STATISTICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SALINITY, TEMPERATURE AND SPEED OF SOUND IN THE UPPER OCEAN

Harry Augustus Seymour

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESIS

STATISTICAL RELATIONS

BETWEEN SALINITY, TEMPERATURE

AND

SPEED OF SOUND IN THE UPPER

OCEAN

by

Harry Augustus Seymour, Jr

Thesis

Advisor :

H.

Medwin

Thesis

Co- Advisor: N.

E.

Boston

March 1972

Approved faon. pubtic -icXeoie; dU&Ubutlon wnZimutzd.

Statistical Relations

Between Salinity, Temperature

and Speed of Sound in the Upper Ocean

by

Harry Augustus Seymour, Jr. Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1965

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 1972

ABSTRACT

In situ measurements of salinity and temperature fluctu- ations at depths to 14 meters indicate distinct dependences at different times of the day. The variance of the salinity fluctuations decreased with increasing depth, but was greater just after sunrise than just prior to sunset. The variance of the temperature fluctuations decreased with increasing depth just prior to sunset, but increased with depth immedi- ately after sunrise. The correlation length of the sound index of refraction was calculated by using the variance of the sound velocity fluctuations, and the variance of sound amplitude modulation in the theory of Mintzer. This analysis shows that micros tructure patch size increases approximately linearly with depth. The power spectral densities of the salinity, temperature and sound velocity fluctuations show peaks of energy corresponding to dominant ocean wave frequencies .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 11

A. HISTORY 11

B. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM 12

C. OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH 13

II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 14

A. OCEANOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT 14

1. Location 14

2. Time of Year 14

3. Meteorological, Oceanographic , and Biological Conditions at

Time of Project 14

B. EQUIPMENT USED DURING EXPERIMENT 16

1. Bissett-Berman STD Model 9006 .... 16

2. Thermistors (3) 18

3. Ramsay Corporation Mark I SVTD .... 18

4. Wave Height Sensors 18

5. Particle Velocity Sensor 19

6. High Pass Filter #1 - Krohn-Hite

Model 3340 19

7. Band Pass Filter #2 - Krohn-Hite

Model 330-A 19

8. Band Pass Filter #3 - Velocimeter . . 19

9. Amplifier #1: Preston Scientific

Model 830 0 xwb 19

10. Amplifier #2: Preston Scientific

Model 830 0 xwb 19

11. Amplifier #3: Hewlett-Packard

Model 2470 19

12. Amplifier = 4: Hewlett-Packard

Model 24 70 19

3

13. Amplifier #5: Hewlett-Packard

Model 2470 20

14. Amplifier #6: Hewlett-Packard

Model 2470 20

15. Sangamo Magnetic Tape Recorder

Model 3500 20

C. EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION 20

1. Schematics 20

2. Geometry of Sensors 24

III. DATA CUMULATION AND RUN DESCRIPTION 29

IV. DATA REDUCTION 30

A. INTRODUCTION 30

B. MAGNETIC TAPE TO STRIP-CHART RECORDING . . 30

C. ANALOG TO DIGITAL TAPE 32

D. CONVERSION OF TAPED DIGITAL DATA

TO DATA CARDS 32

V. DATA ANALYSIS 34

A. INTRODUCTION 34

B. STATISTICAL PROGRAMMING 34

C. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 36

1. Introduction 36

2. Variance of Oceanographic

Fluctuations 36

3. Variance of Temperature

Fluctuations 37

4. Variance of Salinity Fluctuations . . 43

5. Probability Density Function

Results 44

6. Normalized Autocorrelation Function . 44

7. Pover Spectral Density 44

VI. PARAMETRIC INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND SOUND VELOCITY 4 8

A. INTRODUCTION 48

B. DERIVATION OF THEORETICAL SOUND VELOCITY VARIANCE FROM WILSON'S

EQUATION 4 8

1. Wilson's Equation 48

2. Computation of Variance 4 8

3. Dropping the Term, var (T2), as Negligible Yields the Final Result . 4 8

VII. CONCLUSIONS 52

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ...... 53

APPENDIX A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BISSETT-BERMAN MODEL 9006 SALINITY, TEMPERATURE AND

DEPTH MONITORING SYSTEM 54

APPENDIX B DATA CUMULATION AND RUN DESCRIPTION . . 56

COMPUTER OUTPUT 59

COMPUTER PROGRAM A 97

COMPUTER PROGRAM B 10 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY 104

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 106

FORM DD 1473 10 8

LIST OF TABLES

I. Values of Variance as Computed From Power Spectral Densities 38

II. Values of Variance as Computed Directly

From Time Series Data 38

III. Values of Salinity as Determined From

Nansen Cast Samples 58

LIST OF FIGURES

1. NUC Oceanographic Research Tower 15

2. Bathythermograph Traces 17

3. Bissett-Berman STD Flow Diagram 21

4. Ramsay Sound Velocimeter Flow Diagram .... 22

5. Thermistor Flow Diagram 23

6. Geometrical Relationships Between Sensors . . 25

7. Geometrical Separations Between Oceanographic Sensors and Acoustic Source 26

8. Bissett-Berman STD Model 9006 27

9. STD Relationship With Other Sensors 27

10. STD and Other Sensors 2 8

11. STD and Other Sensors 2 8

12. Representative Oceanographic Fluctuations . . 31

13. Plot of Temperature Variance Versus Time

of Day 40

14. Plot of Salinity Variance Versus Time

of Day 41

15. Plot of Sound Velocity Variance Versus

Time of Day 42

16. Salinity Histogram 45

17. Sound Velocity Histogram 46

18. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 3 59

19. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 2

Run 3 60

20. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 3 . . . . 61

21. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 2

Run 4 62

22. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 4 . . . . 63

23. Temporal Correlation of Sound Velocity

Run 4 64

24. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 5 65

25. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 2

Run 5 66

26. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 5 . . . . 67

27. Temporal Correlation of Sound Velocity

Run 5 68

28. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 6 69

29. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 6 . . . . 70

30. Temporal Correlation of Sound Velocity

Run 6 71

31. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 8 72

32. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 8 . . . . 73

33. Temporal Correlation of Sound Velocity

Run 8 74

34. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 9 75

35. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 9 . . . . 76

36. Temporal Correlation of Thermistor 1

Run 10 77

37. Temporal Correlation of Salinity Run 10 . . . 78

38. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 3 79

39. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 2

Run 3 80

40. Power Spectral Density of Salinity Run 3 . . . 81

41. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 2

Run 4 4 82

42. Power Spectral Density of Salinity Run 4 . . . . 83

X

43. Power Spectral Density of Sound Velocity

Run 4 84

44. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 5 85

45. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 2

Run 5 86

46. Power Spectral Density of Salinity' Run 5 . . . 87

47. Power Spectral Density of Sound Velocity

Run 5 88

48. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 6 89

49. Power Spectral Density of Salinity Run 6 . . . 90

50. Power Spectral Density of Sound Velocity

Run 6 91

51. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 8 92

52. Power Spectral Density of Sound Velocity

Run 8 93

53. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 9 94

54. Power Spectral Density of Thermistor 1

Run 10 9 5

55. Power Spectral Density of Salinity Run 10 . . 9 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to express his appreciation to his two thesis advisors Dr. Herman Medwin and Dr. Noel E. Boston for their guidance and assistance throughout the project.

The author would also like to thank LCDR Gail Griswold of the Pt. Mugu Oceanographic Detachment, Mr. Dana Maberry of the Naval Postgraduate School, and Mr. Dale Good of the Naval Undersea Research and Development Center all of whom played integral roles necessary to the successful completion of the project.

The author would also like to acknowledge the support of the Navy Ship Systems Command, as well as the Office of Naval Research which funded the project under ONR Contract P.O. 2-0012.

Finally, but not to the least degree, the author would like to thank his wife for the many hours she spent typing the several drafts of this manuscript.

10

I. INTRODUCTION

A. HISTORY

The study of sound propagation in the ocean and the ef- fects of oceanographic parameters (particularly temperature) on it has been the subject of considerable research since early World War II. Wilson [Ref. 1] formulated an equation describing the relationships between sound velocity, tem- perature and pressure in distilled water, and then extended his work to an oceanic regime by utilizing filtered seawater diluted with distilled water to obtain desired salinity dependence [Ref. 2], Since Wilson's efforts in this field, many investigators have attempted to revise the sound speed equation with newer techniques and theory. The reasons for revised formulations included, among others, the use of new type velocimeters [Ref. 3] the suspicion that standard sea water did not maintain a standard salinity to sound speed relationship [Ref. 4] , the desire to obtain simpler expres- sions, and the use of a more realistic range of values for the oceanographic parameters [Ref. 5] .

While these investigations into the parametrical rela- tionships to sound velocity were proceeding, other investi- gators attempted to measure the magnitude of the fluctuations of the important parameters affecting sound propagation in seawater. Liebermann [Ref. 6] studied the effects of tem- perature inhomogeneities on sound propagation. He found that thermal inhomogeneities do have an effect on the scattering,

11

intensity, and refraction of the sound transmission. Shon- ting [Ref. 7] also measured the thermal micros tructure, his results indicating the importance and magnitudes of tempera- ture fluctuations in the ocean environment.

B. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM

The characteristics of sound propagation in a deep ocean environment (defined in this paper as the depth below the thermocline) are well known and predictable. This is due to the fact that in the deep water regime the fluctuations of temperature and salinity are minor. As a result of this predictability, sound is used properly and constructively in deep waters. For the United States Navy this specifically relates to optimum usage of sound in the field of anti- submarine warfare.

However the propagation of sound in the shallow ocean environment and in the near surface region is not as pre- dictable, and as a result seriously hinders the user and the planner in their efforts to utilize sound to its best advantage. The near surface region usually plays a part in long range propagation of sound.

Sound velocity amplitude and phase in the region between sound source and sound receiver change in the near surface regions. They change due to small scale variations in oceano- graphic parameters including possibly the presence of micro- bubbles and organic content in the regime.

12

C. OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH

The main motivation in this research was to statistically describe the oceanic parameters of temperature and salinity, and to relate their statistics to the statistics of sound velocity in a near surface environment. It was hoped to ob- tain enough data to enable one to draw conclusions concern- ing the variation of the fluctuations with respect to depth and time of day. If such concrete conclusions could be reached in the near surface region, then the users of sound either in oceanographic research or in present anti-submarine warfare would be afforded new tools with which to update the state-of-the-art in sound use and understanding.

13

II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

A. OCEANOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT

1. Location

Due to its advantageous location of being rigidly fixed in a shallow water environment the N.U.C. Oceano- graphic Research Tower, approximately one mile off Mission Beach, California, was chosen as the location for the pro- ject. It allows for continuous data accumulation and monitoring as well as some analysis in a near laboratory controlled environment.

Figure 1 is an illustration of the tower. It is fixed by supporting pins driven 63 feet into the ocean floor. Electrical power is supplied from shore thereby guaranteeing stable voltage and frequency. The tov/er is located in 60 feet (18 m) of water with a sandy bottom and is free of water traffic most of the time. The upper level of the two level tower was the location for elec- tronic support equipment. The lower was for handling equipment.

2. Time of Year

The experiment was conducted from the afternoon of 21 October 19 71 through the morning of 22 October 19 71.

3. Meteorological, Oceanographic , and Biological Conditions at Time of Project

a. Weather State: clear to light haze

b. Wind: 21 October - 300-320 from 7 to 9 kts

22 October - 065-110 from 2 to 8 kts

14

FIGURE 1. NUC Oceanographic Research Tower

15

c. Wind Waves: 0 to h ft from crest to trough

d. Swell: 2 ft from Northwest

e. Bubbles: 1 square foot in vicinity of tower stanchions during all runs. During run #4 bubbles were present on the surface in patches of size 20 ft by 2 ft near vicinity of tower.

f. Biologies

(•*-) Seaweed. Small amount of sea grass on surface during run #4.

(2) Animal Life . Seal in vicinity during run #6, porpoise and seals in vicinity during runs 7 and 8.

g. Temperature Structure: thermocline varied from depths between 40 ft to 60 ft below the surface (see

Fig. 2)

h. Salinity: Nansen Cast results, as determined from Hytech model 621 salinometer, found in Table III.

B. EQUIPMENT USED DURING EXPERIMENT 1. Bissett-Berman STD Model 9006

a. Temperature Sensor

(1) Time Constant: 0.35 sec

(2) Output: 0 - 10 mv DC

(3) Temperature Range Used: 14 - 19° C

(4) Accuracy: ±0.02° C

b. Salinity Sensor

(1) Time Constant: 0.35 sec

(2) Output: 0 - 10 mv DC

16

Temperature (°F)

Temperature (°F)

5 8 59 60 61 62 6:

10--

20--

<D <D Cm

a

•H

+j cu

0)

a

30--

64

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 H 1 1 1 H-+

10--

20"

-P <a a) fa

c

•H

+j

a

0) Q

30--

40--

50--

40--

50-

60-L I

0800 22 Oct 1971

6 0-

0900 22 Oct 1971

FIGURE 2. Bathythermograph Traces

17

(3) Salinity Range Used: 37.5 - 39 .'5 ppt

(before correction)

(4) Accuracy: ±0.0 3 ppt

c. Detailed Description Found in Appendix A

2. Thermistors (3)

a. Time Constant: 150 milliseconds

b. Output: .0553 volts per °C

c. Temperature Range: Thermistors nulled using Wheats tone Bridge Circuit prior to start of each run.

d. For further description see NPS thesis of LCDR Duchock, March 19 72.

3. Ramsay Corporation Mark I SVTD

a. Time Constant: 160 microseconds

b. Output: 0 - 10 v DC

c. Sound Velocity Range: 140 0 - 160 0 m/sec

d. Accuracy: +.01 m/sec

e. For further description see NPS thesis of LCDR Duchock, March 19 72.

4. Wave Height Sensors

a. Baylor Wave Profile Recorder System

(1) Output: 50 millivolts per foot of height

(2) Accuracy: 1% or reading

(3) For further description see NPS thesis of LT Bordy, March 19 72.

b. Interstate Electronics Corporation Pressure Wave Gauge

(1) Output: .25 v/psi

18

(2) Accuracy: 2% of reading

5. Particle Velocity Sensor

a. Engineering Physics Company Electromagnetic Current Meter

(1) Output: variable voltage per meter/second

(2) Accuracy: 1% of full scale reading

b. For further description see NPS thesis of LT Bordy, March 19 72.

6. High Pass Filter #1 - Krohn-Hite Model 3340

a. Gain: OdB

b. High Pass Filter Cutoff: 0.01 HZ

7. Band Pass Filter #2 - Krohn-Hite Model 330 -A

a. Gain: OdB

b. Low Pass Cutoff: 0.0 2 HZ High Pass Cutoff: 2000 HZ

8. Band Pass Filter #3 - Velocimeter

a. Gain: OdB

b. Low Pass Cutoff: 0.0 2 HZ High Pass Cutoff: 20 00 HZ

9. Amplifier #1: Preston Scientific Model 8300 xwb a. Gain: 500

10. Amplifier #2: Preston Scientific Model 8300 xwb a. Gain: 1

11. Amplifier #3: Hewlett-Packard Model 2470 a. Gain: 30

12. Amplifier #4: Hewlett-Packard Model 24 70 a. Gain: 100

19

13. Amplifier #5; Hewlett-Packard Model 2470 a. Gain: 100

14. Amplifier #6: Hewlett-Packard Model 24 70 a. Gain: varied 100-300

15 . Sangamo Magnetic Tape Recorder Model 3500

a. 14 channel with 11 channels allocated for oceanographic parameter data were utilized.

b. Channel Allocation:

(1

(2

(3

(4

(5

(6

(7*

(8

(9

(10

(11

(12

(13

(14

Ramsay Temperature Sensor (not used)

Ramsay Velocimeter

Bissett-Berman Salinometer

Turbulent Velocity (horizontal component)

Turbulent Velocity (vertical component)

Baylor Wave Height

Sound Amplitude Modulation

Pressure Wave Height

Thermistor #1

Bissett-Berman Temperature (not used)

Thermistor #2

Thermistor #3

Sound Phase Modulation

Voice (not used)

C. EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION 1. Schematics

a. Bissett-Berman STD - See Fig. 3

b. Ramsay Velocimeter - See Fig. 4

c. Temperature Thermistors - See Fig. 5

20

Under Water Sensors

Discriminators

Panel Meters

Filter #1

Amplifier #1

Salinity Output to Recorder

Filter #2

Amplifier #2

Temperature

Output to Recorder

FIGURE 3. Bissett-Berman STD Flow Diagram.

21

Ramsay Velocimeter

Filter #3

Amplifier #3

Sound Velocity Output to Recorder

FIGURE 4. Ramsay Sound Velocimeter Flow Diagram,

22

Thermistors

Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Amplifiers

Temperature

Output to Recorder

FIGURE 5. Thermistor Flow Diagram,

23

2. Geometry of Sensors

The sensors' geometric relationships were deemed to be of major importance in view of potential acoustical and physical interferences which could have had an adverse ef- fect on the experimental results. In addition to the attempt to describe the oceanic regime in terms of the oceanic parameters two acousticians simultaneously conducted ex- periments related to sound amplitude modulation, sound dispersion, and phase fluctuations. (See NPS thesis of LCDR W. J. Smith, Jr., December 1971 and thesis of LCDR Juergen Rautmann, December 19 71.)

In order to reduce the effects of mutual interfer- ence between the sensors especially in the path of sound propagation between hydrophone and receiver, a physical separation of the sensors was mandatory. The geometrical separations between the sensors as shown in Figs. 6, 7 were used. Photographs of the Bissett-Berman STD and the geo- metrical relationships of the other sensors to it appear in Figs. 8-11.

24

0) P

P CD

P -P p

P CD CD

td g +j

P O CD

<d c g p

a-H -h c

g rH u a

P

a) <tj o h

C

P

[HCOH 3

CD

CD

CD £1

r-1

CD >

C C > P

P

O -H

r-H CN

co fd fd p

XI

P CD

+j

=**= =8=

=*= g g T3 Eh

P

P CJ

c

P P C

P

0 CD

CD

P P

P CD CD P H

Eh

Cfl «

p

0 0

0 CQ EQ 0 rd

M

P P

■P 1 1 W4J

>|r-

>i U O

P

to to

co p P c

P

fd

P -H -H

x:

u

•H -H

-H -M -P >i 0

•H

u

•H P P

■P

£ 6

g CD CD td N

u

•H

u in co

P

P ^

M P

p CO W CO -H

0

P

0 P P

0

\ A

CD CD

CD CO CO g 5-1

.-H

P

-H 0 0

s

\ <U

x: x: n -h -h <3 o

CD

CD

CD U U

\ 2

E-iEHEHCQCQtfffi>>><:<!

-p m

Q> v

♦

rH CM

"> j-co U >

5

rH CM

s >

1

\ \

Eh Eh

H Eh

< <

CO

p o to

CD W

c

CD CD £

-P CD CQ

CO

•H

x:

CO

c o

•H

p fd

rH CD

fd u

•H P

P CD g O CD

CJ

^O

g

D O H Cm

25

0

•H

-P

C W

<U 3

<D 0

3= U

4J <

0)

m t3

c:

to rd

C

0 w

•H >-(

■P 0

<TJ W

H C

<tf CD

a w

o

w u

■H

H £

m a

O rt

•H U

U tn

■

-P 0

a

cu c

u

£ ti

u

o a;

0

Q) u

0

UOW

26

FIGURE 8.

Bisset-Berman STD Model 9006

FIGURE 9.

STD Relationship With Other Sensors.

27

FIGURE 10.

STD and Other Sensors

FIGURE 11.

STD and

Other Sensors.

28

III. DATA COLLECTION AND RUN DESCRIPTION

Data collection and run description will be found on page 56 under Appendix B.

29

IV. DATA REDUCTION

A. INTRODUCTION

The analog data were recorded for each run on the Sangamo Model 3500 magnetic tape recorder operated at a speed of 1 7/8 ips using FM electronics. The recorded data were then transferred to a Brush Mark 200 Strip-Chart recorder. In some instances, in order to produce better resolution, the recorded data were transferred to a Brush Mark 2 Strip-Chart recorder through a Krohn-Hite Model 3340 filter set on low pass-max flat (see Fig. 12) . The printed analog data were converted to digital data on magnetic tape using the Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Point Pinos , California tracing digitizer. The taped data were transferred to punched IBM data cards compatible for statistical analysis on an IBM 360-67 digital computer.

B. MAGNETIC TAPE TO STRIP-CHART RECORDING

The recorder playback speed was seven and one half inches per second, which is an increase of four times over the data collection speed. The strip-chart recorder was run at a speed of five millimeters per second. The speed differentials between the record, playback, and strip-chart phases were programmed in the IBM program used for data analysis. The sensitivity setting on the strip-chart re- corder was important for data presentation and analysis. The sensitivity settings varied from run to run and with

30

3X

unity fluctuations ruN6 4.3 meters 0354

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h

H 1 H

H 1 — h

idnJCTTJATTO hIS R UN 6 ' 4.3 'm E T E R S 03 54 2 2 OCT

—I — l — l — l — l — I — i — (- — I — l — l — l — I — I — i 1 I 1 — l —

TT7T

5TOUND VELOCITY FLUCfUAT TONS TruN V 4^mETERS 0354 22 OCT 1971

H i h

H \ — h

H 1 h

FIGURE 12. Representative Oceanographic Fluctuations.

31

each parameter. The settings used can be found in Appendix B.

C. ANALOG TO DIGITAL TAPE

In order to utilize the IBM 360 computer to determine the statistics of the fluctuations , the analog data on the strip-chart record had to be converted to digital form. In order to effect the conversion use was made of the Calma tracing digitizer at Fleet Numerical Weather Central's Point Pinos, California facility. The tracing digitizer transfers analog data to digital data on magnetic tape at a sampling rate of 100 samples per inch in both the x and y directions . The length of each run analyzed amounted to approximately the first nineteen minutes of the run while the number of data points varied depending upon the posi- tioning of the strip chart on the digitizer. It was im- portant for future correlations that the tracing of all parameters began at the same starting point. This was ensured by starting at the sharp line transient signaling the start of a particular run.

D. CONVERSION OF TAPED DIGITAL DATA TO DATA CARDS

Conversion of taped digital data to a form compatible for use on the IBM 360 Digital Computer, i.e. data card form, was accomplished using Fleet Numerical Weather Central's Computer Facility. Fourteen data points were recorded on each IBM card. The number of data points per

32

run varied depending on the positioning of the strip chart on the Calma Plotter at Point Pinos , but the average run produced approximately 5400 data points.

33

V. DATA ANALYSIS

A. INTRODUCTION

Attention was focused entirely on analysis of the statistics of the fluctuating parameters. Two arguments led to this method of analysis: first of all, the statis- tics of the oceanographic variables are important in deter- mining the statistics of sound propagation. Since the major objective of the experiment was to define the medium in order to determine its effect upon the propagation of sound the statistical method of analysis was the natural approach. The second reason for using statistics as the major tool for analysis was due to the relatively wide separation between sensors which was required to prevent instrumental interactions. In order to enable one to dis- cuss the interrelationships between spaced sensors it was necessary either to correct for the lack of idential point location or to consider the statistical relations, assum- ing that the medium was statistically homogeneous in the region of the sensors. The latter is the easier choice.

B. STATISTICAL PROGRAMMING

The programs used in the data analysis appear in Appendix C .

Program A analyzed the data for mean, variance, normal- ized autocorrelation function, and power spectral density. The standard Blackman-Tukey method was used to compute power spectral density with a Parzen window as the spectral

34

window. Program A was modified to compute variance by two methods. The first method calculated variance by integra- ing the power spectral density. A subroutine (aver) was then added to calculate variance directly from the time series data.

Program B was used to output data from which a histogram could be plotted of the number of times a particular value of a parameter occurred versus the value of that parameter.

In utilizing program A several important inputs were necessary:

NTS : number of data points

MLAG: number of time lags =10% (NTS)

DT : time increment in seconds/sample. This parameter took into account the different driving speeds of the strip- chart recorder, playback and record modes of the tape re- corder, and the analog-to-digital digitizer.

DT =•

inch 100 samples

(5/4 mm/sec) ( ) ( )

25.4mm inch

= 0.2032 sec/sample

1

Af : frequency increment =

2 MLAG (DT) FBHZ : lowest frequency

FEHZ : highest frequency = Nyquist Frequency

1

FEHZ = = 2.46 HZ

2(.2032)

Calibration factor: variable on each run

35

The raw data on the IBM cards had the units of inches. The calibration factor converted inches to volts per milli- meter by incorporating the Brush recorder sensitivity set- ting into the program input thereby giving the data units of volts per inch. When each data point was multiplied by the calibration factor the results produced were in voltage units .

# volts 25.4 millimeters volts C.F. = ( ) = "X"

millimeter inch inch

C. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

1. introduction

In order to convert the program output in volts to the correct oceanographic units and values, conversion factors for sensor voltage sensitivities, amplification factors and filter gains were used. On location monitoring of the data combined with post-experimental review in- dicated some runs higher in quality and accuracy than others. For such reasons runs 3,4,5,6,7,9,10 were analyzed for salinity and temperature, and runs 4,5,6,8 for sound velocity. The conversion factors used were:

thermistors: 5.5 3 v/°C

salinity: 2.5v/%.

m sound velocity: 1.5 v/

sec

2. Variances of Oceanographic Fluctuations

The values of the variances of the oceanographic parameters as computed by integrating the power spectral densities are indicated in Table I.

36

The values of the variances of the oceanographic parameters as computed directly from the time series data are listed in Table II.

It was noted that there was only a very slight dif- ference between the values of variance computed by both methods. However the variances used in subsequent analysis were those computed directly from the data thereby ensuring a higher degree of accuracy. Additionally all subsequent analysis was performed using temperature data measured by thermistor #1 since the quality of the fluctuating signal from that sensor was the best and most consistent throughout all runs. (Thermistor #2 data used during run 4 since thermistor 2 was operating reliably at that time) . Figures 13-15 are graphical displays of variances versus time of day with depths at which runs were made noted in parentheses.

A survey of the literature indicates that this ex- periment was unique in its attempt to establish statistical relationships between the described oceanographic parameters. As a result little direct comparison with previous results is possible.

3. Variance of Temperature Fluctuations

Two past investigators have studied temperature fluc- tuations in the near surface region on approximately the same time scale as was used in this experiment. Shonting used a double-beaded thermistor manufactured by Fenwall Electronics, Inc., Framingham, Massachusetts, to observe thermal micro- structure. He conducted his measurements in the Bahamas in

37

Run

Time

Depth

Sound Vel. Variance

Temp #1 Variance

Temp #2 Variance

Salinity Variance

3

21 OCT 1616

9.0m

.0187(°C)2

.0121(°C) 2

.0016 (%.) 2

4

1648

13.9m

.0294(M/S) 2

.0167

_

.0013

5

1728

6.9m

.0003

.0230

.0002

.0023

6

22 OCT

0354

4. 3m

.0072

.0052

.0044

8

0650

9. 5m

.0023

.0013

.0110

9

0725

14.6m

.0076

.0065

10

0802

7. 8m

.0017

.0002

TABLE I

Run

Time

Depth

Sound Vel. Variance

Temp #1 Variance

Temp #2 Variance

Salinity Variance

3

21 OCT 1616

9. 0m

,0143 (°C) 2

.0093(°C) 2

.0 016(%.) 2

4

1648

13.9m

.0293(M/S) 2

.0129

_

.0012

5

1728

6.9m

.0003

.0184

.0002

.0023

6

,

22 OCT

0354

, —

4 . 3m

.0072

.0042

.0041

8

0650

9. 5m

.0021

.0010

.0111

9

0725

14.6m

i — "

.0059

.0059

10

0802

7.8m

.0013

—

.0002

TABLE II

38

August 19 67. Analysis of his measurements taken between 1323-1400 indicated representative values of variance of approximately 25 x 10" 6 (°C) 2 at two meters depth and ap- proximately 72 x 10""8 (°C) 2 at 20 meters, a decrease of two orders of magnitude with depth down to 20 meters. Although the variance was much greater in the present experiment than in Shonting's, there was in the late afternoon period a one order of magnitude decrease in temperature variance with depth down to approximately 15 meters.

Liebermann also recorded temperature fluctuations in the near surface region at a depth of 50 meters. A rough calculation of variance from Liebermann' s Fig. 1, which was given as a representative temperature record for July and August (time of day unreported) for the continental waters from Southern California to Alaska, resulted in a variance of approximately 17 x 10~4(°C)2. This figure is somewhat closer to data of Fig. 13 but the lack of time of day in- formation and depth dependence prevents conclusions from being drawn.

Due to the maximum temperature gradient being effected just prior to sunset the strongest fluctuations of tempera- ture were noticed at all depths at that time. The variance decreased with increasing depth. However in the short period just after sunrise the temperature fluctuations were noticed to increase with depth. Sagar [Ref. 8] quotes, from a personal communication, Deacon, of the National Institute

; hav is same si

39

FIGURE 13.

Plot of Temperature Variance Versus Time of Day (Depth in Parentheses) .

c

•H

Q) O C <TJ ■ft U

>

020 T

018

O (6.9M

.016

014

""

O (9m)

u

w .012

010

008

006

.004

.002

O (13.9m)

O (14.6m)

O (4.3m)

(9.5m) O ° (7.8m)

H

4-

+

■4

1600 1700

0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900

21 Oct

Sunset 1805

22 Oct

Sunrise 0703

Time of Day by Hour

40

c

d) o

c to

•H

CO >

012 Oil 010 009 - 008 007 006 005 "■

004 t

003 ■*

,002 ■"

.001 ■■

FIGURE 14.

Plot of Salinity Variance Versus Time of Day (Depth in Parentheses) .

O (9.5m)

O (4.3m)

O (6.9m)

O (9m)

O (13.9m)

I 1-

O (14.6m)

4-

O (7.8m) H 1 1

1600 1700

21 Oct Sunset 1805

0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900

22 Oct

Sunrise 0703

Time of Day by Hour

41

FIGURE 15.

C

•H

Q) U C

rd

•H >

45 T

40 "

35 "

— .30 f u

Q) 03 \

g .25 +

20 "

15 "

10 "

05 "

O (6.9m)

O (9m)

O (13.9m)

Plot of Sound Velocity Variance Versus Time of Day (Depth in Parentheses) .

0

O (4.3m)

O (14.6m)

f-

4

(9.5m) H 1 h

O (7.8m)

-i

1600 1700

0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900

21 Oct

Sunset 1805

22 Oct Sunrise 0703

Time of Day by Hour

42

This behavior could possibly have been caused by the "con- vective lag" phenomenon. James [Ref. 9] describes this behavior as occurring in the early morning just after sun- rise. Insolation increases to the point where it is equal to the outgoing heat loss from the water. However heat loss occurs exclusively at the surface, with consequential continued cooling of the surface. As insolation increases in the hours just after sunrise, surface cooling continues while the lower levels are slowly heated. Eventually, of course, the lag is overcome and surface heating begins causing growth of small cells with large fluctuations near the surface and large cells of small fluctuations at greater depths, as described by Deacon.

4. Variance of Salinity Fluctuations

The analysis of the plots of salinity variance versus time showed a decrease in salinity fluctuations with depth during the late afternoon period. The fluctuations were smaller during the period just prior to sunset than just after sunrise (assuming that the 7.8m reading is in error) . The decrease in variance of salinity with increasing depth in the late afternoon was expected since a stronger salinity gradient would exist in the surface layer where evaporation was initiated. However, it is speculated that convective mixing caused a more nearly isohaline condition to exist in the water column by sunset than existed just after sunrise thereby accounting for the difference in magnitudes of variances at those two times of the day.

43

In the section "Parametric Interrelations Between Salinity, Temperature, and Sound Velocity" the theoretical calculation of sound velocity variance is discussed, and further analysis of the difference between theoretical and experimental results is made.

5. Probability Density Function Results

Salinity and sound velocity information were put into Program B in order to establish the type of distribution of the populations sampled. In all cases the distributions were Gaussian in nature. Figures 16 and 17 are examples of the distributions .

6. Normalized Autocorrelation Function

The normalized autocorrelation functions of the oceano- graphic parameters (see Appendix D) indicated a long correla- tion time for temperature data thereby indicating relatively well mixed thermal structure. Conversely the relatively low degree of correlation for both salinity and sound velocity indicated an inhomogeneous medium with respect to those two parameters . The peaks and troughs found on the salinity and sound velocity autocorrelation plots indicated the presence of patches of higher and lower salinity water as well as patchy areas of water yielding higher and lower values of sound velocity.

7. Power Spectral Density

Plots were made of power spectral densities of salin- ity, temperature, and sound velocity fluctuations (see Appendix E) .

44

H

t^

0

-P

CO

•H

•

K

l-l

>h

4->

s

•r4

D

•H

O

iH

H

(d

Ch

en

-I +

•

+

CsJ

-—■k

10

-P

■H

0

>

■H

— '

iH

•

G

+

•H

CD

U

fi

(T$

•H

H

U

O

rtf

•

>

+

>i

-P

-H

C

•H

rH

(T\

ffl

O

W

<T>

O

in

CM

o o

O

in

o o

o m

mpg ( A"[0*) UT 8nTBA 93UBTJBA jrex1^0!^1^ jo saoupunooo 5° #

45

o

O

in

P

H

o -p w

•H

Bfl

>i -P •H

O

o

rH

>

a $ o

CO

o

+

o

- o

00

o in

CM

o o

o in

o o

o in

IS)

-P

rH

o

>

C

■H

OJ

o

c (0

•H M

>

>i -P

•H O 0

rH

>

fi

0 CO

puea

( ATO*) UT 3HIEA 9DUBTJBA JBinDT^IBd JO SBDUBJinOOO jo #

46

The nature of the plots indicated peaks of "energy" centered about frequencies of 0.17 and 0.08 Hertz. This coincided with the dominant wave frequencies existing at the time of the experiment.

47

VI. PARAMETRIC INTERRELATIONS- BETWEEN SALINITY/ TEMPERATURE, AND SOUND VELOCITY

A. INTRODUCTION

With hopes of shedding light on possible heretofore un- known variables capable of affecting sound velocity a com- parison was made between sound velocity variance derived from Wilson's sound speed equation and that measured experi- mentally with the Ramsay Velocimeter.

B. DERIVATION OF THEORETICAL SOUND VELOCITY VARIANCE FROM WILSON'S EQUATION

1. Wilson's Equation

C (t) = 1449.2 + 4.623 T (t) - .0546 T2 (t)

+ 1.391 (S (t) - 35)

2. Computation of Variance

var C = 0 + (4.623) 2 var T - (.0546) 2 var (T2)

+ (1.391)2 var (S)

3. Dropping the Term, var (T2), as Negligible Yields the Final Result

var C = 21.372 var T + 1.9 35 var S

The utilization of the above formula yielded the following results, with the velocimeter results shown for comparison:

48

RUN

3

4

5

6

8

9 10

VARIANCE Ctf^ry

.3095 (m/sec) 2

.2770 (m/sec.)2

.3979 (m/sec)2

.09 68 (m/sec)2

.0437 (m/sec)2

.1371 (m/sec)2

.0273 (m/sec)2

VARIANCE C

velocimeter

.0293 (m/sec)2

.0003 (m/sec)2

.0072 (m/sec)2

.0021 (m/sec)2

It was hoped that the results would indicate a theo- retical variance slightly smaller than experimental variance thereby implying the presence of other parameters such as bubble presence to which the 3 MHz acoustic velocimeter would have been insensitive. However, as seen above, the experimental variance was much smaller than that calculated from the variances of temperature and salinity. Analysis of the wide discrepency led to the conclusion that since all sensors appeared to have operated in an optimum manner, and salinity and temperature signals were strong and yielded good results, the sound velocity signal was suspect. The signal had been filtered and amplified and conceivably could have been altered, or else a mistake made in the data re- duction settings . In order to determine which values of the variance of sound velocity should be used for the remainder of the analysis a final check of the results of both methods was conducted. Part of the experiment involved the measure- ment of sound amplitude modulation (see NPS thesis of LCDR

49

W. J. Smith, Jr., December 1971). Stone and Mintzer [Ref. 10] define the coefficient of variation (CV) as:

AP

CV

Pi2

where AP is the variation of the acoustic pressure relative

to the mean value P. In his experiment LCDR Smith measured

cr which he shows is related to CV by: s J

(CV) 2 = 40 crs2 Chernov [Ref. 11] formulated the relationship:

(CV) 2 = n/tTU2 Kq2 aL where ,

2ir

K0 = —

X

X = acoustical wave length

y2 = variance of sound velocity

a = correlation length (Gaussian correlation function

assumed)

L = distance between transducer and receiver

This relationship combined with the measured values of CV

and sound velocity variance, allowed for the calculation of

the correlation length:

RUN DEPTH a (from var C., ^ ) a (from var C_v . ) (m) (cm) rneory (cm) expt

5 6.9 175.0 2.699 x 10 5

3 9.3 157.5

4 13.9 452.5 4279.9

50

The values of "a" calculated from velocimeter data are un- reasonably large. For this reason the theoretical sound velocity variances are used throughout the remainder of the analysis. A graphical plot of theoretical sound velocity variances versus time of day with depths in parentheses are shown in Fig. 15.

It is interesting to observe that Skudrzyk [Ref. 12] also found patch sizes, which increased approximately linearly with depth in approximatley the same manner as shown above. However, Skudrzyk' s patch sizes were much larger than reported here, probably due to his acoustic range being much greater than in this experiment.

51

VII. CONCLUSIONS

A. Although the near surface regime is one of complex and high variability, several conclusions can be made:

1. Temperature fluctuations decrease with depth during the period just prior to sunset.

2. Temperature fluctuations increase with depth just after sunrise, but are smaller in magnitude than the fluctuations just prior to sunset.

3. Salinity fluctuations decrease with depth but are larger in magnitude in the period after sunrise.

4. Sound velocity fluctuations normally follow the trend of temperature variations. However, the im- portance of salinity fluctuations cannot be neglected. In one instance the salinity fluctuations had as much an effect on sound velocity fluctuations as did tem- perature fluctuations .

5. The maximum energy spectra of salinity and temper- ature fluctuations occurred at frequencies that agreed with dominant surface wave frequencies.

6. The sizes of patches of sound velocity fluctuations were calculated from the statistics of sound amplitude, temperature and salinity fluctuations. The implied patch sizes increased approximately linearly with in- creasing depth.

52

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

A. While the medium was described in terms of temperature and salinity, a major question remains, "Are there other variables that could affect the propagation of sound in sea water?" In order to best achieve an answer to this question one should ensure that a correct experimental value of sound velocity is measured for comparison with sound velocity computed theoretically. LCDR Smith's and Rautmann's thesis work indicated the presence of bubbles in the medium that could have a marked affect on sound velocity.

B. In order to complete the description of the medium, an analysis of the size of the "patches" of temperature and salinity should be performed by use of arrays of sensors . Application of knowledge of the drift velocity, in addition to the procedures used in the present experiment, would also enable patch size determination.

53

APPENDIX A

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BISSETT-BERMAN MODEL 9006 SALINITY,

TEMPERATURE AND DEPTH MEASURING SYSTEM [Ref. 13]

The model 9 006 STD is comprised of underwater sensors and deck equipment whose functions are to furnish power to the sensors and process data received from same.

In situ measurement of salinity is determined by measur- ing conductivity, temperature and pressure. An inductively- coupled sensor enables detection of conductivity, which is also compensated for temperature and pressure effects, thereby producing an output totally dependent upon salinity The output shifts the frequency of a PARALOC signal pro- viding an FM analog of salinity.

The temperature sensor uses a platinum resistance thermometer and a PARALOC which provides an FM analog of temperature .

The depth sensor utilized a pressure transducer into which is incorporated a strain-gauge bridge circuit. The changes in resistance are converted to a frequency analog in the PARALOC.

The signal mixer receives and regulates power from the deck equipment and sends it onto the underwater sensors. It then multiplexes and amplified the FM signals from the sensor and sends them to the deck equipment.

The distribution amplifier amplifies the FM signal from the underwater units, and separates data signals from

54

the DC power which enters the distribution amplifier from the power supply rack.

Each underwater sensor has a separate discriminator which separates the mixed data signal into an individual channel for recording availability. The discriminator filters the desired signal and rejects others. The accepted signal is amplified, squared, and converted to a 10 millivolt DC level which is the output of the recorder. Dial readouts enable continual monitoring of this signal.

The Power Supply is a model 86 0 0 and provides a constant voltage of 26.5 volt DC to the deck units, and a constant current of 150 milliamps at a maximum of 140 volts DC to the underwater units. The underwater rack is stainless steel. The sensors and mixer are mounted in individual shock- absorbent brackets .

A single conductor cable provides for physical connec- tion between sensors and deck equipment.

55

APPENDIX B DATA CUMULATION AND RUN DESCRIPTION

The output DC voltage from the oceanographic sensors was recorded on the Sangamo magnetic tape recorder as explained in "Experimental Configuration" section. The runs during which data were collected are described below

RUN

DEPTH

DATE

START TIME

STOP TIME

1

4. 3m

21

Oct

1419

1429

2

4.2m

21

Oct

1530

1550

3

9.0m

21

Oct

1616

16 36

4

13.9m

21

Oct

1648

1708

5

6.9m

21

Oct

1728

1748

6

4.3m

22

Oct

0354

0448

7

4.3m

22

Oct

0546

0622

8

9.5m

22

Oct

0650

0715

9

14.6m

22

Oct

0725

0749

10

7. 8m

22

Oct

0802

0821

11

8.2m

22

Oct

0832

0852

12

5. 7m

22

Oct

0929

0945

Run 3

salinity thermistor 1 thermistor 2

SENSITIVITY SETTINGS

50 millivolts/millimeter 100 millivolts/millimeter 100 millivolts/millimeter

Run 4

salinity 50 millivolts/millimeter thermistor 2 100 millivolts/millimeter sound velocity 50 millivolts/millimeter

56

Run 5

salinity thermistor 1 thermistor 2 sound velocity

Run 6

salinity thermistor 1 sound velocity

Run 8

salinity thermistor 1 sound velocity

Run 9

salinity thermistor 1

Run 10

salinity thermistor 1

50 millivolts/millimeter

100 millivolts/millimeter

50 millivolts/millimeter

20 millivolts/millimeter

50 millivolts/millimeter

10 0 millivolts/millimeter

50 millivolts/millimeter

100 millivolts/millimeter 100 millivolts/millimeter 100 millivolts/millimeter

100 millivolts/millimeter 100 millivolts/millimeter

50 millivolts/millimeter 100 mi Hi volts /millimeter

In addition to Bissett-Berman salinity measurements, Nansen casts were taken during each run in order to monitor the calibration correction which had to be applied to the dial readout of the base value of salinity (see Table III) . The correction factor was (-) 5.1 ppt. While this was a high correction factor, pre-experiment checks on the STD led to the assumption that the system was operating correctly in the measurement of fluctuations and was consequently used for that purpose.

57

Run

Depth (Meters)

Time

Date

Salinity (%)

2

4.2

1530

21 Oct

33.520

3

9.0

1636

21 Oct

33.512

6

4.3

0357

22 Oct

33.506

6

4.3

0410

22 Oct

33.478

6

4.3

0425

22 Oct

33.489

6

4.3

0442

22 Oct

33.484

7

4.3

0552

22 Oct

33.506

7

4.3

0559

22 Oct

33.480

8

9.5

0654

22 Oct

33.459

8

9.5

0659

22 Oct

3 3.43 8

8

9.5

0715

22 Oct

33.471

9

14.6

0725

22 Oct

3 3 . 4 6 q

10

7.8

0810

22 Oct

33.455

10

7.8

0817

22 Oct

33.463

11

8.2

0839

22 Oct

33.453

11

8.2

0852

22 Oct

33.455

12

5.7

0934

22 Oct

33.440

TABLE III

58

X

US

c

id

0

— *

•H

m

-p

•

aJ

c

+J

m

■H

3

U

CD CT> •

Q)

Pi

o

0 a <—

U

u^n

U

H

H

fO

C7

0

CM

C CD C

PI

err

•

u

M

0 6 0

co

0

VD

•H -H O

H

rH

+J

H

-P Eh 0)

03

w

V£>

n3 CO

a

M

-H

H

rH W

0

g

(L) 3 O

D

a

>H

g

J-l U) ^T

n

g

QJ

O

^ 5-1 1

H

<D

£

•

0 cu o

Pw

H

Eh

a^

u > —

<~,

&VJ

CuU

iOJ

2C2

59

f-i

1

I

/

•

• -

!

O

•

I

C 0 -H +J <0 iH (1)

0

u

0

a,

e

CD

I

/

• 2 Run 3 21 Oct >n Coef. (M le Lag >nds) .

1

s

D O

H fa

Thermistor 9.0m 1616 Correlatic Versus Tin (0-40 Secc

.-

I \

\ I

r •

i

0

i i

i

l i

1

■ l

1

G«

I

1

'-

-5

1

/ .

|

' J

QHi

P5&

^L

:ir

60

X

rfl

C

S -

,

0

— *

•H

-P

•

to

-P <4-l

i-H

U (D Di

•

Qj ro

o o i«

^

n

U J

w

M C

rH

T3

O 3

CN C Q)

C

•

U PS

0 6

0

o

V£> -H -H

u

CN

>H >ir-

CD

rd -P

<x> fd

CO

w

M -H

H rH to

K

0 c

0) 3

o

D

CU-H

£ U Ul

•^

O

g H

CD U U

1

H

(D rtf

• 0 d)

o

fc

En CO

cr> U >

—

am»

Bii

-61

i

I

/

Temporal Correlations Thermistor 2 Run 4 13.9m 1648 21 Oct Correlation Coef. (Max 1.0) Versus Time Lag (0-40 Seconds) .

i i

j

-

en

i

I

1

(N

U

H fa

r-i

1

r ■

n

1

1

L^

I 1

i

C-

1

\

\

.3

J

/

i 1

|

an

i

CZ'

r-J

t. '

:::

62

DTD

£r?D

rCC

63

A 1

f

J

/

o

J

1

■H

J

X

/

m

1

■"•

j

'

0 w

J

■H C

\

4-> 3 4-> •

\

fl PS O *H

\

H O <D CT> •

'

\

Q) >i 0 rt -^

\

m-phu J ra

\

U -H CN T3

K

0 U COG U 0 oo 0 g 0

\

n i-h ^r -H -H U

x

C^ iH 0) V£> +J E-i <D

\

fC > >H rC W

;

K 0 T3 g QJ P O

/

i

D Cl, G o^ ^ en **

i

O g 3 • M M I

;

H (D OM O (DO

/

Em Eh W rH U > "-

1

n /

i

/

s

i

**

s

1

I

1

1

(

r

1

!

:K

*.: "\

■

. N,

\

s

>

\

i )

* /

11 X

s

S*

j-*

c

C~i

C_

N

i

;

tzi

era

2ir

64

o

•

X

(d

i

i

n

C3

1 1 FIGURE 24.

Temporal Correlatior Thermistor 1 Run 5 6.9m 1728 21 Oct Correlation Coef. (1^ Versus Time Lag (0-40 Seconds) .

,

-

52

/ /

/

.T

1

/

/ /

i

!

-..i

/ /

/

/ /

/

/ /

c:

/

/

/

i

t T

/

/

1

t T

a:fj

cue

r-ti

_

to

c a

0 w- f

-H m

-P

id c -p «w

rH P O 0) C7> •

Q) rt o o to —

M U J w

U CN H ^

0 <N C 0) c

•

u 5-t o e o

in

O oo -H -H U

<N

rH +J CM 4-> E-l (1)

(0 en r- to en

a

^l-HH H CO

0 g cu 3 o

r>

ftMg rtlO"

m

£ (U en ^ r-i 1

H

a) x: 'Omo

fa

En ^ ^> U > w

cm*

KiS

66

O

t-i

X

td

C

S

0

* — '

•H

-M

•

(0

-P M-l

■H

u cu tr> •

(1)

lt>

O Ofl)^

M

U 1-1 W

M

e

rH T3

O

a

cn C CD C

•

u

«

o e o

ID

CO -H -H U

CM

iH

>i<M -P E 0)

f0

-P

r^ fd co

W

M

•H

HH Ifl

«

0

c

(D DO

P

CU-H

ft u w ^r

CO

ft

H

cTi U U 1

H

CI)

n3

. O CD o

En

^

CO

UD U > *—

SDD

2in-

67

i

. 1 ■ +■ FIGURE 27.

Temporal Correlation Sound Velocity Run 5 6.9m 1728 21 Oct Correlation Coef. (Max 1.0) Versus Time Lag (0-40 Seconds) .

•

i

L- rr,

r-l

/

c-i ■n

j /

1 \

]

r-i

\

/

1 1

/

cn cn

-

■3 c ? n

^

i

13

„ i

CTD

z-.z

68

cms

X

_

fO - ,

c

a

0

*■*

-H ^5

-P

•

fd c

+J M-l

-H 3

U Q) tP •

0) PS

OOflJ-

M

U J CO

U H 0

cm C 0) C

•

u n

0 g 0

00

o

•s* -H -H O

cm

H -P

LD -P E-« 0)

to CO

n nj co

B

U -H

OH 01

0 g

d) DO

D

a u

g M CO "5*

O

g cu

ro >-i >-i 1

H

a) x:

• 0 0 O

fa

Eh Eh

^ u > *-*

4

I

I

/

/

-r

_i

SID

69

X

rd

C S

0 —

•H

-P •

(d 4-> U-4

.H O Q) tj\ >

Q) VD O 0 RJ --»

n u J w

M CM T3

0 3N C (U C

•

u « o e o

a\

^r -H -H u

(N

iH >iin +J Eh (D

nj +j ro rd co

g

u -h o H en

O C <D p o

P

Qj-H g S-l CO ^T

o

gnn ^^ l

H

qj rd . o 0) o

h

E-i co ^ U > —*

c:c

70

■J

1

Sound Velocity Run 6 4.3m 0354 22 Oct Correlation Coef. (Max 1.0) Versus Time Lag (0-40 Seconds) .

I

Zl .

£ C

T

4 ft

r- (

(

• t

o

m r

a i

D ! O i H < fM E

ri

c j y...

T1

t;

j

IP

/

CI

-

: 2

)

C 3

1

fsc

trL

tnc

2:r

r:n

2ZC-

--71

X

<d

C

g

0

1 — "

•H CO

-p

•

iti c +>

M-l

.-1 3 O

0) en •

<U « O

o fd —

^

U J CO

^HH

<v

0 «N

c cu c

•

U M

o g o

■H

0 o

•H -H U

m

h+Jlo

-P Eh CU

fd CO U3

fd C/3

g

>-l -H O

M CO

o e

CD 3 O

D

a n s

M CO "^

CO

g <D LD

U U 1

H

a) ^I •

0 Q) O

Eh

Eh En <^

U >~

/

tr-^

r^:

»cc

72

X

rd

C

S

0

*

•H

+J

•

tO

-P IM

tH

O <U en

•

d) 00

O 0 rd

«— «

U

U J

w

u c

CM

T3

O 3

CM C 0)

C

•

u tf

o e

0

rsi

O -H -H

U

ro

r-i >, m -t-> E

o

rd -P

VO fd

w

S

J-l -H

O rH W

0 c

<u p

o

D

CVH

6 H W

^r

U

e h

in n M

1

H

qj fd

• 0 cu

o

Cm

Eh W

o>U>

*-*■

CZit.

:cd

2in

73

X

rfl

c

oo S

0

* —

•H

c

-p

3

<C

pej +J m

rH

u cu

tji •

CD

>iO o

ffl ^

5-1

-P u

J CO

H

■H CN

T5

0

U CN C

Q) C

•

u

O 0

g 0

m

<H O -H

•H O

n

H

CU LO -P

En 0)

td

> >sD (TJ

CO

w

M

O H

CO

2

0

T3 0)

3 o

D

0.

c e n

0) <*

O

g

3 m >-i

U 1

H

a;

0 • 0

cu o

fa

E-"

CO ct\ CJ > -

/

0T&

r-cc

i-nn

r_r

74

I

|

i 1 1

• ,

1.0)

.

1

1

o

•H -P <d

iH 0) M

0 U

.H (d

0

a

g

CD Eh

in

\

i

1

(

/

1 Run 9

22 Oct i Coef. (Mc 2 Lag ids) .

C7

1

i

1

! i

1 ! 1

1

/

•

W K D O

H

Thermistor 14.6m 0725 Correlatio: Versus Tim< (0-40 Seco:

] 1 j

I i

i

i

i

f

i

f-»

i \

/

/

\

i

i

!

i

j

!

1

\

J

L-*

\ i

!

\ 1

; \ j

I

I

1

J

-

i \ 1

I i t i

i i

1

i i

i /

| 1

i

>ri

! -/I

1 /

! / 1

'

BTfe

CLZ

75

orte

c^c

ezg

>cd-

76

/

•

1.0)

/

•

X

ft

CD

i '■

rd

c

0 o >-

•H .H

-P

tfl C -P 4-1

H 3 O O tP •

(DtfOO (fl^

U U J co

^HCN T3

cr.

(J (N C (U fi

•

U M o g o

KD

O CN -H -H U

co

H4JO+JEH <D dj 01 CD Hi 03

g

>-| -H O f-\ CO

o e (d 30

D

a^ g ^ w<j

I

1

O

g Q) 00 M M |

H

0) ,C • 0 CD o

IT.*

.1

1

m

t^ t^

I - "w/ K^

<-•

1 /

— 1

/

L^

.-

„-'

-1

13

' J

1

/

1-S

/

'-

XI. .

tfrt»

cr-

s:.c

:CD

CZ^

77

X

id

G

S

O

•H

+J

•

rd

4-> MH

rH

O U Q)

Cn •

<D

rH O 0

d —

S-i

U

J w

u

G CN

13

0

3(N C

(1) G

•

u

Oh 0

e o

r-

CN -H

•H U

00

rH

>lO +J

Eh 0)

(ti

-p oo rrj

CO

a

u

-H O rH

CO

0

G 0)

G O

D

a

-H g U

CO "*

O

s

rH 00 Vl

U 1

H

a;

rd • 0

0) O

En

Eh

Wr-0>^

\ii

0T'.l

era

'•ro

?c^

rcn

78

■-■—■■■ ■ "■ T T ' " '

FIGURE 38.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 1 Run 3 9.0m 1616 21 Oct

Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5

HZ) .

1 " -t

nc,

:i5

0

.

.-

!

\

\

\

V

TV

iwV. .

v v/ v ■ v- V- W "\.'.'-Vv-^-,

*•>*..■ ■»• ~- »* A rS±

79

•

FIGURE 39.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 2 Run 3

9.0

m 1616 21 Oct

ctrum ((°C)2/HZ) —

Spe

Versus Freque

ncy (0-2.5

HZ) .

_

j

_______■___

:j5

3 is

"J 5

\

____

L

\

\

m

•

' I 1

Vi . i

k

u

ft i .«,,

1 i

i . —

viyfo,

V'V^ WvW^vV-Vv.^. V '

80

13

pa:

Cll

FIGURE 40.

Power Spectral Density- Salinity Run 3 9.0m 1616 21 Oct Spectrum (° / 0 0) 2 /HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

A

Vf\JUil»

Wr

i_^JU

81

FIGURE 41.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 2 Run 4 13.9m 1648 21 Oct Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

J2 J

:ij

ft

\

v%

\ A

ft

i

-r-53— ?j

fw

v v

82

— V

!Ji3

^\

\

w<

F

FIGURE 42.

BT3

Power Spectral Density Salinity Run 4 13.9m 1648 21 Oct Spectrum ((°/0o)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

iWUi

<TV

vV

P/i

inJV\

83

izt

1313

313

FIGURE 43.

?.15

Power Spectral Density Sound Velocity Run 4 13.9m 1648 21 Oct Spectrum (.(m/sec) 2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

84

FIGURE 44.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 1 Run 5

6. 9m Spec Vers

1728 21 0 trum ((°/0 us Frequen

ct

0)2/HZ) cy (0-2.5

HZ) .

-

1 - -

b jt.

-t i n

."-J

3i:

:js

1

I

\

\

\

\

X

-

\

yw vYvVx

-V-

WvN

■'V V-*V^v-^"-

85

. ... . _, , ....

FIGURE 45.

Power Spectral Density

-i

Thermistor 2 Run 5

V

r

9m 1728 21 Oct

0 ■

Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ)

n

Versus Frequ

lency (0-2.

5 HZ) .

— i

£ ■

i - -

i • 1

UJ3

m

:i5

IJ

o

n

11

1

k

.

V

■ t

\

A

V IS A

<\

V < v v. v .„. v

W^/^/^^V-Z^vAvv-^^u^^ "

86

FIGURE 46.

Power Spectral Density Salinity Run 5 6.9m 1728 21 Oct Spectrum ((°/oo)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5

HZ)

%\\,L

»•'>•■ 'W

87

FIGURE 47.

Power Spectral Density Sound Velocity Run 5 6.9m 1728 21 Oct Spectrum ( (m/sec) 2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5

HZ)

V.

\A

X

>

\

*

V V VV:A,

v^V^v^vAY'^ -

-88

h

w

»

ill II

MIFUM

FIGURE 48.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 1 Run 6 4.3m 0354 22 Oct Spectrum ( (°C) 2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

J! i if,

! S r i i' I

31::

i 1 1

t-y- -';•-• 'v'l' , ■- — prVirifr'

,lji

-;t-

I <

89

a o

lis p:o

FIGURE 49.

Power Spectral Density Salinity Run 6 4.3m 0354 22 Oct Spectrum ((°/oo)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

i'liUf./lAA (!

mi

■A

»#W

90

91

FIGURE 51.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 1 Run 8 9.5m 0650 22 Oct Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

I \« ■

92

i:i

-s*-

",i

.if?

FIGURE 52.

|D1.'.

r

Power Spectral Density Sound Velocity Run 8 9.5m 0650 22 Oct Spectrum ( (m/sec) 2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

~f

<*v

•a

V u' i

93

n

t !

rt

*rr

FIGURE 53.

Power Spectral Density Thermistor 1 Run 9 14.6m 072S 22 Oct Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

4-

N'i

'■ . • i :' >

; i

:V / ;i '. >

1 i' "».',:

_)

» f *.

94

I

V:

|fc

l Y

H

n>

. i

lO-C

11 «'V\

i

Jl

P

fT

FIGURE 54.

Power Spectral Density

Thermistor 1 Run 10

7.8m 0802 -22 Oct

Spectrum ((°C)2/HZ)

Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ).

[■ItJ/tf

95

p:-'~

A

^T

r<

FIGURE 55.

Power Spectral Density Salinity Run 10 7.8m 0802 22 Oct Spectrum (<%o>2/HZ) Versus Frequency (0-2.5 HZ)

J i / i « A i

ii V*' -- v « f '

f

'j ■'»/ ('jHiAl /• * • 111 ••> 1.1'.,'

_U L! « rf — V >-*> b ! — «-?*

96

d:

<

a:

\-

o

00 <tl«J

Q oca.

cc KOO

1

o oo

u iuo

u) a.

lk: oo

00

O oo

_|-0.-<

oon: ii

O «_)<-!

►-•a o

C£OUJ<C

UJ X-J

O-OOI— U_

<_J z

<tcc UJ

•»

LL>OU>-

M

oq: »-.o

X

LU<I •(—

*-»

oo^-or: •

hhz;h • •*

K

00»-iO «00

00

>- UJ »oo

UJ

_J_JQ- »U«00

IX.

<t<roo •Q:'g

UJ

2:zJ •dlqc

I—

<OCi • z>

^c

l.UI— <£-!

»— t

_J Z)(X_I-I

*—

<f-<ri-<r-Joo

tvlU-

OC<£ 00<

LUOO

IO

1- U.IU ! O

_jO

*■"•

ooia • •

o.<t

>-

UjIIUV- 00 • •

r —i

>-o

Q__J O • •

<t

eoz

OOQ-O^H- • •

00!»«

Z z * u

2TUJZ? • •

3r

t-iuo

IU<X<1 •

..i ■»-«

HUDO

XOOK rH

5"H-

2I<£OuJ

|— »-» »rH

t— i

1.1 o_M,*a:

USLU II

H-u_^oocca.

OlCD O I'

Ou< LL

O °° II <~>

LL

ct>- l—

liHUiHQ.onoco1-'1-^

00 »— UO<

L'<

2U'O0tU

5.".

< oomu «oo *" „ r~ X""'^"l^« ^^ c^x-q:

OO

o

<Xi

o

X

O *s

o m

r- _j

«-» co

-» od <

O UU _)

O X •»

o o >»

w O i-i

z ► x

X — a

s: a o

r> •— * o X

a: -~o r- ^

i- oo — ^

o or*- a« _i

o_ —a. <a. co

OO •— lOO X "i

XOO CL _l

^. Q. ■""* •" ••

o *• o:— o— I—

a: c\j »OOo z ■~'~

UJ -J O — <M — — ► - - Xll/.

IL t— -'U.IOOl-Vt-tO II II LL ►

O »-« i-«0- »-CL — '<£ t-t*~* *-^

Xo0-»oooor> " •* U^N

II 'v

N>0

X .

oo

r-*

XU.

nO *

CSJ

•k •

X

">v

•-

V* II

X

in

»-

•i-i

OJ

ChX

X

U 1

_ 1

*<c

<

o

o

II

ov.

<f

XCO

o

o •

••

► r\j

rvl

V.I-H

X

•^u.

UU

>o •>

u_

»— !•

•»

r

tvl

II

X

II

CD

M

LL

OX

OO »

<CltJ

ZlVl

_JU-

<x

•z

cCC

»

K »•

X -

••1-

00"^

0£0

► ^

ZD -

•^00

OO

>«» •

x<

sOO

»•_!

t-f-t

ujs:

•-U,

»- •>

•*

<l'O0

II -

Ol-

O _j^D_ .woo U. O - ^^E^S^ ^^ *iS!rC

P ^oo^gg-V^^ ^ 5 Si*

O CuH-ct;— lO-O— ICLDiCNJCD •-•►-• C£ Q-O ••

^. oo^<ttijvO — oooi"-^<f f— H t— O *-CM

O <5hwD>-Oao J »-<•-, »• <iH- X

< >-t-niHHfM<to ►••=)•• — *~ or: _io_i

^ ^^ ^ ► -on Ovt-zoo

4 LUC'O — -~ooo 'O CO oo Xo. ►<+ -

cm DuZ-*OOCt->~0 coco ►<_.'-1— '•-,

^ o <f o\joor-^'-'CVJ c°co ujr-«os:x

5 H cC ^-tO'0«-'«-)LL>»-X II II I— •*< •-— '

co [£t'Jh^<owouui'i>t QQ <£<>:-joo<

U-OJX^i—HHL^aooi-^ 22X Oo.U.H-0 Z ^ "

S-J* ,i-j:i-u.o..u.ua'Du; •> -• ► ~-'~*~?2'~: '-r

!THIZMaHZZZZZZ< oO^e^^O-OCOXCOO^XCQ

ic^O kmOOLLCOJ rM(vj>otor\jo-o->co »r-i ► •— r~u.

^Sc Nil hs!XXcO<S< O O iNJ ^ j;^

k- JHicciy^i^i't of o o o h

7SDOu.lLhOU-li«l-

OOUUC'OUuOL'OUUUl-'OOOO

o

o

C\J

o

o

O'

o

CM

CO

C\J

97

< (\J

UJ

<

Q

I

r»

••

X

*v

irv

^

X

• o

< o

*

m

z

1— 1

II

>

o

(\1

cc

I

X

X

>

3

m

LU

_J

••

CL

u_

"^

IAJ

V.

H

>-

ro

Z

— o

•

CJ^a.

O

y •

^UJ

i-H

'

^Z

u_

l^vfryj

•»

O

<

»

O-l

>-t-H<i;

II

o

•+-

r>xo

X

i— mi—

oo

»•

»

"^u.

•»

IU

^o

S'"

><r

V.00

<

<HS)

oo •

2

CViLM

•o

»-i— •

Oh

C

(_>

~»00

vt-

»— i

•

O-

o

#•

r-*

or,c

U

a •

-f-t

+ r\i

<

z> < H- *

z

o

UJ

a: u_

o o *

^ tin h-~ ^ *-

£ 52 -~ ^ 5 £ £.? ?j 2d I

hhiou-om wct* Hooitooiiow . s:z hx #sa. m ui^ ~n n -J<*-»~

IIMtLula •• SiOMM . .^oC^Za.^ |. U-< xS»nia-ii.V II It « S!_J »« *

wsOvT U_CC CJr~lXXM<\JC\j.-IO' •»-»" I -■* H W"H+^.: Xt/0 ll.UOf- U- H H « _^ lii^LTl

xkH_H xiM I HU-u-Qiiiih^H^ o?" + 3xYP^£ So* —^mzsooo

;gS£S£» i- ^^^ih^l^^^t¥^^^^STS

^n .^'9 £ c - -< ro c °° * Hi 5

<s u: GO

o oo

r~

98

X m

cm

0«4"

i-t- ox<r

CjO ^ O^r-

■k * 2 *" o ►

zz <oooo srcvi-J'

—•— _i A * —* r-

UjjIU »-000 ID —

cacc c\i | +• o_ooa

u_u- ii i-«f-« + li oi:

ww 2.00 5,— <r

yizco *-x dz_j^

oi/)Hc>J-ui/)Oto ii e.iri-

ii n ii ii ii n ii ii su-i—

x

CD U.

LL

D

(\l X

G

Uj a:

o

M i

a.

OO

UJ

a:

00

oo

x

¥. Y-

O

*r"

LL- Cs—

LL

UJ

o

a: <

>

X

NO

X

m

x

in

> o

UJ

o

UJ ct

LL

X

o

X

IT*

D a.

t-s: ooar.

o

ili

LL

II

o <

o

UJ

o_

OO

n

o — -» •s: —

2

x a.

o

CL 00

O —-►-I

UJO

DUi

a

_IO0

<c

HUJI

Ul

HJI

O.OLO

OOO •

>-00r-l

o Ii or:X *

U;C0X

2:>— <-•£>

8JU •■ *■ XLA

Xm •

CKXOCO

_, ho^hhO

• 213 •*-• *-X H UJ*— UJ*~ - *"0

sftxo <s>^> vou-jco— O a. </-£>cvi

^Q O — h- *-*U. .CO'-'Sl— OOH- — — *

• II LT\ II U"<CXU II On — *~"< OLliHUO Mil >£> KZCHZ^UhSSS-l-Hh-fl;

tu o

<t

ex- 's-:

CM •

OC\J

usuO a: a. oo

U.oO

s~ O

— -ivjl— '_) — X »<L

minc-MO**- li O

sOCVIS^M*

o

UJ

Q. OO

O

>-

o

►+HI

HHooOhHOoaau mocudcdqic razcaopa:ca;Kphz:

OoOO^OOoOO^oOoOhhOoOXOooO^^U "13k.QWOU- U- 3 3 0WUI

0>O <\J r-4

o

in

v0

com coo

0X

o

CO CO

co

o

—US

Xo_

<t00

s:

u >-

••o

coa:

U.UJ

o

-z

o

Ulli

X

o

H-

-O

IU

(VJH

s:

X

••s:

O0

ID

■z.

►ct —

o

Ol-G

H

Ui<-^U i

3

C£.\MCC

UJ

LLO.U-

z: o

200 2T

00

»• *e^'

>- •

(J>VJU

00 &

UJCt'Ul

r-^o

aD°-

X -X

oOoOCOO

t-coy

»-oo * •

o . —

OM--T-)

Z'CO'-'

u;ct:c3' +

U! —

rxo-uju.

_i—o

LL OLD

r-HAJ--»

— HUL^

UJOCt ►

ooo:2-~

>OU-t-t

COW'— cc

<o«- *

tu>c?ULX3:o-~m

a.zu.1 I

<c •*-«

CX.OC1X

STClO-'^

UU. "Ci

2< i om

UJ 5"

•~U.i,~'UJ »o

zcz iLr-iz:'-,Q ' >ox

t—f-O'-'

II f-<«-.U. | i^

K- *-*

m_jG OX

"3U.O0 II

U5II X

GZZ

»-'UJ'0C i^ ii

D-t-'U X

HI-U-CX

cdi— r£<r

<twXwX

ddh5:

cjuyu ^

WODZDDhXhX

a.

o

CO

-J » rH

ZJ

<

00

o

o

99

oo

a.

ut o eC tu

\-

5"

X

ll

Z3

oo * o

•

I

X

CO

•>

in o

X XOO

O I •

^C\J O

x-*fu I

—. O0-# CL.~

O i>. IOI

x xo_ is^'x

w x x I y^ld

C^XXX I tuxx

OM/)mCX OOO

X

I

<J" X

CT +r t— •

<?• X O

X — X a.

O r-< OOCvJOO

o>-h*

-^rHCO

""• •-1U

-&»-»$ ^ LL X — Q.

O X •*,.!

o oooa:

• XOr-t r-t *-vL_> I II

HI U-

~-Xrr) ll ny. n a. ^ ii oo x ooh-iz:

X X

_J <

o 00

o o o

II US CO II OLLO U-IUw-ix' || II 0-X< h-CLh- II O.OCt_X X i^O^-I oo l/>«-IUI— o

Oi:lla_ixu.y:a^jo^ii;u-(i«!^-

CJXWOSJUnCi-ixectCXctnOOoCL' I

z

z

X

m

IU

u

X

xar

— ■

¥r

LL

xh-

•— t

t-t

w ■—

_j

•«•

X

QO0

-Ja:

X

Zh

o<t

LL

+

HJZDifli iJU

00

00

QC>-'CX.|-'~2

h- +

1—

r-t

h-xo;

^*t— :>— i

^-

Z

LL

U-O

•-^-J

► LL O •>

51

Ul LU

i-hx ooo^s:

• r-t

z>

zzo:

ii llujI-

• II ID

O II

O0

»-o

»-! XI?Oi->oo

t— 1

(-►-'d

11 H

11

II

rDooz^

11 rH 11

CVJt — »

O^,-.

o— o

O

r-tO

r-H

Z

u-

X

Q.

*

O

r-t

-J

s:

OO

z

X

X

-K

O^

00

*

r-

X

Z

m

LLO

••

w •

lf\

"^<\J

•

r-l^

o

LL|~

r-t

3TO

LL

x>#

V*

00 rH

CD

•X O-

•■ II

OZ

2:

• X

xz

#

X

#

X

+ CD

00

I

X

LL

II

LOfO

co cr>

r-tCvJ

CM -K 00 ••<£ H^hZlil ~XZ<5:

J&- I U-iu

^.oo^srx h-

r-Hr-il-r-LLLUCO Z

I +OZ?- * — *

ZDoOoO^-lLX) — X'V-'

O0I— I— C^OOC^fOV. II

2- ,LL »•— -lf\r-<

H5" H vO •

||w-Z) wHO^m Z

oo.^tU*Jr-tO — ct

CT l4.ir-Hr-iZ:00lLr-lLLLLr-H II U.HH II < K ^ LL r-t II r-« p _

cns<r wmh? ^"s: ^stcl iiu'mo: - ~r-o

OOOCOCJLL =3U 00O0000QX00XXXC0LL3LL II OXLLQcL'-i

HH O- '

_J *2 H CNJ C*

< OO O C5

O rIO r-1 r_'

O O

o

100

X

in in

n

OO

O UJ CO

x

in o

c

UJ Cd

u_

X(\j

► X

D ► ST »■»

OS

X

*

in

O

+

X,H

+ x

x«~

X

*

in

o

+

CO

X

+

X

X 00

X

m

*x x

oo,-< ,-h in*- uj »- XO + ™-K 2 •»

uj z z «m •• m

zz * i o • cc. cm

hOh C?0 C 2" •

!-►-< II C "JU5. II II rH^-i II OOO

xoo^szor i «+ izsriiz

DZ +U.Z-ZCZ + I ~ cr

o:^.-iz:z:x.xx.£::zc\jz-z:xx_

cos ii ii ii »-"— ii ii n n«-'HCi rD>-.o,rt2a:;njc^co»- c_:<cr{\iu.iZ wDDZZZXX?5;DZZXa:u)

t-irn m

(\l

O

00

CO U.Z

<x

u.

UJ

in o

00

CM

X>

►-.+ oo*-

f-XN

xu-X

00

oo o

oo ». o s: •• i

oc ii Da

X OX t- CVJhh oo*~c\JXo'C h-c\tX wjgc:

2X XQ l.tj IX ^ — v£) M -C\J H*

• ,-^X 00(\jDimx(-T_JC ^X O li t-ioo t— x>(3»-Hm<r<>cr, • t-<00 »-«'-- U'X?_oo -~a.\-c>

>-— • ii x ii 3 x ^ u-sc i oo ii — h->H- "

XoOO «-»LL

OZ c\iin r\i ct:fs ii X«-< ii Xf-oo

CCS s. S~"

cr

ooi— s uj:

r-I^XX

O

o

»— t

of UJ

a.

UJ!

<c

cc

CO un

OOnO >

CO • »-rr <c

•>f-HfC>X r-4 COO0 X

r- + »-xi-co

<-i5"CO^-~ *

r-x o(mx —.oo«~->? corn ~^oo ».*-

+ -« || (flZ-HZ :* X t— u_U'<a: IJ-SZ t-sx

MtfOlDH II II--2 I! w3— Ili-Cil

Xi-«c\ixOC\JXOX cvio:fx OX I- oo

Z-> •— « IM -1 LJ i\i _)I_J .£- ivj u ( r_ v_' ^^ OOOXoOGXoOOLLXXZSU-k-i

I—

r-t

in

oo

cmXh

moz

^5 X

OO

OO

O0 U_ II U-OOU OfCl: fC

D^zZMy^M^^•i^-?u.a:,•!

coo

o

CO

CO

C\J 00

101

o

o

z x>

<

u a: a: O o I

o i-

X <t

go

a:

X

OM •

<r<*— o _j<o i ■"-•

2!(X< o

nu ?: <\j x

<>-.»-4 OCX

UJO -JX5I •>

zoiz^rx -<

mcDO II H •"

^3m II II 2: I 30OOO •-• 2

O ZOXX-h (tMlU<OOff| 'I cca'5"— K<f Xx*-^ _J_jC35 UJO.OXS 5TOS

51

\ o

* X *

o <

5:

5:3

a:*-

x o

STX

< I 5:o 5: •* ll

COX -I

<: »a. 2:

_JvD

2 1 11 " xo us

s^ ,-D2 I V.- —X

s:o:^h x ^2Tu. co zx 2: sr^fM 5" 11 S"»-*a

II II w.|_fTl n 11 11 ^t-x

n hz 11 •-» *-*s.y- o

5TSXOOS II^IOWZ

a: a: dclo as a: a: a: xcj_oa: a'

m

o

102

Q UJ

(- t-

o

_l

CL

IU

CD

2 <

CO

o a: o_

<

o o

h- hhCO

tr- io: cr

»-« *-m

SCO ■"

O^r-t

5-— II

JO^X

*-»— • h-xom Z) ou.

00

c*

+•

»-4

II

r-

»— •

0

•■

a>

**~

►-H

0

-^

K

O

IJ4

0

o£

a

u_

CO

0^

cr- o— a> co-3 rocc •«-' incr»i— O

o

II xcc

*— •

LU •"

•

inu.

Q\ -

o-x

|-Ohh(OmX II ^M ».— -m x —

Ot/)lT>|— • Cr> || •-*

Zf _<ocr>

Oiuos II U^*~*C (-^<c£X «—y.

•-H.IIOXOC o' 5"OctU-XOCOU_

(X o

o o

u ^

a: r-t

I— If-H • CX

II |l — U CO LU*h-}iH II CM' ut *ir\

5< — . ».. — 0s Z> D O *^

X2iCOrs->-'_5 Z7Zl-*-\—

II t— O^O^GH h-H-h-5 a. XZ <~1«J ZZf^OO

XCCOUL^OOCC-CI-Z XUDQHU.^1-'U2LlW-U

c* cr

r-co iPt

103

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Wilson, W. D., "Speed of Sound in Distilled Water as a

Function of Temperature and Pressure," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 31, p. 1067 - 1072, August 1959.

2. Wilson, W. D., "Speed of Sound in Sea Water as a Function

of Temperature, Pressure, and Salinity," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 32, p. 641 - 644, June 1960.

3. Mackenzie, K. V., "A Decade of Experience with Veloci-

meters , " The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vT 50 , p. 1321 - 1332, November 1971.

4. Del Grosso, V. A., "Sound Speed in Pure Water and Sea

Water," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , v. 47, p. 947 - 949, March 1970.

5. Leroy, C. C., "Development of Simple Equations for

Accurate and More Realistic Calculation of the Speed of Sound in Seawater , " The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 46, p. 216 - 226, June 1968.

6. Liebermann, L. , "The Effect of Temperature Inhomogeneities

in the Ocean on the Propagation of Sound," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 23, p. 563 - 570, September 1951.

7. Kadis, A. L. and Shonting, D. H. , "The Thermiprobe. A

System for Measuring Thermal Micros tructure in the

Sea," Instrument Society of America, Marine Sciences

Instrumentation , v. 4, p. 652 - 660, Plenum Press, 1968.

8. Sagar, F. H., "Acoustic Intensity Fluctuations and Tem-

perature Micros tructure in the Sea," Journal Accoustical Society of America, v. 32, p. 112 - 121, January 19 60 .

9. James, R. W., Ocean Thermal Structure Forecasting,

p. 105, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.

10. Mintzer, D. and Stone, R. G., "Transition Regime for Acoustic Fluctuations in a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium," Journal Acoustical Society of America, v. 38, p. 84 3 - 846, November 19 65. ""

11,

Chernov, L. S., Wave Propagation in a Random Medium, McGraw - Hill, 1960.

104

19 Skudrzvk E. J., "Thermal Micros tructure in the Sea and 12. Skudrzyk^E.^.,^ to sound Level Fluctuations ,-

Chapter 12, underwater Acoustics V M Albers , ed. , p. 199 - 233, Plenum Press, New York, l9bJ.

c •*.*, tt t Tr Amplitude Modulation of an Acoustic

bnKed S tageTT^vaTTPostgra^^ , Monterey,

1971.

14 Rautmann J., Sound nf.pPrSion and Phase Fluctuations 14. Rautanann^ g^fr- acBany MS I'heBiB, Uiixled States Naval

Postgraduate School, Monterey, 19 71.

1R Duchock C. J., The Measurement and Correlation of ^ound vkocitv »ntf Temperature- ^y^txons ' ear ■the Sea Surface, MS Thesis, United States Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 19 72.

16 Bordv M. W., Spectral Measurement of Water Particle 16 " B°T%iovhtlks^ez Waves, MS Thesis, United SLaLes

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 19 72.

105

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. of Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 2 Cameron Station

Alexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library, Code 0212 2 Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 9 39 40

3. Oceanographer of the Navy 1 The Madison Building

732 N. Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22217

4. Department of Oceanography 3 Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 9 39 40

5. Commander, Navy Ship Systems Command 1 Code 901

Department of the Navy Washington, D. C. 20 30 5

6. Dr. Ned A. Ostenso 1 Deputy Director

Code 4 80 D

Ocean Science and Technology Division

Office of Naval Research

Arlington, Virginia 22217

7. Dr. Albert D. Kirwan, Jr. 1 Program Director/Physical Oceanography

Code 4 81

Ocean Science and Technology Division

Office of Naval Research

Arlington, Virginia 22217

8. LCDR Jon W. Carlmark (USN) 1 Project Office

Code 4 85

Ocean Science and Technology Division

Office of Naval Research

Arlington, Virginia 22217

9. Professor H. Medwin, Code 61 (thesis advisor) 5 Department of Physics

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 39 40

106

10. Dr. Noel E. Boston, Code 58 (thesis advisor) 3 Department of Oceanography

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 39 40

11. LT Harry A. Seymour, Jr. (USN) 2 USS FORTIFY (MSO-446)

FPO San Francisco 96601

12. Mr. William E. Smith 2 Department of Physics

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 3940

13. Professor David Mintzer 1 Technological Institute

Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60201

14. Dr. E. B. Thornton, Code 58 3 Department of Oceanography

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 39 40

107

Security Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D

-Serurily CfMsHiC.Hon of title, body of abstr.c, and ,na>„n„ gnnoMTion n.u.st be enfer,* vvben th. ove,.» reporr I, f f.„,,„g-)

"'. origin* ting ACTIVITY (Corporale author)

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940

2a.»EPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unclassified

2b. GROUP

3 REPORT TITLE

Statistical Relations Between Salinity, Temperature and Speed of Sound in the Upper Ocean

« DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type 01 report and.inclusive dates)

Master's Thp.sis: March 1972

5. au THORI5I (First name, middle initial, last name)

Harry Augustus Seymour, Jr.

6- REPOR T D A TE

March 1972

Sa. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

6. PROJEC T NO.

7M. TOTAL NO. OF PASES

i09_

76. NO. OF REFS

16

9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned this report)

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

App

roved for public release; distribution unlimited

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940

13. ABSTR AC T

In situ measurements of salinity and temperature fluctuations at depthi to~T4 meters indicate distinct dependences at different times of the day. The variance of the salinity fluctuations decreased with increasing depth, but was greater just after sunrise than just prior to sunset. The variance of the temperature fluctuations decreased with increasing depth just prior to sunset, but increased with depth immediately after sunrise. The correlation length of the sound index of refraction was calculated by using the variance of the sound velocity fluctuations, and the variance of sound amplitude modulation in the theory of Mintzer. This analysis shows that microstructure patch size increases approximately linearly with depth. The power spectral densities of the salinity, temperature and sound velocity fluctuations show peaks of energy corresponding to dominant ocean wave frequencies.

FORM

i nov esl^T / O

S/N 0101 -807-681 1

DD

(PAGE 1)

108

Security Classification

A-31408

Security Classification

KEY WO R O $

Salinity

Temperature

Sound Velocity

Variance

Correlation Length

Power Spectral Density

Temporal Correlation

DD

FORM

I NO V 68

1473

(BACK)

S/N 0101-807-6821

109

Security Classification

A-3M09

'/ JUt 73 'bOOT 7 4 13 AUG79 9 I

I

_2600U ^Z 6 ♦; O fl 9

Thesis

S423

c.l

TH

s1

133852

Seymour

Statistical rela- tions between salinity, temperature and speed of sound in the upper ocean.

7 JUL 73 *CT 74 13 AUG79

J U I 8 I

s*m

Thesis

S423 c.l

133852

Seymour

Statistical rela- tions between salinity,

temperature and speed

of sound in the upper

ocean.

thesS423

^2Sl:^t,0nsbe^een salmi

ty.

3 2768 001 94515 7

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY