GIFT

A «rie. D?t»t.

Issued November IS, 1911.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF SOILS— CIRCULAR No. 47.

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau.

SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— XXIV.

THE ORANGEBURG SANDY LOAM.

BY

JAY A.' BONSTEEL,

Scientist in Soil Survey.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1911.

BUREAU OF SOILS.

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau.
ALBERT G. RICE, Chief Clerk.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

FKANK K. CAMERON, in charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations.
CURTIS F. MARBUT. in charge of Soil Survey.
OSWALD SCHREINER. iii charge of Fertility Investigations.
2

SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— XXIV.

THE ORANGEBURG SANDY LOAM.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The Orangeburg sandy loam is found in both the Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal Plain regions, in a large number of scattered localities. The
most northern occurrences are to be found in the central portion of
South Carolina, where the type is extensively developed. Additional
areas are found in southwest Georgia and adjoining portions of
Florida and Alabama. The greatest development of the type, how-
ever, is found in southern and central Alabama, in scattered areas
occurring in different portions of Mississippi, and in considerable
areas in the extreme northwestern portion of Louisiana. There are
a few scattered and unimportant areas in Texas.

During the progress of soil-survey work the Orangeburg sandy
loam has been encountered in 28 different areas located in 7 States,
and has been mapped to the total extent of 507,648 acres. Since only
about one-seventh of the total area of the Coastal Plain region has
been covered by soil surveys, it is safe to estimate that between
3,000.000 and 3,500,000 acres of this type will ultimately be found in
the region named. Of the area already surveyed, fully three-fifths
lies in the State of Alabama alone, and four-fifths of all of the
type yet encountered in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. South
Carolina is the only other State which possesses any appreciable area
of the Orangeburg sandy loam.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND SUBSOIL.

The surface soil of the Orangeburg sandy loam to an average depth
of 6 or 8 inches is a gray or'brown sandy loam. There is consider-
able variation in the texture of the surface soil and the material at
the immediate surface may in many instances be a medium gray sand,
underlain at no great depth by a gray or brown loamy sand. In other
instances the surface material is a finer grade of sand, somewhat
loamy in its structure. This surface material grades downward into
a red sandy clay, which at greater depths is succeeded by a stiff red
clay. The total depth of surface soil and subsoil material is almost

10942°— Clr. 47—11 3

4 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

always in excess of 3 feet, and considerably greater depths are at-
tained in the larger areas. Upon the more elevated portions of the
type the surface soil is frequently gray, with accumulations of medium
sand. Upon the slopes the type is apt to be more loamy in its surface
characteristics, while at the foot of the slope, or in certain slight hol-
lows within the area of the type, there is usually some accumulation
of organic matter, with the surface soil a darker brown and more
loamy in character. These variations are due almost entirely to the
effect of soil erosion and deposition over the cultivated fields.

The Orangeburg sandy loam is easily distinguished from members
of the Norfolk series through the fact that the subsoil is always red.
It is distinguished from the sandy loam of the Greenville series from
the fact that the latter series is red in the entire section from the
surface down. It is easily distinguished from the soils of the Sus-
quehanna series in that their subsoils are always stiff, plastic clnys.
The Orangeburg sandy loam is very closely related to the Orangeburg
fine sandy loam in all respects except the texture of the .surface soil.
The subsoils are almost identical, but the surface soil of the Orange-
burg sandy loam is usually coarser grained and more porous than
that of the fine sandy loam. This characteristic gives rise to certain
distinctions in the crop adaptation and methods of treatment to be
practiced upon the two types.

SURFACE FEATURES AND DRAINAGE.

In the majority of areas where the Orangeburg sandy loam is en-
countered its surface is rolling to hilly, with many steep slopes. In
certain areas of considerable agricultural importance the 'declivities
within the area of the type are less, and the surface must be charac-
terized as rolling to gently sloping. These latter areas are the ones
which constitute the most valuable agricultural lands.

Practically none of the areas where the type is strongly developed
lies at an altitude of less than 100 feet above tide level. All of the
more inland areas in central Alabama, in northern Louisiana, and in
northeastern Texas lie at altitudes from 150 to 350 feet above tide
level, with some exceptional areas near the inland border of the
Coastal Plain which reach altitudes of nearly 500 feet. Thus there
is considerable difference both in the elevation and the topography
of the different localities where the "Orangeburg sandy loam is
typically developed. These differences have a direct effect upon the
drainage and erosion characteristics of the soil type, and consequently
upon the crop adaptations and the extent to which it may be cul-
tivated.

Throughout its entire area the Orangeburg sandy loam is well
drained. In fact, in the more rolling sections it is liable to be ex-
cessively drained, since the surface sandy soil is not particularly

THE ORANGEBUEG SANDY LOAM. 5

retentive of moisture in itself and is only enabled to maintain a
proper moisture supply for the production of crops through the ex-
istence of the underlying sandy clay subsoil. There are no swampy
areas within the extent of the type.

Surface drainage is so rapid in certain of the more hilly and slop-
ing portions of the type that erosion constitutes a very serious prob-
lem. Practically no slopes of greater than 10° declivity should be
planted to intertilled crops. Instead they should be used for pas-
turage, after having been covered with Bermuda grass, lespedeza, or
some other sod-forming grass. Upon the more steeply sloping por-
tions of the type forestation is practically the only remedy for exces-
sive erosion which has already been incurred or the only protection
for spots now threatened. Even upon the more gentle slopes, within
areas at present cultivated, there are certain precautions which must
be observed in the tillage of this soil.

LIMITATIONS IK* USE.

On account of the somewhat coarse texture of the surface soil of
the Orangeburg sandy loam, it absorbs readily the moisture which
falls upon it, Because of the same textural peculiarity, this soil
moisture is rapidly drained away into the subsoil and the surface
soil is soon dried. When this action is not too rapid, nor too com-
plete, a favorable condition for crop production is secured. The
soil is well drained and easily tilled. It is usually a warm soil, and
only moderately subject to drought.

The crops best suited to the Orangeburg sandy loam are cotton
and corn. Winter oats are also fairly well adapted to production
upon this type, which is a medium to good soil for three of the great
staples of southern agriculture. It is not so well suited to the pro-
duction of any special crop with the possible exception of cigar-filler
tobacco and peaches, together with such truck crops as Irish pota-
toes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, watermelons, and cantaloupes.

The productiveness of the Orangeburg sandy loam is probably
limited to the greatest degree by lack of organic matter in the sur-
face soil of the tilled fields. This is a prevailing deficiency of this
and similar sandy types in the Southern States. Because of its
physical properties all of those processes which result in the com-
plete destruction of organic matter are accelerated by the continual
cultivation of the type to intertilled crops. As a result, the moisture-
holding capacity of the soil has been decreased through the destruc-
tion of the organic matter content.

Since the principal areas of the Orangeburg sandy loam lie within
the warm temperate region and within a region of abundant rainfall,
the type is best suited to the production of the crops common to the
more Southern States. Wheat or the northern grasses are not

6 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

advisable upon the type, and cotton, corn, and oats should consti-
tute the principal staple crops.

IMPROVEMENT IN SOIL EFFICIENCY.

Erosion is probably the greatest mechanical difficulty which is
experienced in the conduct of agricultural operation upon the
Orangeburg sandy loam. Only the more moderate slopes to be
found within the type should be cleared and occupied for agricul-
tural purposes. Any slope in excess of 10° of declivity is too great
to permit of the long-continued production of intertilled crops.
Many thousands of acres of the type possess slope of this degree,
and of even greater declivity, limiting the area which may be used
for agriculture. Areas of greater slope should be occupied only for
the production of permanent pasture grasses suited to the attendant
climate or, in the case of the steepest slopes, for reforestation and
the production of wood and lumber.

In all cases where the slope is at all steep the plow furrows and
the rows of the intertilled crop should be carried around the slope of
the hill in the form of contour cultivation, and terraces should be
left .at frequent intervals to grow up to grass, in order that there
may be no long, steep slopes across the tilled field, and that such
surface water as does move down the slope may frequently be inter-
cepted by the terrace line. In addition to these precautions it is
necessary to incorporate additional amounts of organic matter both
to absorb the rainfall and to add coherence to the surface soil. In
all cases winter cover crops should be employed in the tillage of this
type.

Chief among the cover crops are the legumes, such as crimson
clover, which may be grown in all of the more elevated localities
where the type occurs; cowpeas, which may be universally grown
upon the type; the velvet bean, which has its habitat in southwest
Georgia, southeast Alabama, and western Florida ; lespedeza, at
present confined largely to Alabama and Mississippi ; and such non-
leguminous crops as winter oats, and even winter rye, which may be
grown in practically all of the localities where the t}-pe is found.

Succeeding a crop of cotton, winter oats should be sown upon the
land. Succeeding a crop of corn, or better yet, between the rows,
some such crop as cowpeas or hairy vetch should be sown. In both
instances the matted vegetation of the cover crop will tend to prevent
erosion during the heavy rains of winter and early spring, while A
valuable forage crop may be produced when the land would otherwise
be idle.

Wherever possible, one of these crops should be sown upon the
Orangeburg sandy loam to occupy the surface during the entire
period of the winter months. In this way a considerable benefit

THE OBANGEBURG SANDY LOAM. . 7

is derived from the protecting mat of surface vegetation and of
plant roots, and destructive erosion is decreased.

In addition, a considerable growth of green-manuring material
may be made during the fall and spring months and, in the more
southern localities, even during the winter months. In the succeed-
ing spring this may be turned under to a depth of 5 or 6 inches, and
thoroughly incorporated with the surface soil, furnishing, in its
decay, the much needed organic matter content. In many instances,
especially where the sandy clay subsoil approaches near to the surface,
it would be well to add lime to the extent of 1,500 or 2,000 pounds
per acre after turning under the green-manure crop. The burned
stone lime, slaked in the field and broadcasted over the surface of the
type and then harrowed in thoroughly, will be most effective in pro-
moting this necessary decomposition. Where such treatment is
omitted, difficulty is occasionally experienced through the accumula-
tion of large masses of partly decomposed organic matter at shallow
depths. The presence of such material prevents the proper root
development of the succeeding crop, frequently reducing instead
of increasing the crop yield. Wherever the prompt decay of the
organic matter is secured through the application of lime, this
method of restoring this element to the soil is probably the best and
most expedient which may be adopted.

Those methods of tillage of the Orangeburg sandy loam should be
adopted which tend toward the maintenance of an adequate supply
of soil moisture in the surface soil. In consequence the depth of
plowing should be increased from the prevailing aA'erage of not over
3 inches to 8 or 9 inches. This should be done gradually by increasing
the depth of plowing about 1 inch each time the ground is broken.
Increase in the depth of plowing will enable the surface soil to
absorb and retain a larger amount of moisture during the winter
and spring rains and will assist in the prevention of erosion.

For the subsequent tillage of the crop too much stress can not be
laid upon the frequent and the shallow cultivation of the surface
soil. By such operations a thin covering or dust mulch is formed
which is almost perfectly dry. This interposes between the soil
moisture and the atmosphere above a covering which prevents ex-
cessive evaporation. During the earlier part of the season it is not
so essential that the cultivation should be shallow, but as the crop
roots are pushed out into the middle of the rows this practice should
be more steadfastly adhered to lest the surface feeding roots be de-
stroyed by deeper cultivation and the ability of the crop to secure
the available supply of soil moisture thereby lessened.

Only those areas of the Orangeburg sandy loam which possess at
present an adequate supply of organic matter should be selected for
the production of corn. Otherwise the yields per acre are likely to

8 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

be unsatisfactory, since this crop is not sufficiently drought resisting
to compete with cotton upon the drier portions of the type.

LIMITATIONS UPON SPECIAL CROPS.

The Orangeburg sandy loam is second only to the Orangeburg fine
sandy loam as a peach-orcharding soil in the South Atlantic and Gulf
States. It is necessary in the selection of orchard sites to secure
those which are moderately sloping, and which possess some elevation
above the adjoining land, in order that both air and water drainage
may be adequate. At the same time the more hilly portions of the
type which are subject to excessive erosion must be avoided. The
Elberta is the principal peach grown upon this type, although other
similar varieties have been less extensively planted. Transportation
facilities are also an important consideration in the selection of
orchard sites.

The Cuban type of cigar-filler tobacco is grown successfully
upon the Orangeburg sandy loam in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and
Texas. Locations selected for this crop should be nearly level, and
the surface sandy soil should not have a depth greater than 8 or 9
inches, in order to produce large crops of the leaf. It is also essen-
tial that locations well supplied Avith organic matter should be chosen,
or that this material be restored to the soils before the most successful
crops can be grown. Those portions of the type underlain by the
greensand or '"gunpowder" marls, are particularly desirable for
tobacco production.

Portions of the type possessing the deeper sandy soil ranging from

9 to 15 inches in depth should be chosen for the production of truck
crops, ."fhe greater depth to clay gives a warmer, earlier seed bed.
and brings about the early maturity of the crop. In all cases where
areas of the Orangeburg sandy loam are devoted to the production
of special crops, particular care should l>e taken to prevent erosion
and to restore organic matter to the surface soil.

EXTENT OF O<Vl I'ATION.

I

Wherever the Orangeburg sandy loam is possessed of a nearly
level or gently sloping surface it has been cleared and occupied for
the production of crops, particularly in the south Atlantic and east-
ern Gulf regions. The steeper slopes and the more hilly portion-
of the type still remain in timber or have been excessively eroded
where the timber stand has been removed. In general, the type has
been recognized as an excellent upland cotton soil, and as such nearly
all available areas in the more eastern States have been sought out
for occupation. In northern Louisiana and in eastern Texas there
still remain large areas of the type from wjiich the native growth

THE ORASTGEBURG SANDY LOAM. 9

of pine has been cut in recent years and these are being rapidly
occupied for general farming purposes. In the northeastern por-
tions of Texas peach orcharding is also being established as one of
the principal industries upon the Orangeburg sandy loam.

There are many thousands of acres of the type which may still
be occupied for the production of crops, particularly in the regions
west of the Mississippi River. There are also considerable areas
of the type now occupied for agricultural purposes, which because
of a steep slope and excessive erosion should no longer be used for
the production of tilled crops, but should be devoted to pasturage or,
in extreme cases, reforested.

CROP ADAPTATIONS.

Throughout the region where the Orangeburg sandy loam has
been developed agriculturally cotton is the dominant crop. In the
majority of areas where it has been encountered the common opinion
of the farmers is that this soil is better suited to cotton growing than
to the production of corn. This is usually explained by the fact
that cotton is more resistant to drought and is capable of continuing
its growth and fruiting during the late summer months at a time
when corn not infrequently suffers from lack of moisture. It is prob-
able that the prevalent methods of cultivation are also better suited
upon such a sandy soil to the production of cotton than of corn.
There* is a wide variation in the yield of cotton secured upon the
Orangeburg sandy loam, dependent chiefly upon the degree of effi-
ciency with which the soil is prepared and cultivated. Upon the
areas having a deeper sandy surface soil, especially where the organic
matter has been depleted through long years of one-crop tillage,
the yields of cotton are two-fifths of a bale or less per acre. In the
same communities fields where crop rotation, the restoration of or-
ganic matter, and proper tillage have been employed frequently yield
from one-half to three-fourths of a bale per acre, and under the most
favorable circumstances yields of over one bale per acre have been
reported.

The recommendations for the general treatment of the type apply
with full force to the production of cotton, and it may be stated
with confidence that the prevention of erosion, the restoration of
organic matter, deeper plowing, and shallow mtertillage are requi-
sites for increased yields of cotton upon this and similar sandy types
of upland cotton soils.

The acreage annually planted to corn upon the Orangeburg
sandy loam is considerably less than that devoted to cotton. Diffi-
culty is experienced with midsummer droughts under the usual
methods of tillage, and the yields of corn are generally low, ranging
from 10 to 15 or 20 bushels per acre. The latter yields are fre-

10 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

quently exceeded by the best farmers, and 25 to 30 bushels of corn
per acre may be produced upon the shallower phase of the Orange-
burg sandy loam, where the clay is encountered at a depth of not
more than 6 or 7 inches and where there is sufficient organic matter
in the surface soil.

In general, the brown-colored surface soil, indicating abundant
organic matter, should be chosen for corn production, and locations
where the deep, mellow, loamy surface soil has accumulated at the
foot of adjacent slopes are particularly favorable to large yields.
Similarly small hollows and depressions within the surface of the
type, which are fairly but not excessively drained, are found to give
large yields when the crop is properly tended. With the adoption
of proper methods of cultivation, similar to those advised for cotton,
but with particular stress laid upon the use of green manures and of
organic fertilizers, yields of corn upon this soil may be considerably
increased.

Winter oats is the other principal crop of general production on
the Orangeburg sandy loam. It is usually cut for forage purposes,
and only a small proportion of the total acreage of oats is harvested
for grain. The yields range from 15 to 30 bushels per acre, depend-
ent upon the condition of the soil. This could be materially in-
creased by broadcast plowing of the land and the thorough smooth-
ing of the surface soil by repeated harrowings before the oats are
seeded. In too many instances the fields are poorly plowecl and
imperfectly harrowed, if at all. As a result the stand of oats is not
uniform and the crop is poor. Winter oats should be more gen-
erally grown to follow the corn crop, both for forage and for the
purpose of covering the land with vegetation during the winter
months.

Cowpeas are coming to be more extensively grown, both as a forage
crop and as a Avinter cover crop, to be used for green manuring. The
yields of hay secured range from 1^ to 2£ tons per acre, and the
cowpea constitutes one of the best forage plants for production upon
this soil. It may be used not only as hay, but also for grazing pur-
poses, or to be plowed under for the restoration of organic matter to
the soil. Cowpeas are sown between the rows of corn at the last
working of that crop, either for green manuring purposes or for
early spring grazing. When produced for hay the crop is usually
spring sown upon land especially prepared for it. In certain locali-
ties in southern Georgia, northern Florida, and southeastern Ala-
bama the velvet bean is also used to some degree in the same way.
In more northern locations crimson clover might be similarly em-
ployed to advantage. To a limited extent winter rye and winter
wheat are grown upon this type for forage purposes. Neither crop

THE ORANGEBURG SANDY LOAM. 11

is equal in value or in yield to the leguminous crops already men-
tioned.

Special crops. — The Cuban type of cigar-filler tobacco is coming
to be raised upon the Orangeburg sandy loam in Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, and eastern Texas. The type ranks next to the Orange-
burg fine sandy loam for the production of this grade of tobacco. It
has been found in the Florida, Alabama, and Texas areas that por-
tions of the type of average fertility may be profitably planted to
this crop, and that yields of 600 to 800 pounds per acre of an excel-
lent quality of leaf are produced. With deep plowing, the abundant
use of organic manures, and heavy applications of special commer-
cial fertilizers these yields have been considerably increased. The
Orangeburg sandy loam and fine sandy loam are the best soils for
the production of this tobacco which may be found in the southern
United States. There are considerable areas of the Orangeburg
sandy loam which might well be occupied for tobacco growing, espe-
cially in southern Alabama and in eastern Texas.

The Orangeburg sandy loam is also well suited to peach orchard-
ing and this industry is rapidly increasing in extent, particularly in
northeastern Texas. It is requisite that transportation facilities
should be adequate, that drainage conditions should be excellent, and
that locations of some elevation, although of not too great slope,
should be selected. The fruit produced is usually highly colored, and
of good flavor. The trees come to early maturity and are reason-
ably long lived, provided the depth of surface sandy soil is not too
great. In general the shallower phase of the type where the clay
is encountered at a depth of not more than 8 or 9 inches should be
selected.

While not preeminently a truck soil, the Orangeburg sandy loam
is fairly well suited to the production of certain vegetable crops.
Among these, early Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, water melons, can-
taloupes, and tomatoes are most successfully grown. For the pro-
duction of these truck crops the deeper phase of the type should be
chosen where the surface sandy covering has a total thickness of 15
inches to 2 feet. This insures a well drained, warm seed bed and
assists in forcing the crop to early maturity. Considerable areas of
the Orangeburg sandy loam, well located with respect to transporta-
tion, still remain in both the South Atlantic and Gulf States which
might well be occupied for market-garden and trucking crops.

Sugar cane for the manufacture of table sirup is grown to some
extent upon this soil in the immediate vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico.
The yields are good, but the sirup is usually a little darker in color
than that made from cane grown upon the soils of the Norfolk series.

The Orangeburg sandy loam may be characterized as a good up-
land soil, which is also fairly well suited to the production of cotton,

12 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

corn, and oats. Its use for special crops is somewhat limited, and
aside from the Cuban type of cigar-filler tobacco and the Elberta
peach there are no special crops which have as yet been securely
established for production upon this soil. It can scarcely compete
with the more sandy soils of the Orangeburg series or the Norfolk
series in the production of early truck, although it has a distinct
value in the growing of vegetables for the local market and for the
home supply.

FARM EQUIPMENT.

The incoherent, sandy surface soil of the Orangeburg sandy loam
is easily and adequately worked by the lighter weight equipment of
farm stock and farm machinery prevalent in the districts where it
occurs. Usually crop production is aided by the deeper plowing of
this soil and the two-horse moldboard plow or disk plow should be
more generally used than at present. For the subsequent intertillage
of the crops, the spike-tooth or spring-tooth cultivator and the sweep
should be used in preference to the light-weight turning plow. The
former implements are capable of removing all weeds upon properly
prepared land and of maintaining the surface dust mulch which aids
in the retaining moisture enough for the nourishment of the crop dur-
ing the summer months. They do not, as in the case of the turnplow.
cut off the feeding roots of the cotton or the corn, thereby reducing
their resistance to drought.

Usually there is no elaborate equipment of outbuildings upon the
farms and plantations whose soil is principally Orangeburg sandy
loam. Only the work stock and a small number of cattle are main-
tained upon the farm, and no elaborate equipment for the storage of
forage crops is required. The usual farm equipment is not markedly
different from that used upon other associated types.

SUMMARY.

The Orangeburg sandy loam is an extensive and important general
farming soil found in the south Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain
regions.

It is particularly well suited to the production of Upland cotton
and is also a fair corn and winter oat soil. These constitute the prin-
cipal crops grown upon the type with the exception of cowpeas. velvet
beans, and crimson clover, grown as cover crops and for forage.

The Cuban type of cigar-filler tobacco is successfully grown upon
the Orangeburg sandy loam in northern Florida, southern Georgia,
southern Alabama, and eastern Texas.

Increasing areas of the type are being planted to peaches, chiefly
the Elberta. The fruit produced is of good quality, and the trees
when located upon properly selected sites are long-lived and thrifty.

THE ORANGEBURG SANDY LOAM. 13

The type is not especially well suited to the production of trucking
crops, but early Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cantaloupes, water-
melons, and tomatoes are successfully grown upon the phase possess-
ing a depth of 15 inches or more of sandy or sandy loam surface soil.

The Orangeburg sandy loam may be chiefly benefited by the
restoration of organic matter to the surface soil, by deeper plowing in
the majority of instances, by shallow and frequent intertillage of the
crops, by the production of winter cover crops for green manuring
purposes, and by the introduction of proper crop rotations.

The steeper sloping areas within the type must be protected from
destructive erosion by terracing* and contour farming, while the
steepest slopes should either be put permanently into grass for
grazing purposes or should be reforested.

In the more eastern States all of the areas of the type whose sur-
face configuration will permit are usually occupied for the produc-
tion of general farm crops. West of the Mississippi River extensive
areas favorably situated for agricultural occupation are still avail-
able. ,

The Orangeburg sandy loam may be characterized as a fair to
good general farming soil, which is also suited, under special condi-
tions, to the production of filler tobacco, peaches, and certain market-
garden vegetables.

Approved.

JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

WASHINGTON, D. C., September 26, 1911.

APPENDIX.

The following table shows the extent of the Orangeburg sandy loam in the
areas surveyed to this time.

In the first column is stated the particular soil survey in which the soil
was encountered ; in the second column its extent of development in acres ;
and in the third column the volume of the Field Operations of the Bureau
of Soils in which the report upon the area may be found. Those desiring a
detailed description of the soil and of the general conditions which surround
it in any particular area may consult these volumes in almost any public
library.

Areas of the Orangeburg sanely loam encountered in the soil survey.

Survey.

Area of
soil.

Year of
publica-
tion,
Field
Opera-
tions.

Survey.

Area of
soil.

Year of
publica-
tion,
Field
Opera-
tions.

Alabama:
Autauga County

Acres.
39,232

1908

Mississippi:
Jasper County

Acres.
52 992

1907

Butler County

8,264

1907

McNe.il! area

7,296

1903

Coffee County .

3,904

1909

Pontotoc County

21 568

1906

Hale County

10, 880

1909

South Carolina:

Henry County ...

85 888

1908

Darlington area l . .

6 592

1902

Lamar County

9.920

1908

Lee County

29,696

1907

Lee County

128

1906

Orangeburg area

16,064

1904

M aeon County..

110, 144

1904

Saluda County

7 808

1909

Montgomery County

22,912

1905

Sumter County

12,160

1907

Tallapoosa County

5,504

1909

Texas:

Florida:

Paris area

12. 224 1

1903

Esca mbia County ...

17, 024

1906

Robertson County .

1 728

1907

Georgia:

Woodville area

1 152

1903

Grady County

1,024

1908

Thomas County

1,344

1908

Tift County

960

1909

Louisiana:
Bienville Parish

24,960

1908

Caddo Parish

1,088

1906

De Soto Parish

192

1904

i Mapped as Orangeburg loam.

o

15

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