(■ — -^ \/ hd. no. ^ STATION BULLETIN 511 June, 1979 Migration and Its Impacts on the Northeast by A. E. Luloff and T. E. Steahr \ NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DURHAM, NEW HAMPSHIRE in cooperation with Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is a result of the research program of the Institute of Natural and Environmental Resources. The Institute is a multi- disciplinary group of scientists involved in a coordinated program of research, teaching and extension. The research effort encompasses investi- gation of: problems affecting the quality of the environment; economics of agriculture, forest and wildlife resources; the efficient use and conservation of water and soil and regional and community planning and development. The authors wish to thank Jennifer Brown, Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Connecticut, for assistance in data collection and organization. This report was prepared under Northeast Regional Research Project NE-119 and New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Project Hatch 250. PKogKom 0(5 the, NeMi HmpAkiAe. AgfUcuLtuAot Exp2Jume.nt Station (Vtz opm to alt pnAion^ iMthout xzgaAd. to ^lacz, colon., national oKlgln on. iex. The. UYiLveJU.'Uij oi New Hamp&iuAe ll> an AU-Omative. AcXA^n/Eqaal OppofiZunUij EmployeA. ABSTRACT This report examines patterns of net migration by age and race to metropolitan and nonraetropolitan areas of the Northeast Region and individual states from 1960 to 1970- Recent net migration trends from 1970 to 1976 are also discussed and policy implications for the Region are presented. The differential consequences of net migration to nonraetropolitan areas adjacent and nonadjacent to SMSA's are evaluated in terms of the meaning of a new rural renaissance for this Region and the nation. KEY WORDS: Population, Migration, Metropolitan, Nonmetropolitan, Demographic Characteristics TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ^ Patterns of Migration (1960-1970) 1 Patterns of Migration (1970-1976) 8 Concluding Remarks H Policy Considerations 12 References ■'•^ MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE NORTHEAST by A.E. Luloff and T.E. Steahr^-' INTRODUCTION The number of persons living in the Northeast Region and their demographic characteristics have a basic impact on all areas of planning. Changes in the structure, consumption patterns, and residential choices of a population define, in part, the problems facing the Region in technology, energy, food production and distribution, land use, and the general quality of life. A major way In which populations change over time is through the migration process. Individuals and families move into the Northeast while others decide to change their place of residence to outside the Region. It is this net interchange of people leaving and entering the Region which can fundamentally alter the structure and distribution of the Northeast's population. A major purpose of this report is to identify and describe selected patterns of net migration to the Northeast from 1960 to 1970 and from 1970 to 1976. The implications of these changes for policy and planning issues will then be discussed. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION (1960-1970) A brief view of the national context of which the Northeast is a part is provided in Table 1, showing net migration for each of the major regions for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties by color from 1960 to 1970. Nationally, the pattern of net outmigration from nonmetropolitan counties (more than 1.7 million more persons moved out than moved in) is a continuation of the historical trend of rapid growth in metropolitan areas. As the United States became increasingly urban each decade since 1900, metropolitan areas experienced a net inmigration at the expense of a net outmigration of persons from nonmetropolitan areas. This was the case during the 1960's for both white and nonwhite persons. During the 1960's on a regional basis, the Northeast was the only significant exception to this national pattern. From 1960 to 1970, nonmetropolitan areas reported a net inmigration of 175,525 persons, which was larger than the net inmigration to metropolitan areas of the Region. The largest proportion of the nonmetropolitan gain was white inmigration. Interestingly, metropolitan areas in the Northeast experienced a net outmigration of white persons from 1960 to 1970 but this was offset by a heavy net inmigration of nonwhites during the same period. Thus, popula- tion gains in the metropolitan Northeast due to net migration was a nonwhite phenomenon during the 1960'a, not exceeded in magnitude by any other region in the nation. — A.E. Luloff, Institute of Natural and Environmental Resources, University of New Hampshire, and T.E. Steahr, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Connecticut. Table 1: Net Migration by Regions and Color for Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas, 1960-1970. Net Migration : Migration Rate* : Total White : Nonwhite : Total White : Nonwhite United States Metro : 4,952.393 3,201,215 1,751,178 3.8 2.8 10.6 Nonmetro :-l,738,506 -395,250 -1,343,256 -2.5 -.7 -16.4 Regions Northeast 344,330 -402,857 747,187 .7 -.9 19.2 Metro 168,805 -566,853 735,658 .4 -1.5 19.8 Nonmetro 175,525 163,996 11,529 2.2 2.1 6.2 North Central -763,710 -1,222,563 458,853 -1.3 -2.3 10.4 Metro 22,832 -434,113 456,945 .1 -1.3 11.4 Nonmetro -786,542 -788,450 1,908 -3.8 -3.9 .5 South 740,364 2,009,809 -1,269,445 1.2 4.1 -9.3 Metro 1,964,373 1,894,506 69,867 6.3 7.7 1.1 Nonmetro -1,224,009 115,303 -1,339,312 -4.0 .5 -18.9 West ; 2,892,903 2,421,576 471,327 9.1 8.3 16.6 Metro 2,796,383 2,307,675 488,708 11.9 10.9 20.9 Nonmetro 96,520 113,901 -17,381 1.1 1.4 -3.5 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys, and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex, and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. It should be clearly understood that of the 49,062,000 persons residing in the Northeast Region in 1970, accounting for 24.1 percent of the nation's population, the majority, 42,481,000 or 86.6 percent, lived within the boundaries of standard metropolitan statistical areas. While we are still an urban Region, net migration flows during the decade of the 1960's favored the nonmetropolitan areas. The Northeast led the rest of the nation in this regard by a full decade because the national pattern of net inmigration to nonmetropolitan areas did not appear until after 1970. Age structure is known to be associated with many other social and economic characteristics of a population and it is perhaps the most important single demographic characteristic we should analyze. Table 2 presents net migration estimates by age and color for this Region from 1960 to 1970. Several interesting patterns emerge from these data. There was a net loss of young adults 20-24 years of age, the age where marriage and family formation typically begins, and a net loss of the older population 50 years of age and over. These losses were due to substantial net outmigration of whites from the Northeast and would have been greater if they were not balanced by an equally substantial net inmigration of nonwhites in those same age groups. Net migration rates by age show the relative importance of gains or losses during the decade. For the white population 20-24 years of age, the net outmigration of 230,473 persons represented 6.5 percent of the 1970 population in this age group. For the nonwhite population 25-29 years of age, the net inmigration of 148,657 persons represented 72.7 Table 2: Net Migration by Age and Color, Northeast, 1960-1970. Age in 1970 Net Migration : Migration Rate* : Total : White : Nonwhite : Total White : Nonwhite Total 344,330 -402,857 747,187 .7 -.9 19.2 0- 4 56,906 37,052 19,854 1.4 1.1 4.1 5- 9 97,208 31,972 65,236 2.2 .8 13.6 10-14 102,432 11,124 91,308 2.2 .3 21.4 15-19 69,229 -16,229 85,458 1.6 -.4 24.4 20-24 -119,497 -230,473 110,976 -3.1 -6.5 41.6 25-29 199,670 51,013 148,65-7 6.7 1.8 72.7 30-34 226,810 141,114 85,696 9.2 6.3 37.4 35-39 90,336 40,225 50,111 3.5 1.7 20.8 40-44 42,618 11,603 31,015 1.4 .4 12.5 45-49 19,377 -2,152 21,529 .6 -.1 9.3 50-54 -5,086 -20,536 15,450 -.2 -.8 8.1 55-59 -28,437 -38,799 10,362 -1.1 -1.6 6.6 60-64 -75,412 -80,510 5,098 -3.2 -3.7 3.9 65-69 -112,219 -110,747 -1,473 -5.9 -6.1 -1.3 70-74 -107,092 -107,308 216 -6.9 -7.3 .3 7 5+ -112,513 -120,207 7,694 -5.5 -6.1 10.6 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys, and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. percent of the 1970 population in this age group. In fact, the relative significance of net migration was much greater for nonwhites at all age levels up to 65 years of age. This means that changes in the age structure of the Northeast's nonwhites were primarily due to differential net inmigration during the 1960's. To better understand the migration patterns described previously. Tables 3 and 4 show net migration by age and color for these two areas from 1960 to 1970. Data in Table 3 clearly shows that the white popula- tion residing in metropolitan areas of the Northeast experienced a net outmigration at all ages except for the 0-4 and 25-39 year olds. White persons 20-24 years of age in metropolitan areas had the largest net outmigration of any age group but the volume of net outmigration also increased with successive age intervals between the 40-44 and 65-69 year olds. In terms of net migration rates for metropolitan whites, the impact was relatively small, less than 10 percent for any age group. Net migration of nonwhites to metropolitan areas in the Northeast had a pattern opposite that for whites. Nonwhites experienced a sub- stantial volume and rate of net inmigration at all age groups except the 65-69 year olds. The highest net gains for metropolitan nonwhites was in the 20-29 year old group which reported a net inmigration of 252,149 persons. The magnitude of net migration of nonwhites to metropolitan areas in the Northeast may be seen by the fact that of the 747,187 net inmigrants, 735,658 or 98.5 percent of the nonwhites moved to metropolitan areas during the 1960's. Table 4 contains data for net migration by age and color for the Northeast nonmetropolitan areas and shows that the net gain was due primarily to white net inmigration. Of the total net inmigration Table 3: Net Migration by Age and Color, Northeast Metropolitan Areas, 1960-1970. Age in 1970 Net Migration : Migration Rate* : Total : White : Nonwhite : Total: White : Nonwhite Total 168,805 -566,853 735,658 .4 -1.5 19.8 0- 4 29,032 8,380 20,652 .9 .3 4.5 5- 9 51,798 -13,006 64,804 1.4 -.4 14.1 10-14 71,155 -18,777 89,932 1.8 -.5 22.1 15-19 35,905 -45,140 81,045 1.0 -1.4 24.3 20-24 -63,447 -169,005 105,558 -2.0 -5.8 41.7 25-29 241,447 94,856 146,591 9.9 4.2 76.4 30-34 206,857 121,287 85,570 10.1 6.7 39.5 35-39 65,377 14,985 50,390 3.0 .8 22.0 40-44 23,665 -7,993 31,658 .9 -.3 13.4 45-49 7,294 -14,661 21,955 .3 -.6 9.9 50-54 -17,915 -33,431 15,516 -.7 -1.5 8.5 55-59 -42,115 -52,471 10,356 -1.9 -2.5 6.9 60-64 -94,022 -99,164 5,142 -4.8 -5.4 4.1 65-69 -131,431 -130,076 -1,355 -8.1 -8.6 -1.3 70-74 -115,819 -116,141 322 -8.9 -9.4 .5 75+ -98,976 -106,498 7,522 -5.9 -6.6 11.0 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys, and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Table 4: Net Migration by Age and Color, Northeast Nonmetropolitan Areas, 1960-1970. Age in 1970 Net Migration Migr at ion Rate* Total : White : Nonwhite Total: White : Nonwhite Total 175,525 163,996 11,529 2.2 2.1 6.2 0- 4 27,874 28,672 -798 4.2 4.5 -3.7 5- 9 45,410 44,978 432 6.0 6.1 1.9 10-14 31,177 29,901 1,376 3.9 3.9 6.6 15-19 33,324 28,911 4,413 4.5 4.0 26.2 20-24 -56,050 -61,468 5,418 -8.4 -9.4 40.9 25-29 -41,777 -43,843 2,066 -7.8 -8.3 16.3 30-34 19,953 19,827 126 4.8 4.9 1.0 35-39 24,959 25,238 -276 6.2 6.4 -2.3 40-44 18,953 19,596 -643 4.2 4.4 -5.6 45-49 12,083 12,509 -426 2.6 2.7 -4.4 50-54 12,829 12,895 -66 2.9 3.0 -.8 55-59 13,678 13,672 6 3.4 3.5 .1 60-64 18,610 18,654 -44 5.2 5.3 -.8 65-69 19,212 19,330 -118 6.6 6.7 -2.4 70-74 : 8,727 8,833 -106 3.6 3.7 -2.9 75+ -13,537 -13,709 172 -3.7 -3.8 3.9 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys, and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. of 175,525 from 1960 to 1970, 163,996 or 93.4 percent was white net inmigration. However, young whites 20-29 years of age continue to record net outmigration, a pattern for both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. This net loss represented about 8.5 percent of whites in that age group living in the nonmetropolitan Northeast in 1970. For a region as large and diverse as the Northeast, many important sub-regional migration trends may be masked by total aggregate data. Table 5 presents net migration by age for the nonmetropolitan areas in the Northern New England states of New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine. From 1960 to 1970, Maine was the only state in Northern New England not to experience a net inmigration to nonmetropolitan areas. New Hampshire recorded a net gain of 44,287 persons or 9.4 percent of the 1970 popula- tion in nonmetropolitan areas. Vermont had a net inmigration to nonmetro- politan areas of 15,428 persons but Maine recorded a net outmigration from nonmetropolitan areas of 58,373 persons which was spread across all age groups except 60-69 year olds. Table 5: Net Migration for Nonmetropolitan Areas in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, 1960-1970. : New Hamp shire : Vermont : Ma ine Age in 1970 Net Migration : Net Migi ration : Net Mig ration . Total : Rate* : Total : Rate* : Total Rate* Total 44,287 9.4 15,428 3.6 -58,373 -7.6 0- 4 2,999 7.3 2,182 5.8 -1,051 -1.7 5- 9 5,815 12.8 3,403 8.0 -5,934 -7.7 10-14 4,923 10.6 2,001 4.6 -6,607 -8.2 15-19 5,764 13.7 3,781 9.3 -5,452 -7.5 20-24 2,776 7.1 -1,215 -3.3 -12,521 -18.7 25-29 1,606 5.1 -1,962 -6.3 -11,224 -21.2 30-34 2,842 11.3 1,696 7.7 -5,707 -13.5 35-39 3,439 14.1 2,053 9.9 -3,040 -7.5 40-44 3,197 12.5 1,614 7.2 -1,977 -4.7 45-49 2,462 9.3 976 4.3 -1,867 -4.5 50-54 2,340 9.4 655 3.0 -984 -2.6 55-59 2,026 8.8 391 1.9 -222 -.6 60-64 2,075 10.0 405 2.2 351 1.1 65-69 1,473 8.6 292 1.9 229 .9 70-74 791 5.5 196 1.6 -296 -1.3 75+ : -241 -1,1 -1,040 -5.2 -2,066 -6.0 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex, and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Table 6 presents net migration to nonraetropolitan areas to the Southern New England states of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Both Connecticut and Massachusetts had a net inmigration to nonmetropolitan areas which amounted to 12.7 and 17.1 percent of the 1970 nonmetropolitan population, respectively. However, both of these states reported a net outmigration of 20-2A year olds from their nonmetropolitan areas, the only age group where losses occurred. Rhode Island, in contrast, had a slight net loss of persons from 1960 to 1970 in non- metropolitan areas but reported wide variations in net migration by age groups. For example, persons 30-3A years of age recorded a net outmigra- tion from nonmetropolitan areas of 4,985 or 47.2 percent of the 1970 population of that age. Persons 20-24 years of age in nonmetropolitan areas had a net inmigration of 10,733 which represented 165.3 percent of the 1970 expected population. The reasons for this heavy net inmigration of 20-24 year olds in Rhode Island are unclear, but it is a pattern not typical of nonraetropolitan areas in most of the states in the Northeast Region. Table 6: Net Migration for Nonmetropolitan Areas in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, 1960-1970. Connecticut : Massachusetts : Rhode Island Age in 1970 Net Migration : Net Mig ration : Net Mi gration Total : Rate* : Total : Rate* : Total : Rate* Total 38,709 12.7 24,164 17.1 -108 -.1 0- 4 2,666 10.0 922 8.2 -556 -6.6 5- 9 5,351 18.6 2,781 23.1 -1,107 -11.5 10-14 4,744 16.0 1,297 8.7 -1,188 -12.8 15-19 1,856 6.8 392 3.0 1,127 14.9 20-24 -840 -3.4 -454 -3.9 10,733 165.3 25-29 4,594 24.7 1,449 17.7 -1,678 -19.2 30-34 5,696 41.9 605 8.3 -4,985 -47.2 35-39 2,992 19.7 555 7.3 -214 -4.1 40-44 2,555 14.6 1,194 14.9 -1,031 -18.0 45-49 2,281 12.1 1,095 12.9 -1,147 -21.2 50-54 1,722 9.1 1,726 22.0 -270 -6.4 55-59 1.571 9.4 1,885 27.1 93 2.8 60-64 1,168 8.2 3,032 48.7 194 6.9 65-69 1,169 10.5 3,715 72.4 60 2.6 70-74 590 6.5 2,498 52.6 -26 -1.4 75+ 594 4.2 1,472 18.2 -113 -4.3 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex, and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Table 7 contains net migration to the nonmetropolitan areas of the Middle Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Both New York and New Jersey reported a net inmigration from 1960 to 1970 in nonmetropolitan areas but New York had a net loss of 20 year olds and elderly persons 65 years and over. New Jersey had substantial net migration gains to nonmetropolitan areas across all age groups, with 60.4 percent of the 30-34 year olds in 1970 due to net inmigration. Pennsylvania shows net outmigration from nonmetropolitan areas for all age groups except persons under 10 years of age. The largest volume and rate of net outmigration was for persons 20-29 years of age. Table 7: Net Migration for Nonmetropolitan Areas in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 1960-1970. New Yo rk New Jersey : Pennsyl ^^ania Age in 1970 Net Migration Net Mig] ration : Net Mig ration Total : Rate* : Total : Rate* : Total : Rate* Total 23,401 1.0 219,024 28.1 -131,007 -5.1 0- 4 7,269 3.6 9,889 12.8 3,554 1.0 5- 9 10,990 4.6 24,058 29.9 53 .0 10-14 8,900 3.7 24,387 31.5 -7,180 -2.9 15-19 15,461 6.9 12,629 18.2 -2,234 -.9 20-24 -17,152 -8.5 4,390 7.2 -41,767 -19.0 25-29 -11,996 -7.4 17,733 39.2 -40,299 -22.4 30-34 7,608 6.1 21,434 60.4 -9,236 -6.9 35-39 6,494 5.3 17,004 43.0 -4,324 -3.4 40-44 3,390 2.5 13,436 28.9 -3,425 -2.3 45-49 896 .6 11,091 23.4 -3,704 -2.4 50-54 838 .6 9,857 22.4 -3,050 -2.0 55-59 395 .3 10,094 26.4 -2,555 -1.9 60-64 1,061 1.0 12,421 38.2 -2,097 -1.8 65-69 -49 -.1 14,726 54.2 -2,403 -2.5 70-74 -1,821 -2.4 9,678 41.3 -2,884 -3.7 75+ -8,883 -7.5 6,197 18.0 -9,457 -8.2 *The rate is net migration expressed as a percent of the 1970 expected survivors of the 1960 population plus births during the decade. Source: Bowles, Gladys and Calvin L. Beale, Net Migration of the Population, 1960-1970, by Age, Sex, and Color, Part 7, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. On the basis of the preceding analysis, the following generaliza- tions may be made about the Northeast Region from 1960 to 1970: 1) Both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas had a net inmigration and nonmetropolitan net inmigration in the Northeast was the largest in the nation. 2) Metropolitan net inmigration was due primarily to nonwhite movement in these areas. 3) Nonmetropolitan net inmigration was due primarily to white move- ment in these areas. 4) There was a substantial net outmigration from metropolitan areas of white persons 20-24 years of age and a net inmigration of nonwhites in this age group. 5) There was a substantial net inmigration to nonmetropolitan areas of white persons of all ages except the 20 years olds, which had a net outmigration. 6) For nonmetropolitan areas in Northern New England, only Maine reported a net outmigration. 7) For nonmetropolitan areas in Southern New England, only Rhode Island reported a net outmigration. 8) For nonmetropolitan areas in the Middle Atlantic, only Pennsylvania reported a net outmigration. 9) For nonmetropolitan areas, only New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New Jersey reported a net inmigration of young persons 20-24 years of age. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION (1970-1976) While these patterns are useful in understanding net migration patterns In the Northeast during the 1960's, additional data are required to deter- mine if recent trends during the 1970' s have remained the same or have changed. Unfortunately, the detailed data on age and race by residential status for the Northeast Region and individual states are not available for noncensual years. There are, however, recent estimates of the population of states by metropolitan residence, and these data have been analyzed by Calvin L. Beale, Population Studies Program, of the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The following analysis of recent net migration patterns in the Northeast draws heavily on this previous work by Beale. Table 8 presents total population change and net migration to metro- politan and nonmetropolitan areas in the Northeast from 1970 to 1976. At the national level during this period, nonmetropolitan areas grew in population at almost twice the rate (8.0 percent) as the metropolitan popu- lation (4.7 percent). The United States is still predominantly metropolitan but from 1970 to 1976 the net migration flows are predominantly toward nonmetropolitan areas, with 2,255,000 more persons moving Into those areas than moving out. It may be recalled that during the decade of the 1960's, nonmetropolitan areas in the United States experienced a net out- migration of over 1.7 million persons and therefore the reversal of net migration flows into nonmetropolitan areas since 1970 represents a major 03 « 0) x: u u o z 0) 4-1 0) (U 0) o c (1) •a •w Ul 0) c o a. o M ij (U 2 C o 60 0) z •a c: to 01 bO c to CJ c o 1-1 4J n) r-l 3 o Pu oo 0) i-H CO H r^l l-l r^ csi in ov vO 00 «t VO CO ' • • •• -a- r-j ^ iH 00 r-l -a- in ,-{ • 00 < O CS CTi O CM r-- o CTi in VO r~ •t M • #> *> • •1 M • 1 1 z oo 00 1 T-i r-l VO \0 l-l l-l t-l 1 CM l-l VO r~. 0-4 a\ • (>j in . -3- m • 00 c^ • >3- CM rH Pi o^ (Ti r>j 1 00 00 l-l -a- rH 1 1 1 1 a\ CT^ m CO ^ VO 00 vO OO m O 00 .-1 (T> .. .. M m in >a- CM 00 • CM CO . o in . VO rH in Z (SI n rH iH VD CO iH 1^ o> m CO CM • • •• CO r^ r^ r-l CO CO in t^ vO 00 .. .. , ro cs) l-l iH Cvl o VO VO O Xi u vD vD P- 00 CO oo o r^ r^ u in moo CO -* fO I-l in -a- 00 rH CO u nj •« M • ^ ^ • M as ■ 1 •t O 0) 0^ CT> ,-1 CM CM 1 r~. VO 00 rH z . -a- o in in • in o O 00 in cvl o >3 in en vO CO vO oo r^ r^ -a- o oo in CM • K *t • M ak • MOT* #> ft s 4J .-H rt n) u n) 60 1 rH O 0) M vD o j:: VO o x; 4J VO O .C •H o n) M i c i-H r^ r-. O O r-« r^ U (1) r~ r~. U s r^ 4J 4-> d l-l nj cy» CTi ij a. CT> a cri OA a\ o (U o %-• 4-1 rH l-l ^S 4-1 l-l iH fr« S r-4 rH fr« u rH H X z O 0) o (U H S a vs n) H n] U >% x> T3 (U N •rl U n) D tn n 4) n) M 3 M •u VO rH CM 3 1 o Pj •H U T3 60 d < nJ UH in 0 CM 1 4J PL4 d (U CO a Q) u •iH M U (d (U a CO 0) Q •1 (fl • 4-1 CO l-l • o to Oi 0) M Pi 0) o d •rl o •rl S iJ (U tfl CO rH d 01 o. Pn •H 4J 4J to d M HI 0) u O- u o 3 o o u OT T3 01 d 3 td 01 d •> 01 01 o o •H