Igricnlhirc^ Xltberal Hrts MpcgcKttalogg ^ THE WOODY PLANTS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE By ALBION R. HODGDON and FREDERIC L. STEELE Station Bulletin 447 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURHAM, NEW HAMPSHIRE Acknowledgments In the course of this study we have received invakiable assistance from many sources. Those in charge of the several herbaria which we examined deserve special thanks, since with(jut their cooperation the work could not have been carried on. P^or permission to use the maps we extend our thanks to Mr. Ernest L. Sherman, Director of the State Planning and Development Commission. We wish to ex- press our warm appreciation to Mr. Henry Clapp, also of the Com- mission, for his assistance in arranging technical details concerning the maps and for his continued encouragement and help through the years in collaliorating with the senior author in the investigation of the New Hampshire flora. The following ])ersons have given help in supplying us with knowledge of interesting botanical localities or through their active participation in field investigations : Dr. Robert W . Harrington of Vero Beach, Florida; Prof. Stuart Harris of Boston University; Mr. Stanley B. Krcjchmal, formerly of the State Fish and Game De- partment; Mr. Roger Leighton, County Forester (jf StratTord County ; Mr. Alexander Lincoln of Meredith ; Prof. Fred Page of Dartmouth College ; Mr. Radcliffe Pike of the Department of Hor- ticulture, University of New Hampshire ; Dr. Maurice Provost of Vero Beach, Florida ; Mr. Tudor Richards. County Forester of Cheshire County; Prof. John Stearns of Dartmouth College; Mr. Robert Varney of Barrington ; Prof. Marian Mills of Durham; and Prof. K. W. Woodward of Durham. We are indebted also to the following recent students in botany at the University of New^ Hampshire wdio have made contributions to our floristic knowledge of New Hampshire woody plants : Miss Marjorie Drowne, Robert Fancy, Miss Alartha Gale, Dominic P. Gangi, \\^illiam Glazier, and Mrs. Jeanette Straughan Perreault. In particular w^e would like to acknowledge our indebtedness to the distinguished author of The 1 'oscular Flora of Coos County, Prof. Arthur Stanley Pease, whose book has l)een a constant and valuable source of information. Moreover, Professor Pease has guid- ed us to interesting localities on several memorable occasions. He has also kindly examined critically that portion of our county check list dealing with Coos County and has made a number of welcome suggestions. Acknowledging freely all the help given us by these and others, we wish also to make it clear that we assunic all responsibility for errors or omissions in this work. The Woody Plants of New Hampshire By Albion R. Hodc;i)ox and Frederic L. Steele* THE appearance in 1950 of the 8th edition of Cray's Manual by Al. L. Fernald has now made inadequate many of the earher standard treat- ments deahng- witli local areas within the "manual range"'. Certain species have been found only recently to be compriserl of two or more geographic- ally and morphologically distinct populations. One such species is Aluits ntgosa which has a more northern phase quite distinct in central and north- ern New England called var. aincricaiia. having leaves glaucous or some- what whitish beneath. Such major subdivisions of species are customarily mcluded in a work of this sort. The genus Amdanchicv has been completely revised ; only four species for the entire range were included in the 7tli edition of Gray's Manual in 1908, while in Xew Hampshire alone we now recognize eight species. A number of other examples could be given, either of the recognition of new species, or of geographical varieties. Many new forms have been recognized and many hybrids noted. In addition to these additions in taxonomy there have been numerous changes of names and some transfers to different genera or families. A further reason for project- ing this work is our greatly expanded knowledge concerning the geographic and ecologic distribution of the taxons that comprise our flora. Thus, the present treatment adds a few species as well as many varieties and forms 10 the published woody flora of New Hampshire and clarifies the range within the state of manv others that have long been known to occur within its borders. Xo local flora has ever been published covering all the species of the entire state of X>w Hampshire. Prof. A. S. Pease's Vascular Flora of Coos County (1926) is an outstanding work for that area. John Foster's booklet. Trees and Shrubs of New Hampshire (1929), a good guide to the less critical of our w ood}- species, includes brief notes as to their ranges and habitats. Varieties and forms are not included and some of the .species in more difficult groups, such as Sali.v. are omitted. Several other local floras cover small areas. The present work attempts to give a complete list of all the woody plants of the state with notes as to their range, environ- ment, and state of al3undance. We have rather rigidly followed the classification used by Fernald in Cray's Maiiual. Sth edition: all species, varieties, and forms accepted in that work which we have been able to locate in New Hampshire are includ- ed in our treatment, the major exception being Carya oralis which is treat- ed differently for reasons discussed in the text. It seems to us that Professor Fernald's treatment works out well for the state of New Hampshire, the principal objections being that hybridization seems to be somewhat more prevalent in certain groups than is suggested, and the range of variation in * Dr. Hodgdon is Taxononiist. .Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, Durham. N. H. Mr. Steele teaches at St. Mary's-in-the- Mountains, Littleton, X. H. seme taxons much greater than one is led to expect. Also, as noted in the Manual, the taxonomic problems in the genus Crataegus have not yet been solved. The plan has been to canvass all herbaria thoroughly and criticallw to acquire personal familiarity in the field with nearly all s])ecies and varieties in the area, and finally to become thoroughlv familiar with the literature dealing with our woody flora. The chief herbaria examined were those of the New England Botanical Club, (irav Herbarium, Arnold .\rboretum. Dartmouth College (Jesup), St. Anselm's College. Brewster Academy (Sargent collection), The Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences ( F. W. Batchelder collection ) , and the University of Xew Hampshire. The field work has invoh-ed continuous effort in southeastern Xew Hampshire and the central and southern parts of the White Mountains and northern Carroll and Grafton counties by one or both authors working separately, as well as a number of extensive joint forays to selected areas in each of the counties, the objective being to pe^-fect and complete the check lists for the entire state, county l)v county. In particular, Sullivan, Belknap, and Merrimack counties had been inadequately botanized. This, we have been able to re- medy in major part so far as the woodv ]:)lants are concerned during the past three years. The objective of the field work has been, not only to obtain range records of taxons, but to gain a critical understanding of the extent of variation, habitat-preference, and abundance of each. Above all it has been the intention to know each taxon intimately even in such difiicult groups as Sali.r. Rosa. Aiiiclanchicr, and J'acciiiiuiii. Only in Crataegus have we failed to achieve a feeling of reasonable field compe- tence in identification. N'o help from authorities has been sought in the identification of any species, but, for the most part, the identifications on the sheets of herbarium specimens made by specialists in the above groups, as well as in many others, have l)een accepted without question and have been most helpful in educating us in field identification, ^^'here there has been difficuk with specimens in the field, these have lieen c'»llect?fl and checked carefully against herbarium sheets. Although there probably have been errors, for which the authors must bear sole responsibility, every effort has been made to keep them to a minimum. We have constantly leaned upon Professor Pease's l^ascular Flora of Coos County (1924). It is much to be regretted that his revised flora which has no\y been awaiting a publisher for several years is not available. The Vl^oody Plants of Maine by Fay Hyland and F. H. Steinmetz (1944) has proven of great reference value and also has served as a guide to the organization of our work, while the Cheek List of J'aseular Plants of Maine by E. C. Ogden, F. II. Steinmetz. and F. Hyland has suggested part of the format for this treatment. This work is inteufled to C(jmprise all of the woody ])erennial plants occurring naturally in Xew Hampshire. The distinction between low or weak shrubs or herbs must Ijc made somewhat arbitrarily since there is no abrupt line of demarcation between them. Epigaea repcns and Linnaea horealis are included chiefly because they are in plant families in which nearly all of the members are woody. MitcJiella repens seems to be more herbaceous than either of the foregoing but. occurring as it does in some- what similar habitats or assuming a habit somewhat similar to them, it also was included. Diapensia lapponiea belongs ecologically to an alpine assemblage, manv of the characteristic members of which are distinctly woody, though it might etjually well be considered herbaceous. Plants with characteristicallv l)iennial above ground stems are excluded even though as with Rubus aUcgheiiiciisis they are somewhat woody. It has thus been possible to f)mit the highly technical genus Rubus in which there are many unsolved taxonomic problems. Of the very considerable number of trees and shrubs which are native to other parts of the world and which have been planted in New Hamp- shire, only those species have been included which tend to escape and become naturalized or which have been observed to grow under such conditions that they might appear to be native. Shrubs or trees persisting around (jld deserted houses, cemeteries, etc., are accepted only if they have displayed an aggressive tendenc\' to reproduce either by vegetative means or by seeds. The following brief geographical discussion may make the range-designa- tions accompanying each taxon more meaningful. The White Moimtains proper occupy an area from central Carroll and Grafton counties north to the Canadian border. The Presidential Range includes the highest peaks and is about in the center of the White Mountain area. These and the I'ranconia Range to the west of them are of sufficient elevation (above 4,800 ft.) to have extensive alpine areas above the forest. Occasional small alpine areas occur elsewhere as noted below. Some of the other motuitains have rocky summits, probably because the original forest-cover was re- moved by fire. South of the White Motuitains there are occasional peaks of moderate elevation, of which \h. Monadnock in southwestern New Hampshire is the best known and highest. The principal rivers are the Androscoggin, Merrimack, Connecticut, and Saco, all of which have apparently served as migration-routes for many kinds of plants. There is, in addition to the above, a considerable number of small rivers emptying into Great Bay and the Piscataqua River in southeastern New Hampshire. The early modification of the Piscataqua River's tributary streams and of the Merrimack by constructing dams undoubtedly altered the vegetation to a considerable degree. This is particularly true of those plants which normally occur near the water-line. In more recent times the high dams of the upper Connecticut River have raised the water level for many- miles back of them and thus have ])rovided very uninteresting shores botanically speaking. In general, the fiora along the river is much more interesting below the dams. We have arbitrarilly divided the state into northern, central, and south- ern parts. Northern New Hampshire comprises the area of the White Mountains, and includes river-valleys and any other low-land in the vici- nity. Essentially this takes in the northern half of Carroll and Grafton counties and, of course, all of Coos County. Central New Hampshire covers the southern halves of Carroll and Grafton counties, most of Sullivan County except the southernmost townships, the northern part of Merri- mack County and the northern half of Straft'ord County. In eastern New Hampshire a natural division occurs between central and southern New Hampshire in a range of high hills extending westward or south westward toward the Merrimack X'alley. This range includes Parker and Catamoimt mountains. There is no sucli division farther west in the valleys of the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers or in the upland west of the Merrimack River, although Sunapee Mountain lies ahout at the boundary intended here. Southern New Hampshire includes all of Rockingham. Hillsborough, and Cheshire counties, about half of Stratford County, the southern part of Merrimack County, and the southernmost part of Sullivan Countw We have endeavoured to designate the elevations at which the various species are to be found whenever there might be any question. The term "low elevation" refers to areas from 0 to 1,500 feet; "medium elevation" refers to areas from 1,500 feet to tree-line which occurs almost exclusivelv m the Presidential and Franconia ranges and varies from 4,500 to 5,000 feet, rarely descending to the 4,000-foot level. "Alpine areas" or "alpine zone" refers to the region above tree-line occupied by low shrubs, herbs, or bare rock. Many of its plants have Arctic at^nities. In addition to the above-mentioned ranges, small alpine areas occur on Guyot and Bond mountains in the Twm i\ange as well as above the cliifs of Mt. Cannon and on the summit of Mt. Moosilauke. "Subalpine" applies to the occasion- al areas, mostly in the floors of ravines in the Presidential Range, where the trees are much stunted and conditions rather resemble the alpine area. All of southeastern Xew Hampshire is at low elevation. In southwestern New Hampshire there are a number of scattered mountains of elevations u]^ to 2,400 feet, with Monadnock an isolated peak at 3,100 feet. Much of central New Hampshire is low, but with frequent uplands and mountain- ous areas reaching 2,500 feet and occasionally 3,000 feet. Most of northern New Hampshire is of medium and high elevation, the principal river val- leys being exceptions, and also the considerable area approaching the Con- necticut Vallev in northwestern Grafton and western Coos counties. Climate is without doubt an important factor governing the distribution of plants in New Hampshire. The average annual precipitation varies from 38 to 46 inches at low and medium elevations ; it is highest in extreme n.orthern New Hampshire and lowest in a band across the state near Colebrook and along the Connecticut at Charlestown and Walpole. The higher mountains may receive up to twice as much. The average annual temperature varies from 40° to 45 °F. being lower in the north and in- creasing southward. .Average temperatures for July at low and medium elevations vary from 66° F. in the far north to 68° F. in the center and to 70° F. in some parts of extreme southern New Hampshire, while January averages vary from as low as 12°F. in the far north to as high as 22° F. in the southeast. The length of the growing season as determined by the riumber of consecutive days without killing frosts varies from an average figure of 100 days in the northernmost part to 140 in the southernmost area. Much of northern and central New Hampshire, apart from the higher mountains, has about 120 consecutive frost-free days. The frost-free grow- ing season is perhaps of greater importance in determining agricultural potentialities than in affecting native woody vegetation, since the native perennial species are only rarely harmed even by unseasonable frosts. In a general way it is ])()ssible to correlate the more pronounced vegetational types with the regional climates within the state. The major soil types also show a fair degree of correlation with the vegetational associaticms. This is to be expected in view of the fact that vegetation plays an important role in the genesis of soils. Typical podzols are found over much of the state except for the areas of low elevation in the soutliern and south-central parts and most of the middle Connecticut Valley. Podzols in New Hampshire are commonly associated with conifer- ous forests either pure or in mixture with northern hardwoods. Contribut- ing climatic factors are short and cool growing seasons which permit the accumulation of considerable (piantities of acid organic material on the forest floor. South and west of the area of podzols and embracing parts of Strafford. Helknap. Merrimack. Hillsborough, and Cheshire counties, as well as the middle and lower Connecticut X^alley. is an area of brown podzolic soils. Characteristically these are associated with deciduous forests or mixtures of deciduous species in fairly strong concentration with coni- fers. Higher tem])eratures, with less effective moisture, contribute to the formation of Ijrown podzolic soils. A special type of this class of soils is characteristic of the middle and lower Connecticut X-'alley and also of southeastern New Hampshire including southeastern Hillsborough and much of Rockingham and southern Strafford counties. The characteristics of parent material would seem to account in part for the distinctive quality of this soil type. It may be that the prevalence of species of Carya in southeastern New Hampshire and in the Connecticut Valley is due to the similarity of the soils in the two widely separated areas. The more detailed classification of the major soil-types into numerous classes, based on soil-texture differences which has proven useful in agricultural and land use programs, seems to show few if anv consistent correlations with natural woody vegetation in New Hampshire. The following brief discussion of the natural woody vegetation of New ITampshire is necessarily incomplete. Manv of the factors that control the distribution of forest associations and of individual species are not well understood. Moreover the complicated handling of the forest by man during the past 300 years has greatly exaggerated the natural diversity of forest types, making it difficult to account for most of our present forest associa- tions. • As pointed out above, it is possible to relate certain of the more con- spicuous forest types in a general way to climatic or soil factors. The very striking restriction of the natural ranges of Thuja occideii falls and of Picca (jlaiica to parts of New Hampshire west and north of the Presidential Range would appear to show a more specific chemical relationship involving calcium in the soil. There are very few places where one can still find communities of woody species in an undistiu-bed condition, and unfortunately without exception these are either difficult of access or are the kinds of places for which man has had no use. The original vegetation of fully two-thirds of the state is not represented at all. Undisturbed areas are often spectacularly beautiful and they are invari- ably of great interest to the biologist. The most appealing of all are the well known alpine areas of the Presidential and Franconia ranges where l^oth climate and vegetation bear a distinct similarity to the Arctic. Here the characteristic genera, and often species as well, are identical with those of the far north and exist only as highly localized relic colonies in their mountain refuges in New Hampshire. Below the alpine areas there are virgin stands of Picca and Abies balsaiiica of dwarf, weather-beaten char- acter, amongst which in more open situations, can be found mats of J\n-- cinium uligiiiosiiiii. / '. angusfifoliuiii . J', rifis-idara. Rmpctruiii iiif/nnii. etc. Man has seldom intentionally disturlied this "Hudsonian"" type of vegetation and fires have mostly missed it as indicated hy the great age of the scrubby trees. One virgin stand of full-sized trees of Picca nthciis and Abies balsainca is still extant on the upper reaches of Nancy Brook cover- ing 1.000 acres, and there is still a virgin area in the eastern part of Pitts- burg which may, however, be luniberecl within a few years. A much smaller stand consisting of 20 acres of ]:)rimeval forest and known as the Pisgah tract is to be found in Winchester. This forest, consisting chiefly of Tsiif/a and Pinus Strobns, was blown down in 1938. but has not been logged. At low elevations throughout the state there are acid bogs which are vegetational counterparts of the high mountains. As sources of peat and of gravels from their environs, bogs are vulnerable but thus far have been little afifected by civilization. Mostly thev liarbor scattered and dwarfed trees of Picca niariana and Larix laricina, along with a dense growth of low heaths in a matrix of sphagnum. River gravels offer an unstable footing for several s]:)ecies of Sali.v that are mostly confined to such places. Sali.v interior, in jiarticular, is restrict- ed to river gravels, along with Pnmiis clcprcssa. Sand dunes along the coast similarly offer a cf)ntinually shifting kind of habitat where certain characteristic shrubs occur, such as Pniuus inarifinia. Myrica pcnsylvanica, and Hudsonia toiuciifosa. It is likeK- that both river gravels and dunes have changed but little in vegetation since the advent of the white man. The only remaining habitats of woody plants that seem to have escaped destruction through the recent centuries are talus slopes with their scat- tered thickets of Coruiis riigosa, Rhus radica)is, and Celastnis scaiidcns. Historical accounts of the original forests are not numerous and contain inaccuracies, but do provide some clues as to the nature of the original forest in southern New Hampshire. The study of forest changes or suc- cessions going on now or which have taken place in recent time help us even more to draw reasonal^le inferences as to the nature of the character- i;;tic virgin forest of each of the several floristic i)arts of the state. A very few protected stands of old, but not primeval forest, such as the "College Woods" in Durham, and several other small tracts scattered about in New Hampshire also provide a valuable point of reference to judge the changes going on so raj^idly in managed forests and woodlots elsewhere in the state. Proceeding from north to south we find that in the northern part of Coos County, from Jefferson and ^lilan northwards, on mountain slopes and flats, the dominant forest consisted of Picca rubciis, P. glaiica. and Abies balsamea. Some Pinus Strobus and other soft woods are mixed with these. Hardwoods, with Fa(/us. BcfuJa lut'ca. and .leer saceharuin predomi- nating, were found on the intermediate slopes. Natural openings contained species less tolerant of shade, such as Bctula papyrijera. Prunus pcnsyl- vanica, and Pyrus aincrieana. The undergrowth consisted of shade-tolerant shrubs, such as Ta.vus and Jlbunium species. Below this, as far south as the southern limit of the area occupied by the higher of the White Mountains, on a line across the state through the middle of Carroll and most of Grafton counties, the forest was made up of varying mixtures of Picca rubeiis. Pinus Strobus. Abies, and hard- woods. Picca glauca, a nK)re northern species, was lacking. Qucrcus rubra was scarce — the other oaks and hickories were non-existent. Individuals of Pinus Strobus were well distributed, but not found in pure stands as at present. Some of these were 6 feet in diameter and 200 feet tall and were reserved for masts of the British navy. Some of these giants, marked according' to tradition wuli the "king's broad arrow", mav have persisted up to the turn of the century. Jeremy Belknap, in his History of A'czc Hampshire in 1792, described the forest somewnat to tiie south ot the White Mountains as consisting of mixed hemhjck-hardwood with huge white pines towering here and there above tlie otner trees. Oiicrcus rubra and 0. alba, Betula lutca and B. Icnta, fagits. i'raxiiuis aiiiericana, Acer saccJiarum and A. rubrmn were dominant then as now, while in drier sites, Castaiiea dentafa and Carya ovata were common. I'liiiiis aiiiericana was found in lowlands along streams and Tilia aiiiericana on rich slopes and in ravines. Although most of the present forest must be considered in an unstable condition, proceeding by stages towards a climax, certain types can be recognized as common. On richer soils in the northern part of the state where cutting has not been extensive, the forest is often dominated by Betula lutea, fagiis, and Acer sacchariim, with scattered Fraxinus ameri- cana and Tilia aniericana. On rather poor, dryish soils, Populits spp., Betula papyri jera, fagus. Acer saccharuui, and Quercus rubra are com- mon. On low or swampy soils, Acer rubruin, Fraxinus nigra, and Tsitga canadensis are tlie most frequent trees. In Coos County, Thuja may be predominant in swampy areas. Old pastures revert to Jiinipenis coniinunis, Betula populijolia, and almost pure stands of Pinus Strobus. On recently lumbered slopes and on lowlands in northern Coos County, Betula papyri- jcra, Prunus pensylvanica, and Pyrus aniericana grow in rapidly, with Picca and Abies coming in as an understory and eventually replacing them. On very sandy soils, especially after lumbering or hres, Pinus rigida and Quercus ilicijolia often are dominant particularly in central and southern New Hampshire. In the southern part of the state the situation is dilTerent and more complex, with several species of Quercus and two of Carya being import- ant trees. Swamps here may have A'yssa sylvatica or Chamaecyparis thy- oides, Acer rubruin, Rhus J'^vnix, and many other species, some of north- ern affinity, along with the ubiquitcnis raccinium corynibosuin. On warm slopes in southern New Hampshire, Carya ovata, Ost'rva virginiana, and several species of Quercus occur with remnants of old trees of Castanea in the form of sprouts. Occasionally on such slopes. Corn us florid a, Sassa- ]ras, Rhus copal Una, and other species are found. The Connecticut Valley has some calcareous outcroppings and supports a flora somewhat different from that of the rest of the state. This is re- flected perhaps more in the herbaceous plants than in the woody ones ; however, in the immediate vicinity of the Connecticut River, deciduous forest is dominant northward to the middle and upper portions of the Connecticut Valley, where Thuja occidentalis and Picea glauca make their appearance. Rosa blanda seems to be confined (except for one unverified station) to the valley. Populits deltoid es and Celtis occidentalis also are restricted to the immediate environs of the Connecticut River, while Carya cordiforinis, Acer Negundo, and CI nuts rubra occur in some abundance only in the Connecticut Valley. Salix interior is concentrated there on river gravels of islands (exceptionally on shores) from Plainfield south- \\ard to \\'alpole. The Merrimack X'alley also has a somewhat (hstinctive woody flora. Jioth Ottcrcits cocciiica and O. priiioidcs are confined in New tlampshiic to the lower part of the valley, and I'lbunmin Rafinesqitiaiuiin is rather strikingly isolated in the townships of Derry and Windham, the nsual range being much farther westward and southward in Xew England. There are several other species of sanely, gravelly, or alluvial soils which are shared by eastern Xew Hampshire and the IMerrimack River Valley, some outstanding examples being Hudsouia cricoidcs, Bctiila niijra. SmUax rotiindijolia, and Caylitssacia frondosa. In southeastern Xew Hampshire, Iva jnifcsccns occurs in several scat- tered patches near tidewater, being here at the farthest northeastern stations in the United States. Ilc.v (jlabra is found in a very limited stand in Sea- brook near the coast, the farthest north station for it in continental United States. Carya glabra and C. cordijonnis reach their northeastern limits of lange in southeastern X"ew Hampshire. Lindcra Benzoin and Corniis flu- rid a, both of which are of some abundance in parts of Strafford County, leach their northeastern hmits of range nearbv in York Countv, Maine, rhough of more northern general range, Gavltissacia diiinusa var. Bigcl- viana occurs locally only in the southeastern part of Xew Hampshire. The foregoing discussion shows that, while clear-cut boundaries fail in niany cases to delimit the ranges of species and associations of species, there are nevertheless certain areas of distinct climates, soils, and topogra- jdiic features in X^ew Hamjxshire which possess distinctive tvpes of vegeta- tion and flora. There follows a brief history of l)Otanical work in Xew Hampshire r.s it relates to floristic studies in general and to woody species in particular. Beginning in 1784 with the visit of the botanist A'lanasseh Cutler to the White Mountains in company with Jeremy Belknap, there was at first internfittant and in more recent years almost continuous attention paid by botanists to the Presidential Range. The vast botanical collecting in the Presidential Range and the considerable work that has been carried on in other parts of Coos County were admirably summarized by Professor Pease in his Vascular Flora of Coos County, published in 1924 by the Boston Society of Xatural History. The following list of botanical col- lectors is selected from Pease's mucli longer list (pp. 110-13) and is intend- ed to show the powerful attraction of the area to botanists. The date of the initial visit of each is given. Any later visit is disregarded : M. Cutler, 1784; J. Bigelow and F. Boott, 1816; T. Xuttall, 1824; W^ Cakes, 1825; E. Tuckerman, 1837; H. D. Thoreau, 1839; W'. Boott and A. Grav. 1842; D. C. Eaton, 1858; G. L. Goodale, 1859; H. Mann, 1862; X. Barrows, before 1871; W. F. Flint, 1871; C. E. Faxon, 1872; T. Morong, 1874; J. H. Huntington. 1876; C. G. Pringle. 1877; W. Deane, 1880; W. G. Farlow, 1882; C. F. Batchelder and C. H. Hitchcock, 1883; ]. R. Churchill, 1889; G. G. Kennedy, 1890; E. F. Williams. 1893; A. S. ■pease, 1895; E. D. Merrill, 1896; \\\ W. Eggieston, ]. M. Greeman, and A. T- Grout, 1898; A. H. Moore, B. E. Robinson, and H. E. Sargent, 1901 ; A. S. Hitchcock, 1902; H. St. John. 1909; and M. E. Fernald. 1917. In contrast to the extensive work accomplished in Coos County, the rest of the state has been dealt with floristicall}- in a modest fashion or not at all. The earliest discussion of Xew Ham])shire plants aj^peared in Jeremy Belknap's Flistory c-f JVciv Hampshire, volume 111, p]). 96-127, in 1792. 8 The section was entitled. "Forest Trees and ( )ther X^egetahle i'roductiuns", and was written l)y Belknap with the acknowledged assistance (jf the bot- anists Manasseh Cutler and William D. IVck. Along with some general discussion of forests, there was a list of the principal kinds of trees known at that time in Xew Hampshire with some specific information about each. The only list of all the vascular plants of New Hampshire that has ever been attempted was by William F. Flint and appeared in C. H. Hitchcock's Geology of Nci^' Hauipshirc. jn. 1. 1874. i)p. 381-445. A number of obvious errors in the stated occurrences of woody species are evident, but for the Connecticut X'allev. at least, there are some interesting records. Flint's annotated list of "Trees and Shrubs Comprising the New Hampshire Forests" appeared in 1885 in the report of the first Forestry Commission with no striking emendations of the woody plants of his earlier list. John Foster's, Trees and Shrubs of A'r'zc' Hampshire, which first appeared in the Biennial Report of the State Forestry Commission for 1929-30 and which has been discussed earlier, has been the only other inclusive work on the woody plants of New Hampsliire. Several areas besides Coos County in the state have their local floras. I'^or the Hanover region. Henry Griswold Jesup's first catalogue appeared in 1879. His final treatment, bearing the title Flora and Fauna Within- Thirty Miles of Hanover, Nezc Hampshire, was published in 1891. \\4iile hardly more than a list, there are occasional references to stations for certain more rare species, including some woody plants. The Manchester area is covered botanically by Frederic \\'. Batchelder's Preliminary List of Plants Gron'ing Without Cultivation in the J'icinity of Manchester, Nezv Hampshire, which was published in 1900 in the Pro- ceedings of the Manchester Institute of Science and by his complete re- vision of this same catalogue in 1909. Batchelder's study covered Hills- borough County, the western part of Rockingham County, and the south- ern part of Merrimack County. It has also been a valuable work of re- ference on the woody plants of the area covered. The only remaining flora to have embraced any considerable area was the Flora of Strafford County, A\'zc Hampshire, an M. S. thesis by A. R. Hodgdon in 1932. This rela- tively non-critical study pioneered in an entirely neglected and very promis- ing part of the state. It now seems to be most important as having served as a basis for continuing investigation of the area up to the present time. Some of the specimens of Jesup and his collaborators are located at Dart- mouth College, but many are present in the University of New Hampshire herbarium. The earlier Batchelder collections were burned, but those he collected later in life are present in the Manchester Institute of Arts and Science. Those of Hodgdon's Strafiiord Countv study are part of the col- lection at the University of New Hampshire. There are many less ambitious works in our area, such as floras of townships. However, unless these are supported by collections, they are not very helpful except as careful descriptive information is provided which usually does not happen. In general, then, such unverifiable lists are omitted from this discussion. A detailed floristic investigation of the Swift River Valley, covering parts of Albany, W'aterville. and Livermore. by Martha Gale, resulted in an unpublished University of New Hampshire thesis in 1949 entitled "Vas- cular Flora of the Swift River Watershed in Grafton and Carroll Counties". 10 11 Collections are deposite 1 in the herl)arinm of the University of Xew Hampshire. Two more local floras are worthy of mention to complete this discussion. The "Flora of Windham", whicli appearerl in L. A. Morrison's Supplonent io flic History oj WiudJiam in Xew HaiupsJiirc in 1S**2. has recently heen found to he supported hy a nearly complete collection of specimens which are now on loan at the University of Xew Hampshire. Actually the col- lection includes 115 additional species which were not in the original list. These, including seven species of woodv plants, were published as additions hy A. R. Hodgdon and H. Friedlander in Rhodora 51 :107-12. ^lay 1949. A local flora covering a more limited area is Flcn^'criiu) Plants and Ferns of the Fox Research Forest, Hillshoro, Nezv Hampshire by Alan A. Beetle, published by the X"ew Hampshire Forestry and Recreation Department. Concord, in 1938. The collections are filed in the herbarium of the Fox Forest. C. A. W'eatherby and S. F. Blake published some comments and corrections regarding this list in Rhodora 41 :34-36. 1939. Mention should hv made of the fine herbarium collection which was [)re])are(l by the late Herbert Sargent for Wolfeboro and vicinity and which is currently housed at the Brewster Academy at Wolfeboro. Many interest- ing new stations, some of them of woody species, were discovered by Sargent and his students. The herbarium of Frederic Steele at Tamworth emphasizes Carroll ("ounty. but has a selection of woody plants from other areas and contains a considerable percentage of rarities, and of specimens which were needed lo complete the county lists for our present study. Finally mention should be made of a collection of Farnnngton plants made by Charles W. T. Willson which was given to the University of Xew Hampshire herbarium some years ago. Verified Woodv Fiors a Co* Ca (ir .St Re Me Su Ro Hi Ch Taxus canadensis X X X X X X X X X X Abies balsamea var. balsamea X X X X s X s X X X var. phanerulepis X X X Tsuga canadensis X X X X s X s X X X Picea glauca X X P. abies i i P. rubens X X X X X X X X X X P. mariana X X X X s X X X X X Larix laricina X X X X X X X X X X L. decidua i i Pinus Strobus X X X X s X X X X X P. resinosa X X X X X X X X X X P. sylvestris i i i i P. rigida X X X X X X X X X X P. Banksiana X X X Thuja occidentalis X i X i i i i Chamaecyparis thyoides X X X X X Juniperus communis var. communis X X X X var. depressa X X X X X X X X X X var. saxatilis X J. virginiana var. crebra X X X X X X X X X Smilax rotundifolia X X X Salix nigra X X X X X X X X X X S. pentandra i i i S. lucida var. lucida X X X X X X X X X X var. angustifolia X X var. intonsa X X S. fragllis 1 i i S. alba var. alba i i i var. vitellina i i i i i i i i var. calva i i i i i xr=collection ; s=:observed ; i=introduced. * County abbreviations: Co., Coos; Ca., Carroll; Gr., Grafton; St., Strafford; Be., Belknap; Me., Alerrimack ; Su., Sullivan; Ro., Rockingham; Hi., Hillsboro; Ch., Cheshire. Taxus canadensis Marsh. .American 'W'w, Ground Hemlock. Common and of general occurrence in moist, often rich areas, swampy woods, ravines, and near streams at low and medium elevations up to 2,500 feet, becoming- less abundant southward. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea Balsam-Fir. A climax tree of the White Mountains and lowlands in northern Coos County, confined to cool woods in other parts of state : in the alpine zone of the Presidential Range, forma hiidsoiiia (Jacques) Fern, and Weatherby occurs as a depressed state of the species. 13 \"ar. phanerolepis P^ern. Tends to replace the species on the higher parts of tlic mountains, occasionally descending to low elevations ; frequent in Coos, Grafton, and northern Carroll Counties. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Formerly a climax dominant of forests south of White Mountains at low eleva- tions ; common at present in central and southern New Hampshire, becoming in- frequent in Coos County; observed at 2,4fl0-feet elevation on Mt. Ohocorua in Albany; most luxuriant on moist slopes and in ravines. Picea glauca (Moench.) A^oss. White Spruce. Common as a climax dominant north of Presidential Range and somewdrat abund- ant in upper Connecticut Valley, as far south as Littleton, absent from rest of state : outlying station in Warren ; often planted elsewhere but not spreading. P. abies (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce. Often planted, occasional seedlings persisting for some time ; intr(3duced from Europe. P. rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. A climax dominant in mountains at medium elevations throug'hout state and at lower elevations north of Presidential Range ; common in Grafton and Carroll counties, southward only occasional, occurring rather generally above l,()(H}-feet elevation ; often on poorer soils ; depressed specimen seen at 5,000 feet on Mt. Wash- ington. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black Spruce. T'nroughout state ; near tops of some of lower mountains and above tree-line in Presidential and Franconia ranges ; generally occurring in lowland bogs and around bog-ponds: The depressed forma sciiiifrostrata (Peck) Blake occurs in mats in the alpine areas of the White Mountains. Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch. .American Larch, Tamarack, Hackmatack. .At or near tree-line on Presidential and Franconia ranges, where occasional ; common in poorly drained areas in northern New Hampshire at low elevations ; becoming sporadic southward ; less common than black spruce in southern part of state ; in alpine area of Presidential Range forma dcprcssa Rousseau occurs sparingly as prostrate individuals. L. decidua Mill. European Larch. Escaped near planted trees in Strafford County, apparently spreading locally ; introduced from Europe. Pinus Strobus L. AVhite Pine. Throughout state ; abundant old-field tree over much of New Hampshire at low elevations; less common in climax forests but tending to perpetuate itself in drier sites. Our largest tree; numerous records of trees more than 200 feet tall exist; occasional specimens occur above 3,()l)IJ-feet elevation in mountains: Rhodora, 51:393- 394, 1949. P. resinosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Frequent but scattered throughout state at low elevation except in Coos County, where rare ; stations at about 2,500 feet occur on exposed mountain slopes ; occasion- ally dominant in sandy soil and on ledges : forma glohosa Rehder of dwarf dense growth and rounded form was discovered in Wolfeboro, Carroll County the tvpe locality: Journal Arnold Arb. 3:41, 1922. P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Often i>lanted in earlier times for reforestation purposes and definitely spreading in several localities ; not likely to persist long in competition with native species ; introduced from Europe. P. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Common on dry rocky slopes and sandy areas at low elevations north to Presiden- tial Range; outlying colony at Shelburne ; often occurs in burned-over areas since it survives severe fires. 14 p. Banksiana Lamb. Gray or Jack-Pine. A rare tree in New Hampshire known only from the following localities : namely Mt. Chocorua, \yelch Mountain, Mt. Webster, and vicinity of Lake Umbagog ; all of New Hampshire stations arc on ledges : Rhodora 56 :204, 1954. Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor Vitae, Northern White Cedar. Common in swamps in Coos County, north of Presidential Range, and chiefly on slopes in Grafton County, m vicinity of Connecticut River, south to Orford; outlying siatioii in Lincoln ; confined mostly to calcareous soil ; abundantly cultivated and occasionally spreading elsewhere. Chamaecyparis thyoides ( L.) BSP. Southern White Cedar. Frequent in swampy woods near the coast in Rockingham County, elsewhere confined to southern part of state where strongly localized ; most isolated areas are in Winchester, E. Washington, Bradford, Windsor, Hancock, and New Durham : Rhodora 31 :96-98, 1929. Juniperus communis L. var. communis. Common Juniper. This very distinct erect state of the juniper is occasional to locally abundant in southern New Hampshire where it hybridizes with var. dcprcssa; erect specimens have been collected in Wilmut, Francestown, Pelliam, Claremont, JaiTfrey; specimens from Sandown, Strafford, Bennington, and Meredith are not entirely typical. Var. depressa Pursh. Ground-Juniper. Widely distributed in New Hampshire at low elevations, abundant north to the White Mountains, quite localized north of Presidential Range; dominant in early pasture successions ; more permanent habitat is ledges. \'ar. saxatilis Pallas. One specimen of this dwarfed alpine taxon has been collected from the cone of Mt. Washington: Rhodora 58 :5U, 1956. J. virginiana L. var. creba Fern, and Grisc. Red Cedar. Common in southeastern New Hampshire, where often the dominant old-field tree near coast ; local inland ; reaching northern limits in Piermont and Bartlett ; dry open situations, occasionally on cliffs ; Rhodora 56 :204, 1954. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier, Catbrier. Southern species, confined to southeastern New Hampshire, most abundant near the coast ; along shores, banks of streams and edges of swamps, and in thickets. Salix, a large genus, the native species numerous and mostly shrubs, frequently exhibiting polyploidy and hybridizing freely, producing progeny often difficult or impossible to identify with certainty, such hybrids often persisting and spreading vegetatively and in some cases reproducing apomictically ; the principal local group of woody plants to persist and spread in river-gravels. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Widely distributed shrub or low tree ; moderately abundant in central and south- ern parts of New Hampshire, at low elevations; occurs sparingly and only in stream valleys north of Presidential Range, elsewhere in swamps m along streams; may hybridize in our area with 6". hicida, S. inferior and S. alba. S. pentandra L. Bay-leaved Willow. An occasional escape, mostly in the vicinity of planted specimens, in central and northern New Hampshire; introduced from Europe. S. lucida Muhl. var. lucida. Shining Willow. _ Of general occurrence, common in northern half of state, infrequent southward ; river-gravels, wet places at low elevations ; may hybridize with S'. alba and .S". nicjra. Var. angustifolia Anderss. Of northern distribution, not common ; mostly in Coos County, occurs also in Carroll County ; of similar habitats, but not to be confused with stunted specimens of var. lucida. 15 Co Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch S. interior X X S. herbacea X X XS. Peasei X S. Uva-ursi X X S. argyrocarpa X XS. Grayi X S. pyrifolia X X X S. cordata var. abrasa X S. rigida var. rigida X X X X X X X X X X var. angustata X X X X XS. myricoides X X X X S. Bebbiana X X X X X X X X X X S. pedicellaris var. hypoglauca X X X var. tenuesceiis X X S. discolor var. discoUir X X X X X X X X X X var. latifolia X X X X X X S. humilis var. liumilis X X X X X X X 5L X X var. kevveenaweiisi.s X X var. microphylla X S. gracilis var. gracilis X X var. textoris X X X X X X X X X X S. sericea X X X X X X X X X X S. planifulia X S. pellita X X S. viminalis i S purpurea i i i i Populus treniuloides var. tremuloides X X X X s X X X X X var. magnifica X X P. grandidentata X X X X s X X X X X P. alba i i i i i V^ar. intonsa Fern. Mostly in Coos County, occurs also in Carroll County ; of similar habitats. S. fragilis L. Crack-Willow. Often planted ; sometimes an escape : introduced from Europe. S. alba L. var. alba. W hite Willow. The common naturalized tree-willow of New England is S. aiha from Europe; the least common of the varieties is the typical var. aIha, with a few widely separated stations in southern New Hampshire : i". allm and its varieties may hybridize with .9. iiii/ra. S. Iiicida. and S. (/racilis. Var. calva G. F. W. Mey. Of scattered distribution, locally common, cliiefly in very wet areas. Var. vitellina (L.) Stokes. The most abundant of tlie local varieties, occurring throughout at low elevations in similar situations. 16 S. interior Rovvlce. Sandbar-Willow. River-gravels and sands near high-water mark; of limited distribution in New Hampshire mostly confined to islands in the lower Connecticut River ; known stations tor the typical glabrous extreme occur north to Plaintield : forma IVhcclcri (Rowlee) Rouleau with leaves more or less permanently silvery-silky, is found on the shores at Walpole and Plainiield ; hybrids with 6'. n'ujra and probably with .S . rigida were noted on islands in Plainfield. S. herbacea L. Infrequent ; confined to the heads of ravines and wetter alpine areas on the Presi- dential Range and of limited occurrence in the Franconia Range (Mt. Lincoln). X. S. Peasei Fern. A hybrid of ^". hcrhacca and -V. I'va-ursi, confined to upper parts of King's Ravine on Mt. Adams; limited colony stdl surviving since discovery in 1909; Rhodora 19:221- 223, 1917. S. Uva-ursi Pursh. Abundant in moist as well as drier alpine areas and open ravines of Presidential and Franconia ranges ; local on exposed slope on southern part of Twin Range : forma lasiuf^hvlla Fern, with leaves pilose above has been collected on Mt. Lincoln: Rhodora 18:52, 1916. S. argyrocarpa Anderss. Frequent in springy places and along brooks in alpine areas and ravines of Presidential Range. X. S. Grayi Schn. A hybrid of i\ argyrucarpa and .S'. plaiiijulia occurs in Tuckorman and Ammo- noosuc Ravines. S. pyrifolia Anderss. Balsam-Willow. Frequent in moist places; in northern New Hampshire mostly at low and medium altitudes but sometimes in subalpine areas south to Benton and Hart's Location : may hybridize with .b'. discolor: Rhodora 14:09-70, 1912. S. cordata Michx. var. abrasa Fern. Collections fitting this taxon have been made in 1955 and 1956 from a single spreading clump 2-3 feet tall at Sumner's Falls in Plainfield. S. rigida Muhl. var. rigida. Common in river-gravels and other moist habitats at low elevations ; of general distribution in our area, less common in open areas at medium elevations up to 4,0(JU feet: forma iiwllis (Palmer and Steyerm.) Fern, with petioles and branchlets pubescent is less common but of rather general distribution: 6'. rigida may hybridize in our area with 6'. Bcbhiana, S. discolor, S. gracilis, S. scricca, and 6^. pediccllaris. Var. angustata (Pursh.) Fern. Is generally more northern than the typical and much less common. X. S. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey. This hybrid of 5". rigida and 5. scricca is the most commonly encountered of the many hybrids of 6". rigida with other species ; to be expected wherever the two species grow in close proximity. S. Bebbiana Sarg. Long-beaked Willow. An abundant willow of general distribution, at lower elevations, in both moist and dry situations ; ascending the mountains to 4,000 feet : hybridizing with 6\ rigida, S. discolor, S. humilis, and 5". gracilis, producing a confusion of progeny very few of which have been collected in New Hampshire and named as to parentage. S. pediccllaris I'ursh. var. hypoglauca h^ern. The typical variety with leaves green beneath is not reported from New Hamp- shire; var. hypoglauca is scattered in northern and east central New Hampshire with outlying station in Hollis ; may be expected throughout; open swamps at low eleva- tions : may hybridize with 6". rigida. 17 Var. tenuescens Fern. Has been reported only from Randolph and Tamvvorth in New Hampshire ; it iutergrades with var. hypnglaitca : both are found with other willows in wet meadows and swamps. S. discolor Muhl. Large Pussy-Willow. Abundant and generally distributed species of moist thickets and along roadsides at low elevations, occasionally ascending to 4,000 feet : this and the next are the earli- est willows to flower ; frequently hybridizing with the following common species, .S". ngida, S. hiiinilis, S. Bcbhiaiia, and .V. t/racilis: hybrids of .S". discfllor and .S'. Iiuniilis may be related to or confused with the next. Var. latifolia Anderss. A somewhat variable taxon, occurring occasionally with the species in similar h.abitats. S. humilis Marsh, var. humilis Small Pussy-Willow. Frequent and of general distribution at lower elevations, ascending to 2,{}00 feet, often in dry situations ; liybridizes with S. Bchbiana, S. discolor, S. gracilis, and S. scricca. \'ar. keweenawensis Farw. Several stations in Coos and Grafton counties. \^ar. microphylla (Anderss.) Fern. Usually quite distinct from var. humilis: barely gets into New Hampshire from the south ; there are collections of it from Nashua, Merrimack, and Pelham, in sandy areas. S. gracilis .Anderss. var. gracilis. At low altitudes ; lias been collected chiefly from north of the Presidential Range in New Hampsliire with outlying station in Lee; to be expected throughout. \ ar. textoris Fern. Quite distinct from typical S. gracilis: generally distributed and frequent at low elevations, in swamps and along water-courses: hybridizes with .S'. ngida. S. Bchhiana, S. discolor, S. hiiinilis, S. scricca, and S. alba. S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. A common and generally distributed willow at low altitudes, in swamps, along streams and in river-grave'ls in wet situations; occasionally ascends to 4,000 feet; crosses freely with .9. rigida, S. Iniiiiilis. and 5". gracilis. S. planifolia Pursh. Conhned to the Presidential Range ; along brooks and in wet meadows in the alpine- area and in moist heads of ravines. S. pellita Anderss. Stream-banks and wet thickets in Androscoggin and Connecticut river valleys; confined to Coos County except for single station far to southwest in Marlow : forma f^sila Schneid., with leaves glabrescent beneath has been collected in Wentworth Location. S. purpurea L. Purple Osier, Basket-Willow. Occasional escape throughout, well estaiblished in Dover : introduced from Furope. Populus tremuloides Miclix, var. tremulcides Quaking or Trembling Aspen. Conimon and wide ranging tree at low elevations ascending to 3,200 feet; in dry woods, disturbed forest, and old fields : forma roiiforiiiis Tidestr., with kidney-shaped leaves has been collected in Tamworth and is probably occasional throughout; a rare form, with narrower heart-shaped leaves, has been collected in Lee. Var. magnifica Vict. Perhaps of patliological origin, is occasional in New Hampsliire. 18 p. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Generally distributed and common at low elevations ascendiiij; tn 2,5(10 feet; most common in recent woods or burned areas, occasional in older, more mature forests. P. alba L. White Poplar. Persisting and spreading clonall}' following early cultivation ; locally throughout : naturalized from Europe. abundant P. deltoides P. nigra var. italica P. balsamifera var. balsamifera var. subcordata XP. gileadensis Myrica (iale var. Gale var. subglabra M. pensylvanica Comptonia peregrina Juglans cincrea Carya cordiformis C. ovata var. ovata var. Nuttallii var. pubescens C. glabra C. ovalis Corylus americana C. cornuta Ostrya virginiana Carpinus caroliniana Betula lenta B. lutea var. lutea var. macrolepis B. nigra B. populifolia B. caerulea - grandis B. minor B. papyrifera var. papyrifera var. cordifolia Co Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch i i X i i i X i i X X X X X X X X i i i i i i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X p. deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood, Necklace-Poplar. Doubtless indigenous in Connecticut Valley where of fretiuent occurrence as far north as Haverhill; tree 5 feet in diameter was reported in 1901 at Walpole; perhaps escaped in Shelburne and Hudson, and certainly introduced in Lee ; river-gravels and banks. P. nigra L. Lonibardy Poplar. The Lumbardy Poplar, the so-called var. italica. is a cultivar or form of this species which persists or spreads in central and southern New Hampshire following cultivation ; susceptible to disease and often dying out : introduced from southern Europe or western Asia. p. balsamifera L. var. balsamifera Balsam-Poplar, Hackmatack, Taccamahac. Stream-banks, river-sravels, and low ground; frequent in Coos County, extending locally southward t.) central Carroll, Grafton, and Sullivan counties. Var. subcordata Hylander. Apparently not common; collections have 'been made in and near the Connecticut ^^a'lley in Columbia, Plainfield, and Walpole. X. P. gileadensis Rouleau. Balm-of-Gilead. Formerly much cultivated, this ase.xually spreading pre^umed hybrid of /'. dcltoidcs and P. balsamifera is widespread as an adventive. Myrica Gale L var. Gale. Sweet Gale. The two varieties of d/. Gale occur throughout at low elevations ; they tend to in- tergrade freely in our material as to degree of pubescence, thus making it difficult to classify many of the New Hampshire specimens ; the pubescent-leav-ed var. dale is Eurasian and more northern in North America; the preponderance of Coos County specimens belong to it. \'ar. subglabra ( Chev.) Fern. Of slightly more southern distribution, tlie var. sithfilaJ'ra is strictly of eastern North America ; frequent in Coos County and about as common as var. Gale in central and southern New Hampshire; both varieties occur along shores of ponds and in bogs. M. pensylvanica Loisel. Bayberry. .Abundant shrub of coast, occasional inland, most outlying stations are Masun and Alton ; sands, rocky areas, and banks. Comptonia peregrina ( L. ) Coult. Sweet-fern. Common and generally distributed at low elevations as far north as Alilan in Coos County ; dry sandy or sterile areas. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Of general distribution, locally common at low elevations ; probably originallv in- troduced over much of New Hamnshire, often along roads and near houses or cellars ; indigenous when growing under forest conditions in Connecticut Valley and perhaps indigenous in other parts of New Hampshire. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) Koch. Bitternut. Southern species, extending north in Connecticut Valley, where frequent, to Le- banon, and north in Merrimack Valley to Hollis (rare) and into some of the town- ships bordering Great Bav (occasional); banks and rockv slopes: Rhodora 48:206, 1946. C. ovata (Mill.) Koch. var. ovata. Shagbark-Hickory. Mostly absent as a forest tree from central New Hampshire, but occasionally planted ; common in forests in southern parts of state at low elevations in dry, rich woods ; strongly encouraged along roads or near houses for the edible nuts. \'ar. Nuttallii Sarg. Small-fruited state, mostly southern in distribution : specimens from Derry and Mason have been so-called ; considering the very great differences in sizes and shapes of nuts of C. ovata there might be some question as to the advisability of naming one particular variant such as this. Var. pubescens Sarg. Specimen from Strafford County. The pignuts oi Gray's Manual ed. 8 include two species, C. (/labra (Mill.) Sweet and C. oi'alis (Wang.) Sarg. The rather abundant pignuts of the Great Bay area in Strafford and Rockinarham counties nossess a high degree of genetic diversity, often combining traits of both so-called .snecies in one individual as was pointed out by Hodgdon and Gansi, Rhodora 51:150-152, 1949. It would probably be wiser to treat this ponulation as one soecies because of the free gene exchange between its mem'bers. However, to conform to Gray's Manual we will here recognize 20 o the extremes, I'based on fruit-characteristics, as C. (jlahra and C. in'olis. It should be pointed out that Manning, Rhodora 52:191, 1950, stated that he was unable to separate these s-pecies except with completely mature fruit : because of the excessive variability of C. n-c'dlis we consider it inadvisable to recognize any of its so-called varieties in New Hampshire. C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet Pignut. Warm, dry and often rocky slopes, Durham, .StratTord County, and Newmarket. Rockingham County, and probably elsewhere in southern New Hampshire ; local and mucli less common than the next. C. ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. Sweet Pignut. Southern Strafford and central and southern Rockingham counties ; warm, dry and often rocky slopes; also in some profusion in southeastern Hillsboro and soutli- western Cheshire counties. Corylus americana AX'atts. American Hazelnut. At low elevations in central and southern New Hampshire reaching north to Haverhill and Ossipee ; of somewhat scattered distribution, common southward ; thickets in both dry and moist situtations : forma iiiissDuriciisis {A. D. C.) Fern., with glandless twigs, petioles, and involucres is less common hut occasional. C. cornuta Marsh. Beaked Hazelnut. Widely distributed and common throughout in well drained sites ; thickets, road- sides and OTen woods at low elevations occasionally ascending to .1,000 feet; specimen from Keene with few bristles approaches forma iucnnis Fernald. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch. Hop-Hornbeam, Ironwood. Frequent and widely distributed at low elevations throughout ; rich, often rocky, v/arm slopes: forma glaiidiilnsa (Spach.) Macbr., with branchlets bearing glands, occurs throughout our range. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern. .American Hornheam, Blue Beech, Ironwood. Locally common in swamos and low, rich woods in southern New Hampshire ; in- frequent in central New Hampshire : north to Bath in Connecticut Valley, Canter- bury in Merrimack \'alley and Wolfeboro in eastern New Hampshire. Betula lenta L. Black, Cherry-or Sweet Birch. Conunon forest tree of good soils at low elevations in southern and south central New Hampshire, north to Hanover in Connecticut ^"alley and to Tamworth in eastern New Hampshire: Rhodora 13:206-207. 1911: forma laciuiata Rehder with deeplv cut leaves was described from a specimen collected in New Boston : Rhodora 4:83-84, 1902, and 9:111, 1907. B. lutea Michx f. var. lutea. Yellow Birch. Common and of wide distribution ; climax-species of moist, cool forest up to 2,000- feet elevation ; occasionally occurring to 3,000 feet : forma falla.v Fassett, having close bark, has been collected in Albany. Var. macrolepis Fern. Of scattered distribution in northern and central parts of the state ; outlying station in Manchester; less common than the typical, but associated with it and freely intergrading. B. nigra L. River-or Red Birch. Southern species locally abundant in Merrimack Valley, extending north to Beaver Brook in Pelham ; limited colony also on southeastern shore of Mendum's Pond, Barrington, at northeastern known limit of ranse : said also to be found on an island in Pawtuckawav Lake ; Barrington colonv much expanded in recent vcars : Rhodora 37:414, 1935. 21 B. populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. (ienerall_v distributed small tree of poor soil; abundant north to White Mountains, diminishing northward ; abundant in old fields and pastures reverting to forest, also occasional in bogs and in rocky scrub-forests of exposed slopes and summits up to 3,000 feet; hybridizes with B. f'af^yrifcra. B. caerulea-grandis Blanch. Blue Birch. Specimens have been collected in northern New Hampshire in Shelburne, Randolph, and F'ranconia ; the taxon has been suggested as of hybrid origin ; polyploidy is known to occur in Bctula and may be a complicating factor. E. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern. Dwarf White Birch. Frequent in alpine areas and heads of ravines (.>f Presidential and Franconia ranges: h}-bridizes with B. glandulosa. B. papyrifera Marsh, var. papyrifera. Paper-or Canoe-Birch. The state tree of New Hampshire : common forest-tree throughout at low and medium altitudes ; cool woods and slopes ; often replaced at higher altitudes by the variety cordifolia. Co Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch B. glandulosa X X Alnus crispa var. crispa X X X var. mollis X X X X X X X X X A. rugosa var. rugosa X X X X X X X X X var. americana X X X X X X X X X X A. serrulata var. serrulata X X X X X X X X X var. subelliptica X X X X Fagus grandi folia X X X X X X X X X X Castanea dentata X X X X X X X X X Quercus alba X X X X X X X X X Q. robur i 0 macrocarpa X Q bicolor X X X X Q. prinoides X X X X Q. Prinus X X X Q rubra var. rubra X X X X X X X X X X var. borealis X X X X X X X Q. coccinea X Q. velutina X X X X X X X Q. ilicifolia X X X X X X X X Ulmus rubra i X X X X U. americana X X X X X X X X X X Celtis occidentalis var. pumila X X Morus alba i i i i Clematis virginiana X X X X s X X X X X C. verticillaris X X X X X X X Berberis vulgaris i i i i i i i i i i B. Thunbergii i i i i i i i i Sassafras albidum var. albidum X X X X X X var. molle X X X X 22 \'ar. cordifolia (Regel.) Fern. Mostly on upper forested slopes of mountains and in subalpine areas of Presidential Range, also in cool ravines and on ledges at low elevations ; hybrids between B. populifolia and B. papyrifera or B. papynfcra var. cordifulia have been collected on Mt. Paugus in Albany, and summit of Pack MonadnocK in Peterboroug'h. B. glandulosa Michx. Dwarf Birch. Mostly confined to alpine areas of Presidential Range; one station in Jackson, Carroll Co., at 1,600-ft. elevation: Rhodora 48:183, 1946; hybridizes with B. minor. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh var. crispa. Green or Mountain-Alder. Confined to White Mountain area; common in gullies and moist slopes in sub- alpine areas of higiTer mountains, occasional on lower mountains, and in valleys in northern New Hampshire : forma stragula Fernald of dwarf character has been found on Mt. Washington and exposed slope of Mt. Bond. \'ar. mollis Fern. Freely intergrading with the typical ; common in the general area of White Moun- tains from subalpine parts of Presidential Range (rare), to lower mountains, and foothills ; occasional in rest of state ; ledges, stream-gravels, bushy flats and along tlie coast. The Alnus rui/osa complex of swamps and low grounds is liighly diverse in central and southern New Hampshire ; in addition to frequent intraspecific cross- ing between the varieties and forms of .-('. ruf/osa there are frequent intergradations between A. serrulata var. subclliptica and A. rmjosa var. rugosa. A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. var. rugosa. Speckled Alder. The vars. of A. rugosa occur in swamps and along streams at low elevations; var. rugosa is mostly confined to and often frequent in southern half of state, reaching Haverhill in Connecticut Valley and Madison in central New Hampshire: forma Eincrso)iiana Fernald with leaves pubescent beneath is about as common as the glabrous phase. Var. americana (Regel.) Fern. The northern variety occurring in the northern half of New Hampshire nearly or quite to the exclusion of var. rugosa and often predominating also in the southern part : in early development or in unfavorable situations easily confused with var. rugosa : forma hypovialaca Fernald, with leaves pubescent beneath, occupies the same range and is about as common : collections approaching forma touiopliylla Fern, with deeply indented leaves have been made in Colebrook and Pittsburg. A. serrulata (Ait.) Willd var. serrulata. Common Alder. Connnon in southern and south central New Hampshire extending north to Madison, Holderness, and Claremont ; shores of ponds, along streams, and in swamps : forma novaboracensis (Britt.) Fern, with leaves pubescent beneath is occasional. Var. subclliptica Fern. Less common than typical and often growing with it but more southern in range, occurring north to Tamworth : forma nioUcsccns Fern, with leaves pubescent beneath is known from Merrimack and is probably found elsewhere. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. Widespread climax tree throughout at middle and low elevations up to 2,5U0 feet; chiefly of irich soils ; probably consists of several varieties not yet clearly elucidated taxonomically : forma pubcsccns Fern. & Rehd. with leaves short pubescent beneath and villous on the veins is occasional in southern Xew Hampshire. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. Apparently no large trees now remain of the once extensive chestnut-forests that covered ridges and slopes in southern and south central New Hampshire at low elevations, extending no-rth to Alton, Center Harbor, and Hanover ; sprouts are fruiting extensively, and apparently disease-free seedling-chestnuts are occasionally met with ; formerly cultivated outside of natural range. 23 Quercus alba L. White Oak. Mostly in dry woods but occasionally in more moist and rich areas, common at low- elevations, extends north to Plymouth and Sandwich in central New Hampshire, Bath in Connecticut Valley and Moultonborough and Madison in east central New- Hampshire; the following forms may occur: forma I'lridis Trel, with leaves green beneath is occasional; forma latUoba ( Sarg. ) Palmer & Steyermark with leaves cut less than halfway to midrib is common; forma rcpaiida (Michx. ) Trel. -with broad lobes and shallow sinuses probably is here but no specimens have been seen from New Hampshire ; typical Q. alba with deeply cut leaves is common : Q. alba may hybridize with Q. bicolor, Q. prinoidcs, and Q. Prinus, but no specimens are known from New Hampshire. Q. robur L. English Oak. Rare -escape, Rindge : introduced from Europe. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup Oak. Specimens at Hall's Hill, Gilmanton ( Hodgdon & Leighton) on slope above stream have the characteristic foliage of this species but, lacking fruits, may prove to be aberrant Q. bicolor. 0- bicolor VVilld. Swamp-White Oak. Sporadic and restricted to the southeastern part of New- Hampshire west to Man- chester, Hooksett, and Nashua and northeast to Durham, in swamps and along stream-margins. (The above mentioned specimen of "Q. macrocarpa" , if eventually shown to be Q. bicolor, would considerably extend the range northward in New Hampshire. ) Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chestnut-Oak. In dry, sandy areas in southern New Hampshire; common in lower Merrimack Valley north to Hooksett and eastward in southern Rockingham County to Derry ; occurs also in WalpoFe in Connecticut Valley. Q. Prinus L. Chestnut-Oak. Dry, warm slopes in acid soils, mostly in extreme southern New Hampshire from Winchester to Hudson; most northerly stations in Manchester, Nottingham, and N^ewmarket, abundant in parts of southern Hillsboro County. Q. rubra L. var. rubra. Red Oak. Generally common throughout at low elevations, occasionally extending up to 2,5(JU feet ; less common in extreme northern parts of state ; well drained soils. var. borealis (Michx. f) Earw. Limited field observations and the presence of herbarium specimens so labelled show that this variety is generally distributed; in the absence of fruits on majority of herbarium sheets it is impossible to separate much of the herbarium material satisfactorily, however: Q. rubra may cross with both Q. cocciiica and 0. I'cliifiua. but no specimens from New Hampshire have been seen. Q. coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Mostly confined to central part of southern New Hampshire in dry, sandy soil, where common; iremote outlying station on Rattlesnake Mountain in Holderness may be of this species ; Q. coccinea is often confused with the slightly more northerly Q. vclutina which, in some of its forms, has deeply cut leaves similar to those of this species. Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. Locally common in dry, often rich woods in southern New Hampshire extending north to Plainfield and Gilmanton : trees with several quite difTerent leaf-shapes occur: forma dilaniata Trel. with deeply cut leaves, and f. macrophylla (Dippel) Trel. with leaves cut less than halfway to midrib being most common; typical Q. vclutina with slightly lobed leaves (mostly a juvenile state), has been much less collected; forma missouricnsis (Sarg.) Trel. with leaves permanently pubescent be- neath should be sought for. 24 X. Q. Rehderi Trcl. Hybrid of Q. vclutiiia and (J. illlcl folia has been collected in Charlcstown. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear- or Scrub-Oak. Common in southern and east central New Hampshire at low elevations, north in Connecticut Valley to Charlestown, in central New Hampshire to New Hampton, and in eastern New Hampshire to Conway ; in dry, sandy soils or rocky areas. Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery or Red Elm. Common and obviously native in alluvial soils along shores of middle and lower Connecticut River north to Lebanon ; scattered or rare elsewhere ; probably much planted in former times and perhaps now persisting in many localities. U. americana L. American or White Elm. Connnon tree of river valleys, swampy woods, and open areas at low elevations throughout; several forms, varymig in pubescence of leaves and young twigs, occur with the typical; these are f. fciidula (Ait.) Fern., leaves smoothish and branchlets pubescent; f. lacvior Fern., leaves smoothish, branchlets glabrous; f. alba (Ait.) Fern., leaves scabrous, -branchlets pubescent; /. uitcrccdcns Fern., leaves scabrous, branchlets glabrous. Celtis occidentalis L. var. pumila (I'ursli) Gray. Hackberry. Very restricted in New Hampshire, being known only in the lower Connecticut River V^alley, in alluvial soils, from Lebanon to VValpole ; common on banks of Connecticut River and islands at Plainfield where trees one foot in diameter or larger occur. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. Occasional escape in central and soutliern New Hampshire, probably not long persistent : introduced from Asia. Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's bower. Common throughout at low elevations ; occurs chiefly in thickets, low woods and along streams: /. missouricusis ( Ryhd. ) Fern., with leaves pubescent beneath is occasional. C. verticillaris DC. Purple Clematis. Infrequent; chiefly in central and northern New Hampshire, outlying stations in Durham and Windham ; occurs mostly in rockv woods, on talus-slopes and ledges, often in calcareous areas: Rhodora 25:184, 1923 and 46:22-23, 1944. Berberis vulgaris L. Common Barberry. Frequent in central and southern New Hampshire, occasional in Coos County ; commonest near habitations and in farmed areas ; thorouglnly naturalized in pastures, thickets, open woods and fence-rows : from Europe. B. Thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry. Becoming a frequent escape in pastures, open woods and fence-rows throughout : introduced from Asia: Rhodora 15:225-226, 1913. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. var. albidum. White Sassafras. Locally common in southeastern New Hampshire north to Wolfeboro, Hooksett, and Tamworth (where originally planted) ; confined to more southern towinships in west- ern New Hampshire ; thickets and woods, particularly on warm slopes ; occasionally as trees to 30-40 feet high, but usually occurring as shrubs. Var. molle (Raf.) Fern. Red Sassafras. About equally common and often not clearly separable from var. albidum ; of similar range and habitat in New Hampshire. 25 Co Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ru Hi Cli Lindera Benzoin X X XX Ribes cynosbati XXXXXXX XX R. hirtellum var. hirtellum X X X X XXX var. saxosum x XX var. calcicola x R. Grossularia i 1 R. lacustre XXX R. glandulosum XXXXXXXXXX R. triste XXX R. sativum i i i i i i i R. amerii-anum XXXXX XXX R. nigrum i i i i R. odoratum 1 Hamamelis virginiana var. virginiana XXXXXXXXXX var. parvifolia X X Platanus occidentalis 1 X i X Physocarpus opulifoliu.s i i i Soiraea lati folia var. latifolia XXXXXXSXXX var. septentrionalis XXX S. tomentosa XXXXXXSXXX Sorbaria sorbifolia i i i i i i Pyrus communis 11 i P. Malus 1 illssslii P. arbutifolia i P. floribunda XXXXXXXXXX P. melanocarpa XXXXXXXXXX P. americana x XXXXXXXXX P. decora var. decora XXX XX var. groenlandica x Lindera Benzoin ( L. ) Blume. Spiceljush. Local, mostly in southeastern New Hampshire, outlying stations in Peterboro, I'rancestown and Concord ; swampy woods. Species of Ribes serve as alternate hosts of the Pine Blister Rust. At present selective eradication is being carried on in areas of Pnius Strobiis. After years of former intensive effort to reduce the Ribes population throughout the state, the following species are to be found in New Hampshire, some of them in considerable abundance locally. Ribes cynosbati L. I'rickly Gooseberry. Frequent in northern, west central, and southwestern sections of state, at low elevations; outlying station in Strafford; rich and often rocky slopes and talus: fcrma iiier)iie Rehder, lacking spines, occurs sparingly throughout range. R. hirtellum Michx. var. hirtellum. Smooth Gooseberry. Frequent at low elevations in swampy woods and openings in north, central and southeastern New Hampshire, no records from southwestern New Hampshire : the following vars. mav be more abundant than is indicated bv collections. 26 \ar. saxosum ( Hook.) Fern. Occasional in range of species. \'ar. calcicola Fern. Snecimen from Dalton. R. Grossularia L. European Gooseberry. Rare escape; collections from Milan and Manchester; introduced from Europe. R. lacustre ( Pers.) Poir. Bristly Black Currant. Confined to northern and nortl: central New Hampshire where frequent at low and medium elevations, reachino- soutliern limits on southern slope of Sandwi:h Range in Sandwich ; occurring chiefly in rocky and swampy woods. R. glandulosum Grauer. Skunk-Currant. Frequent throughout except near coast, extending into alpine areas of Presidential Range ; talus slopes, swamps, and damp woods. R. triste Pall. Wild Red Currant. Infrequent: found mostly in the vicinity of the \\'hite ^lountains and northward, outlying stations to south in Holderness and Wolfeboro; cool, damo woods mostly at low and medium elevations extending into subalpine areas of Presidential Range. R. sativum Syme. Red or Garden-Currant. I'ormerlv a common escape in thickets and woods in southern Xew Hamp.shire, rare northward, occurring near habitations: naturalized from Europe. R. americanum Mill. \\'ild Black Currant. Mostlv southern and central Xew Hamnshire, outlying station in Whitefield: a lo:al species of rich soil in thickets and woods. R. nigrum L. Black Currant. An infretiuent escape near habitations: introduced from Euro':)e. R. cdoratum Wendland f. Missouri Currant. Rare escai^e, collections from Walpole and Marlboro : introduced from farther west in the United States. Hamamelis virginiana L. var. virginiana. Witch-hazel. Frequent throughout at low altitudes: woods, thickets and open areas. \'?r. parvifolia Nutt. Specimens from Manchester and Bartlett are sufificiently pubsecent to fit this taxon ; several other specimens have slig'htly pubescent leaves. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, Buttonwood. Occurs spontaneously in rocky stream-beds or along streams and pond-shores as far north as Lee and Surry as well as along the lower Connecticut River ; such trees may be indigenous, or if not, they are at least thoroughly naturalized from farther west or south; often planted and obviously introduced elsewhere. Physocarpus opulifolius CL.) Maxim. Ninebark. An occasional escape from plantings in central and soutliern X'ew Hampshire ; none of stations arc believed to be indigenous : introduced from elsewhere in the United States. Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. var. latifolia. Meadowsweet. Widely distributed and common throughout at low elevations in moist situations and pastures ; ascending to 4,000 feet, or above on rocky slopes and summits in the \\'hite Mountains. \'ar. septentrionalis Fern. Mostly in alpine areas of Presidential and Franconia Ranges; occasionally at lower elevations where tends to hybridize with var. latifolia: Rhodora 10:254-255, 1917. 27 S. tomentosa L. Hardback, Stecplo-busli. Common and of wide distribution in Xew Hampsliirc at low elevations; i>astur€S and open low ground: forma alhiflora Macbr. witli white flowers bas been collected in Alstead and Wentwortb : Rhodora 17:143, 1915. Sorbaria sorbifolia fL.) A.Br. False Spiraea. Frequently spreading to roadsides from cultivation and persisting around cellar- boles and along roadsides and fence-rows : introduced from Asia. Pyrus communis L. Pear. Occasional escape in soutbeastern New Hampsbire, occurring along or near shores cf Great Bay ; one collection from Hanover : introduced from Eurasia. P. Malus L. Apple. Often too frequent as an escape into old fields and pastures, sometimes persisting ir. new woods ; general throughout, near farms or in formerly settled areas : introduced from Eurasia. P. arbutifolia (L.) L.f. Red Cliokeberry. Rare escape, spreading from iplanted specimens in l)urbani; iiitrinluced truni far- ther south. P. floribunda Lindl. Puri)lc Cbokelierry. Common in central and southern New Hampshire becoming infrequent in Coos County, widely distributed at low and middle elevations : swamps, ledges, and dry thickets, with preference for wet situations: Rhodora 4:55-57, 1902. P. melanocarpa (Miclix. ) Willd. Black Cliokeberry. Common and generally distributed at low and middle elevations up to v^,5()() feet; same habitats as above, but more often in dry places, chiefly in onen situations : hybrids with P. floribunda often occur when the parents are in proximity. P. americana (Marsh.) DC. American Mountain-Ash. Common in northern New Hampshire ; ascending to tree-line ; abundant in areas of recent windfall and lumbering, also on rocky ridges and in lowlands along borders of streams and in cool woods; frequent at middle altitudes in central and southern New Hampshire, occasional in lowlands : hybrids with both P. florihiDida and P. melanocarpa may be expected but none have been collected in New Hampshire ; pro- bably also hybridizes with P. decora since many specimens are intermediate in character. P. decora (Sarg. ) Hyland var. decora. Mountain- Ash. Common in northern New Hampsbire in same habitats as foregoing; outlying stations in Concord, Springfield and Grantham. Var. groenlandica (Schneid.) Fern. Dwarfed specimen from Mt. Monroe seems to belong here. Amelanchier (Shadbush, Juneberry, Serviceberry) is a difficult genus with much hybridization, exhibiting great variation especially in disturbed habitats. The speci- mens of A. Wicgandii from New Hampshire have much finer leaf teeth than is in- dicated in the key and description in Gray's Manual ed. 8. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh.) D.C. Occasional on river-ledges and banks: apparentlv with calcareous affinities; along the Connecticut River and Great Bav shores in Strafford County; outlying station in Sutton : may hybridize locally with other species in vicinity. A. Wiegandii Nielsen. Occasional ; all of collections are from Coos and northern Grafton counties with an outlying station at Plainfield : further study of this taxon needed in New Hampshire. 28 lo Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Cli X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Anu'lanchicr sanguinea A. Wiegandii A. stoloiiifcra A. candadensis A. arborea A. laevis A. Bartramiana Crataegus monogyna C. punctata X C. chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa XXXXXX X X var. phoenicea XX X C. Faxoni XX X C. Brunetiana C. Brainerdi var. Braincrdi ?; X X X X XX var. asperifolia X X var. scabrida X var. Egglestoni X C. Websteri X C. macrospcrma var. macrosperma XXXXX XXX var. acutiloba X X X X XX X var. niatura X X X X X var. pentandra X var. roanensis XX X C. basilica X C. lemingtonensis x X C. flabellata var. Grayana XX X C. insolens X C. Beckwithae X C. pruinosa var. pruiiiosa X X var. dissona X A. stolonifera Wieg. General and common at low elevations in central and southern New Hampshire, becoming infrequent north to Cambridge ; ascending to 2,500 feet on rocky slopes and summits, but mostly in sandy areas at low elevations: hybridizes with A. san- cjn'mea, A. arborea, A. laevis and A. Bartramiana: forma niicrn/^etala (Robins.) Rehder, with reduced petals is occasional. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. Aibundant in southern New Hampshire, occasional in central New Hampshire north to Sandwich ; one outlying station at Echo Lake, Franconia ; in moist or swampy situations: hybridizes with A. stolonifera, A. arlwrea and A. laevis. A. intermedia Spach. To be expected, but possibly not yet collected in New Hampshire; specimen from Bradford suggests this taxon but lacks flowers and fruits. 29 A. arborea (Miclix.f.) Fern. Infrequent in southern and central New Hampsliire, north to Sandwich and Lebanon; locally common in (ireat Bay area on shores; hybridizes with A. canadensis, A. laci'is and A. Bartraiuiana. A. laevis Wieg. General and common throughout at low elevations ascending" occasionally to v3,000 feet : in swamps, clearings, along streams, and in forest openings : often tree-like : hybridizes witli all other common species of Amdanchicr. A. Bartramiana (Tausch.) Roemer. Mountain-Juneberry. Common on slopes of White Mountains in coniferous forest, ascending to sub- alpine areas of Presidential Range ; also common in cold bogs and thickets at low elevations in northern and north central New Hampshire; outlying stations occur in Washington in Sullivan County, on Mt. Monadnock in Cheshire County and near Great Bav in Durham: Inbridizes with other species but usuallv flowers earlier: Rhodora 26:178-179, 1924." The following treatment of Cratacfpis (Hawthorn) in New Hampshire is offered with reservation. There is first of all considerable hybridization in the group which makes identification often uncertain: apomixis and polyploidy are believed to be common ; then many of the so-called "species" are highly localized being known only from one or two stations. There is thus an excessive accumulation of taxons in the .genus of quite different biological value, some reasonably stable with broad ranges resembling "species" in the usual sense and many others of recent origin and perhaps of only temporary status. The more wide ranging taxons have been subdivided bv students whenever possible into a multiplicity of so-called "varieties" many of which seem to be too inconstant and variable to be useful. Because of the many problems in Crataegus which require profound study, the authors in most cases bave accepted without critical examination the identifications of specimens in the herbaria, the majority of which were made by students of Crataegus or by critical collectors. The generic habitat preferences are thickets, river banks, fence-rows, pastures and dry hillsides, alwavs at low el^^vations. Individual specific habitats are, in the present state of our knowledge, difficult to determine. Crataegus monogyna Jac(|. Escaped in Durham, probably not naturalizing : introduced from Eurasia. C. punctata Jacq. Confined to lower Connecticut Valley from Hanover to Walpole. C chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa. Apparently generally common throughout state, at low elevations. \'ar. phoenicea Palmer. Less common but scattered throughout range. C. Faxoni Sarg. Franconia (Ham Branch Bridge) is tvpe locality, also in Walpole and Durham: Rhodora 5:161-162, 1903. C. Brunetiana Sarg. Durham, only collection. C. Brainerdi Sarg. var. Brainerdi. Common and probably generally distributed. \ ar. asperifolia (Sarg.) Egglcston. Collected in Holderness and Walpole. '^'ar. scabrida (Sar.g.) Eggleston. - Troy, only collection. jO ';:: \ar. Egglestoni (Sarg.) Robins. Walpole, only collection. L . Websteri Sarg. Probably of hybrid origin, collected in Holderness : Rhodora 7:215-216, 1905. C. macrosperma Ashe var. macrosperma. ConiniDn and of general distribution in Xcw Hampshire. A'ar. acutiloba (SarQ. ) Eggleston. Also widely distributed ; in range of typical. \"ar. matura (Sarg. ) Eogleston. Perhaps more southern than var. inarrosfcnihi : none of the numerous stations occurs north of Franconia. \ar. pentandra (Sarg.) Eggleston. A single collection ( HoJderness). \'ar. roanensis C\she.) Palmer. Occasional; northern and western in New Hampshire. C. basilica Beadle. Walpole, only collection. C. lemingtonensis Sarg. Collected in Shelburne and Holderness. C. flabellata (Spach) Kirclm. var. Grayana (Eggleston) I'alnier. Collection from Shelburne, Bethlehem, and Walpole. C. insolens Sarg. .Specimens, so labelled in New England Botanical Club collection are from Gorham and Randolph, but in Gray's Manual ed. 8 it is indicated that it is known only from West Concord, Vermont. C. Beckwithae Sarg. Walpole, only collection. C. pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch. var. pruinosa. Said to have been abundant on the Drcwsville Plain, Walpole, Cheshire County by Fernald in 1899 ; another collection, so named, from Hanover not easy to distin- guish from the next. \'ar. dissona (Sarg.) Eggleston. Collected in Walpole. C. Holmesiana Ashe. var. Holmesiana. Collections from Walpole and Haverhill. Var. villipes Ashe. One station in West Lebanon. C. pedicellata Sarg. .Apparently scarce ; mostly in western Xew Hampshire, from Hanover and Benton southward, outlying station in Rochester (perhaps is this species). C. submollis Sarg. Hanover and Lebanon specimens in Jesup Herbarium wliich are very pube.scent and are labelled C. foinciifosa may be of this species. 31 Co Ca Gi- st Be Mc Su R(j Hi Ch C. H(jlnu'siana var. Holmesiana var. villipes C pedicellata C. submollis C. succulenta var. succulenta var. macracantha Potentilla fruticosa Rosa gallica R. Egianteria R. nitida R. virginiana R. palustris R Carolina var. carulina var. villosa var. grandiflora R. spinosissima R. rugosa R. cinnainomca R. acicularis var. Bourgeauiana R. blanda Prunus insititia P. spinosa P. maritinia P. aniericana P. nigra P. susquehanae P. dcpressa P. pensylvanica P. avium X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i i i i i i i i i i i i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i i i i i i i i i i i i i i X X X X X X X i X X 1 X X 1 X X X 1 X i X X X i X X X X X s X X X X 1 X X X X C. succulenta Link. var. succulenta. In central Connecticut Valley at Bath. Haverhill, anrl Hanover; in Strafford County at several stations, and one station in Wo'lfeboro in Carroll County. \^ar. macracantha (Lodd.) Eggleston. Occasional throughout. Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Of local occurrence in northern New Hampshire and mostly west of Merrimack River in southern New Hampshire, with outlying stations in Londonderry, Windham and Manchester; subalpine areas in Presidential Range, talus slopes, and cliffs in mountains; pastures and bushy meadows at lower elevations. Our native species of Rosa while often clearly defined, tend to hybridize, resulting in genetically complex populations often impossible to assign to any particular species; such hybrids are often classed with one or other of the parent species and, like many genera in which hybridization is common, the herbarium collections thus tend to show an unwarranted range of intraspecific variation Rosa gallica L. French Rose. Occasional in northern, and southwestern parts of New Hampsliire; long persisting around old cellars and escaping to roadsides : introduced from Europe. 32 K. Eglanteria L. Sweet-Brier. Of frequent occurrence througliout, near houses or old cellar-holes, as well as in pastures, thickets, and open woods; often common and tending to spread widely: naturalized from Europe. R. nitida W'ilUl. Infrequent, hut prohahly throughout at low elevations; swampy woods, bogs, and pond-margins. R. virginiana Mill. At low elevations in sw?mps and tliockets ; the common wild rose of southeastern and east central New Hampshire, scarce in Coos Countv north to Stewartstown, decreas- ing west to Connecticut River: forma naiirlla (Rydb. ) Fern, is a dwarf variant represented in Xew Hampshire by a specimen from Barrington. R. palustris Marsh. At low elevations: rare in northern Xew Hamps'.iire, in central and southern X^ew Hampsliire generally distributed and locally ahunrlant in swamps and arounrl ponds. R. Carolina L. var. Carolina. Frequent at low elevations in central and soutliern X'ew Hampshire, north to Lisbon and Wakefield ; dry or rocky situations. Var. villosa (Best) Rehd. Frequent throughout range, outlying ^tation in .Shelburne. \'ar. grandifiora (Baker) Rehd. Several specimens seem to fit tliis variable ta.xon. R. spinosissima L. Scotch Rose. X'ear old cellar-holes and abandoned houses, an occasional escape : introduced from Europe. R. rugosa Thunb. Well established and becoming naturalized near coast: collected inland as an escape in Shelburne and Wilmot where tending to persist and spread clonally : naturalized from East Asia. R. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon-Rose. Infrequent; generally distributed, becoming more connnon northward: persisting and clonally spreading around abandoned houses and roadsides : introduced from Eurasia. R. acicularis Lindl. var. Bourgeauiana Crepin. Local species in New Hampsliire; stations at Plainfield and Randolph: apparently hybridizes with R. blanda : rocky and sandy shores above high-water line, and dry places. R. blanda Ait. Common in lower Connecticut Valley, decreasing in abundance north to Columbia, with one outlying station in Belmont; sandy and rocky shores and open banks, chief- ly of a calcareous nature. Prunus insititia L. Damson. Rare escape, Shelburne : introduced from Europe. P. spinosa L. Sloe. Escaped to fence-rows in Durham in two separate places : introduced from Europe. p. maritima Marsh. Beach-Plum. Common along the coast at upper limits of heaches anrl in dimes; locall_\- inland in sandy soil in southeastern New Hampshire. P. americana Marsli. Wild Plum. Thickets and fence-rows; Surry and Alstead in Chesliirc C\)unty where perhaps indigenous and Durham where undoubtedly introduced, though now spreading. P. nigra Ait. Canada Plum. Frequent and widespread at low elevations, chiefly in roadside thickets and edges of woods; always appearing introduced in northern New Hampshire, perhaps partly native southward. P. susquehanae WilUi. Sand-Cherry. Common in and near Merrimack Valley extending nortli to .-\shland, one station in lower Connecticut Valley at Hinsdale, and occasional in northern Strafford and Carroll counties; sandy shores and dry warm rocky slopes: Rhodora 25 :()'^-74, 1923. P. depressa Pursh. Sand-Cherry. Local in Androscoggin River Valley at Shelburne, fre(|uent in Pemigewasset River Valley from Thornton to Ashland in Grafton County and in Connecticut Vallev from Bath to Walpole ; river ledges and gravels usuallv below high-water line: Rho- dora 25 :6')-74, 1923. P. pensylvanica L.f. Bird-or Pin-Cherry, General and conuiion tliroughout state at low and medium ele\'ations ; most abun;]- ant in burned and cut-over woodland, also in rocky sparse woods and on ledges. P. avium L. Sweet Cherry. Rare escape; one collection from Durham near (ireat Bay: introduced from Eurasia. P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Occasional escape in Durham, Lee and Hanover, probably not mucli spreading: introduced from Asia. P. serotina Ehrh. Black or Rum-Cherry. General and common at low elevations; well drained woods, roadsides and edges of fields. P virginiana h. Choke- Cherry. Wide ranging and abundant at low elevations, occasionally ascending to 3,500 feet; roadside thickets, edges of woods, open rocky slopes, ledges, and river banks. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey-Locust. Occasional escape along fence-rows, chiefly in soutliern New Hampshire : natural- ized in New England from farther west and south. Amorpha fruticosa L. Ealse Lidigo. Liifretjuent escape : Dummer in Coos County and Durham in Strafford County : introduced from farther west and south. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Black Locust. Frequent escape from cultivation, of rather general distribution; near houses, along roadsides, and fence-rows; more common in central and southern New Hamnshire, absent from northern Coos County : naturalized from farther south in United States. R. viscosa \^ent. Clammy Locust. Escape from cultivation, locally common near houses and along roadsides in central and souti.ern New Hampshire : naturafized from farther south in United States. 34 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X i X X X X X i X i i i i i i i s s i i i i i i i s i i i i i Co Ca Gr St Be Me Sii Ro Hi Ch P. Cerasus P. serotina P. virginiana Gleditsia triacanthos Amorplia fruticosa Robinia Pseudo-Acacia R. viscosa R. hispida Xantlioxylum americanum X Ptelea trifoliata i i i Empetrum nigrum E. atropurpureum Rhus typhina R. glabra var. glabra var. borealis R. copallina var. latifolia R. Vernix R. radicans var. radi:ans var. vulgaris var Rydbergii Ilex verticillata var. verticillata var. padifolia var. tenuifolia I. laevigata I. glabra Nemopanthus mucronata Euonymus europaeus Celastrus scandens Staphylea trifolia R. hispida L. Bristly Locust. Lucal escape from cultivation; stations in P)arrington and Tamwortli : introduced from farther south in United States. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Rare and local; confined to southern New Hampshire; stations in .Alstead, Win- chester, and Nashua; rich woods; reported from Surry: Rhodora .^ :2,i4, 1^01. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hop-tree. Occasional escape from cultivation into thickets and waste places; stations in Rollinsford, Laconia, and Milford: introduced from south and west of New England. Empetrum nigrum L. Black Crowberry. Common in alpine and subalpine areas of Presidentia^l and Franconia ranges, descending to summits of some of lower peaks in northern and north central New Hampshire ; gravelly and peaty soils sometimes in boggy habitats : the purplish fruited f. pnrpurcnm ( Raf . ) Fern., and whitish f. Icucocarpiiiii F. M. Neuman are perhaps to be expected but have not yet been reported. 35 X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s s X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X E. atropurpureum l^'crii. t^c VViet^. ruriilc Crowl^erry. Open rocky places, gravelly patches and wet areas on upper slopes and near summits of White Mountains ; most common on lower mountains, hut ascending to alpine zone on Alt. Washington: Rhodora 15:214-215, 1913. Rhus typhina L. Staghorn-Sumac. Widely distributed and common at low elevations, becoming infrequent in Coos County ; old fields, pastures, fence-rows, dry shallow soils, in rocky areas or in gravels: forma lacijiiata (Wood) Rehd. described originally from New Hampshire, with leaflets deeply and narrowly toothed is found occasionally throughout range in New Hampshire, often appearing to he diseased: Wood, .\m. liot. Flor. pt. 4:73, 1870 and Rhodora 9:115, 1907. R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Widely distributed and often conmion at low elevations in southern New Hamp- shire, becoming infrequent to rare northward to Colebrook ; similar habitats as fore- going: forma laciiiiata (Carr. ) Robins, with leaves nearly or c|uite bipinnate was once collected at Alcott Falls in Lebanon. var. borealis Britt. Probably a hybrid of A'', fyphiiia and /v. ijlahra : one collection from Jefferson. R. copallina L. var. latifolia Engler. Dwarf or Shining Sumac. Reaches northeastern limit of range in southern Maine and central New Hamp- shire ; at low altitudes ; locally common in southern New Hampshire, extending north to Madison and Plymouth ; rocky and gravelly slopes, open woods, and clearings. The following species, dift'ering from the foregoing Sumacs by having white rather than red fruits and entire leaflets without winged petioles are extremely poisonous in contact with most persons ; the common names. Poison Sumac and Poison Dogwood for R. Vcrnix should not lead one to confuse it with the true Dogwoods of the genus Cornus which are quite harmless. R. Vernix L. Poison Sumac, Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder. With compound leaves and entire leaflets ; a relatively southern species of swampy vi/oods, bogs, and shores of ponds, frequent in southern counties at low elevations, extending- north to Dempster and Bradford in south central New Hampshire, and to Sandwich and Tamworth in eastern part of state. R. radicans L. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. With leaflets in 3's and shiny, commonly known as Poison Ivy, is a far too abundant plant over much of the state ; of considerable genetic diversity it appears in several sometimes distinct varieties and forms ; careful field-study and complete collections are needed. Var. radicans Common at low elevations and in much of southern New Hampshire, becoming in- frequent northward to Gorham ; roadsides, fence-rows, and open woods : forma mala- chotrichocarpa (A. H. Moore) Fern., with pubescent fruits, is local near coast. Var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. Probably common in southern and central New Hampshire although not much collected; north to Ossipee; same habitat as above. Var. Rydbergii (Small) Rehd. Locally common in northern New Hampshire and probably throughout at low elevations ; distinct on talus-slopes, less well marked along roads, railroads, and in alluvial soils. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. var. verticillata. Black Alder, Winterberry. Connnon throughout in swamps, bogs, shores of ponds, and thickets, at low alti- tudes : forma chrysocarpa Robins., with yellow fruits, has been collected in Berlin. 36 Var. padifolia (Willd.) T. ^^ C. Similar situations but less conmion and mure southern, extending northward to Sandwich. \ ar. tenuifolia (Torr.) S. Wats. Perhaps sometimes confused with /. laevigata in southern New Hampshire ; general n\ same habitats as other varieties, but less common tnan typical. I. laevigata (Pursh.) Gray. Smooth Winterberry. Infrequent, reaching northeastern limits of range in southern Maine and southern Xew Hampshire; northern stations at Bradford, Wilmot, Heerfield and Straff< swampy woods. tor a I. glabra (L. ) Gray. Inkberry. Very rare, one known station in Xew Hampshire close to Massachusetts line in Seabrook ; a small colony in swamiiy woods near coast : Rhodora 57 :34-3(), 1955. Nemopanthus mucronata ( L. ) Trel. Mountain-Holly. General and common throughout at low and medium elevations ; swampy woods, and bogs, edges of ponds, moist coniferous woods on mountain slopes and sometimes near summits. Euonymus europaeus L. European Spindle-tree. Escaped from cultivation in Milton, liampton, and perhaps e-lsewhere : introduced from Europe. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing Bittersweet. h'requent in southern New Hampshire at low altitudes, becoming infrequent north- ward to Stark; rocky slopes, talus slopes, thickets, river banks, and woods. Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut. Rare in central and lower Connecticut \'alley ; north to Plainfield, West Lebanon, and Hanover (the latter doubtfully native); thickets, and rich woods. Acer Ginnala Maxim. Rare escape, spreading in Durham to old fields and adjacent woods: introduced from Asia. A. spicatum Lam. Mountain-Maple. Common in cool woods, rocky slopes, and talus at low and medium elevations in northern New Hampshire, becoming infrequent southward. A. pensylvanicum L. Striped Maple. Common at low elevations in northern New Hampshire in rich, cool woods, de- creasing in abundance in southern New Hampshire. A. platanoides L. Norway Maple. In Durham and Seabrook, tending to spread by seeds at some distance from cul- tivated trees : introduced from Europe. A. saccharum Marsh. Rock- or Sugar-Maple. General and common throughout at low and medium elevations to about 2,500 feet; a climax tree of rich woods: forma conicuiii Fern, is an extreme with strongly as- cending ibranches forming a conical tree known only from the type-'locality at Woodstock, New Hampshire. A. saccluiniiii is a variable species exhibiting consider- ably more variation in leaf-pubescence than is stated in Gray's Manual ed. 8; for example, in Newmarket and Durham and probably elsewdiere there are found speci- mens with pronounced pubescence on the lower surfaces of mature leaves, but which in no other respect resemble the following species. 37 Co Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch Acer Ginnala i A. spicatum XXXXXXXXXX A. pensylvanicum XXXXXXXXXX A. platanoides i i i A. saccharum XXXXSXXXXX A. nigrum X A. rubruni var. nihrmii x XXXXXXXXX var. trilobuni XX X A saccharinuni XXXX XXXXX A. Negundo X X i X ' i X Aesculus glabra i Rhamnus ahii folia XXXXX X R. cathartica i i i i i i i R. Frangula i i i 1 i i i Ceanothus aniericanus XX XXXXX Parthenucissus quinquefolia XX XX XX P. inserta XXXXSXXXXX Vitis labrusca XXXXXSXXX V. aestivalis var. aestivalis X var. argentifolia X XXXXX \' riparia var. riparia XXXX XX XX var. syrticola X X V. novae angliae XX X Tilia americana XXXXSXXXXX Hudsonia ericoides X X H. tomentosa X X var. intermedia X Dirca palustris XXXXX X X Daphne Mezercum i g A. nigrum Michx. f. Black Maple. Closely related to A. saccharuiu and perhaps better considered as a variety of it ; the only specimens from New Hampshire are two collections from river-bottoms and alluvial woods respectively in Alstead, Cheshire County. A. rubrum L. var. rubrum. Red, Swamp- or Soft Maple. General and common thruughout at low elevations, occasional at medium elevations to 4,000 feet ; abundant in wet woods and swamps but present in a wide variety of situations, sometimes very dry. The color of flowers shows pronounced variation attributable in part to the sexuality of the tree ; trees chiefly or entirely pistillate are darker red while staminate trees are light in color: forma pallidiflorum (K. Koch) Fern., with yellowish flowers occurs locally: forma toiiicnfosiiin (Desf.) Uansereau is occasional. Var. trilobum K. Koch. In same habitat as typical, but less common, often occurring in very wet situations. A. saccharinum L. Silver, White, Soft or River-Maple. Frequent along rivers in alluvial soils throughout most of state, north to Stratford along Connecticut River and to Wentworth Location on Magadloway River ; often cultivated. 38 A. Negundo L. Box- Elder, Ash-lcaved Maple. Abundant in much of Connecticut Valley where undoubtedly native north to Columbia ; elsewhere frcc|uent escape irom cultivation to dumps, waste-areas, etc. Aesculus glabra Wilhl. ()hiii Buckeye. Spontaneous in woods at Rochester in Strafford County, planted parent-tree occur- ring nearby : introduced from farther west and south in United States. Rhammus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Swamps and wet bushy meadows at low elevations; local in small scattered colonics i.i north and central New Hampshire, outlyin"" stations to southeast in Lee and Kensington : the range — statement applied to it in Gray's Manual ed. 8, " — n. and w. New England" hardly applies to the Lee and Kensington stations. R. cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. Frequent escape from cultivation in southern Xew Hampshire nortli to Hanover and Ossipee ; occurs chiefly in t'nickets and fence-rows; naturalized from Europe. R. Frangula L. Alder-Buckthorn. Becoming thoroughly naturalized locally in thickets, pastures and moist woods in settled areas : at current rate of spread may be expected to become abundant in a few years: naturalized from Europe: Rhodora 52:163, l'^)5(). Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Locally abundant, becoming scarce northward ; southern species reaching north- eastern limits in central Maine extending nortli in New Hampshire to Haverhill in Connecticut Valley, Concord in Merrimack \'alley and Durham in Strafford County; dry woods, slopes and roadside-banks. Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. Mrginia Creeper, Woodbine. Supposed to be native north to southwest Maine and southern New Hampshire ; most of the New Hampshire material may have escaped from cultivation, roadsides h.aving been the most frequent habitat for collections ; common as an escape or native in Rockingham and Hillsboro counties, outlying stations in Hooksett and Lebanon : forma hirsuta (Donn.) Fern., with leaflets pubescent beneath not known from New- Hampshire. P. inserta (Kerner) K. Koch. Generally common throughout at low elevations ; woods, thickets, borders of streams, and wooded rocky slopes : forma dnhia Rehd. with leaves pubescent beneath, oc- casional: forma macropliylla (Lauche. ) Rehd. with large leaves is frequent in rich soil and around dumps, etc., and seems to be an environmental state. Vitis labrusca L. Fox-Grape. Frequent in southern and central New Hampshire ; roadsides, low woods, and river-banks north to Tamworth, Wilmot, and Hanover ; perhaps many of numerous occurrences are escapes from cultivation ; improved cultivars have been grown exten- sively throughout the present range. V. aestivalus Michx. var. aestivalis. Summer-Graiie. Single specimen from Hillsboro; northeastward extension of range. \"ar. argentifolia ( Munson) Fern. Summer-Grape. Reaching northeastern limit in southern New Hampshire, northernmost stations in Rochester, Barrington, Hooksett, and Charlestown, becoming more common south- ward, particularly in Rockingham County ; dry, often rocky woods. V. riparia Michx. var. riparia. River-liank or Frost-Grape. Common along lower Connecticut River north to Lebanon ; infrequent north to Plymouth, Bartlett and Shelburne, somewhat isolated in Strafford County ; river- banks and rich thickets at low elevations. 39 \'ar. syrticola { l-'erii. & Wiet>-. ) Fern. Specimens from Plainfield an;l Lcbamm in central Connecticut Valley match characteristic material of this variety in herbaria ; a considerable extension of range eastward. V. novae-angliae Fern. New England Grape. Extending farthest nortli in New Hampshire of any of our grapes, reaching Stark in Coos Countv ; local an 1 scattered at low elevations; rich tliickets, mostlv near rivers: Rhodora 19:144-147, 1917. Tilia americana L. Basswood, Linden. Frequent and generally distributed throughout at low elevations in moist rich woods and alluvial areas. Hudsonia ericoides L. Golden-heather, Hudsonia. Specie> of markedly disrupted distribution; entirely in dry sands in Xew Hamj)- shire; in vicinity of Ossipee Lake in Ossipee, and Freedom, and on high banks of the Merrimack River at Concord, ( Rhod. 1:22, 1900) the latter station rather ex- tensive and unmixed with other Hudsonias : forma Iriicautlui k^ern., with white flowers has not been collected in New Hamjisliire. Nyssa sylvatica Cornus florida C. stolonifera C. rugosa C. Amomum C. obliqua C. racemosa C. alternifolia Clethra alnifolia Ledum groenlandicum Rhododendron maximum R. lapponicum R. canadense R. roseum R. viscosum Loiseleuria procumbens Kalmia latifolia K. angustifolia K. polifolia Phyllodoce caerulea Andromeda glaucophylla Lyonia ligustrina Chamaedaphne calycu- lata var. angustifolia var. latifolia Cassiope hypnoides Epigaea repens var. glabrifolia Gaultheria procumbent G. hispidula Arctostophylos Uva- ursi var. coactilis ^0 Ca (ir St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X 40 H. tomentosa Xutt. var. tomentosa. Beech-hcatli, Hudsonia. Chiefly near the coast where common among dunes and near beaches in sands ; also along" upper sandy shores of Ossipee Lake in Ossipee and Freedom where it occurs with H. cricoidcs and H. tomentosa var. intermedia. \'ar. intermedia Peck. This ta.xon in Xew Hampshire is often found in the general vicinity of H. eneoides and //. tomentosa and therefore since it is more or less intermediate in character between the two, may then be a hybrid; more study is needed to show whether there is genetic homogeneity in the specimens from all parts of the range ; common in sandy valley of the Saco River at Conway and Bartlett and on shores of Ossipee Lake. Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Occurring occasionally and never abundantly ; probably throughout ; rich thickets, moist ravines, and springy places. Daphne Mezereum L. Dai)hne. Well established in pasture-ravines in Durham: naturalized from Europe. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum,, Pepperidge, Sour Gum, Tupelo. •Swampy woods, shores of ponds and lakes at low elevations; occasional in south- ern and east central Xew Hampshire, north to Conway and Holderness. Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood. Except for station in York and unverified report from Wintln-op, Maine, reaches northeast limit of range in Strafford County, Xew Hampshire, where several exten- sive stands occur on warm, dry south-facing slopes in deciduous forest ; farther south in New Hampshire perhaps less strictlv confined to southern exposures ; plants exhibit much genetic variation in our isolated colonies; biggest specimens commonly attain heights of 25 feet or more : no named forms have been collected in New Hampshire. C. stolonifera Michx. Red Osier. Occurring throughout at low elevations, common in northern X^ew Hampshire becoming less frequent southward : often cultivated and perhaps sometimes escaped from cultivation in southern Xew Hampshire ; swampy woods, thickets and edges of ponds and streams : f . repens \"ict., depressed and rooting at nodes is occasional. C. rugcsa Lam. Round-leaved Dogwood. Generally distributed at low elevations; locally common southward, becoming in- frequent northward: rocky or dry wooded slopes and talus north to Stark: specimens approaching forma eueyela Fern., with leaves orbicular have been seen in New Hampshire. C. Amomum Mill. Red Willow. Difficult to distinguish at all times from C. ohiiqua which it resembles in many ways and with which it apparently crosses; C. .luionntm is common at low elevations in southern and central Xew Hampshire, north to Madison and Lebanon; swamps, shores of ponds, and streams and thickets. C. obliqua Raf. Silky Dogwood. Common in loAver Connecticut Va'Uev, less common elscnvhere in southern and south central Xew Hampshire, north to Lebanon. Grantham, and Alton; in same habitats as last. C. racemosa Lam. Gray Dogwood. Locall}' common in southeastern and east central Xew Hampshire, north to Wolfe- boro ; outlying station in Bath; open swamps, roadsides, and thickets, often in heavy soils. 41 C. alternifolia L. f. Pagoda- or Altcriiate-leavcd Dogwood. General and common in well-drained woodlands throughout; at low elevations ascending to 2000 feet. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. Reaches northwest limits in southern Maine; in New Hampshire locally common; a^ low elevations, mostly confined to southeastern New Hampshire, north to Somers- worth and Hooksett, west to Rindge in Cheshire County ; swampy and sandy woods and along the shores of ponds and streams. Ledum groenlandicum Ocd. Labrador-tea. I'.ogs and peats in alpine areas and cold bogs at medium and low elevations ; com- mon in northern and north central New Hampshire becoming infrequent soutliward : forma dciiiidafiiiii Vict. & Rousseau, has not been collected in New Hampshire. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurel, Rosebay. In wet woods, swamps and borders of swanns ; of markedly disjunct distribution ill New Hampshire; now known as native from the following list of townships though reliably reported from several others in the past: Grantham. Albany (the nortliern- most station), Pittsfield, Barnstead, Wilton, Mason, Manchester, Fitzwilliam, anrl Richmond ; tends to persist and spread following planting ; such plants should not be c(jnstrued as native; forma album (Pursh) Fern., is occasional with the typical; none of the other named forms have been found in New Hampshire: Rhoflora 18:25- 26. 1916, 18:73-74, 1916, 40:461-462, 1938 and 32:215-218, 1950. R. lapponicum fL.) Wahlenb. Lapland Rosebay. Confined to alpine areas of Presidential Range, where commnn in dry soils. R. canadense (L.) Torr. Rhodora. Generally distributed and common although infrequent in lower Connecticut Valley; bogs, wet pastures, and occasionally on rocky slopes of mountains, ascending to alpine area of Mt. Washington. R. roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. Early Azalea. Election-pink. Reaches northeastern limit in southwest Maine, frequent in southwestern New Hampshire, becoming occasional in central New Hampshire east to Sandown an 1 Nottingham and north to Madison and Bath; at low elevations, ascending to 170(1 feet in Washington, Sullivan County ; dry woods and rocky slopes. R. viscosum (L. ) Torr. Swamp-Honeysuckle, Clammy Azalea. Reaches northeastern limits in southwestern Maine, known in New Hampshire only from Pelham and \^'indham ; swamps and moist thickets : forma glaucum (Lam.) Voss. occurs with the typical. Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. Alpine Azalea. Common in alpine areas of Presidential Range, mostly in dry. peaty or rocky areas; collected at 4,000 feet elevation on Nelson Crag on Mt. Washington. Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain-Laurel. Frequent to common in soutliern Hillsboro and Cheshire Counties, mostly lacking in Connecticut Valley ; of scattered occurrence in eastern and central New Hamp- shire, but extending north to Conway, Albany, and Thornton; extensive along south- ern shore of Squam Lake; rocky, mostly deciduous acid woods often in dry areas, but most luxuriant in moist woods or swamps : considerable variation in flower- color noted, but no extremes have been collected in New Hampshire : Rhodora 57 : 34-36, 1955. K. angustifolia L. Lambkill, Sheep-Laurel. Common and widely distributed throughout New Haimpshire at low and medium elevations, mostly in open situations ; swamps, bogs, pastures and rocky slopes of lower mountains. 42 K. polifolia Wang. Pale or Bog-Laurel. Frequent and of wide distribution of Xew Hampshire, acid bogs and peaty pond- sl'.ores ; occurs in alpine areas in bogs. Phyllodoce caerulea ( L. ) Bab. Frequent on moist peaty slopes and heads of ravines in alpine areas of Presidential Kange; one station known on Mt. Lafayette in Franconia Range. Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Andromeda, Bog-Rosemary. Frequent in northern Xew Hampshire, but usually in small colonies; at low and medium elevations, in bogs and boggy margins of ponds south to Entield, Merrimack and IJerry ; apparently absent frum soutlnvestern N^evv Hampshire and rare in the southeast. Lyonia ligustrina ( L. ) DC. Maleberry. Widely distributed and common at low altitudes in southern and central New- Hampshire, north to Hanover, Center Harbor, and Conway ; swampy woods, shores, and thickets. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. var. angustifolia (Ait.) Fern. Leather- leaf. General and common at low elevations, frequent at middle elevations; bogs, pond- margins, sedge-meadows, and open swampy woods. \'ar. latifolia (Ait.) Fern. Leather-leaf. Of similar habitat but rare in Xew Hampshire and of more northern range; specimen from Mt. Lafayette in Franconia Range is clearly this; specimens from Pittsburg, Livermore, Dover, Mt. Crawford, and Randolph approach this variety. Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don. Moss-plant. Infrequent; in moist alpine areas of Presidential Range on Mts. Washington, Clay, Adams, and Monroe ; confined to late-snow areas. Epigaea repens L. var. glabrifolia Fern. Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus. Rather infrequent in Coos County and Connecticut \'alley, common elsewdiere; low and medium elevations to 3,40L) feet, in acid soils ; too often gathered and exter- minated in woods near cities: verbal report of forma flcna Rehd., with double flowers from Plymouth. Gaultheria procumbens L. Checkerberry, Teaberry, Whitergreen. (jenerally distributed and common except in northern Coos County; mostly at low elevations in acid woods and slopes ; most luxuriant and fruitful in cut-over wood- lands, blueberry-pastures and burns : forma clonyata Svenson, with elongated corolla was described from specimen collected in Holderness : Rhodora 25:184, 1923: forma suhorhiciilata Fernald. with greatly rounded leaves has been collected in Milan. G. hispidula (L. ) Bigel. Creeping Snowberry. General and common in coniferous woods northward at low and medium eleva- tions, occurring often in acid-bogs southward. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi ( L. ) Spreng. var. coactilis Fern. & MacBride. Common Bearberry, Kinnikinick. Dry, sandy banks and shores, open slopes and ledges, at low elevations ; usually localized and of disjunct distribution; probablv throughout: Rhodora 16: 211-213, 1914. A. alpina ( L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry. Infrequent; in small colonies in alpine area of Presidential Range (including Mounts Pleasant and Clinton) ; thin, dry soils. 43 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Co Ca Gr St Re Me Su Ro Hi Ch A. alpina X Calluna vulgaris ill i Gaylussacia dumosa var. Bigeloviana X X G. frondosa X XX G. baccata X XXXXXXXXX Vaccinium uliginosuni var. alpinum V. caespitosum V. myrtilloides XXXXXXXXXX V. vacillans var. vacillans X XXXXXXXX var. crinituni X V. angustifolium var. angustifolium var. laevifolium var. hypolasiuni var. nigrum V. corymbosum var. corymbosum var. albiflorum var. glabruni V. caesariense V. atrococcum V. vitis-idaea var. niinu> \'. Oxycoccus var. Oxycoccus var. ovalifolium V. macrocarpon Diapensia lapponica Fraxinus americana F. pennsylvanica var. austini XX X var. subintegerrima i F. nigra XXXXXXXX Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull., Heather. Naturalized in Randolph, Waterville, Pelham, Durham, and Francestown ; in latter two instances known to have been introduced witli nursery stock : introduced from Europe. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. var. Bigeloviana Fern. Dwarf Huckleberry. In acid-bogs and borders of bog-ponds; collected only in southeastern New Hamp- shire in towns of Barrington, Lee, and Nottingham. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. Dangleberry. Dry, mostly sandy woods, not connnon ; reaches northern limit of range in southern New Hampshire in Barrington. G. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Common in southern New Hampshire becoming infrequent northward, absent from northern Coos County ; at low elevations extending upward to 2,700 feet ; dry woods 44 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X and clearings, wet woods, bogs and edges of ponds: forma i/laiicocarpa (Robins.) Mackenzie, with fruits bluish and covered with bloom is general except in Coos County but is less common than typical (See Rhodora 2:81-83, 1900) : forma Iciico- carpa (Porter) Fern., with fruits whitish or pinkish has been collected in JafYrey and W asliington. Vaccinium uliginosum L. var. alpinum Bigel. Alpine Bilberry. Confined to mountain areas in northern part of state, occasionally descending to lower levels ; common in alpine region of Presidential Range and rocky slopes and summits of lower mountains. V. caespitosum Michx. Dwarf Bilberry. Confined to northern New Hampshire ; common in alpine area on Presidentials, less common in Franconia Range ; occasionally descending to lower levels in sandy soils or river-ledges. Locally occurring species of the subgenus Cyauococcits (blueberries) may cross and produce fertile hybrids if the chromosome-numbers are similar. Vaccinum myrtil- loidcs with 2-n chromosomes is thus compatible with V. aiigustifoliiiii also with 2-n chromosomes, J\ aiujiisfifoliuiii var. lacz'ifoliitiii with 4-n chromosomes is compatible with / '. curyinbosuiii also with 4-n chromosomes but not with V. atrococcum wdiich iias 2-n chromosomes. V. vacillaiis also with 2-n chromosomes might be expected to cross with V. iiiyrtilloidcs or /'. aiujitstifoliiiiii if their ranges and habitats coincided. First generation progeny of J'- aiu/itstifoliuiii var. lacvifoliiiiii with f. corymbosum are dark-fruited; later segregates are very diverse as to stature, fruit-color, size, etc., creating a taxonomic morass for the uninitiated. V. myrtilloides Michx. Sour-top Blueberry. Of rather general occurrence at low and medium altitudes throughout New Hampshire extending upward to rocky slopes of White Mountains ; common in northern parts of state, becoming scarce southward: hybrids with other species of Vaccinium are not commonly found in Xew Hampshire ; one reputed to be V . myrfilloidcs, X. V. aiuj'isfifoliuin var. nii/nim was collected in Randolph: forma chiococciiin (Deane) Fern, with whitish fruits has been collected in Gorham and reported from Shelburne by Farlow in Garden and Forest 2:50-51, 1889. V. vacillans Torr. Early Sweet Blueberry. Common in southern New Hampshire, extending northward to Orford, Franklin, and Alton ; outlying station in Shelburne ; dry woods and warm rocky slopes. \'ar. crinitum Fern. Perhaps chiefly represents hybrids of J', z'acillans and V. atrococcum or V. myrtil- loides; specimen from Sumner's Falls, Plainfield, approaches it. V. angustifolium Ait. var. angustifolium. Low Sweet Blueberry. The diploid element of the species is chiefly montane to alpine in New Hampshire, with often somewhat questionable specimens from lower elevations; variations in height of stems and even in leaf-form are often variable in the same clone depending upon environmental conditions; var. anc/ustifoliuiii is common in alpine areas in dry locations, occasionally on lower mountains and at lower elevations. \'ar. laevifolium House. Tetraploid derivative of the last-named ; common throughout ai low and medium altitudes; in well drained and often rocky, acid soils: forma Icucocarf^uir, with fruits whitish has ibeen collected in Fitzwilliam (see Rhu'J. 3:263, 1901); pinkish-fruited plants occur in Strafford. Var. hypolasium Fern. Now considered to be a hybrid of J\ iuifiustifolium var. aiH/ustijdliuin and V. myrtilloides ; occasional throughout. Var. nigrum (Wood) Dole. Less common than, but of same general range and habitat as var. laevifolium.: often confused with black fruited hybrids of var. laevifolium and V. corymbosum. 45 V. corymbosum L. Hi,a,"hl:)ush-Blueberry. Common southward, becomin.o,- infrequent nortlnvard to soutliern Coos County ; at low elevations ; swamps, bogs, and old pastures ; a very complex and variable species occurrino- with us in 3 sometimes clearlv defined varieties. \'ar. corymbosum. Throus'hont the range. \'ar. albiflorum (Hook.) Fern. Throughout the range. \'ar. glabrum Gray. Throughout the range. V. caesariense Mackenzie. Hi.t>hbusli-Bluel)erry. Local in south and central New Hampshire with stations north to Newport. Gil- nianton, and Tamworth; sw-amps, bogs and pond-shores; usually wdtli V. corym- bosiiin and often with the next. V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black Highbush-Blueberry. Swamps, bogs and pond-sliores ; common in southern New Hampshire becoming less common in central New Hampshire north to Knfield, Wilmot, (iilmanton, and Tamw^orth. V. Vitus-Idaea L. var. minus Lodd. Mountain-Cranberry. Common in alpine areas of Presidential Range and rocky summits of lower moun- tains; occasionally in sandy soil at lower elevations; mostly in northern New Hampshire with outlying stations on Mt. Cardigan, Grafton County, Mt. Monadnock, Cheshire County, and at Hampton, Rockingham County. V. Oxycoccus L. var. Oxycoccus. Small Cranberry. Frequent in bogs and moist peaty areas tln'oughout at low and medium elevations. \'ar. ovalifolium Michx. Suggests a hybrid state between /'. Oxycoccits and V. uuicritcarpou ; has been collected from Mt. Washington, and in Shelburne. V. macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry. Generally distributed throughout at low elevations ; infrequent in northern part of state becoming common southward ; bogs and shores. Diapensia lapponica L. Common in thin, dry soils in alpine areas of Presidential and Franconia ranges, also on Mt. Cannon, Dixville Notch, and southern part of Twin Range. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. Common througliout most of state at low elevations in well-drained soils, often in rich woods; becoming infrequent north of White Mountains: forma iodocarpa Fern., with fruits purple is occasional. F. pennsylvanica Marsh, var. Austin! Fern. Red Ash. Infrequent ; lower Connecticut and Merrimack Valleys and north to Squam and Ossipee Lakes in east central New Hampshire ; mostly on river-banks and near streams and shores. Var. subintegerrima (Vahl.) Fern. Green Ash. Formerly grown in plantations in Rollinsford and Lee, Strafford County, and now escaped and somewhat spreading, otherwise collected only from Pelham and Walpole where native. F. nigra Marsh. Black or Brown Ash. Swampy woods, shores and banks of streams ; generally distributed throughout at low elevations; frequent and locally common. 46 Co Ca (ir St P.e Me Su Ko Hi Ch i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i i i i i i i i i X X i X X i X X X X X X Syringa vulgaris Ligustruin vulgare Vinca minor Phlox subulata Thymus serpylhmi Solanum Dulcamara Lycium halimifolium Catalpa speciosa Mitchella repens Cephalantlius occidentalis Diervilla Lonicera Lonicera villosa var. villosa var. Solonis var. calvescens var. tonsa L. Xylosteuni L. Morrowi L tatarica L. canadensis L. sempervirens L. dioica Symphoricarpus albus var laevigatus Linnaea borealis var. americana Viburnum ainifolium V. cassinoides V. Lentago \'^. Rafinesquianum Y. recognitum Syringa vulgaris L. Common Lilac. Common escape over much of New Hampshire in vicinity of old dwellings and cellar-holes, long persisting and often spreading clonally : introduced from Europe : the state flower, much planted by early settlers. Ligustrum vulgare L. 1 'rivet. Occasionally spreading to dumps, roadsides, thickets, etc., in central and southern New Hampshire: introduced from Europe. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Occasional escape near habitations and long-persisting by roadsides in southern New Hampshire : introduced from Europe. Phlox subulata L. Moss-pink. Extensively spreading after pJanting near habitations, along roadsides, in ceme- teries, etc., in southern and central New Hampshire : introduced from farther south in United States. Thymus Serpyllum L. Creeping Thyme. Occasional escape to roadsides, old fields and waste-places: introduced from Europe. 47 X X X X i i i s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Solanum Dulcamara L. liitteT.swect, Ni.siht.shade. Occurs in mostly (|uite natural situations in thickets, aloiis streams, shores of ponds, et;., at low elevations tliroughout : naturalized from Europe. I,ycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony-vine. Infreciuent escape from cultivation; f|uestionably persistent: introduced from Europe. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catalpa. Frequently cultivated, occasionally persisting and escaping in central and southern New Hampshire : introduced from central United States. Mitchella repens L. I'artridge-berry. Common throughout chiefly at low elevations ; in woods : forma Icucocarf^a Bissell with whitish fruits has been collected in Keene. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush. Common in central and southern Mew Hampshire, infrequent in northern New Hampshire, north to Northumberland and Shelburue ; at low elevations; in swamps, bogs, and borders of ponds and streams. Diervilla Lonicera Mill. Bush-Honeysuckle. Common and of general occurrence throughout at low and medium elevations, as- cending to subalpine areas ; rocky places, talus slopes, dry woods, thickets, and road- sides; often on or near summits of lower mountains. Lonicera villosa (Michx.) R. & S. var. villosa. Mountain-Fly-Honeysuckle. Fre(|uent in northern New Hampshire, mostly at low elevations, as far south as Tamworth and Hanover; outlying station in Londonderry; bogs, barren fields, etc.; ascends to subalpine areas of Mt. Washington: for discussion of complex see Rho- dora 37 :n, 1925. Var. Solonis (Eat.) Fern. Bogs, pond-shores, swamps, and clearings ; more abundant tlian the typical ; north- ern New Hampshire at low elevations, ascending into alpine parts of Presidential and Franconia ranges, with outlying stations to south in Enfield, Canaan, Auburn and Winchester. Var. calvescens (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Mostly confined to alpine parts of Presidential Range, one station (Stewartstown) at lower elevation ; in peaty or boggy places. Var. tonsa Fern. Infrequent; in northern New Hampshire extending southward to Conway; bogs and wet meadows and in moist peaty alpine areas in Presidential and Franconia ranges, outlying station in Jafi^rey. L. Xylosteum L. European Fly-Honeysuckle. Locally escaped from cultivation to open woods and thickets: introduced from Europe or Asia. Lonicera Morrozvi and L. tafarica freely hybridize forming the hybrid L. bcUn; as a result of backcrossing and segregation, populations of very diverse genetic character may be produced which are impossible to name accurately. L. Morrowi Gray. Common escape to thickets, fence-rows and roadsides in southeastern New Hamp- shire; one station in Sullivan County; probably occurs elsewhere: naturali7e:l from Europe or Asia. 48 L. tatarica L. Tartarian HoiR'y>ucklL'. Long cultivated and sometimes escaping nearl\\ to thickets, fence-rows and borders of woods; less abundant as an escape tlian L. Marrm^'i in southeastern New Hamp- shire: introduced from Europe and Asia. L. canadensis Bartr. Fly-Honeysuckle. Frequent and locally common, probably throughout at low and medium elevations; a.-cending to 3,000 feet; cool and uften rocky woods and ledges. L. sempervirens L. Trumpet- Honeysuckle. Ledges, dry woods, and thickets; probably always as an escape in our area; locally common in southern .Strafford County, occurring also at Hart's Location and Tilton : introduced from farther south. L. dioica L. Local in Connecticut Valley, north to Bath ; outlying stations in Windham and Derry ; ledges, dry woods, thickets, and sandy river-terraces. Symphoricarpus albus ( L. ) Blake var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake. Snowberry. Per.^i^tent around abandoned houses or cellar-lioles, occasionally spreading locally to roadsides; stations occur in Coos County and to the soutli in Tuftonboro and Dover : introduced from Pacific Slope. Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) l^ehd. Twinflower. Cool moist woods throughout; common in northern New Hampshire at low and medium elevations, less common southward. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobblebush, Moosewood. Cool and moist woods, ravines, shores of ponds, and banks of streams; general and common in New Hampshire at low and medium elevations: forma rosciiiii House, v.-ith pink flowers has been collected in North Woodstock and on Mt. Washington. V. cassinoides L. \\'itherod. In moist areas, thickets, woods and clearings, most abundant in swampy woods; common and general throughout at low and middle altitudes. V. Lentago L. Nannyberry, Wild-raisin. Locally common species extending northward in Connecticut Valley to Lyman, Grafton County and to Tamworth, Carroll County ; outlying station in Sbelburne, Coos County ; thickets, stream-banks, and edges of woods in rich soils. V. Rafinesquianum Schultes. Downy Arrow-wood. Local and rare in New Hampshire ; known from two positive collections in Derry and Windham and perhaps a third station in Milford; woods and roadsides: appar- ently are the farthest northeastern records for the species. V. recognitum Fern. Arrow-wood. At low altitudes in moist woods, damp tiiickets, and shores; occasional in Coos County, common southward. V. acerifolium V. edule V. trilobum V. Opulus Sambucus canadensis S. pubens Iva frutescens var. oraria -O Ca Gr St Be Me Su Ro Hi Ch X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 49 V. acerifolium L. Maple-leaved A'iburiuini. At low altitudes in dry or rock_\- woods; occasional in Coos County; coninion in southern and central Xcw Hampshire. V. edule (Miclix.) Raf. St|uashberry, Monseberry. Infrequent; northern Xew Hampshire as far south as Conway, Waterville, and Benton ; occasional at lower altitudes becoming more common at higher elevations, ascending to alpine area of Mt. Washington; moist cold woods, talus slopes, and along streams and shores. V. trilobum Marsh. Highbush-Cranberry. Moist often swampy woods at low elevations; fre(|uent in northern Xew Hamp- shire, becoming local southward. V. Opulus L. Guelder Rose. Rare escape; only collection is fr(jm Plainfield ; introduced from F,urn]ie. Sambucus canadensis L. Common Elder, Elderberry. Moist or ricli soils in thickets, roadsides, and borders of woods anl streams, mostly at low elevations; common and generally distributed throughout; one collect- ion from summit of Mt. Washington ( E. F. Williams); not observed there recently. S. pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder. Rocky slopes, ledges, openings m woods, and roadsides; common northward, as- cending to medium elevations: in open woods, clearings, an.i wind-blown areas: forma calva Fern., with leaves glabrous beneath and branchlcts glabrous is about as common as the species in X''ew Hampshire and occurs throughout. Iva. fruteseens L. var. oraria (Bartlett) Fer.i. & Grisc. Marsh-Elder, Highwater- shrub. Reaches northeastern limit of range in United States in Portsmouth an:l along shores of Great Bay in Durham and Xewmarket, reappearing however in Xova Scotia; salt-marshes and rockv shores; rare and local in Xew Hampslrire : Rhodora 46:22, 1944 and 52:162-163, 1950. 50 List of Excluded Species and Varieties .V number of reports or specimens of woody plants from Xew Hampshire are open to much doubt. In several instances reports in the literature have been in error while in others the identiftcation of herbarium specimens has been faulty. It may be that certain of these will eventually be demonstrated to be present in the state. However, unless we have been able to locate a speci- men or to find a station to confirm each taxon we have omitted it from the hst. Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Reported by C A. Weathecby, C. H. Knowlton, and R. C. Bean in Rhodora 28:43-46, 1926. They state on page 46, "J. horizontalis is, except for a single station on the slope of Mt. Equinox in Manchester, Vermont (Mary A. Day), confined to the immediate vicinity of the coast in Maine, New Hampshire, and extreme north- eastern Massachusetts (Xevvbury)". Confusion may have resulted from the fact that the specimen in the Gray Herbarium from Oldtown Hill, Newbury, Massa- cliusetts, was wrongly labelled Newbury, New Hampshire. As it is also known from Maine, it may yet turn up along some part of New Hampshire's short rocky coastline. Carya tomentosa Nutt. Reported by R. C. Bean, C. H. Knowlton, and A. F. Hill in Rhodora 58:127, 1956. This is based apparently on a specimen of Carya ovata var. [^itbcsccns from Durham that had been wrongly identified some years ago by Hodgdon. Betula papyrifera Marsh var. commutata (Regel.) Fern. Reported by Bean, Knowlton, and Hill in Rhodora 58:128, 1956. This again is based on a misidentification by Hodgdon. The specimen is much nearer to B. j^apyrifcra var. cordifolia. This variety may turn up in the northern part of New Hampshire. Ulmus Thomasi Sarg. Reported by H. G. Jesup from Meriden, New Hampshire, in his "Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Higher Crytograms Found Within About Thirty Miles of Hanover, New Hampshire", p. 37, 1891. In the Jesup Herbarium there is a specimen from Meriden labelled U. raccinosa. This is one of the forms of U. a>ncricana. This species principally of calcareous regions might be expected in the vicinity of the Connecticut River, but rather careful search has not revealed it. Menispermum canadense L. Reported by Jesup, loc. cit., p. 2, from both sides of the Connecticut River at Claremont. Jesup cited Dr. Barrows as his authority. W. H. Blanchard in Rhodora 4:129-130, 1902, stated on the strengtli of the earlier report by Barrows, that it grew in Claremont. No specimens have been seen and a recent inspection of both biiuks of the Conecticut River at Claremont bv the authors failed to reveal it. 51 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, var. pennsylvanica. This is mentioned hy Fernakl in Rhodora 40 :45--45.\ V)3H, as "extending north- ward to Central Maine, the Connecticut Valley of New Hampshire, and N^ermont". None of the specimens that we have seen from New- Hampshire has been identified as typical F. pciiiisyl-Lvnica but careful collection may yet show it to be present. Mature fruits are necessary for positive identification. Catalpa bignonioides. Closely resembles C . spcciosa and 'has been confused with it in herbaria. It is not as commonly planted. Careful examination of the records as well as field study have not shown it to be present. Sambucus canadensis. L. forma chlorocarpa Rehd. Forma chlorocarpa Rehd. with greenish fruits was described from New Hamp- shire in Sargent's Trees and Shrubs, 2:188, 1911; it was therein reported as grow- ing wild near Wilmington Junction, New Hampshire, but since there is no such place listed in directories, the report from New Hampshire must be in error. 52 Selected Bibliography The reader is directed to the final pages of the intrrxkiction for references to the most important floristic wor^^s deaHng witii tiie woody plants of Xew Hampshire and to the main body of the work for specific references to individual taxons. To save space most of these references are omitted here. For complete references to the principal floristic works see Blake and Atwood below, op. cit. The Vascular I'lara i.f Coos County by Pease, cited below, has an excellent bibliography of works up to 1924 dealing witli that area. An excellent source of literature before 1899 is tlie treatment on local floras of New England by Mary A. Day, also referred to below. Popular treatments, historical accounts unsupported by adequate documentation of records, and most forest investigations have not contributed much directly to this work and therefore are omitted from the bibliography. The following references are more relevant to our work. Bean, R. A., C. H. Knowlton and .A. F. Hill. Preliminary lists of New England plants 35. Rhodora 53:79-89, 1951. (Includes Liliaceae.') Preliminary lists of New England plants 36. Rhodora 58:125-34, 1956. (Includes Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Juglandaceae, Corylaceae, Ulmaceae and Moraceae.) Blake, S. F. and .\lice C. Atwood. Geographical guide to floras of the world. Washington, D. C, U. S. Government Printing Oftice, U.S.D.A., Misc. Publ. No. 4U1 ; 196- 197, 1942. Blanchard, W. H. Some \'ermiint and New Hampshire plants in the Middle Connec- ticut Valley. Rhodora 4:129-33, 19(12. Day, M. A. The local floras of New England. Rhodora 1:119-2U; 138-41), 1899. Churchill, J. R. Preliminary lists of New England plants 6, Leguminosae, Rhodora 2:89-92, 1900. Deane, W. The flora of the summit of Mt. Monadnock, N. H., in July. Hull. Torr Club 17:316-18, 1890. Preliminary lists of New England plants, -1 Ericaceae, Rhodora 1 :93- 94, 1899. Notes on the Ericaceae of New England. Rhodora 3:193-98, 1901. Notes from Shelburne, New Hampshire. Rhodora 11 :21-22, 1909. Eaton, A. A. A few additions to the New Hampshire flora. Rhodora 2:l07-68, 1900. Eggleston, W. W. Flora of Mt. Moosilauke. Rhodora 2:97-99, 1900. Fernald, M. L. The distribution of the Bilberries in New England. Rhodora 2:187- 90, 1900. Notes on some trees and shrubs of western Cheshire County, New Hampshire. Rhodora 3:232-36. 1901. Notes on Betula in eastern North America. Rhodora 47:303-29, (plates 963-975), 1945. Eastern North American representatives of Ahuis incana. Rhodora 47 : 333-61 (plates 976-989), 1945. 53 Technical studies on Xorth American plants. Rhodora 48:27-40; 41-49, 194f). (Treatment deals with eastern American Salix. ) Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th ed. Am. Book Co., 1950. Gleason, Henry A. The new Britton & Brown, Illustrated flora of the Northeastern U. S. and adjacent Canada, Xew York Botanical Garden, 1952. Knowlton, C. H. Preliminary lists of Xew England plants, -24. Rhodora 18 :245-48, 1916. (Includes Saxifragaceae, Hamamelidaceae and Platanaceae.) W. S. Ripley, Jr. and C. A. Weathenby. Preliminary hsts of Xew Eng- land plants, 26. Rhodora 20:182 85, 1918. (Includes Ranunculaceae.) Pease, A. S. Preliminary lists of New England plants, 15. Rhodora 6:85-88, 1^04. (Includes Lauraceac and Thymelaeaceae.) List of plants on Three-Mile Island. Appalachia 12:266-76, 1911. Vascular flora of Coos Countv, Xew Hampshire. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat'l Hist. 37:39-388, pi. 5-11, V)24. ■ Plants new to Coos County, Xew Hampsliire. Rhodora 30:104-5, 1928. Rehder, Alfred. Preliminary lists of Xew England plants, 14. Rhodora 6:54-61, 1904. (Includes Cornaceae and Caprifoliaceae.) Robinson, B. L. Preliminary lists of New England plants, 4. Rhodora 1 :212-14, 1899. (Includes Cistaceae.) Stone, William H. The flora of Mt. Monadnock. Appalachia 4:145-50, 1884-86. Weatherbv, C. A., C. H. Knowlton, and R. C. Bean. Preliminary lists of New- England plants. 30. Rhodora 24:43-46, 1926. (Gymnosperms.) Wiegand, K. M. The genus Amelanchier in eastern Xorth America. Rhodora 14: 117-61, pi. 95 and 96, 1912. Williams, E. F. Preliminary lists of New England plants, 8. Rhodora 4:15-22, 1902. (Includes Oleaceae.) 54 [iioex Abies 13 Acer i7, 38, 39 Aesculus 38. 39 Alder 23 Black 11, 12, -Buckthorn 39 Common 23 Green li -leaved Buckthorn 39 Mountain- 23 Speckled 23 Alnus 11, 23 Alpine Azalea 42 Bearberrv 43 Bilberry " 45 Alternate-leaved Dogwood 42 Amelanchier 28, 29, 30 American Kim 25 Hazelnut 21 Larch 14 Mountain-Ash 28 Yew 13 Amorpha 34, 35 Andromeda 40, 43 Apple 28 Arrow-wood 49 Downy 49 Arbor Vitae 15 Arbutus, Trailing 43 Arctostaphvlos 40, 43 Ash 46 Black 46 Brown 46 Green 46 -leaved Maple 39 Mountain- 28 Prickly 35 Red 46 White 46 Aspen 18, 19 Large-toothed 19 Quaking 18 Trembling 18 Azalea 42 Alpine 42 Clammv 42 Early 42 Balm-of-Gilead 20 Balsam -Fir 13 -Poplar 20 -Willow 17 Barberry 25 Common 25 Japanese 25 Basket-Willow 18 Basswood 40 Bavberrv 20 Bay-leaved Willow 15 Beach -heath 41 -Plum 34 Beaked Hazelnut 21 Bear-Oak 25 Bearberry 43 Alpine 43 Common 43 Beech 23 Blue 21 Berberis 11, IS Betula 19, 21, 22, 13 Bilberry 45 Alpine 45 Dwarf 45 Birch 21, 22, 23 Black 21 Blue 22 Canoe- 22 Cherrv- 21 Dwarf 23 Dwarf White 22 Gray 22 Paper- 22 Red 21 River- 21 Sweet 21 Yellow 21 Bird-Cherry 34 Bitternut 20 Bittersweet Climbing ^^ Black Alder 36 Ash 46 Birch 21 Cherry 34 Chokeberry 28 Crowberry 35 Currant 27 Bristly 27 Wild 27 Gum 41 Highbush-Blueberrv 46 Huckleberry 44 Locust 34 Maple ^8 03^ I Snruce ^; Willow ^5 Bladdernut ^7 Blue Beech 21 Birch 22 Blueberry 45, 46 Black Highbush- 46 Early Sweet 45 Highbush- 46 Low Sweet 45 Sour-top 45 55 Bog -Laurel 43 -Rosemary 43 Box-Elder '. 39 Brier. Sweet- 33 Bristly Black Currant 27 Locust 35 Brown Ash 46 Buckeve, Ohio 39 Buckthorn 39 Alder- 39 Alder-leaved 39 Comomn 39 Bush-Honevsuckle 48 Butternut .'. 20 Buttonibush 48 Buttonwood 27 Calluna 44 Canada Plum 34 Canoe-Birch 22 Carpinus 21 Carya 19, 20, 21 Cassiope 40, 43 Castanea 22, 23 Catalpa 47, 48 Catbrier 15 Ceanothus 38, 39 Cedar 15 Red 15 Northern White 15 Southern White 15 White 15 Celtis 22, 25 Cephalanthus 47, 48 Chamaedaphne 40, 43 Checkerberry 43 Cherry 34 -Birch 21 Bird- 34 Black 34 Choke- 34 Pin- 34 Rum- 34 Sand- 34 Sour 34 Sweet 34 Chestnut -Oak 24 Dwarf 24 Chokeberrv 28 Black 28 Purple 28 Red 28 Choke-cherry 34 Cinnamon-Rose 33 Cinquefoil, Shrubby 32 Clammy Locust 34 Clematis 25 Purple 25 Clethra 40, 42 Climbing Bittersweet 37 Common Alder 23 Barberry 25 Bearberrv 43 Buckthorn 39 Kldcr 50 luniper 15 Lilac 47 Comptonia 19, 20 Cornus 40, 41, 42 Corylus 19, 21 Cottonwood 19 Crack- vs illow 16 Cranberry Highbu'sh- 50 Large 46 Mountain- 46 Small 46 Crataegus 29, 30, 31, 32 Creeper, Virginia 39 Creeping Snowberry 43 Thyme 47 Crowberrv 35, 36 Black ..; 35 Purple 36 Currant 27 Black 27 Bristly black 27_ Carden 27 Missouri 27 Red 27 Skunk 27 Wild Black 27 Wild Red 27 Damson 33 Dangleberrv 44 Daphne " 38, 41 Diapensia 44, 46 Diervilla 47, 48 Dirca 38, 41 Dogwood 41, 42 Alternate-leaved 42 Flowering 41 Gray 41 Pagoda- 42 Poison 3() Round-leaved 41 Silky 41 Downy Arrow-wood 49 Dwarf Bilberry 45 Birch 23 White 22 Chestnut-Oak 24 Huckleberry 44 Sumac 36 Karly Azalea 42 Sweet Blueberry 45 Elder Box- 39 Common 50 Marsh- 50 Poison 36 Red-berried 50 Elderberry 50 Election-pink 42 56 Elm 25 American 25 Red 25 Slippery 25 \vhite _ 25 Empetrum 35, 36 English (Jak 24 Epigaea 40, 43 l.uonymus 35, il Kuropean Ely-Honeysuckle 48 Gooseberry -7_ Spindle-tree ^"^ Eagus 11, 13 Ealse Indigo 34 Spiraea 28 Fir-Balsam 13 Flowering Dogwood 41 Fly-Honeysuckle 49 European 48 Mountain- 48 Fox-Grape 39 Fraxinus 44, 46 French Rose 31 Frost-Grape 39 Gale, Sweet 20 Garden-Currant 17 Gaultheria 40. 43 Gaylussacia 44 Gleditsia 34, 35 Golden-heather 40 (jooseberry 26, 17 European 17 Prickly 26 Smooth 26 Grape 39, 40 Fox- 39 Frost- 39 New England 40 River-bank- 39 Summer- 39 Gray Birch 11 Dogwood 41 Pine 15 Great Laurel 42 Green Alder 23 Ash 46 Greenbrier 15 Ground -Hemlock 13 -Juniper 15 Guelder-Rose 50 Gum, Black 41 Hackberry 25 Hackmatack 14 Haniamelis 26, 27 Hazel, Witch 17 Hazelnut 21 American 21 Beaked 21 Heather 44 Hemlock 14 Hickory, Shagbark- 20 Highbush -Blueberry 46 Black 46 Cranberry 50 Hobblebush 49 Honey-Locust 34 Honeysuckle 48, 49 Bush- 48 European Fly- 48 Fly- : 49 Mountain-Fly- 48 Swamp- 42 Tartarian 49 Trumpet- 49 Hop-Hornbeam 21 Hoo-tree 35 Hornbeam 21 American 21 Hop- 21 Huckleberry 44 Black ...^ 44 Dwarf 44 Hudsonia 38, 40, 41 Ilex 35, 36, 37 Indigo, False 34 Inkberry 37 Ironwood 21 Ivy, Poison 36 Jack-Pine 15 lapanese Barberry 25 Juglans ." 19, 20 Juneberry 28 Juneberry, Mountain- 30 Juniperus 13, 15 Juniper 15 Common 15 Ground- 15 Kalmia 40, 42, 43 Kinnikinick 43 Labrador-tea 42 Lambkill 42 Lapland Rosebay 42 Larch American 14 European 14 Large Cranberry 46 Larix : 13, 14 Large Pussy-Willow 18 Laurel Bog- 43 Great 42 Mountain- 42 Sheep- 42 Leather-leaf 43 Leatherwood 41 Ledum 40, 42 Ligustrum 47 Lilac, Common 47 Linden 40 Lindera 26 Linnaea 47, 49 57 Locust 34, 35 Black 34 Bristly 35 Clammy 34 Honey- 34 Loiseleuria 40, 42 Lombardy Poplar 19 Low Sweet Blueberry 45 Lycium ' 47. 48 Lyonia 40, 43 Maple ^7, i^, 39 Ash-leaved 39 Black 38 -leaved Viburnum 50 Mountain- 2)7 Norway ?>7 Red ..'.. 38 River- 38 Rock- i7 Silver 38 Soft 38 Striped 2>7 Sugar- 2>7 Swamp- 38 White 38 Marsh-Elder 50 Matrimony-vine 48 Mayflower 43 Meadowsweet 27 Missouri Currant 27 Mitchella 48 Mooseberrv 50 Morus 11, 25 Moss-pink 47 Mossy-cup oak 24 Mountain -AWer 23 -Ash 28 American 28 -Cranberry 46 -Fly-Honeysuckle 48 -Juiieberry 30 -Laurel 42 -Maple 2,7 Mulberry, White 25 Myrica 19, 20 Nannyberry 49 Necklace-poplar 19 Nemopanthus 35, Z7 New England Grape 40 New Jersey Tea 39 Nightshade 48 Ninebark 27 Northern White Cedar 15 Norway Maple 2,7 Pine 14 Spruce 14 Nyssa 40, 41 Oak 24, 25 Bear- 25 Chestnut- 24 Dwarf Chestnut- 24 English 24 Mossy-cup- 24 Poison 36 Red 24 Scarlet 24 Scrub- 25 Swamp-White 24 White 24 Ohio Buckeye 39 Osier 18, 41 Purple 18 Red 41 Ostrya 19, 21 Pagoda-Dogwood 42 Paper-Birch 11 Partridge-berry 48 Parthenocissus 38, 39 Pear 28 Pepperbush, Sweet 42 Peppcridge 41 Periwinkle 47 Phlox 47 Phyllodoce 4U, 43 Physocarpus 26, 17 Picea 13, 14 Pignut, Sweet 21 Pin-cherrv 34 Pine : 14, 15 Gray 15 Jack- 15 Norway 14 Pitch- 14 Red 14 Scotch 14 White 14 Pinus 13. 14, 15 Pitch Pine 14 Platanus 26, 27 Plum 34 Beach- 34 Canada 34 Wild 34 Poison Dogwood 36 Elder 26 Ivy 26 Oak 36 Sumac 36 Poplar 19, 20 Balsam- 20 Lombardv 19 Necklace- 19 White 19 Populus 16, 18, 19. 20 Potentilla 21 Prickly Ash Northern ' 35 Gooseberry 26 Privet 47 Prunus 21, 22, 34, 35 Ptelea 35 Purple Chokeberry 28 Clematis 25 Crowberry 36 Osier ; 18 58 Piissy-Willuw 18 Large 18 Small 18 Uuci-cus 11, 24, 25 Red Ash 46 -Berried Elder 50 Birch 21 Cedar 15 Chokeberry 28 Currant 17 Wild 17 Elm 25 Maple 38 Oak 24 Osier 41 Pine 14 Sassafras 25 Spruce 14 Willow 41 Rhamnus 38, 3^ Rhododendron 4(J, 42 Rhodora 42 Rhus 35, 36 Ribes 26, 17 River -Birch 21 -bank Grape 39 -Maple 38 Robinia 34, 35 Rock-Maple i7 Rosa 2,1, 22 Rose Zl. 22 Cinnamon 22 French 21 Guelder- 50 Scotch 22 Rosebay, Lapland 42 Rosemary, Bog- 43 Round-leaved Dogwood 41 Rum-Cherry 34 Salix 15, 16, 17, 18 Sambucus 49, 50 Sandbar-Willow 17 Sand-Cherry 34 Sassafras 11, 25 Red 25 White 25 Scarlet Oak 24 Scotch Pine 14 Rose 22 Scrub-Oak 25 Serviceberrv 28 Shadbush .\ 28 Shagbark-Hickory 20 Sheep-Laurel 42 Shining" Sumac 36 Willow 15 Shrubby Cinquefoil 21 Silky Dogwood 41 Willow 18 Silver Maple 38 Skunk-Currant 17 Slippery Elm 25 Sloe ...'. 22 Small Cranberry 46 Pussy-Willow 18 Smilax 13, 15 Smooth Gooseberry 26 Sumac 36 Winterberry 27 Snowberry 49 Creeping 43 Soft Maple 38 Solanum 47, 48 Sour Clierry 34 -top Blueberry 45 Southern vVhite Cedar 15 Speckled Alder 23 Spicebush 26 Spiraea 26, 17, 28 False 28 Spindle-tree, European 27 Spruce 14 Black 14 Norway 14 Red ...: 14 White 14 Squashberry 50 Staphylea 35, 27 Staghorn-Sumac 36 Steeple-bush 28 Striped Maple 27 Sugar-Maple 27 Sumac 36 Dwarf 36 Poison 36 Shining" 36 Smooth 36 Staghorn- 36 Summer-Grape 39 S wamp Honeysuckle 42 Maple 38 -White Oak 24 Sweet Birch 21 Blueberry 45 Early '. 45 Low 45 -Brier 22 Cherry 34 -fern " 20 Gale 20 Pepperbush 42 Pignut 21 Sycamore -^ 27 Symphoricarpus 47, 49 Syringa 4/ Tamarack 14 Tartarian Honeysuckle 49 Taxus 13 Tea Labrador- 42 Xew Jersey 39 59 Teaberry 43 Thuja 13, 15 Thyme, Creeping 47 Thymus 47 Tilia 38, 40 Trailing Arbutus 43 Tsuga 13. 14 Trumpet-Honeysuckle 49 Tupelo 41 Twinflower 49 Uhnus 22, 23 V'accinium 44, 45, 46 Viburnum 47, 49, 50 Maple-leaved 50 Virgin's-bower 25 Virginia Creeper 39 Vitis 38, 39, 40 White Ash 46 Birch, Dwarf 22 Cedar 15 Northern 15 Southern 15 Elm 25 Maple 38 Alulberrv 25 Oak : 24 Swamp 24 Pine 14 Poplar 19 Sassafras 25 Spruce 14 Willow 16 Wild Black Currant 27 Plum 34 -Raisin 49 Red Currant 27 Willow 15, 16, 17, 18 Balsam- 17 Basket- 18 Bav-leaved 15 Black 15 Crack- 16 Long-;beaked 17 Pussv- 18 Large 18 Small 18 Sandbar- 17 Shining 15 Silkv 18 White 16 Winterberry 36 Smooth 37 Winttrgreen 43 Witherod 49 Woodbine v39 Xanthoxylum 35 Yellow Birch 21 Yew, American 13 (>[} William E. "vIcGrath Nesmith Hall 630. 72 K532 no. 426-450 DATE DUE «0V 4 -64 MIY 19^ S«p^r>.«^ m^23*m 1 1 F32a .v.. •■: ¥