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CONTAINING VEGETABLE STATICKS: Or, an Account of fome SraticaL EXPERIMENTS ON 1 oe SAP in VEGETABLES, BEING An Essay towards a Natural Hiftory of VecetTaTion: Of Ufe to thofe who are curious, in the Culture and Improve- ment of GARDENING, &c, ALSO A Specimen of an Attempt to Analyfe the Arr, by a great Variety of Cuymio-STaTIca EXPERIMENTS, which were read at fevefal Meetings before the Roya Society, V Oi. £ Quid eft in his, in quo non nature ratiointelligentis appareat ? Tul. de Nat. Deor, ——Ltenim Experimentorum longe major ef? fubtilitas, quam fenfis ipfius Ttdque ed rem deducimus, ut fenfus tantum de Experimento, Experimentum de ye judicet. Fran. de Verul. Inftauratio magna. By STEPH. HALES, D.D. F.R.S. Rector of Faringdon, Hampfbire, and Minifter of Teddington, Middlefex. The Tuir'p EpirroNn, with Amendments. ey L: Ort DP OrNs Printed for W. InNys and R. Mansy, at the Weft-End of St. Paul’s; T.WoopwarRpb, at the Half- Moon over-againgt. St. Dunftan’s Church in Fleet-fireet ; and J. PEELE, at Locke’s Head in Amen-Corner. M.pcc. xxxvill. Feb. 16, 1726-7. Lwprimatur. Isaac Newton, Pr. Reg. Soc. His Royal HicHNess wrOR GE Prince of WALES. May it pleafe Your Royal Highne/s, Humbly offer the following Expe- | riments to Your Highnefs’s Patro- nage, to protect them from the “) reproaches that the ignorant are apt A 2 unrea- — " _s ; ~~ DEDICATIOUG unreafonably to’ caft on refearches of this’ kind, notwithftanding they are the only folid and rational means whereby we may ever hope to make any real advance in the knowledge of Nature: A knowledge, worthy the attainment of Princes, And as Solomon, the greateft and wifeft of men, difdained not to im- quire into the nature of Plants, from the Cedar in Lebanon, to the Ayffop that pringeth out of the wall: So it will not, I prefume, be an unaccept- able entertainment to Your Royal Highnefs, at leaft at Your leifure hours; but will rather add to the pleafure, with which vegetable: Na- ture in her-prime-verdure charms us: To fee the fteps the takes: in her pro- du@ions, and the wonderful power fhe. therein. exerts: The admirable | | pro- DEDICATTO NK. provifion fhe has made for them, not only vigorotfly to draw to great heights plenty of nourifhment from the earth ; but alfo more fublimed and exalted food from the air, that wonderful fluid, which is of fach importance to the life of Vegetables and Animals ;. and which, by infinite combinations with natural bodies, pro- _duces innumerable furprizing effeéts, many inftances of which I have here fhewn, The fearching into the works of Nature, while it delights and inlarges the mind, and ftrikes us with the ftrongeft affurance of the wifdom and power of the divine Archite@, in framing for us fo beautiful and well- regulated a world, it does at the fame time convince us of his conftant bene- volence and goodnefs towards us. | A 3 That DEDICATION. That this great Author of Nature may fhower down on Your Royal Highnefs an abundance of his Ble fings, both Spiritual and Temporal, is the fincere prayer of Your Royal Flighnefs's Moft Obedient, Humble Servant, STEPHEN HALES. THE PREFACE. HERE have been, within les than a Century, very great and ufeful difcoveries made in the amazingly beautiful ftructure and nature of the animal ceeconomy; neither have Plants palfed unobferved in this inquifitive age, which has with fuch diligence extended its inquiries, in fome degree, into almoft every branch of Nature's inexhauftible fund of wonderful works. We find in the Philofophical Tranf- attions, and in the Fiftory of the Royal Academy of Sciences, accounts of many curious Experiments and Obfervations made from time to time on Vegetables, by feveral ingenious and inquifitive Per- fons: But our countryman Dr. Grew, and Malpighi, were the firft, who, tho A 4 in i The Prerace. in very diftant countries, did nearly at the fame time, unknown to each other, engage in a. very diligent, and thorough inguiry into the fructure of the veffels of Plants; a province, which, till-then. had lain uncultivated. They have given us very accurate and faithful accounts of the Rrukture of the parts, «which they | carefully traced, from their firft minute origin, the Jeminal Plants, to their full growth and maturity, thro. their Roots, Trunk, Bark, Branches, Gems, Shoots, . Leavei, Bloffoms and Fruit. In all which they obferv.d an exatt and regular Symmetr "y of parts moft curioufly wrought in fuch manner, that the great work of Ve yh ion might offettually. be carried nm, by the. uniform co-operation of the is parts, according to the di ifferent | _ Offees afigned them by Nature. ” Had they fortuned to have fallen into at this fratical, way of inquiry, persons of their ee The PREFACE, ili their great application and fagacity had doubtle/s made confiderable advances in the knowledge of the nature of Plants. This is the only fure way to meafure the Jeveral quantities of nourifbment, which Plants imbibe and perfpire, and thereby to fee what influence the different ftates of Air have on them. This is the likelieft method to find out the Sap's velocity, and the force with which it is imbibed: As. alfo to eftimate the great power that Nature exerts in extending and pufbing forth her produttions by the expanfion of the Sap. About twenty years fince, I made Jeveral hemaftatical Experiments on Dogs; and fix years afterwards re- peated the fame on Horfes and other Animals, in order to find out the real force of the blood in the Arteries, fome of which are mentioned in the third chapter of this book: ft which times I wifbed iv The PREFACE. wifhed I could have made thé like Ex- periments, to difcover the force of the Sap in Vegetables ; but defpaired of ever effecting it, till, about Jeven years fince, by mere accident I hit upon it, while I was endeavouring by feveral ways to ftop the bleeding of an old fiem of a V ine, which was cut too near the bleed- ing feafon, which I feared might kill it: Having, after other means proved inef- fettual, tied a piece of bladder over the tranfverfe cut of the Stem, I found the force of the Sap did greatly extend the bladder; whence I concluded, that if a long glafs-tube were fixed there in the fame manner, as I had before done to the Arteries of feveral hving Animals, I jhould thereby obtain the real afcend- ing force of the Sap in that Stem, which fucceeded according to my expectation: and hence it is, that I have been infen- fbly led cn to make farther and far- ther The PREFacE, v ther refearches by variety of Experi- ments. Ms the Art of Phyfick has of late years been much improved by a greater know- ledge of the animal ceconomy ; fo doubt- lefs a farther infight into the vegetable economy muft needs proportionably im- prove our skill in Agriculture and Gar- dening, which gives me reafon to hope, that inquiries of this kind will be accept- able to many, who are intent upon 1m- proving thofe innocent, delightful, and beneficial Arts : Since they cannot be in- Jenfible, that the moff rational ground for Succes in this laudable Purfuit muft arife from a greater infight into the na- ture of Plants. Finding by many Experiments in the fifth chapter, that the Air is plentifully infpired by Vegetables, not only at their roots, but alfo thro’ feveral parts of their trunks and branches ; this put me upon making vi The. Prerace. making amore particular inguiry into the nature of the Air, and to difcover, if poffible, wherein its great importance to. the life and /upport of Vegetables might confit ; on which account I was obliged to delay the Publication of the. reft of thefe. Experiments, which were read two years fince before the. Royal So- ciety, till I had made fome progrefs in this inguiry.: An account of which I have given, inthe fixth chapter. Where it appears. by. many chymio- fratical Experiments, that. there is dif- fufed thro all natural mutually attrac ing bodies, a large proportion of parti= cles, which, as the firft great. Author of. this important difcovery,.. Sir Vaac Newton, ob/erves, are.capable. of being thrown of from denfe. bodies. by heat or fermentation, into a, vigoroufly elafick and permanently repelling. flate; and- abe of. returning by fermentation, and Some- The PREFACE. Vil fometimes without it, into denfe bodies : It is by this amphibious property of the Air, that the main and principal ope- rations of LVature are carried on; for a mafs of mutually attraéting particles, without being blended with a due pro- portion of elaftick repelling ones, would, in many cafes, foon coalefce into a flus- gifo lump. It is by thefe properties of the particles of matter, that he folves the principal Phenomena of Mature. And Dr. Freind has from the fame. principles given a very ingenious Ratio-. nale of the chief operations in Chymiftry. [t is therefore of importance to have thefe very operative properties of natu- ral bodies further afcertained by more Experiments and Obfervations : And it is with fatisfattion, that we fee them more and more confirmed to ws, by every farther inquiry we make, as the follow- ing Experiments will plainly prove, by fhewing viii The PREFACE. foewing how great the power*of the at- trattion of acid fulphureous particles muft be at fome little difance from the point of contact, to be able moft readily to fubdue and fix elaftick aereal parti- cles, which repel with a force fuperior to vaft incumbent preffures: Which particles we find are thereby changed from a ftrongly repelling, to as frrongly an attracting flate: And that elafti- city is no immutable property of air, is further evident from thefe Experi- ments; becaufe it were impoffible for fuch great quantities of it to be confined in the fubftances of Animals and Vege- tables, in an elaftick ftate, without rend- ing their conftituent parts with a eid explofion. I have been careful in making, and faithful in relating the refult of thefe Experiments; and wifh I could be as happy in drawing the pr “oper inferences from The PREFACE. ix from them. However I may fall fbort at firft Jetting out in this ftatical way of inquiring into the nature of Plants, yet there is good reafon to believe, that confiderable advances in the knowledze of their nature may, in procefs of time, be made by refearches of this kind. And I hope the publication of this Specimen of what I have hitherto done, will put others upon the fame purfuits, there being, in fo large a field, and among fuch an innumerable variety of Jubjetts, abundant room for many heads and hands to be employed in the work : For the wonderful and fecret operations of Nature are fo involved and intricate, So far out of the reach of our fenfes, as they prefent themfelves to us in their na- tural order, that it is impoffible for the moft Jagacious and penetrating Genius to pry into them, unle/s he will be at the pains of analyfing Nature by a numerous and x ‘The PREFACE. and regular feries of Experimsents, which are the only folid foundation whence we may reafonably expect to make any ad- vance in the real knowledge of the nature of things. I muft not omit here publickly to ac- knowledge, that I have in Several refpeéts been much obliged to my late ingenious and learned neighbour and friend Robert Mather, of he Inner-Temple, E/g; for his affftance herein. Whereas fome complain, that they do not under- ftand the fignification of thofe fhort figns or characters, which are here made ufe of in many of the calculations, and which are ufual in Algebra; this mark -+- fignifies more, or to be added to. Thus page 18, line 4, 6 ounces -- 240 grains, is as much as to fay, 6 ounces more by, or to be added to 240 grains, And in line 16, of the fame page, this mark x or crofs figni- - fies multiplied by; the two fhort parallel lines fignify equal to; thus 1820 x 4== 7280: 1, is as much as to fay, 1820 multiplied by eee to 7280 15 to I. 1 naE T(HCE CONTENTS. OR 2 A". au © Py perieernts Jhewing the quantities of moifture imbibed and perfpired by Plants 4 and Trees. Page 4 CoH. A‘ Piss: Experiments, whereby to jind out the force with which Trees imbibe moifture. 8 4. oh Se. gt aaligg 4) g Experiments, fhewing the force of the fap in the Vine in the bleeding feafon. 108 SE. Be, ae AR b'S Experiments, fhewing the ready lateral motion of the Sap, and confequently, the lateral communication of the Sap-veffels. The free paffage of it, from the fmall Branches to- wards the Stem, as well as from the Stem to the Branches, with an account of fome Experiments, relating to the Circulation, or Non-circulation of the Sap. 128 a CH AP, The ConTENTs. C TH AIPT..V. ‘Experiments, whereby to prove, that a con- fiderable quantity of air is infpired by Plants. 155 Ope Br Relea s F A Specimen of an attempt to analyfe the Aur by chymio-~ftatical Experiments, which fhew in how great a proportion Air is wrought nto the compofition of Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Subftances: And withal, how readily it refumes its elaftick State, when in the diffolution of thofe Subftances it is difengaged from them. 162 is Meek As VR Of Vegetation. 318 The Conclufion. 4 B58 A Tasve where to find each Experiment. Experiment Page I, 4 2. 14 * 17 4. "9 5. 20 6. 27 7: 28 8. 29 Q- 31 10. 39 II AI 12 43 13, 14, 45 15. 46 16. 47 17. 49 18, 50 19, 52 20. 57 21. 85 22, 86 23. gO 24, gI 25- 94 26, 95 a7 97 28, 29, 98 30. 99 3I. IOI 2% 102 33: 103 34. 108 35. 110 36. 112 37: 135 Experiment 38. 48, 49, 59, 51. 52, 53s 54 Human. 77. Exper. on Calc. Page 118 126 128 131 133 134 137 138 155 156 173 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 187 188 189 A A Tapue where to find each ExpeRIMENr. Experiment Page 92. 219 93- 220 94. 221 Q5: ees 96, 97. 224 98. 226 99. 226 TOO. 227 iol. 228 102. 229 103. 230 104, 231 105, 100. 232 107. 236 108. 238 109. 239 | A TaBLeE where to Figure Page fo < 28 324, 5» 42 6. 44 y PaaS 50 my, 14, 13, 94 ) RIA, 98 VE. 10; 17545. 2b 19 115 20, 2%. 115 a2. 2:3. 130 Experiment Page 110, 244 III. 248 Ir2, 252 113. 253 II4, 255 IIS. 263 116. } 264 117. 273 118, 281 119. 288 120. 299 | 125. 304 P22, , 329 123. : 331 124. | 344 find each FicuReE. Figure Page 24. 132 2.6, 20. 134 275 28,29, 30. 152 a4, 42. 160 335 34. 168 355 36, 37- 210 38, 39. 48266 40, 41,42, 43, 44. 346 45,46. 35° T AE THE INTRODUCTION. H E farther refearches we make in- i to this admirable fcene of things, the more beauty and harmony we fee in them: And the ftronger and clearer convictions they give us, of the being, power and wifdom of the divine, Architeét, who has made all things to concur with a won- derful conformity, in carrying on, by va- rious and innumerable combinations of mat- ter, fuch a circulation of caufes and effeéts, as was neceflary to the great ends of na- ture. And fince we are aflured that the all-wife Creator has obferved the moft exa& proper= tions, of number, weight and meafure, in the make of all things; the moft likely way therefore, to get any infight into the na- ture of thofe parts of the creation, which come within our obfervation, muft in all reafon be to number, weigh and meafure. And we have much encouragement to pur- Bo fue 2 Vegetable Staticks. fue this method, of fearching into the nature of things, from the great fuccefs that has attended any attempts of this kind. Thus, in relation to thofe Planets which revolve about our Sun, the great Philofo- pher of our age has, by numbering and meafuring, difcovered the exact proportions that are obferved in their periodical revo- lutions and diftances from their common centres of motion and gravity: And that God has not only comprebended the duft of the earth in a meafure, and weighed the mountains in fcales, and the bills in a ba- dance, Mai. x]. 12. but that he alfo holds the vaft revolving Globes, of this ovr folar Sy- ftem, moft exactly poifed on their common centre of gravity. ' And if we refle&t upon the difcoveries that have been made in the animal cecono- my, we fhall find that the moft confider- able and rational accounts of it have been chiefly owing to the ftatical examination of their fluids, viz. by inquiring what quan- tity of fluids, and folids diffolved into fluids, the animal daily takes in for its fupport and nourifhment: And with what force, and different rapidities, thofe fluids are car- ried Vegetable Staticks. 2 ried about in their proper channels, accord- ing to the different fecretions that are to be made from them: And in what pro- portion the recrementitious fluid is convey- ed away, to make room for frefh fupplies; and what portion of this recrement nature allots to be carried off, by the feveral kinds of emunctories, and excretory ducts. And fince in vegetables, their growth, and the prefervation of their vegetable life, is promoted and maintained, as in animals, by the very plentiful and regular motion of their fluids, which are the vehicles or- dained by nature, to carry proper nutriment to every part; it is therefore reafonable to hope, that in them alfo, by the fame me- thod of inquiry, confiderable difcoveries may in time be made, there being, in. many refpeéts, a great analogy between plants and animals. B 2 CHAP 4 Vegetable Staticks. G4. Ay Pe aif Experiments, fhewing the quantities imbibed and perfpired by Plants and Trees, 3 ExPERIMENT. I. ULY 3. 1724. in order to find out the quantity imbibed and perfpired by the Sun-flower, I took a garden-pot (Fig. 1.) with a large Sun-flower, a, 3 feet--+ high, which was purpofely planted in it when young; it was of the large annual kind. IT covered the pot with a plate of thin milled lead, and cemented all the joints faft, fo as no vapour could pafs, but only air, thro’ a {mall glafs tube ¢, nine inches long, which was fixed pufpofely near the ftem of the plant, to make a free communication with the outward air, and that under the leaden plate. I cemented alfo another fhort glafs tube g into the plate, two inches long, and one inch in diameter. Thro’ this tube I watered the plant, and them ftopped it up with a cork ; I ftopped up alfo the holes#, 4, at the bottom of the pot with corks, T weighed Vegetable Staticks. | 5 I weighed this pot and plant morning and evening, for fifteen feveral days, from Fuly 3. to Aug. 8. after which I cut off the plant*clofe to the leaden plate, and then covered the ftump well with cement ; and upon weighing found there perfpired thro’ the unglazed porous pot two ounces every twelve hours day; which being allowed in the daily weighing of the plant and pot, IJ found the greateft perfpiration of twelve hours in a very warm dry day, to be one pound fourteen ounces; the middle rate of perfpiration one pound four ounces. The perfpiration of a dry warm night, without any fenfible dew, was about three ounces ; but when any fenfible, tho’ fmall dew, then the perfpiration was nothing; and when a large dew, or fomerlictle rain in the night, the plant and pot .avag increafed in weight two or three ounces. ‘N. B. The weights I made ufe of were Avoirdupoile weighis. IT cut off all the leaves of this plant, and laid them in five feveral parcels, according to their feveral fizes; and then meafured the furface of a leaf of each parcel, by lay- ing over it a large lattice made with threads, in which the litle fquares were of an inch B 3 each ; 6 Vegetable Staticks. each ; by numbring of which I had the fur- face of the leaves in fquare inches, which multiplied by the number of the leaves in the correfponding parcels, gave me the area of all the leaves; by which means I found the furface of the whole plant, above ground, to be equal to 5616 fquare inches, or 39 {quare feet. I dug up another Sun-flower, nearly of the fame fize, which had eight main roots, reaching fifteen inches deep and fideways from the ftem: It had befides a very thick bufh of lateral roots, from the eight main roots, which extended every way in a he- mifphere,-about nine inches from the ftem and main roots, In order to get an eftimate of the length of all the roots, I took one of the main roots, with its laterals, and meafured and weighed them; and then weighed the other feven roots, with their laterals; by which means I found the fum of the length of all the roots, to be no lefs than 1448 feet. And {fuppofing the periphery of thefe roots, at a medium, to be 0.131 of an inch, then their furface will be 2276 fquare inches, or 15.8 fquare feer; that is equal a ie | ‘6 Vegetable Staticks. a to 0.4. of the furface of the plant above ground, | If, as above, twenty- ounces of water, at a medium, perfpired in twelve hours day, @. ¢.) thirty-four cubick inches of water, (a cubick inch of water weighing 254 grains) then the thirty-four cubick inches divided by the furface of all Pe roots, is == 2286 {quare inches ; (7. ¢.) ~24, is = 773 this gives the depth of water imbibed by the whole furface of the roots, viz ;1 part of an inch. And the furface of the plant above ground being 5616 fquare inches, by which divide- ing the 34 cubick inches, vz. =34-= 743, this gives the depth perfpired by the whole furface of the plant above ground, vz. 32. part of an inch. Hence, the velocity with which water enters the furface of the roots to fupply the expence of perfpiratian, is to the velocity, with which their fap perfpires, as 165 : 67, Gras 2} viphyy: or nearly as 5: 2 The area of the tranfverfe cut of the mid- dle of the ftem is a fquare inch; therefore the areas, on the furface of the leaves, the roots and {tem, are 5616, 2276, 1. bys ne: The 3 Vegetable Staticks. The velocities, in the furface of the leaves, roots, and tranfverfe cut of the ftem, are gained by a reciprocal proportion of the furfaces. ‘ “leaves — 5616] ~ |=se7¢ ze; inch bed oc rae 2 hs pa kh Ss © Proots = 2276 BSF ae inch © ° < Stem = 18l= 1 34 inch. Now, their perfpiring 34 cubick inches in iwelve hours day, there muft fo much pais thro’ the {tem in that time; and the velo- city would be at the rate of 34 inches in twelve hours, if the ftem were quite hollow. In order therefore to find out the quan- tity of folid matter in the ftem, Fuly 27¢h at 7, a.m. 1 cut up even with the ground a Sun-flower ; it weighed 3 pounds; in thirty days it was very dry, and had wafted in all 2 pounds 4 ounces; that is 3 of its whole weight: So here is a fourth part left for folid parts in the ftem, (by throwing a piece of green Sun-flower ftem into water, I found it very near of the fame fpecifick gravity with water) which filling up fo much ofthe ftem, the velocity of the fap muft be increaf- ed proportionably, wz. 3 part more, ( by reafon Vegetable Staticks. 9 reafon of the reciprocal proportion) that 34 cubick inches may pafs the {tem in twelve meee 5 whence its velocity in the ftem will be 45 4 inches in twelve hours, fuppofing there be no ea nor return of the fap downwards. If there be added to 34) (which is the leaft velocity) 4 of it = 114, this gives the greateft velocity, viz. 454. The {paces being as 3:4. the velocities will be 4.: 32:45: 34. But if we fuppofe the pores in the furface of the leaves to bear the fame proportion, as the area of the fap-veffels in the ftem do to the area of the ftem; then the velocity, both in the leaves, root and ftem, will be increafed inthe fame proportion. A pretty exact account having been taken, of the weight, fize, and furface of this plant, and of the quantities it has imbibed and perfpired, it may not be improper here, to enter into a comparifon, of what is taken in and perfpired by a human body, and this plant. The weight of a well-fized man is equal to 160 pounds: The weight of the Sun- flower is 3 pounds; fo their weights are to each other as 160: 3, or a8 53: I The io Vegetable Staticks. The furface of fuch human bedy is equal to 15 {quare feet, or 2160 {quare inches. The furface of the Sun-flower is 5616 {quare inches; fo its furface is, to the furface of a human body, as 26 : 10 The quantity perfpired by a man in twenty- four hours is about 31 ounces, as Dr. Kez// found. Vid. Medic. Stat. Britan. p. 14, The quantity perfpired by the plant, in the {fame time, is 22 ounces, allowing two ounces for the perfpiration of the beginning and ending of the night in Yuly, viz. after evening, and before morning weighing, juft before and after night. So the eeatbibetion of a man to the Sun- flower Is aS 141: 100. Abating the fix ounces of the thirty-one ounces, to be carried off by refpiration from the lungs in the twenty-four hours; ( which I have found by certain experiment to be fo much, if not more) the twenty-five ounces multiplied by 438, the number of grains in an ounce Avoirdupsis, the product is ¥0950 grains; which divided by 254, the number of grains in a cubick inch of water, gives 43 cubick inches perfpired by a man + which divided ky the furface.of his body, UZ. Vegetable Staticks. 11 wiz. 2160 fquare inches, the quotient is near- iy 4, part of a cubick inch perfpired off a {quare inch in twenty-four hours. ‘Therefore in equal furfaces, and equal times, the man perfpires;5, the plant 73, or as 50: 15. Which excefs in the man is occafioned by the very different degrees of heat in each: For the heat of the plant cannot be greater than the heat of the circumambient air, which heat in Summer is from 25 to 35 de- grees above the freezing point, (vide Exp. 20.) but the heat of the warmeft external parts of a man’s body is 54 fuch degrees, and the heat of the blood 64 degrees; which is nearly equal to water heated to fuch a degree as a mancan well hear to hold his hand in, ftirring it about; which heat is {ufficient to make a plentiful evaporation. Qy. Since then the perfpirations of equal areas in a man and a Sun-flower, aretoeach otheras 165 : 50, or as 3 4: 1; and fince the degrees of heat areas 2: 1, muft not the fun Or quantity of the areas of the pores lying in acl furfaces, in the man and Sun-flower, be as 14:1? for it feems that the quantities of the evaporated fluid will be as the degrees of heat, and the fum of the areas of the pores, taken together. Rh Dr. 12 Vegetable Staticks. Dr. Keill, by eftimating the quantities of the feveral evacuations of his body, found that he eat and drank every 24 hours, 4 pounds 10 ounces. The Sun-flower imbibed and perfpired in the fame time 22 ounces; fo the man’s food, to that of the ee is as 74 ounces to 22 ounces, or as 7: But compared bulk for bulk, the plant im- bibes 17 times more frefh food than the man : For deducting 5 ounces, which Dr. Kez// al- lows for the feces alvi, there will remain 4 pounds 5 ounces of frefh liquor, which en- ters a man’s veins; and an equal quantity paffes off every 24 hours. Then it will be found, that 17 times more new fluid enters the fap-veffels of the plant, and paffes off in 24 hours, than there enters the veins of a man, and paffes off in the fame time. And fince, compared bulk for bulk, the plant perfpires feventeen times more than the man, it was therefore very neceflary, by giving it an extenfive furface, to make a large provifion for a plentiful perfpiration in the plant, which has no other way of dif charging fuperfluities ; ; whereas there is pro- vifion made in man, to carry off above half Vegetable. Staticks. 13 half of what he takes in, by other eya- cuations. For fince neither the furface of his body was extenfive enough to caule fufficient: ex- halation, nor the additional wreak, arifing from the heat of his blood, could carry off above half the fluid which was neceflary to be difcharged every 24 hours; there was a neceflity of providing the kidneys, to per- colate the other half through. And whereas it is. found, that: 17 times more enters, bulk for bulk, into the fap-vef- fels of the plant, than into the veinsof aman, and goes off in 24 hours: One reafon’ of this greater plenty of frefh fluid in the vege- table than the animal body, may be, becaufe the fluid which is filtrated thro’ the roots im- mediately from the earth, is not near fo full freighted with nutritive particles as the chyle which enters the lacteals of animals; which defect it wag neceflary to fupply by the en- trance of a much greater quantity of fluid. And the motion of the fap is thereby much accelerated,. which in the: heartlefs vegetable would otherwife be very flow; it having probably only a:progrefiive, and not a circu- lating motion, as in animals. Since 14 Vegetable Staticks. Since then a plentiful perfpiration is found fo neceffary for the health of a plant ortree, tis probable that many of their dif- tempers are owing to a ftoppage of this per- fpiration, by inclement air. The perfpiration in men 1s often ftopped toa fatal degree; not only by the inclemen- cy of the air, but by intemperance, and vio- lent heats and colds. But the more tempe- rate vegetables perfpiration can be ftopped only by inclement air; unlefs by an un- kindly foil, or want of genial moifture, it is depriv’d of proper or fufficient nourifhment. As Dr. Keill obfery’d in himfelf a con- fiderable latitude of degrees of healthy per- fpiration, from a pound anda half to 3 pounds; I have alfo obferved a healthy latitude of perfpiration in this Sun-flower, from 16 to 28 ounces, in twelve hours day. ‘The more it was watered, the more plentifully it per- fpired, (ceteris paribus) and with {canty watering the perfpiration much abated. ExPERIMENT HI. From Fuly. 34. to Aug. 34. 1 weighed for nine feveral mornings and: evenings a middle- Vegetable Staticks. 15 middle-fized Cabbage plant, which grew in agarden pot, and was prepared with a leaden cover, as the Sun-flower, Exper. 1/7. Its greateft perfpiration in twelve hours day was I pound g ounces; its middle perfpira- tion 1 pound 3 ounces, = 32. 7 cubick inches, Its furface 2736 {quare inches, or 19 fquare feet. Whence dividing the 32 cubick inches by 2736 fquare inches, it will be found that a little more than the;4 of an inch depth per{pires off its furface in twelve hours day. The area of the middle of the Cabbage flem is +22 of.a fquare inch; hence the ve- locity of the fap in the ftem is, to the ve- locity of the perfpiring fap on the furface of the leaves, as 2736: 192:: 4268 : for r 2130 X15? = 4268. But if an allow- ance is tobe made for the folid parts of the {tem, ( by which the paffage is narrowed) the velocity will be proportionably increafed, The length of all its roots 470 feet, their periphery ata medium 5+ of aninch, hence their area will be 256 fauate inches nearly ; which being fo {mall in proportion to the area of the leaves, the fap muft go with above 16 Vegetable Staticks. above ten times the velocity through the furface of the roots, that it doés thro’ the furface of the leaves. And fetting the roots, ata medium, at 12 inches long, they muft occupy a hemifphere of earth two feet diameter, that is, 2.1 cu- bick feet of earth. By comparing the furfaces of the roots of plants, with the furface of the fame plant above ground, we fee the neceflity of cut- ting off many branches from a tranfplanted tree: For if 256 fquare inches of root in furface was neceffary to maintain this Cab- bage in a healthy natural ftate: fuppofe, upon digging it up, in order to tranfplant, half the roots be cut off, ( which is the cafe of moft young tran{planted trees) then it’s plain, that but half the ufual nourifhment can be car- ried up throngh the roots on that account ; anda very much lefs proportion on account of the {mall hemifphere of earth, the new planted fhortened roots occupy; and on ac- count of the loofe pofition of the new turn- ed earth, which touches the roots at firft but in few points. This (as well as experi- ence) ftrongly evinces the great neceflity of well watering new plantations. Which Vegetable Staticks. 17 Which yet muft be done with caution, for the skilful and ingenious Mr. Philip Miller F.R.S. Gardener of the Botanick garden at Cbelfea, in his very ufeful Gardeners Didi- onary, fays, ‘‘ As to the watering of all new~ “ planted trees, I fhould advife it to be done “« with great moderation, nothing being ** more injurious to them than over-water- “< ing of them. Vide Planting.’ And JI ob- ferved, that the dwarf pear-tree, whofe root was fet in water, in Exper. 7. decreafed very much daily in the quantity imbibed ; viz. be- caufe the fap-veflels of the roots, like thofe of the cut off boughs, in the fame Experiment, were fo faturated and clogged with moifture, by ftanding in water, that more of it could notbe drawn up to fup. port the leaves, ExPERIMENT MIII. From uly 28. to Aug. 25.1 weighed for twelve feveral mornings and evenings, a thriving Vine growing ina pot; I was fur- nifhed with this and other trees, from his Majefty’s garden at Hampton-court, by the C favour 18 Vegetable Staticks. favour of the eminent Mr. PV ife. This vine was prepared with a cover, as the Sun- flower was. Its greate{t perfpiration:-in 12 hours day, was 6 Ounces ++ 240 grains; its middle perfpiration 5 ounces ~~ 240 grains —to g~ cubick inches. The furface of its leaves was 1820 fquare inches, or 12 fquare feet -- g2 fquare inches; whence dividing 9+ ick inches, by the area of the Pea ves! it is found that zor part of an inch in cepts perfpires off in 12 hours day. The area of a tranfverfe cut of its ftem, was equal to 4 of a fquare inch: hence the fap’s velocity here, to its velocity on the fur- face of the leaves, will be as 1820 x 4=— 7280: 1. Then thereal velocity of the fap’s motion in the ftem is = 773° = 38 inches, in twelve hours. This is fuppofing the ftem to be a hollow tube: but by drying a large vine-branch, (in the chimney corner) which I cut off in the bleeding feafon, I found the folid parts were ¢ of the ftem; hence the cavity thro’ which | the {ap paffes, being fo much narrowed, its velocity will be 4 times as great, vz. 152 inches in 12 hours, But Vegetable Staticks. 19 But it is further to be confidered, that if the fap moves in the form of vapour, and not of water, being thereby rarefied, its ve- locity will be increafed in a dire& propor- tion of the fpaces, which the fame quan- tity of water and vapour would occupy ; And if the vapour is fuppofed to occupy 10 times’ the fpace which it did, when in the form of water, then it muft move ten times fafter; fo that the fame quantity or weight of each’ may pafs in the fame time, thro? the fame bore or tube: And fuch allow- ance ought to be made in all thefe calcu- lations concerning the motion of the fap in vegetables. -ExPERIMENT IV. From Yuly 29. to’ Aug. 25. I weighed for 12 feveral mornings and evenings, a pa-+ radife ftock Apple-tree, which grew in a garden pot, covered with lead; as the Sun- flower: it had not a bufhy head full of leaves, but’ thin fpread, being in all but 163 leaves; whofe furface was equal to 1589 {quare inches, or ri {quare feet + 5 fquare inches, C2 The 20 Vegetable Staticks. The greateft quantity it -peripired in 12 hours day, was 11 ounces, its middle quan- tity g ounces, or 15 + cubick inches. The 15% cubick inches perfpired, divided by the furface 1589 fquare inches, gives the depth perfpired off the furface in 12 hours day, viz. <4; of an inch. The area of a tranfverfe cut of its ftem, + of an inch {quare, whence the fap’s velocity here, will be to its velocity on the furface of the leaves, as 1589 x 4 = 6356: 1 EXPERIMENT V., From uly 28. to Aug. 25. I weighed for 10 feveral mornings and evenings a very thriving Lzmon-tree, which grew in a gar- den pot, and was covered as above: Its great- eft perfpiration in 12 hours day was 8 ounces, its middle perfpiration 6 ounces, equal to 103 cubick inches. In the night it perfpired fometimes half an ounce, fometimes nothing, and fometimes increafed 1 or 2 ounces in weight, by large dew or rain. The furf:ce of its leaves was 2657 {quatre inches; or 17 fquare feet + 109 -fquare inches; diyiding then the 10 cubick inches perfpired by this furface, gives the depth Vegetable Staticks. 21 depth perfpired in 12 hours day, viz. stg of an inch, (rs in the vine in 12 hours day. 35 ina man, in aday and a night. +i; in a fun-flower, in aday and night. zo ina cabbage, in 12 hours day. So the feveral fore- going per{pirations in equal areas are, <> in an apple-tree, in 12 hours day. it..raifed the mercury but 1 inch. I fixed in the fame manner a like bearing twig with 12 leaves on it, but no apple; it raifed the mercury 3 inches. I then took.a like bearing twig, without either leaves or apple; it raifed the mercury + inch. So a twig with an apple and leaves raif- ed the mercury 4 inches, one with leaves only 3 inches, one with an apple without leaves 1 inch. A Quince which had two leaves, juft at the twig’s infertion into it, raifed the mer- cury 2 +4 inches, and held it up a conft- derable time. A f{prig of Mint fix’d in the fame manner, raifed the mercury 3 -> = inch, equal to 4 feet 5 inches height +h water. » . EXPE- Vegetable Staticks. 101 ExPERIMENT XXXL i tried alfo the imbibing force of a gfeat variety of trees, by fixing Aqueo-mercurial gages to branches of them cut off, as in Ex- periment. 22. The Pear, Quince, Cherry, Walnut, Peach, Apricot, Plum, Black-thorn, White-thorn, Goofeberry, Water-elder, Sycamore, raifed the mercury from 6 to 3 inches high: Thofe which imbibed water moft freely, in the Ex- periments of the firft chapter, raifed the mercury higheft in thefe Experiments, ex- cept the Horfe-Chefnut, which, though it imbibed water moft freely, yet raifed the mercury but one inch, becaufe the air paf- fed very fait through its fap-veffels into the gage. The following raifed the mercury but 1 or 2 inches, vz. the Elm, Oak, Horfe- Chefnut, Filberd, Fig, Mulberry, Willow, Sallow, Ofier, Afh, Lynden, Currans. The Ever-greens, and following trees and plants, did not raife it at all; the Laurel, ~Rofemary, Lauruftinus, Phyllyrea, Fuz, Rue, Berberry, Jeflamine, Cucumber-branch, Pum- kin, Jerufalem Artichoke, : h H 3 ExPE- 102 Vegetable Staticks. EXPERIMENT “XXII. We have a further proof of the: gfeat force with which vegetables imbibe moi- fture, in the following Experiment, viz. «I filled near full with Peas and Water, the iron Pot ( Fig. 37.) and laid on the “Peas a leaden cover, between which’ and the’ fides of the Pot, there was room for the air’ which came from the Peas to pafs freely,» Ithen laid- 184 pounds weight on thems!which (as the Peas: dilated by imbibing >the water) they lifted up. The dilatatiom of -the Peas ‘is always equal to the quantity! of ‘Water they imbibe: For if a few Peas~ be, put in- toa Veffel, and that Veflel be-filled- full of water, tho’ the Peas dilate to’ near double their natural fize, yet the water will not . flow over the veffel, or at moft very incon- _fiderably, ‘on account: of the expanfion of little air-bubbles; which’ are. ifluing from the: Peas. ) | : Being defirous to try whether they would! raife a much greater weight, by’ means of a: lever with weights at the end of it, I com- preffed feveral frefh parcels of Peas in the: fame Pot, with a force equal to,1600, 800, and 400 pounds; in which Experiments, tho” the Vegetable Staticks. 103 the Peas dilated, yet they did not raife the lever, becaufe what they increafed in bulk was, by the great incumbent weight, preffed into the interftices of the Peas, which they adequately filled up, being thereby formed into pretty regular Dodecahedrons, We fee in this Experiment the vaft force with which fwelling Peas expand; and ’tis doubtlefs a confiderable part of the fame force which is exerted, not only in pufhing the Plume upwards into the air, but alfo ‘in enabling the firft fhooting radicle of the Pea, and all its fubfequent tender Fibres, to pene- trate and fhoot into the earth. ExPERIMENT XXXIII. We fee, in the Experiments of this chap- ter, many inftances of the great efficacy, of attraction; that univerfal. principle which ‘is fo operative in all the very different works of nature; and is moft eminently fo in vegetables, all whofe minuteft parts are curioufly ranged in fuch order, as is beft adapted, by their united force, to attract pro- per nourifhment. And we fhall find in the following Ex- periment, that the diffevered particles of vegetables, and of other bodies, have a . H 4 {tro 104 Vegetable Staticks. ftrong attractive power re they lie con- fufed. That the particles of wood are fpecifical- ly heavier than water, (and can therefore {trongly attra& it) isevident, becaufe feveral forts of wood fink immediately; others (even cork) when their interftices are well foaked, and filled with water: As Dr. De/- agulters informed me, he found a cork which had been fealed up in ‘a tube with water for 4 years, to be then: fpecifically heavier than water; others (as the Peruvian Bark) fink when very finely pulverized, be- caufe all their cavities which made them {wim, are thereby deftroyed. In order to. wy ‘the imbibing power of common wood athes, I filled a glafs tube €4r 1, 3 feet long, and 2 of an inch diameter, (Fig. 16.) with well dried and fifted wood © athes, prefiing them clofe with a rammer; I — tied a piece of linen over the end of the — “tube at 7, to keep the afhes from falling out; _ “TY then cemented the tube ¢ faft at r to the Aquveo-mercurial gage 7 2; and when I had filled the gage full of water, I immerfed it in the ciftern of mercury x; ther to the upper end of the tube c, at 9, 1 {crewed on the pee gase @ b, The Vegetable Staticks. 105 ' ‘The afhes, as they imbibed the water, drew the mercury up 3 or 4 inches in a few hours towards x; but the three following days it rofe but r inch, + inch, and 4, and fo lefs and lefs, fo that in 5 or 6 days it ceafed rifing : The higheft it rofe was 7 inches, which was equal to raifing water 8 feet high. This had very little effe& on the mer- -cury in the gage a, unlefS ‘it were, that it would rife ‘a little, vz. an inch or little more in the gage at a, as it were by the fuc- tion of the afhes, to fupply fome of the air- bubbles which are drawn out at 2, But when I feparated the tube co from the gage r z, and fet the endz in water, then the moifture (being not reftrained as before) rofe fafter and higher in the athes co, and depreffed the mercury at a, fo as to be 3 inches lower than in the leg 4, by driving the air upwards, which was inter- mixed with the afhes. I filled another tbe 8 feet long, and + ‘inch diameter, with red lead; and affixed it in the place’ of ¢ o to the gages ad, r z, The mercury rofe gradually 8 inches to x. In both thefe Experiments, the end 7 was covered with innumerable air-bubbles, many of 406 Vegetable Staticks. _of jwhich continually paffed off, and were facceeded -by others, as, at the tranfverfe cuts .in, the Experiments. of this chapter. And as there, fo in thefe, the.quantity of, air-bub- ‘bles decreafed every day, fo as at. laft to have very. few: The part 7 immerfed in the wa- ,ter, being. become. fo fatnrate therewith, as to leave no room for air to pafs. After. 20,days I picked the .minium out _of, the tube, and. found the water had rifen . feet Vi inches, and .would no .doubt, have rifen higher, if it had. not been . clogged by the mercury in the gage z. For which reafon the moifture rofe but 20 inches in the afhes, where it would otherwife have ‘rifen 30.0f 49 inches. I fufpe& was principally occa- fioned by: the fhrinking and contraction. of the:cement at 4, as it grew cool. . When: the fun fhined hot upon the Vine, there was always’a continued feries of air- bubbles, conftantly afcending from the ftem thro’ the fap in the tube, in fo great plenty as to make a large froth on the top of the fap, which fhews the great quantity of air which is drawn in thro the roots and ftem. — - From this Experiment we find a confide- rable energy in the root to pufh up fap in the bleeding feafon. This put me upon trying, whether I could find any proof of fuch an energy, when the bleeding feafon was over. In or- der to which, EXPERIMENT XXXY. uly 4th, at noon, I cut off within 3 in- ches of the ground, another Vzme on a fouth afpect, and fixed to it.a tube 7 feet high, as.in the foregoing Experiment: 1 filled the tube with water, which was im- bibed by the roor the firit day, at the rate of a foot in an hour, but the,next day much more flowly; yet it was continually finking, fo Vegetable Staticks. 11 fo that at noon day I could not fee it fo much as ftationary. Yet by Experiment the 34, on the Vine in the garden pot, it is plain, that a very confiderable quantity of fap was daily pref- fing thro’ this ftem, to fupply the perfpira- tion of the leaves, before I cut the Vine’ off. And if this great quantity were carried up by pulfion or trufion, it muft needs have rifeg out of the ftem into the tube. Now, fince this flow of fap ceafes at once, as foon as the Vine was cut off the ftem, the principal caufe of its rife muft at the fame time be taken away, viz. the great perfpiration of the leaves. For tho’ it is plain by many Experiments, that the fap enters the fap-veflels of plants with much vigour, and is probably carried up to great heights in thofe veffels, by the vigorous undulations of the fun’s warmth, which may reciprocally caufe vibrations in the veficles and {ap-veflels, and thereby make them dilate and contract a little; yet it feems as plain, (from many Experiments, as parti- cularly Exper. 13, 14, 15, and Exper. 43. where, tho’ we are affured that a great quan- tity of water paffed by the notch cut 2 or 3 feet above the end of the ftem; yet was the notch 112 Vegetable Staticks. notch very dry, becaufe the attraction. of the per{piring leaves was much greater than the force of trufion from the column of water: From thefe Experiments, I fay, it feems evident) that the capillary fap-vefiels, out of the bleeding feafon, have little power to pro- trude fap in any plenty beyond their ori- fices; but as any fap is evaporated off, they can by their ftrong attraction ( aflifted by the genial warmth of the fun) fupply the great quantities of fap drawn off by perfpi- ration. ExPERIMENT XXAVI. April 6th, at 9. a. m.rain the evening be- fore, I cut off a Vine on a Southern afpect, at a, (Fig. 18.) two feet nine inches from the ground; the remaining ftem @ 4 had no lateral branches ; it was 4 inch diameter ; I fixed on it the mercurial gage ay. Atri a, m.the mercury was rifen to z, 15 inches higher than the leg x, being pufhed down atx, by the force of the fap which came out of the ftem at a. At 4 p.m. it was funk an inch in the leg z y. April 7th at 8 a. m. rifen very little, a fop-: at 11a. m. ’tis 17 inches high, and the fog gone. April Vegetable Staticks. 113 4pril roth, at 7 a, m. mercury 18 inches high; I then added more mercury, {0 as to make the furface z 23 inches higher than x; the fap retreated very little into the ftem, upon this additional weight, which fhews with what an abfolute force it advances: at noon it was funk one inch. April 11th, at 7 a.m. 24 -+ 3 inches high, fun-fhine: at 7 #. m. 18 inches high, April 14th, at 7 a, m. 20 ++ 4 inches high, at 9 a. m1. 22 —-4, fine warm {un-fhine ; here we fee that the warm morning fun gives a frefh vigour tothe fap. At 11 a.m. the fame day 16-72, the great perfpiration of the ftem makes it fink. April 16th at 64, m. 1g +-2 rain. At 4 p. m. 13 inches. The fap (in the foregoing experiment, numb. 34.) rifen this day fince noon 2 inches, while this funk by the per{pi- ration of the ftem; which there was little room for, inthe very fhort {tem of the other. April 17th, at 11 a. m. 24 + = inch high, rain and warm; at 7p. m. 29-++4, finewarm rainy weather, which made the fap rife all day, there being little perfpiration by reafon | e the rain. “s April 18th, at7 a. m. 32 ++ inches high, and would have rifen mans if there had I been 114 Vegetable Staticks. been more mercury in the gage; it being all forced into the leg y z. From this time to May sth, the force gradually decreafed. The greateft height of the mercury being 32-+ + inches; the force of the fap was then equal to 36 feet 5 - 4 inches height of water. Here the force of the rifing fap in the morning is plainly owing to the energy of the root and ftem. In another like mercurial gage, (fixed near the bottom of a Vine, which run 20 feet high) the mercury was raifed by the force of the fap 38 inches equal to 43 feet -+ 3 inches + + height of water. Which force is near five times greater than the force of the blood in the great crural ar- tery of a Horfe; feven times greater than the force of the blood in the like artery of a Dog; and eight times greater than the blood’s force in the fame artery of a fallow Doe: Which different forces I found by tying thofe feveral animals down alive upon their backs; and then laying open the great left crural artery, where it firft enters the thigh, I fixed to it (by means of two brafs pipes, which run one into the other) a glafs tube of above ten feet long, and 4 of an: inch diameter in bore: In which tube the: blood Vegetable Staticks. 115 blood of one Horfe rofe eight feet three inches, and the blood of another Horfe eight feet nine inches. ‘The blood of a little Dog fix feet and half high: In a large Spaniel feven feet high. The blood of the fallow Doe mounted five feet feven inches. EXPERIMENT XXXVII. April 4th, I fixed three mercurial gages, (Fig. 19.) 4, B, C, to a Vine, on a South- eaft afpedt, which was 50 feet long, from the root to the end rz. The top of the wall was 11 -+ + feet high; from to’, 8 feet; from &to e, 6 feet +14; frometo 4, 1 foot 1o inches; frome to 0, 7 feet; from oto B, § +4 feet; from o toC, 22 feet g inches; from 0 to uv, 32 feet g inches. The branches to which 4 and C were fixed, were thriving fhoots two years old, but the branch o B was much older. When I firft fixed them, the mercury was pufhed by the force of the fap, in all the gages down the legs 4, 5, 13, fo as to rife nine mches higher in the other legs. The next morning at 7 a. m. the mercury in 4 was pufhed 14+ 3 inches high, in B g2-+ 3, inCizg +4, I 2 The 116 Vegetable Staticks. The greateft height to which they pufhed the fap feverally, was 421 inches, B26 inches, C 26 inches. The mercury conftantly fubfided by the retreat of the fap about g or ro in the morn- ing, when the fun grew hot; but in a very moift foggy morning the fap was later before it retreated, viz. tillnoon, or fome time after the fog was gone. - About 4 or 5 0’ clock in the afternoon, when the fun went off the Vine, the fap be- gan to pufh afreth into the gages, fo as to make the mercury rife in the open legs; but Jitalways rofe fafteft from fun-rife till 9g or ‘Io in the morning. ...The fap in B (the oldeft ftem) play’d the “mot freely to.and fro, and was therefore fooneft affected with the changes from hot to cool, or. from wet to dry, and vice ver/a. And -4pri/_30, toward the end of. the bleeding feafon, B began firft to fuck up the mercury from 6 to.5, fo as to be 4 inches | higher in that leg than the other. But April 24, after a night’s rain, B pufhed the . mercury 4 inches up theother leg; 4 didnot — begin to fuck till 4prz/ 29, viz. g days after Bs C did not begin to fuck till May 3, viz. J 3 days after B, and 4 days after 4; May 5, at Vegetable Staticks. 117 at 7 a.m. A pufhed rinch, C1 ~-+4; but to- wards noon they all three fucked. I have frequently obferved the fame dif- ference in other. Vines, where the like gages have been fixed at the fame time, to old and young branches of the fame Vine, vz, the oldeft began firft to fuck. In this experiment we fee the great force of the fap, at 44 feet 3 inches diftance from the root, equal to the force of a column of water 30 feet ri inches ~}-3 high. From this experiment we fee too, that this force is not from the root only, but muft alfo proceed from fome power in the ftem and branches: For the branch B was much fooner influenced by changes from warm to cool, or dry to wet, and-vice ver/i, than the other two branches 4 or C; and Bwas in an imbibing ftate, g days before A, which was all that time in a ftate of pufhing fap; and C pufhed 13 days after B had ceafed pufhing, and was in an imbibing ftate. _ Which imbibing ftate Vines and Apple- me continue in, all the fummer, in every = as I have found by fixing the like ages to them in Yu/y. . | in Ex PeE- 118 Vegetable Staticks. VEPER TET Xe March 10, at the béginning of the bleed- ing feafon, (which is many days fooner or later, according to the coldnefs or warmth, moifture or drinefs of the feafon) Ithen cut off a branch of a vine b fc gat b, (Fig. 20.) which was 3 or 4 years old, and cemented fatt on it a brafs-collar, with a fcrew in it; to that I {crewed another brafs collar, which was cemented faft to the glafs tube z, 7 feet long and $ inch diam. (which I find to) be the propereft diam.) to that I fcrewed| others, to 38 feet height. Thefe tubes were: faftened and fecured in long wooden tubes, . 3 inches fquare, one fide of which was a) door opening upon hinges; the ufe of thofe: svooden tubes was to preferve the glafs tubes, from being broke by the freezing of the fap in them inthe night. But when the danger’ of hard frofts was pretty well over, as at the’ beginning of Apri/, then I ufually fix'd the’ glafles without the wooden tubes, faftening: them to {caffold poles, or two long iron {pikes’ drove into the wall, | Before I proceed to give an account of the rife and fall of the fap in the tubes, { will | | | | . Vegetable Staticks. 119 will firft defcribe the manner of cementing on the brafs collar 4, to the ftem of the Vine, in which I have been often difappointed, and have met with difficulties; it muft there- fore be done with great care, Where I defign to cut the ftem, I firft pick off all the rough ftringy bark carefully with my nails to avoid making any wound thro’ the green inner bark; then I cut off the branch at z, (Fig. 21.) and immediately draw over the ftem a piece of dried fheeps- gut, which IJ tie faft, as near the end of the ftem as I can, fo that no fap can get by it, the fap being confined in the gut 7 f: Then I wipe the {tem at 7 very dry with a warm cloth, and tie round the ftem a ftiff paper funnel x 7, binding it faft at x to the ftem, and pinning clofe the folds of the paper from x to 2: Thenl flide the brafs collar 7 over the gut, and immediately pour into the pa-~ per funnel melted chalk cement, and then fet the brafs collar into it; which collar is warmed, and dipped before in the cement, that it may the better now adhere: When the cement is cold, I pull away the gut, and {crew on the glafs tubes, But finding fome inconvenience in this hot cement, (becaufe its heat kills the fap- I 4 vefiels 120 Vegetable Staticks. veffels near the bark, as is evident by their being difcoloured) I have fince made ufe of the cold cement of Bees-wax and Turpentine, binding it faft over with wet bladder and pack- thread, as in Exper. 34. Inftead of brafs-collars, which fcrewed into each other, Ioften (efpecially with the Syphons in Exper. 36, and 37.) made ufe of two brafs collars, which were turned a little tapering, fo that one entered and exactly fitted the other. _ This joining of the two collars was ef- fectually fecured from leaking, by firft anointing them with a foft cement; and they were fecured from being disjoined, by the force of the afcending fap, by twifting packthread round the protuberant knobs on the fides of the collars. “When | would feparate the collars, I found it neceffary. (except in hot fun-fhine) to melt the foft cement by applying hot irons on the out- fide of the collars. It is needful to fhade all the cemented joints from the fun with loofe folds of pa- per, elfe its heat will often melt them, and fo dilate the cement, as to make it be drove forcibly up the tube, which defeats the ex-. as peony The Vegetable Staticks. 121 The Vines to which the tubes in this ex- periment were fixed, were 20 feet high from the roots to their top; and the glafs tubes fixed at feveral heights 4 from the ground, from 6 to 2 feet. The fap would rife in the tube the firt day, according to the different vigour of the bleeding ftate of the Vine, either 1, 2, s, r2, 15, or 25 feet; but when it had got to its greateft height for that day, if it was in the morning, it would conftantly begin to fubfide towards noon. If the weather was very cool about the middle of the day, it would fubfide only from 11 or 12 to 2 in the afternoon; but if it were very hot weather, the fap would begin to fubfide at 9g or 10 0’ clock, and continue fubfiding till4, 5, or 6in the even- ing, and from that time it-would continue _ftationary for an hour or two; after which it would begin to rife’a lite, but not much in ithe night, nor till after the fun was up in the morning, at which time it rofe faftett. : The frefher the cut of the Vine was, and the warmer the weather, the more the fap would rife, and fubfide in a day, as 4 or 6 feet. 7 | But 122 Vegetable Staticks. But if it were 5 or 6 days fince the Vine was cut, it would rife or fubfide but litde; the fap-veflels at the tranfverfe cut being faturate and contracted. But if I cut off a joint or two off the ftem, and new fixed the tube, the fap would then rife and fubfide vigoroufly. Moifture and warmth made the fap moft vigorous. If the beginning or middle of the bleed- ing feafon, being very kindly, had made the motion of the fap vigorous, that vigour would immediately be greatly abated by cold eafterly winds. If in the morning, while the fap is in a rifing ftate, there was a cold wind witha mixture of fun-fhine and cloud; when the fun was clouded, the fap would immediately vifibly fubfide, at the rate of an inch in a minute for feveral inches, if the fun con- tinued fo long clouded: But as foon as the fun-beams broke out again, the fap would immediately return to its then rifing ftate, juft as any liquor in a Thermometer rifes and falls with the alternacies of heat and cold ; whence ’tis probable, that the plentiful rife of the fap in the Vine in the bleeding feafon, is effected in the fame manner. When Vegetable Staticks. 123 When three tubes were fixed at the fame time to Vines on an eaftern, a fouthern, and a weftern afpect, round my porch, the fap would begin to rife in the morning firft in the eaftern tube, next in the fouthern, and laft in the weftern tube: And towards noon it would accordingly begin to fubfide, firft in the eaftern tube, next in the fouthern, and laft in the weftern tube. Where two branches arofe from the fame old weftern trunk, 15 inches from the ground; and one of thefe branches was {pread on a fouthern, and the other on a weftern afpect; and glaG tubes were at the fame time fixed to each of them; the fap would in the morning, as the fun came on, rife firft in the fouthern, then in the weftern tube; and would begin to fub- fide, firft in the fouthern, then in the weftern tube. Rain and warmth, after cold and dry, would make the fap rife all the next day, without fubfiding, tho’ it would rife then floweft. about noon; becaufe in this café the quantity imbibed by the root, and railed from it, exceeded the quantity per- fpired, The 124 ~=egetable Staticks. The fap begins to rife fooner in the morn- ing in cool weather, than after hot days; the reafon of which may be, becaufe in hot weather much being evaporated, it is not fo foon fupplied by the roots as in cool wea- ther, when lefs is evaporated. _ In a prime bleeding feafon I fix’d a tube 26 feet long to a thriving branch two years old, and two feet from the ground, where it was cut off; the fap flowed fo briskly, as in two hours to flow over the top of the tube, which was feven feet above the top of the Vine; and doubtlefs would have rifen higher, if I had been prepared to lengthen the tube. | When at the diftance of four or five days, tubes were affixed to two different branches, which came from. the fame ftem, the fap would rife higheft in that which was laft fixed; yet if in the fixing the fecond tube there was much fap loft, the fap would fub- fide in the firft tube; but they would not afterwards have their fap in equilibrio; 2. e. the furface of the fap in each was at very unequal heights; the reafon of which is, be- caufe of the difficulty with which the fap paffes thro’ the almoft faturate and contracted capillaries of the firft-cut ftem. In, | Vegetable Staticks. 125 In very hot weather many air-bubbles would rife, fo as to make a froth an inch deep, on the top of the fap in the tube. I fix’d a {mall air- pump to the top of a long tube, which had 12 feet height of fap in it; when I pumped, great plenty of bubbles arofe, tho’ the fap did not rife, but falla little, after I had done pumping. In Experiment 34. (where a tube was fixed to a very fhort ftump of a Vine, with- out any lateral branches) we find the fap rofe all day, and fafteft of all in the greateft heat of the day: But by many obfervations under the 37th and this 38th Experiments, we find the fap in the tubes conftantly fub- fided as the warmth came on towards the middle of the day, and fafteft in the greateft heat of the day. Whence we may reafon- ably conclude, (confidering the great perfpi- ‘rations of trees, fhewn in the ficft chapter) that the fall of the fap in thefe fap-gages, in the middle of the day, efpecially in the warmer days, is owing to the then greater perfpiration of the branches, which perfpi- ration decreafes, as the heat decreafes towards evening, and probably wholly ceafes when the dews fall. But 126 Vegetable Staticks. But when towards the latter end of April the fpring advances, and many young fhoots are come forth, and the furface of the Vine is greatly increafed and inlarged by the ex- panfion of feveral leaves, whereby the per- fpiration is much inoreafed, and the fap more plentifully exhaufted, it then ceafes to flow in a vifible manner, till the return of the following fpring. And as in the Vine, fo is the cafe the fame in all the bleeding trees, which ceafe bleeding as foon as the young lIcaves begin to expand enough to perfpire plentifully, and to draw off the redundant fap. ‘Thus the bark of Oaks, and many other trees, moft eafily feparates, while it is lubricated with plenty of fap: But as foon as the leaves expand fufficiently to perfpire off plenty of — fap, the bark will then no longer run, (as they term it) bur adheres moft firmly to the wood. ExPERIMENT XXXIX., In order to try if Icould perceive the ftem of the Vine dilate and contraét with heat or cold, wet or dry, a bleeding or not bleeding feafon, fome time in February, I fix’d to the © ftem Vegetable Staticks. 1247 ftem of a Vine an inftrument in fuch a man- ner, that if the ftem had dilated or contraéted but the one hundredth part of an inch, it would have made the end of the inftrument (which was a piece of ftrong brafs-wire, 18 inches long) rife or fall very fenfibly about one tenth of an inch; but I could not per- ceive the inftrument to move, either by heat or cold, a bleeding or not bleeding feafon. Yet whenever it rained, the {tem dilated fo as to raife the end of the inftrument or lever +4 of an inch; and when the ftem was dry, it fubfided as much. This Experiment fhews, that the fap (even in the bleeding feafon) is confined in its proper veflels, and that it does not confufedly per- vade every interftice of the ftem, as the rain does, which entering at the perfpiring pores, foaks into the interftices, and thereby dilates the ftem. CHAP. 128 Vegetable Staticks. _ CoHMA Pa Experiments, fhewing the ready lateral me- tion of the fap, and confequently the late- ral communication of the fap-veffels. The free paffage of it from the fmall branches towards the ftem, as well as from the fiem to the branches. With an account of fome Experiments, relating to the circulation or non-circulation of the fap. ExPERIMENT XI, N order to find whether there was any | Jateral communication of the fap and fap- _ veffels, as there is of the blood in animals, by means of the ramifications, arid lateral communications of their veffels ; Auguft 15th, I took a young Oak-branch | Z inches diameter, at its tranfverfe cut, fix — feet high, and full of leaves. Seven inches from the bottom, I cut a large gap to the — pith, an inch long, and of an equal depth — the whole length; and four inches above | that, on the oppofite fide, I cut fuch ano- | ther gap; I fet the great end of the ftem | in water: It insbibed and perfpired in two) nights and two days thirteen ounces, while | another — Oe ers — se Oe Vegetable Staticks. 129 another like Oak-branch, fomewhat bigger than this, but wich no notch cut in its ftem, imbibed 25 ounces of water. At the fame time I tried the like experi- ment with a Duke-cherry-branch; it imbibed and perfpired 23 ounces in g hours the firft day, and the next day 15 ounces, At the fame time I took another Duke- cherry-branch, and cut 4. fuch fquare gaps to the pith, 4 inches above each other; the ft North, 2d Eaft, 3d South, 4th Weft: It had a long flender ftem, 4 feetlength, with- Out any branches, only at the very top; yet it imbibed in 7 hours day g ounces, and in two days and two nights 24 ounces. We fee in thefe experiments a moft free lateral comuunication of the fap and fap-vef- fels, thefe great quantities of liquor having pafled laterally by the gaps; for byExperiment 13, 14, 15, (on cylinders of wood) little evaporated at the gaps. And in order to try whether it would not be the fame in branches as they grew on trees, T cut 2 fuch oppofite gaps in a ‘Duke-cherry- branch, 3 inches diftant from each other: The leaves of this branch continued green, within 8 or 10 days, as long as the leaves on the other branches of the fame tree. | K The 130 Vegetable Staticks. The iame day, viz. dug. 15th, I cut two fuch oppofite gaps four inches diftant, in an horizontal young thriving Oak-branch; it was one inch diameter, eighteen days after many — of the leaves begun to turn yellow, which | none of the leaves of other boughs did then. The fame day I cut off the bark for one inch length, quite round a like branch of the fame Oak; eighteen days after the leaves were as green as any on the fame tree; but _ the leaves fell off this andthe foregoing branch early in the winter; yet continued on all the: reft of the boughsof the tree (except the top) ones) all the winter. The fame day I cut four fuch gaps, two: inches wide, and nine inches diftant from) each other, in the upright arm of a Goldene. renate-tree; the diameter of the branch) was 2-1 inch, the gaps faced the four) cardinal points of the compafs; the apples and leaves on this branch flourifhed as well as thofe on other branches of the fame: tree. Here again we fee the very free lateral pafiage of the fap, where the direct paflage is feveral times intercepted, See Vol. Il. p, 262. ExPE- Vegetable Staticks. 131 EXPERIMENT XLI. Aug. 13th, at noon I took a large branch of an Apple-tree, (Fig. 22.) and cemented up thetranfverfe cut, at the great end x, and tied a wet bladder over it: I then cut off the main top branch at 4; where it was & inch diameter, and fet it thus inverted into the bottle of water 4. In three days and two nights it imbibed and perfpired four pounds two ounces -++ = of water, and the leaves continued green; the Jeaves of a bough cut off the fame tree at the fame time with this, and not fet in water, had been withered forty hours be- fore. This, as well as the great quantities imbibed and perfpired, fhews, that the wa- ter was drawn from 4 moft freely to e, fF g, 6, and from thence down their refpective branches, and fo per{pired off by the leaves. This experiment may ferve to explain the reafon, why the branch 4, (Fig. 23.) which grows out of the root ¢ x, thrives very well, notwithftanding the root ¢ x is here fappoled to be cut off at c, and to be out of the ground: For by many expe- Timents in the firft and fecond chapters, it | K 2 is 132 Vegetable Staticks. is evident, that the branch 4 attracts fap at x with great force: And by this pre- fent experiment, “tis as evident, that fap will be drawn as freely downwards from the tree to x, as from ec to x, in cafe the end c of the root were in the ground; whence ’tis no wonder, that the branch b thrives well, tho’ there be no circulation of the fap. This Experiment 41, and Experiment 26, do alfo fhew the reafon why, where three trees (Fig. 24.) are inarched, and thereby incorporated at x and z, the middle tree will then grow, tho’ it be cut off from its roots, or the root be dug out of the ground, and fufpended in the air; wvzz. becaufe the middle tree 4 attracts nourifhment ftrongly at x and z, from the adjoining trees a ¢, in the fame manner as we fee the inverted boughs imbibed water in thefe Exper. 26, and 41. And from the fame reafon it is that Elders, Sallows, Willows, Briars, Vines, — and moft Shrubs, will grow in an inverted | ftate, with their tops downwards in the earth. | ExPE- Vegetable Staticks. 133 ExPERIMENT XLII. Fuly 27th, I repeated Monfieur Perault’s Experiment ; vz. I took Duke-cherry, Ap- ple and Curran - boughs, with two branches each, one of which ac (Fig. 25.) I immer- fed in the large vefiel of water e d, the other branch hanging in the open air: I hung on a rail, at the fame time, other branches of the fame forts, which were then cut off. After three days, thofe on the rails were very much withered and dead, but the branches 4 were very green; in eight days the branch 4 of the Duke-cherry was much withered: but the Currans and Apple-branch 4 did not fade till the eleventh day: Whence ‘tis plain, by the quantities that mutt be per- fpired in eleven days, to keep the leaves 4 green fo long, and by the wafte of the water out of the veflel, that thefe boughs 4 muft have drawn much water from and through the other boughs and leaves c, which were immerfed in the veffel of waters I repeated the like experiment on the branches of Vines and Apple-trees, by run- ning their boughs, as they grew, into large glafs chymical retorts full of water, where K 3 the 134 Vegetable Staticks. the leaves continued green for feveral weeks, and imbibed confiderable quantities — of water. This fhews how very probable it is, that rain and dew is imbibed by vegetables, efpe-_ cially in dry feafons. | Which is further confirmed by experi- : ments lately made on new~-planted trees; | where, by frequently wafhing the bodies of the moft unpromifing, they have out-ftrip-. ped the other trees of the fame plantation, And Mr. Miller advites, « Now and then» ‘< in an evening to water the head, and with « | | 148 Vegetable Staticks. Another argument againft an uniform cir- culation of the fap in trees, as in animals, may be drawn from Exper. 37. where it was found by the three mercurial gages fix’d to the fame Vine, that while fome of its branches changed their ftate of protrude- ing fap into a ftate of imbibing, others con-_ tinued protruding fap, one nine, and the — other thirteen days longer. In the fecond Vol. of Mr. Lowthorp’s Abridgment of the Philof: Tranfaét. p. 708. is recited an Experiment of Mr. Brother- ton’s; viz. A young Hazel x (Fig. 27.) was cut into the body at x 2 with a deep gafh; the parts of the body below at z, and above at x, were cleft upwards and down- wards, and the fplinters x z by wedges were » kept off from touching each other, or the’ reft of the body. The following year, the upper fplinter « was grown very much, but: the lower fplinter x did not grow; but the: reft of the body grew, as if there had been) no gafh made: I have not yet fucceeded in| making this Experiment, the wind having) “mere at x 2 all the trees I prepared for) : But if there was a Bud at x which fhot’ an leaves, and none at z, then, by Experi-' ment 41, “tis plain that thofe leaves might! draw” : : | | : . | | Vegetable Staticks. 149 draw much nourifhment thro’¢ x, and there- by make it grow; and I believe, if, vice werfa, there were a leaf-bearing Bud at z, and none at x, that then the {plinter 2 would grow more than x. The reafon of my conjecture I ground upon this Experiment, viz. I chofe two thriving fhoots of adwarf Pear-tree,//a a, Fig. 28, 29. Atthree quarters of an inch diftance I took half an inch breadth of bark off each of them, in feveral places, vzz. 2,4, 6,8, and at 10, 12, 14. Every one of the remaining ringlets of bark had a leaf- bearing bud, which produced leaves the following fummer, except the ringlet 13, which had no fuch Bud. The ringlet g and 11 of a @ grew and {welled at their bottoms till Augu/t, but the ringlet 13 did not increafe at all, and in Augu/ff the whole fhoot aa withered and died; but the fhoot 7 lives and thrives well, each of its ringlets fwelling much at the bottom: Whch {fwel- lings at their bottoms muft be attributed to fome other caufe than the ftoppage of the fap in its return downwards, becaufe in the fhoot //, its return downwards is in- yercepted three feveral times by cutting away the bark at 2, 4, 6, The larger and L 3 more 150 + Vegetable Staticks. more thriving the leaf-bearipg Bud was, and the more leaves it had on it, fo much the more did the adjoining bark {well at the bottom. Fig. 30. reprefents the profile of one of the divifions in Fig. 28. fplit in halves; in which may be feen the manner of the growth of the laft year’s ringlet of wood fhooting a little upwards at x x; and fhoot- ing downwards and {welling much more at z 23; where we may obferve, that what is fhot end-ways is plainly parted from the wocd of the preceding year, by the narrow © interftices x 7, z 7; whence it fhould feem, — that the drderth of the yearly new ringlets of wood confifts in the fhooting of their fibres lengthways under the bark. © _ That the fap does not defcend between the bark and the wood, as the favourers of a circulation fuppofe, feems evident from | hence; vz. that if the bark be taken off! for three or four inches breadth quite round, , the bleeding of the tree above that bared! place will much abate, which ought to have: the contrary effect, by intercepting the courfe of the refluent fap, if the fap defcended by, the t bark, But Vegetable Staticks. 151 But the reafon of the abatement of the bleeding in this cafe may well be account- ed for, from the manifeft proof we have in thefe Experiments, that the fap is ftrong- ly attraéted upwards by the vigorous ope- ration of the perfpiring leaves, and attraét- ing Capillaries: But when the bark is cut off for fome breadth below the bleeding place, then the fap which is between the bark and the wood below that disbarked place, is deprived of the ftrong attracting power of the leaves, &c. and confequently the bleeding wound cannot be fupplied fo faft with fap, as it was before the bark was taken off, Hence alfo we have a hint for a probable conjecture, why in the alternately disbarked fticks, J / a a, Fig. 28 29. the bark {welled more at the upper part of the disbarked placesthan at the lower; wz. becaufe thofe lower parts were thereby deprived of the- plenty of nourifhment which was brought to the upper parts of thofe disbarked places by the {trong attraction of the leaves on the Buds 7, Gc. of which we have a further confirmation in the ringlet of bark, N°. 13, Fig. 29. which ringlet did not fwell or grow at either end, being not only deprived of L 4 the : 152 Vegetable Staticks. the attraction of the fuperior leaves, by the | bark placed N°. 12. but alfo without any leaf-bud of its own, whofe branching fip- vefiels, being like thofe of other leaf-buds — rooted downwards in the wood, might thence draw fap, for the nourifhment of it- {elf and the adjoining bark, N°. 13. But — had thefe rooting fap vefiels run upwards, inftead of downwards, ’tis probable, that in that cafe the upper part of each ringlet of bark, and not the lower, would have f{wel- led, by having nourifhment thereby brought to it from the inmoft wood. We may hence alfo fee the reafon why, when a tree is unfruitful, it is brought to bear fruit, by the taking ringlets of bark off } I f | | | | ; ; from its branches; v7z. becaufe thereby a lefs quantity of fap arifing, it is better di-- gefted and prepared for the nourifhment of the fruit; which from the greater quantity of oil, that is ufually found in the feeds, and their containing veffels, than in other parts of plants, fhews that more fulphur and air is requifite for their production, than there is for the production of wood and leaves. . But the moft confiderable objection againft this progreffive motion of the fap, without | Vegetable Staticks. 153 without a circulation, arifes from hence, viz. that it is too precipitate a courfe, for a due digeftion of the fap, in order to nu- trition: Whereas in animals nature has pro- vided, that many parts of the blood thall run a long courfe, before they are either applied to nutriuon, or difcharged from the animal. But when we confider, that the great work of nutrition, in vegitables as well as animals, (I mean, after the nutriment is got into the veins and arteries of animals) is chiefly carried on in the fine capillary vef- fels, where nature felects and combines, as fhall beft fuit her different purpofes, the fe- veral mutually attracting nutritious particles, which were hitherto kept disjoined by the motion of their fluid vehicle; we fhall find that nature has made an abundant provifion for this work in the ftruture of vegetables; all whofe compofition is made up of nothing elfe but innumerable fine capillary vefiels, and glan- dulous portions or veficles. See Vol. iI. p.265. Upon the whole, I think we have, from thefe experiments and obfervations, {uffici- ent ground to believe, that there is no cir- culation of the fap in vegetables; notwith- ftanding many ingenious perfons have been induced 154 Vegetable Staticks. induced to think there was, from feveral curious obfervations and experiments, which evidently prove, that the fap does in fome meafure recede from the: top towards the lower parts of plants, whence they were with good probability of reafon induced to think that the fap circulated. The likelieft method effectually and con- vincingly to determine this difficulty, whe- ther the fap circulates or not, would be by ocular infpection, if that could be attained: And I fee no reafon we have to defpair of it, fince by the great quantities imbibed and perf{pired, we have good ground to think, that the progreflive motion of the fap is confiderable in the largeft fap-veffels of the tranfparent ftems of leaves: And if our eyes, affifted with microfcopes, could come at this defirable fight, I make no doubr but that’ we fhould fee the fap which was ‘progreffive in the heat of day, would on the com- ing on of the cool evening, and the falling dew, be retrograde in the fame veffels. CHAP, Vegetable Staticks. 155 Ae ee ee Yo Experiments, whereby to prove, that a con- fiderable quantity of air is infpired by Plants. T .is well known that air is a fine ela- {tick fluid, with particles of very diffe- rent natures floating in it, whereby it is ad- mirably fitted by the great Author of na- ture, to be the breath of life of vegeta- bles, as well as of animals, without which they can no more live nor thrive, than ani- mals can. In the Experiments on Vines, Chap. III. we faw the very great quantity of air which was continually afcending from the Vines, thro’ the fap in the tubes; which manifeftly _ fhews what plenty of it is taken in by vege- tables, and is perfpired off with the fap thro’ the leaves. ExPERIMENT XLVII. Sept. gth, at g a. m. I cemented an Apple- branch b (Fig. 11.) to the glafs tube r 7 e z: { put no water in the tube, but fet the end of it in the ciftern of water x. Three hours 156 Vegetable Staticks. hours after, I found the water fucked up in the tube many inches to 23 which fhews, that a confiderable quantity of air was im- bibed by the branch, out of the tube riez?: and in like manner did the Apricot-branch (Exper. 29.) daily imbibe air. ExPERIMENTF XLYVIII. I took a cylinder of Birch with the bark on, 16 inches long and 2 diameter, and ce- mented ic faft at z ( Fig. 32.) to the hole in the top of the air-pump receiver p f, fetting the lower end of it in the ciftern of water x ; the upper end of it at 2 was well clofed up with melted cement. I then drew the air out of the receiver, upon which innumerable air-bubbles iffued continually out of the ftick into the wa- ter x. I kept the receiver exhaufted all that day, and the following night, and till the next day at noon, the air all the while if- fuing into the water x: I continued it thus long in this ftate, that I might be well af- fured, that the air muft pafs in through the bark, to fupply that great and long flux of air atx. I then cemented up five old eyeg in the ftick, between z and 2, where little fhoots had formerly been, but were now perifhed ;, Vegetable Staticks., é 57 perifhed; yet the air {till continued to flow freely at x. Tt was obfervable in this, and many of the Experiments on fticks of other trees, that the air which could enter only thro’ the bark between z and %, did not iffue in- to the water, at the bottom of the ftick, only at or near the bark, but thro’ the whole and inmoft fubftance of the wood; and that chiefly, as I guefs, by the largenefs of the bafes of the hemifpheres of air thro’ the largeft veflels of the wood; which ob- fervation corroborates Dr. Grew’s and Ma/- pighi’s opinion, that they are air-veflels, I then cemented upon the receiver the cylindrical glafs y y, and filled it full of wa- ter, fo as to ftand an inch above the top ” of the ftick. The air ftill continued to flow at x, but in an hours time it very much abated, and in two hours ceafed quite; there being now no pafiage for frefh air to enter, and fupply what was drawn out of the ftick. I then with a glafs crane drew off the water out of the cylinder y y; yet the air did not iflue thro’ the wood at x. I therefore took the receiver with the ftick in it, and held it near the fire, till the bark 158 Vegetable Staticks. bark was well dried ; after “which I fet it upon the air-pump, and exhaufted the airs upon which the air iffued as freely at x, as it did before the bark had been wetted, and continued fo to do, tho’ I kept the receiver exhaufted for many hours. I fixed in the fame manner as the pre- ceding Birch-ftick, three joints of a Vine- branch, which was two years old, the up- permoft knot 7 being within the receiver 5 when I pumped; the air pafled moft freely into the water x x. I cemented faft the upper end of the ftick x, and then pumped; the air ftill iffued out at x, tho’ I pumped very long ; but there did not now pafs the twentieth part of the air which paffed when the end was not cemented, I then inverted the ftick, placing x fix inches deep in the water, and covered all the bark from the furface of the water to z the top of the receiver with cement; then pumping the air which entered at the top of the ftick, pafied thro’ the immerfed part of the bark: When I ceafed pumping for fome time, and the air had ceafed iffuing out; upon my repeating the pumping it would again iffue out. I found << Vegetable Staticks. 159 I found the fame event in Birch and Mul- berry fticks, in both which it iffued moft plen- tifully at old eyes, asif they were the chief breathing places for trees. And Dr. Grew obferves, that “ the pores ** are fo very large in the trunks of fome ** plants, as in the better fort of thick walk- *« ing canes, that they are vifible to a good «< eye, without a glafs ; but with a glafs the ** cane feems as if it were ftuck top-full of *« holes, with great pins, being fo large as “very well to refemble the pores of the «« skin, in the end of the fingers, and ball “¢ of the hand. *‘ In the leaves of Pine they are likewife, “ thro’ a glafs, a very elegant fhew, ftanding ** all moft exactly in rank and file, through the length of the leaves.” Grew’s Anatomy Of Plants, p. 127. | Whence it is very probable, that the air freely enters plants, not only with the prin- cipal fund of nourifhment by the roots, but alfo through the furface of their trunks and leaves, efpecially at night, when they are changed from a perfpiring to a ftrongly im- bibing ftate. I fix'd in the fame manner to the top of the air-pump receiver, but without the cy- lindrical 160 «=~ Vegetable Staticks. lindrical glafs yy, the young fhoots of the Vine, Apple-tree, and Honeyfuckle, both erected and inverted ; but found little or no air came either from branches or leaves, except what air lay in the furrows, and the innumerable little pores of the leaves, which are plainly vifible with the microfcope. I tried alfo the fingle leaf of a Vine, both by immerfing the leaf in the water x, and let- ting the ftalk ftand out of the receiver, as alfo by placing the leaf out of the receiver, and the ftalk in the glafs of water x; but little or no air came either way. I obferve in all thefe Experiments, that the air enters very flowly at the back of young fhoots and branches, but much more freely thro’ old bark: And in different kinds of trees it has very different degrees of more or lefs free entrance. I repeated the fame Experiment upon fe- veral roots of trees: The air pafled moft freely from 2 to x; and when the glafs-vef- fel y y was full of water, and there was no water in x, the water paffed at the rate of 3 ounces in 5 minutes; when the upper end 7 was cemented up, and no water in y¥, fome air, tho’ not in great plenty, would — enter the bark at 2 fj and pafs thro’ the wa- — ter at x. : . And © Vegetable Staticks. 161 And that there is fome air both in an elaftick and unelaftick ftate, mix’d with the earth, (which may well enter the roots with the nourifhment) I found by putting into the inverted glafs z x aa full of water (Fig. 35.) fome earth dug up in an aliey in the garden, which, after it had ftood foaking for feveral days, yielded a little elaftick air, tho’ the earth was not half diflolved. And in Experiment 68. we find that a cubick inch of earth yielded 43 cubick inches of air by diftillation, a good part of which was roufed by the action of the fire from a ames to an elaftick ftate. I fixed alfo in the fame manner young tender fibrous roots, with the {mall end up- wards at 7, and the vefiel y y full of water; then upon pumping large drops of water fol- lowed each other faft, and fellinto the ciftern x, which had no water in it. See Vo/. II, p. 267. M CHAP. 162 Analyfis of the Air. CHT A Poe AA Specimen of an attempt to analyfe the Air by a great variety of chymio-ftatical Ex-— periments, which fhew in how great a proportion Air 1s wrought into the com- | fofition of animal, vegetable, and mineral : Subfiances, and withal how readily it re- fumes its former elaftick ftate, when in the diffolution of thofe Subjtances tt ts difengaged | from them. Aving in the preceding chapter pro-— H duced many Experiments, to prove that the Air is freely infpired by vegetables, — not only at their roots, but alfo thro’ feveral — parts of their trunks and branches, which | Air was moft vifibly feen afcending in great: : plenty thro’ the fap of the Vine, in tubes) which were affixed to them in the bleeding. feafon; this put me upon making a more: particular i inquiry into the nature of a fluid, ‘ which is fo abfolutely neceflary for the fup-— port of the life and growth of Animals and Vegetables. | The excellent Mr. Boyle made many Ex-. if petiments on the Air, and among other dif- coveries, Analyfis of tbe Air. 163 coveries, found that a good quantity of Air was producible from Vegetables, by putting Grapes, Plums, Goofeberries, Cherries, Peas, and feveral other forts of fruits and grains into exhaufted and unexhaufted receivers, where they continued for feveral days emit~ ting great quantities of Air, Being defirous to make fome further re- fearches into this matter, and to find what proportion of this Air I could obtain out of the different fubftances in which it was lodged and incorporated, I made the fol- lowing chymio-itatical Experiments: For, as whatever advance has here been made in the knowledge of the nature of Vegetables, has been owing to ftatical Experiments, fo, fince nature, in all her operations, acts con- formably to thofe mechanick laws, which were eftablifhed at her firft inftitution; it is therefore reafonable to conclude, that the likelicft way to inquire, by chymical ope- rations, into the nature cf a fluid, too fine to be the object of our fight, muft be by finding out fome means to eftimate what influence the ufual methods of analyfing the animal, vegetable, and mineral king- doms, has on that fubtle fluid; and this I effected by affixing to retorts and boltheads M 2 hydro- 164 Analyfis of the Air. | hydroftatical gages, in the following man- | ner, viz. In order to make an eftimate of the quan- tity of Air which arofe from any body by diftillation or fufion, I firft put the matter which I intended to diftil into the fmall retort r (Fig. 33.); and then at 2 cemented faft to it the glafs veflel 24, which was very capacious at 4, with a hole in the bottom. I bound bladder over the cement which was made of tobacco-pipe clay and bean flour, well mixed with fome hair, tying over all four {mall fticks, which ferved as fplinters to ftrengthen the joint; fometimes, inftead of the glafs vefiel 2 4, I made ufe of a large bolthead, which had a round hole cut, with a red hot iron ring at the bottom of it; through which hole was put one leg of an inverted fyphon, which reached up as far as z. Matters being thus prepared, holding the retort uppermoft, I immerfed the bolt- head into a large vefiel of water, to @ the top of the bolthead; as the water rufhed in at the bottom of the bolthead, the Air was driven out through the fyphon: When the bolthead was full of water to z, then I clofed the outward orifice of the fyphon with the end of my finger, and at the fame time drew the Analyfis of the Air. 165 the other leg of it out of the bolthead ; by which means the water continued up to g, and could not fubfide. Then I placed under the bolthead, while it was in the water, the veffel xx ; which done, I lifted the veflel x x, with the bolthead in it, out of the water, and tied a waxed thread at z= to mark the height of the water: And then approached the retort gradually to the fire, taking care to fcreen the whole bolthead from the heat of the fire. The defcent of the water in the bolthead fhewed the fums of the expanfion of the Air in the retort, and of the matter which was diftilling : The expanfion of the Air alone, when the lower part of the retort was beginning to be red hot, was, at a medium, nearly equal to the capacity of the retorts, fo that it then took up a double fpace; and in _awhite and almoft melting heat, the Air took up a triple f{pace, or fomething more: for which reafon the leaft retorts are beft for | thefe Experiments, The expanfion of the | diftilling bodies was fometimes very little, and fometime many times greater than that | of the Air in the retort, according to their i different natures, M 3 When 166 Analyfis of thexdir. When the matter was fufficiently diftilled, the retort, Gc. was gradually removed from the fire; and when cool enough, was carried © into another room, where there was no fire, When all was throughly cold, either the following day, or fometimes three or four days after, I marked the furface of the water y, where it then ftood; if the furface of the” water was below z, then the empty {pace between y and z fhewed how much Air was generated, or raifed from a fix’d to an ela-” ftick ftate, by the action of the fire in diftil-— Jation: But if y, the furface of the water, was above z, the {pace between 2 and yy | which was filled with water, fhewed the quantity of Air which had ee abforbed in the operation, 7. ¢. was changed from a res pelling elaftick to a fix'd ftate, by the ftrong attraction of other particles, which I theres | fore call abforbing. When I would meafure the quantity of this new generated air, I feparated the bolt. . head from the retort ; and putting a cork) into the fmall endof the bolthead, I inverted — it, and poured in water to z. Then from _ another veffel (in which I had a known quantity of water by weight) I poured in water to y; fo the quantity of water which | was Sees. Analyfis of the Air. 167 was wanting, upon weighing this veflel again, was equal to the bulk of the new generated Air. I chofe to meafure the quantities of Air, and the matter from whence it arofe, by one common meafure of cubick inches, eftimated from the fpecifick gravities of the feveral fubftances, that thereby the propor- tion of one to the other might the more readily be feen. I made ufe of the following means to meafure the great quantities of Air, which were either raifed and generated, or ab- forbed by the fermentation arifing from the mixture of variety of folid and fluid fub- ftances, whereby I could eafily eftimate the furprizing effets of fermentation on the Air; viz. I put into the bolthead J (Fig. 34.) the ingredients, and then run the long neck of the bolthead into the deep cylindrical glafs ay, and inclined the inverted glafs ay, and bolthead, almoft horizontally in a large vef- felj of water, that the water might run into the glafs 2 y; when it was almoft up to 2 the top of the bolthead, I then immerfed the bottom of the bolthead, and lower part y of the cylindrical glafs under water, raif- ing at the fame time the end @ uppermott. M 4 Then, 168 of a grain, whence the weight of air in the horn was 33 grains, that is, near 5 part of the: whole horn. We may obferve in this, as alfo in the pre-. ceding Experiment, and many of the follow-. ing ones, that the particles of new Air were. detached from the blood and horn, at the: fame time with the white fumes, which con-. ftitute the volatile falt: But this volatile falt, which mounts with great activity in the Air, is fo far from generating true elaftick Air, that on the contrary it abforbs it, asI found by the following Experiment. Exptk- Analyfis of the Air. 175 ExPERIMENT LILI. A dram of volatile falt of fal armoniack foon diftilled over with a gentle heat; but tho’ the expantion in the receiver was double that of heated Air alone, yet no Air was ge- nerated, but two and an half cubick inches were abforbed. EXPERIMENT LIII. Half a cubick inch of Oy/er-/hell, or 266 grains, diftilled in theiron retort, generated 162 cubick inches, or 46 grains, which is a ¢ litte more than % part of the weight of the fhell. bn: ese Lev: Two grains of Phof/phorus eafily melted at fome diftance from the fire, famed and filled the retort with white fumes; it ab- forbed three cubick inches of Air. A like quantity of Pho/phorus, fired in a large re- ceiver, (Fig. 35.) expanded into a fpace equal to fixty cubick inches, and abforbed 28 cu- bick inches of Air: When three grains of Pho/phorus were weighed, foon after it was - burnt, it had loft half a grain of its weight; but when two grains of Pho/phorus were weighed, 176 Analyfis of the Air. weighed, fome hours after it was burnt, hav- ing run more per deliquium by abforbing the — moifture of the Air, it had increafed a grain in weight. BE AOe: EXPERIMENT LY. As to vegetable fubftances, from half a cubick inch, or 135 grains of heart of Oa, frefh cut from the growing tree, were gene- rated 108 cubick inches of Air, 2. e, a quan- ‘tity equal to 216 times the bulk of the piece. of Oak; its weight was above thirty grains, 2 part of the weight of 135 grains of Oak, ‘J took a like quantity of thin fhavings from the fame piece of Oak, and dried them gently at fome diftance from a fire for twenty-four hours, in which time 44 grains weight of ~ moifture had evaporated; which being de-. ducted from the 135 grains, there remain 91 grains for the folid part of the Oak: Then the 30 grains of Air will be £ of the weight! of the folid part of the Oz&. ! Eleven days after this Air was made, I put a live Sparrow into it, which died inftantly. Ex PERIMENT LVI. From 388 grains weight of Indian Wheat, ‘which grew in ‘my garden, but was not | | come i Analyfis of the Air. 77 come to full maturity, were generated 270 cubick inches of air, the weight of which air was 77 grains, wz. 4 of che weight of the Wheat. ExpERIMENT LVII. From a cubick inch, or 318 grains of Peas, were generated 396 cubick inches of air, Of 13 grains, 7 e, fomething more than * of the weight of the Peas. Nine days after this air was made, I lifted the inverted mouth of the receiver which contained it, out of the water, and put a lighted candle under it, upon which it inftantly flafhed: Then I immediately im- merfed the mouth of the receiver in the wa- ter, to extinguifh the flame: This I repeated ‘8 or 10: t§mes, and it as often flathed, after which it ceafed, all the fulphureous fpirit be- ing burnt. It was the fame with air of dit {tilled Oyfter-fhell and Amber, and with new diftilled air of Peas and Bees-wax. I found it the fame alfo with another like quantity of air of Peas; notwithftanding I wafhed ‘that air no lef than eleven times, by pour- ing it fo often under water, upwards, out of the containing veffel, into another in- verted receiver full of water, 7 | N EXPE- | | 178 Analyfis of the Arr. ExPERIMENT LVIII. There were raifed from an ounce, or 437 grains of Muftard-feed, 270 cubick inches of air, or 77 grains; which is fomething more than 7 part of the ounce weight. There was doubtlefs much more air in the feed; but it rofe in an unelaftick ftate, be- ing not difentangled from the Oil, which was in fuch plenty within the gun-barrel, that when I heated the whole barrel red hot, in order to burn it out, it flamed vigoroufly out at the mouth of the barrel. Oil alfo adhered to the infide of the barrel, in the diftillation of many of the other animal, vegetable, and mineral fubftances; fo that the elaftick air which I meafured in the re- ceiver, was not all the air contained in the feveral diftill’d fubftances; fome remaining in the Oil, for'there is unelaftick air in Oil, part being alfo reforbed by the fulphureous fumes in the receiver. ExPERIMENT LIX. From half a cubick inch of Amber, or 135 grains, were raifed 135 cubick inches” of air, or 38 grains, wiz. 33> part of its weight. Ex PE- Analyfis of the Air. 179 ExPERIMENT LX. From 142 grains of dry Tobacco were raifed 153 cubick inches of air, which is little lefs than 3 of the whole weight of the To- bacco; yet it was not all burnt, part being out of the reach of the fire. EXPERIMENT LX], Camphire is a moft volatile fulphureous fubf{tance fublimed from the Rofin of a tree in the Eaft-Indies. A dram of it melted into a clear liquor, at fome diftance from the fire, and fublimed in the form of white cryftals, a little above the liquor, ic made a very fmall expanfion, and neither gene- rated nor abforbed air. The fame Mr. Boyle | found, when he burnt it z# vacuo, Vol. Il. — p. 605. EXPERIMENT LXII. From about a cubick inch of chymical Oil of Anifeed, I obtained 22 cubick inches of air; and from a like quantity of Oil of Olives, 88 cubick inches of air. Finding that the Oil of Anifeed came plentifully over into the receiver, in the diftillation of N 2 the 180 ©—»- Analyfis of the Air. the Oil of Olives, I raifed the neck of the retort a foot higher ; by which means the Oil could not fo eafily afcend, but fell back again into the hotteft part of the retort; whereby, as wel] as on account of the lefs volatile nature of this Oil, mofe air was feparated; yet in this cafe good {tore of Oil came over into the receiver; in which there was doubtlefs plenty of umelaftick _air: Whence, by comparing this with Ex- periment 58, we fee that air is in greater plenty feparated from the Oil, when in the Mauftard-feed, than it is from exprefled or chymical Oil. “EXPERIMENT LXIII. From a cubick inch, or 359 grains of Ho- ney, mixed with calx of bones, there arofe 144. cubick inches of air, or 41 grains, viz. a little more than 4 part of the weight of the whole. ExPERIMENT LXIV. From a cubick inch of yellow Bees-wax, or 243 grains, there arofe 54 cubick inches of air, or 15 grains; the * part of the whole. | EXxPE- Analyfis of the Air. 181 ExPERIMENT LXV. From 373 grains, or a cubick inch of the coarfeft Sugar, which is the effential falt of the fugar-cane, there arofe 126 cu- bick inches of air, equal to 36 grains, a lit- tle more than 5 part of the whole. EXPERIMENT LXVI. I found very little airin 54 cubick inches of Brandy, but in a like quantity of Well- water I found one cubick inch. And it was the fame in a little quantity of Brzfol hot well water, and of Ho/t water. In Piermont water there is near twice as much air, as in Raim or common water, which air ‘contributes to the brisknefs of that and many other mineral waters. I found thefe feveral quantities of air, in thefe waters, by inverting the nofes of bottles full of thefe feveral liquors, into {mall glafs cif- terns full of the fame liquor; and then fetting them all together in a boiler, where having an equal heat, the air was thereby feparated, and afcended to the upper parts of the bottles. See Vol. II. p. 269, 272. N 3 EXPE- 182 Analyfis of the» Air. EXPERIMENT LXVIIL. By the fame means alfo, I found plenty of air might be obtained from minerals. Half a cubick inch, or 158 grains of New- cafile coal, yielded in diftillation 180 cu- bick inches of air, which arofe very faft from the coal, efpecially when the yel- lowith fumes afcended. The weight of this air is 51 grains, which is nearly 4 of the weight of the coals, . ExPERIMENT LXVIII, _ A cubick inch of frefh dug untried Earth off the common, being well burnt in diftil- Jation,. produced 43 cubick inches. of air. From Cha/k alfol obtained air in the fame manner. ExPERIMENT LXIX. ? From a quarter of a cubick inch of 4n-— timony, 1 obtained 28 umes its bulk of air. It was diftilled in a glafs retort, becaufe. it will demetalize tron. ExPERIMENT LXX, I procured a hard, dark, grey Pyrites, a vitriolick mineral fubfiance, which was found 7 feet Analyfis of the Air. 183 + feet under ground, in digging for fprings on Walton-Heath, for the fervice of the Right Honourable the Earl of Lincoln, at his beautiful Seat at Oatlands in Surrey. This mineral abounds not only with fulphur, which has been drawn from it in good plen- ty, but alfo with faline particles, which | fhoot vifibly on its furface. A cubick inch of this mineral yielded in diftillation $3 cubick inches of. air. | EXPERIMENT LXXI. Half a cubick inch of well decrepitated Sea-/alt, mix’d with double its quantity of calx of bones, generated 32 times its bulk of air: It had fo great a heat given it, that all being diftilled over, the remaining fco- ria did not run per deliguium. I cleared the gun-barrel of thefe and the like fco- ria, by laying the end of the retort on an anvil, and ftriking long on the outfide with a hammer, EXPERIMENT LXXII. From 211 grains, or half a cubick inch of Nitre, mixed with calx of bones, there arofe go cubick inches of air, 7. e. a quanti- ty equal to 180 times its bulk ; fo the weight N4- of 184 Analyfis of the Aw. of air in any quantity of nitre is about 4 part. Vztriol diftilled in the fame manner yields air too. ExPERIMENT LXXIII. From a cubick inch, or 443 grains of Renifh Tartar, there arofe very faft 504.cu- bick inches of air; fo the weight of the air in this Tartar was 144 grains, 7. ¢. } part of the weight of the whole: The remaining” {coria, which was very little, run per deli- guium, an argument that there remained fome Sal Tartar, and confequently more air. For, EXPERIMENT LXXIV. Half.a cubick inch, or 304 grains of Sa/ Tartar, made with nitre and tartar, and mixed with a double quantity of calx of bones, yiclded in diftilation 112 cubick inches of air; that is, 224 times its bulk of air; which 112 cubick inches weighing 32 grains, is nearly 4 part of the weight of the Sa/ Tartar. There isa more intenfe de- gree of heat required to raife the air from Sal Tartar than from nitre. Hence we fee, that the proportion of air in equal bulks of Sa/ Tartar and nitre is as Analyfis of the Air. 185 as 224 to 180. But weight for weight, nitre contains a little more air in it, than this Sa/ Tartar wade with nitre. But Sa/ Tartar made without nitre, has probably a ljttle more air in it than this had, becaufe it is found to make a greater explofion in the Pulvis Fulminans, than the nitrated . Saf Tartar. But fuppofing, as is found by this Experiment, that Sa/ Tartar, according to its {pecifick gravity, contains $ part more in it than nitre; yet this excefs of air is not fufficient to account for the vaftly greater explofion of S¢e/ Tartar than of nitre ; which feems principally to arife from the more fix’d nature of Sa/ Zartar; which therefore requires a more intenfe degree of fire, to feparate the air from the ftrongly adhering particles, than is found requifite to raife- the air from nitre. Whence the air of Sa/ Tar- tar muft neceflarily thereby acquire a greater elaftick force, and make a mofe violent ex- plofion, than that of nitre. And from the fame reafon it is, that Murum Fulminans gives a louder explofion than Pu/vis Ful- minans. The {coria of this operation did not run per deliquium, a proof that all the Sal Tartar was diftilled over. See Vol. I. p- 282. | From 186 Analyfis of the Air. From the little quantity of air which is obtained by the diftillation of that very fixt body fea-fait, in Experiment 71. in compa- rifon of what arifes from nitre and Sa/ Tar- far, we {ee the reafon why it will not go off with an explofive force, like thofe when fired. . And at the fame time we may hence obferve, that the air included in nitre and Sal Tartar, bears a confiderable part in their explofion. For fea-falt contains an acid fpirit as well as nitre; and yet that without a greater proportion of air does not qualify it for explofion, thro’ mixed like nitre in the compofition of gun-powder, with fulphur and charcoal. oMr. Boyle found, that Agua-fortis, poured on. a {trong folution of falt of tartar, did not fhoot into fair cryftals of falt-petre, till it had, been long expofed to the open air; whence he fufpected, that the air contribu- ted to that artificial production of falt-petre. And fays, “ Whatever the air hath to do in «< this Experiment, we have known fuch ** changes made in fome faline concretes, — ‘«<-chiefly by the help of the open air, a *< very few would be apt to imagine.” Voi, J. p. 302. and Vol, Ill. p. 80. And Chy- mifts obferve, that when the effential falts of — | . ; Analyfis of the Atv. 187 of vegetables are fet to cryftallize, it is needful to take off the skin or Pellicle, which covers the liquor, before the falts will fhoot well. We fee from the great quantity of air, which is found in falts, of what ufe it is in their cryftallization and formation; and particularly, how neceffary it is in making falt-petre from the mixture of falc of tartar, and fpirit of nitre. For fince, by Experiment 72 and 73, a great deal of air flies away, in the making of Sa/ Tartar, either from nitre and tartar, or from tartar alone; it muft needs be necefflary, in order to the forming of nitre from the mixture of Sa/ Tartar and {pirit of nitre, that more air fhould be in- corporated with it, than it contained either in the Sa/ Tartar or {pirit of nitre. ExPERIMENT LXXV. Near half acubick inch of compound Agqua- fortis, which bubbled, and made a con- fiderable expanfion in diftillation, was foon diftilled off: as it cooled, the expanfion abated very fait, and a little air was abforb- ed. Whence it is evident, that the air ge- nerated by the diftillation of nitre, did not arife from the volatile fpirituous particles. Hence 188 «= Analyfis of the Air. Hence alfo it is probable, that there is fome air in acid fpirits, which is reforbed and fixed by them in diftillation. And this — is furthe rconfirmed from the many air- bubbles which arife from Agua-regia, in the folution of gold; for fince gold lofes nothing of its weight in being diflolved, the air cannot arife from the metalline part of the gold, but muft either arife from the Aqua-regia, or from latent air in the pores of the gold. EXPERIMENT LXXVI. A cubick inch of common Brimftone ex- panded very little in diftillation in a glafs retort; notwithftanding it had a great heat given it, and was all diftilled over into the receiver without flaming. It abforbed fome air; but flaming brim{tone, by Experiment 103, abforbs much air. A good part of the air thus raifed from feyeral bodies by the force of fire, was apt sradually to loofe its elafticity, in ftanding feveral days; the reafon of which was, (as will appear more fully hereafter) that the acid fulphureous fumes raifed with that air, did reforb and fix the elaftick particles. EXxPpE- | Analyfis of the Air. 189 ExPERIMENT LXXVII, To prevent which, I make ufe of the fol- lowing method of diftillation, which is much more commodious than with Gla/s Retorts, whofe juncture at @ (Fig. 33.) it is not eafy to fecure. Having firft put the matter to be diftilled into the iron retort rr (Fig. 38.) which was made of a musket barrel, I then fixed a leaden fyphon to the nofe of the retort; and having immerfed the fyphon in the veffel of water x «, I placed over the open end of the fyphon the inverted chymical receiver @ 4, which was full of water; fo that, as the air which was raifed in diftillation, pafled thro’ the water up to the top of the receiver 2 4, a good part of the acid {pirit and fulphureous fumes were by this means intercepted and retain- ed in the water; the confequencé of which was, that the new generated air continued in a more permanently elaftick ftate, very | | the firft 24° hours; after which the remain- little of it lofing its elafticity, wiz. not above a rsth or 18th part, and that chiefly der continued in a conftantly elaftick ftate ; 1 excepting the aits of tartar and calculus bu- | manus, which in: 6 or $ days loft conftantly i abeve 190 Analyfis of the Air. above one third of their @lafticity; after which the remainder was permanently ela- ftical. In which ftate it has continued, without any fenfible alteration, for thefé fix years, that I have kept fome of the air of calculus humanus by me. That the great quantities of air, which are | thus obtained from thefe feveral fubftances — by diftillation, are true air, and not a mere © flatulent vapour, I was aflured by the fol- | lowing Trials; v7z. I filled a large receiver, | which contained 540 cubick inches, with air | of tartar; and when it was cool, I fufpended the receiver on the end of a balance while its _ mouth was inverted in water. Then, upon lifting the mouth of the receiver out of water, — I immediately covered it by tying a piece of — bladder over it. When I had found the ex-. act weight, 1 blew out all the air of tartar” -with a pair of bellows which had a long ad~. ditional nofe that reached to the bottom of the receiver. And then tying the bladder: on, I weighed it again, but could find no difference in the fpecifick gravity of the two: airs; and it was the fame with an air of tartar, which was 10 days old. As to the other property of the air, elafti- city, I found it exactly the fame in the air | of > Analyfis of the Air. 191 of tartar, which was 15 days old, and com- mon air, by filling two equal tubes with thefe different airs, the tubes were 10 inches long, and fealed at one end; I placed them at the fame time in a cylindrical glafs con- denfing receiver, where I compreffed them with two additional atmofpheres, taking care to fecure myfelf from danger in cafe the glafs fhould burft, by placing it in a deep wooden veffel ; the water rofe to equal heights in both tubes. This receiver was gently annealed, and thereby toughened, by being boiled in Urine, where it lay till all was cold. I put alfo into the fame tubes fome new- made air of tartar, both the tubes ftanding in cifterns of water; the air of one of thefe tubes I comprefled in the condenfing en- gine for fome days, to try whether in thar, -compreffed ftate, more of the air’s elafticity would be deftroyed by the abforbing vapours, than in an uncompreffed ftate; but I did not perceive any fenfible difference. Lemery, in his courfe of chymiftry, p. 592. obrained, in the diftillation of 48 ounces of Tartar, 4 ounces of phlegm, 8 of fpirits, 3 of oil, and 32 of {coria, #. e. two thirds of the whole; fo one ounce was loft in the operation. In 192 Analy fis of the Air: In my diftillation of 443*grains of Tar- tar in Exper. 73. theré remained but 42 grains of fcoria, which is littlé more than 4= of the Tartar; and in this remainder, there was, by Exper. 74. air; for there was Sal Tartar, it running per deliquium. Whence, by comparing Lemery’s and my diftillation together, we fhall find, that there remained in this 32 ounces of {fcoria, and in the ounce that was loft, ( which was doubtlefs moft of it air) fubftance enough to account for the great quantity of ait, which in Exper. 73. was raifed from Tartar; efpe- cially, if we take into the account the pro- portion of air, which was contained in the oil, which was +; part of the whole Zar- tar, for there is much air in oil. The bodies which I diftilled in this man- ner, ( Fig. 38.) were Horn, Calculus humanus, Oyfter-thell, Oak, Muftard-feed, Indian- wheat, Peas, Tobacco, oil of Anifeed, oil of Olives, Honey, Wax, Sugar, Amber, Coal, Earth, Walton Mineral, Sea-falt, Salt-petre, Tartar, Sal Tartar, Lead, Minium. The greateft part of the air obtained from all which bodies was very permanent, except what the air of Tartar and calculus humanus loft in ftanding feveral days. Particularly that from Analyfis of the Air. 193 from nitre loft little of its elafticity, where- as moft of the air obtained from nitre, in diftilling with the receiver (Fig. 23.) was -reforbed in a few days, as was alfo the air which was generated from detonized nitre in Experiment 102. Hence alfo we fee the reafon why 19 parts in 20, of the air which was generated by the firing of ‘Gunpowder, was in 18 days reforbed by the fulphureous fumes of the Gunpowder; as Mr. Hawksbee obferved, in his phyfico-mechanical Experi- ments, page 83. In the diftillation of Horn, it was obfery- able, that when towards the end of the ope- ration the thick fetid oil arofe, it formed very large bubbles, with tough unctuous skins, which continued in that ftate fome time; and when they broke, there arofe out of them volumes of fmoak, as out of a chimney, and ic was the fame in the di- ftillation of Muftard-feed. , nat Aw ACCOUNT oF SOME EXPERIMENTS MADE ON SYONES TAKEN OU 10F HUMAN URINE, AND GALL-BLADDERS. ' | Aving procured, by the favour of Mr. G2 Ranby, Surgeon to His Mazefty’s | O Houfeold, t 194 Analyfis of the Air. Houfbold, fome calcul: humani, 1 made the following Experiments with them, which T fhal! here infert, v7z. I diftilled a calculus in the “iron retott (Fig. 38.) 5 it weighed 230 grains, it was fomething lefs in bulk than 2 of a cubick’ inch: There arofe from it very briskly, in diftillation, 516 cubick inches of elaftick air, that is, a bulk equal to 645 times the bulk of the ftone; fo that above half the ftone was raifed by the aétion of the fire into ela- - ftick air; which is a much greater propor- tion of air than I have ever obtained by fire from any other fubftances, whether ani- mal, vegetable or mineral. The remaining calx weighed 49 grains, that is, = part of the calculus; which is nearly the fame proportion of calx, that the worthy Dr. Slare found remaining, after the diftilling and cal- cining two ounces of calculus; “ one ounce « and three drams of which (he fays) eva «© porated inthe open fire, (a material cir: ‘© cumftance, which the chymifts rarely in: <¢ quire after) of which we have no’account.’ Philof. Tranfact. Lowthorp’s Abridgment, Vol III: ~.179. The greateft part of whic was we fee by the prefent Experiment, raifed int permanently elaftick, air. B Analyfis, of the Air. 195 By comparing this diftillation of the ca/- culus with that of Reni/h Tartar, in Expe- iment 73, we fee that they both afford more air in diftillation, than any other fubftances : And itis remarkable, that a greater propor- -tion of this new raifed air: from: thefe two fubftances, is reforbed, and Jofes its. elafti- city, in ftanding afew days, than that of any other bodies; which are ftrong fymptoms that the calculus is a true animal Tartar. And as there. was very confiderably lefs oil, -in the. diftillation of Reni/h Tartar, than there was in the diftillation of the feeds and ‘folid parts of vegetables; fo I found that this ca/culus contained much lefs oil than the blood or folid parts of animals. I diftilled:inthe fame manner as the above- mentioned calculus, fome ftones taken out ‘of a human gall bladder ; they weighed fifty- “two grains, fo their bulk was equal to 7 part »of a cubick inch, asI found by taking their ‘Apecifick gravity. There were 108 cubick -inches. of elaftick air raifed from them in -diftillation, a quantity equal to 648 times their bulk; much the fame quantity thac -was raifed from the calculus. About 2 % part of this elaftick air was in four days etluoéd into a. fix’d ftate. There arofe much more O 2 Ol 196 Analyfis of the Air. oil in the diftillation of thefe Stones, than from the calculus, part of which oil did arlfe from the gall, which adhered to and -‘was dried on the furfaces of the ftones;. which oil formed large bubbles, like thofe which arofe in the diftillation of:Deers- horn, p. 193. A fmall ftone of the gall bladder, which. was as big as a Pea, was diffolved in a Li-. ~ xivium of Sa/ Tartar in feven days, which) _ Lixivium’ will alfo diffolve Zartar; yet it! will not diflolve the calculus, which is more: firmly united in its.parts. A quantity of calculus equal to one half! of what was diftilled, vz. 115 grains, did, when a cubick inch of fpirit of nitre was: poured on it, diffolve in 2 or 3 hours, with _a large froth, and generated 48 cubick inches of air, none of, which loft its elafticity, tho’ it ftood many days in the glafs vefiel. (Fig. 34.). And a like quantity of Zartar being: mixed with fpirit of nitre, was in the fame: time diffolved; but no elaftick air was gene- rated, notwithftanding Tartar abounds fo much with air — _ Small pieces.of Tartar and Calculus were: ‘in 12 or 14 days both diffolved by oil of Vitriol; the like pieces of Tartar and Cal- culus Analyfis of the Arr. 197 culus were diflolved in a few hours by oil of Vitriol, into which there was gradually poured near an equal quantity of fpirit of Harts- horn, made with Lime, which caufeda con- fiderable ebullition and heat. _ Tho’ theremaining calx of the diftillation of Tartar, in Experiment 73. run per deli- quium, and had therefore Sa/ Tartar in it ; and tho’ the calx of the diftilled Calculus did ‘not run per deliquium, and had confequently no Sal Tartar in it; yet it cannot thence be inferred, that the Ca/culus is not a tar- tarine fubftance: Becaufe by Experiment 74. it is evident, that Sa/ Tartar itfelf, when ‘mixed with an animal calx, diftils all over, fo that the calx will not afterwards run per : deliquium. By the great fimilitude there is therefore in fo many refpects between thefe two fub- ‘ftances, we may well look upon the Calculus, and the Stone in the Gall Bladder, as true animal Tartars; and doubtlefs Gouty concre- tions are the fame. _ From the great quantities of Air that are found in thefe Tartars, we fee that unela- ftick Air particles, which by their ftrongly jattracting property are fo inftrumental in form- | ing the nutritive matter of Animals and Ve- O 3 getables, 198 Analyfis of the Air. getables, are by the fame attractive power apt fometimes to form anomalous concretions, as the Stone, @&c. in Animals, efpecially in thofe places where any animal fluids are in — a ftagnant ftate, as in the Urine and Gall-: Bladders; they ftrongly adhere alfo to the fides of Urinals, &c. The like tartarine con- ¢retions are alfo frequently formed in fome fruits, particularly in Pears; but they do then efpecially coalefce in greateft plenty, when’ _the vegetable juices are in a ftagnant flate, as in wine vefiels, Gc. | This great quantity of ftrongly attracting, unelaftick Air particles, which we find in the calculus, fhould rather encourage than dif- Courage us, in fearching after fome proper diffolvent of the Stone in the Bladder, which, , upon the Analyfis of it, is found to be well | ftored with active principles, fuch as are the: principal agents in fermentation. For Mr. Boyle found therein a good quantity of vola- tile falr, with fome oil; and we fee by the: prefent Experiment, that there is ftore of unelaftick Air particles in it. The difficulty feems chiefly to lie, in the over-proportion of thefe laft-mentioned particles, which are firmly united together by fulphur and falt; the Analyfis of the Air. 199 the proportion of caput mortuum, or earth, being very fmall. Vide Vol. Il. p. 189. j } | ExPERIMENT LXXVIII. One eighth of a cubick inch of Mercury made a very infenfible expanfion in diftilla- tion, notwithftanding the iron retort had an almoft melting heat given it at a {mith’s forge, fo that it made anebullition, which could be heard at fome diftance, and withal fhook the retort and receiver. ‘There was no Air gene- rated, nor was there any expanfion of Air in the following Exper. vzz. ExPERIMENT LXXIX. I put into the fame retort half a cubick inch of Mercury, affixing to the retort a very capacious receiver, which had no hole in the bottom. ‘The wide mouth of the receiver was adapted to the fmall neck of the retort (which was made of a mufket barrel) by means of two large pisses of cork,which entered and filled the mouth of the receiver, they having holes bored in them of a fit fize for the neck of the retort; and the juncture was farther fecured, by adry fupple bladder tied over it; O 4 for 200 ©=—- Analy/is of the Air. for 1 purpofely avoided making ufe of any moift lute, and took care to wipe the infide of the receiver very dry with a warm cloth. The silo made agreat ebullition, and | came fome of it over intothe receiver, as foon as the retort had a red heat given it, which was increafed to a white and almoft melting heat, in which ftate it continued for half an hour. During which time, I frequently co- hobated fome part of the Mercury, which -condenfed, and was Icdged on an horizontal level, about the middle of the neck of the retort: And which, upon raifing the receiver, flowed down into the bottom of the retort, and there made a frefh ebullition; which had ceafed, when all the Mercury was diftilled from the bottom of the retort. When all was cool, I found about two drams of Mercury in the retort, and Joftin the whole forty-three grains, but there was not the leaft moifture in the receiver. Whence it is to be fufpeéted that Mr. Boyle and others were deceived by fome unheeded circumftance, when they thought they ob- tained a water from Mercury in the diftilla- tion of ic; which he fays he did once, but could not make the like Experiment after- wards facceed. Boyle, VolIWl. p. 416. T re : Analyfis of the Air. 201 I remember that about twenty years fince, I was concerned with feveral others in making this Experiment at the Elaboratory in Trinity College Cambridge ; when imagining there would be a very great expanfion, we luted a German earthen retort to three or four large Alodals, and a capacious receiver; as Mr. Wilfon did in his courfe of chymiftry. Four pounds of Mercury were poured by little and little into the red hot retort, thro’ a tobacco- pipe purpofely affixed to it. The event was, that we found fome fpoons full of water with the Mercury in the Alodals, which I then fu pected to arife from the moifture of the earthen retort and Jute, and am now confirmed in that fufpicion. It rained inceffantly all the day, when I made this prefent Experiment; fo that, when water is obtained in the diftil- lation of Mercury, it cannot be owing to a moifter temperature of the Air. The Effects of Fermentation on the Air. See Vol. Il. page 295. aving from the foregoing Experiments feen very evident proof of the produc- tion of confiderable quantities of true elaftick Air, from liquors and folid bodies, by means of 202 Analyfis. of the Air. of fire; we thall find in the following Expe- riments many inftances of the produdtion, and alfo of the fixing or abforbing of great quantities of Air, by the fermentation arifing from the mixture of variety of folids and fluids: Which method of producing and of abforbing, and fixing the elaftick particles of Air by fer- mentation, feems to be more according to nature's ufual way of proceeding, than the other of fire. EXPERIMENT LXXX. . I put into the bolthead 4 (Fig. 34.) fixteen cubick inches of Sheep’s blood, with a little water to make it ferment the better. I found by the defcent of the water from z to y, that in eighteen days fourteen cubick inches of Air were generated. EXPERIMENT LXXXI. Volatile Salt of Sal Ammoniac, placed in an open glafs ciftern, under the inverted glafs zzaa, (Fig.35.) neither generated nor ab- forbed Air. Neither did feveral other vola- tile liquors, as {pirits of Harts-horn, f{pirits of Wine, nor compound Aquafortis, generate any Analyfis of the Air. 203 any Air. But Sal Ammontac, Sal Tartar, and fpirits of Wine mixedtogether, generated twenty-fix cubick inches of Air, two of which were in four days reforbed, and after that ge- nerated again. ExPERIMENT LXXXII. Half a cubick inch of Sa/ Ammoniac, and double that quantity of Oz/ of Vitriol, gene- rated the firft day 5 or 6 cubick inches: But the following days it abforbed1 5 cubick inches, and continued many days in that ftate. Equal quantities of {pirit of Turpentine, and O7/ of Vitriol, had near the fame effect, except that it was fooner in an abforbing ftate than the other. Mr. Geoffroy fhews, that the mixture of any vitriolic falts, with inflammable fubftan- ces, will yield common Brimftone; and by the different compofitions he has made of fulphur, and particularly from O7/ of Vitrio/, and Oz! of Turpentine, and by the Analyfis thereof, when thus prepared, he difcovered it to be nothing but vitriolic falt, united with the combuttible fubftance. French Memoirs, Anno 1704. p. 381. or Boyle's Works, Vol. I. p. 273. Notes. | EXxPE- 204 Analyfis of the Air. EXPERIMENT LXXXIII. In February I poured on fix cubick inches of powdered Oy/er-/hell, an equal quantity of common white-wine Vinegar. In five or fix minutes it generated feventeen cubick inches of Air, and in fome hours twelve cubick inches more; in all twenty-nine inches, In nine days it had flowly reforbed 21 cubick inches of Air. Theninth day I poured warm water into the veffel x «, (Fig. 34.) and the follow- ing day, when all was cool, I found that it had reforbed the remaining eight cubick inches. Hence we fee, that warmth will fometimes promote a reforbing as well as a generating ftate, viz. by raifing the reforbing fumes, as will appear more hereafter. Half a cubick inch af Oyffer-/hell, and a eubick inch of O7/ of Vztriol, generated thirty- two cubick inches of Air. Oyfterfhell, andtwo cubick inches of four Rennet, of a Calf’s ftomach, generated in four days eleven cubick inches. But Oy/er- fhell with fome of the liquor of a Calf’s fto- mach, which had fed much upon Hay, did not generate air, It was the fame with Oy/er- {hell and Ox-gall, Urine and Spiétle. Half Analyfis of the Air, 265 Half a cubick inch of Oy/ter-/hell and Sevil Orange juice generated the firft day thirteen cubick inches of Air, and the following days it reforbed that, and three or four more cu- bick inches of Air, and would fometimes generate again. It was the fame with Limon juice. Oyfterfbel]l and Milk generated a little Air: But Limon juice and Mi/k did at the fame time abforb a little Air; as did alfo Calves Rennet and Vinegar; fome of the-fame Rennet alone generated a little Air, and reforbed it again the following day. It had the fame effect when mixed with crums of bread. ExPERIMENT LXXXIV. A cubick inch of Zzmon juice, and near an _ equal quantity of /piritsof Harts-bhorn, per fe, z, é. not made with Lime, did in four hours abforb three or four cubick inches of Air; and the following day it remitted or generated two cubick inches of Air: The third day turning from very warm to cold, it again re- forbed that Air, and continued in an abforb- ing ftate for a day or two. That there is great plenty of Air incorpo- rated into the fubftante of Vegetables, which by 206 Analyfis of the Air. ‘by. the action of fermentation is rouzed into | an elaftick ftate, is evident by thefe following — Experiments, v7z. ExPERIMENT DLXXXYV. March the fecond I poured into the bolt- head 4 (Fig. 34.) forty-two cubick inches of Ale from the tun, which had been there fet to ferment thirty-four hours before: . From that time to the ninth of ‘uve it generated 639 cubick inches of Air, with a very unequal progreffion, more or lefs as the weather was warm, cool, or cold; and fometimes, upon a change from warm to cool, it reforbed Air, in all thirty-two cubick inches. ExPERIMENT .LXXXVI. March the fecond,. twelve cubick inches of Malaga Raifins, with eighteen cubick inches of water, generated by the 16th of April 411 cubick inches of Air; and then in two or three cold days it reforbed thirty-five cubick inches. “From the 21ft of 4pri/ to the 16th of. May. it ‘generated 78 cubick inches; after which to the gth of ‘fume it continued in a reforbing “ftate, fo as to reforb 33 cubick inches;. there were Analyfis of the Air. 207 were at thisfeafon many hot days, ‘with much thunder and lightning, which deftroys the Air’s elafticity ; fo there were generated in all 489 cubick inches, of which 48 were reforbed. The liquor was at laft very vapid. From the great quantity of Air generated from Apples, in the following Experiment, ’tis oprobable, that much more Air would have rifen from the laxer texture of ripe undried Grapes, than did from thefe Raifins, We fee from thefe Experiments on Raifins and Ale, that in warm weather Wine and Ale do not turn vapid by imbibing Air, but by fer- menting and generating too much, whereby they are deprived of their enlivening principle, the Air; for which reafon thefe liquors are beft preferved in cool cellars, whereby this active invigorating principle is kept within due _. bounds, which when they exceed, Wines are upon the fret and in danger of being {poiled. ExPERIMENT LXXXVIL Twenty-fix cubick inches of Apples being ~mathed duguff 10, they did in thirteen days generate 968 cubick inches of Air, a quantity equal to 48 times their bulk ; after which they ~-did-in three or four days reforb a quantity equal to 268 Analyfis of the Air. to their bulk, notwithftanding it was very hot weather; after which they were ftatio- nary, neither reforbing nor generating Air in many days. A very coarfe Brown-fugar, with an equal quantity of water, generated nine times its bulk of Air; Rice-flour fix times its bulk; Scurvy-grafs leaves generated and abforbed Air; Peas, Wheat and Barley did in Fer- mentation alfo generate great quantities of Air. That this Air, which arifes in fuch great quantities from fermenting and diffolving vegetables, is true permanent Air, is certain, by its continuing in the fame expanded elaftick ftate for many weeksand months; which ex- panding watry vapours will notdo, but foon condenfe when cool. And that this new gene- ~ rated Air is elaftical, is plain, not only by its dilating and contracting with heat and cold, as common Air does, but alfo by its being compreffible, in proportion to the incumbent weight, as appears by the two following Ex- " periments, which thew what the great force of thefe aerial particles is, at the inftant they efcape from the fermenting vegetables. E XPE- Analyfis of the div. 209 EXPER IMENT LXXXVIII. I filled the ftrong Hungary-water Bottle bc (Fig. 36.) near half full of Peas, and then full of water, pouring in, firft, half an inch depth of Mercury; then I fcrewed at 4 into the bottle the long flender tube 2 z, which reached down to the bottom of the bottle; the water was in two or three days all imbibed by the Peas, and they thereby much dilated; the Mercury was alfo forced up the flender glafs tube near eighty inches high; in which ftate the new generated air in the bottle was com- preffed with a force equal to more than two atmofpheres and an half; if the bottle and tube were fwung to and fro, the Mercury would make long vibrations in the tube be- tween z andd, which proves the great elafti- city of the comprefied air in the bottle. EXPERIMENT LXXXIX. I found the like elaftick force by the fol- lowing Experiment, viz. I provided a ftrong iron potadbcd, (Fig. 37.) which was two and ¢ inches diameter within fide, and five inches ‘deep. I poured into it half an inch depth of P Mercury ; \ UE * 210 Analyfis of the Ait. Mercury; then I put a little coloured honey at x, into the bottom of the glafs-tube zx, — which was fealed at the top. I fet this tube in the iron cylinder 2”, to fave it from break- ing by the {welling of the Peas. The pot being filled with Peas and water, I put a lea- thern collar between the mouth and lid of the pot, which were both ground even, and then _ .prefled the hid hard down in a Cyder-prefs: “The third day I opened the pot, and found all the water imbibed by the,Peas; the Honey was forced up the glafs-tube by the Mercury to z, (for fo far the glafs was dawbed) by which means I found the :preffure had been equal to.two atmofpheres and ?; and the dia- meter of the pot being two -> ¥ inches, its area was fix {quare inches, whence the dilate- ing force of the air againft the lid of the pot: was equal to 200 pounds. And that the expanfive force of new gene rated air is vaftly {uperior to the power with which it aéted on the Mercury in thefe twe Experiments, is plain from the force with which fermenting Muft will burft the ftrongef veflels; and from the vaft explofive force witl which the air generated from nitre in th firing of gun-powder, will burft afunder th ftrongeé Aualyfis of the Air. 21t ftrongeft bombs or cannon, and whirl fortif- cations in the air. This fort of mercurial gage, made ufe of in Experiment 89, with fome un@uous mat- ter, as Treacle, or the like tinged liquor, on the Mercury in the tube, to note how high it rifes there, might probably be of fer- vice, in finding out unfathomable depths of the fea, viz. by fixing this fea-gage to fome buoyant body, which thould be funk by a weight fix’d to ir, which weight might by an ¢afy contrivance be detached from the buoyant body, as foon as it touched the bot- tom of the fea; fo that the buoyant body and gage would immediately afcend to the furface of the water. The buoyant body ought to be pretty larg, and much lighter than the water, that by irs greater eminence above the water it might the better be feen; for ’tis probable that from great depths it may rife at a confiderable diftance from the fhip, tho’ in a calm. For greater accuracy it will be needful, firtt, to try this fea-gage, at feveral different depths, down to the greateft depth that a line will reach, thereby to difcover, whe- ther or how much the {pring of the air is difturbed or condenfed, not only by the great ; 2 preflure 212 Analyfis of the Atr. preffure of the incumbent water, but alfo: by its coldnefs at great depths; and in what pro- portion, at different known depths, and in different lengths of time, that an allowance may accordingly be made for it at unfatho- mable depths. See Vol. Il. p. 332- This gage will alfo readily thew the de- grees of compreffion in the condenfing en- gine. But to return to the fubjeét of the two laft Experiments, which prove the elafticity of this new generated air; which elafticity is {uppofed to confift in the active aerial par- ticles, repelling each other with a force, which is reciprocally proportional to their diftances: That illuftrious Philofopher, Sir Sfaac Newton, in accounting how air and vapour is produced, Opticks Quer. 31. fays, ‘© The particles, when they are fhaken off << from bodies by heat or fermentation, fo « {oon as they are beyond the reach of the $< attraction of the body receding from it, ‘© asalfo from one another, with great ftrength « and keeping at a diftance, fo as fometimes « to take up above a million of times more « fpace than they did before in the form of — © a denfe body; which vaft contraction and « expanfion feems unintelligible, by feign- — * ing Analyfis of the Aiv. 213 “ ing the particles of air to be fpringy and ‘© ramous, or rolled up like hoops, or by any ‘«* other means than by a repulfive power.” The truth of which is further confirmed by thefe Experiments, which fhew the great quantity of air emitted from fermenting bo- . dies; which not only proves the great force with which the parts of thofe bodies muft be diftended ; but fhews alfo how very much the particles of air muft be coiled up in that {tate, if they are, as has been fuppofed, {pringy and ramous. To inftance in the cafe of the pounded Apples, which generated above 48 times their bulk of air; this air, when in the Apples, muft be compreffed into lefs than a forty-eighth part of the fpace it takes up, when freed from them, and it will confe- quently be forty-eight times more denfe ; and fince the force of comprefied air is pro- portional to its denfity, that force which compreffes and confines this air in the Ap- ples, muft be equal to the weight of forty- eight of our atmofpheres, when the Mer- cury in the Barometer ftands at fair, that 1s, 30 inches high, P.33 Now 214 Analyfts of the Air. Now a cubick inch of Mercury weighing 3580 grains, thirty cubick inches (which is equal to the weight of our atmofphere on an area of a cubick inch) will weigh fifteen pounds, five ounces, 215 grains; and fotty- _ eight of them will weigh above 836 pounds; which is therefore equal to the force with which an inch fquare of the furface of the Apple would comprefs the air, fuppofing there were no other fubftance but air in the Apple: And if we take the furface of an Apple at fixteen fquare inches, then the whole force with which that furface would comprefs the included air, would be 13383 pounds. And fince action and feaction are equal, this would be the force, with which the air in the Apple would endea- vour to expand itfelf, if it were there in an elaftick and ftrongly comprefied ftate : But fo great an expanfive force inan Apple would certainly rend the fubftance of it with a {trong explofion, efpecially when that force was increafed by the vigorous influence of the Sun’s warmth. | We may make a like eftimate alfo, from the great quantities of air which arofe either by fermentation, or the force of fire from teveral other bodies, Thus in Exp. 55. there . arofe Analyfis of the Air. 215 arofe from a piece of heart of Oak, 216 times its bulk of air. Now 216 cubick inches of air, compreffed into the {pace of oné cubick inch, would, if it continued there in an elaftick ftate, prefs againft one fide, of the cubick inch with an expanfive force equal to 3393 pounds weight, fuppofing there were no other fubftance but air contained in it; and it would prefs againft the fix fides of the cube, with a force equal to 20350 pounds, a force fufficient to rend the Oak with a vaft explofion: It is very reafonable therefore to conclude, that moft of thefe now active particles of the new generated air, were in a fixed ftate in the Apple and Oak before they were roufed, and put into an active repelling ftate, by fermentation and fire. The weight of a cubick inch of Apple being 191 grains, the weight of a cubick inch of air 7 of a grain, forty-eight times that weight of air is nearly equal to the four- teenth part of the weight of the Apple. And if to the air thus generated from a veflel of any vegetable liquor by fermenta- tion, we add the air that might afterwards be obtained from it by heat or diftillation ; and to that alfo the vaft quantity of air which P 4 by 216 Analyfis of the Air. by Experiment 73 is found «o be contained in its Yartar, which adheres to the fides of the veffel ; ic would by this means be found that air makes a very confiderable part of the fubftance of Vegetables, as well as of Animals. But though from what has been faid, it is reafonable to think, that many of thefe particles of air were in a fixed ftate, ftrongly adhering to, and wrought into the fubftance of Apples ; yet on the other hand it is moft evident from Exper. 34, and 38, where in- numerable bubbles of air inceffantly arofe through the fap of Vines, that there is a con- fiderable quantity of air in Vegetables, upon the wing, and in a very active ftate, efpeci- ally in warm weather, which inlarges the {phere of their a¢tivity. The Effects of the Fermentation of mineral Subjtances on the Atr. J Have above fhewn that Air may be pro- — duced from mineral Subftances, by the action of fire in diftillation. And we have, in the following Experiments, many inftances of the great plenty of air, which is generated by fome fermenting mixtures, abforbed by others, Analyfis of the Air. 217 others, and by others alternately generated and abforbed. EXPERIMENT XC. I poured upon a middle-fized Gold Ring, beat into a thin plate, two cubick inches of Aqua Regia ; the Gold was all diffolved the next day, when I found four cubick inches of air generated; for air-bubbles were conti- nually arifing during the folution: But fince Gold \ofes nothing of its weight in being thus diffolved, the four cubick inches of air, which weighed more than a grain, muft arife either out of the pores of the Gold, or from the Aqua Regia; which makes it probable, that there are air particles in acid {pirits; for by Experiment feventy-five, they abforb air; which air particles regained their elafticity, when the acid {pirits which adhered to them were more ftrongly attracted by the Gold, than by the air particles. EXPERIMENT. XCI. A quarter of a cubick inch of Antimony, and two cubick inches of 4gua Regia, gene- rated thirty-eight cubick inches of air, the firit 218 Analyfis of the Air: firft three or four hours, and theh abforbed. fourteen cubick inches in an hour or two, It is very obfervable, that air was generated | while the ferment was {mall, on the firft mix- ing of the ingredients: But when the ferment was greatly increafed, fo that the fumes rofe very vifibly, then there was a change made | frord a generating to an abforbing ftate; that is; there was more air abforbed than gene- | rated. "That I might find whether the ait was ab- forbed by the fumes only of the 47ua Regia, ‘or by the acid fulphureous vapours, which afcended from the Antimony, 1 put a like quantity of Agua Regia into a bolthead 4, (Fig. 34.) and heated it, by pouring a large quantity: of hot water into the eiftern x x, which ftood in a larger veffel, that retained the hot water dbout™ it, but no! air was ab- forbed ; for when all was cold, the water ftood at the point z, where I firft placed it: And I found it the fame, when, inftead of Aqua Regia, 1 put only fpirit of Nitre into the bolthead 4; yet in the diftillation of com- pound Agua-fortis, Exper. 75.4 little was ab- forbed. Hence therefore it is probable, that the greateft part, if not all the air, was ab- forbed by the fumes which arofe from the Antimony. E Xs Analyfis of the Air. 219 ExpeRIMENT XCII, Some time in February, the weather very cold, I poured upon a quarter of a cubick inch of powdered Antimony, a cubick inch of compound or double Aqua-fortis, in the bolthead 6 (Fig. 34.)+ in the firft 20 hours it generated about 8 cubick inches of air; after that, the weather being fomewhat ‘warmer, it fermented fafter, fo as in two or three hours to generate 82 cubick inches of air more; but the following night being very cold, little was generated : So the next morn- ing I poured hot water into the veflel x x, ‘which renewed the ferment, fo that it gene- ‘rated 4 cubick inches more, in all 130 cubick ‘inches, a quantity equal to 520 times the bulk of the Antimony. The fermented mafs looked like Brim- ftone, and when heated over the fire, there foblimed into the neck of the bolthead a red fulphur, and below it a yellow; which ful-. phur, as Mr. Boyle obfetves, Vol. III. 4.272, cannot be obtained by the bare aétion of fire, without being firft well digefted in oil of ‘Vitriol, or fpirit of Nitre. Alnd by com- paring the quantity of air obtained by fermen- tation in this Experiment, with the quantity | obtained 220 Analhfis of the Ai. obtained by the force of fire in Exper. 69 we find that five times more air was generatec by fermentation than by fire; which thew: fermentation to be a more. fubtle diflolvent than fire; yet in fome cafes there is more ait cenerated by fire than by fermentation. ~ Half a cubick inch of otf of | Antimony, with an equal quantity of compound Agua: fortis, generated 36 cubick inches of elaftick air, which was all reforbed the following dayesyn3-3 i U ice aon ahs cial XCIIL. 7 : Some. time in February, a quarter of a cubick inch of flings of Iron, and a cubick inch of compound Aqua-fortis, without any water, did, in four days, abforb 27 cubick inches. of air. It having ceafed to abforb, I poured hot water into the veffel x x, to try if I could renew the ferment. The effect of this was, that it generated three or four cu- bick inches of air, which continyed in that ftate for fome days, and was then again re- forbed. | | I repeated the fame Experiment in warm) weather in April, when it more briskly ab- forbed 12 cubick inches in an hour, ~ E x- Analyfis of the Aiv, = 221 ExPERIMENT XCIV. March 12th, 4 of a cubick inch of flings of Iron, with a cubick inch of compound Aqua-fortis, and an equal quantity of water, for the firft half hour abforbed five or fix cubick inches of air; but in an hour more it had emitted that quantity of air; and in two hours more it again reforbed what had been juft before emitted. The day following it continued abforbing, in all 12 cubick in- ches: And then remained ftationary for 15 or 2ohours. The third day it had again re- mitted or generated three or four cubick inches of air, and thence continued ftationary for five or fix days. It is remarkable, that the fame mixtures fhould change from generating to abforbing, and from abforbing to generating ftates ; fome- times with, and fometimes without any fen- fible alteration of the temperature of the air. See Vol. il. p. 237, 293. A like quantity of flings of Iron, and oil of Vitriol, made no fenfible ferment, and generated a very little air; but upon pouring in an equal quantity of water, it generated in 21 days 43 cubick inches of air; and in 3 or 4 days more it reforbed 3 cubick inches of alr; 222 Analyfis of the Air. air; when the weather turned warmer, it was generated again, which was again reforbed when it grew cool. One fourth of a éubick inch of filings of Tron, anda cubick inch of oi/ of Vitriol, with | three times its quantity of water, generated | 108 cubick inches of air. Filings of Iron, with /pirit of Nitre, either | with an equal quantity of water, or without | water, abfoibed air, but moft without water. One fourth of a cubick inch of flings of Iron, and a cubick inch of Limon-juice, ab-— forbed two cubick inches of air. _ ExPpsaRimMEenT XCV. Half a cubick inch of /pirits of Harts- horn, with Alings of Iron, abforbed 1 + + cubick inches of air, with flings of Copper, double that quantity of air, and made a very deep blue tinfture, which it retained long, when expofed to the open air. It was the fame with /pirit of Sal Armoniac, and filings of Copper. | A quarter of a cubick inch of filings of Tron, with a cubick inch of powdered Brim- ftone, made into a pafte with a little water, abforbed 19 cubick inches of air in two days. N.B. . Analyfis of the Air. 222 _ NB.1 poured hot water into the ciftern x x, _ (Fig. 34.) to promote the ferment. | A like quantity of filzugs of Iron, and pow- dered Newca/tle Coal, did in three or four days generate feven cubick inches of air, I could not. perceive any fenfible warmth in this mixture, as was inthe mixture of Jroz and Brim/ftone. Powdered Brimftone and Newcafle Coal neither generated nor abforbed. Filings of Iron and Water abforbed three or four cubick inches of air; but they do nor “abforb fo much, when immerfed deep in wa- ter; what they abforb isufually the firft three or four days. Filings of Iron, and the above-mentioned Walton Pyrites, in Exper. 70. abforbed in four days a quantity of air nearly equal to _ double their bulk. Copper Oar, and compound Aqua - fortis, neither generated nor abforbed air; but, mixed with water, it abforbed air. A quarter of a cubick inch of 7zz, and. doublethat quantity of compound Aqua-fortis, generated two cubick inches of air; part of the Tim was diffolved into a very white fub- {tance. E xP E- 224 Analyfis of the Air. ExPERIMENT XCYVI. ‘April 16th, a cubick inch of the afore- mentioned Walton Pyrites powder’d, with a cubick inch of compound Aqua-fortis, expanded with great violence, heatand fume into a {pace equal to 200 cubick inches, and in a little time it condenfed into its former fpace, and then abforbed 85 cubick inches of air. But the like quantity of the fame Mineral, with equal quantities of compound Aqua-fortis and Water, fermented more violently, and ge« nerated above 80 cubick inches of air. I repeated thefe Experiments feveral times, both with and without water, and found con- ftantly the fame effet. Yet O7/ of Vitriol and Water, with fome of the fame Mineral, abforbed air. It was very warm, but did not make a great ebullition. | But this Va/ton Mineral, with equal quan- tities of {pirit of nitre and water, generated air, which air would abforb frefh admitted air. See Vol. Il. p. 283, 292. . ExPERIMENT XCVII. I chofe two equal-fized boltheads, and put into each of them a cubick inch of powdered 5 Analyfis of the Aiv. 225 powdered Walton Pyrites, with only a cu- bick inch of compound Aqua-fortis into one, and a cubick inch of Water and compound Aqua-fortis into the other: Upon weighing all the ingredients and veffels exactly, both before and after the fermentation, I found the bolthead with compound Aqua-fortis alone had loft in fumes 1 dram 5 grains: But the other bolthead with Water and compound Aqua-fortis, which fumed much more, had loft 7 drams, 1 fcruple, 7 grains, which is fix times as much as the other loft. ExPERIMENT XCVIII. A cubick inch of Newcaffle Coal pow- dered, and an equal quantity of compound Aqua.fortis poured on it, did in three days abforb 18 cubick inches of air; and in 3 days more it remitted and generated 12 cu- bick inches of air; and on pouring warm Water into the veffel x x, (Fig. 34.) it re- mitted all that had been abforbed. Equal quantities of Brimflone and com- pound Aqua-fortis neither generated nor ab- forbed any air, notwithftanding hot Water was poured into the vefiel x x. A cubick inch of finely powdered Fiiné, and an equal quantity of compound Agua- P ‘ DP, Faec oa for tts, 226 Analyfis of the iv. fortis, abforbed in 5 or 6 days 12 cubick inches of air. Equal quantities of powdered Brifol Diamond, and compound Agqua-fortis, and Water, abfored 16 times their bulk of air. The like quantities without Water ab- forbed more flowly 7 times their bulk of air. Powder’d Briffol Marble ( viz. the fhell in which thofe Dzamonds lay) covered pretty deep with Water, neither generated nor abforbed air; and it is well known that Briftol Water does not fparkle like fome other Mineral Waters. EXPERIMENT XCIX, When the 4gua Regia was poured on Olenm Tartari ‘per deliquium, much air was gene- rated, and that probably chiefly from the Oleum Tartari; for by Exper. 74. Sal Far- tar has plenty of air in it. It was the fame when the oz/ of Vitriol wes poured'on Olewm Tartart; and' Oleum Tartari dropped on boiling Tartar generated much air. ) _ When equal quantities of Water and o1] of Vitriol were poured on fea falt, it ab- forbed rg cubick inches of air; but ‘when 3 in Analvfis of the Air. 227 in the like mixture the quantity of Water was double to that of the o7/ of Vitriol, then but half fo much air was abforbed. ExPERIMENT C. IT will next fhew, what effect fevera] 4/- kaline Mineral bodies had on the air in fer- menting mixtures. A folid cubick inch of unpowdered Chalz, with an equal quantity of oz/ of Vitriol, fer- mented much at firft, and in fome degree for 3 days; they generated 31 cubick inches of air. The Chalk was only a little diffolved on its furface. One hundred and forty-fix grains, or near one third of a cubick inch of Chalk, being Tet fall on two cubick inches of fpirit of falt, 81 cubick inches of air were generated, of which 36 cubes were reforbed in g days. Yet Lime made of the fame Chal abforb- ed much air, when o/ of Vitriol was poured on it; and the ferment was fo violent, that it breaking the glafs veffels, I was obliged to put the ingredients in an Iron veficl. Two cubick inches of frefh Lime, and four of common white wine Vinegar abforb- ed in 15 days 22 cubick inches of air. Q2 _ The 228 Analyfis of the Air. The like quantity of frefh Lime and Water abforbed in 3 days 10 cubick inches of air. Two cubick inches of Lzme, and an equal quantity of Sal Ammoniac, abforbed 115 cu- bick inches: The fumes of this mixture are therefore doubtlefs very fuffocating. A quart of unflacked Lime, left for 44 days, to flacken gradually by it-felf, without any mixture, abforbed no air. March 3a, a cubick inch of powdered Belemuitis, taken from a Chalk pit, and an equal quantity of o/ of Vitriol, generated in five minutes 35 cubick inches’ of air. March sth, it had generated 70 more, March 6th, it being a hard froft, it reforb- ed 12 cubick inches; fo it generated in all 1095 inches, and reforbed 12. Powdered Belemmuitis and Limon juice ge-- nerated plenty of air too; as did alfo the Star-flone, Lasis “fudatcus, and Selenitis with o/ of Vitriol. EYPERIMENT CI. Gravel, that is well burnt, Wood-afbes, decrepitated Salt, and Colcothar of Vitrial, placed ieveraily under the inverted glafs zz ad, (Fig. 35.) increafed in weight by im- Analyfis of the Air. 229 imbibing the floating moifture of the air: But they abforbed no elaftick air. It was the fame with the remaining /ixzvious Salt of a diftillation of Nitre. But 4 or 5 cubick inches of powdered frefth Cinder of Newcaftle Coal did in feven days abforb 5 cubick inches of elaftick air. And 13 cubick inches of air were in 5 days abforbed by Pulvis Urens, a powder which immediately kindles into a live Cole, up- on being expofed to the open air. ExPERIMENT CII. What efte&t burning and flaming bodies, and the refpiration of Animals, have on the air, we fhall fee in the following Experi- ments ; U7z. I fix’d upon the pedeftal under the in- verted glafs z z aa, (Fig. 35.) a piece of Brown Paper, which had been dipped in a folution of Nitre, and then well dried; | fet fire to the Paper by means of a burn- ing-glafs: The Nztre detonized, and burnt briskly for fome time, till the glafs zzaa was very full of thick fumes, which extin- guifhed it. The expanfion caufed by the burning Nitre, was equal to more than two quarts: When all was cool, there were near Q 3 80 cu- 230 Analyfis of the Air. 80 cubick inches of new genefated air, which arofe from a {mall quantity of detonized Nitre ; but the clafticity of this new air dai- Jy decreafed, in the fame manner as Mr. Hawksbee Abicrsed the air of fired Gun- powder to do, Phyfico-mechanical Exper, p. 83. fo that he found 19 of 20 parts occu- pied by this air to be deferted in 18 days, and its {pace filled by the afcending water; at which ftation it refted, continuing there for 8 days without alteration: And in like manner, I found that a confiderable part of the air which was produced by fire in the diftillation of feveral fubftances, did gra- dually lofe its elafticity in a few days after the diftillation was over; but it was not fo when I diftilled air thro’ water, as in Expe- riment 77. (Fig. 38.) EXPERIMENT CIII. I placed on the fame pedeftal large Matches made of linen rags dipped in melted Brim- ftone: The capacity of the veflel, (Fig. 35.) above z 2 the furface of the water, was equal to 2024 cubick inches, The quantity of air which was abforbed by the burning Match, was 198 cubick inches, equal to +5 part of the whole air in the veffel, J made Analy fis of the Air. 231 I made the fame Experiment in a leffer veflel z z a a, ( Fig. 35.) which contained but 594 cubick inches of air, in which 1 50 cubick inches were abforbed; 7. e. full 4 part of the whole air in the receiver: So that tho’ more air is abforbed by burning Matches in large vefiels, where they burn longeft, than in {mall ones, yet more air, in proportion to the bulk of the veffel, is abforbed in fmall than in large veffels: If a frefh Match were lighted and put into this infected air, tho’ ic would not burn + part of the time that the former Match burnt in frefh untainted air, yet it would abforb near as much air in that fhort time; and it was the fame with Candles. ExPERIMENT CIV. Equal quantities of filings of Iron and Brimftone, when let fall on a hot Iron on the pedeftal under the inverted glafs zz a a, (Fig. 35.) did in burning abforb much air; and it was the fame with Antimony and Brimftone : Whence ’tis probable, that Vz/- cano's, whofe fewel confifts chiefly of Brim- fione, mix’d with feveral mineral and me- talline fubftances, do not generate, but ra- ther abforb air. Q 4 We 232 Analyfis of the Air. We find in the foregoing Experiment 102 on Witre, that a great part of the new ge- nerated air is in a few days reforbed, or lofes its elafticity: But the air which is ab- forbed by burning Brim/ffone, or the flame of a Candle, does not recover its elafticity again, at leaft, not while confined in my glaffes. } ExPERIMENT CV, I made feveral attempts to try whether air full of the fumes of burning Brim/tone was as comprefiible as common frefh air, by compreffing at the fame time tubes full of each of thefe airs in the condenfing en- gine ; and J found that clear air is very lit- tle more comprefflible than air with fumes of Brimftone in it: But I could not cometo an exact certainty in the matter, becaufe the fumes were at the fame time deftroying the elafticity of the air. I took care to make the air in both tubes of the fame tempera- ture, by firft immerfing them 1n cold water, pefore I comprefied them, See Appendix Vol. Il. p. 319, 320. ExPERIMENT CYJ. I fet a lighted tallow Candle, which was about 6 of an inch diameter, under the in- yerted Analyfis of the’ Air. 233 verted receiver 2 22a, (Fig. 35.) and with a fyphon I immediately drew the water u toz2z: Then drawing out the fyphon, the water would defcend for a quarter of a mi- nute, and after that afcend, notwithftand- ing the Candle continued burning, and heat- ing the air for near 3 minutes. It was ob- fervable in this Experiment, that the fur- face of the water z2 did not afcend with an equal progreflion, but would be fome- times ftationary; and it would fometimes move with a flow, and fometimes with an accelerated motion ; but the denfer the fumes, the fafter it afcended. As foon as the Can- die was out, I marked the height of the water above z z, which difference was equal to the quantity of air, whofe elafti- _ city was deftroyed by the burning Candle, As the air cooled and condenfed in the re- ceiver, the water would continue rifing above the mark, not only till all was cool, but for 20 or 30 hours after that, which height it kept, tho’ it ftood many days; which fhews that the air did not recover the elafticity which it had loft, The event was the fame, when for great- er accuracy I repeated this Experiment by lighting the Candle after it was placed un- der 234 Analyfis of the Air. der the receiver, by means of a burning-glafs, which fet fire to a fmall piece of brown pa- er fixed to the wick of a Candle, which paper had been firft dipped in a ftrong folue tion of Nitre in Water; and when well dried, part of it was dipped in melted Brim- fone; it will alfo light the Candle without being dipped in Brimftone. Dr. Mayow, found the bulk of the air leffened by +, part, but does not mention the fize of the glafs veffel under which he put the lighted Can- dle, De Sp. Nitro aereo, p. 101. The capa- city of the veffel above = z, in which the Candle burnt in my Experiment, was equal to aed cubick inches; and the elafticity of the =& part of this air was deftroyed. The Candle cannot be lighted again in this infected air by a burning-glafs: But if I firft lighted it, and then put it into the fame infected air, tho’ it was extinguifhed in+ part of the time, that it would burn in the fame veffel, full of frefh air; yet it would deftroy the elafticity of near as much air in that fhort time, as it did in five times that {pace of time in freth air; this I re- peated feveral times, and found the fame event: Hence a grofs air, which is loaded with vapours, is more apt in equal times to lofe Analyfis ofthe Air, 235 lofe its elafticity in greater quantities, than a clear air. I obferve that where the vefiels are equal, and the fize of the Candles unequal, the elafticity of more air will be deftroyed by the large than by the {mall Candle: and where Candles are equal, there moft air in propor- tion to the bulk of the veffel will be ab- forbed in the fmalleft veffel: tho’ with equal Candles there is always moft elaftick air deftroyed in the largeft veffel, where the Candle burns longeft. I found alfo in fermenting liquors, that, ceteris paribus, more air was either gene- rated or abforbed in large, than in {mall vefiels, by generating or abforbing mixtures, As in the mixwre of Aqua Regia and Anti- mony in Experiment gr. by inlarging the bulk of the air in the veflel, a greater quan- tity of air was abforbed. Thus alfo flings of Iron and Brim/tone, which in a more capa- cious veflel abforbed 19 cubick inches of air, abforbed very little, when the bulk of air, above the ingredients, was but 3 or 4 cubick inches: For I have often obferved, that when any quantity of air is faturated with abforbing vapours to a certain degree, then no more elaftick air is abforbed: Not- with{tanding 236 Amalyfis of the Aw. withftanding the fame quantity of abforbing | fubftances would, in a larger quantity of air, | have abforbed much more air; and this is © the reafon why I was never able to deflroy the whole elafticity of any included bulk of air, whether it was common air, or new generated air. ExPeRIMENT CVII. May 18. which was a very hot day, I repeated Dr. Mayow’s Experiment, to find how much air is abforbed by the breath of Animals inclofed in glaffes, which he found with a moufe to be +; part of the whole air in the glafs veflel, De Sp. Nitro aereo, p- 104. I placed on the pedeftal, under the invert- ed glafs zz a a, (Fig. 35.) a full-grown Rat. At firft the water fubfided a little, which was occafioned by the rarefaction of the air, caufed by the heat of the animal’s body. But after a few minutes the water be- gan to rife, and continued rifing as long as the Rat lived, which was about 14 hours. The bulk of the air in which the Rat lived fo many hours,was 2024 cubick inches; the quantity of elaftick air which was ab- forbed, was 73 cubick inches, above + part of Analyfis of the Air. 137 of the whole, nearly what was abforbed by a Candle in the fame veffel, in Experj- raent 106. , ‘ I placed at the fame time, in the fame manner, another almoft half-grown Rag under a veflel, whofe capacity above the furface of the water z 2, (Fig. 35.) was but 594 cubick inches, in which it lived 10 hours ; the quantity of elaftick air which was abforbed, was equal to 45 cubick inches, vzz. 3 part of the whole air, which the Rat breathed in: A Ca¢ of three months old lived an hour in the fame receiver, and abforbed 16 cubick inches of air, ViZ. zs part of the whole; an allowance being made in this eftimate for the bulk of the Cat’s body. A Candle in the fame veffel continued burning but one minute, and ab- forbed 54 cubick inches, #; part of the whole air. And as in the cafe of burning Brim/fone and Candles, more air was found to be ab- forbed in large veffels than in {mall ones; and vice verfa, more air, in proportion to the capacity of the veffel, was abforbed in fmall than in large veffels, fo the fame holds true here too in the cafe of animals, EXPeE- 238 Analyfis of the Air. ExPERIMENT CVIIL The. following Experiment will fhew, — that the elafticity of the air is greatly de- ftroyed by the re/piration of human Lungs ; VIZ. I made a bladder very fupple by wetting of. it, and then cut off fo much of the neck | as would make a hole wide enough for the biggeft end of the largeft foffet to enter, to which the bladder was bound faft. The bladder and foffet contained 74 cubick inches. Having blown up the bladder, I put the fmall end of the foflet into my mouth; and at the fame time pinched my noftrils clofe, that no air might pafs that way, fo that I could only breath to and fro the air contained in the bladder. In lefs than half a minute I found a confiderable difficulty in breathing, and was forced after that to fetch my breath very faft; and at the end of the minute, the fuffocating un- eafinefs was fo great, thatI was forced to take away the bladder from my mouth, Towards the end of the minute the blad- der was become fo flaccid, that I could not blow it above half full with the greateft expiration that I could make: And at the | fame Analyfis of the Air. 239 fame time I could plainly perceive, that my lungs were much fallen, juft in the fame manner as when we breath out of them all the air we can at once. Whence it is plain that a confiderable quantity of the elafticity of the air contained in my lungs, and in the bladder, was deftroyed; which fuppofing it to be 20 cubick inches, ir will be ;1, part of the whole air, which I breath. ed to and fro; for the bladder contained 74. cubick inches, and the lungs, by the following Experiment, about 166 cubick inches, in all 240. Thefe effects of refpiration on the ela- fticity of the air put me upon making an attempt to meafure the inward furface of the lungs, which by a wonderful artifice ‘are admirably contrived by the divine Ar- tificer, fo as to make their inward furface to be commenfurate to an expanfe of air many times greater. than the animal’s body,; as will appear from the following eftimate, vz. | EXPERIMENT CIX. I took the lungs of-a CaJf, and cut off the heart and wind-pipe an inch aboye its branching into the lungs; I got nearly the {pecific.s 240 Analyfis of the Av. fpecifick gravity of the fubftance of the lungs, (which isa continuation of the branch- ings of the wind-pipe, and blood-vefiels) by — finding the fpecifick gravity of the wind- pipe, which I had cut off; it was to Well- water as 1.05 to 1. Anda cubick inch of water weighing 254 grains; I thence found by weighing the lungs the whole of their folid fubftance to be equal to 37 +2 cubick inches. I then filled a large earthen veffel brim- full of water, and put the lungs in, which Iblew up, keeping them under water with a pewter plate. Then taking the lungs out, and letting the plate drop to the bottom of the water, I poured in a known quantity of water, till the veffel was brim-full again; that water was 7 pounds 6 ounces and 4, equal to 204 cubick inches; from which deduét- ing the fpace occupied {by the folid fubftance of the lungs, wz. 37 4~-+ cubick inches, there remains 166 +++ cubick inches fog the cavity of the lungs. But as the Pul- monary Veins, Arteries and Lymphaticks, will, when they are in a natural ftate, re- plete with blood and lymph, occupy more fpace than they do in their prefent empty ftate; therefore fome allowance muft alfo | be 5 Analyfis of the Air. 241 be made out of the above taken cavity of the lungs, for the bulk of thofe fluids; for which 25 -++ + cubick inches feem to be a fufficient proportion, out of the 166 + + cu- bick inches; fo there remain 141 cubick inches for the cavity of the lungs. I poured as much water into the Bronchie as they would take in, which was one pound eight ounces, equal to 41 cubick inches ; this deducted from the above-found cavity of the lungs, there remain roo cubick inches for the fum of the cavity of the veficles. Upon viewing fome of thefe veficles with a microfcope, a middle-fized one feems to be about =4, part of an inch diameter ; then the fum of the furfaces in a cubick inch of _ thefe {mall veficles (fuppofing them to be fo many little cubes, for they are not fphe- tical) will be 600 fquare inches; for if the number of the divifions of the fide of the cubick inch be 100, there will be 100 planes, containing each one {quare inch, in each dimenfion of the cube; which having three dimenfions, the fum of thofe planes will be 300 fquare inches, and the fum of the furfaces of each fide of thofe planes will be 600 fquare inches; which multiplied by 242 Analyfis of the» Aiv. by the fum of all the veficles in the lungs, viz. 100 cubick inches, will produce 60000 fquare inches; one third of which muft be deducted, to make an allowance for the ab- fence of two fides in each little veficular cube, that there might be a free communi- cation among them for the air to pa{s to and fro; fo there remain 40000 {quare inches for the fum of the furface of all the veficles. And the Bronchie containing 41 cubick inches, fuppofing them at a medium to be cylinders of 7’ of an inch diameter, their furface will be 1635 fquare inches, which added to the furface of the veficles, makes the fum of the furface of the whole lungs to be 41635 f{quare inches, or 289 fquare feet, which is equal to 1g times the furface of a man’s body, which at a medium is com- puted to be equal to 15 fquare feet. I have not had an opportunity to take in the fame manner the capacity and dimen- fions of human lungs; the bulk of which Dr. Fames Kerll, in his Lentamina Medice- phyfica, p. 80. found to be equal to 226 cu- bick inches. Whence he eftimated the fum of the furface of the veficles to be 21906 fquare inches, But the bulk of human : lungs ' | | Analyfis of the Air. 4.43 lungs i is much mote capacious than 226 cu- bick inches; for Dr. ‘furim, by an accurate Experiment, found that he breathed out, at one large Papenattati, two hundred and twenty cubick inches of air; and I found it nearly the fame, when I repeated the like Experi- “ment in another manner: So that there mutt 4 a largeallowance made for the bulk of the ‘Temaining air, which could not be expired from the lungs; and alfo for the fubitancé ‘of the lungs. | Suppofing then, that, according to Dr. ¥u- -rin’s eftimate, (in Mor?’s Abridement of the | Philofophical Tranfaé. Vol. 1. p. 415.) we draw in at each common infpiration forty eubick inches of air, that will be 48coo cu- bick inches in an hour, at the rate of twenty | infpirations in a minute. A confiderable part of the elafticity of which air is, we fee by ‘the foregoing Experiment, conftantly de- ‘ftroyed, and that chiefly among the veficles, whete it is charged with rritich * vapour. | But it is not eafy to determine how much is deftroyed. I attempted to find it out by the following Experiment, which I fhall here give an account of, tho’ it did not fucceed fo well as I could have wifhed, for want of much larger vefiels ; for if it was repeated R 2 with 244 Analyfis of the Air. with more capacious veflels, it would deter= | mine the matter pretty accurately ; becaufe — by this artifice frefh air is drawn into the lungs at every infpiration, as well as in the free open air. EXPERIMENT CX. I made ufe of the fyphon (Fig. 39.) take- ing away the bladders, and diaphragms 2 2 ano: I fixed, by means of a bladder, one end of a fhort leaden fyphon to the lateral. fofiet7z: Then I faftened the large fyphon in a veffel, and filled it with water, till it. rofe within two inches of a, and covered the other open end of the fhort fyphon,. which was depreffed for that purpofe. Over this orifice I placed a large inverted chymi- cal receiver full of water ; and over the other leg o s of the great fyphon, I whelmed an-. other large empty receiver, whofe capacity was equal to 1224 cubick inches; the mouth of the receiver being immerfed in the water, and gradually let down lower and lower by an affiftant, as the water afcended in it. Then ftopping my noftrils,. I drew in breath at a, thro’ the fyphon from the empty receiver: And when that breath was expired, the valve b7 ftopping its return. ; down Analyfis of the Aw. 245 down thro’ the fyphon, it was forced thro’ the valve r, and thence through the {mall leaden fyphon into the inverted receiver full of water, which water defcended as the breath afcended. In this manner I drew all the air, except five or fix cubick inches, out of the empty receiver at 0, the water at the fame time afcending into it, and filling ic; by which means all the air in the empty receiver, as alfo all the air in the fyphon os 6 was infpired into my lungs, and breathed out through the valve 7 into the receiver, which was at firft full of water. I marked the boundary of air and water, and then immerfed the whole receiver, which had the breath in it, under water, and there gra- dually poured the contained breath up into the other full receiver, which ftood inverted over 0 5; whereby I could readily find whe- ther the air had loft any of its elafticity : And for greater furety, I alfo meafured the bulk of breath, by filling the receiver with a known quantity of water up to the above- mentioned mark; making alfo due allow- ance for a bulk of air, equal to the capacity of the large fyphon o s 4, which was at laft fucked full of water. R 3 The 246 Analyfis of the dir. The event was, that there were 18 cubick inches of air wanting; but as thefe receivets were much too fmall to make the Experi- ment with accuracy ; that fome allowance — may be made for errors, I will fet the lofs of elaftick air at nine cubick inches, which is but +4¢ part of the whole: air refpired, svhich will amount to 353 cubick inches in one hour, or 100 grains, at the raté of 84000 cubick inches infpired in an hour, or five ‘ounces 216 grains, in 24 hours, By pouring the like quantity of air to and fro under water, I found that little or none of it was loft; fo it was not,abforbed by the water: To make this trial accurately, the air muft be detained fome time under water, to bring it firft to the fame temperature with the water. Care alfo muft be takenin make- jog this Experiment, that the lungs be.in the fame degree of contraction at the laft breathe ing, as at the firft; elfe a confiderable error ) may arife from thence. But tho’ this be not an exact eftimate, yet is evident from the foregoing Experiments on pitts that fome of the: elafticity of the air which is infpired is deftroyed ; and that chiefly among the .veficles, where it is molt loaded with vapours ; whence probably “ _ fome Analyfis of the Air. 247 fome of it, together with the acid fpirits, with which the air abounds, are conveyed to the blood, which we fee is by an admi- rable contrivance there fpread into a vatft expanfe, commenfurate to a very large fur- face of air, from which it is parted by very thin partitions; fo very thin, as thereby pro- bably to admit the blood and air-particles (which are there continually changing from an elaftick to a ftrongly attracting ftate) with- in the reach of each other’s attraction, where- by a continued fucceflion of frefh air may be abforbed by the blood. And in the Analyfis of the blood, either by fire or fermentation in Exper. 49. and 80, we find good plenty of particles ready to re- fume the elaftick quality of air: But whe- ther any of thefe air-particles enter the blood by the lungs, is not eafy to deter- mine ; becaufe there is certainly great ftore of air in the food of animals, whether it be vegetable or animal food. Yet, when we confider how much air continually lofes its elafticity in the lungs, which feem purpofely framed into innumerable minute meanders, that they may thereby the better feize and bind that volatile Hermes: It makes it very probable, that thofe particles which are now R 4 changed 248 Aunalyfis of the Air. changed from an elaftick, repulfive, to a ftrongly attracting ftate, may eafily be at- tracted thro’ the thin partition of the veficles, by the fulphureous particles which abound in the blood. And nature feems to make ufe of the like - artifices in vegetables, where we find that air is freely drawn in; not only with the principal fund of nourifhment at the root, but alfo thro’ feveral parts of the body of the vegetable above ground; which air was feen to afcend in an elaftick ftate moft freely and vifibly through the larger ¢rachee of the: Vine; and is thence doublefs carried with the fap into minuter veffels, where being in- timately united with the fulphureous, faline, and other particles, it forms the nutritive dudtile matter, out of which all the parts of vegetables do grow. EXPERIMENT CXI.. It is plain from thefe effects of the fumes of burning Brimffone, lighted Candle, and the breath of Animals, on the elafticity of the air, that its elafticity in the veficles of the lungs muft be continually decreafing, by reafon of the vapours it is there loaded with ; fo that thofe veficles would in a little time t Ay Vere fubfide Analyfis of the Air. 249 fubfide and fall flat, if they were not fre- quently replenifhed with freth elaftick air at every infpiration, thro’ which the inferior heated vapour and air afcends, and leaves room for the frefh air to defcend into the veficles, where the heat of the lungs makes it expand about ¢ part; which degree of ex-. panfion of a temperate air, I found by in- verting a {mall glafs bubble in water, a little warmer than a Thermometer is, by having its ball held fome time in the mouth, which may reafonably be taken for the degree of warmth in the cavity of the lungs. When the bubble was cool, the quantity of water imbibed by it was equal to ¢ of the cavity of the whole bubble. But when, inftead of thefe frequent recruits of frefh air, there is infpired an air, fur- charged with acid fumes and vapours, which not only by their acidity contract the exqui- fitely fenfible veficles, but alfo by their groff- nefs much retard the free ingrefs of the air into the veficles, many of which are exceed- ing {mall, fo as not to be vifible without a microfcope ; which fumes are alfo continu- ally rebating the clafticity of that air; then the air in the veficles will, by Exper. 107, and 108, lofe its elafticity very fait; and con- 250 Analyfis of the Air. confequently the veficles will fall flat, not- withftanding the endeavours of the extend- ing Thorax to dilate them as ufual ; whereby the motion of the blood thro’ the lungs being ftopped, inftant death enfues. » Which fudden and fatal effe& of thefe noxious vapours, has hitherto been fuppofed to be wholly owing to the lofs and wafte of the vivifying /pirit of air; but may not unreafonably be alfo attributed to the lofs of a confiderable part of the air’s elafticity, and the groffnefs and denfity of the vapours, which the air is charged with; for mutually attacting particles, when floating in fo thin a medium as the air, will readily coalefce into grofler combinations: which effect of thefe vapours having not been duly obferved be- fore, it was concluded, that they did not affe& the air’s elafticity; and that confe- quently the lungs muft needs be as much dilated in infpiration by this, as by a clear ar. But that the lungs will nor rife and dilate as ufual, when they draw in fuch noxious air, which decreafes faft in its elafticity, I was affured by the Experiment I made on myfelf, in Exper. 108. for when towards the latter end of the minute, the fuffocating qua- lity Analyfis of the Air. 251 lity of the air in the bladder was greateft, ir was with much difficulty that I could dilate my lungs a very little. From this property in the vapours arife- ing from animal bodies, to rebate and de- {troy part of the elafticity of the air, a pro- bable account may be given of what be- comes of a redundant quantity of air, which may at any time, have gotten into the cavity of the Thorax, either by a wound, or by fome defect in the fubftance of the lungs, or by very violent exercife. Which, if it was to continue always in that expanded {tate, would very much incommode refpi- ration, by hindering the dilatation of the lungs in infpiration. But if the vapours, which do continually arife in the cavity of the Thorax, deftroy fome part of the. elafti- - city of the air, then there will be room for the lungs to heave: And probably, it is in the fame manner that the winds are reforb- ed, which, in their elaftick ftate, fly from one part of the body or limbs to another, caufing by their diftention of the veffels much pain. EXPE- 252 Analyfis of the Air. EXPERIMENT CXILI. I have by the following Experiment found, that the air will pafs here and there thro’ the fubftance of the lungs, with a very fmall | force, viz. I cut afunder the bodies of feveral young and {mall animals juft below the Diaphragm, and then taking care not to cut any veffel belonging to the lungs, I laid the Thorax open, by taking away the Diaphragm, and fo much of the ribs, as was needful to ex- pofe the lungs to full view, when blown up. And having cut off the head, I faftened the wind-pipe to a very fhort inverted leg of a glafs fyphon; and then placed the inverted lungs and fyphon in a large and deep glafs veffel « full of water, (Fig. 32.) under the air-pump receiver p p; and pafiing the longer lez of the fyphon through the top of the receiver, where it was cemented faft at z, as i drew the air out of the receiver, the lungs dilated, having a free communication with the outward air, by means of the glafs fy- phon; fome of which air would here and there pafs in a few places thro’ the fubftance of the lungs, and rife in {mall ftreams thro’ the water, when the receiver was exhaufted na Analyfis of the Air. 253 no more than to make the Mercury in the gage rife lefs than two inches. When I ex- haufted the receiver, fo as to raife the Mer- cury {even or eight inches, though it made the air rufh with much more violence thro’ thofe {mall apertures in the furface of the lungs, yet I did not perceive that the num- ber of thofe apertures was increafed, or at leaft very little. An argument that thofe apertures were not forcibly made by exhautt- ing the receiver lefs than two inches, but were originally in the live animal, And that the lungs of living animals are fome- times raifed with the like force, efpecially in violent exercife, I found by the following _ Experiment; v7z. EXPERIMENT CXIII. I tied down a live Dog on his back, near the edge of a table, and then made a {mall hole through the intercoftal mufcles into his Thorax, neat the Diaphragm. 1 cemented faft into this hole the incurvated end of a glafs tube, whofe orifice was covered with a little cap full of holes, that the dilatation of the lungs might not at once ftop the ori- fice of the tube. A fmall phial full of {pirie of Wine was tied to the bottom of the per- pendicular 254 Analyfis of the Air. pendicular tube, by which means the tube and vial could eafily yield to the motion of the Dog’s body, without danger of breaking the tube, which was 36 inches long. The event was, that in ordinary infpirations, the fpirit rofe about fix inches in the tube; but in great and laborious infpirations, it would rife 24 and 30 inches, wz. when I ftopped the Dog’s noftrils and mouth, fo that he could not breathe : This Experiment fhews the force with which the lungs are raifed by the dilatation of the Thorax, either in ordinary or extraordinary and laborious in- {pirations. When I blew air with fome force into the Thorax, the Dog was juft ready to expire. By means of another fhort tube, which had a communication with that which was fixed to the Thorax, near its infertion into the Thorax, I could draw the air out of the Thorax, the height of the Mercury, inftead of fpirit in the tube, fhewing to what degree the Thorax was exhaufted of air: The Mer- cury was hereby raifed nine inches, which would gradually fubfide as the air got into the Thorax thro’ the lungs. I then laid bare the wind-pipe, and having cut it off a little below the Larynx, I affixed to tet ets Analyfis of the Air. 255 to it a bladder full of air, and then conti- nued fucking air out of the Thorax, with a force fufficient to keep the lungs pretty much dilated. As the Mercury fubfided in the gage, I repeated the fuction for a quarter of an hour, till a good part of the air in the bladder was either drawn thro’ the fubftance of the lungs into the Thorax, or had loft its elafticity. When I preffed the bladder, the Mercury fubfided the fafter ; the Dog was all the while alive, and would probably have lived much longer, if the Experiment had been continued ; as is likely from the follow- ing Experiment, v2. EXPERIMENT CXIY. I tied a middle-fized Dog down alive on a table, and having laid bare his wind-pipe, Tcut it afunder juft below the Larynx, and fixed faft to it the {mall end of a common foflet ; the other end of the foffet had a large bladder tied to it, which contained 162 cu- bick inches; and to the other end of the bladder was tied the great end of another -foffet, whofe orifice was covered with a valve, which opened inward, fo as to admit any air that was blown into the bladder, but none could return that way; yet for further fecu- | rity, | 256 Analyfis of the Air. rity, that paflage was alfo ftopped with a {pigot. As foon as the firft foffet was tied faft to the wind-pipe, the bladder was blown full of ‘air thro’ the other foffet ; when the Dog had — breathed the air in the bladder to and fro for a minute or two, he then breathed very faft, and fhewed great uneafinefs, as being almoft fuffocated. Then with my hand I preffed the bladder hard, io as to drive the air into his lungs with : fome force; and thereby make his bdomen rife by the preflure of the Dzaphragm, as in natural breathings: Then taking alternately my hand off the bladder, the lungs with the: Abdomen fubfided ; I continued in this man- ner to make the Dog breathe for an hour;, during which time I was obliged to blow frefh air into the bladder every five minutes, three parts in four of that air being either abforbed by the vapours of the lungs, or) efcaping thro’ the ligatures, upon my pref fing hard on the bladder. | During this hour, the Dog was frequently near expiring, whenever I preffed the air but weakly into his lungs; as I found by his pulfe, which was very plain to be felt jn the great crural artery near the groin, ) | which ia Analyfis of the Air. = 257 which place an affiftant held his finger on moft part of the time; but the languid pulfe Was quickly accelerated, fo as to beat faft; foon after I dilated the lungs much, by pref- fing hard upon the bladder, efpecially when the motion of the lungs was promoted by prefling alternately the Abdomen and the blad- der, whereby both the contraction and dila- tation of the lungs was increafed. And I could by this means roufe the lan- guid pulfe whenever I pleafed, not only at the end of every five minutes, when more air was blown into the bladder from a man’s lungs, but alfo towards the end of the five minutes, when the air was fulleft of fumes. At the end of the hour, I intended to try whether I could by the fame means have kept the Dog alive fome time longer, when the bladder was filled with the fumes of burning Brimftone: But being obliged to ceafe for a little time from prefling the air into his lungs, while matters were preparing for this addi- tional Experiment, in the mean time the Dog died, which might otherwife have lived lon- ger, if I had continued to force the air into his lungs. Now, though this Experiment was fo fre- quently difturbed, by being obliged to blow mets) * S more 258 Analyfis of the Air. more air into the bladder twelve times du- ring the hour; yet fince he was almoft fuf- focated in lefs than two minutes, by breath- ing of himfelf to and fro the firft air in the bladder, he would, by Experiment 106. on Candles, have died in lefs than two minutes, when one fourth of the old air remained in the bladder, immediately to taint the new admitted air from a man’s lungs; fo that his ‘continuing to live through the whole hour, muft be owing to the forcible dilatation of the lungs, by comprefiing the bladder, and not to the wiusfying fpirit of air. For with- out that-forcible dilatation, he had, after the firft five or ten minutes, been certainly dead in lefs than a minute, when his pulfe was fo very low and weak, which I did not find to be revived barely by blowing three parts in four of new air from the lungs of a man into the — bladder: But it was conftantly roufed and | quickned, whenever I increafed the dilata- | tions of the lungs, by compreffing the bladder _ more vigoroufly ; and that whether it was at | the beginning or end of each five minutes, | yet it was more eafily quickned, when the | bladder was at any time newly filled, than | when it was near empty. From | Analyfis of the Air. 259 From thefe violent and fatal effeGs of very noxious vapours on the refpiration and life of animals, we may fee how the refpiration is proportionably incommoded, when the air is loaded with leffer degrees of vapours, which vapours do, in fome meature, clog and lower the air’s elafticity ; which it beft regains by having thefe vapours difpelled by the venti- Jating motion of the free open air, which is reridered- wholefome by the agitation of winds: Thus, what we call a clofe warm air, fuch as has been long confined in a room, without having the vapours in it carried off by communicating with the open air, is apt to give us more or lefs uneafinefs, in pro- portion to the quantity of vapours which are floating in it. For which reafon the German ftoves, which heat the air ina room Without a free admittance of freth air to carry off the vapours that are raifed, as alfo the modern invention to convey heated air into rooms through hot flues, feem not fo well contrived, to favour a free refpiration, as our common method of fires in open chimneys, which fires are continually car- Tying a large ftream of heated air out of the Tooms up the chimney, which ftream muft ‘Neceflarily be fupplied with equal quantities | S 2 of | 260 Analyfis of the Air. of frefh air, through the doors and crmtenaalie or the cranies of them, And thus many of thofe who have weak lungs, but can breathe well enough in the frefh country air, are greatly incommoded in their breathing, when they come into large cities, where the air is full of fuligi- mous vapours, arifing from innumerable coal fires, and ftenches from filthy lay-ftalls and fewers: . And even the moft robuft and heal- thy, in changing from a city to a country air, find an exhilarating pleafure, arifing from a more free and kindly in{piration, whereby the lungs being lefs loaded with condenfing air and vapours, and thereby the veficles more dilated, with a clearer and more ela- ftick air, a freer courfe is thereby given to the blood, and probably a purer air mixed with ic; and this is one reafon why in the country a ferene dry conftitution of the air” is more exhilarating than a moift thick air. And for the fame reafon, it is no wonder, that peftilential and other noxious epidemi- cal infe€tions are conveyed by the breath to the blood (when we confider what a great quantity of the airy vehicle lofes its elafti-. city among the veficles, whereby the infe- tious Wialinn'’ is lodged in the lungs). | ” 7 When Analyfis of the Air. 26 > When I reflect on the great quantities of elaftick air, which are deftroyed by fulphu- reous fumes; it feems to me not improba- ble, that when an animal is killed by light- ming without any vifible wound, or imme-: diate ftroke, that it may be done by the air’s elafticity, being inftantly deftroyed by the fulphureous lightning near the animal; whereby the lungs will fall flat, and caule fudden death; which is further confirmed: by the flatne{s of the lungs of animals thus killed by lightning, their veficles being found’ upon diffection to be fallen flat, and to have no air in them: The burfting alfo of glafs- Windows outwards, feems to be from the fame effe&t of lightning on the air’s elafti- city. : ~ It is likewife by deftroying the air’s elatti- city in fermented liquors, that lightning ren- ders them flat and vapid: For fince fulphu- teous fteams held near or under vefiéls will heck redundant fermentation, as well as the utting of fulphureous mixtures into the li- of, it is plain, thofe {teams can eafily pe- etrate the wood of the containing veffels, No wonder then, that the more fubtile ightnings fhould have the like effects. J] f S 3 know 252 Analyfis of the Air. know not whether the common prattice of laying a bar of iron on a veffel, be a good prefervative againft the ill effects of lightning on liquors. J fhould think, that the cover- ing a vefiel with a large cloth dipped in a {trong brine, would be a better prefervative ; for falts are known to be ftrong attraéters of fulphur. The certain death which comes on the explofion of Mines, feems to be effected in the fame manner: For though at firft there — is a great expanfion of the air, which mutt | dilate the lungs, yet that air is no fooner | filled with fuliginous vapours, but a good deal of its elafticity is immediately deftroyed : | As in the cafe of burning Matches in Expe- riment 103. the heat of the flame at firft expanded the air; but notwithftanding the: fame continued burning, it immediately con- tracted, and loft much of its elafticity, as: foon as fome quantity of fulphureous fteams afcended in it. Which fteams have doubtlefs the acl effect on the air, in the lungs of animals held over them, as in the Grotto di cani, or when a cloie room is filled with them, where they certainly fuffocate. | | Analyfis of the Air. 263 It is found by Experiments 103, 106, and 107, that an air greatly charged with vapours lofes much of its elafticity, which is the rea- fon why fubterraneous damps fuffocate ani- mals, and extinguifh the flame of candies. And by Experiment 106, we fee that the fooner a Candle goes out, the fafter the air lofes its elafticity. EXPERIMENT CXV. This put me upon attempting to find fome means to qualify and rebate the deadly noxi- ous quality of thefe vapours: And in order to it, I put thro’ the hole, in the top of the air-pump receiver, (Fig. 32.) which contained two quarts, one leg of an iron fyphon made of a gun-barrel, which reached near to the bottom of the receiver: It was cemented faft at z. I tied three folds of woollen cloth over € orifice of the fyphon, which was in the eceiver. The candle went out in lefs than wo minutes, tho’ I continued pumping all he while, and the air paffed fo freely thro’ ¢ folds of cloth into the receiver, that the ercury in the gage did‘ not rife above an ch. When I put the other end of the fyphon te a hot iron pot, with burning Brim/tone S4 ie 264 Analyfis of the Air. in it; upon pumping, the candle went out | in 15 feconds of a minute; but when I took | away the three folds of cloth, and drew the | fulphureous fteams thro’ the open fyphon, the light of the candle was inftantly extin- | guifhed; whence we fee the 3 folds of cloth | preferved the candle alight 1 5". And where the deadly quality of vapours in mines is not fo ftrong as thefe fulphureous ones were, the: drawing the breath through many folds of woollen cloth may be a means to preferve life a little longer, in proportion to the more of) lefs noxious quality of the damps. | When, inftead of the three folds of cloth, 4 : mmerfed the end of the fyphon three inches deep.in water in the veffel «, (Fig. 32.) tho upon pumping the fulphureous fumes did afcend vifibly through the water, yet the candle continued burning half a minute, i. € double the time that it did when fumes paflec thro’ folds of woollen cloth. | ExpEeRIMENT CXVI. bored. a hole. in the fide of a large woodel foffec 2, (Fig. 39.) and glewed into it th great end of another foflet 77, covering th orifice with a bladder valve 7: Then T fit ted a valve £7, to the orifice of the. iro fypho Analyfis of the Atv: 265 fyphon S'S, fixing the end of the fyphon faft at 6 into the fofler 2d: Then by means of narrow hoops I placed four Diaphragms of flannel at half an inch diftance from each other, into the broad rim of a fieve, which was about feven inches diameter. The fieve was faxed to, and had a free communication with, both orifices of the fyphon, by means of two large bladders 7 7 7 7 0. Linen would probably be more proper to make thefe Diaphragms of than flannel, be- caufe oil or greafe is ufed in the making of fannel: Andas I have heard, it is whitened by the fumes of burning Brimftone; which I was not aware of, when I made ule of flannel in thefe Experiments. The inftrument being thus prepared, pinching my noftrils clofe, when I drew in breath with my mouth at 4, the. valve ib being thereby lifted up; the air pafled freely through the fyphon from the bladders, which then fubfided; and thrunk confider- ably: But when I breathed air out of my lungs, then the valve 7d clofing the orifice of the fyphon, the air pafied thro’ the valve r into the: bladders, and thereby dilated them; by which artifice the air which I ex- pired muft neceflarily pafs thro’ all the Dia- Conon phragms, 266 Cost ; ly o> = eu: et ree ‘ : ’ . 4 ’ ’ . “* ; a Ss . 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