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Director of the New Hampshire
Agricukural Experiment Station

STATION BULLETIN 394

UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
DURHAM, N. II.

MARCH 1952

FOREWORD

THIS PUBLICATION represents a summary of the progress attained
by the Agricuhural Experiment Station at the University of
New Hampshire, and will be recorded as the 62nd and 63rd in
the series of annual reports. No separate bulletin was published
for the fiscal year July 1, 1949 to June 30, 1950. and therefore
tliis bulletin covers the two-year period beginning July 1, 1949
and ending June 30, 1951.

The brief summaries were prepared b) the respective project
leaders. The nature of the work represents both basic and applied
research. The latter is of a kind that has immediate application
to production and is intended as a means toward greater efficiency
of operations on farms. The ultimate goal is an adequate food sup-
ply at reasonable cost. This involves better plants and animals,
more efficient machines, more effective control of diseases and in-
sects, and more effective farm management.

The rooster featured on the cover of this bulletin is a New Hamp-
shire, the predominating breed in America. It was originated in
this state. Moreover, New Hampshires are the foundation of the
state's largest agricultural industry.

Harold C. Grinnell
Director

Mathias C. Richards
Associate Director

The cover picture is copyrighted, 1938. l)y the New Hampshire Club
of America. It is used with permission.

Report

OF THE

Director

OF THE

New Hampshire
Agricultural Experiment Station

July 1, 1949 - June 30, 1951

UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
DURHAM, N. H.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Analysis of Forage Samples 5

Chemical Studies Concerning the Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Foods .... 5

How Good are New Hampshire Canned Vegetables? 5

Starch Hydrolysis in Winter Squash 6

Study of Assay Methods for Some Water-Soluble Vitamins 6

The Effect of Soil Type, Species, and Fertility in the Minor Elements in

New Hampshire Forage 7

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Cost Reduction Possibilities on Dairy Farms 7

Efficient Chore Practices in Dairy Barns 8

Harvesting and Marketing New Hampshire Cucumbers Under Contract 8

Strawberry Marketing 8

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Convenient Transportation Means Longer Harrow Life 9

Front Opening Type Milk Cooler Shows Promise 10

Home Made Conveyors Save Time and Labor in Removing Baled Hay from

the Mow 10

Wagon Unloaders May Aid in the Removalof Chopped Hay to the Feed Floor 11

Low Cost Insurance Against Electric Power Loss 11

Infrared Brooding of Chickens and Poults 12

BACTERIOLOGY

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mastitis 13

Treatment of Brucellosis (Bang's Disease) With Aureomycin 13

CROPS AND PASTURES

Birdsfoot Trefoil Work Under Way 13

New Alfalfa Varieties Being Tested 14

Progress With New Hampshire Perennial Red Clover 14

Smooth Brome Grass Strains Under Test 15

Kennebec Most Promising New Potato Variety 15

Potato Varieties for Chipping 15

Disease-Resistant Oats for New Hampshire 15

Hybrid Corn Yield Tests 16

Irrigation to Improve Pastures 17

Boron is Essential for Best Yields of Ladino Clover 18

Continued Use of Fertilizers Containing Borax is Detrimental to Yield of

Potatoes 18

To Avoid Scab Use Extreme Care in Liming Potato Soils 19

DAIRYING

Does Metliod of Preserving Roughage Affect Vitamin Synthesis in the Rumen? 19

Fine-Ground Grain Mixture Digested and Utilized Better by Dairy Heifers .... 19

Grass Silage Produces Good Growth When Fed to Dairy Heifers 20

Limestone Lowers Digestibility of Silage 20

Minor Element Content of Forage Can Be Reduced by Heavy Use of Fertil-
izer and Lime 21

Radioactive Cobalt Used in Mineral Studies 21

The Effect of Sulfathalidine on the Excretion of Water-Soluble Vitamins by
Ruminants and on Their Utilization and Digestion of the Protein and

Energy in the Feed 21

Trench Silo Proves Successful 22

Utilization of Protein in Grass Silage Far Superior to Hays 22

Vitamin D Helps Calves Make Better Use of Their Feed 22

Improving the Processing, Packaging, and Shipping of Bull Semen Used for

Artificial Insemination 23

2

Page
ENTOMOLOGY

European Corn Borer Control 24

Control of the Plum Curculio on Apple 24

Control of the Cucumber Beetles on Pickling Cucumbers and Winter Squash 25

Synergists for Insecticides 25

FORESTRY

Bark Removal from Cut Logs 25

Thinning White Pine Plantations by Bark Peeling 25

HORTICULTURE

Conditions for Apple Root Growth are Improved Greatly by Hay Mulch 26

Effect of Biennial Bearing on Size and Yield of Fruit in the Northern Spy

Apple 27

Effect of Hay Mulch on Northern Spy Apple Trees 27

Leaf Scorch of Apple Trees 27

A New Apple Rootstock 27

Original Mcintosh Propagated • 28

Phosphorus Absorption by Apple Trees from Foliar Sprays and Soil-Appled

Phosphates 29

Techniques in Double Working Apple Trees 29

Organic Fungicides Have a Place in the Apple Scab Spray Schedule 29

Reduce Help Needed to Operate the Hydraulic Sprayer 30

Frozen Applesauce Made by Processing Unpeeled Fruit Can Make an At-
tractive Commercial Product 30

It Pays to Mulch Young Pear Trees 30

Fertilizing Lowbush Blueberries 30

Forced Softwood Cuttings Speed Blueberry Propagation 31

Toughness of Frozen Blueberries Not Influenced by Storing Them in Carbon

Dioxide 31

Korean Tree Berry, a New Hardy Raspberry 31

Two New Raspberries 32

Using Geese to Weed Strawberry Fields 32

Three- Year-Old Korean Chestnut Trees Produce Nuts 32

Bush Buttercup Squash 32

Cocheco Sweet Corn 32

Green Snap Beans 33

New Early Horticultural Shell Bean Introduced 33

Storing Butternut Squash 33

ORNAMENTALS

Breeding Roses for Winter Hardiness 33

James MacFarlane Lilac 33

New Varieties of Gladiolus 34

Winter Hardy Chrysanthemums Have Wild Korean Parentage 34

POULTRY HUSBANDRY

Ammonia Vapor as a Source of Ocular Disorder 34

Breeding for Meat Type in Chickens 35

Does Washing Affect the Hatchability of Eggs? 35

Factors Influencing the Maturity of Fall Hatched Pullets • 35

Utilizing Pasture to Save Feed Costs in Rearing Pullets 36

SOILS

A Survey of the Soils of New Hampshire 36

Legume Persistence Affected by Soil Type 36

Proper Width and Slope of Beds for Draining Whately and Biddeford Soils .... 37

Rotted Sawdust Shows Promise in Soil Improvement 37

Soil Types Vary in their Potassium .Supplying Power 37

3

WEED CONTROL

Japanese-Bamboo Can be Controlled with the New Brush-Killer Herbicides .... 38

Recent Developments in Quackgrass Control with TCA 38

Selective Herbicides for Weed Control 39

OTHER ACTIVE PROJECTS 41

STATE SERVICE

Avian Respiratory Disease Research 42

Diagnostic Service of the Poultry Laboratory 42

Differential Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease 42

Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine „ 43

Pullorum Testing ■ 43

The National Poultry Improvement Plan 43

Inspection of Fertilizers and Feedingstufis 44

Soil Samples 44

Seed Inspection 44

Mastitis Testing Service 44

ADDENDA

Publications 45

Changes in Personnel 46

Experiment Station Staff 46

Financial Statement 48

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

Analysis of Forage Samples

For the past three years changes
in the carotene and protein content
of timothy, alsike, ladino and red
clovers have been followed through
different methods of preservation. In
1948 and 1949 ensiling was com-
pared with mow drying and field
curing. All four species lost the least
amount of carotene when preserved
as silage, with mow drying in sec-
ond place. Ladino lost the least
amount of carotene in the silo, while
red clover lost the most.

In 1950 three ensiling methods,
i.e., plain, SOo and molasses treated,
were compared with field curing us-
ing timothy, alsike, and red clover.
Silage preserved with SO2 lost the
least amount of carotene.

There were no significant changes
in protein during any year.

In 1951 alfalfa and brome grass
were added to the list of species
used in the comparison of SO2 pre-
served versus untreated, both loose
and packed, as well as the standard
mow and field curing.

G. P. Percival

D. JOSSELYN

Chemical Studies Concerning
The Determination of
Ascorbic Acid in Foods

Two varieties of strawberries were
studied this year, the Catskill, in-
vestigated previously, serving as a
control, and a new variety developed
at the University, the Great Bay.
Changes noted during storage of
frozen Catskill berries were similar
to those noted in the past — very
little change in composition of un-
sugared berries, while sugared ber-
ries again showed definite changes
with regard to total acidity (in-
ci eased) and "apparent increased

ascorbic acid value". Interfering sub-
stances, as detected by norite and
formaldehyde, were high at harvest
time and dropped off somewhat dur-
ing storage. The Great Bay berry had
less ascorbic acid at the end of the
season than at the beginning. Dur-
ing storage, ascorbic acid losses were
noted only for the unsugared berries,
increased total acid values were noted
for sugared berries; ascorbic acid
values for these latter were not
lowered by storage.

Helen P. Shimer
S. R. Shimer

How Good are New Hampshire
Canned Vegetables?

A study of the nutritive value of
New Hampshire canned vegetables
(tomatoes, corn, carrots and beans)
has been completed at the University
of New Hampshire laboratories.

Data from 405 samples collected
at random from Coos, Merrimack,
and Cheshire counties show that the
over-all picture compares favorably
with commercially canned products.
As would be expected, some of the
samples of any one product were low
in certain nutrients; for example,
four samples of beans contained no
vitamin C.

A detailed report of the composite
data will appear in another publica-
tion, but the following generaliza-
tions can be made at this time:

Previous statements (see 1949 re-
port) have shown that New Hamp-
shire grown and canned beans and
tomatoes compare well with com-
mercial packs as regards their vit-
amin C (ascorbic acid) content. The
same is true for the vitamin A con-
tent of corn and for approximately
half the carrots.

All the tomatoes and corn samples
equalled, or bettered, the protein

\ alues listed for similar commercial
products, while carrots and beans
averaged slightly lower.

When considering the energy
values (caloric content) of these
vegetables, two-thirds of all the green
beans and tomatoes and half of the
corn bettered the commercial values,
three-fourths of all yellow beans and
carrots were lower.

The mineral content (ash values)
of all the carrots, especially all the
beans, and 70 to 80 per cent of the
corn and tomatoes, equalled or bet-
tered published figures for similar
packs. Further analyses of the ash
content showed that while almost all
samples contained more phosphorus
than published figures, the calcium
values were lower in practically all
instances. No adequate explanation
can be offered for these facts al-
though it is known that the soils
of the state are very low in available
calcium.

The solids of corn showed the
greatest variation of all total solids
studied, although 80 per cent of the
samples equalled the commercial
figures. This same ratio held true
for beans and tomatoes, while only
25 per cent of the carrots fell within
the commercial range.

The cellulose content of green
beans and corn, remaining after
blending and straining, varied con-
siderably. In some cases this indi-
gestible material (crude fiber,
strings, pods, hulls) from a pint of
the canned vegetable practically
filled the jar. This was due in all
probability to the maturity of the
product when preserved.

To date the data have not been
statistically treated to determine fact-
ors influencing the variations in the
different nutrients as reported above.
When this is done the causes for some
of the variations may become ap-
parent. Such treatment may also show
differences between counties as the

nutritive values of samples collected
from Coos county tend to be slightlv
lower than values from the other two
counties. The only exception to this
trend was noted in the mineral con-
tent of beans, corn, and carrots.

S. R. Shimer

Starch Hydrolysis in Winter Squash

Blue Hubbard squash were used in
testing the apparent activity of some
of the carbohydrate enzymes during
the growth and storage season of
1950-51.

Amylase and invertase activities
were low throughout the season with
minor variations. Phosphorylase ac-
tivity was low in both flesh and fiber
ill the early stage of growth. It in-
creased somewhat in the flesh and
greatly in the fiber at the time when
starch was being formed rapidly.
During storage the phosphorylase
activity of the flesh decreased grad-
ually, but that of the fiber remained
at a high level.

T. G. Phillips

Study of Assay Methods For
Some Water-Soluble Vitamins

A study was made of the possi-
bilities of applying the cyanogen
bromide reaction to the quantitative
determination of pyridoxine. When it
was ascertained that a colorimetric
procedure was not practical, due to
the weakness of the color reaction,
the possibilities of a fluorimetric
assay procedure were considered. It
was found that reaction between
pyridoxine and cyanogen bromide
produces a highly fluorescent sub-
stance, in amount proportional to
the pyridoxine present. Hence, it ap-
pears that a practical assay proced-
ure, based upon this reaction, can
be developed.

A. E. Teeri

The Effect of Soil Type, Species and
Fertility on the Minor Elements
in New Hampshire Forage

The timothy plots on the Paxton
soil in Strafford were sampled for
yield and chemical analysis in June,
1951. These plots were topdressed in
1947 with two levels of cobalt, ni-
trogen, lime and potassium as vari-
ables. These samples will be analyzed
to determine the lasting effects of
the different variables on the cobalt,
manganese and phosphorus content
of the timothy.

Similar plots in a Gloucester soil
in East Candia were sampled in
June, 1950. The results showed that
potassium decreased the yield of tim-
othy on the low nitrogen plots but
increased it on the high nitrogen
plots; potassium increased the yield
of red clover at both levels of nitro-
gen. Nitrogen increased the yield of
timothy and decreased the yield of
red clover. Potassium significantly
increased the manganese content of
timothy, but significantly decreased
it in the red clover. High nitrogen
decreased the manganese content of
timothy at both levels of potassium,
but added potassium prevented a sim-
ilar decrease in the manganese con-
tent of the red clover.

Both nitrogen and lime significant-
ly decreased the cobalt content of
tmiothv and red clover, and, when
they were applied together, the effect
was additive.

None of the treatments had any
significant effect on phosphorus con-
tent of either timothy or red clover.

The plots laid out on the Paxton
soil in Northwood, completely con-
founding the four-factor interaction
of specie x lime x fertility x micro-
elements were sampled for yield,
specie content, and chemical analy-
sis. These samples will be analyzed
for micro-elements. The chemical
work in the 1950 samples has not
been completed.

Greenhouse work on soil from this
field was continued. Barley was
grown in the soil on which the pre-
vious yield of oats was significantly
decreased by applications of lime at
three different levels of fertility. The
results showed that the two-ton ap-
plication significantly increased the
yield of barley at the 1 per cent
level, the four-ton application at the
5 per cent level, and the six-ton appli-
cation significantly decreased the
vield at the 5 per cent level. Another
series of pots was set up to try to
overcome the depressing effect of
lime on the yield of oats. Applica-
tions of manganese, boron, man-
ganese and boron, copper, zinc, mag-
nesium, potassium, magnesium and
potassium, and iron failed to correct
this trouble.

G. P. Percival

D. JOSSELYN

Agricultural Economics

Cost Reduction Possibilities
On Dairy Farms

The over-all appraisal of cost re-
duction opportunities shows that
dairy farmers could add significantly
to their net earnings by fuller re-
source use through more complete
adoption of current technological in-
formation. Much new technology

does not materially reduce unit costs;
it does, however, allow increases in
volume of business with no increase
in labor force, which increases both
gross and net earnings. Comparison
of ideally organized one-, two-, and
three-man farms shows that size of
operation offers little opportunity to
1 educe unit production costs on dairy

farms, especially when units are two-
man or larger in size. However, net
meome does show improvement on
the larger units.

A detailed analysis was made of
the more profitable combinations of
owned and hired machinery and
equipment for representative dairy
farms, with special attention to the
extent to which hiring of custom ser-
vices would influence the farm or-
ganization and reduce costs of dairy
farm operation. This work indicates
that dairy farms should be equipped
with certain foundational machinery
and equipment such as a tractor,
manure spreader, mowing machine,
rake and wagon. These items of
equipment are used in repetitive jobs
and do not lend to custom hiring.
For the small farm with a herd of
18 cows or under, many of the other
cropping operations could be profit-
ably hired at present custom work
prices. Under certain conditions the
operators of the small units could
buy pieces of equipment that are
normally uneconomical and do cus-
tom work for other farmers. As farms
increase in size the opportunities for
economically using custom hired
equipment become fewer.

This project has been carried on
in cooperation with the Bureau of
Agricultural Economics, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture and the Uni-
versity of Connecticut.

W. K. BURKETT

Efficient Chore Practices
In Dairy Barns

Large dairy farmers, confronted
with high labor costs, have made
progress in labor saving practices.
A number of operators have given
special attention to the storage and
handling of sawdust for bedding.
They are using more sawdust than
before as the old method of making
many trips from storage to stable,
carrying sawdust in small baskets,
required too much travel and time.

A few dairymen have constructed
sawdust bins in the hay mow above
the cows. They can draw the bedding
from bins into special carts by gravi-
ty. The bins are usually filled by
means of a blower.

One dairyman, in remodeling his
stable, left considerable space back
of the cows, and stores about 800 bu.
of sawdust along the barn wall.

This operator is experimenting
with a special bin and may construct
this along both sides of the barn, in-
creasing his storage capacity to 1600
bu. Sawdust will be available at all
points back of the cows and can be
spread quickly and easily. Once
around the barn with a scoop shovel
completes the task of bedding.

During the year estimates were
made on seven large dairy farms as
to the man hours spent on occasional
chores. These estimates adjusted to
a 40 cow herd basis adding up to
nearly 700 man hours a year or about
17.5 man hours per cow.

H. C. WOODWORTH

Harvesting and Marketing New
Hampshire Cucumbers under Contract

This project was undertaken to
study the economic possibilities of
this crop in raising the income of
New Hampshire rural families,
especially families with available
labor, living on small part-time
farms. Due to the severe drought,
yields were generally low and finan-
cial results were not encouraging.

An experiment was carried out on
one farm to measure the results from
different frequencies of picking. The
value of pickles per hour of picking
was $.98 on the basis of harvesting
six times a week and $2.02 on the
basis of harvesting two times a week.

H. C. WoODWORTH

Strawberry Marketing

Studies were made with thirteen
strawberry varieties which show that
some keep much better than others

at room temperature or under refrig-
eration. Howard 17 proved to be a
poor keeper while Robinson, al-
though rated as a soft berry, kept
very well.

The Great Bay variety peak yield
averaged seven days later than How-
ard 17 for three years. In 1951 a
Colebrook grower marketed one-
third acre of Great Bay berries from
July 7 to August 2 at a price of 47
cents per quart. In spite of a poor
stand the gross return per acre ex-
ceeded S2i00.

The price offered for commerical
processing of strawberries is not high
enough in New Hampshire to war-
rant sale for this purpose.

Several growers who have permit-
ted the buyers to pick the berries have
found that they can offer up to a
fifty per cent discount over the retail
price and still net about as much as
they could by jobbing to stores in
nearby towns.

L. A. Dougherty

Agricultural Engineering

Convenient Transportation
Means Longer Harrow Life

Wise farmers do not haul disk
harrows over gravel, rock, or hard
surfaced roads, ^ut load them on
some type of transport. Many differ-
ent types are employed depending on
the frequency of moving from field
to field and the farm management
practices employed by the particular
farmer. The effectiveness for preserv-

ing the cutting qualities of such a
harrow is directly dependent on the
ease with which loading and trans-
porting can be done, particularly on
farms where such work is not done
by the owner.

The accompanying picture shows
a harrow carrier of the overhead sus-
pension type built by University of
New Hampshire Agricultural Engi-
neers early in 1951. We believe this

Figure 1. The overhead suspension type harrow carrier which was built by agricultural

engineers at the University.

unit, through its ease of operation,
offers the greatest incentive to the
operator to load his harrow for even
the shortest hauls. A few similar
units are already in use on New Eng-
land farms. We have been able to
study the process of construction and
its use under operating farm condi-
tions. When these studies are con-
cluded, plans and construction in-
formation will be made available to
farmers. Farmers with a different
type of harrow carrier may prefer
their designs, but the important thing
is to save harrow maintenance costs
by using some type of carrier.
Bernard P. Rines
Arthur D. Leach, Jr.

Front Opening Type

Milk Cooler Shows Promise

A comparison of the front open-
ing type of milk cooler with the com-
mon immersion type shows several
advantages for this newer machine.
The front opening cooler, sometimes
called the side opening cooler, re-
duces the temperature of the milk to
less than 50°F in one hour, which
is only three to eleven degrees higher
than that cooled by the immersion
type in the same length of time.

Performance of the front opening
cooler is equal to the immersion
cooler except where it is desirable to
cool the milk to temperatures below
50°F in cases of high initial bac-
terial count or where the milk is to
be held longer than 24 hours.

Convenience seems to be the major
attraction for the front opening
cooler. Only a four to six-inch lift
is necessary in handling the cans.
These coolers are narrower and are
adapted to narrow doors. There is
no manipulation necessary to main-
tain the proper water level. Pits are
discouraged by boards of health and
are being eliminated.

Operating costs are about equal
for the two types. Power consump-
tion varies more among makes of

coolers than it does between the two
types studied.

Arthur G. Fox

Home Made Conveyors

Save Time and Labor in

Removing Baled Hay from the Mow

Two types of conveyors which can
be easily constructed in the farm
shop have been developed at the
University to reduce the labor re-
quirements for moving baled hay out
of the mow. One of these conveyors
uses gravity, and the other is powered
by a fractional horsepower electric
motor.

These conveyors may be used sep-
arately or in combination with each
other. By using one of these con-
veyors, ten or twelve feet long, to
move baled hay from the pile in the
mow to the hay hole or feeding floor
a man can save 20-25 feet of travel
per bale. In some cases conditions
may be such that the conveyor can
be preloaded for the next feeding
and eliminate one or more trips to
the mow each day by having a switch
or release on the feeding floor. Some
farmers who use one of the many
types of bale elevators now marketed
to put their hay into the barn could
use the home made conveyors to
carry the hay farther back in the
mow at haying time.

The gravity feed conveyor is made
up of rollers about two feet long,
spaced between six and ten inches
apart (depending upon the diameter
of the rolls ) . and supported by a
2" x 4" on each end. The rolls can be
made from either 4" x 6" aluminum
irrigation pipe or 4" bituminized-
fibre drain pipe. The cost of materi-
als for one of these conveyors 10
feet long varies between $15 and $35
depending on the size, type, and
spacing of rolls. These can be made
in sections 10 to 12 feet long and
joined together to form a contiini-
ous conveyor.

10

If the bales are too loosely tied
and flexible they will not roll sat-
isfactorily on the gravity conveyor
without help.

The electrically powered conveyor
is about twelve feet long and two
feet wide. It has a capacity of six
bales when they are piled two deep.
This conveyor will handle all types
of bales whether they are loosely
tied or not, and it can be more easily
adapted to preloading than the gravi-
ty type conveyor because it can be
more easily controlled from the feed-
ing floor. The materials for this con-
veyor cost about $100 to $125.

This is considerably more than the
gravity conveyor but the difference
is partly offset by a more positive
operation and its wider range of
adaptability.

B. P. Batchelder, Jr.

Wagon Unloaders May Aid in
The Removal of Chopped Hay
To the Feed Floor

Farmers who have a canvas type
wagon unloader can make greater
use of their present equipment and
save time and labor in removing
chopped hay from the mow.

An inexpensive device for remov-
ing chopped hay from the mow is
being tried at the University. This
conveyor was made of a wooden roll,
a length of canvas, a fractional
horsepower electric motor, and a re-
duction unit — which is usually a
part of a wagon unloader. The con-
veyor is easily assembled by attach-
ing the canvas to the roll and power-
ing the roll by the motor through the
speed reduction unit.

Some means of declutching the roll
from the drive mechanism to enable
the canvas to be pulled out for load-
ing is desirable, but not necessary if
time is not of greatest importance.

After the canvas is loaded this
unit can be controlled from the feed
floor. As much or as little chopped
hay as desired can be brought through

the hay hole into the feed cart or to
any other feeding device. In many
barns this device would necessitate
a man going to the mow only once
a day or less.

The cost of materials of a farm-
made unit without the motor and re-
duction unit is approximately $30.
The cost of reduction unit and elec-
tric motor range from $100 to $220.
The reduction unit has many other
uses.

A. G. Fox

B. P. Batchelder, Jr.

Lov/ Cost Insurance Against
Electric Power Loss

Electricity is preferred by many
farmers as the source of energy. Its
dependability, however, varies de-
pending on the weather and the lo-
cation of the farm. Many large
poultrymen have long considered
automatic stand-by generating plants
an economic necessity to prevent
losses during power loss, but the cost
of such automatic generating plants
could not be met by small farmers.

Recently, non-automatic belt driven
generators have been placed on the
market at a price which places stand-
by electricity within reach of many
more farmers. These generators are
operated by the farm tractor, and
were designed to be bolted down to
a fixed mounting block in the tractor
shelter, or at some other location
near the electric load center of the
farm.

The possibility of mounting a belt
driven generator on the tractor has
been studied. Such an arrangement
would make the generator useful in
combating power loss at more than
one location. Even more important
are the possibilities of operating
electric equipment away from the
farm buildings. Grinders, drills,
and other shop tools could be
taken to machines in the field. Hay,
sawdust, and litter conveyors which
were built for electric operation near

11

the buildings could be used occasion-
ally at remote places without chang-
ing power units or wiring. The in-
genious farmer will find many more
jobs to increase the earning power of
such a stand-by generator.

The practicality of mounting these
units on the tractor has been demon-
strated, but the time required for in-
stalling present mountings is con-
sidered excessive. The studies will
continue until a design is found which
one man can install alone in five
minutes with a minimum of tools.

B. P. RiNES

Infrared Brooding of
Chickens and Poults

As a result of many inquiries
about infrared brooding, tests were
conducted during the winter and
spring brooding season to determine
its application to New Hampshire's
climate.

The work began on January 25
on 500 chicks under a rectangular
unit of eight 250-watt lamps and
four thermostats as was being recom-
mended by various poultry magazines
at that time. During the first extreme
cold period experienced, it was found
that five 375-watt lamps arranged in
a circle made the chicks more com-
fortable even though the total watt-
age was less.

Observations made during the first
trials indicated no advantage in
changing height of lamps above lit-
ter after the initial setting (18 inches
for 250-watt; 24 inches for 375-
watt), and this was confirmed on
poults during the spring where height
remained constant.

iCrooked toes were prevalent
among the chicks brooded in the
winter months, and as a safeguard

against this, floors were kept warm
or well covered with litter.

The use of thermostats to control
one or more lamps in a unit in-
creases first cost but reduces operat-
ing costs. The period of use and the
management practices of the operator
(as they affect cost of manual con-
trol) determine the number of ther-
mostats which can pay for them-
selves. It is hoped that future in-
vestigation will provide a means of
control superior to the individual
thermostat for the small poultryman.
Thermostats and thermometers can-
not measure infrared radiation di-
rectly, but only its effect on the sur-
rounding atmosphere.

Since one of the effects of these
lamps is to warm the air directly
beneath them, strong convection air
currents are set up in the house
with the rise of air occurring at the
lamp support. In the work on poults,
two units with bafiles (or semi-
hovers) were used with success in
slowing down these convection cur-
rents. As a resuh, the comfort of
the birds was noticeably increased,
and energy consumption lowered.
These baffles were so designed that
the advantage of seeing all chicks
at a glance was retained.

Mounting the lamps in swivel sock-
ets proved a most satisfactory way of
changing the radiation pattern as the
birds grew.

Other points to keep in mind
using infrared lamps for brooding
are (1) some means of heat reten-
tion, or a stand-by generator, is
necessary insurance against power
loss and (2) for economy the house
should be well insulated.

B. P. Batcheldeu, Jr.
W. C. Skoglund
B. p. Rines

12

Bacteriology

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mastitis

Staphylococci are an important
cause of acute or chronic mastitis in
many dairy herds. Methods have
been developed which make it pos-
sible to detect these pathogenic bac-
teria in milk samples. The manner
in which these organisms are spread
from cow to cow is being studied.

Aureomycin has continued to give
highly satisfactory results for the
treatment of chronic and acute mas-
titis when administered via the teat
canal in an ointment base. Particu-
larly significant is the fact that, with
this drug, it was possible to cure a
number of cases of the long-standing,
chronic type of streptococcic masti-
tis. Many of these cases had histories
of producing discolored or stringy
milk and the majority of these quart-
ers had not been cured with penicil-
lin, even when large and repeated
doses were administered. While
staphylococcic mastitis is more diffi-
cult to treat than streptococcic mas-
titis, encouraging results have been
obtained with the aureomycin and
further studies are being made to de-
termine the most effective method of
administration. Other antibodies such
as Terramycin and Pendistrin (Peni-
cillin and Streptomycin) are also be-
ing tested. It should be noted that
cows with highly inflamed, swollen

udders cannot be treated satisfact-
orily via the teat canal.

A severe outbreak of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa mastitis in a dairy herd
has also been studied. To date, it
has not been possible to cure the in-
fected quarters by treatment with
aureomycin, terramycin, or strepto-
mycin.

L. W. Slanetz
F, E. Allen
L. E. Scarce

Treatment of Brucellosis (Bang's
Disease) With Aureomycin

Sixteen cows in a Brucella infected
herd were used for this study. Ex-
tensive tests were first made to de-
termine the agglutinin litre of each
cow and to determine whether the
cows were shedding Brucella abortus
organisms in the milk. Twelve of the
cows were then given intravenous in-
jections of aureomycin. Some of the
cows also received udder infusions of
aureomycin and sulfamethazine oral-
ly. Four cows were used as controls
and received no treatment. The re-
sults to date indicate that the Bru-
cella infected cows have not been
cured by the treatments administered.

L. W. Slanetz
F. E. Allen
C. L. Rollins

Crops and Pastures

Birdsfoot Trefoil Work Under Way

The first successful seeding was
made on the Foss farm, where the
crop has been pastured for three suc-
cessive seasons. It appears to be
thicker this year in places than it
was during the three previous years.
These areas on the Foss Farm were
seeded for observation purposes. The

soil is a very heavy one on which
birdsfoot seems to be well adapted.

Birdsfoot trefoil has been used al-
so on 15 acres of low land recently
improved in a drainage project.
These areas are also for observation.

Nine strains of trefoil were seeded
in August, 1949, on the Bunker field
as a variety test. These strains are

13

principally those which were secured
from the Cornell Experiment Station,
and include the Empire, Viking, and
certain other selections. For further
information, a strain obtained from
Northern Italy was included.

Because of the drought only one
harvest was made from this test in
1950. There was much difference in
the rate of recovery after the first
harvest, some of the Empire crosses
making much better growth than
Empire itself and the Italian strain.
Since ladino recovers more quickly
than trefoil, it isn't likely that tre-
foil will replace ladino on lands
where the latter is adapted. It seems
probable, however, that trefoil may
be used in situations where ladino
will not survive, since trefoil appears
tc be better adapted to wet soils than
ladino.

F. S. Prince

New Alfalfa Varieties Being Tested

Some of the newer alfalfa varieties
that have been developed by plant
breeders in the United States appear
to show considerable promise for
New England. Among these are
Ranger, a wilt-resistant variety;
others include the Atlantic, a variety
developed at the New Jersey Station
which appears to contain some dis-
ease-resistant qualities and the Nar-
ragansett which originated at the
Rhode Island Station.

These three new and promising
varieties are being grown in Green-
land, N. H., in a variety test which
includes also the Grimm, Ontario
Variegated, and Buffalo varieties.
Buffalo is also a wilt-resistant strain,
developed from Kansas Common. It
is believed that it will not be so well
adapted to New Hampshire condi-
tions as the Ranger which was de-
veloped from hardier strains.

At the first harvest in 1951, the
Narragansett variety was outstand-
ing. This has been the case with Nar-
ragansett in other tests in the North-

east, in that for the first two or three
years, at least, Narragansett outyields
all the other available varieties.
Whether it will show the same high
yielding ability more than three years
is questionable, since it has not been
bred especially for resistance to dis-
ease. It is outstanding enough now
m yield to be recommended for seed-
ings which are designed to last not
more than three or perhaps four
years. Additional information may
prove it to be good for plantings of
longer duration.

F. S. Prince

Progress with New Hampshire
Perennial Red Clover

Normally, red clover is considered
to be biennial, but some plants tend
to persist longer than the usual two
years. Over fifteen years ago, mem-
bers of the Agronomy Department
gathered seed from isolated plants
throughout the State. It was noted
that some plants grown from these
seeds lived longer than the usual two
years. In fact, seed was produced
from these plants at the end of the
third and fourth years and, to a
hmited extent, after the fifth year.

By hand pollination in the green-
house among the twelve original
families that showed the perennial
characteristics, succeeding genera-
tions have been obtained and selec-
tions have been on the basis of free-
dom from disease and vigor. Some
seed has been multiplied and trial
samples have been sent to the United
States Department of Agriculture for
trials in other states, and to the vari-
ous county agents within New Hamp-
shire. In the early trials. New Hamp-
shire Perennial Red Clover has yield-
ed better and has lived longer than
the usual commercial red clover and
some of the named varieties.

During the last year or two, by in-
tense careful selection, a new lot of
breeders' seed has been obtained.

14

Part of this has already been planted.
Its performance will be an indication
of the progress made to date.

L. J. HiGGINS

Smooth Brome Grass
Strains Under Test

Smooth brome grass is increasing
in importance as a forage crop in
New Hampshire. It is taking the
place of timothy in many seedings
and promises to assume a great deal
of acreage on dairy farms, particul-
arly when seeded with ladino clover
or alfalfa.

New strains of smooth brome that
have been produced in plant breed-
ing programs in the northeast region
are being tested in New Hampshire.
During the summer of 1950, six syn-
thetic strains and 25 lots of seed
produced from promising smooth
brome families were seeded in small
plots on the Whenal farm in Green-
land, N. H. Each strain was repli-
cated four times in properly random-
ized plots and all are being com-
pared with Lincoln, the most popu-
lar southern brome variety, and a
Canadian or northern brome strain.
Two strains produced by the New
Hampshire Station are included also
in this series of plots.

The synthetics are seeded alone,
and also with alfalfa in this test.
While no yield data are as yet avail-
able, by such testing it is hoped to
determine whether any of the new
lines are superior to those now being
used. If any are found that are su-
perior yielding or are better for
some other factor, such as disease
lesistance, steps will be taken to
multiply the seed for commercial use.
F. S. Prince

Kennebec Most Promising
New Potato Variety

Each year, twenty or more potato
varieties are grown in Durham, to
rate them for yielding ability. The

more promising ones each year are
{produced in a tuber unit seed block
at Colebrook. The Kennebec, a new
variety originating in Maine, was the
highest yielding potato in the variety
testing program in 1950. It makes ex-
cellent potato chips, but is not so
mealy as the Green Mountain.

Many new varieties of potatoes
are being released through the Na-
tional Potato Breeding Program. As
fast as these are released in this
area, either as numbered or named
varieties, they are subjected to test-
ing in our research program. Here
they are compared with Green Moun-
tain and other standard varieties.

P. T. Blood

Pototo Varieties for Chipping

Twenty-two varieties were tested
for their suitability for chips during
the winter. These had all been pro-
duced in our variety testing program
at Durham.

Some varieties such as Kennebec,
Mohawk and Russett consistently
make good marketing chips, while
others such as Essex and Cortland
just as consistently make poor chips.
A good chipping variety must not
contain an undue amount of reduc-
ing sugars. Since these varieties be-
have as they do, the amount of re-
ducing sugar in any variety must be
considered to be a genetic factor.
P. T. Blood

Disease-Resistant Oats for
New Hampshire

Until the early 1940's, oats were
not a "sure crop" for grain. Some
years, farmers harvested a 75-bushel
crop, and other years the same varie-
ty produced only 25 bushels. The
difference was generally due to dis-
ease; some years stem rust, crown
rust and smut were more prevalent
than in other years.

In 1943, the Agronomy Depart-
ment, in cooperation with the U. S.

15

D. A., established uniform oat nurs-
ery trials on the University farm.
As each new disease resistant variety
became available, it was tried out in
the plots. Several new varieties have
shown high yielding capacities, but
have had to be abandoned for vari-
ous reasons. The outstanding ex-
ample was Vicland, which was a vic-
tim of Victoria blight.

Such varieties as Clinton, Ajax,
and Mohawk have proved to be sat-
isfactory and the New Hampshire
farmers are using them. These dis-
ease resistant varieties not only in-
sure good grain yields each year,
but are also superior for annual hay,
nurse crops and grazing.

Trials replicated at least three
times at Claremont, Durham, and

Lancaster since 1948 show a differ-
ence in response for each variety in
the different localities. Generally,
oats yield better in the Lancaster area
than in southern New Hampshire.
Yields have averaged better than 5
tons of forage per acre and, in some
cases, grain yields have approached
100 bushels to the acre.

The last two years have brought
to light some new varieties that yield
higher than the disease-resistant va-
rieties now used, but seed has not
been multiplied fast enough as yet
to make them available in sufficient
quantity for planting. Indications
are that oat variety changes will be
frequent in the near future.

Following is a summary of the oat
variety trials:

Variety Resistance

Forage Yield per Acre

Grain Yield per Acre

No disease resistance
Resistant to smut only
Resistant to stem rust

Resistant to crown and
stem rusts and smut
"Top" resistant varieties

2-3

tons

2-3

tons

3-4

tons

3-5

tons

5-6

tons

20-35 bu.
25-40 bu.
55-65 bu.

60-70 bu.
80-90 bu.

Hybrid Corn Yield Tests

New Hampshire farmers continue
to change from the old open-polli-
nated varieties of grain and silage
corn to the hybrid varieties recom-
mended by the Experiment Station.
In the early 1930's, less than 1 per
cent hybrid corn was grown in the

L. J. HiGGINS

state, whereas now it is estimated
that 85 per cent of the corn is hy-
brid. A 10 per cent gain has taken
place during the last two years.

Since 1936, when the Agronomy
Department started the variety trials,
the summary of yield average would
be as follows:

Variety

Silage Yield per Acre

Grain Yield per Acre

Flints-open-pollinated
Dent-flint hybrids
Dents-open-pollinated
Dent hybrids
Dent-sweet hybrids

8-10 tons
10-12 tons
12-15 tons
15-20 tons
20 plus

30-40 bu.
45-50 bu.
55-60 bu.
65-70 bu.
Not suitable for grain

In spite of the drought experienced
during the 1949 and 1950 growing
seasons, hybrid corn varieties showed
significant differences in yields at
Durham, Claremont, and Lancaster.

Furthermore, hybrids brought in
from outside of the state respond
differently in New Hampshire local-
ities than they do in their original
habitat. Due to seasonal variations.

16

each variety is grown at least 3-5
years in several replications and in
more than one state area before a
reconunendation is given.

Cornell 29-3 continued to be the
leading early silage and grain corn
variety in the state. If planted late
in May, it gives good tonnage for
silage even at Lancaster. Massachu-
setts 62 and Wisconsin 335 may be
substituted.

As a result of the Lancaster trials,
the dent-flint hybrids, Maine B and
Wisconsin 240, have matured just
as early as have the local flints for
grain. Also, the hybrids have given
a 5-10 bushel increase in yield.

In southern New Hampshire, Cor-
nell 29-3 matures early enough for
grain, along with Massachusetts 62
and hybrids of the 300 and 400 Wis-
consin series. In some southern up-
land areas, dent-flint hybrids or dent
hybrids of the 200 Wisconsin series
are recommended.

Because of differences in strain
and stalk breakage, the old open pol-
linated West Branch Sweepstakes is
losing ground as a late silage corn
in central and southern New Hamp-
shire. Ohio M-L5 and to a lesser de-
gree Ohio K-24 are now being used.
Wisconsin 692 continues to give a
much higher tonnage yield, but ma-
tures somewhat later.

The new dent-sweet hybrids can
be used for silage, but not for grain.
Under controlled field conditions,
these hybrids have topped all previ-
ous silage yields, consistently ex-
ceeding 25 tons to the acre. They
are unfortunately a little late in ma-

turmg.

L. J, HiGGINS

Irrigation to Improve Posture*"

How to produce enough pasture
for the dairy herd in droughty sea-
sons is a problem that has bothered
many farmers for the past several
years. Serious droughts occurred dur-
ing the growing seasons from 1947
to 1950. During these years, a num-
ber of irrigation systems- were pur-
chased by New Hampshire farmers.

To test the effectiveness of irri-
gation on pasture production, an
overhead irrigation system was in-
stalled in 1949. The equipment con-
sisted of an OCD pumper with quick
connecting aluminum pipe .and small
sprinklers, each within an effective
radius of approximately 40 feet.

Drought began in June, 1949,
but irrigation was not begun until
July 17, The areas to be irrigated
included one four-year old piece of
ladino and timothy and one two-year
old field of ladino, red clover, and
timothy. Irrigation water was applied
four times or until the moisture con-
tent of the soil indicated that irriga-
tion was no longer necessary. The
content of soil moisture was measured
as often as necessary by means of
gypsum blocks, randomized over the
area, amounting to 500 pounds of a
7-7-7, although the land had all been
previously treated in May.

Yield records were obtained by
iiieans of four-foot square cages
properly replicated over the area.
Data were recorded in terms of oven
dry material. In the table, the yields
from both areas were combined since
the response for irrigation was simi-
lar on the two sections.

Treatment

Fertilized and Irrigated
Unfertilized and Irrigated
Fertilized but not Irrigated
Unfertilized and not Irrigated

Ijbs. Oven Dry
Material Per Acre

3,321
3.237
1.748
1,097

Per cent
Grass Clover

87.6
80.6
94.9
93.4

12.4

19.4

5.1

6.6

17

Water was applied four times dur-
ing the period from July 17 to Aug-
ust 15, or approximately at weekly
intervals. Since the sprinklers used
do not distribute the water exactly
evenly over the area, the cages were
so set as to cover the dry as well as
the wet segments of the areas to be
irrigated. Approximately one inch of
water was applied at each watering.
There was a gain of 1.573 pounds of
oven dry weight for the fertilized,
irrigated areas and 2,140 pounds for
the unfertilized, irrigated sections.

A response for fertilizer was ob-
tained on the non-irrigated areas,
but not on the irrigated sections,
perhaps because the land had been
top dressed in May before irrigation
started and had, in fact, been top
dressed annually.

Drought in the Durham area was
slightly more severe in 1950 than in
1949. Rainfall from June 5 to Aug-
ust 19 totalled only 3.98 inches. The
experimental area consisted of a new
seeding of clovers and grass that had
been made in March on land plowed
directly from sod and prepared in
the autumn of 1949. The first irri-
gation water was applied June 17
and watering continued until mid-
August or until seven inches of water
were applied at as many applications.

The areas under irrigation were
pastured twice, but not enough of a
stand developed in the non-irrigated
portions of the field to provide pas-
ture of much value.

The increase for irrigation of
2,992 pounds of oven dry forage
would probably approximate 15,000
pounds green grass, a volume suffici-
ent to furnish 100 days of pasturing
for one cow at 150 pounds of green
grass per acre daily. Since pasturing
did not start until mid-July, this
appears to be a very satisfactory
yield.

More important is the fact that a
very much better stand of grass and
clovers was obtained on the irri-

gated portions of the field. Lack of
irrigation might result in a complete
loss of stand in extremely dry sea-
sons.

A similarity is noted here between
the increases for irrigation for the
two years since in both seasons an
inch of irrigation water caused an
average increase of a little over 400
pounds. This would amount to ap-
proximately one ton of green grass.

F. S. Prince
P. T. Blood
J^. T. Kardos

Boron is Essential For

Best Yields of Ladino Clover

Greenhouse experiments with dif-
ferent amounts of borax and lime
indicated that best yields of ladino
clover were obtained when the soil
was treated with one ton of lime
and borax at a rate of 10 pounds per
acre. When the same soil was treated
with one ton of lime and borax
added, the yield was about 23 per
cent less. When the equivalent of 40
pounds of borax per acre was used,
the yield was slightly depressed but
still remained 10 per cent greater
than where no boron was used. From
these results, it appears that borax
applications commonly recommended
for alfalfa seedings would not be
seriously deterimental to ladino
clover which might be planted with
the alfalfa.

L. T. Kardos

F. S. Prince

P. T. Blood

Continued Use of Fertilizers
Containing Borax Is
Detrimental to Yield of Potatoes

As a result of experiments carried
out on Worthington loam soil in the
Colebrook area, it has been found
that when as little as five pounds of
borax per acre were added with the
fertilizer in the land, and when such
application was made in each of five

18

consecutive years, a decrease in yield
of potatoes of 43 bushels occurred
in the fifth year.

Where 20 pounds of borax were
used, the yield decreases occurred
in the second year. In the fifth year
the decrease in yield amounted to 93
bushels.

Where potatoes are being grown
continuously on the same land, care
should be exercised in using fertil-
izers continuously if borax has been
added.

F. S. Prince

P. T. Blood

L. T. Kardos

To Avoid Scab, Use Extreme Care
!n Liming Potato Soils

In liming experiments with pota-
toes at Colebrook, a soil with an
initial pH of 4.8 was used. One set
of plots was treated with 500 pounds
of lime per acre each year while an-
olher received no lime. Potatoes were
grown each year.

None of the potatoes were scabby
during the first three years while
the pH was rising from 4.8 to 5.1.

However, in the fourth year at a
pH of 5.2, approximately 22 per cent
of the potatoes on the limed plot
were moderately to badly scabbed.
When the soil pH reached a value of
5.3 in the fifth year, almost 66 per
cent of the tubers were affected.

The unlimed plots in the fifth year
had a pH of 4.7 and had no scabby
potatoes. There was no significant
difference in yields of potatoes on the
limed and unlimed plots.

If the potato grower is following
a rotation involving legumes and
wishes to obtain a good stand of
clover, he should check his soil pH
and not use more lime than would
raise the soil to a pH of 5.1. For
soils with a pH of 4.8 to 5.0, not
more than 500 pounds of limestone
should be used in any one rotation
sequence and it should be applied
just prior to seeding down. For soils
below pH 4.8, not more than 1000
pounds of limestone should be ap-
plied during any one rotation se-
quence.

F. S. Prince

P. T. Blood

L. T. Kardos

Dai

irymg

Does Method of Preserving Roughage
Affect Vitamin Synthesis in the Rumen?

Three methods of preservation and
storage of forage were compared
with respect to their effect upon vit-
amin synthesis in the digestive tract
of cows. Fecal and urinary excre-
ions of the vitamins were measured.
Whether the roughage was field-
cured, mow cured, or ensiled had no
significant effect upon the excretion
of nicotinic acid or panthothenic
acid. The rumen synthesis of thia-
mine, however, was favorably affected
by the feeding of silage.
A. E. Teeri

D. JOSSELYN

N, F. CoLovos
H. A. Keener

Fine-Ground Grain Mixture
Digested and Utilized Better
By Dairy Heifers

There has been considerable specu-
lation among dairymen and feedmen
as to the relative feed value of coarse-
ground grain for dairy cattle as com-
pared to fine-ground grain. Because
a coarse grain is more expensive
than a fine grain, an experiment was
set up to determine whether paying
a higher price for the coarse feed
is justified from the point of view of
digestion and utilization of the pro-
tein and energy.

In eight complete energy and pro-
tein balances with four heifers the
finely-ground grain mixture excelled
the coarsely-ground mixture in both

19

digestibility and utilization of protein
and energy. These results contradict
any advantages claimed for the pur-
chase of the higher priced coarse
dairy feed for dairy cows.

N. F. CoLovos, H. A. Keener,
A. E. Teeri and H. a. Davis,

Grass Silage Produces Good Growth
When Fed to Dairy Heifers

In a continuation of the work to
determine the best method of pre-
serving forage, silage was found to
contain the most protein on the dry
basis, mow-cured hay was second,
while field-cured hay was lowest.
The forage used was a gras^-legume
mixture containing a high percentage
of red clover and it was harvested
so that the material stored by all
three methods would have had the
same original composition. When
these forages were fed to 12-18
months old dairy heifers as the sole
ration, silage produced by far the
best gains; field-cured hay was in-
termediate, while the mow-cured hay
produced the smallest gains. This
was in spite of the fact, as reported
elsewhere, that the silage was much
inferior to both hays with respect to
the digestibility of both protein and
energy.

In other experiments with heifers
of a similar age, oat silage preserved
with sulphur dioxide produced gains
in body weight which were just as
high as those produced by a similar
silage preserved with molasses. The
sulphur dioxide preserved silage was
also higher in carotene and had much
better keeping qualities during warm
weather than the molasses treated
silage. Better than normal gains in
body weight resulted from feeding a
ladino-brome silage as the sole ra-
tion. When timothy silage was fed
as the sole ration, the growth rate
was very poor, but it was improved
to some extent by feeding corn silage

along with the timothy silage. Corn
silage also increased the growth rate
when it was fed along with hay.

It is concluded that normal
body weight gains can be made by
dairy heifers after one year of age
when they are fed only high quality
grass-legume silage alone or in com-
bination with corn silage. Good grass
silage appears to contain some sort
oi: growth-promoting factor (or fact-
ors) in much greater quantities than
is found in hay. The ensiling of a
poor quality forage will not make a
high quality feed out of it. Sulphur
dioxide appears to have considerable
possibilities as a silage preservative.

H. A. Keener
N. F. CoLOvos
H. A. Davis

Limestone Lowers Digestibility
Of Silage

Because of the lower digestibility
of silage compared to mow-cured
and field-cured hay as determined in
experiments elsewhere reported, it
was deemed desirable to determine
the causes of these differences. It
was thought that pulverized lime-
stone, a common mixed concentrate
ingredient, might be used to neutral-
ize the acidity of the silage and per-
haps improve its digestibility. Con-
trary to this idea, however, the re-
verse was found to be true. The feed-
ing of ground limestone at a rate of
100 g. per day caused a drop of 6
to 8 per cent in the digestibility of
the protein in the silage.

The results of this investigation
])ose the very important question as
to what harm, if any, inclusion of
minerals in the ration in improper
proportions may cause in the di-
gestion and utilization of its nutr-
ent constituents.

N. F. CoLOVos, H. A. Keener,
A. E. Teeri and H. A. Davis

20

Minor Element Content of Forage
Con be Reduced by Heavy Use
Of Fertilizer and Lime

The trend among progressive dairy-
men in this area is to apply com-
mercial fertilizer and lime more
heavily to the soils on which forage
crops are grown in order to obtain
greater yields per acre. The high
quality forage thus produced is past-
ured or harvested and stored so that
its feeding value will be as high as
possible. With this type of program
much less feed, particularly concen-
trates, is purchased from other farms
or from other areas of the country.
Other research has suggested that
such a situation may lower the minor
element content of the ration. In
order to determine what effect such
a program may have on the chemical
composition of the forage and on the
growth, reproduction and production
of cattle, a long time experiment is
being conducted. The forage is be-
ing grown at Northwood while the
cattle are being maintained under
controlled conditions at the Dairy
Husbandry Nutrition Research Barn
al Durham.

During the first year of the ex-
periment timothy produced under in-
tensive fertilization was low in co-
balt, iron, and copper. The same was
true for brome grass. The ladino
clover with which the brome grass
was grown was lower than normal in
cobalt and iron, but it was not as
low in these elements as were the
grasses. Calves fed the timothy hay
developed marked cobalt deficiency
symptoms, while calves fed the la-
d]no-brome hay developed moderate-
ly severe cobalt deficiency. This is
contrary to the general opinion that
cattle which are fed a forage contain-
ing a considerable percentage of le-
gumes receive adequate cobalt. At the
present time cobalt deficiency is the
only deficiency which has been found
to affect the cattle on this experi-
ment in any way. Conclusions in re-

gard to other elements will have to

await future developments.
H. A. Keener
G. P. Percival
K. S. Morrow

Radioactive Cobalt Used
In Mineral Studies

Studies on cobalt deficiency at this
Station and elsewhere have shown
that when cobalt is fed to deficient
animals, recovery takes place very
rapidly. When cobalt is injected into
the jugular vein, however, larger
amounts of cobalt have to be given
and recovery takes place- more slow-
ly. If cobalt functions in the rumen
as has been believed generally, an
explanation was needed as to why
injected cobalt brought about any
response at all.

In order to see if cobalt could
make its way into the rumen con-
tents from the blood stream, an ex-
periment was carried out in which
ladioactive cobalt was injected into
cobalt deficient sheep. A very small
amount of the injected cobalt was
found in the rumen contents and it
appeared to be enough to explain
the slow response from cobalt in-
jections. Using the radioactive iso-
tope, it also was found that cobalt
carbonate, which is relatively in-
soluble in water, can be absorbed
into the bloodstream in appreciable
quantities. It is known that cobalt
carbonate will relieve cobalt de-
ficiency. This work, however, does
not indicate just where cobalt car-
bonate goes into solution.

H. A. Keener
G. P. Percival

The Effect of Sulfathalidine on the
Excretion of Water-Soluble Vitamins
By Ruminants and on Their
Utilization and Digestion of the
Protein and Energy in the Feed

Oral administration of sulfathali-
dine to heifers resulted in a signifi-

21

cantly decreased fecal excretion of
thiamine. The urinary excretion of
thiamine and the fecal urinary excre-
tions of nicotinic acid, pantothenic
acid, and riboflavin were not sig-
nificantly affected. Total excretion of
thiamine and of panthothenic acid
were considerably greater than diet-
ary intakes, indicating rumen or in-
testinal synthesis of these vitamins.

The utilization and digestibility of
the protein and energy in the ration
were lowered quite markedly in those
animals receiving the drug.

A. E. Teeri, M. Leavitt,

D. JOSSELYN, N. F. COLOVOS,

AND H. A. Keener

Trench Silo Proves Successful

Although the trench silo is not a
new development, it is relatively new
to New Hampshire dairymen. Because
of the rapidly increasing popularity
of grass silage in this area, dairy-
men have been interested in this type
of silo as the answer to the high
initial cost of conventional silos. In
order to have first-hand information
on the construction and use of the
trench silo, one was constructed at
the University Dairy Nutrition Re-
search Barn in 1950.

Part of the trench was filled with
field-chopped forage, the remainder
was filled with similar material in
the unchopped state. Molasses was
added to both at the rate of 80 lbs.
per ton of forage. After packing by
driving a tractor back and forth over
it, the forage was covered with tar-
paper and 8 to 10 inches of green
sawdust.

The amount of spoilage was rela-
tively small. Both types of silage
were of excellent quality. It was con-
siderably easier to remove the
chopped silage from the trench than
the unchopped, but it was not too
difficult to remove the unchopped
material when it was forked from a
reasonably sized area in much the

same manner that long hay is re-
moved from the mow.

Although a trench silo has some
disadvantages, it may be used to ad-
vantage on many dairy farms. This
is particularly true where financial
resources are limited or where silage
storage is needed quickly or for only
a season or two.

H. A. Keener
N. F. CoLovos

Utilization of Protein in Grass Silage
Far Superior to Hays

In the continued efforts at this
Station to find the best possible
method of harvesting and storing
home-grown roughages for winter
feeding, the relative utilization and
digestibility of the protein and energy
of various roughages were studied.
The forages, obtained from com-
parable stands, were ensiled, mow-
cured, and field-cured. In 24 com-
plete energy and protein balance ex-
periments using four dairy heifers,
it was found that the silage far ex-
celled the mow-cured hay and field-
cured hay in protein utilization when
compared on the dry matter or di-
gestible protein basis. This was in
spite of the fact that the digestibility
of the protein was higher in both the
mow-cured and field-cured hay. This
may explain the reason why greater
gains in body weight as reported else-
where resulted when silage was fed
than when either mow-cured or field-
cured hay made up the ration.

N. F. CoLovos, H. A. Keener,
A. E. Teeri and H. A. Davis

Vitamin D Helps Calves Make
Better Use of Their Feed

Many dairymen have the rather
common fault of being careless when
feeding their non-producers and
especially their calves. Oftentimes
unpalatable stemmy leftover hay
from the milking animals, instead of
being discarded or used as bedding.

22

Figure 2. A trench silo constructed for research work at the University.

is fed to the calves. On other farms
little hay is fed until the calf is sev-
eral montlis old. In both cases a vit-
amin D deficiency is likely to result
if supplemental vitamin D is not fed.

An attempt was made to study the
effects of vitamin D deficiency in an
experiment with calves fed a vitamin
D ration and maintained in the ab-
sence of sunlight. It was found that
the basal metabolism was increased
quite markedly in the deficient calves
long before any visible rachitic sym-
toms were observed. The protein in
the ration was utilized to a greater
extent by the calves when they were
given a small supplement of irradi-
ated yeast. The vitamin D supplement
also prevented rickets. From the re-
sults of the experiment, a moderate
supplement of vitamin D is recom-
mended in the ration of the calf not

only to prevent rickets but to enable
it to make better use of its feed.
N. F. CoLovos, H. A. Keener,
A. E. Teeri and H. a. Davis

Improving the Processing, Packaging
And Shipping of Bull Semen
Used for Artificial Insemination

A container has been developed
for carrying bull semen by the tech-
nician while in the field. The con-
tainer consists of a copper can 5%
X 41/2 X 31/4 inches, with twelve %
inch copper tubes evenly spaced in
the can for holding the semen vials.
The vials are 12 x 75 mm. and hold
about 5 ml. of semen.

In use, the container is nearly
filled with water and placed in the
freezing compartment of a refriger-
ator and left there until frozen solid.
The technician's kit has an insulated

.23

box placed in one end that is just
large enough on the inside to hold
the container, with the lid being on
the top of the box. When the con-
tainer is removed from the freezing
compartment, the copper tubes are
filled with cold water for about 30
seconds to start the ice melting. The
vials holding the semen are placed
in the tubes and the container placed
in the insulated box. Since the vials
are in the copper tubes that are sur-
rounded by ice-water, the semen is
held at approxmiately the temper-
ature of an ice-water mixture as long
as there is any ice left in the can.

Fourteen of the twenty-five cir-
cuits of the New Hampshire Breeding
Association are using the container.
The 60 to 90 day non-returns for the
three circuits that used the con-
tainer for ten months this year are
a slightly better percentage than that
of the non-returns for the whole
whole Association for the same per-
iod. The farmers are getting more
selection of bulls because with ther-

Figure 3. A container developed for carry-
ing bull semen by the technician while in
the field.

mos many technicians were carrying
only one bull of each breed, while
with the container, they can carry
semen from two or three bulls of each
breed with no particular inconven-
ience.

H. C. Moore

Entomology

European Corn Borer Control

Experiments conducted at Pitts-
f/eld, N. H., in the summer of 1949
indicate that parathion may be used
to replace DDT in late applications
for corn borer control on canning
corn, thus reducing the residue prob-
lem for growers who plan to feed
the crop remnants to dairy cattle.

When a 1 per cent parathion dust
was substituted for the usual 3 per
cent DDT dust in the third and fourth
applications, harvested ears were 94
per cent borer free. Moreover, this
schedule allowed a lapse of six weeks
from the date of last DDT applica-
tions to the date of harvesting of can-
ning corn.

The use of commercial DDT emul-
sion (Pestroy) in four applications

at the rate of 1 lb. actual DDT per
acre per application, resulted in sat-
isfactory borer control, but the spray
material caused some chlorisis of the
plants.

In tests on market sweet corn dur-
ing the summer of 1950 a 3 per cent
DDT dust gave better control of the
European corn borer than did a 5
per cent dust of organic phosphate.

J. G. CONKLIN

R. L. Buckle

Control of the Plum Curculio on Apple

In the spring of 1949 Rothane and
Compound No. 1189 were compared
in tests conducted for plum curculio
control. Best results were obtained
with Compound No. 1189 (25 per
cent wettable powder) at 4 lbs. per

24

100 gallons. The same material at
a 2 lb. dosage was as effective as
parathion ( 15 per cent wettable
powder) at IV2 lbs. The results indi-
cated that Rothane shows little prom-
ise of being effective against the plum
curculio. In 1950 a combination of
methoxychlor-lead arsenate, and
methoxychlor alone gave a better
control of the plum curculio than did
the standard lead arsenate-DDT
combination. Parathion plus carbon
safener was slightly superior to para-
thion alone.

Control of Cucumber Beetles On
Pickling Cucumbers and Winter Squash

A dust comprising 6 per cent Mar-
late and 10 per cent Zerlate was
slightly inferior to the standards
C-O-C-S cucurbit dust in controlling
cucumber beetles on pickling cucum-
bers, but gave superior results when
used on turban squash. Yield in this
case was increased by approximately
one-half ton per acre.

J. G. CONKLIN

R. L. Blickle

Synergists for Insecticides

During the years 1949 and 1950
various chemical compounds were
tested as synergists for pyrethrum,
nicotine, and rotenone. These tests
were a continuation of studies made
in previous years. No new com-
pounds showed slight synergistic
action when used with nicotine but
not to a degree sufficient to warrant
further exploration.

The hexahydrophthalates and cell-
osolves showed synergistic action
with rotenone when used against
aphids and house flies.

A satisfactory solution, of roten-
one for use against houseflies was
accomplished with isopropyl alcohol,
"Indasolvent", and kerosene. The
problem of obtaining a solution of
rotenone for use with house flies
eliminated one of the main stumbling
blocks in testing synergists against
house flies.

R. L. Blickle
W. J. Morse

Forestry

Bark Removal from Cut Logs

Sample logs of poplar, birch,
maple, hemlock, spruce and fir were
cut and scored in several ways to
promote bark loosening.

Scoring the bark was done by saw-
ing, knife cutting, and ripping. It
was found that a portable power cir-
cular saw could easily be used to
make a length-wise cut through the
bark and into the wood. A linoleum
knife was useful in slitting the bark.
A pulp hook had more ripping action
than the other two and did a satis-
factory job of scoring.

Results one year after cutting
showed that in the case of red maple
and balsam fir the bark was com-

pletely loosened. On paper birch it
was loose several inches from the
slit but tight otherwise.

Very little bark loosening has oc-
curred on the other species.

The season of cutting appears to
influence the degree of bark loosen-
ing, as red maple cut and scored dur-
ing the growing season has a much
higher percentage of loose bark one
year later than that of logs of the
same species cut and scored in the
Fall.

L. C. Swain

Thinning White Pine Plantations
By Bark Peeling

In order to maintain growth and
quality in white pine plantations, it

25

is necessary to remove many of the
crooked limby trees. The products of
these trees are of no commercial val-
ue because of small size and poor
form. Thus it is necessary to find
cheap methods of thinning, if the
job is to be done economically.

During the growing season bark
may be peeled from trees quite easi-
ly. With this fact in mind, a peeling
tool was designed for girdling stand-
ing trees. After experimentation it
was found that the bark could be
quickly peeled away from a portion
of a tree trunk leaving an area of
exposed wood averaging a foot or
so in height.

One hundred limby crooked trees
in a twenty-two year old plantation
were girdled in this manner. It took
an hour to do the peeling. No brush-
ing out was necessary. The height of
peeling was about four feet from the
ground. *

Fifty of the trees were treated on
the barked area with 2, 4-D and 2,
4, 5-T, mixed with fuel oil. The mix-
ture was applied with a force feed
oil can. This chemical is commonly
used to kill woody vegetation. The
other fifty had no further treatment.

Results to date show that only
those trees with the heaviest crowns
among the chemically treated trees
are still alive. Where only peeling was
done, the smaller trees are dead, but
it will take longer than one year for
a complete kill.

In another area a sample of 100
tamarack trees was selected and
girdled by peeling. No chemical was
used in this instance.

The peeled wood surface has
checked considerably and as in the
case of pine, all of the smaller trees
are dead. The larger trees have pro-
duced little new growth and consid-
erable wilting is evident.
L. C. Swain

Horticulture

Conditions for Apple Root Growth
Are Improved Greatly by Hay Mulch

Root studies on Mcintosh apple
trees grown for eight years in Paxton
soil under hay mulch, sawdust mulch,
and sod systems of culture, have
shown a great deal of variability.
Hay mulch produced a soil of dark
color and granular structure down to
the "C" horizon, thirty inches deep,
and a dense mat of feeding roots ex-
tended down to that depth. Practical-
ly all roots were confined to the
nmlched area and extended only
slightly beyond it. Where no fertil-
izer was used, the root patterns un-
der sawdust mulch and sod systems
of culture were similar. They were
greatly reduced in number compared
with those under hay mulch. Under
the conditions of this experiment,
sawdust mulch had no apparent ef-

fect on the texture of the soil under
it.

During a comparatively dry sum-
mer the soil under sawdust mulch
was near the wilting point for about
one month. This is probably due to
the fact that light summer rains
failed to penetrate the six inches of
sawdust. During that time, and in
this particular year (1950), soil one
foot deep under the sawdust mulch
was drier than that under either the
hay mulch or sod systems of culture.
Available moisture in unmulched soil
at three and twelve inches deep be-
yond the spread of the branches and
mulch was below the wilting point
for two months. Further experiments
are under way to determine the effect
of mulching trees beyond the spread
of the branches.

R. Eggert

26

Effect of Biennial Bearing
On Size and Yield of Fruit
In the Northern Spy Apple

In a comparison of Northern Spy
trees, which are strictly biennial in
bearing habit, with those which have
been producing crops of equal size
from year to year, it was found that
over a four-year period the regular
bearing trees have produced a larger
crop than have the biennial bearers.
Furthermore, the annual bearing
trees have produced better sized
apples. The heavy load of fruit pro-
duced by the biennial bearing type
causes considerable reduction in the
size of the fruit.

L. P. Latimer

Effect of Hay Mulch on
Northern Spy Apple Trees

Northern Spy trees mulched with
hay, but not receiving any nitro-
genous fertilizer, have outyielded
those grown in sod and fertilized
with nitrogen. When either phos-
phorus and potash, or phosphorus
and potash plus nitrogen, are sup-
plied to trees mulched with hay, the
yield is depressed, the g;reatest de-
pression in yield occuring with trees
receiving the three elements nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash.

L. P. Latimer

leaf Scorch of Apple Trees

The prevention of leaf scorch, a
physiological disorder, resulting
from a deficiency of magnesium in
the tree, is of economic importance
in certain apple growing areas, par-
ticularly with respect to the Mcin-
tosh variety. The application of in-
organic salts of magnesium to the
soil, either by broadcasting them on
the soil surface or by placing them
in holes bored in the soil under and
about the trees has failed to remedy
this condition. On the other hand, it
has been strikingly demonstrated that
a surface mulch of hay placed under
affected trees and out just beyond

the spread of the branches will alle-
viate this leaf scorch. The improve-
ment is gradual, the full effect not
being realized until two or three
years after first applying the mulch.
The leaves of trees mulched with
hay actually contain more magnes-
ium than do those mulched with saw-
dust or those left unmulched.
L. P. Latimer

A New Apple Rootstock

Seeds of a species of apples —
Mains Sikkitnensis — from Skkim,
India, were obtained from Dr. Karl
Sax of the Arnold Arboretum, who
suggested that it might have possi-
bilities, judging from the behavior
of a Mcintosh tree growing on this
stock at the Arboretum, as a dwarf-
ing stock for apple varieties. Malus
Sikkimensis seeds, being apomictic,
produced a very uniform stand of
seedlings. These seedlings were
budded with the varieties Mcintosh,
Early Mcintosh, Cortland, Northern
Spy, Macoun, Golden Delicious, and
are now in their third growing sea-
son. This stock is apparently quite
vigorous in the nursery as first year
whips were 5-6 feet long. The varie-
ties grown on these seedlings seem
to have unusual wide angle branches
and show a tendency even in their
third growing season to spread into
a wide tree.

This rootstock has several good
features in that it is apomictic —
producing uniform seedlings, ap-
parently hardy, it seems to be com-
parable with all varieties worked in-
to it, and has a favorable influence
on shape and size of the tree. A
uniform rootstock produced from
seed would be much less expensive
than one that had to be propagated
as from a stool bed.

Mains Toriiigoides — also obtained
from Dr. Sax — is not as promising
and is more difficult to handle in
the nursery.

W. W. Smith

27

Figure 4.

from Malus Sikkimensis produce a uniform stand of nursery trees when
budded with commercial apple varieties.

Original Mcintosh Propagated

The so-called "Red Sports" of
Mcintosh are not sports but vari-
ations from the original Mcintosh.
In fact, they are the original Mcin-
tosh unsported. The Mcintosh apples
in the commercial field that are low
in red color and characteristically
stripped are not the original Mcin-
tosh but are strains that have varied
from the original Mcintosh variety.
The basis for this conclusion is that
the original Mcintosh tree, once re-
moved, now growing at the Mcintosh
Farm at Dundela, Ontario, bears
solid red apples, has hard firm flesh,
and is of excellent quality. Scions
from these trees were brought to
our nursery and worked onto some
of our rootstocks. These in turn pro-
duced the solid red apples that were
very similar to the Red Strain now

sold in this country as Red Strains
of Mcintosh. Comparing the different
Red Strains with the original Mc-
intosh, it is evident there is very
little difference, but, if any, the ori-
ginal Mcintosh, once removed, seems
to be a little bit better than the Red
Strains, so it is quite apparent that
the so-called Red Strains of Mcintosh
are really the original Mcintosh un-
sported, and that stripped and green
Mcintosh are the sports. There is not
only a difference in color between
strains but it is quite noticeable
that the so-called red strains, which
are more nearly like the original
Macs, are a much harder apple and
tend to have keeping quality that
makes them hold up better in stor-
age and on the market.

W. W. Smith

28

Phosphorus Absorption by
Apple Trees from Foliar Sprays
And Soil-Applied Phosphates

Radioactive phosphorus was added
to five different salts of phosphorus
which were then sprayed on approxi-
mately one-half the foliage of potted
clonal apple trees. The work was
carried out under closely controlled
conditions.

Results show that phosphorus can
te absorbed through foliage of these
plants in large quantities, and that
it is translocated to all other parts
of the plants. It indicates that grow-
ers may be able to conserve large
amounts of phosphorus fertilizers
by spraying them directly on the foli-
age of plants instead of applying
them to soils in which they are pre-
vented from reaching plants because
of fixation in an insoluble form.

This project is partly sponsored by
a grant from the American Fertilizer
Industries.

L. T. Kardos
R. E. Eggert

Techniques in Double
Working Apple Trees

After observing the behavior of
several varieties of apples double-
worked on several stocks over a
period of twelve years it becomes
apparent that the varieties should be
worked onto the scaffold branches of
the body stock within eight to ten
inches from the trunk and that the
trees should be worked over all at one
time. Varieties worked further out
than eight inches on the branches
often break down with the first crop
of fruit. Allowing the body stock to
form side branches on these scaffold
branches next to the trunk has not
strengthened them enough to hold up
under production. When the branches
are worked within eight inches of
the trunk they seem to be strong
enough to support future crops.
When working the Hardy stock it

has been noticed that if the top is
worked over first and the bottom
branches worked over later, the top
will dominate the lower branches and
they never do form useful branches.
If the side branches are worked be-
fore the terminal, they often over-
grow the terminal; then the center
leader becomes too suppressed and
finally dies. It appears that the best
method is to work the whole tree at
one time. It is better to let the tree
go a year or two longer in the or-
chard before working it than to do
il during two successive years. Whip-
grafts make a very good union and
in general are better than buds when
double-working varieties onto hardy
body stocks.

W. W. Smith

Organic Fungicides Have a Place in
The Apple Scab Spray Schedule

Although organic fungicides have
been available to New Hampshire
fruit growers for several years, they
have not been widely used because
of cost, injury to the foliage, and, in
some cases, injury to the operator.
Tests completed during the year show
that growers who have difficulty in
obtaining scab-tree fruit could use
to advantage one of the organic
fungicides. The additional cost for
the spray materials will be overcome
by greater yields of marketable fruit,
and if these materials are used in
orchards where the trees are in good
vigor, foliage injury is not important.

Phygon XL is an excellent pro-
tectant and four sprays with this ma-
terial are equivalent to five sprays
with a sulfur compound. This mater-
ial will not eradicate the scab or-
ganism once infection has occurred.
I nder such conditions, the organic
mercuries have excellent eradicative
action and can be used up to five
days after infection has taken place
to burn out scab.

M. C. Richards

29

Reduce Help Needed To Operate
The Hydraulic Sprayer

By constructing a series of foot
operated levers from a barrel
mounted on top of the spray tank to
a shut-off valve in the pressure line
it is possible for one man to control
the spray from a boom at the back
of a hydraulic machine. He can, at
the same time, used a hand gun or
broom to hit extra high tops, tips of
limbs, or centers of trees not covered
by the boom. With this very flexible
arrangement we have been able to
get excellent coverage, even with con-
siderable breeze, and with quite a
reduction in volume of spray ma-
terial used.

R. Eggert

Frozen Applesauce Made By
Processing Unpeeled Fruit Can Make
An Attractive Commercial Product

Apples thoroughly washed and
cleaned were cooked without peel-
ing, and produced, after freezing,
extremely attractive sauces, ranging
in color from nearly clear white
through buff, pineapple, pink, lav-
ender, to deep red-purple. The color
of the product was varied by blend-
ing varieties. The color produced by
a specific variety remained constant
and could be obtained at any time
during the early part of storage.

Sauce stored without freezing de-
veloped the usual spots of concen-
trated color which made the product
appear to be spoiled. Color broke
down in a warm (70°F), dark stor-
age. Sauce which was frozen in glass
and held at 0°F for two months did
not fade noticeably when placed in
direct sunlight for one week at a
room temperature of 70°F.

It would appear that displaying
sauce of different colors in glass
might greatly increase its attractive-
ness and sales, and would permit the
buyer to select a product of high
quality and color to harmonize with

any color scheme carried out for the
n'eal to be served.

R. Eggert

It Pays to Mulch Pear Trees

Hay mulch benefits young pear
trees. This has been shown in a test
started with two-year-old trees grow-
ing on a thin dry soil. Trees un-
nmlched, but fertilized with nitrogen,
have made little shoot growth and are
very weak. Those mulched with hay,
whether receiving nitrogen or not,
have made good growth. The aver-
age annual shoot growth in 1950
was about ten times greater where
hay mulch was used, regardless of
whether or not they were fertilized
with nitrogen. Young Clapp's Fav-
orite trees mulched with hay bore a
few fruits in 1950, whereas non-
mulched pear trees have not yet pro-
duced fruit.

L. P. Latimer

Fertilizing Lowbush Blueberries

Fertilizing low bush blueberries
will invigorate the bushes so that
burning can be delayed one more
\ear. In blueberry fields that have
become devitalized to the extent that
they have to be burned every other
year in order to maintain production,
fertilizers will invigorate the plants
and keep them in production one or
two years longer. This is an ad-
vantage because during the year of
burning there is no crop - — the area
is out of production. We have been
able, by the use of commercial fer-
tilizer at the rate of 1.000 lbs. per
acre, to keep a blueberry field in
production for three consecutive
years without burning, while the un-
treated areas have not produced a
crop for the last two seasons. It
would not be advisable to eliminate
burning indefinitely because the
stems of the blueberries become more
branched every year and after four
growing seasons they are so branched

30

that harvesting with a rake is very
difficult. Also, diseases, insects, and
weed plants will accumulate in the
area. Often unfertilized blueberry
fields that have not been burned for
two years do not have enough plant
growth in them to carry a lire. It
then becomes necessary to use oil
or hay to aid in burning. The use of
fertilizer to stimulate the plants and
keep them in production for another
year not only makes the area more
productive but also furnishes fuel
for a good burn.

W. W. Smith

Forced Softwood Cuttings
Speed Blueberry Propagation

Softwood cuttings of five varieties
of cultivated blueberry placed in a
propagating frame June 30, 1950,
rooted well and were potted individ-
ually before November 20. Rather
than to winter the small plants out
of doors protected in a coldframe,
as is common practice, part of them
were kept in a heated greenhouse and
not allowed to go into a dormant
condition. A dilute solution of Am-
monium Sulfate was used to water
the plants once every two weeks.
During the short winter days, sup-
plemental light from 100-watt Mazda
bulbs spaced every four feet over the
greenhouse bench was provided so
as to approximate fifteen and one
half hours of daily illumination. Con-
tinuous growth was maintained until
May 25, 1951. when the plants were
set outside in the field.

At this time, ten forced plants of
the .lersey variety had an average of
118 inches of total shoot growth per
plant as contrasted with less than an
average of four inches of shoot
growth for plants wintered in the
coldframe. Moreover, about one-
half of the Jersey rooted cutting put
in the coldframe were lost by winter
injury. A similar favorable response
was noted for forced cuttings of

Concord, Rancocas, Stanley, and
Pemberton.

The forced plants have been mak-
ing some additional growth in the
field since May 25, mostly as strong
shoot growth from the base of the
plants.

E. M. Meader

Toughness of Frozen Blueberries
Not Influenced by Storing Them
In Carbon Dioxide

Berries from five high bush var-
ieties (Atlantic, Cabot, Concord,
Rancocas, and Rubel) were har-
vested, packed in tin cans, a.nd sealed
at normal air pressure. Half of each
lot was sealed in air and half in
carbon dioxide. This was done to
determine whether the toughness of
fruit skins could be reduced by
freezing the berries in carbon diox-
ide, and the effect of this gas on the
quality of the fruit. Tests were re-
peated for two years, giving four
lots of fruit on which tests were
taken.

Fruit frozen in air was of superior
quality both years, according to a
panel of ten people who made the
organoleptic tests.

Berries which had tough skins
when they went into the cans were
tough when they were removed, re-
gardless of whether they were frozen
in air or carbon dioxide. Fruit fro-
zen in tin was superior to that frozen
in pliofilm-cardboard containers.
Skins of fruit removed from tin cans
toughened excessively within five
hours after removing from the cans
and leaving the berries exposed to
air.

R. Eggert

Korean Tree Berry,

A New Hardy Raspberry

Plants grown from seeds of a
Korean wild raspberry fruited for
the first time at Durham in 1950.
This raspberry, a selection of Rubus

31

morijolius, is being called Korean
Tree Berry from a direct English
translation of Korean words for this
plant. The strong upright canes grow
eight feet tall and withstood -17° F.
in the winter of 1948-49, as well as
the variable temperatures of the more
mild open winters of 1949-50 and
1950-51. Plants have been rather
free of diseases; a few seedling
plants did have cane blight. Between
four and five quarts of berries have
been harvested from a single plant.
The red or orange, translucent,
glossy berries have a distinctively
sweet and characteristic flavor that
differs from common American rasp-
berries. Because of its hardiness,
freedom from most raspberry dis-
eases, vigor, and productivity, it is
a useful new plant. Crosses have been
made with red, black, and purple
raspberries.

E. M. Meader
A. F. Yeager

Two New Raspberries

Two new red raspberries selected
from the second generation of a
cross between a Taylor Raspberry
and (bakeberry) Ruhus Chamae-
morus have been given numbers for
a trial distribution. No. 100 produces
branching plants which grow about
thirty inches in height; under our
conditions it has been extremely pro-
ductive and winter hardy. The fruits
ripen early and are medium in size.
No. 101 grows about four feet in
height, is a large pointed red rasp-
berry of very good quality, ripens in
midseason, and is productive and
hardy under local conditions. These
two varieties were the only ones in a
planting which included nearly all
the more common cultivated sorts
which produced crops in 1950,
A. F. Yeager

Using Geese To Weed
Strawberry Fields

Three adult geese were allowed to
range over half an acre of newly

set strawberries from July to winter
in 1950. They did not seriously dis-
turb the berry plants. As weed eradi-
cators, they were effective on grass
and fair on red root and lambs-
quarter but did not eat purslane un-
til after frost. In the summer of 1951,
they were again pastured on newly set
strawberries along with two goslings.
The young geese did eat some runners
and had to be removed.

A. F. Yeager

Three-Year-Old Korean
Chestnut Trees Produce Nuts

Chestnuts from Korea were planted
m the field in 1948. In the fall of
1950, the 6-foot high trees bore nuts
at Durham, N. H., and the harvested
nuts have been planted. A few Amer-
ican chestnut seedlings planted at
the same time are not expected to
fruit for several more years. Obser-
vations with respect to blight resist-
ance on the Korean and American
trees will be made from year to year.
The Korean chestnuts as yet seem to
be winter hardy.

E. M. Meader
A. F. Yeager

Bush Buttercup Squash

This is a new variety resulting
from a cross between Buttercup and
Zapillito, also called the Tree Squash.
From this cross a baking squash of
the Buttercup type has been purified.
It is considerably earlier and in short
seasons grows in bush form. This
variety matures in a shorter time
than any true squash of acceptable
quality. It ripens its seed even in the
one-hundred-day season of northern
New Hampshire

A. F. Yeager

Cocheco Sweet Corn

A number of years ago seed of
what is called the Fort Kent Flint
corn was obtained from Northern
New Hampshire. It is a variety that

32

will ripen its seed in one hundred
days. It was crossed with Golden
Gem sweet corn. From this the earli-
est yellow sweet corn of good size
and shape was selected. It has now
been purified and named Cocheco.
There have been no extensive tests
with the variety as yet. From obser-
vations made at Durham, N. H., it
would appear to be earlier than any
other sweet corn. It is a yellow eight-
row variety resembling Golden Ban-
tam in appearance, but not quite so
good in quality.

A. F. Yeager

Green Snap Beans

Several strains of green snap beans
with white seeds have been purified
and distributed for trail. One of
these, designated No. 57 at present,
produces flat pods of unusual length.
Seeds to be distributed are from
plants that produced stringless pods
not less than ten inches in length.
A. F. Yeager

New Early Horticultural
Shell Bean Introduced

Appropriately named Shelleasy,
this new variety has pods attractive-
ly mottled with red color. It is su-
perior to the early-maturing Little-

ton variety, one of its parents, in
this respect. Shelleasy is earlier than
its other parent, the now popular
Flash variety. Seed stock of the
Shelleasy variety is being increased.
A. F. Yeager
E. M. Meader

Storing Butternut Squash

Experiments have been conducted
for a number of years on the storage
of Butternut squash. Some benefits
have resulted from disinfection in-
cluding the use of antibiotics, but
not enough to justify a recommenda-
tion at this time.

Formaldehyde has shortened the
storage period and increased the
amount of shriveling. During the
past two years, a material known as
Latex VL 600, in which the squashes
were dipped at harvest, has been
beneficial, particularly as regards
shriveling. From a warm dry stor-
age on January 19, 1951, 68 per
cent of the Butternut which had been
dipped in 50 per cent VL 600 were
still marketable. With a 20 per cent
dip, 55 per cent were marketable.
Where no dip was used, 42 per cent
were marketable, and where formal-
dehyde was used, only 22 per cent
were marketable.

A. F. Yeager

Ornamentals

Breeding Roses For Winter Hardiness

A large flowered climbing rose
that is hardy without protection in
most of New Hampshire and a bush
rose of high quality whose branches
do not kill back each winter would
be desirable for landsciaping. To-
ward these ends Betty Bland, a R.
Blamla hybrid whose double pink
flowers are borne on tall, nearly
thornless, red canes of reliable hardi-
ness, is being crossed with various

roses of high quality. The first of the
seedlings are being tested this year.
E. B. Risley

James MacFarlane Lilac

One of the projects with ornament-
als at the LIniversity of New Hamp-
shire has been to develop better late
blooming varieties of lilacs. From
this work a beautiful bright pink
seedling which blooms two weeks lat-
er than ordinary lilacs has been

33

named James MacFarlane, in honor
of the man who headed the floricult-
ure work at the University of New
Hampshire for so many years. This
variety is a seedling of Loyalty, one
of the Canadian varieties. We have
found soft wood cuttings from it
L'loom in two years, producing a
great quantity of blossoms. It makes
an excellent landscape plant, and is
also useful for cutting. It is being
propagated as rapidly as possible and
should be available at nurseries soon.

A. F. Yeager

New Varieties of Gladiolus

The gladiolus is well adapted to
New Hampshire gardens and an
effort is being made to improve the
smaller flowered types which are
more suitable for home decoration
and florists' work than the larger
types. More than 18,000 seedlings are
being raised with the expectation of
obtaining new varieties having su-
perior spikes, productiveness, colors,
and fragrance.

E. B. RiSLEY

Winter Hardy Chrysanthemums
Have Korean Wild Parentage

A wild single-flowered chrysanthe-
mum from Korea has proved fully

winter hardy at Durham, N. H. A
pistallate-flowered seedling of the
Korean species, chrysanthemum si-
biricum, was enclosed in a screened
cage along with such ordinarily
lather hardy cultivated sorts as Nash-
ua and Welcome, among others, for
l^oUen parents. House flies were put
into the screened cages and affected
pollination readily. In addition, some
hand pollinations were made. Sever-
al hundred seedlings from these
crosses were planted in the field in
June, 1950.

All seedlings having Korean X
Nashua parentage survived the try-
ing conditions of the winter of 1950-
51. Welcome plants were winter
killed, also a few of the seedlings
from the cross with the Korean par-
ent, but most of these proved fully
hardy.

Further breeding work is antici-
pated utilizing selected first gener-
ation hybrid single-flowered plants
to develop fully winter hardy double-
flowered varieties for northern states.

E. M. Meader

E. B. RiSLEY

Poultry Husbandry

Ammonia Vapor As a Source
Of Ocular Disorder

During the past few years there
has been an increasing incidence of
a certain idiopathic disorder affect-
ing young chickens. It has been sug-
gested that ammonia vapor as com-
monly found in many brooder houses
may be responsible for this ocular
disorder.

Work was undertaken to deter-
mine whether this ocular disorder
could be reproduced experimentally

by subjecting chickens to ammonia
vapor liberated from ammonium hy-
droxide. It was observed that an ocu-
lar disorder clinically resembling, if
not identical to, naturally occurring
cases of keratoconjunctivitis was re-
produced experimentally, thus con-
firming the observations concerning
the possible effects of ammonia lib-
erated from the litter upon young
chickens.

G. P. Faddoul

R. C. RiNGROSE

34

Breeding for Meat Type in Chickens

Ten years ago, the Poultry Depart-
aiient started to investigate the possi-
]»ilities of using Cornish blood in
j)roducing better broilers. Dark Cor-
nish males were crossed on New
Hampshire females and a selection
process foi nine generations has pro-
duced families with good egg pro-
<iuction, meat qualities, livability,
hatchability. and uniformity. This
new unofficial breed is called "Dur-
hams." Some of the undesirable feat-
ures of the Cornish such as slow
growth, close feathering, and dark
hairs are still evident, and its real
value appears to be in crossing it
back upon New Hampshires, as
shown in the following broiler ex-
periment which was run this past
year:

Does Washing Affect The
Hatchability of Eggs?

There have been conflicting opin-
ions concerning the various methods
of egg washing and the effect on
hatchability. Two types of mechanical
washers were used in a study at the
University Farm and the following
conclusions were drawn: Clean eggs
hatch better than dirty non-washed
eggs. Washing dirty eggs improved
their hatchabilitv. but did not raise
ii to the level of clean eggs washed.
Differences between the two types of
washers were not significant. If used
correctly, the various methods of
washing eggs can involve consider-
able saving of labor and not affect
hatchability.

W. C. Skoglund

Breed or Cross

Pen.

No.

Average
Males

Weight at 11
Females

Weeks

(in lbs.)
Ave.

Durhams

1
2

3.77
3.48

3.03
2.83

3.40
3.16

New Hampshire^

3

4

4.09
4.13

3.34
3.34

3.72
3.74

Durham Male x
New Hampshire

female

5
6

4.12
4.25

3.21
3.24

3.66
3.75

The crosses were considerably su-
perior in weight when compared to
the Durhams and were about equal
to the straight New Hampshires. The
cross retained a considerable share of
the excellent breast qualities featured
in the Durham, and were superior to
the New Hampshires in this respect.

A white Cornish-New Hampshire
cross now in its third generation of
selection seems very promising. The
plumage color varies from all white
to buff and some have streaks of red
and white. However, in all cases the
undercolor is white. This new breed
possesses an excellent breast width
and has loose feathering, which are
desirable features on today's market.

W. C. Skoglund

Factors Influencing the Maturity
Of Fall Hatched Pullets

In order to maintain a more even
yearly egg production, fall hatching
of chicks for replacement purposes
is increasing in popularity. There is
a widespread complaint that such
pullets mature early and lay eggs of
small size. One reason for the early
.^exual maturity and small egg size
may be the effects of light stimula-
tion. During late February, March,
and April, the days are rapidly in-
creasing in length as the fall hatched
pullets are approaching sexual ma-
turity. Thus there is a continuously
increasing light stimulation. It was
thought that perhaps by the use of
lights, a uniform day could be estab-

35

lished and thus the possibility of stim-
ulation removed. Recently special
methods of feeding to delay maturity
have been advocated.

In order to provide information
on this problem, work was under-
taken at this station with October
hatched birds. Three pens of chicks
were placed on our regular feeding
program and three additional pens
were placed on a special restricted
feeding program. Within each feed-
ing program a lighting experiment
was set up. Daylight only, dim all-
night light, and a fourteen-hour day
by use of artificial lights were started
with the day-old chicks. Thus, the
pens receiving only daylight were
subjected to light stimulation due to
increasing length of day while the
ether pens had a constant level of
Ijght. Preliminary reports indicate
that the feeding program did not in-
fluence age at sexual maturity or egg
size. On the other hand, the lights
had the desired effect of delaying
maturity and increasing egg size.

Utilizing Pasture to Save Feed Costs
In Rearing Pullets

In order to determine the value
of pasture in rearing pullets, one
experimental plot of grasses was used
to rear a group of pullets on an ad
libitum feeding program. On an-
other plot limited feeding was prac-
ticed. The character of the feed was
shifted from about 1.2 of grain to
one of pellets in the ad libitum feed-
ing to 3.4 of grain to one of pellets
in the limited feeding. This resulted
in a feed cost saving of four dollars
per ton. The pullets on the limited
feeding program averaged about two
tenths of a pound less in weight at
twenty weeks of age. This was pri-
marily due to the lack of pasturage
because of dry weather. When a
good range is available it is possible
to rear good pullets at a saving by
Inniting feed, particularly mash.

R. C. RiNGROSE

Soils

A Survey of the Soils
Of Nev/ Hampshire

During the past year, an addition-
al 50 square miles were mapped in
Rockingham County. There still re-
mains to be completed about 100
square miles in the northwestern part
of the county.

Because 83 per cent of the state
is forested, there was an attempt made
this past year to make the soil sur-
vey information more useful to for-
esters. The soils of the seven counties
for which maps are available were
grouped on the basis of long-time
forest management needs and colored
maps were prepared, showing the lo-
cation of the various soil groups.
These maps were then given to the
county foresters. A two-day school
was held for the county foresters,

and field trips have been made to
study forest soil problems.

Numerous requests for informa-
tion about the soils on specific tracts
of land have been answered, and
copies of the published soil survey
maps have been sent out.

A generalized map of the soils of
the state has been prepared. Photo-
graphed copies are available.
W. Lyford
R. Feuer

Legume Persistence
Affected by Soil Type

Field plots have been established
on three soil types to study the in-
herent effect of soil type on the per-
sistence of perennial legumes. Both
the physical and chemical properties
are being allowed to contribute to

36

the picture of persistence by using
only minimal levels of the major
nutrients.

During 1950, the droughtiness of
the Stratham gravelly loam soil at
Greenland expressed itself forcefully
hy causing almost a complete loss of
the seeding of all four of the legumes
used: alfalfa, ladino clover, red
clover (a perennial strain), and
birdsfoot trefoil. The alfalfa persisted
best under the severe drought and
trefoil was a poor second.

The same plantings of legumes
made on a Paxton loam at North-
wood Ridge also suffered from the
drought, but ladino and red clover
showed up more favorably because
of the better moisture supply which
the Paxton loam afforded.
L. T. Kardos
P. T. Blood

Proper Width and Slope of Beds
For Draining Whately and
Biddeford Soils

Open V-shaped drainage ditches
were constructed in 1950 to drain
an 80-acre field on the University
farm.

Most of the ditches were 100 feet
apart but, because there is some
question whether this is the best dis-
tance, "beds" that are 75, 100, and
200 feet wide were made for experi-
mental purposes. Height of ground
water on these beds have been meas-
ured at intervals during the past
^vear, and yield data of the hay grow-
ing on these plots is being obtained.

Water table studies show that the
water that falls on the 200-foot plot
is not removed nearly as rapidly as
on the 75- and 100-foot plots. Water
ponded on the surface of the 200-
foot plot and killed out the clovers
in many places. Both the 75- and
100-foot plots had a good stand of
clover in contrast to the 200-foot
plot. Yield data are not yet avail-
able but, on the basis of observation
alone, it is fairly certain that the

yields on the 200-foot plot will be
less.

The initial cost of constructing the
large plot was greater than for con-
structing two individual 100-foot
plots. This, and the fact that water
is removed less readily and yields are
lower, are sufficient to allow us to
make a statement that 200-foot beds
are too wide. The 75-foot bed, at
present, seems to have no particular
advantage over the 100-foot bed.
W. Lyford

Rotted Sawdust Shows Promise in
Soil Improvement

Tests with corn on field plots using
treatments of fresh sawdust and
rotted sawdust, compared to manure
and plots with no organic matter
added, have shown best yields with
rotted sawdust over a three-year peri-
od. Each plot received an equal
amount of commercial fertilizer. For
two of the three seasons the fresh
sawdust plots gave lowest yields of
all.

Composting of fresh sawdust may
be done fairly rapidly with mixtures
of it with poultry manure or with the
latter plus fresh chopped vegetation.
Such mixtures after thorough de-
composition have produced crops in
greenhouse pot cultures which out-
yielded control plants growing in
good potting soil. High moisture and
fairly high temperatures are import-
ant factors in rapid composting.
S. Dunn
L. P. Wolfe, Jr.
W. MacDonald

Soil Types Vary in

Their Potassium Supplying Power

Chemical studies made on twelve
of the principal soil types in New
Hampshire indicate that under virgin
conditions the soils vary considerably
in their ability to release potassium
from their relatively insoluble re-
serve supply. In general, the soils de-

37

veloped on mica schist parent ma-
terials were capable of releasing over
twice as much potash as the soils
developed on granitic till, 495 lbs.
potassium as against 220 lbs. potas-
sium for the combined A and B hori-
zons.

The soils developed on mica schist
till also had more readily available
exchangeable potash than did the
granitic soils. The granitic group of
soils, Gloucester and Essex, had an
average content of 55 pounds of ex-
changeable potassium while the mica
schist group, Paxton and Charlton,
had 75 pounds of exchangeable po-
tassium. In neither case would the
quantity of potassium be regarded
a"? adequate for good growth.

The study further indicated that
when large amounts of potash fer-

tilizers are added to a soil in long-
time potato fertilization, considerable
quantities of the potash accumulate
as the exchangeable form and as a
relatively insoluble reserve supply.
For example, one potato-soil which
had been fertilized annually for 15
years contained 664 pounds of ex-
changeable potassium and 1,133
pounds of reserve supply potassium.
A sample taken nearby in adjacent
woodland contained only 114 pounds
of exchangeable potassium and 463
pounds of reserve supply potassium.
Thus there was an apparent net accu-
mulation of 1,222 pounds of potas-
sium in these two forms.

L. T. Kardos
P. T. Blood
R. Feuer

Weed Control

Japanese-Bamboo Can Be Controlled
With the New Brush-Killer Herbicides

Japanese-bamboo or Japanese
Knotweed is one of our most trouble-
some weeds around houses and build-
ings and it has been one of the hard-
est to control. Experiments carried
out during the past two years demon-
strate that three applications of equal
mixtures of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, known
a& brush killers, will destroy most of
the root systems as well as shoots.
The same concentration recommended
for foliage treatment of woody plants
was used or Ji/o parts of 2,4-D and
lli/o parts of 2,4,5-T per 1000 parts
of water. The first application was
made in early summer followed by a
second application immediately after
new growth had occurred. The third
treatment was made the following
spring. A few scattered and much
weakened shoots still sprouted which
have had to be treated individually to
prevent any revival of the weed.

A. R. HODGDON

Recent Developments in
Quackgrass Control With TCA

During the past two years our ex-
periments have been directed to find-
ing out the most suitable concentra-
tions and conditions for application
of TCA. Without exception we have
obtained the most satisfactory con-
trols at low concentrations with the
midsummer applications. This was
noted in 1949 and again more strik-
ingly in 1950. These were both very
dry and hot summers, particularly
in late July when the most effective
treatments were made. In midsum-
mer, provided the weather is hot and
dry, Quackgrass can be killed com-
pletely by applications of no more
than fifty pounds of 90 percent So-
dium TCA per acre. We recommend
also cutting the grass before appli-
cations of the chemical. Probably
considerably lighter applications
would be effective if followed in a
week or ten days by harrowing or
plowing of the treated area to dis-
turb the grass-rhizomes.

A. R. HoDGDON

38

■*,»"$

■.^mMiMf^

Figure 5. The area in the foreground between the stakes of this quackgrass p'ot was treated

with sodium TCA, 50 lbs. per acre, on July 26, 1951, during hot and very dry weather.

Other annual weeds have been removed to show few remaining plants of grass.

Selective Herbicides for Weed Control

Controlling weeds with hormones
and chemicals, sprays which are se-
lective, is now an accomplished fact.
The use of 2,4-D, at once a hormone
and a selective herbicide, is quite
commonly practiced in oat and corn
fields. Di-Nitro compounds, too, have
been successfully used for weed con-
trol.

Experiments with both these sub-
stances are under way in New Hamp-
shire. 2,4-D has been used very ef-
fectively in spraying oats, to control
the most common weeds in oat fields,
which include usually some kind of
mustard (kale or charlock) and white
pigweed (Chenopodium album).

In spraying oats, one of the prob-
lems involved is to spray with such
a low amount of chemical that the
stand of clovers or alfalfa is not

affected. In our tests, the weeds men-
tioned above are fairly well control-
led with one-half pint of 40 per cent
2.,4-D acid per acre. One pint of 40
]ier cent 2,4-D acid, which, of course,
controlled weeds and allowed the oats
to surge ahead, was not lethal to
red and ladino clovers.

Alfalfa is more easily affected by
2,4-D than are the clovers. For that
leasons, a di-nitro compound may be
preferable to use in spraying oats
which contain an alfalfa seeding.
Trials with this substance in 1950
indicated that the clovers were less
resistant to di-nitro than 2,4-D. The
type of sprayer to use for di-nitro is
different than for 2,4-D, the latter be-
ing best applied with a low gallonage-
low pressure outfit, while di-nitro
compounds should be applied with a
sprayer that will put on at least 100

39

gallons of sjjray material per acre.

After three years of weed control
experiments in corn fields, our ad-
vice is not to throw the cultivator
away, although it has been found
that a 2,4-D application can be effec-
tively substituted for one or more
cultivations.

A pre-emergence spray at one to
one and one-half pounds of 2,4-D
acid per acre applied just about the
the time the corn is coming up (6-8
days after planting) is effective in
controlling most weeds, and may
eliminate one or more cultivations
at the beginning of the season. Spray-
ing at lighter rates, one-half pound
of 2,4-D acid per acre, will not ma-
terially damage the corn while grow-
ing. Such an application is useful in
controlling susceptible weeds in
drilled corn, even after the corn is
]2 to 18 inches high.

In our experiments, we have been
dealing with corn fields that carried
a varied weed population, some of
which were not particularly suscepti-
ble to injury by 2,4-D. For this rea-
son, plots which were not cultivated
but sprayed exclusively with 2,4-D
had as thick a weed growth and the
corn was almost as poor as on those
plots where no spraying or cultiva-
tion had been done. The weed popu-
lation, however, was entirely differ-
ent. Quick growing tall weeds like
mustard and pigweed were in the
ascendancy on the unsprayed, un-
cultivated plots, while red rooted pig-
weed {Amaranthus retro flxus) and
smart weed (particularly Polygonum
Pennsylvanicum) were just as abun-
dant on the sprayed uncultivated
plots.

There are many factors that in-
fluence the effectiveness of 2,4-D.

.<_*»*«."*► »«*. .A.«**i»**.iai«

Figure 6. This quackgrass plot was treated with sodium TCA, 50 lbs. per acre, on Septem-
ber 7, 1950, during cool weather. Precipitation was heavy during the preceding month.

40

Temperature at time of application these substances, directions on the

ifc paramount, the substance being package should be carefully followed

much more effective at temperatures to obtain best results,
about 65°F. Soil type, humidity, F. S. Prince

time of day, and other factors also P. T. Blood

mfluence its effectiveness. With both

Other Active Projects

BY DEPARTMENTS

Agricultural Economics

Acquiring Farm Capital. W\ K. Burkett.

Dairy Cost Reduction. W. K. Burkett.

Farm Management Problems of Potato Production in New Hampshite. fT. K.

Burkett.
Management Problems in the Use of Mow Hay Driers. /. C. Holmes.
Marketing New Hampshire Potatoes. /. R. Bowring.
Marketing Mixed Grain Feed. H. C. Woodworth.
Utilization of Good Agricultural Resources. W . K. Burkett.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

Carbohydrates of Pasture Grasses. T. G. Phillips, M. E. Laughlin.

Agronomy

Fertility Needs of Ladino Clover. F. S. Prince, P. T. Blood, L. T. Kardos.
Methods for Controlling Erosion of New Hampshire Potato Fields. L. T. Kardos.

Bacteriology

Diagnosis and Control of Vibriosis in New Hampshire Dairy Herds. A. F. Howe,

S. N. Schroeder, L. W. Slanetz.
Studies on the Bacteria in the Rumen of Dairy Animals. A. F. Howe, W. E. C.

Moore, L. W . Slanetz.

Botany

Flora of New Hampshire. A. R. Hodgdon.

Testing Tomato Varieties for Resistance to Late Blight. M. C. Richards.

Dairy Husbandry

Influence of Herd Management on Milk Production, Efficiency of Reproduction,
and Herd Replacement Maintenance. K. S. Morrow.

Entomology

Insect Records. /. G. Conklin.

Control of Apple Maggot. /. G. Conklin.

Studies on Forest Insects. ]. G. Conklin.

Horticulture

Lettuce Tipburn Experiments. L. P. Latimer.

Bark Mulching for Apple Trees. L. P. Latimer.

Value of Bark as a Mulch for Small Fruits. JF. W. Smith.

Temperature Relations of Fruit Plants. L. P. Latimer, R. Eggert.

41

State Service

Avian Respiratory Disease Research

In order to initiate a research pro-
gram on respiratory diseases, various
isolations from specimens submitted
lo the poultry diagnostic laboratory
have been obtained and filed in a
libirary for experimental use. The
specimens have been obtained from
all parts of the state. During the
period of January 1, 1951, to June
30, 1951, the following isolations
have been made: 11 of Newcastle
Disease and 10 of Infectious Bron-
chitis.

W. R. DUNLOP

Diagnostic Service of
The Poultry Laboratory

A total of 10,117 specimens of all
kinds was submitted to the Poultry
laboratory during the two years
from July 1, 1949, to June 30, 1951.
These represented 3,445 cases. 9,104
chicken specimens, 496 turkeys, and
38 miscellaneous birds were ex-
amined. 148 specimens from animals
other than birds were handled at the
laboratory,

A summary of the tabulation of
chicken and turkey cases follows:

Number of Diagnoses

Number of Specimens

1949-50

1950-51

1949-50

1950-51

Adult Chickens

781

686

1.685

1,465

Chickens (4 months or under)

636

707

2,996

2,958

Aduh Turkeys

22

24

43

42

Turkey Poults

72

40

293

118

Miscellaneous birds

6

14

16

22

Blood Samples for Immunity Tests 122

209

Infectious Bronchitis

Newcastle D

isease

1949-50

1950-51

1949-50

1950-51

Susceptible 38

69

Susceptible

87

148

Immune 50

97

Immune

43

59

Suspicious 4

8

Suspicious

2

2

Differential Diagnosis
Of Nev/castle Disease

The hemagglutination-inh(lbition
test was performed on pooled serum
obtained from all pullorum samples
submitted to this laboratory. During
the past two years 1,918 such tests
have been completed. 1,276 of the
serum samples were positive, which
indicates that the birds have been
vaccinated or have experienced New-
castle disease. 642 were found to be
susceptible. The results indicate that

F. E, Allen, A. C. Corbett,

G. P. Faddoul, W. R. Dunlop

the poultrymen of New Hampshire
are aware of the necessity of adopt-
ing a Newcastle vaccination program.
In much the same manner, serum
neutralization tests for infectious
bronchitis were applied to various
pooled samples. During the 2-year
period, 390 serum neutralization
tests were run and of these 238 were
found positive, indicating that they
had experienced infectious bronchit-
is.

W. R. DuNLOP

A. C. Corbett

42

infectious Bronchitis Vaccine

Commercial vaccines for preven-
tion of infectious bronchitis of
poultry are not being manufactured
due to federal regulations against in-
terstate shipment. For this reason, the
poultry laboratory produces bron-
chitis virus for the poultrymen of the
slate. This material is produced in
embryonating eggs and packaged in
lots of sufficient quantity each for a
flock inoculation. It is held frozen at
approximately -10°F. During the
period from July 1, 1949 to June 30.

1951, 1,768 lots have been supplied
to New Hampshire flocks.

A. C. CORBETT

G. P. Faddoul

W. R. DUNLOP

Pullorum Testing

The Poultry Laboratory at the
L^niversity of New Hampshire co-
operates with the State Board of
Agriculture in testing poultry for
Pullorum Disease. The record for the
past two years follows:

1949-50 . 1950-51

Number of Flocks Tested

Birds Tested

Retests

Total Samples Tested

Number of Reacting Flocks

Number of Reactors (Birds)

Percentage of Reactors

683.0

1,697,407.0

89,255.0

1,786,642.0

6.0

200.0

.0118

656.0

1.601,000.0

96,328.0

1,697,.328.0

4.0

62.0

.0038

The National Poultry
improvement Plan

A total of 47 states are cooperating
with the United States Department
of Agriculture in administrating the
National Poultry Improvement Plan.
In New Hampshire, a board of the
poultrymen administer the plan with
the cooperation of the University of

F. E. Allen

A. C. CORBETT
W. R. DuNLOP

New Hampshire, the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, and the State De-
barment of Agriculture.

The breed improvement stages of
the plan are administered by person-
nel of the University of New Hamp-
shire, Department of Poultry Hus-
bandry. The scope of the work is
indicated by the following table:

1949-50

1950-51

Number of Flock Inspections
Number of Birds
Number of Hatchery Inspections
Number of R.O.P. Flocks
Number of R.O.P. Birds
NPIP Meat Program (Farms)

320

981,367

42

11

8,287

0

495

1,272.635

40

10

7,335

5

The NPIP Meat Program is an at-
tempt to evaluate the meat qualities
of different strains and breeds of
birds. Of the 10 flocks participating
in the United States, New Hampshire
has half of them. This program

measures egg production of the par-
ent strain, as well as meat qualities
at broiler age. It has led to the es-
tablishment of the First New Hamp-
shire Broiler Test where the chicks
from the five participating breeders

43

and seven other breeders are being
raised to 10 weeks of age under sim-
ilar environmental conditions.

E. T. BARDVi^ELL
C. F. ZOERB

Inspection of Fertilizers
And Feedingstuffs

In accordance with the laws regu-
latina; the sale of commercial fertil-
izers and of concentrated commerci-
al feedingstuffs, 203 brands of fer-
tilizers and 1,069 brands of feeding-
stuffs were analyzed for the State
Department of Agriculture during the
biennium.

Cooperation in work on analytical
methods with the American Associ-
ation of Feed Control Officials, the
Smalley Foundation and the Associ-
ation of Official Agricultural Chem-
ists has been continued.

Samples of feeds, fertilizers, and
other materials have been analyzed
for residents of the state. Seventy-
one such samples have been ex-
amined.

For the nutrition laboratory of the
Experiment Station, 423 samples
were analyzed, and for the Botany
Department, 40 samples.
H. A. Davis

Soil Samples

Samples of soil tested for resi-
dents of the state totalled 5,056.

D. JOSSELYN

Seed Inspection

The regular seed inspection work
for the State Department of Agri-
culture was conducted as usual. Dur-
ing the year 2,531 samples were
handled in the laboratory. Of this
number, 683 were collected by the
State Inspectors and will be reported
in Bulletin 390; 1,848 samples were
sent in by seed dealers and farmers
in compliance with the seed law
'vhich requires that all vegetable and
agricultural seeds must have been
tested for germination within nine
months of being offered for sale, and

therefore, much of the seed tested
was from that carried over by retail
stores from the previous season, but
a large number of samples were re-
ceived from farmers who had grown
beans, corn, melons, or squash which
they wished to sell as seed.

Two general referee samples were
received and run, and three regional
referee samples were prepared and
sent out from this laboratory to the
fourteen laboratories in the North-
east comprising this region.
B. G. Sanborn

Mastitis Testing Service

A total of 2,708 quarter samples
of milk submitted by New Hamp-
shire dairymen or veterinarians were
tested for the diagnosis of bovine
mastitis during the fiscal year 1949-
50. This represents samples from
677 cows and charges were made at
the rate of 25 cents per cow for this
service.

During the fiscal year 1950-51^
2,868 quarter samples (717 cows)
were tested for mastitis. The charges
made for this service were increased
from 25 cents per cow to one dollar
per cow beginning January 1, 1951.
Samples from 300 cows were tested
during the period January 1, to July
1, 1951. Since it is no longer possi-
ble to continue this service as a part
of our research program, the dairy-
m.en and veterinarians have been in-
formed that after July 1, 1951, the
Bacteriology Department at the Uni-
versity of New Hampshire could no
longer provide facilities for the lab-
oratory diagnosis of mastitis. It will
be necessary to establish it on a sep-
arate basis subsidized entirely by
funds obtained from charges made
to the dairymen or funds from other
sources. This problem was discussed
at the meeting of the Granite State
Dairymen's Association held in Dur-
ham in April, 1951, and a committee
was appointed to study the problem
and make recommendations.
L. W. Slanetz

44

PUBLICATIONS

Experiment Station Bulletins

377 Inspection of Commercial Feedingstufls. H. A. Davis, S. H. Roseman and T. 0.
Smith.

378 Results of Seed Tests for 1949. Bessie G. Sanborn.

379 Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers. H. A. Davis, S. H. Roseman and T. 0. Smith.

380 Breeding Improved Horticultural Plants. I. Vegetables. A. F. Y eager.

381 Inspection of Commercial Feedingstufls. H. A. Davis and R. E. Kramer.

382 Annual Report of the Director of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment
Station. Robert F. Chandler, Jr.

383 Breeding Improved Horticultural Plants. II. Fruits, Nuts and Ornamentals. A. F.
Yeager.

384 Results of Seed Tests for 1950. Bessie G. Sanborn.

385 Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers. H. A. Davis, R. E. Kramer and M. A. Bruce.

386 Marketing New Hampshire Potatoes. J. R. Bowring.

Circulars

80 Efficient Dairy Chore Practices. Part III. The Problem of Slow-Milking Cows.
Harry C. If oodworth, Kenneth S. Morrow and Earl M. Elliott.

81 Pasture Management Investigations. Ford S. Prince and Paul T. Blood.

82 The Animal Metabolism Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire.

Research Mimeographs

Agricultural Economics

5 A Description of Mow Hay Driers on 23 New Hampshire Dairy Farms in 1948.
John C. Holmes.

6 Milk Marketing in Small Towns. /. R. Bowring and J. C. Holmes.

7 Management Problems Associated with Mow Drying of Hay on Five Farms.
John C. Holmes.

8 Progress Report on Harvesting and Marketing Cucumbers for Pickles Under Con-
tract. H. C. Woodworth.

9 Potato Quality at the Retail Level in New Hampshire. J. R. Bowring.

Dairy Husbandry

1 Experiences with a Trench Silo. H. A. Keener and N. F. Colovos.

Other Scientific Publications

CoNKLiN, J. C. and Walker, G. I. Parathion in Early Spring Applications for Bud

Moth Control. Jour. Economic Ent. 42: 153-154. 1949.
Teeri, a. E., Leavitt, M., Josselyn, D., Colovos, N. F., and Keener, H. A. The Effect

of Sulfathalidine on the Excretion of Vitamin B by Ruminants. Jour. Biol. Chem.

182: 509-514. 1950.
Colovos, N. F.. Keener, H. A., Prescott, J. R., and Teeri, A. E. The Nutritive Value

of Timothy Hay at Different Stages of Maturity as Compared with Second Cutting

Clover Hay. Jour. Dairy Sci. 32: 659-664. 1949.
Prince, F. S., and Blood, P. T. Blanket Indigo. Agron. Jour. 41: 1949.
Colovos, N. F.. Keener, H. A., Prescott, J. R. and Teeri, A. E., The Nutritive Value

of Wood Molasses as Compared With Cane Molasses. Jour. Dairy Sci. 32: 907-913.

1949.
Keener, H. A., Percival, G. P., Ellis, G. H., and Beeson, K. C. A Study of the Func-
tion of Cobalt in the Nutrition of Sheep. Jour. Animal Sci. 9: 404-413. 1950..
Moore, H. C, and Teeri, A. E. Relationship of Composition of Milk to Methods Used

for Determining Adulteration. Jour. Milk ' and Food Tech. 13: 203-205. 1950.
HoDGDON, A. R. Is Onoclea Sensibilis Poisonous to Horses? American Fern Jour. 41:

1951.
HoDGDON, A. R. A New Form of Rubus Allegheniensis Rhodora. No. 625. Jan. 19.50.
Faddoul, G. P.. and Ringrose, R. C. Avian Keratoconjunctivitis. Vet. Med. 45: 19.50.
Teeri, A. E., Josselyn, D., Colovos, N. F., and Keener, H. A. Effects of Method of

Preservation of Roughage, and of Cane or Wood Molasses on Vitamin Excretion

by Cows. Jour. Dairy Sci. 34: 299-302.

45

Keener, H. A., Baldwin, R. R.. and Percival, G. P. Cobalt Metabolism Studies with

Sheep. Jour. Animal Sci. 10: 1951.
Slanetz, L. W., and Allen, F. E. Aureomycin in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis.

Jour. American Vet. Med. Assoc. 117: 392-395. 1950.

CHANGES IN PERSONNEL

Adams, Harold W., Assistant Editor for Agriculture and Home Economics. (July 5,

1949- )
Bartlett, John B., Assistant Agronomist. (Feb. 1, 1949-Sept. 6, 1949)
Batchelder, Bradford, Jr., Assistant in Research (Agr. Eng.) (Nov. 1, 1950-June 30,

1951)
Bowles, Mrs. Ella S., Publications Editor. (October 14. 1943-June 30, 1951)
Bruce, Mrs. Mary A., Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. (July 1,

1950-June 30, 1951)
Chandler, Robert F., Jr., Director. (September 1, 1947-October 31, 1950)
DuNLOP, WiLLLAM R., Assistant Poultry Pathologist. (August 28, 1950- )
Eastman, Charles E., Graduate Assistant in Agronomy. (July 1. 1950- )
Eastman, M. Gale, Research Assistant in the Agricultural Experiment Station. (Janu-
ary 1, 1950- )
Faddohl, George P., Assistant Pouhry Pathologist. (Feb. 16, 1948-July 31, 1950)
Fox, Arthur G., Assistant Agricultural Engineer. (Sept. 1, 1949- )
Goodman, Robert, Graduate Assistant in Horticulture. (Sept. 1, 1948-June 30, 1950)
Harwood, Wilfred T., Assistant in Charge of Plant and Animal Sciences Library.

(Oct. 23, 1944-June 30, 1951)
Hess, Carl W.. Poultry Geneticist. (July 1, 1947-Nov. 19, 1949)
Howe, Arthur F., Assistant Bacteriologist. (Sept. 1. 1949-Jan. 31, 1951)
Jack, Charles, Graduate Assistant in Horticulture. (Oct. 1. 1949-June 30, 1950)
Kilik, Alice, Research Assistant in Bacteriology. (Feb. 5, 1951-June 30, 1951)
Kramer, Roslyn E.. Laboratory Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry.

(Sept. 6, 1949-June 30, 1950)
LaChance, Mrs. Virginia, Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry. (July 1, 1948-

May 12, 1951)

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

June 30, 1951

ADMINISTRATION

Harold C. Grinnell, PhD., Director
Mathias C. Richards, PhD., Associate Director
Russell C. Smith, Purchasing Agent
Walton E. Devine, Assistant Treasurer
Ella S. Bowles, Publications Editor

Harold Adams, B.S., Assistant Editor for Agr. & Home Economics
Thelma Brackett, A.B., Librarian

Wilfred T. Harwood, Library Assistant in Charge, Plant and Animal Sciences
Library

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Thomas G. Phillips, PhD., Chemist « '

Stanley R. Shimer, M.S., Associate Chemist
Gordon P. Percival, M.S., Associate Chemist
Helen P. Shimer, PhD., Associate Chemist
Arthur E. Teeri, PhD., Associate Chemist
Henry A. Davis, M.S., Assistant Chemist

Margaret Loughun, A.B., Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
Dorothy Josselyn, Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
• Mary A. Bruce, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Harry C. Woodworth, M.S., Agricultural Economist

WiNFRED K. BuRKETT, PhD., Associate Economist

James R. Bowring, PhD., Associate Agricultural Economist

Lawrence A. Dougherty, B.S., Assistant Agricultural Economist

John C. Holmes, A.B., Research Assistant in Agricultural Economics

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Bernard C. Rines, BSAE and E.E., Associate Agricultural Engineer

Arthur G. Fox, Jr., BSAE, Assistant Agricultural Engineer

Bradford Batchelder, Jr., B.S., Assistant in Research in Agricultural Engineering

AGRONOMY

Ford S. Prince, B.S., Agronomist
Leroy J. HiGGiNs, B.S., Associate Agronomist
Louis T. Kardos, PhD., Associate Agronomist
Paul T. Blood, M.S., Assistant Agronomist
*Reeshon Feuer, B.S., Soil Survey Assistant
Bessie G. Sanborn, Seed Analyst
Walter Lyford, M.S., Soil Surveyor
Charles E. Eastman, B.S., Graduate Assistant
George R. Moore, B.S., Graduate Assistant

BACTERIOLOGY

Lawrence W. Slanetz, PhD., Bacteriologist

Fred E. Allen, D.V.M., Veterinarian

Harriet Reynolds, M.S., Assistant Bacteriologist

Alice Kilik, B.A., Research Assistant in Bacteriology

Agnes T. Richardson, B.S., Laboratory Assistant

Sherwood Schreoder, B.S., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology

Francis M. Sirotnak, B.S., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology

W. E. C. Moore, B.S., Graduate Assistant in Bacteriology

James F. McConnell, B.S., Department Technician

BOTANY

Albion R. Hodgdon, PhD., Plant Taxonomist

Stuart Dunn, PhD., Plant Physiologist

Mathias C. Richards, PhD., Plant Pathologist

Charlotte G. Nast, PhD., Plant Cytologist

William MacDonald, B.S., Research Assistant in Botany

Douglas Murphy, B.S., Research Assistant in Botany

DAIRY HUSBANDRY

Kenneth S. Morrow, M.S., Dairy Husbandman
Harry A. Keener, PhD., Dairy Husbandman
Herbert C. Moore, M.S., Associate Dairy Husbandman
N. F. Colovos, M.S., Associate Animal Nutritionist
A. D. Littlehale, Herdsman

ENTOMOLOGY

James G. Conklin, PhD.. Entomologist

Robert L. Blickle, PhD., Associate Entomologist

Wallace J. Morse, B.S., Research Chemical Assistant in Entomology

FORESTRY

Clark L. Stevens, PhD., Forester

Lewis C. Swain, M.F., Associate Forester

HOME ECONOMICS

Frances Platts, M.Ed., Research Assistant in Home Economics

HORTICULTURE

Albert F. Yeacer, PhD., Horticulturist
Elwyn M. Meader, M.S., Associate Horticulturist
L. Phelps Latimer, PhD., Associate Horticulturist
William W. Smith, PhD., Associate Horticulturist
Russell Eggert, M.S., Supt. Horticuhural Farm
Edward B. Risley, B.S., Greenhouse Supt.
M. Gale Eastman. PhD., Research Assistant
Robert W. Paulson, B.S., Graduate Assistant
R. Dee Smith, B.S., Graduate Assistant

POULTRY HUSBANDRY

Winthrop C. Skoglund, M.S., Poultry Husbandman

Richard Ringrose, PhD., Associate Poultry Husbandman

Fred E. Allen, D.V.M., Veterinarian

Alan C. Corbett, D.V.M., Pathologist

William R. Dunlop, PhD., Assistant Poultry Pathologist

E. T. Bardwell, R.O.P. Supervisor

C. F. Zoerb, Poultry Inspector

Richard Ford, Supervising Technician in Pouhry Lab.

Donald S. Cross, Senior Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry

Kathryn Moore, Assistant Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry

Carl R. Lude, B.S., Laboratory Technician in Poultry Husbandry

*0n Leave of Absence

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