 5 feet deep. The Hubbard Ditch Company also takes w^a- ter from Nah-chess river. The Nah-chess and Cowichee Company have a ditch on west side of Yakima river, by which the environs of North Yak- ima are supplied with water. The Fowler Ditch Company, which is 8 miles long, on the east bank of the Yakima, built by a company of farm- ers, can irrigate 5,000 acres. There are a number of other ditches con- structed by individual farmers, or few neighbors used in irrigating small areas. The results of irrigation have been phenomenal.

CROP STATISTICS 1891.

av. yield per acre, 30 bu. ; av. price, $ 70 52 " " 51

<< u j 2i'3 tons timothy, 9 00

I 6 " alfalfa, 5 50 " 1,625 ft; av. price, 15^^^

The number of fruit trees in the county was reported as follows : Apples, 26,0--'4; plums, 1,691; prunes, 14,263; peaches, 18,368, 200 pounds, at 4c. Small fruits are reported from the Moxee farm to have yielded per acre as follows : Grapes, 10,000 pounds ; blackberries, 6,000 pounds ; straw-

Acres in wheat.	5,812;
" oats,	578;
hay,	5,252 ;
" hops, fTM^ _ 1	144; _ i* _e •

STATE OF WASHIKGTOTs.

reported as 406,600 pounds, at 14c.

There are two banks in the --^^ ^^tr^^^^^^^^^ P- --'

Number of acres of t.mber SO^.O^K) average ^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^.^^

20,000; average stumpage value per M le ^ , ^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^

Pe^ d'^y- TAXABLE PROPERTY, 1892. ^^^^^^

Total number of acres, exclusive oi toWots ^^^'^^^2,878,558 00

Real property, exclusive of railroad track '^^^'^^^^ ^^

Personal property • • • 125,497 00

Railroad rolling stock and V^rson^^'ty, .^^^^ -^-^

!|15,430 ; ' ■ y ■ TT Q 19.420 00

Improvements on lands held under U. S • ^^^^^^ ^^

Telegraph, telephone and electric hues ^^^^^ ^^^^^26 00

Kumber of horses 9 636 113,864 00

" cattle • ■ 54,151 108,310 00

«' sheep j'^596 4,985 00

" hogs 'ggO 32,940 00

wagons and carriages

OTHER STATISTICS. ^^^^^^ ^^

School funds from all sources, 1892 .^^

Number of schools districts ^7 50,505 00

houses 57^594 oa

Total school property ;'":':qq9 1,956

Census of school children, June 1, 1892 ...•■■ ^^^^^

Enrolled during year gQ6

Average daily attendance ^^

Number of teachers employed j3 260 80

Amount paid teachers • 64 00

Average monthly compensation, male ^g gg

,^ '^ u " female

TOWNS AND POSTOFFICES.

, +V.O Vflltima river and on the line

SOETH Yakima, the county seat, °° '''<' 7*^ "'„yi,g eight teach-

0, the Norther Pacific »>i-''«;X; Jvf t" *^"''^' '^'''•'^ *'''"*' states census of 1890, o35. .,,„,„„ nowiche Fort Simcoe, Kenne-

PART IV.

WASHINGTON WORLD'S FAIR COMMISSION.

The Legislature of the State of Washington enacted a law in the •spring of 1S91 creating a World's Fair Commission, providing for its man- agement and appropriating $100,000 with which to carry on the work. The members of the commission were named in the act, one for each county and nine ex officio members as follows: Adams county, F. P. French, of Ritzville ; Asotin county, I. S. Waldrip, of Asotin City; Ohe- halis county, F. A. Hart, of Aberdeen ; Clallam county, Charles Peters, of Port Angeles; Clarke county, P. C. Kauffman, of Vancouver; Columbia •county, M. R, Hanger, of Dayton ; Cowlitz county, James Wallace, of Kelso ; Douglas county, A. L. Rogers, of Waterville ; Franklin county, W. P. Gray,/ of Pasco; Garfield county, H. C. Hutchison, of Alpowa; Island county, D. J. Zent, of Oak Harbor ; Jefferson county, S. B. Conover, of Port Townsend ; Klickitat county, D. W. Pierce of Goldendale ; Kittitas county, L. R. Grimes, of Ellensburgh ; King county, Percy W. Rochester, of Seattle ; Kitsap county, L. L. Locker, of Olalla ; Le^Ads county, N. B. Coffman, of Chehalis; Lincoln county, Edward Ramm, of Davenport; Mason county, J. E. SHgh, of Shelton; Okanogan county, C. H. Ballard, of Ruby ; Pacific county, S. S. McEwing, of Willapa City ; Pierce county, Ezra Meeker, of Puyallup ; San Juan county, Rev. S. R. S. Gray, of East Sound; Skagit county, G. V. Calhoun, of La Conner ; Skamania county, George H. Stevenson, of Cascades; Snohomish county, E. C. Ferguson, of Snohomish City ; Spokane county, Jay P. Graves, of Spokane Falls ; Ste- vens county, Charles H. Montgomery, of Chewelah ; Thurston county ; Thomas H. Cavanaugh, of Olympia; Wahkiakum county, William M. Col- well, of Skomokawa ; Walla Walla county, N. G. Blalock, of Walla Walla ; Whatcom county, J. C. Moffatt, Fairhaven ; Whitman county, W. L. La Follette, of Pullman ; Yakima county, T. M. Vance, of North Yakima.

The ex-officio members under section 5 of the law above referred are as follows : Alternate United States Commissioner-at-Large for the Pacific Coast, Thomas Burke, of Seattle, King county ; United States Commission- ers—C. B. Hopkins, of Spokane Falls, Spokane county, and Henry Drum, of Tacoma, Pierce county ; Alternate United States Commissioners— C. B. Bagley, of Seattle, King county, and George F. Cummin, of Cheney, Spokanecounty ; United States Lady Commissioners— Mrs. M. D. Owing's, of Olympia, Thurston county, and Mrs. Ahce Houghton, of Spokane Falls, Spokane county ; Alternate United States Lady Commissioners— Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma, Pierce county, and Mrs. Josephine Ettinger, Palouse City, Whitman county.

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

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HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, UPOKASSE.

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The only changes that occurred in the personnel of the Washington World's Fair Commission organized under the above law were in the cases of Commissioner I. S. Waldrip, of Asotin county, who tendered his resig- nation after remo\ang from that county, as did also Commissioner J. C. Moffatt, of Whatcom county, and their places were filled by the election of D. T. Welch, of Asotin, and C. M. Atkins, of New Whatcom.

ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMISSION.

In compliance -with section 2 of the law above referred to, the Wash- ington World's Fair Commission assembled in Olympia on March 25, 1891, and organized by the election of the following officers : President, N. G. Blalock; Vice-President, S. B. Conover; Secretary, P. C. Kauffman; Treasurer, Samuel Collyer, of Tacoma; Executive Committee — N. G. Bla- lock, S. B. Conover, P. C. Kauffman, L. R. Grimes, W. L. La Follette, Percy W. Rochester, G. V. Calhoun, T. H, Cavanaugh and C. H. Ballard.

The treasurer, upon being notified of his election, executed a personal bond with ample sureties, which was approved by the State Auditor, according to law.

Upon a failure to elect an executive commissioner at this first meeting of the Washington World's Fair Commission, N. G. Blalock was author- ized to act temporarily as the executive commissioner, and the commission took an adjournment, to meet again at Ellensburgh on INIay 20, 1891, when an election should be held to fill the office of executive commissioner. At that meeting Mr. Ezra Meeker was elected as executive commissioner, and served in that capacity until August 22, 1891. Previous to this date a question had arisen and received considerable agitation throughout the State as to whether the Washington World's Fair Commission was prop- erly organized at its meeting on March 25, 1891. To set aside all con- flicting opinions on this subject it was decided to call the commission together again, and they assembled at OljTiipia on August 22, 1891. At that time the above mentioned officers were re-elected, with the exception of Mr. Ezra jNIeeker as the executive commissioner, and the duties of that office were added to those performed by N. G. Blalock, president of the commission, and he was elected as executive commissioner. At this same meeting a resolution Mas passed ratifj'ing all the proceedings, actions and work of the commission up to that date. N. G. Blalock served as executive commissioner of the Washington World's Fair Commission until December 15, 1S92, when he tendered his resignation, and G. V. Calhoun was elected to fill this vacancy. Edmond S. Meany was appointed at the first meeting of the commission to serve as press agent, and later various other duties were added to his work, and he is still associated with this commission in the same capacity.

The meetings above mentioned, namely, in Olympia on March 25, 1891, in Ellensburgh on May 20, 1891, and in Olympia on August 22, 1891, are the only meetings that have been held of the entire commission, but the commission had organized under the authority of the World's Fair law by the election of officers and an executive committee of nine, and to this ex-

210 STATE OF AVASHINGTON.

excutive committee was entrusted the entire work of the Washington World's Fair Commission.

SUPPLEMENTARY LAW AND REORGANIZATION.

The large commission provided for by the first law was entirely changed by the supplementary law passed February, 1893, which law also made an additional appropriation of $50,000 -ttdth which to complete the work, and also $5,000 to be set aside for the use of the board of lady man- agers for the State of Washington.

Under this supplementary law the new Commission met and organ- ized by the election of officers as follows : President, N. G. Blalock ; Vice President, S. B. Conover ; Secretary, P. C. Kauffnian ; Executive Commis- sioner, G. V. Calhoun; Assistant Executive Commissioner, Percy W. Rochester. Samuel Collyer, of Tacoma, though not a member of the Com- mission, was re-elected Treasurer of the Commission and he was also chosen to serve in the same capacity for the Washington Board of Lady Managers.

The Board of Lady Managers for the State of Washington have or- ganized by the election of ISIrs. Alice Houghton, of Spokane, as President, Mrs. M. D. Owings, of Olympia, Vice President, and Mrs. Griggs, of Ta- coma, as Secretary.

WORK OF THE COMMISSION.

In order to facilitate its work and to secure the best possible good for the State, the commission started out on the plan to make for Washington a dual exhibit. In other words, they proposed to collect all exhibits in sufficiently large quantities not only to place in the Washington World's Fair building a complete exhibition of all the materials, showing the wealth and natural resources of the State, but also to enter with a com- plete exhibit each one of the general departments of the Columbian Ex- position. AVith this in ^'iew they di^^ded the work into departments corresponding as nearly as possible \\'ith all the general departments of the exposition.

STATE BUILDING.

Probably the most important exhibit made by the State of Washing- ton at the World's Columbian Exposition will be the building which is being erected at Chicago. After consultation -with the producers and manu- facturers of native building materials, it was decided by the commission,, jointly with the Lumbermen's Association, to undertake the erection of a building which should be an exhibit in itself of the building materials of the State. In order to secure for Washington the best design for a State building possible, the commission invited a competition among the resi- dent architects of the State of Washington, offering prizes for the three best designs. The result of this i\atation was that the executive committee, with the assistance of the committee appointed by the Lumbermen's Asso- ciation, found at their joint meeting in Seattle on November 16, 1891, twenty-two designs. The commission, with the approval of this said com- mittee, selected the design offered by ]Mr. W. A. Ritchie, of Seattle, as the

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211

M. S. I'.YACTNTH IN PI'

•GET teOrXl) DRY DOCK," TACOMA, WASH.

STATE OF WASHINGTON. 2ia

first prize plan, for which they paid a prize of $500. Tlie second prize of $300 was awarded to Messrs. BuUard & Hayw'ood, of Tacoma, and the third prize of $200 was given to Mr. Warren P. Skillings, of Seattle. As all plans must be submitted for approval to the director of works, Mr. D. H. Burn- ham, at Chicago, these prize plans were sent there, and the plans of Mr, WarrenP. Skillings were accepted by him, and the building was erected according to those designs. The building has already attracted a great deal of favorable attention at the hands of individual visitors, and many favorable comments from the press throughout the United States. Chief of Works Burnham has pronounced this design the most unique and characteristic of any design submitted by any State or Territory. One feature of the Washington building is an immense flag staff, 238 feet high, composed of a single Puget Sound fir tree, which has been erected imme- diately in front of the building. Owing to the curves on the line of the railroad it was found impossible to ship this tree in one piece, and it was therefore bisected, and spliced in Chicago before erection. It is now claimed that this is the highest flag staff in the world. In connection with this it may be well to state that Washington has supplied to the World's Columbian Exposition all the flag staffs used on the World's Fair grounds,, some forty flag staffs in number. This includes the staff in front of the government building, the staff in front of the administration building, and all the other flag staffs for various parts of the grounds.

The building is constructed enitrely of Washington material. When the working plans and specifications were completed, Mr. W. L. Davidson of Tacoma was appointed material agent by the commission for the purpose of securing from the various logging camps, lumber manufacturers and dealers in stone and other materials, contributions of the materials neces- sary for the erection of this building. By the arrangement with the Lum- ber Manufacturers' Association to give the building material we have been enabled to undertake the erection of a much more expensive building than we could otherwise have done with the means at our disposal. The loggers, lumbermen and quarrymen have been generous in their contributions for this purpose.

The work of collecting together all these materials from the various logging camps and lumber manufactories and shipping them to Chicago has been most tedious, and has required a great deal of help and the ex- penditure of considerable money, but these efforts have been crowned with success, and the result at Chicago will speak for itself.

In addition to the lumber and logs required for the Washington build- ing there has been a great deal of finishing material needed, such as panels window frames, sash, doors, moldings, brackets, wainscoating, and the stairs and railing leading up into the four towers of the building, w^hich have been cheerfully contributed by the various factories throughout the state.

This building gives 22,000 square feet of floor space, and there is enough material for exhibition to crowd the building with a fine display showing the wonderful and varied resources of this state.

214 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

AGRICULTURE.

Mr. W. L. La FoUette, of the World's Fair Coinuiission, was elected superintendent of the agricultural department of the work. He has pro- ceeded on the plan of securing exhibits of grains, grasses and vegetables from every county in the state. The collection in this department com- prises over 3,000 specimens of steaf grain, and between 200 and 300 bush- els of the various kinds of threshed grains, comprising wheat, oats, rye, Indian corn, and seeds of the various kinds of forage plants of the State. There are also collected in this department exliibits of hops, hemp, broom corn, etc., etc. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in finding proper methods for handling vegetables in order to keep them from one year to the other, but arrangements are being made to have fresh exhibits of these materials forwarded in a fresh state during the year to the exposi- tion. Mr. La Follette also planned a miniature farm, showing the methods and plans of work on the modern improved farms of Washington. He has secured, from the various manufacturers of agricultural implements throughout the United States, many perfect miniature farm machines.

HORTICULTURE.

When work was begun in collecting exhibits of fruits of the State the proffered assistance of the State Board of Horticulture was cheerfully ac- >cepted by the commission. The State was divided into nine horticultural districts, and superintendents for these districts were appointed as follows : Vancouver district — Headquarters at Vancouver ; superintendent, Chatfield Knight ; comprising the following counties : Clarke, Cowlitz, Skamania, Wahkiakum and Pacific. Tacoma district — Headquarters at Tacoma ; su- perintendent, Henry Bucey ; comprising the following counties : Pierce, Thurston, Mason, Chehalis and Lewis. Seattle district — Headquarters at Seattle ; superintendent, John T. Blackburn ; comprising the following counties: King, Kitsap, Jefferson, Clallam, Snohomish and Island. Fair- haven district — Headquarters at Fairhaven; superintendent, E. L. Von Gohren ; comprising the following counties : Whatcom, San Juan and Skagit. Ellensburgh district — Headquarters at Ellensburgh ; superintend- ent, S. W. Maxey ; comprising the following counties : Kittitas, Douglas and Okanogan. Yakima district — Headquarters at North Yakima ; super- intendent, D. E. Lesh ; comprising the following counties : Yakima, Klicki- tat, Franklin and Adams. Snake River district — Headquarters at Colfax ; superintendent, H. H. Spalding; comprising the following counties: Whit- man, Garfield and Asotin, Walla Walla district — Headquarters at Walla Walla; superintendent, 0. R. Ballon; comprising the following counties: Walla Walla and Columbia. Spokane district — Headquarters at Spokane ; superintendent, John R. Reavis; comprising the following counties: Spo- kane, Lincoln and Stevens. A large supply of the best flint glass museum jars of various sizes were secured for the purpose of preserving exhibits of the fruits from each of these nine districts. The result is that about 2,000 specimens of the various kinds of fruits grown in the State of Washington have been secure<l, all preserved according to the best formulas known to

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science. In addition to this exhibit, the commission has planned to ex- hibit fresh fruits during the seasons of 1893.

MIXES AXD MINING.

Mr. George E. Plunder, of Spokane, was selected as superintendent of this department. There have been collected over fift)' tons of specimen ores of the precious minerals gathered from all the mining counties of the State, as well as great quantities of coal, iron and other exhibits from the mines of Washington. Many of these specimens are very heavy, and were packed in many instances for distances of over sixty miles on men's backs and on the backs of hoi'ses before they could be put on the wagon roads, and from there transported to railways. Mr. Pfunder resigned his position, and Mr. C. ^I. Fassett, of Spokane, was employed to complete the col- lections, and Mr. W. C. Butter, of Seattle, has been employed to complete the collections of coal specimens.

FISHERIKS.

Mr. J. G. INIegler, of Brookfield, Wahkiakum county, was appointed superintendent of the fisheries exhibit at Chicago from this State. He secured competent assistance to prepare specimens of the various fish found in the waters of Washington according to the highest science known for such work. There have been secured over 100 specimens of the prin- cipal fish of Washington mounted by taxidermists, and over 200 preserved in alcoholic solutions. This work includes specimens of all kinds of fish known to exist within the confines of this State.

Mr. Frank B. Cole, of Tacoma, was appointed superintendent of this department upon the recommendation of the Lumbermen's Association „ While the Washington's World's Fair building was expected to be the best possible display of the forestry resources of this State, it was proposed not to rest with this as an exhibit of these resources, for there are now collected specimens of all the native woods of the State which attain a growth exceeding six inches in diameter, prepared in the most scientific manner. In addition to the specimens of the lumber in its rough condtion,. are also specimens finished and highly polished, and in many cases made up, showing the uses for which it is put in this State. The great yield per acre- of the Puget Sound forests will be shown by photographs of the native^ forests. The value of Washington's tan bark interests is shown by ex- hibits and chemical analyses of the bark, and in many other ways the great forest wealth of the State of Washington is set forth by the exhibits- prepared by the commission. Mr. F. B. Cole resigned, and the duty of completing the forestry exhibits was added to the duties of Professor L. F„ Henderson, who had been at work making a collection of botanical speci- mens for the commission.

EDUCATIONAL.

The superintendent of this department is Mr. J. P. Hendricks, of Seattle. It was expected in this department to show the very healthy

218 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

condition of the educational system of the State of Washington. Every county is represented in this display by photographs of the buildings, by exhibits of the work done in the schools, by statements of the value of school lands and the value of school property, and statements of the attended and work accomplished. Many attractive features are being planned by the teachers and superintendents engaged in this work through- out the state. One of these features is a model of the ship Santa Maria, in which Columbus sailed to discover America, which model was made by a school boy of Spokane and was carried by him in the street parade on Co- lumbus Day, last October. This model was made by the boy from draw- ings and descriptions which he found in the histories. Another interest- ing feature is the model of a log cabin school house that it now being used in Whatcom county, near the boundary line of British Columbia. It is one of the outposts of our educational system and will form a unique contrast, being placed alongside of one of the models of our fine educational institu- tions in the larger cities. The men and women engaged in school work, in the different sections of the state, are busily engaged in preparing these exhibits, and they are each desirous of excelling the other bearing in mind only to make their exhibits as attractive as possible.

SOILS.

Mr. Edmond S. Meany, of Seattle, in addition to his other Avork, was requested to take charge of this department. The state was divided into seventeen soil areas, and from each one of these districts specimens of the soils have been secured in boxes of uniform size, the plans having been fur- nished by the United States department to be used in making these col- lections in all the states and territories of the Union. These exhibits have been collected in duplicate, in order that one specimen may be placed in the United States building and one in the state building of Washington.

FINE ARTS.

Mrs. Samuel C. Slaughter, of Tacoma was made art director for the Washington World's Fair Commission, and collected from all parts of the state the best productions by people of this state. Special instructions were given to the artists preparing these exhibits to confine themselves as nearly as possible to subjects found in the State of Washington, such as Washington scenery, fruits, birds, animals, fish, etc. Mrs. Slaughter has facilitated her work very largely by the organization of art leagues in most of the larger cities and towns of the state.

woman's work.

As woman's work was made one of the special features of the World's Columbian Exposition, a department of this kind was created and Mrs. Alice Houghton, of Spokane, was made superintendent of this department. She prepared an elaborate display of all kinds of exhibits that would nat- urally come in such a department. To help her in this work she has organ- ized among the ladies throughout the state a number of World's Fair clubs.

ETHNOLOGY.

Rev. Myron Eells, of Union City, Mason county, was appointed super- intendent of this department, and succeeded in collecting a great quantity

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21?

■220 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of implements and curiosities showing the Indian life of the State of Wash- ington. The exhibit is divided and a portion of it is placed in the Wash- ington World's Fair building and a portion of it in the general department devoted to such exhibits.

INDIAN FISHERIES.

While this department might be included under the heading of the fisheries department or under the head of the ethnological department, it is mentioned here separately because early in work was received a communication from Judge James G. Swan, of Port Townsend, a man of acknowledged national reputation in this particular work, agreeing to pre- pare an exhibit of this character without any compensation, asking only that the expense of the exhibit be paid by this commission. The exhibit prepared by Judge Swan included among other things a complete display ■of all the implements and apparatus used by the Makah Indian tribe at Neah Bay in catching fish now, the same as were used by their ancestors at the same place before the advent of the white man in their midst.

STATISTICS.

Mr. Meany was also asked to superintend the work of this department. Early in the year, 1892, blank books were prepared and furnished to all the assessors of the State of Washington. At a visit by Mr. Meany to the convention of assessors held in Olympia in February, 1892, a pledge was received from all of them stating that they would gladly undertake to have these statistics collected while they were making their annual tours throughout their respective counties, provided the county commissioners of each county agreed. The matter was then taken up with the various boards of county commissioners and very general satisfactory results were attained. Some of the counties refused to have the work done, and others made their returns in an imperfect manner, but such as they were they are presented in this volume supplemented by materials drawn from many sources of reliable information.

TAXIDERMY.

In order to secure a complete collection of birds and animals of this State, with which to decorate the various departments of the Washington -exhibit, a very favorable contract was entered into with Professor J. Hud- son of South Bend, an experienced taxidermist. He has prepared many specimens of the larger birds, animals and fish of the State.

BOTANY.

Professor L. F. Henderson, of Olympia, was selected as superintendent of a botanical collection for the commission. His work has been prepared in the most scientific manner possible, and contains 3,000 specimens, em- bracing over 1,2)0 species included in ninety-one families of the plants •found in the State of Washington.

RAILROADS.

Upon the organization of the commission, Mr. T. F. Oakes, president of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, offered to the commission the assistance of the corporation which he represents, in the furtherance of

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222 STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the World's Fair Work, and he deputized Mr. Paul Sehulze, general land agent of the company, to carry out his wishes in that direction. In com- pliance with Mr. Oakes' promise, the Northern Pacific Railroad Company has carried free of charge, to collecting centers in the State, all material for the construction of the State building at the exposition grounds at Chicago and all articles destined for exhibition, and thence at half rates to Chicago. In addition to this very substantial assistance, the Northern Pacific Railroad Company has agreed to contribute $10,000 in cash to aid the commission in its work. The commission has been aided also largely by the liberality of all the transportation companies in facilitating the movements of its collectors, who have had to travel to every corner of the State. A very substantial saving has been made in this way to the State. Among the transportation companies, in addition to the Northern Pacific, who have rendered generous assistance are the following : Union Pacific Railroad Company, Oregon & Washington Territory Railroad Company, Spokane & Northern Railroad Company, Great Northern Railroad Com- pany, Ilwaco Railway & Transportation Company and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway Company.

EXPOSITION ASSISTANCE.

The various county fairs held throughout the State have been of con- siderable assistance in procuring exhibits, but the greatest help expe- rienced in this Hne has been from the Tacoma Exposition, where during the year 1892 there was made a display of such World's Fair exhibits as had already been collected at that time in order to attract the attention of the producers throughout the State and to induce them to help make many valuable additions to the World's Fair collections at the smallest possible cost. In addition to this feature of help, the commission was per- mitted to use as much of the entire building as should be needed for ware- house privileges.

AID OF NEWSPAPERS.

No one can estimate the very generous assistance extended by the press throughout the State. They have responded nobly to every call made upon their time and space, and have never failed to extend help in the most generous manner possible. This help has saved a great deal of money, time and trouble, and has been one of the greatest factors in the success that the Washington Commission has achieved.

ADMINISTRATION.

The members of the commission and the members of the executive committee have always responded to the call for meetings, though under the law they were allowed no compensation for the time which they de- voted to this work, as the law specifically says that they shall only be allowed their traveling expenses. At no time were the meetings hindered by the lack of a quorum.

STATE OF AVASHINGTON. 223

INDEX.

PART I.

History of the discovery, settlement and organization of Washington,

the "Evergreen State" 7

PART II.

Material Development and Natural Eesources of the State.

After one hundred years 70

Agricultural developments 101

Building stone 92

■Climate 78

Coal products 85

Comparative population, 1853 to 1892 71

Commerce 98

Fisheries 92

Indians and Indian Reservations 76

Health Statistics, Etc 80

Limestone 92

Material Wealth and Natural Resources 83

Mileage of Railroads 1 08

Mining and Minerals 91

Pacific Reserve 75

Public Schools 70

State Institutions 71

State Lands 72

■ Timber Products 83

Wealth of State as exhibited by Property 72

PART III.

Industries and Resoxtrces by Counties.

Adams County 112

Asotin County 113

• Chehalis County 115

' Clallam County 117

Clarke County 121

• Columbia County 124

Cowlitz County 126

Douglas County 130

Franklin County 131

Garfield County 132

Island County 135

224

STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Jefferson County . . . .

King County

Kitsap County

Kittitas County

Klickitat County . . . ^

Lewis County

Lincoln County .

Mason County

Okanogan County . . .

Pacific County

Pierce County

San Juan County . . . .

Skagit County

Skamania County . . . Snohomish County . .

Spokane County

Stevens County

Thurston County . . . Wahkiakum County. Walla W^alla County. Whatcom County . . . . Whitman County . . . . Yakima County

137 139 144 148 150 151 15: 155 156 159 161 168 169 17S 174 176 181 185 187 191 195 19» 20a

PART IV

Fair

Histi

Commission. ashin>iton World's Fair

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