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STATISTICS,

MEDICAL AND ANTHIIOPOLOGICAL,

^ PROVOST-MAKSIIAL-GENERAL^S BUREAU.

1)E1:IVED FROM

RECORDS OF THE EXAMINATION FOR MILITARY SERVICE IN

THE ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES DURING

THE LATE WAR OF THE REBELLION,

OVKR A. MILLION

RECRUITS, DRAFTED MEN, SUBSTITUTES, AND ENROLLED MEN.

COMPII.r.ll UNDIClt DIIiKCTION Dli'

THE SECRETARY OF WAR

J . H . BAXTER, A . M . , M . D

COLONEL AXU ClIIKF MEUICAL I'UHVEYOI! UNITED STATES AKMI.

LATE CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICE'! OF THE PROVOST-

MAIJSIIAL-GENEIIAL'S IlUnEAU.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

\ OL. 1.

WASHING T 0 N :

(fOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

I « 7 .5 .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I,

*,* A copious general imies will be fonud at the enil of tliis volume.

INTRODUCTORY.

Page.

Plan and scope of the work

Instructions to recruiting- surgeons issued by various governments VIII

Outline OF THE HISTORY OF ANTHROPOMETRY IjXll

TART I.

Review of the tables, and their results

PART 11.

71

Charts and maps : " ■

PART lit.

Reports OF SURGEONS OF BOARDS op ENROLLMENT AND other documents Ij'

41.5380

INTRODUCTORY

During the first two years of the war of the rebelUon, the armies of the United
States were" recruited by vohmteer enlistments, under the control of the authorities of
the several States; audit was not until March 3, 1863, when this method had proved
inadequate, that Congress passed an act^ creating a bureau of the War Department
to be known as the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, which should have charge,
among other matters, of the recruitment of the armies by volunteer enlistments, if
found practicable, or by draft, should it become necessary.

As preliminary to the latter method, a complete enrollment of all persons liable
under the law to perform military duty, namely, "all able-bodied male citizens of the
United States between the ages of twenty and forty-five years," with certain excep-
tions,"- was speedily made by boards of enrollment, one in each congressional distnct,-'
consisting of a provost-marshal, a surgeon, and a commissioner, whose duty it was to
attend to enlistments, the enrollment, and the draft ; forward volunteers," drafted men,
or substitutes to the various rendezvous camps, &c.

At the time these boards of enrollment were formed, the armies in the field were
depleted by casualties and disease, the discharge of soldiers on account of disabilities
existing prior to their enlistment, and by the expiration of the terms of service for
which men were enUsted. Owing to these causes, they were in no condition to cany
on offensive operations, more than three hundred thousand men being necessary to fully
recruit them to a condition of efficiency.

In order that none but able-bodied men should be put in the field, a thorough and
systematic medical examination was necessary; and on January 11, 1864, the "Medical
Branch of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau" was estabhshed, and to it was
assigned the supervision of all matters pertaining to the medical examination of men
for military service, and to its chief medical officer all surgeons of boards of enrollment
reported and from him received their instructions. Prior to the establishment of this
branch, by an order assigning me to duty as chief medical officer, medical matters of
the Bureau had been conducted in an able and efficient manner by the late Lieut. Col.
R. H. Coolidge, medical inspector United States Army, whose attention, however, had

■ "An act for enrolling and calling out the national forces," approved March 3, 1863.

= For exceptions, see act of March 3, 18fi3, section a, and the amendatory act of February 24, 18t)3.

^Ibid., particularly section 4 of the first.

* As only those who voluntarily enlisted were known to the Provo3t-Marshal-Gener.al's Bureau as recruits, the same
designation has been adopted in the tables of this report; but elsewhere the term volunlcers is used, and the words
ra-rMt and recruih are givcu their more extended and general signification. For further remarks on this subject, see
page 4.

II IXTRODUCTORY.

been mainly directed to the formation of the Veteran Reserve Corps, or rather to the
examination of soldiers in hospital, who, b)^ reason of wonnds or disease, were unfit
for active service in the field, but Avho were able to perform lighter duty in the Veteran
Reserve Corps.

The loose manner in which iiiedical examinations had been performed when
recruitment was under control of the several State authorities demanded a radical
reform in that direction ; for it had been fully demonstrated that the placing of men in
the field who wei-e physically disqualified for performing the duties and enduring the .
hardships incident to the life of a soldier was not only poor economy but fatal to the
successful prosecution of military operations. The requirements of the service
demanded that the medical examiner should possess not only a high order of medical
talent, but that he must combine with it a thorough knowledge of human nature and
a strict moral integrity. He was expected to ju^dge of the physical and mental capacity
of men under the most diverse circumstances. He must be able to detect a defect in
the volunteer or the substitute, who was to receive a large bounty in case of acceptance,
and who sought to conceal disqualifying defects ; and he must also be able to discrimi-
nate between the assumed and the real disability of the drafted man, who, by exaggerating
existing disabilities or feigning those which did not exist, strove to be exempted ; he
must pursue a strict line of duty, and mete out even justice, being responsible to the
whole country on the one hand that its claims upon its citizens were enforced, and on
the other hand to the conscript, who was perhaps forced into the Army away from a
family that depended on him for support. If his humanity, in such cases, preponderated
his sense of duty to the country, and caused him to reject or exempt men for small
disability, he was accused of being too lenient and of subjecting other men to the
chances of another draft ; and if a strict sense of duty compelled him to hold for
service men vvho were in the smallest degree disabled, he was accused of forcing
cripples and invalids into the Army. To the credit of the medical profession, it may
be said that, notwithstanding all these embarrassments and diificidties, physicians of
repute willingly undertook the duties, even at a pecuniary disadvantage, and have not
only earned from me as chief medical officer of the Bureau a grateful acknowledg-
ment of their services, but are entitled to the gratitude of their countrymen. It is
from their records and reports that the statistical tables of this work have been com-
piled, and to them I am indebted for another valuable portion of the work, which,
with introductory remarks, constitutes Part III.

During the existence of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, four di'afts were
made. The first, the draft of 1863, furnished records of the examination of 252,843
men ; under the second, which was made under the call of March 14, 1864, 84,486
examinations were recorded ; the third, made under the call of July 1 8, 1864, furnished
records of 163,122 examinations ; and the fourth, made under the call of December 19,
1864, furnished records of the examination of 104,594, making the total number of
drafted men examined 605,045. The number exempted under each draft was : under the
first, 80, 131 ; under the second, 20,848 ; under the tliird, 40,711 ; and under the fourth,
14,040; making a total of 155,730, or a ratio of 257.39 per thousand exempted out of
the 605,045 examined. During the same period there were examined 225,639 volun-
teers and 79,96H substitutes. Of the former, 50,008, or a ratio of 221.63, and of the

INTRODUCTORY. IH

latter, 21,125, or a ratio of 204.17 per thousand, were rejected. The total number,
then, of examinations, (exclusive of enrolled men who came up for exemption from
the draft, or ratlier to have their names stricken fi-om the enrollment-lists,) that were
made under the authority of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, and of which
records more or less complete were made and preserved, is 910,652.

March 17, 1866, Maj. Gen. James B. Fry, Provost-Marshal-General of the United
States,' submitted to the Secretary of War a final report of the operations of his Bureau,
including "a historical report of the operations of the medical branch," and "a ^yrdim-
iiiary report of the medical statistics on file." Before the Bureau was discontinued,
(August 28, 1866,) it was evident that very valuable statistical matter existed, in the
form of disconnected records, which, if compiled in a shape to be readily consulted,
and so arranged as to present comparative results, would be of great value, but which
must necessarily be lost to the world unless some action were taken by Congress to
provide for its compilation and pubhcation. To this end, resolutions were passed by
the Senate and the House of Representatives on July 9, 1866, directing the Secretary
of War "to communicate * * * a report of the medical statistics collected during
the war in the Bureau of the Provost-Marshal-General by Surgeon J. H. Baxter as soon
as such report can be compiled and prepared by him ;" and in accordance with this
resolution the work was commenced on August 28, 1866, and has steadily progressed
up to the present time, (1S75,) the necessary appropriation of money having been made
by Congress July 28, 1866.

Of the records, covering the examination of over a million men, a little over one-
half have been used, owing to incompleteness in the remainder. This incompleteness
was found largely among those of an earlier date — those made prior to the establish-
ment of the medical branch ; but as those which could be used seemed to be fair repre-
sentatives of all, the omission abridged the work rather than detracted from its value.
I believe the data from which these statistics are comjjiled vastly exceed in extent any
of a similar nature ever before collected and published; and the exclusion of all incom-
plete records from the statistics, while it does not reduce the number of examinations
actually made use of to a low number, renders them free from the objection that, in
many instances, statisticians resort to the calculus of probabilities to eke out the meager
foiindation on which their conclusions are based.

The examinations, the records of which form the groundwork of these statistics,
were conducted in the manner following : A large room, having abundance of light,
was chosen as the examining-room, upon entering which the recruit was required to
divest liimself of all his clothing; and as this was done in the presence of the exanaining
surgeon, any defect, as a stiff joint, &c., which the volunteer or substitute would wish
to conceal would often be detected, especially as he would be thi-own off his guard, not
supposing the examination had commenced. Similarly, a feigned defect could be
detected. Having divested himself of his clothing, he was asked his name, age, nativity,
and occupation, and questioned in regard to his general health and that of his family,
whether any hereditary taints existed, and if he had ever suffered from any disease or
accident, thus endeavoring to obtain all the information possible concerning him, his
conversation at the same time enabling the surgeon to judge of his mental as well as of

' Message and Docnmeiifs, War Depaitniert, Part 3, ]86!i-'e6.

JV INTRODUCTORY.

his physical qualifications. He Avas then placed under the sliding-bar of a stationary
measui'ing-rod, directed to stand erect while his height was accurately measured and
noted, and a tape-measure was passed around the chest, over the inferior angles of
the scapulae, and directly over the nipples, and an accurate measurement taken both at
inspiration and at expiration. After this the color of the eyes and hair, and the com-
plexion were noted, and a general inspection of the whole body made, notice being
taken of the muscular development and general appearance ; and at the same time
tumors, ulcers, varicose veins, clu-onic swellings of the extremities, or any visible defect
that would disqualify him for service, were carefully sought for. The head was then
examined for any depressions or irregularities that might exist, and the eyes, eyelids,
nose, ears, teeth, palate, and fauces were attentively noticed. The chest was then
inspected, and the respiration, action of the heart, and condition of the lungs ascertained
by auscultation and percussion. He was next directed to stand erect, place his heels
together, and raise his hands vertically above his head, the backs together, in which
position he was required to cough and make other expulsive movements, while the
abdomen, the inguinal rings, and the scrotum were examined for hernia. The penis
was then examined for epispadia, hypospadia, and venereal disease ; the groin for
glandular enlargements ; and the testicles for atrophy, induration, and other diseases
He was then required to bend forward, the fingers touching the floor, the legs straight,
and the feet widely separated, in which position the fissure between the nates was
inspected for haemorrhoids, fistula, prolapsus ani, or any other disease of the anus, and
firm pressure was made along the whole length of the spine, at shoi't intervals, to dis-
cover if any tenderness indicative of disease existed. Next he was required to extend
his arms laterally, at right angles to the body, and then bring them together on as
nearly the same level as possible both in front and behind ; to pronate and supinate
them rapidly ; to strike out from the shoulder ; to flex the arm upon the shoulder,
and the forearm upon the arm ; and to open and close the fingers rapidly. He
was then required to walk rapidly, and to run around the room several times ; to
hop, first on one foot and then on the other ; with his heels together, to raise himself
upon his toes ; to flex and extend the thigh, leg, and foot ; to kick first with one foot
and then with the other, and to make several leaps in the air. While thus excited, he
was again examined for lung and heart diseases, and also for hernia. The eye-sight
was next tested by placing him at one end of the room, the surgeon standing at the
other, and asking him the number and color of objects displayed to each eye separately.
The hearing was also tested at the same time by modulating the tones of the voice
while conversing with him, and by covering one ear while endeavoring to discover
defects of the other. The remaining portion of the record was then made out, the re-
sult of the examination recorded, and, in case of rejection, the disease or infii-mity on
account of which he was found unfit for military service was written in full.

The foregoing method of conducting the examinations applies more particularly to
volunteers and substitutes, who frequently sought to hide defects in order that they
might be accepted, receive large bounties, and, when in the field or at rendezvous and
distributing-camps, be discharged from the service to enlist again, and again obtain
bounties. With the drafted man, however, the case was different, and the manner of

INTRODUCTORY.

As the volunteer

conducting the examination was modified to suit the circumstances. As he volunteei
.nd r s^b t tute endeavored to conceal a defect to gain admittance to the Arm, o
'^^ch fted man frequently simulated a defect or disease that d.d no exist, or undul
n :^fi d tW existing, I order to escape from the service. Add..ond rnhn-mation
rehxtive to the manner of conducting examinations may be found on P^§« ^V^^^^^

^K reports required of examining surgeons were made on blanks fmmshed by
the nld^cab mch of the Bureau, and exhibited, in regard to volunteers and substi-
u e arr^^^^^ of the examination; (2) the designating number ; (3 tire name o
tutes, ^i; I nativity ; (6) his occupation ; (7) his height, m teet

'"l •"■;■" /s?htZ;iexion (T) the'coll- of his eyes; (10) the color of his hair;
'::;^t^o^^:^ \h .l^th of chest at expiration ; (13) whetl^r ma.
iedorsino-le- (14) whether white or colored ; (15) his genenxl physical constitution
an c;i:S?on Ur the general term ''physique ;" (16) f^^^J^^^^^ --.t
stitute- (17) the resuh of the examination, whether accepted or rejected (18) spec.h
I on 'o/ the disease or disability for which he was rejected, or,_m case of -cep^n .
^ note of any distino-uishing natural or accidental mark by which he imgh be ident -
fied In release of drafted men the record was the same, with the addition of col-
nmns for recordiu"" the town and county where drafted. ^ ^, ^ , .

Th ati Ll table, and chart, which constitute Part. I and II of tins report ave
accomnan d by explanatory remarks, and, therefore, requh-e only comments o a gen-
ZLter in this introduction. The elementary conditions "'-';"'-■"»--
parison with each other are: height; girth of chest ; .«P»™'»" »' ^ .^' (Taceoftst
comnlexion • nativity ; social condition, married or single;) and locaht} , (place 01 . esi
dent ) The comparison of each of tlie^ with others, and a ™-<^-'"'" »'*!''
Xi to disease, may be briefly stated as the scope o this rei»r --'l^^-™

that statistics, when presented in a fonn requn-mg from the reade, J ^"^rd LSof
putation, fail to be interesting or beneficial except to a very few ad a ced students o
the subiect- and, in order that this report may be easily comprehended by any one
al in Sd, tl,; plan of giving ratios expressing the relation ^!^V'i:rt:.^
to another has been adopted; and again, as these raios are »-' «-'»'; '"'J, ''^X;*^^^
comparable one with another. If it be stated that out of "'■«« ." ™ "' f ^i;™
plein S70 were rejected on aceonnt of chronic rheumatism, and that out " -1^- "
if li^ht complexion the number rejected for the same di.,ease was 1,013, no dehnite
Mea i eo"iv yed as to whether the men of light or those of dark comp exion we e
fid more iected by that particular disease ; ^"^'-^"it^f^^tJ^tZ
well as the „uml,or is given-4.871 for the former "."'' "'"^^ f" *«J^ ^ , ''^.f,,^
once clear t« the mind that the men of dark complexion were mo e "«« «» *»" ";°
other class. ' Again, if it be stated that on account of the same disease 1,. MO on o
3 r« " "a«ve Americans were rejected, and that out of .,4.944 men of «-n- ' 1
he number reiected was 287, it is not clear which nativity was lound more affected

, 1 -ing the respective millesimal r„.ios-4.8fK and 4.313-we arrive a, a » ,

a d undeista°,d that tie ,«,,■ of rejection in the iir.st case was four men and eig ,t liun-
dr«l forty-eight thousandths of a man in the tl^on^^nA^^niO^^iO^^^^^^^

' Sue Tablo 18.

VI

INTEODUCTORY.

little less, being four men and three hundred and thirteen thousandths of a man per
thousand examined. *

The value, then, of the ratios given cannot be overestimated, because without
them the whole work would prove to be practically valueless. The labor of com-
puting all these ratios has, of course, been very great ; over a hundred and thirteen
thousand calculations, in which the decimal was carried out four places, having been
made and carefully verified by the ordinary method and by the addition of the results
ob1;ained, which, if correct, would agree with a larger ratio obtained in another way.
A further statement of the labor required to bring the statistics into their present shape
may be di interest. For convenience in estimating, the tables may be put into six
classes, as follows : the first class consisting of Tables 1 , 2, and 3 ; the second, of
Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 ; the third, of Tables 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 ; the fourth,
of Tables 16 and 17; the fifth, of Tables IS, 19, and 20; and the sixth, of Tables 21,
22, and 23. To produce the tables of the first class in their present form, three
thousand five hundred preliminary tables had to be made. These preliminary tables
contained, in the aggregate, three million five hundred thousand sets of figures, or
independent numbers, and were condensed into twenty-four intermediate tables — one
for each nativity — which contained one million four hundred and forty thousand
sets of figures, exclusive of eleven thousand ratios ; and these twenty-four intermediate
tables were condensed so as to form Tables 1, 2, and 3, presented in this report. The
subjoined tabular statement, which recapitulates the foregoing, and shows the work
performed on the other classes, will give, with less verbiage, a better idea of the labor
necessary for the preparation of the statistical matter :

Class.

Preliminary
tables.

Sets of fig-
ures.

Intermediate
tables.

Sets of fig-
ures.

Number of
ratios.

Final tables.

\

3,500
1,225

78

310

310

3

3, 500, 000
1,500,000
148, 800
310, 000
310, 000
179, 040

24
6
6
1
1
3

1,440,000
37,000
11,904
17, 334
30, 000
62, 352

11,000
18,000
3, 000
4,050
15,000
02, 352

3

2

6

3

4 .

0
2

5

6

3

Totals

.5,421)

5, 947, e40

41

1,598,590

113,402

23

It should be bonie in mind that this statistical matter does not relate to soldiers
already in the service — picked men, in no wise representing the masses — but to the
people; the men engaged in every occupation ; the professional man and the man of
letters, the trader, the merchant, the clerk, the artisan, and the unskilled laborer ; the
rich man and the poor man • the robust and the crippled ; in short, to the citizens of
the United States, both native and foreign-born, and does, it is believed, illustrate the
physical aptitude of the nation for military service. The tables in which nativity is
an element of the comparison show the physical condition of foreign-born citizens of
various nativities in relation to each other and in relation to native Americans, both
white and colored.

' Sec Table 17.

INTRODUCTORY. VII

Tlie charts and maps, as stated in the introductory notice to Part II, are derived
from Tables 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 22. Although the statistics of all these tables are
rendered easy of comprehension by the ratios given, yet a mental comparison of ab-
stract numbers is necessary; but the charts, which have been prepared in order that the
most interesting results of the pathological tables may be presented to the eye, show,
as a picture and at a glance, the relation between the different terms, conditions, or
elements of the comparison. An inspection will at once reveal the method adopted,
and the comments upon each chart or class of charts will direct the attention of the
reader to the interesting comparative results.

It may be of interest to mention that, after the tables forming the secoud volume
had been stereotyped, the completion of an improved "calculating engine" seemed to
offer a desirable opportunity of testing the accm-acy of the work done. The machine
was accordingly obtained, and the entu'e series of ratios re-calculated by it. Although
this proceeding has necessarily produced considerable delay in publication, it is amply
compensated for by the satisfactory conviction that the figures referred to are indis-
putably correct.

In the preparation of this work, I have been very materially aided by the profes-
sional and scientific attainments of the following gentlemen, who have been on duty in
my office, viz : J. 0. Stanton, M. D., late surgeon United States veteran volunteers ;
Robert Fletcher, M. D., late surgeon and brevet colonel United States volunteers; and
M. L. Baxter, M. D., late acting assistant surgeon United States Army. Mr. J. J.
Beardsley, also, as chief clerk, lias discharged the duties assigned to him with diligence
and discrimination.

The accuracy, and consequent usefulness, of a Work like the present, which abounds
in teciinicalities and contains such a multitude of figures, depends, in no moderate
degree, upon the critical supervision and cultivated taste that may be exercised upon
it at the press. To the Superintendent of the Government Printing-Office, the Hon.
A. M. Clapp, I take pleasm-e in according the grateful acknowledgments which he has
so ably and coiuteously earned. I have also to thank his skillful assistant, Mr. H. T.
Brian, Foreman of Printing, for the unwearied vigilance and intelligent scrutiny with
which he has aided in the production of these pages, which, of themselves, bear wit-
ness to the justice of this commendation.

The following comparative view of instructions, issued by different governments
for the guidance of the examining-surgeon, as also a history of the attempts at man-
measurement, with a bibliography of the subject, will, it is hoped, be found valuable,
not only in connection with the tables of this work, but to students of antlu-opology.

VIII INTRODUCTORY.

A comparative view of the instructions issued hy the United States Government and hy the
principal {jovernments of Europe for the guidance of the medical officer in the exami-
nation of recruits.

In the United States, as in most of the great kingdoms of Em'ope, tlie limitations
as to heioflit and ag-e of the recruit have varied with the uro-encv of 'the demand for
men. The rejection for physical disqualification, such as disease or deformity, how-
ever, has admitted of no such variation. The experience of all nations has demon-
strated the uselessness of attempting to conduct military operations to advantage
unless the rigid scrutiny of the surgeon has been exerted to exclude such men as were
subjects of or pi'edisposed to disease, or were unfitted to sustain the continued fatigue
and exposure of the march. It has been estimated by an eminent English statistician
that in time of peace 7 per cent, of the fighting-men of tlie army are habitually in
hospital. In the peninsular war 21 per cent, of the British forces were constantly in
hospital; "but the Crimea was the culminating point, for there 39 per cent, of the
force was sick on an average during seven months, and the destruction of life was
enormous." Well may Dr. FaiT add, "Nothing is so expensive as an unhealthy mili-
tary force." '■

The sickness-rate for the troops generally in the United Kingdom from 1860 to
1869 averaged 4.782 per cent., and in 1870 only 3.858 per cent-
It is known that the French troops engaged in the Crimea were better cai:ed for
by their officers and were more judiciously provided with comforts than either the
English or Sardinian forces ; yet an army of 50,000 French soldiers on their way to
Sebastopol, before the advent of the cholera, left 5,500 men in hospital on the way.^

It is difficult to make any comparison with these figures of the constant sickness-
rates of our forces in the late war, as the casualties from wounds were generally
included in the returns. Mr. Elliott's tables show that for a period of about six months
the sickness-rate varied from 7 to nearly 17 per cent., the larger rate occurring among
the western forces."* These rates are probably underestimated. The complaints of
commanding generals and the experience of regimental surgeons demonstrated a
lamentable discrepancy between the force on paper and the number of men ready for
duty In the field.

The success of an army depends so largely upon the fidelity and capacity of the
recruiting surgeon that It becomes interesting to compare the regulations established
for his guidance in different, nations ; and with this view application was made, through

tlie State Department; to the governments of Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia,

*

' Tha lieaVli of the Britiah arnvj, and the effect of recent sanUarij measures on its mortality and sickness, by Dr. Fahh. —
Journal of the Statistical Socicti/, vol. xxiv, p. 480, I^iiiuluii, 18G1.
-Army Medical Report fur 1870, [1.37.

' Hccrulcnunt di: VarmiT ct piiiidalion ile la France, ir.iv h: Dr. J. C. Ceikn'ij, 4to, Paris, 1937, p. 6.
* On the military slaiislics nf lite Cintcd States of America, 4to, Berlin, IStiS, x'- "•

INTRODUCTOKY. • '^

the North-German Empire, Belgium, Italy, a,iul Switzcrlai..!, tor their latest regulations

npon the subject.

Among the ancient Romans the physical qualifications to be required of a recruit
have been described by Vegetius in his summary of the art of war. He says, " The
young soldier ought to have a lively eye, should cany his head erect, liis chest should
be broad, his shoulders muscular and brawny, his fingers long, his arms strong, his
waist small, his shape easy, his legs and feet rather nervous than fleshy. When all
these marks are found in a recruit, a little height may be dispensed with, as it is of
much more importance that a soldier should be strong than that he shoukl be tall."'

The regulation height of the Roman soldier appears to have varied, as it has
among modern nations. The lowest stature mentioned is equivalent to about 5 feet 3
inches of our measure.^ The emperor Valentinian established 5 feet 7 inches as the
most desirable height for the soldier, which would be 5 feet 5.55 inches Enghsh. The
members of the First Legionary Cohort were required to have a stature of 6 feet, (5
feet 10.3 inches English.)

The regulation as to age in the Roman army required a ]-ecruit to have attamed
his seventeenth year upon entering the service. Under ordinary circumstances, the
soldier's term of duty ended with his forty-fifth year ; but if the need of troops were
m-gent and continual, he could be retained until he was sixty years of age. AVhen the
extstence of the republic was in peril, men of all ages, from seventeen to fifty years,
were impressed for duty.

After the tyro was accepted, he was subjected to close observation dm-ing a pro-
bationary period of four months, at the end of which time he was, if found qualified,
finally enrolled liy the impress of the "military mark" upon the hand. It is indis-
putable that this extreme care in the selection of its material was one of the causes
of the early invincibility of the Roman armies. The writer already quoted says, "An
army raised without due regard to choice of recruits was never yet made a good army

by any length of service."^

FRANCE.

The limit of stature of the French foot-soldier has undergone numerous changes.
In 1701, an ordonnance of Louis XIV fixed the limit at 5 feet, (French,) equivalent to
1.624 metres, (63.938 inches English.) From 1799 to 1803, the limit was lowered to
1.598 metres, (62.914 inches English,) and again, in 1804, to 1.544 metres, and this
last measure remained the standard until after the downfall of Napoleon. By the law
of March 10, 1818, the minimum Avas estabhshed at 1.57 metres, (61.812 inches Eng-
Hsh,) but was reduced, by the law of December 11, 1830, to the lowest point yet
attained, viz, 1.54 metres, (60.631 inches English) The law of March 11, 1832,
raised it to 1.56 metres, (61.418 inches English;) in February, 1868, it was reduced
to 1.55 metres, (61.025 inches English;) and, lastly, by the 1-aw of Jidy 27, 1872, it
was again reduced to 1.54 metres, (60.631 inches English.)

Before the re-organization of the French army in 1872, the family of a conscript
>vas allowed to furnish a substitute, (remplarant,) or to pay a stipulated sum of money
for his release; the latter process being termed exoneration. After the overwhelmmg
reverses following the war with the North-German Empire the doctrine of obligatory
personal service was adopted by the French Rcpublic,jmd_substitu^^

' Vkgf.tius Rkn.mus, Dc re miliiari, lib. i, cai.. (i. ■^Acconiin- to d'Auvillr's stau.laid. n'tcurius, op. ciL, Vb. i, cap. 7.

X INTKODUCTORV.

The principal features of the law of July 27, 1872, by which the French anny was
re-organized, are as follows:

Every Frenchman owes personal military service, and can be called upon from the
age of 20 to 40 years to' form part of the active army or of the reserve.^ No bounty is paid
in any shape. Only Frenchmen are admitted into the army; all convicts are excluded.

In January of every year, the mayor of each canton prepares a list of the names
of those young men who attained their twentieth year during the year jireceding."
On a given day, this list is read aloud, and observations are pennitted from those inter-
ested. At the di-awing, those who have been guilty of fraudulent representations have
their numbers first extracted from the m-n, after which the general drawing takes place.
Persons are appointed to draw for those not present, and the result is unalterable, no
second drawing being allowed under any circumstances.^

Exemption obtains for those who are found to be physically unfit for either active
or auxiliary duty; also in certain cases of dependent relationship, confined, however,
to those of legitimate birth. Young men who at the period of their examination have
not attained the required minimum of height, viz, 154 centimetres, (G0.G31 inches
English,) or who are not robust enough for the service, are required to present them-
selves again the next year, and, if still incompetent, again the year following, for fur-
ther examination. They are described as '■^ajournes."*

Each canton has its council of revision, consisting of a general ofiicer, a surgeon,
and one or more magistrates. After hearing all matters of appeal, the council divides
the list of conscripts into five classes:

1. Young men found fit for service.

2. Those exempt for dependent relationship.

3. Those exempt as students, volunteers, &c.

4. Those who from deficient height or other causes have been dispensed from
active service but are fit to take part in some auxiliary branch.

5. Those "adjourned" to a future examination.^
The French ai"my is classified under four heads :

The Active Army : Tlais is composed of the young men found fit for active service be-
longing to the five latest classes drafted. It also includes volunteers and re-enlisted men.

The Beserve of the Active Army: This is composed of the four classes prior in date
to the five active classes.

The Territorial Army: This is composed of those who have served their full terms
in the two preceding. This force is locally distributed, and is analogous to the Landwehr
of the German nations.

The Reserve of the Territorial Army: This is composed of those who have served
their full terms in the tlu'ee preceding.

The term of service of the French soldier dates from July 1 of the year in wliicli
he is di'awu, and extends through twenty years. Pie serves liis first five years " luulcr

' Lot siir le recntlenieut de Varmie, dn 27. juillct 1872. Bulletiu des lois <le la E<5publiqao Franfaiso : l-J" sdrio, t. v,
]>.'.t7,Hvo, Paris, lS7:i.

- As the couscii|>t iiuist )i.'ivc attained tlio ago of twenty ou or Ijel'ore the lUst December of the jear previous to the
(Irawiiij; of liis " class," it isevideut that luaiiy of them may be upward of tweuty-oue years old wheu scut to camp to
commence their military career. A competent authority has estimated the average age of the class at twenty and a
half years. {0» the mililarij cousi-ript'nm of France, by JIajor-General Bai.I'OUR, Journal of the Statintical Sociel;/. vol.
xx.\, p. 216, Londou, lciG7.)

= Op.d/., pp. OS, 93. 1 Oj). ci(., p. 101. '■ Op. eil. , p. ^0G.

INTRODUCTORY. XI

the flag " with the active army, and the next four years in the reserve of the same. *
During the following five years he belongs to the temtorial army, and for the remain-
ing six years to the reserve.

A certain number of young men of the active army are allowed to remain at their
homes "e« dlsponihiliW They take part with the reserve in two annual maneuvers,
neither of which exceeds four weeks in duration.

Men are allowed to many after passing into the active reserve. The same privi-
lege is accorded to those "ew disponibilite" even, but they are at all times liable to be
summoned to the field. Shovild one of this latter class, however, become the father of
four children, it entitles him to be transfeired to the territorial army.^

Volunteers are admitted into the army under certain restrictions. They must be
between 18 and 24 years of age, and not below 154 centimetres in height. Since
January 1, 1875, the ability to read and write is also required of them." The Prus-
sian system of one-year volunteers has also been adopted. Young men who pass a
required examination are admitted as volunteers for a year. They themselves j^ay the
entire cost of their equipment and of their support for the year; and if at the end of
that term of service they pass the final examination satisfactorily, they are appointed
sous-officiers, or receive an equivalent commission.^ An engagement for a second year
on same conditions is also permitted.^

Men convicted of maiming themselves in order to avoid performance of military
duty are to be imprisoned for a year. Physicians aiding them therein are liable to a
fine and to imprisonment for from two months to two years.'^

The official instructions to the surg-eon as to his duties in examining conscripts for
the French army are those of April 2, 1862. They are very comprehensive."

The candidate is to be entirely naked when examined, and is to stand in the posi-
tion of the soldier without arms In the general survey, certain defects are to be looked
for, which at once incapacitate for military service, such as marasmus, obesity, extensive
marks on the face of a livid, hairy, or frightful appearance ; loss of substance of the
cheeks ; the loss of both eyes, or of a single eye ; loss of the nose ; loss of a limb, or
of an essential part thereof; loss of the penis; evident deformity of a limb. Should
none of these appear, the examination of the entire body is to be made in detail.
The surgeon is to satisfy himself that the splanchnic organs are sound, and the organs
of the senses in full perfection; that there is nothing to impede the full use of the
limbs, or to render painful or difficult the carrying arms and equipment. Finally,
he is to ascertain that the man has no infirmity which, though not obnoxious to his own
health, might excite disgust among his fellow-soldiers in the close contact of military
quarters. The use of angesthetics in the examination is not permitted, except in hos-
pital-cases, where invaliding is in question.

Table of disqualifications for the militar/j service in France.

GENERAL DISEASES.
Weakness of constitution.

Anaemia, when extreme.

' Op. cit., p. 109. • Op. cit., p. 110; also Decret du novembre ^0, 1872.

'^Bulletin dcs lots, etc., xii'^ serii), t. v, p. 112. ' Decret dii norembre 28, 187."?. '' Op. cit., p. 115.

'^Instruction ponr serrir dc. guide aux offwicrs dc saiitedans I'apprc'cintioit dcs iufirmite's ou des maladien qui rriideut ivi-
propre au serrice%ililairc. A pprourev par le inarechal de France, miiiistrc-aecrctaire d'etat de la ijuerre, le 2 arril 18G2, d'aprh
la proponition du conseil de sante des armies. Folio, Paris, imprinierie impdrialo, 1862.

XII INTRODUCTORY.

"Scrofula, if evidenced by ulcers or enlarged ganglia.

Syphilis. Primary ulcers exempt only when of great size and likely to leave ten-
der cicatrices; secondary syphilis always exempts.

Scui-vy, if attended by oedema, loss of teeth, &c.

Cachexia, induced by metallic or miasmatic poisoning.

Tubercles in any tissue of the body must be carefully sought for, as the diathesis
peremptorily exemjDts.

Melanosis.

Cancer ; cancroid ; fibro-plastic tumors.

DISEASES OF THE TISSUES

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Ekzema and lichen, when clu'onic.

Pityriasis, if very extensive.

Lupus ; pellagra.

Erysipelas can rarely exempt.

Ecthyma, pemphigus, and rupia never exempt.

Ulcers, when extensive and obstinate.

NsBvi and erectile tumors, if on the face, and repulsive, or where pressure would irritate

the latter.
Cicatrices, if extensive, disfiguring or binding.
Hairy or horny growths, if interfering with motion.

DISEASES OF THE CELLULAR TISSUE.

Thinness or emaciation ; the former, if to the extent of marasmus ; the latter may

indicate a concealed disease.
Obesity, if excessive.

Anasarca and oedema, wlien evidences of organic disease.
Abscesses; acute, when likely to destroy much tissue; constitutional and internal

(congestive) abscesses.
Lipoma and cysts, if impeding motion.

DISEASES OF THE SEROUS TISSUES.

Dropsy of the great ca\'ities.

DISEASES OF THE ARTERIES.

Aneurism.

DISEASES OF THE VEINS.

Varix of the lower limbs

DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS.

Dilatation of the lymphatics.

igi

Angioleucitis, if severe.

A^denitis, chronic and acute, according to extent.

INTRODUCTORY. -Mil

DISEASES OF THE NERVES.

Paralysis ; traumatic paralysis ; general progressive paralysis ; lead-palsy.

Habitual tremor.

Partial atrophy of iiuiscles ; contractions of muscles.

Neuroma.

DISEASES OF MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND THEIR SHEATHS.

Rupture of tendons.

Inflammation and dropsy of sheatlis of tendons.

DISEASES OF THE BONES AND THE JOINTS.

Crookedness of tlie long bones.

Spina- ventosa ; osteo-sarcoma.

False joints ; distention of joints ; ankylosis, complete or incomplete, of an important

joint.
Necrosis, caries, fistula, chronic tumors of bones.
White swellings and dropsy of joints; loose cartilages.

REGIONAL DISEASES.

DISEASES OF THE SCALP.

Tinea favosa ; tinea furfuracea ; tricophy ton ; ekzema.

Impetigo,' if chronic.

Plica.

Calvities.

Tumors and large cicatrices.

DISEASES OF THE SKULL.

Un-united sutures.

Deformity.

Fracture, though united.

Loss of bony substance ; tumors in the same.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Idiocy ; dementia ; epilepsy ; epileptiform vertigo ; catalepsy.
Ecstacy ; somnambulism ; chorea.

DISEASES OF THE EAR.

Loss of the external ear ; extreme atrophy or hypertrophy of the same.

Obliteration, contraction, vegetations or polypus of auditory canal ; perforation of

tympanum.
Obliteration or contraction of Eustachian tube.

XIV INTRODUCTORY.

Chronic otitis.

Purulent discharge from internal ear ; suppuration of mastoid cells.

Deafness and deaf-dumbness.

DISEASES OF THE FACE.

Excessive ugliness, if to the extent of repulsiveness.

Excessive protuberance of the forehead.

Tumors ; cysts ; exostoses ; ulcers of considerable extent.

Fistulse ; herpetic affections of the skin.

Facial neuralgia and facial paralysis.

DISEASES OF THE EYES.

Mechanical lesions of the globe, according to extent.

Exophthalmia ; hy drophthalmia ; atrophy.

Acute ophthalmia, (will require the subject to be reserved until the result is seen.)

Chronic ophthalmia of long standing.

Glaucoma ; staphyloma.

Keratitis, especially if chronic.

Ulcers of the cornea, if perforating.

Albugo, if in front of the pupil.

Tumors of the coi'nea.

Injuries or absence of the iris.

Synechia.

Atresia of the pupil, when complete.

M)"driasis.

Dislocation and continual tremor of the iris.

Iritis, whether traumatic, rheumatic, or syphilitic, if established.

Extreme thinness of the sclerotic.

Luxation of the crystalline lens.

Cataract.

Amaurosis ; all affections of the deep structures producing diminution of sight.

Myopia ; hemiopia ; diplopia ; pseudoblepsia ; presbyopia, if excessive ; photophobia.

Chemosis, if old ; pannus ; pterygion ; xerosis.

Cysts of the conjunctiva, if involving the cornea.

Strabismus, when the right eye is fixed in its malposition.

Nystagmus.

Absence, atrophy, or adhesions of the eyelids.

Ectropion ; entropion.

Trichiasis ; dystichiasis ; blepharospasmus.

Paralysis of the eyelids.

Tumefaction of the lachrymal gland.

Continual lachrymation.

INTRODUCTORY. XV

Obliteration of the lachrymal puncta.
Deviation of the laclii'ymal ducts.
Tumor or fistula of the lachrymal duct.
Encanthis.

DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND THE NASAL PASSAGES.

Loss of the nose, comjjlete or partial ; atrophy ; hypertrophy ; extreme crookedness or

flatness ; a crushed condition of the root.
Lupus ; acne.
Chronic rhinitis.
Polypus.
Ozsena.

DISEASES OF THE JAWS.

Dartrous eruption on the lips ; mentagra.

Labial paralysis.

Stomatitis, if constitutional in origin.

Fetid breath, if dependent on disease of stomach or on carious teeth.

Gums retracted so as to loosen the teeth.

Epulis.

Loss or distortion of teeth, when likely to impede mastication.

Partial loss or deformity of the tongue.

Stammering.

Dumbness.

Absence or extreme deformity of the soft palate.

Ranula; salivary fistula.

DISEASES OF THE NECK.

Scrofulous ulcers.

Adenitis cervicalis.

Goitre.

Torticollis, muscular or articular.

Fistula of larynx or of trachea.

Membranous laryngitis.

Aphonia.

Angina, diptheritic or gangrenous.

Dysphagia from stricture of the oesophagus or other cause.

Paralysis of the pharynx.

Stricture of the oesophagus.

DISEASES OF THE THORAX AND THE BACK.

Deformities of chest, such as pigeon-breast, depressed sternum, narrowness of chest.
(No man is to be received whose girth of chest is less than 784 millimetres, 30.8 7 in.)
Hernia of lung; traumatic injuries of lungs.

XVI JNTRODUCTOEY.

Emphysema, traumatic or pulmonary.

Ill-united fracture of rib, of sternum, or of clavicle.

Osteitis, caries, necrosis, osteo-sarcoma, or exostosis of ribs or sternum.

Hypertrophy or inflammation of the mammary gland.

Bronchitis ; chronic pneumonia ; phthisis pulmonalis ; haemoptysis ; pleui'itic effusion

Displacement . of heart; endocarditis; i)ericarditis ; hypertrophy of heart; adhesions

of pericardium ; valvular disease ; dilatation ; cyanosis.
Asthma.

Distortion of vertebral column ; Pott's disease.
Large boils on back ; carbuncle.

DISEASES OP THE LOINS AND THE ABDOMEN.

Spina bifida.

Lumbago, if chronic.

Lumbar hernia.

Psoitis.

All abdominal hernise.

Fistula.

Artificial or abnormal anus.

Tumors, abscesses, or chronic phlegmasiee of the abdominal viscera.

Inguinal abscess.

Hsematemesis.

Tympanitis.

Jaimdice, when result of disease of liver.

Tumors and fistula of perineum.

DISEASES OF THE ANUS AND THE RECTUM. -

Fistula ; prolapsus.

Fissures of anus, if deep or indicative of disease of lungs.

Stricture of rectum.

Haemorrhoids.

Incontinence of faeces.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY PASSAGES.

Incontinence of mine.

Stricture of urethra ; fistula of urethra.

Hajmaturia ; albuminuria ; diabetes ; gravel ;

Urinary abscess.

Nephritis ; renal calculus ; renal abscess and fistula.

Atrophy, hypertrophy, or extrophy of bladder.

Calculus in bjadder ; cystitis ; fistulous opening into bladder.

Hernia of bladder.

Hypospadia; epispadia.

INTRODUCTORY.

Chronic urethritis.

Hermaphroditism.

Partial or complete los.s of penis.

Elephantiasis of scrotum.

Dartrous affections of scrotvini, when obstinate.

Tumors, abscesses, fistulse, or cysts of scrotum.

Cirsocele and varicocele, when large enough to impede motion.

Hydrocele ; chronic inflammation and hydrocele of cord.

Undescended testicle, (one or both,) if remaining in inguinal ring.

Degenera,tion (cancerous or otherwise) and atrophy of testicle.

Orchitis, when chronic and not blenorrhagic.

Spermatorrhea.

DISEASES OF THE LIMBS.

Deformity ; atro23hy ; contractions from muscular rigidity.

Ill-united fractures ; old dislocations, if apt to recur

Varicose veins.

Abscesses, if extensive.

Neuralgic rheumatism, if accompanied with wasting.

GrOUt,

Lesions of finders.

Biglit hand.

1 . Loss of thumb, or of one phalanx thereof.

2. Loss of index-finger, or of one phalanx

of same.

3. Loss of two fingers, or of two phalanges

of two fingers.

4. Loss of one phalanx of each of the three
last finders.

'o^

Left hand.

1. Loss of thumb, or of one phalanx.

2. Loss of index-finger, or of two pha-

langes of same.

3. Loss of two fingers, or of two phalanges

of two fingers.

4. Loss of one phalanx of each of the three

last fingers.

Lesions of toes — either foot.

1. Loss of big toe, or of one phalanx of 2. Loss of two entire toes.

same.

3. Loss of one phalanx of each of the four last toes.
Deformity of fingers, if preventing necessary motion.
PeiTnanent contractions or extensions of fingers.
All varieties of club-foot.
Flat feet, only when the feet also curve outward, so that the ankles are likely to touch

in marching ; very hollow feet also exempt.
Over-riding of toes, if causing much deformity.
Toe bent at such an angle that the nail rests on the ground.
Web-fingers ; web-toes, if complete.
Ill

XVTII

INTRODUCTORy.

Bunion, if deep-i-ooted.

Coims, if very large and numerous.

Perforating disease of foot.

Fetid perspiration of feet.

Incurvated nail of big toe, if attended with fungoid condition of the flesh.

Hygroma, if extensive.

Loose cartilages in joints.

Claudication.

GREAT BRITAIN.

The British army is supplied with men by means of a very thorough system of
recruiting. A small bounty is paid, which varies with the need for material ; but it
seldom exceeds twenty pounds. At present the bounty offered is four pounds and the
kit. There is no conscription, nor any system resembling it, in. force in the British
dominions ; but it is the opinion of many competent authorities that better soldiers
would be obtained by it, were it introduced, than by voluntaiy enlisting.

The age of recruits for all branches of the service is from eighteen to twenty-
five years for service in Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, the Cape of Good Hope, and
the Mediterranean stations. For other foreign stations none are to be received under
eighteen and a half years. By special application "very eligible lads between seven-
teen and eighteen years of age" may be enlisted for home-infantry. Artillery-drivers
must be nineteen years old ; artificers for the artillery, seventeen. Boys from four-
teen to sixteen years of age are enlisted for musicians.'

The height and circumference of chest prescribed for the different corps of the
army are exhibited in the following table :

Cavalry :

Heavy

Mediuai . . .
Light

Royal Artillery :

GiiiiDcrs.

Heigbt.

From-

Artificers

Drivers

Eoyjil Engineers:

Sappers

' Drivers

Infantry of the line

Kitle-Iirigiule

Sixtieth Regiment

5 ft. 8 in.
.'i 7
5 G

7
H
10
5
ii

C

5

4i

To—

5 ft. 11 in.
5 9

5 10
Upwards.

r> ft. fii in.

Upwards.
■'') ft. H in.
Upwards.

r> ft. 7 in.

Chest-measurement.

34 to 35 inches.
33 to 34 inches.
33 inches.

33 inches, full.

34 inches.

35 inches.
33 inches.
35 inches.

33 inches, niinimnm.
35 inches, niinininni.

33 inches, uiinimnin.

34 inches, njinininni.

Height (in metres )

Froni-

1.727
1.702
1.67G

1.702
1.727
1.778
1.651
1.C39

i.(i:;9

To-

1.803

"1.753

1.727

1.727

1.778
Upwards.

1.689

1. 676 I Ui)Ward8.
1.639 j 1.676

1.651 I Upwards.

1.702

Chest-measurement,
(in millimetres.)

864 to 889
838 to 864

838

838, full.
864

889
838
889

838, minimum.
889, minimum.
838, minimum.

864, niininiuni.

' General orders by his Royal Uiglmeas the Field- Manhal Commandiiig-in-chief, lat November, 1872, p. 92.

INTRODIICTOIiV. XIX

The instructions to the exaniinino- snro-eons are very concise thou<i'li cleai'.' They
lack the minute detail of the P'rench code, and leave more to the individual jud^'ment
of the medical oflRcer. The directions at to the general survey and examination are
as follows :

In the inspection of recruits, examining surgeons must be guided by their ji'.dg-
ment and experience in rejecting men who do not possess the phvsical capacity requisite
for the endurance of the toil, hardships, and exposure incidental to military life.

The principal ^joints to be attended to are — -

That the recruit is sufficiently intelligent.

That his vision is siifficiently good to enable him to see clearlv with either eve at
the required distance.

That his hearing is distinct.

That his speech is witliout impediment.

^J'hat he has no glandular swellings or marks of scrofula.

That his chest is capacious and well formed, and that the soundness of his heart
and lungs has been stethoscopically ascertained

That he is not ruptured.

That the limbs are well formed and fully developed.

That there is free and perfect motion of all tlie joints.

That the feet and toes are well formed.

GROUNDS OF KEJKCTION.

Men presenting any of the following conditions should be rejected : Scrofula ;
phthisis ; syphilis ; impaired constitution ; defective intelligence ; defects of vision, voice,
or hearing; hernia; hsemorrhoids ; varicose veins, beyond a limited extent ; inveterate
cutaneous disease ; chronic ulcers ; traces of corporal punishment, or evidence of
having been marked with the letters D, or B C ; contracted or defoi-med chest ; abnor-
mal curvature of spine ; or a,i\j other disease or physical defect calculated to unfit
them for the duties of a soldier.

n he following course of examination is recommended:

Note. — When not required to approach tlie recruit fqr special objects, the siu-geon
should ahvaj's take his place at a distance of about six feet from him. The recruit
should be placed so that the light may fall u|)on him.

GENERAL EXAMINATION OV THE RECRUIT.

The recruit being wholly undressed, the following directions are given seriatim

1. Walk up and down the room smartly two or three times.

2. Hop across tlie room on the right foot.
'6. Back again on the right foot.

4. Hop across the room on the left foot.

5. Back again on the left foot.

[The hops should he short and upon the toes.)

6. The recruit is. halted, standing ujiright, with his arais extended above his head,
while the surgeon walks slowly round him, carefully inspecting the whole surface of
his body.

' Iiialriwtioiis for the medical examination of recruits for the army. Issued -vitli aniiy-circular July 1st, 1870.

XX INTRODUCTOEV.

Be)))arks. — This completes the general examination. The objects to be observed
and noted in this part are the following : The existence of any obvious defects in
physical constitution ; the formation and development of the limbs ; the power of
motion in joints, especially in the feet and hips ; flatness of the feet ; formation of the
toes ; skin-disease ; varicose veins ; cicatrices or ulcers ; marks of the letter D, or
letters B C ; and any special marks from congenital or accidental causes. If any
obviously disabling defects be noticed in the general examination, it is, of course, not
necessary to proceed with the exercise further. If no such defects be found, the
second part of the examination is at once proceeded with.

SPECIAL EXAMINATION.'

A.— The trunk

The trunk is examined fi-om below upward. The recruit stands with his arms
extended above his head, the backs of the hands being in contact. The following is
the order of inspection :

1. The surgeon notes indications of venereal disease.

2. He examines the scrotum to ascertain if the testicles have descended and be
normal, or if there be varicocele.

3. He inserts the point of his finger in the external abdominal ring of each side,
and desires the recruit to cough two or three times to ascertain if he be ruptured or
liable to that condition.

4. He examines the abdominal walls and parietes of the chest.

5. He desires the recruit to "take in a full breath" several times, while he watches
the action of the chest. Careful stethoscopic examination is made.

G. He examines the action of the heart and notes its sounds.

JRemarlis. — This subdivision comprehends the inspection for venereal disease, disease
of the testes, varicocele, hernia, visceral disease of the abdomen and chest, and capacity
of chest.

B. — The knver extremities and had:

The inspection is made from below upward. The recruit first faces the surgeon ;
afterward turns his back to him. The following are the directions given :

1. Stand on one fopt ; put the other forward.

2. Bend the ankle-joints and toes of each foot alternately backward and forward.

3. Turn round ; kneel down on one knee.

4. Up again.

6. Down on the other knee.

6.' Down on both knees, and up from that position with a simultaneous spring ol
both legs.

7. Separate the legs.

8. Touch the ground with the hands.

While the recruit performs these movements, the surgeon observes the action of
the knee-joints and the condition of the perinceum and of the spinal column.

Remarks. — This subdivision includes the inspection for defects of the toe, ankle,
and knee joints; for luBinorrhoids, prolapsus aui, fistula in perinteo, and spinal
deformity.

TNTRODUCTOKY XXI

C. — The upper extremities.

This examination is made from below upward. Time is saved by the surgeon
himself actins: as well as tellino- the recruit the movements he desires to be made
The following are the directions :

1. Stretch out your arms, with the palms of your hands upward.

2. Bend the fingers backward and forward.

3. Bend your thumbs across the i)alms of your hands.

4. Bend the fingers over your thumbs.

5. Bend your wrists baclcAvard and forwaixl.

6. Bend the elbows.

7. Turn the backs of the hands upward.

8. Swing your arms round at the shoulders.

9. The surgeon approaches the recruit and examines for marks of vaccination.
Bemarks. — This comprehends the inspection for loss or defects of the fingers,

thumbs, wrists, elbow and shoulder joints, power of rotating the forearm, and vacci-
nation. If not vaccinated, the circumstance should be stated on the attestation-papers.

.D. — The head and neck.

The examination is made from above downward. The surgeon notes the intelli-
gence, character of voice, and power of hearing of the recruit by his replies to the
questions put to him. The following are the directions :

1. Have you had any blows or cuts on the head? Are you subject to fits or
giddiness ! The surgeon at the same time examines the scalp.

2. The surgeon examines the ears.

3. Do you see well ! The surgeon examines the eyes and eye-lids.

4. He examines the nostrils.

5. He examines the mouth, palate, and fauces, and then tells the recruit to say
loudly, "Who comes there?"

6. He examines the neck.

7. The recruit is desired to dress himself

8. The special tests for power and range of vision are applied to each eye, as
directed on the card of test-dots furnished for that purpose. ,

Bemarhs. — This comprehends the inspection for injuries of the head, deafness,
disease of the ears, defect of voice, polypus of nose, state of teeth, scrofulous idcera-*
tion, glandular enlargements, and defects of vision.

For testing the power of vision, a quite simple but efi'ective invention by Professor
Longmore is directed to be made use of It consists of a card, iq^on which are printed
square dots at irregvilar intervals. A slide covers the whole or a part of these dots,
as desired. The card is held 15 feet from the recruit, at which distance each dot
corresponds to the bull's eye, 2 feet square, at 000 yards, which is required to be
quite visible to the soldier. The eyes are to be tested, together and separately, by
obliging the man to describe the iuiml)er and relative position of the dots as they are
varied in expo.sure by the person holding the card.

In measuring the chest of recruits, it is directed that the measuring-tape be placed
quite horizontally round the chest, the lower edge of the ii\\)(i touching the U})per i)art

XSII I^■TKODUCTORY.

of the nipple, the arms hanging loosely. The man is to be told to count slowly from
1 to 10, to avoid nndue inflation of the chest, and the measiu-e is to be then ascer-
tained.^ (It is much to be wished that all chest-measurements should be made both at
the moment of full inspiration and of complete expiration.)

BELGIUM.

The Belgian army is recruited by voluntary enlistments and liy an annual con-
sci-iption. The latter is conducted upon a plan closely resembling that prevailing in
France. The annual contingent is divided into the active force and the reserve.
Exchange from the former into the latter is, under certain conditions, permitted, and
substitutes are received. The young men are all registered at nineteen years of age,
and take their chances in the draAving of the succeeding year. The term of military
service is of eight years' duration.'

The minimum and maxinumi of height" are tixed for each arm of the service as
foUow^s :^

INFANTRY.

Infantry of the line, 1.55 metres (61.02 inches, English) and over.
Carbineers, 1.62 metres ((i3.78 inches, English,) ;ind over.
Grenadiers, 1.70 metres (66.93 inches, English,) and over.

CAVALRY.

Mounted chasseurs, minimum, 1.64 metres, (64.57 inches, English;) maximum,
1.67 metres, (65.75 inches, English)

Lancers, minimum, 1.66 metres, (65.35 inches, English;) maximum, 1.70 metres,
(66.93 inches, English.)

Guides and cavalry-school, minimum, 1.69 metres, (66.54 inches, English;) maxi-
mum, 1.71 metres, (67.32 inches, English.)

ARTILLERY.

Mounted artillery, minimum, 1.67 metres, (65.75 inches, English;) maxinmm,
1.72 metres, (67.72 inches, English.)

Horse-artillery, minimum, 1.67 metres, (65.75 inches, English;) maxinuim, 1.72
metres, (67.72 inches, English.)

Siege-artillery, minimum, 1.68 metres (66.14 inches, English) and over.

Train-artillery, minimum, 1 (17 metres, (65.75 inches, English ;) maximum, 1.72
metres, (67.72 inches, English )

Pontoniers, mininuun, 1.70 metres (66.93 inches, English) and over.

ENGINEERS.

Regiment of engineers, 1.65 metres (64.96 Inches, English) and over.
In all cases the chest is to be well developed, though no precise circumference is
prescribed as a limit.

' General Order 111, December 1, 1870.

- Loi 9ur la milice, '.i juin, 1870.

' Inslriiction gdni'rah rcglantl'executioii de la loi sur In milice dii i jiiiii 1870. Biuxelles, 28 Kvrier 1871.

INTRODUCTORY XXIII

The surgeon is instructed to report separately such cases of disability as unfit the
conscript for immediate service, and yet from their nature are susceptible of cure. The
recruit so reported is obliged to present himself for examination with the next year's
contino-ent.'

'&^

Tables of diseases and infirmities which justify exemption, either perpetual or temporayi).

FIRST TABLE.

INCURABLE DISEASES OR INFIRMITIES WHICH GIVE RISE TO IMMEDIATE AND PERMANENT

EXEMPTION.

1. Loss of sight of both eyes, or of one eye, due to a physical lesion of the organ.

2. Total loss of nose.

3. Deformity of nose to such an extent as to produce a rejjulsive appearance or to

impede respiration.

4. Hare-lip ; loss or deficiency of hard palate.

5. General caries of the teeth ; considerable loss of teeth, so as to impede mastication.

6. Loss of substance of jaw from necrosis, or other cause, sufficient to impede masti-

cation.

7. Dumbness caused by loss of a part of the tongue, or by peculiar conformation of

that organ.

8. Loss of the whole or a considerable part of the external ear.

9. Deafness due to absence or obliteration of the auditory tube.
10. Great disfigurement, or repulsive marks on face.

IL Large goitre.

12. Hernia, well developed.

13. Loss of the penis or of the testicles.

14. Epispadia, hypospadia, situated at the middle or at the root of the penis; her-

maphroditism.

15. Artificial anus.

16. Loss of an arm, leg, foot, or hand, or irremediable loss of motion of those parts.

17. Well-marked ati'ophy of a limb.

18. Permanent contraction of the flexor or extensor muscles of a limb.

19. Aneurism of impoi'tant ai'teries.

20. Spina- ventosa ; osteo-sarcoma ; other grave diseases of the bones.

21. Curvature of long bones, and rachitis, if interfering with motion of the limbs.

22. Lameness, when well marked.

23. Total loss of the right index-finger; total or partial loss of a thumb, of a big toe,

or of two fingers of the same hand ; permanent immobility of the same pai-ts.

24. Flat-footedness, if extreme.

25. Tinea favosa, with loss of hair.

' Nouvelles instruolions stir la visite aanitaire des hommes de guerre. Service sanitaire de Varm4e. 7 mars 1871.

XXIV INTRODUCTORY.

SECOND TABLE.

DISEASES OR INFIRMITIES WARRANTING EXEMPTION, TEMPORARY OR PERPETUAL, ACCORDING

TO THE DEGREE OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT. ,

1. Extensive lesions of the skull.

2. Extensive baldness.

. 3. Total or partial loss of sight, resulting- from injury to the nervous centers or deej)
structures of the eye.

4. Caries of the nasal passages or of the hard palate.

5. Fistula of the antrum.

6. Dysphagia from continued obstacle to j^assage of food.

7. Sarcocele, and other serious diseases of the testicle, sjicrmatic cord, and scrotum.

8. Haemorrhoids, if large, ulcerated, or habitually bleeding; incontinence of faeces;

prolapsus or stricture of rectum ; fistula of anus.

9. Deformity of feet, hands, limbs, or other parts of the body, which is likely to

impede locomotion, or prevent carrying the necessary equipment. This
will include overriding of the toes, and knock-knees.

10. Scirrhus ; cancer; inveterate ulcers.

11. Cicatrices, when large, adherent, or tender, or when likely to interfere with march-

ing or wearing the necessary equipment.

12. Varicose veins, when large and numerous.

13. Internal aneurisms.

14. Phthisis pulmonalis, when developed; and other cachexise, when grave in character.

15. Epilepsy; mental aberration ; idiocy; imbecility.

THIRD TABLE.

DISEASES OR INFIRMITIES WHICH MAY BE CURED, AND WHICH GIVE RISE TO AN EXEMPTION

FOR A YEAR.

1. Defects in the power of sight which prevent objects from being distinguished with

clearness, or at the distance required in military operations. This will include
myopia, presbyopia, diplopia, nyctalopia, hemeralopia, and strabismus.

2. Chronic ophthalmia; chronic diseases of the eyelids and of the lachrymal j^assages.

3. Ozsena.

4. Salivary listula..

5. Habitually fetid Ijreath.

6. Dumbness or permanent aphonia due to other causes than those named in tlie first

table.

7. Affections or defects of the (U'gans of speecli, voice, and hearing which interfere

witli their function.

8. Fetid otorrhoca.

9. Grave disease of the thoracic viscera.

10. Ascites; engorgement of the abdominal viscera.

INTRODUCTORY. XXV

11. PernicUicnt retention of ;i testicle at the ring, or in the lower part of the inyninal

canal.

12. Plyctrocele, varicocele, cirsocele, when the}' impede motion.

13. Calculus of ])ladder; gravel; incontinence or habitual retention of urine; fistula;

or other diseases or lesions of the urinary jjassages.

14. General or partial spasmodic motions ; habitual tremor of the whole body or of

a limb.

15. Fetid persjiiration, general or local.

16. Old cutaneoits diseases, congenital or acquired.

1 7. Decided cachexia, scrofulous, scorbutic, or sy])hilitic.

18. Weakness of constitution and predisposition to pulmonary consumjjtion.

The regulations for granting' the rcforme and 'pension de ret mite in the Belgian army
closely resemble those so minutely laid down by the Frencli authorities.

SWITZERLAND.

The Swiss army is composed of men furnished by an aimual contingent from
each canton of the confederation. The army is divided into the elifc and the reserve
In case of need, the landwehr, or home-force, consisting of soldiers who have returned
into civil life, may also be called into active service. On the 1st January, 1872, the
Swiss army numbered 201,257 men, made up as follows: StaflP, 841; elite, 84,369;
reserve, 50,006 ; Jandwehr, 6), 981.' Every male Switzer, upon attaining the age of
twenty years, owes military service to his canton for the republic, his liability terminating
with his forty-fourth year. The cantons furnish the requisite number of men, in the
proportion of 3 per cent, of the population, for the elite and li per-cent. for the reserve.
The contingent must be kept up to its standard luunber by new recruits, to compensate
for casualties and losses."

The height required for the men serving in the different corps of the Swiss army
Avas laid down in the regulations of 1857, but has been slightly modified since that
time. The regulation-stature is as follows :^

For sharpshooters and fusileers, the minimvun height is 5 feet 2 inches Swiss,
equivalent to 5 feet 1 inches English.

For engineers, 5 feet 3 inches, or 5 feet 2 inches English.

For artillery, 5 feet 5J inches, or 5 feet 4.4 inches English.

For cavalry and for artillery-train, 5 feet 4 inches, or h feet 3 inches English.

All disabilities for service in the federal arnn^ are either partial or total.'' Under
the first heading are grouped such diseases or infirmities as are incurable, l)ut yet
permit of certain military services being performed. Men enlisted as "partially
disabled" serve in the various staff-departments, and as hospital-attendants, chaplains,
military police, &C.''

' Varmee Suisse, par A. Baciielin, 12ino, Lausaiiiui, 187;?, p. 243.

• AlUjemeines ref/lenwiit Ubcr die ausuahl der rckniicn und die uhhaltiitig dcr cidijcniissisdu-H niiUliirscluileii J'iir dii: spc:ial-
i('ojfc",25 December, ISrw.

^ Ucher rcrhrsscniiir/eii und rrspnrnisxe im cidijeuiissischen iiehnreseH : bcricht an die UindcsrUlldiclte ers2)ar>dss-ki»nmis-
sion, von J. Staicmpfi.!, nationaliatli. Bern, ISfiG.

' lu'^lliiDciit mid iiixIructioiHii iilier deii yi'siindheilMlitiiKt hri der eidgiuiissisehen annce. Bern, ISGl.

'' Mr. Si AKMPFLi Ltiiiiplaiiis that, no! witlistainlini; this regulation, alile-boiUcd soldiers are constantly employed for
the veiy work to which the "partially disabled were intended to be assigned. " Op. cit., p. 15.
IV

XXVI INTRODUCTORY.

Men found to be totally disabled are again divided into two classes : Firstly, of
those permanently disqualified; and, secondly, of those who may at some future time
have recovered from their malady and have become capable of service.

In case of suspected simulation of disease, the surgeon is authorized to send the
man to hospital for such continued observation as he may think requisite. The
official list of disqualifying diseases is not classified upon any system of nosology,
being merely alphabetical in order. The disabilities which insure total or temporary
exemption do not difter in any impoiiant particular from those already described in
the French and Belgian regulations. The practice of enlisting men who are subjects
of incurable though partial disability is so far peculiar that the table of diseases
warranting this selection deserves careful consideration.

PARTIAL DISABILITY.

Diseases or infirmities which may he incurable, hut nevertheless ijermit the performance of

certain military service.

Abdomen — chronic diarrhoea.

Arm — moderate degree of deformity or disproportion.

Articulations — weakness from accidental causes.

Cicatrices — when not very large or tender.

Cranium — partial deformity.

Eyes — such affections of the sight as may necessitate the use of spectacles.

Face — moderate deformity from marks or cicatrices ; tremor of facial muscles.

Fingers — partial loss, stiffness, or paralysis ; supernumerary fingers ; all according to

amount of useful motion still remaining.
Genital organs — defects or partial loss.
Hernia — when easily supported by a truss.
Knee — displaced or ill-united fracture of patella.
Legs — deformity and limping.
Obesity — according to degree.

Structure of the body — feeble or badly-developed body.
Teeth — total loss or very bad condition of incisors and canines of one jaw.
Toes — deformity or irregularity ; partial or total loss of big toe, or of two other toes

of same foot.
Vertebral column — slight deformity.
Voice — stammering.

TOTAL DISABILITY.

I. — Diseases which for the time totally disqualify, hut lohich admit of cure by time or treatment

Abdomen — acute inflammation of any of the viscera,

Abscess — of important organs.

Articulations — acute inflammation; weakness, the result of wounds, contusions,

luxations, or ganglia.
Bladder — acute inflammation.

INTRODUCTORY. XXVII

Cholera.

Cicatrices — if non-adherent to parts beneath.
Congelation — inveterate cliilblaiiis, with nlceration.

Cutaneous eruptions — acute and eruptive fevers ; such diseases of the skin as are
' likely to yield to treatment.

Delirium tremens.

Dropsy — dependent on acute inflammation.
Dysentery.

Ears — all diseases which admit of reasonable hope of cure.
Encephalon — inflammation.

Eyes — all diseases which admit of reasonable prospect of cure
Feet — bunions ; varicose veins, if small ; fetid ^ler.spiration.
Glands — swelling and induration, according to degree.
Gonorrhoea.
Heart — inflammation.
Helminthiasis.

Haemorrhages — if likely to yield to treatment.
Hypochondria.

Intermittent fever. *

Kidneys and urinary apparatus — acute inflammation.
Larynx — inflammation.

Lungs — inflammation, haemorrhage, or abscess.
Mental diseases — if likely to be temporary in character.
Mouth — tumors ; fistula.
Nails — onychogrj-phosis.
Neck — inflammation of glands or muscle.
Neoplasms — benign tumors promising radical cure.
Nose — polypi, easily removable.
Parotid gland — inflammation.
Pharynx — inflammation or abscess.
Pleura — inflammation.

Rheumatism — acute or chronic, if likely to yield to remedies.
Scrofula — local disease.
Stomach — inflammation ; haemorrhage.
Structure of the body — general debility.
Syphilis — primar}^, recent.
Testicles — inflaimnation ; abscess.
Tongue — inflammation, wounds, or ulcer ; ranula.
Trachea or bronchi — inflammation.
Typhus and typhoid fevers.
Ulcers — superficial.

LTrethra — inflammation ; fistula and stricture.
Veins — inflammation.

XXVIU INTRODUCTORY.

II. — Diseases which totally and permanently disqualify for military service.

Abdomen — ulceration of the intestines; tubercles and morbid growths; stricture; fistula.

Abscess — with destruction of important parts.

Aneurism — of large arteries.

Apoplexy — well-defined disposition to apoplexy, dependent on structure of body and
condition of heart and arteries.

Arm — ankylosis of joints ; distortion or paralysis ; loss of an arm.

Articulations" — chronic inflammation ; caries, fistula, dropsy, and morbid growths of
joints ; stiffness arising from cicatrices, contractions, ankylosis, old luxations, and
exostosis ; relaxation of ligaments, permitting easy dislocation ; false joints.

Bladder — paralysis or stricture of neck.

Bones — periostitis, exostosis, caries, necrosis, tumors, rachitic affections, and badly-
united fractures.

Breast — malformation of the thorax.

Catarrh — constitutional pulmonary catarrh, with dyspnoea.

Cicatrices — if large and adherent and interfering with motion.

Clavicle — irreducible luxation or considerable deformity.

Consumption.

Cranium — depressions ; exostosis ; deficiency of bone.

Cutaneous eruptions — inveterate skin-diseases.

Diabetes.

Dropsy — when constitutional.

Ears — all diseases or malformations wdnch cause complete deafness ; purulent constitu-
tional otorrliQ^a.

Encephalon — morbid growths.

Eyes — all diseases, malformations, and injuries of eyes and eye-lids in which a per-
manent cure is not to be expected, nor a sufficient recovery of power of vision
for military duties. The loss of sight of one eye exempts from all service.

Face — great deformity from nsevi, spots, tumors, cicatrices, &c.

Feet — flat-footedness, if it make walking difficult ; club-foot and horse-foot ; varicose
veins, when numerous and liable to burst.

Fingers — total loss of thumb, or of use of it ; total loss of right index-finger, or of
more than two fingers of one hand ; partial loss, stiffness, paralysis, deformity, or
supernumerary fingers, if preventing free use of hand.

Gangrene of a limb.

Glands — swelling' or induration, if excessive and constitutional.

Goitre — when large, cystic, or extending behind the sternum.

Gout — inveterate, with swollen joints.

Hair — incurable baldness, extending over half of the scalp.

Heart — organic disease or malposition.

Hsemorrhages — when due to lia?morrhagic diathesis.

Haemorrhoids — inveterate, bleeding, and constitutional.

Hernia — voluminous or confined with difficulty.

INTEODUCTOEY. XXIX

Hypertrophy — of any part of the liody of sncli extent as to interfere with motion or
with wearing the uniform.

Intermittent fever, with mahirial cachexia.

Kidneys and urinary apparatus — chronic inflammation, supi)uration, or degeneration ;
renal cahuih ; Bright's disease.

Knee: — excessive cambering; incurable displacement of the patella; badly-united frac-
ture.

Larynx — clu'onic catarrh ; polypus ; constrictions, with persistent hoarseness ; phthisis
laryngea.

Leg — loss of a leg ; atrophy, paralysis, or excessive curvature.

Limbs — general or partial atropliy of an important limb ; loss or permanent retraction
of a whole limb or of considerable part of it ; loss or nearly total loss of power
of motion of same.

Lips — extensive and incurable adhesion of lips and cheeks to gums; extensive hare-
lip ; cancer.

Lungs — emphysema ; tubercles ; atrophy.

Maxillary bones — total or partial loss of substance or great deformity of either jaw ;
nearly total immobility of lower jaw.

Mental diseases — idiocy, imbecility, incurable insanity, melancholy, &c.

Mouth — malignant ulcers and growths ; salivary fistula.

Muscles — atrophy, loss, retraction, or paralysis of muscles.

Neck — incurable distortion or much-restricted mobility.

Neoplasms — benign tumors not removable by operation ; all malignant growths.

Nerves — periodic convulsions ; chorea ; epilepsy ; tetanus ; catalepsy ; paralysis. .

Nose — oza!na ; polypus ; loss of whole or great part of nose.

Obesity — excessive.

Qilsophagus — dysphagia from incurable causes.

Parotid gland — degeneration or hypertrophy.

Pelvis — malformation producing lameness; tumors; chronic inflammation of the liga-
ments ; irreducible luxation of the coccyx.

Pharynx — malignant disease or considerable destruction of soft parts.

Pleura — chronic pleurisy ; fistula ; pneumo-thorax ; extensive pleuritic adhesions.

Reetum — prolapsus, when considei-able ; stricture, paralysis, fistula, or polypus.

Rheumatism — inveterate chronic.

Scorbutus — well-developed scorbutic cachexia.

Scrofula — the strumous cachexia.

Stomach — chronic disease, with continual dyspepsia ; organic disease.

Structure of the body — a crippled or generally malformed condition of tlie body.

S5fphilis — when inveterate and secondar3^

Testicles — varicocele, when extensive and painful in erect position ; irreducible
tumefaction of spermatic cord.

Toes — malposition or deformity, making marching almost impossible.

Tongue — loss of substance, paralysis, or adhesion of tongue ; tumors.

Trachea and bronchi — chronic pulmonary catarrh, with liabitual dyspnoea ; bronch-
ectasis, ulcerations, or fistula ; tuberculosis.

XXX

INTRODUCTORY

Ulcers — Inveterate, or which easily re-open; fistulous ulcers of internal organs.
Urine — Incontinence; stricture; hgematuria; fistula; epispadia and h3'pospadia;
disease of prostate.

Veins — Extensive varicosity, with liabihty to burst.
Vertebral column — Considerable curvature and deformity.
"Voice — Dumbness and deaf-dumbness; extensive stammeiing.

NORTH-GERMAN EMPIRE.

The military regulations of Prussia have, since the formation of the North-Grer-
man Empire, been made applicable to all the states forming part of that powerful
confederation. Prior to December, 1871, one per cent, of the population of Noi-th
Germany was, by art. 60 of the constitution, to compose the active aiTuy in time of
peace; but, since that period, the Emperor, as generalissimo, decides upon the quota of
the annual contingent which shall be called under the flag. Every, German (of the
North) owes personal military service.' Substitution is abolished. Certain privileges
are accorded to those engaged in educational pursuits or who are commencing a pro-
fessional career. Exemption also obtains in some cases of dependent relationship.
The system of one-year volunteers, (Einjahrig-FremiUige,) first instituted in 1814,
is still continued. Its leading features were closely copied by the French government,
and have been described in the account given of the re-organization of the French
Army.^ Military liability commences with the calendar year in Avhich the twentieth
year of age is attained.^

The height required for the different arms of the service is as follows :''

Garde du corps

Infantry

Chasseurs {JUgers)

Cuirassiers and hulaus

Dragoous and hussars

Mounted artillery

Field-artillery

Foot-artillery

Pioneers and railroad-troops
The train (transportation)..

Height in metres.

Minimum.
1.70
1.57
1.57
1.67
1.62
1.62

i.ca

1.67

i.ea

1.57

Maximvm.

Height in English inches,

1.75
1.75
1.72
1.75

1.75

Minimum.
66.93
61.81
61.81
65.75
63.78
63.78
63.78
65.75
63.78
61.81

Maximum.

68.90
68. 90
67.72
68.90

68.90

Tlie North-German soldier remains seven years in the active army, during three
of which he serves under the flag, and during the remaining four in the active-araiy
reserve. Five years are then passed in the first ban of the Landwelir, after which he
is relegated to the second class. In time of j>eace, a certain number of young men
of the active army are permitted to remain at their homes {disponihcl) subject at all

' Deutsche wihr-ordiiimg. R ichsgesetze vom 9. Xovcviher 1867 ; 2. Mai 1874 ; 12. Februar nnd 13. Februar 1875. 12iiqo,
Berlin, 1875, p. 7.

-See ante, p. xi. =• Op. cit., p. 168. ' Beer-ordnung, 12rao., Berlin, 1875, p. 12.

INTRODUCTORY. XXXI

times to recall. The Landsturm, levy en masse, oi* general call to arms, embraces all
male natives between the ages of 17 and 42 who are not serving in the active army
or the Landwelir.

The official regulations issued for the guidance of the surgeon in examining
recraits direct him to classify them in the four divisions of—

Perfect fitness for military service ; partial fitness for military service ; temporary
unfitness for military service ; permanent imfitness for military service.'

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PRUSSIAN MILITARY SURGEON.

Slight deviations from the normal build of the.body or of its individual parts do
not exclude from service in the army.

Such deviations and defects will permit —

1. Service in any branch of the army.

2. Service in some special branch of the army.

Or they may be of a kind that they will necessitate —

3. Exclusion from military service in time of peace, but render the man liable to
be called upon to perform militaiy duty in time of actual war.

LIST OF THOSE DEFECTS WHICH DO NOT EXCLUDE FROM SERVICE IN ANY BRANCH OF

THE ARMY.

To this class belong mainly —

a. Superficial, non-adhering cicatrices from traumatic injuries.
h. Slight ulcers, originating from external causes, mainly located on the feet; and
cicatrices the consequence thereof, if unaccompanied by varicose veins.

c. Fractures which have been healed, leaving no weakness of parts.

d. Small benign tumors.

e. Scabies and other easily curable exanthemata, as well as all other easily curable

internal and extei'nal disorders.

/ Testes undescended; not to be felt or seen at the inguinal ring.

g. Slight curvature or obliquity of the neck, with full power of movement

h. "Hollow back," in which the back is too convex and the loins too concave.

i. Slight, not prominent, elevation of one shoulder or hip.

h. Slight stammering, or slightly defective power of pronunciation.

I. Defective incisors, if the other teeth remain and are in good condition.

m. Slight painless variocele.

n. Single small varicose vein on the lower extremities.

0. Slight curvature of the thigh or leg.

J). Thick knees, if congenital, and not due to pre^^ous existing- disease.

q. Knock-knees, not of a degree to interfere with marching.

r. Broad feet.

s. Slight flat-footedness, if the walking is not done on the inner margin of the foot.

t. Loss of a toe, (except the great.)

' Instruction fur mililair-aerzte zur untersuchung unil beurtheilmig der dienathrauchharkeit oder unbrauchbarkeit militair-
pflicldiger, rekruten resp. sohlaten, sowie zur bcurtheilung der invaliditat im dieust htfindlicher oder entlassener versorgungsbercch-
tigter aoldaten, 9. Dec. 1858. Berlin, 18o9.

XXXII INTRODUCTORY.

LIST OF THOSE DEFECTS WHICH DO ' NOT EXCLUDE FROM SERVICE IN SOME SPECIAL BRANCH

OF THE ARMY.

To this class belong —
a. Myopia, if not excessive.

h. Very defective or entirely absent incisoi'S and canines, if the bicuspids and tricuspids
remain and be in good order.

c. Loss of the index-finger of the left hand, or of the ring-finger of either hand.

d. Not very prominent chilblains.

e. Slightly curved toes, partially over-riding each other.

/ A rather under-developed, but not flat or depressed chest, if tlie general health be not
otherwise impaired, and sufficient muscularity of the arms exist.

LIST OF THOSE DEFECTS AVPICH EXCLUDE FROM MILITARY SERVICE IN TIME OF PEACE, BUT

NOT IN TIME OF WAR.

To this class belong —
a. Slight strabismus, if not interfenng materially with the power of vision.
h. Slight difficulty of hearing.

c. Deafness of one eai', without fetid discharge from it.

d. "Slight degree of struma cellularis, by which is to be understood a distension of the

cellular tissue on the anterior and lateral parts of the neck, if the swelling' be
soft, loose, and not very large, and if the lateral portions of the neck be more
affected than the anterior, and where slight external pressure exercised by the
hand does not materially interfere with respiration.

e. Slight degree of true bronchocele, (struma glandularis,) where tlie thyroid gland

itself is swollen, if the tumefaction be sliglit, not hard, the anterior portion of
the thyroid cartilage free from it, and only one of the cornua affected, and where
slight external pressure exercised by the hand does not materially interfere with
respiration.

f. Simple hare-lip, if the person affected refuse to submit to a surgical operation.

g. Slight shortening of the arm, or curvature in the elbow-joint, not interfering, how-

ever, with free movement in all directions.
h. Curvature or stiffness of any fingers, not to such a degree as to interfere with the

free handling of a musket.
i. Inguinal and femoral lieniia which can be retained by a truss ; also a decided

anatomical disposition to hernia, particularly inguinal, evidenced by abnormal

dilatation of the external and internal inguinal ring and the inguinal canal.
7c. Knock-knees to such a degree tliat they somewhat Interfere with locomotion.
I. Permanent weakness of the ankle and other articulations, the consequence of sprains^

dislocations, or diseases.
m. Maiming of tlie fingers or toes by the loss of individual jjhalanges.

LIST OF THOSE DEFECT.S WHICH EXCLUDE TEMPORARILY FROM MILITARY SERVICE.

To this class belong —
1. Weakness, the consequence of recent disease or of incompleted gro\vth and devel-
()))ment.

INTRODUCTORY. XXXIII

2. Diseases whose cure can be 'effected by nature in due time, such as the presence of

one or both testicles in the inguinal canal ; the loss of hair on the scalp.

3. Diseases and bodily defects, the cure of which can be probably effected by medical

or surgical interference, such as —

a. Internal diseases whose cure is probable, but where considerable time is requi-
site for complete recovery. ,

h. Inflammations of tl?e eyes and the eye-lids, if not chronic and not due to some
dyscrasia, such as blenorrhoea of the conjunctiva and its consequences,
i. e., chronic reddening, loosening, and granulation of the conjunctiva.

c. Subacute ekzema capitis.

d. Curable plica polonica, where the hair can be subsequently removed.

e. Non-malignant varieties of herpes.

/ Secondary syphilis, requiring protracted medical treatment.
g. Sebaceous, lymphatic, and other benign tumors, which, although of little
importance, are situated in positions where they would not allow the
wearing of the military regulation-uniform.
h. Hydrocele of moderate size.

i. Slight and painless sarcocele, originating from external causes.
k. Superficial fistula.
I. Simple hare-lip.

LIST OF DISEASES, DEFECTS, AND DEFORMITIES WHICH EXCLUDE PERMANENTLY FROM

MILITARY SERVICE.

1. Chronic incurable porrigo.

2. Chronic plica polonica, which is incurable and not removable on account of a

general cachexia.

3. Incurable bald-headedness, if extending over one-half of the cranium.

4. Such deformity of the cranium, pai-ticularly of the occipital portion thereof, that

no military head-covering will retain its position.

5. Loss of substance of the cranial bones, either in consequence of caries or of

mechanical injuries ; also exostosis and fungous ulcers of the scalp.

6. Weakness of vision, caused by nervous disorders, or by spots on the cornea, or

other pathological changes of the eyes.

7. Blindness or considei'able disturbance of the functions of sight in one or both

eyes, caused by amaurosis or cataract, or by other pathological changes and
degenerations of the internal or external parts of the eye.

8 Chronic inflammation of one or both eyes and eye-lids.

9. Ecti'opion or entropion.

10. Lachiymal fistula and ophthalmia, caused by incurable diseases of the lachrymal

organs.

11. Well-proved considerable myopia, caused by a perceptible faulty condition of the

eye, to that degree that the recruit cannot distinguish one person from another
at the distance of ten paces.

12. Permanent nyctalopia and hemeralopia.

XXXIV INTRODUCTORY.

13. Strabismus of both eyes, with considerable disturbance of the function of seeing.

14. Deafness, or extreme difficulty of hearing, of long standing.

15. Fetid disgusting discharge ti'om one or both ears, caused by caries or other

incurable disease.

16. Ozsena combined with caries.

17. Loss of the nose or considerable deformity of this organ from destruction of the

bones. «

18. Complete obliteration of the nasal cavities, rendering respiration through the nose

impossible.

19. Polypi of the nose or of the oesophagus.

20. Absence of the uvula.

21. Completely cleft osseous palate ; complete or partial loss and perforation thereof,

with considerable impediment of the function of speaking.

22. Tumors, scirrhus, and malignant ulcers of the tongue and the buccal cavity

generally ; also adhesion of the lips or cheeks to the gums, if of considerable
degree and if causing partial. occlusion and deformity of the mouth.

23. Considerable loss of substance of the tongue or hypertrophy thereof, combined

with difficulty of speech and deglutition.

24. Dumbness.

25. Excessive stuttering.

26. Old salivary fistula.

27. Total loss of incisor, canine, and bicuspid teeth, even if of one jaw only.

28. Complicated hare-lip and cancer of the lips.

29. Extensive struma celhilaris.

30. Large bronchocele, (struma glandularis,) involving the thyroid gland or the

anterior portion of it, where slight external pressure with the hand disturbs the
respiration.

31. Abnoi-mal enlargement and obliquity of the larynx, combined with difficulty of

respiration, tracheal hernia, and fistula.

32. Strumous and scirrhous swelhngs of the cervical, axillarj-, or other glands.

33. Laryngeal and tracheal phthisis.

34. Stricture of the oaeophagus.

35. Wry neck.

36. Prominent anterior, posterior, and lateral curvatures of the vertebral column,

stiflFness thereof, and malformations of the thorax.

37. Chronic asthma.

38. Fetid breath, the consequence of an actual incm-able disease of the lungs.

39. Periodical haemoptysis ; and hfematuria, caused by chronic disease of the urinary

organs.

40. Fistulse of the thorax and the abdomen, if they penetrate into cavities.

41. Completely malformed pelvis.

42. Lai'ge abdominal hernia, irreducible and not supportable by a truss.

43. Large hydrocele.

44. Scin-hous degeneration of a testicle and the spermatic cord, (sarcocele.)

INTRODUCTORY. XXXV

45. Cirsocele, if large and painful and swelling considerably when the person exam-

ined is in the erect position.

46. Rectal fistula ; artificial anus.

47. Chronic prolapsus of the rectum and incapacity to retain the fseces.

48. Considerable hsemoi'rhoidal tumors, particularly when combined with great haemor-

rhage and ulceration.

49. Difficult micturition or incontinence of urine.

50. Gravel or calculus in bladder.

51. Strictures and injuries of the urethra ; tumefaction and induration of the prostate

gland ; incurable vesical fistula.

52. Hypospadia.

53. Loss of one of the larger members of the body.

54. Considerable curvature, lengthening, or shortening of the extremities ; atrophy

and paralysis thereof

55. Stiffness or unserviceableness of the larger articulations in consequence of cicatrices,

contractions, fungoid growths, swelling of the heads of bones ; ankylosis ;
concretions within the joints ; white swelling ; old luxations.

56. Exostosis and such other deformities of the bones as interfere with free movement,

whether originating idiopathically or from badly-united fractures.

57. Clearly demonstrable relaxation of the ligaments of any articulation so as to per-

mit dislocations by ordinary motion.

58. Ganglia on the articulations, if they be large, have grown into the tendinous

parts, adhere firmly to the bones, cause pain, or interfere with the mobility
of the articulation.

59. Loss, stiff"ness, or curvature of the thumb of either hand.

60. Loss of the right index-finger.

61. Loss of two or more fingers of one hand.

62. Stiff"ness or curvature of any finger whereby the free use of the hand is interfered

with.

63. A supernumerary finger, if located in such manner as to interfere with the free

use of the hand.

64. The growing together of the fingers, or their connection by ?i web.

65. Flat-footedness, if the deformity have reached such a degree that in walking the

foot rests on the inner margin.

66. Old ulcers, combined with some cachectic condition and easily re-opening, particu-

larly on the feet ; such as are ordinarily surrounded by varicose veins, and
accompanied by induration and swelling of the cellular tissue, and oftentimes
by exostosis.

67. Large cicatrices of ulcers breaking open easily and frequently.

68. Cicatrices connected with the subjacent bones and interfering with the free motion

of the member.

69. Large varicose tumors, involving part of the foot and the lower part of the leg,

which are painful and threaten to bui'st upon bodily exertion.

70. Loss of one or both great toes or loss of several other toes.

XXXVI INTRODUCTORY.

71. Abnormal prominence of one or both balls of the foot, conseqitent upon very

oblique position of the great toe relatively to the metatar.sus.

72. Considerable curvature of one or several toes, or overlapping- of each other.

73. Supernumerary toes on one or both feet.

74. Exostosis and other tumors of the toes to such a degree that no shoes can be worn.

75. Profuse fetid foot-sweats, rendering the feet painfully tender.

76. Aneurismal tumors.

77. Caries or other pathological degenerations of the bones, due to some general

cachexia.

78. Organic diseases of the heai-t, accompanied by disturbances of respiration and

circulation ; chronic palpitation of the heart.

79. General strumous diathesis, with swelling of the glands and chronic ulceration of

the individual parts.

80. Fully-developed disposition to phthisis pulmonalis.

81. Pulmonary tuberculosis.

82. Thoracic empyema.

83. Extensive pulmonary emphysema.

84. Suppm-ation and ulceration of internal organs, recognizable by pathognomonic

signs and from the effects of these diseases on the general bodily condition.

85. Consumption.

86. Incurable dropsy ; chronic icterus, with easily-recognizable gi*ave diseases of the

abdominal viscera.

87. Malignant and inveterate skin-diseases.

88. Weak and narrow chest, even if unaccompanied by conspicuous emaciation and

disposition to phthisis pulmonalis.

89. Feeble constitution and weak bones and muscles after the age of completed growth,

combined with a sickly appearance.

90. General deformity of the entire body.

91. Excessive obesity.

92. Epilepsy or other periodical spasms and convulsions.

93. Habitual trembling of the whole body or of individual parts tliereof

94. Catalepsy.

96. Inveterate vertigo.

96. Sonmambulism.

97. Clu'onic gout and chronic rheumatism.

98. Habitual drunkenness.

99. A low degree of mental capacity, rendering military education impossible.

100. Insanity and other psychical diseases.

AUSTRIA.

The laws regulating liability to military service in Austria are not uniforai in the
extensive ten-itories of that empire. The contingent from Croatia only supplies soldiers
'for the garrisons on the Turkish border ; Hungary contributes huzzars ; the Tyrol and
Dalmatia, only riflemen. The general term of service is ten years, of which half is

INTRODUCTORY. XXXVII

passed in the reserve. In Austria proper the age for entering the army is fixed at
nineteen years. The Croats are enhsted at twenty years.

The minimum of height for the different corps of the Austrian army is prescxibed
in the law on national defenses, approved December 5, 1868, and has not been changed
since that date.' The inch is Vienna measure, and slightly exceeds the English inch
in length. The Austrian foot consists of 12 inches, and is equivalent to 0.316111
metre, or 12.446 inches English.
*- Artillery : minimum, 61 inches, (63.26 inches, English.)

Engineers: minimum, 64 inches, (66.37 inches, English.)

Pioneers : minimum, 64 inches, (66.37 inches, English.)

Hospital-attendants: minimum, 59 inches, (61.18 inches, English.)

Inftxntry: minimum, 59 inches, (61.18 inches, English;) maxinmm, 66 inches,
(68.44 inches, Enghsh.)

Cavalry: minimum, 61 inches, (63.26 inches, English;) maximum, 68 inches,
(70.52 inches, English.)

Train-attendants: mininmm, 60 inches, (62.22 inches, English;) maximum, 66
inches, (63.44 inches, English.)

The instructions to the Austrian military surg-eon insist upon great delicacy and
humanity being shown to the recruit under examination." If he should declare him-
self to be afflicted with a disease that cannot immediately be recognized, he may be
sent to a hospital for observation. If the disease under which a conscript is laboring
appear susceptible of cure, he may be retained in hospital for four months, with the
hope of obtaining that result, but he cannot be compelled to submit to a surgical oj)er-
ation. In the process of examination of the recruit absolute nudity is not imperative,
the rather vague direction being given that entire stripping will only be ordered when
a thorough examination cannot be made without it.

The instructions for the medical examination in detail are very comprehensive and
minvite, but, in general, resemble those authorized by the French government. The
measurement of the circumference of the chest is to be performed while the man's arms
are extended horizontally from the body, and at the moiuent of comjileted expiration.
The tape is to be passed over the nipples. The minimum of circumference admissible
is 29 inches, which is equivalent to 0.763918 metre, or 30.075 inches, English. Any
smaller girth causes positive rejection, even though it be accompanied with the lowest
legal stature.

The first table of diseases comprises those which are not incompatible with military
service. The general direction concerning them is that they must be such as will not
Interfere with mental or bodily activity, or with the free use of the organs of the senses
and of locomotion. The next table includes such disabilities as are temporary in their
character and will admit of cure.

The third table exhibits those maladies which permanently exempt. It will be
seen that all forms of hernia exclude, though relaxed inguinal canal does not. Loss of
the index-finger or of the thiuiib exemfjts ; other mutilations of the fingers will not
release from service, if they do not hinder the management of a horse, the employment
of the man as a sailor, or his usefulness in some military capacity. Incurable sweating

' Instruction ziir ausfiihniiig dcy wehrg(!set:c. I'Jmo. Wiou, aus dor kaisorlicb-kiiniglichcu liof- uud staiits-druck-
erei, 1861). BcUatjc IV, p. 3^3.

- ftp. fit., p. :i.'i;). licilnije III, liiHiriiction ziir iirztlidien niilrysiiclnniri dir tfchrpfirhtiyi'ii.

XXXVill INTRODUCTORY.

of the feet, even though not fetid, is to exempt when excessive. Flat-footedness is
established as a disability when it is impossible to insert a finger between the sole and
the eronnd from the inner side of the foot.

The official instructions conclude with a table of such obvious disqualifications as
do not require the action of the surgeon. This is for the guidance of the recruiting
officer, and it will be observed to consist mostly of striking defqnnities or losses of
limbs.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUSTRIAN MILITARY SURGEON. —

At the general examination the surgeon will direct the recruit to place himself on
level ground, at the distance of a few paces, with his face turned to the light. The feet
will be closed so that the heads of the first metatarsal bones will touch, as well as the inner
condyles and knees. The arms must hang loose, and the body be erect. The surgeon
will examine the general appearance and the proportion of the limbs to the entire body.
He will also at this examination observe if any skin-disease be present.

The points that indicate a robust constitution are these : «. The head erect ; strong
neck ; healthy color of the face ; bright eyes ; good teeth ; hard and red gums. h. A
broad and well-foi-med thorax ; strong muscular shoulder-blades ; slow, deep, easy
and quiet breathing, c. Strong and regular pulse, d. Firm, elastic skin ; powerful
muscles ; strong bones ; firm step ; generally correct proportion of the body ; and the
free use of all the senses.

After the general inspection of the recruit, the surgeon will proceed to a special
examination of all the parts of the body.

He will first observe whether the head be not uncommonly large or misshapen ;
on the scalp he will search for elevations or depressions, eruptions or tumors.

He will observe the shape of the forehead and the appearance of the whole face.
Particular attention must be paid to the eyelids, their mobility and capacity for suffi-
cient dilatation and complete closure ; the cilia, their position and direction ; the func-
tions of the lachrymal organs, in regard to the secretion and evacuation of tears. Each
eye must be examined separately in regard to itself, as well as in its relation to its
fellow, as to position, size, elasticity, and general condition, the perfect clearness of the
light-conducting media, and their free and undisturbed function. He will also test the
power of sight, and by trials and judicious questioning ascertain whether myopia or
presbyopia exist.

To find whether .the nares. are well dilated, he will cause the recruit to - breathe
strongly and repeatedly through the nose, and through eaqh nostril separately ; he will
observe that the nose is not disfigured, and that no tumors or polypi exist in the cavity..

He will see that the lips are healthy; that the maxilla is easily moval)le; that the
teeth, the gums, the tongue, the palate, the uvula, the tonsils, and the pharynx are in
normal condition. He will detect the presence of false teeth or an artificial palate, and
observe if there be fissure of the palate or diseases of the tonsils or fiiuces. At this
part of the examination he will take note of the existence of foetor of the breath, and
of the pi'esence of defects in the organs of deglutition and speech.

In the examination of the auditory organs, the surgeon will olxserve tlie external
ear, and carefully examine if the auditory canal be not occluded, or if there be any
discliaro-e or ulceration. Ho will sntisfv himself as to the acuteness of hearing, for

INTKODUCTUKY. XXXIX

which purpose he will sometimes address questions to the recruit in a low voice. As
a general rule, the surgeon ought to keep up a conversation with the recruit, and fre-
quently dwell upon subjects having no connection with the examination.

Of the neck he will observe the shape, mobility, and direction ; also if there be
any tumors, fistulas, or cicatrices ; the position of the head must also be considered.

In examining the chest, ho will scrutinize the sha,i)e of the thorax, its length, its
breadth, and its depth ; the condition of the clavicles, the sternum, the processus ensi-
formis, and the ribs. The circumference of the chest is to be measured in all recruits
having the prescribed height, independently of their being otherwise considered fit or
unfit for military service. The mode of proceeding is as follows: The recruit will
extend the arms hoi'izontally ; the surgeon, placing himself behind the recruit, will lay
the tape over both nipples, covering them, and, passing it horizontally around the chest,
will join the ends on the vertebral column, and take the measure at the moment of
completed expiration. If* the measurement show 29 inches, Austrian measure, (30 inches,
English,) the recruit will be considered, all otlier conditions being favorable, a fit
subject for military service. A girth of less than 29 inches, even if combined with the
minimum height of 59 inches, Austrian measure, (61 inches, English,) will be con-
sidered sufficient reason for rejection. The surgeon will cause the recruit to breathe
deeply several times, to observe if the act of respiration be performed freely and easily.
He will take into consideration any cough and its sound which may present itself at
this time. He will then observe the heart and the heart-beats. In doubtful or sus-
pected cases of disease of the organs of circulation and respiration, he will call to aid
physical diagnosis, (auscultation and percussion;) the position of the scapulas and the
condition of the axillary glands are also to be taken into consideration.

The size of the abdomen must be observed ; also if tumors exist externally or in
the abdominal cavity. The condition of the umbilicus, of the abdominal ring, and the
existence of dilatation of the latter, or of hernia, should be noted. To facilitate the
discovery of the latter two infirmities, the recruit should be made to blow into his fist.

The formation of the pelvis is to be observed. Of the organs of generation, the
penis, the spermatic cords, the testes, the scrotum, and the perineum must be carefully
examined, and particular attention paid to the condition of the urethra. The presence
of both testes and their freedom from indurations, and the non-existence of hernia or
other tumors in the scrotum should be also carefully determined.

The surgeon will now proceed to the examination of the vertebral column. He
will observe if it have the normal direction, or deviate from it ; if some of the vertebrae
be unduly prominent, hypertrophied, or atrophied. For the purpose of this examina-
tion the body of the recruit must be bent forward. At the same time the sacrum, the
coccyx, and the anus must be examined ; in the latter, to discover haemorrhoids, fistula,
or prolapsus.

Finally, the surgeon will proceed to the examination of the extremities. He will
observe their formation in regard to length, development, and mobility, as well as the
condition of the skin and of the superficial blood-vessels. The movability of the indi-
vidual joints can be judged of by flexion, extension, addixction, abduction, and
rotation.

XL INTRODUCTORY.

The following order will be observed for the examination of the upper extremities;
The surgeon will cause the recruit to extend both arms in such a manner that the
palms of the hands will touch. This will enable him to judge of the equal length of
both arms. He will next direct him to cross the arms on the breast, on the back of
the neck, and then to extend them straight over his head. This will enable him to
judge of the equality or inequality of the shoulders. Finally, he will desire him to
cross the hands on the back. The recruit will also be made to move the hands in
every direction, to close his fingers and extend them again, during which time the
number, position, and condition of the fingers will be observed.

As to the lower extremities the surgeon will observe if the knees are in a straight
jjosition or bent iuAvard or outward ; if they be not enlarged from disease ; if one leg
be not shorter than the other, or if either be crooked or atrophied. He will observe
the existence of club-foot, horse-foot, or flat-foot. Doubtful cases of shortness of one
of the lower extremities he decides by placing the recruit in a horizontal position, both
in supine and prone positions. To satisfy himself of the full mobility of the limbs, he
directs the recruit to kneel alternately on each knee and afterward on both knees,
and directs him to walk up and down while he observes his gait and the position of
the toes.

By a system of gentle and encouraging questions, the surgeon will endeavor to
form a judgment of the mental capacity of the recruit and to detect infirmities Avhich
might not be discoverable by external signs.

The surgeon will make a report as to the result of the examination of the recruit
under the following general heads :

1. Fit for service :

a. without infirmity.

h. with infirmity, (which is to be described.)

2. Temporarily unfit on account of (described disease.)

3. Permanently unfit on account of (described disease.)

As fit for service will be considered all those possessing a strong constitution and
who are not afflicted with any infirmity, or with only such minor infirmity as does not
interfere with bodily or mental activity and witli the free use of the senses and organs
of the body. Infirmities of this class will be found described in Appendix A.

As temporarily uiifiifor service will be considered all those Avho possess weakly
constitutions, but in whom there is reasonable expectation for a complete restoration
to health ; also those who are afflicted with diseases or infirmities which will idtimately
yield to the curative power of nature, or to appropriate medical treatment, or the
violence of which can be so diminished, at least, that tlie person affected may }^et
become fit for service.

As fermancnihi unfit for service are to be considered all those who are afflicted
with such infirmities as will interfere with the free movements of the body, and
especially with the fi-ee use of the limbs ; such as interfere with important functions
of the organism ; such as render impossible the necessary exertion of mental and
bodily vigor ; in fact, all disorders which are undoubtedly grave and incurable. In
Appendix B these infirmities and diseases will be envimerated. Appendix (,• contains

INTRODUCTORY. XLI

a list of all those palpable infirmities which can be easily recognized, even by non-
medical men, and which exclude forever from military service.

It is the duty of the surgeon to convince the non-medical members of the com-
mission, as far as possible, of the existence of the disqualifications discovered by him.
He will, therefore, in all cases which are not at once recognizable, call the attention
of these other commissioners to the characteristic points of the infirmities, giving at
the same time all needed explanations.

APPENDIX A.

List of those infirmities wJdch are frequently met with but do not imply unfitness for military
service, if the recruit possess otherwise a strong constitution.

I. — HEAD.

a. — Cranium..

1. The head disproportionately large.

2. Slight baldheadedness or single bald patches.

3. Movable or immovable cicatrices, if located on spots where the head-covering of

the soldier does not exercise any pressure.

4. Slight permanent depressions of the cranial bones, npt impairing the functions of

the brain.

I). — Auditory organs.

1. Partial or total absence of a pinna, if the sense of hearing be normal.

2. Malformations and benign neoplasms of the pinna, not interfering with the sense of

hearing.

3. Ekzema on the pinna and in the auditory canal ; also acute or chronic inflammatioit,

(with discharge from the ear,) which is confined to the external meatus, and
where neither bone nor periosteum is afifected ; also polypi, originating in the
auditory canal and therefore easily removable.

4. Slight contractions of the auditory canal, if thereby the function of hearing be not

impaired.

c. — Face.
Moles, na?vi, or other malformations, which do not perceptibly disfigui'e.

d. — Eyes.

1. Partial absence of cilia, if the borders of the lids be not in a diseased condition.

2. Benign, non-deforming tumors on the lid of one or both eyes, if the functional

activity be not interfered with.

3. Peripheral cicatrices, or spots on the cornea of one or both eyes, if they do not

extend in front of the moderately dilated pupil.

4. Such disturbance of function or malformation of the left eye as will not cause

marked disfigurement, and is not indicative of frequently recurring disease,

VI

XLIl INTRODUCTORY.

nor likely to affect the functions of the healthy right eye, viz : a thin, extenu-
ated pterygium, if its tendinous point do not impinge more than half a line
upon the cornea ; partial deformity of the pupil, if the aperture be normally
large, whether caused by synechia anterior or synechia posterior ; moderate
strabismus.
5. Myopia in a less degree than that mentioned in Appendix B, article d, 13.

e. — Nose.

Slight, not very unsightly malformation of the nose, unattended with disease of the
cavity.

/ — Month.

1. Hare-lip, and other malformations of the lips, unaccompanied by prominent disfigure-
ment.
2: Partial loss of teeth, if not interfering with speech or tlie power of mastication.
3. Slight stammering, if the pronunciation be otherwiiie distinct.

II. ^NECK.

1. Bronchocele, or slight swelling of the thyroid gland, or the presence of small cysts

in the latter, if respiration be not impeded even when the uniform is buttoned up.

2. Slight glandular swellings.

III. THORAX.

1. Slight irregularities in the shape of the thorax, if imperceptible through the clothing,

and if the chest be otherwise sufficiently broad and arched.

2. Such fractures of the clavicle as show a moderate degree of formation of cnllus, with

slight shortening, but which do not interfere with the free use of the arm.

♦

IV. ABDOMEN.

1. Hypertrophied spleen, if not protruding more than two fingers' breadth below the

costal border, and if not attended with perceptible ill-health.

2. Small hajmorrholds.

3. Relaxed inguinal canal, if the intestines do not enter it.

V. ORGANS OF GENERATION.

1 . Loss of one testicle from purely mechanical cause.

2. Retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity, with closure of the inguinal

canal.

3. Small painless cysts on the spermatic cord; also slightly varicose condition of the

veins of this organ ; sliglit hypertrophy and induration of the seminal vesicles
and ducts, or of the epididymis ; moderate, painless hypertrophy of one testicle,
(not surpassing twice the normal size,) or atrophy of same ; abnormal formation
of the scrotum, not exercising any influence on the testicles, and not interfering
with tlie wearing of pantaloons.

4. Abnormal opening of the urethra in tlie viciiiitA^ oi' the glans penis, (e^jispadia and

hypospadia.)

INTRODUCTOKY. XLIII

VI. VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE TRUNK.

1. So-called hollow-back, or high back, in a moderate degree; also sHght lateral

curvature of the vertebral column, if the deformity be not apparent when the
man is dressed.

2. Slight, not prominent, elevation of a shoulder or hip.

VII. EXTREMITIES.

1. Loss of a finger, (excejiting the thumb or the index-finger,) or of phalanges, if not

interfering with the handling of the weapon or horse, with his duties as a sailor,
or with the usefulnegs of the man in some other military capacity.

2. Single, though branching, varicose veins, not exceeding the thickness of a goose-

quill, unaccompanied by tumpi's, and on the lower extremities.

3. Broad feet ; incomplete flat-foot — that is, if on planting the foot on the ground the

entire inner margin does not touch the ground, but will still retain a slight con-
cavity ; easily recognizable by the unindurated appearance of the hollow of the
foot, and particularly if only one foot be affected by the deformity.

4. Stiffness of the last two toes ; absence of an entire toe, (except the great toe ;)

absence of single phalanges, (except of the great toe ;) supernumerary toes on
one or both feet, if by this deformity the function of stepping be not interfered
with ; the growing together of two toes, (excepting the great toe ;) curvature of
the great toe ; and the over-lapping of one or more toes.

5. Bunions on the great toe, if they do not inflame and ulcerate periodically.

6. Knock-knees, bow-legs, legs bent backward, if the deformity be not very great, and

do not interfere with marching.

7. Firm cicatrices, particularly on the lower extremities, if the mobility of the affected

parts be not interfered with.

8. Fractures of the extremities, if united without shortening, although slight distortion

may have occurred, if free mobility of the limb be presei-ved ; painless swellings
of the osseous tissue.

9. Slight excess of circumference of one limb as compared with the other, if not due

to any pathological condition.

APPENDIX B.

List of those infirmities which incapacitate forever for the military service.

I. HEAD.

a. — Cranium.

1. Incm-able loss of all or of the greater part of the hair.

2. Chronic tinea capitis, incurable after treatment ; incurable exanthemata.

3. Large cicatrices, when sensitive and situated on parts where the head-covering of

the soldier exercises pressure.

XLIV INTRODUCTORY.

4. Considerable unevenness and depression of the cranial bones.

5. Incurable caries of" the cranial bones.

b. — Auditory organs.

1. Loss of the external ear, if the sense of hearing be at the same time impaired.

2. Malforaiations and tumors, of Avhatever nature, on the external ear, if inteifering to

a considerable degree with the function of hearing.

3. Imperforate auditory canal in one or both ears.

4. All forms of purulent otorrhcea, with perforation of the tympanic membrane, if the

seat of the disease be in the middle ear.

5. All chronic pathological conditions of the middle or internal ear, accompanied by

deafness or considerable disturbance of the function of hearing.

c. — Face.

1. Habitual convulsive or spasmodic contractions of the facial muscles to such a degree

that the faculty of speaking is interfered with.

2. Considerable deformity of the face, through acquired or congenital malformation or

incurable exanthemata.

3. Incurable salivary fistula.

d. — Ei/es.

1. Chronic inflammation of the margin of the eyelid of one or both eyes, with its con-

sequences, viz : permanent hypertrophy and induration, or cicatricial deformity
of the margins of the eyelids with incurable loss of the greater part of the cilia.

2. Entropion and ectropion of one or both lids in all grades or forms ; partial or total

adhesion of the lids to each other or to the eye-ball ; large, unsightly tumors
on one or both lids, interfering with theii' mobility ; paralysis of the motor
muscles of the eyelids of one or both eyes ; if all these infirmities be incurable.

3. Chronic lai^hrymal blennorrhoea, and swelling of the lachrymal sac ; lachrymal

fistula ; habitual, incurable effusion of tears to a considerable extent, caused
by any organic disease whatever.

4. Strabismus of the right eye, in any degree ; considerable strabisnuis of the left eye ;

oblique position of one or both eyes; nystagmus; exophthalmia of one or both
eyes.

5. Extensive cicatricial disfigurement of the conjunctiva ; extensive trachoma.

6. Cicatrices or spots on the cornea, of one or l>otli eyes, if covering part of a

moderately-dilated iris, whether dense, tendinous, cloudy, or diff'used.

7. Staphyloma of the cornea and iris, of any form or extent ; staphyloma sclerotica,

cirsophthahnia, and hydrophthalmia.

8. Distortion of the right pupil, originating from any cause whatever; synechia,

anterior or posterior, if more than one-half of the iris be implicated ; atresia
of the pupil of one or both eyes ; congenital fissure of the iris ; cicatrices, or
partial separation of the iris from the ciliary ligaments.

9. Gray cataract, in any of its stages ; absence of one or both lenses, occasioned by

previous operation or by accidental injur\'.

INTRODUCTORY. XLV

10. Black cataract, in all its forms and grades.

11. Atrophy of one or both eyes, in any degree.

12. Albinismus of the eyes.

13. Myopia, to such a degree that the person aifected, being armed with concave

glasses of 4 inches (4.149 inches, English) focus, is unable to read or recog-
nize print or other signs and marks of the height of one-third of a line, and
proportionately thick, at a convenient distance from the eye.

14. Hyperpresbyopia, to such a degree that the person affected, being armed with

" convex glasses of 6 inches (6.223 inches, English) focus, cannot read or
recognize print or other signs and marks of the height of one line, at a
distance of 12 inches (12.446 inches, Enghsh) from the eye.

e. — Nose.

1. Malformation and diseases of the nose which produce considerable disfigurement

and interfere greatly with speech and respiration.

2. Fetid discharge from the nose, the consequence of malignant coryza or of caries

of the bones.

/ — Mouth.

1. Hare-lip, if greatly disfiguring.

2. Malignant disease of one or both lips.

3. Cleft, perforated, or entirely deficient palate.

4. Loss of a majority of the incisors and molars, combined with a bad condition of

the remaining teeth ; extensive caries of the teeth.

5. Extensive loss of substance of the pharyngeal parts.

6. All incurable disorders of the tongue which interfere with its functions, such as

paralysis or deforihity.

7. Stricture of the oesophagus.

8. Ankylosis of one or hoth of the maxillary articulations.

9. Incurable aphonia; hoarse or nasal voice to such a degree that pronunciation

becomes unintelligible.

10. Inveterate and excessive stuttering and stammering.

11. Muteness.

II. NECK.

1. Bronchocele, hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, or the presence of cysts in the

latter, when respiration would probably be interfered with if the uniform
were buttoned up.

2. Considerable swelling and induration of the glands, with or without purulency.

3. Large cicatrices, interfering to a considerable degree with movement.

4. Fistula of the larynx or of the trachea.

5. Wry-neck, with much distortion.

III. THORAX AND ORGANS IN THE THORACIC CAVITY.

1. Irregularities in the shape of the thorax, if they interfere with free respiration, and
produce an evident appearance of deformity when the man is in uniform, such
as flatness, depressions, or chicken-breast.

XLVI INTRODUCTORY.

2. Fractures of the clavicle, which, though united, have resulted in deformity and

shortening, or which interfere considerably with the free use of the arm.

3. Phthisis pulmonalis.

4. Permanent collection of fluid in the thoracic cavity.

5. Emphysema of the lungs.

6. Organic lesions of the heart and the larger vessels.

7. Incurable caries of the clavicle, the sternum, or the ribs.

IV. ABDOMEN.

, 1. Incurable hypertrophy of the spleen or liver, with cachectic appearance of the
individual.

2. Hernia, of any size or duration.

3. Fluids in the abdominal cavity ; sensible induration of the viscera ; tumors and

neoplasms.

4. Prolapsus or fistula of the rectum, large hsemorrhoidal tumors, and fissures of the

anus, if incurable.

5. Incontinence of fseces.

v.— GENITAL ORGANS.

1. Termination of the urethra in the middle or at the root of the penis.

2. Loss of both testicles.

3. Permanent lodgment of either of the testicles in the inguinal canal or external ring.

4. Incurable hydi'ocele, or large cysts on the spermatic cord.

5. Chronic incurable hypertrophy of one or both testicles, when of considerable

magnitude ; also varicocele of the spermatic cord.

6. Incontinence of ui'ine.

7. Vesical fistula.

8. Vesical calculus.

VI.— VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND BONY STRUCTURE.

1. Marked deviation of the vertebral column from its normal figure.

2. Cleft vertebral column.

3. Marked prominence or obliquity of one or more vertebrse.

4. Caries of the vertebras.

5. Deformity from high or oblique position of the shoulders or of the pelvis.

VII. — EXTREMITIES.

a. — The extremities generally.

1. Chi'onic inflammation or swelling of the joints ; relaxation of capsular and other

ligaments, with power of voluntary dislocation ; dropsy of the joints ; pai'tial
or complete ankylosis ; contraction of the joints ; incurable tumors of the
periosteum or of the bones, if interfering with the free movements of the limb.

2. Old and incm-able luxations ; abnormal joints.

3. Incurable caries or necrosis of the bones.

INTRODUCTORY. XLVII

4. Extensive deep cicatrices, adhering to the bones and impeding the free movenaents

of the member.

5. Curvatures, inequahties, or shortenings of the long bones, interfering with the free

use of the members.

6. Paralysis of a limb. ,

b. — The upper extremities.

1. Loss of the index-finger or of the thumb ; loss of other fingers or parts of fingers,

if the handling of a gun or the guidance of a horse be thereby hindered, or the
employment of the man as a sailor, or in any military capacity, be made
impossible.

2. All malformations and maimings of the hand by which its usefulness is materially

diminished.

c. — The loiver extremities.

1. Large anastomosing varicose veins, with varicose tumors.

2. Chronic incurable ulcers of the foot, or extensive cicatrices, which open easily and

frequently, and are located in such places as to be liable to compression by
the dress.

3. Inveterate lameness.

4. Web-footedness.

5. All malformations and maimings of the foot by which its usefulness is materially

diminished.

6. Prominent and extensive deformity, such as excessive cambering of both knees,

bow-legs, or unnatural curvature of the leg.

7. Incurable sweating of the feet, so severe that the skin appears as if macerated and

raw, whether fetid or not.

8. Completely flat feet, which, however, are to be carefully distinguished from broad

feet.

Note. — Flat-footedness is meant to express that condition of the foot in which the
dorsal surface is not sufficiently arched, and the sole is not concave at its inner border.
In consequence of this condition, all parts of the sole will touch the ground when the
man is standing, so that it will be found impossible to insert a finger, from the inner
side of the foot, between it and the ground. This deformity can also be recognized
by the fact that the inner condyle is very prominent and situated lower than usual,
and that below the external condyle a concavity, more or less considerable in propor-
tion to the defoi-mity, can be perceived. The man thus afflicted will walk usually
with bent knees, as if he were pushing a wheel-barrow ; and the articulation of the
foot, although not entirely stiffened, shows plainly a lack of free movement (mainly
on stretching the foot) more or less marked, according to the extent of the deformity.

A broad foot is to be distinguished by the following signs : the dorsal surface is
nomially arched and not broader than usual at the articulation, and the plantar surface
is concave ; the extension in breadth of the foot begins in the region of the metatarsus,
and increases toward the toes, so that in some cases the toes terminate in a nearly

XLVIII INTRODUCTORY.

struight line, and the great toe does not greatly protrude beyond the others The
broad foot is usually very fleshy. Mobility in the articulation is not interfered with,
and the individual does not walk with bent knees.

VIII. GENERAL DISEASES.

1. General debility, apparently not amenable to treatment for the strengthening of the

organism.

2. Incurable skin-diseases.

3. A confirmed strumous diathesis, evidenced by chronic tumors and ulcers.

4. General and inveterate syphilis.

5. All lipomatous tumors, if they disfigure or interfere with movement.

6. All aneurisms and so-called lymphatic tumors, (congestive abscesses.)

7. Carcinomatous formations of all kinds.
8. , Habitual tremor and convulsions.

9. Chorea.

10. Paralysis.

11. Epilepsy.

12. All diseases of the mind.

APPENDIX C.

List of all such palpable infirmities as exclude forever frmn military service and can he

easily recognized even by the non-medical man.

I. — HEAD.

1. Deformity, obliquity, or abnormal size of the head to such a degree that the

military head-covering cannot either be worn at all or according to regulation.

2. Complete bald-headedness.

3. Partial loss of substance of the cranial bones.

4. Nsevi or malformations of the face producing much disfigurement.

5. Absence of one or both eye-lids, or of a considerable portion of them ; loss of

an eye.
C\ Eye-ball protruding beyond the orbital cavity and the eye-lids.
7. A very deformed nose, producing much disfigurement, or the partial or total loss

of it.

II. NECK.

1. Large disfiguring bronchocele, greatly impeding respiration.

2. Permanent wry-neck.

HI. TRUNK.

1. Disfiguring hump on the back or breast.

2. Prominent inequality in height of shoulders.

3. Great protuberance of the abdomen.

4. Prominent displacement and obliquity of the hip.

5. Hermaphroditism of the genital organs ; total or nearly total absence of the penis.

IV. — EXTREMITIES.

1. Decided shortening of a limb.

2. Loss of a limb or of an impoi'tant part of it ; also loss of the thumb or of the index-

INTBODUCTORY.

XLIX

finger, or. of two other fingers of the same hand ; loss of the great toe or of at
least two toes on the same foot.

3. Prominent malformations, curvatures, and maimings of the extremities.

4. Prominent atrophy or hypertrophy of an extremity.

5. Excessive varicosity of the veins, invading the entire leg and foot, and forming in

certain spots varicose tumors.

6. Prominent malformation of the foot, impeding locomotion, (club foot, horse-foot.)

V. — GENERAL ABNORMITIES OF THE ORGANISM.

1

Excessive obesity.

2. Extreme emaciation.

3. Prominent lai'ge tumors on the body.

4. Dwarfishness.

5. Deaf-dumbness,
fi. Idiocy.

UNITED STATES.

The following table exhibits the changes that have been made in the stature and
age required of recruits for the Ai-my of the United States from 1790 until the
present day :

Date.

April 30, 1790
July 16, 1798
Mar. 3, 1799
Mar. 16,1802
Jan. 11, 1812
Dee. 10, 1814

1825

1838

1841

July 8, 1846

Nov. 19,1846

1857

1861

1864

Feb. 18, 1867

May 24,1867

Dec. 2, 1867

Aug. 24, 1871

Oct. 18, 1871

July . 5, 1872

Dec. 23, 1872

Jan. 24, 1873

Feb. 15, 1873

April 23, 1874

Dec. 14, 1874

Authority.

Statutes at Large, vol. I, p. 119

Do. do. vol.I,p.004

Do. do. vol. I, p. 751

Do. do. vol. II, p. 135

Do. do. vol. II, p. 672

Do. do. vol. Ill, p. 146

Army Regulations, par. 1287 }

General Orders, War Dep., No. 25, par. 6

Army Regulations, par. 687

Circular, War Dep., A. G. O

Do. do.

Army Regulations, par. 1299

General Orders, War Dep., No. 59

Circular, War Dep., A. G. O., No. 28 ,

Circular, War Dep., A. G. O

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

1

Minimum of height.

5 feet 6 inches

) War unth France. Height and age as
) President might direct.

5 feet 6 inches ,

"Effective men" ,

"Effective men"

5 feet 6 inches, infantry

5 8 artillery

5 feet

5 feet 5 inches

5 4

5 3

5 U

5 3

5 feet

5 feet 5 inches

5 2

5 5 ■.

5 5, infantry

5 5, cavalry

5 4

5 5, cavalry

5 6, civalry

5 6, infantry and artillery

5 6, inf , art., and cav., with maxi-

mum for cav. of 5 ft. 10 in.

5 4, inf. and art. Limits of weight,

120 and 180 pounds.

5 5, cavalry ; maximum 5 ft. 10 in.

Weight, not over 155 pounds.

Limits of
age.

18 to 46

18 to 35
18 to 45
18 to 50

18 to 35

16 to 35

VTI

L INTRODtTCTORY.

It will be observed that in nearly every instance these laws or- orders state the
height required for the recruit without reference to the arm of the service for which
he might be intended ; the minimum being alike for all. The Army Regulations of
1825, however, fixed the stature of artillerymen at 5 feet 8 inches, or two inches more
than the then regulation -height of the infantry. No maximum of stature was pre-
scribed until December 23, 1872, when the limit of 5 feet 10 inches was announced
for cavalry-recruits.

The orders now in force designate 5 feet 4 inches as the lowest stature for in-
fantry, with a minimum limit of 5 feet 5 inches for cavalry. The limits of age are
sixteen and thirty-five years. From 1790 the minimum of age has been eighteen
years, without variation; but quite recently (April 23, 1874) the Secretary of War
issued an order by which the enlistment of lads of sixteen years of age is permitted.
It is understood that this was in accordance with the provisions of an act of Congress
which seemed obligatory on the subject. The hope may be expressed that this
injudicious change may be speedily corrected.

The first authoritative work issued in the United States upon the medical exami-
nation of recruits was published in 1840 by Assistant Surgeon Thomas Henderson,^
and it continued to be the official standard for many years. In 1856 it was repub-
lished, with additional matter, by Assistant Sm-geon Coolidge." In 1858 Surgeon
Charles S. Tripler published the first volume of a work intended to be a complete
manual for the military surgeon.^ This volume comprised the subject of medical
examination of recruits. The death of the distinguished aiithor in 1866 prevented
the completion of the design. In 1863 Assistant Surgeon Bartholow compiled a
manual upon the same subject, more copi(ms in detail, and founded upon the official
list of diseases and disqualifications issued by the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau.^
The manuals of Drs. Tripler and Bartholow are the official gviides to which the
medical officer, in examining recruits, is directed to refer for instruction.

In the general examination, the recruit is to be stripped naked, his height and
weight I'ecorded, and the circumference of his chest ascertained, with the measuring-
tape passed over, that is to say, upon, the nipples. It was formerly the custom to
obtain this measurement while the man's arms were extended above his head ; but a
recent order^ directs it to be taken, both at inspiration and expiration, while the arms
of the recruit are hanging loosely at his side.

The following list, conihined from the two manuals above referred to, exhibits all
the authorized grounds for rejection :

' Uivta on Ike medical examination of recruits for the Army, and disvharge of soldiers from service on surgeon's certificate.
8vo. Pliiladulphia, 1840.

- The same. A new (dition, rcvisod Iiy RicHAUD H. Cooi.iDCK. 8vo. Pbilatlelijbia, 18.56.

^ Manual of the medical officer of the Aimy of the United Slates. Part I. Itecruiting and the inspection of recruits.
8vo. L'iiiciiiiiatl, IbfjS.

*A manual of instructions for enlisting and discharging soldiers, with special reference to the medical cxainination of
recruits, and the detection of disqualifi/ing and feigned diseases. 12mo. Pbiladelpliia, 1863.

^ Virculni- Order \o. 1, HV/r Dep., S. f!. O., .Inn. 2, 1874.

INTRODUCTORY.

DISQUALIFICATIONS FOE, MILITARY SERVICE IN THE UNITED

STATES.

MENTAL AND MORAL INFIRMITIES.

Manifest imbecility ; dementia ; dipsomania.
Conviction for felony.
Desertion, as evidenced by branding.
Obstinate malingering, (prevents re-enlistment.)

GENERAL PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS.

Feebleness of constitution.

Scrofulous diathesis. , . . , ,, ^ -u^nUL

Syphilis which has resisted treatment and has severely mjured the health.

Cancer, or the cancerous diathesis.
Habitual drunkenness.

SPECIAL DISQUALIFICATIONS.

FIRST CLASS.

ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE AND ACCESSORY APPARATUS.

A.— Affections of the auditory apparatus.

Deafness.

Inveterate chronic pm-ulent otorrhoea. , , . -,

Tumors, malignant disease or caries of mastoid cells, labyrmth, or tylr.panum.

Perforation of the membrana tympani.

Obliteration or imperforation of the auditory canal.

Malformation or loss of external ear.

B.— Affections of the eye and its appendages.
Total loss of sight; loss of an eye, or loss of sight of right eye; cataract; loss of
crystalline lens of right eye. .• * • v

Ophthalmia, when chronfc, purulent, gonontoal, or likely t» be tet^Cvo n, ,t,

results.
Encanthis, if malignant; pterygium, if extensive.

Conicitv of the cornea. , , • i ^ i •,,+„,.

Opacity of the cornea; nebula, albugo, and leucoma, ii upon the nght eye and n.tei-

ferino- with vision. ji • ^e

Congenital defects of iris of nght eye; rheumatic or syphditic mtas; adhesions ot
iris to the capsule of the lens ; staphyloma scleroticse ; glaucoma.

Myopia.

Strabismus of the right eye, if decided.

Ilydrophthalmia ; exophthalmia.

LII INTRODUCTORY.

Fistula lachrymalis ; epiphora ; closure of duct or distention of sac.

Ptosis of right eye-lid ; incessant spasmodic motion of lids ; adhesions of eye-lids ;

trichiasis of long standing ; large encysted tumors.
Chronic abscess of the orbit.

C. — Affections of the olfactory apparatus.

Cancer of the integument ; noli me tangere ; erosive ulcers of the follicles.
Deformities of the nose greatly disfiguring the face, altering the voice, and impeding

respiration ; loss of the whole or part of the nose.
Affections of the septum, permanent or chronic, sufficient to close the nasal fossae ;

polypus, if large enough to produce great deformity and embarrassment of

respiration.
Ozsena ; purulent and fetid discharge from old intractable ulcei'ations.

D. — Affections of tJie mouth and gustatory apparatus.

Hare-lip, simple, compound, or complicated.

Loss of the whole or pai-t of either lip ; unsightly mutilations of the lips from wounds,

burns, or disease.
Loss of the whole or part of either maxilla ; un-united fracture ; ankylosis.
Deformities of either jaw, interfering with mastication, speech, or the tearing of the

cartridge.
Loss of the incisor and canine teeth of both jaws.
Cancerous or erectile tumors ; cicatrices producing deformity.
Mutism.

Hypertrophy or atrophy of the tongue.
Stammering or stuttering, if inveterate.
Mutilation or partial or total loss of tongue.

Adhesion of tongue to parietes of mouth, or other adhesions preventing free motion.
Mahgnant disease of tongue ; clu-onic and inveterate ulceration.
Congenital fissure of bones of the palate, or fissure produced by disease.
Salivary fistula ; bucco-nasal fistula.

Chronic engorgement of the tonsils, sufficient to interfere with deglutition or phonation.
Great deformities of the face and loss of substance of the cheeks.

SECOND CLASS.
A. — Head and spinal column.

Imperfect ossification of the bones of the cranium, evidenced by the persistence of
the fontanelles, and sometimes separation and mobility of the sutures.

Monstrosity in size of the head ; considerable deformity, the consequence of fracture.

Serious lesions of the skull, the consequence of complicated wounds, considerable
fractures, or the operation of trephining ; caries and exfoliation involving the
whole tliickness of the bone. .

Injuries of cranial nerves affecting their functions.

INTKODUCTOKY. LIll

Fungous tumors of the dura mater.

Caries of the spine ; spina bifida ; curvature in the cervical, dorsal, or lumbar region ;

lumbar abscess ; rickets ; fracture and dislocation of the vertebrae.
Angular deformity, including gibbosity of the anterior and posterior part of the thorax.

B. — Affections of the cerebrospinal nervous system.

Epilepsy ; chorea.

Paralysis agitans ; paraplegia ; hemiplegia ; paralysis of any part of the body.

Neuralgia, if intractable.

THIRD CLASS.

NECK AND CONTAINED ORGANS.

Chronic laryngitis ; induration and scirrhus of epiglottis ; polypus of the larynx ;

aphonia due to any of these causes.
Dysphagia due to stricture of the oesophagus.
Goitre, if large enough to impede respiration.

Engorgement, scrofulous enlargement, and ulceration or abscess of the lymphatic glands.
Cicatrices producing deformity, retraction of jaw, and rigidity.
Fistula of larynx or trachea.
Wry-neck, if permanent in character.
Osseous degeneration of thyroid gland.

FOURTH CLASS.

CHEST AND THORACIC ORGANS.

Malfomiation of chest or badly united fracture of ribs or sternum suflScient to interfere
with respiration ; caries or necrosis of ribs ; deficiency in extent of expansive
mobility ; greatly diminished ^dtal capacity ; evident predisposition to phthisis.

Phthisis pulmonalis ; chronic pneumonia ; chronic pleurisy and emphysema ; chronic
bronchitis ; asthma ; haemoptysis.

Organic disease of the -heart and large arteries ; hypertrophy ; valvular insufficiency ;
aneurism ; serious and protracted functional derangement ; dropsy dependent on

disease of heai-t

FIFTH CLASS.

ABDOMEN AND DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.

Chronic gastritis ; chronic gastro-enteritis ; chronic disease of liver or spleen ; engorge-
ment or tubercular infiltration of mesentery, (marasmus;) chronic diarrhoea;
chronic dysentery ; taenia ; chronic peritonitis, with or without efiusion ; ascites ;
obesity.

Dyspepsia, if of long standing and accompanied by general emaciation, vomiting, &c.

Haemorrhoids, if large, internal, bleeding, ulcerated, and painful.

Malfonnation or stricture of the rectum ; prolapsus ani ; fistula in ano ; considerable
fissure of the anus ; artificial anus.

Hernia in all situations.

Extensive cicatrices from incised wounds.

L,lV INTKODIJCTOKY. _

SIXTH CLASS.

GENITO-UKINARV APPARATUS.

Loss of the penis ; permanent stricture of the urethra.

Loss of both testicles fi-om any cause ; permanent retraction of one or both testicles

within the external ring.
Malignant disease of testicle ; .scrofulous or syphilitic sarcocele ; hytbocele, if large ;

atrophy of testicle ; varicocele and cirsocele, if large enough to impede walking,

or if it have produced atrophy of the corresponding testicle.
Epispadia and hjqoospadia, when not farther from the root of the penis than the middle.
Incontinence of urine ; urinary fistula ; discharge of urine by the umbilicus ;

hasmaturia, if evidence of oi'ganic disease.
Eversion of the bladder ; loss of substance of the hypogastric region.
Chi-onic enlargement of the prostate ; stone in the bladder ; chronic cystitis of long

standing.
Abscess of kidney ; fatty degeneration of kidney ; closure of ureter by a calculus ;

renal dropsy ; diabetes.
Hermaphroditism.
Spermatorrhoea, if it have impaired the geneial health.

SEVENTH CLASS.

UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES.

A. — Disqualifications common to both upiier and loiver extremities.

Chronic rheumatism, with swelling of the joints, enlargement of the surrounding
tissues, earthy deposits, contraction of the tendons, and wasting and loss of motion.

Chronic diseases of the joints.

Old or irreducible dislocations or false joints.

Severe sprains, resulting in impaired mobility.

Relaxation of the capsules or other ligaments of the joints ; voluntary or involuntary
dislocation of the bones.

Complete or partial ankylosis of an important articulation.

Sinuses communicating with the osseous cavities, the articulations, and with the
thickness of spongy bones.

Dropsy of a joint.

Badly united fractures.

Defective or excessive cm-vature of long bones ; rickets ; caries ; necrosis ; exostosis.

Atrophy of a limb ; paralysis of a limb.

Extensive, deep, and adherent cicatrices.

Aneurism.

Contraction or permanent retraction uf a limb or of a portion of a limb,

Loss of a limb or of an essential pni-t tlun-eof.

INTROUUCTOKV.

B -Disgualijications proper to upper extremities.

of motion of these parts.
Loss of the first phalanx of the thumb of the right hand.
Total loss of either thimib.

Total or partial loss of the index-finger of the right hand
Loss of the first and second phalanges of the fingers of the right hand.
Total loss of any two fingers of same hand.
Mutilation of the last phalanges of the fingers of either hand.

a— Disqualifications proper to inferior extremities.

Varicose veins, voluminous and multiplied. no-o-ravated

Chronic ulcers, if of long standing, not easily curable, and likely to be aggla^ated

Extensl "t« cical^ces, if dark-colored and the result of lonner ulceration.

Lameness.

Badly united fracture, producing much shortening.

Knnok -knees if the deformity be excessive. , . , ,

arfeersplayfeet, wh J no a,-ch exists, the tuberosity of the .ca,,h„K. b„„o

I„g.rt;;'7t,'!:3:;-lg.-eatt„e,it deepa„d aceon,pa„iedwith i„«a— o ■

ulceration.

The toes ioined together, double, or branching. , . , ^i

Thatdefolm^ toe crosses the other toes, and ^^^^ ^

great prominence of the articulation of the great toe and first metatarsal bone.

Over-riding and superposition of all the toes.

Loss of a great toe ; loss of three toes of same foot.

Mutilation of the last phalanges of the toes of either loot.

The retraction or inflexion of all the toes of the same foot or ot two toes^

Th permanent retraction of the last phalanx of a toe in which the f^^-^^ J^^
nail bears upon the ground, or flexion at a right angle of the second phalanx ol
the second toe upon the first, with ankylosis of the articulation.

Fetid sweat of the feet.

EIGHTH CLASS.

SKIN AND APPENDAGES.

Chronic ekzema.

Herpes circinnatus ; herpes capitis, when chronic U,,..,,.,,

Chronic pemphigus; scabies, when of long standmg and herpetic m chaiactci.

Lepra; psoriasis; pityriasis; icthyosis.

Lupus serpiginosus ; 1. devorans ; cheloid tumors.

Lvi INTRODUCTORY.

Porrigo ; sycosis ; the sypliilides.

Alopsecia, if total.

Nievi ; large, livid, liairy, and unsightly spots on the face.

"When the imperious need of obtaining men to fill up the dwindling regiments of
the national forces resulted in the passage of the enrollment-law, a concise code of
instructions to medical officers, for their guidance in examining recruits, formed a
part of the official regulations issued by the Provost-Marshal- Gleneral for the govern-
ance of the conscription. Although the more copious rules just given form the present
official standard, the instructions to enrolling sm-geons are well worthy of preservation
for their own merit and for their pertinence to the history of the draft. In the
supplementary part of this volume will be found the expressed opinions of a large
number of the surgeons entrusted Avith the onerous duty of examining men drafted
or offered for service, as to the sufficiency and equitable adaptedness of this code for
the purpose intended. It met, for the most part, with their emphatic approval, the
alterations recommended being chiefly technical or comparatively unimportant.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OP DRAFTED MEN AND SUBSTITUTES,

AND GENERAL REGULATIONS CONCERNING.^

The duty of inspecting men and of determining whether they are fit or unfit for
the military service of the country requires the utmost impartiality, skill, and circum-
spection on the part of the examining surgeon and board of enrollment ; for upon the
manner in which this duty is performed will depend, in a very great degree, the
efficiency of the Army.

In the examination, the examining surgeons will bear in mind that the object of
the Government is to secure the services of men who are effective, able-bodied, sober,
and free from disqualifying diseases.

The examining surgeons will also remember that the object of the drafted men,
in claiming exemption, may be to escape from service by pretended, simulated, or
factitious diseases, or by exaggerating or aggravating those that really exist, and that
the design of substitutes frequently is to conceal disqualifying infirmities.

The examination by the examining surgeon is to be conducted in the day-time,
in the presence of the board of enrollment only, and in a room well lighted and
sufficiently large for the drafted man to walk about and exercise his limbs, which he
must be required to do briskly.

The man is to be examined stripped.

The surgeon will habitually conduct his examination of a man in the following
order, to ascertain :

1. AVhether his limljs are well formed and sufficiently muscular ; whether they
are ulcerated or extensively cicatrized ; whether he has free motion of all his joints ;
and whether there are any varicose veins, tumors, wounds, fractures, dislocations, or
sprains that would imjiede his marching, or prevent continuous muscular exertion.

2. Whether the thumbs and fingers are complete in number, are well formed,
and their motion unimpaired.

' Scvised regvlaiiona for the sorernment of the Bureau of the Provost-Marahal-Gcneral. Washington, April 1, X8(i4.

INTRODUCTORY. LVII

3. Whether the feet are sufficiently arched to prevent the tuberosity of the
scaphoid bone from touching the ground ; whether the toes are complete in number,
do not overlap, are not joined together; and whether the great toes are free from

bunions.

4. Whether he has any inveterate and extensive disease of the slan.

5. Whether he is sufficiently intelligent ; is not subject to convulsions ; and whether
he has received any contusion or wound of the head that may impair his faculties.

6. Whether his hearing, vision, and speech are good, and whether the eye and its
appendages are free from disqualifying diseases.

7. Whether he has a sufficient number of teeth in good condition to masticate his
food properly, and to tear his cartridge quickly and with ease. The cartridge is
torn with the incisor, canine, or bicuspid teeth.

8. Whether his chest is ample and well formed, in due proportion to his height,
and with power of full expansion.

9. Whether there is any structural or serious functional disease of the heart.

10. Whether the abdomen is well formed and not too protuberant; whether
either the liver or spleen is considerably enlarged ; and whether the rectum and anus
are free from disqualifying diseases.

11. Whether the spermatic cords and testes are free from diseases which would
impair his efficiency ; whether the testes are within the scrotum ; and whether he has

any rupture.

12. Whether there is any organic disease of the kidney or bladder, or permanent

stricture of the urethra.

13. Whether his physical development is good, and constitution neither naturally
feeble nor impaired by disease, habitual intemperance, or solitary vice ; whether
he is free from phthisis, scrofula, and constitutional syphilis ; and whether he is epilep-
tic, imbecile, or insane.

Many of the physical defects above mentioned are insufficient to disqualify for
mihtary service. In determining whetter the man is fit or imfit for service, the board
must be governed by the list of diseases and infirmities enumerated in paragraph 85.

Paragraph 85.

The following diseases and infirmities are those which disqualify for military
ser\-ice, and for which only drafted men are to be "rejected as physically or mentally
unfit for the service," viz :

1. Manifest mental imbecility.

2. Insanity. This includes well-estabhshed recent insanity, with liability to a

recui'rence.

3. Epilepsy. For this disability the statement of the drafted man is insufficient, and

the fact must be established by the duly-attested affidavit of a physician in
good standing, who has attended him in the disease within the six months
immediately preceding his examination by the board, and, in addition thereto,
by such other evidence as the board may require.

VlII

LVlll INTKODUCTOKV.

4. Paralysis, general or of one limb, or chorea ; their existence to be adequately

determined. Decided ati'ophy of a limb.

5. Organic diseases of internal organs, which have so seriously impaired his general

health as to leave no doubt of his incapacity for military service, and which
prevents his pursuing any equally laborious occupation in civil life.

6. Developed tuberculosis.

7. Cancer ; anemism of the large arteries.

8. Inveterate and extensive disease of the skin, such as will necessarily impair his

efficiency as a soldier.

9. Permanent physical disability of such degree as to leave no doubt of the man's

unfitness for military service.

10. Scrofula, or secondary syphilis, which has so seriously impaired his general health

as to leave no doubt of the man's incapacity for military service.

11. Chronic rheumatism, unless manifested by positive change of structure, wasting of

the affected limb, or puffiness or distortion of the joints, does not exempt.
Impaired motion of joints and contraction of the limbs, alleged to arise from
rheumatism, and in which the nutrition of the limb is not manifestly im-
paired, are to be proved by examination while in a state of ansesthesia, induced
by sether only.

12. Total loss of sight of right eye ; cataract of right eye ; loss of crystalline lens of

right eye.

13. Partial loss of sight of both eyes, vision being so greatly impaired as to leave no

doubt of the man's inability to perform military duty. Serious pemianent
diseases of the eye or eye-lids so manifestly affecting the use of the eyes as
to leave no doubt of the man's incapacity for military service. Nearsighted-
ness does not exempt.

14. Total loss of nose; deformity of nose so great as seriously to obsti'uct respiration;.

oza?na, dependent on caries in progress.

15. Decided deafness. This disability must not be admitted on the mere statement of

the drafted man, but must be proved by the existence of positive disease or
by other satisfactory evidence, and it must be so decided as to leave no
doubt of the man's unfitness for military service. Chronic purulent otorrhoea.
IG. Incurable diseases or deformities of either jaw, such as will necessarily greatly
impede mastication or speech. Ankylosis of the lower jaw ; caries of the
bones of the faee, if in progress; cleft palate, (bony;) extensive loss of sub-
stance of the cheeks, or salivary fistula.

17. Dumbness; permanent loss of voice ; not to be admitted without clear and satis-

factory jjroof

18. Total loss of tongue ; hypertrophy, atrophy, mutilation, or obstinate chronic ulcera-

tion of the tongue, if sufficient in degree to interfere seriously with the use
of the organ.

19. Stammering, if excessive and confirmed; to be estabhshed by satisfactory evidence

under oath.

20. Total loss of all the front teeth, the eye-teeth, and first molars, even if only of

one j;nv.

INTRODUCTORY. LIX

21. Tumors, or wounds of the neck, impeding resj^iration or deglutition ; fistula of

larynx or trachea ; torticollis, if of long standing and well marked.

22. Excessive deformity of the chest, or excessive curvature of the sjjine, sufficient 1o

prevent the carrying of arms and military equipments ; caries of the spine,
ribs, or sternum, attended with ulceration.

23. Hernia.

24. Artificial anus ; stricture of the rectum ; prolapsus ani. Fistula in ano, if exten-

sive or complicated with visceral disease.
26. Old and ulcerated internal haemorrhoids, if in degree sufiicient to leave no doubt
of the man's unfitness for military service. External haemorrhoids are no
cause for exemption.

26. Total loss or nearly total loss of penis ; epispadia or hypospadia at the middle or

near the root of the penis.

27. Incurable pei-manent organic stricture of the urethra, in which the urine is passed

drop by drop, or which is complicated by disease of the bladder ; urinary
fistula. Recent or spasmodic stricture of the urethra does not exempt.

28. Incontinence of urine is not, of itself, a cause for exemption. Stone in the bladder,

ascertained by the introduction of the metallic catheter, is a positive disquali-
fication.

29. Confirmed or malignant sarcocele; hydrocele, if complicated with organic disease

of the testicle. Varicocele is not, in itself, disqualifying.

30. Loss of a hand or foot.

31. Wounds which would manifestly incapacitate the man for military service ; mus-

cular or cutaneous contractions from wounds, burns, or tumors, which
would prevent marching, or otherwise manifestly incapacitate the man for
military service.

32. Fractures, irreducible dislocations or ankylosis of the large joints, or chronic

diseases of the joints or bones, that would prevent marching, or otherwise
unfit the man for military service.

33. Total loss of right thumb ; loss of ungual phalanx of right tluimb ; total loss of

any two fingers of same hand ; loss of the first and second phalanges of the
fingers of right hand. Permanent extension or permanent contraction of
two fingers of right hand ; all the fingers adherent or united.

34. Club-feet ; total loss of a great toe. Other permanent defects or deformities of

the feet, such as will necessarily prevent marching.

35. Varicose veins of inferior extremities, if large and numerous, and accompanied

with chronic swellings or ulcerations.

36. Chronic ulcers ; extensive, deep, and adherent cicatrices of lower extremities.

No limits of stature are established for drafted men, beyond which they shall bo
exempted trom military service. The matter of stiiture should be considered by the
board only in the general examination as to the physical fitness of the man for military
service.

The regulations issued by the principal governments of Europe, and those in force
in our own country, touching the physical qualifications of the recruit, are much alike

LX

INTKODUCTOKY.,

in general plan, though the minor details, as might be expected, exhibit some diversity.'
It will be seen that where the national forces are maintained by voluntary enlisting
and the inducements of a bounty, a higher standard obtains, and more rigid exclusion
is made of those laboring under a moderate degree of disability. In the continental
states of Europe, where a system of conscription prevails which is very thoroughly
enforced, the military debt due from every subject is exacted in a more comprehensive
manner. If a man be unable to do full service as an able-bodied soldier, he may be
competent for partial duty in time of war, and be placed in a reserve-class for that
purpose, as in Prussia ; or he may be, as in Switzerland, assigned to such duties as
were performed by our Veteran Reserve Corps in the late war. In all cases, the state
retains its hold upon men who may be able at some future period to render those services
for which they are unfitted at the time of examination. This economic management
of material, and the determination to obtain in some manner or at some time the service
due the state, gives rise to the extreme minuteness with which degrees of disqualifica-
tion are laid down in the instructions to the surgeon. Of this, the French medical code
is a striking example.

Under foreign governments, the subjects of age, stature, and girth of chest come
generally under the supervision of the recruiting officer and not of the surgeon. In
the United States, the medical officer is required to report upon these points, their rela-
tion to the general estimate of the recruit's physical capacity being obvious and
inseparable. The enrollment-acts enacted during the late war established no limits of
height or of circumference of chest, neither were any prescribed in the instructions
issued by the Provost-Marshal-General to the examining surgeons of boards of enroll-
ment, the matter being left to their judgment in estimating the man's physical capacity.®

Tlie following table presents a comparative view of the limits of stature, circum-
ference of chest, and age required of the foot-soldier at the present day in the United
States and in some of the principal states of Europe.

Natiou.

Height.

Smallest

girth of

Age.

Mininiam.

Maximum.

chest.

Minimum.

Maximum.

TTnitpfl Statoa

Inches.

64.-000
65. 000
60. 631
61. 191
61. 81
61.025
61.418
61.418
60. 631

Centimetres.

162.56
165. 10
154. 00
155. 42
157. 00
155. 00
156. 00 •
156. 00
154. 00

Inches.

Centimetres.

Inches.

Centimetres.

real's.

16
18
20
19
20
19
20
20
20

Tears.
35

33. 000
30. 867
30. 075

83. 82
78.40
76.39

25

68. 442

173. 84

24

Italy

The employment of anaesthetics as an adjuvant in discovering the exact condition
of the recruit in suspected cases is expressly permitted only in the United States, and

' The applications for the official instructions issued by the Russian and Italian governments weronusnecessful.
^ Heviacd regnlaiions for the government of the Bureau of the Provost-Mar^hal-General of the United Stales, 8vo, Wash-
ington, April I, 1864, sections 86 and 95.

INTRODUCTORY. LXI

here the practice is limited to the use of aether. The military surgeon is, however,
everywhere pennitted to resort to these agents when an infirmity is supposed to be
feigned by a soldier for the purpose of obtaining his discharge from the service.

Abdominal hernia, large or small, is a cause for immediate and permanent rejec-
tion from military service in Great Britain, France, Avistria, Belgium, and the United
States. In Prussia and Switzerland, it exempts only when voluminous ; if the tumor
be easily confined by a truss, the subject is classified among the "partially disabled"
in Switzerland, and in Prussia he is relegated to the class which is called upon for duty
only during the exigencies of war.

LXII INTRODUCTOKY

An outline of the History of Antliropometry, or the attemjjts to ascertain the proportions of

the human body.

It is in tlie attempt to establish a standard of measure that is to be found the first
efibrt at regular measurement of parts of the human body. From the most remote
periods of Avhich any record remains, the cubit, the foot, the hand, &c., have been the
convenient standards, which, possessed by every man, enabled him to adjust his deal-
ings with his fellows, and served to guide him in the construction of his dwellings and
his temples. These primitive measures, though necessai'ily so variable, were found
sufficient during many ages, and, indeed, are to this day in use even by those nations
which have possessed themselves of a precise standard — the product of very complex
and delicate calculations. Toward the close of the last century, certain French math-
ematicians carried to completion, with admirable skill and perseverance, the bold con-
ception of measui-ing an arc of a meridian on the earth's surface, from the equator to
the pole. A ten-millionth part of this invariable line forms the standard from which are
derived all the weights and measures of the metric sj^stem, which seems destined with
the progress of knowledge to become the common property of all civilized nations.
The en'or which, it is admitted, mars the perfection of this splendid achievement does
not practically lessen its utility, since it only requires correction for extremely long
measurements. Notwithstanding the possession of these perfect measures, the old-fash-
ioned police, or inch, derived from the breadth of the thumb, is still persistently made
use of in many parts of France.

Measurements of the foot, fore-arm, &c., for the purposes of trade, necessarily
brought about attempts to ascertain the average foot and the average cubit ; from these
admitted standards, artists and sculptors in the earliest days of art endeavored to deduce
the perfect human form so far as proportion could produce it. The earliest traces of
this, as of most other branches of knowledge, are to be found in the remote civiliza-
tion of India. In a Sanscrit manuscript, entitled "Silp)i Sastri," or Treatise on the Fine
Arts, the human figure is divided into four hundred and eighty parts, the head being
not far from a seventh part of the whole, thus nearly conforming to the best standard.
The table is of sufficient interest to be quoted entire :

Proportions of the human hody, from the " SUpi Sastri. "

Tarts.

The hair 15

The face _ : 55

The neck 25

The chest 55

From the chest to the umbilicus 55

Thence to the pubes > 53

Thence to the knee - - 90

The knee itself . . 30

The lesr and foot 102

Entire height . 480

INTRODUCTORY.

LXIII

An examination of the figures on Egyptian monuments, especially of those copied
by Lepsius^ and Hosellini", shows that the designers had rigorously adhered to a
definite scale of proportions. Lepsius deduces three canons of measure as having been
in use by Egyptian sculptors at different periods. The mixture, however, of profile
and front view in all Egyptian figures, and the apparent unwillingness of their artists
to represent, for the most part, any position but that of standing upright, or of sitting,
deti-acts greatly from tlie utility for comparison of the canons obtained.

Some ethnologists have believed that they discovered in the bas-reliefs of Egyptian
monuments certain differences of figure, as well as of face and head, characteristic of
particular races. As these instances are found mostly among the captives in scenes of
military triuniph, it should be borne in mind that a constrained position and crouching
figure is uniform among them, and seems to have been purposely assigned to them
b}' the artist in order to heighten the contrast with the nobler form and more com-
manding attitude of the conqueror. The canon of measurement for the body, however,
seems to have been the same in all. While in many of the drawings in the works of
Lepsius, of Rosellini, and of Champollion le jeune^, the head and face of the negro,
both male and female, child and adult, are surprisingly characteristic, showing that for
four thousaiKl years at least, according to received computation, the type of that peo-
ple has not varied, yet the greater length of arm appertaining to the black race either
did not then characterize them, winch is improbable, or it escaped the observation of
the Egyptian sculptors.''

' DcnhniUcr ans JEgiijitrn viid xElHojncn, iff., 12 vuls., folio, Berlin, 1849-59.

- Monnmenii thlC Erjitio e dtUa Nubia, 9 vols., Svo; plates, 3 vols., folio, Paria, 1832-'44.

^ llonnmens tie VKiiypte et de la Niibie, cfc., 4 vols., fi)lio, Paris, 1835-'45.

•• Investigations iiiailo dining the late war as to the relative length of the fore-arm iu the white and negro races show
rcsnlts greatly diti'ering from .some previons data. Broca, assuming the upjier arm to he 100, states the proportion of
the fore arm iu the European at 73.93 and iu the uegro at 79.40. His figures include both men and women, which slightly
reduces both means ; the sexual difference iu length of fore-arm is small. Burmeister shows au excess of length of the
European fore-arm and Pruner-Bey of the black. Aeby found no appreciable difference. The value of Ihe comparisons
of these European authorities is uot great, the number of the black men examined by them having been very small.
Mr. Gould states the mean length of the fore-arm to be 15.548 iuches iu 10,876 white and 10.103 inches iu 2,020 full
black soldiers. These dimensions include the hand, of the mean length of which, unfortunately, no separate determi-
nation was made. The distance from the tip of the middle finger to the edge of the patella, when the man was placed
erect, " in the position of a soldier," was found to be 5.036 iuches in the whites and 2.884 inches iu the full blacks. As
the relation of hand to knee has some special ethnological interest, it is proper to add that the mean height in these
cases was 67.149 inches for whites aud 66.210 for blacks, aud the mean height to perineum in whites was 31.065 inches,
iu blacks 32.100. The following table exhibits the different results obtained :

Authority.

Relation of length
of fore-arm to
upper arm.

Black in relation
to white.

Relation of length
of forearm and
hand to upper arm.

in relation
0 white.

White.

Black.

White.

Black.

'3 "*^

s

Per cent.

«

84. 12
75.48
73. 93
61.38

Per cent.

81.37
78.40
79.40

68.15

Per cent.

96.73
103. 87
107.40
111.05

Per cent.

140. 21
131. 25
126. 83
114.28

Per cent.

144. 73
137. 66
132. 30
121.05

Per cent.
10!. 22

Pruni'r-Bev

104. 80

Broca

104.31

Gould

10.5. 92

It was nccessnry 'o deduct the length of the hand from Mr. Gould'.s figures to obtain (he dimensions in the first

LXIV INTRODUCTORY

No writings of Greek authors treating specially of the proportions of the human
bodv have come down to us. It is known, from a passage in the works of Diodorus
Siculus, that, at a very early period of Grecian art,, a system of proportion, rigorously
minute in its details, had been introduced from Egypt. Two sculptors, he informs us,'
havino- together agreed upon the size of a proposed statue of the Pythian Apollo,
executed each his half of the work at a different city, the one being at Samos and the
other at Ephesus. So precise were the rules by which they were guided that, upon
adjusting the separate portions, the completed statue proved to be a marvel of symmetry
and perfection.

The celebrated sculptor Polykleitus, who flourished about B. C. 400, is known to
have written a treatise on human proportion, which he entitled "TAe Canon" being the
same name as that applied to his famous statue. Unfortunately, the work has not sur-
vived, but numerous allusions in Greek and Roman writings testify to the high admi-
ration felt for the theory of proportion laid down and displayed in the beautiful statue
which embodied it. This statue, besides its name of supreme distinction of The
Canon, was, from its subject, called Doryphoros, or the Spear-bearer. The figure was
youthful, but the proportions those of a full-grown man. Polykleitus and his pupils
and admirers believed it to be absolutely perfect in form.^ Neither statue nor copy of
it has survived ; but the Roman wi-iter on architecture, Vitruvius, has incidentally
given a partial and not altogether intelligible account of its proportions. This descrip-
tion has been so often referred to by writers on human proportion, and its statements
were so long considered authoritative, that it is of sufficient interest to be quoted entire.
He says :

" The human body, as nature composed it, has this proportion, that the face, which
includes the space from the chin to the top of the forehead, where the roots of the hair
begin, is a tenth part of the whole height ; it is the same length from the wrist to the
tip of the middle finger. The head, from the chin to the top of the skull, is one-eighth
part ; the same to the pit of the neck.^ From the top of the chest to the roots of the
hair is one-sixth part,^ and to the top of the head one-fourth.^ The third part of the

coluuin of tbo foregoing table. This was douo b.v estimating it at 52.9 per cent, of tbo length of the npper arm,
according to the rule laid down by Carl Vogt, {TorUamigen iiher den mensclini, <fc., 8vo, Giessen, 1863.)

The earliest record of the comparison of the length of the fore-arm in the two races is to be found, it is believed,
in an essay read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, England, in 1795, by Mr. Charles White,
and afterward published, (4to, London, 179!),) entitled "An account of the regular gradation in man and in different
animals." His opportunities for examination were few, but he points out the peculiarity in question.

It may be added in this connection that the mean length of foot of the full black, as ascertained during the late
war, compared with that of the white soldier, is as 105.39 to 100.
, 1 Bibl. hist., lib. i, sect. 98.

'' G M.Et!, De temperameniis, i, 9; De Sippoc. et Platan., iv, 3; De opt. nostri corp. const., i, 2. Plato, Protagor, p. 311.
Xenopiion, Mcmorab., i, 4. Dion. Halicau., De Isocrat., p. 95. Luclan, Dc saltalionc, 75; PkUopseudas, 18 ; De morte
Peretir.,8. CiCKiio, Brutus, 18; Dc oratore,\n,7 ; Academ., ii, 47 ; De Jinibus, u, M ; Tuscal.,i,2; Paradoxa, v,2. QuiN-
riLlAN, Inst, oral., v, 12 ; xii, 10. Pliny, Bist. nat., xxxiv, 19. Aelian, Var. hist., xiv, 8, IG.

^Thero is preserved, in the library of the aclideniy at Venice, a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci accompanying a
tran.slation into Italian by that artist of the passage front Vitruvius. Mr. Bonomi suggests that Leonardo had access to
some copy of Vitruvius which has not come down to us, as there are some changes in his translation which dispel certain
obscurities in the ordinary version. (The proportions of the human fii/ure according to the ancient Greek canon of Vitruvius,
&c., by JosEi'ii 150M0MI, 8vo, Loudon, 1857.) The latter part of the sentence to which this note refers, viz, " thesamo
to the pit of the neck," is omitted in the Italian translation, and with advantage to accuracy.

■•Leonardo has it one-seventh.

"■ Leonardo has it, "from the nipples to the top of the head is one-fourth." This would be correct.

INTRODUCTORY. LXV

face is from the bottom of the cliin to the lowest part of the nostrils ; one-third from
there to between the eye-brows ; one-third from this latter to the roots of tlie hair,
where it begins on the forehead. The foot is one-sixth part of the whole height/ the
cubit one-fourth, the chest (across the shoulders f) the same.

" The other members have each their measures and proportions b}^ which the
greatest of the ancient painters and sculptors who have won signal honors have
guided themselves. In the same way the parts and the body of a temple have definite
laws of proportion.

" So, too, the navel is naturally the center of the body; for, if a man be laid upon
his back, with hands and feet extended, and his navel be taken for the center, the cir-
cumference of a circle so drawn would touch the extremities of his finsrers and toes.

" Not only is the scheme of a circle found in the body, but also the scheme of the
square ; for, if the distance from the soles of the feet be taken to the summit of the
head, and be applied to the hands outstretched, it will be found that the length and
breadth are equal as a perfect square.""

Some of these measm-ements are evidently incorrect, and one in particular, the
distance from the top of the chest to the summit of the cranium, in place of one-fourth,
can only be one-sixth. Still, notwithstanding its partial inaccuracy, the canon has
bad enough of truth in it to make it the ground-work of many subsequent schemes of
proportion.

Wliile regret may be entertained at the loss of the Greek treatises on propoilion,
it is, after all, to the matchless works of their artists that we turn for examples of per-
fect symmetry. The question has often been discussed whether the perfection of Greek
statuary was not greatly due to the superiority of form of the living models from
wdiich they were designed ; the statistics of man-measurement in our day have fm-nished
a reply more decisive than sesthetic criticism could arrive at. M. Quetelet, after com-
paring the dimensions of many of the master-pieces of antiquity with the ruean results
of modern researches on large numbers of the living, says, " It is, then, wrong to sup-
pose that man in our clime differs essentially from the structure observed in the Greek
statues. The delicacy and beauty of feature, the expressiveness of countenance, the
elegance of form, may be inferior without the proportions of figure being different on
tJiat account. Everything tends to establish, on the contrary, that the human tjpe in our
clime is identical with that deduced from observation of the most symmetrical ancient statiies."^

The great artists of 'the renaissance propovinded various theories of proportion,
in most of which the canon of Polykleitus will be found to have borne more or less
part. The inherent defect of all these systems was their artificial nature ; a part of
the body was selected as a unit or basis of calculation, and every other part had a
forced relation to this unit. The foot was often chosen as the required modulus, though
its proportion is not one admitting of convenient division ; the cubit, the hand, the face, the
nose, were each in turn employed. To deduce the mean foiin from extensive observa-
tions of the living subject, and to confirm the accuracy of the result by a recondite

' One-seventb according to Leonardo da Vinci. " Ilpib sia la scUima parte del tiomo."
= ViTRUVius, De architectura, lib. iii, cap. 1.
^ AntJiropometrie, p. 83.

IS

I,XV1 INTRODUCTORY

mathematical law, was a philosophical solution of the problem reserved for the present
generation.

The limits of this sketch do not admit of more than allusion to the artists, anato-
mists, mathematicians, or others, who, since the era of the renaissance, have made the
proportions of the human figure the subject of treatise or theory. Prominent among
them may be named, in Italy, Cimabue, Giotto, Ghiberti, Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci,
Raphael, Michael Angelo, the two Carracci, Cardan, Paggi ; in Germany, Albert Durer,
Holbein, Vesalius, Raphael Mengs, Winckelmann ; in France, Jean Cousin, Poussin,
the two Audrans, joubert, Buffon, Gerdy, Horace Vernet; in Belgium and Holland, the
Van.Eycks, Rubens, Vandyke, Rembrandt, Camper ; and in England, Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, Flaxman, &c. For a more complete list of these authors and their works, reference
may be made to the bibliography of the subject, which will be found appended.

A short notice of the more valuable of these theories of proportion is necessary,
in passing, to illustrate the progress of the investigation to the present day. In the
fifteenth century, the Florentine sculptor and mathematician Alberti devised his per-
fect human figure, being in its proportions the mean result of some measurements of
the best living models and classic sculpture. One-sixth of the entire height he assumed
for his modulus, calling it a foot; tliis foot he divided into ten degrees, and each degree -
into ten minutes.^ He appears to have followed the canon of Vitruvius in taking the
foot to be one-sixth of the entire height, and therein is the chief defect of liis scheme.
M. Quetelet has made a careful comparison of the proportions laid down by Alberti
with the table of mean dimensions, the result of his own observations of the living
subject, and is struck with the remarkable nearness to accuracy of the former.-
Two particulars of the Florentine's process are noteworthy : the use of the average or
mean, and of a decimal system of division.

The work of the celebrated Albert Durer demands a short notice, as it became a
high authority in art. His treatise on proportion^ is divided into four books, in the first
of which he takes for his unit the entire height, which was an advance toward greater
accuracy ; this unit he divides into common fractional parts of thirds, fourths, fifths,
&c., marking the origins of the limbs. The measurements are so given as to present
his model under tlu-ee points of view — profile, front, and back. The second book is
mainly a repetition of the first, but with the foot for bis unit, and, still following
Vitruvius, he makes it one-sixth of the entire height. It is divided into one hundred
parts. The third and fourth books contain directions for applying his preceding cal-
culations to every possible ciu"ve and position of the human figure. Schadow is of
opinion that Dm'cr's model figure was the result of calculation, and not of actual
measurement of living subjects.^

Of Gerard Audran's work'' it has been admitted that his measurements of ancient
statues are the most accurate and valuable of all that had been previously given to the

' VdJa architeotura di L. B. Albekii, libri x ; delta pittura, libri iii ; c della statiia, Hbro i ; tradolii in lingua italiaiia
da CosiMO liAUTOLi, 3 vols., folio, Loadra, 1726.
^ Aulliropomctrir, p. 07.

' llitrin sind hci/riffcn vicr hiichcr ron menschlicher proportion, &c., folio, Nuremberg, 1528.
* Poti/ctct, oil Ihiuric des mcsurcs de I'homme, p. 14.
'' Lii) proportions du corps humain mcsurdes eur les tieltes fujurcs de Vantiipntd, folio, Paris, 1683

INTRODUCTORY. LXVII

world ; and, although he cannot jjroperly be said to have established a system, it is
possible to construct one on the proportions he lays down/

Sir Joshua Reynolds's writings are full of admirable criticisms on proportion, but
he furnishes no tables of dimensions from actual measurement." Flaxman's measures,
published in the early part of this century,^ are only modifications of the canon of
Vitruvius.

But it is in this century, and more especially in the present generation, that authors
have arisen who have approached the subject of proportion of the human figure in a
philosophical manner. Of these, the earliest, and one of the most distinguished, was
Godefroy Schadow, the accomplished sculptor and director of the Royal Academy of
Berlin. One only of his works needs to be noticed here, viz, his Polyclet} The great
merit of this work is its freedom from theoretical speculation ; Schadow's measure-
ments being taken from living models, although the number of his observations was
in some instances too limited to be considered as furnishing a satisfactory mean. He
was the first to lay down the different dimensions observable in the head and face of
the two sexes ; the dimensions of the profile at maturity and in old age ; of the new-born
child; the rate of expansion of the cranium with growth, and its relation to the
increase in size of the features. The Fob/clet consists of a quarto volume of text, in par-
allel pages of French and German, and a folio volume of illustrations. Schadow's
drawings, like those of Albert Durer, represent profile, face, and back.

In 1854, Carus, the distinguished German physiologist, published a work on human
proportion, in which he assumed the hand's length for his unit, dividing it into twenty-
four parts.^ He believed the vertebral column, consisting of twenty-four free vertebrae,
to be the key of human proportion, or, as he termed it, "the true organic ell divided
into 24 inches." In confirmation of this view, he observes that in the egg of the mam-
mals the first indication of the form' of the futui-e being is the rayed line which after-
ward becomes the spinal column. He observes, too, that at birth, in a normal infant,
the length of the column of twenty-four free vertebrae is exactly one-third the length
of a line drawn perpendicularly from the spinous process of the atlas to the spinous
process of the last lumbar vertebra in the full-grown individual. His unit, divided by
this authoritative measure of twenty-four, furnishes in its terms all the dimensions
required to educe the complete form. Carus devised a figui-e from his scale, which was
neither man nor woman, but capable by the application of certain rules of being mod-
ified to represent either. "These rules, he stated, could assume the precision of an alge-
braic formula, and by its aid it would be easy to convert the figure to that of a dwarf
or giant ; or to change the head to that of a poet, a philosopher, or an athlete.

While the Dresden professor w^as elaborating a theory in which proportions were
to be determined by their supposed numerical relations to an arbitrary unit, two
English artists produced works containing theories based upon similar principles, and
characterized by much ingenuity. Mr. D. R. Hay establishes a central vertical line,

1 Polyclet, 11. 11.

-Discourses on painting, 4to, London, 1842.

^Lectures on sculpture, 8vo, Loudon, 1829.

* Polyclet Oder von den maassen des mcnsclien, nach dem geachhohte und alter, &c., 4to ; plates, folio, Berlin, 1835.

^Die proportions-lehre dor menschlichen gestalt, folio, Leipzig, 1854.

LXVIII INTRODUCTORY.

and, by a very complicated series of angulations, obtains his model outline.^ Mr. John
Gibson, the English sculptor, divides the entire height of the intended figure into
nineteen parts, two of which he takes for the radius of a circle ; this circle he circum-
scribes within a square, and cuts the latter into four equal parts by the diagonals.
One-half of the figure so formed, that half, namely, in which a diagonal forms the
hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, is the diagram of Mr. Gibson's invention, from
which he obtains all the dimensions necessarj^ to complete the outline of the figure.^

Elster divides the entire height into eight heads, or ten faces. He finds in every
figure three equal measures. The first is from the beginning of the sternum to the
bottom of the abdomen ; the second, from the navel to the upper margin of the patella ;
and the third from the beginning of the patella to the sole of the foot.^ Experience
has not proved these relations to be invariable.

Zeising, in a profound and very elaborate work published in 1854,^ obtains all the
proportions of the human body by repeated division of the total height under the
geometric rule of extreme and mean ratio. In a more recent work upon the changes
in proportion produced by growth,' he maintains the truth of his system and suj^plies
additional illustrations. He gives the dimensions of the male figure only, omitting the
female.

Carl Schmidt, the historical painter, published in 1 849 an atlas of human propor-
tion," founded upon the dimensions of the skeleton, and corroborated by many actual
measurements taken by himself or copied from the work of M. Quetelet.

The interesting and valuable work of Dr. Franz Liharzik, of Vienna,^ is chiefly
devoted to the discussion of the laws of growth of the human body, and its correla-
tion with the development of plants and animals. He lays down seven constant dimen-
sions, from which the other proportions of the body are to be derived. In a later
work^ lie asserts that all the proportions of the human figure are .to be obtained from
the square of the mimber seven.

Silbermann, assuming the stature to be 1.60 metre, (63 inches, Enghsh,) furnishes
a table of thirty dimensions deduced therefrom on theoretic rules of proportion."

A work by F. G. Rober appeared at Leipzig in 1861'" upon the construction of
man, but it has nothing original in the shape of tables of proportion, its details being
all mathematical.

In 1866, there was published in London a work by an American writer and artist,
Mr. W. W. Story, proposing a new canon of proportion, which, in ingenuity of detail

' The geomelric heaiiti/ of Ibchuman figure defined, towldch is prefixed a Kijstem of ceslheiic proporlion applieahJe to architec-
ture arid Ihcolher formatire arts, 4to, Ldndon, 1851. The natural priiieipUn of heauiij, as developed in the human figure, 8vo
Loudon, 18.VJ.

= Mr. (iilison's design will be found (horoughly explained, and illustrated by diagrams and two largo lithograpUed-
pl.ites, in tlio following treatise : The properties of the human figure, according to the ancient Greek canon of Vitruvius, (second
edition,) also a canon of the 2>roi>oi'l'"its of the human figure, founded upon a diagram inrented by John Gibson, Esq., R. A.,
by .Joseph Bo.nomi, sculptor, 8vo, London, 1857.

'Die hiihei-e zcichenkunsl theoretisch, praktisch, historisch, und aesthetiseh, &.C., 8vo, Leipzig, 1853.

*ycue Wire rou den proportionen des menschlichcu korpcrs, &c., 8vo, Leipzig, 1854.

<> Die metamorphosen in den verhallnissender menschlichen gestalt, &c., Bonn, 1859.

^I'roportioiisschliissel: neites system der vcrhaltnisse des meiiachlichen kSriiers, &c., 8vo ; and atlas, folio, Vienna, 1862.

^ Das gesetzdcs uachsthumes und der baudcs menschen, &c., folio, Vienna, 1862.

»Das quadrat die grundlage alter proportionalitat i» der natur, &c., 8vo., Vienna, 1865.

'^ Proportions physiiines ou naturelles du e.oipa hiimain, &c. Coniptes-rendus, xlii, pp. 454-456, 495-497; xliii, p. 1156.

^^ Elementar-heilrage ziir bestimmnng der naturgcsetze der geslallung, &c., 4to, J^eipzig, 1861.

INTRODUCTORY. I,XIX

and beauty of result, is not excelled by any of the geometric schemes of his prede-
cessors.* Pie preludes his theory with some fanciful allusions to the Cabala, and a
disquisition upon the typical and mystic qualities of the triangle, the square, and the
circle, which, if seriously meant, seem strangely inappropriate to a work of scientific
character. To obtain his canon, Mr. Story directs that one-fourth of the entire height
of the intended figure be laid down as the side of an equilateral triangle. The triangle
being completed, from its apex a line is to be di-opped, bisecting the base, and extend-
ing below it a distance equal to one-third of its length above it ; this line forms the
diameter of a circle, in which circle is inscribed a square. The diagram thus consists
of a triangle and a square inclosed in a circle ; and when the lines of these figures are
divided into thirds, fourths, &c., a vast number of dimensions are obtained, and in
them all the measurements of the intended figure are to be found. The author of this
ingenious scheme gives minute instructions for tlie application of it, and exliibits a
male and female figure constructed by its rules, in illustration. The selection of the
different lines of the diagram to rejiresent the various dimensions of tlie body is, of
course, theoretic, or arbitrary.

It is both curious and instructive to observe what labor and ingenuity have been
bestowed upon these various attempts to redixce human proportions to an exact scheme.
From the " Silpi Sastri" down to the "improved canon" of Mr. Story, the same follacy
pervades them all, a belief, namely, that the key to the theory is to be found in the
occult relation of numbers or in the parts of a geometrical diagram. It remains now
to give an account of the work of those investigators who, discarding theories or
ignorant of their existence, have resorted to actual measurements of living men in such
numbers as to afford more or less valuable mean results.

In 1817, there appeared, in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,^ an article
setting forth the height and girth of chest of 5,731 members of the Scottish local
militia. From the large number of men examined, and the character of the journal
which printed the communication, and to some extent vouched for their credibiht}-, the
tables became authoritative and of importance. M. Quetelet based some interesting
calculations upon them f and they have been made use of by Sir John Herschel,
Dr. Gu}^, Bertillon, and other writers, so that some examination as to their trust-
worthiness seems desirable, especially as one dimension presents a remarkably high
mean residt.

The article in question was anonymous, but it was stated by the editor of the
journal to have been contributed by an "army-contractor." The mean girth of chest
obtained from all these observations was 39.86 inches and the mean height 67.90
inches ; the maximum and minimum measures of the whole series are not given, but
of the groups by regiments the largest mean girth of chest was 41.01 inches, the
smallest 38.71 inches ; the greatest mean heiglit was 68.60 inches, and the least 67.20
inches. No mention is made Avhether the girth was taken at inspiration or expiration,
nor Avhether the men were stripped for the ))urpose of measurement, nor whether the
height was obtained from the men in naked feet or while shod. If the unusual trouble

' Tlic proporiioiis of the human figure, according to a neiv canon, for practical use, &c., 8vo, London, 1«;G6.

- Vol. xiii, ]). 203.

^ Sur la theorie des probahilUes appliqtiSKS aux sciences moralen et poUtiriues, 8vo, Bruxellcs, 184r>, p. 400.

LXX INTRODUCTORY.

liad been taken to procure naked measurements, it is scarcely to be doubted that the
fact would have been mentioned in his communication ; but the contractor's business,
apparently, was to furnish uniforms and caps for the militia,* and it is reasonable to
suppose that his measures of girth were taken as tailors execute that part of their work,
namely, on the expanded chest, and over the vest and underclothing. It is to be
observed, also, that the local militia was composed generally of the better class of yeomen,
men given to athletic pursuits. Their age, also, is to be considered, for, although recruits
were admitted into the British army when eighteen years old, no one under legal age
was qualified for militia service ; so that in comparing them with the ordinary Scottish
soldier of the British or American armies, it should be remembered that the contractor's
men wei'e all fully grown. When to this it is added that at least half of the regiments
concerned were from counties on the Highland border, notably peopled by a robust
and hardy race, it is fair to conclude that the subjects of these measurements were
superior specimens of manhood, and not an average type of the Scottish people.

No other measurements of Scotchmen exhibit so large a mean bulk as 40 inches.
Dr. Forbes's statistics were obtained by measuring students of the University of
Edinburgh, some of whom were boys of fourteen, so that his tables are unsuited for
the comparison. Dr. Beddoe's intesting work" contains the height of 2,678 Scotchmen,
being citizens, soldiers, lunatics, and criminals, between the ages of twenty-three and
fifty, and he is of opinion that the mean height of man in Scotland may be set at 5
feet 7J inches ; his tables show actually a mean result of 5 feet 7'| inches. Unfor-
tunately, girth of chest was not included in his inquiries. Mr. B. A. Gould, in the
volume published by the United States Sanitary Commission,'' gives the girth of chest
at inspiration and expiration of 80 Scotchmen, showing a mean bulk of 37.45 and
34.67 inches. He states the mean height of 7,313 Scotchmen at 67.258 inches.'' The
statistics of tliis office afford the following results :

Total number of Scotchmen examined, 3,435 :

Inches.

Maximum height 78. 00

Minimum height 54. 00

Mean height 66. 80

Maximum girth of chest at expiration 41. 00

Minimum girth of chest at expiration 26. 00

Mean girth of chest at expiration 33. 44

Of the total number examined, only 2,301 were found fit for military service,
and these yielded the following measurements :

Number of Scotchmen accepted for service, 2,301 :

luches.

Maximum height 78. 00

Minimum height 60. 00

Mean height 66. 78

' He adds a fablo of thocouiparative size of mea's beads, obtaiued iu the retail hat-shops of London and Edinburgh.
' On the stature and hulk of man in the British Isles, Mem. Anthrop. Soc. of London, vol. iii, p. 545, 1869; also pub-
lished separately, 8vo, London, 1870.
' Inrcsligationa, &c., p. 263.
* Ibid., p. 105.

INTRODUCTORY.

LXXl

lucbes.

41.00

33.53

Maximum drtli of chest at expiratiou -

Minimum girth of chest at expiration - „„ ll"

]!llean girth of chest at expiration -

Of the remainder the following were the dimensions :

Number of Scotchmen rejected as unfit for military service, 1,134 :

lucbes,

74.00

Maximum height - -

Minimum height .

Mean height '^. ^^'^^

Maximum girth of chest at expiration 40. 00

Minimum girth of chest at expiration - - - - - ^^- ^^

Mean girth of chest at expiration -

The authorities collated furnish tliis result :

Mean height of Scotchmen, according to different authorities.

33.26

Authority.

"Array-coutractor," of tbe Edin.Med.and Surg. Jour.

Dr. Beddoo

Mr. Gould.....

Tbis office

Number
examined.

5,731
2,678
7,813
3,435

Mean beigbt,
iu iucbes.

67.90
67.72
67.25
66.80

Mean beigbt,
in centimetres.

172. 47
172. 01
170. 82
169. 67

Mean girth of chest of /Scotchmen, according to different authorities.

Authority.

Number
examined.

Mean girtb of
cbest, in incbes.

Mean girtb of cbest,
in centimetres.

"Army-contractor,

' r\f f liA "P/Iin Afpfl and Surer .Tour

.'),731

80

3,435

39.86
34.67
33.44

101.24

88.06

84.94

It seems reasonable to conclude, then, that while the data in question exhibit an
excess in mean height not improbably correct, the girth of chest, after making due
allowance for the superior quality of the men, is so far above the mean of other
observations as, m connection with the circumstances, to warrant the behef that it was
obtained in the perfunctory manner suggested.

In 1836, Br. James D. Forbes, of Edinburgh, drew attention to the importance of
such statistics in a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh.^ He gave the
results of measuring 829 students of the university as to height, weight, iind strength;
the last having been ascertained by Eegnier's dynamometer. The value of these
tables for comparison is lessened by the fact that students from the immature age of
fourteen years were included, and that all alike were weighed in their clothes and
measured in their shoes. ^__

1 0,1 the results of cxpeiimcnts made on the weight, height, mid Mrevgtk of nlove 800 ii,dividuals. British Association,
Reports, part ii, p. 38, 1836.

LXXII INTKODUCTORY.

The most extensive series of observations made in Great Britain was obtained by
the energy and zeal of Dr. John Beddoe, president of the Anthropological Society of
London. That g-entleman had assisted Dr. Barnard Davis in ubtaining some dimen-
sions of living subjects, to be made use of in the great work of the latter on Crania
Britannica, and, struck with their interest and value, determined to continue his efforts
on a larger scale. He pre^^ared printed forms, with instructions for making the desired
measurements, and sent them to members of the medical profession, and to other per-
sons likely to interest themselves in the matter, in all parts of the United Kingdom.'
He thus obtained returns of the examination of over 17,000 men. About half of the
number were from civil life ; 4,144 were recruits for the army, of the age of twenty-
three and upward. Dr. Beddoe coinciding in opinion with Liharzik, Aitken, and others,
that the full growth is not attained until the twenty-third year ; 2,479 were criminals
in the various prisons; and 1,857 were lunatics in the public asylums. These tables,
which are quite copious in detail, covering nearly 200 octavo pages, set forth the dis-
tricts or counties, the towns, and villages where the men were found, with their occu-
pations, and remarks upon their sanitary surroundings ; their height and weight, and, in
some instances, the color of hair and eyes is also recorded. The latter subject has
been treated of more specifically by the same writer in another essay .^

Dr. Beddoe's work treats exclusively of natives of Great Britain ; but as the
tables keep the particulars as to the Englishman, Scotchman, and Irishman separate,
the results as to mean height and weight admit of comparison with the measure-
ments of such nativities in this work. Dr. Beddoe's instructions to his correspondents
required that no selection should be attempted, but that men should be taken as they
were met with, tall or short, robust or slender ; the limits of age, however, being from
twenty-three to fifty years. In this manner, the adult man was, he thinks, fairly
represented iu the returns. In his opinion, the mean height of Englishmen may be
stated at 5 feet Q.6 inches, (1.692 metres ;) of Scotchmen, at 5 feet 7^ inches, (1.715
metres;) of the soldier-class, including rejected recruits, 5 feet 7 inches, (1.702 metres;)
of lunatics and criminals, 5 feet 5J inches, (1.664 metres.) His measurements of
Irislimen were almost entirely from recruits.

A grave defect in these valuable and interesting tables is the want of clearness
and precision in exhibiting the total number of men examined. The repetition by
counties and districts of prior separate entries is inserted in the body of the tables,
without dividing lines, or any indication of Avhat the consolidated number is composed
of; and as there are no additions, separate totals, or mean results furnished, the difficulty
of obtaining the conclusions warrranted by the tables is excessive and provoking.
The possessor of a great mass of statistics confers but imperfect favor on the scien-
tific world if he print the crude material only, and evade the labor of setting forth the
important results, with their relations of ratio and mean.

In Germany, Dr. Meyer, a distinguished statistician of Munich, published, in 1863,
the results of the examination of 12,740 men drafted for the Bavarian arniy.^ The

' On the stature and bulk of r.ian in the Briiisk Isles, vol. iii of Memoirs read before /Ac Anthropological SocieUj of Lov-
don, 18C7-'69; pulilisbud separately, Hvo, I.ondou, 1870.

' On tlw siij}j)os(d inercasinri imniUiHT. of dark hair in England. Anthrop. liiv., vol. i, p. 310, Loudou, 1863.
•Aei-ztlichcs intclligenz-hlatt rut: liaija-n. 18G;i.

INTRODUCTORY. LXXIII

mean height of these men he states at 5 feet 7 niches and 7 hnes, Bavarian measnre,
equivalent to 1.63S metres, or 5 feet 4 J inches, Enghsh. The mean weight he deter
mines at 117:^ pounds, Bavarian, equivalent to 65.G5 kilogrammes, or 144| pounds
avoirdupois. An interesting fact recorded by Dr. Meyer may be mentioned for its
ethnological bearing.^ He found the minimum of height to be among the natives of
the town of Furtli, which is chiefly populated by Jews ; this is confirmatory of a
statement of Schutz, of St. Petersburg, as to the low mean stature of Russian and
Polish Jews when compared with that of the people surrounding them, a peculiarity
dependent in their case upon the shortness of their lower limbs relatively to the size of
the trunk.-

Anthropometry, as a means of diagnosis of difference of race, formed a prominent
and important part of the labors of the scientific corjis attached to the Austrian frigate
Novara in its exploring expedition round the globe in 1857, 1858, and 1859. Drs.
Scherzer and Schwarz devised a scheme of measurements more copious and minute than
any previously attempted, except in the studio. Uinvard of seventy special dimensions
were taken in every instance where it was found possible, in addition to eight general
observations. Of these, the measurements of the head numbered 31 ; of the trunk,
18, and of the extremities, 2!.^

Dr. Schwarz somewhat modified this plan after his return, and in a work published
in 1862 gives directions for taking measurements to the number of 80 ; of these, 40
are of the head alone, and present a very complete system of craniometry.^ By
means of »the prosopometer, an instrument perfected by Dr. Schwarz, he claims that
the cubic capacity of the skull can be approximatively calculated from external meas-
urements. The time required to obtain all these valuable dimensions will, it is to be
feai'ed, render them difficult of application on a large scale.

M. Boudin, the distinguished French army-surgeon, has composed extremely
valuable tables and charts, the results of his extensive observations of recruits.^ The
mean height was made especially the subject of his investigations, and his tables have
been applied in connection with the researches of Broca in a very thorough and
conclusive manner to determine the mean height of the inhabitants of different districts
of France.'' M. Boudin is of opinion that although soil, local surroundings, and cli-
mate are largely accountable for the infirmities which disable from the military serv-
ice, yet that they exercise little influence on height, which is always an affair of race
or hereditary descent.^ A remarkable increase in the mean height of French recruits

' CanstaU'e Jahresbtricht der medeciv, 1803, hand vii, p. 57.

= M. Boudin asserts with great positiveuess that tbo physical condition of the Jewish race is not moditied by local
causes in the same manner as that of those among whom they live : " La race jiiive ohiiit a den lots statisliqiics de iiais-
sance, de maladies el de mortalitv compU:ement differentes de cellos aKxqiielles soiit soiimiscs Ics aiitres populations aii milieu des-
quelks elle vil." Du noii-cosmopolitisme dcs races hiimaines, Mem. de la Soc. d'Anthroj). de Paris, IbUO, t. i, p. 93.

' Reise dcr Oslerreichi«elien frcgatte Novara um die crde in den jahren, 1857, 1858, 1859, anlhropologiselicr Ihvil, 'J/c
ahtheilung, 4to, Wieu, 18G7.

*Anthropologii, {Novara expedition,) a system of anthropomelrieal inocstif/ations as a means for the differential diagnosis
of human races, 4to, Vienna, 1862.

'Htudcs ethnologiqnes sur la taillect Ic poids de Vhomme chez divers peuples. Kecueil dcSIem. dcs med., dochirurg., &e.,
3mo s(Srie, t. ix, j). 1G9 ; t. x, p. 1, Paris, 1863.

'• Hecherehes snr Vellinologie de la France, par Paul Buoca, Bull, de la Soc. d'Anthrop., 1859, t. i, p. C.

' liestillals ethnologiqnes du recrutcment dans I'armc'c frangaisc, par J. C. M. BOUDIN. Bull, de la Soc. d'Authrop., t. ii,
p. 6(;4, 18G4.

X

LXXIV INTRODUCTORY.

is noted by M. Boudin. lu the class of 1831, 928 out of 10,000 youug men were rejected
from defect of statm-e, while in the class of 1860 only 591 out of 10,000 were found
deficient in that qualification. The long- and exhausting wars of the first Napoleon in
the beginning of the century, by taking away from civil life the able-bodied men of
the country, doubtless produced the deficiency in the first case.

Under the somewhat pretentious title of "An attempt to determine the mean
height of man in France," M. 'Lilnt has given the results of his measurement of 2,000
prisoners under his professional care.' At the age of twenty to twenty-five years, he
finds their mean height to be 1.647 metres, (64.84 inches, English,) a result which,
compared with the mean height ascribed to the whole population by Broca, namely,
1.65 metres, (64.96 inches, English,) does not correspond with Dr. Beddoe's conclu-
sion that the criminal classes exhibit a diminution of mean stature of one inch."

The scientific contributions of d'Hargenvilliers, Villenn^, Sue, Silbermann,
Pruner-Bey, Broca, Aeby, von Baer, Welcker, Virchow, tlie Schlagintweits, Lucae,
Knox, Danson, A. S. Thomson, Hannover, and- others, contain much that is of value
on the subject of anthropometry, but to which a more specific reference is not here
necessary. The bibliography appended will be found to indicate the works referred to.

In the United States, no particular or extensive effort appears to have been made
in this direction until after the breaking-out of the war of the rebellion in 1861.
Mention must be made, however, of some statistics of the recruiting service, prepared
by the late Richard H. Coolidge, surgeon of the United States Army, and published
in 1856 under direction of the Surgeon-General.'' These tables exhibit the nativity,
age, and occupation of the men accepted for service in the Arni}^ in the years 1S50,
1851, and 1852, with the causes of rejection of those refused. They also exhibit the
relation of mean weight to height in the native-born soldier, in those of English birth,
and in those of other foreign origins. A table follows of mean height in relation to
States, together with the mean prevalence of certain colors of hair, eyes, and of com-
plexion in 1,800 accepted recruits. These observations, though not extensive, are quite
valuable; tlie well-known conscientious care of the regretted officer who compiled them
stamping them with authenticity. A noteworthy contrast is exhibited by them in the
character of the material offering for the service in time of peace and in time of war.
Of 5,000 recruits enhsted in the Army in the years 1850 and 1851, only 1,484 were
native Americans ; the large proportion of 70 per cent, being of foreign birth. In the
year 1847, however, the period of the Mexican war, of 5,000 recruits obtained at
the general recruiting depot, 3,639 were native-born, thus quite reversing the propor-
tion. It is instructive, also, to observe how the proportion of men rejected differs from'
the result of tlie recruiting in the late war. In 1852, out of 16,064 men presenting
themselves for enlistment, only 2,726 were accepted; the surprising number of 13,338,
or 83 per cent, of the wliole, having been rejected for pliysical disqualification. Of
806,610 men examined under the operation of the first three drafts during the war of
the rebellion, the rate of rejection for physical causes was 26.24 per cent. It would

' i'dxrti d'liiic fUltrmhialion ethnologiqnc de la taille moyenne de Vliomme en France, par M. L]£lut, Anu. d'byg., t. xsxi,
p. 'i'J', Paris, 1844.

- Op. cit., p. 545.

^ Statistical report on the sickncis mid luoriaHlij of the Arm ij of the United States, compiled frow the records of the Sui
geon- General's Office, embracing a period of sixteen years, f om January , 1639,10 JunHory,lth5, 4to, Wasbington, 185C,p.6-ii.

INTKODUCTOEY. LXXV

be incorrect, however, to draw any general conclusion as to the prevalence of particular
disability from this result ; the explanation is to be found in the insufficient induce-
ments then oftered by Army pay and prospects to able-bodied and energetic men in
comparison with the unlimited field for industry in civil life. The consequence was
that the di'egs of the populations of the cities, and the most idle and dissipated of
foreign immigrants formed the bulk of those offering to enlist.

The number of men credited on the several calls made by the President of the United
States from the beginning to the end of the war of the rebellion, and put into actual
service in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, was 2,690,401. This number does not
include the "emergency men," or men enlisted for short periods; their number
amounted to 72,000, making a total of 2,7G2,401 men. When to this total of fighting
men is added that of the men rejected as unqualified for military service, some idea
may be formed of the opportunity afforded by these enlistments for the measurement
and examination of the Immau body. Unfortunately, however, complete records of
only a portion of these examinations were preserved, though the cause of the deficiency
is easily explained.

In response to the first calls for volunteers, the flower of the young men of the
country presented themselves, and were accepted without very rigid scrutiny ; such
physical examination as they were subjected to was hasty, incomplete, and without
systematic record. Mr. Gould, the statistician of the United States Sanitary Commis-
sion, is of opinion that the mean height of the true volunteers, those, namely, who
came forward at the beginning of the war, exceeded that of the recruits obtained later
under the drafting system, and he expresses his regret that so many of the measure-
ments in his work should have been obtained from the latter source.' It has been
already stated that nearly all the measurements which form the basis of the tables and
calculations of the present volume are of drafted men ; but, so far from being a matter
of regreti it is to be observed that so admirable an opportunity of obtaining an actual
mean of certain physical characteristics of a large part of the adult male population,
selected by chance, was never before offered. The draft inexorably recorded all male
citizens between the ages of twenty and forty-five as liable to military duty, and
exemptible only for cause shown. The description of those rejected, as well as of those
found fit for military service, was necessary to furnish a true mean of the population,
while from the first volunteers the rnean dimensions of a superior class only could liave
been deduced.

It was not until the exigencies of the war called into operation the machinery of
■ the draft that any systematic examination was made imperative, and that the records
were directed in all instances to be sent to a central office for preservation. The pres-
ent work, in connection with the copious tables already published in the Provost-
Marshal- General's report of 1866,- completes the presentation of the statistics thereby
obtained. Their scope and probable value have been already commented upon.

Quite early in the war, the United States Sanitary Commission directed their
agents to collect certain statistics as to the physique of soldiers and sailors then in

' Iiircstigations, &c., p. 91.

' Final report made to the Sccrc'ori/ of War by the. Provosl-Marshal-Gciicral, 8vo, Washiugton, 18G8. Report of Medical
Branch, pp. 2S8-700.

LXXVI INTRODUCTORY.

service. The result of these inqmries appeared in 1869 in a volume pubhshed by
that association.^

The records given therein of the age, nativity, and height of enlisted men attain
the large total of 1,232,256 ; the observations of complexion and color of hair and
eyes amount to 668,000. These data, however, were not obtained by actual inspec-
tion or measurement on the part of the officers of the commission, but were copied
from the muster-rolls in possession of the adjutants-general of the diiferent States, so
that the only guarantee which the Sanitary Commission can furnish with regard to
them is as to the accuracy with which the copying and summing up have been per-
formed. In estimating the value of these State records, it should be remembered that all
muster-rolls of volunteers prepared early in the war are liable to grave suspicion on
the ground of trustworthiness. Inquiries made of regimental surgeons and of officers
engaged in organizing and recruiting have led to the unavoidable conclusion that, in
the great majority of cases, the height was hastily guessed at, or set down from the
man's own statement; and that the age and nativity were often misstated The color
of hair and eyes, even, sti-ange as it may seem, was often the subject of gross inaccu-
racy. It may be observed in this connection that the work in question preserves the
mistake of tabulating gray hair separately. Gray is the faded tint common to all
colors of hair, and has by itself no anthropological significance. The instances of
gray hair should have been assigned to the columns of the original colors when possi-
ble, or otherwise omitted from the table. As pertaining to vital statistics, tables of
gray hair, or of baldness, in relation to age, occupation, or disease, would have had a
sejoarate and special value.

The measurements actually made by the agents of the Sanitary Commission, and
which consequently form the most valuable part of the work, consist of 23,624 records
of Aveight, 19,748 tests by the dynamometer, 18,781 measurements of tlie girth of
chest, and other dimensions, as of the head, waist, length of limbs, &c. ; with some
valuable statistics of pulsation, respiration, pulmonary capacity, and vision in about
10,000 cases. These very valuable data appear to have been collected in a pains-
taking and conscientious manner, and they constitute an important store-house of facts
for reference and comi^arison.^

Mr. E. B. Elliott, the first actuary of the Sanitary Commission, and well known as
an exjierienced statistician, contributed a valuable paper at the fifth session of the
International Statistical Congress at Berlin, in 1863, exhibiting some of the early
results ot the statistics gathered for the commission.^ It comprises the general rates
of mortality in the volunteer army, with comparison as to locality and with other

^Investigations in the miUtarij and anthropolopical statistics of American «o?die)-«, by B. A. Gould, published for the
United States Sanitary Commission, 8vo, New York, 1869.

-Mr. Gould lias been led iuto an erroneous statement when speaking of the statistics of chest-measurement
which were contained in the first part of this work, published in the Provost-Marshal-Gonorars Report of 18(i6. Ho
says, (op. cit., p. a()4 :) " In these examinations by the medical otlieers of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, it is not
st.ated at what |)art of the chest the nusasurement was m.ade." In the introduction to the medical part of that report,
a full and precise description was given of the manner in wliicb the examination of the men was conducted by tho
enrolling surgeon. It is there stated that the recruit, dircitni of all clothing, was " placed under a stationary measuriug-
rod, directed to stand erect, while his heiglit w!.s accurately noted, and a graduated tape was passed around the chest
orer the inferior (ingles of the scapulas and directly over the nipples, and tho measurement taken both at inspiration and
expiration."— (Fi«ni Heportof the Prorost-Marshal-General, 1866, p. 243.)

= On the military statistics of the United Stales of America, by E. B. Elliott, -Ito, Berlin, 1S63.

INTRODUCTORY. LXXVII

periods ; and, nextly, the rates of absence, from sickness, of men and officers. The
physiological part treats of age and the law of distribution of age, of stature, circumference
of chest, weight, and some minor physical characteristics. Each of these subjects is
illustrated by tables, in which the calculated result by the theory of probabilities is
placed in parallel columns with the actual observation. The number of men on whosf>
examination these tables were founded was 25,878. Fi;rther reference will be made
to this able production in connection with the application of the binomial theorem to
man -measurement.

The most successful and distinguished laborer in this field of statistics is M. Lam-
bert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet, of Brussels. He was born in 1796, and devoted himself
in early life to the study of art, to which he gradually added a profound knowledge of
mathematics and the physical sciences. Appointed astronomer-royal, and, later, director
of the Royal Observatory of Brussels, and perpetual secretary of the Royal Academy
of Belgium, he became engaged in an extensive correspondence with men of science
in all parts of the world, and, making diligent use of these opportunities, he Avas
enabled to collect a vast body of statistics upon the subject of his especial study,
namely, anthropometry, or measurement of all the faculties of man.* At the meeting
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Cambridge, in 1832, M.
Quetelet with others founded the statistical section of that society. Later he originated
the International Statistical Congress.

In 1 846, M. Quetelet published a work on the application of the theory of proba-
bilities to moral and political science.'"' In this volume he exhibited the applicability
of the binomial theorem of Newton and Pascal in a manner so striking- for its oriffi-
nality and its results as to elicit warm commendations from many distinguished men,
and, among others, from Sir John F. W. Herschel, who contributed on the subject a
long and able article to the Edinburgh Review,^ in which he expressed his full coinci-
dence in the views of the Belgian philosopher. This introduction led the way to
examination of the subject in Great Britain, and, later, in the United States. A quarter
of a century has elapsed since the publication of this book, and during that period
Quetelet has seen his theory tested by the observations and experiments of scientific
men in all the civilized countries of the world.

In 1871, he published the book he entitles " Anthropometry, or the measurement
of the ditferent faculties of man."* This elaborate work is the crowning trophy of M.
Quetelet's long scientific labors, and demonstrates the power of the calculus of proba-
bilities, upon certain data, to exhibit the mean of man's physical and intellectual facul-
ties. It is divided into five books, of which the first treats generally of the proportions
of the body, and the second contains a history of the efforts made from the earliest
time to the present to educe a satisfactory theory or canon of human proportion. The
third book treats of the mean results of measurements, and their relation to the laws
of growth ; the fourth, of these general mean results applied to races ; and the fifth, of
their application to intellectual qualities, to marriage, .crime, &c.

'"St je hasarde ici le nom (J'AntiiropomiSirie, c'est uuiquemcnt pour hotter des longueurs el laripitltion trop frdqueiite
de la circonhcution Tlieorie dcs proportiovx dn corps humain." — AutUropom^tric, p. 78.

' Siir la thduric des probabiUtes, appUquee mix sciences morales et poUtiques, 8vo, BruxoUes, 1846.

* Ediiibitryli Herieir, No. clxxxv, July, 1850, vol. xcii, p. 1.

■* Anthropomefric, ou mesurc des differentes faculUs de Vliomme, 8vo, Bnixclles, 1871.

LXXVIII INTRODUCTORY.

M. Quetelet's examination of the labors of those who had written on the subject
made it evident to him that the true mode of ascertaining the typical man, if such
existed, was yet to be discovered. Artists had selected only such statues or living-
models as fulfilled their conceptions of beauty, strength, or grace ; naturalists studied
only individual specimens of race, and neither seemed to discern that there was sym-
metry in divergence and law for disagreement from the type. Allusion has already
been made to the artificial nature of the systems by which some one portion of the
body was selected as a modulus, and its remaining proportions laid down by their
supposed relations to this unit. The measurements taken or procured by M. Quetelet,
and the copious statistics obtained in the late war in the United States have almost
invariably confuted these supposed proportions. For example, it had been authorita-
tively asserted that the distance between the nipples formed exactly one-fourth part of
the circumference of the chest on that plane.' Mr. Gould finds the ratio of that portion
to the entire circumference in 2,068 white soldiers to be 0.2265 instead of 0.2500." M.
Quetelet's tables indicate 0.2210, (at the age of twenty -five.)^ Again, the distance between
the nipple? was declared to correspond to the antero-posterior diameter of the chest.
Quetelet's mean result for the latter (at the age of twenty-five) is 0.180 metre, and
for the former 0.195 metre.'' The breadth of the shoulders through the acromial
apophyses, according to the same authority, should be equal to half the circumference
of the chest. Quetelet's tables show the mean dimension of the first to be 0.39.3, but
of the latter 0.882, being in the ratio of 0.4455 in place of 0.5.^ In like manner, Mr
Gould's records of 7,904 men, all white soldiers, yield a ratio of 0.4627."

Discarding all theories founded on arbitrary units of measurement, M. Quetelet
reasoned that if a typical figure or model of the human race existed, all variations
from it in excess or defect would be due to accidental causes ; that these divergences
would be found in corresponding groups ; and that by applying the theory of proba-
bilities to the problem, the number in each vaiying group could be approximatively
predicted. If men diff'ered, not from accidental causes but by reason of there being
no common type among them, measurements would have no determinate character or
numerical relation. Another consequence of this theory was that the more numerous
tlie observations the more efFectually would the accidental causes counteract each other,
and leave the general type in more predominant relief The group nearest to the
mean would be the most numerorfs, and the receding groups on either side would
diminish in number with the distance. These groups follow numerically a law which
can be laid down in advance, the law familiar to mathematicians as the law of the
co-efficients of the binomial. In the case of man, this law applies not only to his height,
but to the proportions of his limbs, his weight, strength, and, indeed, to all the facul-
ties or qualities of his body that can be reduced to figures. The typical man so
obtained is termed by M. Quetelet ^'I'homme inoi/en" the mean (not average) man.''

' BuKNT (W. IJ.) On the stature and relative proportloua of man at different epochs and in different coitntrkn. Head
before the British Association, Sept., 1844. See, also, HUTCHINSON, article " Thorax," Cijelopadia of anatomy and phijsioJogij ;
and Hammonu's Ui/giene, \>. 38.
- Op. cit.,j>.'26o. ' J»iWiro^;o»i(f/r!C, pp. 425, 4'2G. ^ Ibid., iibi supra. ^/M(?., pp. 4i4, 427. ^ Op. cit., yi. 2W.

'Mean anp Average. — Tbo distinction between a mean and an average is often overlooked, or not clearly
comprehended. Sir John Herscbol bo clearly exhibits it that the passage is worth quoting entire. Speaking of M.
Quetelet's liomme moijen, he says, " Now, this result, bo it observed, is a mean as distinguished from an average. Tho
dist nction is one of much importance, and is very properly insisted on by M. Quetelet, who proposes to use tho word

INTRODUCTORY. LXXIX

A curious result of this theory is found in the calcuUition as to dwarfs and giants.
In the o-eneral estimation, dwarfs and giants are regarded as monstrosities, anomahes
of the human species, but they fall into their places naturally and symmetrically, and
are necessary to complete the grand scale of human stature. Indeed, so little is there
of accidental in their exceptional stature that, in measuring the population of a country,
if the dwarfs and giants were purposely concealed from view, it would be possib e Irom
the measurements obtained not only to declare the number of each that should exist,
but also to assign to them their actual stature.' _

M Quetelet exhibits in tabulated form the results of observations made m 1^ ranee,
Belo-ium Italy, and the United States. In these, the figures obtained by calculation
approach with remarkable closeness to the actual measurements. For example, the
result of twenty years of observation on his part in Belgium gives the mean stature
of his countrymen at 1.68 metres, (6G. 14 inches,) and the number' per thousand of
that heioht, by actual measurement, is 138 ; by the calculus, it is 136.^ Mr. Elliott, in
25 878 examinations, found the mean height to be 1.73 metres, (68.20 inches,) and the
number of men per thousand of that height was 157 ; by the calculation, the number

ari-ived at was 153.^ • • i

The following tables, somewhat abridged and re-arranged from the originals,
conveniently exhibit the symmetrical result of the actual and of the calculated
observations in some extensive records of stature and girth of chest.

,;;^^;;^lv for tUo former, and to speak of the latter (averasO as the ' aritbmotical mea..' We prefer the ten. average
not on y beeauso both are truly arithmetical means, bnt hecanse the latter term carries alreaay w,th rt that v.fated
Zl vuLr association .'hich ;enaers it less fit for exact and philosophical nse. An ayerage njay ex.st of tire most
different obiects as of the hei-^hts of honses in a town or the sizes of books in a library. It may be convement to con-
t?rge.S n lion^f Hi 'hings averaged, bnt inyolves no conception of a na.nral and r.ccn.nizable <^^^^^^
lid ferencesfrom which ought to be regarded as deyiations from a standard. The notion of a mean, on the other
hand does imply such a conception, standing disliuguished from an average by th>s very feature, v.z, the regular
ma°ch of the groups, increasing to a maximum and then again diminishing. An average g,ves ns no assurance that the
"ut rro .m be like the past. A mean may be reckoned on with the most implicit conhdence. All the phdosoph.cal
ireof statistical results depends on a due appreciation of th.s distinction, and acceptance of rts consequences."-
(iJdiH. KetJieit!, No. clxxxv, vol. xcii.)

1 Jnthropomaric, p. 56. ' ^'''f' P' 287-

3 On the military statistics of the United States of Ammca, 4to, Berlin, ISbJ, p. J4.

LXXX

tNTEODUCTOEY.

Comparison of actual and calculated circumference of chest, 5,738 men.— {Sir. J. F. W. Herscliel and

M. Quetelet.)

Circumference of chest.

1
Number of
men at each
ciroumfor-
ence.

Sir J. F. W.

Herschel.

M. Quetelet,

English inches.

Centimetres.

Calculated.

Difference.

Calculated.

Difference.

33

83.82

3

C

- 3

4

- 1

34

86.36

18

21

- 3

17

+ 1

35

88.90

81

72

+ 9

63

+ 18

36

91. 44

185"~>

200

- 15

186

- 1

37

93.98

420

433

- 13

420

0

38

96.52

749

746

+ 3

765

- 16

39

99.06

1, 073

1,024

+ 49

1,056

+ 17

40

101.60

1,079

1,103

- 24

1,139

- 60

41

104. 14

934

943

- 9

961

- 27

42

106. 68

058

639

+ 19

C28

+ 30

43

109. 22

370

341

+ 29

321

+ 49

44

111.76

92

145

- 53

12G

- 34

45

114.30

50

50

0

40

+ 10

4G

116.84

21

12

+ 9

9

+ 12

47

119.38

4

2

+ 2

2

+ 2

48

121. 92

1

1

0

1

0

Total

5,738

5,738

c -120 >
} +120 ]

5,738

< -139
\ +139

Comparison of actual and calculated height. — [E. B. Elliott.)

Height.

'Number of men at
each height.

Proportion

per thousand at each height.

English inches.

Centimetres.

Actual measure.

Calculated.

Difference.

55

140

4

•.

and under.

and under.

56

142

1

57

145

3

1- 1

3

- 1

58

147

7

59

150

6

60

152

10

61

155

15

1

3

- 2

62

158

50

2

9

- 7 ■

63

100

526

20

21

- 1

64

163

1,237

48

42

+ c

65

165

1,947

75

72

+ 3

GO

168

3,019

117

107

+10

67

170

3,475

134

137

- 3

OS

173

4,054

1.57

153

+ 4

69

175

3, 631

140

146

- 6

70

178

3,133

Vil

121

0

71

180

2,075

80

86

_ 6

72

183

1,485

57

53

+ 4

73

185

680

26

28

- 2

74

188

34S

13

13

0

75

191

118

5

5

0

76

193

42

2

2

0

77

196

9

1 .

78

198

6

0

+ 1

79

201

2

J

Total

25,878

1 000

1 000

—28

.

+26

I.NTKODUl lOKV. LXXXI

Comparison of hekilit by actual mednurcmcnt and bit calculation. — (From (^uetelet.)

United Statks.

FlMNCE. BELGIU

M.

^^•^'1^" • 1 (B. A. Gould.)

(D'Hargen\

illiers.) (Quetelet.)

Kiifjlisli iiicbes.

Ci-iiliiiirtris.
133

Aotual measuif.

Calculated.

Actual measure.

Calculated. 'Actual iiieasnre.

1

Calctilate<l.

52. 36

1

0.1

53. 54

13G

1

0. 5

1

0.3

54.72

139

>

l.G

1

55.90

142 '

4.5

3

57.09

145

*> !28G

11

> 14T

7

58.27

148

J

1

24

14

59.45

151

1

4

44

28

60.63

154

8

11

73

.53

61.81

157

14

24

105

110

107

62. 99

160

49

45

116

132 lOG

i3i;

63. 78

162

109

75

140

145

1G2

150

G4. 90

165

93

109

144

140

129

150

GO. 14

168

137

137

114

118

138

136

66.93

170

148

150

88

87 102

107

68.11

173

138

142

55

55

48

53

69.29

176

112

117

32

32

34

28

70.47

179

99

84

■^

16

14

14

71.26

181

45

52

1 .
1

7

7

*

72.44

184

25

28

25

3

2

3

73. (!2

187

14

13

J

1

0.6

1

74.80

190

7

5

0.3

0.3

0.3

75. 59

192

1

2

0.1

0.1

76.38

194

1

77.56

197

78.74

200

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

Note.— The flgnros in<lii-.itfi the immher per thousand .at each beigbt.

Comparison of actual and calculated height, 100,000 men. — (Bodio.)

Height.

Number of men at
each height.

Proportion per thou.saud at each height.

Knglish inches.

Ceuti metres.

Actual measure.

Calculated.

Difference.

Below GO
GO to Gl
61 to 04
64 to G7
07 til Oil
69 to 71
Above 71

Below 152
152 to 155
155 to 163
163 to 170
170 to 175
175 to 180
Above 180

11,670

6,080

32, 010

37, OGO

9, 960

2, 740

480

117

61

320

370

100

27

5

117

69

313

383

91

23

4

0
- fi
+ 7
-13
+ 9
+ 4
+ 1

100, 000

1,000

1,000

( -21
< +21

XI

LXXXII l.VTUOUUCTOKV.

An important part, of M. Quetelet's latest work consists of his demonstration of
the law of growth, his observations commencing at birth and extending to the age of
forty. The tables, which are the result of this inquiry, exhibit the mean dimensions
of all parts of the body, (the measurements numbering eighty in each instance,) both
of man and woman, year by year, from birth to the age of twenty, and every live '
years fi-om that age to the age of forty. These are followed by separate tables of
female proportions, by actual measurement, from the age of eighteen to fort}-. It is
worthy of remark that the typical figure, or mean result, deducible from the measuring
of these women taken at random from the population, differs but slightly in its details
from that of the next table, which gives the dimensions of ten young Avomen, selected
for their perfection of form from the class of artist's models, and to the mean outline
obtained from whom he applies the term "fonne elegante.''

The applicability of the calculus of probabilities to the extent r.nd rate of devel-
opment of man's intellectual and moral qualities is but summarily touched upon in the
work under consideration. It is to be hoped that M. Quetelet may live to apply his
philosophical mind and large experience to the elucidation of this important branch of
.sociology.'

Professor Bodio, of Venice, an experienced statistician, has devoted much study
to tlie question of the mean stature of his Italian countrymen, and his table of the
lieight of 100,000 men is a valuable contribution to the sulyect." An abstract of its
results has been included in the foregoing tables. The number of Italians avIio enlisted
in the United States Army during the late war was not large, amounting only to 339.
Their mean stature was found to be 5 feet 6 inches, or 1.68 metres. Professor Bodio'
gives 1.62 meti'es as the mean resulting from his tables.

Modern anatomists have not generally made use of the continual opportunities
afforded them for systematic measuring of the cadaver. Gerdy's treatise on the anat-
omy of external torm deserves to be mentioned.^ In the introduction to the great
work of Boui'gery, Bernard, and Jacob, are to be found tables of the height and
l)readth of the human figure in some detail. The total stature being assumed at 100,
the various dimensions are laid down in relation to that standard. The results are
appro.ximatively correct, though there is some vagueness in indicating the exact points
to which the measuring-tape is to be carried."*

The measurement of the ph}'sical and intellectual qualities of man, to which study
tlie title of anthropometry has been formally affixed, has now a settled recognition in
statistical science. The growing interest felt in the subject of late years and the
extensive observations now being carried on in various parts of the world waiTant the
belief that the present work will be found an acceptable addition to the stock of
Icnowledge the progress of which has been jjriefly outlined in this sketch.

Tlie conclusi()ns arrived at up to the present time In" the most eminent investi-
gators in this particular branch of science may be suunnarily stated as follows :

' Sioce the foregoing passage of the text was writteu, iutelUgenoe has arrived of the death of this distinguished
ni in at thi- a^e of s.ivcnty-eiglit year.';.

- Jiiill. dc I' Acad roy. dc Jjclyiqiic, inie s<;ri<-. lonio xxvii, No. 3, 1869.

' .Inaiomie diH furiuea exld-icitren dii rorpx hiimuiit a Vmaiic den jicintres, ncul/ttriirs ct desainateurs, Svo; and plates,
lo.in. Kiris. l*«l.

' Jraile 101 phtdi riiimiomif de Vhi>mme. Ac, f* vols., (oli'i, I'liiis, 180j-'(i7.

lIvTRODUCTORY. LXXXIII

1. There is a perfect form or type of man, and the tendency of the r

•ace is to

uttain this type.'

2 The order of growth is reouLir toward this type.

V The variations from this type foUow a definite hiw, the hiw of accidental causes.

4 The Hne formed by these variations, when arranged in groups, recedmg on
either si<h^ of their mean, is the curve well known to mathematicians as the bmomial :
it was first applied by Newton and Pascal to questions of astronomy and physics, but
it is apphcable to all the qualities of man which can be represented by numbers.

5 The more numerous the data obtained by actual measurement, supposmg them
to be made with reasonable care and without bias,nhe more nearly accurate is the
mean result, and the more closely does it correspmj^mthjhat obtained by calculation.

rTTu^.^rk treats only of man, the applicability of Qnetelefs theory to other subjects bas not been alluded

,., but extensive invostigations'iu both the animal and vegetable kingdon.s seen, to corroborate rts correctness and

"^'V^rjexceedinglv large nnn.ber of measures, weights, orother nun.erieal determinations of any constant mag-
niUulebe ■ren-suppo:ingnobias,or any cause of error acting preferably in any one dnecfon to ex,st-„ot only
Si K number of mall ^rors vastly exceed that of large ones, but the results will be found to group themselv
rbout the mean of the whole always according to one invariable law of uuxuber, and that the n,on, precsely, the g.eater
the otal number of determinations. « ' Rude and unskillful „,easureu,ents of any knul, accumulated ,n very
greaTnt^betare cou.petent to atiord precise n,ea.n results. The only conditions are the con.jnual anunus 'nensuj^
tS'seuceof bias, the correctness of the scale with which the measures are comi«red^ and the assurance that we
have the entire range of error, at least in one direction, within the record."-Sir J. F. W. Hersciiei,.

LXXXIV INTKODUCTOKY.

Note. Tlie following works may be i^onsulttHl ns lelalin;! to tlie history ot Hiitbropomeiry :

Aelian. Vaiia' histori;r. lAb.x'w. H.l('>.

Aitkeu (William). Ou llie {jiowtb of tlif leeniit .-ind tbi' yoiiuj; soldier. Viiiio. London, Ibfr-i.

Aiberii (L. B.) Delia arcliitettnra ili L. Alberti, lib. x, ilella pittiira libri iii, e della statiia libro i, tradotti iu lingua

italiana da C'osinio Bartidi. 3 v. Folio, f.oiidra, I7i(i.
Allen (N.VTHAN). Physical culture iu Ainberst College. 8ro. Lowell, lS6i). [Ait.iii uppemUx, on " Vital atatistics."]
Aueelnic Xote sur la coiibalomt^Irie. .Vim. (le hi Soc. d'Jiitlirop., t. \,pp. :Vi~-M~. Paris, 1860-63.
Arfe y Viliafauc (Juan). Varia coiiimeiisuracibu para la escultura y anbitectura. Folio. iSerille, 1589.
Arilioililli (J.-B.) Veri precetti della pittura, lilii-i iii. ito. rrnisr, 1678.
Arplie. -SVc Arfe.
Amirail (Geram>). Le.s proportions du corp buMiaiu mesnrees siir les belli s figures de rantiipiit<^. Folio. Piiri.^,

168:).
Barca (P.-A.) Avertimenti e regole sopra I'architettura civile e inilitare, la pittnra, scoltnra e perspettiva. Folio.

.Milan, KVZO.
Bardoii (M. F. I)am>1!e). Traite de peinturb. U v. I'imo. Pan's, 1765.
Bed«loe (Joii.N). Ou the stature and bulk of man in the British isles. Mem. Anlhiop.Soc, lol. iii, p. o4t>. London,

1869.

On the physical characteristics of the Jews. Trans. Flhnol. Soe.. vol. i, new series, p. '222. London, 1861.

On the supposed increasing prevalence of dark hair in England. Anthrop. Ileiiew, rol. i, p. 310. London, 1863.

Ou the bead-forms of the west of England. .Uem. Anthrop. Soc, rol. ii. London, 1865.

Bergllliiller (J. G.) Geometrischer maasstab der saulenordnnng nud anthroponietria, oder natur des nienschen.

Folio. Auysl/nrg,17'i3. .

Bertilloil (A.) De la methodc dans I'authropologie. BulL de la Soe. d' Anthrop., t. iv, p. \ii'.i. Paris, 1863.
Bischofl'Cr. L. W.) Ueber die veroft'eutlichten resultat.e des recrntirungs-gescbaftes. 8ro. 2Iiinchen, 1867
Boiiouii (Joseph). The proportions of the human figure, according to the ancient Grepk canon of Vitruvins ; also a

cauon of the proportions of the human figure, founded upon a diagram invented by Jobu Gibsou, esq., R. A.

8to. London, 1857.
Bosio(ANT. ) Koma sotterranea. Augment^e iiar Bottari. 3 vols. L^olio. 7?o»ic, 1737.

Boiieliardoil. Auatooiie ndcessaire i I'art du dessin. (Publiee par Hui/net.) Folio. Paris, 1741. liepnblislied 1802.
Boudill (J. C. XI ) Resume des dispositions legales et rf^gleraentaires rjni president aux operations medicales du t6-

crutement, de la refornie et de la retraite dans I'armee de terre Sro. Paris, le54.

Traite de geograpbie et de .statlstiquB medicales et des maladies eudduiiques. '2 vols. 8i'u. I'aris, 1857.

fitudes ethnologiques sur la taille et le poids de IMioinme chez divers peuples. liccueil de memoires de med.,de ehi-

rur^., etc., rol. ix,}). 169; vol. x, j). 1. Third sei-ies. Paris, 18t)3.
Bour^ery (J. M.), Bernard (C), et Jaeob (N. H.) Traite complet de ranatomie de rhonime. 8 vols. Folio.

Paris, 1866-67.
Boyd (Kohert). Tables of the weight of the buuian body and internal organs iu the sane and insane of both sexes at

various ages, arranged from 2614 post-mortem examinations. Phil. Trans., 1861, jj^j. 241-262.
Brent (W. B.) Ou the stature and relative proportions of man atditi'erent epochs and in difiiient countries. Bead

hej'ore Brit. .Issoe., !<rpt., 1844.

Tables illu.strative of the height, weight, and strength of man. Pead bifore Brit. Assoc. ,Jnne, 1845.

(l(iiiipiirativ<' heights of the soldiers in tbi^ British and French armies. In proportions of 1000. The Stat iglical

Idnijianion, hi) JIanJield and Weld. 16°. ionrfon, 1848.
Bri^liam (W. T.) Mi asnremeuts of 300 Chinese. Proe. Boston .SV. Nat. Hist., rol. xi, p. 98, 1866.
Broea (Pail). Hecherches sur Tethnologie de la France. Mem. Soe. ff Anthrop., vol. i, pp. 1-56. Paris, 1860.

Sur I'irfluenoe durable de certains croisements do races. Bull. Soc. d^ Anthrop., vol. i, p. 19. Paris, 1859.

— -. — Sur les proportions relatives du bras, de I'avant-bras et de la clavlcule chez les nfegres et les Europ^ens. Ibid.,

rol. iii, p. 162. Pavis, 1862.

Sur les projections de la tete, et sur un nouveau proe^d6 de cephalometrie. Sro. Paris, 1862.

Nouveaux instruments craniographiques. Ibid., 2 ser., vol. iv, jj. 101. Paris, 18(i3.

Sur lecraniograpbe, etc. Ibid., 1 ser., rol. il, p. 673. Paris, 1861.

Sur les proportions relatives des membres sup^rieurs et des membres inferieurs chez les nigres et les Europdens.

Ibid., 2 ser., vol. ii, p. 641. Paris, IStw.

Nonveau gonionifetn'. Ibid., 1 s>!r., rol. v,j(. 943. Paris, ltf64.

Itn ffon {('omle de). CEuvres completes. 29 lo/.i. Sro. P«ii«, 1825)-32. {Histoirc de I'homtne, vols, xi-xiii.)

Busk (George). Observations ou a syst^-'iuatic mode of craniometry. Trans. Ethnol. Soc, vol. i,'«eic series, p. 341.

London, imi.

IXTKODUCTORY. I.XXXV

OsiiniXT (P.) (Eiiviis (If r. C'iiiiiper (jui out pour olijet I'liistoiri' iiatun Ili'.la jihysiologie ft raiiatomit'. 3 fols., >^vo;

(IikI (ittiiH, folio. rariK, IHOIS.
Csil'<lail (J.) Opus noviiiii de proixirtiiinilius iiiiineiuiiiiii, iiiotiumi, pmukriiui, itc. Folio. Buh, l.'iTO.

La ni^toposcopie de Cardan (trad, dii latin) comprise en Ki livres, avcc f^OO figures do la face biiinaiue, enseiulile le

Traits des signes ou marques naturellcs dn corps, trad, du grec de Melanipus, par CI. M. de Lanrendicre. Folio.
I'tiris, l()5t^.
Cams (C. G.) Die )>roportiouslobre der uieuschlichen gestalt, zuni ersten male morphologisch und pliysiologisch
begriindet. Folio. Ltipziij, 1H54.

S.vnibolik der nienscblicben gestalt. >^vo. Leipzig, 1858.

Cliauibcrlainc (J.) Imitafious of original drawings by Lconanl da Vinci, consisting of various drawings of
single figures, and, in particular, of very accurate delineations of a variety of anatomical subjects.. Folio. Lon-
,1,1,1, 17117-1811.
Cliainpollioil lie Jeune (J. F.) Monnmens de l'£gyi)te et de la Nnbie. i vols. Folio, fai'is, 1 83.5-45.
C'liailSSier (Fit.) Kccneil iinat<miique, etc., avee fig. de.ss. par M. Dutertre. 4^0. Paris, 1820.
Cochin (C. N.) CEuvres diverses, ou recueil de quelques pieces coucernaut les arts. 15 vols. V2mo. Paris, 1771.
C'orneille (J. li.) Les premiers eleiueufs de la pciuture pratique. 12mo. Paris, 1684.
Cousin (.Jean). Livre de ponrtr.iictnre par Maistre Jean Cousin, peintre georaetrieu. 4to. Paris, 157L
Cummin (WtlxiAJl). Lectures on forensic medicine. London ilciiical Gazelle, rol. \i\, )>. 101. 1836.
Dnnson (.J. T.) Stati.stical observatious relative to the growth of the human body (males) in height and weight,

from 18 to 30 years of age. as illustrated by the records of the borough gaol of Liverpool. Jour. Stat. Soc, vol.

XKv,p.'ZO. London, 18G2.
David (fi.vfEKic). Kccherches sur I'art s'atuaire chez les auciens et les niodemes. Svo. Paris, 1801-5.
David (F. A.) Proportions des plus belles figures de I'antiquit^.avec figures accompagn^es de leur description par

Wiuckclmann. 4to. Paris, 1798.
Diodornfs SiculiiK. Biblioth.hist. Lib. i,tect. 98.
Diony^tius of Ilalicarnassus. Delsocrates,;^. 95.
Dh Orez (BicKNAHD DU PuY). Traits sur la peintnre. 4to. Toulonse, lii99.

Dlirer (.Vlbkut). Hieriu sind begriffen vier biicher vou menschlicher proportion. Folio. Nuremberg, 1528.
Elliott (E. B.) Ou the military statistics of the Uuited States of America. 4to. Berlin, 1863.
Elsiioiz .I.S.) Anthropometria, sive de mutua membrorum proportione. ito. Padua, 1654.
Elster (.1. C.) Die hiihere zeiehenkunst theoretisch-praktisch, historisch und aesthetisch,etc. Svo. Leipzig, 185'.^.
Fau (.I.-A.) Anatomie des formes extcSrieures du corps humaiu a Fusage des peiutres et des sculpteurs 8ro ; and atlas

)/». Pnris^ 1846.
Firenziiola (Agnolo). Dialogodelle bellczzedelle donne. 8vo. s. i.,1548.
Fock (fl. C. A. L.) Anatomie canouiquc.ou lo cauou de Polyclete relronvd. Svo. Utrecht, ISCih.

lle'moire sur les proportions du corps de Thomme. Comptes rendus, Acad, des Set., vol. xxx,;i. 661, Paris, 18.=i0.

Forbes (.Jas. D.) On the results of experimtnts made on the we ght, height, and strength of about 800 individuals

Reports Brit. Assoc., 18'Sti,part ii,p. 38.
Galen. De temperameutis, i, 9. De Hippoc. et Platon. deer, iv, 3. De optimi nostri corporis const, i, 2.
Gaiirici (PoMPONii). De sculptura.nbi agitur de syinmetrii8,de lineameutis, etc. ►'(■o. F/orfHcc, 1504. See, also

Ctraevius. Thesaur. Aniiquitat. Graecar. ro?. is, j). 725.
<iiautiei- d' Agoty (.J.) Myolugie complete, en 20 pi., avec les explications de Duverney. Folio. Paris, 1746.
tterdy (I'.-N) Anatomic des formes exterieures du corps humain ii I'usage des peiutres, sculpteurs et dessinafeurs.

8vo.; plates, folio. Paris, 1830.
Gibson (.John), .'^cc- Bon omi.
Gillebert d'HeiN-OUrt. Simplification de proc^d^s de mensuration sur rhomme vivant. Jtull. Soc. it'Antlivop., vol.

v,^. 542. i'((r)«, 1864.
GoMld (B. A.) luvestigatious in the military and anthropological statistics of American soldiers. United States

Sanitary Commission Memoirs. 8tm. Xew York, 1869.
Gl'anvillc (A. B.) An essay on Egyp ian mummies. Philos. Trans., 1825, ;j. 269.
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Liouville, Jour, des nuithematiqucs, vol. Hi, pp. 25-30. 1838.
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LXXXVI INTRODUCIORV.

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PART I.

REVIEW OF THE TABLES AND THEIR RESULTS

1-2

REVIEW OF THE TABLES AND THEIR RESULTS.

"If we are to devote our attention, before all things, to what can be measured and weighed,
the living man is the first object which demands our investigation. The 'average man' of Europe
liavingbcen determined by Qnctelet, his system is now applied to races." — Carl Vogt.

Ill consulting' the tables of Vol. II, it will be found of importance to bear in mind
the exact nieaniiifr to be attached to certain terms Avliich appear in them. Some of
these terms are used in a more restricted sense than their ordinary employment would
seem to authorize, but the exj)lanation is to be found in their original use by the Pro-
vost-Marshal-General's Bureau in tlie forms and re])orts required during the war.

When the law' was enacted requiring an enrollment to be made of the entire male
population, witliin certain limits of age, with a view to compulsory military service, it
becanKi quite common for men who had been enrolled, but v.ho believed that tliey
were disqualified by physical infirmity, to present themselves voluntai'ily to the medi-
cal otficer for examination. If their claim for exemption proved to be well founded,
their names Avere erased from the rolls ; but if otherwise, they continued, like othei's,
to be liable to the draft. The effort to relieve the rolls of all unavailable material was
purposely encourag-ed by the authorities of eticli district, inasmuch as the quota of
men to be provided under any call l)ore relation to the total numlier enrolled. By
this |)rudent expurgation, the quota was diminished, and the supplv of men from which
it was to be filled became correspondingly more availaljle. The details of tlie exami-
nations, made from the motives described, form part of the tables, and the men, Avhether
found qualified for a soldier's life or not, are described as '^Enrolled Men.'"

After tlie enrollment was completed, the quota of" men due from each district under
each successive call was equitably supplieil 1)A' lot, and the conscripts, whether retained
in the service or discharged, after examination by the surgeon, are spoken of as
''Drafted Men!'

The law provided that ain* citizen enrolled as liable to military duty might pre-
sent a suljstitute provisionally; and during the peiiod of time for v/hich the substitute
(if found qualified) was accepted, his principal Avas exempt from draft. In like manner,
a man ivho had been, drafted was able to obtain exemption from service if he succeeded
in furnishing a satisfactory substitute before reporting at the "camp of rendezA'OUS "
In either case, if the substitute became liable to draft at any time thereafter, the liabil-
ity of the principal immediately recurred, and his name Avas again placed upon the
rolls. 3Ien offered in the manner described, Avliether accepted or rejected by the exam-
ining surgeon, form the ''Sithstitides" of the tables.

During the operation of the enrollment-laAv, volunteering by no means ceased,

'Jet for riiroViiig and caUinij out the. nnlUmal forces, a])proved March 3, 1863.

4 DKriNITION or TERMS NOMENCLATURE OF DISEASES.

Patriotic feelings continiied to influence many to enlist, while others preferred the
credit of volunteering- to the possibility of compulsory service under the draft. The
most efl:ective inducements, however, were the large bounties ottered by the State
and General Governments, which amounted to fully six hundred millions of dollars
during the war. In the tables, volunteers, whether rejected or accepted, are designated
as " JRecniifs:'

Drafted men, if found unlit for military service, were spoken of in the reports and
tables as " cxcnqjted," and if otherwise as ^'not exempted." The same terms are also
applied to enrolled men. Recruits and substitutes whose enlistment was voluntary
are described ns '^aceejited" ov ^'■rejected." The phrase ^^ found fit for service" applies
to either or to all of the four classes.

The desimiation " Co/orecZ iliew," intended to describe exclusivelv the ncOTO and
his hybrids, should not, perhaps, be admitted in scientific terminology on account of
its obvious lack of precision, and its equal applicability to the aboriginal inhabitants,
as well as to more than one foreign race found amono- us. Usag-e, however, in the
United States has so confined the term to the single meaning, and the reports upon
which these tables are based so constantly employ it, that it has been thought best to
retain it. Foreigners consulting these tables may need, this explanation.

Nomenclature of Diseases. — The nomenclature of diseases adopted in this Avork
is, with some necessary modifications, that which "^^ as published by authority of the
Royal College of Physicians of London, in 1869J' and which was to a considerable
extent based upon the classification of Dr. Farr. The system of the latter had many
excellent characteristics, and, indeed, was adopted almost in its entirety as the form for
reports from hospitals during the war; but the more recent work of the English college
is in many respects its superior. It admits of the arrangement of disease in more
clearly-defined subdivisions, and in its classification of general diseases is more in
accordance with advanced pathology. It is quite possible to point out some faults in
this nosology, but taken as a whole it is the best and most practical yet devised. When,
too, it is considered that the English terms are employed, by direction of the registrar-
general of England, in the very thorough system of registration which has been in
force in that kingdom for over thirty-five years, and that it is also the ofiicial standard
for use in the British army and nav}-, it becomes obvious that the opportunity of con-
venient comparison renders its employment highly desirable in our army-reports and
the medical statistics of civH life."

In ex))lanation of some peculiarities in the classification of disease in the patho-
logical tables of this work, it is to be said that the early retui-ns from examining surgeons
were not characterized by the uififormity and precision winch afterward prevailed. In
many instances, the causes of exemption were described in such indefinite terms as to
render the classification a matter of no slight difficulty, and yet the omission of such
returns from the tables would necessaril}' have vitiated the result. The inaccuracies
referred to are most observable in the description of diseases of the viscera. Such

' The iiomeiidalurc of diseafts, drauut iip by a jolit eonmiltce appoUited hij the Royal Coli.egr of Physicians of
LOXDOX, {miljerl to dmuiiial rcriswii.) 8vo, Lomlou, 18G9.

-A recent Older has directed that this iioineiichitHre sh.ill by exclusively employed in the reports of the United
States Mia ri Ml' hospitals.

NOMKNCLATUKK OF DISEA.sr,.S. 0

expressious as "disease of the heart," "disease of the hings," "disease of the liver,"
are specimens of the mode of reporting canses of exemption in man}- instances. A
careful examination of this class of returns, and some necessary correspondence relat-
ing- to them, made it evident tliat they were capable of being assigned to the two
groups of acute and chronic diseases of the organ. There still remained, however, a
small number of cases in which, although organic disease was in some manner indi-
cated, the ])articular organ affected had not been specified. Under the heading
" Unclassified " these form a group described as " Organic disease of internal organs."
Their number is only 183; but a French critic, unaware of the explanation just given,
has especially connnented upon this portion of our nomenclature in an article marked
by much ability but containing some errors and misapprehensions.'

' I.c rccriitemciit (Imis Varmie fvclcraJe cics Jitnis- Viiis, ^iciidnnt la guerrv lie secession, par M. Ely, midedv-mppr dc Iro
rhissc. Ri'cneil de M(?iq. do iij^tlicino, (lu obirurgie et de i)l)aiiii:uie iiiilitaires, 3iiie scrie, tome xxii, p. 1, Paris, lHti9.
This article consibts of a review cf the "Final Eejiort of the Provost-Mart^hal-Geiieral," printed in ISfifi, and which, it
will be remembered, contained the first part of the statistical tables of which the present work forms the completion.
JI. Ely conmieuts with emphasis n|)on the harshness and severity that mnst have resulted from the enforcement of
tile rules as to exiniplion for physical disability, '• under which," he says, " the American surgeons were compelled to
leave none outside the ranks of the Army but men afflicted with incurable disease. Those whose maladies were suscep-
tible of cure might seek that cure in the tield. Men blind in the left eje, or in the first stage of phthisis; those snifer-
ing from osseous caries which happened to be stationary ; with unconipliealed anal fistula, or external hasmorrhoids,
and the like, were considered to be fit for service, as well as all those who were sutfering from diabetes, albuminuria,
&c., whose diseases had not as yet made them absolute invalids. The iujuuclions are formal, and the selected phrases are
underlined aud reiterated, such as manifest, r/rare, evident, or estahlished iucapacity." The writer also expresses his sur-
prise that myopia should not exempt, aud that liability to hernia from relaxatioi of the inguinal ring should not be
regarded as disqualifying. He proceeds to point out the different spirit of the French and English regulations, ucder
which it is the object of the surgeon to exclude from the army men even threatened with disease. Divested of their
rhetorical exaggeration, there is still some justice in these criticisms. The chief medical officer of the Bureau strongly
advised the making of certain alterations in the list of disqualifications, and among them the very obvious ones alluded
to by M. Ely. The pressure of ])ublic liusinoss, and other reasons not now needful to be detailed, retarded the design
until the collapse of the rebellion made it no longer necessary. Some of M. Ely's objections proceed from incorrect
translation, as where he supposes '-well-established recent insanity, with a liability to recurrence," to mean a case
where the service has recourse upon the man in the future. The emphatic terms, also, whose frequent use he criticises,
by no means apply always to the disease but more often to the proof of its existence : thus, in the case just alluded to, the
expression " well-estahlislied" refers to the evidence that insanity did recently exist, aud not, as M. Ely supposes, to the
degree of development of the disorder.

M. Ely more than once expresses his astonishment that the use of anieslhetics should be allowed in cases of snj)-
posed simulation of disease. Yet the French code expressly permits their employment upon the soldier in hospital
who may be suspected of feigning disability for the purpose of obtaining a discharge.['] The drafted man was, with us,
held to be actually in the service from the moment the lot fell to his name ; if a disqualification were found to exist, it.
entitled him to his discharge, aud there seems to be no reason why ,a soldier, owing his whole period of service to the
Government, should not he subjected to the same scrutiny as he from whom a leniaiuder only is due. M. Ely errs in
stating that anaesthesia was eounuonly resorted to in the examinations; its aid was allowed only in cases of professefl
rheumatic contraction of joints when unattended with perceptible alteration of form or structure. As a matter of fact,
however, the length of time required in the process, especially for the applicatiim of iether, rendered the permission
nugatory when from forty to sixty men had to be examined each day.

M. Ely asserts that the exigence with which men even partially diseased were compelled to take their places in
the ranks deprives the statistics of all value as regards the number of those exempted in relation to the population.
The inference which he wi.shes to make is, doubtless, that the figures representing the military aptitude of the nation,
if drawn therefrom, would be unreliable. To this it may be replied, generally, that the facts do not warrant his con-
clusions. It is true that the rulings of the medical instructions were curtly worded, but the examining surgeons were
men, selected for their experience and ability, who knew well that the object of the Government was to obtain men
able to endure the hardships of a jirolonged campaign, and that the degree of incapacity atteudaut upon any disorder
was left to their judgiuenf. They also knew that each recruit would ho rigorously re-examined at the camp of rendez-
vous by the surgeon in charge, and that if considered uutit for service he would be returned to his district with a repri-
mand, implied or expressed, to the medical officer who had approved him. That certain defects were not to be looked
upon as canses tor exenijition was, as already stated, a matter of regret ; but it is also true that these were mostly
defects of function, congenital or acquired, and not disabilities arising from disease.

V ;

['] Instruction pour scrvir dc fjuide aux orders de sante, &.C., p. 24, folio, I'uris, 1862.

6 NOMENCLATlIRi: Of DISEASES.

The following is the classification finally adopted as most suitable for the enumer-
ation of the disqualifications for military service :

gp:>teral diseases.

A. — Erysipelas.

Fever.
B. — Cancer.

Chronic rheumatism.

General dropsy.

Scurvy.

Syphilis.

Non-malignant tumors.

Scrofula.

Phthisis pulmonalis.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEMBRANES

Acute disease of brain.
Chronic disease of brain.
Sun-stroke.

DISEASES OF THE NERVES.

Paralysis.

FUNCTIONAL DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Chorea.
Epilepsy.
Neuralgia.
Stammering.

DISORDERS OF THE INTELLECT

Chronic alcoholism.
Imbecility.
Insanity.
Solitary vice.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF TPIE EYE AND EYELIDS.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE.

Cataract of right eye.

Loss of crystalline lens of right eye.

NOMENCt.ATURK OF DISEASES.

Loss of sight of right eye.
Loss of siglit of left eye.
Partial loss of sight of both eyes.
Diseases of the eyes.

DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS.

Diseases of the eyelids.

DISEASES OF THE EAR.

Chronic ])iiriilent otorrhoea.

Deaf-dumbness.

Deafness.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE NOSE.

Deformity of nose.
Loss of nose.
Ozsena.

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND ITS MEMBRANES.

Acute disease of heart.
Chronic disease of heart.

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS.

Diseases of the Arteries.
Aneurism.

Diseases of the Veins.
Varicose veins.

DISEASES OF DUCTLESS GLANDS.

DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND.

Goitre.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

DISEASES OP THE LARYNX.

Fistula of larynx.

FUNCTIONAL AFFECTIONS OF THE LARYNX.

Loss of voice.

NOMENCLATUKK OF DlSEASKt^.
DISEASES OF THE TKACIIEA AND DRONCIII.

Bronchitis.
Fistula of trachea.

DISEASES OF THE LUNG.

Acute disease of hing-.
Clu-onic disease of hing.

DISEASES OF THE PLEUJU.

Chronic pleurisy.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE JAW.

Ankylosis of jaw.

Disease or defonnity of jaw.

DISEASES, MALFORMATIONS, AND INJURIES OF THE TEETH, GUMS, AND ALVEOLI.

Loss of teeth.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE TONGUE.

Loss of tongue.

DISEASES OF THE FAUCES AND PALATE.

Cleft palate.

DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS.

Salivary fistula.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

Acute disease of stomach.
Chronic disease of stomach.

DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.

Chronic diarrhoea.

Hernia.

Hernia, umbilical.

Hernia, ventral.

Hernia, right inguinal.

Hernia, left inguinal.

NOMENCLATURK OF DISEASES.

Hernia, double inguinal.
Hernia, riglit femoral.
Hernia, left femoral.
Hernia, double femoral

DISEASES OF THE RECTUM AND ANl'S

Fistifia in ano.
Haemorrhoids.
Prolapsus ani.
Stricture of rectum.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

Acute disease of liver.
Chronic disease of liver.

DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN.

Acute disease of spleen
Chronic disease of spleen.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

DISEASES OF THE KIDNEY.

Acute disease of kidne}'.
Chronic disease of kidney.

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER.

Acute disease of bladder.
Chroni'c disease of bladder.
Calculus.
Incontinence of urine.

DISEASES OF THE URETHRA.

Stricture of urethra.
Urinary fistula.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM

DISEASES AND IN.IUKIES OF ORGANS OF GENERATION.

Di^ca-sca of I'tnin.

E})isi:adia.
Hypospadia
Gonorrho'a.
Loss of penis.

10 NOMENCLATURE OF DISEASES.

Diseases of Tunica Vaginalis

Hydrocele.

Sarcocele.

Varicocele.

Diseases of Testicle.

Acute disease of testicle.
Chronic disease of testicle.
Retention of testicle.

DISEASES OF ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION.

DISEASES OF .BONES.

Chronic disease of bones.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE JOINTS.

Ankylosis of joints. ••
Chronic diseases of joints.
Dislocation of joints.

DISEASES OF THE SPINE.

Curvature of spine.

DISEASES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

Diseases of Muscle.

Atrophy of limb.

Diseases of Tendon.

Muscvdar contractions.

Club-foot.

Wry-neck.

DISEASES OF THE CELLULAR TISSUE.

Abscess.
Obesity.

DISEASES OF THE CUTANEOUS SYSTEM.

Cutaneous contractions.
Disease of skin.
Ulcers.

NOMENCLATURE OI' DISEASES. Jl

CONDITIONS NOT NECE8SARIJ.Y ASSOCIATED Wrril GENERAL OR

LOCAL DISEASE.

Deficient size of chest.
Deforniitv of chest,
Peniiauent physical debiUty.
Rehixecl inguinal rings.
Over age.
Under age.
Under size.

LOCAL INJURIES.

LOCALITY OF INJURY NOT SPECIFIED.

Fractures.
Loss of limb.
Wounds.

INJURIES AND MALFORMATIONS OF UPPER liXTREMITIES.

Defects or deformities of hand.
Loss of thumlj.

INJURIES AND MALFORMATIONS OF LOWER EXTREMITIES.

Defects or deformities of foot.
Loss of great toe.

UNCLASSIFIED.

Organic disease of internal organs.

There are some minor peculiarities of this classification, a recollection of which
will be found of assistance in obtaining a clear understanding of the tables.

Thus, men who claimed to be suffering from rlieumatisni were not exempted unless
the affected limb exhibited evidence of change of structure, such as wasting of the
limb, or pufKness of the joint.

By syphilis is to be understood the secondary form of that disease, with impaired
constitution ; primary syphilitic ulcers did not exempt.

The term chrcmic alcolioUsm applies to gross habitual intem])erance ; delirium
tremens did not exempt. In fact, drunkenness is not mentioned as a disqualification in
the official instructions ; but an impaired constitution, the result of the constant abuse
of stimulants, or of indulgence in the habit of masturbation, was an authorized ground
for exemption.

By loss of teeth, is to be understood the total loss of the incisors, canines, and first
molars at least of one jaw.

12 NOMENCLATUKE OP" DISEASES NAIIVITJES.

The heading- clnr»i/c diarrlui'n includes some cases of chronic dysentery ; the two
diseases having- been g-eneralh" combined in the returns

It will be observed that a certain number of cases of hernia are recorded without
specification of the variety. These form a part of the early returns before alluded to,
and are necessarily included, although in an unsatisfactory form of description, in
order that the ratio of the total number of cases of hernia to the whole number of
men examine<l might remain unaflPected.

External haemorrhoids were not admitted to be a cause for exemption, but internal
piles, if ulcerated and of long standing, disqualified. By the term hfemorrlioids, there-
fore, the latter are to be understood.

Under the first draft, the medical iiistructions admitted varicocele and iu continence,
of urine as disqualifications for service ; under succeeding drafts, these disorders were
not allowed to exempt. Their relation, thei-efore, to the whole number of men exam-
ined must be considered as below the coiTect ratio.

Bj stricture of the urethra must be understood severe or inveterate cases Recent
or spasmodic stricture did not exempt.

The cases of epispadia or hjipospudia are altogether those in which the opening of
the urethra Avas at the middle of the penis, or still nearer its root.

No definite measurements were established under the instructions of the Bureau
as the minima of gii-th of chest or of stature, but these points were left to the judgment
of the medical officer. It may be stated that as a general rule men of less circumfer-
ence of chest than thirty inches, or of less height than sixty-two inches, were I'ejected.
The cases tabulated as under size comprise those of deficient stature.

The age of drafted men, wliich delined tlieir liability to service, was always
inc[uired into at the time of their enrollment. '^I'he columns headed ot)er age and under
age are made uj) entirely from the cases of recruits {volunteers') and substitutes. These
men, desirous of procuring admission into the service, in order to obtain bounty or
substitute-mone}', constantly endeavored to conceal the fact of their being either below
or beyond the limits of competent age.

B}' loss of tlmmh, in the division of " Injuries and malformations of the upper
extremities," is to be understood the loss of one phalanx, or of the entire thumb of the
riglit hnnd. The loss of any two fingers of either hand, or of the first and second
phalanges of the fingers of the right hand, the permanent extension or permanent con-
traction of two fingers of the right hand, or adhesion of all the fingers of same, are
those only which are included in the group of defects or deformities of hand.

In the next division, comprising " Injuries and malformations of lower extremi-
ties," the loss of great toe applies to that of either foot. By defects or deformities of foot
is meant chib-fodt or such other permanent defects or deformities of the feet as would
necessarily prevent marching.

Some of the headings in the tables of disease may seem needlessly comprehensive
when compared with the cases following them, but it was thought best to adhere to
the wording of the classification selected as a standard.

NATivrriES. — 'V\h' nntiv ities rc-presented in this woi-k ai'e twentv-four in luunbcr ;
three of these, however, are the distinct races existing in the United States, namelv.

NATIVITIES REPRESENTED CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.

the white iiatixcs, tlic aboriginal Indians, and the negroes. The Indians were not sub-
ject to the draft, so that the members of that race appearing in the- tables will be
understood to have been recruits (^volunteers) or substitutes. Many other foreigners
were found on the returns, but not in sufficient numbers, in any case, to deserve a
place in the tables. As a matter of curiosit)-, a list of tliem may not be uninteresting.
The place of nativity is copied literally from the records; in some instances, it will be
seen that it is somewhat vaguely ascribed to an entire quarter of the globe:

Born at sea . . . 100

Central America - - 2

Asia - 2

East Indies 17

China 8

Japan . . 1

Manilla 4

Ceylon 1

Calcutta - . - 1

Bombay 1

Turkey 3

Greece - . . . 4

Corsica . 1

Malta . 2

Africa 2

Morocco ]

Cape Town 1

Saint Helena 5

Cape de Verde Islands . . 2

Azores 10

Santa Cruz . 1

Saint Michael's . 3

Australia 32

New Zealand 2

Sydney — . 1

Sandwich Islands . 15

Mercator's Island . 1

The Congressional Districts. — The act for enrolling the national forces
directed the division of the countiy into enrollment-districts in the following terms :'

''And he it further enacted, That for greater convenience in enrolKng, calling out,
and organizing the national forces, and for the arrest of deserters and spies of the
enemy, the United States shall be divided into districts, of which the District of
Columbia shall constitute one, each Territory of the United States shall constitute one
or more, as the President shall direct, and each congressional district of the respective
States, as fixed by a law of the State next preceding the enrollmeixt, shall constitute
one : Provided, That, in States which have not by their laws been divided into two or
more congressional districts, the President of the United States shall divide the same
into so many enrollment-districts as he may deem fit and convenient."

Although the language of this act provided for its operation throughout the entire
country, the enrollment was actually confined to the following States and Territories,
being those which liad not seceded from the Union, namely:

Maine.

New Hampshire

Vermont.

Massachusetts.

Rhode Island.

Connecticut.

New York.

Minnesota.

California.

Kansas.

Oregon.

Nevada.

New Jersey. Missouri.

Pennsylvania. Ohio.

Delaware. Indiana.

Maryland. Illlinois.

District of Columbia. Iowa.
West Virginia. Michigan.

Kentucky. Wisconsin.

A complete description of the composition of these districts will be found in the
third part of this volume, at page 507.

' Act M.^rph 3, 1S63, section 4.

14 STATURE AUTHENTICITY OF DATA.

Stature. — In the first fifteen table.s of this work, forming the anthropometrical
series, statni'e holds the most important position among the quahties treated of Out
of the mass of mateiials accnnnilated, the largest number of measurements of height
which were found to be sutficiently accurate in their relation to other particulars to
admit of their employment was 501,068. This is an extensive collection of observa-
tions, and, if its acciu-acy be proportionate, its actual value is very great. Careful
inquiry and consideration have led to the conclusion that these are, in the first place,
actual measurements, and not guesses. The instructions given to the examining surgeons
of the Bureau as to the mode of ascertaining the stature of the recruit were deal* and
stringent;' and the reports sent in by them give evidence that the height was measured
with a properlj" graduated rod with movable index. It may be stated here, once for
all, that a similar reliability characterizes the measurements of girth of chest, and of
weight. It has l^een observed, in the general introduction, that the statistics of height
put forth by the Sanitary Commission in their anthropological work were mainly
obtained from the adjutants-general of the different States, and that it was feared that
the dependence to be placed upon their exactness was but small. The reason for this
distrust is easily explained. In organizing a volunteer regiment, a jiressing need was
felt by all concerned to obtain, as speedily as possible, the minimum number of men,
(two-tlrirds, namely, of the full number,) so as to insure the mustering-in of the regi-
ment, and the consequent issuance of commissions to the officers. The captains engaged
in recruiting companies were desirous of completing their work for an additional
reason — the wish to relieve themselves of the burden of the temporary support of their
men. Frequently, the regiment did not go into camp until its acceptance was achieved;
the companies being often recruited in different counties. After going into camp, the
surgeon, always from civil life, and generally quite unskilled in the details of the
examination of recruits, upon joining his command, rarely made any exception on the
ground of stature. He might discharge a man for disease, but he seldom otherwise
interfered with those he found enlisted. It is certain that, in the majority of cases, so
great was the haste, and so unsystematic the recruiting, the man's own statement as to
his height was held sufficient, or it was guessed by the officer ; or, at best, that it was
roughly measm-ed against a wall or door-post, the shoes being seldom if ever removed
from the feet. Regimental rolls, filled with descriptions tluis obtained, were deposited
in the archives of the different States, and access to them was readily granted to the
agents of the Commission. From these sources they jjrocured over a million of state-
ments of height, to which were added a large numl>er fiu-nished from the records of
the rrovost-Marshal-General's Bureau, tlu-ough the Adjutant-General of the Army,
These last, however, were all measurements of men in hare feet, and, by their admission,
only added another element of discrepancy. It nuist be well understood that these
remarks apply only to the statistics obtained b}- the Sanitary Commission from the
public records. Tlie dimensions taken actually by their own agents are, no doubt,
entirely to be trusted, and have furnished some very valuable mean results.

The arrangements for examining men under the provisions of the enrollment-law
were deliberately and systematically prepared. Before the call was carried into effect,

' Spp IntioflnrtiiMi, ji. iv.

meajN staturk of full-grown man. 15

the place of business of the officer intrusted with its operation was selected, and the
necessary aj^paratus for measui-ing- was provided. It is obvious that a surgeon sworn
to his duty, and without object or interest in evading it, furnished also with the need-
ful aid and ajDpliances, was vastly more likely to make accm-ate I'ecord than the re-
cniiting-officer of a regiment'

An additional reason for precision was to be found in the strong desire felt and
expressed by the examining-surgeons to aid in checking desertion and the iniquity of
what was tersely named hoimty-jumping." If the soldier's descriptive list were, accurate,
he could be more easily identified in cg,se of desertion and second enlistment. It is
unquestionable that the measurements made use of in this work were actually taken,
and that, too, tvith a reasonable exercise of care. No doubt, some surgeons were more
painstaking than others; bvit all being possessed of the animus mensurandi, as Hersehel
terms it, and being without intentional bias, the mean results are, by a well-known law,
as trustworthy as if the same care had been employed in nil instances.

There is probably no question connected with anthropology which has been more
debated, and which has, notwithstanding, been left in a more unsatisfactory condition
than that of the mean stature of the full-grown man. The principal reason of this
failure is to be found in the confused manner in which measurements have been pre-
pared for the purpose. Heights of young and old — of men of widely-differing nativ-
ities— of picked men, such as soldiers or militia — of men and women — of students under
the age of full growth — of convicts, a class generally below the mean height of their
countrymen — of men measured in shoes and men measured without shoes — have been
compared together in tables pretending to exhibit scientific conclusions!

To approximate in any moderate degree to a calculation of the mean stature of
MAN, using the term in its broadest ethnological sense, a vast series of measurements
would be required. The comparative failure of the Novara expedition to jirocure a
sufficient number of observations from which to obtain a reliable mean statement of
stature for each country visited by the frigate, notwithstanding its excellent provision
of observers and apparatus, proves the diffic.ulty, perhaps the impossibility in this day,
of obtaining the necessary statistics.^ But when the inquiry is narrowed to the mean
height of a civilized nation, then a correct result is at least attainable. Here again,

' This view of tlie case sceuis to hiive struck M. Ely. a distiiiguislied French armj- -surgeon. In an elaborate review
of the reports and tables introductory to this work, published in IHGO, lie .speaks of them as " Ics resuUats jn'oihiit:) par
une enquele aussi approfond'ie el faile exdusivvmcvt par ctis Itontmes de Purl." Le recrutement dans TarinCie fdddrale des
fitats-Unis pendant la guerre de sdcession. — Herinil de m^moires de medecinc, etc., 'ime sMe, t. xxii, p. 8. . Paris, 1869.

-A ioitnty-jiimpir was a man who, having received the largo bounty ofleied for recruits by the State or General
Government, deserted at the first opportunity, and re-enlisted at sonic! distant place, thus pocketing a second bounty.
It was not UDCommon for this villainous trick to be repeated again and ajjain by tli(! same man, so that the Government
was defrauded both of money and men.

'Au additional and fjuite recent example of the disconragemenls attending the attempt to gather such statistics
is to be found in the destruction of Doctor ScnwEiNFiinii's nniqne and valuabh^ collection of records and observa-
tions made in the hitherto unexplored regions of Central Africa. He nives this account of the extent of the calamity :
"All my preparations fur the projected expedition to the Niani-Niam ; all the produce of my recent journey ; all the
entomological collection that I had made with such constant interest; all tlie examples of native industry which I had
l)rocured by so much care ; all my registers of meteorological events, which had been kept day by day, and without
interruption, ever since my first departure from Suakin, and in which I had inscribed some 7,000 barometrical observa-
tions ; all my journals, with their detailed narrative of the transactions of S25 days ; all my elaborate measurements of the
bodiea of the natives, which I had been at so much pains and expense to induce them to j)ermit; all my vocabularies, which it
had been so tedious a business to compile; every*;hing, in the course of a single hour ; everything was gone, the plunder
of the flames."— jTAc Ueart of .Africa, 2 v. Is., 8vo, London, 187:i ; vol. ii, p. 3G1. '

16 STATURE IIKIGHT OF FOREIGNERS.

however, a degree of confusion is to be found in the works of statisticians. The result
of the measurement of a very few men, jjerhaps of a special class, has been too often pub-
lished as determining- the mean national stature. Thus, a French surgeon in charge
of a prison having measured two thousand convicts of difterent ages, announced there-
from the mean height of the people of France. A prolific source of error is to be
found in the use made of statistics of recruiting. These data have a specious appearance
of availaljility from the large numbers involved and their ostensible precision, that is
well calculated t(j mislead. The existence of a miiiinnmi limit of stature vitiates the
result for comparison even with the soldiers of another nation, unless, indeed, the latter
should employ the identical limit ; much more so when a general result is sought ' It
is evident that, 'to ascertain the mean stature or other dimensions of the inhabitants of
a country, it is, in the first place, necessary to discover at what age full growth is
attained by them. Now, this differs greatly, and hence arises another source of error,
'when recruiting statistics are made use of without discrimination upon this point
Such records, however, are of the highest value in determining the age of completed
gi'owth.

Another fallacy arises from the employment of records in which the dimensions of
rejected men are not included, so that the results proffered as showing the mean stature
of the male population in reality display only the mean stature of a certain class of
picked men, fi-om whose number have been carefully excluded all below a certain
height, and all who were subjects of certain diseases, or were marked by any departure
from the highest bodily perfection.-

A striking peculiarity will be noticed in the height of foreigners in the following
tables. In every instance, this height will be found greater than the mean stature
ascribed to the nation represented. In like manner, emigrants from the Eastern to
the Western States exhibit a stature superior to that of the residents of their native
States. Mr. Gould observes that men born in New England, but enlisting from the
West, were found to have a mean height varying from O.bSO inch to 0.340 inch, accord-
ing to age, in excess of the mean height of the volunteers from New England itself.^

The cause of this superior height in those who have left their native country has
been much debated. Mr. Gould suggests, in the case of men removing at an early age
from the East to the West, that the greater abundance of food might have produced
this excess. It is true thnt the fertile lands of the West produce more abundant harvests,
but it is not lilcely that the supply of sufficient food to the young varies in any im-
portant degree in the United States. Besides, the same peculiar difference is observed
to exist in the cases of men who have migrated from one Avestern State to another, so

'Au illustration of this erroneous proceeding is to be found iu tbo work of Inspkctok-Gexkual Maisshali. of the
Britisli army, ( l/iVifan/ J7isct'//aH^,Svo, Loudon, 184(5.) Ho gives sonio tables illustrating the comparative mean heightof
English and French soldiers, iu which the sniieriority is greatly with th(^ I'ormcr. The minininni limit of height in the
British army appi'ars to liave been, at that time, Ti feet C inclies, or 1.07(i metres, only four men being recorded as below
that height ; but in the Fri'iich army the limit was below .5 feet 2 inches, or 1.575 metres, as the large nundjor of S"' ,020 out
of 100,000 men were I>elo\v Unit height. Tlic absurdity aud mischicvonsness of such comparisons, when iiretcnding to
show mean results, well nigh justify Bischoti"'s severe condenmation of military statistics. {Utiier die nriiffcutHclildi
rcsullate dcs recrutiniiigs-gcHchaftes, 8vo, Miincben, 18G7.)

" In France, this defect, in the Compten Ucndiis dv Vnrmci; has been long since adujitted. Baron Ilippolytc Larrey
and Moricl:cau-Bcanpr<S Ijavc recently made formal request to the government for the preservation of tie records of
condition of rejected conscripts. (Itfi'iiwirc mir !e choir dm liommrs jirniircs an acrcici' dc Varmcc dc tcirc.)
■ fnrrsli'taliniifi, .?■''.. p. 1'3(>.

STATURE HEIGHT OF EOKEIGNKRS. 17

that the reason assigned is clearly unsatisfactory. It lias also been argued that the
prevalence of" Ci-etaceous formation in the geolog}- of the West, by furnishing a more
Hberal supply of lime for the bones of the growing youth, accounts for the phenomenon
of his greater stature. Although a deficiency of this material may prevent hardening,
and result in curvature of the long bones, there is no proof that a superabundant
supply Avould increase their normal length. The natives of Maine, New Hampshire,
and Vermont, contiguous States, not ^■arying greatly in geological character, display
marked differences in mean stature. The suggestion has also been made that men
who leave their native soil to seek fortune in other lands are corporeally superior
specimens of their race; but it is vet to be shown that enterprise and ambition depend
upon stature, and not on qualities of mind. It would, however, be of great service to
this branch of statistics if a record were to be accurately kept of the height, weight, and
age of all male immigrants landing in New York.

After all, the true explanation of this cnrious fact is jjrobably to be found in
the difference of age of the men examined. The height of soldiers in all European
countries, excepting in Great Britain, is recorded at the period of their conscription, and
this occurs from their eighteenth to their twentieth year. It is indisputabl}' established
that height continues to increase very p.erceptibly u}) t() the twenty -fifth year; full
growth, indeed, not being completed until later. Now, the loiv est wienn age to be found
in Tables Nos. 4 to 9, inclusive, is ■25.248 years, and the mean age of the six nativities
represented in them is 27.319 years. The comparisons, then, have all the time been
made of grown men, twenty-five years ohl and upward, with lads of nineteen.
According to Quetelet's tables of growth, the mean height at nineteen years is 1.655
metres, and at twenty-five years it is 1.(182 metres — a diftereiice of 2.7 centimetres, or
l.OGS inch.' Our tables show the mean height at nineteen years to be 67.07 inches, and
at twenty-five years to be 68.05 inches. Danson's tables for the same ages give re-
spectively 64.94 inches and 66.30 inches,- and Liliarzik's 64.96 inches and 68.90 inches.'
M. Dunant, measuring Genevese soldiers, found their me^n height at twenty years to
be 1.674 metres, and at twenty-six to thirty-five }ears, 1.688 metres — a difierence of
14 millimetres, or 0 552 inch.^ If tlie height of Englishmen and Scotchmen, as fur-
nished by these tables, be compared with the conclusions arrived at by I)i-. Beddoe^
an additional proof is obtained of the correctness of the explanation offered. In the
work of Dr. Beddoe, the observations were altogether of men " tw-enty -three years
old and upwards;" the mean age being certainly over twenty-five years. The mean
age of the Englishmen of our tables is nearly twenty-eight years, (27.910,) and of
Scotclmien a little more, so that, as regards age, the comparison with Th\ Beddoe's
statements may be fairh- made. 'I'he following is the striking result as to mean height :

Englishmen, according to Dr. Beddoe . . 5 feet i]M inches.

Englishmen, according to our tiibles. - 5 feet 6.6 inches.

Scotchmen, according to Dr. Beddoe 5 feet 7.5 inches.

Scotchmen, according to our tables. . 5 feet 7.0 inches.

' Anlhropometiic, p. 177.

" Growlh of the hitman hodi/J'rom eiyhtciii 1o ihiiij/ i/cars of agi\ ^-c. Jour. Stati.st. Sot'., M:ii'cli. 1SG2.

^ Das (ji-sct: des ivcrlistliiimcs luid dir haii dta iiuiiscluii, p. 7, Vieuna, ISd-l.

' Itf hi liiillr mntiait)!' lir^ hnhUinitit dii rtnilon df Gfnrrf. S\<>. GfMi^vr, lHii7.

18 STATURE PITRTOD OF FULL GROWTH.

Period of full growth. — The age at which man attains his full stature is a
matter of great interest in itself and of special importance in its relation to the question
of mean national stature, inasmuch as the first must be determined before the latter can
be ascertained with any approach to accuracy.

Those who follow Villermci in his views are prone to assert that wliile povert^•,
with its squalid suiTOundings of dirt, cold, impure air, and insufficient food, retard
growth ; "on the other hand, comfort and abundant nourishment hasten development and
increase the stature. They will observe with surprise the facts set forth in Table No. 4.
No one will suppose that the population of the United States suft'ers from want or
misery to any general extent ; it is probable that, with occasional exceptions in the
large cities, lack of food is unknown. Nevertheless, the white native of the Northern
States does not attain his full growth until he is between thirty and thirty-five years of
age. Mr. Gould's tables indicate the thirty-first to the thirty-fom*th year as the result
he arrives at.

The age announced by other authorities as that of completed growth varies
considerably. In France, Bernard gives it as the thirty-second year;^ Champouillon,
from the twenty-third to the twenty-eighth;" Baron Larrey, the twenty-eighth;^ and
Allaire, from the thirty-first to the thirty-fifth year.** In Belgium, Quetelet decides for
the tliirtieth,^ and, in Switzerland, M. Dunant for the twenty-sixth year.^ Liharzik, in
Vienna,'' and, in England, Aitken," Danson," and Boyd,'" regard the twenty-fifth as the
year of matured growth. Dr. Beddoe selects the twenty-third year, though he admits
a slight increase after that age."

Table No. 4, like the other tables relating to age, displays the results in groups
of five years, which is in accordance with the plan first laid down, by authority, for
the preparation of these statistics. The following table shows the result, also, year by
year, and is believed to be very nearly if not absolutely accurate.

'■ £tudes siir la taille ei le poids dii soldat fratifais. Eecneil de m6m. de m6d., chlr. et pharm. mil., 3 s6r., t. xx. p.
371, 1868.

- iStude sur le diveloppement de la taille et de la constitution dans la popnUition civile et dans Varmfy en France. Eecueil
de m6m. de m^d., etc., 3 sir., t. xxii, pp. 239-264, 1869.

^ Bull, de la Sac. d'anthropologie, 2 s6r., t. iv, p. 585, 1869.

■• Etudes sur la taille et le poids de I'homme dans le regiment des chausseurs a chrral di' la garde. Recueil de m^ui., do
chir., etc., 3 s6r., t. x, p. 161, 1863.

^ Loc. cit. ^Loc.cit. '' Loc. vit. 'On the groiolli of ttic recruit and young soldter, l6&-i. ^ Loc. cit.

'" Tables of the weight of the human bodg. Pbilos. Traus., 1861, pp. 241-26t!. " Loc. cit.

STATURE LAW Ol' GROWTH.

ly

Table shotcing the me(tn height, by years, and by groups of five years, from the age (f 17 to 45, of 190,021
Ameriean-born white tnen found Jit for military serviee.

Age.

Under 17

17 years

18 years

19 years

'20 years

'21 years

2"2 years

'Xi years

24 years

W.') years

26 years

27 years

28 years

29 years

:10 years

31 years

32 years

3:! years

34 years

3r> years

SH years

37 years : .

38 years

39 years

40 to 45 years

Total . .

By years.

Number
measured.

4()8

937

3(1, 456

14,994

11,526

14,146

10, 479

8, 907

7, 335

7,940

6, 986

6,351

6,033

4,447

6, 256

5,562

4,635

3,939

2,782

4,966

4,138

4,172

4,014

3,402

15, 750

Mean lieight.

Inches.
64. 11
65. 65
66. 39
67.07
67. 51
67.78
67. 92
68.01
68. Oi
68. 05
68.09
68.11
68. 13
68.17
68.18
68. 20
68.20
68. 29
68.35
68.47
68.28
68. 26
68.24
68. 23
68. 23

190,621 I 67.69

Metres.
1.6284
1. 6675
1.6863
1. 7036
1.7148
1.7216
1.72.52
1. 7275
1.7277
1.7285
1.7295
1. 7300
1.7305
1.7315
1.7318
1. 7323

1.7323
1.7346
1.7361
1.7391
1. 7343
1.7.338
1. 7333
1 . 7330
1.7330

1.7193

Age.

Under 20 vi-.irs . . .

20 and under 25

25 and under 30..

30 and under 35 .

35 aud under 40
40 and over

Total

By iiuincjuennial gionji;

Number
measured.

Mean height.

46,!

■.2, 393

31,757

23, 174

20,69-^
15,750

■|

190, 621

Inches.

m.

67. 82

68. 10

68. 22

68. 30
()8. 23

()7. 69

Metres.

1. 61)1 1; I

1.722i;

1.7297

1.7328

1.7.348
1.7330

1.7193

It will be observed, in the foi-egoiiig table, that a small number of men appear as
under eighteen years of age ; these were recruits, (vohwk'erti,) and their acceptance was
generally accounted for by a note on the surgeon's part that the physical develo]jment
was too good in such cases to permit of their rejection.

Quetelet's researches led him to determine the age of full height at the thirtieth year;
the increase after the twenty-fifth year being very slight, though regular. His tables,
showing the law of groAvth, were the result of long-continued and extensi>'e observa-
tions; and, as the rate of increase for the period concerned is strikingly corroborated by
the table just given, Quetelet's table is presented here for (Comparison.'

Table of yearly groicth, (from Quetelet.)

Age.

At birth

1 year

2 ycar.s

3 years

4 years

5 years

6 years

7 years

8 years

9 years

10 years

11 years

12 years

13 years

14 years

Yearly height, i Yearly increase.

Age.

1

Melrcs.
0. 500
0. 698
0. 791
0. 864
0.927

0. 987
1.046
1.104
1.162
1.218
1.273

1. 325
1. 375
1.423
1.469

Inches.
19. 685
27. 480
31.141
34. 015
36. 495
38. 858
41. 181
43. 464
45. 747
47. 952
50. 118
52. 165
54. 134
56. 024
57.835

Metres.

Inches.

0. 198

7.795

0. 093

3.661

0. 073

2. 874

0. 063

2. 480

0. 060

2. 362

0. 0.59

2. 323

0.058

2. 282

0. 057

2. 244

0.056

2. 205

0.054

2. 126

0. 052

2. 047

0.050

1. 969

0.048

1.889

0.046

1.811

15 years

16 years

17 years

18 years

19 years

20 years
25 years
30 years
40 years
50 years
60 years
70 years
80 years
90 years

Yearly height.

Metres.
1.513
1. .554
1.594
1. 630
1.655
1.670
1.682
1.686
1. 686
1.686
1.676
1.(560
1.636
1.610

Inches.
59. 568
61.182
62. 75()
64. 174
(35. 158
(i5. 749
(>6.221
()(). 379
66. 379
66. 379
65. 985
65. 355
64.410
63. 387

Yearly increase.

Metres.
0. 044
0. 042
0. 040
0. 036
0. 025
0. 015
0.012
0. 004

Inches.
1.732
1.653
1.575
1.417
0. 983
0. 690
0. 472
0.157

—0.010
—0.016
— 0. 024
— 0. 026

—0. 394
—0. 630
—0. 944
—I. 023

' Anihrnpom^trie, p. 177, Brnxelles, 1871.

20

STATURE NATIVF:.S Ol' UNITED STATES.

If comfort and plenty do not hasten growth, but, on the contrary, co-exist with
an unusually tardy and prolonged development of it, as is shown to be the case in
the United States, it is tairly to be inferred that they exert little if any influence in
increasing the stature. From the restless and migratory disposition of our countrymen,
it is more difficult to trace the influence of race than in the staid and long-settled
communities of Europe ; but the tables of this work, in most instances, confirm, and
in no sense contravene, Boudin's well-known law that height is always an affair of

race.'

The demonstration by Quetelet of the law of growth has been fuU}^ dwelt u])on
in a previous portion of this work. An important condition in the calculation is homo-
geneity of race ; and when the varied oi-igin of the population of the United States is
considered, it seemed hardly reasonable to expect satisfactory proof of the applicability
of the law in their case. The most successful result of our experiments in applying
the binomial theorem to statistics of height was when the table exliibiting the dimen-
sions of 315,620 white natives was subjected to the process. The resulting curve,
though not as symmetrical as in the case of purer races, is yet of great value as evi-
dencing obedience to the law.

' "La taille ii'ost iiullcnieut, conime ou I'a i<?i)<5tiS, IVxpressiou du bien-etie ou de la luisere, inais avant tout,
celle de la race; eu d'autres terraes la taille est affaire d'li^rdditt^." BidJ. de \a Soc. d'unthioiiologic, t. iv, p. 250, Paris
1863. D'OuBiGNY, speaking of tbo Patagonians, {L'lwmme americaiii, t. 1, p. 100, Paris, 1839,) describes tbem as accus-
tomed to seuii-starvatiou from earliest eliildliood in tbeir bleak aud sterile land ; yet, as is well known, their statnre,
though much below that ascribed to them by early circumnavigators, is the highest mean stature recorded of any race.
Darwin decided upon 5 feet 11 inches (180.34 centimetres) as probably a fair statement of their mean height. ( rmjages
nf the Adventure and Beagle, vol. iil, p. 102, Loudon, 1839.)

Perhaps the most convincing illustration of the dependence of .stature upon race is to bo seen in the charts and
tables produced by Lagneau in his discourse upon the geographical distribution of certain disqualifications exempting
from military service in France. The chart, which exhibits exemptions arising from deficient height, presents three
well-marked grand divisions. In the northeast of France, originally peopled by a race of Germanic origin, the I5elgi,
the mean height is uniformly and markedly highest. The southern departments, in which are found the descendants
of the Aqiiitani and Ligures, present a medium condition as to stature. In the central region, the descendants of the
Gallo-Celts, the least changed and the purest of French races, show the greatest number of exemptions. Mimitirts de
VAcad. inqi. de m4d., t. xxxix, pp. 293-317, 18ti9-'70.) Beoca had already pointed out the remarkable conformity in the
physical characteristics of the present races witli the descriptions given by Tacitus, Pliny, aud others of the tribes then
inhabiting the same region of country. {Ueeherches surl'ethnologie de la France.) Champouiixon fiuds a corresponding
difference in the mean age at which growth is completed in these ethnic divisions. The pure Celtic race attains full
stature at the aye of twenty-eight years, while' the Roiunmi-Celts and Kymri are full-grown at from the twenty-third
to the twenty-tifth year. (0/». <>!.. pp. 249, 2fi2.)

t^TATlin; NECiROES.

The .succeeding- curve is luruished by the 25,828 colored lueii of Table ISo. 2. In
each instance, both acce^Dted and rejected men are included in the numbers forming
the ordinates, so that the curves represent the average population, and not a selected
class.

A comparison of national stature, in which the data should be obtained by
measuring only men who had reached the age of completed growth, is much to be
desired. If, in addition, these men were taken promiscuously from the general popu-
lation, the result would be most satisfactory. A partial contribution of this kind is
possible from the materials of this work. Men belonging to the six principal nativities
represented have been carefully separated, and their mefin height determined when at
an age not under thirty nor over thirty-five years, or at the period of their fully-
completed ■ growth. A comparison of the result with the mean stature of the race at
all ages from eighteen to forty -five, as set fortli in the preceding table, is now given.

Comparison of the mean stature at the period of completed growth with the mean stature at all ages

from IS to 45 years.

Nativity.

Mean height at
age of 30 to 35.

Meau heiglii at
all ages IVom

18 to 45.

Nativity.

Mean height at
age of 30 to 35.

Mean height at
all ages from
18 to 45.

Inches.
68.22
67.65
67.22

Metres.
1.7.328
1.7183
1.7074

Inches.
67.69
67.14
66.66

Metres.
1.7193
1. 70.54
1. 6932

Ent'laiid

Inches.
66. 92
66.91
66. 67

Metres.
1. 6998
1.6995
1. 6934

Inches.
66.59
66. 75
6(). 53

Metres.
1. 6913

Ireland

1. 6954

Geruianv

1.6899

The period of the attainment of full growth has an important bearing on the claim
of the state for military service from its citizens. In ISfiS, M. Champouillon, in the
department of the Seine, during his examination of men for the yanle natinnah mohile,
had occasion to re-examine those who had been exempted in 1864, 1865, and 1866.
He found that, of one hundred men who had been rejected in 1864 as below the stand-
ard, seventy-one had attained the requisite height in 1868. Of the class of 1865, he found
fifty-five men, and f)f tliP class of 1866, fnrtji-five men, wlio liad likewise become of

22 STATURE AGK OF Fl'LL GROWTH.

competent height in 1868. These men, when exempted as below the minimum hmit
of height, were twenty years of age.'

Some observations made by M. Robert, a French mihtary surgeon, are interesting
as furnishing additional proof on this point.'^ He measured 287 soldiers, grenadiers
and voltigeurs chiefly, and found a mean difference of 0.023 metre (0.905 inch)
between their actual height and that recorded in their livrets, or descriptive lists, made
up at the time of their entry into the service. As this occurred ninety-eight times in
the hundred, it was evidently from continued growth that the discrepancy jn'oceeded.
The mean age of the men at the period of his experiments was nearly twenty-six
years.

It is obvious from these considerations how inaccurate must be the conclusions
drawn by some writers fi'om the Comptes Rendus of the army, purporting to show
the mean height of the French people, when it is remembered that the measurements
taken are those of men newly conscripted at twenty years of age. All that these
figures really demonstrate is the mean height of a certain number of healthy young-
Frenchmen of the age of twenty years, not yet fully grown, and from whose number
all below the height of 1.56 metres have been carefully excluded.'

Mr. Gould, in the statistical work of the Sanitar}^ Commission, states that " the
successive counts for different States indicate a decided tendency to diminution of the
average stature as the war went on;" and he proceeds to express his regret that all his
measurements were not obtained from the early volunteers, on account of the superior
height which he believed them to possess. There is no doubt that successive drafts
are likely to residt in a lower mean stature in the men obtained. As war continues,
and "many a good tall fellow is destroyed," recruiting-officers become less exacting as
to inches. After Napoleon's return fi-om the fatal invasion of Russia, all limitations
oi the height of conscripts were j^ractically abolished, so sore was the need of men.
Hut as regards the comparison of volunteers with drafted men, there can be no question
that the result does and should show a less stature in the latter. The reason for this
expectation is easily given. The minimum limit of height authorized by the War
Department nt the outbreak of the rebellion was 5 feet 3 inches, and it continued to
be the regulation-height until 1864. The fact that there teas a limit undoubtedly kept
up the standard of stature, no matter how carelessly the measurements were actually
made. On the other hand, the enrollment-law expressly declared that no exemption
shoidd be made on account of height; and, as the draft fell upon men of all conditions,
the mean stature was inevitably lower.

In connection with this part of the subject, it is desirable to point out the different
results obtained according as the man is iu the erect or horizontal position when his
height is determined. M. Robert, the author recently referred to, took pains to measure
the 287 soldiers in question while lying upon a graduated bench, fitted with foot-board

' jSfurfc sur le ri^nloiqiemtvl de la laille et de la comliliition (luiw hi popiiJation civile el da)7s Varviee en France. Reciieil
do ni6in. lie med., cbir. et pbanii. niilitaires, t. xxii, pi). ^4',) ct 26:i, Paris, 1869.

■Notice eur la Inillc el le jwieh tin faiilaxiiiii fraiifais. Rcciieil tie mem. (le nied., cbir. ef. pliarm. militaires, t. x, p.
171, Paris, 186:5.

'The height named was the limit of stature from Mareli 11, 18:12, until February, 1868 ; at the latter date it was
reduced to I'lf) metres, and in .Inlv, 1873, to l.r>4 metres.

STATUKE MEX OF DIFFERENT NATIVITIES.

28

and movable liead-board. He also measured them in the erect position. The com-
parison resulted as follows :

Mean height, vertically 1.G58 metres, (05.2s inches.;

Mean height, horizontally. ..... l.(!71 metres, (00.79 inches.)

The mean difference he estimated to be from one to two centimetres. Inspector
Marshall, of the British army, instituted similar experiments with a resulting difference
of about a quarter of an inch. It is urged in fovor of the horizontal method of meas-
urement that it prevents drafted men from resorting to various little urtitices foi- dimin-
ishing their actual height, Avhich are practicable in the upright position, and by which
they hope to fall below the minimum limit of stature.'

Omalius d'Halloy lays it down as an ethnological axiom that blonde races are
characterized by superior stature.'^ The ensuing table, which displays the order of
superiority in mean stature of twenty-four nativities, will be found confirmatory of
this assertion. It is true that the list is headed by the aboriginal Indians, whose small,
number might lead to the conclusion that they were picked men, and that their pre-
eminence was to be thus accounted for. It is probable, however, that their case is
really an exception; for Mr. Gould's tables contain 517 Indians whose mean height
was 08.225 inches, yielding superiority in this respect only to the natives of Kentucky
and Tennessee. If compared with the natives of the United States only, the Indians
would rank as ninth in the list of States. Switzerland is lower than might have been
anticipated, and Hungary as much higher, while the American negro holds a fairly
intermediate position, below which dark-haired races follow in regular gradation, with
the single exception noted.

Table showiiif/ the order of superiority in stature of 501,068 n).en, of different nativities.

O ~

Nativity.

Number of
meu ex-
amined.

Meau height.

fe.2

it £
o

Nativity.

Number of
men ex-
amined.

Mean height.

1

Uuitetl States, Imliaus.
Uuited States, wUite.. .

Norway

Scotland

British America

121

315, 620

2,290

3,476

21,645

1,190

50, 537

383

989

89

16, 196

54,944

25, 828

Inches.
67. 934
67. 072
67. 467
67. 066
67. 014
66. 896
66.741
68. 648
66. 037
66. .584
66. .577
66. 536
66. 531

Metres.
1 7255
1.7189
1.7137
1. 7035
1. 7022
1. 6992
1. 69.52
1.6929
1.6926
1.6912
1.6911
1. 6900
1. 6899

' 14

1 l-"^
16
17
i 18
i 19
20
21
22
23
24

Wales .- .....

1,104

122

1, 802

580

3, 243

171

91

339

79

148

81

Inches.
06. 418
66. 393
66. 3IS1
66. 307
66. 277
66. 21 1
66.110
66. Olio
(i5. 899
e5. 635
65. 432

Metres.
1 6870

•>

Russia . ....

1 6864

3
4

Switzerlaud ..

West Indies .

1. 6861
1. 6842

5

1. 6834

6

Poland

1. 6818

7

1.6792

8

Italy

1. 6764

t)

Hollaurt

South America

1. (>738

in

1.6671

11

Portugal

Total, and mean of total -

1.6620

12
13

Germany

Uuited States, colored.

501,068

67. 300

1.7094

' Barou Larrey asserts that this deception is ofteu successfully practiced by the French conscript.
I'Acad. de M6d. t. xxxii, p. 672, 1867.)

' Bull, de la Soc. d'anthropoh)gie, t. iv, p. 254, Paris, 1863.

(Bull de

•24

STATfRT. Hr.I-ATIOX TO COMPLEXION,

The jiropurtioii of light to dark complexioned men in the same race has been
made the subject of careful analysis in five principal examples, with the following-
result :

Nativity.

United States
British Anieric-

Englautl

Ireland

Germany

Ligbtcom-
plexioned.

Daik-coui-
plexioned.

Total i Mean height of
number light-coniplex-
ofmen. ioned.

126,445

9,K0(i I
6, H04
20, :j78
20, 559

fi4, 17ti
4,859
2,845
8, 617
9,041

190,621

14, :W5

9,649

28, 995

29, (UIO

Indies.
67. 652
67. 169
66. 582
66. 755
6(i. .531

Metres.
1.7184
1.7061
1.6912
1.6956
1. 6899

Mean he'ght of
dark-coniplex-
ioneil.

Inches.
()7. 775
67. 073
66.621
06. 755
66. .526

Metres.
1.721.''-
1 . 7037
1.692';
I . ()956
1.6898

It is thus manifest that while, in the catalogue of nativities, a loftier stature char-
acterizes the l)londe races, the same condition by no means obtains in detail amtMig
themselves. Two-thirds of the whole number of native-born white Americans were
fair-complexioned; but their mean stature was one-tenth of an inch below that of their
darker brethren. The difference is very little in any instance; the Irish presenting the
curious phenomenon of a precisely similar mean stature for both complexions. While
it may be con-ect to assert that nations of superior stature exhibit a majority of blondes,
it is still more strikingly evident, from these figures, that stature depends upon race, and
not upon complexion.

The gradation in mean stature of the inhabitants of the different States of the
Union is the subject of the next table ; the investigation is carried still further in the
succeeding one, and the result exhibited in the congressional districts also.

Table showimi the order of superiority in stature, hy States, of 31;},620 American-born tvhite men.

State.

Kentucky . . . .

Kansas

Minnesota

Missouri

California

Nevada

Indiana

West Virginia
Wiseousin . .. .

Maint!

Iowa

Illinois

Michigan

o S

a <o »

3 2.5

3,
6,
1,

38,

5,
10,
12,

7,
36,
12,

252
729
682
031
308
21
354
187
922
363
823
465
5«i

Mean height.

Inches.
68. 677
68. .551
68. 371
68. 337
68. 306
68. 286
68. 080
68. 005
67.911
67. 895
67. 895
67. 835
67. 826

Metres.
1.7444
1.7412
1.7368
1.7358
1.7350
1.7345
1. 7292
1.7273
1. 7249
1.7245
1. 7245
1.7230
1.7228

S a.
O

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

State.

Maryland

Ohio

Vermont

Delaware

Pennsylvania

District of Columbia. .

Rhode Island

New York

New .Jersey

New Hampshire -

Massachusetts

Connecticut -

Total, and mean of total

o c

CS

•2 a-a

a » «

.= 2.9

6,918

39,311

3, 374

1,215

47, 124

2, 883

3,013

43,798

17, 084

2, 801

6, 280

2, 099

315, 620

Mean height.

Inches.
67. 814
67. 782
07. 583
67. 490
67. 470
67. 353
67. 290
67. 274
67. 023
66. 929
66. 891
66. 587

67. 672

Metres.
1.7225
1.7217
1.7166
1.7142
1.7137
1.7108
1.7092
1.7088
1.7024
1.7000
1. 6990
1. 691,{

1.7189

.STATIMU: lAIiLKS.

2f)

'Jahli' slioiriii;; tlir order of si'perioritu in utahire, and the mean (jirth of chest, bij Stales aiui con-
gressional dintvicts, of ;5lu,02l) Americauborn ichiie wen.

i

is-

-X.)

Total for State.

u

'^

^

^

a

s n

QJ

^

'S

1 ^
1^ ' ^

Stato or Tt'iiitoiy.

o

•i.s

CO r«

to

.3 53

a

3

Id

■a

s

.a

s-a

li

a

Q

13

a

B 2

a

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'P

o

<u

s a

a>

aj-

o

6

iS

S

g

!z;

g

s

InchcK.

IiicIu-1.

Inchi'S. Iiidiex.

Kentnckv

1

1st...

490

69. 473

34 7921

.

•

2

8th ..

773

69. 426

34. 812

1

3

7th ..

186

69. 151

34. 290

4

2d ...

508

69. 028

34. 933

5

3d --.

403

68. 814

33. 504 !

4,2.52

68. (!77

33. 978

6

4th ..

364

68. 165

32. 885

7

6th ..

734

68. 035

33. 030

8

9th ..

396

67.914

33. 197

9

5th ..

398

67. 844

34. 000

KaDBus

1
2

2d ...

1st...

208
521

69. 183

68. 299

33. 183 )
34. 315 (

729

68. .551

*kt*i..j.».' ------ ...... ,...._ ■.........._. .•.__... ...

33. 992

Miunesota

1
2

Ist . . .
2d ...

1,8.55
1,827

68. 516
68. 223

34.001 ,
34. 039 I

3, 082

68. 371

34. 020

Missouri

1

4th ..

103

70. 039

33. 864 1

2

9th ..

400

69. 340

34. 4r:5

3

8th ..

763

69. 104

33. 300

4

3d ...

525

68. 655

33. 768

5

. 5th ..

272

68. 485

34. 493 V

6, 031 68. 337

33. 903

6

2d ...

1,206

68. 338

33. 735

7

7th ..

1,572

68. 080

34. 543

8

6th ..

1

68. 000

36. 000

9

l8t . .'.

1,189

67. 526

33. 354 J

Califoniiii

1

2d ...

271

68. 369

31.838 )

2

1st . . .

402

68. 363

35.209 >

1,308

68.306

34. 106

3

3d ...

635

68. 243

34.375 )

Nevada

1
1

1st...
2d ...

21
2,112

68. 286
68. 916

34. 381
33.797-

21

68. 286

34. 381

Indiana

2

3d ...

1,709

68. 407

35. 475

3

Ist...

3, 224

68. 315

33. 500

4

11th ..

3, 404

68. 303

34. 925

5

9th .^

4,781

68. 302

33. 986

6

7th ..

4,810

68. 289

33.030 .

38, 354

68.080

33,698

7

4th ..

2,307

63. 080

33. 295

8

5th ..

3,028

67. 912

33. 004

9

lOtb ..

3,171

67. 808

33. 984

.

-

10

6th ..

5, 097

67. 660

33. 313

11

8th ..

4,711

67. .570

33. 515

West Virginia

1

3d ...

730

68. 822

34. 192 )

2

2d ...

1,632

68. 023

33.7.59 ►

5, 187

68.005

33. 005

3

1st . . .

2,825

67. 783

32. 373 S

Wisconsin . ...

1

6th

2,937
1,523

68. 426

34.295

2

3d .'.'.

68! 146

33! 7.58

3
4

5th ..
4th ..

1,045
1,379

67. 908
67.793

33. 795
31.566

10. 922

67.911

33. 505

5

2d ...

2, 647

67. 726

33. 688

"

6

1st . . .

1, 391

67.041

32. 919

Maine

1

4th ..

4,374

68. 256

33. 528 1

2

5th ..

2, 813

68. 000

•33.796

3

2d ...

1,644

67. 860

33.993

12, 3()3

67. 895

33. 808

4

3d ...

1,108

67. 652

34. 695

-

5

Ist .. .

2, 424

67. 256

33. 796

1

5th

1 159

68. 238

31. 8/71
33. 9.16 i

2

6th '.'.

' 955

68! 027

3
4

1st...
4th ..

998
1,068

67. 926

67. 897

33. 818 1^^
33. 496 {

7, 8-23

07. 895

33.868

5

2d . .

2, 368

67. 804

33. 829 1

6

3d ...

1,275

67. 6.'7

33. 310 J

Illinois

1

10th

3 475

69. 036

34.043

2

12th ..

2^031

C8! 667

34! 051

3

2d . . .

1,767

68. .525

32. 709

4

11th ..

3,418

68. 134

33.741

5

7th ..

1 , 726

07. 729

32. 954

6

5th ..

3,717

67. 700

33. 003

7

3d ...

3, 830

67. 697

33. 545

36, 465

67. 835

33.654

8

4th ..

5,738

67. 635

33.851

9

13th .

756

67.611

34. 810

10

6th ..

2,706

67. 601

33. 073

11

9th ..

2, 429

07. 313

34. 007

1

12

1st . ..

2.271

i 67. 128

33. 924

[ '

13

8th ..

2, 601

67. 017

33.671,

1

26

RTATUKK— TABLES.

Table showw;/ the order of superiority in stature, &c. — Continued.

-.a

2

g

w

Si
o

Total for State.

St.nte or Teriitorj.

1

Q 03

11

•a

s

o

o

0;

o
^ i7

o

1

ji

.a
a

'So

^

ut

a

s

ca

c:

s

H

5 "

c

«

®

3

a>

o

O

»

g

s

•m

g

S

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

Michigan

1

4th

1,874

68 Ol.'i

34.781^
33. 935 1

2

1st...

2,078

68. 013

3

4

3d ...
2d ...

2,539
3, 260

67. 917

67. 839

33. 667 y
32. 948 f

12, 583

67. 826

33. 498

5

6th ..

1,171

67.776

32.377
33. 114 J

6

5th ..

1,661

67. 162

Maryland

1

5th ..

1,477

68. 737

32.703^

2

1st - . .

1,159

68. 154

33. 655

3

2d ...

1,098

67. 938

34.614

6, 918

67. 814

33. 498

4

4th ..

1,836

67. 288

34. 345

5

3d ...

1,348

67.125

34. 228

Qhio

1

16th

2, 353

68. 533

34.438^
33.274

2

14th ..

1,173

68! 404

3

7th ..

3,433

68. 382

34. 574

4

6th ..

2,668

68. 364

34. 828

-

5

8th ..

2,034

68. 112

34.723

6

15th ..

2,297

68.002

33.710

7

9th ..

1,398

67. 931

33.798

8

11th ..

2,257

67. 902

34. 178

9

4th ..

2,059

67. 812

34. 683

JO

12th ..

2, 662

67.712

33. 518

39,311

67.782

33.661

11

2d ...

1,779

67. 654

32. 215

12

13th ..

1,433

67. 599

34. 089

13

5th ..

2,608

67. 583

32. 832

14

19th ..

2,410

67. 561

32. 128

15

18th ..

2, 655

67. 247

34. 141

16

17th ..

1,667

67. 146

31. 994

17

10th ..

2, 196

67. 098

32. 824

18

3d ...

1,.507

66. 864

32. 641

19

Ist...

722

66. 787

33. 266

Vermont . ,

1
2

3d ...
Ist...

897

728

68. 033
67. 440

32. 914 )
33. 593 )

3,374

67. 583

33. 375

■i

2d ...

1,749

67. 411

33. 520 S

Delaware

1

Ist ...

1,215

67. 490

34. 245

1,215

67. 490

34.245

Pennsylvania

1

17th ..

2,741

68. 363

34.538^

2

23d ...

1,116

68.296

33.724

3

16th ..

4,758

68. 232

33.590

j

4

24th ..

1,104

68. 027

33. 600

5

14th ..

1,265

68. 002

33 696

6

19th ..

2, 702

67. 997

34. 118

7

20th ..

5,201

67. 939

33.-191

8

7th ..

1,308

67. 797

32. 329

9

21st-..

2,191

67. 660

33. 709

10

12th ..

1,139

67. 637

34. 042

11

15th ..

973

07. 5.''i8

33. 986

12
13

13th ..
18th ..

3,426
1,630

67.522

67. 483

33. 456
34. 326 <■

47, 124

67.470

33. 491

14

11th ..

1,336

66. 954

33. 988

15

22d. ..

450

66. 831

33. 058

16

6th ..

2,807

66. 817

32. 398

17

8th ..

2,016

66. 802

33. .595

18

9th ..

3,174

66. 800

34. 326

19

4th ..

2,471

66. 661

32. 606

20

2d . . .

1,206

66. 587

33. 564

21

5th ..

1,390

66. 570

32. 289

22

10th ..

1,070

66. 462

34. 000

23

1st . . .

954

66. 415

32. 189

34

3d ...

696

66. .328

31. 747

District of Colnmbia .'

1
1
2

Ist...
1st...
2d ...

2,883

2, 088

925

67. 353
67. 499
66. 817

33. 659
32 155 ?

2,883

67.353
67.290

33. 659

Rhode Island

1 538^1 ^'*^^=*

32.273

STATURK — ■I'.VBIES.
Table shoicimj the order of snperiority in stature., &c. — Continued.

27

>.

£

y*

OJ

^0

Total for State.

o

"^

a

^
0

state or Territory.

c

o

.2 "

r

it

-4J

0
J3

t:

5)

0

- 0

-4^

5

.a .
a

0

MS

1

a

s

3

C5
0/

§2

a 'J

o

o

K

s

^

^

s

S

Inchrs.

Inches.

Indies.

Inches.

New York

1

31st .

3, 875

68. 400

33.032^
33. 274

2

27th ..

1,237

68. 152

3

25th ..

350

68. 074

32. 703

4

8th ..

477

67. 933

33. 023

• 5

12th ..

1,807

67. 85G

33.701 1

6

14th ..

3, 842

67. 57G 33. 645 |

7

19th ..

2, 532

67. 573

32. 813

8

6th ..

716

67. 430

32. 947

9

20th ..

933

67.411

34.135

10

16th ..

1,307

67. 399

32. 626

11

29th ..

1,704

67. 383

33. 994

12

22(1 ...

571

67. 363

33. ()15

*

13

23(1 ...

1,720

67. 309

33. 792

14

13th ..

3,001

67. 272

32. 681

15

1st...

704

67. 244

33. 170

16

24th ..

3, 389

67. 145

32. ICO

43, 798

67. 274

32. 909

17

11th ..

1 , 335

67. 131

32. 935

18

17th ..

1,834

()7. 084 1 33. 836 |

li)

30th ..

1,819

f)7. 041

32. 257

20

28th ..

1,309

67. 040

32. 970

21

7th ..

232

66. 879

33. 3(:e

22

26th ..

426

66. 761

32. 700

23

18th ..

3, 096

66. 709

31.913

24

4.h ..

341

66. 5.'-)7

32. 768

2.5

2(1 . . .

652

66. 426

32. ()87

26

-.'.(} ...

1,137

66. 347

31.666

27

10th ..

1,705

66. 317

32. 465

28

9th ..

347

65. 994

30. 870

29

21st...

464

65. 978

31.444

30

15th ..

474

65. 886

32. 852

31

5th ..

462

65. 732

32. 424

New Jersey --

1
2

3d ...

1st...

4,274

4,749

67. 428
67. 181

33.102^
31.840

3

4th ..

2, 083

66. 880

32. 224 )

17, 084

67. 023

32. 326

4

5th ..

3,959

66. 777

32. 090 1

5

2(1 ...

2, 019

66. 422

32. 399 J

New Hampshire ...

1

2

2d ...
1st...

1,159
496

67. 424
66. 601

3.i. 242 )
32. 5(i9 )

2,801

"66.929

33. 597

3

3d ...

1,146

66.571

34. 401 S

Massachusetts . . . ;

1

7th ..

139

67. 468

32.019^

2

4th ..

1,040

67. 281

31.560

3

10th ..

263

67. 142

32. 403

4

3d ...

1,626

66. 986

31. 854

5

5th ..

1,000

66. 790

32. 132 I,

6,280

66. 891

31. 988

6

8th ..

489

66. 695

31.. 562

7

1st . . .

398

66. 683

32. 337

8

2il ...

454

66. 652

31.996

9

6th ..

525

66. 598

32.4:8

10

9th ..

341

66. 399

32. 428

Connecticut

1

3d ...

166

67.361

32.663 1

32. 827

2

4th ..

728

66. 687

2, 099

66. 587

32 574

3

2d ...

655

66. 473

32. 140
32. 727

4

1st...

5.50

(>6. 356

ITnitfrl RtntpM

315, 620

67.672

33.418

unit l.llOLdLt'M. ..---. ........... ......... .......

There are not many records of the stature of the natives of the United States
with which to compare the foregoing tables. In the abstract of the statistics of
recruiting in the Army from 1859 to 1855, prepared by the late Surgeon Coolidgo,
Americans are divided according to the States of their nativity. The tables just given
show in almost everv instance a, slight increase in the mean stature, l)y States, wlien

28 SrATURK COMPAUISUX OF RESULT!^.

compared with Dr. Coolidge's results, and this is the more remarkable as, during the
period of sixteen years which his researches cover, all men below 5 feet 5 inches in
height were rejected, while no limitation whatever existed under the draft.'

Mr. Gould's tables afford an excellent source of comparison from the large nvim-
bers they comprise, as well as from the fact that the examinations were made during
nearly the same period of time as our own. His statistics were chiefly derived from
the volunteer regiments, and therefore represent another large section of the popula-
tion, though the reservation already pointed out as to their reliability must be borne
in mind. Unfortunately, it is not possible to compare our results completely in detail
with Mr. Gould's, on account of his having, in some instances, grouped together separate
States.

The first of the following tables is of great interest. It brings together the results of
three series of observations, differing in character, but each having its peculiar value and
pertinence. The first column represents the mean stature, without selection, of the
male population between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years ^ the second repre-
sents a selected class, from which had been rejected all below an average height of 5
feet 3 inches ; and the third column contains the results of careful measurements made
between twenty and thirt)' years ago of a smaller number of men of a lesser mean age.
Altogether, there are embodied in this table the conclusions drawn from the examina-
tion of nearly a million and a half of American-born Avhite men, and it is surprising
how corroborative the results of these separate observations are of one another. Tf
these calculations be all thrown together, the resulting mean stature from the whole is
67.646 inches, or 1.7182 metres.

In another part of his work, Mr. Gould has given a table of stature, in which the
State named represents actual natives only, and not, as in the succeeding table, men
enlisted in the State. These details, however, are given in g-roups, which are not
best fitted for comparison ; but if the separate data of our tables be correspondingly
aiTanged, another strikingly similar result is obtained. This is displayed in the second
of the following tables.

'Statistics of the sickness and mortaJitji in the Army of the United States from January, 1839, to January, IHS.'i, 4to,
Wiisbiiigton, 1850, p.663.

STATURE COMPARISON OK RESULTS.

Comjyaratice table of stature, by States, of Amerivat'.-born white men.

29

Mean stature according to —

State.

Tables

if this
.li.

United States
Sanitary Cdin-
mission, li. A.
Gould.

United States
At my statis-
tics, 1839 to
1855, Dr.
Coolidgo.

Indies.
68. 677
68. .551
68.371
68. 337
08. 306
08. 286
68. 080
68. 005
67.911
67. 895
67. 895
67. 835
67. 826
67.814
67. 782
67. 583
67. 490
67. 470
67. 3.53
67. 290
67. 274
iil. 023
66. 929
66. 891
CO. 587

Aletn's.
1.7444
1.7412
1.7.i66
1. 73,58
1.7350
1. 7345
1 . 7292
1. 7273
1.7249
1.7245
1.7245
1. 7230
1 7228
1.7225
1.7217
1.7166
1.7142
1. 7137
1.7108
1.7092
1. 7088
1.'024
1.7000
1.0990
1. 0913

Incba.
•08. 160

ilelres.
•1.7313

Inches.
07. 729

Metres.
1. 7203

Kausas

07. 025
68. 033

1.7177
1.7280

07. 102

1.7059

C'aljfoiniii

68. 0()2
68. 425
67. 052
08. 122
OS. 131
67. 970
67.615
67. 312
67. 838
67. 613

1.7288
1.7380
1.7184
1.7303
1.7.i05
1.7264
1.7174
1. 7097
1.7231
1.7174

67. 004

1.7171

West Virginia

Maine

Iowa

67. 314

1. 7098

67. 696

i.7i95

Mii-bi'MD

67. i:16

07.. 537

1.7051

Obio

1.71.54

too. 951 if 1.7006

67. 136

1. 7053

66.756 1 i.0956

67. 088
67. 085
63. 575
67. 402
67. 0.-.O
67. 088
66. 831

1.7040
1.7040
1.6910
1.7120
1.7031
1.7040
1.0975

66. 505
too 509

1.6892

t r r^i^'r.i

^60.821 i$1.0973

'0K779'
(;7.814
08. 272
07. 729

1.7211)

1.7225

1 7341

1 T-io:!

07.047 1.71-2

07.488 1.7142

67. 672

1. 7189

67. 639

1.7180

07. 357

1.7109

Note. — If the six last-named States be discarded from the calculation, thi resulting mean stature of Dr.
Coolidge's table wonld be 07.142 inches, (1.7054 metres.)

* Inchides Tennessee. t Inchuh's New Hauipsbire. t Inclndes Delaware. ^N Iiielndes Connecticut.

Gionjis of States.

Maine

Vermont

New Hampshire

Massachusetts

IJliode Island

'Jonuecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Ohio

Indiana

Michigan

Wisconsin

lUinoi.s

Total and meau

Provost-Marshal-General's
bureau.

Number
of men.

Meau height.

} 29,930

> 108, 006
77, 665
59, 970

275,571

Inches.

Metres.

67.40') ' 1.7121

07.320 1.7099
67.929 I 1.7254

07. 847

1. 7233

67.616 1.7174

B. A. Gonlil.

Number
of men.

152, 370

273, 026

220, 796

71,196

717,368

Mean height.

Inches. Metres.

67. 834

67. 529

68. 109
67. 877

67. 825

1.7230

1.71.52
1.7315
1 . 724 1

1.7228

30 CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

Circumference of Chest. — The reader sliould bear in mind that all the meas-
urements of girth of chest which appear in the tables of this work were taken with the
tape pressed evenly upon the nipples in front, and meeting over the angles of the
scapula? posteriorly. This caution is necessary, as the expression "over the nipj^les"
has been misunderstood to mean above, instead of itjJOii. In every case the man was
naked, and the girth was carefully ascertained, both when the lungs were fully inflated
and when expiration was completed. It is obvious that the direction given to "take a
full breath " led to a more complete inflation than usual, so that the expansion recorded
is slightly in excess of what is termed pulmonary play, and which consists of the rate of
mobility of the chest in quiet, ordinary breathing. The diflerence in the circumfer-
ence of the thorax when thus fully inflated, and when measured again after a forced
expiration, constitutes the "expansion of cliesV of the tables. The tenn "vital capacity,^''
which was originated by Mr. Hutchinson, indicates the numbei- of cubic inches of air
exjjelled from the lungs under these conditions. When the expression "mean yirth of
chest" is made use of in the comparative tables of this introduction, it is to be under-
stood as meaning always at completed expiration.

Whether the development of the thorax increases in regular relation to increasing
height is a question Avliich has been much debated without any definite conclusion
having been attained. Hutchinson, in his valuable and elaborate treatise on the respi-
ratory functions,' says : "I have been fi-equently asked if the depth of the chest did
not increase with the height of the individual — I find this not to be the case."' Else-
where he asserts that there is no relation between stature and the cubic dimensions of
the thorax;^ and an examination of his tables will show that height, even when modi-
fied by age, has no regulaiity in its relation to girth of chest.'' Baron Larrey, while
insisting upon a well-formed chest as an indispensable qualification in the soldier,
states that, in his experience, very tall men were not as well-proportioned in that par-
ticular as men of less stature.'* De Jouvencel, commenting on the physical charac-
teristics of the men of Germanic origin who people a great part of Alsace and some
other portions of the -northeast of France, together with the adjacent German terri-
tories, describes them as of remarkably high stature, but as quite deficient in develop-
ment of chest." M. A. Godron confirms this account. It would be easy to accumu-
late similar experiences from the writings of ethnographers; but it will be more satis-
factory- to ascertain the results of actual measuremeut;j upon a large scale.

Mr. Gould's researches on behalf of the Sanitary Commission are first to be exam-
ined. He does not furnish the relation of girth of chest to increasing height in the
same race or class; but his tables permit of the selection of the necessary mean dimen-
sion by nativities. The result, as set forth in the following table, would seem to defy
all attempts to establish a regular relation between stature and circumference of chest.

' On the capacity of the luiign and on the rcujjiralorij functions, Med.-Chirurg. Tmusactioiis, vol. xxix, pp. i:<7-252,
1,'pimIoii, 181(1.

■ Ibid.. 1). 17!». .

' Ibid., p. -Hd.

* Ibid., p. 170.

■■■ Bull, dehi Soc. d'uuthivp., 2c sdr.. t. i\, p. 580, Paris, 1869

"Bull, de lu Snr. d'a.ilhroj).. f. ii, ]>. 105, Palis, 1861.

CIRCUMFERENCK OF CHEST.

31

Table showing the order of superiority of mean height, and the relation of mean girth of cheat to same, in
various races and classes of men examined in the United ISiatcs, (arranged from B. A. GonUl.y

Nativity or chiss.

Kentucliy aud Teiiiicsste

Indiaus -

Free States west of Mississippi Eiver .

Scamliiiavia

Ohio ami ludiana

Students

Coast slave States

Mieliiijat], WiseoDsin, and Illinois

New Kiiirlaiul States

New Ydik, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Scotland

Miscellanioiis

British America

Wales aud Isle of Man

Ireland

Slave States west of Mississippi Elver

England

Mulattoes

Negroes ,

Oerniauy

Sailors

France

Spain, Portugal, and Spfinish America

.a
S

2G7
517
10
34
66'J
167
367

ok;

211

765

81

32

558

20

827

51

306

863

020

562

061

100

Total, and mean of total 15,504

a ^
':3 M

Rac«.

26. 00
30. 73
22. 28
29. 17
24.70
21.84
26. 88
24. 38
25. 76
•.;6. 18
28.91

27. 48
25. 53
31.14
29.24
24.56
27.08
26. 24
25.67
29. 76
26.13
27.74
31.63

Mean lieiglit.

26.24

Iiiehes.
68. 53
68. 23
()7. 89
67 76
67. 74
67. 73
67.56
()7. 26

67. 20
07.14
66. 94
66. 93
66.91
66.87
66. 59
(;o. 32
06. 25
66. 25

66. 21
66. 17
66.02
65. 6()
65. 29

66. 94

MelrcH.
1.7407
1. 7330
1.7244
1.7211
1.7206 1
1.7203 I
1.7160
1.7084
1. 7069
1. 7054
1.7003
1. 7000
1. 6995
1. 6985
1. 6914
1. 6845
1.6828
1. C828
1. 6817
1. 6807
1. 6769
1.6678
1. 6584

1. 7003

Jleaii girth of chest
at expiration.

Ivchcs.

Metres.

35. 30

. 896(i

37.08

.9418

34.84

. 8849

35. 37

. 8984

34. 95

.8877

33. 76

. 8575

34.23

. 8694

34.04

. 8646

34.11

. 8664

34. 38

. 8733

34. 67

.8806

33. 99

. 8633

34.38

.8733

34. 19

.8684

35. 15

. 8928

33.31

.8461

34. 30

.8712

34.18

.8682

34.28

.8707

34. 72

.8819

34.09

. 8659

34.30

.8712

33. 11

.8410

34. .50

21
14
19
17

9

8
20
10
15

4
22
11
16
13

7
18
12
23

. 8763

It would, at first, seem probable that the diflereuce of age might partly account
for the discrepancies of the foregoing table, as it is known that the thorax continues to
increase by growth up to the thirtieth year. But it is equally well established that a
man continues to grow in height up to the same or even to a later age, so that the
disproportion observed might be expected to advance pari passu.

During the classification of the statistics of this office, the belief was strongly
entertained that something like a regular increase in the girth of the chest would be
found to co-exist with advancing stature. The two ensuing tables, which exhibit the
relation in question, first by nativities and next by States of the Union, make it mani-
fest that the anticipation was, so far, not realized. It will be observed that in these, as
in the preceding table, the height is recorded in its order of superiority.

I The sources from which we have constructed this table will be found at jip. 276-281. 291. 292, 303, 304, 306,307, 311.

32 CIECUMrERENCi: OF CHEST-

Table nhoicing the relation of mean [lirtli of client to mean heujht in ticcuty four natirifien.

Nntivity.

Niitnber
of meu.

Meau beigbt.

Meau g

rtli of cbest.

121

315, 620

2, 290

3,476

21,645

1,190

50, 537

383

989

89

16, 196

54, 944

25, 828

1,104

122

1,802

580

3, 243

171

91

339

. 79

148

81

Inches.
67. 934
67. 672
67. 467
67. 0(i6
67. 014
66. 896
66.741
66.6^8
66. 637
66. 584
66. 577
66. 536
66. 531
66. 418
66. 393
66. 381
66. 307
66. 277
66.211
66.110
6t!. 000
65. 899
65. 635
65. 432

Metres.
1.7255
1.7189
1.7137
1.7035
1.7022
1.6993
1.6952
1. ()it29
1. 6926
1.6912
1.6911
1. 6900
1.6899
I. 6i:.70
1. 6864
1.6861
1.6842
1.68.!4
1.6^il8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Inches.
34. 066

33. 418

34. 321
33. 838

33. 380
31. 310
33. 769
34.292
33. 666

34. 022
33. 369
33. 880
33. 691

33. 924

34. 066
33.719
32.917
33. 778
33. 544
32. 989
33. 404
33. 367
33. 608
34.222

33. 530

Metres.

.8653
.8188
,8718
.8595
.8479
.8716
. 8,577
.8710
. 8,551
.8642
.8476
.8606
.8558
.8617
.8653
.8565
. 8361
. 8580
. 8520
. 8379
.8485
.8475
. 8536
. 8692

.8517

6

18

1

Scotland

10

Rritisli Amcricji . . ...

«0

8\vetUMi

2
19.

3

Holland

15

Hnnj^ary

Kiiolnnd - . ... .- ..._,. .............

7
21

(_f»*rmanv --- -

9

United Stiitt'S, colored

14

Wales .

8

5

Switzerland ......

13

West Indies

24

France

PoUvnd

11
17

Mexico

1.6792 i 20
1.6764 1 21
1 . 6738 j 22
1.6671 - 23

23

Italy

19

99.

tSpaiu . ...

16

Portugal

1. 6620

24

4

501, 068

67. 300

1. 7094

Table fihowiiig the relation of mean f/irth of chest to mean height in twenty-Jive Staten of the Union.

State.

KeutucUy

Kansas

Minne.sota

Missouri

California

Nevada

Indiana

West Virgiuia

Wisconsin

Ma inc

Iowa

Illinois

Xliebigan

Maryland

Ohio

Vermont

Delaware

Pennsylvani.T.

District of Columbia

IMiode Island

New York

New Jersey

New Hampsbire

Massacbusetts

Connecticnt

Total, and mean of total

Number
of meu.

Meau beigbt

Meau •_

irtb of chest.

Inches.

Metres.

Inches.

Metres.

4,252

08. 677

1.7444

1

33. 978

. 8630

6

729

68.551

1. 7412

2

33. 992

. 8634

5

3, 682

6S.371

1. 7366

3

34. 020

.8641

4

6, 031

68. 337

1. 7358

4

33. 903

.8611

7

1,308

68. 306

1. 7.350

5

34. 106

.8663

3

21

68. 28()

1.7345

6

34.381

. 8733

1

38, 354

68. 080

1. 7292

7

33. 698

. 8559

11

5,187

68. 005

1.7273

8

33. 065

.8399

20

10,922

67.911

1.7249

9

3 '. 505

.8510

IG

12, 363

67. 895

1.7245

10

33. 808

. 8587

10

7, 823

67. 895

1.7245

11

33. 868

. 8602

9

36, 465

()7. 835

1.7230

12

33. 654

.8548

14

12,583

67. 826

1.7228

13

33. 498

.8508

17

6, 918

67. 814

1.7225

14

33. 899

.8610

8

39,311

67. 782

1.7217

15

33.661

. 8550

12

3,374

67. 583

1.7166

16

33. 375

.8477

19

1,215

67. 490

1.7142

17

34. 245

.8698

2

47, 124

67. 470

1.7137

18

33.491

.8507

18

2,883

07. 353

1.7108

19

33. (i59

. 8549

13

3, 013

67. 290

1.7092

20

32. 273

. 8197

24

43,798

67. 274

1.7088

21

32. 909

. 8359

21

17, 084

67. 023

1.7024

22

32. 326

.8211

23

2,801

66. 929

1.7000

23

33. .597

. 8.534

15

6,280

66.891

1.6990

24

31. 988

. 8125

25

2,099

66. 587

1. 6913

25

32. 574

. 8274

22

315, 620

67. 672

1.7189

33. 418

.8488

It is perfectly clear that, neither from these tables, nor from that compiled from
Mr. (jtould's work, is it possible to discover any consecutive relation existing between
the two qualities under consideration.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

33

If girth of chest bear a regular relation to height, and height be always deter-
mined by race, then it could hardly be anticipated that in this country the artificia]
divisions of States, with their restless, mobile population, would be likely to present
any evidence of a law in the matter. But if the arrangement by States be discarded,
and the whole of the series of the white natives of the United States be examined, a
very different result is obtained. Then it will be seen that the girth of the chest
increases as the height extends with a regularity that would almost admit of a calcu-
lation by arithmetical progression being substituted for the observed results. The
nativities presenting the largest number of observations have again been selected in
order to illustrate this condition.

Tables showing the relation of girth of chest to increasing height in men o/lS to 45 years of age.

(a.) WHITE NATrVES OF THE UNITED STATES, 315,620 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 iuclies -

1,674
9,871
36, 989
76, 1.57
94, 450
64, .591
25, 500
6,388

Inches.
30. 841
31. 127
31.975
32.917
33. 651
34. 225
34.717
35. 162

Metres.
.7834
. 7906
.8122
.8361
.8547
. 8693
.8818
. 8931

In ches.

■Metres.

.286
.848
.942

. 7:m

. .574
. 492
.445

.0073

.0216

. 0239

. 0186

.0146

. 0125

.0113

Total and mean of total . ....

315, 620

33. 418

.8488

(b.) COLORED NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES,

25,828 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

473

2,037
5, 122
7, 129
6,274
3,439
1,097
257

Inches.
31.247
31.683
32. 836
33. 653
34. 343
34. 772
35. 147
35. 556

Metres.
. 7937
.8047
. 8340
.8548
. 8723
.8832
.8927
. 9031

Inches.

Metres.

.436
1. 1.53
.817
.690
.429
.375
.409

.0110

. 0293

.0208

.0175

.0109

.0095

73 inches and over -... . . .... .-

.0104

Total, and mean of total

25, 828

33. 691

.8558

(c.) BRITISH AMERICANS, 21,645 MEN.

Height.

Number
of meu.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 incljcs ........ .. .. . ...

160
1,094
3,456
6,117
6,081
3,415
1,103

219

Inches.
31. 188
31.616

32. 360

33. 074
33. 806
34.292
34. 800
35. 279

Metres.
. 7922
.8030
.8219
.8401
. 8587
.8710
.8839
. 8961

Inches.

Metres.

61 and under 63 inches . ... . «. .............

.428
.744
.714
. 732

. 38()
. 508
.479

.0108

63 and under 65 inches . ....... .... .... .. .

.0189

65 and under 67 inches ... . ... . ........ .

. 0182

67 and under 69 inclies ..... .......... ........

.0186

. 009rt

71 and under 73 inches ....... . . ...

.0129

73 inches and over

.0122

Total, and mean of total

21,645

33. 380

.8479

34

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

((J.) ENGLISHMEN, 16,190 MEN.

Height.

Under 61 inclies

CI and under 63 inches

63 and under 65 inches

65 and under 67 inches

67 and under 69 inches

69 and under 71 inches

71 and under 73 inches

73 inches and over

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men.

176

925

3,111

5,078

4,358

1,928

529

91

16, 196

Mean girth of chest.

Indies.
31.545
31. 929
32. 666
33. 233
33. 829
34. 330
34. 382
34. 923

33. 369

Metres.
.8012
.8110
. 8297
.8441
.8593
.8720
. 8733
.8870

.8476

Increase.

Inches.

.384
.737
.567
. 596
.501
.052
.541

Metres.

.0098
.0187
.0144
.0152
.0127
.0013
.0137

(e.) lEISHMEN, 50,537 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 inches

61 and under 63 inches

63 and under 65 inches

65 and under 67 inches

67 and under 69 inches

69 and under 71 inches

71 and under 73 inches

73 inches and over

Total, and mean of total

15,

14,

6,

1,

355
,475

,872
,916
422
549
698
250

Inches.
31. 983
32. 306
32. 987
33. 594
34. 137
34.683
35. 047
33. 744

50, 537

33.769

Metres.
. 8124
.8206
.8379
. 8333
.8671
. 6f09
.8902
.9079

Inches.

.323
.681
.607
.543
.546
.364
.697

.8577

Metres.

.0082
.0173
.0154
.0138
.0138
.C093
.0177

(/.) GEEMANS, 54,944 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Tliidpr 01 inoliea . .. ... ..........

723

3,523

10, 469

16, 807

14,710

6,707

1,724

281

Inches.
31. 837
32. 459
33. 205
33. 808
34. 329
34. 727
35. 075
35. 431

Metres.

.8087
. 8245
.8434
.8587
.8720
.8821
.8909
.8999

Inclies.

Metres.

.632
.746
■ .603
.521
.398
.348
.336

.0158

.0189

.0153

67 and under 09 inclips ... ..

.0133

.0101

.0088

.0090

54, 944

33. 880

.8606

It would seem that, if height and bulk of chest increased proportionately in sepa-
rate races, then the mean dimensions from the same when compared should develop
similar regularity of relation. For example, in the preceding tables the white natives
of the United States exhibit this gradation in marked degree ; so, also, do the colored
men ; yet the mean result shows the liighest stature associated with the smallest girth
of chest, and the largest cii'cumference of chest with the lowest stature in these two
cases :

Mean height. Mean girth of chest.

White natives of the United States G7.672 33.418

Colored natives of the United States 66.531 33.691

It is to be remembered that the same number of men were subjected to measure-
ment for girth of chest as for stature.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

35

Dr. Balfour's taeasiirements of recruits for the English army show a regular
increase of girth of chest with increasing height ; not so striking in its progression as
in the tables just submitted, but quite in accordance with them.

Although, as has been already stated, age can scarcely be looked upon as a factor
in the calculation, inasmuch as it applies to both the qvialities in question, yet it is of
obvious importance to decide whether the regular relation pointed out is found to exist
when tlie cases are observed of men of matured growth only. With this oljject, the
following tables have been prepared, exhibiting, in six principal nativities, the condition
as regards men in whom the growth of the thorax may be supposed to be entu-ely
completed.

Tables showing the relation of girth of chest to increasing height in men o/30 and rmder 35 years of ago.

(a.) WHITE NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, 23,174 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 inches

39
320
1,749
4,990
7,470
5,631
2,370
605

Inches.
32. 872
32. 825
33. 208
33. 805
34.241
34. 652
35. 151
35. 587

Metres.
.8349

.8338
.8435
.8586
.8697
. 8802
. 8928
.9039

Inches.

Metres.

61 and under 63 inches ,

-.047
.383
. 597
. 436
.411
. 499
.430

0011

63 and under 65 inches ,..-- ...

0097

65 and under 67 inches

0151

67 and under 69 inches

0111

69 and under 7 1 inches

0105

71 and under 73 inches.

.0126
.0111

73 inches and over.....

Total, and mean of total

23, 174

34. 275

.8706

(6.) COLOKED NATIVES OF THE UN^TED STATES,

1,784 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 inches

9

93

264

483
487
295
123
25

Inches.
32. 667
33. 527
33. 955
34. 261
34. 862
35. 207
35. 672
35. 840

Metres.
.8297
.8516
.8625
.8702
.8855
.8943
. 9001
. 9103

Inches.

Metres.

61 and under 63 inches

.860
.428
. 306
.601
.345
.465
.168

.0219
.0103
.0077
.0153
.0088
.0118
. 0042

63 and under 65 inches

65 and under 67 inches

67 and under 69 inches

69 and under 71 inches

71 and under 73 inches

73 inches and over

Total, and mean of total

1,784

34. 613

.8792

(c.) BRITISH AMERICANS, 1,152 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 inches

1

36
122

289

386

208

93

17

Inches.
32. 000
33. 333
33. 361

34. 035
34. 456
34. 721
35. 161

35. 882

■ Metres.

. 8128
.8467
.8474
. 8645
. 8752
.8819
. 8931
.9114

Inches.

Metres.

61 and under 63 inches

1.333

.028
.674
.421
. 265
.440
.721

.0339

.0007
.0171
.0107
.0067
.0112
.0183

63 and under 65 inches

65 and under 67 inches

67 and under 69 inches

69 and under 71 inches

71 and under 73 inches

73 inches and over

Total, and moan of total

1,152

34. 323

.8718

36

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

(d.) ENGLISHMEN, 1,218 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Meau girth of chest.

Increase.

6
53

207
381

327

183
48
13

Indies.
32. 667

32. 830

33. 420
33.543
34. 269
34. 820
34. 667
84.769

Metres.

. 8297
. 8.339
.8489
.8520
.8704
.8844
.8805
.8831

Inches.

Metres.

.163

.590
.123
.726
.551
— .153
.102

.0042

.0150

fi'i nnfl iinfler 07 inches ... .- . ...... ...... .._... . -. .... ....

.0031

.0184

(IQ 'infl nndpr 71 iuoliea ...... ...... ...... ...... ...

.0140

71 •iiul iiiuler 7.3 inches _.. . .._... ............ .. ....

— . 0039

.0026

1,218

33. 931

.8618

(e.) IRISHMEN, 3,152 MEN.

Height.

Number
of men.

Mean girth of chest.

Increase.

Under 61 inches

61 and nndcr 63 iuches

63 aud uuder 65 iuches

65 aud uudpr 67 iuchcB

67 aud uuder 6'J iuches

69 aud uuder 71 iuches

71 aLd under 73 iuches

73 iuches and over

Total, and mean of total

21
110
491
1,017
959
424
119

11

3, 152

Indies.
33. 238
33. 455
34. 143
34. 352
34.776
34. 939
35. 462
36. 182

34. 537

Metres.
. 8442

, .8498
. 8672
.8725
. 8833
.8875
.9007
.9190

.8772

Inches.

.217
.688
.209
.424
.163
.523
.720

Metres.

.0056
.0174
.0053
.0108
.0042
. 0132
.0183

(/.) GERMANS, 5,126 MEN.

Height.

Under fil iuches"

61 aud uuder 63 inches

63 aud uuder 65 inches

65 and under 67 iuches

67 aud uuder 69 iuches

69 and under 71 inches

71 and under 73 inches

73 iuches and over

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men.

43

265

898

1,662

1,4:38

644

149

27

5, 126

Meau girth of chest.

Inches.
33. 070

33. 072
33. 728
34. 158
34. 020

34. 966

35. 489
35. 481

34.295

3Mres.

.8400
. 8400
.8567
. 8676
.8793
.8881
.9014
. 9012

.8711

Increase.

Inches.

.002
.656
.430
.462
.346
. 523
-.008

Metres.

.0000
.0167
.0109
.0117
. O0S8
.0133
.0002

It is not ail easy task to determine at what age the growth of the chest may be
considered as completed. Certain pursnits and occnpations, by cultivating the muscles
of the breast and back, and the deposition of fat at the approach of middle age, all tend
to produce some uncertainty as to the actual size of the thorax. Quetelet has fixed
upon the thirtietli year as the period of its matured growth.* M. Allaire observed a
marked increase from the eighteenth to the twenty-fifth year;" after the thirty-fifth year,

' Anthropom4trie, x>. 458.

^ Secneil de nidm. dc med., de chiriirr/. et depharm. miUlaires, 3e e^rie, t. x, p. 161, Paris, 1863.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST.

87

the size of the chest slightly diminished, although a fictitious bulk might remain from

corpulence.*

The following table illustrates the difference that age produces in the circumference

of the chest; the mean dimension at all ages from 18 to 45 years being contrasted with

that of completed growth :

Table comparing the mean girth of chest at all ages from 18 to 45 years, icith its mean dimension at the

age of completed growth.

Nativity.

All ages from 18 to 45 years.

No. of men.

Mean height.

Mean age.

Mean girth of chest.

190, 621
19, 379
14,365
9,649
28, 995
29,600

Inches.
67. 69
66.66
67.14
66.59
66.75
66.53

Metres.
1. 7193
1. 6932
1. 7054
1. 6914
1.6955
1.6899

rears.
26. 969
26. 395
25. 248
27.910
27. 237
31.071

Inches.
33.59
33.88
33. 59
33.48
33.85
- 34.01

Metres.

.8r):;2

.861)6

.ST.: 12

Eiii-l.iud

. 8:>(i4

Irfchiud, -.

. 8;,9»

. ^■6.!9

• '

Total and mcati of total ... ....

292,609

67.35

1.7107

27. 319

33.68

.8555

Nativity.

*

Age of completed growth.

No. of men.

Mean height.

Mean girth of chest.

TTnitfd States white . .. ...... .... . ..,.

23, 174
1,784
1,152
1,218
3,152
5, 126

Inches.
68. 22
67.22
67.65
66.92
66.91
66.07

Metres.
1.7328
1.7074
1.7183
1.6998
1.6995
1. 6934

Inches.
34. 28
34. 61
34. 32
33.93
34. 54
34.29

Metres.

.8707

United States colored . .............. -...

.8791

Rritisli America . -.

.8717

England ... .....................

. 8618

Ireland .. ...,.

. 8773

Gerniaiiv . ..... --

.8710

Tot al £111(1 lueRn of totEl ...... ...

35,606

67.77

1.7214

34.31

.8715

It is worthy of notice that the Germans, who exhibit the largest girth of chest in
the column of "All ages," also prove to be of the highest mean age; an age indeed
closely approaching to that of completed growth.

The result of an inquiry as to any possible relation between girth of chest and

complexion is exhibited in the following table :

Table showing the proportion of light- to dark-complexioned men in each of Jive races, with the respective

relation of each complexion to girth of chest.

Nativity.

United States...
British America.

England

Ireland

Germany

Total, and mean of total.

Light-com-
plexioned.

126, 445

9, 506

6,804

20, 378

20, 559

183, 692

Dark-com-
plexioned.

64, 176
4,859
2,845
8,617
9,041

89, 538

Total.

190,621

14, 365

9,649

28, 995

20, 600

273, 230

Mean girth of chest.

Light-complexioned. Dark-complexioned,

Inches.
33. 506
33. 509
33. 415
33.778
33. 957

33. 583

Metres.
.8511
. 8511
.8487
.8580
.8625

.8530

Inches.
33. 769
33. 731
33. 622
34. 016
34. 118

33. 821

Metres.
.8577
. 8568
.8540
.8640
.8666

.8591

' In some European states, a minimum limit of girth of chest is prescribed, at least for certain corps. As the chest
continues to increase in size long after the age of liabilitj' to conscription, it is evident that the claim of the state would
bo often defeated if a re-examinatiou were not made at one or more subsequent periods. This has been already pointed
out as applying to stature.

415380

38

MOBILITY OF CHEST.

It will be seen, in each of the above nativities, that the dark-complexioned men
surpass the blonde portion as to girth of chest, although the latter average more than
double the number of the former. In the case of the natives of the United States, a
Hke comparison of complexion with stature developed a precisely similar result, namely,
that the dark men surpassed the light in height. This might at first seem in itself suffi-
ciently explanatory, as increase of girth of chest is, to a certain extent, proportioned to
increased height in the same race; but, if the comparison be carried further, it will be
found that this relation is not sustained.

Table slwicing the relation of stature to girth of chest in five nativities, where each nativity has been

classified according to complexion.

stature.

Girth of chest.

Nativity.

Mean excess in
height of dark
over light.

Mean excess iu
height of light
over dark.

Mean excess in
girth of chest of
dark over light.

Me.an excess in
girth of chest of
light over dark.

TTiiitpcl St.ntps

Inches.
0.123

Metres.
. 00312

Inches.

Metres.

Inches.
.263
.222
.207
.238
.161

Metres.

. 00608
. 00564
. 00526
. 00605
. 00409

Inches.

Metres.

.096

. 00244

.039

. 00099

-

.005

. 00013

' The mean stature of Irishmen i>roved to he identical for dark and light complexions.

From the foregoing tables it does not appear that any recognizable relation exists
between circumference of chest and stature when complexion is made the basis of classi-
fication of the subjects of the inquiry. Ireland, for example, which ranks nearly first
in the scale in excess of girtli of chest of its dark men, exhibits no difference whatever
in mean stnture as dependent upon complexion.

Mobility of the chest. — The mobility of the chest is so intimately connected
with the vital capacity that it is a matter of regret that the spirometer could not be made
use of during the draft. In default of this, however, it will be observed that the
records of the expansibility of the chest are extremely copious. Hutchinson was very
positive in his opinion that, although the vital capacity increased in very regular rela-
tion to the stature — not the length of the body, but the entire height — yet that it was
•principally governed by the mohUlty of the chest. In the treatise already referred to, he
states that vital capacity has no relation, either to the depth or the circumference of the
chest; and further experiments seem to ha,ve strengthened these views, for in a later
work they are re-asserted in the following words :

"Although the vital capacity increases with the stature, yet the absolute admeas-
urement of the chest does not augment in any of its dimensions with the general
lieight; because the volume of breath is relative to the mobility of the thoracic bound-
aries, just as the volume of blast from the common domestic bellows is chiefly relative
to the movement of the walls of that machine, and not to its absolute size. For
instance, two bellows, of exactly the same dimensions, tlie one made of fine kid leather,
and the other of some thick hide, would displace dissimilar volumes of air, because
thcii- mubility would be dissimilar. For the same reason, a different mobility in two

MOBILITY OF CHEST.

39

chests of correspondino- dimensions will give different volumes of air; therefore, the
absolute dimensions of the chest under certain conditions is not a guide to estimate
the volume of the vital capacity. We cannot, however, at present, assign aii}' reason
why the vital capacity should increase with the stature."^

Notwithstanding the influence of mobility in modifying the vital capacity, yet
stature, according to the same authority, always determines it ; so tliat, the height beino-
given, it is possible to predict the quantity of air that a healthy man shall be able to
expire ; and the rule is deduced that " for every inch of height, (from 5 feet to G feet,)
eight additional cubic inches of air, at 60° Fahr., are given out by a forced respiration."^

The conclusions announced by Hutchinson, with reference to the respiratory
functions, have been deservedly regarded as of high authority, though more extended
statistical researches have not, in every instance, confirmed them. It was liis opinion
that mobility of chest increased in arithmetical progression with increasing stature.^
The tables next to be exhibited confirm the general accuracy of the statement, though
many irregularities are observable in the order of increase. Another very positive
assertion was, that the circumference of the chest has "an exact relation to the weio-ht.
increasing one inch for every ten pounds."^ The following tables show the result of
the investigation into the tenability of these two statements, the inquiry being confined
to the six principal nativities on the records. The figures relate exclusively to accepted
men.

Tables showing the relation of height, girth of chest, and crpansion of chest to increasing weight in men

of all ages from 18 /o 45 years.

(a.) WHITE NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, G,359 ACCEPTED MEN.

Weight.

Number
of men.

Mean height.

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of chest.

14

991

2,968

1,894

427

65

Inches.
64. 000
65. 191
66. 856
68. 424
69.920
70. 215

Metres.
1. 6256
1. 6559
1. 6981
1. 7380
1.7760
1. 7835

Inches. .
29.714
30. 468
31. 997
33. 642
34. 988
36. 554

Metres.
.7547
.7739
. 8127
.8545
.8887
.9285

Inches.
3.071
3.146
3. 238
3.289
3.289
3.269

Metres.
.0780
.0799
.0822
.0835
.0835
. 0830

100 and under 120

120 and under 140

140 and tinder 160

160 and under 180

180 and over

6, 359

67. 297

1. 7093

32. 491

.8253

3.242

.0823

' The spirometer, the stethosco}>c, and the scale-balance : their use in discriminating diseases of the chest, 8vo, liondou, 1852,

- Op. cit., p. 154. Heubst of Giittiugen, ( Zfeber die capacitiit der lungen filr liift im ycsundcn und iraiilKen zuslandc.
Archiv. fiir auat. undpliysiolog., 1828, pp. 83-107 ;) Arxoi.d, ( Ueher die athmungs grosse des mensehen, Heidelberg, 1855 ;) and
BotiNET, (Application dit comptcur a f/aa a la mesure de la respiration, Comptes rendus do I'Acad. des. sci., t. xlii, p. 825,
ct t. xliii, p. 519,) each obtained resnlts from the spirometer mainly agreeing with those of Hutchinson. Herbst has a
qualifying remark upon the relation of iinlmouary capacity to stature. He says: "Persons of great height eau intro-
duce a larger quantity of air into their lungs ; but the result is not solely dependent upon the greater Iicight, l)ut is iu
close relationsliip with general strength and muscular force." Gould's researches corroborate Hutchinson's views as
to the relation of vital cajiacity to stature being more regular than it is to length of body ; but its relation to circum-
ference of chest he found to be much more obvious than Hutchinson's esporienco led him to anticipate, (/«ec«Jti7o2ton»,
etc., pp. 482, 489.)

' Op. cit., p. 197.

* Op. cit., p. 248.

40

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST — WEIGHT.

Table shoicing the relation of height, girth of chest, &c. — Continued.

(&.) COLORED NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, 377 ACCEPTED MEN.

Weight.

Under 100 pounds

100 and under 120

120 and under 140

140 and under 160

160 and under 180

180 and over

Total, and mean of total

Nnniber
of men.

0

29

162

131

47

8

377

Mean height.

Indies.

63. 793
65. 321
67. 069
69. 191
69. 750

OC. 387

Metres.

1. 6203
1. 6592
1.7036
1.7575
1.7717

1. 6862

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Indies.

30. 138
32. 049
33. 4C6
3.5. 106
35. 250

32. 844

Metres.

.76.55
.8140
.8500
.8917
. 8954

. 8342

Mean expansion
of chest.

Indies.

3.328
3.210
3.218
3. 266
3.375

3.232

Metres.

.0845
.0815
.0817
.0830
.0857

.0821

(c.) EEITISH AMERICANS, 589 MEN.

Weight.

Uuder 100 pounds

100 and under 120

120 and under 140

140 and under KiO

160 and under 180

180 and over

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men

2

38

304

198

41

6

589

Mean height.

Indies.
64. 000
64. 211
66. 546
67. 848
69. 512
69. 333

67. 059

Metres.
1. 6256
1. 6310
1.6903
1.7233
1.7656
1.7611

1. 7033

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Inches.
30. 000
30. 737
32. 020
33. 606
34. 439
35. 333

32.666

Metres.

. 7620
.7807
.8133
.8536

.8748
.8975

.8297

Mean expansion
of chest.

Inches.
3.500
3.184
3.247
3.298
3.402
3.333

3.272

Metres.
.0889
.0809
.0825
.0838
.0864
.0847

.0831

(d.) ENGLISHMEN, 454 MEN.

Weight.

Number
of men.

Mean height.

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of cheat.

0

56

243

128

25

2

Inches.

Metres.

Inches.

Metres.

Inches.

Metres.

100 and under 120

64. 607
65.835
67.625
68. 480
69. 000

l'!6410
1. 6722
1.7177
1.7394
1. 7526

30. 893
32. 453
33. 609
34.960

38. 000

.7847
.8243
.8537
.8880
.9652

3.107
3.154
3. 242
3.380
3.500

.0789

120 and under 140 -

.0801

140 and under 160

.0823

160 and under 180

.0859

.0889

454

66. 348

1. 6852

32.749

.8318

3.187

.0809

(e.) IRISHMEN, 1,417 MEN.

Weight.

Under 100 pounds

100 and under 120

120 and under 140

140 and under 160

100 and under 180

180 and over

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men

3

158

724

450

74

1,417

Mean height.

Indies.
62.667
64. 532
66. 119
67. 609
69. 270
69. 000

06. 589

Metres.
1.5917
1.6391
1.6794
1.7173
1.7595
1.7526

1.6914

Mean girth of chest
at expiration .

Inches.
30.667
31. 519
32.715
33. 916
35. 351
36.750

33. 119

Metres.
. 7789
.8006
.8310
.8615
.8979
.9335

.8412

Mean expansiou
of chest.

Inches.
2.167
3. 215
3. 181
3.233
3.338
3.250

3.208

Mctren.

.0550

.0817

.0808

.0821

.0848

.0826

.0815

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST — WEIGHT.

41

Table shotcing the relation of height, girth of chest, &c. — Contiuued.

(/.) GERMANS, 1,343 MEN.

Weight.

Under 100 pounds

lOOauduuder 120

laO and under 140

140 .-ind under 160

160 and under 180

180 and over

Total, aud mean of total

Number
of men.

3

168
67,'S
389
104
4

1,343

Mean height.

Inches.
63. 333
64. 167
65. 532
66. 905
68. 346
69. 000

65. 982

Metres.
1.6087
1. 6298
1.6645
1.6994
1.7360
1. 7526

1. 6759

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Inches.
30. 000
31. 357
32. 601
33. 969
35. 192
36. 000

33. 047

Metres.
.7620
.7965

.8281
. 8628
.8939
.9144

.8394

Mean expansion
of chest.

Incites.
2.833
3. 262
3. 226
3. 231
3.221
3.500

3.231

Metres.
.0720
. 0629
. 0819
. 0«21
.0818
^ 0889

. 0821

From the foregoing- tables it is evident that, if the entire scale of increasing stature
be regarded, the expansibility of the chest is found to increase with it. The steps of
the process are, however, irregular. It should be observed, also, that the mobility
bears an equally regular relation to the circumference of the chest, an occurrence
which Hutchinson was inclined to deny.

A remarkable answer is afforded to the inquiry as to the rate of increase of weight
with increasing circumference of chest. It has been already stated that, by Hutchin-
son's rule, there should be an increase of ten pounds in weight with each additional
inch of girth of chest. These tables show that —

For each additional inch in circumference of chest, the increase in weight is —

Pounds. Kilogrammes.

In Englishmen 9. 852 4. 46

In white natives of the United States 11. 695 5. 30

In Irishmen 13.158 5.97

In Germans 13.333 6.05

In colored natives of the United States 13. 698 6. 21

In British Americans ■ 14.992 6.80

Mean of all 12.563 5.70

Hutchinson's data svere obtained from-the examination of Englishmen; aud it must
be admitted that in their particular case the above figures closely sustain his conclu-
sions. But that there should be such a marvelous increase in the rate for cognate races,
seems entirely inexplicable, if any relation exist between the two qualities in question.
Mr. Gould's investigations led to an equally conflicting result, though in the other direc-
tion ; as, in no instance, does the increase of weight attain the alleged standard rate
of ten pounds. It seems probable that weight depends so much upon the operation of
fortuitous causes — as diet, exercise, sobriety, hereditary tendencies, etc. — that its rela-
tion to circumference of chest cannot be indicated by any formula. Some consider-
ation is also due to the fact that the foregoing tables exhibit the dimensions of accepted
men, averaging from 5 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 7 inches in height. The relation of weight
to stature increases rapidly in ratio when the height exceeds 5 feet 2 inches; so that,
while at 5 feet the cori-ect proportion is about 1.85 pounds to the inch, at 6 feet it should
6

42 CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST — HEIGHT.

bo 2.50 pounds. If the range of the tables given had extended furtlier in the direc-
tion of lower statures, the result of the comparison would not have been so discrepant
from Mr. Hutchinson's conclusions.

It has l:)een stated, in the historical sketch of anthropometry, in the introduction
to this Avork, that the cardinal fallacy in all theoretical canons of human proportions
was the attempt to force a relation, founded upon figures or diagrams, between the parts
of the body.- The same attractive error has, to some extent, influenced those whose
better-directed judgment has led them to measure the living subject. In 1844, Mr. W.
B. Brent read a paper before the British Association, in which he authoritatively
announced several rules of the kind alluded to. Hutchinson, who thought, and stated,
that Brent knew more of the proportions of the living man than any other person exist-
ing, seems to have accepted the statements of the latter without verification. Subse-
quentl)^, he re-announced them as formulas, in his article upon the Thorax, in Todd's
Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology. From this source, they have been repeatedly
copied by writers on statistics, and especially by writers on recruiting, without any
suspicion as to their reliability. It is probable that they were derived from a small
number of measurements, as the extensive observations of Quetelet, Gould, and the
copious records of this office have shown the untrustworthiness of all the rules in ques-
tion. This has been demonstrated, in nearly every instance, in the introduction.- But
one statement of great practical importance, and which has been often quoted as
authoi'itative, will more properly be examined in this place. Brent has given formulas
of a somewhat arbitrary character, by which to ascertain from the stature the circum-
ference of the chest. He gives these directions :

"Relation of the external chest to the height, measured over the nipples.

"Minimum chest: ^ of the stature — -gV of the stature = circumference of chest.

"Medium chest: J of the stature -\- xV of the stature = circumference of chest.

"Maximum chest: | of the stature zz: circumference of chest.

"To apply these rules to practice, take an instance of a man five feet one inch in
height :

"Minimum chest: height 61 inches, i zz: 30.5 inches — ^V = 29.5 inches circum-
ference of chest.

"Medium chest: height 61 inches, ^ zz:'30.5 inches + tV (= 4 07 inches) rz 34.57
inches circumference of chest.

"Maximum chest: lieight 61 inches, § iz: 40.7 inches circumference of chest."

In conformity with these rules, he constructed a table, showing the minimum,

' Of this theoretic human figure, it may be well said : " Its data are figmeuts^subje'ctive coustructions iu which
formal elements are traiisniuted into material elements, relations are transformed into objects, abstractions are personi-
fied and endowed with reality." Uixtoi-i/ of philosophy, G. H. Lewes, 3d edit., vol. i, p. Iv, 1867.

- See p. Ixxviii. Brent's rule, that the distauee between the nipples was exactly one-l'ourth part of the circumference
of the chest on that plane, has been made use of by a French surgeon in some valuable and extensive observations on
the inlluence of disease upon the thoracic walls. In order to avoid disturbing the patients, he, in every case, " measured
the distance between the nipples, that being an exact fourth of the circumference." These measurements were made daily,
and changes in the size of the thorax recorded therefrom. The paper, containing the result of these observations, was
read before the Paris Academy of Medicine, and the rapporteur, M. Barth, expressed no disapproval nor doubt as to the
manner in which they had been conducted. (liechcrches sur Ics dimensions de la poitrine dans h'ur rapports avcc la lubercu-
lisatiiin pulmoiiairc, par M. Hknui Ginthac (de Bordeaux), Bull, de I'Acad. de mdd., v. xxxv, j). 835, 1870.) It has been
established by numerous observations th.at tlio mean iuter-.areolar distance is to the circumference of the chest as '^i to
100, instead of iJ.'>, as stated, leading to an erroneous result of ISJ per cent, below the real girth.

CIRCUMFERENCE OP CHEST HEIGHT.

43

medium, and maximum chests, (as he termed them.) which should co-exist with each
increase of stature, from five feet upward. This table was approved by Dr. Hammond,
and announced as a safe guide to the medical officer in examining- recruits.'

If, with a certain stature, the corresponding girth of medium chest was not found
to exist, the man was unsuitable for military service. The following table exhibits a
column of degrees of stature, with the three corresponding sizes of chest, from Brent's
table; the other columns show the results of Quetelet's observations, of Gould's, and of
our own. The figuires in the two latter of these are based on the examination of largo
numbers of both volunteers and di-afted men; and from these data have been discarded
all those rejected for physical causes, so that the picked men of the nation only are rep-
resented. It will be seen that the figures do not rise much above the minimum size of
chest, nor do they, in any instance, attain the medium size. Either these many thou-
sands of able-bodied men, in the prime of early manhood, varying from five feet to six
feet in stature, were so puny in build of chest that their mean girth did not exceed, to any
important degree, the very lowest figures of the standard, or else Mr. Brent's tables are
empirical. It will be seen that Quetelet's dimensions are somewhat in excess of the
others; but even they, although they represent his estimate of the mean normal man,
the typical man, as he termed him, are far below Brent's medium size.

Heiglit.

Brent.

Quetclot.

Goultl.

This office.

Miuimum

cbest.

Medium
chest.

Maximum
cbest.

Indies.
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

71 •
72

Inches.
29.75
30.25
30.75
31.25
31.73
32.25
32.75
33.25
33.75
34.25
34.63
35. 25
35. 63

Inches.
34. 00
34.75
35.25
35.88
30. 7.'^,
37. 00
37.50
38. 13
38.63
39. 25
39.63
40.25
40.75

Indies.
37.13
37.75
38.38
39.00
39.63
40.25
40. 88.
41.50
42.13
42.75
43.25
44.00
44.83

Inches.

Inches.

Indies.
30.84

31.13

32. 12

33.09
34.91

31.98
32.18
32.92
33.08
33.65

32.96
34.17
34.56
36.00
36.10
37.00

34.72

35. 90

If vital capacity depend so largely upon mere length of limb, irrespective of cir-
cumference of chest, the question naturally arises, what value has it as a test of fitness
for military service 1 Its usefulness is perhaps rather negative than otherwise. If, with
a certain stature, or with a certain weight, the cubic inches marked by the spirometer
do not attain a proportionate number, some defect may be known to exist. It is in this
manner that the instrument is of importance in detecting incipient phthisis. The taller
the recruit the more important it becomes that he should be tested by the spirometer,
as the records of army-hospitals prove that from that class the cases of phthisical disease
are most largely supplied. If Chart No. 4 be inspected, it will be seen that the most
protended line represents men from G feet 1 inch to 6 feet 3 inches.

'A treatise on hygiene, with special reference to the miUtary service, 8vo, Pliiladcliihia, 1803, p. 36. See, also, Manual,
for cnlistinij ami discharging soldiers, by R. Baktiioi.ow, I6mc), Pliiladelphia, 1863, p 193.

44 MOBILITY OF CHEST VARIATIONS.

There is no doubt that if the mobihty of the chest be very hmited, such a condi-
tion should be regarded as a disqualification for military service. Hutchinson consid-
ered three inches to be the healthy mean expansion, and he records one case in which
it reached 64 inches with a vital capacity of 300 cubic inches.^ Gould speaks of six
white soldiers in whom the expansion was over 7 inches." Our records exhibit many
instances of expansion of chest reaching to 7 inches; in one case, in which it attained
to 6| inches, the circumference of chest was 33 inches and 39| inches, respectively.
The subject was a native of New Brunswick; his height was h feet 10 inches, and his
weight 162 pounds ; he was exempted for inguinal hernia. It may be observed as
something moi'e than a mere coincidence that in a number of cases of rejection for her-
nia an unusual degree of mobility of chest was found to co-exist. A remarkable instance
of great expansive power of chest in a man below the medium height was observed in
a native of New Jersey. He was 18 years of age, weighed 114 poimds, and was 64
inches in height ; his chest at expiration measured 29 inches in girth and had an expan-
sion of seven inches. He was accepted for service. Five men are recorded from one dis-
trict as displaying a mobility of 6^ inches ; their mean age was 32 years, height 64.83
inches, girth of chest at expiration 30.42 inches, and weight 127 pounds. Four of the
number were rejected for hernia.

Of eight men, with a mobility of 6 inches, the following are the mean particulars :
height 66.38 inches, age 24.37 years, weight 143.63 pounds, and girth of chest at expi-
ration 32.62 inches. These men were all accepted for service.

Among the cases of very limited mobility was that of a man who was 65J inches
in height and 125 pounds in weight ; his chest measured 32 inches at expiration, with
an expansion of hardly half an inch. He was not rejected for any organic disqualifica-
tion, but for "shortening of right leg." There are, as might be supposed, many cases
recorded of thoracic disease, in which the power of expansion did not exceed three-
quarters or even half of an inch. It seems that one inch was not considered to be so
small an expansion as to war-rant exemption, for in one district seven men were accepted
possessing only that mobility. Their mean age was 35.14 years, height 68.47 inches,
weight 126.42 pounds, and girth of chest at expiration 33.35 inches.

The mean expansion in the largest number of observations in this woi*k is 3.08
inches. The following tables exhibit the mean expansion of chest, first by nativities,
and next by States of the Union ; in each instance showing its relation to height and
circumference of chest also.

'Op. «'«., p. 222. ^Investigations, p. 495.

MOBILITY OF CHEST.

45

Table showing the mean, mobility of chest, and its relation to height and circumference of chest, in

ticen ty-fou r n a ti vitics.

Nativity.

Number
of men.

Mean lieigbt.

Mean circumference
of chest.

Mean mobility of chest.

Portii<^al ...... .. ....

81

121

1,190

21,045

989

315, 020

383

16, 196

3,476

1,104

1,802

50, 537

3,243

54,944

79

580

89

122

339

148

91

2,290

25, 828

171

Inches.
05. 432
07. 934

66. 890

67. 014
60. 637
67. 672
66. 648
66. 577
67. 000
66.418
66. 381
66. 741
66. 277
66. 536
65. 899
06. 307
66. 584
66. 393

66. 000

65. 635
66. 110

67. 467

66. 531
66. 211

Metres.
1.6020
1.7255
1. 6992
1.7022
1. 0920
1.7189
1. 0929
1.0911
1.7035
1. 0870
1.6801
) . 0952
1. 0834
1. 0900
1. 0738
1. 0842
1. 0912
1. 0864
1.6764
1.6671
1. 6792
1.7137
1. 6899
1. 6818

Inches.
34. 222
34. 066
34.316
33. 380
33. 000
33.418
34. 292
33. 309
33. 838
33. 924
33.719
33. 769
33. 778
33. 880
33. 307
32. 917
34. 022
34. 066
33. 404
33. 008
32. 989
34. 321
33. 091
33. 544

Metres.
.8692
. 8653
.8716

.8479
.8551
.8488
.8710
.8476
.8595
.8617
. 8565
.8577
.8580
.8606
.8475
.8361
. 8642
.8653
.8485
.8536
. 8379
.8718
.8558
.8520

Inches.
2.901
2.893
2.801

2.840
2.817
2.807
2.800
2.790
2. 790
2.787
2.767
2.758
2.733
2.726
2.718
2.697
2.091
2.686
2.007
2.664
2.648
2.627
2.587
2. 510

Centirhcires.
7.369

7.348

Sweden

British America

7. 267
7.214

Holland

7.155

United States whites - . . ....

7. 130

7.112

Knfland ........... ...

7.087

Scotland .... ., ....

7.087

Wales

7.079

Switzerland .

7.028

7.005

6.942

6.924

Soiitli America . .. .............

6.904

West Indies

6 850

Hunffarv .

0. 835

Rnssia .

0.822

Italv

0.774

Spain ......

0.767

6. 726

Norway . ...,., ... . .... .. .-

6.673

Tin ited States, colored

6.571

Poland

6.391

Totul, and mean of total

501, 068

67. 300

1.7094

33. 530

.8517

2.781

7.064

Table slioioing the mean mobility of chest, and its relation to height and circumference of chest, in

twenty-jive States of the Union.

State.

Vermont t

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Indiana

West Virginia

Michigan

Maine

Massachusetts

Wisconsin

Pennsylvania

New Jersey

Minnesota

Illinois

Ohio

New York

Iowa

New Hampshire

Nevada

Kansas

Missouri

District of Columbia

Delaware

Kentucky

Maryland

California

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men.

3,

2,

3,
38,

5,
12,
12,

0,
10,
47,
1",

3,
30,
39,
43,

7,

o

374
099
013
354

187
583
303
280
922
124
084
682
465
311
798
823
801
21
729
031
883
215
252
918
308

315, 620

Mean height.

Inches.
67. 583

66. 587
67. 290
68. 080
68. 005
67. 826

67. 895
66. 891

67. 911
67. 470
67. 023

68. 371
67. 835
67. 782
67.274
67. 895
66. 929
68.286
68. 551
68. 337
67. 353
67. 490
68. 677
67. 814
08. 306

07. 672

Metres.
1.7166
1. 0913
1.7092
1.7292
1.7273
1.7228
1.7245
1. 6990
1. 7249
1.7137
1.7024
1. 7360
1. 7230
1.7217
1. 7088
1. 7245
1. 7000
1.7345
1.7412
1. 7358
1.7108
1.7142
1. 7444
1. 7225
1.73.50

1.7189

Mean circumference
of chest.

Inches.
33. 375

32. 574
32. 273

33. 698
33. 065
33. 498
33. 808
.31.988
33. 505

33. 491

32. 326

34. 020
33. 654

33. 661
32. 909
33. 808
33. 597
.34. 381
33. 992
33. 903
33. 659
34. 245
33. 978
33. 899
34. 106

33.418

Metres.
.8477
.8274
. 8197
. 8.559
.8399
.8508
.8587
. 8125
. 8510
.8507
.8211
.8041
.8548
. 8550
. 83.59
. 8602
.8534
.8733
. 8034
. 8011
.8549
. 8698
.8030
.8610
.8663

.8488

Mean mobility of chest.

Inches.
3.080
3.061
3. 035
3. 027
3.001
2. 985
2. 920
2.884
2.823
2. B19
2.817
2. 792
2. 759
2.748
2.742
2.664
2.606
2.560
2. 529
2. 517
2.492
2.481
2.475
2.411
2.338

2.807

Centimetres.
7.823
7.775
7.709
7.689
7. 623
7.582
7.417
7.3'25
7.170
7.160
7.155
7 092
7.008
6.980
6.965
6.767
6.619
6.502
0.424
0. 393
0.330
0.302
0.287
6.124
5. 939

7.130

It does not appear that mobility of chest bears any regular relation to age. Hutch-
inson asserts that it increases up to the age of 30. years ;^ but Mr. Gould found that it

'Op. cil.. pp. 171, 172.

46

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST AGE.

attained its highest point at 20J or 21 years, after which it steadily diminished.' The
tables next to be given are not very definite in their results upon this point; but they
rather tend to sustain Hutchinson's views.

It is certain that circumference of chest exhibits a very striking regularity in its
proo-ressive relation to age. The following tables show this connection, as well as the
relation of height to age, in the six nativities already instanced.

Tables showing the relation of age to height, girth of chest, and expansion of chest.

(a.) WHITE NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, C,359 MEN.

Age.

Number
of men

Mean height.

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of chest.

Under 20 years

20 and under 25

25 and under 30

30 and under 35

35 and under 40

40 and over

Total, and mean of total

1,632

2,005
966
649
606
501

Inches.
66. 494
67. 480
67. 538
67. 587
67. 799
67. 737

6,359

67. 297

Metres.
1. 6890
1.7140
1.7155
1.7167
1. 7221
1.7205

Inches.
31.321
32. 488
32. 940
33. 140
33. 297
33. 633

1. 7093

32. 491

Metres.
.7956
.8252
.8367
.8418
.8457
.8543

Inches.
3.261
3.253
3.224
3.223
3.256
3.181

.8253

3.242

Metres.
.0828
.0826
.0819
.0819
.0827
.0808

.0823

(6.) COLOKED NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, 377 MEN.

Age.

Under 20 years

20 and under 25

25 and under 30

30 and under 35

35 and under 40

40 and over

Total, and mean of total

Number
of men

115
68
51
40
25

377

Mean height.

Inches.
65. 564
66. 226
66.971
66. 588
67. 550
65.840

66.387

Metres.
1. 6653
1.6821
1.7011
1. 6913
1.7158
1. 6723

1.6862

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Inches.
31. 641
32. 730
33. 265
33.294
33. 950
33.280

32. 844

Metres.
.8037
.8313
.8449
.8457
.8623
.8453

.8342

Mean expansion
of chest.

Inches.
3.167
3.283
3.250
3.186
3.175
3.340

3.232

Metres.
.0804
.0834
.0826
.0809
.0806
.0848

.0821

(c.) BRITISH AMERICANS, 589 MEN.

•

Age.

Number
of men.

Mean height.

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of chest.

TTnflpr 20 vears ......-■. .............

93

287

120

52

20

17

Inches.

66. 602

67. 052
67. 400
67.115
67. 000
67. 176

Metres.
1.6917
1.7031
1.7119
1.7047
1.7018
1.7063

Inches.
31.849
32. 502
33. 100
33. 115
34. 100
33. 765

Metres.
.8090
. 8256
.8407
.8411
.8661
.8576

Inches.
3. 242
3.256
3.300
3. 346
3.200
3.382

Metres.
.0823

20 nnd under 25

.0827

.0838

30 and under 35 T

.0850

.0813

40 and over .. . ...... .... ...... ......

. 08.59

589

67. 059

1.7033

32. 666

.8397

3.272

.0831

(d.) ENGLISHMEN, 454 MEN.

Age.

Number
of men

Mean^height.

Mean girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of chest.

Under 20 years

20 and under 25

25 and under 30

30 and under 35

35 and under 40

40 and over ..

Total, and mean of total

46

187
80
60
51
30

Inches.
C6. 174
66. 278
66. 425
66.700
66. 275
66. 267

454

66. 348

Metres.
1. 6808
1.6835
1.6872
1.6942
1. 6834
1. 6832

Inches.
31. 522
32. 460
32. 975
33. 100
33. 529
33. 800

1. 6852

32. 749

Metres.
.8007
.8245
.8376
.8407
.8516
.8585

Inches.
3.261
3. 217
3. 138
3. 217
3.186
2. 967

.8318

3.187

Metres.
.0828
.0817
.0797
.0817
.0809
.0754

.0809

'Op. ci<., p. 498.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST AGE.

47

Table shoicing the relation of age to height, girth of chest, and expansion of chest — Continued.

(e.) IRISHMEN, 1,417 MEN.

Age.

Number
of men

Mean heisbt.

Mean girth of cbest
at expiratiou .

Meau expansion
of chest.

Uuder20 years

20 ami uuder 25

25 and uudcr 30

30 and uuder 35

35 and under 40

40 and over

Total, and mean of total

165

578
304
163

125

82

Inches.
66. 315
66. 567
66. 474
66. 969
66. 752
60. 707

1,417

66. 589

Metres.
1.6844
1.6908
1. 6884
1.7010
1.6955
1. 6944

Inches.
31. 806
32. 768
33. 507
33. 816
34.112
33. 902

1.6914

33. 119

Metres.
.8079
.8323
.8511
.8589
.8664
.8611

Inches.
3. 300
3. 206
3. 253
3.206
3.132
2.988

.8412

3.208

Metres

.0838
.0814
.0826
. 0814
.0796
. 0759

. 0815

(/.) GERMANS, 1,343 MEN.

Age.

Number
of men.

Mean height.

Meau girth of chest
at expiration.

Mean expansion
of chest.

82
354
294
198
251
164

Inches.
65. 683
66. 186
65. 884
65. 980
65. 968
65. 890

Metres.
1. 6684
1.6811
1.6735
1. 6759
1.6756
1.6736

Inches.
31.683
32. 712
33.211
33. 232
33. 315
33. 524

Metres.
.8047
.8309
.8436
.8441
.8462
. 8515

Inches.
3. 207
3.308
3.272
3.232
3.202
3.049

Metres

.0815

.0840

25 and uuder 30

.0831

. 0821

.0813

40 and over --- -

.0774

mean of total -

Total, and

1,343

65. 982

1. 6759

33. 047

.8394

3.231

.0821

It is difficult to obtain from the statistics of recruiting in any country an accurate
estimate of the proportion of men who have been rejected for deficient size of chest,
as other and more prominent causes of exemption are certain to inckide such cases.
In England, in 1869, the proportion of recruits rejected for "malformation of chest and
spine" was 30.26 per 1,000; in 1870, it was 28.75 per 1,000. During the same years,
38.71 and 33.15 per 1,000 were also rejected for "muscular tenuity and debility."' It
is impossible to determine from these details how many of the men thus classified
were mai-ked by a deficient size of chest, though a minimum of thoracic girth is estab-
lished for each corps of the English army.

The statistics of the American army, from 1839 to 1855, collected by Dr.
Coolidge, give 260 men as rejected for "malformed and contracted chest," out of
5,000 examined'; being at the rate of 52 per 1,000; at the same time, however, there
were rejected, in addition, the following classes :

Not robust, too slender 467, or 93.4 per 1,000.

General unfitness 150, or 30.0 per 1,000.

General malformation 110, or 22.0 per 1,000.

Spinal curvature 48, or 9.6 per 1,000.

825-
It is evident that many of the men thus described might also have been properly
included in the cases of deficient size of chest.

^Army med. reports for 1809, p. 48; same, /or 1870, p. 41.

'Statistical report of sickness and mortality in the JJ. S. army, 4to, Washington, 1856, p. 629.

48 CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST AGE.

Table No. 16 of this work shows, under the heading of "Deficient size of chest,"
that 7,348 were rejected, out of 501,068 examined, or at the rate of 14.665 per 1,000.
This description is precise, and no other class of general infirmity seems likely to have
included cases belonging to it. The men from whose particulars this table was com-
posed consisted of all classes of recruits, and the rate of exemption may, therefore, be
regarded as fairly representing the average population. In Table No. 21, the rate per
1,000 is only 4.090. The inclusion of a large mimber of ^^ enrolled men'''' in Table No.
16 accounts for this difference.

The mean dimensions of the chest, as developed in the tables, may be compared
with the results of other admeasurements, but it must be admitted that no conclusion
of any value can be arrived at unless the corresponding qualities of height, age, and
especially of weight, be also present in each case. In addition, the influence of race
should also be considered.

It is remarkable that the mean circumference of chest of men found fit for sei-vice,
and of those who have been rejected for physical causes, differ but in a small degree.
In the case of the six nativities, so often referred to, the entire niimber of men recorded
as examined was 484,770, and their mean circumference of chest was 33.52 inches, (851
miUimeti'es.) Of this numbei', 292,609 were accepted, and their mean girth was only
33.68 inches, (855 millimetres.) Dr. Balfour reports that, out of 1,439 recruits exam-
ined by him for the English army, 1,000 were passed as fit for military service; the
mean girth of chest of all was 32.47 inches, (825 millimetres,) and of the 1,00(> accepted
men 32.60 inches, (828 miUimetres.)

Under the heading of "Deformity of chest" are included some cases of prepon-
derating development of one side of the thorax. The ordinary mode of ascertaining
the girth with the graduated tape does not, of course, admit of the discovery of this
defect, though it is more common than perhaps supposed. "Physiological promi-
nences" of the chest, as they have been termed, are of no special importance in the
recruit unless they amount to deformity, but unilateral excess is sometimes an indica-
tion of incipient disease, which fact has been demonstrated at length by Woillez.' At
a later period, this surgeon invented the cyrtomctre, an instrument which registers the
perimeter of the thorax as well as its different diameters.^ A simpler form of such an
apparatus would be serviceable to the military surgeon.

Age. — It would be reasonable to entertain an expectation that the mean age of the
natives of the United States who volunteered for the war would prove to be lower
than that of the foreign-born portion of the Army, or of men conscripted under the
enrollment-law. Indeed, the annals of recruiting collected by Dr. Coolidge show that
during the period from 1839 to 1855, the mean age of the native soldier was below
that of all others.^ Early in 1863, Mr. E. B. EUiott, in the very able treatise before
quoted, pointed out that the preponderance of numbers corresponding to the earlier
ages in the native volunteers was the revei'se of the condition indicated by the census
as existing among the population. Speaking of a large body of Massachusetts volun-
teers, 51,271 in number, he says:

■ Ilcchcichcs sitr la vakiir lUagnoslique lies diformationa de la poilrine, par E. J. Woillez, 4to, Paris, 1835. See also,
Uema):k8 on the cxaminalloii of recruits, by H. H. Massy, ))p. G4, 71, auil 72: 8vo. London, 1854.
^;Ti-ailc clinique des maladies aiguvs des organea reapiraloirca, 8vo, Paris, 1872.
^ Stalialical report, etc., p. 0:52.

AGE NATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES.

49

"This diminution of numbers with increasing age is much more rapid with the
vohmteers than with the population from which they spring."

"The average age of the 51,271 was 25.99, and their equate age, or the age above
and below which their numbers were equal, 28.74.'"

Mr. Gould's observations, made upon a much larger scale, sustained Mr. Elliott's
conclusions with remarkable exactness." From the statistics of this office, a somewhat
diti'erent result was to be expected. Under the enrollment-law, the liability continuing
to the age of 45 years, a larger proportion of men is found at the extreme end of the
scale than is observable in the tables of the volunteers. Young men of 18 or 19 years
of age, free, as yet, from the risk of conscription, enlisted in large numbers as volun-
teers and substitutes, incited thereto by the profuse sums offered the former as hoiinties,
and the high prices paid the latter. The following table exhibits the particulars as to
age of 190,621 white natives of the United States. These were all accepted men. Their
mean age was 26..-;41 years, and their equate age was 23.463 years.

Table shoichu/ the number of men per thousand at each age from 10 to 45 years in 190,021 icliite

natives of the United States.

Ago.

Number per

thousaud at

eachi age.

Cumulative
rate.

Number per

thousaud iu

quinqueuuial

groujia.

Actual num-
ber of men
at each age.

16.5

2.455
4.916
159. 773
78. 659
60. 466
74.210
54. 973
46.726
38. 479
41. 653
36.649
33. 317
31. 649
23. 329
32. 820
29. 178
24. 315
20. 664
14. 594
26. 052
21.708
21.886
21. 057
17. 847
82. 625

468

17

7.371
167. 144
245. 803
306. 269
380. 479
435. 452
482. 178
520. 657
562. 310
598. 959
632 276

937

18

30, 456
14, 994
11 526

19

245. 803

20

21

14 146

22

10 479

23

8,907
7 335

24

. 274. 854

25

7,940
6,986
6, 351
6,033
4 447

26

27

28

663. 925
687. 254
720. 074
749. 252
773 567

29

166. 597

30

6,256
5 562

31

32 . .

4,635
3,939

2 782

33

794.231

808. 825
834. 877
856. 585
878. 471
899. 528
917. 375
1000. 000

34

121.571

35

4,966
4,138

36 '.

37

4 172

38

4 014

39

108. 550

82. 625

3 402

42.5"

15 750

1000. 000

190, 621

' This expresses tLo mean of the uumbers from 40 to 45 years.

The very large proportion found at the eighteenth year is a striking feature of the
foregoing table. In fact, one-sixth of the whole number of men is included in that
year, leaving only five-sixths for the remaining 27 years. The number of men recorded
as having attained their eighteenth and nineteenth years comprise very nearly one-
fourth (24.59) of the whole number, leaving but three-fourths for the remaining 26
years. In like manner, the first seven years include fuUg one-half, (52.08,) leaving

1 On the military statistics of the United States of America, 4to, Berlin, 1803, pp. 11, 12.
« Op. cit., p. 35.

50

AGE VARIOUS NATIVITIES.

the other half to l)e distributed among the remaining 21 year.s. At the fourteenth year,
three-fourths of tlie entire number of men have been exhausted, leaving one-fourth, for
the remaining moiety of 14 years.

The next taljle shows the proportion of men at each quinquennial mean nge in,
six of tlie chief nativities represented.

Nativity.

Under 20
years.

20 to 25
years.

25 to 30
years.

30 to 35
years.

35 to 40 40 years
years. and over.

Total.

United States, wliite

United Siate.s, col<n'e*l . .

246
262
205
111
115
79

275
308
434
358
401
204

167
162
174
197
196
182

121
92

80
126
109
173

108
89
67

120

83
87
40
88

1,000
1,000

1,000

1,000

Iiisliiiieti

104 1 75

1,000

Germans.

207

155

1,000

From this it would seem that the negro race contributed the largest number of
men of the lowest age; but it must be, in fairness, admitted tliat no strict dependence
is to l)e placed upon this part of the table. Before- their emancipation, the colored
people were notoriously uninformed as to their age, often giving replies of manifest
absui'dity to inquiries upon the subject.

A noticeable peculiarity, however, not open to any suspicion of inaccuracy, is
the fact that the natives of British America, as will be presently shown, present the
lowest mean age of all.

The different results produced by compulsory and voluntary enlistment, as regards
the nuniber at certain ages, is illustrated in the following comparison:

Age.

E. B. Elliott. .

B.A.Gould.

Medical Statistics.
P. M. 6. Bureau.

18

Tears.

per 100.

ptr 100.
13. 27

per 100.
15. 98

Under 19

13
22

16. Ti

Under 20

24. 59

Under 21

29.52

30.64

Un<ler 24

52

48. 23

Under 25

58. 34

76.57

52. 08

Under 30

75

68.72

Under 35

83.48

Efforts have been made, from time to time, to ascertain the mean age of the armed
forces of a country, but the result has generally been of inconsiderable value for com-
parison. Ill the states of Europe, where military service is compulsory, the addition
to an army of the amuial ^' class" of young conscripts of nearly like age, and the dis-
charge of soldiers who have served their prescribed term, together produce a not very
varying average of age.' But our enrollment-law, applied suddenly, and for the first
lime, (to any general (extent,) in American history, coercing men of all capable ages into
the Army, Itroiiglit iihoiit so different a condition that the inquiry becomes both useful
and interesting.

It is necessary to discard from the computation all classes of recruits excejiting

I The mean aije of all llii; ri'crnits obtained for tlio English army, in the years 1880 ,ind 1870, was 19.10 years and
19.9 years, respectively. (/■;»;//;»// (iniii/ iiud. n-porls: fur 18i)9, ii. 51 ; for 1870, p. 44.)

AGE WEIGHT. " 51

those found fit for military service; niid, as in ]irecediiig cases, a careful selection has
been made of the most trustworthy portions of our recoi'ds. The following statement,
though exhibiting limited numbers, is offered with entire confidence as to its reliability.

Table shoiring the mcnn age </ 303,148 men, all found fit for mUitary service.

Nativity. Number.

United States, white 196,980

United States, colored 19, 75(i

British Americans 14,954

Englishmen 10, lOU

Irishmen 30,412

Germans .- 30,943

Total, and mean of total j 303, 148

Mean age.

Years.
26. g-Vi

26. 40C
25. 235

27. 885
27. 216
31.029

27. 307

Mr. Gould's data comprise a very large proportion of volunteers, and the result
arrived at by him is as follows: Mean age of 1,012,273 men, of all nativities, includ-
ing those above and below the military age, 26.83G2 years; mean age of 9*J6,647 men,
all ivithin the limits of military age, namely, from 18 to 45 years, 25.8083 years.' The
particulars from which these conclusions ware obtained were copied fi-om the records
in the archi^^es of the different States, and the cautionary remarks already offered as to
the character of these statistics must be again recalled to the reader's notice.

It api tears, then, that the mean age of the men of the foregoing table, who were
all eligible for service, was 1.471 years greater than that of the early volunteers, not-
withstanding that a larger number of men at the earliest ages are found among the
former. There is more than one reason for this. The ardor of youth, its freedom from
marriage ties and business entanglements, would iiaturalh* account for the presence of
a larger proportion of young men in the volunteer forces; while, under the enrollment-
law, the lot fell, according to fortune, upon all within the prescribed limits. But even
in the volunteer regiments, the mean age was found to increase from year to vear as
the war continued. Mr. Gould gives this illustration of the fact:^

1862. 1863. 1864. 1865.

Average age of volunteers on last birthday 25.104 25.766 .26.067 26.321

The first draft under the law wns carried into operation in July, 1863.

Weight. — While the annals of recruiting contain copious details as to stature, the
amount of information furnished upou the subject of weight is, foi- the most part,
extremely meager. A principal reason for this is to be found in the fact that weight
is not a regulated quality in any code of laws governing the enlistment of recruits.
The circumference of chest thought to be indispensable as an accompaniment to certain
degrees of stature, is carefully laid down in the Enghsh regulations, but weight is not
even mentioned. It is to be presumed that the matter is left to the discretion of the
examining snrge<in, with whom the decision as to the other qualities named might, it is
thought, be also left with advantage. A due pro]Xjrtion in the weight is quite as essen-
tial in the soldier as a well-formed chest, and is of greater importance than lofty stat-

' Op. oil., p. 53. »0p. oi«.,p. 88.

52 LAW OF WEIGHT.

wve. In former times, when it was necessary to make use of a ramrod in loading a
musket, men of a certain height were absolutely necessary for the service; but in these
(lays of breech-loading arms, a man from 6 feet to 5 feet 4 inches in stature, and well
proportioned in build and weight, is, ccBteris paribus, as serviceable a soldier as can be
desired.

The instructions delivered to enrolling surgeons during the war of the rebellion
contained no injunctions as to weight. As a matter of course, it was duly considered
in the estimate of "physical fitness" of the conscript; but, unfortunately for the purpo^jc
of Ihe present investigation, it was not an obligatory process, and a large part of the
returns contain no entry upon the subject. Some energetic officers, lioweA^er, saw fit
to make their work complete by adding the particulars of weight to the other details
gi\en, and i'rom their records the tables in -which weight is a component were completed.
It is reasonable to assume, as the information was voluntarily furnished, that it was
procured with due accuracy. The men when weighed were invariably quite naked.

As early as in 1835, Quetelet pointed out the law of weight.* In his last and
greatest work, he elaborates the siibject quite extensively. He states that in a large
nundjer of men (10,000, for example) of the same nativity, of like age, and subjected
to similar external surroundings, the same imiformity prevails as to weight that has
been demonstrated to exist as to stature. Weights thus obtained will range themselves
so as to form the curve well known as the binomial curve of Newton. Its axis of
aljscissas is the scale of increase of man, (in height, weight, strength, or other measur-
able qualities,) from the dwarf to the giant. These abscissas have for ordinates the
physical qualities just enumerated, and the number at each degree or step is repre-
sented by the length of the ordinate. The curve of stature derived by Quetelet from
his observations of an autochthonous race is quite symmetrical ; but he found that
weight produced a curve of which the shoulders were uneven.^

The weight of the new-born child increases for a while nearly as the cube of its
height; after the fii'st year, that increase becomes less rapid; and, toward the fourth or
fifth year, its value is between the second and thirtl })ower of the stature Toward
puberty, the relative weight has the least development ; but, about that period, it again
increases. At oO years, or at the period of attainment of full growth, the relative
weight has a value which would be nearly intermediate between a calcixlation of
increase as the square of the stature and another as the cube of the stature.'^

In view of the limited number of records of weight in our possession, and the
varying n;)ti\ities represented in- them, it was not to be expected that Quetelet's law
would admit of application. In the case of the white natives of the United States, the
curve is of a character to make it certain that a larger number of observations would
have led to a satisfactory result.

'S«r I'homme i-t le devehppement de ees facuUis : ou (.ssai de physique «ocio'e, 2 vols, 8vo., Paris, 1*335, vol. II, pp. 53, 61,
^Atithroponwtrie, p. 340.
Hbid., p. 34.^).

WEIGHT.

53

The following table exhibits the limits of weight, at different ages, iu 1,000 men,
taken at hazard from the records of the State of Maine:

Table showing the limits of weight at different ages.

Afie.

ao...

21...
•22...
23...
24...
25...
•26...
27...
28...
29...
30...
31...
32...
33...
34...
35...
36...
37...
33...
311...
40...
41...
42,..
43 .-
44...
45...
40...

Total

Weight.

Mean woiglit.

Pounds.
13G. 414
141. 500

143. 529

144. 233
138. 095

144. 471

137. 692

138. 510
138. 563

138. 756

137. 222

140. 880

141. 532

145. 838

139. 324

142. -44

138. 067

139. 579

145. 434
140. 31)8

140. 094
143. 172
139. 738

146. 077

143. 273
144.000
159. 000

KUos.
01. 877
64. 184
65. 104

65. 424
62. 639
65.532
62. 457
62.828
62. 853
62. 939

62. 243

63. 905

64. 198
CO. 152
63. 197
64. 748

62. 899
03. 313
05. 908

63. 643

63. 818

64. 942

63. 385

66. 532

64. 988

65. 318
72. 122

Maxi.
mnm.

Founds,
175
105
193

180
175
205
165
205
170
102
190
230
186
175
181
200
170
185
195
185
175
185
175
205
182
180
168

Miui-
niuiii.

Pounds.
110
106
112
110
115
115
100
100
115
105
109
110
110
103
110
115
113
115
110
110
131)
117
104
120
116
120
150

Maxiiuuiii over
mean.

Pounds,

38. 586
23. 500
49. 471

35. 767

36. 905
60. 529
27. 308
66. 490
31. 437
23. 244
52. 778
79. 114

44. 468

39. 102
41. 676

57. 256
.37. 333

45. 431
49. 566
44. 692

34. 306
41.838

35. 262

58. 333
38. 727

36. too
9. 000

Kilos,

17. .502
10.060
22. 440

16. 224
16. 740
27. 456

12. 387
30. 100
14.260
10. 543
2:). 940
3,5. 886
20. 171

13. 228

18. 904

25. 971
10. 934
20, 003
22. 483
20.272
1,5.561
18. 973
15.995

26. 455

17. 566
16. 329

4. 082

Miuimuin under
mean.

Pounds.
20. 414

35. 500
31. 529
34. 233
23. 095
29. 471

37. G93

38. 510

23. 563
33. 756

28. 332
30. 886
31.532
42. 838

29. 324
27. 744
26. 667

24. 579
35. 434

30. 308
20. 694
26. 172
35. 738

26. 677

27. 273
24. 000

9.000

Kilos,
11.981
10. 103
14.301

15. 528
10. 476

13, 368
17. 097
17. 468
10. 688
1,5. 312

12. 801

14. 010
14. 303
19. 431

13. 301
12. 585

12. 096
11.149

16. 073

13. 748
0.387

11.872
16.211
12. 101
13. 371
10, 886
4.082

Maximum over
minimum.

Pmmds.
65
59
81
70
60
90
65

105
55
57
81

110
76
72
71
85
64
70
85
75
55
68
71
85
66
60
18

Kilos.
29.49
26.76
36.74
31.75
27. 22
40.82
29.49
47.63
24.95
25.86
36.74
49.90
34.47
32.66
32.20
38.56
29.03
31.75
38.56
34. 03
24.95
30.85
32. 20
38.56
29. 94
27. 22
8.17

Increase.

5.086

2.029

.704

-6. 138

5.376

-6.779

.818

.053

.193

-1.534

3.664

.646

4.306

-6. 514

3.420

-4.077

.912

5.855

-5. 126

.386

2.478

-3. 434

6.939

-3. 404

.727

15. 000

Kilos.

2.307

.920

.319

2.784

2.439

3.075

.371

.024

.088

.090

1.662

.293

1.953

2.955

1.551

1.849

.414

2.656

2. 335
.175

1.124
1.558

3. 140
1.544

.330
6.804

Mean height.

Inches,
67. 207
67. 592

67. 838

68. 600

67. 357

68. 235
68. 090
68. 051
67. 250
67. 059

66. 931

67. 714

67. 883

68. 581
08. 068
68. 192
68. 127

67. 750
68. 151

68. 282
68. 167

68. 086
67. 536
68. 000
68. 182
66. 778

69. 000

Metres,
1.707
1.717
1. 733
1.742
1.711
1.733
1.730
1.729
1.708
1.719
1.700
1.720
1.724
1,742
1.729
1.732
1.730
1.721
1.731
1.734
1.731
1. 729
1.715
1.727
1.732
1.696
1.753

140. 911

63. 917

30

100

79. 089

35. 875

40. 911

18. 557

120

54,43

67, 895

1.725

It is obvious that the weight of some of these men was in excess of all propor-
tion. One man (rejected) was 5 feet 8 inches (1.7272 metres) in height, 40 inches
(101 G millimetres) around the thorax, and weighed 220 pounds, (99.79 kilogrammes.)
Hutchinson long since demonstrated by experiment that weight, when excessive, was
attended with a loss of vital capacity, and he came to the conclusion that 7 ]:)er
cent, above his standard rates of proportion, in the relation of weight to stature, was
the limit of allowable excess. Above that margin, a loss of vital capacity exisued.^

This standard table of Hutchinson's was prepared by him for the use of life-
insurance companies, and, therefore, very properly includes the weight of the clothes.
In order to compare his figures with our naked weights, this excess has been removed
by the usual process — that of deducting one-eighteenth of the entire weight ; and the
result of the comparison has been fairly confinnatory of the older table.

■Op. oil., p. 166.

54

WEIGHT. •
Table showing the increase of weight with stature, and its ratio to the same.

From the tables of this work.

Hutchinson.

Stature.

•

Wei};bt.

Pounds to inches.

Wei

^ht.

Pounds to inches.

Inches.

Metres.

rounds.

Kilos.

Pounds.

EiJos.

Pounds.

Kilos.

Pounds.

Kilos.

61

1. 549

111.71

50. 67

1. 831

0.83

113.3

51.39

1.857

0.84

62

1.574

116.25

52. 73

1.875

0. 85

119.0

53. 98

1.919

0.89

63

1.600

lit). 43

54.17

1.896

0.85

125.6

56. 97

1.994

0.90

64

1.6-25

122. 00

.55. 34

1.906

0.86

131. 3

.59. .56

2. 052

0.94

65

1.651

128. 97

58. .50

1.984

0.89

134. 6

61. 05

2. 071

0.94

66

1. 676

131. 62

59.70

1.994

0. 90

137. 0

62. 15

2. 076

0.94

67

1.701

141. 93

64.50

2.118

0.96

140. 6

63.78

2. 039

0.95

68

1.727

151.52

68.73

2. 22H

1.01

147.0

6(!. 68

2. 162

0. 98

69

1.7.52

161. 25

73.14

2. .m

1.00

153. 6

69. 07

2. 22(i

1.01

70

1.778

170. 67

77.41

2. 438

1.11

159. 7

72.44

2.281

1.04

71

1. 803

171.40

77.74

2.414

1. 10

165. 0

74.85

2. 324

1.06

The increment of weight within the hmits of stature of these tables is 5.96 pounds
(2.71 kilogrannnes) to the inch, accoj-ding to our showing. Mr. Hutchinson declared
5.43 pounds (2.4(3 kilogrammes) to be the result of his researches; but if the weight of
clothes be deducted, as before, the net increment will be 5.14 pounds, (2.33 kilo-
grammes.) Mr. Gould's calculations brought out only 4.25 pounds (1.92 kilogrammes)
as the resulting increment, but his range is rather more extensive, extending from 60
inches to 75 inches, and over.'

Instances of heavy weight are less uncommon amongst the natives of the United
States than the general impression upon the subject would, perhaps, lead the inquirer
to suppose. A few instances of light, heavy, and excessive weights have been taken
at random from the records.

For examijle: Tu one district in the State of Maine, 16 men were found whose
weight was, in each case, 195 pounds, (S8.45 kilogrammes;) their mean height was 70.62
inches, (1.794 metres,)'and their mean girth of chest at expiration was 37.! 0 inches,
(963 millimetres.) The mean age of the group was 33.81 years. From two districts
of the State of New York, we have the particulars of 21 men, whose mean age was
30 years; their mean height, 68.94 iiuJhes, (1.751 metres;) their mean girth of chest at
expiration, 36.71 inches (932 millimetres;) and whose mean weight was 191.26 pounds,
(86.75 kilogrammes.) These men were all mustered into service. Another group of
15 men, also from the State of New York, presents the following remarkable dimen-
sions: Their mean age was 38.06 years; their mean height, 69.28 inches, (1.760
metres;) their mean girth of chest at expiration was 41.35 inches, (l,0."i0 millimetres;)
and their mean weight, 236.40 pounds, (107.23 kilogrammes.) It is scarcely necessary
to add tliat they were all exempted. The heaviest member of tlie last group weighed

' A certain formula in the matter of weight and its relation to stature has obtaiueil a degree of currency, wliieli
ilcs(^rves a few words of comment. It is supposed to be a rule that the weight should be at the rate of 2 pounds (0.91
Uil(igramine) for every iiicli of height in order to constitute a sound body, and that if it lie below that proportion some
dis(|ualilicatiou may be suspected. Like most of its kind, this formula is inaccurate, and lilcely to lead tu mischievous
ci>nclMsious. It is very true that a man of the height of 60 or 61 inches (1.52.40 or 154.114 centimetres) would be fully up to
the standard of health if bis weight were 120 pounds, (54.43 kilogrammes,) and, indeed, it should not exceed 130 pounds,
(58.97 kilogrammes ;) but this rate becomes rapidly insufficient with advancing stature, as the tables in the text will
show, and a niau of six feet (1.829 metres) in height weighing only 144 pounds (65.31 kilogrammes) might fairly be
considered .as emaciated.

WEIGHT. ' o5

313 pounds, (141 98 kilogrammes,) and measured 51 inches (1,295 millimetres) round
the chest at expiration; his mobility of chest was 3 inches, (7G millimetres.)

Instances of very light weight in connection with diseased condition are of course
iinnierous in the list of exemptions, but would contribute nothing of interest to the
jirescnt inquiry. I'lie smallest weight recorded of healthy men was 85 pounds, (38.5()
Idlogranmies.) A group of men, taken without othei' selection than that each was
undei- 1 (to pounds (4;"j.3G kilogrammes) in weight, furnish the following particulars:
'['heir mean age was 27.28 years; their mean height, 62.75 inches, (1.594 metres:)
their mean girth of chest at expiration was 31.49 inches, (799 millimetres;) and their
mean weight was 95.60 pounds, (43.36 kilogrammes.) These men were all rejected
for "want of development."

Dr. Beddoe chronicles, as worthy of note, that he found 30 men from liichmond,
in Yorkshire, whose mean height was 70.01 inches, (1.778 metres,) and whose mean
weight was 170.7 pounds, (77.43 kilogrammes.) He mentions another lot, consisting
of 11 men, from Bentham, in Lancashire, whose weight was 192.9 pounds, (87.50 kilo-
grammes,) and their height 70.72 inches, (1.79H metres.)'

It has been customary to speak of the typical American as tall and thin, and
writers, not questioning the correctness of the assumption, have undertaken to explain
the cause. Tobacco, diet, climate, excessive devotion to business, have all been sup-
posed to bear their part in the production of the slender national figure. It is, perhaps,
not too much to say that the statistics derived from the late war show that the mean
weight of the white native of the United States is not disproportionate to his statiu-e.

Other tables in which weight appears as a factor will be found in the foregoing
comments upon stature and perimeter of chest.^

Statements of the mean weight of races or tribes have but little value if the par-
ticulars of age, girth of chest, and height. do not accompany them. The following
table, very incomplete and fragmentary, as it must be admitted to be, has been prepared
for the sake of bi'inging together, and thus placing on record, many observations which
are not readily accessible in their separate condition, or have been prepared for this
work by reduction from crude statistics.

In mau}^ instances of foreigners who appear in our tables, it has not been found
possible to procure any authentic statistics of the mean dimensions of their countrymen
at home. In others, a compaiison was not practicable. Oar tal)les, for instance, as
well as Mr. Gould's, speak of "the Germans" collectively; and no data of measure-
ment 6f the inhabitants of separate kingdoms of states of German}' would furnish any
means of comparison. In like manner, the natives of Belgium enlisted in our Army are
included with the Germans ; their number, it may be added, was very small.

' Bidlc of man in the British Tales. . 'See ante, pp. 39-41.

56

MAN MEAN DIMENSIONS.

Record of observations of mean physical gualities

Nativity or race.

UNITED STATES:
White natives .

Colored men .

Indians

BRITISH AMERICA:
White natives

ENGLISHMEN.

SCOTCHMEN .

IRISHMEN .

Mean age.

Years.
24.01
23.94

21.72
25. 62

24. 09
26. 39

26.96

23. 30

■■s.oo

32. 00
All adults

25.53
24.2a

24. 94
25. 24

19. 9.-)

24. -31
26.28
24.00

27.36

27. 89

'Adults ...

23 to 45
25. 00

28.91
27. 24

18 to 45

25.00
23 to 45

Mean height.

Inches.
67.36
67.05
68.20
67. 00
67.81
67. 34
67. 22
67. 90
67. 30
67. 67
67.35
67.41
67. 93
66.78
66. 53
66.39
61. 22
67. 97
67. 93
73. 82
66. 95

66. 91
(>7. 14
67.01
67.06
67. 13

66.80

67.30
66. 40
66.49
66.60

66. 74
65. 94
66. 58
66. 35

66. 58

67.90

67. 7i

68. 30

(K). 94
67.26
07.07

69. 20

Metres.
1.711
1.703
1. 732
1.702
1. 722
1.710
1.707

1.709
1.719
1.711
1.712
1.725
1. 696
1.690
1. 686
1.555
1.726
1. 725
1.875
1.701

1.700

1.702
1.703
1.705

1.697

1.709
1.687
1.689
1.692

1.695
1.675
1.691
1.685
1.691

1.725

1.720
1. 735

1.700
1.708
1.704

1.758

Mean circumference
of cheat.

Inches.
34.99

33.97
36.14
34.43
35.69

32. 49
33.42
33.63
33.17
33.68
35.21
33.69
32.84
33.29
37.89
34.07
36.25

34.38

33.38
32.67
33.55

35.71

32. 75
33. 45

39.86

34. 67

33.84

MUlimet.

888

862
917
874
906

825
848
854
842
855
894
855
834
845
962
865
920

873

847
829
8.52

906

831

849

1,012

880

859

MAN — MEAN DIMENSIONS.
of certain races of men, from various atithorities.

57

Mean wi'isjht.

Aiillioiitv.

1

•i

Pounds.
148. 20
147. 50

Kilos.
67. 2()
66. 91

,\

.■■)

G

7
8

130.49

144. 83

■ 142. 80

63. 27
65. (i9
64. 77

i)
III

136. 05

61.71

1 1

1-i
IS

14

147. 47

66. 89

16
17

141.67

64. 2()

IH

161.84

73. 41

Tl

91

OQ

93

94

25
9fi

138. 69

62.91

27

131.00

59. 42

28
99

143. 00

64.86

30

31

138. 06

62. 62

32
33

148. 41

67. 32

34
35

138. 46

62. 81

36
37

135. 64

01. 53

3m

39
40

148. 69
144. 03

67,45
65.33

41

49

43

44
45

1.55. 00
137. !;8

70. 31 ■
62.59

CoOLlDGE.' 1,537 recruits; 1839 to 16.55.

Elliott.* 1,700 soldiers of the Arm_^ of the Pcildiiiiic ; no pcniils iiicliiiled.

Elliott.' 25,878 volunteer recruits.

TuiPLER.^ 150 recruits; 1853 to 18,55.

Allex.5 Students at Amherst Colle-je ('ri)m 1861 to 1869.

Gould." 8,349 soldiers; all volunteers.

Gould.' 12,751 s .Idiers ; .all volunteers.

Gould.' 833,260 soldiers; descriptions ohtained iVom .State archives.

The pkesent wohk. 6,359 .lecepted men. ' •

The present work. 315,620 men, both accepted and rejected.

The phesent work. 196,980 accepted men.

The present work. 29,930 men from New England, both accepted and rejected.

The present work. 77,665 men from Ohio and Indiau.i, both accepted and rejected.

Gould.'' 1,769 soldiers ; all volunteers.

The present work. 25,828 men, both accepted and rejected.

The present work. 377 accepted men.

Quetblet.'" Number of observations not given.

Gould." 456 Iroquois Indians.

The present work. 121 Indians accepted as volunteers.

Quetelet.'- An 0-jib-be-wa chief of line proportions.

Major-General Lefroy." 33 Cbippewas.

Gould." 588 volunteers iii United States Army.

Gould.'s 38,018 volunteers; descriptions obtained from State archives.

The present wokk. 21,(i45 men, both accepted and rejected.

The present work. 589 accepted men.

The present work. 14,954 accepted men.

English Army Medical Reports i" for 1869 and 1870; mean of both reports. These are

recruits only;.
A. S. Thomson." 628 soldiers of Fifty-eighth Regiment.
Boyd.'s Civilians; the me,an has been calculated of his entire range.
BonDlN.19 Soldiers.
Beddoe.-^" 9,187 men: 7,119 civilians and 2,068 .soldiers; includes, also, a few men

from Wales.
CoOLiDGE.-i 3,439 men in Uni ed Stat(ts Army.
Gould.52 30,037 volunteers. Gould.-' 306 volunteers.
Danson.24 1,500 men from civil life.

The present work. 16,196 men, both accepted and rejected.
The present work. 454 accepted men.
The present work. ] 0,103 accepted men.

Edin. Med. ajstd Surg. Jour.=« 5,731 men. See ante, p. Ixix, for remarks on dimensions of

the chest.
Beddoe.^'^ 1,982 men taken without selection ; 1,423 civiliiins and 559 soldiers.
Forbes.-' .829 students of University of Edinburgh; iV for weight of clothes, and 1 inch

for thickness of soles of shoes, li.ave been deducted.
GouLD.-» 81 Scotchmen in United States Volunteer Army.
Gould.™ 7,313 men. Descriptions obtaini'il from State archives.
The present work. 3,476 men, both accepted and rejected.

Forbes." Students and civilians.

Bbddoe." 1,616 men, taken without selection ; nearly all soldiers.

58

MAN MEAN DIMENSIONS.

Record of ohserrations of mean physical qmditks

Nativity or race.

IRISHMEN— Continued .

FRENCHMEN.

BELGIANS ,
GERMANS .

Austrians . .

Saxous

Bavarians

'ITALIANS .

CHINESE.

Mean age.

Years.

29.24
26.51

26.80
27.22

20

20

20
Adults -•- .
Adults .. .
Adults . . .

30.50

30

27.74

29. 76
27.34

30.10
31.03

Adults ...

Mean height.

Itiches.
66.92
65. 66
66.95
66.74
66.59
66.75

63.58
65. 16
65. 12
65.75
66. 10
64.96
64.84
66. 10
66.50
66. 28
65.66

64.68

65. 15
66.17
66. 66
68.11
66.54
65.98
66. 51
68.90
. 67.40
64. 72

67. 14
66.00

65.76

Metres.
1.700
1.668
1.701
1. 695
1.691
1.695

1.615
1.655
1.654
1.670
1.679
1.650
1.647
1.679
1.689
1.684
1.668

1. 643

1.655
1.681
1.693
1.730
1.690
1.676
1.689
1.750
1.712
1. 644

1. 705
1. 676

1.670

Mean circumference
of chest.

Indies.

35.15

33. 77
33. 12
33. 82

34.61
35. 43

33.78
34.30

34. 72

33.88
33. 05
33. 97

33. 40

33.33

MiUimct.

892

857
841
808

878
899

857
871

881

860
839
862

H48

84(i

40
47
48
49
50
51

52
53

54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

63

64
65
60
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

74

75

76

^ StaUatxcal report of sickness avd ihortality in U. S, Ami y from 1B39
to IH5.'), 4t<), W.lKllinstnii. Ig5(i, p. 61)2.

*■' Military :<tati.itics of Vm'trd States of America, 4to. Berlin, 18C^. pp.
1-J, Hi, I'.i. 'il.

' /(-id., p. 1."..

■> .1/ nu^t of n.rdical offirrr. Ifimo, W.l.sliilliitnn, l.^UO, ]>. iV.

^ ['hiinical cul lire in Amhcrsl Ci'Utyr. ^yn, I.owell, IbfiU ; appendix.

'' Ini'etiligat,ons iti the militar/i t nd antlirujyolniricol statistics of A i. er-
ican snldicrs. *\o. M(!\v York, inl'.l, pp. ■J7li-'J71I, 4U-J.

'/(n'd., pp. •Hi:-14-.

» //mi, p. 104.

' Iliid.. p. V.ri.

'" AnthrupomMiie, 8vii, I'uris, 1871, p. 333.

" Op i'i( . |). 453.

"O?). ci(..p. 310.

rKJiiur. Ktkiwl. Soc. Xondort, April, 1870.

" Op. cit., l>p. 27fi, 278.

" Op. cit., p. 104.

'^ Armii med. reports f»r 1860, p. 51 ; lor 1870, p. 44.

>' Observ'itions on stature of iV. Zealand race of men, Gpogr. Snc.
Jonr.,\oI sxvii, pp. 87-9-3. Lniuloii. Inriit.

'*• Tables of the wcufht of the htimm body, riiilcs. Tr.ins., 1861, pp. 241-
2G2.

'^ J-jtades ethnologiques sur la lai'h-et le poids de Vhormn^, Rucueil do
ni6m. do iii6tl., ftr., 3 86i-., t. ix. p. 1!12.

*" On the stature and bulk of man in the llritish Is^es, Svo, Loiuloii,
1870.

" Op. cit , p. 032.

« (1^. cit, p. lO.i.

« Op cit., pp. 279, 230.
, ^Statistical observations relative to ijrowth of human body. .7our. Sta-
tist. Soc, vol. XXV, pp. 20-20. Lon<lon, 1862.

"Vol. xiii, p. 2li3.

^ Op. cit. ; calculated from the t.altlcs.

" On the results of experiments oa weight, hei/jht, and strenffth of 800
ivdividv/ils. Hop. Brit. Assoc, 1836, part 11, p. ^8.

MAN — MEAN DIMENSIONS.
of certain races of me>i, from rarions aiithorilirs — Continued.

59

40
47
48
49
GO
51

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

74
75

76

Mean weight.

Poini(l.<.

i;!(i. 4(1

14'2. rill

143. 20

141.10

130. 48

145. 43

129.34

JulO'<.

(il.DI)

04. 50

(i4. %
04. 00

01.91

65.97

58.67

Authority.

Tkiplkh.'^ Recruits, 1853 to 1855.

Gould.-'''' 827 soldier.s.

OouLi).''^ 83,128 voliiiitcer.s.

The prksent woitic. 50,537 uau, botli accc|>ti<l ami rejected.

The i-HESENT woiuv. 1,417 accepted men.

The pre.sent wohk. 30,412 accepted men.

Hakgenvilliebs.-''' Conscripts, prior to ISKi.

Chenu.36 3,300,000 conscripts, from 1830 to 1805.

BoUDiN.3' 848,500 couscripts, in IHOl and 1802.

BoumN.-'" Entire army.

BoUDlN.'^ Chasseurs a cheral.

Broc.\.'"' Estimate of adult male pn]mlatioD.

Beicnahd.'" 400 chasseurs a pied of the guard.

Ali.au.'E.-'- 730 chasseurs a cheral of tlie guard.

TlilPLEU.« Recruits in United States Ai'Miy from 1853 to 1855.

Thu PutcsENT WOHK. 3,243 men, both acceiited and rejected.

Goi'LD.'^' 100 volunteers in United States Army.

QiKTEi.ET.*" 10,400 soldiers.

Tj!IPLEI!.-"> Recruits in United States Army, from 1853 to 1855.

Gould.'" 502 volunteers in United States Army.

Gould.'"' 89,021 volunteers; descriptions obtained from State .archives.

Zeising.*' Citizens.

The present wonif. 54,944 men, both acetiptcd and rejected.

The present work. 1,343 accepted men.

The present "work. 30,943 accepted men.

Liharzik.™ 300 picked men.

Carus." Citizens.

Meyer.'^ 12,740 men drafted for the army.

Bodio.™ 100,000 conscripts for army.

The present work. 339 men, both accepted and rejected.

Brigham." 150 men returning to China.

" Op. cit, pp. 2-ri, aeo.
» Op. cit, p. in.i.

»» C^. cit., p. 40.

^' C^. cit ;calcul.itt;(l from t.ables.

8» 05). d(-, p. II.

" C^. cit., pi>. J7!l, -280.
•"(^ (ri(.,p. 105.

^ Kecherches et conndcrations sur la formattoii et le recrutement de
I'armee c^t France, 8vo, P.Tri.s, 1817, pp. 52, 05.

^ IZecrutement de Varmee ct population de la France, 4tn, Pans. l."^07.

^^ JCecueUde mem. de tncd , chir., etc., ^ Her., t. ii, p. 184.

2" Op. cit.

^ Op. cit.

'" liecfierchcs inirl'etknolo(jiede la France, Svn, Paris, 1860.

*i Etudes sur la tailie et le poids du noldat frant^ais, lieoueil de ln6m.
do !ii6d., chir. et j>liar[|]. niihtaircs, 3 .s6i'., t. xx, p. 371, Paris, 1868.

** Eludes sur la tailie et le poids de I'hoinme dans le regiment des ciuis-

seurs a ckeval de la garde, Keoneil de m^m. do m6d., etc., 3 s^r., 1. 1, p.
1(11, Pari.s, ISfia.

"' Op. cit., p. 11.

■" Op. cit, pp. 279, 280.

*^ SurVho./ineetledevcloppemtintdcses facultp8,^t., 8vo, Paris, 1835;
t. ii, pp. 11, i:i,3:i.

«(jp.df.. p. 11.

■" Op. mt., lip. ■37!l-28p.

*« Op. at., p, lO.-).

*^ Die metainorphosen in deii verhiiltnissen dcr menacldichen qestalt,
folio. Bonn, leS'.t, p. 12:1.

^ Das gesttz des wachsthumes nnd der ban des nienschen, folio, 'Vi
ennn, 1862.

^' Die propnrtioji.'ilchre drr inenachUcJiPii gest.alt, i'obo, Lcipsic, 18.^4.

^^ Aerzltii'fif.s infel i^jc itz-b att von Baycrn, 1863.

63 Bull, lie I' Acad. r'oy. tie Belqiqite. 2*s6r , t. xxvii, No. 3, 1869.

" I'roc. Boston Soc 'Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. U8, 1866-'68.

60

COMPLEXION.

Complexion. — The instructions given to surgeons of boards of enrollment were
framed with a view to the speediest achievement of the object of the draft, and not to
the acquisition of anthropological facts. Thence arose defects in the data, from a scien-
tific point of view, which have been often regretted during the preparation of this work.
It is probable, however, that the very simplicity of the description in the matter oi
complexion, the division, namely, into light and dark varieties only, has led to a more
accurate general result than would have been attainable in the haste of the proceedings
if the requirements had been more elaborate. With the first division are associated
light or flaxen, red, and light chestnut hair, with all their respective intermediate shades,
and eyes of blue, gray, or hazel color. With the dark complexions, the hair is brown,
dark-brown, and black, and the eyes vary from dark to the deepest black.

The following table exhibits one resvUt of the investigation in the cases of five prin-
cipal nativities.

Table sliowlmj the relative proportion of light and dark complexions in the soldiers of Jive nativities.

Country.

United States . . .
British America.

Englaml

Ireland

Gernmny

Number
observed.

190,621

14, 365

9,649

28,995

29,600

Number

per thousamt

light.

663. 322
661. 747
705. 151

70-2.811
694. 561

Number

per thousand

dark.

3:^6. 668
338. 253
294. 849
297. 189
305. 439

Or it may be said of these five races that in degree of fairness of complexion —

The Englishman stands 1

The Irishman 2

The German 3

The American .'- 4

The British American 5

Mr. Gould's statistics are somewhat differently ari-anged, as he admits a medium
degree of complexion ; but if, for the sake of the comparison, the number in this inter-
mediate group be distributed equally to the light and dark divisions, the result will be
this :

The German stands \ 1

The Englishman . 2

The Irishman . — — 3

l^he American - - 4

The British American 6

It will l)e seen that if the German in the first table be removed to the top from his
place as third, then the oi'der of the lists would be identical. In each, the natives of
British America prove to be the darkest, though the j^roportion displays a curious degree
of resemblance ; the natives of Canada and of the United States show b"6 per cent, of
fair men, and'the three other races about 70 per cent. each.

In the course of the tabulation of these records, several smaller groups were classi-

DARK HAIR INDKX OK NIGRKSCKNCK. 61

fied, but always with this result, that the ])i(i|i(>iti()ii of Ijloiidc men was smaller tiiaii
v/hen a large number of ()l)servations was averaged

In England, the researches of" statisticians luive shown a gradual tendency to dark-
ening of the hair antl complexion as being in steady progress.' In the United States,
where immigration produces such a mixture of races, any change of the kind would
he, it is presumed, mostly adventitious. It may be pointed out, however, that, aniong
native-boi'n recruits from 1839 to 1855, the ])roportion of fair to dark was 720 to
280,- while by the preceding table it is as 66S to 337.

If the compai-atively small number of Dr. Coolidge's observations be stated as an
objection, it may be replied that, as already stated, in experiments upon small groups
the dark complexions have always presented themselves in increased numbers. Be this
as it may, it is certain that in the Federal Armies of the late war blonde men predoni-
inatcsd in number somewhere in the proportion of 65 per cent, to 35 per cent, of dark

men.-'

The instill ctions given by scientific associations to travelers, as to the i)ro})er mode
of observing and recording the physical characteristics of the human race, dwell upon
the im})ortance of observing the complexion not by the face alone, or by the uncovered
neck, but by noting the tint of the parts of the body usuall)- covered. Sun-burn is
not complexion The opportunity for this more accurate and exten.sive manner of
observing the skin was obtained under the enforcement of the draft, as the men ^\ere
totally naked when presented to the surgeon.

The color of the hair alone is not sufficient whereby to characterize a race; for we
find the same color — black, for instance — belonging to all the great divisions of the
human famil}-, and all varieties of tint belonging to the same race. The predominance
of color, however, is an ethnic quality to be noted.^

1 It is in coiinectiou with the inquiry into Ihis change that Dr. Beddoe devised his " index of mgrescencc." He takes
broxi'ii hair as his standard. To obtain the index, he adds the dark and the hiack, the latter doubled on account of its
hue, together, and deducts the sum of thf fair and the rid. This is the forninla:

D-|-2B-R-F = index.
Or, supposing the cases ob.served to be as follows :

Fair 20

Red _ 17

Brown 26

Dark 20

Black .. 17

100

Tiien,20 -|- :!1 — 17 — 20 = 17, or index of nigr(;scence.

'Militarji stalistics of the United Staten Armij, p. 633.

'Porier, whose rcsearcluis into the intermixture or crossing of races are very able and profound, is of oi)inion
that the predominance of fair races is accounted for by the superior fertility of marriages in which both the parents
are blonde. lie altirms this in contradiction of the opinion commonly entertained that a union between those of an
opposite character of type is most favorable to propagation. {BM. de la Sac. d'anthrop, v. i, p. 155, Paris, 1860.)

■• The researches of Pruner-Bey and some otlier observers with the microscope have demonstrated the existence
of a race-dift'eronce in the anatomical formation, and more especially in the shape, of the cylinder of hair. The differ-
ence in the anatomical structure consists ouly in the presence or absence of a medullary canal ; but the »luq)c of a aeclioii
of the central portion of a hair, the condition of its jjoint, and the tendency to curl always found to accompany the
flattened cylindrical shape, are all unmistakable characteristics .appertaining to race. In hybruls, these peculiarities
are found mingled or modilied ; and while there are api)reciable difl'erences to be observed in the hair of the same
individual, yet the marked extremes are only found to exist on the heads of those of mixed race by origin. Dela eheve-
lure comme caract6ristique dcs races humaiiicn d'apris des revherehcs microseopiijuen, par le Dr. Pkunkk-Bey, (M6m. de la
Soc. d' anthrop. v. ii, ]>. 1, Paris, 1605.) See, also, Clasnifiealion of mankind bi/ the hair and leool of t'leir heads, by P. A.
BuowNK,8vo, Philadelphia, 1852; and, by the same author, Triehologia nammalinm, 4m), Philadelphia, 1858; also Dw
mcnscktiiche haar, vou Dr. Oesterlen, 8vo, TUbingen, 1874.

62 MILITARY APTITUDE.

The relatioUvS of complexion tt> the important qualities of" height and girth of chest
have been ah-eady discussed and exhibited.'

MiLiTAEY APTITUDE. — MiHtary aptitude, aptitude militalre, krieffstiichtif/keit, is the
union of all the conditions of admissibility into military service From 1,000 recruits
or conscripts, for example, must be deducted, first, the numbei' exempted for deficient
height, and, secondly, the number exempted for such infirmities as are held b}- law to
be disqualifying. The number remaining will indicate the military aptitude, or rate
per thousand, of available men. This manner of estimating the capacit}- of the nation
for war has been much employed by European writers, and taljles exhibiting the
militaiy aptitude of the chief nations of Europe are to be found in the works of Boudin,
Legoyt, and others; and reference to the conclusions announced in them, as though
unquestionably authoritative, are common in the writings and debates of scientific men.

It is obvious that this quality cannot be fairly compared unless the conditions
under which the data are obtained are reasonably similar. It is only among nations
where military service is a debt due to the state that the comparison is possible; for
volunteers, and recruits obtained by ordinary enlistment, are, to a great extent, selected
men, and the pro|)ortion of them accepted could not be considered as representing the
military aptitude of the nation. Taking into consideration, then, those nations on the
continent of Europe with whom a conscription is an annual proceeding, conducted
with regularity, and affecting all those young men who have attained the age of
liability since the previous draft, what are the conditions requisite for the compar-
ison ? In the first place, the limit of stature must be identical ; for it is obvious that
a reduced nnnimum of stature will admit a larger number of men. The age of liability
must be the same. In Prussia, for example, more young men are likely to be exempted
for deficient height, or lack of physical developmenl, at 19 years of age, than will be
the case in France, where the conscript is required to have passed his twentieth year.
Growth at neither of these years is complete. The list of disqualifying diseases must
be uniform ; and a similarity should prevail in the instructions as to the def/ree of
infirmity that is to entitle the man to exemption from all military service And, lastly,
it is necessary that examining surgeons and councils of revision should everywhere
enforce the regulations with equal rigor and impartiality. The laws and customs which
govern recruiting in the principal states of Europe have been so extensively treated of
in the introduction to this work that it is suflicient merely to refer to those pages, and
to say in this place that the uniformity of conditions laid down as necessary are not
to be found in the regulations there described. The age of liability, the minimum
limit of stature, the disqualifying diseases and the gradation of the same, all differ,
nioi-e or less. In more than one state, a class of partially infirm recruits is ever}' year
admitted as a portion of the contingent, and, if not separated from the calculation,
would, of cour.se, increase the apparent aptitude.

Boiulin long since declared that there was no actual relation (solidarite) between
stature and the (pudity in (piestion;- and, in a letter written to the Academy of Medi-
cine, during his last illness, that eminent man refers again to this supposed relation, and

'See ante, pp. 24 and 37.

^Utiulex ilhnologiques siir la taille et Ic }>oiih ric I'liommr, Recueil <ies ui<^ui. «lo uidd., chir. ot pbarni. mil., 3 B6r., t. ix,
p. 109.

MTI.IIAlv'Y AI'll IfDK liOIHlIN LEGOYT. 63

nionniiuccs it "a \ci-\- ji rave error." After t'nniishino- some sti-ikiiii;- illuslratious to sus-
tain liis \iews, he eloses by saying that assuredly France has no pretension to vie with
tlie Scandinavian or Germanic nations in stature; yet of 1,U0() young' men, at '20 years
of a<i-e, there wt)uld l)e obtained 2Ho soldiers in Prussia, while from the same numl)er
()S2 soldiers would be obtained in France.' The tables of Boudin and Legoyt exhibit this
■<ur|irisiiiL:' diiferent-e in the military aptitude of the two nations, and the statements of
Wajtpaeus, an accomplished German statistician, do not much impair their accuracy."''

'Jyiill. ('!■ I'Jcad. lie mcil, t. xxxii, p. 403, Jamiiiry 22, 1H67.

-Tlui Idllowiug is Bdiiilin's tabic of tlio iniliraiy aptitude of some Eiir(p|)eau nations:
XiiiiilHr found fit for service in every 1,000 men examined.

Saxony 259

Piiifsia 283

Austria, (l)cfoii- lAVJ) iVl

Di uniark -• Ji22

Sardinia, (before 18591 598

Belgium 630

Kranw 682

So that to obtain l.HOO soldier.s it would be uecessary to examine the following number of men :

Fri-ncbmen 1,466

Belgians 1,587

Sardinians 1, 672

Danes 1,915

Austriaus 2,013

Prussians 3, 533

Saxons 3,861

{Be Viiceroissement de la taille et des conditions d'aplitade miiitaireeii France, M6ui. de la Soo. d'antbro|>., t. ii, (i. 2."i7
Paris, 1865.)

Legoyl's tables do not cover the same period as Boudiu's, and they show results differing froTn his to some extinl.
According to this writer, Sardinia is first in rank, with 810 men found capable in the thousand, and Prussia at the foot,
with only 248. The exemptions in the case of the latter |)Ower are made up of 28G men rejected as niider height, (this
was in 1854,) and 466 exempted for disease. Legoyt expresses doubt whether the conditions under which these state-
ments were ]nocured were sufliciently alike to warrant confidence in the result. The military aptitude of two other
nations is furnished by Legoyt, namely, Spain, (100; and Bavaria, 705, (La France et Veiruiiijer, etudes de slalistiqae eom-
^layc')', par A. Legoyt, 8vo, Paris, 1865, p. 575.) Some records of recruiting in Corsica, prepared by M. Coste, of the
French army, show the military aptitude of the natives of that island, for the period from 1838 to 18fi4, to have attained
the very high rate of 77,5, {Le reenitement de la Corse, Recueil de m6m. do m(5d., chir. et pliarni. mil., 3 s(?r., t. xxix, p.
113, Paris, 1873.)

Since Boudin wrote, the rise and cou.solidation of the formidable North German Empire, audthe overwhelming
catastrophe to France iu 1871, have furnished a pregnant commentary on the contrasted military aptitude of France
and Prussia. While it is true that out of a thousaud young men a much larger number of Freuchmeu is found capable
of healing arms thau is the case with the Prussians; yet, on the other hand, the rate of increa.sc of the population is
inimensely iu favor of the latter nation. In Prussia, the rate of annual increase is 1.30 for every 100 of the inhabitants,
while ill France it is only 0.35. The population of Prussia would, therefore, double itself in 54 years, but that of
France in a period of uot less thau 198 years. With an annual increase in numbers nearly four times as great .as that
of her rival, it is clear that Prussia could readily compensate, by an ampler supply of iiieu, for an inferior degree of
military aptitude. An element of superior strength was also, at that time, on thi; side of Prussia, in the provision that
forms a part of her coinprt^hcnsive military system, namely, that every citizen must himself jurforni the .soldier-service
due llie Siate. Obligatory and personal .service in the army, (active or reserved,) by the whole adult male jiopulation,
and not on the part of a jKution cho.sen by lot, furnishes a new factor in the calculation of a nation's military strength.
When it is remembered that this luovisiou, liy which, in time of war, the whole of Prussia becomes one vast camp, has
been applied, with vigorous uniformity, to all the .states forming the new empire, and that the constitution vests the
ab.solnte control of these nations of soldiers iu the King of Prussia, as generalissimo of the confederation, the rapidity
and completeness of the conquest of France become less surprising. The latter power, iu the re-organization of her
army in 1872, copied this, wilh other features of the system she had found to be so fatally eUiciei;t. It is probable that
ihis .system of universal and per.sonal service in the army will be adopted by all the continental [(owers of Europe. In
addition to the states of the Norlh German Empire, it is now iu force in thi' Kussian and Auslro-Hnngaiian empires, ■
and in the kingdoms of Italy and Sweden ; and even Turkey is considering the question of its introduction.

The nearly stagnant condition, as regards numb<>rs, of the popnlation in France, has awakened the gravest appre-
hensions among her public men, and the causes have been eagerly ilebatcd. ( Fide d scus.sion in the Academy of Modi

64 MILITARY APTITUDE FALLACY OF STATISTICS.

If some of the returns uyion which this rate of aptitude for nilhtary life is deter-
mined be closely scrutinized, an additional source of irregularity is discernible in the
varying- severity with which the regulations happen to be enforced. For example,
the statistics of recruiting in tlie department of the Moselle, from 1834 to 1866, exhibit, dur-
ing the five years from ISoU to 1864, an enormous increase in the proportion of exeilip-
tions for disease. It appears that this was owing to the rigid supervision of the prefect of
that period, an austere magistrate, Avho was resolved that the quota from his department
should consist only of able-bodied men. During these five yeai's, however, the rejec-
tions for deficient height diminished ; the reason probabl}^ being that the unusually
large number of cases of disease carried with them an increased proportion of shorter
men ^ Such fortuitous increase or decrease of the exemptions according to the rigor
exercised by the authorities must necessarily vary the rate of aptitude, and other records
sh(^>w very plainly the effect of the pressure of actual war M. Bertrand has published
an article upon recruiting in the department of the Cher, giving the results from 1838
to 1862.- For tlie three years from 185 1 to 1853, the military aptitude varies but little,
the mean being 545; but in 1854 it suddenly rises to 624; the next year to 652; and to
620 in 1856. These three years comprise the period of the war with Russia, and the
need for men was urgent and continual, to replace the heavy losses in the Crimea by
battle and disease. In 1 857, the rate drops again ; but, in 1 859, it remounts to the highest

cine, iviiorted in Bull. <le I'Avad. dc niAl., t. xxxii, ])i). 570, 5'J'i, 797, 815.) These causes are not ditiiciilt to discover, if the
official statistics be consulted. The general infertility of marriage, and the enormous mortality among infants, are
chiefly responsible. In no part of Europe is the expectation of life for the first year of existence at so low a rate as it
IS in France. Co-operating with the causes named is the withdrawal, year after year, of 100,000 able-bodied young meu
for service iii the army. Bert illon has forcibly shown the disastrous eti'ects of this military celibacy during the most vig-
orous years of manhood, the direct consequence of which is that those who remain in their homes to marry and pro-
create children are, to a large extent, the meu who have been rejected for deficieut size, or for physical iuflrmity. lu
the 22^ years from .June, 1791, to November, 1813, 4,550,000 men were conscripted for the army in France, so that 200,000
men were every year of that period practically withdrawn from marriage, {Lcre'e' militaiirs failift en France, par Gkhmain
Sa1!UT, Recueil de m<5m. de ni^'d., chir. et pharm. uiil.,3 sdr., t. xviii, p. 68, Paris, 1867.) In the re-orga.nization of the
French army, by the act of June, 1872, great eft'orts were made to lessen this icstraint upou marriage. The term of
active service "under the flag" is reduced to five years, after which the soldier, relegated to Xhit first reserve, is at liberty
to marry.

M. Ely is of opinion that the influence of the conscription upon the low rate of natality has been exaggerated,
and that the six or seven years' active service only retards marriage, without diminishing it, {Uarmee et la impulation.)
An acute English observer, however, after careful investigation, has recorded it as his opinion that the system is fully
responsible for the evil attributed to it. He points out, as a compensating feature, the return every year, into civil life,
of nearly. 100,000 men, imiu-essed with the discipline and spirit of the army, (The military rtsources of Prussia and
France, and recent changes in the art of war, by Lieut. Col. Chesney and Henhy Rkeves, esq., 12mo, London, 1870, p. 152.)
The number of soldiers to every hundred of the population, in time of peace, in some European states, is thus given by
Legoyt :

Bavaria 8, 44

Austria 2. 12

Prussia _ 1.45

France 1. 41

Spain L23

Belgium 0.80

Holland : 0.75

England 0.66

If the calculation be applied to the United States, on the basis of the standing army and census of 1870, tho
pioportiou is 0.095.

'Jiludes atalisligues sur k recrntcmeiil dans le ddpartcmir.t dc la Mvstlh. \>;>r M. RiciiON, Recueil do m^m. de m^d..
rhir. et pharm. mil., 3 s(Sr., t. xxiii,p. 97, Paris, 1869.

- £lniUs slatisliques snr h recrutcmcnt dans le deparlement dn Cher, par M Heciou BEirrnANi), Recueil de m^m. de
m6d., chir. et pharm. mil., 3 s<5r., t. xxii, p. 467, Paris. 1866

MILITARY APTITUDE — UNITED STATES. Go

figure so fur tittaiiied, iiainely (J7G, that beiiiy the year of the outbreak of the Italian
war.

It might be supposed that the promulgation of the enrollment-law during the war
of the rebellion in the United States, and the successive drafts for large quotas of men
which followed its enactment, must have afforded the requisite data for estimating- the
military aptitude of the nation. But the conditions of such a calculation would vary
too extensively from those under which the estimates of European nations have been
made for any just comparison to be possible.

The American conscription included men of all ages from 18 to 45 years; and,
being the first occasion of its extensive application, citizens at these and at all inter-
mediate years were actually drafted. As a consequence, exemptions for disease were
in very much larger proportion than is likely to be found in an annual class of young
men of 19 or 20 years of age. In addition, it should be remembered that, from out the
available military population of the loyal States, a vast body of men had withdrawn
themselves as vohiutccrs in the earlier years of the war. It is indisputable that these
men should have been added to the calculation to secure a fair return of the rate in
question. The number who enlisted in this manner, of whom no account is to be found
in the records of the successive drafts, and who do not therefore appear in the statistics
of this work, was 1,358,470.^ Of the number of men examined, out of whom this goodly
host was selected, it is impossible to find any information. On the other hand, as no
limitation of stature of the drafted man was estjTblished by the law, the decision as to
whether a man was '' under size " being left to the judgment of the examining surgeon,
another factor in the process is wanting. . .'

It has been shown that the quality which in Europe is termed military aptitude
is in eifect nothing more than a statement of the number in the thousand of young
men of 20 years of age who are found fit for the army. In a more comprehensive
sense, the military aptitude of a nation may be said to be the rate of availability as
derived //-owt all its citizens within the limits of military age. For such a showing, it is
in our power to make an approximative computation.

The census of 1860 states the entire population of the United States and its Ter-
ritories at 31,443,321 persons of all ages and sexes." The mihtary population, or the
number of males between the ages of 18 and 45 years, is, by the same authority,
placed at 5,624,065.^ From this number must be first deducted the military popula-
tion of the States in rebellion, and, secondly, of those Territories that did not furnish
men for the Army. The increase of the military population for the year 18G0-'61,
after due deductions, is estimated at 123,400.'' For the succeeding four years, to the
close of the war namely, it would, of course, be proportionately greater ; but if the
decrease of immigration and the intentional exodus of many persons in order to escape
the draft be considered as equal to the excess, then it would be sufficiently con-ect to

'Final report of the Piovost-Marshal-General, 8vo, Washington, 1866, p. 100.
= Cc«s»s/o)-18G0, p. 597.
^ Ihid., p. xvii.
""/?)»/., loc. cil.

9

66 MILITARY APTITUDE UNITED STATES.

estimate the five years' increase at the same rate as for the first year. The following
will be the result :

Military population of the United States in 18G0 5,624,065

Deduct —

Military population of insurgent States 1,064,193

Military population of Territories, excepting Nevada and Colo-

. rado . - - - 35,080

1,099,273

4,524,792
Increase of military population from 1860 to 1865 in loyal States 496,150

Entire mihtary population from 1861 to 1865. - - 5,020,942

These figures represent the military resources in men at the disposal of the Gov-
ernment during the entire period of the war, and include, of course, all those who
were afterward exempted, either for legal causes, (an immense proportion,) or for
physical disqualification. From this source, too, proceeded the million and more of
volunteers already referred to. If this grand total of men be considered as "the
class," in the tei'ms of European recruiting-statistics, but of the whole nation, and for
the period of four years from 1861 to 1865, what proportion of it was found fit for
military service, after maldng- allowance for that portion which, though enrolled, was
not drttfted 1

The entire number of men called for by the President was 2,942,748.' The
number actually furnished, in compliance with these calls, was 2,690,401. Of this
number, 1,331,931 men were furnished under the operations of the Provost- Marshal-
General's Bureau." On the 30th of April, 1865, when the war had terminated, there
were enrolled as liable, but up to that time undisturbed by the draft, 2,254,063 men.^
If it be supposed that half of these enrolled men would have established their right to
exemption if they had been drafted, then the following result is obtained :

Military ])opulation available - 5,020,942

Men actually in service 2,690,401

Enrolled at end of war, but not drafted 2,254,063

Deduct for estimated exemptions 1,127,032

1,127,031

3,817,432

1,203,510

By the foregoing calculation, which probably errs by under-estimating the avail-
able number of the enrolled men of April, 1865, jt appears that, of 5,020,942 men

' Final report of the Frorosi'Mar/hal-General, ji. IGO.
'Ibid., p. 150.
'Ibid., i>. 157.

MILITARY APTITUDE UNITED STATES.

(57

forming the class, 3,817,4o2 were found fit for service in the Army, (actiuilly or by
estimate,) which brings the calcidation of the miHtary aptitude of the nation to TGO.oO
in the thousand.

If this approximative estimate be laid aside, the broad fact remains that more than
50 per centum of the entire male population between the ages of 18 and 45 years
actually served under the flag during those four years of war, and that nearly the full
remainder stood duly enrolled, and ready to take up arms when called upon. It may
be thought pardonable to add that, with such a record of patriotic devotion in the past,
it is not needful to inquire particularly into the rate of military aptitude of this
nation.^

' The following tablo is appeiulcil as sliowiug tbo miiueiical strt-ngtU of tlio Uuited States Army at tbe outbreak
auU during the coutiuuauco of the war:

Strength of the Army of the United States at various dates.

Compiled by tho AdjutaDt-Gcneral. •

Date.

Regulars.

Volunteers.

Total.

January 1, ltd.
July l,'ie(il ....
January 1, 1H62.
.January 1, 18()3.
January 1, 18()4.
JauH.arv 1, 1865.
March ;U, 18C5..
May 1,1865

16, 367
16, 422
22, 425

25, 463
24,636
22,019
21,66'J

170, 329
553, 492
692, 728
836, 101
937,441
958,417

16, 367
186, 751
575, 917
918, 191
860,7.37
959, 460
980, 086
1,000,516

P^RT II.

CHARTS AND MAPS.

09-70

THE CHARTS.

The charts, which, with only two exceptions, treat "of disease, are derived from
Tables 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 22, and have been prejDared for the pm-pose of picturing
to the eye the most interesting results of the tables by assembling isolated statements
and representing numbers by lines or bars which bear the same relation, in linear
measurement, to each other as do the numbers for which thev stand.

Much elaboration in describing the plan adopted would be superfluous ; but. it may
be stated as a recognized fact, that, as conclusions which the mental faculties draw by
aid of the sight per se are instantaneous and without effort, the mind througli this
medium is capable of receiving manifold impressions at the same time, and of simul-
taneously comparing- many elements. If, for example, ten lines erected from the same
base, but of various lengths, be presented to the eye, the mind instantly compares each
with the others, determining without effort the longest or the shortest, etc.; but if in
their stead ten abstract numbers, having relatively to each other the same value as the
lines, be presented, although the medium of communication with the brain is in both
cases the same, each has to be observed and its value determined by a certain mental
process before a comparison can even be instituted. A landscape may be voluminously
and even completely described, so far as words are adequate, but one glance at a paint-
ing of the scene will convey more satisfactory knowledge. The manner of presenting
some of the facts herein set forth by charts is intermediate between the description
and the painting, but very little study wjll enable the reader to see clearly that which
is obscure when presented in another way, and to form conclusions which must be
laboriously extracted from statistics in their usual form.

For convenience of reference and a proj^er division of subjects, the charts have been
divided into four classes, designated numerically. Those which compose Class I show
the relation of various diseases to social condition, complexion, age, height, and
nativity ; those of Class II show the relation of diseases to occupation ; those of Class
III show the relation to locality, (by States ;) and Class IV, consisting of only two
charts, shows the relation of both height and girth of chest to age and nativity In each
cliart, two columns of figures are given — the first showing the number of men examined
of each particular height, age, nativity, etc., or in each State, or of each occupation ;
the second giving, not the number, but tlie millesimal ratio rejected. Elsewhere, the
importance of the ratios is dwelt upon ; but it may not be supererogatory to caution the
reader that in forming his conclusions as to the prevalence of a disease, he has to deal
with ratios, and not with the actual number of men rejected. To the student of
anthropology this caution is unnecessary, but it is by no means infrequently the case

71

72 THE CHARTS — GENERAL REMARKS.

that readers of intelligence fall into the error of accounting for the excess of one ratio
over another by the fact that more men were examined in the one case than in the
other ; and as such an error must render the statistics worse than useless, it has been
thought best to dilate upon the point, even at the risk of being prolix. The " number
examined " does not enter into the consideration of the ratio, except in a genei-al way,
and under the rule that the greater the number of observations the more reliable will
be the resulting ratio. The propriety of giving the number examined, and the import-
ance of this general rule, will be apparent when we come to consider the relation of
diseases of rare occurrence to nativity, especially to certain nativities of which less than
a hundred men were exaiuined.

In Class I, the conditions in connection with which diseases are considered are :
(1,) Social Condition, in regard to which the married men were, as a rule, found to be
more affected than the single ; (2,) Complexion, in regard to which the men of light
complexion were, almost without exception, found more affected than those of dark ;
(3,) Age, in which, as a general rule, the older men furnished a larger ratio of rejec-
tions; (4,) Height, in consideration of which it will be observed that the ratio of
rejections increases with increase of height; and, (.o,) Nativity, to which no general
rule seems to apply. As throwing some light upon these peculiar tendencies, it may
be stated, as regards the preponderance of disease among the " married" which seems
to conflict with the generally-accepted view, that it is evident the average age of the
married greatly exceeded that of the single ; or, in other words, that the married men,
as a class, were the older men, and therefore more likely to be diseased. In regard to
the almost invariable rule applying to complexion, the fact is, in this connection, sub-
mitted without comment. The apparent relation of height to certain diseases is, it is
believed, contrary to the general belief that a man's height has nothing to do with his
predisposition to disease ; and a partial explanation of this seeming relation may be
found in the fact that up to a certain age, and that not an early one, men increase in
stature, so that the taller men may be considered as also the older men ; and, as the
prevalence of, or susceptibility to disease increases Avith age, naturally the ratio would
be larger with increased height. In this connection, the inquiry as to when, or at what
age, men attain their full stature, becomes interesting and important ; and partly to
meet it Chart LIX has been prepared. By reference to it and the special comments
on height in the introduction to the tables, it will be seen that there is, in this respect,
a marked difference between natives of different countries ; that while native Americans
do not reach their greatest height until they are thirty-five to forty years old, and
natives of British America at from thirty to forty, the men of English or Irish birth
attain theirs at from thirty to thirty-five, and Germans at from twenty-five to thirty.'
In view of these facts, we inay reasonably content ourselves with the explanation that
as the number examined consisted largely of native Americans, who attain their greatest
height at so late an age, age and height must, as a general rule, in their relation to
disease, keep pace with each other. But, in the consideration of some diseases, we
shall find that while the ratio of rejections increases rapidly with age, it remains con-
stant, or, so to speak, fluctuates with increase of height. These departures from the

'Tbese facts, importaut iu au ethnological iioiut of view, are treated of more fully in the preceUiug portions of
the worii.

TIIK CHARTS CHRONIC RHEUMATISM. 73

rule will be specially noticed in their proper places. In regard to nativity, while no
very definite general rule can Ije laid down, in many cases the natives of wanner and
colder countries will be found to take position in the chart respectively on either side
of a mean, and the natives of English-speaking countries to occupy contiguous posi-
tions, or, as it were, range themselves side by side in the list ; the latter being notably
the case as regards disease considered as a whole, and illustrated by Chart XXIII.

In the following comments on each chart or class of charts, it is intended to call
attention to the salient features — more particularly to departures from the general rules
already laid down — and not to propound or elaborate theories founded upon the results
obtained. It is hoped and believed that the valuable statistical matter of the tables will
be rendered easy of access and made interesting without great study by this plan ; and
that students of anthropology, even, may iind herein some missing links to the chain of
facts already in their possession, which will enable them to throw new light upon doubtful
or mooted questions.

In the introductory remarks to the tables will be found explanations of a general
character touching the nomenclature, etc., which apply to the charts as well, and which,
together with the explanations just given, and the following comments, (which are given
as to classes and charts seriatim,) will enable thei-eader to draw his own conclusions.

According to the order observed in the nomenclature of diseases adopted, (a some-
what critical view of which is given in the introduction to the tables,) chronic rheu-
matism was made the subject of the iirst chart ; not that it is the tirst disease on the list,
but because it is the first of such a character as to render its presentation or consideration
in the fomi of a chart desirable. Other diseases have been taken up in their order ; but
only those of importance, by reason of their frequent occurrence or general prevalence,
have been presented in this form.

CHART I.

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.

This chart illustrates the general rules, already laid down, in regard to social con-
dition, age, and height, but shows an exception, as regards complexion, which is the
only one to be found in the charts; although, in many diseases included in the tables,
such exceptions are by no means rare. The diseases, however, by which the men of
dark complexion were found to be affected, more than those of light, are in the main
those of an acute or inflammatory character, and of com]}aratively I'are occurrence.

The very rapid increase of this disease with increase of age is especially noticeable,
and its regular iUj of increment is no less remarkable if we regard the decennial period
from twenty-five to thirty-five as a single step in advancement ; and this, it would
seem, is by no means an arbitrary apportionment, for such period may be said to cover
the highest flood and ebb, so to speak, in the tide of life — to be, in short, a period
during which man, in attaining the acme of his virility, most successfully resists the
attacks or inroads of disease.

As to height, the constant increase of the disease witli increase of stature up to a
certain point is to be expected, as before explained, on account of an increase of height
10

74

THE CHARTS — CHEONIC RHEUMATISM SYPHU^IS.

attendant on an increase of age ; but as the very tallest men are not necessarily the
very oldest, (though we might reasonably expect a majority of them to be between
thirty and forty,) there may be a relation, obscure perhaps, between this disease and
height ; oi", in other words, the taller men may have, in addition to their susceptibility
on the score of age, a stronger tendency than the shorter men to contract this disease.

As to nativity, it will be observed that the disease was found principally among
the natives of the colder countries ; and it is suggested as worthy of consideration,
though by no means advanced as a theory, that, as chronic rheumatism is more prev-
alent among natives of the colder countries, and as they are, as a rule, of greater
stature than the natives of the warmer countries, there may be an inheritance of a
susceptibility to the disease, coincident, but not necessarily correlated, with an inherit-
ance of stature.

The following tabular statement of the average height of the men of various
nativities, reproduced from the introduction to the tables, will be found interesting in
tliis connection. The data upon which it is based were derived from the examination
of over half a million men :

Nativities.

tJnited States, (Indians)
United States, (whites)

Norway

Scotland

British America

Sweden

Ireland

Denmark

Holland

Hungary

England

Germany

Mean height.

Incites.

Metres.

67.934

1.7255

67. 672

1.7189

67. 467

1.7137

67. 066

1.7035

67.014

1.7022

66. 896

1. G992

66.741

1.6952

66. 648

1.6929

66. 637

1.6926

66. 584

1.6912

66. 577

1. 6910

66. 536

1.6900

Nativities.

United States, (colored)

Wales

Russia

Switzerland

West Indies

France

Poland

Mexico

Italy

South America

Spain

Portugal

Mean height.

Iiichcu.

Metres.

66. 531

1.6899

66. 418

1. 6870

66. 393

1. 6864

66. 381

1. 6861

66. 307

1.6842

66. 277

1. 6834

60.211

1. 6818

66.110

1.6792

66. 000

1.6764

65. 899

1. 6738

65. 635

1. 6671

65. 432

1.6G20

A further consideration of the apparent relation between disease a.nd height may
be found in the notice of Chart VIII.

CHART II.

SYPHILIS.

The peculiar indications of this chart are more clearly seen by comparing it with
the preceding one on chronic rheumatism, or with almost any other. As might bo
expected, although an exception to the rule, the single men were found to be much
more affected than the married ; but the rule holds good as to complexion. The very
nature of this disease, it being- contracted by a voluntary act to satisfy an instinct,
which among the married is generally satisfied without danger, but among the single
leads to promiscuous fornication and consequent exposure, is an explanation of the
increased prevalence among the single.

A notable exception to the rule of increase of disease with increase of age is shown ;
but it is exactly what ought to follow the exception just noticed, because the young

THE CHARTS SCROFULA PHTHISIS PULMONALIS. 75

men were, as a class, the single men. The relation to height, it will be seen, follows
closely that to age ; that is to say, we find a rapid increase and a corresponding decline
in each.

The numerical order of the nativities is very different from that of the preceding
chart ; for, whereas no cases of chronic rheumatism were found among the natives of
southern countries, to wit, Soutli America, Spain, Mexico, and Italy, syphilis was
found to prevail to the greatest degree among them. The position of American-
born white men in the list, and their ratio, so far below the average, are noteworthy ;
but we should not forget that the natives of foreign countries, who were examined, did
not, in all probability, as fairly represent the better class of their countrymen as did
the Americans ; this especially as regards vice and morality. Whether physically they
represented their countrymen better is quite another question.

To compare the charts a little more concisely, we may fomiulate, in a manner,
the indications of each, as follows : The typical syphilitic man, so to speak, is shown
to be the unmarried man, of light complexion, twenty to twenty-five years old, five feet
three inches to five feet seven inches in height, and a native of a southern countiy, or,
possibly, of Great Britain ; while the typical rheumatic man is the married man, of
dark complexion, over forty years of age, very tall, and a native of a northern country.

CHART III.

SCROFULA.

Scrofula, unlike either chi-onic rheumatism or syphilis, is shown to have no very
definite relation to age, height, or nativity. We do not find the usual regular increase
or diminution with increase of age or height, but in their stead a fluctuation, apparently
due to the element of chance in the observations, which, as has been more fully set
forth in another place, is an element of considerable importance where the rejections
were comparatively few.

Although scrofula is an inherited malady, few men under twenty years of age
were found sufificiently affected by it to warrant their rejection. At twenty to twenty-
five, however, the disease was found to be fully established, that is to say, sufficiently
so to warrant rejection ; and the fact that the ratio for all ages above twenty was nearly
constant shows that the disease does not, at least to any great extent, make its first
appearance in after-life. Increased prevalence among the married and among those
of light complexion is the rule, and not the exception, as has been explained.

CHART IV.

PHTHISIS PULMONALIS.

{Including chronic disease of the lung.)

So (much of interest attaches to, and so much has been said and written on, tliis
disease, that any rehable statistics tending to elucidate the subject will. no doiibt be
of almost universal interest. The thi-ee charts devoted to tliis disease, namely, Charts

76 THE CHARTS NERVOUS SYSTEM PARALYSIS.

IV, XXVII, and XXXVII, it is believed, cover the statistical ground quite thoroughly.
Owing, however, to a want of care or cai^acity, many examining surgeons reported all
cases of phthisis pulmonalis as chronic disease of the lung. This was particularly the
case under the first draft, and even under subsequent ones in certain localities. For
instance, from the State of Rhode Island, there was not reported a single case of phthisis
among all the drafted men, but a ratio of over twenty-five in a thousand were rejected
on account of chronic disease of the lung. As very nearly, if not quite all, such cases
were in fact phthisis, they have been included in the charts.

It will be noticed that the general rules in regard to social condition, complexion,
age, and height hold good, except that the oldest men furnished a smaller ratio of
rejection than did those of the next preceding age, (thirty-five to forty;) owing, it may
be supposed, to the elimination of consumptives from their class by death.

If phthisis be regarded as almost exclusively hereditary, the increased number of
cases occurring with increase of age would indicate that it is inherited in a potential
form, the predisposition being developed into actual disease, or kept in abeyance by
the environment or conditions of life, such as occupation and the physical surroundings,
which latter may be expressed by the teiTu locality ; that is, the place of residence. In
the comments on the remaining charts devoted to this disease, the conditions of this
environment are more fully discussed.

CHART V.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nervous diseases, taken together as a class, are treated of in this chart ; and, in the
next two, particular diseases belonging to the same class are shown in their relations
separately. Although, in thus groiiping diseases, many peculiarities of certain ones are
lost or are counterbalanced by others, still the general tendency is shown. Charts of
this kind demand very few comments ; but attention, in this case, is called to the
decrease of the ratio at an advanced age, while its increase is constant up to that point.
This diminution is probably owing, as in the case of phthisis pulmonalis, to the fatal
termination of cases, or to the removal of diseased persons to asylums. The indications
of that division of the chart headed " Height " are worthy of attention.

CHART VI.

PARALYSIS.

In relation to social condition, complexion, age, and height, paralysis shows no
great deviation tVom the rule; but some irregularities do occur. With increase of age,
the ratio rapidly increases throughout, except in the case of men between the ages of
thirty jind thirty -five, in which case there is actually a recession of the lines; but this
may Ijc owing to that element of chance which, as has been remarked, should always
be duly weighed in the consideration of diseases on account of which so few were
rejected. The number examined under each division of age, although sufiiciently large
to give reliable indications in all but extreme cases, might allow as small a recession

THE CHARTS INSANITY DISEASES OF THE EYE. 77

as this ; but the deviation from the position which the hue ought to occupy is probably
too great to be accouuteil for in this manner. It may, however, be referred to the cause
mentioned in the remarks on chronic rheumatism, namely, to the superior vitality of
the " prime of life," which probably enables a man to keep off, or, rather, of itself
keeps off, an attack of paralysis until later in life. As sustaining this view, it will be
noticed that the increase for the next period of five years was very marked. A pause
in the increase of the disease with increase of height, amounting to almost a con-e-
sponding recession, evidences the relation of age to height, adverted to elsewhere.

Owing to the very small number of cases, the division "Nativity" cannot be
said to furnish entirely reliable indications, except as regards the American, German,
Irish, and some other nativities, of which the number examined was large.

CHART VII.

INSANITY.

The comments on the preceding chart apply, in the main, to this ; and many
points of interest which it is unnecessary to particularize will appear on inspection of
the chart.

CHART VIII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

This chart shows the ratio of rejection on account of this class of diseases, which
includes diseases of the eyelids.

The only noticeable departure from the general rules is found in the division
" Heiffht," where it will be seen that althoug-h the usual increase of the ratio with
increase of age occurs, no such increase was found as a concomitant of the increased
height of the men examined.

This is so radically different from the facts shown in the chart on chronic rheu-
matism that it calls for elucidation and demands careful consideration. The apparent
explanation of this difference is as follows : The increase of chronic rheumatism with
increase of height, is proved by this chart (in which no such increase occurs,) to be
owing to a definite relation of the disease to height ; or, in other words, the taller a
man is, no matter what his age may be, the more likely is he to have chronic rheu-
matism, while diseases of the eye are common to, and prevail to about the same extent
among, men of all heights.

But, as opposed to tliis explanation, it has been shown in the comments on chronic
rheumatism that men, at least native Americans, increase in stature even up to forty
years of age, and that the older men — that is, of those under consideration — were, as a
class, the taller men. Now, if this reasoning be admitted as satisfactorily accounting-
for the increase of chronic rheumatism with increase of height, how shall we account
for the absence of such increase of diseases of the eye 1

It would appear that the increased prevalence of a disease among men of advanced
age must occur in the manner following: A young man growing older, (and conse-

78 THE CHARTS — ^DISEASES OF THE EAR.

quently taller, if we: admit the correlation of age and height,) if he have an incurable,
or, what amounts to the same thing, an uncured, disease, carries it, so to speak, with
him from one age to another, and, entering a new class, (by age,) he is joined by
others who, while in the preceding class or age were free from the disease, have now
contracted it. So through the different periods of age ; the men attacked when young
would, in a series of observations covering a life-time, count each time, and have their
numbers swelled by those more lately attacked.

With curable diseases, however, the case is different ; for a man who in a preceding
class or period of age was affected by a certain curable disease, may be free from it
upon entering a succeeding one ; and, although new cases will be constantly occurring,
they will simply take the place of the cured ones, and not be added, as in the case of
incurable diseases. Tliis explanation may satisfactorily account for an increased
number of cases of incurable diseases found among the older men, and, allowing the
relation of age to height, for the increase with increase of height, also for the con-
stancy or very slight variation of the ratio for both age and height, as regards curable
diseases. But again, in favor of what has been termed the apparent explanation, we
find that certain diseases, noticeably diseases of the eye and of the ear, were found in
greatly-increased ratio among the older men, while the taller men were not more, and
in some instances were even less, affected than the shorter ones.

In certain diseases, which, from their nature, result in an impeding of growth or
the lessening of stature, this condition would be a natural consequence, because a
man affected by such would be recorded among men of a less stature than he would
have attained to had he been free from disease ; but diseases of the eye or of the ear,
it is believed, have no such tendency. We can also readily account for the constancy —
that is, a want of increase in the ratio as regards age in certain incurable diseases — by
the fact that the older a man becomes the more likely is he to have two (or even more,)
diseases at the same time, and to be rejected on account of the one Avhich is gravest in
its character, or is most apparent. For instance, a man having amaurosis, and also
inguinal hernia, would undoubtedly be rejected on account of the hernia, because of
the ease with which it would be discovered, although the amaurosis would be not less
a cause for rejection.

The liability to error which attends the hasty formation of opinions, or the found-
ing of theories upon isolated facts, unaccompanied by other testimony concun-ent or
conflicting, is thus demonstrated. The "balance of evidence" seems, however, to
indicate that, although there may be a correlation of height and susceptibility, or pre-
disposition to certain diseases, the very marked apparent relation is merely coincident
with the real correlation of age and height.

CHART IX.

DISEASES OP THE EAR.

The general features of this and the preceding chart are so nearly the same that
the remarks upon the latter answer for both. Viewed, however, in relation to each
other, it may lie remarked thai the prevalence of diseases of the ear among the married

THE CHARTS — VARIOUS DISEASES. 79

was relatively greater, though actually only about one-third as great ; and that the
increase of these diseases, accompanying an increase of age, was relatively greater than
that of diseases of the eye. As to height, however, we find about the sanae fluctuation
in the ratios. A comparison of the two charts with regard to the division " Nativity,"
while it brings out no absolutely conclusive results, will be found to be interesting, and
to furnish subjects for thought and study.

CHART X.

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

This chart illustrates so well, or rather departs so little from, the general rules set
forth in the introductory remarks on the subject of the charts, that it requires no special
comment to make its indications interesting or intelligible.

CHART XI.

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND ITS MEMBRANES.

In this chart will be noticed a remarkable deviation from the rule regarding an
increase of disease with an increase of age. The diminution in the ratio rejected.among
men over thirty-five years of irge is probably mainly ascribable to the two diametri-
cally opposite tendencies of the different forms of the disease. As coming under this
head— diseases of the heart and its membranes— only two forms, and those very com-
prehensive, were recorded, namely, "Acute disease of heart," and "Chronic disease of
. heart." We may reasonably suppose that a large share of the former were merely
functional derangements, while many of the latter were undoubtedly organic diseases-
Owing to the tendency of simple functional derangements to right themselves, or better,
perhaps, to disappear, from the effects of a change in the habits and surroundings of a
man as he grows older, and to the tendency of actual organic diseases to reach their
climax, and culminate in death at a comparatively early age, we should naturally look
for this diminution as regards the older men. Notwithstanding this falling-off in the
ratio as regards age, its increase Avith increase of height is continuous and wonderfully
regular. This fact, it must be admitted, points strongly to a correlation of heart-dis-
eases and height jjer se.

CHART XII.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

The vaiious diseases composing this class, taken as a whole, show a strict con-
formity to the general tendency of other diseases, embodied in what have been termed
general rules, and the chart will undoubtedly l)e intelligible, and no less interesting,
without special comments.

CHART XIII.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The very high ratio of rejection on account of this class of diseases will be noticed ;
but, as hernia is included, the fact is not so remarkable. Tlie regularity of their increase

80

THE CHARTS HERNIA.

with increase of age is marked ; and their increase with increase of height, though less
in degree as well as regularity, is noticeable. The division " Nativity " has interesting
features, notable among which is the fact that the Indians of the United States were
alone exempt from this most prevalent class of maladies.

CHART XIV.

HERNIA.

Statistics of hernia have always been a favorite study among surgeons — especially
military surgeons — and we find them wonderfully complete in the medical records of
all civilized nations. The chart numl^ered XIV, which shows the relation of hernia to
certain conditions which distinguish Class I, is submitted without extended comments ;
but Chart XL, which shows its relation to localit}^, is more fully considered. It will
be seen that the indications are in accord with the general rules, except as regards
height, in which respect there is a marked similarity to the indications of Charts VIII
and IX. The mean ratio of rejection shown by this chart, which includes volunteers
and substitutes, should not be taken as an indication of the physical aptitude of the
nation, because many men, who by reason of hernia had been kept out of the army
until after large bounties were offered, were tempted thereby to offer themselves ; but
the figures of Chart XL, on hernia, give the ratio rejected among drafted men, and
should, for purposes of comparison, be used in judging of the prevalence of hernia in
this country as compared with others. It is, however, very difficult to form well-
grounded conclusions from the naked results, as so many circumstances must be given
due weight as modifiers. The relative prevalence of the different kinds or forms of
hernia is given in the following tabular statement, condensed from Table 19, which gives
(as regards hernia,) the result of the examination of 334,321 "recruits, substitutes,
drafted and enrolled men, of various nativities :"

Disease.

Number
rejected.

Ratio
rejected.

Hernia, kind not specified . ..........

651

317

328

8,598

5, 420

1,166

277

110

34

1.947

0.948
0.981
25.718
16. 212
3.488
0.829
0.329
0. 102

Hernia, unibiliciil . . ... ...'.... .

Hernia, ventral . ......

Hernia, rit^lit in^'uiual ........

Hernia, left in'^'uinal . ...

Hernia, double inf^uinal

Hernia, ri<^bt femoral . ....

Hernia, double femoral .. . ........

Total for hernia of all kinds

17,290

50. 554

From this statement it apjoears that inguinal hernia was the cause of about eighty-
t\\o per centum of all rejections on account of hernia, and that the cases of right inguinal
hernia exceeded in number all the rest. Other tables confirm, in a most conclusive
manner, this latter indication, to wit : That inguinal hernia of the right side is fixr more
jirevalent than that of the left. The cases of umbilical and of ventral hernia wei-e
about erpial, but inconsiderable in number as compared with right inguinal.

THE CHARTS — VARIOUS DISEASES. . 81

CHART XV.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

It may be proper to state, more particularly for the benefit of non-professional '
readers, that neither syphilis nor gonorrhoea are included in this class of diseases. The
excessive ratio of rejection among married men is of course a concomitant of the rapid
increase with increase of age. As usual, the ratio increases with increase of height,
except in the case of the tallest men, who, in this class of diseases, as in many others,
seem to have been less affected than those a little shorter in stature.

CHART XVI.

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM.

We find in this class of diseases, as in syphilis, that the single men were more
affected than the married. This is owing, doubtless, to the fact that gonorrhcea is
included in this class. The maximum prevalence, as to age, is reached at "20 and
iinder 25 ;'' from which point or period, olthough the diseases other than gonorrhoea
increase, the decrease in gonorrhoea more than compensates for such increase ; so that, as
a class, they diminish in prevalence, except as regards the oldest men, who would seem,
by reason of the usual infii-mities which have a pronounced beginning- at about forty-
five, to be very susceptible to urinary difficulties. In view of the remarks already
made on the apparent relation of height to disease, the increase of this class with increase
of height seems inexplicable, and is deserving- of careful study, as it points to an
obscure relation.

CHART XVII.

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION.

In the main, tliis chart tends to confirm the general rules ; but a notable exception,
one that seems entirely at variance with the assumption that the younger men are the
shorter, will be observed. While those under twenty years of age show, by far, the
smallest ratio of rejection, those under sixty-one inches in height were found to be more
affected than any others. A perfectly satisflxctory explanation, however, of this apparent
contradiction is found in the fact that these diseases, from their very nature, tend to
shorten the stature. Men who, with certain other diseases, would attain the average
height, would, by these diseases, have their growth retarded, or even suffer a reduction
in their height by the shortening of one or both of the lower extremities. It will be
observed, however, that from sixty-three inches upward, the increase is continuous as
it is with age.

CHART XVIII.

DISEASES OF THE CELLULAR TISSUE.

Only obesity and abscess are included in this class ; and the ratios are so small as
to render the results of the examination of small numbers of men questionable. To this
11

82 THE CHARTS VAKTOUS DISEASES.

fact is probably owing the smallness of the ratios for men of certain heights ; as regards
age, however, the number examined in each division thereof was sufficiently large to
furnish trustworthy results. The indications of the nativity division of the chart are
of interest ; but where the numbers examined were very small, the ratios are perhaps
unduly magnified or diminished, as they undoubtedly would be, by the presence or

absence of a single case.

CHART XIX.

DISEASES OF THE CUTANEOUS SYSTEM;

The conformity of this class of diseases to the general rules laid down is marked,
and, as the ratio rejected was comparatively large, the indications are trustworthy, and
those of the nativity division are interesting.

CHAET XX.

CONDITIONS NOT NECESSARILY ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE.

The remarkable excess in prevalence of this class of conditions among the single,
the youngest and the oldest men, is owing to the fact that " Under-age," " Under-size,"
and " Over-age " were necessarily included among other conditions, on account of which
men were rejected, and wdiich could not be classed as diseases proper. Of course,
" Under-size " was the cause of numerous rejections ; and the result is seen, in the
division "Height," among the shorter men; also, in the division "Nativity," among
the native Americans, many of the youth of the country who presented themselves
being rejected for this cause as well as for " Under-age."

CHART XXI.

LOCAL INJURIES.

This chart is interesting when studied in connection with the " Calculus of prob-
abilities." It being the result of actual observation, its facts give a reliable ground-
work for such calculus. As might be expected, the older men were found more affected,
but not in a regularly increasing ratio ; and the condition of height enters into the ^con-
sideration, because the minimum of rejection was not furnished by either the tallest or
the shortest men. It may, however, be suggested that, as the effect of many injuries
is to lessen the stature, the shortest men, as a class, would of necessity furnish an undue
ratio. The veryregular increase of local injuries with increase of height beyond sixty-
five inches is noticeable.

CHART XXII.

DISEASE.

This chart exhibits the ratios of rejection on account of all causes, and is submitted
without special comment, other than that it covers such as " Under-age," etc. The next
chart, however, in the preparation of which " Conditions not necessarily associated with
disease " have been carefully excluded, will, as regards disease proper, be of greater
interest.

THE CnARTS DISEASE OONDTTrON'S. 83

CHART XXin.

DISEASE.

(Exclusive of" Conditions not necessarily associated with disease")

The reason for excluding that class of conditions on account of which men were
found unfit for military service, but which cannot properly be considered as diseases,
is apparent. Chart XXIII, then, covers all causes of rejection which properly come
under the head of "Disease;" and its indications, proceeding as they do from such a
large number of observations, and including, all diseases, should, it would seem, be
looked upon as giving with truth the relation really existing between disease and the
various conditions of complexion, age, height, etc.

Beginning with " Social condition," we find that the married men were more dis-
eased than the single, that is, a larger ratio was rejected ; but, as has been explained,
the married men were, as a rule, the older men ; and another division of the chart shows
that disease increases with age rapidly, and with remarkable regularity. It will be
noticed that, in regard to complexion, the "light" wei'e more affected than the " dark ;"
and this, as has been stated, is the rule. Men of the height " Gl and under 63 inches"
were found to be healthier than any others ; but those of the next division, " 63 and
under 65 inches," may be considered as almost equally so. This is largely, and perhaps
wholly, owing to the fact that they were, as a class, the younger men. The ratio of
rejection among those " undei- 61 inches" is unduly large, because many men who
were naturaUy of greater stature were, by reason of local injuries, etc., thrown, so to
speak, into this division. The division "No.tivity" will commend itself to careful
consideration.

CHART XXIV. .

CONDITIONS IN THEIR RELATION TO DISEASE.

This chart, or rather table, is condensed from a number of the foregoing, and is
intended to show by numerals the i-elative position which each subdivision of each head
occupies in its relation to each disease or class of diseases. The larger numbei-s denote
the lesser prevalence of disease ; or, to simplify the matter, the larger numbers may be
considered as denoting greater health. A little careful study will enable the reader to
gather many interesting facts, which are shown more in detail in the foregoing charts,
and still more fully in Tables 16, 17, IS, and 19.

As an example of the use of the table, let us take the two perpendicular columns
headed respectively "Conditions not necessarily associated with disease" and "All
diseases except ' conditions not necessarily,' etc." In the first of these, opposite " Mar-
ried," we find the figure 2, and opposite "Single" the figure 1. These indicate that
the married men were less affected by these " conditions," or were healthier, so far as they
are concerned. Under the head of age, we find the numbers running 1, 4, 6, /"), 3, 2,
which denotes that those under twenty years furnished the largest ratio of rejection, and
of course the smallest ratio of accepted men. In the divisions of heiglit and nativity,

84 'I hi: chai:t£ — class ]i_ — occiirATiON.

the same rule holds good — the larger figures denoting the more healthy height or
nativity.

The second of the two coluuuis chosen for illustration shows the relation of these
five conditions of life to disease proper as a whole, and is of far greater interest. It is
simply a summary of Chart XXIII placed in juxtaposition with other tabular sum-
maries for comparison. It shows by the numerals : — that the single men were healthier
than the married ; that the men of dark were healthier than those of light complexion ;
that the youngest men, exclusive of those under suitable age or deformed, were health-
iest ; and that disease increased steadily with increase of age. The same is true in
i-egard to height, except that those under sixty-one inches, as a class, w^ere not as healthy
as those two and four inches taller. Of all nativities, the Indians of the United States
were found most healthy, they being affected l)y but few of the diseases common among
civilized men ; and it may be proper to note here that the only diseases on account of
which any of them were rejected are syphilis, scrofula, diseases of the eye, and chronic
disease of the bones.

It wnll be noticed that Mexico furnished a greater ratio of rejection than, any other
country, followed next in order by Germany, Poland, Holland, Spain, Hungary, France,
etc. As regards nativity, it will be observed that in all the charts the order of aiTange-
ment is in accordance with the greater or less prevalence .of the disease — the position
of each nativity in the list being determined by the ratio rejected — and the figures or
numerals of this table indicate the luimerical position of each nativity under each disease
or class of diseases. Sometliing remarkable is the close grouping and mean position of
the natives of English-speaking countries. In the list of twenty-four nativities, the
mean falls, of course, between 12 and 13, and we find England represented by the
number 12, and the United States (whites) by 13. Departing from the mean on either
side, we find Wales as number 11, and Scotland as number 14, while Ireland is num-
ber 10. Thus these five nativities are represented by the consecutive numbers 10, 11,
12, 13, and 11. It may be supposed that a greater number of men of these nativities
were examined, and that therefore they would naturally show a mean ratio of rejection,
because when the nmnber examined is small, the rejection of but a single man may
vary the ratio very much ; but the number of Germans examined was greater than the
number of Irishmen, the luimber of colored men exceeded the number of Enalishmen,
the British Americans' were in excessof the Scotchmen; and the Frenchmen, Norwegians,
Swiss, and Swedes, in each case outnumbered the Welchmen.

Further study of this table will reveal many interesting features of the preceding
charts.

CHARTS OF CLASS II.

(XXV TO XXXIV, INCLUSIVE.)

The charts of Class II, which are intended to show the relation of diseases to
occupation, so completely explain themselves that only a few general remarks, touching
the divisidiis adopted and some unexpected indications, are necessary. The division of
all. occupations into four groups or classes is of course a somewhat difficult matter,

' ^lll^ liiitisli AiEicrioaiis won', iio:irly all of them, C iiiiKliaii-Fi'riicliinrii.

THE CHARTS OCCUPATION. b5

necessitating, in some instances, an arbitrary assignment of an occupation to its class ;
but it is belived that the classification here adopted, however imperfect, is preferable to
nono, in that it allows of a comparison of, so to speak, the different planes in the scale
of social position. Among those occupations termed sUUed will be found " mechanics,"
while in the same class appear many of the mechanical trades specified as such. This
is owing to the fact that a few of the examining surgeons, in giving the occupation of
the men examined, did not specify the exact trade, but reported all men of mechanical
trades merely as mechanics ; but it was thought desirable to go by the record, and to
keep the sum-total.

The chart of this class on " Disease," (Chart XXXIV,) which includes all causes
of rejection, shows a steady and regular increase of disease as we ascend the so-called
social scale from the unskilled laborer, whose muscular system is his reliance, through
the ranks of the skilled artisans and the dealers in merchandise, to the professional man,
whose brain is exercised almost to the exclusion of muscular action. But to guard
against hasty conclusions from the bare facts presented, it sJiould be constantly borne
in mind that diseases may, in many instances, have been contracted in, or developed
by, occupations other than those which the men were fouiul following at the time of
their examination. The very large ratio of Avatchmen rejected might lead to the con-
clusion that their occupation is a very unhealtliful one ; but it is iinquestionably the
fact tliat the greater number of watchmen were men who had become diseased or injured
in other occupations, and resorted to this as the least laborious. So in the consideration
of phthisis pulmonalis, it should be remembered that the disease \\v<\.y have been devel-
oped under very different circumstances from those surrounding the man at the time
of examination ; and it is not strange that the professions, and many of the skilled
occupations, since they do not require very great phj^sical exei'tion, should show a large
ratio of consumptives, A\'ho have been either compelled to a change of occupation, or,
being the weakly offspring of phthisical parents, have, of necessity, sought light employ-
ments. These remarks apply with equal force to many other diseases, and lead to the
conclusion that the mercantile and skilled occupations, and the professions, are not,
perhaps, in reality the hot-beds of disease they are generally supposed to be, but rather
the asylums for men already . affected or predisposed to disease. Many of the unskilled
occupations demand a degree of physical health and vigor not possessed by many
whose social position would naturally force them to follow such occupations, and, as a
consequence, they are compelled to endeavor, at least, to perform other labor requiring
less physical and a little more mental activity. On this account, then, it is far from logical
to conclude that the unskilled occupations are more healthful than the others, because
it requires no demonstration to show that their ranks must be recruited by men already
healthy. To the man of (what is called) perfect jjhysical healtli, whose ancestors
always labored with their hands, to the exclusion of their brains, there can be little
doubt but that a life of toil is more healthful than one of confinement and brain-labor ;
but, whih' in such cases the unskilled occupations might be regarded as most healthful,
there can be as little doubt that they would be destructive to the life of very many,
•who, b}' following a trade or profession, husband their vital energy, and thereby pro-
long their existence

gg TUK CllAirr.S OCCUIAIION.

Some of the indications as to tlie healtbfulness of certain occupations are contra-
dictory of generally-accepted views. As an instance, the occupations of tobacconist
and of liquor-dealer may be cited. While it is generally supposed that the use of
tobacco and spirituous liquors is detrimental to the healthy action of the digestive and
nervous systems, the charts on the diseases of those systems show that men dealing in
the commodities named A^ere more healthy than the dealers in other merchandise ; in
fact, wei-e healthier than the average for all occupations. A dealer in tobacco or spir-
ituous liquor is not necessarily a smoker or a tippler, but, to "be able to judge of the
quality of his wares, one must at least be a taster; and the probabilities are that very
few indeed of the venders of these articles confine themselves to mere tasting. It is
equally probable that manv' m.en become drunkards as liquor-dealers, and, being inca-
pable of conducting a business profitably, are found in some other occupation. Thus
many cases of nervous diseases would be lost sight of, (in their true relation ;) Init the
same woidd not be true of diseases of the digestive system, nor could this ^supposition
of incapacitation be applietl to tobacconists. The diseases from which each suffered
were not the same. Liquor-dealers, more than any others of the mercantile class, were
found affected by chronic rheumatism and diseases of the cii'culatory system; and, on
account of disease as a whole, the i-atio of rejection among them exceeded the mean.
Tobacconists, on the other hand, were found least affected by all the before-mentioned
diseases, but most affected l)v svphilis. The apparent immunity enjoyed by liquor-
dealers from paralysis and disorders of the intellect, of tobacconists from chronic rheu-
matism and diseases of the circulatory system, and of both from diseases of the diges-
tive" system and excessive obesity, furnishes an interesting subject for discussion. It
must, however, be borne in mind that only such cases as warranted rejection are taken
into account.

The particular diseases by which men following certain occupations were found
affected, when compared with other diseases affecting those following certain other occu-
pations, furnish another interesting subject for consideration. All the instances are too
nimaerous to particularize, but the following will serve to introduce the subject. Law-
yers are shown to be more subject to chronic rheumatism, diseases of the nervous sys-
tem, (as a whole,) disorders of the intellect, and obesity -than the men of any other
profession, and to suffer more than the average from phthisis pulmonalis, paralysis, dis-
eases of the digestive system, and disease as a whole. Editors are shown to be, most
of all, sul)ject to phthisis pulmonalis, diseases of the circulatory system, and disease as
a whole, and more than the average subject to diseases of the digestive system ; while
they enjoy nearly or quite entire immunity from cl^'onic rheumatism, syphilis, diseases
of the nervous system, paralysis, disorders of the intellect, and obesity. A point
involved in the consideration of phthisis pulmonalis may also be stated. It is the com-
j)aratively low ratio of musicians rejected on account of that disease. Students rank
next to musicians ; but as the occupation presupposes youth or early manhood, the indi-
cation, as regards the effect of an occupation, is of no value, for in young men phthisis
is usually undeveloped Leaving students out of the question, then, the chart shows
a remorkal)le falling-off in the ratio from the other professions to rnusicians ; and this
freedom from the dise;ise may be accounted for by either of two hypotheses, which

THIC CHARTS CLASS III LOCALITY. 87

respectively represent cause and effect. The first is a supposition that, as the majority
of musicians play upon wind-instruments, either habitually or frequently, the action of
the lungs imder pressure prevents the establishment of phthisis : (1) by developing- the
pectoral muscles ; (2) by keeping- in action and open to the air all the air-cells ; and
(3) by g■i^'ing tone, so to speak, to the lung'-tissue. . The second hypothesis is the con-
verse of the first, and is that only such men as possess sound lungs by inheritance are
ever capable of attaining sufficient excellence as performers to become professional
Hiusicians. This reasoning does not, nor is it intended to, apply ^o other than musi-
cians who play upon ■wind-instruments ; but as such largely predominate among musi-
cians, an effect, as described in the first supposition, upon them, woidd be an effect
upon the ratio rejected from among all. In the absence of statistics upon the i)omt,
it is impossible to say whether or not the musicians rejected were mainly of those who
play upon other than wind-instruments. The spirometer has shown that army-buglers
have great capacity of lungs ; but the same difficulty again arises as to wdiether the
effect of using the lungs under pressure and resistance is promotive of, not capacity, but
healthy action.

So through all the charts various and almost numberless questions present them-
selves, and they will doubtless be discussed by others more capable than the compiler
of this report.

CHARTS OF CLASS III.

(XXXV TO LVIII, INCLUSIVE.)

These charts are intended to show, by States, the relation of Locality to Disease.
Table 22, from which they are derived, gives in detail, though in a less concise man-
ner, each particular disease on account of wdiich drafted men were found inifit for
military service, as well as the ratio rejected in each congressional or enrollment dis-
trict

It is evident that a thorough and complete discussion of the subject involves a no
less thorough and complete consideration of the varied circumstances of climate and
the geological characteristics of each State — in short, a minute statement of the physical
geography of the whole territory in which examinations were made ; but as this
report must, from its very nature, be confined as closely as practicable to the statistical
matter in hand, no extended discussion, however interesting it might prove, will be
attempted.

As is the case generally with the charts, the facts are so plainly indicated that it
would seem superfluous to call attention to them ; but a few may be pointed out, and
some modifying- circumstances mentioned. As will be seen, the names of the States
are arranged in the different charts with reference to the magnitiule of the ratio of re-
jection ; that of the State in wliich it was greatest being placed first in the list, and the
position of the others determined by the magnitude of their respective ratios.

Phthisis puhnonalis, on account of its general prevalence and great importance,
is presented in Chart XXXVII, with additional divisions of the territorial area em-
braced in the States from which the statistics are drawn ; and the following table of the
average altitude of the different States, kindly funiislierl by Dr. J. i\r. Toner, ex-presi-

88

TllK CHARTS LOCALITY.

dent of the American Medical Association, will materially aid the reader in studying
the relation between disease and locality ; that is, the effect upon the human organism,
of its physical " environment."

Table showing mean altitude of the different States from which the statistical matter of the charts of

Class III was drawn.

States.

Mitiiiesota

West Virginia ..

Iowa

Wiscousiu

New York

Missouri

Mifbigan

Peiiiisvlvania ..

Oliio ."

Iiuliaua.

New Hanipsbire

5 S >

100

o.-o

ilOU
850
800
800
800
7,')0
700
075
025

States.

Illinois

Vcnuont

Keutiicky

Massacliusetts

Maine

Maryland

Connecticut

New Jersey

Rliodc Island

District of Columbia
Delaware

*0 c3 ©

f525

(iOO
000
400
:575

a75

300
200
125
115
100

In explanation of the divisions adopted in the chart on phthisis puhnoualis, it is
proper to state that West Virginia is inchided in the Western States, and that the other
divisions were determined by considering the several States that belonged, a part in
one and a part in another division, (as for example Pennsylvania,) merely as groups
of congressional or enrollment districts, which could, with considerable exactness, be
assigned each its proper place, as East of Range, On Range, West of Range, Seashore,
Inland, etc.

The greater prevalence of pulmonary consumption in the Eastern States, whether
it be referable to climate, geological formation, occupation, emigration, immigration,
altitude, nutrition, or miasmatic influences, is clearly indicated, and the indication is
sustained by concurrent testimony.

The subject of hernia, which is particularly of interest to the surgeon, is shown in
its relation to locality in Chart XL. As in the other charts of this class, the 501,002
men, on the examination of whom these locality-statistics are based, were all drafted
men ; that is, were taken by lot from among all whose names appeared upon the
enrollment-lists, and therefore they may be supposed to fairly represent the masses.
The ratio of rejection on account of hernia, in the several States, as will be seen, varied
to a remarkable extent ; and hei-e again, as in phthisis pulmonalis, a most exhaustive
treatment of the various circumstances of surroundings, as also of inheritance, would
be necessary in order to deduce a satisfactory theory of the causes, immediate and
remote, of hernia. As coming within the province of this repoiit, one disturbing element
may be pointed out: When, during the progress of the late civil war, a "call" was
made l)y the President for more men to recruit the armies in the field, the proportion,
or ((uota, that was erpiitably due from each district was dependent upon, and deter-
mined by, the number of men enrolled ii"i such district relatively to the total number
(enrolled in all tlic districts. It was, liowever, allowable for l)oards of enrollment to
strike from the lists the names of men who were manifestly incapacitated for military

THE CHARTS LOCALITY — HERNIA.

89

service. The existence of a hernia is so easily proved that, no doubt, in many dis-
trict:^ where the eifect of reducing- the number of names on the enrolhnent-hsts was
fully understood, the local authorities, or even interested private individuals, caused
the names of enrolled men who were manifestly disabled, especially by reason of her-
nia, to be stricken from the lists, which, being thus reduced as to numbers, would war-
rant the assignment of a smaller quota of the men called for, to be drafted in such
districts. This will, to a certain but indeterminate degree, account for the great dif-
ference of the ratio of rejection on account of hernia in the different States. A state-
ment of the relative prevalence of the dift'ei-ent kinds of hernia will be found in the
comments on Chart XIV.

As shown in this chart, the millesimal ratio rejected from the 501,002 drafted
men — which is, of course, the mean ratio for all the States — was 31.631. This is so
nearly the same as that in the case of the conscripts of all France for three years, and
of the department of the Seine for a period of eleven years — which was, for the former
31.200, and for the latter 31.5^00 — that it is Avorthy of notice. Mr. Henry Marshall, in his
work " On the Enlisting-, Discharging, and Pensioning of Soldiers, etc.," in commenting
upon these ratios of rejection in France, says: "The similarity of the statistical results
on this subject among the conscripts of all France for three years and among the
conscripts of tlie department of the Seine for the period of eleven years is very remark-
able." Mr. Marshall gives the ratio of i-ejection on account of hernia among the
recruits enlisted in the Dublin district, the North British district, and in the German
Legion ; showing for the tirst a ratio of liJ.OOO, for the second 7.100, and for the third
9.C00. But these tigures are of no consequence in a discussion of the physical apti-
tude of a nation for military service ; for, as has been pointed out in the introduction
to the tables, in time of peace, or at any other time when no great inducements to
enlistment in the form of bounties are offered, men with hernia will not present them-
selves. During the War of the Rebellion, however, such large bounties were offered
that multitudes of men, tempted thereby, presented themselves as volunteers or as
substitutes, with the hope that they might be able to conceal a hernia or other defect
until after the bounty should have been paid to them. Owing to this, the ratio of rejec-
tion among volunteers and substitutes, as may readily be believed, actually exceeded
tliat among drafted men. The table given by Mr. Marshall is here copied, and to it
are added the results obtained from the records of this office.

station, etc.

Dublin district

Nortli British district

German Legion

Franco

Department of the Seine

United States, (volunteers, etc.)
United Stales, (drjiited men) . . .

J

12

a

•A

9

> .

ZJ

2 ^

-=■=

a S

a 5

^.H

2-2

■c a

C3

2.2

"3

s.

t4 ♦^

a>

o

P^

H

14,013

27}

59,111

(i

9, a.'is

2, :{75

Vi

40, m-i

■J

1-26, 6G9

46, (i69

11

26, OSS

11, 14S

2

501,068

162, H20

2

501,002

141,688

CO =5

4J ZL

1, 184

69

:i65

3,948

834

S-2, 285

15, 847

o o .

•lag
rt o oj

'18 9

19. 000
7.100
9. 000
31. 200
31.900
44.475
31.C31

I

90

THK CHARTS — LOCALITY.

The remarkable similarity of the results in France and the United States among
conscripts, (drafted men,) and the no less singular dissimilarity as regards volunteers,
are the salient features of the table ; and they are explicable only by the similarity
and dissimilarity of the circumstances attending the conscription on the one hand and
the recruitment by voluntary enlistments on the other.

Charts XLII and XLIII, on diseases of the eye and the ear, respectivelj^, though
they require no special explanation, will be found interesting.

Diseases of the respiratory system, as shown by Chart XLIV, were found most in
States bordering extensi-v^ely uj^on the ocean or the great lakes, except, as regards New
Jersey and possibly Minnesota. This, however, may be merely coincident and not
prove a correlation; but it is nevertheless suggestive.

The most prolific cause of rejection — " Diseases of the digestive system" — is
treated of in Chart XLV. It must, however, be remembered that in this class are
included other than those diseases commonly so called, namely, diseases and injuries
of the jaw, loss of teeth, loss of tongue, cleft palate, salivary fistula, hernia, and
diseases of the rectum and anus. Exclusive of these, and solely on account of acute
and chronic diseases of the stomach, the liver, and the spleen, the ratios rejected in the
several States were as follows :

Ratio of r^ection on account of diseases of the stomach, the liver, and the spleen.

States.

Maine

Massachusetts ..

Michigan

New Hampshire

New York

RUortc Island . .

Connecticut

Pennsylvania - .

Vermont

Wisconsin

Delaware

I"

6.982
4.041
4.023
3.196
2. 772
L964
1.724
1.464
1.384
1.3G7
.943

States.

Maryland

District of Columbia

New Jersey

West Virginia

Kentucky

Missouri

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Iowa

Minnesota

C3 .

.354
.144

.000
.000

.oco

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

Chart XLVI treats of the diseases of the circuhitoiy system. This class of diseases,
unlike the preceding one, is made up solely of tliosc which are indicated by tlie
designation, namely, acute disease of the heart, chronic disease of the heart, aneurism,
and 'varicose veins. The proportion of each varies in the different States:', as will be
seen by reference to Table 22. The ratio of rejections for all the States is made up as
follows :

Acute disease of heart .597

Chronic disease of heart 8 .627

Aneurism .190

Varicose veins 8 .273

Total. 17-r;87

THE CHARTS LOCALITY. 91

A careful comparison of the above ratios in relation to those of the different States,
as well as the relative ratio of rejection in each on account of each disease, will be
found to be interesting. The relation of diseases of the urinar}^ and generative systems
to locality is shown in Charts XLVIII and XLIX. For the benefit of the non-pro-
fussional reader, it may be stated that neither syphilis nor gonorrhoea are included ; the
former being classed among " Grenei'al diseases," and the latter being no cause for
exemption.

Of the diseases of the cellular tissue, the only one found among ch-afted men
which would exempt was obesity ; and this, as shown by Chart L, was met with mostl}^
among the men drafted in the Eastern and Middle States.

Diseases of the cutaneous system, consisting of cutaneous contractions, diseases of
the skin, and ulcers, are shown by Chart LI, in contrast with obesity, to have been
met with anion"- drafted men in the Western States to a ffreater extent; although
Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, and the District of Columbia stand fifth, sixth,
seventh, and eighth respectively in the list of twenty -two. This last could be accounted
for by the general belief that colored men are particularly susceptible, or at least sub-
ject, to these diseases, but a reference to Chart XIX will show that such belief h
without foundation, for, while they are to a small extent more aifected by them than
American-born white men, they are very much less affected than a majority of the
foreign-born citizens. The contrast in the positions occupied by Illinois, Missouri,
Minnesota, and Indiana in the two charts is noticeable.

Chart LVI shows the ratio of rejection in the several States for all causes on
account of which drafted men were exempted ; but, as many rejections Avere on account
of conditions not necessarily associated with disease. Chart LVII, from which are
excluded the rejections on account of these -" conditions," and which treats of disease
proper, has been prepared. While the former may be said to more truly show the
military aptitude of the nation and of each individual State, and hence to be of more
political value, the latter has more of interest for the anthropologist and the medical
profession generally. In the belief that these charts, especially when reference is had
to Tables 21 and 22, will be entirely intelligible, they are submitted without remarks,
which could only call attention, perhaps invidiously, to that which is already apparent.
In a general way, however, it may be stated that throughout all the charts of Class III,
West Virginia and New Jersey will be found, to have furnished the minimum of
unhealthy men ; and that the District of Columbia is shown to be, though in a less
marked degree, an exceptionally healthful locality. The Middle States, except New
Jersey and Delaware, and all the Elastern States, with the addition of Missouri and
Minnesota, show ratios of rejection above the mean, — Maine and Massachusetts heading
the list.

Chart LVIII may perhaps more properly be considered a table. It is intended
to be an epitomized general summary of the preceding charts of Class III, and to show
the relative prevalence of the different classes of diseases in the several States, by
representing the degree of prevalence by the numerals that in each chart pi-ecede the
names of the States ; or, in other words, the numerical position of each State in each
chart, is i-epresented by the designating muneral placed in the angle, or rather the square

92 THE CHARTS LOCALITY CLASS }V.

under thename of each disease, and to the right hand of the name of each State. The
scale of diseases shows that the class which caused the greatest number of rejections
was diseases of the digestive system, (numbered 1 ;) the fewest being caused by diseases
of the cellular tissue, (numbered 14.) Between these extremes the otlier classes of
diseases are numbered upon the same principle. As an example of the use of this chart
or table, let us see how the State of New York stood, relatively to the other States,
in regard to rejections on account of diseases of the circulatory system. In the column
allotted to this class of diseases, and on a line with the name of the State, we find the
figure 5, which indicates that in Chart XLVI, where the list of States is arransred in
the order of the greater or less prevalence of these diseases. New York stands fifth —
four of the States showing a greater ratio of rejection, and seventeen a less. Following
up and down this column, we can ascertain what States had more, or less, of these diseases
than New York, because any number smaller than 5 will be opposite the name of a
State more affected, and all numbers larger than f^ will denote the contrary. At the
foot of this same column, and opposite " Scale of Diseases," we find the figure 9, which,
as before explained, shows, in a scale of 1 to 14, the prevalence of the disease relatively
to other diseases. A little study of this chart will enable the reader to obtain with little
trouble many facts of much interest.

Class IV consists of only two charts, and they do not illustrate disease, but the
relations of nativity and age to height, (Chart LIX,) and to girth of chest, (Chart LX.)
As the subjects of height and girth of chest have been fully discussed in the pre-
ceding part of this volume, comment upon these charts becomes unnecessary ;' but the
attention of the reader is particularly directed to them as of very great interest etlmo-
logically considered.

In conclusion, it may be said that not only those charts which have been specially
commented upon, but also all the others showing the relation of various diseases to the
various circumstances of life, abound in suggestive indications, which, being presented
in such a manner as to be understood at a glance, will, it is to be hoped, lead to dis-
cussions that .shall eventuate in the advancement of knowledge upon the subjects of
causation and cure of maladies that now bafiSe all our skill. Should they, however,
cast no immediate positive light upon the problems, they may nevertheless serve to over-
throw false theories that now block the way to advancement, and thus, in an indirect
and a negative manner, lead to good results.

' See ante, pp. 14-50.

T PI E MAPS

Following the charts will be found eleven maps, ten of which show, by gradation
of color or varying intensity of tint, approximately, the prevalence of certain diseases
throughout that part of the United States wherein the draft was enforced. The charts
of Class III cover the same territorial area subdivided into States only, while the maps
show each congressional or enrollment district.

The maps are designated as " Plate I," " Plate II," and so forth, and each has its
particular color-scale, whereby the approximate ratio of exemption may readily be
determined ; but, without the use of the scale, the prevalence of a disease in one district
or section, relatively to any other, is seen at a glance.

Plate I, (devoted entirely to the deiinition of the enrollment-districts as they
existed in 1863-'64,) in which each district bears its designating number, has an im-
portant connection, not only with the other plates, but with some of the tables of Vol.
II as well, especially Tables 21, 22, and 23. . It will also aid the reader materially
in understanding much of that portion of the work devoted to the final reports of the
surgeons of the boards of enrollment.

It was, of course, found impracticable to show upon so small a scale the bound-
aries of such districts as lie wholly within the hmits of cities ; but a remedy for this
defect will be found in the complete definition, of such districts, printed upon the map.
The subject of the relations existing between disease, or certain diseases, and what
may be comprehensively termed locality, has already been treated of in the comments
and remarks upon the charts of Class III, and need not be reverted to ; and, upon the
indications of these tinted maps, very little can be said to make them more hitelligible
to the reader. It may, however, be remarked that in their preparation one object was
kept steadily in view, namely, that of presenting an illustration which, as nearly as
possible, should be complete in itself, and not wholly unintelligible, except in con-
nection with the letter-press of the work — hence the various explanatory notes and the
concise statement contained in the title : Congressional Districts. Drafted Men.

For a statement of the exact ratios, (the plan of the maps admitting of approxima-
tions only,) the reader is referred to Table 22, (Vol. II.) The number of examinations
is the same in each case, namely, 501,002. ^^^

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P^RT III

REPORTS

OF

SURGEONS OF BOARDS OF ENROLLMENT,

J^NID OTHER DOCUM:EIsrTS.

157-158

T^BLE OF COI^TENTS

or

PAin 111.

Pas.-.

Pkeliminaky Remaiiks U)l

Reports of Examining StitGEONs :

Maiue 171

New Hampshire _ 1^0

Vermont 190

Massac li 11 setts IDli

Rbode Island 2i>4

Connect iciit 227

New York . 240

New Jersey 281

Pcciisylvania 29G

Maryland SUi

We^t Viij^inia " :i60

Kentucky 362

Missouri 387

Ohio ;i9(i

Indiana 424

Illinois 431

Iowa J " 452

Michigan 4Ci3

Wisconsin • 470

Minnesota 474

California '.;. 478

Kansas 499

Nevada 501

Roll of Examining Surgeons nos

Co.Mi>osrriON of Congressional Districts .' 507

Taiii.es for «)nverting inches and pounds into metric values 514

HisTonv of the Civil War in America, by the Comte de Paris 518

fiENERAL INDEX .' 523

159-160

\

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

In April, 1865, the war of the rebellion was bronghftoa close by the surrender of
the confederate armies to Generals Grant and Sherman. As a consequence, the further
services of the boards of enrollment became unnecessary. It seemed obvious to the
chief medical officeroftheProvost-Marshal-Generiil'sBureau that, before severing his offi-
cial relations with the surgeons who had so faithfully striven to fullill the purposes of
the enrollment-law, it would be of the highest importance to obtain from such expe-
rienced officers their deliberate judgment upon the fitness and sufficiency of its provisions.
These gentlemen were all men of standing and repute in their j^rofession, and had given
tlieir time and talents to an arduous and uncongenial work, from motives both of
patriotism and of professional zeal. In many instances, the busiest or most eminent prac-
titioners of a district consented to serve upon the enrollment-boards, though to the
detriment of their private fortunes, being determined that capable men should be fur-
nished to the Government in its need; and; with thatobject, they devoted their utmost skill,
and their personal knowledge of the inhabitants of their district, to the task.

In addition to the valuable experience tints acquired, it was seen that the familiarity
with the local causes of disease that was likely to be possessed by these gentlemeft
would enable them, to contribute important additions to medical geography.

Influenced by these views, a circular, of which the following is a copy, was sent to
every surgeon in the service of the Bureau :

War Department, Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau,

W asMngton, D. C, May I, ISOo.
Doctor: The Provost-Marshal-Geiieral directs that you caretully [irepaic and Ibiward to this
ofJice a writtea report, giving, as the result of your txperience, information upon the following sub-
jects :

1. Your experience in the examination of men for military service, and number examined, as
near as can be ascertained.

2. General geogra|)hical description of your district, with prevalent diseases, and causes con-
ducive thereto ; general character of its inhabitants, their modes of life, and occupations.

3. Eeasons why any particular diseases or disabilities have disqualified a greater ratio per
thousand froui military service.

4. Your views in reference to the different se(;tious of Paragraph 85,' Eevised Regulations Pro-
vost-Marshal General's Bureau, and wiiat (;hangcs you would recommend.

5. State, in minute detail, jour metliod of examining men.

G. The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy.
7. Mention the frauds most to be guardi'd against which are practiced by drafted and enrolled
men to escape, and by substitutes and recruits to enter, the service, and any other obstacles you

' Paragraph 85 euiimorated the diseases which were to exempt from service. It will be found, quoted in full, at lin .:<!
Ivii of the IntroilucDioii to this work.

21

162 REPORTS OF EXAMINING SURGEONS.

have bad to coiitciid with iu the discharge of your duties, and iiialie any suggestions as to the best
:netho<l of avoiding or overcoming these difficulties in lutiue.

S. What nationality presents the greatest i)hysical aptitude tor military service.

9. Your experieuce as to the pbjsical qualiticatious of the colored race for military service.
10. Your views as to the operation of the enrollment law as it now exists, with recommendations
and suggestions in reiVrence thereto.

The above queries are given as a general guide lor the preparation of your " Keport.'' It is not
supposed that they include o// points of interest and v.ilue to this Bureau, and you will incorporate
such other facts as yon may consider important, as it is intended to publish such portions of your
"Eeport" as may be of special interest or value. This subject being one of much impoitauce, the
"Report" should be carefully prepared, and forwprded as .soon as practicable.

If not completed at the date of the termination .>f your services as surgeon of board of enrollment,
please complete and lorward it as soon thereafter as convenient.
I am, doctor, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. H. BAXTER,

Surriion TJ. S Vohtnteers and Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel,
Chief Medical Officer of the Provost-ManihnlOeneraVs Bureau.

In response to this reqtiest, reports, in most instances both copious and conii)rehen-
sive, were received. The terms ofservice of many surgeons had expired when the circuhn-s
i-eached them; but, with a courteous and disinterested zeal wliich I take pkmisnre in thus
[jubhcly acknowledging, they, nevertheless, performed their parts in .the completion of
the medical records of the Bureau.

These reports supply a connected and generally graphic account of the physical
characteristics and the social and hygienic condition of the iidiabitants of the non-
rebellious States.' The physical description includes the geological forniat ion, mineral
resources, and meteorological phenomena of the locality, with, in some instances,
passably full particulars of its flora and fauna. The records of social economics por-
tray the prevailing occupations, comparative wealth, number of schools and churches,i
and other details of like import. Tn view of the rapidly changing condition of ourl
communities, these statistics may, perhaps, in some future day, prove of service to the
historian. The portions of the reports of most importance to the medical profession
are the accounts given of the prevailing diseases of each district, with the accompanying
explanations of their etiology. The topography of diseases receives fre(pient illustra-
tion, though necessarily to a limited extent, in local medical journals ; but the esjjecial
value of these reports lies in the tact that they furnish a comprehensive view of the
nosogeography of the whole belt of Northern States, taken simultaneously by competent
and trustworthy observers. As every congressional district was separately described
by a resident physician, it is clear yvhy the task, which to individuals would have been
unwieldy and almost impracticable from its extent, became facile of performance. It
is only Grovernment machinery that is capable of application for such general observa-
tions. In the event of a future war of such magnitude as to require the enactment of
a conscription-law, it cannot but prove of importance to find on record these details of
actual experience.

The C£uestion of the best mode of obtaining the recruit is one of unceasing interest
and concern to a powerful nation. The proposed re-organization of the French army,
which became inevitable after the Prussian victories, led to ver}- extended discussions,
not only in the French Chambers, in the scientific societies, and in the medical journals of

' Fi)i- a list of iho States and Teiritoiies iu whicli the ciirollmeut law was eufoicctl, see page 13 of tbis volume.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 163

that country, but also in the leading- reviews and newspa])ers of Europe. It is not a
matter of surprise that the Frencli autliorities ultimately adopted a coile whieh was
modeled closely after the Prussian system, the efficiency of which thev had so fatally
experienced. Many of the chauncs, however, which \v(n-e strouiily advocated by theii-
most distinguished military surgeons, were, after all, not adopted., Some of these
recommendations will l)e noticed in the comments which it is now proposed to make
ui)ou the conclusions put forth in the following- reports

In Europe, generally, the system of conscription liitlurto employed for the purpose
' of maintaining' the full nuudiers in their standing armies is now fast giving ])lace to a
general enrollment of the eutii-e arms-bearing population. Even in Gi-eat Britain,
where the mode of administering public business is slow to change, and where a strt)ng
prejudice exists against enforced military service, the opinion is fast gaining ground that
a conscription-law nnist before long be introduced. In the United States, during the
war of the rebellion, the example was set of enrolling the whole military population of
the loyal States Previous to the enactment of the law for this purpose, however, the
system of offering large bounties as an inducement to enlist had been introduced, and
became, in the opinion of many exi)erienced men, a source of injury to the cause it
was intended to benefit. The bounty offered by the General Govermnent resulted in
an expenditure of over three hundred millions of dollars ; to this must be added a
nearly equal sum expended by the State governments in their efforts to furnish their
<pu>tas of men.' It ajjpears, then, that the enormous sum of nearly s/.r hundred millions
of doVars was paid out as bounties to recruits.

' The following statement shows the amount paid by the ditfureut States ; it is, however, understated, as the
■ (■turns to the Provost-Marshal-General's Office were not completed when his final report was made.

Table of bounties, other than United Slates bounties, paid from the beginning to the end of the late war.

Maine $7, H;i7, (MS 97

New Hiimpshiro I),(i30,;u:i OU

Vermont 4,528,774 SH

MassaAusetts : •>-i,'M^,KM :iti ■

Rhode Island t"-ill, 7CS CO

Counecticnt 6, SS7, .').'j4 "^7

New York 86,029,-2as 1.^

New Jersey ■>:?, 868, iKili &i

Pennsylvania 4:!, 154,981) <)>

Delaware 1, i:i(!, 599 OG

Maryland 0,271,992 00

District of Columbia 134,010 00

West Virginia 804, 7:!7 00

Kentucky 092,577 00

Ohio 23, .5.57, :!73 00

Indiana 9,182,354 02

Illinois 17,290,205 30

Michigan .' ." 9,004,855 00

Wisconsin 5,855,350 19

Iowa 1,015,171 20

Minnesota 2,000,404 00

Missouri 1,282,148 .55

Kansas 57,407 OC

Total 285,941,030 09

Add to this the sum expended by the General Government . . i 300, 223 500 00

Total paid for bouuties, so far as returned 580, 104, 530 09

{Final report uf the Provusl-.Uarshal-General, pp. 213-223, 8vo, W.isliiiigtou, 1800.)

164 REPORTS OF EXAMINING SURGEONS.

Tlie large sums of money thus offered proved to be a premium to desertion. Facts
show this indubitably to have been the case. The Provost-Marshal-General says :
" In general, those States which gave the highest local bounties were marked by the
largest proportion of deserters.'" This officer gave it as his conclusion that, in the
event of another war, the enrollment-law (with some slight changes which he recom-
mands) would produce all the men needed, without bounties, either local or general.-
The frauds practiced by those known as bounty-jumpers, or men who deserted in order
to re-enlist and thereby obtain a second bounty, are almost incredible in their extent.
One man, who served out a sentence of four years' imprisonment in the Albany Peni-
tentiiyy for desertion, confessed to have "jumped the bounty" tlnrUj-hvo times P

An enrollment-law, if enacted at the outbreak of a war, would, for obvious reasons,
be much easier of enforcement tlian after a system of volunteering induced by bounties
had been established. In the late war, it was not until the supply of men became
manifestly inadequate, and the cause of the Government began in the minds of many
to appear of doubtful issue, that Congress determined to re-enforce the depleted armies
by compulsory drafting. It cannot be a matter of surprise that, under such circum-
stances, a measure, always in itself odious, should have inspired attempts at resistance.
That it- was, after all, so generally complied with is doubtless due to the law-abiding
disposition of the greater poiiion of the American people.

An important and desirable provision in any future law for enrolling tlie national
forces would be one requiring a re-examination, within a specified time, of certain
classes of drafted men who might have been exempted as unfit for military service.
Men found to be undei- the required height, or to be deficient in development of chest or
body, if at an age of uncompleted growth, are likely, in a majority of instances, to be
able to discharge their debt to the state, if a year, or perhaps two years, were
allowed to elapse before their re-examination.'' The same rule would appl}' to men
debilitated from recent illness, or who were the subjects of disease of which a cure
might reasonably be anticipated within a year. •

' Final rq>orl of the I'rovost-Manshal-General, p. 96.

s 1 bid., p. 87.

'/6id., p. 103. lu one remarkable instance, the device of a bounty-jurai)er recoiled upou himself with a fatal
result. The man's n.ime was John Freeborn. He had received a large bounty upou enlisting, and, while at Norfolk,
Va., planned a scheme for desertion. He directed his mistress, a Gi^rman woman named Linder, to procure a trunk
capable of containing him; in this receptacle, which, as her baggage, it was thought, would excite no suspicion, she
was to convey him to Chicago. A capacious trunk was accordingly procured. It measured about 2.") inches in depth,
10 inches in width, and 32 inches in length. Immediately beneatii one of the straps, a small orifice was drilled, into
which a pipe stem was iuserted. This was the only iirovisiou uiado for a supply of air. The soldier was proviiled with
a canteen of water, a piece of tobacco, and a towel in which to eject his tobaceu-juic . These preparations being made,
the trunk, under the woman's care, was carried to the Baltimore steamer. When opposite Fortress Monroe, a precon-
certed signal on her part was duly answered by the imprisoned man, showing that, so far, he was doing well. Upon
arriving at Baltimore, a hackney-carriage was summoued, and the woman soon had her extraordinary baggage depos-
ited in a room at the nearest hotel. Locking the door, she gave the well-known tap, to which, this time, there was no
response. Hastily unfastening the cover of the trunk, the result of their nefarious project was before her: the man
was dead — asphyxiated. The woman, overwhelmed with terror at the catastrophe, closed up the fatal trunk and had
it speedily conveyed to the railroad-depot. Upon arriving there, she desired the carman to get it checked for Chicago,
and, not daring to wait his return, she escaped Into the street, ami wandered, pur|)0seless, through the city during the
entire night. The next moruing, hearing that the contents of the trunk had been discovered, she surrendered herself to
the police. She was, of course, not charged with the man's death, which was clearly the result of his own act, but she
was tried by court-m;utial for aiding a soldier to desert. Ou the 6th of January, 1865, she was sentenced to pay u fine
rf five hundred dollars and to bo imprisoned for two years at hard labor.

< See avtc, p. 21, and note to page 37.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 165

It seems probable that a feature of the Swiss system might be introduced with
sio-nal advantage, if judiciously controlled, namely, the enlistment of a certain niunber
of ])art{(iUi/-disah1cd men for duty as clerks, assistants, military police, and laboi-ers in
the stati' departments, and as nurses and attendants in the hospitals. It is true that in
Switzerland the report of the otHcial inspector makes complaint that, in spite of the
law, able-bodied soldiers of the first class are still detailed in large luimbers for dut\-
in the commissary's and quartermaster's departments, and that the partially-disabled
men are not found to be of the service intended.' This result, however, seems to have
l)roceeded from injudicious management. Able-bodied men are indispensable when it
is required to handle the heavy packages issued by the commissary of subsistence,
the quartermaster, or the medical purveyor ; and, under the present system, soldiers
must be detailed or laborers be hired for such work The same necessity exists in
hospitals, where men sound in body can alone make competent nurses. But there
still remains a hirge class of occupations in the ditferent departments of the Army in
\\ Inch corporal strength is not tiie chief requisite. It is unquestionable, also, that
many men now rejected as untit for military service on account of certdin personal
defects would prove able-bodied and serviceable in the second class Among such
defects, now involving rejection, may be named the loss of an eye, certain affections
of the eye, hare-lip, loss of teeth, stammering, wry-neck, deformities of lower extremities,
loss of a thumb or of fingers, baldness, and some others, none of which preclude the sub-
jects of them from doing essential service in the departments indicated.

In the introductiou to tliis work a comparison was made of the instructions given
to recruiting-surgeons in the principal states of Eurojte with the regulations in force
in the United States. In the course of those remarks, occasion was taken to point
out the very frequent changes that had been made in regard to the important
quality of stature. The pride of rulers has been gratified in all ages by the selection
of soldiers of great height, martial figure, and uniform appearance ; but these costly
ornaments of the parade-ground are becoming obsolete in the organization of modern
armaments. Breech-loading guns may be effective in the hands of men of low stature ;
and, in all the essential qualities of the soldier, in courage, endurance of fatigue,
activity, intelligent care of himself, and freedom from undue liability to disease, the
preponderating advantages are with men not above the medium height.

When the law for enrolling the national forces of the United States was enacted
during the late war, no limitation of stature was prescribed Due circumspection
was exercised by the examining surgeons in regard to it, and the result ot that dispo-
sition of the matter was entirely satisfactory. It is much to be desired that
no restriction as to height should ever be announced as obligatory tvhen large numbers
of men are needed. The mean stature of men varies so decidedly under the influence
of race that the application of one uniform standard of the kind is certain to result in
the rejection of in;iny efficient and capable recruits, in France, for example, it has
Ijeen found that the largest number of exemptions for deficient stature occurred in the cen-
tral provinces, inhabited by descendants of the Gallo-Celts. In purity of race, these men
excel all other natives of French soil, and they are among the hardiest and best of her

' Vela- veybeniserungen und vrspariih^: im culgcnoaiiisclim wehrweem : bcricht an die laiidesrathliche crspaniiss-komnussiov,
voii J. Staempfli, uationalratb, ItJmo, Beru, 186G, p. 15. M. Staeinpfli is now (1875) president of tlio Swi.ss uatioiia
coiiucil.

166 REPORTS OF EXAMINING SURGEONS.

soldiers, l)ut tliey are characterized by a low mean stature.^ If a nunimnm limit of
stature is to be enjoined, it should be made to vary according as the mean stature of
different races is found to vary, otherwise the Government would defraud itself of the
military service due. The difficulty of establishing such varying standards, even when
tlie population is homogeneous, would be so great that it would be obviously wiser to
consult the interest of the state by expunging from the recruiting-code all limitations
of the kind. During the debates concerning the re-organization of the French army in
1.S72, and, indeed, long before that period, this abolition of a minimum limit was advo-
cated by Boudin,"'^ Broca,^ Arnould,* Lagneau,^ Chenn,^ and Larrey.^ Notwithstanding
the decided views advanced by these distinguished men, a limitation of stature was
inserted in the new law. It was slightly reduced from the preceding standard ; being
made 154 centimetres, or 60.631 inches, English.

Although the height of the intended recruit, the circumference of his chest, and
his physical development generally, are matters of proportion, and may be safely in-
trusted to the circumspection of the examining-surgeon, the case is altogether different
as regards the age at which he should be allowed to commence his military career-
All authorities are agreed as to the injui'ious consequences of enlisting men under
twenty years of age for service in the field. Humanity to the young soldier, economy
to the government, and justice to- the commanding general, are alike subserved by
rejecting partially-grown youths, if wanted for immediate service. By disease and
fatigue, such immature soldiers are, as Lord Raglan, writing from the Crimea, tersely
expressed it, "swept away like flies."* But if it be a question of training the young-
soldier for his duties by pi'eliminary drill and instruction in garrison, there are many
reasons why the age of eighteen years should be preferred. At tliat age, the character
is more easily molded to the virtues of obedience, cleanliness, temperance, and submis-
sion to disci[)line than later in life, when pernicious habits are more likely to have
been acquired." The fatigue produced by long marches, under a lieavy equipment,
which is so injurious to the young infantry-soldier, would not be incinred in garrison-
duty. There is no doubt, also, that the younger recruit is more likely to become a
good horseman ; early ti'ainifig being essential for that capacity."* Although this last

' Mem. (le I'.icad. imj>. de med., t. xxxis, p. 293, 1869.

' Bull, de I' Acad, de m6d., t. xxxii, p. 403, 186C.

»/6i(J., p. 551.

■* Gazette medicate de Paris, t. xxvii, p. 311, 1872.

^ Gazette hebdom. de med. ct de chii:, t. ix, pp. 19-21, 1872.

^Slatistiqiie medieo-eliiniyij. de la campagiic d' Italic en 18.59-GO, t. ii, p. 921.

' Bull, de r.lcml. de med., t. xxxii, p. 407, 18C6.

''Letter to the Diike of Newcastle. The dulce had advised the com iiKiQder-iu chief that a re-eiiforcement of 3,000
uew recruits was ready for shipment. Lord Raj;laii, in very positive terms, desirtd that they niii;ht not l)c sent, if they
xvereboijK, like precediiiy levies, as he wonkl rather be without tbem.

^ The Due d'Aumale recounts an incident which exeuiidifies the excellent behavior of young conscripts under sore
trial. During the severe winter of 1794-5, the army of the Rhine, consisting mostly of new levies, lay before Mayence,
and the men were reduced to the dii'est necessities, both for food and clothing. They stole bread, but bread only. When
seed-time came, they watched the peasants sowing by day, and at night they dug up the seed-wheat from the furnuvH
with their bayonets. Nothing else was taken. Lea institutions militaires de la Fro«ce, par M. le Due d'Aumali;, p. (IT,
Bruselles, 18G7. ,

'"•'The duties of dragoons, though constant, are very rarely severe ; the enii>loynient is continuous, but not dis-
tressing or enervating. As youths, they can be molded to their work, taught to ride, to groom, acquire i)OsitioD, and
hold themselves erect. Full-grown men do not usually make such good hor.semeu. I have obtained the verbal opinion
of many oUl cavalry-oHicers, and feol I am pronouncing the conviction of the majority when stating that commanding
ollicers of dragoons much prefer promising lads of eighteen joining their regiments than men exceeding twenty." lic-
viarks on the esaminatiiin of recruits, etc., by H. H. Massy, p. 13, London, 1854,

PRELIMINAHY REMAKKS. 1G7

consideration may seem to JippK- (iul\- to the cavalry-service, it is, in fact, of import-
ance to the iut'antr\- I'lso, inasnnich as tlie greater part of oni- troops are on duty in
Inihan territories, wliere the foot-sohliei- is nearly always ni(mute<l when sent on a
scouting-expedition.

There is a icmarkahle nnanimitv in the opinions expressed by the authors of the
following;- i-eports as to the adequacy and ecpiitableness of the rules prescribed in regard
to disal)ilities in that ))ortion of the instructions to examining'-surgeons known as
Paragraph <S5.' It has been already observed that the diseases warranting exemption
under the draft were fewer in nund)er and more stringently defined in degree than
those laid down for the general recruiting-service. Nevertheless, the surgeons of the
enrolhnent-boai'ds, almost without exception, were in favor of the table remaining
unchanged. One writer, whose report is characterized by unusual comprehensiveness
and perspicacity, advised that the genei'al classification should be preserved, but that
the blank forms ^Jio.uld provide for greater speeificness in the description of diseases.
This suo-o-estion was with a view to increase tlu^ value of the I'etnrns for statistical iiur-
])Oses, aside from the immediate object of the draft.' There is 710 question as to the
soundness of this view. In the event of an enrollment-law being again made neces-
sary, the surgeons should be instructed to furnish an exact description of all Ibrms oi
organic disease; and the locality in which the subject of it resided at the period of its
development should, at the same tinu', he re})orted. The facts as to vaccination anil
I'evaccination in the ease of every man examined, whether accepted or rejected, might
with advantage be recorded.

^lodern warfare has experienced so man}' changes, through the potent aid of sci-
entific invention, that it is no longer necessary to exclude men from the army for cer-
tain defects which formerl}- were held to be unavoidable causes of exemption. When
the old-fashioned cartridge was made use of, it was of importance that a soldier should
possess sound incisor teeth wherewith to tear the paper; and the loss of those teeth
afforded a, sufficient reason for the i-ejection of a recruit. Breech-loading guns and
metallic cartridges, which nee<l no "'biting," have abolished the neces.sity for the rigor-
ous observance of this regulation. It is true that defective teeth are supposed to dis-
qualif}' the soldier for his diet of hard biscuit ; and if all the teeth were either carious
or deficient, the objection would be well grounded. But the loss of the incisors, and
even of the canine teeth, should not exempt if the molars remain in good condition.
As a matter of fact, there are not many days in which the soldier is not su])plied -w ith
soft Ijread. This question becomes of very great importance from the excessive prev-
alence of defects of the teeth among the inhabitants of the United States. The rejec-
tions on account of loss of teeth among nati\e-born Americans, under the dift'erent
drafts, was at the rate of 31.82 in the thousand of the whole number of men examined.''
Hernia alone excelled it in importance as a cause of exemption. In England, the ratio
for the same disqualification was 11.78 in the thousand during the year 1869, and 10.50
during 1870.'' In France, during the nineteen years from 1831 to 1849, the ratio was

'Tills [laiii^rapU will bo foiiud iu full at page Ivii of the Intioiliictioa to this volume.

^ Repoi t of Dr. John L. Sullivan, sixth district of Massachusetts.

3 Table No. 17, p. 433, vol. ii.

* Army medical dejiartment report, for 1869, [>. i8 ; same, /ye 1S70, p. 41.

1()8 REPORTS OF EXAMINJNG SURGEONS.

7.85;' for a later period, Lagueau represents it as varying' from 1.24 to 19.17, with a
mean rate of ().84.~

There are certain defects or disorders which have hitherto kept their place on the
list of causes for exemption from the belief that they were likely to impede the soldier's
capacity for marching. Flat-feet, knock-knees, bow-legs, varicocele, and varicose
veins are the chief of these. In an important discussion in the Paris Academy of
Medicine, it was urged by Brocathat these defects should no longer be held as disqual-
ifying, since the necessity of long marches is well-nigh abolished by the use made of
railway transportation. He argued that in waifare of the present day there is such an
advantage obtained by the power of conveying troops rapidly, that the possession or even
construction of a railroad on the line of communication becomes a strategic necessity.^
Tliis is doubtless true of Europe, and it was realized to a great extent by our Govern-
ment, also, in the late war ; so that it became necessary to create a sub-bureau for the
direction and control of military railroads. But the main resource of our generals was
in the maiching capacity of their men ; and, for sach achievements as Sherman's
progress from Atlanta' to Savannah, no other dependence could have sufficed. There
seems to be no reason, however, why men with flat-feet, bow-legs, or similar defects,
should not be enlisted for the cavalry.

It has been also suggested that some affections of the sight which are now held to
be disqualifying need to be reconsidered in the preparation of a future code. Strabis-
mus and myopia have caused much debate ; the latter defect being very prevalent in
Europe.' The loss of the left eye, or of the sight of it, does not necessarily prevent
a man from being a good marksman. Larrey justly observes that in taking aim one
eye is always closed.^ The reports from examining-surgeons in California contain
decided opinions on this point, and urge the folly of e.'xluding one-eyed men, who, on
the frontiers, are often famous as marksmen. They state that a man who has lost the
right eye, even, soon acquires the habit of aiming with the other. It must be borne in
mind, however, that such men are certain to prove deficient in drill, as they cannot see
properly to preserve distance or to "dress up" in line.

Hare-lip,^ stammering, and baldness, are defects which do not preclude excellent
service. A man whose speech is indistinct from either of the first two causes cannot
certainly be sent on picket-duty, nor be trusted to act as sentry, but he may have every
other qualification of a good soldier.

' Essai de atalistique mSdicale-siir Ics principalcs causes d'exemption da service mililaire, par P. L. A. Devot, 4to, Paris,
1865.

^ Quelques remarqaes 4thnolo(jiques sur la riparlilion giographique de cerlaiiws infirinilis en France, M6in. do I'Acad. de
mdd., t. xsix, p. 305, 1870-71.

^ Bull, de I'Acad. de med., t. xxxii, p. 843.

<A French surgeon asserts that myopia is often dependent upon the kind of work performed, and tliat it sonielimes
rapidly lessens under the healtliier influences of army-life. Hence, he concludes, it is doing the short sighted man a,
service to seud him to the field. (De la myople aapoint de vue du service militaire, p4r Giuaiid-Teulo.n, Gazette hcbdom.
do m6d. et de chir., t. vii, p. 514, 1872.) This view is not sustained, however, by the more extensive researches of La-
gneau. Myopia, iu his opinion, is more dependent upon race than upon occupation, {op. cit., p. 302.) In the departments
of the Jura and Doubs, wherewatchmaking is the chief employment of the population, exemptions fur this defect are
remarkably low in rate, being only 304 and 154 iu the 100 000, respectively ; at the same time, it is worthy of note that
the ability to lead is general among this people, the rate of inability being, respectively, ouly 370 and 220. The general
ral(!, for the whole of Frauce, of inability to read is 2,300. {Carle sur lesjeanes gens sachant lire en 1800, Paris, 1807.)

^Discussion in the Paris Academy, already quoted. Broca took occasion to remind the academy that a very famous
deed of arms was the ^vork of a one-eyed mau — the defense of the bridge by Horatius Codes !

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. IGD

In the time of a nation's extreme need, some of the disquaUfications named should
not exempt the subjects of them from mihtary servi(;e ; but, certainly, foi- the standing-
army of to-day, (quantum mutatus !) which is scattered along- 12,000 miles of frontier,
there is no policy to be served in selecting any but the most physically perfect men.

Tiie opinions expressed in the reports as to the number of men who can be sub-
jected to a competent physical examination in the course of a working-day vary to a
consideralde extent. The smallest number reported is 25, and the largest 100. The
result must have depended greatly upon the a.ssistance rendered to the surgeon, and
upon the number of working-hours of daylight. If a succession of men, already
stripped, were sent in to the examining-room without loss of time, and an active clerk
recorded the facts from the dictation of the surgeon, it is fair to estimate that .00 men
could be properly examined in a day.

The frauds practiced by the drafted man in order to evade the service demanded
of him, and by the substitute or volunteer to obtain the coveted enlistment, are gj-aph-
ically described in many of these reports. The art of feigning oi- of concealing disease
was carried to a high degree of perfection under the tutelage of the bounty-broker.'
An especially nefarious deception, often practiced, was the substitution of an unsound
man for a sound one while the men were in transit from the place of enrollment to the
camp of rendezvous. Upon arrival at the latter, the result would be the dischai-ge of
the man and consequent discredit being- cast upon the surgeon who had examined
him.

The system of re-examining recruits at the camps of rendezvous led to much dis-
satisfaction and recrimination. As a rule, the examining-surgeon at the headquarters
of his district did his work with all possible care, and Was most likely to arrive at a just
conclusion in regard to a doubtful case, either from his knowledge of the man or from
his opportunity of consulting the neighbors as to his history. Notwithstanding this, the
su geon frequently had the mortification to find his decision reversed, and the man dis-
chai'ged by the board of examiners at the camp. A sinnlar complaint has been made
in France in regard to the councils of revision. Indeed, a distinguished military sur-
geon gravely recommends that the members of a council of revision should each be
compelled to carr)' a soldier's equipment for four or five days, that they might there-
after be able to decide questions from practical knowledge and nor, from mere theory.^
The eighth paragraph of the circular requested from the surgeon an opinion as to
which nativity furnished the most capable soldier. In one hundred selected reports,
the preference is expressed —

By Ih for Americans;

By 9 for Germans;

By 8 for Irishmen;

By 2 for Englishmen;

By 2 for Canadians;

By 1 for Scotchmen;

By 3 for colored men.

' This name was giveu to a clas.s ofnieu wlio made a biisiues.s of procuring .substitutes, finding uicii wberewith to
fill up a quota, or olaiUiug a conscripted man to obtain exemption on false ceitilicates or through feigned dihorders.
* Statiatiquc m^ico-chir. de la campagne d'ltalie en 1859-1860, par J. C. CiiENU, t. li, p. 904.

22

170 REPORTS Of EXAMINING SURGEONS.

In reply to the inquiiy as to the fitness of the negro for military service, a want of
opportunity for observation has g-enerally been alleged ; but, so far as the expei'ience
of the writers' extended, it is noticeable that they all seem to speak with admiration of
the physical proportions of the blacks who came before them.'

' Puun'hu-Bky states that the tendency in i.egio races is to exceed the mean in stature. {Memoire sur hs negres,
Mem. de hi Scic. d'anthrop., t. i, p. ;5]4.) The black troops iu th'' army of General Napier in the Abyssinian campaign,
and those sent from the West Indies to serve nmler Sir Garnet Wolseley iu his expedition .igainst Coomassie, were re,
markalde for their size and proportion. Dr. Schweinkukth, m his recent work, (Heart of Africa, 2 vols., Svo, London,
187'2,) records lUe mean stature of mauy tribes of Central Africa, which, iu most instances, attained to 67 inches.

REP0IIT8 OF SURGEONS OF BOARDS OF ENROLLMENT.

MAINP:— FIRST DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. 0. W. Thomas.

In answer to paragraj)!! No. 1, I would sa^' that the iiuniber of men examined iu my distiict
was about 7,550. I had also examined, before my connection with the Prosost Marslial's linicaii,
some hundreds for the volunteer and regular service. * » #

Tiiis district is bounded on the north by Androscoggin and Oxford (bounties; on the west by
Oxford County and the State of New Hampshire; on the east and south by the Athxntic Ocean.
The surface of the country is undulating, varied by hill and valley, forest and |)Iain. Its geological
formation consists chietiy of granite; mica abounds; also slate in the interior, and blue <!lay on the
seaboaril.

We have, in the winter, infiannnatory aft'ections of the throat and kings, and rheumatism ; in
the summer, bowel-complaint ; and, in the lall, a great deal of typhoid fever. But our most preva-
lent diseases are coiisnmi)ti()ii and rheumatic aflections, the result of those sudden llnctuations of
temperature for which our ''Down East" climate is so proverbial. Latterly, we have had consid-
erable diphtheria, and, subsequently to this, sporadic cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis, commonly
known by us as '• spotted fever." Both the latter ha\e been more j)revalent and fatal in the interior
than on the seaboard.

The general character of the inhabitants for intelligence, morals, and education is good, lu
the cities, we lind about the usual projjortion of prt)fessional, mechanic, and operative classes pre-
sented by Xew England cities generally ; in the rural districts, farmers, and a large proportion of
sea faring men. * # *

Tiie different sections of paragraph 85 have been the subject of much thought and discussion
with us in this otitice, more particularly during the first part of our service. With increasing
experience of its working, we have been better satistied of its general utility and fitness for the ends
for which it is inteniled ; and, with paragraphs 5 and 9, it leaves sufiicieiit margin to the judicnous
and careiiil physician under which to class most of the abnormal cases which do not come literally
under otlier sections. * * «

I would suggest, in section 29, to the sentence "Varicocele is not in itself disrpialilyiiig," tlu;
addition ot the words "unless excessive" or "aggravated," or something to that effect. I have
seen many instances where varicocele teas in itxcif disqualifying, there being no other delect; the
subjects having been [)atieuts of my own, and under my observation lor years. Now, 1 was obliged
to exempt those men, because I knew they were unlit for duty ; aii<l ii troubled lue at the time,
because, though anxious to conform as strictly as possible to the "letter of the law," I was obliged
to evade it; and yet, at the same time, I knew that I was doing right. * * »

The number ol men that can be examined i)er day with accuracy must vary considerably
according to the surgeon's experience, natural quickness of peix'ei)ti(in, tact, Judgment, &c. 1 found
that I could accurately examine daily a larger number of men toward the close of my service than
when I first began. On some days, a large proportion of those presenting would be above the
average in fitness, so that but little time was required for each man, and our nightly record would
foot up largely. If there were many cases of hernia, varicose veins, or such obvious dis(iualitica

172 surgeons' reports MAINE SECOND DISTRICT.

tioiis as were easily disposeil of, the uuiiiber would again be large. Upon the whole, I think fifty
men per day is as hirge a number as could be i)roper]y examined, as a general rule.

The frauds which enrolled and drafted men most frequently attempted to practice ui)on us were
not very complicated or strange. The most common deceptions were the afl'ectatiou of " kidney-
complaint," "heart-disease," "lung-troubles," "deafness," "rheumatism," &c. Fre(]nently, just
before examination, they would run violently, and then feign heart-disease. In all cases of assei ted
heart-disease, we made it a rule to make the subjects sit still for half an hour, and then they were
re examined. Sometimes an irritant had been rubbed on the anus, and exemption would be claimed
for haemorrhoids.

I do not know of any better protection against these attempts than extreme vigilance in exam-
ination: avoiding leading questions during the investigation of the case; carelul analysis of the
symptoms, noting the order of their recurrence; and observing the general condition of the system
at the time as compared with the patient's statements.

The greatest amount of direct lying was in regard to age and liability to fits. Among recruits
and substitutes, more were underage than over. A great many boys presented themselves, many
of whom were rejected at sight. In doubtful cases, they were sworu as to their age before a justice
of the peace, the penalty of taking a false oath being first explained lo them. This test caused a
great many to confess tiie falsehood, who had been stubborn in their assertions until then. The
same proved true in regard to liability to fits. One day, a mau presented himself as a sub.stitute,
who came very near outwitting us. He passed a satisfactory examination, and had a fine physique.
Still, I was strongly impressed with the idea that I had seen him before, and that I had then
rejected him. I questioned and re-questioned him, but he persisted in denying that lie had ever
been before me. Finally, I referred to my private book, in which I had been in the constant habit
of noting down the name of every man who was examined, and found that he was exempted from
the draft, months before, for heart-disease. I showed him the record, and he finally confessed that
he had suffered from this disease for years, and had, iu consequence, been obliged to give up work.
Ee had been taking digitalis for some days, and in this case it had entirely masked the symptoms.

I may refer most properly, perhaps, in this connection, to a trick which the substitute-brokers
attempted to play upon us in the earlier part of our service, when the men were not always mus-
tered in as soon as examined. After a man had been rejected, they would attempt to muster him
iu under the name of a sound man who had been accepted, changing the papers between our ofiice
and the marshal's. As a safeguard against this, as well as for other purposes, which will probably
be specified in the marshal's report, we adopted the plan of employing printed slips, containing the
personal description of the man, with a margin for remarks. * * *

The natioindity which presented the greatest iihysical aptitude for military service iu our dis-
trict was the American.

My experience'of the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service is not large,
as the number examined was small ; but, as a general thing, their physical qualifications were very
good. * * *

CHAS. W. THOMAS, M. D.,
Late Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District State of Maine.

Portland, Me., October 31, 1865.

MAINE— SECOND DISTRICT.
Uxtracts from report of Dr. Alex. Burbank.

The precise number of men examined cannot now be ascertained. It is a matter of regret that
a record of all examinations was not made ; but, until recently, it was thought unnecessary to make
a record of the examination of enrolled men, unless sufficient cause was found for striking their
names from the list. The importance of such a measure not having been appreciated, we are com-
pelled now to approximate, where we might have been accurate. There have been examined, how-

* * «

ever, by myself and assistants, in the neighborhood of 4,()()(» men.

The second district of Maine comprises four counties: Franklin, Androscoggin, Oxford, anil
Sagadahoc. Like other portions of New England, the country is somewhat hilly and broken, and
in some portions of the district it is even mountainous. The climate, like the country, is rugged

surgeons' reports MAINE SECOND DISTRICT. 173

and severe; consequently diseases of the pulmonary organs are among tbo most common, and
perhaps disciualily a greater number (or military and naval service than any other disability. This
is attributable, undoubtedly, to the intense cold of our protracted winters, together with the sudden
changes of weather during the spring and autumn months. As in other i)ortious of the country,
we have epidemic diseases, which come and go as their legitimate causes appear or disappear. For
instance, during the autumn months, when decaying vegetable maiter is exhaling its miasmatic
poison, fevers of various types sweep over the country, sometimes with feartal havoc ; but the cause
residing in the malarious atmosphere, when that is purified by the ai)proaching cold of winter the
disease disappears, and we enjoy a respite until change of season shall again bring change in the
vegetable world. Not so, however, with pulmouarj' disease. There seems to be a peculiar
hereditary tendency in the climate to incite, as there is in the people to take on, this disease. No
class of persons, no occupation, trade, or profession, enjoys any immunity from it; no age or sex
escai)es its dreaded visits, so that it may be classed as the prevailing disease of New England.

The general character of the people of this district, I apprehend, will compare favorably with
that of any other district in the State or in the country. They are sober, industrious, and frugal.
The district is principally agricultural, and consequently the mode of life and the occu[)ation of the
people will readily be understood. There are, however, manufacturing and commercial interests
existing to some extent; but the greater portion of our ]iopulation is engaged in agricultural pur-
suits. The mode of living, the occupation and habits of the people, would seem as well calculated
to promote health and secure long life as those of other people; nevertheless, it is comparatively a
rare thing to find a sound man, even in this community. As has been stated above, pulmonary
diseases are incident to the climate, and exhibit the largest ratio per thousand among disqualifying
causes. # # »

Surgeons of enrollment-boards should not, in my judgment, be required to examine more than
twenty five men per day. Many of the frauds i)racticed upon surgeons amid the hurry and excite-
ment of fifty or sixty examinations i)er day, would be exposed were half the number only admitted.
The frauds practiced by drafted and enrolled men to escape, and by substitutes and enlisted men
to enter the army, are numerous and varied. Perhaps the most common fraud is that of feigning
disability. Ordinarily, the surgeon would discover the imposition thus attempted to be practiced
ui)on him; but, when it is backed up ami fortified by certificates from respectable members of the
medical profession, the imposition is not suspected, and some, no doubt, have thus wrongfully
escaped. I have for the ])ast year excluded all documentary evidence in such cases, and have
endeavored to judge of the physical ability of the man from jn'isonal examination alone. The
kindly disposition of medical men, together with their fear of offending, forbids their withholding
certificates when requested to give them ; and it is difficult for the examiningsurgeou to override
these (certificates, many of them having been given under the sanctity of an oath. But it is more
to be feared, perhaps, that unfit men should insinuate themselves into the army than that fit ones
should escape it.

The tempting bounties offered and paid by Government to such as would voluntarily aid in
this noble work of defending and preserving it, have induced unprincipled and unscrupulous men
to resort to every scheme that offered a chance of success. The greatest difficulty, however, has
been experienced in the examination of substitutes. Enlisted men, as a general thing, are those
from among us with v.hose olijects as well as abilities we are acquainted. Not so with substitutes,
however; they are generally foreigners, worthless as soldiers, truthless as men, and sometimes a
curse to the world. # # ♦

So far as my experience and observation go, T am inclined to the belief that the colored race
leads off as to physical qualifications for the military service. They are generally of a straight,
soldier-like appearance; their habits of lile have been such as to inure them to exposure; and there
is less sensibility and refinement among them than we find in the white race, while there is just
animal enough about them to make good soldiers. * * »

Jn relation to the enrollment-law as it now exists, I have a word to say. It were impossible,
perhai)s, to frame a law to suit all ; but the present enrolbnent law, it seems to me, possesses all that
is needed, except in the matter of the substitute clause. The system of substituting, it seems to
me, is wrong in principle and mischievous in practice. 1 respectfully suggest whether it would not

174 surgeons' reports MAINR THIRD DISTRICT.

be better to amend the law so as to compel the drafted man to furnish a natice-born siib.slitutc, in-
stead of an alien, whom he may procure for a mere trifle, and " who to-day is and tomorrow is not."
The substitute-provision of the law, though intended for good, has yet been a source of great trou-
ble. It has led to a great deal of difficulty, and has i)roved to be productive of gigantic frauds,
both upon the Government and upon the people. There can be no wrong in compelling men to
furnish like persons to defend the Government under which they live. We all owe service to it. It
lias |)r()tectcil our property and our lives. If it is now in danger, every man owes it to himself; to
his country, and to his God, to defend it, even with his life; and, if but one-tenth part of the com-
munity is required to make the defense, those upon whom the lot falls should not complain. It is
a mistaken kmdnt^s to allow them to foist upon the Government, in the shape of a substitute, a
man of straw, or one whose sympathies, lilie his tongue, are foreign to our Government and our
cause. The examination (li this class of men, also, has added largely to the labors of the surgeon,
as they are many of them unacquainted with our language, and consequently have to be examined

through an interpreter. * * *

ALEXANDER BUEBANK,

Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of Maine.
Auburn, Me., June 2, 1865.

MAINE— THIRD DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dn. G. A. Wilbur.

The third district of Maine embraces the counties of Somerset, Kennebec, Lincoln, and a part
of Kiiox. It extends from Oan ida on the north to the Atlantic on the south, a distance of about
one hundred and ninety-six miles. From east to west, its greatest width is about forty-four miles;
its least width, about fifteen miles; and its average width, about thirty-one and a half miles. It lies
between 43° 3' and 47° north latitude, and occupies the valley of the Kennebec River, which has
its rise in Moose Head Lake, flows south some one hundred and twenty miles, and empties into the
Atlantic Ocean.

Fromthe Atlantic coast inland, for some ninety miles, it is thickly inhabited ; from this point
northwardly for forty-seven miles, it is sparsely settled; and about fifty-three miles of the northern
portion is uninhabited. The northern limits are monutaiu(jus, the sparsely-inhabited and a i)art of
the more thickly-settled portion are very hdly, the surface becoming more and more even as one
approaches the south.

The forests of the northern part of Somerset County furnish, during the winter months, em-
ployment for many of oar more enterprising citizens in cutting lumber, and, in the spring, in float-
ing it down the river to market. In these lumber-regions, the ground is covered with snow during
five or six months in each year.

The inhabitants of the seaboard towns are mostly engaged in ship-buildiug and maritime pur-
suits, especially in the Bank fisheries.

The middle portion of the district is ])leasantly diversified with hills, plains, streams, and small
lakes or ponds, and possesses manufacturing facilities scarcely rivaled by those of any section of
any country. It contains a fair proportion of farming-land, well adapted to growing the staple
products of the State, which are hay, oats, barley, beans, i)otatoes, and apples.

The inhabited portion of Sotuerset County contains one hundred and thirty-six small lakes,
varying in length from half a mile to eight and a half miles, and eighty-two hills of sufficient ele-
vation to entitle them to notice on our State maf).

Kennebei^ the middle county of this district, has fifty-one lakes, varying from half a mile to
eight miles in length, and thirteen hills, also delineated on our State map.

Lincoln County contains sixteen fresh-water lakes, from half a mile to five miles in length, and
one hill re[)resented on our State map.

That i).irt of Kii.)x County included in the third district has eight ponds, from half a mile to
three miles in length, and has one hill given on the maj). Although Lincoln and Knox Counties
have a smaller number of fresh-water lakes in proi»ortion to their area than either Somerset or
Kennebec Counties, yet the deficiency is more than compensated for by their numerous bays and
salt water rivers.

surgeons' reports — MAINE THIRD DISTRICT. 175

Farming is the principal occui)ati()n pursued in iliis district; tbe ratio of farmers cxannned in
this office beinjT nearly three to one of all other occupations. * * *

Our farmers are, for the most part, temperate in liabits, industrious in business, economical in
expenditures, and illiberal in their dealings with others. * * #

During the season of harvesting, the farmer, too economi< al in the emjiloyment of help, is apt
to overwork himself and his assistants in order to secure his crops in good condition. His scene oi'
labor being at a moderate distance from his dwelling, he seldom lakes with him an\ extra clothing:
and, after working himself into a proluse perspiratfon, he either sits himself down to rest in some
cool retreat or wends his weary way homeward. In either case, there is a sudden check given to
the cutaneous perspiration, and oveiaction and oppression of some internal organ is ai)t to ensue;
and singular indeed would it be if a succession of sucli indiscretions did not result in organic
lesion. As of all the internal organs those concerned in the circulation are the most overworked
during such violent exercise, it follows that the linigs, and especially tlie heart, are the most likely
to succumb. This, we believe, may, in part at least, acciount for the fact that a large proportion of
our disabilities are chronic diseases of internal organs. That diseases of internal or'gaus constitute
a large percentage of iniirmities among other and less laborious occupations may, in part, be
accounted for by the fact that, when a farmer contracts a disease which unfits him for the hardships
of farming, he often leaves it for a less laborious emi)loyment.

Of the fevers with which we have to contend, tyi)lioid is the most common, and is especially
prevalent in the latter part of summer and the early part of autumn. Pneumoiua is perhaps the
next ujost freriueut in occurrence of the sporadic fevers. Malarious fevers are not endemic here.
By malignant epidemics, we are seldom visited. The most severe one with which we have had
experience is dii)htheria, which raged in the year 18(J(», with various degrees of virulence, in almost
every part of Somerset County ; occasional cases continuing to occur up to the present time. I am
not aware that locality, temperature, or mode of life had much to do with the disease, as I observed
it in atmospheres wet or dry, hot or cold, in localities high or low, and among the well-fed and
cleanly as well as those of lower habits of life. At times, it would attack every member of a
family where it entered ; and, at others, it would prove fatal in one or more cases, leaving the other
members of the family intact. * * #

"Mental imbecility" is supposed to embrace all grades from the condition of owe non compos
mentis to that of the actual idiot. If, then, the unfortunate claimant make it appear that he is, in
strength of intellect, below the common level, is not his case covered by this section ? Should we
not, in such cases, require proof tliatthe man is incapable of obtaining a livelihood, or that he is not
allowed the right of suffrage nor required to pay a poll-tax ?

"Epilepsy." — If, by the expression "Who has attended him in this disease ?" we are to under-
stand "Who has attended him in an actual paroxysm!" the order bears rather heavily upon many
cases in this district. Many of these patients reside at such a distance from any physician that it
is impossible for one to arrive before the paroxysm shall have passed off; and, as the attacks occur
irregularly and without warning, it is imj)ossible to provide for the event. Then, again, as most
epileptics are thought incurable, they are not often subjects of medical treatment. Would it not,
therefore, be more equitable to admit the affidavit of a physician, stating that, from his knowledge
of the patient and from common and disinterested report, he verily believes the applicant is subject
to epilepsy ? Let him state, also, how frequent are the attacks and when the last occurred.

"Nearsightedness." — I am unable to see of what use to the army a man can be who is unable,
at the distance of a few feet or yards, to distinguish a man from a horse. Would it not be proper
to make some degree of myopia (;ause for exemption ? * * *

"Total loss of any two fingers of same hand." — It is believed that a man without the little and
ring fingers of the left hand (which exeti>pts) can better perform the duties of a soldier than he can
with the loss of the second phalanges of all the fingers of the left hand (which does not exempt;)
also, that the permanent contraction or extension of two fingers of the left hand is as nearly dis-
qualifying as is their loss. May it not, on tbe whole, be suggested that the permanent contraction
or extension or the total loss of the third and fourth fingers of the left hand does not disqualify f

"Loss of first and second phalanges of right hand." — Why should the possession of these
phalanges of the third and fourth fingers, or either of theai, on the right hand hold to service?

176 surgeons' reports MAINE THIRD DISTRICT.

The loss of the first and second phahxuges of the first and second fingers of the right hand does
not exempt, while their total loss does. It is thought that the presence of the tiiird plialanx of
either of these fingers is only an obstacle to the free nse of the next finger below. * * »

Under ordinary circninstances, a surgeon, with a good orderly and two clerks, can carefully
examine fifty men in a day, with an average lot of men, and good order in the room. * * *

Of the frauds practiced by drafted men to escape, the most common are feigned disease's or
infirmities, and mechanical injuries. Feigning or exaggerating deafness has been quite common in
this oiBce; but a surgeon of fair shrewdness can usually detect the fraud by observing the habits
of men who are decidedly deaf, and entrapping the impostor in his conversation. In this office, an
afiidavit is required to prove decided deafness before exempting for this infirmity.

In examining by pali)ation an internal organ claimed to be lame or tender, the examining-
surgeou should manage to keep the man's attention earnestly engaged upon some other organ or
subject, and in this way he will save all controversy, oftentimes by the absence of flinching when
the organ alleged to be affected is pressed upon. The surgeon is obliged to tnx his ingenuity con-
stantly to vary the means of detecting these frautls, as any one device will soon be learned by
drafted men outside. * * *

During the first year of my connection with this board, bribes were not unfrequently offered;
but within the last year I do not recollect that my official integrity has been approached by any
drafted man or recruit. I would here suggest in passing, as I am about to leave this post, that
official integrity in a surgeon is of very great consequence to the service ; for he is at times obliged
to withstand the clamors of whole communities.

One case of fraud occurred in this district, in which an eui'olled man presented him.seU', and
had his name stricken from the rolls for an obvious infirmity. Allowing a sufficient length of time
to elajise to insure success, he, for hire, came again under an assumed name, was examined, and
declared unfit, and thus had his neighbor's name stricken from the rolls. This trick he practiced
again for a second neighbor. The only way that suggests itself to me for avoiding such frauds is
the summarj' arrest and punishment of the offender when such cases come to light. » * *

The frauds most frequently practiced by enlisted men are concerning age. The aflidiivit of the
individual and certificates of liis friends are seldom reliable.

Iq these cases, the surgeon must judge, as best he can, of over-age by flabbiness of tlie flesh
and by general appearance, and of underage by faulty develojiment. For his own i)rotection, he
may take measurements; and, in this office, the girth of arm and leg have of late been recorded.

Men will sometimes, without flinching, bear deep pressure upon diseased internal organs, and
no means has been devised for detecting this species of fraud. * * *

No inaptitude for military service has been ob.served in this office as being peculiar to the colored
race, if the flat foot do not disqualify for long marches.

The surgeon of this board is strongly of the opinion that, of all the errors in our present
enrollment-law, none are fraught with more evil consequences to the service and to good morals
than is the system of paying large bounties. Indeed, the use of deception for the acquisitign of
bounties has become so nearly universal that the surgeon of this board has very little confidence,
indeed, in the veracity of enlisting-offlcers or of their enlisted men ; nor does lie trust much more
to their affidavits, further than that they furnish a basis upon which to fall back for protection. If
bounties are to be given at all, it is believed that they should be sufficiently large to induce good
and able-bodied men to leave lucrative employments; otherwise, they attract only the indolent and
unsound. Men should undoubtedly have greater inducements to enter the service by volunteer
enlistments than by draft, but it should be profl'ered in the increase of monthly pay, thereby check-
mating the game of running away with large bounties ; and, while large salaries are inducing men
to volunteer, the draft, with smaller salary, should be made to act as an urging force in the same
direction, and should also be held in reserve as a dernier ressort when the attraction of larger pay
and the dread of a draft shall have failed to fill a tiuota. * * #

On the whole, 1 find but very few objectionable features either in the enrollment-law or in the
manner in which it has been executed by my superior officers.

G. A. WILBUK,
Surgeon Third District of Maine.

Augusta, Me., May 20, 1865.

surgeons' reports MAINE FOURTH DISTRICT. 177

MAINE— FOURTH DISTRR'T.

E.vtroctsfrnm rrpnrt of Dll. S. A. Pattkn.

This (listiicr is coinposcd of tlie counties of Penobscot, Aroostook, and Piscatnqnis, nnd lias an
area of about 13,()5li sijuare miles. It forms all of tbe northern and more than half of the eastern
border of the State, and had, in ISOO, a jiopnlation of 110,1.' 10. In j^cneral terms, it may be said to
be hilly; and its surface is broken, especially in the northern part, into ridjj:es, detached eminences,
ami mountain-peaks. Several rivers, of no inconsiderable size, thread their winding way through
this territory toward the ocean ; and scores of lakes, among the largest of which are Moose Head,
Cliesnncook, and Apmogenegcmook, iiere s|)read out their waters.

The general character of the inhabitants is that of intelligent, moral, and industrious citizens.
The bJessinjis of the common-scliool and religious instruction reach, with few exceptions, the
remotest settlements, and lia\(^ made their impress n|)on the mi:idsand hcaits of the iieople. Largi?
numbers of the inhabitants of Aroostook County have come IVom other jiorlions of the State within
comparatively a few years, lured thither by repiesentations of thi^ richness of the soil and the
sjiperior advantages it allords for agricultural |)ursuits. Its population was nearly doubled between
the years l.SoO and lS(j(». Living iu tbe northern portion of this county, and in a district known as
jMadawasUa, there is a ])eoi)le of foreign origin, mostly French, ]ioor and illiterate, who, though
enjoying the |)rivileges of citizenship, have utterly failed to respond to the calls of the Governiuent
dui-ing the late rebellion.

The piincipal business of the people of this district is farming and lumbering. Scattered all
through the southern ami central portions of these counties are rich and highly cultivated farms,
and farther north are found wide-spread forests, where grow in abundance the pine, spruce, and tir,
inviting tbe energy and stimulating the enterprise of the Inmbernian. » * *

The prevalent diseases of this district are rhenniatisni, typhoid fever, ])iienmonia, consumjition,
and diphtheria. Rheumatism is so common that few of the inhabitants icach the middle period of
life w ithout suH'ering fiom it in some one of its various lorms. Its piincipal cause, cold and moisture
combined, is almost always jtreseiit, especially dniiiig the spring nuuiths, while the ice and snows
are melting and the northeast winds from the Atlantic are blow ing fog and chill over the laud.
The same condition of the atmosphere, cold and damimess, which contributes so much to the prev-
alence of rheuraatisni, is also aiuoiig the principal agencies in the induction of consnmptiou.

Diphtheria has made sad havoct in this locality during the last few yiars. Here, as elsewhere,
it has prevailed and been most fatal in remote country towns. Children have been the gresitest
sntlerers. Adults, however, have not always escaped. Among the drafted men whom I have
examined I have frequently found those who were suffering from some of the consequences of this
terrible scourge. The same cause, I doubt not, [iroduces this disease here as in other sections of
the country ; of which cause, I <>i)ine, very little is known, exce[)t that it originates in some obscure
miasmatic condition of the atmosphere, which deteriorates or poisons the circulating tluiils of the
body.

The diseases and infirmities for which drafted men are to be rejected, as enumerated iu para-
graph.8i3, Revised Regulations, I'rovost-Marshal-General's Bureau, are, in the main, 1 judge, ade-
(jiiate causes, and well stated. I would, however, respectfully suggest that section 20 be changed,
and wider scope given to the Judgment of the examining surgeon. Snpjiose the man being exam-
ined has not lost the particular teeth s[)ecitied in this section, but has lost most of those of the
ni)per jaw, including part of the incisors, and the remaining teeth are so defective as to be of little
use, should he not be exemiited? " Loss of a sufficient number of teeth to prevent proper inasti.
cation of food and tearing the cartridge" would, it seems to me, be a much better rule.

Tbe last part of secitiou 29 reads us follows, viz : " Varicocele is not in itself disqualifying." It is
not stated that complications must exist to make it so. It is, perhaps, proper to infer that atro])hy
of the corres[ion(liiig testicle is not meant, since this is present, I believe, in the great majority of
cases. This difficulty, when it is excessive, occasioning great tenderness of the parts and a painful
seu.se of weight and dragging, is, in my opinion, an adequate cause for exeiiqition." Would it not
occasion far more discoiulbrt than sarcocele, though it be confirme:!, if of moderate .size?

Under section oS is " loss of ungual p'.ialanx of the right thumb." Is this really disqualifying?
23

178 surgeons' reports MAINE FOURTH DISTRICT.

It would probably interfere somewhat with the ordinary use of this part of the hand ; but nature
ever anxious to leiiair injuries, does in these cases often make up to a considerable extent for the
loss sustained. The end of the shortened member can be applied to almost every part of the index-
finger; and, in those eases which have come under my observation, there existed the ability to pick
up ami bold small objects. » # *

My opinion is that not more than sixty men can be examined per day with accuracy; and to
do this will require a convenient arrangement of rooms and the utmost promptness on the part of
all in any way assisting. Up to the 1st day of May, 1SC5, 1 had examined, as surgeon of this board
of enrollment, 0,1)13 men.

I have had no experience worth mentioning as to the physical qualifications of the colored man
for military service. * » *

As the law has been, towns being allowed a limited time after the call in which to fill their
quotas with volunteers, enlisting usually goes on with increasing briskness as the day lor drafting
approaches. Among those presenting themselves are individuals who are really anxious to keep
out of the service. If they go at all, they jjiefer to go as recruits; but they mean to make such
representations to the examining-surgeon as will induce him to reject them. If, however, they are
accepted, they fully intend to get discharged at the general rendezvous, where, they nnilerstand,
all are re-examined before being sent to the front. But if, as they hope, they are rejected, they
turn homeward with light hearts, believing that now their exem[>tiou, in the event of being drafted,
is almost certain. They seem to forget that they were rejected more on their own statement.s than
from anything the surgeon saw; and that they came to enlist in bad faith, hoping to escape the
service by misrepresentation or gross fraud. These cases should be regarded as very different from
those in wliich, just previous to a draft, enrolled men comp forward in good faith, proposing to
enlist, and, after a careful examination, are rejected. Now, if, in a lew days or weeks, these men
are drafted, and, u|>on examiiiatiou, (their physical condition being the same,) they are accei)ted, can
it be thought straiig(! if they should feel that this is unjust? And yet this may happen, and in
entire consistency with the instructions furnished surgeons of boards of enrollment. That it has
been a source of embarrassment to them 1 have good reason to believe.

The liberal bounties offered those who would enlist in the service of the United States have
induced large numbers of individuals, physically disqualified and entirely destitute of honor and
patriotism, to offer themselves to the Government. Town-authorities, anxious to fill their quotas,
and spurred on by the enrolled men living in their respective sub-districts, are often, it is feared
indifferent as to the qualifications of the mau, who, if accepted, makes the number to be raised one
the less. Substitute-brokers, who, in some ^'^y, are paid for getting men into the army, are also
anxious to have every man whom they present "go through." It is, then, jjlainly to be seen
that boards of enrollment have often to encounter the combined influence of these different classes.

False representations as to the age of the recruit and substitute is a species of fraud which, to
my knowledge, is very frequently practiced. Boys fifteen and sixteen years of age, desiring to
enlist, have often presented themselves for examination, bringing the written consent of their
fathers or mothers, in which document it is certified that they are eighteen. In other cases, forged
certificates are presented, the whole being manufactured probably by the boy and substitute-broker ;
also, men who are fifty or sixty years old offer themselves for the service, bringmg sometimes certain
I)aperproofs that they come within the limits si)ecified by law, but whose apjiearance negatives
the evidence they offer. To require record-proof of age would tend to prevent imposition of this
kind.

To the question "What nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military,
servicef I do not feel prepared to give a very definite answer. My own opinion is, judging from
my limited knowledge and observation, that to the Irish and Scotch, especially the latter, belong
that hardihood and vigor of constitution which pre-eminently fit them, so far as the body is con»
cerned, for military duty.

The enrollment law, as it. now exists, is, in the main, wise and just, and, if properly enforced,
will accom))lish 'the object had in view in its enactment. * * #

isow, should there not also be some provision in this law for the punishment of the man who

SUROKONs' REPORTS MAINE FIFTH DISTRICT. 179

jnesonts liimself for ciilistiuerit, kiiowiaj;- that lie lias a disriaalityiiij,' iiiUniiity, say epilepsy, which,
as he calculates, will eiialile hitu to get his discharge very soon after seeming the large bounty?
The drafted man who gets exempted by fraud, this law recognizes as a di'serter, and liable to be
])unished as such ; and shall he who endeavors to do tiie Government a gieater wrong go uupnn-
i,heu 1 Even if he does not succeed, be intended to; and, if this can be done with impunity, others
in like circumstances, and perhaps worse, there being nothing to deter, will make the attempt and
be successful.

Tliere are other persons, who, although able-bodied, endeavor to get into the service solely for
the sake of the bounties, and then intend, by feigning sickness, to get out at the earliest practicable
moment. How many sin(!e the commencement of the late rebellion have played this game over
and over again ! Wiienever such cases come to be known — and now and then one will come to
IJMlit — ijustice demands that these offenders be severely punished. It should be clearly understood
that this species of fraud will receive, as it deserves, speedy retribution, and the penalty should be
of such a character as to make " bounty -juniijers" scarce in every community.

SUMNEll A. PATTEN,
Surgeon of Board of Enrollment Fourth District of Maine.

Bangok, Me., June G, 18Gj.

MAINE— EIFTE DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. A. J. Billings.

My experience in the examination of men with reference to their fitness for military service
dates back to the organization of the Nineteenth Regiment Maine Volunteers, in August, 1S(>2, of
which regiment I was appointed surgeon, and, as such, examine<l all the recruits presented for enlist-
ment therein ui) to and including the date of its organization. * * * I have ex-
amined altogether, as nearly as can now be ascertained, about .3,200 men.

The fifth congressional district of Maine comprises the three entire counties of Washington,
Hancock, and Waldo, and those, towns of Knox Ciuuty which lie along the shores of Penobscot
B;iy. It has an extent of sea coast, on an airline, of nearly one hundred aiul tifty nnles, or con-
siderably more than one half of the entire coast-line of the State, and is intersected by numerous^
inlets and bays, some of them of considerable extent. Along this coastline are scattered numerous
islands, some of them i;outaiuing two or three incorporated towns. On its eastern boundary, it has
a frontier line of nearly a hundretl miles in length. The northern aiul eastern portion of the dis-
trict, nearly one-third of its entire area, is still nearly in its primitive state of wilderness, with only
liere and there the camp of the lumberman or the solitary settler's logcabiu. The inhabitants
belong chiefly to the industrial classes. Farmers and seamen, in about eipial proportion, make up
con.siderably more than one-half of the entire population, while, perhaps, a tilth is about equally
divided between mechanics and lumbermen. Hence, it will at once be inferred, that they are a
hard-working, hard-faring peiii)le, frugal, honest, intelligent, and independent. Among a people
like this we should naturally expect to find the most prevalent diseases to be those of a constitu-
tional and hereditary character, and those superinduced by the local causes arising Ironi occu|)ation
and climate; and sucth proves to be the case. The most common diseases are tbund to be those of
a pulmonary nature, the hereditary tendency to which prevails throughout New England, and is
here aggravated by exposure to those climatic vicissitudes and changes to which the occupations
and modes of life render the inhabitants peculiarly exposed.

The greater ratio per thousand of those exempted has been for orgainc diseases of the internal
organs, chiefly the lungs; and, nextly, for dislocations and injuries to the limbs; the ratio in each
case being very nearly the same. For the first of these results I have already accounted above, and
the second can be explained in a similar iranner. So large a jwrtion of those examined being
engaged in various seafaring pursuits, or as mechanics or lumbermen, they necessarily expose
themselves to a variety of accidents productive of injuries and dislocations.

The workings of paragrai)li 8.1, Revised Rsgulatious, as far as my experience extends, have
generally been satisfactory, so much so that I do not deem it necessary to suggest any radical

180 surgeons' reports NEW HAMPSHIRE — FIRST DISTRICT.

changes. Tbe causes of exemption are sufficiently full and explicit, as it would now seem, tliougU
peiba[»s fuller and more extended exi)erieuce might suggest" some slight moditications. * * •

By a course of examination as thorough and complete as it should be made, one surgeon can
examine not more than thirty men per day. * * *

The frauds against which the examiuing-offlcer has to guard are as various as the4emperaments
and characters of the persons examined, and no set rules can be given to govern in such matters.
To guard successfully against these frauds, the otlicer should be thoroughly conversant with all
the twistings and turnings and idiosyncrasies of huinan nature, and be possessed of a practical
ability to turn his knowledge to account. * * *

My exi)erience hardly entitles jue to express an opinion as to what nationality is physically
best fitted for military service. The major part of those who have passed under my scrutiny are of
our own nationality, while those of others have been, perhaps, hardly fair samples of their class,
being substitutes, who would naturally be selected, bifore examination, as the best of their kind.
From such experience as I have had, and from comparison of that experience with all the statistics
upon the subject pertaining to other nations which 1 have been able to obtain, 1 incline to the opin-
ion that the American race at least equals, if it does not excel, any other in physical aptitude for
such service. # * *

My views in regard to the enrollment-law, as it now exists, are very favorable. In its direct
and indirect workings it seems well adapted to subserve the purposes for which it was framed.

A. J. BILLINGS,
Hunjeon Board of Enrollment Fifth JJistrict of Maine.

Belfast, Me., Jiaie 1, 18Go.

NEW HAMPSHIRE— FIRST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. F. Hall.

* * * I have been surgeon of the board of enrollment of the first district of New

Hampshire xluring the entire period of its existence — two years and one month. I myself have ex-
amined most of the men jjresented for physical examination at this ofBce, and have witnessed nearly
all the examinations made by my assistant. The whole number of drafted men, volunteers, and
substitutes so examined is about ten thousand. # # # jujjg ,iistrj^t embraces

the southern and eastern portions of the State, commencing upon the seaboard, and thence border-
ing on the State of Maine, running north about one hundred miles to near the base of the White
Mountains. It contains the counties of Rockingham, Strafford, Belknap, and Carroll. The south-
ern portion of the district is somewhat level ; the middle and northern portions are broken and
mountainous. It has nearly every variety of soil: the cold rock soil of the mountaintoi) and
slopes, the moist, warm rocky soil of the wide-spreading hill-sides, the rich, dark loam soil of the
bottom-lands upon the rivers, and the sandy soil ot the plains.

• The inhabitants of the district enjoy in a large degree the blessings of good water and pure
and salubrious air. They will compare favorably with those of any other locality in habits of
sobriety, temperance, industry, and morality. They are frugal in their modes of living and emi-
nently utilitarian in their labors. A large portion of them are laborers or cultivators of the soil.
The remaining portion are operatives in cotton or woolen mills and shoeinanufactories ; also,
laborers in almost every branch of the mechanical arts, with the usual relative proportion of the
ditierent professions. There is still another class quite too large, the gentlemanly and ungentle-'
manly " /ort/crs."

There is a great difference in the amount of sickness during the different months of the year.
The steady cold bracing air of January and February is usually attended with little sickness, while
with the warm and more changeable months of INIarch and April, with the daminiess occasioned
by the melting snow, there is frequent influenza, i)neumonia, inflammation of the throat, and acute
rheumatism. The months of May, June, and July are comparatively healthy, the most commoa
sickness being a mild form of bilious fever.

There is again more sickness in August and September, principally enteric or typhoid fever,
ty])lius fever, and dysentery. These mouths aiford more professional business to the practicing

surgeons' EEPOUTS NEW HAMPSHIRE FIRST DISTRICT. 181

physician Miaii any otliev two months of the year. Novemhcr and December are healthy months;
June and iSTovcniher attord the h'ast jn'oCcssional hnsiness.

The prevalent inflneTiza and intlammatory throiittionblea are the rosnlt ol' our cohl, damp,
east winds, iinpresnated to a greater or less degree with the salt from the ocean. Pneumonia
seems to depend (for its exciting cause at least) u[)ou the extreme vicissitudes of the temperature
of the atmospliere. If uric or lactic acid in excess in the system is the cause of rheumatism, it
would seem that Ihe damp, cold atmosphere of spring is at least an exciting cause and favorable
to its development.

* * * Many young men have been exempted for general debility who were

more or less afllictcd with scrofula. This, in my opinion, arises mainly from a low state of vitality,
caused by improper and meager diet, with insufficient clothing amonj;' the poorer classes, and by
im])roper continement from the air among the more wealthy. In my judgment, scrofula finds a
powerful agency for its production in the lilthy, damp air of low, marshy localities. It is my ex-
perience that the families who reside in such localities suffer most from this disease.

The fearfully prevalent habit of masturbation is a common cause of feeltleness in many young
men. Commenced at an early age, it debilitates aud deranges the nervous system, as manifested
by headache, palpitation, uight-sweats, listlessness, and a downcast eye.

The almost universal use of tobacco by young men of sedentary habits, and by those mechan-
ics and operatives who are closely contined to labor in heated apartments, (as are most of our shoe-
makers,) is productive of great injury to health, and was the sole discpialilyiug cause for military
duty in very many cases that came before me.

In my Judgmeut, the different sections under paragraph 85 of the Revised Regulatious have
been carefully and successfully prepared. I do not incline to recommend much change. I have
found but little embarrassment in determining whether a man should be held or exemi)ted under
them. In amendment of section 12, I would suggest the jiropriety of exem|)ting a man for loss of
the sight of either eye. lie must be constantly embarrassed and in danger of receiving injury,
having but one eye to light his path through the world, and he ought to be allowed the best pos-
sible chance of preserving that remaining organ.

I think the distinction drawn between defects of the right and left hand in section 3.3 is erro-
neous. I am unable to understand how a soldier can well handle a musket after he has met with
the entire loss of either thumb, or with permanent contraction or permanent extension of two
fingers of the same hand, either right or left. * * * * # *

A surgeon without assistance can, I think, examine tifty men daily with sufficient particularity.

I am sorry to say that drafted men have not generally had sufficient patriotism to deter them from
gross exaggeration of their real or supposed diseases. They come fortified with elaborate certifi-
cates from sympathizing friends, kind-hearted family physicians, stupid (piacrks, and the learned
homeopathist who has testified to the appalling infirmity of "paralysis of the scrotum." There
are only a few diseases or infirmities for which a certificate should be received, and these are
epilepsy, insanity, asthma, aud [)erhaps a few others. Most of the certificates offered are cal|;u-
lated to mislead the drafted man by an exaggeration of his difficulties; they ai^e of no benefit to
the surgeon, and are, consequently, worse than useless. But, notwithstanding the multitudinous
complaints preferred, a surgeon actuated l)y a ])atriotic desire faithfully to serve his Government,
aud by a conscientious concern to do full justice to the dratted man, always giving the man the
benefit of a strong doubt, will seldom find himself much embarrassed iu his efforts to make a
proper decision.

While drafted men seem anxious to make the most of their ailments, they seldom attempt a
direct fraud. The case is very different with those who offer themselves as volunteers, recruits, or
substitutes. No amount of deception is too great and no fraud too vile for them to attempt. Large
numbers of old men present themselves with their hair dyed, and with their whiskers aud mustache
either dyed or shaven off'. It is not ditiicuit to distinguish hair that has been colored ; if any doubt
exist, the hair u])on the body will settle the question. Many boys also, froni fourteen to twenty
years of age, have presented themselves for examination and enlistment. It is painful to witness
the moral turpitude they exhibit in the false representations they have been induce<l to make
respecting their ages aud places of residence. They have generally been summarily rejected. There

182 surgeons' reports — new Hampshire — second district.

seems to be bat little (laiip;er tliat the surgeon will he imposed upon by such false statements. Men
who have hernia become skillful in reducing and retaining it while being examined, but violent
coughing is likely to expose the deception, and, occasionally, jumping has brought down the tumor.
Attempts to conceal the blindness of an eye are often made, but testing the eyes sei)arate!y never
fiiils to detect the deceit.

It is difficult to distinguish any marked difference in the apparent physical aptitude of the
Irish, French, Scotch, American, and English for military service. I am inclined to regard the
Irish, French, and Scotch as having tjje most desirable height for a soldier, the largest vitality,
and consequently the greatest power of endurance. Tliey have sinewy limbs and close joints. Tlie
American is too tall, and has a flat chest. The Englishman is inclined to too great weighty and is
clumsy. The German inclines to too much fat, with loose, muscular fiber, consetiuently to vari-
cose veins and large abdominal rings ; he has also too large legs, with flat and deforined feet. But
few Italians have presented themselves ; they were of desirable stature, and excelled in symmetry.

My experience in tlie examination of colored men is limited. A few only have offered them-
selves, and most of those were of mixed blood. Of those presenting, the stature has been good, the
development of tbe chest and muscles large, but the feet were too flat. They appeared like strong
men, and I see no valid reason why they should not make efiicieut soldiers.

* * * I am not aware that I can make any suggestions, or recommend any

changes, which will add to the efticieucy of the enrollment-act. Tbe greatest difficulty in keeping
a correct enrollment is experienced iu ascertaining when young men become twenty years of age.
Whenever enrolled men are aliens, nonresidents, or have arrived at the age of forty-tive, the board
are pretty sure to be impressed with the fact; but when young men reach the age of twenty, both
themselves and their friends become mysteriously reticent upon the subject. # * *

JEREMIAU F. HALL,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of New Hampshire.

PoRTSMOUTn, N. H., Jtine 15, 1SC5.

NEW HAMPSniEE— SECOND DISTEIGT.
Extracts from report of Db. Eobt. B. Cakswell.

Tbe second congressional district of New Hampshire is composed of tbe counties of Hillsborough
and Merrimack.

The largest river running through it is the Merrimack, which is formed by the union of the
Pemigewassett and Winnipeseogee.

The whole district is well watered and wooded, abounding iu good farms and excellent pas-
turage. Except iu the valley bordering the Merrimack Itiver, where there is considerable iuter-
vale and some sandy i)laiu, it is very billy, rocky, and even mountainous. The western portion of
the district is nearly made up of the range of hills connecting Mouadnock iu Cheshire County with
Kearsarge iu Merrimack County. The distinguishing geographical characteristic of this district is
the large number of its lakes and hills.

The prevalent diseases of the district I shall arrange, in the order of their degree of prevalency :
tubercular phthisis; chronic rheumatism, and sciatica, (which may be classed with it;) rheuuuxtic
diathesis, or tendency to acute rheumatism. Tbe causes conducive to these diseases are iu part
climatic, but mostly dependent upon the habits and indulgences of the people, and may be divided
into four classes, viz: 1. Vicissitudes of climate ; 2. Impure air; 3. Personal uncleanliness; i. Igno-
rance of hygiene.

* * * The people are industrious, temperate, and frugal, being for the most part

small farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, aiul tradesaieu. They succeed, by hard labor, strict
economy, and teuiperate habits, iu obtaining a comfortable and honest liveliliood. * * *

Tbe reasons why hernia in its various forms, and loss of teeth are more prevalent among those
"liable to draft" than any other i)articular diseases or disabilities are not as apparent as could be
wished. There is no doubt as to the fact. When we get beyond the cbai)ter of accidents in account-
ing lor this, \v(! shall he constrained to resort to theory. If a i)eculiarity of physical organization

surgeons' REPOUTS NEW HAMPSHIRE SECOND DISTRICT. 183

renders a mau more liable to one disease or disal)ility than another, that disease or disaUility is
certainly hernia. There is no pathological roiidition of the system that has so j;reat a, tendency to
produce hernia as habitual constipation of the bowels, a condition altogether too freijueutly tol-
erated in conseiiuence of ignorance ot its present as well as ulterior pernicious effect upon the
system.

I have no recollection of ever having heard any ex|ihination of the reason why so many people
have poor teeth. It is a misfortune more strikingly manifested in (if indeed it is not peculiar to)
the American i)eople. I have a theory of my own, however, which is, that the teeth, as much as
any other part of the body, need a certain amount of exercise for the maintenance of a healthy
condition; failing of this, in consei]uence of tiie i)ernicious habit of swallowing the food witliont
thorough mastication, the teeth rot from inaction. Other causes, such as eimr in diet, or peihaps
injudicious medication, may, and probably do, have more or less influence in producing the diseased
condition. # * *

I should say that the thorough examination of fifty men would be a good fhiij's work ; but it
could be done, with due diligence and freedom from interru|)tion.

I have no hesitation in expressing my decided preference for the negro as possessing in a su-
perlative degree " the greatest i)Iiysical aptitude for military service." * * * *
A good ear for music and the power of imitation are the most important clemeuts upon which is
based a natural aptitude for military service. In the drill, they are iudisi)ensal)!e. The ear for
music in order to correctly appreciate the divisions of time; the power of imitation to aid in ex-
ecuting the various and difficult movements required in the mannal of arras. And there is no race
in the world more musical and imitative than the negro. What constitutes " the i)iiysical quali-
fication" of a man " for military service," is mainly muscular development and power of endurance ;
and here again I shall decide in favor of " the colored race."

I have been struck with admiration at the wonderful display of symmetry, blended with mus-
cular power, in many of these tawny sons of a common parentage. And can there be two oi)ini()ns
as to his power of endurance? Does not the infamous and cruel history of the race sufificiently
attest it? It has become his nature to obey. The necessity of this obedience forms the founda-
tion of all the little he was ever taught. It has been forced into him by the branding iron and
knotted lash of his inexorable teacher. Yes, the negro h;'s already learned "the first duty of a
soldier."

In this consideration, it is understood the opinion of the surgeon is to be predicated upon his
experience, and when I refer to the negro I speak of the class that have been presented to me for
examination ; albeit there were few who had not blood of " the first families " in them.

In section 3, (epilepsy,) it says, "Tlie fact vmst be est iblished by the duly-attested adUtlavit of
a physician in good standing, who has atteinled him in the disease within six months inunediately
preceding his examination by the board." It has been found that iu nine out of ten cases of epi-
leptic drafted men, there will have been no medical attendance whatever for years. And yet these
men are confirmed epileptics, and should be exempted.

Section 20. " Total loss oi all X\\q front teeth, the eye-teeth, nnA first molars, even if only of one
jaw." I am convinced that drafted men have been improperly exempted under this section. Many
soldiers, who have served three years with credit to themselves and benefit to the country, have
presented themselves for exaniination for the jiurpose of re-enlisting as veterans, whose teeth have
been defective as described; and yet these men, if drafted, would have been exempted by this
section. * # #

Section 33. Mainly for the same reasons I should not exempt a drafted mau who had lost onlif
the "ungual phalanx of right thumb;" neither for " total loss of any two fingers of same hand,"
with the exception of index and middle fingers of the right.

Section 3. I would recommend that all relating to the " affidavit of a physician, &(!.," be stricken
out, so the section wt)uld read : " For this disability the statement of the drafted man is insKfficient,
and the fact must be established by the duly attested aflidavit of such other persons as the board
may think necessary."

Section G. I would recommeud that the word "developed" be strick<iu out.

184 SUKGEONS' KEPORTS NEW HAMPSHIRE SECOND DISTRICT.

Section 20. I would recommend lliat this section be so amended tbiit it read: "Total loss of
all the teeth of either jaw."

Section 33. I would recommend it to bo so altered as to read: "Total loss of rhiM thumb;
total loss of iiidc.r i\nd middle tinger of rifjhl hand; loss of the lirst and second jdialanges of <(ll
the lingers of rigid hand ; permanent extension or iiermanent contraction of two fingers of rigiit
hand ; all tlie fingers adherent or united."

Since tlie alteration of tiie enrollmentlaw by which actual " i)liysical disability " is required
to exempt "drafted and enrolled men" (drafted men being considered as in the service, and as ai)-
plying for their discharge) my experience has not developed many very marked cases of fraud. It
is true some liave "plowed" with their family-i)hysiciau and friends in the way of invalid certifi-
cates, while others have halted in upon crutches to make it appear that their locomotive apparatus
was woefully deranged. However, these harmless efforts were in most cases very readily detected,
and would scarcely reach the dignity of a "fraud." They were not attempted to any extent after
the first draft. 1 really cannot see there is much chance for the success of fraud in these cases if
the examining-siugeon faithfully performs his duty. But in the training, by brokers, of substitutes
and recruits previous to presenting them for examination, every species of decejition that human
ingenuity can in\ent has been brought into requisition. The "nagging u])," by a Jockey, of the
old wind-broken, chest-foundered, ring-boned, and spavined "plug" for the horse-market, is mere
bo^s play, compared with the exploits of some of these substitute-brokers. Soaking in alum-water
to remove wrinkles from the skin, painting the face, dyeing the hair "a glossy black or beautiful
brown/' are some of the methods resorted to in disposing of their dilapidated wares. But these
tricks can generally be detected by a careful examination. Tlieie are, however, two classes of men
who will sometimes succeed in deceiving the most careful examiiiiiig-surgeon. They are those wiio
have hernia and those who have epilepsy. Ordinarily, by strict examination, a hernia can be
easily discovered ; but, occasionally, a case is met with where the recruit seems to have the power
of holding ap or holding back the tumor at will, and no position or amount of straining will make
it apparent. So with epilepsy ; it is sometimes impossible to discover any indication of the disease
in persons who have had it for years.

But, after all has been said in reference to other kinds of fraud practiced upon the Government
by the enlistment of improper men into the army, the disgraceful lact still remains that there is no
species of deception by which so large a number of men, who are totally unfit, get into the service
ashy the. jwrsuafiire influence of the almighty dollar. * * #

The operation of the enrollment-law as it now exists has, I think, been au eflficient one, all things
considered. There is no form of conscri[)tion-act that can be enacted with any degree of probal>le
efhciency which will not bear heavily upon the interests and feelings of the peoiile. If the results
of this law have fallen shnrt of the wishes and expectations of its friends, the fault lay in the man-
ner of its execution rather than in the law itself,aiHl dei)eiMls no doul)t upon causes experience has
already pointed out, and which can be easily remedied in the future. In any emergency that may
hereafter arise in which it would become necessary for the Government to put this law again in
operation, I should have no doubt of its perfect success. * * *

Memoranda which would have furnished the material for making this report what it should
be were destroyed when the office was barued in October last, and for all that relates to my ex-
perience anterior to that time I have to depend entirely upon meaioiy. I remember, however, two
cases of abnormal position of the heart, which I deem worthy of mention. I took notes of these
cases at the time, bat they were burned with the rest of my papers. In both instances, the heart
was on the right side, the impulse being distinctly felt and seen, in the one case, three inches, and,
in the other, two and a half inches, below the right ni[)ple. B,)th were good sized men, one very
large and plethoric, weighing over two hundred pounds ; the other, thinner and very pale. Neither
of them was aware that his heart occupied any other than the mitural position. ♦ * •

KOBT. B. OAKSWELL,
Surgeon Second District of Xcic Ilampshire.
Concord, N. H., June 14, 1S65.

surgeons' reports NEW HAMPSHIRE THIRD DISTRICT. 185

NEW HAMPSniEE— THIRD DISTRICT.

Extractn from rc'iwrt.s of Dii. Dixi Crosby.

• * * Since tbis office was opeucd, in the moiitli of April, 18G3, 1 have devoted

nearly all my time to tlie duties pertaininfj to luy appointment, and have personally examined seven-
tentlis ot the total number of men ai)pearing for physical examination, the aggregate of the whole
being about fifteen thonsand. # # #

These examinations hav£ been made in ;t large, well-lighted room, and the whole board has
usually been present; at no time has more than one member been absent. -I have made it a rule to
coaimence the examinations as early in the morning as i)ossible, and to continue uninterruptedly
until noon, as I am convinced that fewer mistakes are made during those hours than later in the
day, when the surgeon has become fatigued with labor and the recruit tired of waiting for his turn.
This is especially true of dratted men, who seek to escape service, since in the morning they are in
full vigor and cannot as easily feign physical unsoundness. Were it possible to so arrange it, I
would have no physical examinations made exc^ept between the hours of 8 a. m. (or earlier) and 1
p. m., and I am certain that the service would gain by this seeming waste of the afternoon.

The four counties forming the third district of New Hampshire consist of Cheshire at the so\ithern
extremity, then Sullivan, Grafton, and Coos, the last and northern. In this county the Connecti-
cut River lakes its rise, and forms the western boundary of the entire district. A few small
streams in Coos County take their rise beyond the eastern water-shed, and lind their way into the
Androscoggin, and a still saialler number, in Grafton County, dow into the Merrimack River. With
these exceptions, the entire district is watered by the Connecticut and its tributaries.

Just over the southern boundary of Cheshire County, the red conglomerates and sandstonesof the
Lower Connecticut are seen rei)0sing upon the argillaceous slate i-ocks that underlie the greater
portion of the third district, but the sandstone does not cross the line into New Hampshire. The
conglomerates consist of rounded pebbles and fiiu^ particles of the primary rocks, such as granite,
mica, and argillaceous slate. An examination of these will show that the hard pebbles and dehris
have been rounded by the action of long continued motion, and it is probable that in ancient times
a powerful river of much greater volume than the present Connecticut must have jioured its waters
through the highlands, and deposited the detritus of the primary rocks of New Hampshire into an
estuary at that time existing in the lower valley of the Connecticut. The waters of such a river
woulil readily transport these loose materials to their present localities. It is conjectured that the
waters of the river once occupied a much higher level than at present, since we have, along its
whole course, regular terraces of aqueous deposition far more elevated than the waters rise to in
our day, even during the most powerful freshets. Ancient watermarks are observed abundantly
on the rocky ledges at a great elevation above the bed of the river. I am aware that these " signs "
are accounted for ui)on the glacial theory, and, indeed, the marks upon the rocks, the smoothing of
the ledges aiul the locomotion of enormous bowlders seem to render this view plausible; but it
ujust be admitted that water has been the chief agent in the changes that have taken place in this
great valley. As might be expected from the foregoing statement, the soil is mostly alluvial, a line
sand alternating with heavy clay and occasional beds of marl. Upon the uplands the soil is thiu-
uer, stony, and contains a much larger proportion of disintegrated rock.

The district is well watered with streams and springs of the purest water, free from lime, and
very rarely tinged with sulphur or iron. The inclination, or '' slope," toward the rivers is so great
that all the excess of surface-water finds its way to the drain, leaving no stagnant pools to breed
miasmatic pestilence. Besides this, it will be seen by the foregoing description of the general geo-
logical leatures of the country, that there can be but few causes of epidemic disease. These will
be detailed hereafter. The country having been settled for so many years, and being generally
elevated, with narrow, well cultivated valleys, tlie primeval forests mostly cleared, and the air
extremely pure, there is no miasm arising from vegetable decay, and, cousecpiently, none of the
maladies produced by these causes. In fact, a case of quotidian or tertian fever is rarely, if ever,
.seen in any i>art of the district, while the purity of the water and its freedom from lime renders cal-

18(J surgeons' reports — NEW HAMPSHIRE THIRD DISTRICT,

cuius ill iiny form extremely rare. In an experience of more than forty years, 1 have ne\er Known of
more tlian three operations for stone in the district, and have not heard of as many more occurring
ill the whole State. After a careful consideration of the subject, laboring the while under consid-
erable doubt as to the existence of any prevalent disease, I have come to the coiicbision tiiat
typhoid fever is the only malady that prevails to any considerable extent in tliis region. The specific
causes that operate to produce this disease are sometimes obscure; but it is a noticeable fact, esjie-
cially in the valley of the Connecticut, that excessive fatigue or exposure is almost invariably fol-
lowed by typhoid fever, anil rarely by pneumonia, or otlier specific inflammations. It is also true
that when pneumonia does occur the fever is always of this type. During the past forty years,
but two other epidemics have prevailed in the district, and these 'extended over Northern New
England generiilly. I allude to tlie malignant erysipelas, as it was termed, which was so very fatal
in the winter of 1840-'41, and to tlie diphtheria which has appeared occasionally within the past ten
years. It is worthy of mention that many cases of the former epidemic would now be termed di^th-
theria, as the history and symi)toms are precisely similar.

There is one fact connected with epidemic disease in this district which has occurred so many
times in different localities that it should receive a passing notice. I have stated that, as a rule,
we have no stagnant water; but this rule is subject to occasional exceptions. It not unfrequently
happens that in very dry seasons the small streams rising among the mountains dry up and disap-
pear almost entirely. Many of these streams are dammed up for milling-purposes, and, of course,
the i)onds are affected as much as the streams, and in evaporating leave a large surface of black
mud, reeking with vegetable decay, exposed to the action of the air. Under such circumstances,
epidemic dysentery is almost sure to be developed, and has proved very fatal. Occasionally, typhoid
fever has appeared instead ; but in these cases the enteric inflammation has been the worst symptom.

There is nothing in the occupation of the inhabitants tiuit would i)redispose to any disease, as
the population is almost wholly agricultural, save in the villages, where the necessary number of
mechanics and merchants reside. There are no large manufactories in the district, and but few
small ones in any part of it. Neither are there any large villages, and hence there is none of that
crowding together of iamilies prevailing in densely po[)nlated localities, and which is so fiiiitfid a
source of debilitating disease and premature decay. Ou the contrary, the country, as a general
thing, is sparsely populated, and the soil so hard of cultivation, except iu the valleys of the rivers,
that the greatest industry and self denial is necessary to enable the farmer to support his family,
and accumulate something against old age or misfortune. In such a country, and with such a
people, it follows that the mustered conscript or volunteer is usually a hardy, energetic, young
man, able to endure great fatigue and undergo greater hardshi])S without breaking down. Excej)-
tions occur, of course; but it is a statistical fact that of the regiments hitherto sent to the field from
this State, and afterward disbanded, a very much larger ])ercentage of the volunteers from this
district have returned thau from either of the others. This is especially true of Coos County, at
the northern extremity, lying under the shadow of the White IMountains. From this county, nearly
60 per cent, of the volunteers in the regiments referred to liave returned, and, of the deficiency,
only about 11 per cent, died from disease. I should mention tliat the average age of the
recruits from this northern region has been lower thau iu other portions of the 8tate, and their
habits of life being simple at home, they have not yielded as generally to the temptations of army-
life, but have returned as healthy as they went out, and in many instances have actually gained iu
strength and stature. It will be seen by the report of Surgeon Baxter, Chief of the Medical Bureau
iu the Provost-Marshal-General's Offlce, that the number exempted for imbcciUiy in the first and
sujiplemeutary drafts was far above the average of other States. During the latter draft in this
district, eleven out of oue hundred and eighty-nine were exempted for this cause. It has long
been known that in certain localities in tliis State intermarriage of blood relations has been prac-
ticeil for many years. This is especially true of oue family, supposed to have sprung from au
English, or Bohemian, gipsy tribe, and which for many years led a nomadic life, rarely, however,
going beyond the limits of the State. The intermarriage of cousins in this family was the rule
and not the excejitioii ; and, although broken ui) and scattered, it still adheres to this custom to a
certaiu extent. It is well known that this tribe has produced a great number of imbeciles, and

surgeons' reports NEW HAMPSHIRE THIRD DISTRICT. 187

its iiiiirked diiniiuition in numbers is popularly ascribed to tliis cause. There are two locali-
ties ill this district where the inarrinj;e of cousins has prevailed to sni^h an extent that two or three
leelile, uiiderwittcd, or detbriiied children in one family is no uncommon si<;lit. It is from these
])laces tlmt most of the e.\eiiii)ts under section 1, in the sui)plementary draft, were conscripted.
Under the onler for diminishing' town-quotas by striking from the rolls the names of men per-
manently disal>li'd, it was the practice of town agents to brin^' members of this class to the ollice
for e.\emi)tion ; and by jjersonal iminiry I ascertained that in almost es-ery instance the exempt
was the offspring of first cousins, and in one horrible case of idiocy the victim was the child and
gramh-Iiild of first cousins. So great jin evil has this become that a few years since a bill was
intioduccd into the State legislature making the marriage of first cousins a penal offense, and many
important facts were adduced t > prove the serious consequences resulting from such unions. In
one family the oldest child was an idiot ; the second, deaf and dumb ; and the third, deformed and
imperfectly developed. In another family, from the same town, the second child was blind from
its birth, the iris being entirely wanting; and the third, a puny little wretch, was perfectly covered
with scrofulous ulcers. These facts might be multiplied enormously, but want of space forbids.
Enough has been said to prove that, in the absence of otTier known causes, this mai/, to a cer-
tain extent, account for the extraordinary number exempted under section 1 in the State of New
Hampshire.

Under this head, it is, perhaps, proper to report a very peculiar case occurring in this office
during the first draft. A conscript ai)peared in the office for examination who came as near being
a geiuiiiie hermaphrodite as any repurted case. The man was about thirty years of age, five feet
four inches in height, with very little beard, but a luxuriant growth of hair about the pubes. The
breasts were largely develo[)ed ; the hips broad; the hands and feet smiill. The penis was
small, but well developed, and occui)ying the place of the 'clitoris. The labia majora were
well developed, and the commissure decidedly marked. At the lower portion of each labium
a small testicle could be felt, and the cord could be traced to the ring. The vagina was a merecMj
de mc 01 about one inch in dei)th. The history of the case was curious. Until the age of nineteeu
he wore the habiliments of the female, and associated only with females, conducting himself,
according to his own account, precisely as did Achilles when introduced among the daughters of
the Grecian king. At this age, his parents, becoming convinced of their mistake, changed his
garments and the family-residence at the same time. He has been twice married, but has had no
issue, notwithstanding both marri:iges were consummated.

The answer to the third question is intimately connected with the second, and the answer
having been, therefore, already partially given, it is pei haps unnecessary to add more concerning it.
I would, however, state that, admitting typhoid fever to be the prevalent disease of the distiict,
aciiuse may be found for it in a portion of this region where the fever ])revails most. I allude to
tiie existence of very heavy river-fogs, arising from the Connecticut and its large tributaries at
certain seasons of the year. It has long been noticed that the fever usually commences in Sei)-
tember, and is not fatal during that and the following month. Now, these fogs generally appear in
the latter part of August, and continue for more than two months, constantly increasing in density,
and begin to disappear at the advent of frost. During these months, it is common for these fogs
entirely to obscure the sun until D or 10 o'clock a. m., when they gradually dissolve, and a fine day
always ensues. If the inhabitants were to guard against the influence of this moisture by means
of warm clothing during the earlier i)art of the day, I am convinced that many more would
escape than do ; but the farmer wears the same suit of linen or cotton in the cold dampness of
the morning that he does in the dry heat of noon, thus inviting, and, as it were, ofi'ering a premium
to the disease.

Our first and third drafts were made during the prevalence of these fogs, and it often hap-
pened that men were drafted who were at the time prostrated by the fever. The ofdce of the dis-
trict is situated in the valley, and it also occurred more than once that men drafted from the
country remote from these influences, and obliged to pass several days at the office, were seized
with the fever shortly afterward, either at their own homes or at the draft-rendezvous at Concord-
Notwithstanding our entire immunity from intermittent fevers, still there are seasons when typhoid
prevails as an epidemic, and of whicli I have already stated the cause in part. 1 refer to the state.

188

luent tbat a dry season, with the consequent drying-np of the sinaller streams, is almost in-
variably followed by dyseutery in certaip localities. In other places, howe%-er, within the district,
typhoid fever is the result. It would seem as though the operating agencies are not suliiciently
potent to produce intermittent fever, but are enough to cause typhoid.

I have examined the various sections of paragraph 85 very carefully, and I am at a loss either
to object to them as they stand or to .suggest alterations. If any change were made, it is pos.sible
that the loss of either eye might be held as a cause of rejection or exemption. * *

I have to state it to be my opinion that no surgeon can do himself or the Government Justice if he
attempts to examine more than lifty men per day. I am aware that, under pressing circumstances,
from sixty to ninety have been examined, and 1 have mysj'lf, upon one occasion, examined eighty men ;
but I am convinced that it is wrong for any surgeon to attempt so much labor, both upon his own
account and that of the service. In my method of examination, it is necessary for me to go throngli
the motions of the hands, arms, &c., in order that the recruit, in imitating, may give me the proof
1 desire respecting his muscular development, and in many cases I am obliged to make my mean-
ing clear by jumping, running, &c., and, as may well be imagined, fitly repetitions of this active
course of calisthenics are about as many as can well be endured by any man, however vigorons and
strong. The practice of receiving foreigners totally ignorant of English has added immensely to
the labor of the surgeon, and has often been a sore trial to his temper and patience.

In guarding against the frauds practiced by recruits, it is necessary to premise that the con-
script and the volunteer are governed by widely different purposes. The former exaggerates every
symi)toni, and feigns disability, to escape the draft, while the volunteer conceals physical defects
as much as possible that he may enter the service and receive the bounty. The conscript comes to
the ofitice attended by the town-officers and family-physician, fully prepared to prove that he has
been considered an unsound man.for years, while the calloused skin of his broad palm, and the
ruddy glow of his face and neck are silent but irresistible witnesses against him. As a rule,
however, I have never received auy testimony, either oral or written, from third parties, unless the
disability claimed was by its nature latent or undiscoverable. In eases of epilei)sy and asthma, I
have admitted evidence under oath, but in all others I prefer to rely upon the result of my own
investigation, as the certificates with which the conscript's hat is loaded evince more of sympathy
than of common honesty on the part of the deponents. The diseases most frequently feigned iu
this district have been deafness, blindness, rheumatism, and disease of the heart. A very few
instances occurred of willful sacrifice of the front teeth, but these men were held to service.

The very vague maladies, known in the rural districts as the " liver and kidney comi)laints,"
were [lerliaps the most common claim of the conscript, but no exemptions were made under either
of these heads. Varicose veins were produced once or twice by means of a ligature bound tightly
about the limb for a few hours before the examination ; but this fraud is so transparent that it
could not escape detection. Perhaps the malingerer who feigire deafness is the most dithcult to
unmask, but I think I have succeeded in most instances. I seat the recruit in a chair and sit down
in front of, and close to, him. I then place my watch against one of his ears, and in a very loud tone
ask him " if he can hear thaV He usually answers yes. I then withdraw the watch a few inches
and in a lower tone of voice repeat my question. This I repeat several times, gradually withdraw-
ing my chair, and at each repetition sinking my voice until it becomes scarcely more than a whisper.
The attention of the man being fixed upon the watch, he does not notice that you have trebled the
distance between you and carried the voice to so low a pitch. Again, with regard to blindness;
I tiiink I have never failed in detecting the malingerer by a very simple process. I tell him that I
wish him to accompany me to a place I have prepared to test the eye-sight. I then go entirely over
the building, up stairs and down, through the outbuildings and grounds, taking especial care to
select the worst route ])ossible, over logs, boxes, and impediments of all kinds. In most instances,
the man avoids the difficulties of the rough and rugged way, and arrives at the full dignity of an
accepted conscript. Heart-disease is frequently feigned, and the attempt made to deceive the sur-
geon by indu(ang functional derangement of that organ by the excessive use of tobacco and whisky.
1 have noted a few instances where men have remained at a hotel for a week before presenting
themselves, and devoted their whole time to chewing, smoking, and drinking. Of course, this pro-
duces exaggerated action and fluttering of the heart, which is increased by the exercise in the

SUKGEONS' REPORTS NEW HAMPSHIRE — THIRD DISTRICT. 189

course of tlie exiimiiiation. I have reason to bi^licve that no one in this district has escaped the
draft by these lueaus; for, if I have erred at all, it has been in hoidiiij; to service conscripts who
liave claimed this disability. I cannot think that any intelligent surgeon needs to be warned
against the particular fiauds likely to be prai;ticed, and esi)ecially if ho adoi»t the same rule that I
have followed during my whole professional life, viz, " See with your own eyes, feel with your own
liugers, and judge with your own judgment."

Among voluuteers and substitutes, we find all the frauds that the villainous ingenuity of the
broker can suggest. We have false teeth and colored hair; legs bandaged for weeks to conceal
varicose veins, aiul a free use of chalk and paint to eouceal old scars and syphilitic cicatrices. Boys,
with hairless pubes, lie about their youth, and old men, with thin legs and [)eudulous bellies, about
their age. Drafted men assert that they were born sick, and have been " ailing" ever since, while
substitutes swear that they never were sick in their lives. In short, the surgeon must be con-
stantly upon the alert, be as incredulous as Saint Thouuis, and, like him, be satisfied with nothing
short of the cxperimentum cruets. One fraud has been successfully i)racticed in maoy oflices, which
cat! be obviated by a slight change in section 2;{, paragrai)li S.j. I allude to the voluntary reten-
tion of hernia within the abdomen. I am confident that certain i)ersons laboring under inguinal
hernia have the power to retain the knuckle of gut so firmly that no amount of exercise will bring
it down. This is rendered easier by a constipated state of the bowels, and these patriots are fully
informed as to the therapeutic properties of opium and tannin. The enlargement of the ring can
be discovered, of course, but this alone is not an authorized cause for exenii)tion or rejection.

The "principal obstacles" in the way of the surgeon of an enrollment-board are so inseparably
connected with the office itself that I do not think it worth while to waste much time upon them.
They arise chiefly from the personal accpuiiutance of the surgeon with the peoi»le of his district,
and the consequent annoyance he is subjected to by constant importunity, and the expectation that
his former professional intercourse with the conscript is to guide him in his decision when the man
is brought before the board for examituition. Uuder the most favorable circumstances, the surgeon
cannot avoid giving great offense to many who fancy they have a claim upon him, based upon long
years of professional patronage. The surgeon must expect to submit to considei^able abuse and to
receive letters more pointed tban jiolite from those of his neighbors whom his decision has ren-
dered " tit food for powder." All this is annoying to be sure, but it issimi)ly an annoyance, and not
an obstacle. I am certain that my own former knowledge of a very large number of the conscripts
and volunteers examined at this othce was of great service to me in conjing to a correct conclusion.
In short, the compiler and author of paragraph 85, and the subsequent " directions to surgeons
upon the mode of examination," has in reality left no real obstacle in the way of the surgeon. His
duty is simple and clearly defined, and if he only obey his instructions to the letter, all seeming
dilBcuUies will vanish before him as did the iron portals before the talisman of tbe Persian prince

Before leaving this i)art of my Subject, I ought to mention one cause of complaint on the part
of a few conscrii)ts, which, although groundless in point of fact, still gave the surgeon some trouble
to exi)lain satisfactorily. It hapi)ened last year that at least half a dozen men were drafted who
had served in the early part of the war, had been discharged upon surgeon's certificate, and at the
time of the draft were in the receipt of pensions from the Government. These men were found to
be tit ibr service, were accepted, and eventually furnished substitutes ; but it was difficult to make
them understand that a pension- warrant was not|jer se an exemption-certificate. Should occasion
ever arise for another draft, this would prove a most fruitful source of trouble, nnless. indeed,
examining surgeons under the pension-laws are held to a higher responsibility, and compelled to
make a more rigid examination.

After a careful consideration of the question, based upon the appearance of men as we see them
at this oflice, I have come to the conclusion that the American and the negro are in many, if not
in most, respects better fitted for soldiers than men of otiier nationalities coming before the board.
1 am aware that the claims of the Irish and German have been warndy advocated in statistical
reports; but for symmetry of development, capacity of chest, strength and size of limb, I feel sure
that the Anglo American excels all others. * * I have had, however, but very slight

observation of the negro personally, as we have examined very few at this othce, but those accei>ted
were ni every respect splendid men, and these, perhaps, choice specimeus, I am obliged to take as

190 surgeons' reports VERMONT FIRST DISTRICT.

t,\ pes of the race. It so happened that most of our colored recruits were nearly or quite of full
blood, and the flatness of the foot was the only peculiarity noted, and this being the distinctive
mark of a race accustomed to make rapid march over the length and breadth of the African conti-
nent, I should hesitate to pronounce it disqualifying. I firmly believe that a more extended experi-
ence will prove the negro to be in every way well qualified ior the lile and duties of a soldier, and,
sliould occasion ofl'cr, I shall confidently expect to see him display the same undaunted courage
the same endurance of fatigue, exposure, and hardship, and the same soldierly qualities that have
just won such imperishable renown lor our national armies.

I think I have become tolerably familiar with the operations of the enrollmentact, and I can-
not recommend any change. On the contrary, I am astonished that a vast and complex system,
called into being, as it were, in a day, should be so perfect in all its details. In this district, at
least, there has arisen no question nor difliculty that has not been satisfactorily solved by the able
and untiring assistant provost-marshal for Xew Uanipsliire. It may be that the experience of the
jjast will show that the law may be improved in some of its minor details; but even then it is not
lor us to suggest the change, but it should be left to the better judgment of that valuable class of
men educated by the United States to fill the places they now hold so honorably to themselves
and so invaluably to the country. # # #

DIXI CEOSBY,
Sttrgeon Board of Unrolhneni Third District Neic liamiwhire.

West Lebanon, N. II., June 3, 18G5.

VERMONT— FIRST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. B. F. Morgan.

*

I have examined, of drafted inen, recruits, substitutes, and for disenroU-
ment, about ^ve thousand men iu the first congressional district of Veimout.

This district is about one hundred and fiity miles long from north to south, and averages iu
width about thirty miles; it lies between the latitude of 4lio 44' and 44° 32' north, and between 3°
30' and 4° 41' of east longitude. It is bounded on the south by the county of Berkshire, Massachu-
setts; on the west by the State of !New York and by Lake Chaniplain ; and on the north and east by the
adjoining counties in the State of Vermont. It is situated in the southwest, west, and central part
of the State, and is the western slope of the Green Mountains, whose highest ridges are nearly its
eastern boundaries. The ranges of rocks are in lines parallel with the principal ranges of the
mountains. Granular limestone, argillaceous slate, granular quartz, and granite abound iu this
district.

The principal minerals are iron-ore, manganese, lead, and <ropper. This district is abundantly
supplied wiih water ; the streams running from east lowest have all rapid currents; the huge
streams, running from south to north, as the Hoosic and Otter Creek, and from north to south, as
the Battenkill and the Winooski, are bordered hy extensive iritervales of alluvium formed of ooze
containing portions of lime mixed with argillo-siliceous and siliceous and organic matter, which
renders the soil fertile and the vegetable growth luxuriant.

In many portions of this division there is an abundance of decomposing material for the gener-
ation of miasm, but the evils arising from this cause have been almost entirely remedied by drain-
age and cultivation, so that the influence of marsh-miasm, as an exciting cause of disease, has, ia
most places, entirely disappeared. In some of the towns bordering on Lake Champlain, however,
disease is supposed to be somewhat modified by this cause.

The prevailing winds are easterly and westerly, with occasional variations from the northeast,
and are Ireijuently very strong. The temperature langes from a maximum of 1)0° Fahrenheit iu
summer to a minimum of —20° in winter.

The prevailing diseases are rheumatism, phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, diarrhoea, dysentery,
typhoid fever, scarlatina, and diphtheria; which last has prevailed for the last four or five years
extensively and destructively. The causes of these diseases are general, and supposed to depend
ui)on the sudden changes of our variable climate. Locality does not seem to have much influence

SURGEONS' REPORTS — VERMONT — FIRST DISTRICT. I'Jl

in flie production of these diseases, as they prevail about eciually upon our liigliest inliabited mouut-
aiu-districts, and in the lowest valleys. This is strictly an agricultural district, where the labors
of the hnsbaudmau are so rewarded that he —

" Feels not tlie wants that pincli the poor,
Nor i)lajj;ne8 that hanut the rich man's dcoi."

The inhabitants are generally sober and industrious, and reside iiriuoii)ally in rural districts,
although there are many villages containing from five hundred to three and tour thousand inhabit-
ants each, where considerable manufacturing is done, and where many jn'isons of European birth
are employed. These are mostly Irish, and are the only ones who made resistance to the enroll-
ment. Still this does not alter the general rule that the inhabitants are .sober, industrious, think-
ing, and law-abiding citizens. # * #

The prevalence of pnenmonia, the frequency of phthisis, the general ])revalence of typhoid
fever, diphtheria, scarlatina, and rheumatism, i)articularly tyi)hoid fever and diphtheria, as an en-
demic, in this district, has had a very great effect in destroying the cfiioiency of men for military
service ior the past two years. # * #

A large number who had diarrhoia on the peninsula, and were discharged from the service in
1.SC2, were still laboring under its debilitating effects when the draft was made, and added largely
to the numbers who were not able to do military duty. Another cause which increased relatively
the number of exemptions is the early emigration of the most vigorous and healthy young men to
the Western States, and who thus go to make up the flgliting regiments of the West. * # *

As to the kinds of labor or occupation which appear to cause or jiroduce disqualitication for
military service, I should say that fractures, old dislocations, and rheumatism were more common
among quarry-men and slaters; hernia and varicose veins among lumber-men, and men employed
ill cleariug lands, than among those pursuing other avocations. Merchants, shoemakers, and tailors
seem to possess less physical strength thau those engaged in agricultural labors; but there is not
diversity enough in the occu])ations of men in this district to produce any very marked efiect upon
the physical condition of its inhabitants.

Perhaps there could not have been a more perfect set of rules formed, without long experience
in esamiuiiig drafted men for military service, than the different sections of paragraph 85, Revised
Kegulations for the Government of the Bureau of the Provost-Marslial-Geueral. Possibly some
alteration in section 3 would enable the epileptic to make more satisfactory proof of his disability.
The epileptic is seldom seen by the i)hysi('iau during the paroxysm ; he is told by the bystanders
that the man fell down in a tit; he calls it epilepsy, and certifies to that fact, when it may be the
incursion of some febrile disease, where, perhaps, the man never had a fit previously. * * *

If the drafted man were obliged to produce testimony that he has had a lepetition of fits ilur-
ing the previous year, and if the recruit who declares he never had a lit in his life, should be retained
in service until the surgeon can be satisfied as to the non-existence of this disability, there would
be fewer discharges on this account.

Permauent physical disability (section 9) does not seem to cover those cases of debility follow-
ing,typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, and diphtheria, which may recover in months, or may never
recover, but which clearly incapacitate the man for service for months to come ; perhaps this sec-
tion could be altered so as to include such cases.

* * * After some experience, it was found that forty or fifty men were all that could
be examined in a day and Justice be done to all parties.

There are very few enrolled or drafted men who do not claim disability of some kind, and of
course demand exemption ; more frequently on account of chronic rheumatism, or disease of the
heart or lungs, or the man says he has "liver complaint," weakness and pain in the back, or some
two or three of all the diseases that he has ever heard spoken of. Very often he is honest in
this; he does not suffer much now, but the physician has told him that he is not well yet, and he
comes armed with his physician's deposition, certifying that the man never made a good recovery
from pneumonia, or disease of the heart or kidneys, and that the least exposure will bring a return
of his disease, which will endanger the man's life, and that he is entirely unable to do military duty.
Another comes forward drawn down on one side, with short cough and panting breath, declaring

192 SUEGEOKS' EEPORTS VERMONT FIRST DISTRICT.

tLat be lias consuinptioii — flic. doctor told him so; another comes limping over a ponderous cane,
Avitbout wbicli he declares he has been unable to walk since he had rlieumatisui in his knee, or
since he got the hurt in his back by heavy lilting Ir.st winter. Armed with certificates and testi-
monials, and accompanied by his physician, who is going to put him through for t'.veuty-tive dol-
lars, he and his Criends are personally. insulted if you fail to see the case as they represent it, and the
surgeon is called wooden-headed and all manner of flattering epithets as soon as they are out ol his
office; or perhaps he is complimented with a long and abusive letter from a lawyer, who says he was
helping the poor man without expectation of reward, knowing beforehand that the man would be
wronged, but who had been careful to secure to himself twenty-five dollars if he got the man clear.
Alter a decision by the board that the man cannot be discharged, he pays his commutation, and iu
a short time is seen walking without a cane or limp, and seeing -without glasses. A great deal of
time and i)atience is required by the surgeon to satisfy himself that he does no injustice to the
drafted man nor to the Government iu these examinations.

The frauds practiced by recruits to enter the service are such as are calculated to hide physical
weakness or disease. He hops and jumps upon an injured limb to satisfy you that it is sound ;
tries to deceive you as to sight and hearing; applies cold to a hernial tumor to produce contraction
of the parts before examination ; men of sixty will declare they are but forty, and boys of sixteen
declare they are twenty.

A v.ery great annoyance to the surgeon is the persistent determination of selectmen to be present
at the examination of their men, or the men whom they have enlisted for their town, and in some
cases their testimony as to age and ability is less reliable than that of the recruits. It should be
made a rule, not to be departed from, that only the examiuing-board and oue clerk should be preseut
in the roouj, and that but one subject should be examined at ii time, for the drafted man learns to
leign, and the recruit to hide, what he sees exi)osed in others. The substitutes are mostly a worth-
less, unreliable set of men, and should never be paid for service until they have earned it.

The only nationalities represented here in numbers sufhcieut to enable me to form an opinion as to
their physical ai)titnde lor military service are tlie Americaus, the Irish, and the Canadian French.
The American of this State, from his sober, industrious, and cleanly habits, from his persistent
determination to succeed in whatever he undertakes, joined to a high tone of patriotism, is sure to
make the very best soldier. The Irish are pliysically good men for soldiers. They have usually
great muscular development, capacious chests, tight joints, and abundant vitality. The Canadian
French, from their snug, comi)act forms, their healthy and hardy appearance, their elasticity of
constitution, and cheerlulness of disposition, I should expect to make excellent soldiers.

There are so very few of the colored race, iu this district, ottered for soldiers, that I can form no
oi)inion of the negro's military aptitude. There are lew, if any, pure Africans, but a mixed race
only. They probably-lose in vitality what they gain in symmetry of form by this admixture; they
die early of scrofula or tuberculosis, and in our cold climate would not be relijible as soldiers.

The enrollment-law has in its operation saved this nation; then how can any one but speak
well of it, and of the wisdom that trained it 'I The dread of comi)ulsory service filled our armies with
volunteers almost iis soon as called for, especially in this district, and I believe there would have
been little fault tbunil wiih, and no resistance made to, the law, had it not been lor the scandalous
attacks made by misei'able party-demagogues through the copperhead presses in this district; and
I would suggest that the district provost-marshal be directed to send every editor who attacks the
law and the Government lor the purpose of party advantage, to headquarters. The operation of
the enrollment-act was neither generally unequal nor oppressive. There were, probably, instances of
individual hardship, but t,hcse were generally soon removed through the assistance of fiieiuls and
the munificence of the commutation-clause of the act.

The only alteration in the law that I would suggest is the limiting the mililary age at between
twenty and forty. At forty the joints begin to lose their mobility ; they are stittened by the hard
and continuous labor of men in this country. The men lose their elasticity and recui)erative pow-
ers; their habits are fixed, and they cannot accommodate themselves to their new condition.
Although able to do as much hard labor at home, they do not bear the hardshijis ami privations of
the camp ; they soon fall sick, and if they do they rarely recover. The expense of making the en-
rollment, both to the United States and to the towns of the different districts, would be very much

surgeons' reports VERMONT SECOND DISTRICT. 193

lesseneil if the enrolliug-officers wore directed to describe the disability claimed by each niau, and
the surgeon were directed to visit each town on a day named by himself, previous to the draft, then
and there to examine those only whose disability had been described by the euroUingotiicer. This
would save the Government from paying for the transportation of such cases as drafted men, and
the towns a like expense in getting them disenrolled.

B. F. MORGAN,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Vermont.
Rutland, Vt., June 9, 1SG5.

VERMONT— SECOND DISTRICT,
Extracts from report of Dr. C. P. Frost.

* * * 1 ins]K'cted one-half of the Third Regiment of Vermont Volunteers previ-

ously to theii' muster into the United States service in July, 1801. Subse(piently I examined men
as they were presented from time to time by recruitingoflicers. From October 2, ISOli, till May
25, 1803, I was surgeon of tlic Fifteenth Regiment of Vermont Volunteers, a nine-mouths' regiment,
and had the usual amount of inspection to perform. Since I entered on my duty as surgeon of this
board of enrollment, I have examined 2,700 drafted men, about 3,500 recruits and substitutes, and
2,774 enrolled men, making a total of 8,974 men.

This congressional district lies upon the eastern side of the range of Green Mountains. It ex-
tends from north to south about 175 miles, and from east to west about 35 miles. The face of the
country is very uneven, being broken into hills and vallej's. There are no very high mountains in
the district, and there is no great extent of level land. The intervales along the streams are narrow,
and the hills rather steep. The district lies in north latitude 42° to 45°. The diseases are those
usually incident to the latitude. We have no miasmatic diseases, with the exception of typhoid
fever. Very few persons have enthetic diseases. Of diathetic diseases, rheumatism and feebleness
of constitution, the latter generally, however, due to some previous disease of the digestive or cir-
culatory or respiratory organs, are the most commonly met with. Tubercular disease is often seen,
altliough I think pulmonary i)hthisis is less frequently the cause of death than formerly. Diseases
of the nervous system i)revail considerably — more generally, however, among females. Diseases of
the resi)iratory organs prevail during the winter ami early spring months. A good many cases of
disease of the bones and joints are found. Scarlatina and diphtheria have iirevailed very exten-
sively during the last five years, and within the last two years a few cases of cerebro-spinal menin-
gitis have occurred in this district. Hernia, and varicose veins of the extremities, particularly the
lower, and loss of teeth, as disqualifications for military service, are very frequently found. The
causes of disease are, for the most part, atmospheric and accidental.

The inhabitants are industrious, temperate in eating and drinking, law-abiding and justice-
loving ; economical in their expenditures; thoroughly loyal to the General and State Governments;
and as well educated and generally intelligent as any people on the face of the earth. They are
most thorough believers in universal freedom, and the equality of all before the law. Their dwell-
ings are warm for winter, neat and tidy in appearance ; their tables are provided with a plenty of
well-cooked and substantial food ; and in general they are comfortably and neatly clad.

Their occupation is principally farming. In this district the farms are generally small, and the
soil productive under good tillage. The occujjation of those drafted in 1803 will probably give a
fair view of the occupations of the people. Of 2,045 men, then drafted, 1,900 were farmers or farm-
laborers ; 53 were professional men or teachers ; 29 were students ; and 440 were engaged in me-
chanical labor.

From the occupation of the large majority of our people, we should expect to find, as proves
to be the case, that hernia and varicose veins of the extremities exist as causes of exemption from
military service to a large extent. Fraetures and dislocations are quite frequently met with,
thougli not more frequently than in manulacturing districts. lOxamination of 2,774 enrolled nu'u
has been made in this district; 1,272 were exempted for manifest permanent physical disability,
2.'-.

194 surgeons' reports — Vermont — second district.

and nearly one-tliird, or 404, were exempted, or bad tbeir names stricken from tbo rolls, for liernia.
Tbis disability is nndoubtedly caused by the labor in which the men are employed.

In my opinion, the list of causes for exemption contained in paragraph 85, Revised Regulations,
Provost-Marsbal-General's Bureau, is a very good one and cannot be much improved. It has
seemed to me, however, that confirmed asthma should be added to the list of causes for exemption,
as it is a cause for rejection of a recruit. The organic lesion, if any exist, iu many cases of asthma
is so obscure as to be beyond the power of the examiningsurgeon to detect it. Decided myopia
should, it seems to me, be added to the list. I cannot imagine the use that a man cau be put to in
the service who cannot disUnguish a man from a horse at ten rods. I think the cause for rejection
of a recruit, and exemption of a drafted man, should be as lUMrly identical as possible, as it would
reduce chances for deceiition. Practice will enable the surgeon to detect deception very readily.

* * * When everything has been properly arranged, and the men were ready to

appear as wanted, I have, alone, examined ninety-five men iu a day, working seven hours; I think
JlJ'ty nieu i)er day is as many as a surgeon ought to examine, and six hours is as long as he should
be couiined to the bad air of an exaniiuing-room.

The diseases most frequently claiuied by those drafted and enrolled men who desire to escape
service are those of the internal organs, as of the liver or kidneys, the lungs or heart, or the
stomach. Fraud has been attempted by pretending deafness. The successful perpetration of fraud
is much more diflBcult in the countrj' than iu the city, as nearly every person's antecedents are well
knowu by his neighbors, and many are interested that he do not succeed iu escaping his duty.
Recruits and substitutes have practiced deception in regard to their age as often as in any other
way, claiming to be older or younger than they really were. Gne or cwo persons suffering from
epilepsy have succeeded iu getting into the service ; others have failed simply because they had a
convulsion while in the neighborhood of the office.

If the law were vigorously enforced that nieu must be credited to the subdistrict in which they
are enrolled or iu which they reside, a stop would be i)ut to the trade in men by substitute-brokers,
and most of tiie chances for the Government to be swindled by untit men entering the service for
the sake of the bounties would be avoided.

No better class of men, physically, has been presented to this board for examination than the
natives of the State. The active and laborious o(!cu[)ations to which they have been inured from
childhood have given them fine muscular develoi)ment and great endurance. The greatest trial they
have to uudergo Ls in becoming acclimated. The Canadian French possess great physical aptitude
for service, being generally short, closely built, and inured to privation and hardshii). The Irish
have flue [)hysical development.

My experience with colored men has been quite limited ; not more than one huiulredhave been
presented at this office for examination. Some of these were very good men for the service, hav-
ing a flue physical development, while others were of the poorest material, broken-down men who
had been the rounds of i)rovost-marshals' offices, and had been rejected everywhere.

I believe the present enrollment-law to be very well devised for the end proposed. Iu this
State, it has acted as a powerful stimulus to recruiting, and the draft has not been required to any
great extent ; but without the law very few men would have been obtained. Some changes may
be desirable ; it seems to me that it would be quite as well if the board consisted simply of two
membeis, the provost-marshal and the surgeon. I see no occasion for a commissioner ; until within
a few mouths he lias beeu without any res])onsibility, and it has been Ibund very difficult to de-
termine what his })owers were. * # #

In country districts of large extent, I believe the examination of enrolled men should be made
at several points iu the district. It is of quite as much consequence to the Government that men
permanently disabled should not stand upon the roll as it is to the indi\iduals themselves. Fre-
quently those persons who are sure they have some disability that would exeuqjt them if diatted
will not take the trouble or incur the expense of a trip to the provost-marshal's office, especially
if it be seventy-five miles away. Many, too, cannot aftbrd the expense of time or money.

I believe it to be for the interest of the Government to secure the services of medical men as
surgeons of boards of enrollment who are possessed of as great professional ability as is required of

surgeons' KEPOKTS VERMONT THIRD DISTRICT. 195

ii surgeon in tlie army. If such a man is rciiniroil and bis entire linic connnandeil, he should bave
tbe same rank and pay as a surgco'i in tlie army. Ee sbonld not ranlv on the board below acivil-
jiiu who has no responsibility, and whose qualilicatious are not exactly defined.

C. V. FROST,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment (Second District of Vertnont.
Windsor, Vt., June 14, 1865.

VERMOISIT— THIRD DISTRICT.

Rrtrdcts from report of Dr. ,1. S. OiiANDLER.

* * * Tbe number of men examined in this district, as nearly as can be ascer-
tained, comprising conscri|)ts, substitutes, and recruits, is 3,(i()!t. * * *

The third district ot Vermont, comi)rising six counties, is bounded on the east by the Con-
necticut River; on the north by Canada liast; west by Lake Champlain; and south by the counties
of Addison, Washington, and Caledonia. It is divided by the Green Mountains nearly midway
between Connecticut River on the east, and Lake Cliamplain on the west, and is traversed by con-
siderable rivers on each side; those on the west emptying into Lake Champlain, and on the east
into the Connecticut River. The width of the district on the north, comprising the whole width of
the State, is about ninety miles ; its extent from north to south may average forty miles. The soil
consists of clay, sand, and loam, in greatly varying proportions, constituting a strong and produc-
tive soil. Lime abounds west of the mountains; on the east side 1 think little is found.

I am not aware of the predominance of any disease or class of diseases that should dis-
tinguish this district from New England generally. Rheumatism, catarrh, pleurisy, pneumouia,
l)eritonitis, and perhaps enteritis, are of frequent occurrence, doubtless as a consequence of our
very variable climate, which displays great and sudden changes of temperature. The different
forms of fever are of Irequent occurrence, typhoid predominating. We are liable, in common with
other sections, to the sweeping epidemics of the country, but suffer less from them, I think, than
other sections of higher average temperature, and which are less favored with an admirable pro-
portion of /(/// and dale.

The inhabitants are probably fully equal in hardiness and enterprise to those of any other
district in New England. In the mechanic arts less has been attempted than in some other dis-
tricts, though enterprise is rapidly advancing in this direction. Agriculture is the main pursuit.
Few districts in the country are better supplied with good common schools, academies, &c., which
are well improved. In connection with the University of Vermont, a medical college, in flourishing
condition, is located in this district.

* * * In regard to changes in paragraph 85, I would suggest that instructions
should be made more definite in regard to a class of rejected men that swells the ninth section in
our reports; or that three sections be added, one for deficient age, one for excess of age, and one
for deficient amplitude or expansive power of chest.

In regard to (juestion G, the number of men that can be jiroperly examined in one day depends
so nuich on the condition of the men examined, and on the facilities associated with the work, that
it is difiicult to specify. One lot of men might be examined satisfactorily in half the time required
by another lot of equal number. If a thorough examination of thirty men a day be made, taking
them as they average under the present condition of the enrollment, and also with the present
average of substitutes and recruits, I think the Government should be satisfied. It should be
remembered that many cases are such as require time for investigation. * * *

In paragraph 88, Revi.sed Regulations, we have certainly implied instructions to receive affi-
davits, "duly atfirmed," &c., and to give them all the weight they migiit justly claim. Medical
inspectors, in one or two instances, have instructed us to ignore them entirely. May it not be well
to add a section to i)aragrai)li S5 that will be unmistakably clear on that point ?

* * * I can suggest nothing new in relation to frauds attempted by men under exami-
nation. These have all come to be pretty well understood. I may be excused for alluding to the
frauds perpetrated by substitute and recruit brolcers, which, in various ways, have done the country

196 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — first district.

more barm thau all other matters connected with the recruiting-service. All the blunders, negli-
gences, and frauds of the members of all the boards during their whole term of service will not
amount to a tithe of the mischief to the country wrought by rapacious and unscrupulous sul)stitute-
brokerage. A provision which may prove an effectual safeguard against this enormity in any
future action of the Government is a desideratum. Perhaps a section on that point added to the
regulations might fticilitate the action of boards of enrollment in the right direction.

Inquiry 8. My attention has not been directed to this subject. The average of the men ex-
amined in this office during the last two years exhibits a result that Vermouters, at least, need not
be ashamed of.

Inquiry 9. On this subject I have had no opportunity to gain information, excepting such as
common report has given to all, and which I regard as indicative of fair qualifications for
military service in the "colored race."

The fact that so many drafted men are yet found unfit, trtdyvvft, for military service, satisfies
me that some more equitable method of mahirKj the enrollment is veiy desirable. My own opinion
has long been a settled one that no boy should be enrolled before fully attaining the age of twenty
years, but we are allowed to aecei)t as recruits or substitutes those who are only eighteen years old.
This 1 have regarded as a great error in all nations where it is permitted, and the records of every
war, since records of war were made, will prove both its impolicy and its inhumanity. * * •

J. L. CHANDLER,
Sicrgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of Vermont.

Burlington, Vt., May 31, 1865.

MASSACHUSETTS— FIEST DISTRICT,

Extracts from report of Y>u. P. H. IIooper.

• * * The number of men examined at this office Irom the time of the organization
of the board of enrollment to Ai)ril 14, 18Ci;;, when the examinations were^closed by order of the
Acting Assistant Provost-Marshal-General, was as follows:

Drafted men li, 6C8

Substitutes and recruits 1, 044

Total 3, 712

This district is nearly a peninsula, lying between the Narragansett and Massachusetts Bays,
embracing the cape towns and the islands of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and several others
along the coast. It is deejily indented with bays and inlets, and studded with fresh-water ponds
and rivulets. It is generally low, much of it marshy where bordering on the bays and inlets, and
quite a portion of it sandy. None of it rises to an elevation of more than 500 feet above high
water. About two-thirds of the district, embracing the northwest portion, is of primitive forma-
tion, the granite cropping out iu serai-form ridges, while the other third, including Cape Cod and
most of the islands, is of diluvial formation.

The climate is exqeedingly variable. The Gulf stream being about sixty miles distant on the
one side, iind the pole of extreme cold but about six hundred miles off on the other, it is, as it were,
placed between a furnace and an iceberg, renderiiig the changes of temperature exceedingly violent
and extreme, though somewhat modified by sea-breezes. But very little snow falls on this district,
and it is rare to have a week of good sleighing.

The diseases are such as might be expected in such a climate, the various forms of scrofula
prevailing, and phtiiisis taking the lead in the bills of mortality. Zymotic diseases and those of
childhood are about the same here as in other j)arts of the State; typhoid is the most prevalent
form of fever. The iidiabitants are a hardy and industrious peoi)le generally. They are divided
by occupation into three great classes, viz : agriculturists, machinists, (embracing the large variety
of manufacturers,) and sea-faring men. The nu'cliaiiical class is very liable to injuries disqualifying
for military duty. About two-fifths of the men drafted were seamen, and about one-third of all
those exempted were of the same class. This arises lloin the fact that a large number of invalids

surgeons' reports — MASSACHUSETTS — SECOND DISTRICT. 197

came into tbe district from all ])arts of the country to engage in sea-faring pursuits, such as fisbing,
whaling, coasting, &c., for the benefit of their health.

* * * In my judgment, paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, could not be much
improved.

Tlie number of men that can be physically examined per day depends very much upon whether
or not they are drafted men or substitutes and recruits. The former relate all the diseases they
have ever experienced, to which account the surgeon has to listen attentively and courteously, to
follow out the whole change of symptoms, and explain why they are or are not sufiQcient to exempt.
On the other hand, substitutes and recruits invariably assure you they have never been ill or
received any injury. I am, therefore, disposed to say, as the former are over anxious to be exempted
and the latter to be accepted, that the number of drafted men that can be examined per day with
accuracy is sixUj, while with substitutes and recruits 1 would place the uumber as high as eighty.

Tbe frauds were of every description, each individual endeavoring to deceive as he thought he
could best succeed. The only remedy I can suggest is the tact and expertness of the examiuing-
surgeon.

The aptitude of the different nationalities can be best determined in the field. I have no data
on which to form an opinion on the subject.

In relation to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service, I would say
that the number examined has been comparatively small, and a great proportion has been rejected
on account of scrofula, varicose veins, and splay feet.

The ])resent enrollment-law and the Revised Regulations of the Provost-Marshal-General's
Bureau seem to uie admirable in every particular, and I therefore have no suggestions to make for
their improvement.

F. H. HOOPER,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Massachusetts.

New Bedford, Mass., Jnly 1, 18G5.

MASSACHUSETTS-SECOND DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. H. B. Hubbard.

* * . * i examined about five hundred men before the establishment of this
PMU-eau, and, as surgeon of the board of enrollment for this district, I have investigated about two
thousand cases of "manifest i)ermanent i^hysical disability," and examined three thousand six
hundred and forty recruits, drafted men, and substitutes — in all, 5,600 men.

* * * For the details of my exjjerience, I would respectfully refer to the several
replies which follow ; adding only the general statement that I found, in a great majority of cases, a
most unexpected disregard of personal cleanliness; which fact deserves to be noted and carefully
weighed in any calculations affecting the sanitary condition of this district, and of the arms-bearing
capacity of its population. It is doubtless due to their modes of life and employment, which will
be explained hereafter.

That section of the State lying between the Atlantic on the east and south, and the Narra-
gansett Bay and Blackstone River on the west, is known as Southern Massachusetts, and includes
the first and second congressional districts. In shape it is a wide peninsula, terminating east-
wardly in the long projection of rock and sand known as Cape Cod.

The second district occupies its northern, central, and western portions, touching the sea only
at its northeastern and southwestern extremities.

A high granite ridge traverses its northern section, which breaks the violence of the winds,
and, with the vicinity of the Gulf-stream on the south, decidedly modifies its climate, which is warmer
by several degrees than the region to the north and west.

From this ridge, seaward, the land is flat, with alternate swamps and sandy plains; while
ponds and small, sluggish streams are far more numerous than elsewhere in the State. The county
of Bristol alone contains more than one hundred and twenty of these ponds within an area averag-
ing thirty miles in length by fifteen in width. Hence arises a constant moisture decidedly preju-

198 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — second district.

ilicial to the healtli of the locality, which is, also, not improved by the prevalence of damp and
chilly southwest winds. As might be expected, its ordinary diseases are phthisis and other de-
rangements of the organs of respiration, rheumatism, and low forms of fever. There is a scrofu-
lous taint in almost every household.

The inhabitants iu most of the towns are mainly descended from the original families, though
some villages contain a large Irish element. Being the earliest-settled region in the State, and
means of communication being for a long period greatly restricted, intermarriages were frequent,
especially among the better classes, which fact, with the peculiarities of climate before referred to,
has undoubtedly induced a feebleness of constitution which has been made very apparent by the
statistics of my examinations.

With the exception of a few localities, the people of this district are intelligent, industrious,
and moral. Almost all have received a good common school education, and possess a very fair un-
derstanding of their form of government, municipal. State, and national, and their duties in these
several relations.

* * In fact, so general was the rush to aims of the flower of our youth and the

vigor of our manhood, at that early iieriod, as most seriously to ali'ect the ratio of the able-bodied
to the disabled through the remainder of the rebellion. Large numbers absent from home, with-
out waiting to return, enlisted iu regiments from the Middle and Western States. Very many ab-
sentees promptly enlisted in the Navy. Before any draft was contemplated, the town of my resi-
dence had furnished from its own inhabitants an. able-bodied fighting force exceeding one-half ils
voting population. This was doubtless the proportion throughout the district. From these facts it is
obvious that the actual arms-bearing capacity of this district cannot be calculated till all these
elements are accurately ascertained and taken into account, and that any judgment of this capacity,
based on the results of my examinations exclusively, must be erroneous and delusive.

So sterile is our soil that agriculture is seldom remunerative. Ilence our people have in part
availed themselves of the abundant water-power to engage in numerous kinds of manufactures, and
have also, in great numbers, resorted to shoemaking as a partial or entire means of support. The
confinement of the shop and factory only tends to increase and develop the peculiar diseases of
the locality. Especially is this true of the shoemakers, who, on approaching for examination, could
at once be detected by their stooijing shoulders, hollow chest, cadaverous couii)lexion, and feeble
extremities. It is also true that this calling aggregates to itself, from the convenience of its ex-
ercise, multitudes of cripples and persons disabled from more active labor. In fact, this class
migrate to the shoe-districts from all parts of the country, and seriously affect the ratio of the able-
bodied to the disabled in a section where nearly one-half of the populatiou is maintained by that
interest. On the other hand, we have extensive machine-shops and iron-works, from whose opera-
tives our best material has been furnished; but this was largely drawn upon iu the early part of
the rebellion, and the remainder, employed mostly on Government work, could not be si)ared for
the Army, and, if drafted, either paid commutation, or were I'epresented by substitutes ft-om abroad.

" Reasons why any particular diseases or disabilities have disqualified a greater ratio per thou-
sand from military service." Au answer may be found to this question in what has been already
stated : First, the dampness of the climate ; second, the employment of so many iu shoemaking,
an occupation disabling in itself, and inviting the disabled from the agricultural districts; third,
the prompt enlistment of so many thousands of our best men, at home and abroad, betore my du-
ties commenced; fourth, the employment of so many of the able-bodied on Government labor, and
their necessary exclusion from the examination. Their substitutes were generally non-residents of
the district, many of whom were rejected for causes, and others provided, when their principals
could have readily passed.

* * I have nothing to offer iu regard to paragraph 85, believing that the Revised

Regulations have been efficient and equitable in their working. Under ordinary circumstances, I
am confident that a draft so conducted would furnish a sufdcieucy of men.

'' The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy," I should say, is
from thirty-five to forty.

The attempted frauds which have come under my notice are as follows : 1st. One case of pre-
tended chronic inflammation of the eyes. The inflainmatiou was evidently of recent origin, and very

surgeons' reports MASSACHUSETTS — THIRD DISTRICT. 199

acute. Cause: api>liciition of C;ivenne popper. 2d. Preteiuhul incoiitiiieiice of urine. Tlie follow
ciiMie for examination with -shirt wet, and exhaling strong amuKiniaeal odor ; he confessed tiie impos-
ture. 3d. Two cases of simulating skin-disease, one from the application of crotoa oil. This man
brought certificates to the effect that he was troubled with chronic skin-disease, and exhibited both
legs covered with the eruption from the knee to the ankle, as coi loborating evidence. The other
case was evidently caused by an application of acid — probably sulphuric. Several men presented
themselves wearing trusses, and handing in eertiticates that they had hernia. Finding in eadi
instance the ring of natural size, and the tendinous structure surrounding it of natural firmness, I
passed them as sound, telling them that $300 was a small a«iount to i)ay for the relief they must
experience in finding they had been needlessly alarmed.

As to " what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service," my expe-
rience lias not been sufficient to enable me to form an oi)inion satisfactoiy to myself. The Germans
and Frenchmen presented as substitutes have been superior men, but, of course, cannot be taken
as standards of their races, as they were specially selected tor this purpose. In mere jjhysique,
perhaps tlie Irish might be adjudged to have the adviintage of such Americans as we have in thi.«.
district ; but as regards aptitude for arms in all its relations, 1 should by no means deem the Celtic
race superior to the Saxon or Anglo-Norman.

In answer to the question as to the " physical qualifications of the coloied race for military serv-
ice," I will say that the number of colored men presented for examination was not sufficient to Justify
an o[)inion ; but an experience of some months' practice among this class, some years since, in
Demerara, enables ntvto give a decided opinion that the negro is generally of good jihysique, and, in a
climate suited to his constitution, not more liable to acute attacks of disease than the white man, and
fully as able to support fatigue and endure hardship. I think the negro has every physical quali-
fication for military service. I refer to the pure, or nearly pure, black ; for although I have known
some muscular and healthy mulattoes, I am convinced that, as a general rule, any considerable
admixture of white blood deteriorates the physique, impairs the powers of endurance, and almost
always introduces a scrolulous taint. * * # * * *

H. B. HUBBAED,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of Massachusetts.

Taunton, Mass., June 15, 1SG5.

MASSACHUSETTS— THIRD DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of V>ii. JosEPn II. Streeter.

* * * Including the recruits for the Veteran Reserve Corps, (of the estimated

number of whom there is norecortl,) there has been examined in this office, from July 14, 18C3, to
April 12, 1805, a total number exceeding 10,000 men. * # * ^

This district comprises the Fourth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth wards of
Boston, the city of Roxbury, and the town of Brookline. The largest portion of territory included
in this district, viz, tlie Fourth, Seventh, and Twelfth wards of Boston, the towns of Roxbury and
Brookline, presents an uneven surface, with abrupt elevations. The soil is extremely porous, in some
portions overlying an extensive, stratum of rock formation, insiuiiig good surface-drainage.

The marshy portion, bordering upon the water-line, is constantly being-reclaimed for the erection
of dv.-eIling-houses and manufactories by an admirable system of grading with clean gravel and loam,
which are brought a distance of several miles from the city, over a railroad- track constructed ex-
pressly for that purpose. Suitable portions of this new-made land are reserved for public squares.
This diversified surface, in connection with a good system of underground sewerage, cleanliness of
public thoroughfares, and the reclamation of marsh-land constantly in progress, secures immunity
from miasmatic diseases, or the extensive visitations of epidemics, such as i^revail in other popu-
lous communities where these favorable conditions do not exist.

The diseases most prevalent among the adult population are tuberculosis, acute diseases of the
resjiiratory organs and abdominal viscera, and rheumatism. The prevalence of these afl'ections
is mainly due to the peculiar characteristics of the climate, viz, alternations of temperature in

200 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — third district.

Miuter, sin-ing, and summer, when we often have cold easterly winds and storms supervening sud-
denly upon very mild weather. Atmospheric changes in autumn are less frequent. Notwithstand-
ing these apparently unfavorable conditions of climate, such is the general attention to preventive
and protective measures in the appointments of dwelling-houses, coniforta.ble clothing, and other
sanitary regulations, that it is believed the general health of the people will compare with that of
any community of equal population in the country.

In regard to the general character of the inhabitants of this district, it may with jiropriety be
said of them that they are intelligent, industrious, thrifty, and sober, and temperate in their habits
and modes of life. Their occupations are those of merchants, professional men, mechanics, and
laborers, the two latter classes being largely represented. Very few of the adult population are
classilied as having no occupation.

* * * In this district are many extensive mechanical establishments, as machine-
shops, founderies, India-rubber, carpet, and cordage manufactories, employing large numbers of
men, who, from the nature of their occupation, are peculiarly liable to the occurrence of hernia,
large varicose veins, chronic rheumatism, and serious injuries from accidents resulting lu per-
manent delormities and lameness. Another class, quite numerous in the district, are clerks in
mercantile houses, banks, and ofQces, many of whom, in consequence of their sedentary habits, are
predisposed to the occurrence of various ibrms of cachexia, usually terminating either in tuber-
culosis or contirmed feebleness of constitution.

Defective teeth, or entire loss of them in one or both jaws, is a disability quite prevalent.
Why this defect should so generally prevail among our native population is a subject upon which
there is difference of opinion between authorities. Unquestionably neglect of cleanliness and use
of deleterious preparations, falsely claimed as the " best teeth cleansers," are instrumental in depriv-
ing our people of these important and useful appendages to the animal economy. These disabili-
ties add largely to the percentage of disqualifications for military service.

* * * The different sections of paragraph 85, Eevised llegidations, Provost-
Marshal-Geueral's Bureau, iu my opinion cannot be further restricted or modified unless with a
certainty of impairing the efficiency of the Army for active field-operations. In carefully examin-
ing those sections of paragraph 85 which refer to other than positive disqualifications, such as
epilepsy, hernia, &c., 1 do not see one that should be dispensed with. 1 have found them invalu-
able as a guide iu the discharge of the duties devolving upon me. The proper application of the
difl'erent sections depends upon the accuracy of judgment of the examining-surgeon iu estimating
the degree of disability arising from a given cause. Perversities of human nature which lead men
to attempt deception cannot be foiled by any formal regulation, but must be met by the tact and
experience of the surgeon.

* * * If the i^rescribed regulations for examining men are strictly observed,
I think, the maximum number of drafted men that can be carefully examined by one surgeon is
fifty per day. Much time is necessarily occupied in listening to their statements, and in examin-
ing certificates of physicians. Especially is this the case with those who endeavor to procure ex-
emption for causes which are not clearly manifested. It is important that the surgeon should
devote a reasonable portion of time to each man, that none may have cause to complain of not
being allowed opportunity to state a claim for exemption, or of not being carefully examined.

* * * Many drafted and enrolled men exaggerate the effects of previous
attacks of disease, old fractures and injuries, or claim that they are afflicted with obscure diseases
of various organs, as the kidneys, liver, lungs, &c., requiring patient investigation, and all the tact
and shrewdness of the surgeon that he may not be deceived. A frequent claim for cxemi)tion is
impaired vision, for which with drafted and enrolled men (iu doubtful cases) no satisf;ictory test of
the degree of impairment has as yet been devised. If a man is determined he will not see, it is
impossible to make him do so. We cannot retain drafted and enrolled men under observation, as
the regimental or hospital surgeon does the soldier whoiu he suspects to be a malingerer; conse-
quently we gain nothing iu these cases by applying the usual tests of vision. The surgeon must
decide such claims for exemption almost irrespective of any test he may be able to apply. In this
district there were honorable exceptions among drafted and enrolled men, who did not claim ex-
emption by reason of disability or other cause, but, if declared fit for service, met the requirements

SUKGEONS' RKPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — THIRD DISTRICT. 201

of the enrollment-act, either by personal service, snbstitute, or coininutatioii. An inijiortaut sub-
ject in connection with the draft is the large number of men, drafted or liable to a draft, who igno-
miniouslj- left the country while a draft was pending or after it bad been made. To prevent su(!h
a disgraceful stampede in case of any future draft, a strict enforcement of the i)assport-regulations
of the Government, for a reasonable time prior to the enforcement of the draft, woidd seem to
aflbru a feasible protection against this cowardly method of evading the highest and most sacred
duty of a citizen to his country in her time of greatest need.

In the examination of drafted and enrolled men, I have rigidly adhered to the i)rovisions of the
different sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, Prcvost-Marshal-General's Bureau, and
found them admirably to answer the iiurpose for which they were intended. With tlieaid of these,
and a careful attention to traits of character and peculiarities of each individual, the cases of suc-
cessful fraud in evading the claims of military service sbould be rare.

Substitutes and recruits, if any disqualifying infirmity exists, are as desirous of concealing it
as the drafted man is of exhibiting it. If quite desirous of enlisting, whatever the motive influ-
encing them, whether the expectation of receiving a large bounty, or an honorable feeling of patri-
otic duty, they are tempted to resort to any artifice to conceal a disability. In doubtful cases a
more than usually rigid enforcement of the method of examination is quite certain to develo]) the
disability. The professional " bounty jumper" is not so easily detected, as he is almost invariably
free from disqualifying infirmities, but practices bis artful devices for evading military service, in
most cases successfully, after his arrival at the rendezvous or regimental headquarters, first making
sure of a liberal bounty.

I am not aware of any sure method by which these scoundrels can be detected. It appears to
be an evil fostered by the vicious system of paying large bounties for volunteers in order to avoid
a draft, and the consequent employment of brokers, many of whom are irresponsible parties, to fill
the quotas of towns and cities.

In comparing the aptitude of the natives of different countries for military service, the degree
of intelligence, as well as average physical development and capacity of endurance, should be in-
cluded in the qualifications required. In these elements combined, I am of opinion that our native-
born population, including in this class native colored men and those born in this country of foreign
parentage, is decidedly supsrior to the average of other nationalities. A large miijority of those
I have examined were natives of this country.

The Germans are intelligent, and many of them finely and symmetrically developed, but they
presented quite a large proportion of disabilities. In all the essentials of good soldiers they arc
next to our native population.

In the single point of physical development, the Irish recruits were not inferior to either of the
preceding classes; in intelligence, they were below the average.

Nearly every other European nationality was represented, and a few Asiatic, but not in suffi-
cient numbers to warrant an opinion as to their qualifications.

I have not examined a very large number of colored men, (not exceeding three hundred,) con-
sequently cannot speak from large experience. Those I have examined compare favorably in intel-
ligence and aptitude for military service with white recruits. In muscular development and free-
dom from physical disqualifications they are superior to the average of the white men I have
examined. The finest specimens of physical develoi>ment I have seen were among the colored
recruits. I am not aware of any reason why the colored race should not furnish as eflicieut soldiers
as were ever in service.

The present enrollnientlaw, if faithfully executed, is all that can be desired to make available

the military strength of the nation. If the arms-bearing population of the country recognize to

the full extent the authoritative claim of the Government to their services in any future exigency,

there should be no dissatisfaction with the provisions of the enrollment law. The 23d section of

the enrollment gives them the opportunity of responding either by volunteers or by submitting to

a draft, thus leaving it optional with those most interested which course shall be adoi)led. I do

not perceive that the enrollment-law as it now exists can be amended to improve it. The subject

of reexamination of recruits and substitutes at reudezvous„-camps is important, inasmuch as there

is liability of grave injustice being done to examiuiug-surgeons in ascribing to them carelessness and
20

202 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — fourth district.

waut of (lisci-iniinatioii in the discharge of their duties. No one can question the propriety of the
Array regulation requiring the re-examination of all accepted recruits upon arrival at the rendezvous.
Yet I do not think it possible for any two surgeons, of equal skill and experience in examining re-
cruits, acting separately, to agree in opinion as to the acceptance or rejection of any three hundred
or one liundred recruits, even if no fraud is attempted on the part of the recruits; and this disagree-
ment should not impugn the accura(;y of judgment of either surgeon. If the numbers are reck-
oned by thousands, as has been the case the past two years, this difference of opinion between
surgeons is more likely to occur.

When large numbers of men are to be recruited, frauds are successfully practiced by brokers
and recruits. Prominent among those resorted to by brokers has been the substitution of un-
sound men for recruits who had been accepted by the surgeon. This has been .effected probably
through collusion with the guard having the recruits in charge. These meu, upon arrival at the
rendezvous, are very p'operly rejected, but tlie examiuing-surgeon is gravely charged with having
accepted recruits " totally unfit for service." No opportunity is aflbrdcd the surgeon charged with
dereliction of duty to verify a well-founded suspicion he may have that fraud has been practiced,
as the men are summarily discharged from the rendezvous, and in many cases repeat the same trick
in another district.

" Bounty -jumpers," and recruits who repent of having enlisted, have it in their power to de-
ceive surgeons at rendezvous or regimental headquarters, and are discharged. Again is the exam-
ining surgeon pronounced derelict in accepting a recruit "totally unfit for service." Other causes
lor disagreement between surgeons nwght be referred to, but these are sufficient to show some of
the embarrassments under which surgeons of boards of enrollment have labored in the discharge
of a portion of the duties devolving upon them. In view of the causes thus briefly presented, there
would seem to be a propriety, in any future exigency requiring the examination of large numbers
of men, that in cases of rejection the examining-surgeon charged with dereliction of duty should
have an opportunity to re-examine the recruit prior to the report upon his case. If tliis is not
feasible, a full personal description of the rejected recruit should be transmitted to the examining-
surgeon, in order that he may compare it with his record. If such a course could have been
adopted two years since, many cases of successful fraud would have been exposed, and the parties
propefly punished.

JOS. H. STREETER,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District Mansaclmsetts.

Boston, June 15, 1SC5.

MASSACeUSETTS— FOURTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Du. II. J. Bowditoh.

* * * Whole number examined (drafted men, substitutes, and recruits)

between the dates of July, 1863, and May, 1865 5, 816

The statistics of the draft were —

Number examined 1863, (first draft) 1, 303

Number examined 18G4, (second di'aft) 402

.Number examined 1865 10

Total V 1, 7;5

Average chest-measurement at inspiration S^i^g inches.

Average chest-measurement at expiration 32^^^^ inches.

Maximum girth, inspiration and expiration, (Massachusetts) 13 and 39 inches.

Minimum girth, inspiration and expiration, (Massachusetts) 28 and 26 inches.

(Three of these were from New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.)

SURGKONS' REPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS FOURTH DISTRICT. 203

Number of chest measuremeuts 1, 92G

Average age 30=} years.

Average height (57^ inches.

Greatest height, (native of Irehuid) 74 inclies.

Least height 59 inches.

(Three of tliese from Massachusetts, England, and New BriinswicJv.)

The iourth district of Blassachnsetts embraces five wards in Boston jjroper, also East Boston,
Chelsea, North Chelsea, Winthrop, and Cambridge. Save one ward in the center of the city, all
these idaces are bathed by the salt-water coming iu from Massachusetts Bay, or by rivers flowing
toward the ocean. All, without exception, experience the full influence of the cast winds and of
the inevitable changes that arise from the clashing of the land and ocean climates.

Thoracic diseases undoubtedly prevail extensively in all New England. Phthisis is said by
Keith Johnston* to be endemic in New England to so great an extent that he marks the spot for
this peculiarity ; but it has been proved by Dr. C. W. Parsons t and myself | that iu proportion to
the moisture in the soil on which a village is situated will be the prevalence of consumption. Dr.
A. A. Gould, of Boston, § 1ms added another element, which he deems indispensable, viz, coldness,
and this is severer, perhaps, in our district than in most others. It is found, moreover, that a resi-
dence near the coast is somewhat more liable to cause consumption than a residence in the interior.!!
Hence it will be perceived that this district might, a priori, be considered peculiarly liable to con-
snmptive tendencies.

Iu Massachusetts, 20.69 per cent.H of all the deaths, annually, are from consumption. Iu this
district we have exempted 4.45 per hundred, or 44.50 per thousand, from military service during the
existence of the board of enrollment, (August, 1863, to May, 1SC5,) in consequence of their having
some pulmonary disease of a chronic nature; a large majority having tubercular disease. In Table
5, of Report from Provost-Marshal-Geueral,** the rate of rejection is 44 50 per thousand, or 4.45 per
cent. This does not seem to me a large ])roportioii, when we take into consideration the various
influences at work iu our district tending to diminish the powers of life, viz, the position of the
district above alluded to, and the fact that a very large proportion of our recruits and drafted men
have come from our ill-ventilated workshops, and have been subject to the generally bad hygienic
influences of the city. •

It is true that the city of Cambridge has more of the advantage of country life. Never-
theless, its situation is low, ami it is washed by the Charles River iu its sinuous course to the sea;
and, moreover, a very hirge number of the inhabitants transact their daily work within the limits of
this city, returning to their suburban homes only at night. Hence they, too, are much influenced
by the same causes of disease as those to which city residents are subjected.

Epilcpsii. — From Table 5, it appears that there has been a less proportion exempted in Mass-
achusetts than in the States generally ; 8.38 per thousand belonging to the States, and 7.02 per
thousand from Massachusetts. Notwithstanding the fact that in one of my former reports I drew
the attention of the Provost-Marshal-General to what I deemed an unusual number of exemi)tions
in this district, from this cause, I again call his attention to the tact that the whole number exempted
during the war sustains the statement. During the jieriod of the existence of the board, 10.90 per
thousand have been sufferers from this complaint, and hiive been exempted for that cause.

Acute and ovfjanio diseases of the brain or spinal cord, heart, lunejs, liver, spleen, kidneys, or blad-
der.— The fact that a vast proi)ortion of our population whence the dralt is made are mechanics,
working in ill-ventilated apartments and living in the most crowded and filthy parts of our city;
iu a word, the fact that they and their families are crowded iijto the worst district in the State,
must be tiie reason for the large pro()ortion exemi)ted for acute and oiganic internal disease. I

'The Physical Atlas, by A. KiciTii Jounstox. Folio, Ediuburtjli, 1856: Map 35, The geoijraphival distribution of disease.
iBhode Island ref/istralion of births, deaths, and marriages.

iConsuiiq/tion in Alaasuchusctts ; on locality, one of its chief causes. Annual adUiess before the Massachusettsi Medical
Society, 18G2.

estate rcyistration of births, deaths, and marriayes.

Wlbid., la(J3,jiO(7(;03.

H/ftid.

"Annual vejwrt of the rrorost-Marxhal-General, November 15, 1804.

204 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — fourth district.

leiirn from Mr. Ai)i)olonio, our able and well-skilled city registrar, that the death-rate in these same
parts is fearful, and quite equal to any in the worst jwrtions of New Tork City. For 1863 the pro-
portion of exeiuptious from these causes in one thousand men was 86.72. Taking the whole period
of the board's existence, we find 90.33 per thousand, or 9.63 per cent. ; in other words, one third
more than the average of the State for 1863, and a still higher proportion for the whole period.

Chronic rheumatisni. — The ratio per thousand of exemptions in this district from rheumatism
(which I never allowed as a cause for exemption except under the fullest proof) has been large. I
know of nothiug to cause this, except the exposure to northern and easterly winds and the hy-
gienic influences already described. Table 5 makes the proportion for all the States reported from
only i.GT per thousand ; for Massachusetts, 8.01. For this district in 1863 it was 21.69, and for the
whole time, 21.10 per thousand. Whole number exempted for this disability was thirty-eight.

Partial loss of the sight of both eyes, serious permanent disease of the eyes or eyelids. — Although
jii this district the number exempted for these causes falls far below the average of the States gener-
ally, and of Massachusetts, the returns, compared as per table below, become interesting. For 1863
we exempted only 4.32 per thousand. For the whole period of service of the board, 8.45 was the pro-
portion ; whereas, for 1863, it was, for all the States reported on, 12.45, and for Massachusetts at
large, 18.30 per thousand. From Table 5, Provost Marshal-General's report, I make the following
table :

Table shoicing the number of men per thousand exempted for the above disabilities.

Maine 14. 54

New Hampshire 15. 48

Vermont 8. 04

Massachusetts IS. 36

Ehode Island 14. 64

Connecticut 13. 87

New York 14. 54

Michigan 12. 64

•Total average - 14. 01

Pennsylvania 8. 55

Delaware 8. 28

Maryland 7. 05

District of Columbia _ 8. 62

Wisconsin 7. 68

Total average 8. 03

Is there any reason why this difference should exist ? It would seem that this disability would
be more likely to exist where reading and printing were most flourishing ; and, on the contrary,
where heavy mechanical and out-of-door pursuits were carried on, there would be less of the same
disability. Whether the former part of this statement may be predicated of those States in the
first half of the table, and the latter of it be applicable to the latter half of the table, I leave
others to judge. The curious exception of Vermont to the usual average is remarkable, while it is
equally strange that in exemptions from hernia, an affection peculiarly liable to occur in a labor-
ing community, Vermont goes vastly ahead of the average from the States, and still more in
advance of all its sister New England States, save Maine.

Loss of teeth. — We exempted for this cause much more than the average, as will be seen by the
following statement;

Esemi)tioiis i)er thousand from all the States noted , 20. 55

Exemptions per thousand from Massachusetts 33. 19

Exemptions per thousand from fourth district Massachusetts, (1803) 59. 09

Exemptions per thousand from fourth district Massachusetts, (whole time) GO. 28

surgeons' reports — MASSACHUSETTS — FOURTH DISTRICT. 205

To exi)liii)i tliis fiict tliere are several reasons. In the early reriods of tbe drafting it was con-
sidered tliat a uian unable to "tear a cartridge" should be exempted. Hence, I have no doubt
that men were often exempted who would, later, Lave been held to service. But this will not
explain the difficulty, because I find that, although I really examined afterward with great care,
and am not aware of exempting any save those who were totally unfit to be soldiers from want of
teeth sufficient even for mastication, yet I find that during 1864 I exempted in the proportion of
60.27 per thousand, or about in the same proportion as at the previous time.

I would suggest the following as perhaps explaining in part, at least, these proportions:
(«) The average- age of our exempted men was 35 years ; whereas, according to Table 20, (Pro-
vost-Marshal-General's report,) the average age in sixty-two districts was 30.59 years.

(b) The hygienic conditions named as characteristic of our climate.

(c) At a meeting of the Suttbliv District Medical Society, it was stated by respectable dentists
that the large number of irresponsible and unscrupulous dentists was producing a very deleterious
influence in persuading many persons to have imperfect teeth extracted in order that the dentists
migiit themselves liave business. How far this cause may have any influence, or whether it has
any, I cannot say.

Hernia.— This cause of exemption rated higher than in the districts in general, and in Massa-
chusetts as a State. The proportions are as follows : For 1863, 53.72 per thousand were exempted-
for the whole time, 08.73 per thousand were exempted in our district ; while in the States gen-
erally, and in Massachusetts alone in 1863, we have 30.93 and 26.35 respectively, or about twice as
many in our district as elsewhere. The only explanation to be suggested is the laboring and
mechanical kinds of work performed by our citizens. I am quite sure no one was exempted unless
on the fullest proof of the existence of the difiBculty. In 1804 the varieties of hernia ran as fol-
lows : Eight inguinal and scrotal hernia occurred thirty-three times to eighteen of the left side,
and one umbilical.

" The general character of the inhalitants of the district.'''' Some idea has been given of the
proper answer to this part of the question when alluding to the ill-ventilated workshops and the
crowded residences of the northern wards of Boston. We have many foreigners resident there • in
East Boston they are chiefly Irish. The American element prevails at Cambridge and Chelsea, but
a very large number of the male inhabitants of both of these places daily come to the city to
engage in their various employments, and return to their suburban homes at night. # • *

Under the various sections of paragraph 85, we have been able to range all the disabilities we
have met with. # # # Section 5 should be divided and classified into the various

heads appropriate for the various diseases. The fact that a certain number are exempted for acute
or chronic diseases of the various organs in the three cavities, or of the extremities, may be of
value, but of very little scientific importance, compared with what might be obtained by classifi-
cation. All these defects in the paragraph would, however, be obviated if accurately prepared
tables should, vhen any future draft occurs, be sent out early to the various district surgeons, in
accordance with which they should be directed to make up their returns; this plan, thoughtfully
jjrepared, should be steadily adhered to during the various drafts.

With such a plan, and if a corps of able surgeons faithfully performed their task of examina-
tion, very curious results might be obtained. Statistics bearing npon the actual state of health in
any community are of great value, and by them perhaps some additional knowledge of the causes
of disease might be obtained. * * »

" The number of men that can be physically examined per day with acetiracy.^

It is difficult to answer this question accurately. The undressing and examination of any
single man would occupy at least 7 or 8 minutes. If examined in squads of three or four at a
time, who can, of course, go through the prescribed motions all at the same moment, the time
would be somewhat lessened. This lessening of time is not so much as one would suppose, for
I am obliged to look at each person and observe how he performs his work, and I must auscult
his chest, examine his eyes, teeth, ears, abdomen, &c., &c. Five minutes is, therefore, the least
possible amount of time that ought to be given to the thorough examination of each man. Hence
we could examine 12 in one hour, or 00 persons between 9 a. m. and 2 p. m. This was the usual
time of session of this board. It could not be longer and do all other necessary duties in reference

20G SURGEONS' REPORTS MASSACHUSETTS — FOURTH DISTRICT.

to clothing', &c., of the recruits. In examining even CO, the surgeon, if he go througli any " drill"
like that given above, would be •well tired before fiuishiug. I have no doubt that any one with less
care, and perhaps less physical labor, might '■'■scanorer^ twice or three times as many, but I have
thought to do my dut>- to the Government ircU rather than ipucily. » * *

The actual feigning of diseases, or the undue coniidaining of the efl'ects of simi^le ailments, was
not uncommon. The actual feigning of blindness of the right eye, or of some other disability
mentioned in the list in paragraph 85, was not so frequent as complaints of severity of diseases and
disabilities actually existing. The troubles about the eye were submitted to an expert who was
able to detect the malingerer. In regard to all disabilities, I required the sworn testimony of ac-
quaintances and attfrding ]ihjsicians before exempting. Ey pursuing this course, I think few
dralted men t^ciijcd unl(ss tin y deserved to do so. Though the following occurrence did not
hiijipen in this distri( t, I was inCoimed of it by the surgeon on whom the deception was tried,
and the tact shown by that officer was so good that the anecdote deserves record: A man com-
l>lained of being stove-dicf. He could not hearthe slightest sound. The surgeon remarked that he
must examine the man naked. When strip])ed, the ofiicer bent down as if to examine the knee, and,
appai-ently soliloquizing, said in an undertone, as he w-as feeling of one knee : " It is surprising this
knee has never caused lameness; if the man had mentioned this there would have been no doubt
about my ability to exempt him." The man's ears were unclosed, and, forgetting his previous
deceit, he eagerly said, " Well, sir, it is true that I cannot walk at all, or for any distance, without
lameness." " Ah," replied the surgeon, "as you have recovered your hearing so suddenly, I think
your lameness will disappear with equal ease when you are in the Array. As for your knees, they
are both alike, and healthy, so far as I can see. My soliloquy was simply to test your hearing."

Sharpness of wit, accurate and careful examinations on the part of the surgeon, and the sworn
testimony of others, and, if possible, of indifferent persons, will enable the examining-officer to
clear up almost all difficulties.

* * * My conviction is that no nationality can be better for a soldier's life
than the honest, intelligeni, law-abiding yeomanry of Massachusetts and New England. This
war has ettectually exploded the time honored erior that an ignorant brute, a half-dog specimen of
man, is better for a soldier than a reader and a thinker uiion the cause he is fighting for. Obedience,
but not blind obedience, is better than slavish fear of an oflScer. * # * Hence,
soldiers from the North and West are to be preferred to any other "nationality." As to "phy-
sique," I doubt whether any " nationality " ever presented more splendid and finer formed men-at-
arms than were to be found in some of the regiments from Maine. # * # Next
to the American, I should class the Germans for their moial, intellectual, and physical qualities.
Their fine, compact muscle, honest-looking, intelligent faces, were very striking. The two whom I
deemed the most perfectly-formed soldiers I examined during my two years of service, (in which
time no less than 5,816 men passed under my eye,) were German youths just from their fatherland.

* * * Next to the German I would place the negro. Those of this race that
I examined were lithe of limb and strong. Finally, I should place the Irish lowest of the four.
Strong, stout, impulsive, undisciplined, and unpolished, Ireland has sent many men to this war;
not, however, by any means, in proportion to its quota of population, as I think. Their total want
of cleanliness and their indisposition to strict discipline I should think grave blemishes. Never-
theless, their fearless impulsiveness and undaunted bravery in many a fight prove their ability to
be true soldiers.

* * * The enrollment-law as it now stands is comprehensive enough, and by
it we can hold all who really ought to be soldiers, and exempt all others.

I think section 22 should be so altered as to allow the surgeon of the board to employ at times
an expert to help him to decide upon certain doubtful cases where the diagnosis is impossible, per-
haps, with the means at hand at the office. In snch cases, of course, the man examined would pay
for the consultation ; hence, no extra expense would accrue to the Government, nor do 1 think
there would be any real risk of collusion between the examiner and the drafted man.

HENRY J. BOWDITCH,

iSurgcon of Fourth Diatrict of Massachusetts.
Boston, June lili, 18G5.

SUKGEONS' KEPOETS — MASSACHUSETTS FIFTH DISTRICT. 207

MASSACHUSETTS— FIFTH DISTRICT.
Extract H from report of Dr. Daniel Peelet.

• ♦ The number of men examined as conscripts, volunteers, substitutes, and enrolled

men applying for exemption, was, as near as I can determine, about 5,000. These, with the excep-
tion of a few of the volunteers and substitutes, were residents of this district, which consists of
three small cities (neither uf them exceeding 25,000 inhabitants) and twenty-three smaller towns.
The population is not in any part alarmingly dense, nor very sparse in the rural portions.

About one-fourth of the men are engaged in shoemaking ; a few in the towns of Swampscott,
Marblehead, Gloucester, and Ro(!kport are fishermen or sea-faring men, and the rest are found dis-
tributed in a great variety of occupations, as factory-operatives, carpenters, blacksmiths, masons,
machinists, tanners, teamsters, clerks, und professional men. With few exceptions, they are active,
enterprising, and industrious; neither relaxed by excess of luxury nor pinched by extreme
poverty. * * *

It would not be right to s.iy that we had awy prevalent disease among us. Tweutj' per cent,
of our deaths are from consumption ; but all New England has the same complaint to make.

The occupations of a large part of our men have been unfavorable to health. The shoemaker
of former years, and, indeed, until verj- recently, did his work in a small, crowded, and unventi-
lated room, sitting constantly and*for many hours in a cramped position. He thus became of
necessity, and jjroverbially, a feeble man, and the effects remain to this day, although the causes
are now for the most part removed. * *

Of the whole number exempted from the draft of 1863, the shoemakers numbered 403, or at
the rate of 338 per thousand.

Tlje most renmrkable prevalent disability among us was feebleness of constitution. By this
I understand permanent debility, whether congenital or induced by manner of living. The ratio
of discharges for this disability was 105 per thousand. For loss of teeth there were exempted 91
per thousand. The frequency of both these disabilities I refer to the unhealthy occupations of a
large part of our men. The remarkable loss of teeth cannot arise, as the popular prejudice would
have it, from excessive medication; for we have, during the last thirty years, been swallowing a
less and less amount of powerful drugs, until we almost seem to have met the followers of Hahne-
mann half-way; nevertheless, decay of the teeth has been on the increase.

In further explanation of the large proportion of exempts in this district, I would call atten-
tion to the fact of a very large emigration of our young and able-bodied men to the new States and
Territories, and to the thoroughness of our enrollment of all who were found among us within the
specified ages, however manilestly unfit for military duty. # # #

It is doubtful whether any great improvements can be made in the regulations. In a few in-
stances I have felt i>ained to find a umn who honestly desired to enlist, butr was rejected for some
disability, and wUo afterward was unable to get exemi)ted from the draft or the enrollment, not-
withstanding the existence of the same disability. 1 do not refer to those numerous cases of men
wiio make a pretense of coming to enlist, and at the same time make such complaints as to insure
their rejection. These we enter on the record as " rejected on their own complaints,'' which are
not considered for a moment as being any ground of discharge from the draft.

Extreme myopia is a real disability, but it is not easy to describe in words the degree oi myopia
tiiat ought to exem])t. External piles are souu'times so large as to be a constant and severe disa-
bility to the soldier, yet it is dillicidt to say how huge and troublesome they must be, in order to
exempt. l*erhai)s in both these cases it should be allowable to receive testimony that the man was
seriously tlisabled in his oidiuary work or occupation. * * *

In regard to the number of men that can be physically examined pcM- day with accuracy, I
think that the examination of sixty volunteers or thirty conscripts would be, with the other duties
incidental to the surgeon of the board, a fair day's work, * # #

Among the numerous frauds practiced by drafted men, should be noticed the claim that a
present disability was a permanent one, the best illustration of which was in two cases of men
who presented themselves when under the indueuce of some drug. The pulse was small, feeble,

208 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — fifth district.

and irregular. I suspected them, and told them bluntly, " You are not well, but will be better in a
day or two." I held them to the draft, and heard no complaint afterward. Many complained of
imperfect vision, and when I could not verify the defect, I .sometimes referred them to some dis-
tinguished oculist, and in every such instance they obtained the desired affidavit, until I began to
think that the uuboiight testimony of their neighbors would be worth more than the paid certifi-
cate of an expert. But the greatest difficulty I had to contend with, in regard to the draft, arose
from the sympathy of physicians and other infinential friends. I claim that our physicians, in
general, are as honorable, liberal, and high-minded as any class of uieu; but among two hundred
there must, of necessity, be some exceptions.

Tlie history of a man from his family physician was frequently of great weight in my mind,
but sometimes we fonnd it colored a little, and sometimes colored a good deal. # * #

I would, however, mention one difficulty which we often met with, and which existed entirely
outside your Bureau, in the military practice of appointing boards of inspection to examine recruits
after being mustered in, with a view to their discharge from the service. Large numbers of able-
bodied men recruited in this commonwealth, and a fair share of them in the fifth district, have
been summarily discharged from the place of i-endezvous for various pretended disabilities. One
declares before the board of inspection that be is but sixteen or seventeen years old, though a few
weeks before he declared himself to be, and his parents swore that he was, eighteen years old,
which statement his ap[)earance confirms. The board of inspection at Galloupe's Island can have
no means of information but the boy's declaration, yet will discharge him upon it. In several
instances they have in their report made an error of a year or more, according to the town or city
records. Another soldier is discharged for general debility or defective vision, who was unmis-
takably known at our office, by sure tests, to be of good physique and to see well. Another is
discharged for epilepsy who never had a fit in his native place, where he had resided for years
before his enlistment. Another was discharged for a deformity of the collar-bone resulting from
fracture, although the deformity, if it might be so called, was no greater than is ordinarily found
in the re-union of the broken ends of that bone, and which is not generally supposed to disable a
man for any kind of service. And thus, for blemishes of the most tritiing description, or for disa-
bilities which were proved only by the declaration of the recruit, who had just received a hand-
some bounty, have our soldiers been thrown out of the service, yometimes they were men who
had served out acceptably a previous term of service, and were recommended to us by their former
captains; some of them, within our knowledge, went afterward to some other State, enlisted, and
were duly mustered in. Such men as these, being thus summarily discharged to go where they
pleased, the surgeon who i»assed them in as recruits is afterward called upon to show cause, if any
he have, why he should not pay the incidental expenses of enlistifig them.

However faithful he may have been in the discharge of his duty, or however busy in other
official occupations, he is obliged to set about hunting up evidence to defend himself from this
exjxirte decision, made under unfavorable circumstances, by a board, appointed perhaps hastily, and
often composed of one young post-surgeon and several unprofessional cfiScers, who have not the
same means of knowing all the facts to be considered and decided upon as the board of enroll-
ment before whom these soldiers were enlisted. I beg leave, therefore, to suggest " to whom it may
concern" that soldiers should not under like circumstances be re-examined and discharged hastily,
without an opportunity being given to the surgeon accountable for their enlistment to appear and
be heard at the time of the investigation. It would then most likely appear that tlie soldier had
either deceived the board of enrollment, or was attempting to deceive the board of inspection.

The very small number of French, Italians, Swiss, and Russians examined at our office, pre-
cludes us from forming an opinion as to the physical aptitude of the men of these nations for military
service. A large percentage of our native Americans are rejected for some positive disability,
but those that arc accepted, while they may not come up to the average of Irishmen and Germans
in mere strength, seem to me to more than compensate for any such deficiency by their superior
readiness, activity, and agility.

Tbe negroes do not appear on our records as a separate class, being arranged with others
according to their several ])laces of nativity. My recollection of them is that they are generally
sound, strong, active, and quick to apprehend any direction that may be given them ; and, judg-

surgeons' reports MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH DISTRICT. 20f)

iiig only from tlicir ni)i)carni)ce in the cxauiiiiing room, I sliouUl expect tliem to make good
sokliers. 1 liave not hail occasion to reject a colored recruit tor any delect in teeth, eyes, ears,
or heart. # » »

Tile draft is truly a severe infliction, ajul must be so, however managed. Ifeominntations are
allowed, it becomes a tax by lot, to which the poor as well as the rich are liable, and thereloie not
an e(iuitable tax. It seems to me, upon a review of the whole matter, that if our Government liad
given to tlie soldiers from the first very large monthly i)ay for actual service, without any boun-
ties, it would have saved us from most of the frauds from which we have sutfered. I would dis-
card altogether the wheel of fortune; and if we should fail to secure a sufficient army by this
nn aus, and very large numbers should be necessary in coining years, (from which calamity we
jiray the good Lord to save us,) it might be better to take from the enrollment all between certain
ages, say twenty and twenty-one years, to serve for one year, when they would be discharged and
theii places filled by the same rule of age; and this, besides meeting a present want, would make
us a military nation. » * *

DANIEL I'ERLF.Y,
iiurgcon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Musmvhusetts.

Salem, Mass., June 12, 18G5.

MASSACHUSETTS— SIXTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from Report of Dr. John L. Sullivan.

The sixth congressional district of Massachusetts embraces eight cities and towns lying in the
county of Essex and seventeen cities and towns lying in the county of Middlesex.

On the north are Haverhill and Bradford ; on the east, Uradford and Saugus ; Charlestown
and Somerville lie at the southern extremity of the district ; ou the west are VValtham, Burlington,
Billerica, &c. The district contains two cities of considerable size and importance, viz, Charlestown
and Lawrence. Haverhill, situated about ten miles from Lawrence, is a compact town of nearly ten
thousand inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in the manulacture of shoes. These three towns
have a joint iiopulation of over fifty thousand inhabitants, or more than one-third of the entire popu-
lation of the district.

The surface of the district is agreeably diversified throughout. It is watered by several large
and by numerous smaller rivers, and abounds in small lakes or ponds, the largest of which, sit-
uated in the town of Andover, called Long Pond, covers nearly five hundred acres. Portions of
the district are extremely hilly, and somewhat densely wooded. In many places, the rivers, hikes,
and elevations conspire to render the scenery romantic and picturesque. Several of the streams
atlord excellent water-power. The Merrimack, which flows through the northern part of the dis-
trict, furnishes the city of Lawrence with an immense water-i)ower.

The soil is generally unfertile ; some portions, however, have been brought under high cultiva-
tion. In Andover and Boxford, there are tine farms. In the vicinity of Charlestown and Boston,
within the limits of the district, the business of horticulture receives considerable attention, and
tlie contiguous gardens supply the city-markets with fruit and vegetables. There are but three
towns in the district, however, and these the least important, in which agriculture forms the prin-
cipal occupation. Tlie mechanical and manufacturing interests everywhere predominate.

The climate is disagreeable, from the sudden vicissitudes of heat and cold for which it is
remarkable. In the spring and autumn, easterly winds prevail, which are damp, chilling, and
peculiarly trying, especially to invalids. The variations in temperature, even in the pleasantest
season, a.re sudden and violent. Khennuitism, cousumption, bronchitis, and, in general, disease.s
of the respiratory and intestinal mucous membranes are of frequent occurrence, and sometimes
prevail epidemically. It must not be inferred, however, that the climate of the district, or of New
England as a whole, cheerless and uncongenial as it is, compared with more favored sections of
the country, is especially prejudicial to health and longevity, or that its sharp meteorological
changes carry disease and death into every household and family. Ou the contrary, the chances

210 SURGKONS' REPORTS MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH DISTRICT.

of living to old age in New England are excellent. TLere are few spots on tbe face of tlie earth
better in this respect. The trnth is, that, on the broad scale and in the long iiin, there is health
rather than disease in its biting winds and decisive changes. The atmosphere is pnritied and the
system toned np by the operation of causes which seem to us at tlie time " not joyous, but griev-
ous." To New England belong the rugged soil and climate which tend to develop the vigor of
body and hardihood of spirit so desirable in the soldier — qualities, indeed, in which recruits from
this section of the country have not been surpassed.

The population of the district is mixed and heterogeneous, embracing a large proportion of
foreigners, among whom the Irish are the most numerous class. Tbe natives of the soil are, of
course. New Englanders. I might content m^, self with this statement, since the peculiarities
of Yankee character are so well known as scarcely to require description. # * # ij^g
descendants of the Pilgrims still retain many of the traits which characterized their Puritan ances-
tors. This is true, despite tbe lapse of more than two centuries, the copious admixture in their
veins of foreign (not Anglo-Saxon) blood, the combined influences of a different and more lib-
eral form of government, and of geological and meteorological agencies, so potent in modifying
physical and mental organization. Tlie latter class ot causes, operating surely, though impercepti-
bly, through centuries, imjiress radical changes upon the organism, remodeling not only tbe form
of the solter structures, but even of the bony skeleton. Tbe Anglo-American approximates grad-
ually to the Indian type of physiognomy. Thus, his jaws are narrower than the European's, and
cannot accommodate, without crowding, tbeliormal complement of teeth ; wbence one reason why
this country is tbe " paradise of dentists.''

Tbe average height of Anglo Americans is found to be greater than that of the European
races from wbicb they are descended, and tbe vital caj)acity of the tliorax less; a deficiency par-
tially comi)ensated for by a greater expansive mobility. In this respect, also, tbe physical con-
formation of the Anglo-American resembles that of the aboriginal inhabitants. The latter were
agile, slender, and litbe, though musciilar, and their movements unimpeded by superflons adipose
tissue. As a race, the New Englanders are s])are in habit, angular in figure, law-boned, and sal-
low. They are not so "juicy" as the Englishman — have not tbe ruddy complexion and portly
embonpoint characteristic of tbe latter. Tbe Anglo-American skin is finer and smoother, less like
saddle leatber. These physical changes are, of course, not unaccompanied by corresponding
mental difl'erences. Tbe drier atmosphere of New England, tbe sudden and violent alternations in
tenijierature, from which no season is exempt, have wrought their effects upon tbe nervous system
of tbe inhabitants. The New Englander is a restless and excitable being, ever " on the drive."
The speed of the locomotive and the electric telegraph hardly satisfy him. In England, on the
contrary, occupation produces no excitement, because it is felt to be irregvhtr. This equable tem-
perament of tbe people is fostered by the bracing island air, tempered as it is by tbe prevailing
moist southwest winds. But the New Englander, like bis native climate, is given to extremes and
contrarieties. He is by nature an ultraist, or, in popular language, a ratlical.

Descended from tbe Anglo-Saxon, mentally and pbysically the most vigorous of modern races,
the natives of New England inherit qualities of mind and body wbicb admirably fit them for the
twofold task of develoiiing tbe resources of an unexplored continent, and of conducting on a grand
scale tbe experiment of popular or democratic government. As managers of tbe material forces
of the earth, or as exi)lorers of tbe region of abstract ideas, tillers of tbe soil, ]iioneers of new set-
tlements, orof philantbro[iic enterprises, they arealike pre-eminent. Their industry, enterprise, and
mechanical ingenuity and skill are i)roverbial ; so also their frugality and success iu " making both
ends meet." With tbeni, economy is a virtue practiced as olten by the wealthy as by tbe poorer
classes. All the qualities implied in tbe word ihrijty find their fullest development in New England.
* * * The New Englander isarden tly attached to liberty, proud of the republican institutions inher-
ited from bis fathers, and unshaken in his loyally to tbe Union, even tliough he may be opi)osed
to the policy of tbe government, or to the measures advocated by the miijority.

There is no region of tbe globe whither tbe New Englander has not wandered, lured by tbe
love of gain or adventure, or impelled by his roving disposition ; no habitable clime whither be has
not migrated and may not be found naturalized. Yet, altbougb accommodating himself readily to

surgeons' RKPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — SIXTH DISTKICT. 211

tlie inanners and customs of foreign countries, he never loses bis individuality, and wherever he
may tix his habitation is still the New Englauder.

The Great West has been settled chiefly by emigrants from New England. New England
ideas, traditions, institutions, religious faith, and political principles, transi)lantcd thither, have been
incorporated into the politics of our new commonwealths, which already dictate the policy and con-
trol the destinies of the republic. Thus, directly and indirectly, New England exerts a paramount
influence upon American civilization. To ber the country is indebted for much of the national
])rosperity and glory ; for much of its mental, moral, and material wealth and resources. Amid
her bleak hills were nurtured those principles of civil aiul religious liberty in whose defense so
much blood and treasure have been lavisiied. Tlie part New England has borne in the war for the
Union is no less glorious and memorable than the part she sustained in the war of the Revolution.
To her inventive genius niankiud -ne indebted for the electric telegraph ; to her aptitude for philo-
sophical pursuits and scientiHc investigations for that most beneticent boon to suflering humanity,
the employment of autesthetic agents for the relief of pain. It will be seeu that the physical and
mental qualities with which the New Englander is endowed are those most desirable in the soldier;
and in the people who possess them the martial spirit is easily aroused.

The rebellion has proved that New England troops are surpassed by none in the world. In
them the fiery impetuosity of the tropical nature is united with, and attempered by, the cool, deter-
mined valor and bull dog tenacity of purpose for which the northern races are distinguished.
Such a union of opposite qualities might be predicted of a race sprung from the fusion of so many
distinct nationalities.

The physical condition of the enrolled population of the district is such as is usually found in
manufacturing communities; according to my observation comparing unfavorably with that of
otiier portions of the State where the prevailing occupations are more healthful. The shoe-bench
and the factory furnish employment for many who have become incapacitated for hard labor. These
persons naturally congregate where they can find work suited to their physical condition, an
additional cause for the large proportion of the draftable population of manufacturing regions
found unfitted for military service.

Purtkular diaeaneH and disahiUlics that have disqualified a ijrcater ratio per thousand for mili-
tary service, and the reasons therefor. — The total number of men examined at these headquarters,
enrolled and drafted men, recruits and substitutes, as nearly as can be estimated, is upward of
ten thousand, and probab y exceeds rather than falls short of these figures. The particular dis-
eases and disabilities that have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand for military service, stated
in the order of their relative frequency, are as follows :

Injuries, surgical diseases, and malformations of upper and lower extremities .... 874

Teeth, loss of 487

Hernia 453

Feebleness of constitution, general debility, permanent physical disability, &c .. 453

Heart, diseases of 376

Eyes, injuries and diseases of -61

Lungs, diseases of ^''^

Varicocele, cirsocele, sarcocele, and diseases of testicles 115

Deafness, including purulent otorrhcea 1^8

Brain and mind, affections of, including insanity, epilepsy, idiocy, &c 93

Injuries and surgical diseases and malformations of the upper and lower extremities.— In this
district, according to the statistics obtained at this oHice, 8.74 per 1,000 of the male population jtf
suitable age to bear arms are disqualified therefor by injuries, diseases, or malformations affect-
ing the integrity of the upper or lower extremities; attections of the latter, however, exceeding
greatly in number those of the former. This circumstance is attributable partly to the fact that
varicose veins and chronic ulcers are much more common in the lower than in the upper extremi-
ties, aud that the .joints of the foriiu'r, large and small, are more frequently the seat of chronic
rlieumatism, chronic synovial inflammation, &c.; and partly to tne fact that malformations of the
lower extremities are found more lr<'<juently than of the upper.

212 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — sixth district.

Loss of IcctJi. — Reference having aliendy heeii niacle to the fact that Americans snffor from
caries and couseijiient loss of tlie teeth earlier in life and to a greater degree than Europeans, and
a possible cause assigned therefor, no further comment is needed. That 48.7 ]ier 1,000 of the
enrolled population, otherwise able-bodied, should be found unfitted for military duty on account
of this disqualification, must certainly be regarded as a national calamity, the more so from the
irremediable nature ol fhe difficulty.

Hernia. — 45.3 per 1,000 suffered fiom this inlirmitj'. A large proportion of the enrolled popu-
lation are, or have at some period in their lives been, engaged in laborious avocations iu which
there is a liability to contract hernia. * * *

Shoemakers occupy the front rank. It must not, however, be too hastily inferred that the
occupation of shoemaking tends to produce hernia. Among the men examined, shoemakers were
much more largely represented than any other class of mechanics. As I learned by inquiry, a very
large proportion had formerly been otherwise employed, often in very laborious callings, iu w'hich
hernia was coutracted, and in consequence of which they were compelled to seek other employ-
ments. The same statement is applicable to clerks and other persons engaged in sedentary occu-
pations not requiring muscular exertion. In fact, the choice of such occui)afion in individual cases
may often have been determined by the existence of hernia. Hence no reliable deduction can be
drawn from the frequency of hernia occurring in those who follow a ])articnlar occtupation, except
the general one, that occui)ations which rc(juire lifting and straining are most liafile to cause this
disability.

FeMcness of constitution, natural or acquired; general debility; permanent phusical disabiUt!/,
d'c. — 45.3 per 1,000 were rejected on ac^count of the above-named causes. In a region where con-
sumption, scrofula, and kindred diseases are rife, it must be expected that an indiscrimin:ite
enrollment will include many persons naturally of delicate and feeble constitution, and. therefore,
unfitted to endure the fatigues and hardships incident to military service. In every community, as
I have before observed, there will be found a class of persons who enjoy a species of health with-
out being able-bodied, but who are not more cakuilated to do good service in the field than sapling
pines for the ribs of a seventy-four. Others, originally robust, become debilitated from intemj)er-
ance, solitary vice, sedentary or unhealthy occupations, or from theefl'ects of wasting or protracted
disease, and are conse(]neutly unfitted for hard labor in or out of the army. To put such persons
into the ranks would be to impose a burden upon the Government, and to inflict cruelty and
injustice upon them.

Diseases of the heart. — Diseases of the heart figure largely in the list of infirmities, for which
certificates of exemption were issued at this office; 37.6 per 1,000 of exemptions ou account of
permanent physical disability having been granted under this head. The number being so large,
a sus|>icion may arise as to the correctness of the diagnosis. It may be proper, therefore, to state
that the examinations in all these cases were very carefully made. Tiiose whicli seemed doubtful
were referred to the most reliable auscultators in the vicinity, and their opinions carefully com-
pared with my own, previously recorded.

Subsequently to the first draft, it became my duty to re-examine, with reference to striking
their names from the lists, a majority of the drafted men examined thereunder, ou account of dis-
eased hearts. A good opi)ortunity was thus afforded for correcting or confirming my previous
diagnosis, with this result, that the parties re-examined were almost without exception drop])ed
from the enrollment. In the majority of such cases, altliough the [)hysical signs of disea.sed heart
were strongly marked, the constitutional .symptoms were not severe ; in others, the countenance was
strikingly expressive of organic disease, and the muscular system of the sufferei-s was weak and
flabby. Several of the parties exemi)ted deceased suddeuly before the term of n:y official service
had expired.

The frequency of diseases of the heart in this district admits I thiidc of easy and satisfactory
explanation, arising, in my judgment, from the following causes: 1st. The prevalence of acute
rheumatism, and the frequency with which that disorder attacks and irreparably injures the val-
vular apiiaiatus of the heart; 2d. The mechanical and manufacturing interests largely predomi-
nating in the district, and affording a variety of what are termed "light" occupations, persons
prevented by diseased heart from earning a livelihood at hard labor naturally flock hither in search

surgeons' RErORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — SIXTH DISTRICT. 213

of employments suited to their ])Iiysical condition, eonj^regatiiiLT \vliei'e tliey enn find work ; 3d. A
propoition of the male poi)nlatiou are engaged in very Ijboiions eallings, demanding powerful
muscular exertion. The injurious practice of "running for the cars" until completely out of breath,
into which [)ersons who depend constantly on this mode of conveyan(;e are a])t to fall ; and with
firemeu the running, olten for long distances, to lires, with tlieir subse(|uent etiorts to extinguish
them, may be noticed as predisposing causes of heart-disease common in this district.

Injuries and diseases of eyes. — The exemptions in tliis district for these disabilities, 26.1
per 1,000, were perhai)s larger than in many others, owing to the number of mechanics enrolled,
as the loss of the sight of an eye is an accident frequently occurring to this class, especially to
blacksmiths and workers on stt^el and iron. Of the persons who were exempted for total loss of
sight of right eye, a large majority informed me that the indrmity arose from injuries received
while pursuing their avocations.

Diseases of Uukjs. — The exemptions for this cause were 17.7 per 1,000. Of these, 122 only were
for phthisis pulmonalis ; a small number compared with those for several of the preceding diseases,
but large when we consider the extreme fatality of consumption.

Varicocele, cirsocele, sarcocele, and diseases of the testicles. — 11.5 per 1,000 were exempted for
these iutirmities. The cases of varicocele and cirsocele were either complicated with atrophy or
other affections of the testicle, or were so severe as to be in themselves unmistakably disqualifying.
A degree of varicocele or cirsocele was the most common disability on account of which exemption
was claimed. I think there were not more than 25 per cent, of those who presented themselves
for examination in whom this affection did not exist to some extent. Several veteran volunteers
presenting themselves for re-enlistment had enormous cirsocele, but they assured me that they
experienced no inconvenience therefrom. Cirsocele affecting the rigbt spermatic vein was found
but in one instance ; a proof of its extreme rarity in that situation.

Deafness, including purulent otorrhea. — 10.8 per 1,000 were exempted for decided deafness, &c.
I have been unable to trace the connection of the occurrence of dealness in the persons exempted
therefor with the occuiiatious in which they were severally engaged.

Affections of brain and mind, including insanity, epilepsy, idiocy, &c. — Cerebral diseases and
affections of the mind were not nnmerous. This may be attributable to the fact that a large
majority of the persons examined were engaged in mechanical occupations, or such as do not
ordinarily tax the mental faculties severely. The number of eXemi)tions for mental unfitness were
9.3 per 1,000. # * *

The number of men that can be accurately iuspecte<l in one day by an examining- surgeon,
(without the aid of an assistant,) I may state, as the result of my experience, ought not to exceed
si.vty, or an average of eight for each working-hour. Should this number seem small, it must be
borne in mind that, although in many cases a correct opinion of a recruit's ability to perform mili-
tary duty can be formed at a glance, as where there is loss of a hand or foot, yet time is con-
sumed in taking the man's description, ascertaining his height, weight, girth, expansive mobility,
&c., and in filling his certificate of exemption ; so that, when a record of these particulars is
required to be made, from five to eight minutes must necessarily be occupied even by the most
casual and rapid examination. # * #

In general, it is easier to examine drafted men than voluntary recruits and substitutes. The
former are only too anxious to display their infirmities to their full extent, and are prone to
exaggerate them. 1 have known but one case where a drafted man, i>hysi(!ally unfitted for the
service, has atteaipted to conceal a disability. A drafted man will sometimes attempt one of the
deceptions, which, in the hands of the practised malingei'er, too often ])rove successful, but I have
never found an instance in which the artifice was not so clumsy as to be readily detected. The
chance that in the examination of a volunteer recruit an artfully-concealed defect may escape the
surgeon's scrutiny is greater than the i)rol)ability of his being deceived by the unskillful portraiture
of disease drawn by a novice in the art of simulation, and such the dratted man must be, except
iu rare cases where the lot has fallen upon some veteran impostor.

Of course, the surgeon will be doubly upon his guard when called to examine a drafted man
who has once been in the service, and who may have served an api)renticeship at malingering.
The voluntary recruit during exaniiuation usually maintains a discreet silence, at least until lie

214 surgeons' KEPOBTS^MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH DISTRICT.

sees bis rejection probable. He may then becoine vobible in his protestations of being a " sound
man." The ihat'teil luau, ou the con;rary, has a dolelul history to lecouut of the iuliniiities which
unfit him for military service, and usually appears armed with a certificate to that effect from his
family or attending physician. In i)roving an opinion of his physical condition, the surgeon will
often derive assistance from the drafted man's own statements, since, in his anxiety to make out a
good case against himself, he is apt to overshoot the marlc. In short, as a rule, the drafted man
may be assumed to be able-bodied until proved otherwise. The volunteer recruit, ou the other
baud, may be presumed to labor under a concealed di.squalilication, which it is the surgeon's busi-
ness to search lor, and, if possible, detect ; to do which will require the exercise of all iLe skill and
acumen be may possess. * * *

There are many cases of hernia, the diagnosis of which for the time being may be rendered
difficult, if not impossible, by the employment of certain precautionary measures familar to those
^ho make a business of preparing recruits for inspection. In such cases, when the disqualifica-
tion is suspected, its detection can be accomplished only by great care ou the part of the examining
surgeon, and often at no small expenditure of time.

For the reasons given, 1 have been able to conduct the examination of drafted men more
expeditiously than that of volunteer recruits or substitutes. The surgeon who properly examines
Jifty of the latter class i)er diem, for weeks and months consecutively, will find his physical and
mental energies fully taxed, and will, 1 think, have accomplished all that may reasonably be lequired
of him.

Frauds attempted hy drafted men to escape, and by substitutes and recruits to enter the service. —
These were few in number, seldom attempted, the artifices employed clumsy, aud the detection of
them easy.

Several specimens of urine, which had been sophisticated, were brought by drafted men on
pretense that they were suffering from disease of the kidneys. The microscope repealed the
extianeous character of the deposit, and a comparison of the urine voided in my presence with that
previously ottered aided in exposing the deception. In one instance, a draltcd man ]>rocured a
specimen of urine voided by a person dying of Bright's disease, warmed it in the sun, and presented
it to me, stating that it was his own, passed a few moments before entering the inspection-room.
I directed him to micturate in the ofitlce ; he declared his inability to do it so soou after having
emptied his bladder. Finding that he would be detained until he succeeded in uriaating, in a few
moments he discharged a pint of healthy urine, confessed the obvious attempt at fraud, and was
held to service.

Partial anchylosis of one of the large joints was occasioually pretended. These cases pre-
sented no difficulty, except in one instance, in which the joiut had actually been fractured. This
occurred on the first day of tlie inspection of drafted men at these headquarters, ou which day l.JO
men had been ordered to report for examination. Finding that the admiui-stration of aether would
be required in order to arrive at a correct opinion, I referred the case to the provost-marshal, who,
to avoid delay, i)ut the man upon his oath. He swore to a disability, which, by the following
morning, was proved not to exist ; he was arrested and held to personal .service.

Ifl the case of recruits and substitutes, extreme vigilance was sometimes necessary to detect
a concealed hernia. One man was passed with this disability upon him, (although subjected to rigid
examination,) who doubtless had been treated by those means which, when skillfully employed,
render the detection of hernia temporarily impossible. * * *

My own views in reference to the difterent sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, Pro-
vost-Mar.shal (leneral's Bureau, coincide entirely with tlio.se of the Chief INledical Officer thereof,
as stated in the Appendix to the Annual Report, dated November 15, 1SG4, and I shall venture to
express them nearly in his own language.

I do not recommend any change in the list of diseases and infirmities governing boards of
enrollment in the exemptiou of drafted men, believing that, with a proper construction and under-
standing of the list as now given in the paragraph mentioned, all drafted men who are really unlit
for military service can be exenqited in accordance with its provisions. * » «

To the inquiry, " What nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military ser-

surgeons' REPOllTS MASSACHUSETTS — SEVENTH DISTEICT. 215

vice?" I bave the honor to reply, in my ojiiiiion, "The fused European Tiationalities," constituting
what is now known as the Xorth AmcricdH Race.

I entertain this opinion, not because our native recruits are oji the whole more capable, physi-
cally, than the foreigners enlisting in our service, but becniise to a physictal development, little if
at all inferior to that of other races, is united an intelligence superior to tliat of the aliens with
whom they have been compared ; and because to the distinct and homogeneous nationality result-
ing from the fusion of many dissimilar races, the latter, as I believe, have contributed each some
quality or qualities of mind or body desirable in those who bear arms, and to be found combined
nowhere so perfectly as in the citizen-soldiers of our own land.

That the Irish are most cai)able, physically, of all tlie recruits presenting for enlistment in our
service is, I believe, generally conceded. Nevertheless, of the foreigners in our army, the Scotch
have proved the most efticient soldiers.* * • # The Germans are considered the least desirable
recruits en'isted from our foreign population, partly because they are subject in greater degree to
bodily infirmities, partly because more addicted to malingering.

In estimating the essential characteristics of the best soldiers, much more should be considered
than mere physique. Splendor of i)hysical ap[)earance and development, however gratifying to the
eye, are of secondary importance corajtared with the mental and moral qualities, which outweigh
the merely physical, and which tit their possessor for military purposes better even than the most
abundant vitality.

The number of colored recruits inspected by me does not exceed twenty-four, of whom nearly
one-half were rejected on account of physical disability. From this limited experience, I have been
unable to form an opinion as to the physical qiialitications of the colored race for military service.
The few recruits enlisted compared favorably with those of Caucasian blood; in fact, two of them,
mulattoes, presented the finest exami)les of such developmeiit I remember to have seen. Each was
over six feet in height: one, a man of prodigious muscular strength, a very Hercules, whose thews
and sinews would have done credit to a horse ; the other, although of less athletic frame, displayed
a grace and symmetry of form hardly surpassed by the finest models of antiquity. Both were
remarkably well proportioned, notwithstanding their unusual stature, and I doubt if their sujieriors
iu manly strength and beauty could have been found among our white troops. » # *

JOHN L. SULLIVAN, M. D.,
Surgeon Board of Eiwollment Sixth District Massachusetts.

Lawrence, Mass., June 14, 1805.

MASSACHUSETTS — SEVENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. David S. Fogg.

The total number of men examined was 10,569. » * #

The seventh district of Massachusetts is situated in the eastern section of the State; Concord,
its headquarters, being eighteen miles west of Boston. The surface is generally uneven, and quite
hilly in the western part ; soil various, and, though generally hard and rocky, it is highly cultivated.
Its northeastern boundary is on the Merrimack Eiver, by the affluents of which, including the
Nashua and Concord Elvers, the district is crossed from southwest to northeast. On the southeast
is the Charles River, flowing into Boston Harbor. On the western pai't is the Assabet, and in the
southern the Sudbury, which unite to form the Concord River. Along the borders of the Sudbury
and Concord Rivers are extensive tracts of meadows, which are overflowed several months in the
year.

Prevalent diseases are: 1st. Zymotic; particularly measles, scarlatina, croup, typhus, erysipe-
las, influenza, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera-int'autum, and rheumatism, lid. Diseases of respiratory
organs; bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and asthma. 3d. Diseases of digestive organs; gastritis,
enteritis, peritonitis, hepatitis, and jaundice. 4th. Constitutional diseases ; scrofula and phthisis.

Among the prominent causes conducive to the general prevalence of these diseases may be

"Count Mausll'ldt, tht) famous leader of " free lances" in the ttiirty years' war, preferred Scotch soldiers to any of
the various nativities which found representatives in his ranks. — B.

216 SUKGEOKS' EEPORTS MASSACHUSETTS EIGHTH DISTRICT.

mentioued the sudden cliauges in tbe temperature and humidity of the atmosphere ; luiasira
exhaled from sluggish rivers aud the esteusive meadows upou their borders, and the many suiall
lakes that dot the suriaceof the district. To these natural causes 1 would add the occupation ot a
large portion of the laboriue-class iu cotton, shoe, woolen, aud paper manufactures, as tending to
produce feebleness of constitution, and to develop scrofula, phthisis, and other tubercular diseases.
About seveuty-iive per cent, of all deaths, registered from 1850 to ISCO, were from diseases in two
classes : zymotic and tubercular.

The occupation of tbe inhabitants of the district embraces almost every branch of industry
known to civilized nations. About one-third are engaged in agriculture. Tiie gjeat manufactories
of cotton, wool, and iron in Lowell; tbe extensive manufactories of shoes in Natick, Ilopkinton,
Holliston, Marlborough, and mauy other large towns of the district ; the large paper, cabinet, and
straw-works iu others, together with other branches of mechanical industry, give occupation, in
whole or in part, to the other two-thirds of the populatiou. * * * In general intelligence,
mental, moral, and religious culture aud refinement, the people of this district are probably not
surpassed by any iu the State.

Locality aud occupation have a marked effect ou physical developmeut, health, aud disease;
hence, iu any district where a large proportioti of its iuliabitants are engaged iu the sedentary
occupation of shoemaking, iu cotton manulactures, aud kindred employments, a large ratio per
thousand will be disqualified for military service by reason of feebleness of constitution, tubercu-
losis, varicose veins, bicmorrhoids, aud chronic ulcers. Of the whole number exempted (1,013) in
tliis district under tbe draft of 18G3, 307 were rejected for the above causes.

I have found no difficulty in classing all cases of exemptions under the list given in paragraph 85,
Revised Kegulations. i>fo change occurs to me as necessary to be made. * « *

SeiTiiti/Jice meu per day is, I think, about tbe average number that can be examined with
accuracy.

Three cases only occurred to me where fraud was evidently intended by drafted meu. Two of
them, by application of some irritant, probably crotou-oil, to the flexures of joints and calves of
tbe legs, had tried to imitate scrofula, or salt-rheum. Tbe other mau pretended deafness. Tbe
fraud iu each case was easily detected. Many others attempted to influence the decision of tbe
surgeou by exaggerating slight defects and infirmities that really existed, aud by presenting certifi-
cates of physicians who had examined or attended them at some [irevious time; but all such cases
were so transparent, with the subject before me, as to aflbrd but little or no embarrassment iu the
discharge of my duty.

The data obtained from the draft and recruiting iu this district are so limited that tbe com-
parison of i)bysical aptitude for military service between ditfeient nations can hardly be made.
JMost of those representing other nationalities than American were exempted on account of alien-
age, aud the few that have been examined as recruits and substitutes do not fairly represent the
general mass of their countrymen. *

But very few colored men have been examined at this office ; but so far as my experience goes
I am able to speak in high terras of the physical qualifications of the race iu this country for mili-
tary service. ♦ * *

DAVID S. FOGG,
Sun/eon Board of En roll in cut ISeccnth District Mannachunctts.

CONCOKD, Mass., June 14, 1805.

MASSACHUSETTS— EIGHTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Db. Oramel Martin.

The total number of examinations made by me was 7,797. * » »
This district is rich iu soil and abundant iu agricultural productions. The streams are swift
and large, whirling all kinds of wheels of industry. Its iuliabitants manufacture uuicbinery, agri-
cultural implements, guns, pistols, cannon, cars, railroad-iron, cotton and woolen goods, carriages,
and almost everything that adds to the convenience, comfort, or luxury of man.

surgeons' reports MASSACHUSETTS NINTH DISTRICT. 217

Tliere are scliooMiouscs iu every iieigliborliootl, and a eliiircli in every village and hamlet.
The iieciiniaiy resources and wealth are unequaled by any inland district iu the United States.
The intellijieiice and inloiination of its people are, according' to ])<)])nlation, unsurjiassed in any
part of the j;lobe. The voters are loyal, with scarcely au exception ; in tavor of rree(h)ni and equal
rights to every member of the hunian family, regardless of nationality, rank, condition, or color.

The ])revailing diseases are those of whose (causes we know but little, and over the existence
of which science has exerted but slight control ; namely, tyi)hoid fever, consumption, scarlatina,
diphtheria, cerebro spinal meningitis, &c.

I do Tiot thiidv paragraph 85 of our instructions can be essentially imjjroved. Section 9 should
be carefully used, the surgeon giving a full de.scrii)tiou of the condition of the drafted mau
exempted under it. * * *

From forty to Jifty men per day may be accurately examined, on an average.

The best way to prevent frautlulent entries and exits from the army is to have honest, truly
loyal, well-educated, active, and intelligent surgeons to examine recruits; men perfected and
sharpened by personal and professional intercourse with the world. To this should be added
authority to have every man arrested, tried, and punished who gets' in or out of the service
fraudulently.

The first great hinderance to a faithful discharge of duty here was the improper intermeddling
of the surgeon-general of this State in giving accepted drafted men certificates of disability on
their or their Iriends' interested statement, without a proi)er carelul personal examination for him-
self; the second, the selection of surgeons to re-e.iaminc recruits who had never done a sufficiently
large daily business, before entering the army, to pay for one i)erson's daily bread. Our pro-
fessional decisions in this State were reviewed by three contract surgeons, selected, ai>parently,
because they had nothing else to do, and recommended, I jiresume, by one who seemed to lose
sight of the great cause in which we were engaged, in his anxious desire to relieve every needy,
ecnnplaining individual w'ho a|)[)lied to him. We needed to be very good natured men to .sub-
mit to have our verj' best recruits, men about whom we frequently knew as well as about
our own children, discharged for myopia, inveterate stammering, chronic inflammation of the
eyes, permanent contraction of the mouth, and other easily feigned and as easily detected diseases,
on the mere statement of the recruit, with his three or four hundred dollars' bounty iu his pocket,
and the knowledge in his head that as soon as he was discharged he could re-enlist and get as
much more. I do not think these surgeons meant or intended to do wrong; but they were
strangers, and these recruits took them in. * * *

I think Americans i>resent the greatest aptitude for military life; among them I should include
the colored race. Next in order of capacity, judging Irom those in this country, I should place the
Irish.

It is my opinion we should have failed, in k "eping the army full without the enrollment-law,
and the fear of a draft behind it, and, as a consequence, should have failed to subdue the
rebellion. # * #

ORAMEL JIAKTIN,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ehjiith District Massachusetts,

WoECESTEB, Mass., June 12, 1SC5.

MASSACHUSETTS— NINTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from reiiort of Dr. E. C. Riohardson.

The whole number of men examined in the ninth district of Massachusetts, aecoiding to the
records of this office, is 4,;"i50. » # *

The ninth district of Ma.ssachusetts, iu area, is about one hundred and fifteen miles long by
fifty in width. It consists of the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and a part of Worcester, and
contains, in all, seventy-two towns. The surface of the country is hilly. Soil in the eastern part a
sandy loam ; in the western, clay and loam; and fertile on the banks of the Connecticut River,
which runs through the western part of the district.

218 surgeons' reports — Massachusetts — ninth district.

This part of the country is usually healthy, and, with the exception of inflammatory affections
of the lungs, has no prevailing diseases but what are common everywhere. There is no doubt that
the dampness of spiing and autumn is conducive to inflammatory aflections. Tubercular diseases
are not as common as in the eastern part of the State, near the sea shore.

The inhabitants, as a class, are intelligent, active, and enterprising. Their occupation in the
hill-towns is jirincipally farming ; in the valley-towns, manufacturing and farming. Among the
farmers, a man is esteemed according to the amount of physical labor he is able to perform, and it
is plainly to be seen that too much labor has produced among this class its sad effects, as seen in
the young men from twenty to forty years of age, who often show by their stiflened joints and
general disabilities the marks of premature old age.

In my report of the examinations of drafted men in 186.3, I mentioned that the examinations
showed a much larger proportion of both physical and mental disabilities in hill-farming districts
than in valley-manufacturing towns. Thus, in hilly farming towns there was one case of mental
imbecility in every Ibrty-tive examined, while in valley-towns there was only one case in every one
hundred and twenty-two examinations. This may be partly owing to a large share of the healthy
and enterprising removing from the hill to the valley towns, while the physically and mentally dis-
abled remained at home.

The number of cases of epilepsy and other head-diseases show about the same relative pro-
portion. * * «

I believe section 5, " Organic diseases of internal organs," covers too much ground, and that
valuable medical statistics are lost if no record is kept of special organs, as the heart, liver, kid-
neys, &c. It seems to me that the number and kind of organic diseases of the heart are of quite
as much importance as any others; and when the field of observation is so large, and when scientific
facts can be gathered, nothing important should be left out. I would therefore respectfully recom-
mend an alteration of section 5, so as to have a separate heading for each internal organ. With
regard to the other sections, I would not recommend any alteration. # # »

I find the average time required to examine a recruit to be six minutes. I believe a thorough
examination cannot be made much, if any, short of that time. Tliis would give us, for six hours'
work, SM-ty examinations, which is as many as the surgeon can make and do justice to the Govern-
ment or himself.

Eelative to the frauds practiced by drafted and enrolled men to escape military service, the
most common is feigning diseases of the joints, chronic rheumatism being most frequently alleged.

* # »***»»

With substitutes and recruits, it is no uncommon thing for those who have no teeth to go to a
dentist and have a set made on vulcanized rubber, the color of which nearly corresponds with the
color of the gums, and when they are covered with tobaccojuice they are well calculated to
deceive. Hernia, which has been kept back by a truss, will often remain up several hours
without the truss, and is liable to deceive the surgeon without a careful exploration of the inguinal
canal.

As to what nationality presents the greatest aptitude for military service, I think I can safely
say Americans. * * #

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service being
very limited, having made but very few examinations of this class, I am not prepared to give an
opinion, but from what I have seen should think them not inferior to the whites.

Finally, as to the operation of the enrollment-law as it now exists, I will say the new state of
things brought on by the war required anew order of things; and this law, although in some
res[)ects contrary to the spirit of our people, has been growing more and more in popular favor,
and I believe its practical working has been as perfect as its authors could have reasoucably
expected. » • #

E. C. EICHARDSON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ninth District of Massachusetts.

Greenfield, Mass., June 10, 18G5.

surgeons' reports — MASSACHUSETTS — TENTH DISTRICT. 219

MASSACHUSETTS— TENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dk. Samuel Duncan.

The draft in the tenth districtof Massachusetts took place at the eit.v-hall, Springfield, July 14,
1803, and was continued in the same i)ublic uianner from day to day till the nunilier riMinui'd
(.jjo'Jj) was drawn. Gieatly to the credit of the district, it passed off' quietly and orderly, though
emissaries of the New York mob were present, as was afterward ascertained, to inaugurate a riot
had an opi)ortunity offered. Perhaps the precautions used contributed somewhat toward so
desirable a result.

The board, misapprehending the number which would report immediately on receiving their
notifications, issued too manj' at first, and the result was that those who supposed they had surfi-
cient grounds for exemption came at once to procure it, and for two or three days the crowd around
the provost-marshal's office was greater than could be examined, much to the annoyance of the
board, and, I doubt not, of the drafted men. As soon, however, as we could ascertain the working
capacity of the office, the men were notified to appear in such numbers each day as could well be
examined, and thereafter there was no conii»laint of delay.

Meanwhile, paragraph 85, Regulations of tlie Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, had found
its way into the newsi)apers, and it afforded drafted men an excellent opportunity for studying
the causes of exemption and of jireparing certifl(;ates of disability. Of thirty drafted men from
one town, twenty-seven had certificates of disability from one surgeon.

The tentb enrollment-district of Massachusetts is made up of the counties of Berkshire and
Hampden. Berkshire has the larger area — namely, 950 square miles — and its greatest length is
about fifty miles, reaching across the entire State on its western border. It is bounded on the
north by Vermont, soutli by Connecticut, and west by New York, and embraces that portion of
the State included between the Taconic and Green Mountains.

These mountain-ranges, often rising into peaks, ranging in height from 2,000 to 3,500 feet above
tidewater, and still clothed in |)rimeval forests of fir and maple, possess many points of rare
beauty and grandeur, ;ind, from their real or fancied resemblance to the Juras, have given to the
country the appellation of the Switzerland of America. There are two systems of rivers, which
drain the surface-waters: one flowing northward and emptying into the Hudson, the other soutli
into Long Island Sound. These rivers have given their names to the two principal valleys, the
Hoosac and Housatonic, of which the latter has the longer slope, extending to the Connecticut
line and from thence to the Sound. The valleys are again divided in their length by detached
mountains, of which Gnyloisk, the highest peak, is 3,515 feet in altitude. Throughout the county,
there are many narrow valleys, mostly at right angles with the mountain-ranges, through which
the smaller branches of the rivers flow to their juuctiou with the main channels, furnishing motive-
power for the multitude of manufacturing establishments which everywhere meet the eye along
the streams.

The rock of the Taconic Mountains is mainly talcose slate, of no value for mechanical pur-
poses ; but the fragments distributed through the soil by continual disintegration aflord valuable
nutriment to grain and grasses.

The Green Mountains, which form the eastern boundary of the county, are principally made up
of talcose and mica slates, quartz, and gneiss. The Hoosac tunnel, now in the process of construc-
tion on the line of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad, pierces this mountain through the talcose
slate for the distance of four miles and a half. The mineral wealth of the county is principally
iron, marble, lime, white quartz, and sand of fine quartz, largely used in the manufacture of glass.
There are thirty-one towns in the county, containing, according to the census of 1860, 55,136
inhabitants.

The county of Hampden lies along the southern border of the State, on the line of Connecticut,
and at right angles to the county of Berkshire. Its length is about fifty-five miles, and it contains
nearly six hundred and fifty square miles of territory. That portion boidering on Berkshire County,
and lying on tlie top and eastern slope of the Green !\Iountains, is much broken by sharp ridges
and ravines, and is noted for the abrupt boldness and picturesque beauty of its scenery. The land

220 surgeons' eeports — Massachusetts — tenth district.

slopes gradually down from the mountaius to the valley of the Connecticut, whose river is the cen-
tral depression and drain for the surface-waters of the county. From the river, the land gently
rises eastward, and finds its greatest elevation beyond tlie limits of the county at (Jharlton, where
it is some six hundred feet above tide -water. The Connecticut River, wliich divides the countj'
into equal parts, receives but two tributaries worth noticing, the Agarian or Westfield, and tlie
Chicopee. These afford a never-failing supply of water for the numerous manufactories which
have been established along the streams. Tlie area of Hampden County is about six hunched and
fifty square miles, and is divided into twenty towns, exclusive of the city of Springfield. The whole
number of inliabitauts, by the census of 1800, was 57,392, giving as the total for the tenth district
112,5l.'S inhabitants.

Tlie soil upon the mountainous portions of the district is unsuited for tillage, but aflbrds
excellent pasturage for cattle and sheep of unproved breeds, which are kei)t in large numbers and
found highly remunerative. In the valleys, the soil is fertile, and in productiveness is hardly
excelled by any portion of our country. Tobacco, maize, and the cereals flourish here in great
lierfectiou.

The prevalent diseases in the district are phthisis, typhoid fever, pneumonia, and rheumatism.
I have no data for determining their relative frequency; but the necrological tables show that 24
per cent, of deaths is from phthisis, 9 per cent, from typhoid fever, 5 per cent, from pneumonia,
and 2 per cent, from rheumatism. At least three-fourths of the area of the district is made up of
mountains and hills, often separated from each other by narrow and deep valleys. The climate
for two-thirds of the year is cold, damp, and subject to great alternations of temperature. The
prevailing winds are from the northwest, east, and southeast. The average yearly temperature
is from 44° to 40° Fabrenheit. The average yearly amount of rain is from 38 to 42 inches

The climate and topograi)hy, which are intimately related, are unusually favorable for the
development of these diseases; and the sanitary reforms which might mitigate these evils are
adopted by the people but slowly. If to the natural causes, which we cannot control, we add
ignorance or willful violation of hygienic rules, there is little hope that their frequency will be
lessened.

Typhoid fever of a dangerous type is oftener met with on the hills and in the narrow valleys
than where the country is more open. The miasm is carried by the winds from the lower grounds
upon the hill sides, which oi)pose a barrier to its further progress, and it is there condensed (prob-
ably) along with the vapor by the cooler air of night, and as mist or fog it finds its way into the
valleys. Possibly the amount disseminated through the atmosphere and inhaled may account for
the increased severity of the disease in certain localities.

The general character of the inhabitants is above reproach ; they are industrious, frugal, tem-
perate. * * #

At the date of the enrollment in 18C3, not less than seven thousand persons were already in
service from this district, wliich was a very large deduction from our able-bodied population ; and,
again, the enrollment was sweeping in its character, every human being wearing male apparel
within the prescribed ages was enrolled. If we still add to this the large number of aliens drafted,
it will be understood wliy tiie exem[)tions by the board must have been necessarily large.

The attempt at revision of the enrollment-list between the first and the second drafts was only
])artially successful. The enrolled men who lived at a distance from headquarters, and who had
disabilities for which they felt sure they would be exempted if drafted, were, as a general rule,
reluctant to incur the expense of travel and the loss of time to have their names stricken from the
list. The aliens, however, improved the opportunity to present their claims for exemption from
enrollment, which greatly increased the number of physical exempts in the second draft. As the
board had no i)ower to compel men to present themselves for examination, their invitation was in
a great measure unheeded, and, as a consequence, at the second draft the list was relatively as
imperfect as at the first.

Before the rebellion, there was a strong tide of emigration setting westward from this district,
invited by the superior fertility and cheapness of the land, and the thousand avenues opened to
eiiter[)rise in young and growing States ; and as the emigrants were mostly able-bodied, and of a
military age, they have found their way into the service in such numbers that hardly a regiment

surgeons' reports MASSACHUSETTS TENTH DISTRICT. 221

from the Western States hut lias in it more or fewer of Massaclmsetts men. Tiie witlidrawal of such
a elass of men from our eomniunity increases our ratio of excuii)ts, and correspondingly lessens the
ratio of States wliere they are enrolled.

Again, a large portion of the enjjjloves in our manufacturing establishments are men of foehle
health — men who have broken down under severe outdoor labor, and have sought reluge from want
in the lighter labor of the mills.

It will be found, as a general rule, that, in every section of our country where the soil is natu-
rally unproductive, the great amount of labor necessary to secure even a moderate return is
injurious to the physical well-being of the farmer. This is eminently the case in this district; and
if I were called upon to name the fault most conducive to their physical degeneration, I would say
they labor too much. # « #

" Loss of teeth" is a disability for which many have been exempted, and it has often happened
in this wise: that drafted men bad more than one cause of exemption, and as both could not be
recorded under the difi'erent sections of paragraph 8.5, if this was one it was very common to ex-
empt for it. It will be seen that by using one cause of exemption frequently, when others might
have been named with equal propriety, the number exempted under that section would at
length appear disproportionate; and so of section 9. In all instances, paragraph 85, as it stood at
the time of the examination, was adhered to.

" It is the object of Government to secure the services of men who are effective, able-bodied,
and free from disqualifying disease." This is the language of paragraph 91, and it tersely sets
forth all the requirements necessary for a good soldier; all who do not possess these are an injury
to the service, whether dratted men, recruits, or substitutes.

It has been the invariable rule at this oflice to examine drafted men in strict conformity with
paragraph 85; but in the examination of all others, more especial relerence was had to paragraph
90, iirst edition. Regulations of the Provost Marshal-General's Bureau.

As there is not the slightest probability that, in the event of war, the enrollment-list in a single
district would be exhausted before its termination, and as 1 am asked what changes I would rec-
ommend in paragraph 85, I would imhesitatingly say, "Adopt but one standard of .examination for
all men alike!" I am fully satisfied that the tingerless, myopic, obese recruit or substitute would
aflord just as valuable service to Government as though he were a drafted man. The diseases of
canq), the hardships and exposure of military life, and the accidents of battle will furnish the
needed recruits for the Veteran Reserve Corps without resorting to a draft for that purpose.

By adopting a more rigid examination for substitutes than for drafted men, we do the latter
an injustice. For instance, a man is drafted who has lost the index-finger of his right hand; by
the regulations he cannot be exempted; he proposes to furnish a substitute, and actually presents
a better man than himself, but with the same disability, yet we are obliged to reject his substitute
for the loss, while we hold the principal to service. The same occurs with obesity, myopia, and
some other defects. Drafted men frequently fail to see the fairness of such decisions, and I much
doubt whether I ever succeeded in assigning a satisfactory reason to them for demanding a greater
perfection in the substitute than in the principal ; but so I undeistood the instructions and followed
them. A case in point is illustrative: a soldier, who h^^d lost the index-finger of his right hand at
the second articulation in the assault on Fort Hudson, and had been honorably discharged by rea-
son of expiration of term of service, offered himself as a volunteer at this office; and as he was of
good report and had no other disability, and was anxious to re enlist, the acting assistant provost-
marshal general of Massachusetts was written to for information, whether, under the circumstances,
he was not an acce[)table recruit. He decided in the negative, properly, no doubt ; but these nice
distinctions were hard for the jiublic to understand.

Section 9 in the last revision of paragraph 85 is not an improvement on the corresponding
section in circular 100. "Feebleness of constitution" is common to plants and animals: and if the
botanist or pathologist had time and patience, he might possibly determine the cause of the abnor-
mal condition in a given case. But the surgeon is cal ed upon to decide i)romptIy and summarily
ill his examinations, and a single glance of the eye is often siiflicient to discover a man's unfitness
for service, while laborious resear<'h might be necessary to determine the lesion on which it (lepvnds.
Both "feebleness of constitutiou" and "permanent physical disability" will need to be pretty lib-

222 surg'eons' eepoets — massachdsett^ — tenth district.

erally nsed by the surgeon if it is expected be will comply with an order like tbe following, which
was received at tbisoflice: "You (the surgeon) are expected to examine at least 120 men daily
until tbe draft is comi)leted." I know of but one addition to paragraph 85, as amended in circular
100, which I would suggest: I would restore "excessive myopia" to section 10, and then approve
tbe paragraph as a whole.

From my experience as surgeon in this ofBce, I have no hesitation in saying that not a single
section of that circular (100) can be omitted without detriment to tbe service.

* * * Tbe good of the service should be tlie highest ambition of the surgeon in the exam-
ination of men; but neither this, nor the impending threat to take from the scanty pittance which
Government allows for his service, the expense of recruiting Kichard Eoe can save him from the
imputation of carelessness, if others, as incompetent or negligent as himself, should happen to
differ from him in oi)iniou as to his titness for military service. A case in point, and the only one
of volunteer or substitute examined by me personally, in which 1 have been called upon to report,
is cited in proof. A volunteer was examined and accepted by me at this office and delivered at
the rendezvons on Galonp's Island; shortly thereafter I was called upon to re])ort " why be was
accepted," as it was alleged that be "had hernia at the time of bis examination, which might have
been easily detected with proper care on part of the surgeon." The whereabouts of tbe volunteer
being discovered, be was brought before tbe board for re-examination. I carefully examined the
man in presence of the board, with the assistance of two eminent surgeons, and it was most con-
clusively shown that hernia did not exist. The volunteer had followed before bis enlistment and
since bis discbarge a laborious occupation, and had never worn a truss or suspected a hernia. Had
tbe man not been found, I might have suffered mortification and loss of pay without an oiiportunity
of vindication.

* * * I think seventy about tbe number of men wbicb I should fix upon that could be
" physically examined with accuracy in a day." I have often examined more than one hundred;
but this requires an amount of labor wbicb, if continued day after day, would soon render most
sui-geons unfit for duty. * * *

In the examination of drafted men, it might as well be taken for granted at tbe outset that
they have all the diseases and disabilities mentioned in paragraph 85, and more, if possible.

These simple claims for exemption cannot be considered " frauds;" they are mere pretensions
and the surgeon can judge of their truth or falsity with little hesitation.

The attempts at actual fraud by drafted men to escape service were for the most part weak
inventions and hardly in keei)ing with tbe proverbial shrewdness of the people. They generally
consisted in tbe application of blisters and plasters to the surface; in irritating the rectum to sun-
ulate hemorrhoids; exciting conjunctival inflammation; and occasionally in the application of
trusses. These were the principal devices, the acute and recent appearance of which rendered
them harmless for the purpose of deception, and tbe most common result was to plague the inven-
tor. When it was claimed that there was "total loss of sight of right eye," or "partial loss of
sight of both eyes," if they gave no very positive indication of it on inspection, such cases were
continued till evening, and then examined with the ophthalmoscope.

The provost-marshal's office was a very Pool of tSiloam for drafted men : the blind have been
made to see, tbe deaf to hear, and.the lame lo walk. I have known men too lame to run if threat-
ened by Mosby's guerrilbis to improve at once when told that the attenipt at deception was well
understood and appreciated.

Occasionally a drafted man would mutilate himself to escape service by cutting off his fingers,
or having his teeth extracted. What would be the value of such men to the service ? All substi-
tutes were required to wash their persons perfectly clean before presenting themselves for examina-
tion, and to be absolutely sober; these rules were never departed Irom at this office.

There might have been an occasional fraud practiced upon this otfice, (indeed, it would have
been strange bad none succeeded;) but no system would long escape detection by a thorough, care-
ful, miuute insi)eotion. Certain liabilities and tendencies, which would unfit a man for service when
developed, might not always be detected, nay, sometimes could not be, however careful the exami-
nation ; as, for example, the liability to ei)ilepsy, and the tendency to certain forms of rheumatism,
when the <liseuse had left no visible trace of a former attack.

SUEGEONS KEPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS TENTH DiStRICT. 223

Substitutes and recruits, by inaliiigeiiiig, ])ractipe};ieater frauds toprocnretbeiidiscbaijieiVoiu
service tbau to enter it. Tins is euiiiieiitly true of diatted men, wlio liave neitber stoniaeb nor
bounties for fighting. Forced to render compulsory service, they take every opportunity to avoid
it ; and by persistently shirking duty, and by always complaining to the surgeon of ills for wbich
there is uo possible cure, at length they exbaust bis skill and llie patience of oElJceis, and a dis-
charge is recommended, often on the most frivolous grounds, as the easiest method of ridding them-
selves of their presence. This is not all ; the rei)ort on wliicb the discharge is recommended often
having been " referred," at lengtb reaches t be suigeon of tlie board wliere sucb persons were accepted,
and he finds bimself charged with ignorance, carelessness, negligence, and, in short, with ;•. general
unfitness for his ofhce, and is politely called upon to justify himself for having strictly followed tbe
regulations to the best of his ability. * # *

Tbere are obstacles and annoyances incident to tbe draft, wliich grow out of tbe altered relation
of tbe citizen to tbe Government, which no suggestion can remedy, but wbich must be borne tor
the good of the service, or be overcome tbrough the tact and skill of the surgeon. * * »

In view of the late astonishing and glorious results, I sbould be wanting in i)atriotism if I
indulged for a moment the tbougbt tbat any nationality possessed bigiier qualifications formilitaiy
service than ours. I believe tbat uo other people could have fought this rebellion to its utter
extiuction, inaugurated as it was under circumstances so favorable to success; and tbis happy
result bas been achieved by American ofiicers and soldiers almost exclusively. Foreign otbcers
and soldiers, as a general rule, have failed to meet public expectation ; they have done well on
occasions, but the real bard work of crushing tbe rebellion has been done by " uatives to the man-
ner born."

Next in order, I would put the Canadian French, the Irish next, and tbe German last. * * •
Tbat tbe negro can and will fight has already been demonstrated. Most of tbe negroes presented
at tbis office as volunteer recruits or substitutes were tine specimens of the race, well foimed,
active, muscular, and remarkably free from dis(|ua!ifying disease. Many of tbem bad been slaves,
and seemed to have quite intelligent ideas of tbe nature of tbe obligations they were about to
assume, and, judging from their pbysical condition alone, I see no reason why they might not
become respectable as soldiers. * # #

I would respectfully suggest tbat, in the future, before quotas are assigned to districts or
sub-districts, the enrollment-list be made to couform to section 1 of tbe enrollment-law by
excluding therefrom all persons not s[)ecial]y mentioned as constituting tbe national forces. To
tbis end, tbe board of enrollment sbould be directed to publish lists of i)ersons enrolled in each
sub-district as soon as completed, and to appoint meetings at convenient points in tbe district
wbere tbe commissioner and surgeon could examine the claims of enrolled men to bave their names
struck from the list; in tbis way only can quotas be equitably assigned.

I would also suggest tbe propriety of exempting from enrollment and draft all regularly
ordained ministers of the Gospel. I think it impolitic in any nation to force its clergy into tbe ranks
of war. Their vocation is eminently one of peace, and the triumph of right, which sbould be the
end of all contests and tbe prayer of all Christian nuMi, is more surely secured through their influence
at borne as teachers of truth than tbrough their aid as instruments of war. The excitement, irrita-
tion, and ill-will engendered in a community over tbe drafting and holding to service of clergymen
cannot be compensated for by their service as soldiers. The dictates of policy and religion are
alike against it; and the noble stand taken, and the generous aid rendered by tbem in the Sanitary
and Christian Commissions, plainly indicate wbere their field of usefulness lies.

I would respectfully sufigest that in time of war two years be made tbe minimum of volunteer
enlistments for the Army. Tbe cost of raising and ecpiipping a regiment lor six months or a year
is about equal to that for three years. I think the uniform testimony of tliose competent to judge
is that men enlisted for a less period than that luoiiosed are nearly or quite useless. Their term
of service scarcely ever exceeds a single campaign, and is altogether too short for tbem to ac-cus-
tom themselves to the wholesome restraints of military life, or to form correct habits as soldiers.
They leave tbe service with all the faults and prejudices of half-disciplined men ; and the records of
tbis office show that fewer numbers of this class reenter than of those who have won the honor-
able distinction of veterans.

224 surgeons' beports — riiode island — first district.

It was the common report in this district tlmt thon\ne-mouth>i \o\i\iite('rn j^rerenicd enlistments;
of the truth of this I have not the least doubt.

I woukl also recommend, for the better protection of Government and people against the
intolerable horde of vampires spawned by the war iu sbai)e of substitute-brokers and bouiity-,jnm[t-
ers, that tbe payment of all bounties to volunteer recruits be regulated and controlled by the
General Government, and that States and localities be prohibited from ottering bounties for that
purpose.

The pay and bounty should be liberal. Tbe man who accepts a dangerous employment should
be well rewarded for the risks; but let it come after the service is rendered.

Volunteer recruits and substitutes should only be allowed to enlist iu the district where they
bad a residence at the time of the call ; for the Navy, thej' might with propriety be accepted from
any source.

If that nuisance had been averted, the efficiency of our Army would have been greater, and
the calls for trooi)s less earnest and frequent. I caunot refrain fiom quoting a portion of the
report of Colonel Cogswell, of the Second IMassachusetts Infantry, on this point: " During the
year (1804) about eight hundred and seventy-live men (if some of them can be called men) have
been recruited m Boston for this regiment. Out of this number, three hundred and forty have
joined for duty ; the remainder haviug deserted en route. Out of this number of three hundred and
forty, one hundred and twelve have deserted from the regiment. These men never intended to go
as far as they did, but probably found no opportunity to desert until they reached the regiment;
and when uien will desert from the picliet-liue to the' enemy, as many of them have done, no dis-
cipline or restrictions of camp will hold them. It needs no suggestion as to the proi)riety or i)rac-
ticability of tilling a quota with such men. It is Ibrtunate for the regiment that such men did not
join us, or did not remain with us, for such me;i will not and do not intend to tight or do their duty,
and the sooner they are separated from those that intend to remain and become soldiers the better.
These deserters have been confined entirely to recruits, a majority of them Dutchmen, though
many of them were Americans and New York City ruffians."

' The above statement needs no comment. The money squandered by way of bounties on those
worthless rascals wouhl have raised and equipped two or three regiments of eflicient men.

There can be no doubt but that huge numbeis of these bounty -jumpers were recruited by rebel
agents iu the provinces, and transferred to their army through our recruitiug-offlces, with the
additional bounties. # * #

SAMUEL DUNCAN,
Surgeo7i Board of Enrollment Tenth District 2Iassachtisetts.

Springfield, Mass., May 12, 1SC5.

RUODE ISLAND— FIEST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. C. G. ISIcKnight.

* • * My experience in examining men for military service commenced with the First
Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry. Tlie whole number examined by me is not far from
G,()(H) men.

Rhode Island, i)articularly the first district, is admirably located for health, being situated
ui)on the shores of Narragansett Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. There is no assignal)le cause for
l)revailing diseases, excepting the sudden changes of tem])erature and the prevalence of easterly
winds, which cause consumption to jirevail. Indeed, this disease is almost a scourge to the entire
region.

The inhabitants are mainly divided into merchants, manufacturers, and operatives; and, as a
whole, are industrious, enterpiising, and energetic.

The cause of so many exemptions from the service is the large number presenting themselves,
who have been disabled by the accidents aud diseases incident to the life of operatives and workers
iu fa(!tories, machine-shops, &c. # • •

SURGEONS' REPORTS RHODE ISLAND SECOND DISTRICT. 225

Tlio number of iiioii that ciiii be i)li,vsifally examined in six working lioiiis, under the system
adopted by me, is tVoniyi'>r^(/ to/(»*-^,i/-^ir('. # # #

Tile nationality wliich presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service would almost
always be conceded to be tijc Irish; but my experience leads me to believe that, in their capacity
for adapting themselves to circumstances, ingenuity in construction, and ability to take care of
themselves, the native born Americau excels all others; and of these it is my opinion that a real
Yankee combines the greatest number of soldierly requisites.

My experience in regard to the colored race is so limited, that I hardly dare to express a posi-
tive opinion. I can say, however, that 1 believe a genuine black man to be far superior in physical
endurance to the mulatto or yellow negro ; the last named are, with lew exceptions, scrotulous or
consumptive.

In regard to the eurollmentlaw, as it now exists, it appears to me to be, on the whole, fair and
just to the drafted man. Oases of individual hardship were occasionally to be met with, but no
oftener than is found under any general law.

I would suggest the following amendu.eut, which, if it had been a part of the original law,
would have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Government, viz: That hereafter any
man claiming a discharge for a disability, /cwow/i by him to have existed previous to kin enlistment,
shall be held in State prison, or af work on fortifications, during the full term of said enlistment,
without pay or bounty.

The result of such an amendment to the law would be twofold : first, it would prevent a man
with a disease like epilepsy, or any other likely to deceive the surgeon, from offering himself; and,
S(^condly, from trying to obtain a discharge on account of the same after he was enlisted.

One case as an illustration: A man enlisted at this office went to New Haven, had a tit,
(epileptic,) aiul was discharged; his brother took him to Boston in the first train, and again enlisted
him, only to be again disc^harged. In this way, thousands and tens of thousands of dollars were
stolen from the Government.

c. G. Mcknight,

Surgeon Board of Enrollment, First District of Rhode Island, '
Providbnck, It. I., July 1, 1865.

KHODE ISLAND.— SECOND DISTKICT.

Extracts from report oy" Dr. F. II. Peokham.

* * * My labors in examining men for the military service commenced with the
outbreak of the rebellion, and continued during its existence, in one capacity or another. The
number I have examined is about 0,000. * # #

The "State of llhode Island and Pjovidence Plantations" has the smallest area of territory
and the largest name of any of the United States. It has but two districts. The first district
embraces the eastern half of the State, and includes the greater part of the population. The
second, or western, district is larger in area, but not so densely populated. The most prominent
geographical feature of the State is Narragansett Bay, a sheet of water about thirty miles long and
twelve miles wide in its broadest [lart. This bay forms the eastern boundary of the second district,
which is about forty miles in length from north to south, and averages about seventeen miles in
width. The distririt is bounded on the north by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, on the
south by Long Island Sound, and on the east, as before stated, by Narragansett Bay.

This district is distinguished by granite rocks, mostly gneiss, forming hills of moderate
elevation, of which the general direction is from north to south. The whole district, from Western
Coiuiecticut to Narragansett Bay, has this general character. The larger streams for the most part
run east ward ly in their course, emptying into Narragansett Bay; but in the southern towiishii)s they
flow southwestwardly, parallel to the general trend of the coast, and empty into the Atlantic
Ocean. The small streams, however, often show the influence of the prevailing north and south
course of the hills. The district is generally blessed with plenty of good pure water. It is not
generally densely populated. The mast populous ))ortion8 are the manufacturing villages lining
29

22G surgeons' reports — uuode islam) — second district.

the sticiims wbicli funiisb water-power, aud tbeir situations are uot as healthy as aie the surround-
ing higher lands. The dampness aud mists that hang about these valleys in certain seasons of
the year, when the dajs are sultry and the nights cool, are often productive of dysentery and
typhoid fever, which iire the prevalent diseases. The wells belonging to these villages are often
fed by tbe river, which contains organic matter fiom vegetable and other decomposition, thus
adding to the. cause of sickness. As we approach the bay from the western part of the district, a
new geological character changes tlie soil and scenery. A basin occupied by the coal-bearing
rocks dips uudvv the bay, reaching a part of each side. Near the western boundary of the basin
are many maiks of geological disturbance, dislocated strata, metamorpbic locks, and beds of iron
and lime. There are no alluvial tracts in this district, nor very high hills; neither are there any
large rivers. It is doubtful if the highest elevation of land reaches over five hundred feet above
the level of the sea. The streams are narrow aud rapid, luruishing excellent water-power, which
has had a material influence on the growth and population of the district, as well as ou its social
and sanitary condition. The soil is uot exceedingly fertile, but averages with that of Massachu
eetts and Connecticut. The population of this district will not vary far irom seventy-tive thousand,
and as regards health will compare favorably with any like section in JSew England. Pulmonary
consumption, the great scourge of New England, prevails here, and more die yearly fiom it than
from any other disease, and, I thiuk I might add with truth, 'than from all other diseases. The
usual zymotic diseases i)revail to a greater or less exteut, the most prevalent of which are typhoid
or autumnal fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, aud scarlatina.

The inhabitants of this district are of a mixed character. The Americans predominate, and
are the chief owners of the soil. Next are the Irish, with a mixture of Germans, French, and Nor-
wegians. The people are industrious and enterprising. The agricultural and mauufactuiiug
interests. are about equal in importance; many are engaged in domestic commerce, lu respect to
education and manner of living, they compare favorably with almost any portion of New England.
The opportunities of obtaining a common-school education are good, and attainable by all. * *

The diseases and disabilities which have disqualified the largt st number of men in this district
are tuberculosis and accidental consumption; next, injuries, such as fractures, mutilations, and
ankylosis of the large joints. The cause of the prevalence of tuberculosis may be found in the
variableuess of the climate, and the location of the manufacturing villages in the valleys, which
latter a.re damp, and experience great changes of temperature between midday and midnight; also
in tbe emjjloymeut and confinement in-doors of the operatives. Accidental consumption occurs
(piite as frequently as hereditary cousumption. It arises from neglected broncbial diseases aud
iini)erfectly-cured pneumonia. The other disabilities are such as are incidental to a manufacturing
community, and require no special description.

" Vieioi in reference to the different sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-Marshal-
GeneraVs Bureau, and ichat changes to he recommended.^^ — I think the provisions in question are just,
and that they give to the Government what it has a right to claim, while they secure to the indi-
vidual all the rights that are reasonably due him. Holding this oijinion, I would not recommend
any change, believing that by a proper construction and understaudiug of the lists as now given
all drafted men who are really unfit for the militai-y service can be exempted in accordance with
its provisions.

The number of men who can be accurately examined per day is about thirty, allowing six
hours to work in, and the proper assistance being furnished. # # #

The frauds to be most guarded agaiust, which are practiced by drafted and enrolled men, consist
in the lies they them.selves tell, and get their relatives, neighbors, and physicians to tell for them. In
illustration of this i)oiut, I wish to record this fact : in the draft of 1SC3, in this district, thirteen
hundred aud fifty men were drawn, while nine hundred and fifty was the number required to be
furnished. Of the whole number drawn as they appeared before the board, (and nearly all did
so ai)pear, except such as were in the service or at sea,) there was barely one person who thought
himself able to do military service, aud was willing to take an oath to that effect! It is very
doubtful if lie would have thought so, had uot the agent of the town been present ready to
[)Ut in a substitute if he was held. Therefore, in my judgnuMit, it is better to tnust to no outside
testimony that is not corroborated by the physical condition, as ascertained by a thorough exami-

SURGEONS' KEPOKTS — CONNECTICUT FIRST DISTRICT. 227

nation. In case of those diseases of wbieb epilepsy or rheumatism are the latent causes, 1 would
have it distiuctly understood that any recruit or substitute who concealed such an infirmity,
knowing it to have existed prior to bis enlistment, should be held to service without pay, as long
as it was the pleasure of the Government to retain bini, and be employed as would best subserve the
Interests of the couutry be wished to defraud. A Government workshop, where such worthless
fellows Ironi the army might be employed, would be an excellent institution.

I might as well, here as anywhere, say what I desire to express about " boards of inspection
at military rendezvous." Such boards, in my opinion, should be composed only of those who have
had expeiicuce iu the field, and are fully acquainted with all the tricks and dodges of the old
noldier. 1 found that, after the most minute and careful examinations, men would nevertheless be
rejected at the military rendezvous by the board of inspectors. In every case of rejection, 1 think .
the recruit or substitute should be immediately sent back, with the cause of rejection stated, for a
re-examination and a statement of the facts in the case. There is a vast difference iu the recruit or
substitute when before a surgeou for examination to enter the service and when before a board of
insi»ection hoping to escape from the same. Some men, to my knowledge, who were rejected, and
the rejection confirmed, came back and enlisted in the regular service ; thus iu the short space
of four or five weeks receiving two bounties. The large bounties were the great inducements for
the practice of this decepliou, and both enlistments counted in the quota of the State. Some
remedy ought to be devised to prevent this wrong to the State and to the Geueral Government.
A person reeulisting, who has been discharged for a disability or dishonorably, should not count
on the quota of any town, county, or State. Such a person enlisting should serve with or without
pay, at the option of the Government.

What nationality fresents the greatest phy>ikal aptit^ide for the military service.— The Americans,
English, Irish, Germans, and French all make good soldiers. The same may be said of the Swedes,
Italians, and Norwegians. I have had most experience of the Americans and Irish, with a good
deal also of the Germans and English. From all I have seen, in the field and elsewhere, I am of the
opinion that, all in all, no nation e(pials the Anglo-Saxon, more especially the genuine American,
in a military point ol view. His ingenuity enables hun to live better on the same means ; he has
thevigor, the courage, the endurance, and the quickness of perception that make him unequaled
as a soldier. He is easily disciplined, without being cowed; he is obedient without losing his
individuality ; he is prompt and fearless, and his national pride keeps up his viorale. *

My experience in regard to the qualifications of the colored race for military service is quite
limited. I presume I have not examined more than a hundred. From such observation as I have
bad, I think that for physical soundness they will equal, if not excel, the white race. I have not
the least doubt that they will make efficient soldiers. They are imitative, and their powers ot
endurance are good. * * #

After witnessing its operations in the last enrollment of this district, I am unable to ofler any
suggestion of alteration of the enrollment-law. It seems to be wise and just iu all its provisions,
and operates on all with that impartiality which precludes all fault-finding. # * *

F. H. PECKHAM,
Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment Second District of Rhode Island.
Pkovidence, R. 1., August 1, 18G5.

CONNECTICUT— FIRST DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. J. S. CURtis.

» ♦ « The whole number of men examined, as near as an estimate can be made,

since the organization of this board, is about 5,057 recruits and about 4,G05 men exempted,
making a total of 9,G62 examinations.

* # # The Connecticut River runs in a southerly course through nearly the

center of this district. Its valley is fertile, undulating, and well drained. The eastern and western
portions are hilly and well supplied with streams. Most of the latter are useful for manufacturing
purposes.

228 SUKGEOKS' REPORTS CONNECTICUT FIRST DISTRICT.

Tlic prevaleut chronic diseases of tliis section aie chiefly tbose of the respiiatoiy and digestive
organs; the piepondeianie being of the ioimer. The prevailing acute diseases are pneumonia,
typhoid fever, and rheumatism. The causes of these are jjlainly traceable to the character of our
climate and the occuiiation of the people. We have the extremes of heat and cold, with the sudden
changes which appeitain to the northeastern latitudes of our country; hence proceeds much rheu-
matism and diseases of the lungs. The told nights and warm days of autumn tend to the develo])
ment of continued lever.

The industrial pursuits of onr people are chiefly agriculture and manufacture.

The disability which has given the greatest number of exemptions is hernia, and it occurs
chiefly among hard-working men, viz, farmers, machinists, and carpenters, and arises from lifting
large weights.

I have attempted to discover imperfections in the diflereut sections ol paragraph 85. I think
of only one or two suggestions. 1st. There are many very small hernias, which the fortunate i>os-
sessors were hardly aware of until something was wanted to juocure exemption ui)on. A little
inguinal or umbilical bunch, which has never given the man a day's discomfort, is the sought-for
l>rize, and exemption is the result. Manj of these cases occur among the hardest-working men in
the community, who never have worn a truss, aud have never had trouble with their " rupture." It
is my belief that three-fourths of the exemptions for this cause should not, in the great necessity for
men, be granted. Discretion might be given the examining surgeon in such cases. 2d. The loss
of teeth, with the present perfection of dentistry, is in many cases hardly a loss at all. It has
seemed to me that a man who is in good vigorous health, and has a set of false upper teeth which .
he has used for years, is able to perform military duty. Fewer exemptions for these causes are
all the changes I would suggest.

In the examination of a man, I first phii'j him erect, about twenty feet distant from me. This
gives me a good view of the bearing of the man, and furnishes me an opportunity to test the acuteness
of his hearing. It has been my custom to put the man upon oath to answer every questiou correctly.
He is then interrogated as to his name, birthplace, age, occupation, residence in different climates
and their effect upon his health, life or death of parents, constitutional diseases, and any other ques-
tions which may be suggested by the appearance of the individual-. He is also examined as to
whether he has before been in the military service. If so, his discharge must be exhil)ited, and the
reason for his discharge ascertained. His eyes and teeth are next examined. If anywhere in this part
of the examination doubts of the man's fitness for military service are entertaiued, he is rejected. If
not, he is then stripped, and his height and measurement of chest at expiration and inspiration
taken. 1 then begin with the fingers, and examine every joint in the body. I require him to open
and shut the fingers rapidly, to flex and extend the thumbs and wrists, rotate, flex, aud extend the
foKi-arm, raise the arms perpendicularly above the head and throw them to the side. While hold-
ing the liaiKls above the head, he is made to cough violently, and the inguinal rings and umbilicus
are examined for hernia. These various motions are repeated .several times. I then examine the
head; then thechest, b,> auscultation and percussion ; aud look for blemishes generally. He is then
started upon the " double quick" in a circle of about thirty feet; then hops upon each foot over the
saiiH^ course. If there is any constraint in any of these movements, the suspected joint or limb is
thoroughly examined. After the exercise, the lungs and heart are again auscultated. The scrotum
receives attention ; fistula, varicose veins, syphilis, and gonorrhoea are looked for. Whenever
doubts of the man's fitness for the service exist, I have given the Government the advantage of
them, and rejected him. * * *

It is almost impossible to designate special frauds to be guarded against in the examination
of men. J\len anxious to join the service resort to every art to hide disabilities, and those drafted
are frequently unscrupulous in their efforts to secure rejection. I think the brokers have succeeded
more frequently in leinporaiily curing small hernias tlian in any of their other attempts to patch
up disabled men. This is done by keeping the parts packed in ice for a day or two, and before
ri'hixation takes place the men are presented for examination. Then, too, there are many cases of
liability to hernia in which there is no apparent relaxation of the inguinal rings at the time of
examination. 8iic1j men are liable to be accepted, aud then, upon the least appearance of the hernia,
obtain tiieir discharge. And just here comes the very great evil of the " boards of inspection," which

surgeons' reports — CONNECTICUT SECOND DISTRICT. 229

hiive, iu my opinion, been tbe cause of niucli unnecessary trouble to boards of enrollment, and have
deprived tbe Army of many good men. This system of inspection and easy discbarge seems to me
to have been bad in every partietilar.

Tbe Governments, both General iind State, have authorized payment of large bounties to a
class of men, many of whom arc devoid of honor, principle, or the least regard for tbe interests of
tbe country. They perseveringly and with apparent bonesty ])resent themselves to boards of
enrollment, learning the arts of avoiding rejection until success results. They do this witii the
purpose of securing t-heir discharge as soon as they re;ich the rendezvous. A mere blemish, that
has been thoroughly investigated and proven to be of uo consequence, is magnified to a very severe
disability, and the impostor receives an honorable discharge, witii well-lined pockets. If tberujirc
any men who deserve at the hands of Government severe dealing they are these. 1 would
respectfully suggest whether it would, uot have been better to have formed battalions of such men,
and used them for fatigue or the more unpleasant garrison-duty, thus relieving better men.

From my limited observation in camp and field life, as well as my ex|)erience in my present
office, I would give prefereuce to Americans as soldiers over other nationalities. Perhaps there is
but little difference physically between Americans and Irish ; but, when considered physically and
mentally, I wonld prefer the former.

The colored race, so far as I have had to do with them iu examinations, would rank, I should
think, after Americans and Irish. It has been a question with me whether they would bear the
exposure and hardships of lield-life as well as others, but I believe experieuce is settling tliis matter
iu tbeir favor.

I believe the eurollmentlaw, as it now is, is as t)erfect as it can be. * * *

J. S. CURTIS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Connecticut,

Habtfoed, Conn., Jime 8, 1865.

CONNECTICUT— SECOND DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dk. E. A. Park.

* * * I have examined at this oflBce about 9,760 men. This is the extent of

my experieuce in the examination of men for military service.

This district covers in territorial extent nine hundred and forty-flve square miles, and contains
a population of about one hundred and forty thousand. Its surface is generally hilly, especially in
its northern portions, and more level in the southern section, approaching the waters of Long Island
Sound. The central valley of Connecticut commences in this district, between East and West
Haven, and, runuing in a northeasterly direction, intersecting the Connecticut River near Mid-
dletown, furnishes the geologist the idea that it may have been at some period the natural bed of
that river, before it forcibly broke through the mountain of primitive rock below Middletown and
made for itself a new channel in a southeasterly direction to tiie sound.

The district is drained for the most part by three rivers and their tributaries, running in a
southerly direction, and emptying tbeir waters into Long Island Sound: the Connecticut in tbe
eastern, the Housatouic iu the western, and the Quinnipiac in the central portion of tbe district.

The soil is generally better adapted to grazing tban tillage, with patches of arable land ; but
on the margin and in the vicinity of its rivers and streams and along the southern border is more
alluvial in its nature, easy of tillage, and quite productive. Agriculture and grazing may be said
to be the chief occupations of the district. At Portland and on the east are extensive quarries of
red sandstone or freestone, the working of which furnishes employment to large numbers of people.

Tbe cbief city of the district is New Haven, numbering in population nearly fifty thousand,
having a large foreign commerce, and, being extensivel.\ engaged in manufactures, it furnishes employ-
ment, in their extent and variety, to nearly one-half its population, male and female. Tbe district
also contains the city of Waterbury, with a population of eleven thousand ; Meriden, with a popula-
tion of eight thousand ; and Naugatuck, with a population of three thousand. All three cities are
largely concerned in manufactures. Derby, Ausonia, Middletown, and Centerville are also engaged

230 surgeons' reports— CONNECTICUT SECOND DISTRICT.

in mauufacturing to a considerable extent. Some towns, such as Guilford, witli a population of
three thousand, and Saybrook, lying upon Long Island Sound, sustain commercial relations with
New York City and the coastwi.se trade.

The climate of the district is variable, sudden changes taking place in all seasons of the year,
and, from its proximity to Long Island Sound, is milder thau the northern parts of the State, but,
having a large extent of sea-coast, is subject to more humidity and chilly dampness of atmosphere
thau the inland districts.

The prevalent diseases in the district are phthisis, pneumonia, bronchitis, typhoid fever, dysen
tei'y, diphtheria, scarlatina, and cholera infantum. • * *

/T?he causes of the prevalent diseases are cold and variable climate; humidity of atmosphere,
from proximity to salt-water; living in close and ill-ventilated apartments.or dwellings; squalidity;
imprudent habits and accidents of dress, (especially of females, the germs of disease being entailed
upon children thereby;) coufiuement of industrial pursuits; intemperate use of intoxicating drinks;
insufficiency of healthy food ; illicit commerce of sexes ; sexual excesses ; self-abuse, &c.

So far as the character, modes of life, and occupations of the peojjle are not indicated above, it
may be said to run through the whole circle of civilized human occupation or want of occupation.
Professional, literary, mechanical, mercantile, agricultural, horticultural, Ashing, mining, marine,
and sea-faring pursuits ; sporting and idleness; with husbandry, manufactures, merchandising, and
the various trades, form the chief occupations of the district.

Pulmonary diseases, acute and chronic, have exempted more men from military service in this
district than any of the causes of exemption embraced in the list of disqualifying diseases and
infirmities as issued from the War Department. * * *

Among the causes of jjrevailing disease, are all those which tend to debilitate, to lessen the
energies of tlie system, and to impoverish the blood. There may be noted, also, as somewhat
peculiar to the New England sea-coast, variable weather, great and sudden changes of temperature,
attended oftentimes by cijill humidity of atmosphere. These changes cannot be, or are not, prop-
erly g-uarded against; hence, suppressed secretions and deranged circulation, acting upon the
organs of respiration. The effect may be latent for a while, but, in lapse of time, by frequent repe-
tition of such disturbing action, results become more marked, and the disease, thus generated or
induced by slow process, develops its full symptoms. Again may be noted injurious occupations,
more largely operative in New England, such as mucl) of manufacturing and many mechanical
industries, causing excesssive confinement; sedentary habits, preventing proper exercise. Often-
times the rooms are filled with dust fi'om the work, and sometimes with the most irritating kind of
dust, as where mineral and metallic substances undergo the process of dry-grinding upon stone or
emery. The peculiar occupations of many females, sedentary in their character, with insufficient
exercise and good air to promote muscular vigor and nourishment ot the body; the want of occu-
pation of other females, who pass their time in delicate in-door idleness or so-called gentility — what
but a diseased physique can females of either class give to their offspring?- A farmer, wishing to
grow good grain, plants and sows the best seed he cau obtain upon the best soil. To raise good
cattle or horses, the best breeds, male and female, are in requisition ; while the puny and the sickly
animals are otherwise disposed of. But, in umrriage, this good sense is laid aside, and the delicate
and wealthy females are sought too often merely because they are delicate and wealthy ; hence
children are born diseased, or predisposed to disease, and consumption terminates their existence.

Youths are sometimes encouraged too early to do the work of men. Their muscular energy is
overtaxed ; their physical constitutions impaired ; and they become subjects for military exemption.
Another cause, which affects indirectly the health of this district and of New England generally,
is the emigration to other States. Emigrants of New England birth and education are found scat-
tered in all parts of the country, aiul are among the most vigorous and thriviiig- residents of the
communities where they are settled. * * *

While such has been the class of emigrants from these older States, all the delicate, the puny.
and the invalid have remained behind, deteriorating the aggregate health of the parent community.

It is true that this emigration has been greater in former periods than during the last decade ;
but the effect remains, and is still operative, while emigratiou of the same class of citizens still
continues in less degree. » » #

surgeons' reports— CONNECTICUT— second DISTRICT. 231

There is a lar-e class of nuMi from this district and from the sea-coast of New Englaud

.n-.redTu scr.fa? no- occupations. These are the best i.. sinew an.l .nuscle, and are possessed ot

e "mme t and most^■obust constitutions. Many of these men, in their wanderings, fiually become

tie in dmtrent parts of tho country, and, indeed, of the world, and, being thus permanently

Lit to the i' rent community, subtract so much from the average health and longevity ot the

^^^1tr:ndrS,r:?;hange: ihpariraphi, section ..:He.«.«no^
^s a cause of exenu-tton, whether it be incipient, and tiot easily detected, or otherwise; .. a I ca es
o hem a' the subject must, at present, be exempted. The change I won d »-«---f ^ J^^ ;
That the section, as far as rdates to hernia, be qualified ; and that mc.pient her.ua =^'hI case. ^ «. c
Sie i^or s as ly reducible a.td kept i,i position by the use of a truss, and tha do not, and prob-
ablv won d not uterfere with the individual's perfornnng any ordinary hard labor, should be
xepTedlom the causes of exemption. Men aiSicted with hernia in i^-'-^'V 1"" h.?t£v
^ve . ese ed then.selves at this office as volunteers, and were rejected, notwithstanding that the
had ,om personal knowledge, performed good service in the army upon ^1^'^/'' ^^ -d were lu y
competent o do so aaain. These men were veterans in the present war, who had enlisted m its
Tar r aU" of less stringent enlistment, with little or no bounty •, had served out their pei-ioc s of
en tme't to the acceptance of their officers; been honorably discharged; and now were desirous
of eSg agai!., witl the bounties others were receiving, but could not be received under the

""s^iuon^i^'This section excepts incontinence of urine, of itself, from the causes of exemption
Such ex e,"t;n, in my opinion, is wrong, and I would recommend that this section be changed o
tas^ -"continence of 'urine in the list of exemptions. I cannot well ^-^ ^^ '.-J-
nfirmity more depressing to the feelings and pride of a man, and one more calculated to make him
loatT on he society of friends and comrades, than incontinence of urine in any ot i s stag s ;

and Chsome even to himself, unless by the use of appliances and care not practicable in the

army

My examinations of men for the military service took place in a large, ^^'l^^f**^^ ;««•"' "J^"*
twenty feet long by fifteen feet wide. The recruit presented for examination was pu under oath, then
q« stfonSl aTt' his history, his birth, age, and occupation ; if he ev^^ had any sickness, it so, when
S where and of how long continuance, and how severe; if he had fits, of what nature, and «hen ,
if Lwlslver insane ; if he ever had any bones broken, dislocations, or sprains causing lameness;
rv^^ha; Le!:ori.hage, and whether he knew of anything about him, -t-md or interna to
unfit him for hard labor or military duty. Then I proceeded to examine strictlj, in each pa.
ti^u Hi hi accor lane; with paragraphs 93, 94, and 95, Kevised Regulations Provost-Marshal-Gen-
S; Bu eau m uired the recru/t to hop the length of the room in three hops, first on one foot
Sen on thTother; then to hop across the room on tiptoe, first on one foot, then on the oth r and
men on rue ot e , f directed hi.n to rotate one arm around his shoulde. as

:: •!r T^^^t^^^X^^^^^^ ^^- ^-ard ., then to rotate the other arm in like
manner- h'n to exteid his arms both at once, straight above his head with open palms; then
Txn in^- on tb.toe to leap up as high as he could, and the.i come down on tiptoe, ar.ns sti 1 extended
tJa'^t « mel the e L reLn to suspect hernia, the subject was required to old dmnb-
ben with extended arms, and to cough while holding them. Then he was made to stai d at the
Seme end o the room, and, with one eye covered, to give the number of the surgeon's finger
h^^ht te he d up ; s vera trials being made, each eye being tested separately, and afterward

'"^In'Lard to the time required to examine men with accuracy, there is a marked difference
physically, with accuracy, at the rate of about four per hour.

232 surgeons' reports — Connecticut — second district.

The forcigii-boiii inhabitants of the United States, iTuder the proofs now requiietl, undoubtedly
commit gTeat frauds to escape when drafted, such as false swearing and false aftidavits of alienage.
It would be no great hardship to require such men to submit a full, detailed, and sworn i)ersonal
history of themselves since coming to this country, fortified by affidavits of persons iu the several
localities where such foreigners had resided since their arrival in the United States.

Large bounties are a great temptation to enlist and "jump them," as the phrase goes. I would
recommend, in order to cure this evil, that the law should be so modified that uo State, city, county,
or town should offer bounties payable otherwise than in equal annual or semi-annual installments
during the period of service. The greatest frauds have been committed by the substitutes using
all conceivable falsehoods, and pretensions having show of truth and plausibility, in order, first, to
get into the service, and obtain the bounty, and then to get away. Connivance has often existed
between the substitute and his principal. It is uo uncommon thing for the principal to agree to
aid iu the desertion of his substitute, upon an agreement that a part of the sum i)aid should, upon
such escape, be refunded by the substitute to the principal. This could be avoided by accepting
no substitute unless he shall actually live in the towu from which the jjrincipal is drafted. The
substitute would then have a "local habitation and a name," and the restraints of fumily, reputa-
tion, relationship, i)ast probity and honor, to restrain him from the act of desertion. Thus, too, one
Slate by its large bounties would not draw from the population of others, and every section would
be equally burdened. Another source of fraud is the anxiety of sele<!tmen of towns and other civil
officials rather to fill quotas than to increase the military force with honest and able-bodied men.
Hence, it not uiitiequently happens that the periodically insane, the vicious, the lazy, and the un-
thrifty mendicant are foisted by fraudulent statements, false oaths, and unfair practices of city and
town officials upon boards of enrollment. To cure this evil, the penal enactments of the statute
should be severe and summary upon all such pioceedings. The disabilities imposed by statute
upon desertions from the draft should be more severe; immediate trial by court-martial should take
place, and speedy punishment be awarded. In dagraut cases, the punishment of death should be
inflicted. One or two executions would secure the good faith and prompt response of a whole dis-
trict.

If substitute-brokers are to be considered a necessary evil, they should be licensed by the Gov-
ernment, approved by the Provost-Marshal-Geueral, and the law should make them, by the very
fact of receiving such appointment, a part of the military force, subject to court-martial and pun-
ishment; and they should be held to the same responsibility as are the regular ofBcers of the Army
and Navy when on recruiliug-service.

The statute should also provide for charging against every locality all desertions from service,
to be made up by further drafts. In this way, a public sentiment ivould be created in favor of
honesty; the property-interests of the community would be eidisted, as all sums paid for bounties
would be lost to the town, or other locality, upon the desertion of the recruit or substitute, as the
case might be. By such a process, the public would be taught, from self-interest, to desire only to
strengthen the armies, and not merely to fill quotas. * # *

In compiuing the first three nationalities, the American, the Irish, and the German, I consider
the native American, tcithoiU respect of color, possessed of the greatest i)hysical aptitude for military
service. In the purely physical elements of strength, agility, and endurance, the native American,
whether reared upon the farm or taken from the shop of the artisan, the counter of the merchant,
or from manufacturing, sea-faring, professional, or literary pursuits, compares favorably, on exami-
nation, with either the Irish or the German. • * »

My experience as to the phj'sical qualification of the colored race for military service has' been
limited to the organization of the Twenty-ninth Kegiment of Colored Troops froni this State, and
the partial organization of the Thirtieth. The several companies of these regiments were forwarded
from this State, a large proportion of them having been recruited here. In regard to these regi-
ments, I have to say that, in size, weight, and well-formed muscular develoi)meut of the men, they
were superior to any regiments that went from this State. They were men constituted of the best
bone atid muscle, of superb, healthy organisms, and, for strength, agility, and apparent power of
endurance, unsurpassed by any soldiers from the State. • • •

" Of tlu^ o[KTati(m of the enrollmentlaw as it now exists," I have to say that experience has

surgeons' reports — CONNECTICUT — SECOND DISTRICT. 233

shown that the .vonn": men of the country, between the ages of eigliteen and twenty years, are as
ready to enter the military service as are those over twenty years of age; many between eighteen
and twenty years of age have enlisted and been recruited into the service; and the testimony of
Army officers lias been that such young men have made hardy and effective soldiers. INlany youths
of good size and well-developed physique, even un<ler the age of eigiiteeii years, have also enlisted,
and have managed, by devices and statements which they chose to make, to get aduiitted into the
military service of the country, and, having rendered gooil service in the national cause, are now
returning home with the conscious dignity and bearing of veterans of tweniij years of nye, in the
glorious armies of the Uniou. Had we been aUowed, we could have recruited by enlistment, at
this office, almost any desirable number of good-sized ,\oung men, of sixteen and seventeen years
of age, who, I am of opinion, would have been more valuable to the service than others in the Army
turned forty years of age. Nonc^ however, were recruited here wiio were liiomi to be under eight-
een years of age. * • * I would, therefore, suggest that the enrollment-law be so
amended as to make the extremes eighteen years and forty-live years, instead of twenty and forty-
flve years, as it now stands. » • »

I must remark upon the impolicy of making a distinction as to the requisite condition, (jualilica-
tions, and titness of a man for entering the military service as a volunteer, and the condition,
(lualilications, and fltnessof a man to betaken compulsorily by draft into the same service. In
other words, it seems unreasonable to allow certain defects or infirmities (such as lack of stature,
er dimensions, or suspicion of incipient disease) to be sufficient to exclude a volunteer who is desir-
ous of entering the military service of his country, and not to allow the same delects and infirmities
to exempt a drafted man who desires to keep out from the same service. I think it is imi)olicy for
the Government to take one of its free citizens, against his will, into the military service, when it
will nut take the same free citizen, or one just like him in every particular, if lie comes willingly.

A practice has obtained of applying distinct standards of military efiiciency i,i the- examina-
tion of men for the same military service, under the same call of the Government ; one standard
being employed for examining drafted men, and another in examining volunteers sind substitutes.
The lower standard has been applied to the drafted man, the higher standard to the recruit, so
that, logically, it would be true that a man would be taken as a drafted man, when the same man,
in the same health, would be rejected as a volunteer. It is said, "The volunteers are seeking to
enter the service, and drafted men are already in, and examination is to see if they should be dis-
charged." This does not seem to me to be correc-t ; drafting (as well as volunteering) is but one
step in the process of getting men into the service; and they are Tiot in till all the steps are taken.
In the light of barter, officials consider drafted free citizens, whether actually drafted or in anticti-
pation of being drafted, as the absolute property of the Goveinment, and will not exchange an
actually drafted man for a substitute, nor a man drafted in anticipation, for a volunteer, without
making a profit to the Government.' » # *

But while this has been the object and purpose of the system of enrollment and drartin<J, in
its history thus far, it has been used, and, as I think, wisely and prudently so, as a means of stimu-
lating aud encouraging voluntary enlistments; and the wisdom of such use has been demonstrated
by the fact that our volunteer (atizen soldiery (whatever may have been said in earlier times of
their leaders and officers) have proved themselves men of the very first order of military efiiciency.
It may safely be predicted that volunteering (even if under the stimulus of a threatened draft)
will, on future occasions, be the source from which the Government will draw its supplies of mili-
tary strength. Hence, the importance of the standard of military efficiency, api)licable to volun-
teers, being first definitely fixed upon a proper basis, after which the drafted men .should be examined
by it? * # *

' This idea is erroneous. The fact is, that it is so difficult to discover the real physical abilily of a drafted man who
not only claims disability, but sustaius his statement by mtdical certificates, that to establish the same medical regula-
tions for drafted men as for recruits and substitutes would result in the exemption of nearly all drafted men. — B.

- It is much easier to nuike rules as to what shall diaqnalifij thau to enumerate what shall qiialifij a man physically
for the Army. It is, iudeed, practically Impossible to make out regulations for recruiting, sijecifying in detail all the
disqnalilicatious for a recruit. The subject must be treated iu a general manner, the details being left to the discretion
of the surgeon. — B.
30

234 SUROEONS' REPORTS — CONNECTICUT THIRD DISTRICT.

1 would further submit, thougli to some extent it bas been aiiticipaled, that in nothing per-
taining to recruiting for the Army and Navy have greater abuses, damage, and loss obtained than
ill the matter of bounties.

There have been bounties offered by the General Government, which have been paid liy install
ments, and municipal bounties, ottered by States, counties, cities, and towns, which have been paid
in full to the recruit on his being mustered into the service. In some instances, where State laws
have prohibited towns from paying bounties diiectly to the recruit aftei a suflQcient bounty (or one
deemed suflicient) had been offered by the State, the law has been evaded in the following manner:
Towns have voted to pay various sums, in addition to the State bounty, to individuals for their
expenses in furnishing the recruits needed to fill the quota of the town, and the money in this way,
on the ninstering of the men, has been ])aid to substitute brokers, who had bargained with and
brought them to the recruiting ofBce. Hence towns, in voting different and larger sums, have been
in competition with each other, and recruits have risen in the market to fabulous prices, at some
times readily coamianding thirteen, fourteen, and even tifteen hundred dolhirs each; and the
purlieus of all the dens in creation have been scraped by substitute-brokers to find, engage, and
prepare the men to meet the urgent demand of the crisis for recruits.

Now, what I have to suggest, is this : that the General Government, so far as it has the j)ower.
should take under its own surveibance and control all bounties paid to recruits, whether the same
be oflereil and paid by the General Government, or by States, counties, cities, or towns; that the
whole matter, at least so far as the time or times of payment is concerned, be fixed, limited, and
restricted by the stric^test regulations. Furthermore, I think that the payment of all such bounties
should be postponed, for the most part, and as far as practicable and equitable, to the close of the
time of service.

* * * Some of these iniquitous practices it may be proper to note. In the first

place, the recruit is cheated by the broker, who has induced him to enter the service by false repre-
sentations of the bounty really offered and jiaid ; by large bills at exorbitant rates for all manner
of indulgences sui)i)lied him by the broker, and which the recruit agrees to pay ; and by winning
his confidence, the broker nuiuages to hold his victim faithful to the iniquitous agreement and
contract. When officials have interfered by statement and act to prevent such frauds, money has
been rolled up by the trusting du|)es and thrown into the streets to these harpies from windows of
the building where the recruits were confined. # * *

The principle upon which payment of bounties should be made is this : after the payment of
a suitable sum down, to be considered as payment in advance, the remainder should be divided
into equal installments pioportioned to the whole term of service, and payable, when due, to the
order of the recruit. Provision should be made, in case of death, that the entire bounty should be
paid as willed by the recruit; or, if no will had been made, then payment of the balance due should
be^made to the heirs "of the recruit, as in the case of other personal property. ♦ * »

E. A. PAEK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment of Second District of Connecticut.

New Haven, Conn., June 10, 1865.

CONNECTICUT— THIRD DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. R. McC. Lord.

The number of men physically examined is, as near as can be ascertained, 8,627. * * •
The third congressional district of Connecticut, comprising the counties of New London and
Windham, is situated in the eastern portion of the Stnte. It is seventy miles in length and about
twenty in breadth. It is bounded by Massachusetts on the north, on the east by Rhode Island, on
the south by Long Island Sound, and on the. west by the counties of Tolland, Hartford, and
3Iiddlesex.

It is watered principally by the river Thames and its tributaries, which runs nearly through
the center of the district. The face of the country is exceedingly diversified by hills and valleys,
but is nowhere mountainous. The soil varies from a gravelly loam upon the former to a fertile

surgeons' KEPORTS — CONNEGTICUT THIRD DISTRICT. 235

alluvium in tlio lattor. In some portions of the district, particularly the soutbern, tbe land is so
excessively rocky as to l)e suited only tor i;'.aziii,s;'.

The climate is remarkably salubrious. There are no diseases wliicli may be coUvSidered endemic.
Phthi.sis pulmonalis is probably the most prevalent of chronic diseasi s. This can only be ascribed
to the ordinary existing' causes ; the vaiiable weather and sudden changes of temperature, which
occur particularly on the coast, as well as the habits and occupations of the inhal)ltants, a large
portion being engaged in maiuifa<'turing, both alike contribute to its inducition

Of acute diseases, typhoid fever is most frequently met with. It generally occurs in the autumn
or early part of winter. It is more prevalent in the country-villages tluiii in the large towns and
cities. SouH' cases are sporadic, but it generally i)revails as an epidemic. When it invades a house-
hold, every member is liable to an attack, varying in severity according to the individual idiosyn-
cracy.

Like tyi>hoid fever in the fall, pneumonia is, of acute diseases, most common in the si)ring.
There are no special causes conducive thereto other than those which exist elsewhere.

Remittent and intermittent fevers are never met with except in the form of a relapse in ]>ersons
who have received the materies morJii into their systems in other localities.

Diarrhea and dysentery prevail to a limited extent, during some seasons, In the summer and
early part of autumn. The mortality from this source is comparatively small, most cases yielding
readily to appropriate medical treatment.

Within a few years past, diphtheria hns, in some parts of the district, particularly in the country -
towns, occurred as an epidemic. Its victims have been ;ilmost invariably children or adolescents.
Adults are occasionally attacked, but in general readily recover. The disease is unquestionably
infectious in its character. The therapeutical measures resorted to in its treatment thus far have
proved of little avail. The severe cases generally prove fatal under the most approved system of
medication ; those of a less malignant type will recover under a pure air and a good diet, by the
unaided eflorts of nature.

The inhabitants of the district are intelligent, industrious, and, for the most part, eminently
moral and religious. A system of free education everywhere exists, and but few persons can
be found umible to read or write. By far the greater portion are engaged in agricultural pur-
suits; the remainder are chiefly manufacturers aud seamen, the former being more numerous than
the latter. # # #

My experience in the examination of drafted and enrolled men leads me to the opinion that
there are no i)articular diseases or disabilities existing in this region which disqualify a greater
ratio per thousand than ordinarily for military service.

With regard to recruits and substitutes, but few of whom, especially during the past year, have
been residents of the district, syphilis, in its i)rotean forms, has been the chief disqualifying cause.
The class of men who latterly have presented themselves voluntarily for enlistment, prompted by
the high national, State, aud local bounties, and from whom I have bad to select suitable material,
have been, for the most part, a depraved, uni)rincipled set. The low state of morals of these
men is a sufficient explanation of tbe prevalence of syphilis among them to such an inordinate
extent. # # #

Paragra])h 85, as at present revised, is about as complete a .system of instructions as the sur-
geon can have to guide him in the examination of drafted men. There are but few changes that 1
would recommend.

The first change I have to suggest is in the phraseology of section 3 — epilepsii. In determining
whether a drafted num should be exemi)ted for this disability, the surgeon has to rely mainly upon
the affidavit of the family-physician. I am of the opinion that the ])rivilcge aflbrded by tbe section,
as it now read.s, is open to abuse. I would advise that the physician be required to certify, under
oath, not only that he has attended the man in the disease within tbe i)rescribed time, but also to
des(aibe minutely the character of the fit, am} all the symptoms attending it, that the surgeon may be
eiuibled to judge for himself whether the disease really is or is not of an epileptic nature.

Section 12. Total loss of sight of right eye. I would change this to total loss of sight of either
eye. In nearly every ca.se which has come belore me, the left eye has been more or less afi'ected,
either sympaXlu^tically or by reason of the additional duties im[)osed upon it.

236 surgeons' reports — Connecticut — third district.

Section 20. Total loss of all the front teeth, &c., deprives the Goveriiuieut of tlie services of
thousands of able-bodied men. In a time of war, and during a great demand for troops like that
which this country has just experienced, I would not exempt persons of this class whose bodies are
well nourished and general health good. I would form them into regiments and brigades by them-
selves, and send them with rations adapted to their imiterfect power of mastication. They could be
used to advantage, if not iu the field, certainly in permanent garrisons.

Sections .'Jl, 32, and 34. I would so modify these as to hold to the ser\ice all those who, though
they may be disqualitied from murvhing by reason of some imperfection iu their organs of locomo-
tion, are yet rendered thereby in no wise unfit for cavalry duty. JSumerous cases have come under
my observation where men have possessed some defect of the lower extremities entitling them to
exemption, who, in the cavalry branch, would have done excellent service. * * #

The number of men that can be examined each day of course depends n))ou the number
of hours the surgeon can devote to this particular duty. Sis, oi, at most, eight hours is as
many as he can safely sjiend in the physical exanjinations consistenily with his other duties.
From sixty to eighty men is, therefore, iu my opinion, as many as he can examine with accu-
racy per day. * * *

It would be impossible to describe all the devices resorted to by men in their eflbrts to impose
upon the surgeon. The most common subjects of fraudulent attempt on the part of dratted and
enrolled men to evade the service are as follows:

1. Vnsuituhleness of age, (under twenty or over forty five.) In deciding these eases 1 have
relied chiefly ui)on my own judgment, lyiless the individual could bring a certified coi)y (under
oath) of the registry of his birth. The affidavits of personal Iriends and relatives could not be
depended upon.

2. Deafness. — Of this infirmity, whether it is real or pretended, the surgeon can easily judge,
after a little experience, by the manners and actions of the man.

3. Otorrhcea is sometimes simulated by the introduction into the meatus auditorius of sub-
stances analogous in ap[)earance to the ordinary purulent discharge. By a thorough cleansing of
tlie parts with a syringe this attempt at decei)tion is readily exposed.

4. Lameness. — In all cases of this kind, unless some external manifestation exists to substan-
tiate their statements, I pay no regard tlnieto.

In a few instances men have presented themselves, after being drafted, with their teeth just '
extracted. Under the regulations I could do no more than exempt them.

In one instance a drafted man, on hearing the fate that had befallen him, cut off, with an ax,
one of his great toes, thus disqualifying himself jiermauentiy for the service. Another excised the
distal phalanx of the index finger of his right iiand, supposing he would be sufdcieutly mutilated
thereby to secure his exemi)tion.

Defects of vision, such as amaurosis, myopia, &c.,aie often simulated, but generally the fraud
is readily detected.

The disability most likely to. escape observation in the examination of recruits aud substitutes
desirous of entering the service is hernia, in its incipient form. In many cases of this kind the
recruit can retain or force down the knuckle of intestine, at ivill, when both rings are patulous, and
the inguinal canal is dilated. I think it is expedient, as a general rule, to reject a recruit, even
though on brisk exercise no hernia can be made to piotrude and no impulse can be felt on cough-
ing, where the anatomical conformation of the parts are such as just stated, as the recruit can
easily induce a hernia on his arrival at camp.

Eecruits and substitutes, like drafted men. attem])t to deceive the surgeon with regard to
their age. Men over forty five dye their hair, shave their faces smooth, and assume the firm and
elastic gait of youth. Half-growu, beardless boys endeavor to palm themselves off for full-grown
men. The surgeon, with a little care, can readily decide the question of age. I have been more
annoyed with boys from fourteen to eighteen than with old men. In both cases I have been obliged
to waive entnely their own statements, and judge of their age solely from their general physical
appearance.

During the i)ast year 1 have been greatly annoyed by the presentation, by substitute-brokers
and others, of men who have been pi-eviousjy examined and rejected elsewhere. I have rijected,

surgeons' reports CONNECTICUT THIRD DISTRICT. 237

in repeated instances, nine out of ten of these men in snecessiou, and, on one. occasion, nineteen
out of twenty. This gave nie a great deal of labor, \vitli no ])ractical results. Tlu' various expe-
dients lesorted to for the purpose of detecting these men at ouce, and thus avoiding a thorough
examination, as marking them with caustic, Sec. have proved futile as well as hazardous to the
surgeon. I cau suggest no better method of putting a stop to this practice of going from one othcc
to another, in the hope of final acceptance somewhere, than of subjecting both the men themselves
and the brokers who travel with them to some severe ])unishment. * * *

Next to Aineiicans, the majority of the recruits and substitutes examined by me have been
natives of Ireland. Tlui English come next in order iiumeri( ally, then the Germans, Scotch,
French, Italians, Danes ; and nearly all the other nations of EurojM' have each contributed a. few.

Tiie native Anjericans have, in general, jxissessed more ])hysical stamina than aliens. Of the
latter, the Irish have, I think, surpassed all others in physical develoi>mcnt. # * »

The African race, as a class, are, by reason of the peculiar conformation of their bodies, less
adapted than other races of men lor infantry duty. Their pelves aie liiiht and narrow ; their inferior
extremities slender, lean, and elongated, the muscular structure ot the calves of the legs, a full
development of which is essential to the performance of long and fatiguing marches, being par-
ticularly ill developed; while the excessive flatness of their feet, (the ordinary arch which exists in
the Europeau being almost entirely wanting,) in addition, disqualify them for this branch of tlie
service. The negro, however, possesses in general a sound aiul vigorous body, with a j)owerlul
development of the thorax and su|>erior extremities, and is in every way physically adapted for
garrison duty, assailing earth-works, as well as for short marches, or charging upon the field of
battle. # * *

.The enrollment-law as it now exists, I think, needs little revision, and I have but one sugges-
tion to make in reference thereto, viz, the insertion of an additional section, empowering boards
of enrollment to summon before them peremptorily, at stated times, either annually or seniiannu-
aliy, all persons enrolled in their respective districts whose names do notajjpearon the record-book
of the surgeon as having been 2)reiHoud!/ examined. The uu^n might be summoned by lot, and
re(juired to appear on given days, in the same manner as drafte<l men. My reasons for recom-
mending the introduction of a section to the effect above mentioned are these : Under the present
system of examining enrolled men, it being optional with them when to iipiiear for a physical
examination, the residt is that the great majority only present themselves when stimulateil by the
tear of an impending draft, and then they come in such large mimhers that it is impossible for the
surgeon to give them all a thorough examination on the day of their appearance. The surgeon
lias less time to devote to them during the few weeks immediately preceding a draft, tor the reason
that his duties are more onerous at ihis time in the examination oi recruits and substitutes. By
mnnmoning a limited number per day until all have been examined, at such sea.sons as the surgeon
has the most time to devote to them, the duties of the surgeon would lie moie thoroughly ))er-
formed, yet much less laboriouslj ; the men would return to their homes much better satisfied, and
the interests of the Government would be in every way better subserved.

In conclusion, I would suggest that, if again in the history of this country the emergency
should arise, necessitating the organization of boards of enrollment, the surgeon thereof should be
subjected to a rigid examination, jnior to his appointment, as to his iirofessional qualifications, and
that he receive the lull rank', pay, and allowances of a surgeon in the Army. 'I he gieat responsi-
bilities attached to the |)osition demand the services of men of j»((c^(«/ expeiieuce as well as
sound theoretical knowledge. A young man fiesh from his studies, with his newly-acijuired diploma,
can easily discharge the duties of an assistant surgeon in the Army, as he can ap]>ly to his superior
medical ofiBcers in all cases of doubt. The surgeon of a board of enrollment has no one to ai)peal
to for counsel, he must act for himself, and it is of paramount iuqiortance that he be in every
respect qualified for the position he holds, and such inducements should, therefore, be held out as
would secure to the Government the best talent in the profession.

R. McC. LORD,
iSurgeon Board of EnroUmmt, Third District of Connecticut.

Norwich, Jnuc 15, 180^

2i)8 surgeons' REIMR'l'S CONNECTICUT FOURTH DISTRICT.

CONNECTICUT— FOURTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. W. H. Trowbridge.

* • * My first experience in the examination of persons for the military service

\v;is in the physical examination of abont three hundred men for the regiment of which I had the
honor of filling the position of surgeon, which men 1 had the opportunity of watching through
their term of service. My next experience has been that of performing the by no means pleasant
duty of surgeon of a board of enrollment for the period of about sixteen months, during which
time I have examined over five thousand recruits, substitutes, drafted, and enrolled men.

Geographically, this district comprises the counties of Litchfield and Fairfield, extending from
Massachusetts on the north to Long Island Sound on the south ; and from the counties of New
Haven and Hartford on the east to the State of New York on the west. It contains an area of
about one thousand square miles. This area is broken and undulating as you proceed north, until
in the more northern portion it assumes a decidedly mountainous character ; the geological forma-
tion is of a granitic nature, and the district, as is usual with areas of such formation, is admirnbly
supplied with ]mie water. The Housatonic and Naugatuck Kivers, with their numerous tributaries,
afford an abundance of water-power for mechanical and other purposes. The inhabitants number
about one hundred and twenty-five tliousand, and are energetic and thrifty. Of this number a
large proportion are engaged in manufactures, mechanical occupations, and the arts; agriculture
liohling a decidedly inferior position, the soil of .so rugged a section being unequal to the task of
furnishing supplies and competence to the number of its inhabitants. The habits of the people
are stirring and industrious.

Overstudying. overacting, overthinking, rapid eating, and nervous precipitancy in much that
they do, causes indigestion and hepatic derangements to be common. But, owing to the bracing
and salubrious air and excellent water, the habits above mentioned rarely culminate in fevers of
iiny considerable maUgnity, while epidemics are extremely uncommon. Typho-malaria is never
indigenous, but tubercular diseases are rather common in the southern portion of the district.

As a whole, I deem the sections of paragraph 85 of thie Revised Regulations, Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, excellent ; still, I would modestly suggest, relative to section 23, that when a
stalwart man of splendid physique, with no physical or mental fault other than a small reducible
hernia which has never cost him a pang, or hindered him from lulfilling the duties of a laborious
avocation, and who was unconscious of tlie fact of its existence until the defect was shown to him
by the examining surgeon, presents himself for examination, the examiner should have a little
discretionary power given by the regulations. He might then accept some of the men that he is
now i^omiielled to reject in accordance with the unequivocal language of the section. I consider
lailure in such men much less likely to occur than in many in whom we can discover no particular
disqualification. Section 30 appears to me to be entirely useless, for its provisions are covered by
sections 33 and 34. * * *

In a thorough manner, I cannot, in justice to myself, continue for any length of time to
examine more than ivoiw fifty to sixty men per diem.

Relative to frauds practiced by drafted and enrolled men and recruits and substitutes, I woidd
say that but few drafted men have come under my inspection, our quota having been mostly filled
by ])urchased volunteers and substitutes; but, as far as my limited observation has extended,
general debility, asserted and sustained by certificates of friends and neighbors, is the disability
that. has been most resorted to for purposes of fraud. 1 have met with pretended cases of
hernia in which the truss was «orn backwards or bottom-side up. My experience with enrolled
men has been confined to examining them for exemption fiom enrolhudit, and as I have
adhered strictly to the letter of the instructions, giving the G()vernment in all cases the benefit
of doubt, I have had but little trouble. I have, however, tound the truss dodge tried; also
leigned anchylosis of joints, as well as permanent flexion of the fingers, and a variety of lame-
:;c sses; but these attempts at fraud were easily disposed of by the ajiplication ot siui])le tests. With
substitutes and hireling volunteers I have had much to do and much to contend with, for the

surgeons' keports — conn:ctuit — fouktii district. -239

tricks lesorted to were uumeious, as practiced by the applicant as well a^s by his friends and the

subs'Jtutebroker. The art deceptive was studied by tlie latter as a science, and taught to their
willing i)upils with variable success. Hernial tumors were iced ; discolored cicatrices were ingeni-
ously stained ; old, stiffened joints were rubbed or subjected to ecchyniosis by intentionally inflicted
blows, to give the ap])earance of recent and transient injury; drugging was frecjuently detected,
and exhilaraut intoxication was often a cause for sending a man from the room. Hubstitution has
been inacticed, I fear, in many cases, some of which have been detected. For instance, two men,
not unlike in general appearance but differently dressed, would present themselves; one would be
accepted and the other rejected. The rejected one goes out, puts on clothing similar to that of the
accepted man, and watches an opportunity to get in and let liis friend out; the impostor succeeds
in obtaining the bounty and goes to the dratt rendezvous, certain to be discharged in a few days
for manifest disability. An instance of deception, more curious than useful, perhaps, has come to
my notice. A mulatto of fair physique was rejected by me on account of umbilical hernia, very
manifest and formiug a tumor of the size of a hen's egg. The next day he was discovered in camp,
having been enlisted at another office. Upon inquiry, it was ascertained that the broker in whose
hands he was had bandaged the tumor by applying, over night, a compress of a metallic substance,
and a bladder of ice; on the following morning he fed him largely with boiled turniji, thus i)ro(lu(;-
ing a general distention of the abdomen, while the artificially corrugated region of the tumor was
thus brought out to a natural evenness and smoothness.

The brokers have proved to be the greatest obstacle I have had to contend with, directly
or indirectly, although the want of rank in position, with sufficient authority to control the
surroundings of the office, and power to make arrests, &c., has been no inconsiderable drawback,
and has, I think, interfered with a full degree of efficiency. But of all the miseralile, ineflicicnt,
and, I may say, maddening methods of correcting these wrongs, the action of boards of inspection
at tije camps of rendezvous, as organized for a time, was singularly flagrant. For instance, an
assistant surgeon, or sometimes two, ])erhaps of no experience in service, were, so to speak,
stationed at the outer gate to cull the recruits over, selecting such as could make out a case
to them for further iuspection, and allowing all else to i)ass on with the general accepted
(!rowd. These selected men were to be re-examined by a board of inspection nearly, and in
some cases entirely, composed of non-medical members. With the assistant suigeon's recom-
mendation for discharge before them, they discharged men Irom the service who had fat boun-
ties in their possession — men who had practiced this ott-repeated swindle, and who should liave
been put at work on the Dry Tortugas. Between this board and the surgeons of the boards
of enrollment there was not even a pretense of an understanding, or a shadow of concert of
action, with a view to detect and punish the crimes of those professional swindlers, the im-
maculate " bounty -jumpers." Tlie board of inspection treated Ihe surgeons of the; enrollment-
districts as if they were necessarily a set of bribed and unprincipled knaves, thus forcing the
surgeons to watch the work of the boards of inspection to ascertain, firstly, wiiether said board
was not in the paid interest of some one ; and, secondly, whether their idea of patriotism or
their opinion of disqualification was not sometimes modified by the judicious and kindl.y offer
of a portion of the munificent bounty that the sufferer (?) had just received, it was soon dis-
covered that men who on one day could, under oath, declare that they knew of nothing the
matter with them, as per questions under section 5, could a few days later, by an entirely
different set of tactics, conxince the board of inspection that they were entitled to an honorable
discharge, and, behold, they stand out as innocent martyrs to tlie incompetency of the surgeons
of the boards of enrollment, and go scot-free, with no inconsiderable proportion of the bounty
in their possession; these innocent victims, it should be borne in mind, being extremely liable
to a repetition of a like experience. Surgeons of boards of enrollment have undoubtedly been
deceived, and it cannot be considered a stretch of the imagination to suppose that boards o'
insi)ection may have, in like manner, been imposed upon, for deception and errors will, at best,
occur. * # *

As I view the matter, much less trouble and fraud, much less expense, much more efficiency
much mt)re equality, and many more efficient soldiers would be the result of a proper conscri|)tion
rigidly enforced, than is attained by the process of accepting paid substitutes and volunteers. There

240 surgeons' reports — new york — fourth district.

is soiiietbiug truly glorious in a nation's springing up to defend its honor and existence, each indi-
vidual vying with the other to make sacritiees for the common cause in a purely voluntary way.
While; on the contrary, there is something as truly shameful and humiliating to the mind of a true
patriot in viewing the spectacle of a professed volunteer enlisting for money alone, caring nothing
tor the feelings of honest patriotism and only looking with an avaricious eye upou the dollars he
shall receive, at the same time planning how he shall manage to do the least possible service for
his country.

1 regard the Germans as possessing the greatest physical aptitude for military service ; my
opinion is formed from my own experience in the examination of men of different nationalities.

My experience has been that the African race presents less physical aptitude for the military
service than any of the nationalities presented for my examination.

As far as I am capable of judging, the enrollment-law as it now exists is good, and I can
devise no alterations that would be of any practical utility, or would be likely to improve
it. * * *

W. H. TROWBRIDGE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment., Fourth District of Connecticut.

Bridgeport, Conn., May 25, 1SG5.

NEW YORK— FODRTU DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Dr. James O'Rorke.

* • * My experience in the examination of men for the military service has been

limited to the period of my connection with this Bureau, commencing May 1, 1SG3, and extending
to the present time.

The number of men examined by me, as nearly as can be ascertained, is about 3,800. « # *

This district comjirises the lower portion of Manhattan. Island, embracing the First, Second,
Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth wards of the city of New York. Its boundaries are: On
the east, the East River; on the west, the Hudson River; on the south, the Bay of New York; on
the uoi th, Houston street of the above-named city. It is the oldest and most thickly-builfportion
of the city.

The diseases most prevalent are those induced by rum, syphilis, and bad air; with which latter
the numerous damp, under ground rooms, unventilated garrets, and filthy tenement-houses of the
district are infected.

The inhabitants are ot a mixed character, representing aliiiost every known nationality; and,
as a general thing, the floating, irresponsible element, which enters largely into the composition of
a city-jiopalation, i)reduininates here. Their modes ot life and their occupations are such as are
l»eculiar to the poorei' classes of all large commercial and crowded sea-port cities.

It is noticeable that venereal disease has disqualified a greater proportionate number than
other disorders. This is due to the fact that New York is notoriously the resoit of prostitutes, and
of abandoned characters of every class and of both sexes.

With reference to the examination of men, I do not recommend any departure from the Regu-
lations of the Bureau a. ready established. I consider that all properly disqualifying diseases and
intirmities are embraced in the several sections of paragraph So, Revised Regulations Provost-
Marshal-General's Bureau; and, though great care and discretion must be employed in adopting
the rules therein laid down as a guide in all cases, no similar code, however elaborate, will obviate
the necessity of i)er.sonal accuracy, critical investigation, and the exercise of sound professional
judgment. . » * *

With reference to the number of men who cau be examined per day with accuracy, my experi-
ence does not affoidine a proper basis for an estimate which would be generally applicable. The
number who presented themselves for examination, from time to time, varied so greatly each day,

' No reports were received from the first three districts of New York.

SURGEONS' EEPORTS — NEW YORK — FIFTH DISTRICT. 241

and this irregularitr was so general, alternating between a crowd and a scattered few, that I am
unable to fix an average wliich would serve as a general rule. I think, however, that from twenty-five
to thirty cases per day are as manj' as will admit of an accurate and careful phy.sical examination.

As regards the frauds and other obstacles with which I have had to contend, they have been
so numerous and so varied in my experience, in common with that of all surgeons, and members of
the profession are so familiar with them, that I have nothing to present of interest in this respect.
As a general rule, the best and only reliable safeguard against fraud is a careful, rigid, and
thorough examination. A competent physician will rarely fail to detect misrepresentation or
deception.

Of the physical aptitude for military service of any particular nationality, I can give no opin-
ion, as the course of my examinations has not furuished any correct basis from which to accord a
preference. The foreign representatives have been generally few in number and of a non-uational
character; and the natives are not fair specimens of their race, having been, for the most part,
reared and their lives spent in cellars and garrets.

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service has been
limited, but I have never beeu led to doubt their aptitude for the duties of private soldiers.

With reference to the enrollment-law, its operation, &c., I have nothing to present; nor do I
make any recommendations or ofler any suggestions in reference thereto, believing that this branch
of the subject will receive more complete attention and better justice at the hands of the (late)
provost-marshal of this district, who, I doubt not, will express the views of the board on this sub-
ject iu his final report. * # *

JAMES O'EOEKE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourth District of New York.

New York City, June 17, 1865.

NEW YOEK— FIFTH DISTEICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. Joseph Hilton.

My experience in making medical examinations in this district covers a period of a little over
two years, and, during that time, 1 have examined about 9,810 persons.

This district is composed of four wards, viz, the Seventh, Tenth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth,
of the city of New York. It is situated in the lower or southerly portion of the city, and is bounded
on the easterly side by the East Eiver. The greater portion of its inhabitants belong to the labor-
ing class ; a considerable portion, however, are merchants, mechanics, artisans, &c. The health of
this district will, as a whole, compare favorably with any iu the city. There arc no prevailing
diseases except in the most crowded and filthy portions of it. In such may be found typhoid and
erujitive fevers at almost any season of the year.

The proportional number of men held for military service during the draft of 18G3 was about
one out of every six and a half examined. Hernia was the cause of a greater number of exemptions
than any other disease. A result like this might be readily anticipated on taking iuto considera-
tion the exposure and fatigue the masses of this. district endure. Disabilities resulting from acci-
dental and other injuries exempted many, probably in an equal, if uot greater, ratio than in any
other district in the State.

In giving my views on paragraph 85, I wish it understood that the sections 1 do not refer to I
consider to be good and proper. I think section 3 should be altered so as not necessarily to requiie
the testimony of a physician, but, instead thereof, to require good and satisfiictory evidence that
the person drafted had suffered from an attack of epilepsy within six months i>revious to his exam-
ination by the board of enrollment. Every practitioner of experience knows that old and confirmed
cases of epilepsy are apt to be abandoned as incurable, and medical aid is thenceforth dispensed
with as unavailing.

Section 13 holds persons for military duty who are afflicted with myopia. I cannot say 1 wholly
disagree with this rule, yet I do not think a person laboring under this disability fit for ficUhservice,
31

242 surgeons' reports — new york — fifth district.

aud, until some provision is made to assign such to some special duty fitted for them, I hold this
should be a cause for exemption.

Section 2'3 exempts persons afflicted with hernia of any kind. I think slijrht and recent forms
of indirect inguinal hernia should be held an exception. lu such cases, the gut is easily held in its
place by a proper truss, which is obtainable at a slight expense, and worn with little, or compara-
tively little, iuconvenience. In fact, a very large portion of our most hardy laboring population
have hernia in some form, and yet pursue their various avocations for a livelihood with little or no
complaint.

Section 25 forbids exemption on account of external haemorrhoids. I cannot understand why
so broad a distinction should be made between them and internal hemorrhoids. As a general rule,
this disease should not exempt, yet there are many cases that would warrant exemption.

Section 28 holds to service persons afflicted with incontinence of urine. I can hardly imagine
a more miserable state of existence, and think that a permanent form of the complaint should be
held as a cause for exemption from any kind of military duty. * * #

The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy is, as far as I can
learn, a disputed point among surgeons; and I am somewhat surprised that their difference of
opinions should be so extreme. Some exultingly declare that thej' have examined as many as two
hundred per day, while others assert that thirty ax forty are as many as they can examine accurately
between the hours designated for duty. I apprehend that these discrepancies arise from the amount
of assistance some surgeons have had. I have accepted as many as thirty recruits per day, exam-
ining, perhaps, sixty or seventy persons, taking their description and measurements, besides keep-
ing the records thereof and signing the enlistment-papers, all without any as.sistauce whatever. It
is true, I had an assistant for a period of six weeks during the first draft, and ostensibly so for one
month during the last draft. He, however, was of no assistance to me from the fact that another
ofSce was established in the district, to which he was detailed. I was overworked, and my
impression is that surgeons should not be expected to examine over Jiffy persons per day, in addi-
tion to keeping all the records, unless provided with competent assistants.

The frauds to be guarded against are so numerous and diversified that I confess myself unable
to bring to mind more than a few of the most common subjects of attempt, viz, defective sight aud
hearing, disease of chest, general debility, and hernia. These are the disorders feigned by enrolled
and drafted men. I am of opinion that a careful surgeon, not overtaxed with duty, has no excuse
for being imposed on hy such artifices. The frauds most likely to deceive are those practiced
by substitutes aud recruits. The most prominent among these are concealing insufficient age,
rheumatism, syphilis, hernia, ei>ilepsy, and prolapsus ani. IMany at sixteen years of age have
physical and mental development equal to that of others at twenty. Some forms of rheumatism and
syphilis are not easily detected. I have known insj;ances where warm and vapor baths have been
resorted to by men immediately prior to ofi'ering themselves. I feel satisfied, however, that a careful
examination will seldom fail to discover defects. Hernia is often treated with ice and otlier astrin-
gents, with results calculated to deceive. Epilepsy is a disease well calculated to escape discovery.
Ordinary cases of prolapsus ani may be skillfully treated so as to deceive the surgeon. The only
evidence of this disease is protrusion of the gut ; and this, in many cases, may be prevented for a
time by the use of powerful astringents. I know of no way of wholly guarding against frauds. I
suggest it might be jnade a crime for physicians or others thus to j)repare persons for the purpose
of deceiving the Government. -Furthermore, I suggest that, after examination, the man might be
required to make affidavit, before entering the service, regarding his knowledge of any defects in
his health, attaching penalties to false swearing in such cases.

In this district, the.Irish excel in physical aptitude for military duty.

As far as my experience goes, I consider the physical qualifior.lions of the colored race for mili-
tarj- service to be good.

The operation of the enrollment-act, as it now exists, is decidedly bad in both city and country.'

When a draft is ordered, I think a strict passport-system should be inaugurated. The experi-
ence of the past has proved that disloyal and cowardly men, though young and able-bodied, left

' The writer refers to the nniiiber of mmi who escaped its application.

surgeons' reports NEW YORK — SIXTH DISTRICT. 243

tlioir (li-stricts citlier before or iunnediately after being drafted, leaving the honest, industrious, and
loyal (and, in too many instances, heads of dependent families) to bear the brunt.

In large cities, it is impossible, under the present system, to get anything like acorrect enroll-
ment of the inhabitants. The honest, well-meaning man is sure of being correctly enrolled, while
the vagabond and disloyal are almost as sure to be represented by some false name or to evade it
altogether.

I am of opinion that the only way to get a correct enrollment or census is to have it done in
time of peace by district-boards, similar to boards of enrollment. Such boards inigiit be so consti-
tuted as to make district pension-examinations. All this could be easily done with a tithe of the
expense now incurred by the Government for similar services.

JOSEPH HILTON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of New Yorlc.

New York City, June 15, 1SG5.

NEW YORK— SIXTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. A. L. LooMis.

My experience in the examination of men for military service commenced on the 17tli of
November, 1SG3, with my appointment as surgeon of the sixth district. The number of men exam-
ined, as near as can be ascertained, is 3,GG0.

The sixth district comprises the Ninth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth wards of the city of New York.
It is bounded on the south by Houston street, on the east by Bowei-y and Fourth avenue, on the
north by Twenty-sixth street, and on the west by the North River.

There are but few vacant lots in the district, and there are no endemic causes of disease except
the over-crowding of badly-ventilated tenement-houses, the filthy streets, and the abundance of low
groggeries. The main portion of the district is occupied by dwelling-houses, the inhabitants' of
which comprise all classes of society. The Fifteenth ward is mostly inhabited by merchants; the
Sixteenth, by mechanics; and the Ninth, by both merchants and mechanics.

I have no change's to recommend in paragraph 85, except that sections 20 and 23 (it seems to
me) exempt too large a number of able-bodied men. # * *

The number of men that I can examine with accuracy in a day is, fifty .

The claims for exemption which were most frequently made by enrolled men were founded on
general debility and thoracic disease. The frauds most frequently practiced by recruits and substi-
tutes were in relation to age. Old men, from fifty to sixty, were rejuvenated, and came forward
willing to make their afHdavit that they were between the ages of eighteen and forty-five; while
mere boys of fourteen and fifteen were as ready to swear that they were over eighteen years of age.

The nationality that presented the greatest aptitude for military service was the American.
My examination of the colored race is limited. Among the few examined, however, I found the
most perfect specimens of muscular development.

As to the operation of the present enrollment-law, in my district it was a failure. It is impos-
sible in a city district to make a perfect enrollment during a time of war, for a change of residence
is easily made, and fictitious names were in very many instances given to the enrolling-ofTicer. It is
impossible to arrive at the number of able-bodied members of a family, or even at the number of
families occupying a house, unless the information is a free-will offering on the part of the inhab-
itants. The only way to obviate this would be to make an enrollment every year or two during a
time of peace ; and it seems to me it would be wise on the part of the Government to establish
a bureau, similar to the Provost-Marshal's, to keep up a perfect enrollment of all the inhabitants
of each congressional district. By such means, frauds on the ballot-box could be prevented, and,
at the same time, we should in a " time of i)eace be i)repared for war."

ALFRED L. LOOMIS,
Siirgeon Board of Enrollment Sixth District of Neio Yorh.

New York City, June 15, 1865.

244 SUEGEONS' REPORTS— NEW YORK SEVENTH DISTRICT.

NEW YOEK— SEVENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. E. Van Kleck.

* * * My comiectiou with this office dates from its establishment, in the year

1863. Operations were first begun in May of that year. The first and only professional duties for
three or four months were the examination of candidates for the " Invalid Corps," a very gratifying
duty, as showing on the part of the Government a desire to do something for those who had become
disabled in the service of their country, and that too in a manner far more honorable than to make
them simply the recipients of bounty or pensions. At the same time that the plan was commend-
able on the score of economy, it also showed on the part of the applicants that they did not want
to eat the bread of charity, but were still desirous of doing what they were able for the cause of
that country to whose service they had dedicated their lives, and in whose behalf they had thus
far toiled and suffered. The number examined for this purpose in the first year reached only about
fifty. Afterward, in the autumn of the year 1864, very many more of this class were examined at
these headquarters. * * *

All operations at this oflice, as at all the offices in this city, were suddenly brought to a stop by
the disgraceful and lamentable drama of July, 1SG3, when, for the wicked and insane purpose of
thwarting the Government in the prosecution of the draft, New York was made a scene of anarchy,
of riot, and bloodshed, leaving a stain upon us as a city which years will not efface. Quiet being at
length restored by the strenuous and well-directed efforts of the General Government, and peace and
security being insured by the presence of troops, the draft, which was about to have taken place
at the time of the riot, and of which it was supposed to be the cause, was now resumed It took
place in this district on the 26th day of August, 1863. The quota called for was 2,050 men, to
obtain wLich 50 per cent, was added, so that 3,075 names were drawn. Of these very many were
never found, a result which was inevitable, and which must ever o»cur in large cities like this,
where the poiKilation is of so varied and shifting a character, and where the enrollment was con-
ducted as it was bere, with full scope, namely, for the ignorance and liability to deception of the
euroUingofiicers. Of those who did appear when summoned, 2,238 came under my observation ;
of these, 638 were examined and were exempted for the various reasons set forth in the report of
the result of the draft of 1863 ; those who were held to service furnished substitutes, procured for
them, for the most part, through the iustrumeuta'.ity of the supervisors' substitute fund, and a few
paid commutation. * * *

This district is made up of the Eleventh and Seventeenth wards of tbe city of New York, being
a compact district, definitely bounded by the Fourth avenue on the west and the East Eiver on
the east, lying between Eivington and Fourteenth streets; it covers au area of about two square
miles. Tbe locality itself is, in the main, healthy, save in the easternmost part, where a good deal
of the ground is made or filled in. There is nothing, however, in the character of tbe district likely
to be productive of disease, but much in the character and habits of its population. In this small
locality is pent up a larger foreign population than in any similar district in the United States,
(in the Seventeenth ward alone there are nearly 100,000 Germans.) They are packed in dense
masses in the immense tenement-houses, sometimes to the number of four hundred, or even six
hundred, in a house. Many of these are new-comers in the country ; they are very slow to change
the habits they have brought with them, and they retain to a very great degree the heedless and
filthy modes of life of such classes in all foreign countries. Most of them, it is true, are not indis-
possd to industry — indeed, they have always worked, and must work to live — but a large propor-
tion is of the class of judoor operatives; and confessedly objectionable as their occupations must
always be, even under favorable circumstances as to air and ventilation, it will be readily seen how
injurious must be the effect if they are pursued under the less favorable hygienic influences which
prevail in the district described. A very large part of the male population is made up of tailors,
shoe-makers, cigar-makers, and cabinet-makers, while '' lager-bier" shops abound in every block ;
hence, the dise<ises peculiar to this class of operatives, increased by unfavorable hygienic condi-
tions of indoor life, and by irregular habits of the individual, show themselves in a marked
ratio. # * *

surgeons' reports — NEW YORK SEVENTH DISTRICT. 245

/

In reply to the fourth inquiry of the circular, the uudersigned desires to say that paragraph
85 of the Eegulations of the Provost-Marshal-GeneraPs Bureau has ever commanded his respect
and his admiration, as having been compiled with a great deal of care and sagacity. The under-
signed was invited by, and met with, a committee of surgeons of this city, in 1803, who, at the
request of the Surgeon-General, assembled to revise and suggest alterations in the different sec-
tions. It was remarkable how much they found to admire, and how little to alter. Some changes
w^ere suggested ; these, and other changes since made, have not materially modified the paragraph
in its workings. In the application of its formulas I have, as have doubtless all who have beea
engaged under it, encountered difficulties, though what were the precise points of all the occasions
does not now recur to my mind. I think that the limit of time as apidied to th(! certificate in the
case of epileptic patients is unjustly and needlessly stringent ; for epilepsy is precisely that disease
which, after continuing three, five, or more years, until it has exhausted the patience and the means
of the subject, and the skill and resources of the profession, still remains, and while paroxysms may
occur every month, yet the patient may not be seen by a medical man for years.

I would strike off the last clause of section 25, as would any one, I think, who has witnessed
the horrible sufferings of the man compelled to be about with inflamed and tender pile-tumors.

Sections 27 and 28 I would have somewhat modified, and I would alter the phraseology of the
last clause of section 29. I cannot see the use of the word " total," which so frequently occurs ;
at any rate as qualifying the word " loss." * * *

The sixth question is, " How many men can be examined in a day with accuracy?" Greatly
differing answers will be returned to this inquiry. I would say that if the regulations were strictly
complied with, the men taken singly, thoroughly, and carefully examined, and the examination
recorded, each man should be allowed from eight to ten minutes; this would make nhont fifty per-
sons per diem, and that is as large a number as can be carefully, thoroughly, and justly exam-
ined, according to my opinion.

The seventh query calls irp, of course, a great many expedients that were resorted to by two
classes of men, those anxious to keep out of the service, as well as those desirous to get iu. The
enumeration of these attempts at deception would have little of novelty, and I can only suggest
for remedy the prompt, careful, and patient scrutiny of each and every case.

I cannot clearly answer as to the superiority for military capacity of any nationality. My
record shows the best. physical averages of Irish; yet I am not clear to say that they arebetter
than our own countrymen. In a city like this, the proportion of foreign-born must always be larger,
and the character of the native recruits always poorer than in other towns, and especially iu rural
districts.

As to the capacity of the colored race for military service and efficiency, my experience is veiy
limited. I was called to examine very few in number, and those few were, for the most part, not
of such a character as to give any favorable impression of their physical character or capabilities.

Next, my views are asked as to the operation, efficiency, &c., of the enrollment-act as it now
exists. I can onlj- speak of its operation in large cities like this ; perhaps in the country, where
almost every person in the community knows all bis neighbors and fellow-citizens, an enrollment
as ordered under this law might be eflected with some degree of perfection, but in a large city this
is, iu the very nature of things, absolutely impossible. All sorts of devices, subterfuges, and false-
hoods are resorted to, and such us, in very many cases, it is quite out of the power of the enrolling-
officer to avoid or to detect. Even jf an enrollment could by any possibility approach anywhere near
correctness to-daj^, such is the migratory character of a large share of our population that in three
mouths it would have become almost useless. Perhaps an enrollment in time of existing war will
ever be unattainable with any great degree of accuracy ; but it may, perhaps, be effected in some
such way as this ; that a self-enrollment should at all times be demanded — compulsory and uniuter-
mittiug — and when not completely kept up, that the party should forfeit his rights of citizenship.
To more fully secure the end, it should be enacted that whenever the parties changed their location
or residence, in addition to their own duty of re-registering themselves, the responsibility of their
landlords should be involved — that every landlord of a house rented, or of a house containing
boarders or lodgers, should be made responsible for an immediate registration of each and every
per.sou who came under his observation and supervision in that manner. And as the maxim,

24G SUKGEONS' REPORTS — NEW YORK — EIGHTH DISTRICT.

\
althongb trite, has lost iiono of its truth or force by our experience of tlie h\st four years, namely,
" In time of peace prepare for war," I would suggest the creatiou of a bureau of tke War Depart-
ment which should have complete control and supervision lOf this whole matter. It should have
under its care the census of every district, the enrollment and examination of all men liable to mil-
itary service, together with a supervision and care of all such as were or had been in any way con-
nected with the war-service of the Government; and thus a lull and complete registration and
record would be had of those who bad served, and of those fit to go into the service of their coun-
try in time of need.

JOHISr E. VAN KLECK,

Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventh District of Ifcw Yorlc.
New Yokk City, June 14, 1865.

NEW YORK— EIGHTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. William C. Roberts.
* * * The total number of men, enrolled and enlisted, examined by me, is

*

3,064. *

The eighth congressional district embraces the Eighteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first wards
of the city of New York. It is intersected by that great thoroughfare, the Sixtii avenue, to the
east of which lies the Eighteenth ward, extending from tlie splendid long and wide Fourteenth
street to Twenty-sixth street; it embraces a large portion of the aristocratic Fifth avenue, with its
magnificent hotel ; Broadway, the Fourth avenue, and Irving Place, and then downward toward
the East River, a series of smaller streets intersected by numeroits avenues, the Third, Second, First,
and avenues A, B, C, and D, containing dwellings and shops of various kinds, and thickly popu-
lated by people of the lower orders, of all countries and denominations ; the Germans, perhaps,
predominating.

As we approach the East River, we come u])on an immense pauper population ; among these,
of course, intemperance, poor diet, filth, and overcrowding are prolific sources of disease and death;
but this is not peculiar to the district.

The watei'-edges of our city very much resemble each other both as to the business, character,
habits, &c., of the population ; only that the east side is the more densely peopled, the streets are
dirtier and narrower, the inhabitants more closely crowded together, and that there is i^robably
more sickness. As we ascend on either river-side, the circumstances alter for the better. The
Twenty-first ward, lying to the north of Twenty-sixth street as far as Fortieth street, contains, also,
portions of our most splendid thoroughfares — Broaidway, the Fifth avenue east of Broadway,
Madison, Fourth, and Lexington avenues — the homes of the wealthy and luxurious ; and to this
fact we are indebted for the very large number of substitutes furnished by our district, which, it
was at one time believed, had more than supplied its quota. Below the Third avenue, the features
of each ward are the same.

The Twentieth ward extends from the Sixth avenue to the North River, (west,) and includes
the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh avenues, all important thoroughfares and quite
densely populated. It contains fewer haudsomedwellings, but more shops, groceries, and liquor-stores,
(from which the condition of the inhabitants may be inferred,) and, as we approach the water's
edge, manufactories abound ; but I repeat that the general features of the city upper districts along
the water-lines do not materially difi'er.

I can say no more respecting the prevalent diseases and their causes than tliat I suppose them
to be similar to those elsewhere met with. No particular endemic, perhaps, exists ; aiul yet typhus
and typhoid fevers, scarlatina, small-pox, measles, dysentery, cholera morbus, and cholera infantum
prevail. Congestive diseases, as apoplexy, delirium tremens, &c., dependent on causes too pali)ably
incident to a large, crowded, immoral, and ill-cleaned city to need specification, are nnnw-'ronsly
met with. It is only wonderful how, amid the decomposing accumulations of the matcrics morhi,
constantly existing among us, we escape the occurrence of those wide-spreading and destructive
endemics, of zymotic origin, to which the large cities of Europe are so often a prey.

surgeons' KEPOKTS — NEW YORK — EIGHTH DISTRICT. 247

The most frequeutly-urged reasons for exeiuptiou in enrolled men, and tLe most common dis-
qualifications met with in men desirous of enlisting, were, 1st, defective nsjoM, cbielly nearsighted-
ness (myopia) in the former, and, 2d, hernia and varicosity of veins in tlie latter. Among the enrolled
men, however, whatever was their station in life, these same disqualilicatious, in a greater or less
degree, were numerous. Next in the order of frequency of occiuTeuce may be enumerated, loss
of teeth; lameness in either extremity; deafness, with or without discharge from the ear; deformity
of person; physical disability, with or without hypertrophy of the heart; asthma; epilepsy ; chronic
rheumatism ; and secondary syphilis.

To assign the reason why any one of these particular diseases or disabilities disqualifies from
military service would seem to any one acquainted witli their nature wholly superlluous ; but, if it
be intended to ask the causes of the diseases themselves, as occurring in a greater ratio than
others, a response may be given, from which, however, little novelty can be expected.

Defective vision results, in many instances, from accident; we frequently met with cases of
corneal aflection arising from scrofulous inflammation, and, in some instances, from syphilitic taint.
Miiopia, which constitutes so frequent, and, formerly, so readily-admitted a claim for exemption, is
often cougenital, as shown by its frequency in young people, or it is found to depend on organic
changes in the transparent media, the retina, or choroid, or the sclerotic coat of the eye. Such
were the results of all the examinations of myopic persons whom I submitted to inspection by the
ophthalmoscope ; and, on the faith of the affidavits of distinguished oculist.", and in accordance
with paragraph 85, section 13, General Uegulations, I exempted, at first, many who could easily,
and would willingly, have furnished substitutes. Afterward, receiving the Kevised liegnlations
of 1801, and finding there explicity stated that ^hiear-sif/htedncss did not exempt,'" I refused (much to
the chagrin of the applicants and that of my oculistio brethren, who were reaping (piite a little
harvest from their examinations) to exempt any nearsighted persons whose eyes presented no
external appearance of injury. Many substitutes were thus obtained, and I have often wished that
the duty of the surgeon of the board could have been more frequently defined with equal positive-
ness. Exhibiting the regulation suspended all argument, and obtained a ready acquiescence ;
right or wrong, the surgeon at least was not responsible for the order. That myopia, if not wholly
dependent upon, is considerably influenced by, profession, is clearly shown by the frequency of
its occurrence among professional and literary men, and, as such, among the upper classes of
society and among persons who make much and steady use of their eyes by gas or day light ;
whereas, among- our volunteers, it was rarely met with, save in some few foreigners of education ;
but among the humbler classes almost never.

Hernia, a very common cause of exemption and rejection, has its origin in congenital laxity of
the abdominal walls at tLe point of egress of the spermatic cords of one or both sides. In such
cases, an openness at the external rings will often be felt, and a fullness in the inguinal canals noticed,
without, perhaps, actual protrusion. Under these circumstances, even a slight muscular effort,
which iuvolves the descent of the diaphragm and the contraction of the abdominal muscles, will
protrude the intestine. While not exemptiug an enrolled man for this supposed hernial tendency, I
was chary of it in the volunteer, and rejected for it in the substitute when very marked.

Tbat the teeth suffer decay in 'the progress of age, and that such evidences of senility are
opposed to military eflicieucy as impeding mastication and due nutrition, are well-known facts.
Why there should occur such frequent and extensive deterioration of the teeth among young people
of both sexes, as is so commonly met with in this country, more than in those of any other whom
I have examined, 1 am unable to determine. The fact is a striking one, and I may add, as a
general rule, that the teeth of the colored races, foreign and domestic, are singularly good, and less
liable to, or affected by, decay.

Lameness in either extremity is always either cougenital, or the result of disease or accident,
and needs no comment.

Deafness has frequently its origin in the development of a congenital (probably hereditary)
scrofulous diathesis iu youth, consequent upon the action on the .system of impaired nutrition, the
action of various morbid poisons, such as small-pox, measles, scarlatina, &c. These cases are
generally attended with chronic otorrhea, which is often incurable. Deafness is again often the
result of certain occupations, such as boiler-making, where the auditory nerves are subjected to

248 surgeons' reports — new york — eighth district.

excessive aucl long-coutiiiued irritation ; it is said to bo cotuuion iu artilleryuieu, from tlie firing of
heavy cannon. It often conies on gradually ami spontaneously. * * *

Personal deformity is often congenital, the result of accidental injury, and oftenest, as in caries
and curvature of spine and other bones, the result of a scrofulous cachexia, [rachitis and osteo-
malacia.) The same may be probably affirmed of 2)htMsis puhnonalis, andof thej;%6ic«i clisabiUfy,
to be hereafter alluded to, associated with simple (or compound) hypertrophy of the heart, with
tendency to haemoptysis, which constitutes, in my experience, a frequent cause for exemption and
rejection, as disqualifying from the fatigues and exposures of a military life. * « *

Paragraph 85, as a whole, appears to me compreheDsive and ably and accurately constructed.
Iu spite, however, of the clearness of expression and definition which pervades it, there is still,
and there must be, much left to the judgment of the surgeon. His duties are twofold : to himself,
as a conscientious man and as desirous of being just to the applicant for examination ; and to the
country which employs and confides iu him.

It was not my lot to hold to service any drafted man ; but in examiniug men prior to the draft,
and with a view to their being removed from, or retained upon, the enrollment-list, I never knew
what amonut of responsibility I should incur iu case any of those refused exemption, and held by
me to service should, on subsequent reexamination at headquarters, be deemed unfit for service ;
and I tkinlc this should he explained. In a circular I received, I was told that my decision was
" final ;" I do not perfectly understand the meaning of this, further than that if I refuse a drafted
man exemption, he must be enlisted, equipped, and sent forward. But what responsibility do I
incur if that man, whom, in the exercise of my best judgment, I have held to service, be rejected
as unfit fty oi/iers— possibly less qualified than I am myself to decide 1 Do the same rules apply as
in the enlistment of a recruit?

Another circular informs me that " ttiere must be no doubt existing as to a man's total unfitness
for military service." ShoiM it not sny, of any Icind? No language could then be stronger. * * *
The difiQculty seems to me to be to exempt a man at all, unless for some palpable and indis-
putable disqualification, as blindness, lameness, deafness, or the like. Many apply in person to the
surgeon, who, in many respects, yet not in all, come under sections .|J and 9 ; ailing men, yet not
totally incapacitated for some kind of military service, say of the Invalid Corps. These men, if held,
would make very poor soldiers, and might ultimately be discharged ; if refused exemption, they
would, many of them, procure substitutes. What is the responsibility incurred by holding them?
The difQculty consists in the question of the totality of the incapacitation. Who, in reading sections
5, 8, 9, and 10, and comparing them with the men before him, shall be able to decide upon the
exact amount of disease under either which totally incapacitates ? What two medical men would
agree upon this point in some cases'? This must, then, it seems to me, be left to the judgment of
the examining-surgeon, who is cautioned, however, in regard to section 9, not to abuse his privilege.
For myself, I can only say that a clearer understanding on this head would be more satisfactory.
Whether I .should have held more, or refused more, 1 cannot now determine.

The words ^^ equally lahorious occupation,''^ in section 5, if read to the applicant, instantly sug-
gests to him a doubt whether there can be any duties equally laborious as the military, which he
so eagerly endeavors to avoid.

Section 3. Epilepsy. Many have epileptic fits who do not see a physician within six months.
I suggest that in such cases other testimony sufdce, if reliable.

Section 5. Many men, oftenest young ones, present themselves, bringing certificates of the
existence oi phthisis iu their cases from their family-physician; they speak of repeated hemoptysis,
cough, sense of fatigue, shortness of breath, emaciation, «S:c., and the subjects are deemed, perhaps
justly, to be incapable of active military service. In such cases, the lungs are often sound, the
heart is simply hypertrophied, its apex striking one or two inches below the proper spot, and its
pulsations, on exercise, plainly visible and audible all over the prjecordium. Few of these persons
can i)ursue any very laborious occupations, and they present an amount of " permanent physical
disability" which, when well marked, should, iu my opinion, more than most other ailments, dis-
quali y the drafted man or recruit from service, and exempt the enrolled.

Section 6. If, as I suppose, section 6 refers to phthisis pulmonalis, rather than to any other

SUEGEONS' REPORTS — NEW YORK — EIGHTH DISTRICT. 249

form of tubercnlosis, aud as section 10 embraces scrofula, I suggest tbe additiou of tbc words " of
the luugs." Section 5, however, covers the grouud.

Section 8. " What skiu-disease, and what amount of it, necessarily totally incapacitates from
service?" Very few, I suspect. Eczema might, if severe and extensive; itch would; lepra and
psoriasis would not. Would not the wording of section 10, thus, " Scrofulous or secondary sypliilitic
cachexia, which," &c., be better? At present, it is difUcult to say what amount of scrofula or
secondary syphilis suffices to exempt or reject ; but scrofulous or syphilitic cachexia is apparent,
even to a bystander.

Section 11. Lumbago, which I shall call here neuralgic (muscular) rheumatism, is by the people
invariably considered as disease of the kidney. There is such a thing as chronic sciatic lumbago
embitteriTig life. 1 suggest that the section read, " Neuralgia, not organic or excessive; chronic
rheumatism," &c.

Section 20. I would read, "Total loss, for all useful purposes of mastication, of all, or of eight
consecutive, front teeth in either jaw." * « #

Section 22. Caries of the S2)iuc, if marked, is always of scrofulous origin, causes deformity, and
may be progressing. It must, anyhow, produce disability; and I suggest that the words "attended
with ulceration" be omitted. This disease, as well as fistula in ano, seems to me to demand exemp-
tion without qualification ; so, also, do some cases of real external hmnorrhoids, the distress and
disability from which often equal or excel those from strictly internal ones, as I know from my own
observation in several cases. Many cases of apparent external haemorrhoids are returnable by
pressure within the sphincter, and mistakes may thus arise.

Section 27. Permanent organic stricture, admitting the passage of only a small bougie, and
not necessarily incurable, would, it seems to me, justify exemption. The condition specified in
section 27 is scarcely compatible with existence, and of rare occurrence.

Section 32. For "iirevent" say "impede."

Section 33. I should read, " Permanent contraction or extension of all or any two fingers of
either handP "What can a man do as a soldier if two of the fingers of his left hand arc" disabled?

Section 35. Varicose 'veins, if large and numerous, and accomiyanied icith chronic dwellings or
M/cerrt^<07i of the legs, are so rare that I should read "or accompanied" for "and accompanied;"
otherwise, very few would be exempted under the section. By no other cause are so many good
men really disqualified from service as by this. Moderate varicosity need not exempt from the
duties of the reserved corj^s; and a recruit in whom the varicosity is simple, even if it be numerous
and large, but unattended with erythema, ulcerations, or cicatrices of ulceration, and who denies
suft'ering any iucouvenience, ought, in my opinion, to be accepted, and not allowed afterward to
shirk from his duty. Hundreds of men perform the daily laborious duties of life with varicose veins,
and suffer from them little or no inconvenience. It is only the enrolled man, desirous of avoiding
the draft, too unpatriotic to serve in person and too parsimonious to procure a substitute, that com-
plains of them. I would be glad to have this subject reconsidered and the law defined.

I conclude my remarks on the sections of paragraph S5 by saying that I think excessive obesity,
or a weight of over 200 pounds, is a sufficient cause for exemption ; -also, that no lad should be held
or enlisted (and juany are presented as recruits) unless he be over 18 years of age, weighing over
110 pounds, measuring at least 30 inciies in circumference of chest, standing at least 5 feet 3
iuclies, of good muscular development, and exhibiting manifest signs ofimhcrty. Many such prove
to be efficient soldiers ; more so than even larger adults. I do not, therefoi'e, coincide in the eighty-
sixth section of i)aragraph 85. * * *

As regards re-examination at rendezvous-camp, I beg to say that I think it would be more just
toward the surgeon who enlists the men, and facilitate his exculpation when complaint is made, if
he were to be informed ivhat was the supposed disqualification which, in the letter from Washing-
ton, it is assumed that he has overlooked for want of sutiicient care. At the same time, in the
hurry of business, such inadvertence is very likely to occur, and should, I think, be leniently dealt
with, unless often repeated. * * *

I would advise that the filling up of a ^'■Formfor examining recruits," for each man enlisted, be
made obligatory on the surgeons, and kept on file in the office. No better guide to, or record of,
accuracy could be desired. * » *

250 SUKGEONS' REPORTS NEW iTORK EIGHTH DISTRICT.

1 Lave already stated that ia oue day Dr. Derby and 1 examined sixty recruits; but we worked
from 9 a. m. till i p. lu., and examined no men for exemption. While I was iu the front room, pay-
lug bounties and signing papers, Dr. Derby conducted the examinations. Some of the rejections
are quickly made from mere external inspection.

I would suggest that, iu times of great business activity, a sm-geoii's assistant, of good proles-
sional acquirements, should be ap[)ointed to attend with the surgeon during the whole icorling-hours
of the day — not as now, coming at his leisure — to keep the record of medical examinations, to relieve
the surgeon when fatigued, and to take his place in the few and brief absences which are necessary
to enable him to retain his private practice, and which it would be unfair, however paramount his
oflicial duties, to expect him wliolly to reliuquish.

A special clerk to the surgeon should be appointed, charged only with making out enlistment-
papers, entering on the record the names and examinations of enrolled or drafted men, and making
out the monthly reports. This is work enough for him. Thus provided, and with such other cleri-
cal aid as might be occasionally needed, and with steady attendance, on the x^^rt of the two sur-
geons and the clerks, I suppose that sixty recruits, or one hundred or more enrolled men, or tico hun-
dred drafted men (which is, 1 believe, the number specified a« the rate at which the examinations
per diem should be made) might be examined with suflicieut accuracy. To do this, however, little
or no time must be spent idly. The delay is in recording the examinations. More than three men,
I think, ought not to be stripped and examined together, as confusion and error might arise. Ex-
aminations of enrolled men cause the most delay; much talking is to be done to convince or recon-
cile them to an adverse decision ; much appeal and argument to be heard, so as not to appear
harsh or uncivil, or give unnecessary offense in an unpopular duty. I have recorded the examina-
tion of cighty-seren iu one day, with partial attendance only ot my assistant, and the intermingling
of some other duties of substitutes and recruits; and on three separate days the number, respect-
ively, of forty-seven, fifty-four, and sixty.

Deliberate frauds among enrolled men 'to escape draft were rare. Their complaints, I think,
were honestly made for the most part. I had some difliculty with those who had hernia and wore
trusses, which they were not always willing to remove, and could not Mways make their hernias
protrude if they did. I did not exempt in these cases. Excessive complaints of slight varicose
veins, of haimorrhoids, not discoverable at the time of examination; chronic rheumatism or lum-
bago, generally attributed to disease of the kidney; deafness, not decided; insufficient loss of
teeth ; varicocele, corns, tender feet, &c., were of common occurrence, but availed little, though
honestly pleaded. Lastly, and one of the most difficult to encounter, a firm conviction on the part
of the applicant, based on some supposed ailment, or physician's certificate, or some real degree of
slight physical debility, that he was totally unfit for military service, and would break down on the
shortest march, and, in no time at all, beiu hospital. Nothing gave more offense than to tell these
parties that active service would probably benefit their health, or that they might do ser\ ice iu
the Eeserve Corps; and this, iu men of wealth, abundantly able to provide substitutes, coming to
plead their cause in person, attending to their business, enjoying their pleasures, with little or no
external evidence of disability, and with no idea of standing the draft, if not exempted from it, or
going to the front themselves.

It is difficult to satisfy these parties without giving offense, and such cases ai-e, I think, among
the most troublesome which are brought under the notice of tlie surgeon of the board, and require
the very strictest expression and clearest possible written definition of his duty — those in which it
is desirable that he should have to repose the least possible reliance on his own judgment, and be
able to exhibit the legal " litera scripta ipsissimap A few glass eyes, false sets of teeth, over age,
a hernia stealthily pushed back at the moment of examination, are a few of the clumsy devices
practiced by men seeking to enlist to deceive and " pass the doctor," but which ought no more to
succeed with a man of ordinary sagacity and ol)servation than the bribes offered by men and brokers
should infiuenccan honest one. Tlie strict investigation I have described detects all these defects
certainly and (juickly ; and when the character of the surgeon for acumen and honesty is known,
they will not olten be attempted. Few good-for-nothing men were brought to me of late, and bribes
ceased to be offered. I have heard of gray hair being dyed, and one man substituted for another;
but nothing of the kind occurred under my observation. * * *

surgeons' KEPORTS NEW YORK EIGHTH DISTRICT. 251

I tbiiilc till) fliiost men I examined, taking tliem for all in all, were Germans. We examined of
tliesc 501 ; many of tliem were recent iinmigranls, and several of tlieni men of great stature, strength,
and muscularity. The greatest heights (G feet 3 inches) were common to Irish, Germans, and
English. The average height was a little in favor of the English (British Americans) and Scotch.
The Germans gave the greatest chest-measurement at inspiration and expiration, (43-11,) followed
by the Irish, (42-39 ;) English, (41-39;) the Swedes, of whom four were examined, (40-38 ;) the
French, of whom we examined forty-six, (42-40;) and the Americans, (40-37.) Of these latter, we
enlisted several fine specimens; but the i)redominance of height, size, strength, and muscular
development, with adaiitability for actual service, lay with the Europeans — Germans, French, Irish,
English, Scotch, Poles, and Swedes — in the order as written. Most of these (Irjsh excepted) had
served in the militia of their native countries or in the Oeld. To this, their active lives, and
temiieratc habits, their superiority was perhaps due. Some of the Irish and English had been in
the British army in India and the Crimea. Of Americans, we examined 347 ; of Irish, 500 ; of
English, Scotch, and natives of the British provinces, 230; of French, 46; Poles, 3; Swiss, 5 ;
Swedes, 4; Danas and Norwegians, 11.

Many colored men enlisted by us, though of short stature, were long-armed, muscular, and
healthy; and, unless any moral deticiency annuls their physical vigor, they ought to make good
soldiers. "We enlisted, on one day, four black Louisiana field-hands, the finest young men I almost
ever saw ; escaped slaves, sent on here from New Orleans by some steamship-company, whose sailor-
uniform they wore.

Drafts, however indispensable in times of need in countries where standing armies are not
maintained, are, uevertheless, extremely uniiopular, oi)posed to the spirit of our republican institu-
tions, and, by both upper and lower classes of society, every possible obstacle is thrown in the way
of the officers as to getting a full and accurate enrollment. These should be men of education,
intelligence, zeal, courtesy, and firmness, otherwise many will be enrolled who, from over age,
alienage, or physical disability, need not to have been; many not, who ought to have been ; names
misspelt taken twice over, wrong addresses obtained, and other blunders made which are not all
inevitable. I do not think that sufficient care was generally observed in this respect. And when
we reflect how many exemptions are granted before and after a draft, how many drafted men never
report and can never be found, and the kind of men who are held to service, in so small a propor-
tion, I cannot say that I think that a draft, in a large city like this, although it may prove useful
in procuring good men as substitutes for the wealthy, aftbi'ds any very precious material for an
efficient army. In rural districts, the result would, of course, be different; it is in such, I believe
that the armies of Europe are raised and recruited by conscription. I have only to suggest that
if an enrollment be made, it be thoroughly done by competent persons.

A word or two more, only, in conclusion. The office of " commissioner" of the board of enroll-
ment is almost a useless sinecure. I know that its duties are often almost entirely neglected, are
of very little real importance, and can be, and are, quite as eliiciently performed by the provost-
marshal and his deputy.

As to couducting the medical examination of drafted men "in the presence of the buard,^^ as
prescribed in section 93, it is, in view of the pressure of the du.ies of the other members, I should
say, impossible. How arc they to be ])erformed while the " board" is in conclave, watching the
surgeons examine drafted men at the rate of 200 per diem ?

As to its being done in their presence " onhj,^'' the oflice-arrangements must bo on a larger scale
than at present to allow of this. Ours consisted of a second floor of two rooms; six or eight clerks,
working at the enrollment-lists, sat in it with me during nearly my whole time of service. There
was no privacy for my examinations of the enrolled men, who filled the apartment daily, together
with the recruits and substitutes ; and when the portion of the room curtained oft' for examining
naked recruits was occupied by one or two of these, the applicants for exemption, many of them
men of the first respectability, conversed with me, in an undertone, at the head of the same long
table.

There was often so much noise and talking at the table that it was almost impossible fo
auscultate the heart and lungs accurately. \A'e had only one rickety bench to aeconunodate all,
many of whom, of course, had to stand; a- paucity of chairs; the water not let on, and very few

252 SUEGEONS' KEPORTS — KEW VOKK NINTH DISTRICT,

panes of glass in the u jiidows. Such were tbe (lacking) accommodatious iu the provost-inarsbal's

* *

ofiBce of tbe eigbtb congressional district of the cit^- of New York.

WM. 0. ItOEERTS,
Suryion Board of Enrollment EhjUth District of Neic York.
New York City, June 28, 1865.

NEW YOEK— NINTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from reiwrt of Dr. W. H. Thomson.

The number of persons subjected to my inspection siuce I assumed the duties of surgeon of
the board of enrollment on May 1, 1863, is, accordiug to my records, 6,758. Of this number, 1,251)
were drafted men; 1,674, enrolled men who claimed exemption from military service on the ground
of physical disability; and 3,825 were volunteers or substitutes.

My experience as examining-surgeon, however, embraces also similar duties to the above per-
formed by me, under an appointment by the governor of the State of New York, iu the year 1862,
when I examined 8,700 voluuteers and 1,550 persons claiming exemption from the draft. This
makes a total of 17,008 persons inspected by me as surgeon during the war.

My district comprises that part of New York City lying north of Fortieth street, and consisting of
the Twelfth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-second wards ; it contains a little more than one-half the area
of Manhattan Island. Over a considerable portioi! of this district intermittent fever of a mild
type prevails. The population in some parts, along both the North and East Elvers, is very dense,
and composed mostly of Irish, who live crowded iu close and filthy tenement-houses.' Further up,
in the neighborhood of the Central Park, is also a numerous Irish population, living in huts and
shanties among the rocks, iu the future aristocratic quarter of the city ; and tbe health of these
people, owing to their habits, the absence of drainage, and prevalence of malaria, is no better thau
in the tenement-houses. North of them is a considerable population of Germans, engaged iu
vegetable and truck-farm cultivation. The middle of tbe island, between Third and Seventh
avenues, contains the best population of the city : aud the same may be said of the extreme north,
on tbe Bloomingdale road, at Manbattanville, and Fort Washington, neighborhoods composed
largely of the suburban villas and residences of tbe rich.

Tlie floating character of the greater part of tbe poor population of our district rendered the
operations of tbe draft among them almost nugatory. So soon as they saw their names among tbe
drafted in tbe evening-paper, hundreds of them promptly removed, and it would have taken many
months to find them again, owing to tbe facility with which they could exchange their shanties
and tenement-lodgings for places in Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey, as well as down town
and yet iu each case"be no further removed from the business-sections thau when above Forty-
second street.

For reasons probably connected with tbe feeding of their animals, a great many of tbe carmen
of the city live in this district, besides porters and laborers on the Central Park. There is, likewise,
a large body of Irish quarry men employed in blasting stone at Weeba wken, for the Russ Pavement
Company, and who were prominent in tbe riots of 1SG3. There is also the part of tbe island where
most of the building is going on, so that many carpenters and masons are to be found residing iu
tlie district. The depots of all the city-railroads arc also above Fortieth street, and there are^
besides, several large foundries and stone-cutting works.

The common character, therefore, of heavy work iu the pursuits of the laboring population
brought to my notice as surgeon may account for what I considered a large proportion, among the
causes of exemption or rejection, of cases of hernia and liactures or injuries of limbs. Cut, on the
other hand, I have been struck with tlie uumber of persons among tbe better classes, and native
Americans, with weak constitution, deficient girth of chest, aud slender jjAysigjfc, especially among
the younger meu. Tiie contrast, in this respect, with what I had noted in American country-
recruits in lS(i2 is so marked that I have been led to consider city -life in New York as exerting an
unfavorable inliuence on i»hysical development, especially in children; lor tbe results iu my experi-

surgeons' reports — NEW YORK — NINTH DISTRICT. 253

eucc have beeu too uiiifoiiu to ascribe tlieni to such exceptional causes as the excesses or vicious
indulgences of city-life. # » *

I found in some cases, especially among the poor, that the third section of paragraph So was
difficult to follow literally in the ca.ses of patients who had been subject to epilepsy for many years,
but who, on account of their circumstances and despairing of cure, had not, for more tiian six
mouths previously, sought medical advice. These cases would be manifestly unfit for service, and
some were exempted for mental imbecility. In the reports, however, for the sake of accuracy in
medical statistics, I have classed them as epilepsy. This section I would amend thus : " The existence
of this disability shall be established by satisfactory evidence, including the affidavits of persons who
have witnessed the man in a convulsion within four months immediately preceding his examination
by the board, and who have personal knowledge of his being subject to repeated attacks; and, in
addition thereto, such other evidence as the board may require.'' The characters of an epileptic
seizure are usually so marked, that the account of unprofessional observers ought to satisfy a careful
surgeon who personally examines the testimony, about as well as the affidavit of a physician.

With section 4, I would recommend that the different divisions of each section be noted by
letters in italics, for the sake of future statistics. For example, the surgeon should report on the
exemptions of section 4 thus: "a (paralysis) No. — ; b (chorea) No. — ; c (atrophy) No. — ;" &c.

Section 10, 1 would recommend to read, " Scrofula («) and secondary syphilis (?^)," with instruc-
tions to note, in cases of constitutional syphilis, the proportion of those who present cicatrices of
buboes.

In section 27, I would add the word "chronic" before "stricture of the urethra,"' «S-c. When
urine is passed f/uttatim, it is, even in old cases, owing to a spasmodic narrowing supervening on an
organic stricture. A permanent stricture, to such a degree as to prevent emptying the bladder
except in drops, would be almost incompatible with life. * # »

That this board has ever passed a man who was intoxicated I deny. I have temporarily
rejected many for this cause, as I know other surgeons of this city have done; and yet frequent
assertions are made by men, with a view to get out of the service, that they were enlisted in a state
of intoxication, or when wholly deprived of their senses by being drvyged. These statements have not
only been frequent in the papers, but were even made by General Dix in an official letter to the
Provost Marshal-General. Having never had any case of the kind reported to me for explanation,
I feel entitled to ask the question, What drug is there which, administered to a man, will abolish
his senses so that he is no longer conscious of his acts, without its abolishing, at the same time,
his powers of locomotion '? As a medical man and a teacher of materia medica in this city, I should
be obliged for this information ; for I do not know of any agent with such properties. The nearest
to it are alcoholic stimulants; but assuredly it will not be difficult for a surgeon to discover that a
man is drunk! No one connected with a New York office can be ignorant of the frauds perpetrated
or attempted by brokers through recruits, and at our own office a great many arrests have been
made on this account; but many absurd statements gained currency among the public, such as
that the recruits were intoxicated and drugged when the Government officials put them into
service. Affidavits were even published by military authorities, in which the recruits represented
that, at such a time, they passed into a state of unconsciousness, from which they awoke to find
themselves in uniform; whence it Ibllowed that they had been passed by the surgeon while in a
state of trance, so that it was beginning to be a stigma to be a surgeon at all! It ought to be
known that there is no mode of disturbing a man's faculties so easy as by liquor ; but, as intoxica-
tion is easily recognized. Government officials should hold the whole board of mustering officers
accountable for passing such cases, if any occur, rather than throw the blame on the surgeon
alone. * * *

The number of men who can be accurately examined per day by one surgeon can hardly exceed
s/.r^,)/. The time consumed in taking the notes of name, birthplace, &c., along with the siiecial
medical notes of each case, is always considerable, apart from the time taken in the surgical exam-
ination. The better the physique of the man, the quicker his examination ; but there are many who
will have about them certain points (especially in inspection of the thorax) to determine and decide
upon which cannot be well done in a moment: for 1 consider it as nnicli the duty of the surgeon,
in the exigencies of the present war, not to lose a good recruit for a <loabt which a careful investi-

254 SURGEONS' REPORTS — NEW YORK — NINTH DISTRICT.

gation might reniovo, as to be careful tbat no unfit man shall pass him. Claimants for exemption
need still more time, for with most of them it is impossible to make their story short; besides that,
many bring certificates to be read with reference to their infirmities. The duty of Government
officials to guard against increasing the ordinary dissatisfaction with an unpopular law by a want
of courtesy will oblige the surgeon to waste many minutes with them which could be better devoted
to examining recruits. The time taken in signing his name four or five times for every man he
passes will consume about an hour and a half for sixty men, if be can write fast.

Simulated disease I have not found, on the part of drafted and enrolled men, as often as might
be expected. Most claimants seemed honestly to consider their alleged causes of disability as
genuine. A great many come up for chronic rheumatism, and, in not a few cases, there can be no
doubt that they are unfit for the service from their extreme liability to that disease uuder slight
exposure, though they may present neither pufQness nor distortion of the joints. The lai'gest ratio
of attempted fraud among drafted or enrolled men to a given disease was for affections of the
kidneys and bladder; but a very cursory series of questions would suffice to dispose of their pre-
tensions. Strictures of the urethra, likewise, frequently dilated of themselves, when it was under-
stood that the passage of a sound was necessary to determine whether the water could come only
by drops.

Frauds attempted by recruits and substitutes, on the other hand, are common. The first I
would mention, for its frequency, is disguise of over age. This may seem to be easily discoverable;
but some men ovei forty-five are strong-bodied, and, with dyed hair and rouged skin, do not seem
half so decrepit as many au enrolled mau of thirty, while their movements are brisk and elastic
till they get Into the service, wheu they turn into feeble hoary-heads, who have suffered froifl
rheumatism, as they claim, for twenty years. Attempts to hide false teeth with a large quid of
tobacco are very common. I have met with cases of men who have had ice applied to their legs to
diminish varicose veins; and this trick I once discovered had been employedto conceal a hernia
also, a bladder of ice having been applied over the inguinal canal. The effects of cold in the exam-
ining-room, in winter, in contracting varix of the leg, varicocele, and hernia, should be watched.
There are so many cases of persons with very dilatable inguinal rings, and yet who have never had
hernia, that a surgeon will often be in doubt, after the usual tests, whether a recruit be ruptured
or not.

The chief difficulty in the discharge of my duties has been want of a suitable examining-room.
The pi'ovision in the law requiring recruits to be stripped iu the presence of the board led to the
examining-place being divided only by a curtain from the rest of the headquarters' room. The
noise inseparable from such an office, especially during the proceedings after a draft, when drafted
men, substitutes, brokers, &c., crowded in, often made it nearly impossible to hear. The surgeon
should be provided with two rooms, one for the recruits to strip in, and the other for his examina-
tions, where, also, he should have his special clerk. A danger has to be guarded against of dis-
honest officials, or guards in collusion with brokers, substituting a rejected man for au accepted
one who has personated him, and who then escapes after the surgeon has examined him. A case
of this kind was fortunately detected at our office, but the only punishment that could be inflicted
was dismissal of the clerk, who stated afterward that he had made all he wanted out of the office
anyhow.

My opinion with reference to the nationality best qualified for military service is that it is the
American. Mj' statistics, however, have varied considerably in this respect. In my examinations,
in 1SG2, of 8,700 i-ecruits, nearly 4,G0O were native Americans, and 70 per cent, of these recruits were
from the country. At that time, I found the American physique rated as " prime" in 49.00 per cent. ;
the Germans, in 43.25 per cent.; and the Irish, in 30.50 per cent. In the draft of 1SG3, however,
uuder a somewhat different notation, which, therefore, is of use only for comparison, the relation of
these nationalities is reversed, thus: Germans, j)rime, 61. G per cent.; Irish, GO.G ; Americans, 58.2.
This change is partly ascribable to the inferiority of city to country recruits, above referred to; but
also to the natural workings of the dratt. Volunteers are, so to speak, a picked class, as only those
wiio consider themselves healthy come forward. The draft-wheel, on the other hand, brings to the
surgeon many weakly persons, or persons who have lived in sedentary pursuits, and who would
never have come otherwise. The foreigners, on the other hand, who made \\\^ the majority of the sub-

REPORTS — NEW YORK — TENTH DISTRICT. 255

stitutes from this city, were mostly laborers, and would, therefore, show more generally a full bodily
development. This view is borue out by the experience of lS(i4, when we had no draft, but only
volunteers; for my statistics for that year stand as to physique: Americans, {good physique,) 50.05
per cent. ; Germans, do., 50.00 per cent. ; Irish, do., 49.05 per cent.

The Americans on my books prove to be the smallest-chested of all the nationalities as well
as the tallest. The direct inference, however, from tbis comparison, I think, would be fallacious,
because, first, as above mentioned, the Americans are largely from sedentary, and the foreigners
from laboring, occupations; and, secondly, by far the largest ratio of persons examined under the
age of tice7ity-one were Americans. As d general deduction from an experience of 17,000 exam-
inations, I would pronoimco our American male population — rural and maritime — to be the best
material of any of the three nationalities when compared for first-rate soldiers.

My experience with colored recruits in New York is not very extensive. In muscular develop-
ment, they are fully equal to the white recruits, but inferior to the latter in osseous symmetry.
Their percentage of good physique I found to be like the Germans, above noted, viz, exactly 50
per cent. Phthisis, however, appears as a commoner cause of rejection of colored men than of
others, according to my record.

The creation of boards of enrollment, I think, has proved by the result to have been one of the
wisest and most practical measures of the war. That measure should be judged by the objects
which it was proposed to effect, namely, by its means to render available the whole military strength
of a republican country. A people who boasted that their rulers were their servants had to bo
suddenly reconciled to being forced into the ranks, by the half million at a time, on the call of their
Chief Magistrate. The manner of doing this could hardly have been better than by the creation of
these boards, which fell in with the local instincts of our people; for, while the members were
officials of the Central Government, they were, at the same time, citizens of the district, cognizant
of all its circumstances and conditions, aiid identified with its interests. Nothing could have been
better adapted to have kept up, in every part of our wide country, tLe volunteering which caused
our vast armies to be filled to the last, as well as to carry out the draft when it became necessary.

That our Government was able to do as much as it did without the employment of enforced
military service is to be regarded as one of the most gracious providences of our time ; and it is no
more than justice to say that this result, occurring in spite of the discontents and discouragements
•which followed the disastei-s of the first years of the wax-, was largely owing to the efficient and
widespread working of the Provost-Marshal-Generars Bureau.

The only recommendation I would at present make in reference to the enrollment-law would be
to construct the board of a provost-marshal and two surgeons; the first with the rank of a full army
surgeon, and the secoud with that of an assistant surgeon. A board should consist of at least three
members, and such a board as the one indicated would consist of more efficient oificers than as
organized by the conscription-act, where the commissioner represented, aud generally performed,
no duty in particular.

W. H. THOMSON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ninth District of New York.

New York City, June 28, 18G3.

NEW YORK— TENTH DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dk. L. F. Pelton.

Upon the 15th of October, 1SG3, I received the appointment of assistant surgeon to the board
of enrollment of this district, aud served as such for two months. At that time, no record of
recruits and substitutes rejected for physical disability was kept, and I am able only to give a
proximate estimate of the whole number examined. I received August -!S, 1804, the appointment
of surgeon to the board of enrollment. The whole number examined at this office I estimate at
fifteen thousand, of which number four thousand were examined since the 1st September, 18G4.

The tenth congressional district of New York comprises the counties of Westchester, Putnam,
and Rockland.

256 surgeons' reports— new york— tenth district.

The two first mentioned are washed upon their western boundary by the Hudson Eiver,
and reach easterly to the Connecticut line. The southern portion of Westchester lies upon
Long Island Sound. The general surface of these two counties is mountainous and irregular ; the
luontitain-ranges from the Highlands running through the northerly portions, and gradually
bec.oiiiiiig more undulating toward the central and southern extremity. The general direction of
the hills is north and south, the watercourses following that conformation. The rock-formation
is a granitic gneiss, with the dip to the west. Bowlders of primary rock are abundant ; many
of large size, and some remarkable from the peculiar manner in which they have been deposited.
In the northern section, iron of an excellent quality abounds. In the southern section of West-
chester, salt-marshes of very considerable extent are formed by the tide-waters of the sound.

Very many lakes and ponds are interspersed over the surface of this district; and the
Croton Eiver, rising in the upper portion, becomes a stream of .'^ome size where the aqueduct
receives its waters to convey them to New York.

The county of Rockland, with the Hudson Eiver forming its eastern boundary and Orange
County and the State of ISIew Jersey its northern and eastern line, is mountainous and broken
upon its river-front, becoming more rolling and uneven toward the central and southern portions.

Throughout the central and southern portions of Westchester, malarial and paludal fevers
prevail to a considerable extent, varying very much, in different years, in their frequency and
severity. Tliis miasmatic influence has a tendency, slowly and irregularly, to extend itself
northerly ; cases of malarial fever having recently been developed in localities where it was
unknown. This specific poison is often manifest in endemic dysentery, and even in pneumonia.
Typhoid fevers are more prevalent in the northern sections. Tuberculosis is of common occurrence.

The proximity of this district to New York, with constant and easy access, both by boat and
rail, causes the importation of many, cases of infectious and contagious diseases. Thus, variola,
scarlatina, febris typhus, &c., are being constantly introduced, and act as centers from which to
diffuse their contagious influences. As a whole, the district has always been considered healthful,
and will compare very favorably with any other section of the State.

The contiguity of the southern portion of the district to New York, its beautiful scenery and
healthful climate, has I'endered it a suburb of that city. The merchant and artisan, the gentleman
of leisure and the scholar, the artist and professional man, alike seek its abrupt shores and quiet
valleys for a pleasant home. With the exception of the brick and iron interests, the population of
the other sections of the district is chiefly devoted to a remunerative system of agriculture.

By reference to the re[iorts from this office, it will be seen that the greatest ratios per thousand
exeuipted were under sections 5, 9, 20, 23, and 32, of paragraph S5, Revised Regulations ; the largest
being under section 23. Inasmuch as this compares with the statistical tables compiled from the
various offices in the States, I can give no especial reason for this greater ratio, further than the
general laws which affect communities and nations similar in their habits, modes of lile, and
occupations.

Paragraph 85 having been carefully prepared by those whose experience and qualifications
entitled them to the highest respect, it is with no little diflQdence that this portion of the report is
entered upon. The only sections I propose to mention are Nos. 3, C, 20, and 25.

Sections. It is a fact well known to every physician, particularly to those practicing in the
country, that a patient may have very nianj^ epileptic seizures without the attending physician
being able to see him during the paroxysm. Again, many epileptic patients, having undergone
treatment for a considerable length of time without apparent benefit, forego any treatment save
that of a domestic nature. By a strict adherence to the section, it will be impossible to exempt
some epileptics concerning whose iuaptitude for military service there can be no doubt. I would,
therefore, respectfully suggest that the section be modified so that the attested affidavit of a physi-
cian may be dispensed with, and other sufficient evidence be deemed satisfactory to exempt.

Section G. There are many young men with a scrofulous diathesis strongly marked, who, with
the advantages of regular habits, generous diet, exercise, and habitual care, may keep tuberculosis
in abeyance for years. I think every examining-surgeon has had such men present themselves for
examination, and, in his mind, there was not a doubt but that the exposure, fatigue, and hardships

surgeons' reports NEW YORK TENTH DISTRICT. 257

iiic,i<k'iit to ii military life would (jiiiokly dovi'lop niid contirm tbe disease. I would respectfully
suf;y;est that sueli cases be left somewhat to tUe discretion of the examining surgeon.

Section L'O. There are soldiers now in the Army, imperfectly examined at the time of tlieir
enlistnient, who have served three years, and jet have scarcely a natural tooth — the want being
admirably sui)plied by the art of the dentist. The excellent purpose wbijih artificial teeth fulfill
should, I think, operate against exempting those jierfectly qualified in every othei' resjject, and who
arc often abiindanrly able to send a icpresentative recruit.

Section 25. External li;emorrhoids are Irequeutly of very considerable size, cause extreme suf-
fering, and totally unlit for ordinary duty. When they have existed for a long time, and do not
seem amenable to treatment, it would seem that they should entitle to exemption. « * *

In the mouth of September, 1SG4, some one thousand three hundred recruits and" sub.stitutes
were examined at this office, giving, as an average, about fifty i)er day. Of that number, about 33
per cent, were accejited. Were it not that in a large number of eases the disabilities were apparent
at a glance, it would have been simjily impossible to have examined that number in the given time.
I do not think that a surgeon can examiiK? over tirenti/Jivc men per diem thoroughly and satis-
factorily.

The drafted man obeys his summons to ai)|iear before the board of enrollment unwillingly; he
shreivdly revolves in his mind all the probable avenues of escape ; and, after a day's work of exam-
ination, the surgeon is led to exclaim with Falstafif, "Lord ! how this world is given to lying !" The
dratted man wears a truss for an imaginary hernia : he complains of pain in the side and haemoptysis
in a chest where the respiratory murmur is as distinct as the rustling of the leaves of autumn in a
windy day. He has kidney disease, but his complexion is ruddy and his muscles are as hard and
elastic as those of a gymnast. He is deaf, or was so last week or last year, and is fearful of a
relapse. His poor liver (if he but knew the technical names, it would be fatty, cirrhosed, or hepa-
tized) is diseased, and yet he supports a large family by his daily toil. He has rheumatism in
every joint ; has weak eyes, dyspepsia, asthnni ; and even confesses himself a degraded onanist from
his youth up, in order to evade the i)ereniptory mandate. To substantiate these claims by cor-
roborative evidence, he produces long and wearisome affidavits from his good natured family-physi-
cian and his sympathizing friends. He stands before you forswearing his strength, his virility, his
man'hood, and, with a countenance more expressive of fear than that of many a gallows-sentenced
knave, he endeavors to evade the just ser\ ice which fealty and loyalty demand of hiufi in his coun-
try's cause.

The recruit or substitute, if he has any defect, comes before the surgeon systematically pre-
pared to deceive him, if possible. Thoroughly drilled and trained in the hands of the shrewd
broker, he is prepared to adhere to his original statement with great pertinacity. Immature boys,
from fifteen to seventeen years of age, were daily presented, who unblushingly declared themselves
to be pver eighteen. Many such boys were presented at this office, who had not even arrived at the
age of puberty. To meet the emergency, old men were supplied with false teeth, had their hair and
beard dyed, though their feeble appearance told too plainly they had passed the meridian of life.
From the i)roximity of this district to New York, it is not remarkable that part of the froth and
scum of a large city should float toward us. The early calls nearly, if not quite, exhausted our dis-
trict of those who were willing to enlist from patriotic motives. Under the later calls, our quotas
were chiefly filled from a barbaric horde which centered in New i'ork. In the zeal of supervisors
to fill respectively the quotas of towns and their own places, no moral or physical standard of
excellence in the recruit was ever demanded. If he but added a unit to the quota, it was suffi-
cient. If the surgeon was conscientious, and faithfully performed his duty, he might well be proud
of the variety, depth, earnestness, and abundance of the curses which he received.

I think many " bounty-jumpers" were enlisted at this office. I know of no especial regulation
which calls for moral excellence in a substitute. The "bounty jumper" has almost invariably a fine
l)hysical conformation, and, save a susi)iciou, there is nothing on which to reject him. I woidd
respectfully suggest that, in the event of any future calls, no recruit be enlisted unless he bring.s
ample testimonials of his character and stability of purpose; and that each drafted man sliould be
held to closer responsibility for the character of his representative substitute.

The exaggerations of disabilities upon the part of dralted men,.and their coucealme:;! 1 y
33

258 surgeons' eepokts — new york — fourteenth district.

recruits and substitutes, can only be met by vigilance and caution, and tbe employmeut of more
time in tbe exauiination tban has been granted at tbis office. # * #

If tbe question of nationality had been varied somewhat, so as not to include the physical quali-
ties, I think the inquiiy might be more readily answered, believing, as I do, that, ccctcr is paribus, the
more intelligent and better educated and disciplined mind will make by far abetter soldier than an
interior mental organization. JSTeither do I think that our experience here has been sufficient to
answer the question justly and intelligently, inasmuch as various nations have contributed to our
armies almost entirely from certain trades and callings, to the comparative exclusion of the general
vocations of the people. Thus, Ireland contributed her laborers; England, Sweden, and Norway,
their hardy sailors; France and Holland, their sturdy fishermen; Germany, her intelligent artisans;
and America, I regret to say, not her best representative class ; at least, not at this oflice. From
these considerations, I do not feel warranted in answering the question definitely.

The finest physical conformation met with during my examinations occurred in the person of
a negro from Central Georgia, and the poorest specimens offered have been also from the colored
race. Prone as the negro is to scrofula and its kindred diseases, and although generally well
developed about the superior portion of the body, indifierently formed as to his legs and feet, with
a shambling gait, a want of elasticity, and an abhorrence of cold, I look upon' the race as but indif-
ferently adapted for military service.

As a matter of pure necessity, the district-surgeon knows but comparatively little of the practical
workings and minute details of th« enrolbnentlaw. His duties keep him closely occupied with the
examination of men, while the executive department devolves almost wholly upon the captain and
provost-marshal. His position is at times harassing and perplexing in the extreme; and here it
gives me great pleasure to testify to the fidelity and executive ability which Captain Pierson, of this
district, has ever displayed in his oflicial capacity. I am not aware of any change that would benefit
the operations of the enrollment-law. I would only respectfully suggest that certificates of exemp-
tion given iov i>ermuiunt physical (Usabiliti/ he final, and that none be stricken from the enrollment
unless by competent and experienced authority.

Allow me, in conclusion, to make mention most respectfully of one grievous annoyance to
which a surgeon of a board of enrollment is subjected. Men enlisted at this oflBce in a sober con-
dition, and in the full possession of all their reasoning and thinking laculties, upon their arrival at
their regiment, weary of restraint and desirous of escaping from the service, have represented that
they were enlisted in a drugged and insensible condition, and such complaint has been referred
here for inquiry. I say here fearlessly that no man was ever enlisted at this otfiee in that condi-
tion, and that such referred inquiries reflect unpleasantly and unjustly upon surgeons and boards
of enrollment. It would be far preferable to meet such indirect charges before a court-martial than
to be annoyed by the slur cast by an irresponsible and lying recruit.

L. F. PELTON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Tenth District of New York.

Taeeytown, N. Y., June 21, 1865.

NEW YORK— FOURTEENTH DISTRICT.'.
Extracts from report of Dr. S. O. Vanderpool.

• * ^ » Previous to my appointment to the position of surgeon of this district, my

personal experience in the examination of recruits was limited. As surgeon general of the State
during the first two years of the war, the suliject of recruiting had occupied my attention, and
circulars giving necessary instructions had from time to time been sent to the examining-surgeons
of regiments. These instructions would necessarily seem very imperfect when compared with the
work of the thoroughly-organized Bureau under your supervision.

The number of examinations of which complete recoi'ds have been kept is tea thousancl six
hundred and nine. This does not, however, comprise all the examinations made; for, in the early
period of my labors, no record of rejected substitutes was kept, nor of rejected i-ecruits. So, too,
' No rei)orts ^ere received from the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth districts.

surgeons' reports — NEW YOKK — FOURTEENTH DISTRICT. 259

with reference to exemptions fioin enrollment. Xo record was kept of tliose whose claim was
rejected, thongli in many cases a far more carefnl examination was required tlian where exemption
was granted. It would, therefore, be no exaggei'ation to state the number of examinations at
twelve thousand. # # *

This district comprises the counties of Albany and Schoharie. The Hudson Eiver forms the
eastern boundary of the former, while the western is formed princii)ally by the Helderberg, a spur
of the Catskills. On the eastern border, the soil is argillaceous; then followed by a line of sand
some two or three miles in width; then a gravelly loam until near the Helderberg, where it is
rocky. The country over its whole extent is rolling, traverse<l by many streams, which take
their rise in the western hills and run rapidly to empty into tLe river. Schoharie is principally
hilly, with rich valleys; tbe soil rocky and stony, or in the valleys a rich loam. In Albany County,
the inhabitants are engaged largely in manufactures; in the northern part, principally of cotton
goods, while in the city of Albany proper there are iron foundries. The remainder may be styled
mercantile and laboring people, such as are found in large cities, while the country portion is
almost wholly agricultural. The county of Schoharie has a population chiefly devoted to agri-
cultural pursuits.

There are no diseases prevalent in this district which arise from any peculiarity of soil, climate,
or geographical formation. It may be fairly termed a healthy section of country. No particular
disease or disability has operated prominently to disqualify from service. * # #

Paragraph 4, section G. Developed tuberculosis. I think this disease should be more accu-
rately defined. The rules for auscultation and percussion are now so well established, and their
knowledge so uniform among the profession, that the mere expression "developed tuberculosis"
leaves ground for cavil, and often brings ill feeling against the surgeon. Tuberculosis is really
developed so soon as a deposit takes place, and prolonged expiration, with dullness on percussion, is
detected; and yet hundreds of persons exhibiting unmistakably these physical signs pursue with-
out any restraint tlieir daily avocations, and may for years remain in good health unless some
depressing vital influence favors the softening. Tlie expression should be, '■'■tuberculosis, with
unmistakable evidence of softening. ^^ With the presence of moist rales at the summit of the lung,
there is usually so marked a constitutional cachexia that any doubt is at once dissipated.

Section 23. Hernia. Some limitation should be made to this section. However slightly the
afi'ection incommodes, or prevents the man from walking, laboring, or i^erforming his daily avoca-
tions, it relieves its subject from service. The great extent to which this is carried is shown by my
report of those exempted from enrollment, where every fourth man was exempted on account of
hernia. Yet great care was taken to exempt no person for this cause unless the disability was pal-
pable and manifest. It seemed the more unjustifiable as it released so large a proportion of the
agricultural population, men who were accustomed to perform hard labor, who could well endure
the fatigues of a soldier's life, and who, by wearing a truss, never experienced the slightest incon-
venience. So long as hernia can be perfectly restrained by a truss, it should not disqualify a
drafted man from service. Guard and provost duties could be performed by him, while its limita-
tion would tend to equalize the burdens of the draft in any given community.

Section 20. Loss of teeth. This should be coupled with the further restriction of evident
imi)airment of the general health. Many with teeth of either jaw wanting are in every other way
qualified for military service. Teeth for the tearing of the cartridges are not now needed. It is
for mastication of the food they are deemed most requisite. Where the general system seems to
be strong, well nourished, and of good vitality, their loss is not so important in the production of
diseases of the bowels as to permit the release from service of so large a chiss as this section
embraces. • * #

With clerks and assistants sufiicienfto attend to all the preliminaries of recording, undressing,
and getting the man ready, and with the proviso that the surgeon confine himself exclusively to
examinations, he could, in my opinion, examine twelve men an hour with accuracy, or one Mindred
and twenty men in a working-day of ten hours.

The frauds of drafted and enrolled men to escape service which are most to be guarded against
would seem to be met by securing for examination tlic identical person drafted and enrolled, and
not au unsound pro-tempore namesake. It is believed few attempts at downright deception in Icign-

260 surgeons' reports — new yokk — fifteenth district.

ing diseases bave been made in tins distrif^t. They were mostly comprised in attempts to magnify
some local wealuiess or disability, which, it' admitted, would not exempt. The fraiuls attempted by
recruits and substitutes in order to enter the service have been mostly in regard to age; endeavor-
ing, by the aid of hairdyes and the arts of the barber, to get up the fictitious appeaiance of being
under forty-five. Ordinary discernment, however, easily detects them. If the i)opnlar clamor
against marking rejected or accepted recruits could be -withstood, it would have its benefits in this
direction. The only otlier thing I think of is by having photographs made in established cases of
attempted fraud, and their distribution among the several districts of the State or adjoining States,
with accompanying particulars.

The native-born American seems to me to present the greatest physical aptitude for military
service. The Irish are the next.

The physical qualifications of the colored race for military service, from the limited number of
cases observed in this district, are pronounced decidedly good.

The enrollment-law operates in some cases harshly, as, for instance, in cases of poor families,
dependent on the single exertions of parent or son. The principle, however, of substitution, and
the aid of towns, counties, and States, have prevented what might otherwise have been an oppress-
ive result. As a general law, I can suggest no change in it that would not detract from its
efficiency.

As a check on dishonest or negligent examining-surgeons, and as a matter of safety and justice
to honest ones, recruits and substitutes should have a second examination while at rendezvous, and
not wait for regimental boards in the field. If thrown out at such second examination, the man
sliould be returned to the district in which examined, or in some way the surgeon first examining
should have an opportunity to apprise himself of the identity of the man, or otherwise convict
himself of error.

S. O. VANDERPOOL,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourteenth District of New York.

Albany, N. Y., June 1, 1865.

NEW YORK— FIFTEENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. O. L. Hubbell.

* * * I was appointed surgeon of the board about the 17th of Ajjril, 1863, and
entered upon the duties of the ofhce soon after the first of May of the same year.

The first and only draft that has taken place in this district occurred on the 15th of July follow-
ing. Our operations were then somewhat suddenly suspended by the draft mob and riot, which took
place here almost simultaneously with the one in New York City. Although a great amount of
property was destroyed in the city, the provostmarshal's office was not molested, owing to the fact
that the rioters knew we were well supplied with hand-grenades from the Watervliet Arsenal near
by, and had a sufficient number of good, loyal men ready and willing to use them.

The rioters were almost all Irish, emp'oyPi^ i'l tlie rolling-mills and iron-works of this place.
But a small proportion of this population have ever enlisted here, and many of them are known
now to be bounty -jumpers. * » #

The whole number of drafted men examined 3, 354

The whole number of recruits and substitutes 5, 027

The whole number of enrolled men , 1 , 373

Total number examined 0, 754

* * * The district is composed of the counties of Rensselaer and Washington.
Rensselaer County is iiuite hilly and mountainous, well watered, and healthy. Washington Countj'
is more level, equally healthy, and one of the richest agricultural counties of the State. There is
no malarial region in the district, and there are no special causes existing to produce a tendency to
any [)artieular class of diseases. With the exception of the city of Troy and some of the large

surgeons' reports NEW YORK FIFTEENTH DISTRICT. 261

villages, where a great propoitioii of tlieiiopnlatioii are engaged in niannfactnving, tbe great mass
of tlie people aie devoted to the pursuit of agriculture.

lu Troy, tile foreign element predominates among the laboring classes, and there is a consid-
erable sprinkling of Irish and Germans in nearly all the towns. In one or two towns in Washington
County nearly all the iidiabitauts are of Scotch descent, and no town in the district showed so
large a proportion of sound, able-bodied men as this, lu my opinion, intemperance^ operates,
directly and indirectly, as the cause of more disabilities than anything else. Varicose veins and
ulcers and hernia, of course, exist to a greater extent among those whose occupation renders it
necessary for them to labor standing, or among those who frequently lift heavy weights. * * *

I do not know that I would suggest any changes in the different sections of paragraph 85 of
the Revised liegulations of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, with the single exception of
section 23, "hernia." I have for a long time had my doubts as to the propriety of exempting all
men from military service who had hernia. Any medical mau of much practice must have observed
hundreds of men with rupture performing the most arduous labor continuously, day after day and
year after year, without ever calling upon a physician or surgeon for relief from strangulation, and
without inconvenience or i)ain. Indeed, I have fre(pientlj' met with individuals who had had a
hernia for years without knowing it themselves. When in the service, I knew some enlisted men
in my own regiment, always ready for duty, who were ruptured and never wore a truss ; and I know
some officers and men now in the Army, who have served since 1861, with hernia, and without serious
inconvenience. I think, therefore, that the subject merits some consideration, whether a recruit,
able-bodied in all other respects, should always be rejected for a slight hernia. In this, as well as
some other intirniities, a distinction might be made between drafted men and recruits and sub-
stitutes.

In my opinion, fifty men per diem are as many as one surgeon can examine carefully and
thoroughly.

Among the frauds most apt to be practiced, or rather attempted, by drafted and enrolled men
to escape the service, is the procuring of certiticates from physicians, stating that they have been
under treatment for various organic diseases of a chronic nature. If tbe examiuing-surgeon has his
eyes open, however, he lu^ed not be imposed upon in this manner. One obstacle in the examina-
tion of substitutes and recruits consists in the fact that brokers and recruiting-agents are apt to
ply their nu'u more or less with liquor, and thus, sometimes, men who are lame and stifi' with rheu-
matism, or of a broken-down constitution, are made to appear supple and strong, when, perhai>s,
in a few hours, alter the effects of the stimulus have passed off, their real condition becomes apparent.
I have always refused to examine a mau who was at all intoxicated ; but I would recommend the
propriety of enforcing a rule that no recruit for the Army should be examined whose breath smells
at all of liquor. By dyeing the hair and insertion of artificial teeth, old men .sometimes attempt
to pass as being under forty-five years of age; but a surgeon of quite limited experience as exam-
iner will detect such frauds.

The native-born American makes, i>hysically, the best soldier, and, in addition, from his sujie-
rior intelligence, he can better care for himself in camp, field, or barracks.

The colored men, so far as my observation goes, make excellent soldiers. They are, as a race,
remarkably free from hernia, are muscular, and capable of great endurance. The mulatto, how-
ever, is comparatively worthless, subject to scrofula and tuberculosis.

In regard to the enrollment-law as it now exists, I have no modification or change to suggest.
If calls for troops can be filled by volunteering, it is better than to draft; but I would have a
uniform, moderate bounty over the whole country ; then, if the quota of a district is not full at the
appointed time, let the drafted mau go himself or furnish an acceptable substitute ; and let the
price for substitutes also be fixed by law and be uniform. The system of large bounties has been
a premium for desertion, and a fountain-head of corruption for the whole jjcople.

G. L. HUBBELL,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifteenth District of New York.

Troy, New York, May 31, 1865.

262 surgeons' reports — new york — seventeenth district.

NEW YOEK— SEVENTEENTH DISTEICT.i
Extracts from report of Dk. Sidney P. Bates.

♦ • • I was appoiuted, temporarily, to fill the»place of surgeou to this board on

the 10th of April, 1865. I had, however, assisted iu the examination of men drafted under the call
of July, 1SG3, and also of recruits to fill the quota of this district under subsequent calls of that
year and 1864, whenever the pressure of business in the surgeon's otfi(!e was suflicient to make it
necessary to call for additional help. I have, perhaps, examined one thousand five hundred men,
of all classes, drafted men, volunteers, substitutes, and enrolled men. I have, therefore, been
familiar with the general duties of the surgeon, from the establishment of boards of enrollment up
to the present time, and particularly the manner of conducting physical examinations. » * *

This district is composed of Saint Lawrence and Franklin Counties. It contains an area of
four thousand five hundred and ninety-eight square miles, and is centrally situated, about one hun-
dred and fifty miles from Albany.

The north and northwestern part of the district is quite level, with a slight inclination toward
the river Saint Lawrence, on which and the Canada line (which is here the forty-fifth degree north
latitude) it borders. This portion of the district varies iu width from six to twenty miles. It is
underlaid by calciferous sandstone; the superimposed soil being a heavy clay. Next south of this
is another belt of from eight to twelve miles in width, covering the Potsdam sandstone. The soil
of this region is a loam, well adapted to agricultural purposes, and especially fit for grazing. This
l)art is broken into gentle undulations; the traversing ridges extending from the northeast to the
southwest, with slopes gradual yet suflicient to give good water-drainage. The southern part of
the district is mountainous, with elevations varying from two to four thousand feet above the tide-
level. The rock in this region is gneiss, the soil sandy and light, and quite unfit for cultivation,
and the entire region only valuable for its timber and iron-ores.

The population of the district iu 1860 was one hundred and fourteen thousand five hundred
and twenty-six. A large majority of the inhabitants are of New England origin, and retain the
habits and characteristics of the people of that portion of our country, manifesting, as a general
thing, the same industrious habits of application to business, the same love of order and good
morals, and the same desire for knowledge and general intelligence. The remaining portion is made
up of different nationalities, of which the Irish*and Canadians constitute the larger proportion.

This is essentially an agricultural district, having only a few villages of importance, of which
Ogdensburgh, Malone, Potsdam, and Canton are the most considerable.

The district is free from malarial influences, and usually quite healthful. Epidemics incident
to the latitude, such as influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia, prevail to some extent in spring and
autumn, but usually are of no especial severity. Phthisis claims its victims here about in the same
ratio as elsewhere in the world.

This district is comparatively new, most of the people having been obliged to clear the lands
they occupy of the heavy primeval forests which but lately covered them. They consequently pre-
sent a large number of those disabilities iucideht to men engaged in powerful muscular efforts, such
as hernia, and also a large proportion of varicose veins and fractured limbs. » • #

The various sections of paragraph 85 of Eevised Kegulations have so far met the necessities
of this ofiice, and I see no reason why they should be changed. ♦ » *

With an usher to present and prepare the men for examination, and a clerk to keep the
records, a surgeon can, on an average, examine sixty men in a day, working ten hours. * * *

The frauds met with, and against which it is necessary to be constantly on guard, are almost
innumerable. Among these may be named ophthalmia, produced by putting snuff, sand, and other
irritating substances into the eyes, feigned amaurosis, stone in the bladder, stricture of the urethra,
incontinence of urine, internal hemorrhoids, shortening of the legs, and, in particular, diseases of
the lungs and heart. Yankees more particularly claim exemptions on account of lung-diseases,
.such as asthma and bronchitis, which they simulate by inhaling the fumes of burning locofoco-
' No report was received from the sixteenth district of New York.

surgeons' REPOR'IS NEW YoKK EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT. 263

matches. Irisliraeu Imve frequent affections of the heart, which they usually locate just below the
point of the ensiform cartilage. I know of no better way of penetrating and overcoming these
impositions than to employ a 'shrewd, intelligent, and thoroughly honest surgeon, one who has
knowledge of men sutticient to penetrate their designs, and knowledge enough of his profession to
detect their impositions. The cleverest will make mistakes, and the shrewdest will sometimes hud
bis match; bat, with a thoroughly-qualified surgeon, few imj)ostors will accomplish success in their
attempts to evade duty. It may be somewhat difficult to always secure the services of such a sur-
geon as the position demands, for the compensation paid by Government; for, even up here, in this
" Siberiau region," the services of such a one are in demand by his neighbors and fellow-citizens,
and he cannot afford to abandon his ordinary practice for one or two years, even for the salary paid
to surgeons of the botird. • ♦ * The appointment of good men to the office I deem the
" best method of overcoming and avoiding these difficulties."

So far as my observation extends, and so far as is shown by statistics in this office, no nation-
ality presents greater physical aptitude for military service than our own; and, if to the perfection
of the machine be added intelligence and an educated mind, I cannot understand why Americans,
when they have had experience, should not make the best soldiers in the world.

I can give no oi)inion upon the physical qualifications of the colored race, as there have been
but three or four examined by this board.

My views in regard to the operation of the enrollment-law would be of little worth. Conscrip-
tion, to the American mind, is not a nice thing; in fact, it seems to be very repugnant to people.
Yet something must be held up in terrorem to make them enlist. I think this law just as good as
any for that purpose. 1 fear we shall never succeed well with conscription. The best way will
always be to have a just cause for which to contend, and the intelligence of the people will then
command their bodies, their lives, and all else for the defense of the country against enemies, come
they from our own midst or from foreign lands.

SIDNEY P. BATES,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventeenth District of New York.

Potsdam Junction, N. Y., Maij 26, 1865.

NEW YORK— EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of De. A. M. Veddee.

My experience in the examination of men for the military service of the United States is neces-
sarily limited. The whole number examined by me, as exhibited by the record, is eight hundred
and fifty-four.

This district is situated in the most eastern part of the State, and comprises the counties of
Schenectady, Saratoga, Fulton, Hamilton, and Montgomery.

Schenectady County is centrally distant twenty miles from Albany. The greater j)art lies
between the Mohawk River and the Schoharie Creek. The surface consists of the Mohawk Valley
and an upland, generally much broken by ridges and isolated hills, two hundred to three hundred
and fifty feet above the river. The greater part of the surface is covered with a thick deposit of
drift, consisting principally of clay in the western part and sand in the eastern. The rocks crop
out on the banks of the river, and form the declivities of the steeper hills. The soil in the western
part is a tenacious, clayey loam, underlaid by hard-pan on the hills; and in the eastern part, a light,
unproductive soil. 'The valley of the Mohawk consists of a deep, rich alluvium, well adapted to
tillage, and extensively devoted to the cultivation of broom-corn. The principal streams are the
Mohawk River, Schoharie Creek, and Norman's Kill, and their branches. Many of the smaller
streams have woru deep gullies in the loose drift-deposits, giving to the surface a very broken
character. There are fine alluvial fiats near Schenectady, five miles west, on the south side of the
river, a tract two miles in extent- on the north side of the river, and a tract four miles west of
the city.

The valleys are best adapted to tillage, and the hills to pasturage. Manufactories are chiefly
limited to the city of Schenectady, which is situated on the Mohawk, aud on the borders of one of

264 surgeons' reports — neav york — eighteenth district.

the finest iiiterviiles in the State. A considerable amount of trade is carried on in this city by
means of the canal and railroad that center here, but the people are more largely engaged in manu-
factures. The engine-houses and repair-shops of the New York -Oentral Railroad Comi)auy are
extensive, and one of the largest locomotive-manufactories in the country is located here. This
city is especially noted as the seat of Union College. The population is about ten thousand.
Besides the city of Schenectady, the county includes five townships. It has an extent of two hun-
dred and twenty-one square miles, and its population in 1800 was twenty thousand and two.

Saratoga County lies on the north angle formed by the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson
Rivers. It is centrally distant thirty-one miles from Albanj*. Its surface is hilly in the south and
mountainous in the north. Two ranges of mountains traverse this county from northeast to south-
west. The Hudson River breaks through one of these ranges on the north border of the county, iu
a deep ravine three miles in extent. The mountains rise abruptly from the ^\"ater's edge to a height
of eight hundred feet. Their declivities are generally rocky and precipitous, and their summits
spread out into a broad, rocky upland, covered with forests. A broad intervale extends along the
Hudson, bordered by a range of clay bluffs from forty to two hundred feet high. From the summit
of these bluft's, an extensive sand-plain extends westward to the foot of the mountains. The south-
west portion is rolling and moderately hilly. The Hudson River flows seventy miles along the east
border. The Mohawk forms a portion of the southern boundary. The Sacondaga, Snook Kil and
Antiiony's Kil are the other principal streams. Saratoga Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, six
and a half miles in length and two miles broad. Among the mountains and forests in the north
part are numerous little lakes but little known. A large part of the county is covered with drift-
deposits, consisting of sand and clay. The soil among the mountains is a light sandy or gravelly
loam, and is best adapted to grazing ; upon the intervales, along the rivers, it is a deep fertile clay
and loam alluvium. A strip of light sand occupies the eastern part. The peoi)le are chiefly
engaged in grain and stock raising. Lumbering and farming are extensively carried on in the
north part of the county. Considerable attention is also ])aid to the manufacture of cotton and
woolen goods and paper. The justly-celebrated springs at Saratoga attbrd mineral-waters of
almost every variety. They cover an area of twelve miles; and, besides supplying the thousands
who annually resort there, aflbrd large quantities for exportation. This county contains eight
hundred and sixty-two square miles, and is divided into twenty towns. Its population in 1860 was
fifty-one thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine.

Fulton County lies north of the Mohawk and east of the center of the State; it is centxally
distant forty-five miles from Albany. Its surface is rolling and hilly, the upland rising into a
mountainous region on the northern border. The highland region is divided into three general
ridges. The most eastern of these ridges consists of rounded drift-hills of moderate elevation; the
highest summits being about four hundred feet above the Mohawk. The second ridge occupies a
wide space along the north border of the county. The declivities are usually steep and rocky; the
highest summits being about eight hundred to one thousand feet above the river. The third ridge
extends through the west part of the county; the highest summits are twelve hundred feet above
the Mohawk River.

The Sacondaga and its tributaries, the Chuctemiuda, the Cayadutta, Garoga Creek, Stony
Creek, East Canada Creek, NorthjFish, and Little Sprite Creek, and some branches of the Mohawk,
are the principal streams of this county. They are mostly rapid streams, frequently iuterru]ited by.
falls, and aflbrd an ample supply of water-power. Among the hills in the north part of the county are
many small lakes, forming a characteristic feature of this wilderness-region of Northern New York.
Along the Sacondaga, in the northeastern part of the county, is an extensive«swamp, said to con-
tain thirteen thousand acres. The greater part of the county is covered with drift deposits. The
southern part of the .central and western ridges are principally composed of calciferous sandstone.
An excellent building-stone is found in the north part of the county. The soil, in the south jiart
and along the valleys, is mostly a gravelly and clayey loam, derived from drift-deposits; it is well
adapted to pasturage, and, in the most favorable parts, j)roduces good crops of grain. A large
portion of the north i)art is too rough and broken for cultivation. The manufactures consist i)riu-
cipally of leather, lumber, buckskin-gloves, and mittens. The county-seat is located at Johnstown.

SUEGEONS' REPORTS— NEW YORK EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT. 265

This county contains five hundred and forty-four S(]uare miles; it is divided into ten touTis, and its
poindat.ion in 18C0 was twenty-four thousand one hundred and sixty-two.

Hamilton County was formed from Montgomery in 181G, bu( ils independent organization has
never been fully completed. It occupies the central i)ortion of the j;reat wilderness-region of the
northeast part of the State. It is centrally distant eighty miles tioni Albany. Its surface is rocky,
mountainous and hilly upland, and is still mostly covered with the original forests. The highlands
are divided into several ranges, mostly distinct, but in some places sending out sj)urs, which inter,
loclc each other, all extending northeast and southwest. The Schioou range; the I5oquet; the
Adirondack, containing the highest i)eak in the State; and the An Sable range, all traverse this
county. Within the valleys between tliese mountains are several chains of lakes, many of them
connected by (ionsiderable streams, and all aflbiding a large amount of boat-navigation. The lakes
are generally long and narrow; are bordered l>y steep banks and high mountain peaks. Their
waters are clear and cold, and form tlie most interesting feature of the land.scape. Although tiow-
ing in different directions, separated by high mountains, and covering an area of sixty miles, they
are nearly all of the same elevation; about fifteen liundred feet above tidewater. The streams
formiiig the outlet of the lakes are mostly small. The whole region being a mountainous plateau,
higher tluin the surrounding country, the streams that rise here How in all directions, and lorni
tributaries to the Saint Lawrence, Lake Champlain, and the Hudson, Mohawk, and Black Kivers.
This wtiole region is primitive, the rocks being gneiss. CJalciferous sandstone and limestone aie
found upon Sacondaga liiver. Peat is found in great abundance in the marsh, or natural meadow,
which extends along the valleys. Iron-ore and graphite are both found. The soil is light sandy
loam, and, except in the valleys, is not capable of profitable cultivation. The mountain-sides aie
covered with a thin growth of trees, but, when cleared, seem incapable of supporting vegetation.
The country is mostly cover»id with its primeval forests of hemlock and spruce. The inhabitants
subsist chiefly by hunting and fishing. We expected to find large, stout, hardy men from this
county; but of the tw'elve men who were drafted from here, two were exempted for heraiia, two lor
varicose veins and ulcers, two for loss of all the teeth in the upper jaw, one for epile[)sy, one for
general i)hysical disability, one for manifest mental imbecility, one was an alien, and only two were
held to service. This county contains one thousand seven hundred and forty-five square miles ;
it is divided into nine towns, and its population in IStiO was three thousand and twenty-four.

Montgomery County lies ou both sides of the Mohawk Kiver, and is centrally distant thirty-
nine miles from Albany. The general system of high lands which connect the Alleghany Mountains
and the Adirondack extend through this county. The Mohawk cuts thiough the upland, and forms
a valley from one to two miles wide and from two hundred to ttv^e hundred feet below the summits
of the hills. The branches of this river extend for miles into the liighlands at nearly right angles
to the river. The hills bordering on the river rise gradually, and liom their suuimits si)read out an
undulating upland, inclining toward the river. The princii)al streams are nearly the same as in
Fulton County. The highest point in the county is seven hundred feet above tide-water, and the
lowest is the body of the iMohawk, two hundred and sixty feet above tidewater. Gneiss is the only
primitive rock in this county. Heavy masses of sandstone are Ibund along the river. The soil
along the river consists of alluvial dei)osits and a deep, rich, vegetal>le mold, and upon the upland
it is a highly productive sandy loam, finely a(lai)ted to pasturage, &c. Immense (juautities of
broom-corn are raised upon the Mohawk flats. The leading manufactures are woolen goods, car-
pets, and i)aper. Quarrying is extensively carried ou. This county contains four hundred and
thirty-six square miles; it is divided into ten towns, and its population in ISGt) was thirty thou-sand
eight hundred and sixty six,

There are no diseases peculiar to this district. Occasionally, we have epidemics of intermittent
fever; but they are years apart, and in the iuterval a few scattering cases are met with. Last year
we had an epidemic of dysentery, coming on during the dry and hot weather; and some few cases
of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis (.■ potted fever) have occurred during the last year. About
the usual proportion of the more common diseases occur here.

The disability for which I have rejected the gieatest number per hundred is hernia; and I
suppose this can be accounted for, if the number is larger thau usual, by the fact that the majority

266 surgeons' reports — new york — nineteenth district.

of our people are farmers, and are necessarily exposed to more severe labor, such as heavy liftiug,
sti'ainiug, &c.

In regard to the "sections" of i)aragraph 85, Eevised Eegulations Provost-Marshal-General's
Bureau, I would respectfully suggest tbat some change be made in section 20, as,- according to our
rendering of it, a man with only one eye-tooth would be held; and it is obvious that such a man would
be worth nothing in the army. I should think that a soldier has need of at least two front teeth
contiguous and two molars, meeting a corresponding number in the otlier jaw. I would also recom-
mend that some standard of weight, proportioned to height and age, be adopted. *

* •

One surgeon could examine, by working eight hours, -.xhout forty men per day.

Very little fraud was practiced here beyond that of falsehood. Some few old men, with their
gray hair and beards colored, were presented, and Indians with their hair curled ; and we have
found pieces of lead in the pockets of some light recruits and substitutes, and in one instance
leaden soles were found in the shoes; but these tricks were all detected by weighing the men naked.
Drafted and enrolled men exaggerate greatly, but I am not cognizant of any frauds being practiced
by them.

Judging from my experience, I should think that American-born men were physically as well
adapted for military service as any. It is true that I have rejected more men born in the United
States (40 per cent.) than from those brought from Canada, (30 per cent.;) but this can be
accounted for by the fact that the men brought from Canada were picked men; those bringing
them not caring to risk any that were not acceptable. Of the English, Irish, French, and Germans
I have rejected about 45 per cent. Of course, these estimates are not very accunite; for substi-
tutes were born in any convenient place outside the United States. All things considered, I
should think that the American presents as great physical aptitude for military service as any race
of men.

From my experience with the colored race, I should conclude that they are i)hysically well
adapted for military service. The majority of those presented were large, stout, and robust, capa-
ble of enduring almost any amount of exposure and fatigue, and seemed well satisfied with the idea
of a soldier's life.

In reference to the enrollment-law, I would say that, having been connected with the ofiBce so
short a time, and having had so little experience therewith, I would respectfully refrain from
expressing any views upon its operation, much less offer any suggestions or recommend additions
thereto. I would, however, sugt;est an addition to the "Medical Record," which could be quite
easily kept, and would establish more clearly the intellectual statistics of the Arm^-. I would recom-
mend that two additional columns be made, headed as follows: "Can neither read nor write;" "Can
read, but not write." * » »

A. M. VEDDEE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment, Eighteenth District of Neic Yorlc.

Schenectady, N. T., June 14, 18G5.

NEW TOEK— NINETEENTH DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dk. George Douglas.

«

My duties as surgeon of the board of enrollment in the nineteenth district
of New York commenced July 20, 18G4, since which time there have been examined by me, of
recruits and substitutes, two thousand four hundred and thirty-seven ; of drafted men, three hun-
dred and eighty-two; of enrolled men to be stricken from the roll, about two thousand. * # *
The nineteenth district is composed of the counties of Chenango, Delaware, and Otsego.
(Jiieuaugo is an interior county, lying southeast of the center of the State, is centrally distant
ninety-four miles from Albany, and contains eight hundred and ninety-eight square miles. Its
surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highlands consist of
two principal ridges extending north aud south ; the first lying between Unadilla and Chenango
Kivers, and the second between the Chenango and Otselic. The summits of these ridges of laud
are broad and rolling, aud of nearly uniform elevation throughout the county. The highest points

SURGEONS REPORTS NEW YORK NINETEENTH DISTRICT. 267

are six liundred to eigbt bundred feet above the river-valleys. The principal rivers arc the Che-
nango, the Susquehanna, theTJnadilla, and the Otselie. The Chenango Kiver flows from the north
borders of the county in a southerly direction to near the center, and from thciu'c southwest to
the southwest corner of the county. The Otselic K'iver flows southwest through the northwest
corner of the county. Each of these rivers receive from the east and west smaller tributaries in
their couise. The valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango are among the fluest in the State.
They consist, generally, of fertile and highly-cultivated intervales of an average width of about one
mile, usually bordered by steep and flnely-woodcd hill-sides.

One peculiarity of this section is the numerous small ponds in basins among the hills far above
the valleys. The soils are almost entirely derived from the disintegration of the rocks. In some
localities is found a very limited amount of drift. Upon the hills, the soil is principally a shaly
loam, and, in the valleys, a fine quality of productive alluvium. The lowest rocks in this county,
appearing upon the north border, belong to the Hamilton group. Successively above these, toward
the south, appear the Tully limestone, Genesee slate, the Portage, Chenango, and Catskill groups.
The sandstone of the Portage group furnishes good material for building and flagging; several
quarries of which have been oiiened along the southern part of the Chenango Valley. lu the
southern and eastern- portion of the county, the Catskill group crops out, forming the most hilly
portion of the county; and, in the eastern portion, almost a mountainous chain. The Hamilton
beds consist of shales, separated into two parts by a thin layer of encriual limestone, and in many
places overlaid by a thin limestone stratum called the Tully limestone. The Marcelius shale is for
the most part a soft argillaceous rock. The lower part is black with carbonaceous matter, and con-
tains traces of coal or bitumen. The Hamilton beds include (1) blue shale; (2) encriual; {'■'>) u[)per
shale; and (4) the Tully limestone. The Portage group consists of shales and laminated or shaly
sandstone. Going westward, the shales increase in proportion ; and eastward, the sandstone greatly
predominates. The rocks have a thickness of from one thousand to fourteen hun<lred feet. In this
(the Portage group) there are great numbers of the fucoides, or forms regarded as fucoidal. The
most common kind appear like short, straight, simple stems, two or three inches long, scattered
thickly over the surface of the flagstones. These beds abound less in fossils than the Chenango,
yet contain various species of crinoids, conchifers, &c.

The Chenango group esteuds widely over the southern tier of counties of New York, and con-
sists of sandstone and coarse shales in various alternations. The thickness has been estimated at
about tifteen hundred feet. Both the Chenango and Portage groups abound in ripple-marks,
obliquely laminated layers, mud marks, and cracks from sun-drying; evidences of the existence of
extensive exposed mud-flats, of sandy or muddy areas swept by the waves, and of tidal currents in
contrary movement through the shallow waters. This groui) aftbrds, besides the muda {lalli sea-
weeds, i-emuins of many laud-plants. It also affords, iu remains of animal life, great numbers of
avicularia; many brachiopods, (an order of molluscous animals,) including broad-winged spirifers
and some producta ; also a huge goniatite, (four or five inches in diameter ;) and, rarely, a trilobite.

The Catskill group is composed of shales and sandstones of various colors, in which red pre-
dominates. The sandstones are far more extensive than the shales, and pass into conglomerates,
or coarse gut-rock, and also into a rough mass, looking as if made of cemented fragments of hard
slate. There are ripple-marks, oblique lamination, i&c. Some of the layers are particularly calca-
reous. This formation thins out toward the west, and thickens toward the Hudson on the east.
The land plants, relics of which ai-e occasionally met with, are of the same carboniferous character
of the Chenango period. Among animals, no corals, crinoids, or trilobites are yet known. There
are some conchifers, bivalve mollusca, with fragments of fishes, which make up all that has yet been
discovered of remains of animal fossils in this period.

The inhabitants of Chenango County are almost exclusively devoted to agricultural pursuits:
there being in other avocations only such as the local necessities of moderate-sized villages would
naturally produce. Dairying is the leading pursuit. Stock and wool growing are carried on to
some extent. Hops are considerably cultivated along the river-valleys. Grain of different kinds
is ])roduced only in limited quantities.

Delaware County lies upon the headwaters of the Delaware Eiver. It is centrally distant
seventy miles from Albany, and contains one thousand five hundred and eighty square miles. Its

268 surgeons' reports — new york — nineteenth district.

surfacL' is a liilly ami iiioniitainous iiplautl, divided iuto three priucipal ridges by the valleys of the
two i(riiK'ii)al brandies ut Delaware River. This upland region is a couuectiug link between the
lihie Kidge uiion the south and the Catskill and Helderberg Mountains on the north. These ridges
form, in the southern and eastern portions of the county, a mountainous region, with lofty, rocky
peaks and precipitous declivities, broken by wild and narrow ravines. In the north part of the
county, the highlands are less precipitous, and the whole region assumes the character of a rugged,
hilly upland. The main or west branch of the Delaware Eiver takes its rise in Utsyanthia Lake,
a small sheet of water upon the northeast line of the county. It flows sixty miles in a southwest
direction to the west border of the county, then turns abriii)tiy to the south, and forms the south-
east boundary of the county, descending in its course about one thousand feet. The east branch
of the Delaware, the Popacton, rises in the northeast part of the county, and flows sixty miles south-
west, uniting with the Delaware main branch near the southeast border of the county. There
are numerous small creeks ami streams, tributaries to these rivers. The valleys of these streams
are usually narrow, and bordered by steep hills, which often rise into mountains. The rocks of the
county mostly belong to the old red sandstone of the Catskill division. The soil is generally of a
dark-reddish color, composed of the disintegrated sandstone and shale. In the valleys are occa^
sionally narrow strips of fertile alluvium. These lands are best adapted to pasturing and grazing.
Dairying is at present the leading occupation of the people,4ilthough lumbering is still carried on to
considerable extent in the eastern portion of the county, which trade was formerly very extensive,
large quantities of lumber being rafted down the Delaware River to the city of Philadelphia.
Althougli possessed of an immense amount of water-power, there are no extensive manufactories in
this county except tanneries in the eastern part; the principal products being butter and cheese,
while a limited amount of stock-raising and wool-growing prevails. The eastern portion of this
county shared largely in the excitement and mob violence which distinguished the anti-rent move-
ment of 1845, and it was the same portion of this district which gave the most trouble in enforcing
the draft.

Otsego County lies southeast of the center of the State upon the highlands at the head of Sus-
quehanna River. It is centrally distant sixty-six miles from Albany, and contains one thousand
and tliirty-eiglit square miles. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several ridges, separated
by deep, bioad valleys. The principal streams are Unadilla River, (forming the west boundary,)
Wharton and Butternut Creeks, Olego Creek, Susquehanna River, Cherry Valley and Schenevus
Creeks. Charlotte River forms a small portion of the south boundary. In the northeast part of
this county is a flue sheet of water, eight miles long and about one mile broad, called Otsego Lake.
It is eleven hundred and ninety-three feet above tide-water, and is surrounded by hills four to five
hundred feet high. Its outlet forms the priucipal head branch of the Susquehanna River. In the
north part of the county is a similar sheet of water, three and a half miles long, called Schuylei's
Lake. The rocks in the northeast corner consist of the limestone of the Helderberg division.
The hills in the south part are composed of tlie shales of the Hamilton group and the shales and
sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups. The summits, in the extreme south and south-
east part, are crowned by the red sandstone and shales of the Catskill group. The soil in the
northeast is a good quality of gravelly and calcareous loam. Further south, it is a clay and shaly
loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys.

The uplands are best adapted to grazing, and the river intervales are well adapted to the culti-
vation of grain. The people are priuciiially engaged in dairying and raising of hops. Of the latter,
the quantity exceeds that produced by any other county in the State. There is also a considerable
amount of stock-raising, and a limited amount of manufacturing.

There are no cities or lai'ge towns in this district, but numei'ous villages; it being an agricul-
tural section, with a suflicient number of mechanics, tradesmen, and other avocations to supply the
local wants of the people.

This section of the State is not subject to miasmatic or contagious diseases; and its elevated
locality, pure air, and abundant supply of perennial spring-water, gushing forth clear and pure
from every hill-side, its freedom from marsh-miasms, and its salubrious climate, all contribute to
render this locality one of the healthiest in the State.

The prevailing diseases are of a sthenic or inflammatory character. Acute bronchial and pneu-

SUKGEONS' REPORTS NEW YORK NINETEENTH DISTRICT. 2G9

inouial iiffectioiis aud ilioumatism aud iuflaininatory fevers prevail mostly in winter and spring sea-
sons; dysentery and remittent fevers, iu tlie siininier and autumn. Tliis locality is also more or less
subject to such prevailing epidemics as scarlatina, measles, mumps, &c. Diphtlierialias been quite
prevalent at different seasons, for the last four years, in these counties; some localities suffering
to greater extent than others. At one season it apjtears to be confined principally to the upland
regions, and at another season to the valleys.

Many in this section, especially of the female sex, f;ill annually victims to consumption, owing,
no doubt, to the very great changeableness of this climate and tiie many suddcu variations of tem-
perature. This section is remarkable in that respect; the thermometer often indicating a change
of thirty to forty degrees in twenty-four hours.

The inhabitants of this district are mostly of New EuglaUd origin, (except a considerable number
of Scotch in Delaware County,) and aie principally devoted to agricultural pursuits. They are, as a
people, intelligent, industrious, frugal, temperate, loyal, and law-abiding; the better-educated and
most induential class being of high toned morality, observers of their duties and obligations both
toward God and man. School-houses are found at short intervals all over this district, with many
well sustained and prosperous academies or higii schools. In each county and iu every village,
numbers of churches point their spires to heaven. # » *

There were more men disqualified for military service (in accordance with the Eegulations of
the Provost-Marshal General's Bureau) in consequence of hernia and loss of teeth than from any
other disease or disability. Hernia is of so frequent occurrence from the fact that the people are
mostly of a laborious class, subject to lifting heavy weights, and of weak muscular systems, which
weakness is induced, to some extent at least, by substituting so extensively poi'k for beef iu their
daily food. The premature loss of teeth, so otteu found, is owing in part- to the scrofulous tenden-
cies of the people ; also to want of care and cleanliness of the teeth, and to the unhealthy condition
of the digestive organs, with improper diet, hot drinks, and excessive use of tobacco.

The sections of paragraph 85, as a set of rules, are very well advised, and as complete, perhaps,
as they could be iu the same compass. It is extremely difflcult to lay down rules under which there
will not be exceptional cases ; as, for instance, there are many cases of hernia where the persons so
affected are able to perform the most laborious duties without inconvenience, and without a truss
or support. Ou the other hand, the sectiou '• Developed tuberculo.sis," if interpreted literally and
adhered to rigidly, would place some in the service totally unfit for military duty. If none but
such as are tit aud competent to their duties as examining-surgeous were placed in that highly
responsible position, it were better to give greater scope to the jiulgmeut of the surgeon in these
regulations. # * *

With a competent assistant, one hundred recruits are as many as it is proi)er for a sui'geou to
examine per day, although, during the first week of last September, with sucli facilities as I had,
by examining from early morn until dark, and taking only fifteen to twenty minutes for dinner, I
succeeded in examining nearly two hundred per day. This included signing their papers, three for
each accepted man. But, to a man of ordinary health and constitution, such labor is unendurable
for any length of time.

As to the frauds practiced, their name is legion — the wearing of trusses where no hernia exists,
feigning diseases of kidneys aud weakness of back and loins, dilating the pupil of the eye with
beUadonua, feigning deafness, &c. With recruits it is not so easy a matter to conceal i)rominent
or disqualifying defects. But many who evidence muscular strength, agility, and capability of
performing the common duties of military service, would, upon re-examination at the place of ren-
dezvous, or when sent forward to their regiments, feign debility, lameness, &c., aud sometimes
thus succee;i iu deceiviug those whose duty it was to reexamine them. To overcome these difficul-
ties, watchfulness, shrewdne.ss, and sagacity on the part of the surgeou are the most reliable resource.

The majority of those examined by myself weie native-born citizens, of the Anglo-Saxon race.
Some of these were fine specimens of manly physique, lacking more iu compactness of form and
build than in any other particular. There was a limited number of Irish, Germans, Scotch, Welsh,
French, and quite a number of Canadian French, born in Canada. As a class, iu the kind of I'f'lJ-
sique which I consider best adapted to military service, viz, medium height, well-developed muscular
system, full chest, compact joint.s, closely-knit straight spine, full breadth of shoulders, round

270 surgeons' reports — new york — twentieth district.

pelvis, arching foot, full contour, as well as fine symmetry of form, tbe Canadian French excelled
any equal number brought before me for examination. They were evidently, however, inferior to
the Yankee in the moral qualities necessary to an efScient soldier, such as energy, perseverance,
grit, and the faculty of adapting themselves to a variety of change and circumstances.

As to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service, my experience with
colored men is very limited ; a comparatively small number having been brought before me for
examination, and these, in physical qualifications, probably not an average specimen of the race
as they exist in the Southern States; for it is a well-known fact that they physically degenerate in
this northern dime. They are by nature adapted to endure the climate of the South better than
the Anglo-Saxon race, but I should not consider their flat feet as well adapted to rapid marching
as the arched foot of the American, or their crooked spine and loosely-knit joints to the carrying
of the gun and knapsack.

The present enrollment-law, as it has been enforced in this State, is replete with serious evils,
which would be felt if it were necessary for the Government to call out a large number of men
yearly for a term of years. The large bounties given in sub-districts to induce enlistments would
soon baukrui)t the country, and lends greatly to enhance the price of substitutes, at the same time
opening a field for jieeulation, fraud, and wrong in the production of hounty-jicmpers ; and, in the
dealings of bountybrukers, is iujuiious to the service, detrimental to morals, and ruinous to the
country. Were the draft enforced at once, as soon as the quota of districts is fixed, alter the Gov-
ernment has made a call, allowing the drafted man (if considered suitable for military service) to
furnish a substitute; with the payment of no other but United States or national bounty, the
drafted man /rt/Hse// receiving this bounty, whether he furnishes a substitute or enters the service
himself; with the giving to volunteers the same bounties, (which are at the present time sufiB-
ciently liberal,) it would, in my opinion, be far letter both for the military service and the financial
interests of the country. Tbe Government would thereby receive better men, and the country be
saved from oppressive taxation to pay the large local bounties which have been so recklessly voted.

GEORGE DOUGLAS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Nineteenth District of New York.

Norwich, N. Y., June 15, 1865.

NEW YORK— TWENTIETH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Ur. Edward S. Walker.

• » * My experience in the examination of men for military service commenced on
my assuming the duties of surgeon of the board of enrollment for this district. May 1, 1863, since
which time I have examined four thousand nine humlred and eighty-two men.

This district is composed of the counties of Jefferson, Lewis, and Herkimer, and is located in
the central and northern parts of the State, and bounded as follows, viz : on the north, by Saint
Lawrence County, Saint Lawi-ence River, and Lake Ontario ; on the east, by Saint Lawrence, Ham-
ilton, Fulton, and Montgomery Counties; on the south, by Otsego, Oneida, and Oswego Counties;
and, on the west, by Oneida and Oswego Counties and h\ Lake Ontario.

The surface of the district is generally hilly, and it is traversed by the following considerable
streams of water: Black River, which jiasses through the central part of the district; Moose Eiver,
Beaver River, Peech River, and Indian River, which latter are smaller streams in the northern part
of the district, and most of them tributaries of Black River. The Mohawk River, which passes
through the southern part of the district, has two considerable tributaries, the East Canada Creek
and West Canada Creek. Besides these, there are numerous smaller streams ; and in the northern
part of the district, which is still covered with forest, there are nnmerous sm^ill lakes.

The most prevalent diseases are inflammatory in character. Inflammatory rheumatism and
pneumonia are quite prevalent, particularly in the cold and damp seasons of the year. The causes
conducive to their prevalence are common to all sections in this degree of latitude, such as sudden
changes from a high to a low temperature, and from a dry to a damp state of the air.

surgeons' reports — NEW YORK TWENTIETH DISTRICT. 271

The inhabitants of the district are of mixed nationalities ; German, French, Irish, and Welsh
coustitute a considerable portion ; but, in reality, in all sections, the Yankee element i)redomiuates,
forming the basis or groundwork of society. The people are generally industrious and intelligent,
and agriculture forms their leading pursuit. The hilly character of the surface and the kind of
soil particularly adapt the greater part of the district to pasturage, and dairying or cheese-making
has long been a leading branch of industry.

From the first draft, there was a large ratio per thousand exempt from military duty on account
of physical disability, because of the prevalence of valvular disease of the heart, and hepatization,
or carnification, of some portion of the lungs; the former almost invariably traced to previous
attacks of rheumatism as its cause, and the latter the result of previous attacks of pneumonia. The
reason why these diseases should prevail here to a considerable extent has been hinted at in a for-
mer section ; and in the vicinity of Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence Eiver, where I think them
most prevalent, the cold, damp, sweeping winds, which blow from those large bodies of water, may
be added to the causes already stated.

In regard to the different sections of paragraph 85, Eevised Regulations of the Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, I would most respectfully suggest that the last clause of section 15, relating to
chronicpurulent otorrhcea, in my opinion, ought to be amended so as not to allow exemption under
this cause unless the disease involve destruction of the tympanum or necrosis of the bones of the
ear, or else so seriously affects the man's ability to perform physical labor as to leave no doubt of
his incapacity for military service. Many times, as the result of some one of the exanthematous
diseases, the membrane lining the external meatus and tympanum becomes a pus-secretiug sur-
face, and continues thus for a term of years without seriously affecting the health of the individual,
though he would be entitled to exemption as the section now stands.

Again, in reference to section 23, " hernia.'' From my experience and observation, I am of the
opinion that a man may have a small or medium-sized inguinal or femoral hernia, or an epigastric
or hypogastric hernia, that produces so slight an embarrassment to his power to labor, or ability to
perform the duties of a soldier, as not to be sufiBcient cause for exemption. In support of this
position, I recall to memory some three or four cases that occurred during the examination of men
under the first draft, or the draft of the summer of 1863, when I discovered clear, unmistakable
hernia — all inguinal, I think — which had not been known to exist by the parties examined prior to
my examination, and drafted men are not apt to overlook any defect or ailment that has caused
them much trouble. I would suggest, therefore, that small reducible inguinal femoral, epigastric,
or hypogastric hernia be excepted from the causes of exemption under this section, unless the man
is clearly disabled thereby for the performance of military duty, and this must be established by
affidavits to the satisfaction of the surgeon.

These are the only sections in the paragraph that strike me as needing any amendment. * *

The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy depends on the
number of hours employed. I usually was engaged in examinations during six hours per day, in
which time I could examine an average of sixty men.

The frauds to be guarded against, which are practiced by drafted and enrolled men to escape
military service, are in part as follows: A fraudulent plea that the man is permanently physi-
cally disabled, from a complication of causes, among which are named dyspepsia, liver-complaint,
disease of the kidneys, bronchitis, and consumption of many years' standing, is I think the most
common pretense on which a claim for exemption is based. A pretense of hernia, supported by
wearing a truss, is quite common. These frauds are generally easily detected : au examination of
the hands of the man claiming exemption on so many general causes shows, from the hardened
cuticle, that he is a laboring tuan, and his general physical appearance usually negatives all his
statements in regard to his disability. The pretense of hernia is generally easily disposed of by
inviting the individual whose hernia is not detectible, to take off his truss and walk about for an
hour or two, so as to allow the tumor to show itself, and then to come in again. If the case is
fraudulent, he will not care to try this experiment, and, if he consents to it, will not return for
another examination ; or, to require him to establish his case by affidavits, his own among others,
gener.ally betrays the fraud.

272 surgeons' RfePORTS— new YORK— twentieth DISTRICT.

The frauds practiced by recruits and substitutes to enter the service most couiinonly relate to
age, according to my observation. Men are presented, claiming to be under forty-flve years old,
wbo, on a close examination, will be found to have their hair and whiskers colored ; and boys claim-
ing to be eighteen, but whose youthful appearance makes their statements incredible. It is difli-
oult, if not quite impossible, when a recruit is bent on deception, if his age is not more than two
or three years above forty-five, and he is of good physical constitution and appearance, to detect
tlie fraud; or, if he be within one or two years of eighteen, and is fully developed, as some boys
become at this early age, it is also dififlcult to prove the deception. But when they are informed
that they will be required to make aflfldavit to their ages, and the consequences of swearing talsely
are explained to them, with but few exceptions they own the intended fraud, and acknowledge their
true ages; this applies more especially to joung men.

The nationality that presents the greatest physical aptitude for the service, of those examined
by me, is in my opinion the native-born citizen of the United States. The tbliowiug are the average
measurements of height, and capacity of chest in inspiration and expiration, of twenty-five men of
each of the principal nationalities examined during the past sis months:

25 Germans.

Height - C4|A inches.

Girth of chest at inspiration SQ^j inches.

Girth of chest at expiration 33il inches.

25 Canadians.

Height 65ii inches.

Girth of chest at inspiration : SCfi inches.

Girth of chest at expiration 34^^ inches.

25 Englishmen.

Height -662^5 inches.

Girth of chest at inspiration 36^^ inches.

Girth of chest at exi)iration 33ii inches.

25 Irishmen.

Height 66^ inches.

Girth of chest at inspiration 3Gi-| inches.

Girth of chest at expiration 34|| inches.

25 Native Americans.

Height 60^ inches.

Girth of chest at inspiration 3G^| inches.

Girth of chest at expiration 33J| inches.

From these measurements, it will be seen that the Canadians possess the greatest apparent
physical capacity of chest, which may be .accounted for from the fact that those examined of that
nationality were almost universally laboring men, accustomed during their whole lives to active
out-of door pursuits ; which i-easoning also applies with considerable force to other foreigners exam-
ined,- while many of those examined of our own citizens were clerks, students, and men of this
class of occupations, unused to labor or active physical exercise ; so that, notwithstanding the appar-
ent superiority of the other nationalities in this particular, the general physical appearance of cit-
izens of the United States is the best.

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service is too
limited to be of any particular value; but, so far as I have had an opportunity of judging, I think
them well qualified.

My views as to the operation of the enrollment-law as it now- exists are that there is a defi-
ciency in the law relating to the corrections of the enrollment, or the duties of enrolling ofQcers.
Experience has shown that to depend upon the jiublic to correct the enrollment iu the respective
sub-districts, is a very uncertain reliance; and, when sutticieut interest is felt to attempt the cor-

SURGEOiN.s" ItEl'OKTS M;\\ VOliK T\VENTV-J'1J{.ST UlSTKICT. 273

icction, it is done in a very iriegular, (•onrusiMl maniKM-, [jroduciiii; miicli ilinsatisfaction, and causinf^
many mistakes to occur wlicn a (halt takes place in a district whose eniolimeut is corrected by its
citizens. To avoid tins in future, 1 would respectfully suggest that the enrol ling-offlcer of each
subdistrict be required, on tlie last day of each month, to make up and send to the board of enroll-
ment of his district, a report sliowin;;- all clianjics that have oecnri'ed in his sub-district aU'ectiiig
the enrollment during the montii.

There is another question ot considerable iiii[)ortance to the (lovernuient in time of war, wliich I
would like to see discussed l)y those whose exi)erience and knowledge better qualify them to meet
it thau I am, viz : Whether an army can be recruited as speedily, with less expense to the Govern-
ment in the aggregate, and with a fair prospect of securing a better class of men, by regulating the
payment of bounties by a law, so that what money is paid in form of bounties should be paid iu
equal annual, semi-annual, or quarterly installments. By this system, if found i)racticable, one of
the most fruitful causes or incentives to desertion would be avoided — that, namely, of procuring a
large bounty, with the intention, after enlistment, of deserting at the first opportunity; and recruit-
ing-otiicers would be relieved from a more detestable class of creatures thau deserters — the aiders
and abetters of deserters, usually called " bounty-brokers." * * *

EUWD. S. WALKER,
Siifffeon Board of Enrollment Twentieth District of Netc York.

Watertown, N. Y., Maij 31, 1805.

NEW YORK— TWENTY-FIRST DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. J. O. Stanton.

* * * On the 13th of March, 1805, I was assigned to duty in this district, relieving
Surgeon W. A. Babcock, who had been surgeon of' the board of eurollmeiit from the time of its
first meeting, on the 11th day of May, 1S03.

I found the quota of the district nearly full, and in consequence of this but few men were
examined from that time up to April 14, 1805, when the order was received to stop recruiting; iiud
those who were examined were, for the most part, for other districts in the western division of the
State. These were all recruits and substitutes ; and, as the examiuatiou of enrolled men w-as com-
pleted by Dr. Babco(;k, and the quota tilled by volunteering, no enrolled or drafted men were con-
sequently examined by me. # * *

As shown by the records of the office, the number of men examined prior to March 13, 1865,
was seven hundred and ninety-one. From March 13, 1805, to April 14. 1805, the number examined
was fifty-four. The whole number of enrolled men exempted for physical disability (under call of
December 19, 1804) was one hundred and forty six; of this number, thi.tv nine were exempted for
loss of teeth.

The twenty-first district of New York comprises the county of Oneida, situated in the center
of the State, and contains about eleven hundred square miles. It is tiaversed, near its center,
from west to east by the Mohawk River and Erie (Janal. The surface of the country is undulating,
and in some ])arts hilly, with pleasant and \yell-cidtivated valleys along the Mohawk and its tribu-
taries. The valley of the Mohawk is from one to two nules wide, of a rich alluvial soil, and is
occasionally overflowed by the spring-freshets. From this valley there is a gradual ascent, some
three hundred feet above the level of the river ; and on the north side may be found a table-land,
trom one-half to three-quarters of a mile in extent, and of a rich gravelly and sandy soil. Higher
up, on both sides of the river, the soil is underlaid by argillaceous slate, and at the summit is
found the Trenton limestone. The county contains some of the best agricultural and nmnufactur-
ing districts in the Union. In the northeastern extremity are the ot^lebrated Falls of Trenton,
forming one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the United States.

The population is for the most i)art of German, Welsh, Irish, and English descent. There are
a few Scotch in the manufacturing districts. Although a mixture of many nations, the inhabitants
are hardy, industrious, and healthy, and the most of them are engaged in agricultural and manu-
facturing pursuits.
;!5

Zl-i surgeons' REPOETS NEW YORK TWENTY-THIRD DISTRICT.

Tbere are uo diseases peculiar to the district; ouly such as are usually found in bigli uoithern
latitudes are prevalent, with isolated cases of intermittent and remittent fever along tiie valley of
the Mohawk. The district has very rarely been visited by any epidemic. The winters are cold and
the climate variable, and, as a consequence, the indammatory aftections common to such vicissi-
tudes of climate are often met with, especially in spring-; in the valleys, they are asthenic in char
acter, but, on the high lands, much more active.

Of the reasons why any particular diseases or disabilities have disqualitied a greater ratio per
thousand for military service, I am unable to speak, as I have had very little opi)ortunity for obser-
\ation in that respect, and should be obliged to depend entirely upon the experience of others.

In -reference to the diflerent sections of paragraph 85, Reviseil Regulations Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, I can ouly express the opinion that they comprise all chat is necessary. They
are carefully arranged, and I can recommend uo changes. * » *

The number of men that can be examined per day d«!peuds, of course, upon the class of men
presented; from fortij to jiftij would, perhaps, be a fair estimate of the number that can be exam
ined with accuracy.

As I hare examined no drafted or enrolled men, I am uuable to point out auy frauds practiced
by them to escape the service; and in the examinations of recruits and substitutes my experience
here has been so limited that it is of little value.

The class of men1)reseuted at this office has been very inferior. Mere boys of fourteen to six
teen years, representing themselves as eighteen, and old men of fifty and even sixty, who could
recollect only forty-five years of their lives, were often seen. How many enlisted, or tried to enlist,
under assumed names, it is of course impossible to tell ; in making such attempts, tliey were often
detected, but no serious obstacles have been encountered. In one or two cases, recruiting-agents,
and others interested, have determined that men should be accepted after they had been rejected
by the surgeon, and have appealed to the provost-marshal for his interference ; but their success has
never justified a repetition of the attempt. » # *

The greatest physical aptitude for military service, as presented by different nations, according
to the statistics of this office, is slightly in favor of the Germans.

As to the qualifications of the colored race for military service, I do not feel justified in exjjress
iug an opinion, as I have had no experience in examining them.

Of the operation of the enrollment-law, although faults may exist, if the law be properly under-
stood, and honest, capable officials attend to enforcing it, the interests of the Government will be
jjiotecfed, and justice may be done to all.

I have one suggestion to make in regard to the appointment of officers, more especially the
provost-marshal and surgeon : in my opinion, they should always be regularly eoiumi-ssioned officers
of the Army, who have no local interests where they may be assigned to dutj'. Officers who will
see that the interests of the Government are protected and the rights of every citizen at the same
time respected are essential ; and, in this way, many obstacles with which boards of enrollment
now have to contend would be very easily overcome. Surgeous of the Army, thus assigned to
<luty, might at the same time be of great .service in attending to all extensions of leaves of absence
and lurlonghs in the district; thus preventing, to a gre;it extent, the abuse of furloughs, which too
ofteu exists under the present regulations. * « *

J. O. STANTON,
Surgeon United States Veteran Volunteers, (First Army Corps,)
Actim/ Surgeon Bo<ir(l of Enrollment Twenty-first District of New Yorh.

Utica, N. Y., May L>(), 1865.

NEW YOEK— TWENTY-THIRD DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Du. John H. Knapp.

* * * Duiing the early period of the examination of recruits, uo record was kept,
consequeutlj' the uuinber of examinations of rejected men cannot be reported with certaujty; but, as

' No report rccoived from tin; twouty-sec-ond district.

SUKCiEOis;^' REPOETS XEW YORK TWEKi V-TJUKI) DISTKICT. 275

iiciirl.v as I can ascertain I'nini reference to tlie records and my own recollections, 1 liave examined
over seven thousand live Imndred men. My records sliow absolutely seven thousand two hundred
and uiuetyeight men examinetl ; and I am very contideut that more than two hundreil men liave
been rejected for disabilities, of whom I have no record wliatever.

The twenty-third congressional district is comi)osed of the counties of Onondaga, and Corllaud,
and is situated in the geographical centei- of the State of New York ; it has a mean elevation of from
'JOO to 1,0(10 feet above tidewater. The southern ])art of the district (Cortland County) is some-
what niountainou'-, with narrow valleys. The soil is very jjroductive and fertile, and is devoted to
grazing and graiugrowing. It is an exceedingly healthy locality. The north part is rather low
and level, and is interspeised with various small lakes, and consequently is more or less subject to
intermittent and other fevers, as well as biliary diseases, caused by the miasmata arising from the
lowlands in the vicinity. The remaining portion of the district is occupied by farmers, who till the
soil, and are abundantly rewarded for their labor, even to a good degree of competence. The
general character of the inhabitants is that of a sober, industrious, frugal, and hospitable i)eople.

There are several large villages in the district, viz : Cortlandville, Homer, JIarathon, and
McGrawville in Cortland County ; and ilanlius, Skaueateles, Fayetteville, Jordan, and Ealdwins-
ville in Onondaga County ; besides the city of Syracuse in the same county, containing about forty
thousand inhabitants.

In all these localities, there is a large amount of mercantile and mechanical business l)eing
carried on. The great mass of the inhabitants are industrious and intelligent, and prosperous in
their various avocations.

In an examination of my records, I Und that hernia has been the cause of more disability than
any other disease; and I know of uo immediate cause therefor except that the greater jjortion of
the inhabitants are engaged in agricultural and other laborious pursuits, and that heavy lilting
is incident thereto.

In regard to the different sections in paragraph 85, I would say tliat, in the main, I ap])rove
them. I would, however, suggest that a little greater latitude be given the surgeon in section "o,
namely, as to the existence of ei)ilepsy within the last six months. I would also suggest a little
nioditicatiou of section 11. With these exceptions, I would approve the whole paragrai)h. * *
In regard to the number of men that can be accurately examined jier day, I would say that, in
my judgment, to examine men with accuracy requires time, patience, and careful investigation,
am] foify men per day is all that any surgeon should be recpiired to examine.

The fraud most to be guarded against, of those which are j)racticed by drafted and enrolled
men, is their aggravation of all the diseases with which they were ever afflicted.

The frauds which recruits and substitutes practice most, or those of most frequent occurrence,
are in regard to their age. Many boys, apparently not more than fifteen years of age, will come
forward and testify that they were eighteen some time previous. The same remark will apply to
men over forty-five years of age, many of whom I am satisfied were over fifty years of age; yet
they would swear their age to be within the maximum allowed under the regulations. I have
uniformly rejected all such men whose physical develoi)ment clearly indicated to my judgment that
they were over or under the prescribed age, notwithstanding their affidavits to the contrary ; aiul I
hold that the surgeon should exercise his best judgment and the greatest care in preventing frauds
of this clwracter.

Afier an examination of many men from different (punters of the globe, 1 am of the oi)ini()n that
the Americans i)reseut the greatest jjhysical a^ititude for military service.

My experience as to the qualifications of the colored race has been quite limited, having
examined but very few of that class ; but, from my small experience, I consider them well ada]»ted
for military service.

In regard to the operations of the enrollment-law, 1 know of no change that I would recom-
mend. Its general operation in this district has been good. Some, or a part of some, of the circu-
lars by which I and the board have been governed, I think unwise, and ought not to have been
issued. I refer more particularly to circular Ko. 101, or that [lortion of it which requires an exami-
nation for permanent physical disability for the i)urpose of dropping names from the enrollment-
lists in a pending draft ; it oiJerates badly, for the reason that when such jx'isons' names rciiuiiii

27n srUGEOXS' REPOIJTS new VOIJK rWlCNTY-FOURTH IJISTRICT.

upon the rolls tliev arc iiiixioiis, and do assist materially, to fill the quota of the locality in whicb
they are enrolled. But if tlieir names are dropiied from tlieenrollnienf, most men in their conseious
security from draft take little if auy interest in raising men, and to a certain extent the Govern-
ment and the locality lose their aid. * » «

JOHN H. KNAPi',
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ticeniy-lhird District of New YorJc.
Syracuse. N. Y.. June 14, 186.~».

NEW YOEK— TWENTY-FOURTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. G. ^^'. IJavis.

* * * Theofflceof surgeon of theboard of eurollmeutwasaccepted byme, and itsduties
entered upon, Jlay 12, 18G3, and I have continued to discharge the duties of the office according to
the best of my ability up to the present time. During that time, more than ten thousand recruits,
substitutes, and drafted men, and about five hundred enrolled men, have been examined by me, or
under my immediate supervision ; making in all ten thousand and five hundred men.

The twenty-fourth district of the State of New York is comi^osed of the counties of Oaynga,
Seneca, and Wayne, and comprises within its boundaries an area of eighteen hundred square
miles, containing a population, according to the last census, of one hundred and thirty-one thou-
sand six hundred and sixty-eight souls. It is located in the western central portion of the State, in
what is known as the "Lake Country," and embraces within its limits, or along its borders,
Skaneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario Lakes.

The surface of the country is much diversified, being hilly in the southern section, level or
swampy, and gently undulating or rolling in the central and northern portions. Located centrally
along the outlet of Cayuga Lake and Seneca River is an extensive swampy region, known as the
"Montezuma JSIarshes."

The geological system of the district is simple, com])osed of sandstone, limestone, and shale
formation, and divided into the following groups: beginning with the lowest or Medina sandstone
on the borders of Lake Ontario, and successively cropi)iug out in the ascent, are the Clinton groui>,
Niagara group, Onondaga salt grouj), Helderberg series, Hamilton group, and, in the extreme
southern portion, the Portage group. Weak-brine springs are found in many parts, and especially
in the Medina sandstone and Onondaga salt groups. Other mineral springs are met with distrib-
uted throughout the district ; and in fact the waters of all springs, so far as known, are impregnated
with lime and other minerals, and are denominate<l "hard-water springs." The soil, as the geo-
logical formation indicates, is generally fertile, and comprises .some of the best lands for agricul
tural and horticultural purposes in the United States.

The diseases peculiar to this locality are those arising from miasm in the extensive marshy and
swampy districts; those produced by the sudden changes of temperature and bleak climate of the
lake-borders; and those arising from the waters used being impregnated with earthy and mineral
substances. They comprise fevers of various types and grades; hepatic, pulmonic, and ne])hritic
diseases.

The general character of the inhabitants is exemplary. They are a law-abiding, god-leariug
people; are trained to habits of industry and frugality ; and are principally engaged in agricultural
and mechanical pursuits.

Statistics show that a greater ratio per thousand was exempted during the last dralt for hernia
than for any other disability. This is undoubtedly owing to the fact that a large majority of those
examined are engaged in laborious pursuits, and are therefoie much more exposed to the most
usual cause of the disease.

The same fact holds true in regard to exemptions for wounds, dislocations, fractures, and other
accidental injniies; for it has been demonstrated that a greater i»roportion of farmers, laborers, and
mechanics are afflicted with accidental disciualilications than is found to be the case among indi-
viduals who i)ursue less laborious callings.

A large inoportion of exemi)tions have been granted to enrolled and drafted men for want of

surgeons' reports M.\V VoKK TWENTY-FOURTH DISTRICT. 277

teeth. This disqualification sccins to prevail iiuK^li uioiv cxtcusixc'ly aiiioii}; thf jicopk' of some
localities tliau it does in otliers. It lias been observed tliat al);)ut 20 |)er cent, of enrolled men in
some subdistricta are exempt, according to tbe regnlations, from this cause alone; and tbis state
of things has been noticed more particularly to occur iu those districts where miasmatic diseases
prevail. The early decay of the teeth has been attributed by some medical men to the employment
of certain drugs and mineral medicines, usually prescribed in diseases of that character: and,
from investigation, the opinion seems to be well grounded and substantiated by facts.

The twentieth section of paragraph 85, Regulations Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, in iii\
judgment, should be stricken from the list of exemptions, or be so modified as to give the examiner
some discretion. As it now stands, men are held to service who have but one or two front teeth, and
no other teeth in the same jaw ; while, ou the other hand, others are exemined who have no front teeth,
eye-teeth, or first molars, but with a good set of giiuding-teeth. In my oitinion, a man without any
teeth iu one jaw is about as fit for military service, eaieris puribuit. as another man who has only
one or two front teeth with no others in the same jaw. Men with few or no teeth at all seem to enjoy
good health, and attend to their usual avocations, and several tiiat I know of who went out in tbe
early stage of the present rebellion have served faithfully and creditably iu the field. Besides, men
without natural teeth usually have artificial teeth, aud even if they had none they might be detailed
ou special duty, where they could find food as suitable to their condition as though they were at
home. # * *

The number of men that can be examined per day with accuracy, in my opinion, is about _/(/'^^-
More than that number have been examined by me on several occasions iu cases of emergency. In
the months of January, August, and September, lS6i, when there was a perfect rush of volunteers,
two bundled and fifty in one day have been examined; but, under the present regulations, not more
than half that number could be examined bj- myself and assistant with any degree of accuracy and
couveuieuce.

The principal frauds luacticed by drafted and enrolled' men, which have come under my
observation, are the following: having the requisite number of teeth extracted to procure exemp-
tion; causing sores to be made on the legs with caustic; feigning obscure diseases, such as amau-
rosis, nenralgia, sciatica, deafness, stammering, stiffness of the joints, bsemorrhage from the lungs,
disease of the heart or kidneys, &c. ; and conspiring with ph\sicians, lawyers, and others to obtain
exemption by furnishing false certificates and affidavits. To the disgrace of the profession, 1 am
pained to confess that many physicians of high standing both in the profession and the community,
either from excessive cleverness or for a consideration, lent themselves to this disreputable practice,
and by such means many persons obtained exemption from the first draft, who, when the large
bounties were offered, enlisted, took the bounty, and have since performed the duties of a soldier
with credit. So universal aud disgusting did this practice become during the first draft that little
or no attention was paid by me to certificates of disability from physicians or others during subse-
quent drafts; but all cases were decided ou their merits, trusting to experience and my own judg-
ment. I know of no remedy for such scoundielism, and I have adopted the following as my motto
in the examination of drafted men : "A man who is capabl" of performing an ordinary day's labor
is capable of performing all the duties of a soldier."

The principal frauds practiced by recruits and substitutes consist iu giving false -statements
in regard to age, nativity, residence, or in concealing, or attempting to conceal, defects, such as
hernia, stricture, hismorrhoids, disease of the eyes, joints, &c. ; in coloring the hair, or substituting
another man for the one accepted. Very little reliance can be placed on the statement as to age or
nativity of recruits and substitutes. Owing to the large local bounties offered for recruits and
the high premiums paid for substitutes, all manner of frauds and deception are practiced; aud,
in my judgment, the only way to remedy the matter is for the Government to offer a reasonable,
uniform bounty throughout the States, and to prohibit local bounties; to allow any man, of proper
age aud qualifications, to serve -as a substitute for another; to bani.sh substitute aud bounty
brokers; and then, if the requisite number of men are not forthcoming, to put the draft in force
at once.

As far as my experience and observatiou go, I am of the opinion that the American, or
Mrirt'rstil Yotilcee race, ))Ossessi>s the greatest aptitude :Hid qu:;lifie:itioM for military service.

278 surgeons' reports — new your — twenty-fifth district.

Not liiiviug bad miicli experience in the exaniiiiatioii of men of color, I do not consider myself
competent to <iive an opinion as to tbeir military aptitude. However, with what little experience
I have had, my impression is very much in favor of their adaptaliility to military service.

In regard to the operations of the enrollment-law as it now exists, 1 have but little to say. If
its provisions could be carried out without State or local interference, my impressions are that its
object would be much better accomplished ; tor to this interference undoubtedly are to be attributed
the many frauds comiuil ted by bounty-brokers and others; and the large local bounties paid by
States and townships, in my judgment, have proved a direct stimulus and premium for men to
desert, and a cause of much dissatisfaction to men in the field who enlisted in the eaily stage of
the war. * » *

G. VV. DAVIS,
Sunjeon Board of Enrollment Tircnli/fourth District of New Yorh.

Ai'BUKN, N. Y., June 15, 1SG5.

NEW YOKK— TWENTY-FIFTH DlSTIilCT.

Extractn from report of Uii. Z. II. Blake.

* * * My experience commenced with the organization of this Bureau and the opera-
tions under the same. The number examined will range fiom eight to ten thousand men.

The general geographical position of this district is as follows : It is west of the center of the
State of New York; is composed of the counties of Ontario, Livingston, and Yates; and is situated
in latitude north 42° 50', longitude west from Washington 0° 30'. The district is situated and
elevated from live hundred to fllteen hundred feet above tide-water, with a general inclination
north; the streams running in a noj-therly direction. The southern parts contain spurs of the Alle-
ghany Mountains. Within the district are six large villages, containing from two thousand to ten
thousand inhabitants each. The underlying rocks, commencing on the north border, are the water-
lime of the Onondaga salt group, the Onondaga and corniferous limestones, Marcellus and Hamil-
ton shales, Genesee slate, and Portage shales and sandstones.

There are several lakes in the district, viz : Seneca, Crooked, (Janandaigua, Honeoye, Conesus,
Hemlock, and Oaoadice Lakes. They are from five to forty miles in length and from one to live
miles in breadth.

The prevalent diseases are of an inflammatory character. The causes conducive thereto are, in
general, climatic changes.

By reference to the map, and synopsis of the census of ISliO, it will be seen that the inhabitants
ar(^ generally laborers, farmers, and mechanics. * * #

I find that the greatest number exempted for any one cause was exempted for lack of sufBcient
teeth ; the next for hernia. I cannot believe that the early loss of the teeth shows an early decay
of the vital forces, but, on the contrary, I believe it an beieditary condition, and controlled by, or
dei)endent on, some cause or causes (operating in a given locality) of wliic^h we are as yet in igno
rauce. * * * »

In a room well lighted and sufficiently large, I could examine three hundred men per day, with
an average day's work of one hundred and tifty ; but, in a small room, where you take them sepa-
rately, thirtij would be a day's work. You will therefore see that the number examined per day
depends upon the accommodations.

Men of all classes (recruits, substitutes, drafted and enrolled men) practice all the arts the devil
can suggest. Surgeons must obey orders. Appoint surgeons who will do their duty without fear
or favor.

" What nationality prenentH the greatent aptitude for military service f " — The American.

" Your experience as to the physical qHalifications of the colored race for military service.^'' — 1 have
examined .some negroes, say two or three hundred, and believe them to be well adapted to military
service ; in fact, among the best.

"■Your views as to the operation of the enroUnientlaw as it now exists, trith recommendations and

surgeons' reports— new YORK 1 WENTY-SEVENTII DISTRICT. 279

gvggcstwns in reference therefor— Ai^ ffood ns can be found. 1 have no sn-gestious to make, belicv-

in"- the law to be as near peit'ect as iio.ssible.

"Z. H. BLAKE,

ISnn/eon Hoard of EnroUment Ticentiijifth JUstriet of New York.-

Oanandaigua, N. Y., June 1, ISO").

NEW YOKK— TWENTY-SEVENTH DISTRICT.'

Exirdcts from rejiort of Dll. H. S. GnUBBUCK.

* * * ()„ the loth day of August, 18G3, I received my appointment as assistant sur
geon in the othce of the provost-mai'shal of the twenty-seventh congiessional district of New York,
in which capacity I served the Governuu-nt of the United States until September la, 1803, when
the surgeon of the board of enrollment was relieved from dnt\ , and I was appointed surgeon of

said board. . .

I have been associated with three different provost-marshals and three commissioners, and
have had no assistant surgeon except during about three months in the year ISCI— the mouths of
August, September, and October— while large numbers of volunteers were being examined, as also
of enrolled men presenting themselves for examination and exemption, I was assisted by Dr. Ira
¥. Hart, of Elmira, who rendered valuable service.

The following includes all the men th;it have been examined in this ofdce :

Substitutes, volunteers, and drafted men - - - 1". 'j ' <•

Examined and stricken from eurollmeut for permanent physical disability ... 3, TOG
Examined but not rejected for permanent physical disability '524

Total number of men examined l^' 000

The above figures are correct, as near as we can give them from the records of the ofQce.
The following is the general geographical description of this district: It is located aloug the
southern boundary of the State, and includes three counties, viz, Chemung, Steuben, and Allegany.
Chemung, the most easteily county, is a small one. It is divided into ten towns. It has attained
some notoriety during the progress of this war from the fact that the city of Elmira, one of the
three general "rendezvous for recruits, drafted men, aud substitutes, is located within its limits. It
is also the headquarters of the assistant provost-marshal-general of the western division of the
State of New York as well as that of the provost-marshal of this district. A prison-camp for
rebel prisoners is established here, within which ten thousand prisoners have been confined and
provided lor. In ISGO the population of Elmira was about ten thousand, aud it has increased
rapidly since. The Erie Railway passes through this city. It is also the terminus of two railroads,
viz, the Elmira and Williamsport aud the Elmira and Canandaigua Railroads. The Chemung
Canal connects, via Seneca Lake, with the Erie Canal, which, opening into the Hudson River at
Albany furnishes an unbroken water-communication between this city and New York. Water-
comnnmication is also had with Harrisburgh and Philadelphia, Pa., by means of the Junction and
West Branch Canals. There are a number of villages in the county, pleasantly located. The total
population of this county is about thirty thousand. The Chemung River passes through the south-
ern part of the county. Along this river is a large and extensive plat of beautiful, flat farming-land,
as fertile, perhaps, as any in the State. The hills back from the river are in many places high aud
abrupt; but generally the ascent is gradual, the country presenting an undulating surface well
adapted to cultivation.

The other counties in this district, Steuben aud Allegany, are laroer than Chemung; but the
surface of the country presents the same general appearance. The hills are perhaps more abrupt
and higher, and consequently better adapted to grazing than to raising grain.

In Chemung County the diseases most prevalent are of a typhus or typhoid character; the surface
being more level, and in some places marshy, emitting to some extent a malarial miasm. Intermit-

I Nil icpiirt viis rpreiTcd from the t wi-iity-sixlli distriel.

280 surgeons' reports — new yokk — twenty-se\'enth district.

tent fevers loiiiieily prevailed to a cousideiable extent in lliis eonnty ; bat, in latter years, the typo
of fever lias been of a lower grade. Many of tbe inhabitants have entailed npon themselves
rheumatism in its varioifs Ibniis, produeins pufflness and distortion of the joints. Tbe general
character of the people is good and industrious. Their principal oecnpation is farming; but tliere
are also a number of esteusive manufacturing establishments.

The diseases most prevalent in Steuben County are of a bilious and typhoid character. The
occupation of the people is industrud. TLeie are many good farms and extensive mills for
maiiufacturiug lumber, &c., which is, perhaps, the staple business of tbe country. IVIany fractured
liiid)s, and some of tlieni badly united, were presented from the lumbering regions of Steubeu. In
some towns of this county there was a great want of teeth among the natives, the reasons foi
which I am unable to give.

lu Allegany County tlie diseases are similar to those of Steuben. In this couuty there are
many extensive lumbering establishments, and consequently many cases of hernia, princiiially
inguinal ; and I have noticed that as usual the right side is nujst frequently affected. Octcupatiou
is mostly farming; a very industrious people.

In presenting my views or making any suggestions on paragraph 85, Revised Eegulations
ProvostMarshalGeneral's Bureau, I shall touch it with great cairtiou, and handle it very lightly
for various reasons. If every surgeon was an honest man — a man of sterling integrity — then I
would speak decidedly ; but, as it has been during the two years past, I do not know just what to
say on this point. Cuder the sixth section, it would seem that the surgeon should be allowed to
exercise some discretion. Where there is excessive haemorrhage from the lungs and tuberculosis
is not fidly developed, it wo'uld seem that the surgeon should be allowed to exercise his judgment.
Also, under section 11, the surgeon, if honest, and a man of judgment, should be allowed to exercise
it. Near-sightedness (section 13) I have found in some instances to be so bad that it appeared to
me the man would be useless as a soldier. Section 20 affords an opportunity for the practice of
frauds, and is not sufficiently definite; this is also the case with .section 25. I have examined a
few cases of varicocele (section 29) which really ought to have exempted the suiijects. * *

To examine men carefully and accurately, I think Jiffi/ men per day would be a sufficient day's
work; and here it will be. remembered that two hundred enlistment-papers are in that case to have
the surgeon's signature, so that each day's work may be closed u|).

The frauds most practiced by drafted and enrolled men to escape servicre are feigning rheuma-
tism, diseases of .some internal organs, epilepsy, or deafness. To avoid these, we were accustomed
to place the men under the solemnities of an oath, and give them to understand that if any man
swore falsely he would be reported to the grand jury of his county. Many men who complained
of being .so feeble that they were unable to do any labor proved upon examination to have hands
as hard as a horse's hoof almost, evidently the result of laboring hard every day.

The principal frauds attempted to be practiced by recruits and substitutes were in the matter
of age, by representing that they were eighteen years old and upward when perhaps thej' were
not more than fifteen or sixteen, or that they were not forty five when in reality they were more
than fifty years old. The oath adu)inistered would in some instances detect this fraud; but boys
have many times sworn ])Ositively to an absolute falsehood, and even old men have been guilty of
the same crime. I know of no one rule to apply to these cases. We have resorted to every kind
of strategy to detect the various deceptions; but in some instances we have entirely failed, and
boys have been admitted into the service, who, on account of their age, should have been rejected,
and perhaps men too old have sometimes also been accepted. * # *

The American [iresents the greatest [ihysica!, mental, and moral aptitude for military service.
Were we to view them sim[)ly on the development of the muscular .system, perhaps the German
would outweigh them ; but my experience is that the German has not the elasticity or nerve, nor
the proiH'lling power that the American has. I, therefore, award to the American citizen the
greatest physical aptitude for military service.

My e'xi)erieiu5e as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service is lim-
ited. Their muscular system is betier developed than that of any class of men I have examined f
the muscle is more full and distinct, statuling out with greater prominence, but they are more slow

SURGEONS REPOETS NEW JERSEY FIRST DISlRICr. 281

niid heavy in their niotioD.s ; they do not seem to have tlit! nervous energy or iutellinent activity in
that ratio that the native-born white possesses. * * *

The enrolhiieiit-law. in its essential parts, is, 1 think, correct. That it has been misconstrned
and abused in many of its workinf;s I am quite certain ; but I know it is very diftieult to frame
any hiw of the character of the enrollment-law without its being liable to abuse. Different men
view it differently, and are honest in their opinions, and I have no <loubt others construe it to
please the jieople for the purpose of popularity.

I thiidi every State should bereipiired to keep up an exact and correct enrollment. An enroll-
iug'-oflicer should be located in each subdistrict, and every year the enrollment should be taken
carefully. All per.sons between the ages of eighteen and forty five, not exempt by mental or phys-
ical disability, should be required to form themselves into companies, battalions, or regiments.
Each company ought to spend three days in the month'of June of each year in manual exercise
and drill; and, in September, the regiment should meet at a central point, and spend an equal nuu)-
ber of days in regimental drill. Each regiment should have a competent surgeon to decide on
cases of disability, and he should be held to a strict accountability lor his acts.

In conclusion, allow me tojnako the following suggestions in reference to surgeons of boards
of enrollment: You aie well aware that surgeons are human beings, and are as susceptible to flat-
tery and adulation as other men. I have been forcibly struck with the tact that enrolling sur-
geons have not been noticed by the War Dei>artmeutas other men in the service have been. They
have not had rar>k and j)ay as others have had. This may account for there being so many young
and inexperienced surgeons in the service. Again, the great reason why there has been .so much
trouble with surgeons of boards of enrollment is that the pay has not been sufficient to induce
good and competent surgeons who are in active practice to abandon their business and devote their
whole time and attention to official duties. Too many incompetent and (as the past will show) dis-
honest nien have been employed. Surgeons of boards of eurollment should have rank and pay
sufiQcient to enable them to abandon all other business and give their whole time to the one work.
No surgeon should be appointed in the district where he resides. There is no physician but has
his friends, and none without his enemies, in the district which he inhabits; he is consequently
liable to censure, when, if he was removed to some district where he was an entire stranger, he
would not be subject to the same embarrassments.

H. S. CHUBBUCK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Twenty-seventh District New YorhJ

Elmika, N. Y., June 2, 18G5.

NEW JERSEY— FIEST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. John E. Stevenson.

* * * The first congressional district embraces the whole of the southwestern portion
of New Jersey. Its shape is somewhat quadrangular; each of its sides is about fllty miles long.
Tts northern boundary is the southern border of Burlington County, which begins at the Delaware
River, about six miles above Philadelphia, and runs southeast to the Atlantic Ocean. Its western
boundary is the Delaware Eiver; its southern is the Delaware Bay; and its eastern is the Atlantic
Ocean.

There are no especial epidemic diseases to which the inhabitants are particularly liable, neither
are there any severe or violent endemic ones more prevalent here than in other parts of the country.
On the contrary, au apparent immunity from certain diseases is enjoyed in some parts of the district.
Along the valley of the Delaware, malarial fevers in a mild form are moderately prevalent ; but in
the sea-coast section, where the soil is a light porous sand, which rajjidly absorbs the water falling
on the surface, and where the streams are running water, these fevers are almost unknown. The
latter part of the district, or especially that portion of it covered with pine and cedar forests, enjoy.-i
a remarkable immunity from phthisis and bronchial affections, and has long enjoyed a high reputa

' No ie>;oits were received fiom the twenty-eighth, twentv-ninth, thirtieth, or thirtv-first district.

282 surgeons' rkpouts — new jersey — first district.

lion as ii favorable residence for jjersoiis afliictetl witU sncli diseases. It uow contains two large
settlements, coiuimsed chiefly of tbat class of invalids, wlio Lave gone tbere from the adjacent and
Is'ew England States for the expected in)))roveinent of health. Opportnnity was taken to make
inijuiry of many of theui who came under notice whether any benefit had been obtained by the
change, to which an afidrmative leply was generally given.

The country is level. That portion of it which lies in the valley of the Delaware, extending
back from the river for a breadth of from sixteen to twenty miles. i)0ssesses alight sandy soil, very
lertile and productive, and, for th(^ most part, in a high state of cultivation. Along the ocean-border
of the district luns another, but much narrower, belt of alluvial soil of the same character; while
intermediate between the two is a w ilderuess, called, " The Pines," whose soil, for the most part, is
a coarse white sand, much of it being wet and swamjjy, and covered with a growth of pine and cedar,
thiough ^hich still roams the deer, and all occasional bear.

The climate partakes of the general character of that of the temperate zone, the fortieth parallel
of north latitude passing through the district. The sea-coast i)art is favored with a more equable
tenijierature tluui the interior portiou ; the severe cohl of winter and the extreme heat of summer
both being moderated by the more uniform temperature of the ocean. It contains the well-known
wateiing-places of Cape May and Atlantic City, at which points the thermometer rarely rises in the
shade above S(to Fahrenheit, even in midsummer. It was here that my connection with the boaid
of enrollment commenced, on the 9th of May, 1803. For the first few months the medical examina-
tions were confined to a few jipplicants for admission to the Veteran IJeserve Corps.

On the 23d of Novendief, 18G3, the examination of enrolled men for exemption on the grounds
of physical disability commenced, and up to the oth of January, 1864, six hundred and seventy-five
men were examined. As no recruiting was carried on at this office during the winter of 1863-4,
no exiiminalions were made until March of the latter year, when that of recruits was com-
menced, and continued, in connection w ith those of substitutes, drafted and enrolled men, without
cessation, through three consecutive drafts, up to the 14th of xVpril, 1865. The total number of men
physically examined during the whole of this period was 7,883.
The pi-oportion of men exempted was as follows :

Per cent.

Drafted men 43. 4

Erolled men . - - • 48. 4

The ratio of men rejected was :

Eecruits 40.9

Substitutes 46. 1

It will be observed that there is considerable unifornuty in the ratio of rejections in the four
classes examined. The proportion of enrolled men exempted exceeds that of drafted men, for the
reason that many who are i)erfectly sound claim examination, wlien compelled to satisfy the demands
of the dratt, who, under other circumstances, do not care to submit to the ordeal. The ratio of
substitutes rejected likewise exceeds tl.at of volunteers, because a much inferior class of men, both
mentally and ph.\sically, offer to enlist in the former capacity rather than in the latter; the idea of
substitution being very obnoxious to the more intelligent portiou of the applicants, many of whom
cannot be induced by any amount of remuneration to enlist under that title.

Of all disqualifying causes, hernia furnished the largest number of exemptions. Of the 1,750
men released from liability to military duty by reason of physical disability, 325, or 18.4 per cent., of
the whole number had that infirmity. Of these there were of —

Inguinal hernia of the right side 179

Inguinal hernia of the left side - 118

Inguinal hernia of both sides 21

Femoral hernia of the right side 1

Femoral hernia of the left side 2

Ventral hernia 4

• Total 325

SURGEONS' REPORTS NEW JERSEY FIRST DISTRICT. 283

Tills t;ii)!c .■-liows tlic same rcsnlt as cxliibili'd in a incvious i(>]ioit, iiaiiu'ly, that horuia occurs
uioic liiMHR'iitl.v on tlie iljilit than on the Icit side of the hodv. I'lofessor Gross states, as a reasou lor
tills, that most men are right iianded; and It Is [)rol>al)ly tiie tllH^ one, (or hernia is most f're(|nently
caused by violent muscular exertion, and the muscles of the right side of the body, being generally
more develoiied than those ou the other side, exert a greater pressure upon the abdominal viscera.
It is j)roper, however, to state that a record was kept of a large number of these men, as to whether
they were jightor left handed, and the ii'sult was that no laiger i)ro|)()rtiou of those rui)ture{l in the
lelt side were found to be left-handed than of those ati'ected on the right side. Jt is a notable fact
that some men who have hernia suffer so little inconve'iiience from it as not to be aware of its
existence. It has happened several times that dratted men have been examined, who stated that
they were perfectly sound, and who only appeared "to let the doctor see them," and yet had a con-
siderable protrusion of intestine through the abdominal parietes, which they seemed to consider
perfectly normal, and by which they said they were never annoyed. Still more frequently has it
hajipeiied that men with hernia have claimed exemption on other grounds, without ever alluding to
the iniirmity, and some of them no doubt, to. this day, think they were exempted ou the familiar
claim of "a weak back."

.The number of cases of deafness and ])urulent ott)vrlKea was one iiuudred and two, there being-
sixty four of the former and twenty-seven of the latter. The cause of otorrhea was, iu mo.st
instances, ascertained to be scarlet fever, of which it is the Irequent sequel, Deafness is showu to
be of frecjuent occurrence. Very generally it is of long standing, dating hom childhood, and unac-
companied by auy disease of the external ear. It is more common among the natives and residents
of the rural districts than in those of the large towns. From the fact of its comm«ncirg so early
in life, it is prol)ab!e that its origin is due to cold, causing inflammation and change of structure in
the internal auditory apjiaratus. Infants and young children are too oi'ten insufUciently protected
by clothing from the vicissitudes of a variable climate^ though in the pure air of the country they
are better able to resist the imflamraatory diseases of internal organs of the body, which carry otf
so many of the children in cities.

The large number exempted under the head of " permanent physical disability " (one hundred
and forty-one in all) was com[)osed of those who, for want of sufificient muscular development, were
not able to bear arms; of those who were debilitated and emaciated by chronic disease, the nature
of which could not be accurately diagnosed ; and of those who were affected with several disquali-
tications, each one of which was by itself insutiicieut to exempt and classify under paragraph 85,
Eevised Regulatious, but which, collectively, left no doubt of the man's nnfltness. A considerable
number of men were found who did not weigh one hundred pounds, especially among glass-blowers,
who, as a general rule, are a very thin and i)oorly-developed class of men. A singular fact in
regard to these latter is that they are usually fpiite free from serious organic disease ; and, accord-
ing to the observation of one of the oldest glass-manufacturers iu the State, as well as of physicians
practicing among tiiem, they live to a fair average age. Many men were found between the ages
of twenty-five aud forty-five who appeared to be utterly broken down in constitution, without the
appearance of any one organic lesion sufficient to account for their disability. With the functions
of most of their organs impaired, with an exhausted nervous system, and a feeble circulation of
impoverished blood, they present striking pictures of premature decay. They w ere distinguished
not so much l)y their occupations, for they were men engaged iu various pursuits, as by their resi-
dences in localities known to be poor in resources, where hard labor and exposure are necessaiy to
obtain a livelihood, much less a competency, and where the facilities for obtaining a generous diet
are deficient even for the well-to-do.

Organic diseases of internal organs was another ground for the exemi)tion of a considerable
number. Those released under this liead suffered diiefly from aftections of the thoracic viscera;
very few were found having serious disease of those of the abdomen. Organic disease of the heart
was found to be rather frequent. In fact, nothing has more impressed itself upon me during these
examinations than that (^irdiac affections are more common among Americans than they are among
Europeans. Very many of the former are the subjects of functional disturbance, varying in degree
from a slight irritability of the heart's action up to its most serious form, involving change in its
organic structure. Those thus affected are, for the most i)art, healthy and vigorous looking men,

284 suKGEONs' KKPOUxe — m:\v jkrbey — first distkict.

wLio coiuplaiii i)f li-equeut attiu-ks of pain in tlie cardiac resiou, ami of palpitation and dyspnoea
upon taking severe or long continued exercise, but wiio otherwise seein to enjoy good health. The
cause of tliis condition is not obvious, bnt it may possibly be due to several sources, among wliich
the mode of living, tlie restless activity of the American, and the excessive us.e of tobacco are
entitled to some consideration.

Of diseases of the pulmonary organs, a.sthma and chronic bronchitis were the most common ;
the former being qnite frequently met with. It may wot be out of place to mention here that my
experience in auscultalion during these examinations convinced mv that, contrary to tlie opinion of
some writers, the res[iiratory murmur is, in a state of health, louder on the left side of tlie tlioiax
than on the right.

Poor teeth seem to be a national characteristic of the Americans; the number coming under
the instructions for exemption being large in proportion to other causes. The majority of those
who were over twenty-tive years of age were more or less deficient iu them, although they might
not attain the prescribed degree for disqualification. Good teeth are the exception and not tlie
rule. The Europeans and Africans, on the contrary, who were examined, were found to be highly
favored in tliis respect, although they were of a cjass of wlioni it is not to be expected that much
care had ever been taken of their teeth.

The disqualifying diseases and infirmities set down in paragraph 85, Revised Eegulatioiis, seem
to have been admirably adapted to the wants of the examining-surgeon. Under them, authority
was found to exempt all men in this district who, according to the diagnosis and prognosis made,
were believed to be really unfit for military duty. What proved of equal advantage to the surgeon
was, that the specified directions contained in them were an unanswerable argument to querulous
disputants — men who were disposed to set up their own opinions, or those of some favorite quack,
in opposition to the surgeon's decision.

A change in the character of the jiroof re<inired in section 3 might be well. Experience
proves that in three-fourths of the cases of epile[)tics " the affidavit of a i)hysician in good standing,
who has attended him in the disease within the six mouths immediately preceding his examina-
tion by the board," cannot be obtained, for the reason that the most inveterate and confirmed
cases are not likely, for a long time, to have liad a i)hysician in attendance during an attack, having
become satisfied of the nselessness of his presence. The rule adopted by the board of enrollment,
under the last sentence of that section, "was to require the affidavit of the physician as to how often
he had attended the claimant in the disease — when first and when last; also the affidavits of two
res[)ectable witnesses, who might be acquainted with the fact of his having had recent convulsions.
If these satisfacitorily proved that the man was an epileptic, he was exempted. * * *

During the examinations under the draft fiist made in this district, duly-attested certificates
of resi)ectable ph\sicians were I'eceived from drafted men. The consequence was .that a majority
of those presenting themselves brought a document of greater or less length, which consumed
mu(;h time to read, and frequently was of no value. It is a matter of regret that some of these
bore evidence of having been given from interested motives.

The fraud most frequently attempted by those seeking exemption was that of lameness from
some real or pretended injury to the inferior extremities. It was amusing to see a man hobble into
the room and point to a small scar created twenty years ago, the existence of which he had
probably entirely forgotten until fear of the draft had recalled it to memory. Deafness was at times
feigned ; but the rule of the board, which required proof of it where no disease could be detected,
was a barrier against this deception. Impaired vision was occasionally pretended. Sometimes a
violent cougU was extemporized to support a claim to pulmonary weakness; and simulation of
exceeding sensitiveness of the thoracic and abdominal walls to the touch was a very common
accomi)aninient to asseverations of organic di.sease in those regions. The great citadel of refuge
taken by those anxious for exemption, when all other resources failed, was that of " a weak back."

The most frequent attempts of recruits and substitutes to deceive were in disguising unsuit-
ableness of age. Half-grown boys tried to pass themselves off for mature adults ; while old men,
with one loot in the grave, pretended to great youthfulness of carriage. Trusses for hernia were
left out of sight, and the intestine carefully tucked up into the abdominal cavity. Impaired limbs
from wounds or fiactures were kept in cojistant niotion, to show otf their activity; while the

SUKOKON-S' KEPOins NEW .JEK^^EV TllllMi IHSTIUCT. 285

possessors of old le;jnl(;crs wore very anxious to be exiuniiu'cl with tlieir stockings ou. A eon^ili
was i)eisistently smothered; wiiile deafness was [tassed off as lieedlessness. A defieiency in teeih
was frequently supplied with false ones; while defeetivi' vision was assiduously denied even after
its imperfeetion had been thorouj;hly ascertained.

The largest number of recruits, substitutes, and drafted men examined i)roiuiscuously by
myself and assistant in one day was eighty-seven. The maxiuunu number that can be daily
disposed of by two surgeons in a provost-marshal's ottice, conducted like the one in this district
may be set down at one hundred men.

Of all the varied races of men ])resenting themselves at this oflice, the Americau seems to
[lossess most the " mens sana in corpore nduo,'' and to be the best adapted for military service.
Although he has some striking and radical defects, such as have been alluded to previously, aud,
often has too much height for his breadth, yet withal his form is symmetrical and his osseous system
is fairly de\eloi)e(l and firmly put together. His muscles are tense and compact, although on the
average not so prominent as those of the English or Irish. His chest is ample and rotund; and,
although the mean circumference is not so gi'eat as in the Irish, the difference is due more
to smaller muscles and paucity of connective aud adi|iose tissues than to a less capacity within its
cavity. His abdomen is flat, with firm walls, and his extremities are rounded and neatly formed;
the legs being remarkably free from the varicose veins and ulcers of the leg which are so common
among the Germans, and, to some extent also, among the Irish. Finally, in fntelUgcnce he is
incomparably in advance of the men of any other nationality.

The colored race, physically, are well develoi)ed, muscular, ami strong. Their organization
denotes the pos.session of brute Ibrce rather than intellectual preeninience. The facial angle is
smaller than thatof the white man, with i)roniinence of the lower jaw, and with large muscles for mas-
tication. The shoulders are massive, with powerful muscles attached to the superior extremities.
The buttocks are flattened la'terally and are prominent jiosteriorly, with the fissure between them
(leei)er and more compressed than that of the whites; in this, the anus is ilee[)ly sunk, and is mostly
free from disease. The penis is large and long, aud jiot often scarred with chancres. The thighs
are muscular and are approached close together along their upper and middle thirds by the size
and prominence of the adductor muscles. The bellies of the gastrocnemius and soleus are not as
fleshy in the black as in the white race, while their tendons are larger and more prominent. ' The
feet are broad and flat, with great projection of the tuberosity of the os calcis. With the exception
of a greater tendency to scrofulous disorders, they are quite as free from disease as the whites.
The negro, then, would seem to be well adapted to endure the fatigues of a long march, and,
in those duties of a soldier where maiuial labor is required, ought to be superior to the white
man. # # *

JOHN K. STEVENSON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fimt District of Neic Jersey.

Camden, N. J., Axtril 30, 1865.

NEW JERSEY— THIRD DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Dr. Robekt Westcott.

* * * Previous to my ai)pointment in June, 1863, 1 had no experience in medico-

military matters except assisting in the examination of some of the three-months' aud other volun-
teers at the opening of the war; which examinations, as is well known, were very suiierficial, and
could scarcely properly be called medical examinations at all. During l.SGo, and the earlier months
of 1804, 1 had comijaratively little of that kind of work to do; my duties being at that time princi-
pally confined to examinations for the Invalid Corps, an<l, as one of the members of the board of
enrollment, assisting in the proper organization of the ottice. Since the month of May, lS(i4, I
have examined 13,377 men, of whom records were made ; also from 1,500 to 2,000 men enrolled but
not dratted, who made application for exemption, but in whom the claims for exemption were not

' No report was received from the second district.

•2H(i SURGEON.s' REPORTS NEW JERSEY THIRD DISTRICT.

considered sufBcient to cause tbeir uames to be stricken from the lists. Of the latter, no record \ras
made, for the reason that the clerks could not spme the time required to make such records with-
out neglecting luo're important business. * * #

This distJ-ict is conijiosed of the live counties of Warren, Hunterdon, Somerset, Middlesex, and
Union; being a tier extending from Staten Lsland Sound on the east to the Delaware River on
the west.

In the upper portion of the district, the surface is somewhat hilly, and in some parts quite mount-
ainous; but, as we approach the east, it gradually flattens down to a dead level in tlie neighbor-
hood of the salt-marshes upon Newark Bay and Staten Ishmd Sound.

The princii)al stream uf water is the Raritiin River, rising in Warren and Hunterdon Counties,
and crossing JNIiddlesex County to empty into Staten Island Sound at South Amboy.

The district is remarkably well supplied with railroa<ls ; the New Jersey and Camden and
Amboy Railroads crossing Union and Jliddlesex Counties on the direct line from New York to
Philadelphia, and the Cential Railroad of New Jersey crossing Union, Somerset, Hunterdon, and
Warren ('ounties on the route irom New York to the great coal and iron tields ot Pennsylvania, and
to the Western States. These railroads intersect each other at Elizabeth, for which reason that city
was selected as the headquarters of the district, as it is now pretty well settled that in the United
States railroad-centers are the proper i)laces for business; geographical centers being considered of
comparatively little importance, unless situated upon some main line of railway.

Besides these facilities for communication, the Delaware and Earitan Canal crosses the lower
and central portions of Middlesex County. It is probable that no district in the United States
has better facilities for travel and transportation than this; and the eastern countiesof Union and
Middlesex, and some portions of Somerset, are being rapidly settled and developed by New York
biisiTiess-men, who select their residences at points whence they can have access to New York at all
hours of the day or night.

The physical geography and the geology of the district are so closely connected with each other
that it is almost impossible to speak of the one without including the other. The range of mount-
ains crossing Wairen, Somerset, and Hunterdon Counties is of the oldest geological Ibrmation in
the State, being of the Azoic period. In its extension in New York, it forms the Highlands, and in
PeniKsylvania the South Mountain. The prevailing rock is gneiss, in some jjlaces quite hard, and
at others easily decomposed, becoming the basis of a jjroductive. soil. In tliis region, magnetic-
iron ore is to be found in large quantities. Springs, streams, and i)onds ot pure soft water abound
in this portion of the district. Immediately to the northeast of this last-named formation, and con-
stituting almost the whole of Warren County, is a part of the Kittatinny Valley, the great valley
of the Eastern States. Geologically, it belongs to the Silurian period, and contains the oldest of
our fossiliferous rocks, composed of slate and limestone. We also And limestone of this age along
the South Branch of the Earitan Eiver in Hunterdon County. The soil is here rich and produc-
tive, and tnis portion of the district is thickly settled by an agricultural population. Water is
abundant, clear, and lively, but much of it contains lime in variable quantities.

Lying immediately .south of this, and stretching from the Hudson to the Delaware, is a strip fif-
teen or twenty tidies wide, in which we fiii<] the Old Red Sandstone formation of the Triassic period.
Large portions of Uidoii, Middlesex, and Somerset Counties are included in this formation, in
wlii<'li the soil is not lich, but yields generous returns to skillful husbandry. It is everywhere
occu])ied by a mixed population of farmers, mechanics, and manufacturers. Water from near the
surface is generally scdf, but well-water is mostly hard. Tliere are large ])ortions of this section of
tlu' district in which the natural drainage is iusufiticient, and which would be much improved in a
hygienic point of view by artificial means. This is ])articularly the case in the neighborhood of
the .salt-marshes in Union und Middlesex Counties, wliich there is every reason to believe, if prop-
erly protected by embankments and thoroughly diked, could be made as healthy and productive
as any other part of the; State. The portions of Middlesex County southeast of Lawrence's Brook,
tlie township of Perth Amboy, and i>art of Woodbridge are of the Cretaceous period. The
material is not a lock, but consists of white and dark colored clays, sand, gravelly loam, &c. It is
not so thickly settled as the other portions of the district, though with improved husbandly it is
yielding well to the market-gardener and farmer. Water from the sands is soft, but from the clay

SURGKONfs' KEI'ORTS XEW .lEKSEY TIlllMi DISTKIC'T. "2,81

is inipiugnateil with siilpliiite ofiioii. Tlio populaliou is conipo.scd priiiciimll.v of tlic proiliuiii;;
classes, and, geuenilly speaidiig, the i)eoi)Io are steady, iudustiions, and iiitelligeiit.

In |)olitics, the district is democratic by ti majority of from 3,000 to (5,000. The pvevailiii};
religions denominations me the Presbyterian and Methodist, altliongli all the forms of worship
known in Christian commiiDilies are to be fonnd.

8c faras I am able to jndge, there is no special prevailing <liseavse ; but. as might be exi)ected
in the regions in wliicli limestone exists, or in which hard water is fonnd, we have more diseases of
the kidneys and r.rinary organs than elsewhere. In the neighborhood of the salt-marshes, the
diseases are more or less of malarial origin, or partake somewhat of that type. As the country
becomes more thickly settled, and more attention is iiaid to arlilicial drainage, these 'malarial
diseases become less lre(jueiit, and are decidedly more amenable to treatment than they were
formerly.

In a country such as the one Just described, it might be reasonablj supposed that such a war
as that just terminated could not be the cause of very material suffering so long as the liuaninal
condition of the Government was sound and healthy ; and I think I may salely assert that this dis-
trict is far richer and better developed today than it was when the war commenced four years
since. 1 cannot close this portion of my report without acknowledging my indebtedness to Pio-
lessor Cook, of New Brunsw ick, for valuable information ujjon this subject.

1 presume the sixth (piestion of the circular is intended to api)ly principally to residents of the
di.strict, although it is -somewhat obscure in its meaning. It is partially answered in the preceding
paragraph, as a large portion of our exemptions and rejections ha\ e been from such diseases as I
have heretofore referred to, together with such disqualiticatipns as herniiis and injuries of various
kinds to be found among Uien whose occupations require considerable manual labor. It will be
noticed, by glancing over my rei>orts, that very few have been considered disqualified by reason of
mental disability. A very large number of recruits and substitutes have been rejected for syi)hilitic
and kindred diseases ; the reason being that by far the larger portion of these men did not belong to
the district at all, but were obtained by township-agents, bounty-brokers, and runners, from the
very dregs of the large cities; and it has often been a serious question with me whether it would
not be far better to refuse to accept volunteers and substitutes entirely, rather than take such
outcasts as have frequently been presented. The larger portion of them were morally unfit for any
kind of service ; and in the last draft 1 was obliged to reject a great many for this cause.

It is reported that the English and other armies are made up, to a gieat extent, of the very
worst of luen — offscourings and outcasts of all kinds; but I confess 1 cannot understand how sucii
men can be expected to be transformed into good, reliable soldiers, except l>y long and thorough
drill, and rigid, un\ieldirig discipline.

'' Your views in reference to the different sections of paragraph S.j." — In answei- to this qnes-
lion, 1 can only say that I consider parapraph So, when interi)reted and applied by a surgeon who
combines discretion, tirmuess, and courtesy, so nearly perfect that it is almost impossible to suggest
any alterations of imi)ortance that would certainly be actual iujpiovements. I might suggest,
perhaps, that in relation to the subject of teeth, &c., more might be left to the judgment of the
examining surgeon than is the case at i)resent ; although I should object to giving examining-sur-
geons any great amount of liberty, as it is quite important that all should operate upon a unitorm
basis as far as [tracticable, anil that each surgeon should have some specitic orders to fall back
u|)on in cases'of necessity. The main object of this suggestion is to call attention to the dissimi-
larity existing in the modes of examining an<l the difference in the (jualitic; tions required of
recruits and drafted men. Might it not be better to have a nuiform table of disqualifications
which might be applied to both classes ? They have the same duties to perform, stand side by side
in the ranks, and I can see no good reason why the same standard should not api)ly to both. The
labors of the ofticeis of the board of enrollment might be somewhat increased by such a change as
suggested, but the Government would obtain better soldiers, and the people would be far better
satisfied than at present. This difference in the standard has frequently caused considerable dis-
cussion and dissatisfaction amongst the i)eople, and it has often reqnired (]uite a lengthy exi)lana-
tion to satisfy some of the bettei-inlormed and most loyal men as to the jiropriety and necessity of

288 SUKGKONS' KEPORTS NKW JliKSEY TIIIKH DJ.STUICT.

tLe course ivdoptt'd during tbc past year. A iew trifling altcratious, wbicli will suggest tbeuiselves
at oiiee to the luiiid of au experienced military surgeon, will remedy tbis difficulty.

•'Tbe nmnber of men tbat can be pbysically examined per day witb accuracy." — Tiiis is a sub-
ject upon wbicb very great ditterenee of opinion may exist. Tbe answer depends upon wlietber
tbe surgeon is systematic in bis examinations and prompt in bis decisions; Vvbetber men present
themselves at regular or irregular intervals tbrougb tbe day ; tbe thoroughness of tbe examinations
and tbe number of hours devoted to tbe work. Supposing tbe surgeon to be prompt, energetic,
and systematic, tbe men presenting themselves regularly, being examined in the manner described,
and tbe hours of examination to be from 9 a. m. to 1 ]>. m. and from '2 \>. m. to i p. m., I should
say tbat one Jtiiiulnd enrolled men, not drafted, or seventy-jive drafted men, ov forty recruitu or snb-
stitute-s, would he (juite as many as any one surgeon, with an assistant, would be able to examine
accurately, and see that the proper record is made in each case. « # *

The complaint has frequently been made tbat tbe Government has not always succeeded in
securing the services of tbe right kind of men for these positions. I am only surprised that it has
been found i)Ossible to secure the services of any medical man of good standing in these offices at
tbe inadequate comi)ensation allowed, witb the absence ot rank, and without oi)i)ortunity for pre-
ferment or distinction for special or extraordinary services. I can only account for tbe fact that
many of these surgeons are gentlemen of first-class ability by the knowledge that ver.\ many ot
them have served faithfully, honestly, and' steadily, through all kinds of evil tidings and reports,
more from patriotic motives than. any others. » * *

It is almost impossible, within the compass of such a report as this, to give any detailed
account of the frauds attempted to be practiced by all kinds of people. Tbe most concise state-
merit that could be made, if it pretended to convey any adequate idea of the many attempted
impositions, would fill a moderate-sized volume. Men of apparent and recognized respectability
and loyalty have resorted to all imaginable artifices to evade tbe draft by feigning disabilities
which had not tbe shadow of a foundation in fact ; and some of the vilest scamps in creation have
combined with dishonest surgeons, bounty-brokers and runners, and members of townshi[)-com-
mittees, to deceive the examining-surgeon, and to conceal infirmities and disabilities known to exist,
in order to obtain the high bounties offered ; and which disabilities, if not detected by the examin-
ing surgeon, have been subsequently relied upon to secure the scoundrels' discharge. -

The surgeon who could not be bought lias been threatened by letter and i)ersonally, and after
all has failed to induce him to pass or exemi)t unsountlmen he has been attacked in the public prints
as dishonest and unfair. I have but little to complain of in tbis respect myself, as I have been, as
a general rule, treated quite courteously by the people of the district; but I have been informed of
cases of persecution in other districts which have seemed to me most cruel and unjustifiable. Men
rejected as recruits or substitutes at oue office are " fixed up" and run to another and another until
at last some surgeon is found who, in the hurry of business, does not notice the disability, and the
man passes to present his claims for discbarge, in most pathetic terms, to the board of examiners
or the regimental surgeon, who, knowing nothing of the facts of the case, are very apt to hastily
decide that " the surgeon who passed this man must have been a fool or a knave." 1 have seen and
heard of some gross cases of injustice of this kind, and 1 cannot avoid alluding to them. Another
l)oint which it apiiears to me ought to be mentioned is, that I have bad a number of applications
made for exemption from draft by soldiers discharged for physical disability, and drawing pensions
therel'or ; in some of which cases the disability stated did not exist at all, so far as I could discover
alter careliil examination. In some of these cases, being fearful that I might be mistaken, and
unintentionally decide unjustly, I have taken the tronble to send the cases to '^esv York to be
examined by a surgeon of world-wide reputation for his professional skill, and in each case my
decision has been confirmed. In this connection, I would leniark that the appointment of surgeons
who have liad no experience in the detection of malingering, to the very responsible position of
l)ension-suigeons, is most unwise, and unjust both to the Government and to the people ; for, no matter
lunv lionest and well-meaning they may be, they are very apt to be deceived by the tricks of the pre-
tender, as it requires long practice, as I have previously stated, to detect his rascalities. Perhaps
the a[)i)licatious for pensions will soon number hundreds of thousands, and I would most respect-
fully suggest that justice to the (lovernment, to tbe discharged deserving invalid soldiers, and to

SURGEONS' REFORTS NEW JERSEY THIRD DISTRICT. 289

tlio surgeons tlit'iiisclvcs would scoui to leqiiiro Unit tlic giciitcst caio slioiiU] be exercised in the
iiiakiug of these iipijoiiitments. Oeitiiiiil.v none bnt men of practical experience, decision of char-
acter, and undoiibti'd integrity and professional skill should occupy such important positions.

As to the obstacles to be contended with, I would say that the greatest difilculty I have
experienced has been the want of a proper, concise set of regidations for the examination of recruits
aud substitutes, similar to paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost- Marshal General's Bureau,
as ap])lied to drafted and enrolled men. I would also say that the haste with which my decisions
had of necessity to be made, with no opportunity of revising or correcting possible errors of judg-
meut, has.caused me considerable anxiety and uneasiness, not for myself only, but for the interests
of the Government, in whose behalf I was exerting myself to the full extent of my abilities.

In relation to the best modes of preventing hands, I would suggest that the larger inuuber
of cases of fraud occur from the efforts of unsuitable persons to enter the service for the purpose
of securing the large bounties paid in advance. I recommend that these bounties be taken
possession of by the proper officers of the Government, and retained for a specified length of time.
If, within that time, any disability shall be discovered which existed prior to eulistineut, and which
the man must have known to have existed at that time, let the bounty be forfeited, and instead of
discharging the man, as has been done iu too many instances, let bim be put at some sort of labor
for which he may be suited. Let it be once fully understood that this course will be pursued, and
the decej)tious attempted to be practiced upon exaininiiigsurgeous will diminish, if not altogether
cease at once. In addition to this, I should recommend that uone but competent surgeons should
be employed, and that the rank and pay should be made sufficiently desirable to induce lirst-class
men to accept such positions ; aud, lastly, that the punishment for ueglect of duty or breach of
trust ou the part of an officer should be very severe, and such as would disgrace him for life. To
disgiace a ir.edical man is the worst possible punishment that can be inflicted. Imprisonments and
fines are coiuparatively harmless, except so far as they lead to public disgrace. The dishonorable
dismissal of such a man, with the publication of the causes of such dismissal in the local papers,
would be one of the modes of punishment I would suggest.

" What nationality presents the greatest ijhysical aptitude for military service?" — I answer,
first, young Americans, between seveuteen and twenty-flv^e years of age, from the rural districts;
second, Scotch, Swiss, aud Swedes ; third, Irish, English, and Germans.

" Tour experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service.'' —
My experience in this respect has not been very extensive; but, from what I have seen, I should say
that negroes have been, as a class, physically equal to any I have examined. I suspect the fact is
uow pretty well established that, although a private soldier is most efficient when he unites mental
aud physical power with the habit of unquestioning and prompt obedience of orders, yet if one of
these faculties should be not si) fully developed as the others, we could better spare a certain
amount of mental than physical energy. In other words, I take it that in a private soldier we
require first-class physical development, (combined with the habit of prompt aud implicit obedience
of orders, and a sufficient amount of intelligence to comprehend and carry out an order. In au
officer, we need more brain-power than muscular development, with the habit, not only of obeying
orders himself, but with the ability to enforce obedience from others. Taking this view of the case, I
have uever seen any reason why a colored mau, whose position aud habits of life have develoijed
the very qualities we require, should not make an efficient soldier ; and the heroes who fought at
Fort Wagner, and elsewhere, during this rebellion, have proven most conclusively that they were
fully entitled to the name of United States Soldiers. Cowardice and bravery are, to a very great
extent, nuitters of habit aud education. As a general rule, all men are naturally brave iu a greater
or less degree; and it only requires occasion and a proper opportunity for development to bring out
the heroism of a race or of a nation.

" Your views as to the operation of the enrollment-law as it now exists, with recommendations
and suggestions in reference thereto." — I would respectfully suggest, /(>«*, that the various laws,
decisions, circulars, general orders, &c., should be codified aud systematically arranged in such
a manner that they could be convenientl.N consulted, and so that there could be no doubt upon any
poiut. As the nuitter is now arranged, it is sometimes very difficult for one not familia: with the
various laws or decisions to get at the true meaning and intention of the makers of the law, and
37

290 SUEGEONS' REPORTS NEW JERSEY FIFTH DISTRICT.

tlif desires of tLose ai)]ioint(Ml to carry them into effect. Tbe Revised Eegulatious of tlie Provost.

Marslial Gciierars Bureau jiartially meet tliis want, but not entirely. Second, tbaf volunteers

and drafted men should be required to be exauiiued by the same standard, and that specific

directions be issued for the examination of volunteers and substitutes, somewhat similar to those

DOW furnished lor examination ol dralted men. Third, tbe mode of makiny an enrollment might

be improved by the constant employment of enrollingoflicers in each sub-district, who should be

paid a certain sum for each name remaining upon tbe list after being for ten days submitted to

tbe residents of the sub-district lor correction ; such corrections only to be made as shall be clearly

required and authorized, and the deputyprovost-niarshal or the special agent for each county to

be tbe judge in the case; all disputed points to be referred to the board of enrollment. Fourth,

it is manifestly unfair that aliens who are residents in the country, having been here a number of

years, or men unfitted by physical disability, should be exempt from doing their share toward

filling up the armies in some way. 1 would suggest that each alien who lias resided in the country

for two years previous to the draft, and each man exempted for physical disability, should, in case

of being drafted, be required to pay ten per cent, of bis income toward tbe expenses of tbe draft;

and tbe amount should be assessed and collected by the officers of internal revenue in the same

manner as the taxes upon incomes are now assessed and collected, or a definite amount might be

paid at the time of examination. Fifth, that surgeons should have rank and jiay proportionate to

the res[)onsibilities and amount of labor devolving upon them; that there should be such a thing

as i)romotiou for extraordinary services ; and that tbe duties should be strictly of a professional

character. In the present enrolbnent law and regulations, the surgeon is also, very [iroperly, a

member of the board of enrollment; but be is required, as such, to perform a considerable amount

of work, and assume responsibilities, which he cannot and ought not to be required to do if he is

exi)ected to attend properly to his own department. In this respect, the position of surgeons has

be(?n improved somewhat of late ; but a large amount of wotk still reaiains to be jxrlbrmed by them,

not at all professional in its character, and ■which could quite as well be done by clerks or tiie other

members of tbe board. Sixth, that some mode should be adopted whicb, without great expense

to tbe Government, should always keep our enrollment-lists corrected, and i)repared for a call at any

moment. In other words, '■ in time of peace " we should be fully " luepared for war." Let us have

a complete enrollment of our national militia in the future, and let it be understood that every man

between certain ages is liable to be called u])ou for military service, if needed.

In conclusion, I would respectfully suggest, for the consideration of those who may feel
interested, that there is now, or soon will be, on record in the office of tbe surgeon in charge of the
Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, a mass of documents in the shape of monthly medical reports,
tabulated reports of draft, final historical reports, &c., &c., from which can be collected and
arranged the most valuable and reliable tables of vital statistics in, existence ; and I would remark
that such a set of statistics, carefully compiled and elaborated, would be of immense importance
to the Government, to military surgeons throughout the world, and to tbe medical profession
generally. * * #

ROBERT VVESTCOTT,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of New Jersey.

Elizabeth, N. J., June 15, 18G5.

NEW JERSEY— FIFTH DISTRICT.i
Extracts from report of Dr. J. A. Cross.

* * * My experience in the examination of men for military service extends from

tbe 10th day of December, 1863, to the 15th day of April, 18C5, when the Government stopped
recruiting. During this period, the examination of 10,017 men was recorded ; but, as no records were
kept, for a long time, of men rejected as volunteers, and of men whose claims for exemption were
not allowed before the draft, I think I am safe in estimating the whole number of men examined in
tbis district during that time at not less than twelve or fifteen thousand.

The experience of an examining-surgeon, I believe, is the only one unenvied by his fellow prac-

' No report was received lioiii tlie lonrtli district.

surgeons' reports— new jersey FIFTH DISTRICT. 291

titioners. It is ppcnliar to itself, and consists in liracticint;- the senses to detect disease anions ^'»>1-
unteers, bealtli among dratted men, dec'cption in everybody; also, to fortify his sensibility asainst
the appalling sights and scents be is doomed to meet with, as well as against the calumny of every-
body directly or indirectly interested in his decisions.

The tifth congressional district of the State of New Jersey comprises the county of Hudson,
and the city of Newark, in the county of Essex, and may be defined to be that portion of the terri-
tory of the State of New Jersey lying upon the west bank of the Hudson River and New York Bay;
north of a portion of the bay, Kill von Kull, and Newark Bay ; four miles to the eastward of Orange
Mountain ; and south of the most northerly township of Essex County, viz, Belleville, and of Bergen
County.

Hudson County is composed of two peninsulas, the greater lying upon the Hudson Elver, and
extending southward to the waters of New York Bay, Kill von Kull, and Newark Bay, and on the
west separated from the lesser peninsula by the waters of the Hackensack. The greater peninsula
is traversed from north to south by an extension of the Palisades of the Hudson, which take a west-
wardly bearing from the river froui about the northern terminus of the county, and extend south-
ward to Newark Bay, a distance of about fifteen miles, where they terminate in what is known
as Bergen Point. Two-thirds of this distance presents to the Hudson a ragged front of trap-rock, for
the most part at an altitude of two hundred feet, much of which industry is endeavoring to convert
into Belgian pavement. The remaining third of this distance may be said to be an extension of
the Palisades, with a gentle declivity southward and eastward, with the rock invested by a pro-
ductive soil. The lesser peninsula is situated between the waters of the Passaic and Hackensack,
extending southward to where the two rivers unite and spread out into the beautiful sheet of water
known as Newark Bay.

At the easterly base of the Palisades is a triangular space, with its base to the south on the
waters of the Kill van Kuhl, and its apex where the Palisades meet the waters of the Hudson, con-
taining two incorporated cities, namely, Jersey City and Hoboken, both situated on the Hudson,
and intimately connected with New York by ferry. The former is built mostly upon reclaimed land,
and the latter upon a small elevation with a marsh between it and the Palisades. On the heights
of rhe Palisades are situated Hudson City and Union Hill, the latter a GeiUKiu village. Both are
located near its easterly border, and command a fine view of New York and Brooklyn, together wilh
their harbors ; in fact, the view eastward is only limited where the horizeu and the Atlantic appar-
ently meet. From these heights, this peninsula gently declines westward until it merges into what
are known as the Salt Meadows that skirt the Hackensack, except near the terminus of that river,
where two hundred and thirty acres of land, known as Snake Hill, rise to an altitude of three hun-
dred feet above tide-water, from the summit of whicl> nine incorporated cities may be seen.

The elevated grounds of the lesser peninsula arc on the east bank of the Passaic River, running
parallel with it from the northern boundary of the county to a point opposite Newark. They
present a beautiful hill-side to the westward, most of which is occupied by country-residences, among
which was that of the late lamented Major-Geueral Philip Kearney. From these heights, the decliv-
ity eastward is gentle until it merges into the meadow-land on the west bank of the Hackensack
River. Probably no county in the United States, nor any plot of ground of its size, (it contains
about thirty-eight thousand acres,) has so diversified a surlace as tliat of Hudson County. At
Bergen Point is a watering-place of much resort, and upon the Palisades and upon the Passaic
sites are selected for their picturesque beauty, for their landscai)es and healthfulness. Other sites
are selected for horticulture and agriculture, while about one-fourth is a marshy waste.

The city of Newark, the shire town of Essex County, situated upon the west baidv of the
Passaic, twenty miles distant from New York by water and nine by railroad, has an area of nine
thousand two hundred and thirty-four acres, of which four thousand and eighty-nine acres are marsh.
It is traversed from north to south by three elevations, or ridges, the most easterly of which termi-
nates within the city-limits, declining toward the southward until it merges into the Salt Meadows.
Its elevation within the city-limits is ninety-two feet. The second ridge rises still higher, to an
elevation of one hundred and thirty-eight feet, and the third to an altitude of two hundred and
twenty feet above tide-water. The formation is drift, overlying sandstone.

From the foregoing statements, it will be correctly inferred that the site of Newark is ujion

292 surgeons' ekports — new jeksey — fifth district.

rolling l:iuil an<l niansli, so that extensive anil. judicious sewerage is required from tlie nature of its
foMuation, and to tbis the entire district is not an exception. 2Jot only its four chartered cities,
but much of the rural portion, could be improved and beautified by proper drainage. It is true that
much Las been done in this respect, but the exnenditnre has been more lavish in the work than
good judgment.

The reports made to the State Jledical .Society of New Jersey by the reporters of the resi)ective
district societies of Hudson and Essex Counties for the year 1SC4, were to the efiect that in Hudson
County the prevailing diseases of the year were miasmatic fevers and other zymotic diseases.
That of Essex County showed that zymotic diseases had j)revailed to an unusual extent during
some portions of the year. These reports are compilations, the data being furnished by the regular
practitioners in the diflereut counties.

The Ibllowing is a lirief summary of the last statistical report of the causes of death in the city
of Xewark, couii)iled by Dr. G. Grant, statistician of the Newark jNIedical Association, at the close
of the year 1860. Though lour years have elapsed since the completion of the report, I have no
doubt the results if exhibited for the succeeding years would have varied but little, except for
zymotic diseases. The deaths from .scarlet fever alone for the year number 233, a very unusual
epidemic.

Zymotic diseases 572

Diseases of uncertain and variable seat 202

Diseases of brain and nervous system 442

Diseases of respiratory organs 480

Diseases of circulatory organs 50

Diseases of digestive organs 214

Diseases of urinary orgaus 6

Diseases of generative organs, and child-birth 25

Diseases of locomotive organs 2

Diseases of skin I

Diseases of old age 11

External causes 170

From the above, it appears that the whole number of deaths for the year 1860 were 2,175, out
of a population of 71,941, or one death to 33.06 of the population. The deaths under five years of
age were 1,582, leaving the number of deaths of adults 593.

Although the above demonstrates that the mortality from climatic influences was not unusual
in the city of Newark, yet we must admit that thej" materially afiect the health of the inhabitants,
not only in the form of fevers spoken of by the reporter of Hudson County in specific localities,
but in the intermittent type assumed by other diseases in the entire district.

The relative position of the district to the Atlantic, with no forest or mountain-range to shield
it from Its winds and vaijor, causes us to experience extreme and sudden changes in the humidity
and temperature of the atmosphere, to which is accreclited the prevalence of acute and chronic
rheuinatisni, as well as of diseases of the lungs.

The ijopulation of the district, in 1800, was 134,058, of which number 52,059 were foreigu-
born. In the city of Newark, a fraction of over eleven thirteenths of the foreign-born element were
German and Irish, they being about equal in numbers; the remaining thirteenth and a fraction were
from the otlier lMiioi>ean natiouali ties and the British provinces, and I presume the nationalities of the
foreign-boru population of Hudson County bore about the same ratio to each other; to-day, jirob-
ably, the proportion of foreign element is still greater than in 1800. The German element alone is
estimated to have been trebled in the State during the past five years; how much of the increase
may be accredited to tbis district it is impossible to say, but it undoubtedly has its full share.

With no means at hand to get at the actual facts, 1 approximate the visible means of support
of the inhabitants of tbis district to be : mechanical puisuits, 50 per cent. ; vocation of laborers,
25 per cent. ; mercantile, 10 per cent. ; agriculture, 5 per cent. ; operatives, 6 per cent. ; all others,
about 4 per cent. ; and in tbis I make no estimate of a luimerous transient or floating population,

SUBGEOKS UEPORTS NEW JERSEY ElKTll DISTRICT. 293

with no visible lucans of support, liiat iiilVst our district, owiuj,' to tlio convenience it afiFords for
escaping Ironi liie New York police. « # »

Tlie mental and physical Ibrces of the peoi)le are active; dispatch of business is considered
the first element to success.

The comforts of home are highly i)rized in this community, and largely enjoyed. The
disposition of our people in this respect is seen in our numerous cott;?ges, built in a plain, sub-
stantial manner, in keeping with good taste and a limited purse; comfort rather than display
being sought after. True, we have the ott'set to the above in our tenement-houses, so very common
in cities; but I am happy to believe them in disproixirtion to other cities.

JJut a few years since we enjoyed a high reputation for temperance, which has been lessened
durnig the past five years ; which change, 1 think, may in a measure be accounted for by tiie great
state of excitement in which the pi'ople lia\e lived during that in'iit)d, and, in a degiee, b\ the
general adoption of lager-beer as a common beverage, through an erroneous impression that it is
harmless, sim))ly because the injurious. effects from its excessive use are not seen as readily as those
of distilled liquors. • » »

A little over one-third, or 0.33S, of the exemptions under the last call were for tuberculosis,
permanent physical disability, and diseases of internal organs, or for those disabilities for which
climatic; cau.ses or particular occupations are largely accountable. Among the forn:er may be
named the ilfect of the long-continued high temperature of the atmosphere upon an active people
whose occupation admits of no remission even during the summer-months. The hum of business
about our manufacturing establishments is no less continuous in summer than in autumn, .--o that
the sweltering atmosphere of the warm season is added to the confined air of the workshop. That
we should have had a large number of exemptions from causes so induced is not surprising to
those acquainted with the routine of life in a manufacturing district. We have but to witness the
relaxed condition of the people thus employed, to acknowledge them the ready victims to organic
disease, or to satisfy ourselves of their being in that atonic; c-onclition which is the progenitor of
disease. If, for example, we examine the table for exemptions under the column of ••occupation,"
we find 59 clerks exemi)ted, of whom 25 were afflicted with the three diseases above mentioned ; 31
hatters, of whom 12 were similarly exem])ted ; jewelers, IS out of 12 : tailor.s, 17 out of 41;
laborers, oO out of 105 : and thus if we trace the table through we find the ratio of exemptions for
those three causes prevailing inversely to the healthfuluess of the occupation, or to the means
attbrded by the occupation for a liealflilnl exercise of the body and fir bn>athing the pure air of
heaven.

Then, if we add to the above the exemptions for hernia, which I believe to be largely
dependent upon the relaxed condition of fiber of the peojile, and upon the violent nniscular exer-
tions called for in some occupations, we find no great dirt'erencc in the occurrence of hernia l)c>tween
those who follow a laborious occupation and those who follow one that has a tendency to enfeeble
the constitution, and esi)ecially the muscular system, leaving an inference that a relaxed system is
as Ireciuent a clause for the affection as any other. For exami)Ie, with clerks, 13 out of 59 exemptions
were for hernia ; over one half as many as for tuberculosis, permanent physical disability, and
diseases of internal organs. With sailors, 9 out of 41, the other three causes, 17 ; again a fraction
over one hall. For butchers we have 4 out of 7 exemptions for hernia, and none for either of
the three causes mentioned above. With blacksmiths the exemptions for hernia were the same as
for the other three causes, thc-re being 7 exemptions for each out of a total of 21 exemptions
With machinists the exemptions for hernia are but one less than for the other three causes; hernia
beings, and the other three 9 out of 32 exemptions. Therefore, 1 regard it as being i)roduced by
the same causes in this hwalily as the other three, which gives us 0..'?3S for tuberculosis, permanent
physical disability, and disease of internal organs, and0.1S9 for hernia— making 0.527 for the entire
exemptions.

Next in frequency in our causes of exemptions is loss of teeth, for which I will not attenii)t to
assign a cause, unless to suppose it due to the i)rcvalence of dentists in the district ; but that 0.122
should be exempt for such a cause is exceedingly suriuising, and the more so that neither occupa-
tion, climate, nor any other known cause with which I am acquainted will account for it.

The frequent disabilities from external causes, as the loss of the use of a limli, &c., are accounted

294 SUKGEONS' RKPOETS NEW JEESEY FIFTH DISTRICT.

for by the large number of persous uecessarily exposed to accideuts from macbiuery, and to tbe
large number of railroad-employes in this district.

The table shows that 50 per cent, of laborers were esemi)t, for which rate it may be thought
my theory of occupation will not account, as this class of persous is believed to be generally healthy ;
and I have no doubt that they are iu the rural districts, where their labor is agricultural ; but the
laborer of the city is the assistant of the mechanic, mostly doing the worst woik about a nianufac-
turiug establishment; they also do the seweriug and scavengering ; in short, they perform the
labor that is required to nudie a city habitable, which constantly exposes them to what is delete-
rious to health or dangerous to limb. Such men abide also, for tbe most part, in the most unhealthy
parts of the city.

The number of exemptions for organic disease of internal organs, and especially for disease of
the heart, under section 5, paragraph 85, were actually surprising to myself, and early induced the
greatest care in the examination of such cases. More care could not indeed have been used, and
for the prevalence of that disease I refer to the reasons already dwelt upon. Kheumatism, both
acute and chronic, is a prevalent disease in this district. We have four incorporated cities in this
district, with an organized tire department in each, giving to the district a very unusual luimber of
firemen. We have also an enormous amount of porterage in our manufacturing establishujcnts, in
which heavy burdens are carried to the second, third, and fourth stories of those large buildings.
Thus we have prevailing to a very great extent fruitful sources of organic disease — causes that have
bean long since chargeable with producing disease of the heart.

My views on the difl'erent sections of paragraph 85 may be expressed in few words. * » *
Justice to the Government and justice to the people demand rigor of law. It is true that the sec-
tion will hold to service many men worth but little as soldiers; but less rigor "would exempt men
capable of doiug the Government good service.

One of the most perplexing duties of the surgeon of a board of enrollment, as the law now
stands, with the minute specifications of what shall exe^npt and of what shall not exempt, is to
determine how near the apparent disqualification is the real one. Men constantly urge their claims
for exemption from service, who uiuler other circumstances would have resented as an offense the
charge of unsonnduess. Men receiving average wages at their respective callings, though it were
even a laborious one, strongly urge claims of disability, for which, if their employer had sought to
lessen their compensation, they would have been highly incensed, and have considered themselves
greatly wronged. As the law now stands, few competent to perform it can escape duty at the
hands of an intelligent surgeon; true, some may be held who are of no value, or who would even
burden the service, but it is much easier to get men out of the service th-an into it, and when expe-
rience demonstrates that a man is inefficient he can be honorably discharged.

In the main, I believe the difl'erent sections to have been well devised. There are two, however,
sections 20 and 23, neither of which, in my opinion, states a proper cause of exemption for drafted
men, but such as should be considered only in so iar as they relate to permanent physical disability.
That a toothless man with a icell-nourishvd body is disqualified from service is a contradiction of
fact. The regulation objects to him because he cannot masticate his food — because he cannot eat;
but his physique, his strong arm, his powerful frame, demonstrates the fact that he does eat, and
that his food is well assimilated. But it is again 'urged, he has the home conveniences to prepare
his food. Can he not have these conveniences in garrison ? I admit the force of the argument that
preparation of food is necessary to the toothless ; but the Government does not put all its men on
long marches, and in places where food cannot be prepared.

That a man with hernia is disqualified from perlbrming the laborious duties of the soldier is
contradicted in the everyday labor of life. A very large percentage of carpenters are ruptured,
but continue their vocation, notwithstanding, through life. 1 )o soldiers often perform more laborious
duties than carpenters ? In all the vocations of life, from the most sedentary to the most laborious,
we find men continuing their occupations as before the occurrence of the hernia. The argument
that such men cannot be depended u[)on when most needed, that their trusses will break at a sea-
son most convenient for them to shirk duty, does not hold good with men doing garrison-duty ;
there they could be efiQcieutly employed. My opinion on the section above discussed is the result
of contrast in the examinations of drafted men. Often have I had men come before me in quick

surgeons' reports NEW JERSEY FIFTH DISTRICT. 295

succession, repicseiiting the extremes of tlie law. It may be two ueigbbois Lave weuded their way
togctlier to answer tlieir country's call, and present their excuses I'roni service: the one is a feeblo
lUiiu, so pooil y (level()i)ed that you hesitate, you very carefidly look liini over again, and decide that
the law contemplates that such as he cannot be exemi)ted; the other, a well-developed, strong,
muscular man, possessiug all the muscular strength that could be desired, but yet has no teeth, or
is ruptured, and is exempt: both wend their way homeward, the one to prepare for service, and
the other to remain and eujoy the privileges of a citizen, each believing end knowing tiiat he who
was exemjjt was capable of performing twice the service of the man who was held. Such incidents
were of daily occurrence, and did much to stir up dissatisfaction with the enrollment-law. Should
not all drafted men be iield that are cai)able of performing any part of the duties of 4;he soldier, and
the board of enrollment be empowered to specify the duties they are capable of performing, or of
assigning them to such duties as they can perform ? * * *

My opinion is that an esamining-surgeon, furnished with a well-ventilated apartment, with his
subjects presented to him stripped, can accurately dispose of cases as thev' occur at an average of
one every lifteeu minutes for a period of six hours, or at the rate of twenty-five per d.ay. # * «

The frauds mostly to be guardwl against which aie practiced by drafted and enrolled men to
escape the service are :

1st. A man with disability yVowt representing one without disability. A few instances of this
kind were attempted, but our stringent rule of having men identified by a responsible person,
known to some member of the board, soon prevented further trouble in this direction.

2d. The claims of disability from age were probably the most perplexing. To judge of a man's
age is but to guess at it ; some men at forty are apparently as old as others are at fifty, and with
the young it is impossible to form a coi-rect opinion as to which side of twenty they belong. In a
very great number, between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, to be confident of one's opinion
would be but to expose the fallacy of human judgment. Family-records are by no means common,
especially among our foreign population, and the aflidavits of relatives and acquaintances are
made from memory and liable to error as to a few months or years.

3d. The exaggerations of trilling ailments, accompanied by a dissertation upon human suffer-
ing, and good nursing as the only prophylactic against the speedy dissolution of adored mortality
by the mother,- wife, or sister, which sometimes deeply impresses a sensitive man.

Substitutes and recruits endeavor to appear as well as possible, and to nuxke a good display of
their physical powers. They, of course, conceal all defects within their power, and stand mute like
the horse before the veterinary for inspection, and any information you may elicit by questions is
of no more value than would be the neighing of the horse ; you have the subject before you, and you
must make the best use of your skill. If there is any such thing as joclceyiuy a human being, you
know that it has been done, and that the man is appearing to the best advantage; if you err in
judgment, or neglect a single point, you are most likely cheated, or, as the jockey would say, " You
have cheated yourself." But this is not the case with disabilities that the examiniug-surgeon
cannot detect; for instance, epilepsy ; andalsoLernia, which cannot always be detected: and moral
disabilities, and those relating to age, are positive frauds against which you have no remedy.

The obstacles with which the examiuing-surgeou had to contend were :

1st. To make the people understand the difference between drafted men who were trying to
get out of the service and substitutes or recruits who were-trying to get into service ; a difference
which they could not oi» would not understand as a general thing, and which seemed to be good
cause for criticising the motives of the surgeon in his decisions.

lid. The general spirit of malignity of the people toward that functionary, upon whom they
look as the evil genius in their midst, levying the dreaded burdens upon them, and being blind as
to their physical inability to endure them, believing it as much a Christian duty to defraud him as
to cheat the evil one of his dues. They seemed to think it was as much their prerogative and
bounden duty to bring him into disfavor by heaping epithets and maledictions upon him, and to
apprise everybody of his wicked intent to send them into the Army, and of his remorseless man-
ner of doing it, as it was to apprise the Sunday scholar of the wiles of him that goeth about seeking
to destroy young children. # * *

296 surgeons' repokts — Pennsylvania — first district.

I believe there are remedies for some of these obstructions :

1st. By making it a penal offense for any man to enlist who knows himself to be suffering from
a disability that an examination cannot detect.

2d. By making it a penal oflense for any man to re-enlist who was discharged for disability,
withont infoiuiing the examining snrgeon of that disability.

3d. Brokers should be tined an equivalent to the bonus they would make if th^ man should be
mustered in, lor every att( nipt to pass a man who has been once rejected, without giving informa-
tion of his previous rejection and of the cause. It should be Optional with the examining-surgeon
whether his time shall be consumed by examining such subject.

4th. A broker should be made equally responsible with the board of enrollment for expenses
incurred in the mustering of a man presented by him, as lie, in most instances, is aware of the disa-
bility, it having been picvior.sly <( nfidid (o liim; and if conceal men t were possible, he has instructed
the subject how to do it. Thus would the board be relieved of a very great burden of useless labor.
On many days, the rejections weie equal and sometimesgreater than the number of those accepted,
and the great majority of the former were men who had been rejected elsewhere.

The eighth query is somewhat ambiguous. If it means to ask my opinion as to which nation-
ality possesses the most sound tissue as well as the greatest number of men of th^ required stature
and development, I frankly confess that I have no idea. The medical records of the office, which
are not now in my possession, will show the number accepted and rejected of each, and a reference
to them will give this information. If it is meant to ask my opinion in which most frequently
occurs that general acumen adapted to military service, it asks for that in which I have no expe-
rience. Neither have I any experience that would warrant the expressing of an opinion upon query
number nine.

I view the operation of the enrollment-act as a failure —

1st. Because there was not nor can there ever be a perfect enrollment under the law, particu-
larly jjcnr/iH^/ a draft; it can at best but approximate the actual force of the coimtry.

2d. Because of the ease with which enrolled and even drafted men escape the burdens of the
law by fleeing the country or by dodging from one part of it to another.

3d. Because its operations flatly ("ontradict the principles upon which it was founded, viz, that
all men between certain ages, of sufficient health and strength, owe the Government service, to be
rendered when called for, by fair allotment ; for it really compels those only to render it who can be
mostcouveuiently seized.

As the law now stands, the whole responsibility of the enrollment rests upon the Government
officials, and is treated by the people as a game of hide andgo-seek, which many [day expertly.
If the Government would know its actual force it must keep up an enrollment /» time of peace,
and must put the burdens upon the peo[)le; every man should be (;ompelled to present himself to
the enrolling officer and not the enrolling officers be compelled to find the man. Each man should
be furnished with a certificate of enrollment, or of exemption when over age or aflected with a
permanent physical disability ; and the burden of having the actual residence and the enrollment
correspond should rest upon the enrolled ; and any man not so enrolled should be liable to serve
at least one year in the Regular Army.

J. A. GROSS,
l!kirgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Neic Jersey,

Newark, N. J., September 23, 1SG5.

PENNSYLVANIA— FIRST DISTRICT. .

Extracts from report of Dr. Jajies S. De Benneville.

* * * My experience in the examination of men for the military service has been
obtained while on duty as surgeon of Pennsylvania volunteers at Camp Curtin, Harrisburgh, Pa.,
in the month of July, 1861, when the organization of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps
was being eft'ected, and during a subsequent service of two years and four months as surgeon ol

surgeons' KKPORTS — PENKSYLVANIA — FIllST DISTRICT. 297

tlie Eleventh llegiiuent of that division, serving with the Army of the Potomac. During the last
three months of that service, I was on detached duty as surgeon of the division field-hospital.
Since November 4, 18G3, I have been surgeon of the board of enrollment of this district, and only
absent while inspecting rejected recruits at Camp Cadwalader, Philadelphia. During my service on
this board, I have examined four thousand three hundred and seventy-one recruits and sub-
stitutes, and two hundred and ninety-seven drafted men; lu all, forty-six hundred and sixty eight
men. * # #

The geographical situation of the First District is the central pait of the eastern portion of the
city of Philadelphia, elevated about twenty-five feet above high-water mark. It is fully supplied
with sewers, and well drained. The frontage on the Delaware Kiver is about two miles in length',
with an average width extending westward of five-eighths of a mile, including almost all of tlic
oldest portion of the city where the foreign commerce and coastwise trade are carried on. The
banks, newspaperofQccs, and the largest portion of the wholesale mercantile and manufacturing
business is carried on within its limits.

Its population embraces a large number of sailors, porters, laborers, and tradesmen, pursuing
occupations requiring hai d labor and heavy lifting. Hernia, varicose veins of the legs, and maimed
hands are very common among this class.

Planned originally with wide main streets and numerous intersecting small alleys and courts,
the former are now chiefly used for warehouses and business purposes, and the narrow, ill-venti-
lated alleys are crowded with a laboring population. One section of this city district is inhabited
by the most degraded part of its poiiulation ; and vice, intemperance, and abject poverty prevail.
This class is made up largely of both blacks and wliites, who often cohabit. A large number of
recruits from this place had to be rejected on account of broken down health caused by intem-
perance and vice.

Occupations requiring close confinement to business, with deficiency of pure air, and insufli-
cient exercise, render many persons incapable of military duty by producing feeble constitutions,
weakness, or tuberculosis. Hernia is also common among these men of weak, relaxed habit.
Injuries to the hands and arms occur most frequently among glass-manufacturers and those working
among iron machinery.

I think the sections of paragraph 85 of Eegulations of Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau very
complete and satisfactory. With the exception of the subject of weight, they give almost every
instruction required for the proper enlistment of men. The most numerous class of doubtful fit-
ness for military service who are presented to the board are youths slightly developed, middle-aged
men, and men verging on foity-Hve years of age. Their muscular develoi)ment, activity, and
strength have been my tests of their capacity and fitness ; always resorting in doubtful cases to
weighing. * * #

To examine twenty five men, keep a careful record of their description and marks, and to com-
pare these with the enlistment-papers, is as much as an ofiflcer can do well in one day.

The greater number of drafted men are perfectly frank and honest in their statements of the
condition of their health ; but they will often ask for exemption for diseases and injuries not allowed
by the regulations. I cannot remember a single case of attempted fraud. As the regulations for
the exemption of men drafted into service are those which would justify the discharge of an
enlisted man from military service, there are comparatively few cases where there can be a doubt as
to the duty of the surgeon to the Government. Every man should be held to service who cannot
show a disability i>ositively unfitting him. A drafted man in fair health, of known home and
(connection, will make a better and more reliable soldier than most of the recruits and substitutes
who are enlisted into the service, even if the latter are superior in physical condition.

Every man presented as a recruit or substitute should be thoroughly examined, and no reliance
placed on his own statement in reference to his health. This class of men often conceal the exist
ence of disease ; youths resort to artifice to appear older, while those who are beyond the age of
forty five use artificial means to make themselves appear younger. As a rule, malformations,
restrained motion of joints and limbs, manifest disease of heart and internal organs, should be
cause for the rejection of recruits and substitutes. In actual service, these infirmities will be
appealed to as pretexts for excuse from duty or claims for discharge. Weakness, faintingspells,
38

298

disease of the beait, pains in tbe back, disease of tbe kiduejs, iuterutil bajmonboids, affectious of
tbe liver aud bowels, and of the bladder are most frequently selected by drafted men as claims for
exemption.

Of tbe uatives of tbe various countries entering tbe military service of tbe Duited States, the
native American is tbe best qualified and adapted to it; his physical development being equal to
tbe average, his intelligence and activity above it. Next in order of capacity are tbe Irish, who,
being chiefly engaged at out-of-door employments, as laborers, carters, farmers, and being naturally
healthy and well-developed, are well suited for the duties of a soldier. The Germans have more
knowledge of military training from their having generally served in their national armies; but,
being almost all tradesmen of sedentary occupations, such as shoemakers, tailors, aud other trades
of that kind, they lose much of their capacity for endurance, and are less useful as soldiers.

Tbe first district contains a large black population, a great number of which is the most
inferior of that race in this city. They live generally in narrow streets, courts, and alleys, in miser-
able houses, and are crowded together, with deficient ventilation. Intemperance prevails to a great
extent among them, and numerous cases of scrofula, phthisis, aud broken-down health are pre-
sented. Of tbe few blacks who were recruited at this oftice, many were natives of Southern States.
Taking the average of the colored men eidisted, they were physically fully equal to the average of
■white men, and in general inspired confidence as to their reliability and capacity for service.

I have too little knowledge of the operations of tbe enrollment-law to give an authoritative
opinion as to the most efficient means to be adopted to make it completely efiective. Men fre-
quently desire to avoid enrollment, and thus evade military duty. Every man liable should be
registered in the district where he resides, and be subject to some penalty if he fails to enroll
himself.

JAS. S. DE BENNEVILLE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, Ta., June 9, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— SECOND DISTPJCT.
Extracts from rej)ort of Du. E. W. Eichie.

* * * Since the opening of this office in 1863, 1 have had the honor to be connected
therewith as surgeon. I have examined over five thousand five hundred men. # # #

This district is almost entirely covered with brick aud mortar ; a small portion of it, however,
lying between tbe Delaware and Schuylkill Elvers, is in a high state of cultivation, with gardens
and truck-farms.

Tbe health of the district has always been remarkably good. The general character of its
inhabitants for morals aud intellect is of a high order of excellence. Its schools, academies, and
colleges of learning are not excelled by any in this country. The modes of life are various, from
tbe lowest, or humblest, to tbe highest, or most gorgeous. Tbe occupatious of the inhabitants are
laboring, mechanical, manufacturing, mercantile, and professional.

There are no particular diseases or disabilities peculiar to this district that would disqualify in
a greater ratio other than is incident to all districts in this latitude.

There are but few alterations, or changes, that I would suggest in paragraph 85 of the Keviscd
Eegubitions. Section \i. Epilepsy. 1 would recommend that this should read, " that the affidavits
of two reliable persons, where the affidavit of a physician cannot be bad, shall be taken as
sufficient." It often happens that the physician never sees his patient during a paroxysm, aud
consequently is unable to give the required certificate. I had considerable difficulty in several cases
to procure tbe evidence required by the regulations. Section 13, 1 should think, should be so
modifiedas to exempt casesof myopia. Section 23. Hernia. I would exclude small congenital umbilical
hernia. I have seen several cases where I am sure it did not in any way incai)acitate tbe subject
from performing the duties of a soldier. Section 25. HwiiMrtlunds. If exteriuU, but of an aggr.ivated

surgeons' RKPORTS PENNSYLVANIA — THIKD DISTRICT. 299

cbaracter, I would iiuike them a cause of exemption. Section 33. The total loss of eitlier tliuuib,
or total loss of the index finger of the right hand, I think, shoidd be cause of exemption. * *

From twenty-Jive to thirty men are as many as can be physically examined with accuracy per
day.

Among the many frauds attempted by drafted and enrolled men were feigning deafness, near-
sightedness, heart-disease, consumption, stiffness of joints, rheumatism, ba-niorrhoids, hernia, and
general debility. The most common frauds, and the most to be guarded against, as practiced by
recruits and substitutes, were the use of artificial teeth, dyeing the hair, concealing imperfect vision
or heart disease, simulating strength with alcoholic stimidaiits, concealing injiaies, and denying
that they ever had any kind of disease or ailment. Most or all of these frauds can be detected by
a careful examination and by noting all particulars. When any doubt exists, the surgeon should
make another examination on the next or second day, and see if the sauie symptoms still exist.

The American peoi)le, in my opinion, present by far the highest physical (pialities for military
service.

My experience as regards the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service is
of such a limited character as not to be entitled to much weight; but, from what I have seen, I am
favorably impressed with their physical qualifications tor such work.

As regards the enrollment-law, I have no comments to offer other than to say that, so far as
the raising of men to fill the Army is concerned, it is very efficient, as it acted as a stimulant to
the people to avoid the draft iu their districts. The mode of dividing into small districts is a good
one, making each accountable for itself. * * #

K. W. KICHIE.
SitrrjcoH Board of Enrollment Second Dintrict of Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, Pa., Jvne 15, 1«65.

PENNSYLVANIA— THIRD DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. Alexander C Hart.

* * * The whole number of men examined by me was about five thousand.

That ])ortion of the city of Philadelphia lyiug contiguous to the river Delaware, extending
westward from said river to Tenth street, and from Vine street (the northern boundary-line of tbe
old city proper) to Lehigh avenue on the north, comprises iu its area the third congressional district
of this State.

Its topography and geological formation possess no i)eculiar features that would develop or
shape the type of disease. The various maladies incident to other northern cities of the same lati-
tude prevail iu this.

The causes contributing chiefly to swell the number of exemi)tions from draft are to he looked
for here in the occupation and mode of life of the population, which is made ui) chiefly of the laboring
classes. Within the limits of this district are to be found very many of the heaviest manufactories
of the city, such as iron-foundries, where the largest castings are made, rolling-mills, boiler and
machine shops, saw-factories, cotton and woolen mills, shi|)yards, large coal-de[)ots, &c. ; exacting on
the part of persons therein employed great and long-continued exertion, exposing them to frequent
and sudden extremes of temperature, thus damaging sight and heaiing, maiming limb, and contrib-
uting to a great extent to bring about functional and structural changes of tin; vital t)rgaus. It is
to be considered that the general character of the people shows a lack of culture ; that recreatiou
fiom labor is not sought for in the gratification of 'refined taste, where bodily toil would cea.se and
the i)hys)cal as well as the mental lacnlties of the num would be refreshed and strengthened, but iu
a way more congenial to their inclination — in parties and balls, in political and fire-company asso-
ciations, which nightly drain and exhaust their strength. Shall we wonder, then, with all these
influences bearing upon them, that we have found so small a portion possessing the necessary cpial-
ifications for military duty 2

It is a lamentable fact, which must be acknowledged, that society, in particular portions of my

300 feUtGEONS' EEI'ORTS PENNSYLVANIA THIRD DISTRICT.

distiift at ]ea>^t, as regcids its mcrale, is of a very low stautlaid. In uumerous iustances, .vouiig
men pieseiitiiig tbeiuselvt s to the board for enlistment were found broken in health, with struc-
tural changes of heait aid lungs, and syphilitic disease, recent and constitutional, marring their
natural beauty and symmetry of form to that extent that rejection of them was found absolutely
necessary. This state was alike common to youths as well as to men of mature age.

In U'ference to the difiereut sections of paragraph 85 of Eevised Kegulations, I would state
that, under i-ectiiiu 3 of this paragraph, a certiticate of medical attendance upon the person claiming
exemption on account of epilepsy is required, which certificate must be subsequent, and not prior
in its date, to tlie six months immediately iiieceding his examination by the board. In a majority
ot the cases of this disability which were examined, it was found impossible to furnish the board
with such certitJcate, for the reason that a physician, if sumuioued to the case, seldom arrived in
time to mark its distinctive character. I -would therelore respectlully suggest that, when sufficient
proof can be furnished by the testimony of reputable citizens to satisfy the board, in that case,
the certificate of the i)hysician be dispensed with.

Section 2(», defining the loss of particular teeth which should entitle a man to exemption from
draft, was to myself exceedingly peri)lexing, inasmuch as by a rigid adherence to the letter of the
section in determining such cases, I would necessarily hold for duty persons to whom I was fully
satisfied, from the loss and carious coudition of important teeth, the trituration of hard food was
impossible. Tbis section as subsequently amended meets with my full indorsement.

Section 9 seemed to my mind vague and indefinite. I would suggest that it be thus expressed:
"Physical disability arising either from congenital delicacy of organization, or induced by disease
of a decidul and permanent character, in such a degree as would disqualify for daily labor of a
laborious kind."

I have considered the loss of the index-finger of right hand as very .seriously interfering with
perfect manipulation and the prompt and efficient handling of the piece. This section as amended
in paragra])h 38, as published in the Surgeon General's Repoit for 1864, is made simple and easy,
greatly facilitating the surgeon's work in determining under said section. * * * .

With regard to the number of men who can be examined during the hours required for ser\ ice
of the examining-surgeon, with proper facilities for their dressing and undressing, I shduld think a
careful examination might be given to ffty men; but with the assistance of a clerk to write names,
make notes, &c., tbe number conld be increased to seventy Jive.

One of the frauds most to be guarded against in the case of drafted men was the wearing of a
truss from the time of uotice uutil his presentation to the board, he at the same time being furnished
by an ignorant or corrupt physician with a certificate of his having hernia. The truss being old
and worn very tightly, it was sometimes a little difficult to detect the fraud. Drafted men ofteu
simulate renal disease, or pretend a shortening of one leg. Deafness was sometimes so well feigned
that a number of devices were necessary on the jiartot the surgeon to discover the trick.

With regard to recruits and substitutes, the commonest fraud practiced was in regard to their
age; very many of them having no hesitation in swearing that they were under forty five years of
age, and that their apparent excess of age was owing to hard work and exposure. Among young
surgeons, this species of fraud might be very successfully pr, cticed, particularly as many of these
men come with false papers, and have been kept up and pampered for some time by a substitute-
broker, a class of men whose occupation should, in some way, be entirely abolished. The same
rule will hold good in regard to boys, w ho, by the aid of the same brokers, come to the office accom-
panied by a man representing himself to be a father or near relative, who swears falsely to their
age ; this was Jbund to be a frequently-attemiited rascality. The low state of morals among certain
classes leads them to peijury easily, alter they have been booked up and instructed by the brokers.
The class of foreigners who come under the eye of the surgeon in this country nuist be either
very inferior to their countrymen at home, or, if a fair sample of the whole nation, they are decidedly
inferior to the same class of our own countrymen, both in intellect and physical development ;
consequently, our own people, so far as I have had an opportunity of observing, far exceed all
others in their peculiar aptitude for military service.

The colored men who presented themselves for examination before mo were, as a class, freer
from disease and ddnrinitv than the siiiiie imiiibcr taken indiscriminately frinu eilhei' Anieiicans

RKPOKTS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTH DISTRICT. 301

or foreiguers of tbc Ciiiicatsiau raw, with the o.\(!i'[>tioii of lhitiu'.s.s of foot, wliicli, liowevcr, being, in
iiiv opinion, a peculiarity of the race, in no way aflects their n.sefulness as .soldiers. I am decidedly
of opinion that with the same amoiuit of training they will make as efficient soldiers as any race
of men.

There is one suggestion I should like the liberty of making. It seems to me that aliens, after
having resided under the protection ot our laws for ten, twelve, or tifteen ye^irs, i;iany of them
having received their education at our public schools, from having accompanied their fathers to
this country wlieu mere boys, should not be exempt from the openrtiou of the enrollment because
their fathers had never been naturalized. Very, very many such cases presented themselves.
Some even came armed with a certificate from a foreign consul, though they had arrived in this
country at the age of two or three years. These facts would come out upon cross examiTiation of
their witnesses under oath.

Another objection to the present mode is giving the drafted man ten days in which to report
alter examination, thereby euabliug him, if so disposed, to abscond or secrete himself. Tliis was a
fruitful source of loss of men and money to the Government. I merely throw out this hint, without
taking the liberty of suggesting the remedy.

An immense number of foreigners, who have been naturalized, or who have exercised the right
of citizenship, fraudulently escaped the oi)eration of the dralt by producing certificates of alienage
from the consuls of the different nations of Europe. During the draft, we had no opportunity of dis-
covering whether they had ever been naturalized or had voted, though often satisfied in our own
minds that they had done so. Would it not be well, if possible, to have a law passed by Congress
making it obligatory upon prothonotaries of the different courts to give a correct list of the voters
in each ward — the books containing the names of all voters being deposited in their office? An
unsuccessful attempt was made to obtain them for this district; the refusal being based upon the
want of authority to allow the records to be taken from the office. Hundreds of men escaped the
military service due the country in consequence. This I consider as eminently important. Or
would not a law be just which should force every man, after a certain definite permanent residence
in the country, to become a citizen; and, in case of neglect or refusal, that he should, notwithstand-
ing, be subject to military duty after a residence of a certain number of years? This would b(*
neither more nor less than simple justice, as these aliens enjoy the same protection as those born
under our flag. They buy, hold, and sell real estate, and all other description of property, and why
they should not do their share for the protection of it, to me, to say the least of it, is strange.
I said above that hundreds escaped service; but, from information which I have obtained from sur-
geons, I am satisfied that in the cities of Philadelphia and New York alone they should be counted
bj thousands. All the annoyances to which our board was subjected arose from those men claim-
ing to be foreigners. We were obliged to receive the oath of their witnesses, when we were satis-
fied that they had been procured for the purpose of swearing them through; they being, of course,
entirely unkuowu to the board. We have also ascertained that the consuls furnishing certificates
were quite as much unacquainted with the witnesses. I do not mean to cast censure upon any of
the foreign consuls, but I hope a law may be passed to remedy the evil. We find, upon cross-exam-
ination of their witnesses, that, although the drafted men had been many years in the country, they
had appeared before the consul as witnesses after an acquaintance of a month or two, and in many
instances of a few days only. I beg leave to call your particular attention to this matter. * * •

ALEXANDER C. HAET,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa., June 15, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— FOURTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. J. Ralston Wells.

* * * The total number of men examined, as near as can be ascertained, was

six thousand seven hundred and thirty.

The Fourth District of Pennsylvania comprises the northwest portion of the city of Philadelphia,

502 SURGE0X8' REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTH DISTRICT.

aud is in area about eighty t quare miles, with a poi)ulation of one hundred and forty thousand, and
number enrolled at this date as liable to military duty, fifteen thousand eight hundred and eight.

There being no diseases jieculiar to this district, there i.s no special reason why certain disabil-
ities have disqualitied a greater ratio from military service.

The whole district, some ten miles in extent, is intersected by the river Schuylkill, which, with
the exception of the first, forms one of the boundaries of each sub-district.

The surface is hilly or rolling, and traversed by numerous creeks and streams, along which arc
many mills and factories, giving employment to the greater portion of the laboring community.

Tlie diseases prevalent are intermittent, remittent, and typhoid fevers, and, for the last few
years, the spotted lever has to some extent prevailed in the vicinity of the river and among the
shoddy-lactories. The cause of fevers iH'evailing is no doubt the malaria generated by the large
amount of decaying vegetable matter from the truck-farms, meadows, trees, and shrubbery cover-
ing the almost entire surface of the country, and by the large amount of stagnant water found iu
brick-\ards and mill-ponds, besides the slow-running river which intersects the district.

The general character of the inhabitants is good. They arc frugal, industrious, and order-
loving ; their modes of living cleanly and comfortable, most families occupying separate housee,
which they are enabled to do iu the more rural portions of the city by its being built up of medium-
sized tenements at cheap rents.

Their occupations are chiefly those of laborers, factory-operatives, mechanics, and clerks.
iMauy of the latter, though employed in the city, live out of town on account of smaller rents aud
supeiior home-comforts.

My views in relerence to the different sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-
IMarshal General's Bureau, are that, as a whole, they need no alterations. » « «

To properly examine ^/f^ men per day, and at the same time attend to the other duties and
cases constantly coming before the board, I believe to be about a full average ; though twice that
number might be examined if there were no other duties to attend to, and afuU set of rooms con-
venient for undressing and dressing were provided.

The cases iu which it was most difficult to guard against fraud and impositions among drafted
men were magnified or feigned organic or severe functional diseases of internal organs, when the
a])pearance of the man was not very good, and his case was supported by the sworn certificates of
physicitius, many of them iu large practice and good standing in the profession. Among recruits
and substitutes, the same diseases, when real, were denied or asserted to be only temporary. An-
other difficulty with recruits was found to be this, that if rejected for a disability which they com-
plained of, and which existed to the extent of disqualifying them as recruits, they would immediately
claim exemption Irom the draft. Especially was it a cause of complaint among those rejected for
want of proper height. This was afterward very properly corrected by the order allowing a recruit
to be taken at five ieet high.

The nationality presenting the greatest physical aptitude for military service I believe to be
the American.

The physical qualifications of the colored race for military service are generally good ; the chief
disability Ijeing a lack of muscular develoi)ment of the calf of the leg and extreme flat-footedness,
a.nd, among those of mixed blood especially, a tendency to scrofula.

The ouroUmcnt-law, as it now exists, though very satisfactory and effective in its operations,
would seem to me to re(]uire one or two alterations or modifications to make it still more effective,
and, at the same time, give entire satisfaction to the loyal and worthy citizens on whom the draft
most heavily falls. The alterations I would suggest would be to make it a penal offense for any
one liable to military duty to neglect to become enrolled after the regular enrollment had been
ordeied, the names published, and a reasonable time had been allowed for all to report. Also, in
case of moving the place of residence, a citizen should notify the board where he had been liable,
as well as where he may become liable; and any man found in a district not enrolled should be
liable to summary arrest, the same as a deserter, and be likewise subject to fine and im])risonmeut.
Another suggestion, and I think a very important one, would be to divide the district into sub-dis-
tricts according to the number of election-precincts instead of ware's, which, by making each small
community directly liable to furnish a certain number of men, would make each one personally

SURGKONs' IJKroHTS PENNSYLVANIA FIFTH DISTRICT. 303

interested in liaving- every aljleboiiied iniin enrolled and (lie disaliled stricken ofl', so tliar tlie (Jov-
ernnient would save time by having a correct enrollr ••ntlist and gain in men wlio would inmudiaely
be lurtlieoiiiing when a draft was ordered.

I believe, also, as a matter of ecouoiny, if bounties are ofl'ercd for recruits, that no draft should
be ordered for less than three years.

J. 11 ALSTON WELLS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourth District of rennnyhania.
Philadelphia, Pa., June 15, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— FIFTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dk. J. H. Meaes.

* * * I received my appointment February 21, 1865, and have had only about

two mouths' experience iu the examination of men. However, during that time, I have examined
eight hundred and seventy-six recruits, substitutes, and drafted men, rejecting out of that number
two hundred and thirty-eight on account of mental or physical inaptitude for military service.

The Fifth District comprises the twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fifth wards of the city
of Philadelphia, and Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The three wards of Philadelphia are rural portions
of the city, with a mixed population of manufacturers, mechanics, and laborers, and a small propor-
tion of farmers. Bucks County is entirely a farming-district.

The health of the district, generally, has been good, with no especial prevalent disease; although,
from the thickly settled city-portions of the district, and among the laboring classes, a large per-
centage of those rejected were cases of venereal disease. I noticed no particular affection which
disqualified a greater ratio per thousand more than another from military service.

In reference to paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-Marsbal-General's Bureau, I woidd
venture to recommend several changes ; but, as a general rule. It answers in all ordinary cases.

Many drafted men have claimed exemption, and I think justly, yet cannot be exenijited under the
strict letter of section 6, as having " developed tuberculosis." Several cases have come under my
notice, which have given me some difiSculty in deciding, whether I could, under section 0, exempt
them or not; yet in my own mind I had no doubt the men were unfit for military duties. Such
cases were those which, although not '■'■developed tuberculosis,''' would soon become so if exposed to
camp-life. I would suggest that section 6 be changed so that the judgment of the surgeon, in all
cases where there is a tuberculous diathesis, should decide whether or not the man should be held
for military service.

Somewhat the same objection might be made to that portion of section 11 which reads " chronic
rheumatism, unless manifest by position, change of structure, &c., does not exempt." What has
been said under section 6, I think, will apply here. The Government will necessarily be obliged to
receive a large number of useless men, in my opinion, which section 11 prevents the surgeon from
rejecting; for no one will doubt for a moment that there are cases, and not a few, where there is
no a[iparent abnormal change in the structure, and yet chronic rheumatism exists to such a degree as
should disqualify for military dutj\ The majority of such cases are probably of a syphilitic origin.
I am fully aware of the difficulty iu making a correct diagnosis in these cases, and how almost
universally rheumatism is used iu feigning disability, and how important it is to avoid deception ;
yet I have known instances where the surgeon was obliged to accept a man utterly useless for
military pur])oses, and where there was no difficulty iu making the diagnosis.

Section 13. " Near-sightedness does not exeini)t." This section, it appears to me, would imply
that myopia is in no case a ground for exemption. In a large majority of cases, it is doubtless in-
sufficient to disqualify. In my examinations, I liave seen but one case which I should have exeni[)ted ;
but I have known of many who, in my oiiinion, should be exempted upon this ground. I would much
prefci' a man with the " loss of any two lingers of same hand " to one who could not distinguish an
object twenty paces distant without glasses.

In other respects, I would offer no modification to paragraph 85. 1 have merely criticised

304 suRGr.ONs' reports — Pennsylvania — sixth district.

tbose sections, or portions of them, wliicli have not aiisweieil tlieir purposes in cases wliicli bave
come under my observation as surgeon of the board of eiirollnient, and under ^Thicll 1 have had to
accept the men in opposition to my own Judgment.

* * * I think a,hontJi/ty men per day can be examined accurately ; (that is, from
9 o'clock a. ni. until 4 p. ni.)

The only fraud I have noticed practiced ui)on the surgeon is the attempt of drafted and enrolled
men to feign disability, and recruits and substitutes to conceal any disqualification which theym»y
have. Neither can be considered as an obstacle to the surgeou in his duties. 1 made it a rule in
my examinations always to decide doubtful cases in favor of the Goveiniueut, and to hold ))aragraph
85 responsible for all my decisions concerning drafted men. I accei)ted no recruit or substitute who
did not reach what I supposed to be the required standard.

A more important fraud, and a greater obstacle to be overcome by the board, is that i)ractice(l by
deserters and others in enlisting unlawfully. I would venture to say that over one-third of the
alfidiivi*:s produced at this otfice were unreliable, (most frequently those of alienage,) and nearly
that number were rejected. The difficulty of detection iu these cases is obvious, although a great
deal can lie accomjilished by a judicious cross-examination.

My experience has been that Americans have presented by far the best physical qualificatious
for military service.

The colored race, as a class, have furnished a larger proportion of men who have passed the
examination than any other; the majority of those rejected were of northern birth, and generally
mulattoes.

Tiie enrollment-law, so far as my knowledge goes, has operated admirably, and since its
amendment meets with general appi'obation. I would beg leave to state, in offering the foregoing
report, that it ».s necessarily brief and imperfect. 1 did not feel warranted, with my short acquaintance
with the duties of surgeon of the board of enrollment, to make a more elaborat* statement, and
jiarticularly to advance opinions upon subjects concerning which I had not acquired sufficient
experimental knowledge upon which to base correct views.

•J. H. MEARS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Pennsylvania.

Fbankfoed, Pa., May 29, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— SIXTH DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. William Corson.

* * * The number of men examined, commencing July, 18G4, to close of service,
was nine thousand and seventy-five, and, previously, it is supposed, about twenty-five hundred or
three thousand, making about twelve thousand in all.

This district, the sixth, is composed of the counties of Montgomery and Lehigh, extending in a
line diagonally drawn a distance of nearly one hundred miles.

The county of Montgomeiy is of primitive formation. Commencing at the line of Philadelphia
County iu the micaceous schist, upon the upiier margin of that stratum, we next pass the hornblende
of only half a mile in width, a hilly but fertile strip of laud stretching along the whole extent of
the county, and forming the southern boundary of the valley of marble and limestone, which, as a
continuation of the Chester County "Great Valley," passes from west to east through the whole
county ; it has an average breadth of nearly three miles. This valley is bounded upon the north
by the sand-rock, which extends over the whole northern part of the county. Upon the west, we
have a margin of twelve miles ; but, at Valley Forge, the Schuylkill Kiver enters the county, and
passes through it, cutting off three miles in width, until it reaches Philadelphia County.

The Perkiomen and Skiiipack Creeks drain off the waters of nearly the whole northern half
of the county, and empty them into the Schuylkill at about the middle of its course; while the
Wissaliickon and Pennypack Creeks drain the southeastern parts — the former emptying into the
Schuylkill Itiver in Philadelphia Couuty, and the latter carrying its waters to the Delaware.

SUKGEONS' BEPOBTS PENNSYLVANIA — SIXTH DISTRICT. 305

As tlie surface of the whole county, with tlie exception of the limestone-region, may be
described as rolling, or even hilly, every part of the county is well cultivated, and, with the excep-
tion of the limestone valley, is well supplied with springs of good water. In the region last
referred to, there are two springs of local celebrity, and with power suflicient for heavy manufac-
tories. The one is at Spring Mill, and the other near Valley Forge, and both are coutiguous to the
Schuylkill River. Immense quantities of lime are produced in this valley for the Philadelphia
maiket and for the farmers of the county.

Vast bodies of iron ore are also obtained here, and excellent blue and white marble are found
in a stratum occupying the center of the valley. Along the Perkiouien Creek, near the Schuylkill,
mines of lead and copi)er have been extensively worked. Spring Mill and Conshohocken, the
latter with a [lopulation of three thousand inhabitants, are places at which iron in great quantities
is uianufactured ; while Norristown, (the county-seat,) one of the most beautiful towns in the State,
with its ten thousand inhabitants, is emphatically a manufacturing place, having exteusive grain,
cotton, and iron mills. These places, with the borough of Pottstown, a manufacturing place, witli
about four thousand inhabitants, are all situated on the eastern side of the Schuylkill River.

As to prevalent diseases, and causes conducive thereto, there is nothing in the topography of
this part of the district to give a positive character to its diseases ; uor have epidemics been more
life or malignant than in places under the same latitude or in the saaie isothermal range.

Two years siuce, and for the lirst time, we were visited by a most .severe epidemic of spotted
fever, or cerebro-spiual meuingitis, which disappeared after the lapse of a few weeks, but which
now at distant intervals comes s])oradically to the surface.

Lehigh County is bounded on the northwest by the Blue Mountains, separating it from Schuyl-
kill and Carbon Counties, northeast by Northampton, southeast by Bucks, and southwest by Mont-
gomery and Berks Counties. It contains three hundred and eighty-nine square miles, or two
hundred and forty eight thousand nine hundred and sixty-one acres. The physical condition of
the county is diversified; the surface is generally level, some portions rolling, others broken and
somewhat rugged. The water-shed of the western portion of the county is south and west into the
Little Lehigh River. The South Mountain crosses the southeast portion of the county. This
mountain range is a primary formation, abounding with iron-ore, copper, and lead.

Between the South and Blue Mountaius is the fertile Kittatiuuy Valley, perhai)s unsurpassed
in agricultural wealth, being highly cultivated by an industrious class of good old Pennsylvania
Germans. The valley portion of the county is nearly divided between the limestone and clay-
slate formation. A small area in the upper portion of the county is diluvial, having bowlders of
considerable size ; toward the Little Lehigh it is alluvial and marshy.

The most important [)roductions are those of agricultuie. Considerable progress has, however
been made iu many branches of manufacturing industry, and the development of the mineral
resources of the county within the last ten or more years shows that there are vast deposits of iron-
ore, zinc, and tire-clay, which now supply a number of furnaces, rolling-mills, «&c.

Along the northeastern portion of the county are found vast beds of excellent slate, which
has of late years been raised and manufactured for rooting, for school-slates, and for ornamental
purposes. As an agricultuial county, there is none superior in the State, and especially do the
rich townships of Saucon, the two Macuugies, the two Whitehalls, Salsburg, and Ilanover, yield
a plentiful return to the honest, hard-working farmers; the best proofs of which are to be seen iu
their splendid houses and barns, and iu the magnificent condition of their farms.

The cliu^ate is moderately healthy all the year round. The diseases which have prevailed for
the last year or two have been mostly of a mild nature. They were variola, rubeola, diphtheria,
enteric fever, and some few cases of spotted fever. Variola prevailed quite exteusively this spring
throughout the' whole county; the mortality iu comparison with the extent and severity of the
disease was unusually small, owing greatly to the more extensive practice of vaccination, and the
dilfereut modes of treatment from former ages. Enteric fever prevails the whole year round in
some localilies of the county, coutiniug itself to the marshy region, and in the neighborhood of the
watercourses; the fever also si)reads to the interior; and in the fall of the year epidemics are quite
exteusive. The bulk of nu)rtality is from this disease. » » #

In my experieuce, cardiac aflections have relieved more men from the draft or military service

306 surgeons' reports— PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH DISTRICT.

than auy other iu the programme of paragraph 85, and to account for this may properly be the object
of my effort. Among the causes indaciug and predisposing to this disability are: ihenniatism in
its acute form ; working men and boys beyond their strength, and, in the case of the latter, the
early practice of onanism ; intermarriage of blood-relations ; in short, all influences which deteriorate
or vitiate organic forces.

Section 3. The applicant claiming exemption for epilepsy is in a majority of instances subjected
to great embarrassment in view of the requirement of the regulation. Most of these cases are
given over by the physician, alter a time, as immedicable, and it is so understood by the sufferer
and his friends ; and thus the paroxysms are permitted to pass over without the patient being
seen by the "doctor." I would suggest that the existence of epilepsy being established, its con-
tinued recurrence should, by the testimony of non-professional persons, be held sufficient.

Section liO. My own opinion with reference to loss of teeth as a disqualilication is, that all that
is required is that the man should have teeth so situated as to enable him to masticate food with
comfort to himself.

Section 23. Making hernia imperatively a disabilify, and leaving to the examiner no discretion,
I think neither wise nor just.

Section 33. Making loss of ungual phalanx of right thumb a disability seems to me, when com-
pared with what is necessary to disqualify in loss of fingers of same hand, simply a technicality.
I have always felt that the Governmt nt could profitably claim such persons, and without doing
them a wrong. As it does not relieve a man while iu service, it should not invariably lelieve him
as a drafted man. * * *

From sixty to eighty men could be reliably examined in the time designated as a day's work.

I think it would be safest to ignore all testimony of physicians or friends in the case of the
drafted or enrolled man, recruit, or substitute, and to let him be examined and pronounced upon
under the application of such tests as science and experience have furnished the expert or examiner.

My experience does not warrant me in conceding to auy nationality the award of highest
qualifications on the score of either physical or mental fitness, as I have examined and pronounced
upon models in many. But I believe the merging of ethnical peculiarities in the American type
will meet the highest requirements for an American soldier on American soil when the conflict is
between freedom and tyrann\r ; and that no foreigner indilierent to the issue can bear comparison.

I know no reason why, all things being equal save complexion or color, negroes should not be
equally qualified with the other races for military duty. As a race, they yield with deference to
authority, are imitative over other races, and have given the evidence of susceptibility lor every
form of culture to which primordial types lay claim.

The enrollment-law makes a demand for military service of all persons between the ages of
twenty and forty-five. It js the result of my experience that very few men at the latter age are fit
to endure the hardships of the soldier's life; on the other hand, minors of eighteen, weighing from
one hundred and twelve to one hundred and fifteen pounds, and of proper symmetry, are far more
eligible, and have higher capacities of endurance. The former flag under change of habits, while
the latter, elastic and recuperative, yield themselves cheerfully and profitably to the new relation,
with the compensation of invigorated life-force. # # #

WILLIAM GOESON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Sixth District of Pennsylvania.

NORRISTOWN, Pa., June 15, 18G5.

PENNSYLVANIA— SEVENTE DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. li. H. Smith.

• • * My experience in the examination of men for military service began in

the autumnof 1861, during the formation of the Ninety-seventh Ivegiment Pennsylvania Volunteers,
at West Chester, Pa. # * * Having been connected with that regiment from September
.30, 18G1, to March 29, 18G3, sixteen months of which time were passed in South Carolina, my oppor-

SUEGEONS' RErORTS— PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH DISTRICT. 307

tunity for observing the result arising from superficial and imperfect esainiuations has beeu
ample. « * #

I am entirely convinced from past experience that if the men composing the organization
referred to had been examined according to tlie then existing Army Regulations by competent
snrgeons, one-third of those sent into the field would have been rejected. The whole number of
men exiimined by me was six thousand six hundred. * * #

The Seventh Congressional District of the State of Pennsylvania is composed of the counties of
Chester and Delaware.

Chester County is located in the eastern part of the State of Pennsylvania, and between .39°
42', and 40° 15' north latitude, and between 55' and 1° 40' longitude east from Washington.
Its longest diagonal, extending from northeast to southwest, is about thirty-six miles; and its short-
est, from northwest to southeast, is about twenty-five miles. It contains fifty-five townships and
sis boroughs; comi)rising an area of seven hundred and thirty-eight square miles, and four hun-
dred and twenty-three thousand two hundred and eighty-five acres.

Chester County is one of the three original counties established and settled by William Penii
in 1U82, and embraced at that time Delaware County and all the territory southwest to the Susque-
hanna Elver. Lancaster County was separated from Chester County May 10, 1729. On the 20th
of March, 17S0, the legislature of Pennsylvania i)assed an act authorizing the removal of the seat
of justice from the ancient town of Chester on the Delaware Eiver to West Chester. This led to a
difficulty between the inhabitants of the two sections of the county, which was finally adjusted by
the passage of an act of assembly on the 26th of September, 1789, dividing the county; that portion
bordering iqjon the Delaware Eiver receiving the name of Delaware County.

Chester County is bounded on the north by Berks and part of Montgomery Counties ; on the
northeast, by Delaware and Montgomery Counties, from the latter of which it is separated through-
out a great part of its extent by the Schuylkill Eiver; on the south, by the States of Delaware and
Maryland ; and on the west, by Lancaster County, from which it is separated by the Octoraro
Creek.

Hydrography and drainage. — Chester,County is well watered, embracing within its limits several
large creeks, besides numerous smaller streams, many of which aftbrd excellent water-power. The
general direction of the principal streams is southward. The dividing ridges, or water-sheds, as a
general rule, run in a northeast and southwest direction. The drainage is foi' the most part perfect.
Springs are numerous, and, except some which rise in the limestone, talc-slate, and serpentine
formations, the water is soft and free from saline ingredients. The waters of the former are gener-
ally hard, and often brackish, owing chiefly to the magnesia they contain. The Yellow Springs,
long celebrated for their chalybeate properties, are situated in the northeastern part of the county
in an iron-region.

The Schuylkill Eiver, which flows along the northeastern boundary of the county, is the largest
water-course within its bounds. It supplies the Schuylkill Canal, which passes through the north-
eastern extremity of the county. The country through which the Schuylkill Eiver passes is gently
undulating; but, in many i)laces along its banks, the ground is low, and subject to inundations
during thaws and heavy rains.

The Brandywine rises, in the north and northwestern parts of the county, by two branches,
which unite about three miles southwest of the borough of West Chester. These, with their tribu-
taiies, drain the middle portion of the county, and, debouching into the State of Delaware in the
southeastern part of the county, empty into the Christiana at Wilmington, Del.

The Octoraro, White and Eed Clay, and Big and Little Elk Creeks, drain the south and south-
western portion of the county. Octoraro Creek empties into the Susquehanna after passing into
Maryland. White and Eed Clay Creeks empty into the Christiana, and are finally discharged into
the Delaware Bay. Big and Little Elk Creeks empty into Northeast Eiver, and are finally dis-
cliaiged into Chesapeake Bay. These streams, although for the most part bounded on either
side by high hills, present, in many situations, a large portion of meadow-land on their banks, which
IS often subjected to inundation ; but, from their high tillage and perfect drainage, with a few excep-
tions no malarial diseases have been known to arise in their vi(!inity for many years.

Chester County presents a great variety of soil and surface, which is chiefly owing to its

308 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — seventh district.

geological features. The northeru part is gcuerally rugged and hilly. The soil varies from a stiff
to a sandy loam, and is for the most part very fertile and highly cultivated. Somewhat north of
the center of the county is the North Valley Hill, which has a northeast and southwest direction,
at the southern base of which lies the Great Valley, which varies from one to three miles in width.
South of this is another range, called the Slate Ridge, which observes a course parallel with the
before-mentioned hill occurring north of the valley. These hills form two parallel ridges, which
shnt iu the Great Valley ; the soil of the latter is a light sandy loam, and highly fertile. The
surface of the southern portion of the county, with a few exceptions, is rolling ; and, except where
tiie mica and talc slates prevail, the soil is highly fertile, and is, for the most part, a sandy loam.

All that part of Chester County lying south of the Great Valley, and which may be said to
embracemorethauone-half of its are;i, is made upof rocks which belong to theprimary stratified group.
These consist chieily of gneiss, with a small belt of mica and talc slates ; the latter lying in con-
tact with the prim.ary limestone of the Great Valley, and bounding the gneiss on the north and
west. Small beds of limestone, frequently possessing a crystalline character, but generally more
or less altered iu structure, are numerously scattered throughout this formation, with here and
there a spur or ridge of serpentine. The first belt of gneiss enters Chester County on the east,
from the adjoining county of Delaware, and from New Castle County, Delaware, on the southeast
and south, and gradually expanding in a northeast and southwest direction. It embraces the
whole of the townships of Easttowu, Westtown, Thombury, and Eirmiugham, and more tlian the
southern half of the townships of Willistowu, East and West Gosheiv, and East and West Brad-
ford, where it reaches the Braiidywine Creek. After crossing the creek, the belt rapidly widens,
and occupies all the townships of Pennsbury, Pocopson, Newlin, East and West Marlborough,
Kennett, New Garden, Penn, and London Grove.

Bounding the northern and western extremities of the gneiss, and itnmediately in contact with
the southern margin of the primitive limestone of the Great Valley, is the talc and mica slate
range. The mica and talc slates enter Chester County at its northeast extremity from the adjoin-
ing county of Montgomery by a narrow zone about one mile iu width, and, i)assiiig acioss the
county in a northeast and southwest direction, graduallj' widening as it proceeds, it occupies the
southern margins of the townships of East and West Whiteland, East Cain, the northern parts
of Easttowu, Willistowu, East and West Goshen, East and West Bradford, Uighland, and East
and West Fallowtield, where it rapidly expands and passes west into the southern jiart of Lancas-
ter County. In the township of West Faliowfield, the belts of talc and mica slate are suddenly
deflected to the south ; embracing nearly the western half of the townships of Upper and Lower
Oxford and East and West Nottingham, it passes out of the southwestern border of the county
into Cecil County, Maryland. The townships of London, Britain, Franklin, New London, and the
greater part of East and West Nottingham, Upper and Lower Oxford, and Londonderry, are
occupied by gneiss and mica slates, interspersed with occasional belts of hornblende and stratified
syenitic rock. In numerous i)laces in the northeast i)art of the county, there exist large beds of
hemutitic iron-ore. Crystallize i plumbago occurs in several of the iron-mines, and is also dissemi-
nated through the quartz of the surfa('e.

Somewhat to the north of the center of the county, and extending across by a narrow belt,
varying from one to three miles in width, is the primitive limestone which forms the Great Valley.
The iron and copper mines yield a large luunber of very beautirnl and interesting varieties of
minerals, which it would be out of place here to enumerate.

* * * The. diseases most common in this district are the vaiious alfections of tlie
respiratory organs in winter and spring, and disorders of the digestive organs iu summer and
autumn. Along the Delaware Itiver, and confined mostly to the marsh lands and their vicinity,
intermittent and leiuittent fevers prevail. Dysentery is common in all parts of the district.
Typhoidal fevers occur every year eudemically.

After careful examination and comiiarison of each, I am impelled to the belief that the diseases
of this district are not in any manner influenced by geological formations, except that intermittent
and remittent fevers have lieen confined to marsh lands on the Delaware River generally.

Prevailing diseases of ISOi. — Pneumonia and other catarrhal affections were frequent during
the severe cold weather of winter. Sporadic cases of dii)htheria were quite frequent. During

surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH DISTRICT. 309

the months of February and M;iU!h, erysipelas made, its appearance, eansin^ some mortality.
A very severe epidemic varioloid lingered in the borough of West Chester during the entire
winter. A very wide-spread epidemic of stomatitis, ulcerated sore throat, and herpetic affec-
tion of the fiiuces was rife at the close of the winter, sparing no class, sex, nor age. Toward the
close of winter, tlie so-called s[)ottcd fever (cerebrospinal meningitis) made its ai»i)earance,
causing many deaths.

Population and occitpatiom. — The northern and western parts of the county were originally
settled by Irish Protestants ; but, prior to tLe Revolution, they gave way to the Dutch and Germans.
The sontlreiTi and middle portions were originally settled by English Quakers, and the eastern part
by the Welsh. The populations of these sections of the county retain at the present day many of
the distinctive traits of character belonging to their ancestors, and are noted for their general
intelligence, industry, and thrift. Although iron, cotton, and woolen manufactories, besides the
various mechanical branches, afford employment to a large portion of the population, yet Chester
Couuty is among the first agricultural districts of the State ; the last census exhibiting four hundred
thousand acres of improved land, which is divided into live thousand towns. The populatiou of
Chester County is about eighty-one tliousand and five hundred.

^'■Reasons why any particular diseases or disabilities have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand
from military scrviceP — 1. Cachexia, and diseases of uncertain seat ; 2. Want of due capacity of the
chest, and other indications of a liability, to pulmonic diseases; 3. Feebleness of constitution, either
natural or acquired, and deficient stamina ; 4. Loss of many teeth, or the teeth being much decayed.
Under these four heads, which are embraced under sections 9 and 20, paragraph 85, Eevised Regu-
lations Piovost-Marshal-General's Bureau, a much greater number of exemptions have been granted
than under any other two sections within the paragraph.

The causes of the frecpiency of the above diseases and disabilities are apparent: hereditary
predisposition, influenced by mode of life; occupation; and other circumstances by which we are
surrounded.

Medical topography and geology of Delaware County. — Delaware County is bounded on the east
by Philadelphia County, on the north by Montgomery, and on the northwest by Ciiester, and on the
.south and southwest by Delaware River and State. It is divided into twenty-one townships and '
four boroughs, and contains one hundred and seventy -seven square miles of territory. The bor-
ough of Media, situated in the center of the county, is the seat of justice. In 18G0, Delaware County
contained thirty-one thousand five iiundred and ninety-seven inhabitants: twenty-nine thousand
nine hundred and forty-eight whites and one thousand six hundred and forty-nine colored.

Hydrography and drainage. — The county is principally drained by five large and numerous small
streams rising in and passing through it, nearly all of these being good mill-streams and extensively
used lor manufacturing purposes. These streams have a general course a little east of south, and,
after traversing the whole breadth of the county, empty into the Delaware River. The Brandy wine
forms a part of the western boundary of the county. Springs of excellent soft water are plentiful
throughout.

Character of the surface. — Leaving out of view the meadow-lands bordering on the Delaware
River, the face of the country is generally undulating, and in some parts hilly; and, with the excep-
tion of a small part of the townshii) of Radnor, which is drained by the Gulf Creek, it has a general
slope toward the Delaware River. This slope, though general, is not entirely gradual. There m-^.y
be particularly observed a sudden elevation in the land, extending in a transverse direction to the
streams across the whole extent of the county. This sudden elevation in "the land, or " water-shed,"
as it has been termed, is at a distance of from three to five miles from the meadows, and nearly
parallel to the Delaware.

Although in the beds of the several streams, this abrupt rise in the land is in a manner obliter-
ated, yet it nevertheless gives rise to numerous water-powers very contiguous to each other. The
princii)al creeks mentioned have a rapid descent from their several sources to the head of tide-
water. The following is a very close approximation to the elevation of the sources of the principal
streams above tide-water :

Source of Cobb's Creek, 392 feet above tide-water.

Source of Itheu Creek, 399 feet above tide- water.

310 surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH DISTRICT.

Source of Darby Creek, 440 feet above tide- water.

Source of Crum Creek, 520 feet above tide-water.

Source of Kidley Creek, 520 feet above tide- water.

Source of Chester Creek, 500 feet above tide- water.

Geology. — The structure of the greater portion of the couuty is primitive. The rocks are mostly
mica, slate, gueiss, aud syenite, though there are also considerable quantities of granite, quartz,
feldspar, mica, serpentine, and a little limestone.

The northeastern townships are principally composed of mica-slate, while in the northwestern
the gneiss, and in the southwestern the syenite, are most abundant. In the southern part of Radnor
and Newtown there is a trap-dike, on the northern border of which a ridge of serpentine may be
traced. On Gulf Creek, on the northeastern corner of Radnor, there is a small limestone-quarry.
The townships of Haverford and Marple, with a portion of Middletown, are i)rincipally covered
with drift, from a few inches to several feet iu thickness. It is mostly composed of siliceous sand
aud pebbles, which, near the streams, have been entirely washed away, leaving the gueiss and mica-
slate quite prominent.

South of this there is another trap-dike, which commences at Flat Rock Bridge, on the
Schuylkill, and enters the county at the southeastern corner of Haverford, passing through the
northern part of Upper Darby. Serpentine can be traced on the borders of this also. Along the
Delaware River there is a deposit of alluvium, varying in breadth from a half mile to a mile; a
considerable portion of it is marsh, which is generally well banked aud drained.

Tinicum is an island of sandy alluvium, which bears a striking resemblance to the soil of
Western New Jersey. There are a few rocks of granite near the central part of it.

Lying adjacent to the alluvium, and spreading back from three to four miles, is auother deposit
of drift, which extends the whole length of the county.

Its southwestern end consists principally of white clay and bowlders, which belong to the
syenitic series; the remainder of the deposit bears some resemblance to the first, except that with
the tjuartz pebbles there are found others of sandstone of secondary formation. This drift varies
much iu thickness, and iu some places there is not a trace of it visible. On several of the creeks
iu this section are excellent quarries of granite-gneiss. In the townships of Middletown, Springfield,
Edgmont, and Concord, considerable beds of serpentine and cellular quartz are found, and there is
also a trace of them in the northern part of Upper Chichester. • * * In the southwestern
part of Birmingham there is a small bed of limestone, which, with the one described iu Radnor,
are the only two in the couuty.

The general character of the inhabitants of Delaware Couuty does not differ materially from
those of Chester County.

There are thirty-five cotton manufactories and fifteen woolen manufactories, giving employment
to many hundreds of men, women, and children. Farming and dairying are also extensively carried
on. The condition of the land has improved much in quality, and advanced in price within a few
years.

" Views on parayraph 85." — With the exception of sections 20, 23, and 21), I am entirely satisfied
with the above paragraph ; and- in my opinion, with a proper construction aud understanding, and
strict adherence to the different sections thereof, justice to drafted men will in all cases be done
under it. As regards section 20, which says, " Total loss of all the front teeth, the eye teeth, and
first molars, even of one jaw," &c., I would say that, to comply strictly with this section, (-which I
have at all times endeavored to do,) we are compelled to hold men to service who are almost tooth-
less. Many men have lost all their front teeth, their molar-teeth, and have remaining their eye-
teeth only. Others, again, have lost all their teeth, except the incisors of one jaw. If the loss of
teeth alone is a sufficient cause for exemption, I would suggest that section 7 of paragraph 95 be
substituted ; a proper compliance therewith would insure justice to all. 1 am of opinion that the
loss of "teeth alone is not in all cases a suflicient cause for exemption from military service. I have
examined many hundreds of drafted men aud men seeking to have their names stricken from the
enrollment on the ground of eutire loss of teeth; they were often young men in vigorous health,
wearing sets of elegant artificial teeth, answering all the purposes of natural teeth. I' know from
actual observation that many men have served in the military service in the field, from three mouths

surgeons' RKFORTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENlll DISTRICT. "611

to two years, without any inconvenience, altliongb tbey were destitute of natural teeth. I would
suggest the i»ro[)riety of euiploying a sufljcieut number of competent, practical dentists, to accom-
pany the Army.

Sfctioii 23 says, " Tlernia, either inguinal or femoral, is cause for exemption." A large majority
of such cases perhaps are, but 1 think there are many excejitions; inguinal or femoral hernia, if
retainable by a truss, does not, as a general rule, interfere with the duties of a soldier iu the infantry
arm of the service, as I have known many who did all the duties of a private iu the ranks without
(•()m])laiut.

Jn regard to section 20, which says, " Varicocele is not in itself disqualifying," my experience
induces me to believe there should be some exceptions. I have met with many cases of this char-
acter, which were not complicated with organic disease of the testicle, in which from the great
weight the afliicted person in order to be tolerably comfortable was compelled to wear a supporter;
this soon becomes soiled, aud requires frequent changes, which would be very incouveuient for a
soldier. * * *

Under our arrangements, w hich are very imperfect, we can examine physically, with accuracy,
eighty men iu eight hours.

The frauds attempted to be practiced by drafted and enrolled men are feigning diseases of
different kinds and degrees. Pain in various parts of the body, particularly rheumatism, is frequently
alleged. Stiff joints, with permanent flexions of the limbs, are sometimes attemjjted to be simulated.
Men may also maguify auy disability that they maybe laboring under; and it is rare indeed
that a drafted man will admit that he is fit to be a soldier. There is, however, little difficulty in
guarding against the deceptions attempted : strict attention to the regulations, experience, aud
determination to do justice to the Government and to the soldier will remove all difficulty.

The frauds attemi)ted by substitutes and recruits consist in the attempt to conceal infirmities,
such as stiff joints, hernia, ilefective sight, old age, and artificial teeth. The frauds thus attenii)ted,
as well as the other difficulties which we have to encounter, are easily guarded against. Let the
recruitiug-officer and examiuiiig-surgeon keep in view the difference between the conscription and
\oluntary enlistment, and recollect that in the conscription, or involuntary system, the object of the
man is to escape from service by the exhibition of infirmities that may or may not exist and to
magnify those that are present, while in thi^ voluntary system the design of the recruit is to conceal
disqualifying defects. Stri(;t attention to the above, together with a reasonable amount of expe-
rience, will overcome all difficulties, and generally ])ieveut our being duped by the tricks of unpiin-
cipled recruits. I can devise no other effective remedy.

From what I can gather from my experience iu the examination of recruits, it is ray opinion
that what is now known as the North American race presents the greatest physical aptitude for
military service.

More care and circumspection is required in the examination of the colored race for military
service than is reipiired in the case of the white race. In this country, the mixture with the white
contributes greatly to lower their health and stamina, and we find comparatively few of mixed
breeds free from scrofula. By selecting the pure African, aud rejecting all whose admixture with
white blood has lowered the standard of health and i)hysic.al efficiency, the colored recruits will
comjjare favorably with a like number of the white race.

The enrollment-law, as it now exists, works admirably. Nothing is wanting but to carry out
its i)rovisions, and all that is contemplated and desired will be accomplished, so far as the enroll-
ment alone is con(;erued. The manner of conducting a dratt might, perhaps, be so improved as to
obviate difficulties which experience lias disclosed ; one of which is that the drawing is required to
be i)ublic. Another bad feature is that the drafted man is notified to appear on a given day, which
gives him time aud opportunity to abscond, which many have done. 1 would, therefore, recommend
that the drawing be conducted ])rivately, and that the first intimation the man should receive of
his having been drawn should be a summons to accompany an officer to district headquarters, to
enter at once upon duty, or to furnish an acceptable substitute.

2V/C imporUtnce of a national nystvm of re<jistralion. — Registration appears to have originated
with the ancient Jews, who religiously kept their public registers until their destruction as a nation
b.\ tlie Komaus. The Ivomans adojited it some two thousand years ago, and it still existed iu

312 surgeons' EEPORtS PENNSYLVANIA TENTH DISTRICT.

Atbeus at a somewhat later period. England, however, has taken the lead in modern times in
full and minute registration; and these vital statistics have never been extensively employed
where sound principles of political economy were not recognized, nor entirely neglected where this
science has been cultivated.

Interests connected with the three important eras of human life — birth, marriage, and death —
render it apparent, on the slightest reflection, that upon the circumstances connected with them are
dependent to a very great extent the [)hysical, moral, and civil condition of the human family ; and
that a knowledge of these circumstances is necessary for a full comprehension of important means
for the certain advancement of the population of states in prosperity and civilization. Without a
registration-law, how can we obtain a knowledge of the facts and circumstances which can elucidate
this subject"? In order to prevent the spread of disease in particular localities, we must know the
kind of maladies incident to-those situations. To preserve the health and ])rolong the life of those
engaged in any particular trade or profession, we should know what diseases are most fatal to each;
and this can only be learned from such a record as this law procures. Registration indicates a
nation's strength ; it teaches what occupations a people jealous of life, health, and happiness should
fostei', and what avoid ; whether marringe or communism is better to people a world and maintain
its condition. To the statesman it is invaluable; without it, forts, batteries, dockyards, and
public works have been located and abandoned, because malarial poison has left no lives to guard
them. Life-insurance companies, and all other organizations based upon the probabilities of human
life, are to be credited to vital statistics. Heretofore, all the calculations for our own country
have been taken from the English tables, notwithstanding the difference in latitude, habits, and
circumstances.

It is essential to our correct history ; to the geogiaphical description of our country ; to the
rights of freemen, whose birth-rights may be questioned ; to jurists, in regulating the descent of
property; to the hygienist, in determining the mortality of the sexes, and the age, habits, and em-
ployments of the deceased, as compared with atmospheric phenomena of the season, thereby deter-
mining points of health in their relation to each other. By these statistics, attention would be
awakened to the mortality in certain places supposed to be healthy ; thus, local partialities would
be removed, nuisances abated, and deleterious practices and employments abandoned. Our own
law upon this subject is almost wholly inoperative and useless, simplj' for want of a penalty
attached to its violation, and proper remuneration to those who are required to fulfill its provisions.

Among all the difficulties with which we had to contend, none caused so much embarrassment
and trouble as that of determining the ages of men. In many cases, it was utterly impossible to
arrive at a definite conclusion for want of reliable documentary evidence; consequently, in some
instances the Government was wronged, and in other instances individuals were the sufferers.

If the existing laws which have been enacted by State legislatures are not speedily so amended
as to fulfill all that is required, Congress should take the matter in hand, and give it the attention
to which it is entitled. # # #

E. H. SMITH,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventh District of Fennsylvania.

West Chester, Pa., May 31, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— TENTH DISTRICT.!

Extracts from report of Dr. James S. Carpenter.

* * * My experience in the examination of men for military service has been

attained during the two years' service that I have had as surgeon of the board of enrollment in this
district. An extensive practice as physician and surgeon for more than thirty-five years has given
me experience in the diseases and disabilities which unfit a man for military duty, and, I think,
fitted me for the duties that I have been called upon to perform.

'No reports were received from the cijibth .ond ninth districts.

SUIJGKONS' KEPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TENTH DISTRICT. 313

The number of men examined i)h.vsic-all.v in this district is as follows:

Drafted men 3 q^q

Enrolled men 2 .'U)0

Recruits and substitutes . 3 (J0()

Total number of men examined 9 550

The Tenth District of Pennsylvania is composed of the counties of Schuylkill and Lebanon, an<l
contains a population of about one liundrtMl and thirty thousand inhabitants.

SehuylUill County is a midhind (bounty, and is about forty five miles long froui east to west
and about twenty-five broad, and contains an area of seven hundred and fifty square miles. It is
traversed by a ])ortion of the Alleghany range. Its lowest elevation above tide water, at Port
Clinton, is (bur hundred feet; its highest, on the top of Broad Mountain, is sixteen hundred and
thirty-three feet. It is well watered, with a drainage toward each of the cardinal points.

There are two distinct topographical and geological features in this county. The most pi-om-
iueut is the coal-area, which, with its mountains and valleys, covers about one quarter of it. The
soil of this district is composed of dark-blue shales, bluish-gray argillaceous sandstones, conglom-
erates, and seams of anthracite coal. The above shales contain ferruginous bands, and some
others are highly carbonaceous, and thus impregnate the springs of water flowing from them. The
surface is naturally barren aiul rough, therefore cultivated to a very limited extent. All of the
coal-area lies north of Sharp Mountain, and comprises about one-half of this part of the county.

The other marked feature is the area composed of red-shale valleys, well watered by streams;
drawing principally north and west, to the waters of the Susquehanna. The soil of these valleys
is composed of red shale, soft argillaceous red sandstone, occasional beds of sandstone, and a thin
calcareous belt. It is susceptible of a high state of cultivation, and generally yields abundant
crops to the efforts of our industrious neighbors, principally Germans, wJio bring the fruits of their
labors to supply the mining population.

The southern portion of Schuylkill County, bounded on the north by the Second Mountain
and on the south by the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, is peculiarly an agricultural district, diver-
sified with hills and streams, having all an easterly and westerly direction ; the main drainage of
the Schuylkill in the center, the Lehigh on tiie east, and the Swatara on the west. The soil along
the northern limit of this valley is a red shale, lower in the series and older thau that forming the
valleys near the coal-basins. It is composed of red shales and argillaceous red sandstones,
also brown, gray, greenish, and buff-colored sandstones, and the whole is a more brownish-red for-
mation than the one above mentioned. There are no minerals, as a general thing, in this formation,
to impregnate the springs; there are, however, some traces of iron, and a very thin trace of copper.
The next formation occupying in order beneath the above is the olive-slate forujatiou, covering a
very considerable portion of the whole valley, ranging from east to west, and extending on the
Schuylkill, from a point north of Schuylkill Eaven, south to near Port Clinton. It consists chiefly
of alternating strata of dark gray, greenish, and olive-colored slates, and soft, gr.iy argillaceous
sandstones; the lower beds are nearly black and somewhat calcareous slate. The whole stratum
is more or less calcareous, and abounds in fossils; an impure layer of this limestone extends from
Pine Grove to Schuylkill Haven, and thence east Ihrough the county, not, however, in a continuous
visible stratum.

This stratum, the description of which can be applied as a general one to our southern valley,
as it embraces three-quarters of its area, forms a thin soil, not usually jircductive, unless carefully
tilled and well sui)plie(l with lime. The water is apt to be hard, containing some siliceous uuitters,
sidphate of iron, and alumina, and sometimes carbcmate of lime.

The southern border of the valley, ranging along the north foot of the Kittatinny or Blue
Mountain, although composed of several strata, I shall view as forming one band, the northern
edge of which is a, yellowish-white sandstone, forming a ridge, which is not cultivated nor inhab-
ited. Immediately under is a thin and obscure stratum of limestone, then occurs a broader belt,
resting on the north slope of the Kittatinny, about one mile in width, and composed of a uniformly
red and slightly calcareous shale, and more or less argillaceous red sandstone ; its broadest limit is
Kt •

314 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — tenth district.

ou the Little Schuylkill, west of Port (Jlinton. Our soutlieiu border is a long, blue, barren, aurt
uuiuLahited ratige of inouiitaiiis, deiiouiiiiated the Kittutiiiny or Blue Mountain, separating us from
our neighbors of Berks County. This mountain is the only lorinatiou we both possess; they
inhabit the lower, and consequently older, ibrniations. The disintegration of the above strata
forms our soils, and influences the health of the inhabitants.

Lebanon County embraces an area of two hundred and eighty-eight .square miles, and its
geological formation extends Irom the Carboniferous on the northwest to the Primary rocks along
its southern boundary. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain on the north is the most southern of
the Ai)alaehi;in chain of mountains, and is composed of a rock of the lowest sedimentary deposits,
being similar to the Potsdam sandstone of the State of New York ; it exhibits very evident indica-
tions of igneous action, having, no doubt, been thrown up to its present height of six hundred feet
above the adjoining valley by some great convulsive force.

On the northwestern flank of this mountain, near its base, is found the mountain or crinoidal
limestone, the first superincumbent rock of the Old Ecd Sandstone groui:) ; and still higher than this,
in the 'lower series of the Carboniferous group, occurs the amygdaloidal sandstone, at the foot of
the mountain, in the valley of the Swatara Creek. Above the last-mentioned formation, there are
several strata of slaty sandstones and shales, passing into the pudding-stone, or conglomerate,
which is immediately beueath.the coal-seams.

The lower series of the lied Sandstone Ibrmation, situated between the first mountain and the
Silurian limestone, is geologically placed above the latter, and constitutes the largest area ot culti-
vable lands, and is in an improved agricultural condition.

The great limestone formation is contiguous to the latter; and adjoining it on the south is the
South or Blue Mountain of Virginia, which is mainly composed of syenitic granite, and in many
places along its surface is found the conglomerate sandstone. Under this conglomerate, and in
connection with trappean rock, occurs at Cornwall a large deposit of magnetic oxide of iron. Speci-
mens of this have yielded 70 per cent, of metallic iron. Many furnaces are supplied from this
mountain of iron, and the quantity is supposed to be inexhaustible.

The surface of Lebanon County is undulating; the soil is of superior quality and is under excel-
lent cultivation. Agriculture is the jjrincipal i)ursuit of the inhabitants, who are descendants of
Germans, and are frugal and industrious in their habits. The same observations may be made
with regard to. that part of Schuylkill County south of Sharp Mountain.

The diseases most common in this class are those afl'ecting the digestive organs, dyspepsia,
chronic affections of the liver, «&c. ; hence we find a large proportion of those exempt from military
duty are exempted ou account of loss of teeth. The Principal cause for the prevalence of these
diseases is to be found in the food and cooking of the people. Everything is fried in grease ; they
eat a great deal of salt-meat and fish, tough pies, and sour bread ; hence indigestion, and hence loss
of teeth, •

The inhabitants of the coal region are made up from many nationalities. The Irish predominate ;
Germans come next in point of numbers ; then the Welsh, English, and Scotch, in the order named.
We have also French, Swedes, Danes, and Hollanders, in less numbers. The Irish are intemperate,
dirty, and unhealthy ; they seldom live over fifty years. They are industrious, and can live ou less
than any other class when they are kept in proper subjection ; but when wages are high they will
work about half the time, and spend the rest in dissipation and idleness. The W^elsh are industri-
ous, frugal, and generally upright ; are good citizens and intelligent peojjle. They are generally
healthy. The English and Scotch are, as a genertil thing, more intelligent and ambitious. They
are the leading men among the miners. Many of them have become wealthy. Indeed, the most
wealthy men in the coal-region have risen from the ranks of miners.

The diseases of the coal-region are principally those of the air-passages, resulting from sudden
changes of temperature, and are generally of an inflammatory character. We have no miasmatic
disorders, and as a general thing this district is very healthful.

Schuylkill County is fertile in accidents. The mining and transportation of anthracite coal,
which form the principal pursuit of the inhabitants, are often attended with danger both to life and
limb, and render the skill of the surgeon a matter of constant requisition.

The first anthracite-coal basin of Pennsylvania occupies the greater portion of the county, an<l,

surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA TENTH DISTRICT. 315

as the coal is found in layers which have tilted np at the sides by the forces beneath the surface
unti] they often stand almost perpendicuhirly, it will be easily understood that the process of coal mining
here must be peculiarly dangerous, from the liability of fre(|nent falls of the superineiiiidieiit eaith
and coal. In addition to this, the vitiation of atmosjiheric air in the mines fnim the respiration of
the workmen, the combustion of lamps, explosions of powder, the spontaneous decomposition of
minerals, (as the change of suli)lHiret of iron into snlithate,) the decay of the timbers wliic^h prop the
sides or roof, and the diseugagenient of noxious gases which accumulate in the workings, render
the business a very hazardous one.

The last item alluded to is the frequent cause of surgical accidents. I allude to the ex|)losion
or buining of carbureted hydrogen-gas, called also fire-damp or inflammable air. This gas has a
specific gravity of about 0.558, and, being readily ignited, burns with a pale flame, though with a
more intense light than hydrogen. Mixed with atmospheric air, even in the proportion of one-
twelfth the part of air, it becomes highly explosive, so that the slightest inadvertency in using the
miner's lamp may result in wide-s[)read destruction, both from the direct influence of the fire and
liom the crash of falling timbers, wagons, coal, and earth. After the explosion of this gas, also, a
mixture of carbouic-acid gas and nitrogen remains behind, making it dangerous to enter the mine
for some time. Occasionally inexperienced persons thus perish by suffocation.

Besides these causes of injury, our country is covered with a net-work of railroads for the
transportation of coal, so that we have here probttbly the best school for practical surgery to be
found in the United States.

From the above account, it will be seen that many causes exist to produce peculiar diseases
and disabilities, disqualifying a greater ratio per thousand from military service than in most dis-
tricts out of the mining-region. ,

A brief classification may not be inappropriate : 1. Burns, either from fire damp or explosions
of powder, resulting in deformities, loss of sight, &c. ; 2. Injuries requiring amputation ; 3. Other
injuries arisir.g from accidents in the mines and railroads, resulting in deformities, injuries of
the eyes, &c.

Peculiar diseases are caused by working in bad air, producing a depravation of the blood,
causing debility of the whole nervous system, and thereby disordering the functions of respiration,
circulation, nutrition, &c. Persons suffering under these affections experience a great variety of
nervous sensations — ])alpitation, dyspnoea, neuialgic pain, horripilation, formication, loss of all
energy, and a habit of dwelling ui)on their moibid sensations; there is a dull leaden or bluish-
white color of the face, which marks the toxtemic condition of the blood. Persons thus affected
go about, sometimes work irregularly, luit are for the uiost part useless to their families and a
burden to themselves. This class, having no organic lesion, must be exempt under section 9 of
paragraph 85, as they are totally unfit for military duty.

The list of disabilities comj^rised in paragraph 85, lievised Eegulatious, for the government of
the examining-surgeon, is, in my opinion, as nearly perfect as the nature of the subject will admit,
with the exception of section 20.

There are many cases of defective teeth, in which the individual is unable properly to masticate
his food, aud yet has not lost all the " front, eye, and first molars," even of one jaw. I think some
latitude should be allowed the examining-surgeon, and that he should not be required to send a
man into military service unless he is fit and able to render the Governmeut the service required.

We are told, in paragrapli 91, that examining-surgeons will bear in mind that the object of the
Government is to secure the services of men who are effective, able-bodied, sober, aud free from
disqualifying diseases; and yet we aie bound by a set of arbitrary rules, in which very little dis-
cretion is allowed. The man must come under some one of the rules there laid down, or we are not
permitted to exempt him, although we maybe satisfied that he will never make a good soldier.
I know the difficulties which surround the subject, and 1 would not recommend any other alteration,
unless Government could secure always perfectly reliable examining-surgeons.

The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy depends a good
deal on the class of persons to be examined. In one case, the whole examiuation may not require
more thau five minutes, while another will occupy fifteen. In one, it will take two minutes to strip,
in another five or ten ; but, as a general thing, I think an examining-surgeon ought not to be required

316 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — eleventh district.

to examine inore than forty or Jifty men per day. With the aid of assistants, we Lave examined
over eighty, but that number is too great, unless the work is divided, and the surgeon and his
assistant examiue separately. My rule was to myself examine every man brought before the
board of enrollment. After the assistant had made a general examination, I took the case and veri-
fied or corrected the opinion. This Icousidered my duty, as I had to be responsible for any improper
enlistment.

Enrolled and drafted men are apt to exaggerate any ailments to which they may be subject. In
the first draft, rheumatism was relied upon to procure exemptiou, but that was not found to answer
with the board of enrollment, and, as one drafted man said to another, who was asked what he
claimed exemption on, "Rheumatism isn't worth a damn." The most general claim for exemption
was that of general weakness and liability of taking cold on exposure. Tliere are many cases of
this kind which require very careful and skillful examination to ascertain if they are tit for military
duty, or whether, if taken into the service, they would not be soon sent to the hospital, and thus
become a burden to the Government. The best method of uieeting all sncli difBculties is a searching
examination by a skillful surgeon, and in keeping in mind always the directions given in para-
graph 91.

In my o]Mnion, the nationality that presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service
is the English and Scotch, taking them as one nationality, but separately I prefer the Scotch.

The negro, as far as I have observed, is stronger, more muscular, and better able to endure the
fatigue and exposure of camp-life than the white man. I was much surprised at the fine muscular
development of the colored race. Comparatively few of this race came under my notice, and they
were mostly of unmixed blood.

I venture to say that the negroes put into the Army from this district will march better,
endure more fatigue and exposure, and recuperate faster than white men sent from the same
localities.

I have nothing to suggest with regard to the operation of the enrollment-law. If the provisions
of this law are carried out properly and faithfully, I think it will answer its intention, and nothing
more is required.

JAMES S. CARPENTER, M. D.,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Tenth District of Pennsylvania,

POTTSVILLE, Pa., June 1, 1SC5.

PENNSYLVANIA— ELEVENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. C. H. Humphrey.

* • * I am unable to give an accurate account of the number of men examined

during my oflBcial career, owing to the fact that during the first year of my service as surgeon of
the board, all of us being then but novices in the business, the records of the examination of men,
though kept according to then existing orders, were not as complete as experience in the work has
since taught us to make them. As near as I can approximate, aided by the records of the last
year, which I take as a basis for my calculations on former drafts, «&c., I make the number about
ten thousand. This includes volunteers, drafted and enrolled men, and substitutes.

This district is composed of the counties of Northampton, Monroe, Carbon, Pike, and Wayne.
It is situated in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania, extending from the shores of New Jersey
on the east to the State of New York on the north, a distance of over one hundred miles by the
most direct route of public travel.

The face of the country is extremely mountainous and wild in appearance, with the exception
of Northampton County. The latter is a fertile and wealthy district, being the southeastern
extreme, and bordering on the Delaware River. The soil is fruitful and in a. fine state of cultiva-
tion. The occupations of its inhabitants are chiefly in agriculture, manufactures, and iron-mining.

The couuties of Monroe, Pike, and Wayne lie among an almost endless chain of mountains in
the northern part of the district. The soil is extremely poor, being thickly covered with low, stunted
oak or heavy iieudock-timber, and only here and there, like some green oasis iu the dreary desert,

SURGEONS' KErOKTS — PENNSYLVANIA — ELEVEffTH DISTRICT. 317

a small space is cleared and (niltivated, yielding but a poor reinnneration to the hard-working and
humble liusbandiuau. The prin(-ii)al employment is lumbering.

Carbon County, the more western portion of the district, though equally wild in appearance,
and the soil as little susceptible to euItivation,.is more wealthy and prosperous, owing to the exten-
sive coal-mines iu operation there, w hich give the principal occupation to the inhabitants.

The general character of the inhabitants of this district, physically, is fair, being mostly hard-
working men, inured to hardships and exposure natural to men of their calling. They are in gen-
eral moderate and frugal in tlieir mode of living. Mentally, though blessed with flue schools and
every facility to secure a good education, they are, as far as the rural districts are concerned, not
as intelligent as they might be. Politically, they are far behind some of our neighboring districts,
being little acquainted with the real and essential points and principles of political morality, and
more than two-tliirds pro-slavery men and " copperheads." A large number of foreigners — Irish
and Germans — inhabit the counties of Carbon, Pike, and Wayne; in the tirst named they are found
the most extensively, the large coal- works forming a nucleus around which they gather by thou-
sands. In our experience, these foreigners, especially the Irish poi)ulation, have given us more
trouble than any other class of citizens in the district. Stubborn, self-willed, and bitter opponents
of the Government, they either failed to report at all, keeping themselves secluded iu their subter-
ranean places of labor or among the wild regions surrounding their abode, or, assisted by others of
American birth equally unruly, banded together to defend themselves against arrest, and to defy
the strong arm of the law. But I may be digressing, and intruding on a subject more properly
belonging to the report of my superior officer.

As to the prevalent diseases of the district, I am at a loss to determine their nature as fully as
I may be expected to do. Like all other portions of the country, our people are subject to the
various and almost innumerable ills which "flesh is heir to," being visited by the ruthless and
invisible presence in diflerent forms and with a variety of afflictions. The diseases more generally
prevalent, I think, are those of the respiratory organs. Pneumonia prevails in a great degree
throughout the upper portions of the district. Affections of the throat, also remittent and typhoid
fevers, are very numerous. Thesi^ affections of the respiratory organs, and the frequent fevers, may
be caused by the severe and sudden changes of temperature peculiar to this section of the country.
The most intense heat of one day is often followed by chilling winds and a damp foggy atmosphere.
The greater portion of this district, as before stated, is very mountainous, and on these elevated
parts there is more or less of a cold breeze on the hottest days. The heat is as intense as at any
other place in the same latitude, but an occasional cold breeze sweeping over the hills at the same
time is often the immediate cause of a severe cold, which frequently ends i,n a serious attack of fever.
This is particularly the case in the upper counties of Pike, Wayne, and Monroe, while the lower
portion of the district suffers much less from these affections. As a general thing, however, this
district is a healthy one, and the diseases mentioned are often the results of unnecessary or
unavoidable ex[)osure.

The i^articular disabilities which have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand for military
service in this district are loss of teeth and hej-uia. What really causes the first-named disqualifi-
cation to be so common among all classes in this district, I cannot definitely explain. It may be
partly attributed to their diet, or mode of living. I find in my examiniitions that natives of Germany
and Ireland, as a general thing, are more fortunate in the preservation of their teeth than are our
own citizens ; and some members of the medical Irateruity believe that it is owing to the smaller
(piautity of animal food and saccharine mattei' used by them. This may, however, be only conjecture.

Ilernia, or its causes, may be more successfully traced. The greater portion of our people are
engaged iu very laborious and enervating pursuits : lumliering, for instance, which requires very
heavy lifting; mining, calling for frequent overtaxation of bodily strength ; and tarming on a soil
in most places not very fertile or even, requires the exertion of the human frame to such an extent
as to lead to hernia very fre(]nently. This disability is not only common among men in the more
advanced stages of life, but among the younger portion cases are' equally numerous. The youths
of our section are called to the field, the woods, or the mines, to perform the tasks of men before
the Irame has attained its lull strength and vigor, which very frequently results iu souie serious
physical iryury.

318 surgeons' EEPORTS^PENNSYLVANIA ELEVENTH DISTRICT.

I am asked my A-iews with reference to the differeut sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regnhv
tions ProvostiMarshalGeneral's Bureau, and what changes I wouhl recommend. I would prefer to
have these points discussed by some one more competent and experienced. It is a delicate matter
to criticise the work of men whose ability far exceeds that of the critic, and 1 should be pleased to
keep silent on this sulyect were it not contrary to my instructions.

As a whole, the ditferent causes for exemption, as laid down in paragraph 85, are just and
equitable. But, as I am allowed the privilege, I would respectfully suggest the propriety of a modi-
fication in the requirements to establish the existence of the disqualification mentioned in the third
section of said i)iiragraph. Epilepsy, or the tact of its existence, is to be established "by the duly-
attested affidavit of a physician in good standing who has attended" the applicant for exeraptiou
" in the disease within the six months immediately preceding his examination by the board." In
the rural districts, and especially in the sparsely-inhabited regions of the mountainous sections of
such countries as those composing our enrollment-district, where the allotted field of labor of a
physician generally has an extent of territory ranging from ten to twenty miles in length and as
many in breadth, where some families have Irom five to ten miles of the most execrable roads to
traverse in order to reach a physician, it is almost impossible to procure the evidence required by
this section. Numerous cases coming under my personal observation in my practice have con-
vinced me of the difficulties connected with the fulflllinent of these requirements. Very frequently
liave I been called u]>on to administer relief to an unfortunate patient sufi'ering with a fit of epilepsy,
only a few miles from my residence, in a neighborhood more thickly inhabited than the generality
of the district, and before I could reach the tield of operations my patient had struggled through
his fit ; and the fact that he was completely exhausted and unnerved would not authorize me to
sicear that he had undergone a fit of epilepsy, though the symptoms still ap[)arent might lead me
to helieve such to have been the case. But in many of the more thinly-settled localities, among the
mountains of the northern part of this district, the sufferer can completely recover from a severe fit
of this nature before the physician can reach the abode of his patient. This is such a usual occur-
rence that in eight cases out of ten the family in which such visitations occur frequently, becoming
familiar with the disease and the remedies usually applied, scarcely think of sending for a physi-
cian, knowing that the victim will recover or die before medical assistance can possibly arrive.
Hence the great difficulty in establishing the fact of the existence of this disability by the testi-
mony of an attending physician in numerous cases. The only testimony which can be procured
in many instances is that of the members of the same family, or those of their neighbors who may
be called upon or be accidentally present on such occasions. » * »

The prescribed method of examining men if carefully followed will enable a surgeon to examine
not more than seventy-five men a day, if he should work as we did in this office, namely, from seven
o'clock in the morning until night, and supposing him to meet with no difficult subjects to occupy
his time beyond the average period necessary for the examination of ordinary cases.

The frauds to be guarded against, which are practiced by drafted and enrolled men, as well as
volunteers and substitutes, are many, and as varions in their forms as they are numerous. To
describe all of these in detail would alone make an extensive history. I will therefore mention but
a few of the most common tricks practiced by a certain class of persons, who, during the rebellion,
made this species of fraud and subterfuge a profession. * * * I remember one case

in which I was deceived by a person who was afflicted with that disgusting disease otorrhoea.
This man presented himself before the board for examination, and I soon detected the existence of
thedisease, and at once rejected him. He left the office, and, at the suggestion of his associates, he
trimmed his hair and beard, thoroughly cleansed his ear, donned another dress, and, with the aid of
perfumeries, &c., completely changed his appearance, as well as disguised the peculiar scent which
usually accompanies this disease. Watching an opportunity, he managed, disguised and purified
as he was, to present himself before the board the second time, among a large number who were
pressing into the room, during a very busy season, and I accepted him. Persons with venereal
disease, unless very carefully examined, will at times, in certain stages of the dise§se, succeed in
disguising it liy a discharge of urine and the use of injections previous to examination. I have
detected numerous cases of the kind.

Another dangerous practice resorted to is this: A certain person, whom for convenience we

surgeons' EEPOETS PENNSYLVANIA — ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 319

will call " B," having some disability about him, unfitting him for military service, will i)resent
himself, as a volunteer, lor examination, ami, after being rejected, will pass out of the examining-
room, among those who have preceded him. Then a companion, " C,'' who, having been frequently
examined before, knows himself to be a fit subject for enlistment, will enter tlie examiningroom.
He is of course accepted, being generally a flue healthy fellow, and he passes out of the room. His
("O's") name, among a nuniber of others, is handed to the clerks to prepare his papers, and when
the men are summoned for muster, and the name of " G" (the accepted man) is called, the rejected
man "B" answers to it, steps forward, and in the press of business and excitement attending these
times is mustered into the service. The practice of enlisting under assumed names is frequently
resorted to, and men who have passed beyond the age of forty-five years often attempt to deceive
the surgeon and the board by coloring their hair and beard, and otherwise hiding the usual traces
of old age.

Not only are these frauds and deceptions practiced by substitutes and volunteers, but also by
drafted and enrolled men, not in the same manner, but in others equally as bad. Drafted men,
for instance, will claim exemption by reason of ankylosis of some joint, frequentlj^ the ankle or
elbow joint, and if [)hysically strong, unless you wish to be rude and severe in your measures, you
will have some difljculty in ascertaining the true facts in the case, without the application of ether,
which, indeed, was frequently resorted to. Others are very lame as soon as they enter the oflice,
walking with much difficulty with the aid of a c;ine of huge dimensions, and making the most hide-
ous faces while undergoing the examination, which seldom develops anything of a nature to account
for the pretended suffering.

Deafness is often feigned in order to procure release from the draft, and very often it is so well
feigned, and the character of a deaf man so well sustained, that a conversation of a very important
character, relating to his own case and the probable result, will not disturb his equanimity while
carried on in his rear, nor the accidental fall of a quantity of that " highly appreciated " silver coin
attract his attention.

The loss of teeth is a cause for exemption, so readily secured by many persons, that it is a rare
thing to see a man " liable to draft" who carries in his jaws the few straggling grinders to which
he clung for years with such heroic pertinacity. Numerous cases came to my knowledge during
the last two years of persons who feared the draft more than they loved their country, and, know-
ing of no other avenue of escape from the strong arm of the law in the case of their being drafted,
had their teeth extracted from the upper jaw, and ran the risk of going almost toothless, even if
not drafted, rather than be drafted and not be found toothless. I refused to exempt several
persons who, I was informed, had their teeth drawn for the purpose of evading their duties to the
Government.

Men claiming exemption under Circular 101 gave us much unnecessary trouble. Though the
bills, scattered over the entire district, told them in terms as plain as the English language could
supply, that none other than " manifest permanent physical disability " would exempt men from
the enrollment before the draft, thousands of persons flocked to our headquarters for exemi)tion
on the most trifling and ridiculous grounds. If not accommodated with an immediate examination,
or if examined and their complaint decided not to be of such a nature as to warrant exemption,
curses both loud and deep were heaped upon the board.

A large number of these men applied for examination, ostensibly to volunteer, but really to
ascertain if there might ]ierchance be some imperfection about them which would entitle them to
exemption, not knowing of the existence of any themselves, and fearful of a refusal on the part of
the surgeon to examine them unless they should show some sufticieut reason for the work. These
men, if accepted, would invariably refuse to be mustered, and, if rejected for some cause then exist-
ing but not permanent in its nature, peremptorily demanded their exemption from enrollment.

" What nationali'y presents the greatest physical aptitude fur militartj serricef' is a question rather
difficult for me to answer. There were but three difl^ereut classes strongly represented in this con-
flict, at least as far as our experience is concerned : these were Americans, Germans, and Irish.
The majority of the two last named have resided in this country so long that they have become in a
manner Americanized, having but few of the habits or peculiarities of their nation about them in
their mode or pursuits of life. Could the negroes be strictly considered as having a nationality of

320 surgeons' KEPOKTS PENNSYLTANIA ELEVENTH DISTRICT.

their own, I -would not hesitate to pronounce that by far the best fitted physically for military
service. But this not being allowable, I must decide in favor of the Irish as being the strongest
and most healthy among the-various classes examined. It is, however, scarcely just or proper to
decide in favor of a minority in this case, as, under the last call for volunteers, there were but one
hundred and twenty-seven Irishmen examined to eight hundred and twenty-six Americans ; and it
is natural to suppose tliat out of so small a number only the best material may come forward, while
among a large body of men more of the bad and indifferent may be found. Again, the draft
reached all classes and conditions of the American people, the strong and the frail, good and bad,
while tlie majority of foreigners were exempt as aliens, and only those who felt strong and vigorous
euough to endure tlie hardships of a military life voluntarily entered the service.

My experience as to the '■^physical qualifications of the colored race for military s<trvice " is that
they are j^hysically lar better fitted for this work than any class of white men I examined. They
were stronger, more fully developed, more mu^cular, and iree from umny of the blemishes and
diseases common among the white race. Among a large number of colored men examined, I found
but two with hernia: one umbilical and one inguinal. Of disease of the heart and other internal
organs, I discovered but very few. if any, cases among the number examined. Their teeth and eyes
are remarkably good. Htemorrhoids is a thing seldom found to afflict a negro. I have no recol-
lection of a single case coming under my observation. In a word, I would pronounce the colored
race emiueutly qualified for military service.

The enrollmeut-iaw, as it now exists, is as perfect and as equitable, in my opiuiou, as it could
conveniently be made. lu its operation, I can see nothing inimical to the people or unjust in its
nature. The bare idea of enrolling and drafting persons is one not very agreeable to a people
unused to war and its attending evils in any form ; but when the necessity for such stringent
measures exists, no better or more consistent laws could be enacted than those under which we
have been operating during the last year.

There is, however, one clause or provision in the law which I consider at least disagreeable in
its tendency to the ieelings of American citizens, and susceptible of improvement or uiodification.
I allude to the exemption of persons of foreign birth who have not exercised the right of suffrage
nor declared their intentions to become citizens of the United States. There are thousands of
foreigners in our country, who have resided here for ten or twenty years, have enjoyed all the privi-
leges our own citizens enjoy, full freedom, access to our schools, churches, courts, asylums, and other
public institutions. Tbey enjoy the same freedom of specjch ; religious toleration ; engage in
the same commercial pursuits ; coin money from tbe same coffers ; receive the same remuneration
for their services ; and are allowed free homes and lands in the Territories of the West by the Gov-
ernment. In every respect, save that of voting, they are on an equal footing with American-born
citizens. When the country is in danger, they have the same interests at stake; their property and
lives are in the sauie peril, as well as tliat freedom which they professed they crossed the ocean to enjoy.
All these privileges and blessings they share, but when all these are in danger and need defenders they
shelter themselves behind the parchment which pronounces them subjects of some foreign power !
They do not wish to become citizens in due form, preferring to avoid the necessity of defending the
institutions of the country. Not only persons born on foreign soil and emigrating to this countiy,
but their sons born on our shores, educated in our schools, breathing tlie air of freedom from in-
fancy, are exempt from military service, because their fathers have never gone througli theformality
of being naturalized. I sincerely trust this subject will be more carefully and judiciously considered
by the people and their representatives, and such action taken in the matter as may lead to a fairer
and more just distribution of the labors and dangers, as well as tlie blessings and privileges of the
land. This is one of the points in the enrollment-law which, in my opiuiou, calls for a change. It
is one against which much complaint is made by the most loyal sustainers of the Government, and
by men who are willing to make any sacrifice, reasonable and necessary, for the good of the country.

In conclusion, ]jerniit me to refer to one more subject, which, during my official career, has caused
the board much trouble, and brought upon our heads more abuse than anything else in tLe laws or
instructions of thi^ Government. It is the distinction made between volunteers and drafted men with
reference to their fitness lor military service. In compliance with instructions from my superiors, I
was often obliged to reject men presenting tliemselves for examination as volunteers, who, afterward,

surgeons' REPOKIS PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH DLSTRICT. 321

beiiij? drafted, could not tor the saiiu' reiisons he exeiiiptcsd. This was considered by the people very
unjust. Poor men with large families dependent on their labor for support, who could ill allord to
be drafted, and to leave their wives and children destitute of the necessaries of life, would, prompted
by feelings of i)atri()tisin as well as a desire to make souk^ provision for their families, eagerly
accept the liberal oft'ers from a local district in the shape of a bounty, and jjresent themselves iu
good liiith as candidates for enlistment. Some cause existing for which the instructions from the
War Department for the guidance of surgeons in this business prohil)its me from aitcepting them
as volunteers, and still would not authorize me to exempt them if dralted, I was obliged to reject
them in one case, and to hold them iu the other.

Otiiei's, who were drafted and claimed exemption for some disability which would not, ac-
cording to my instructions, exempt them from draft, were compelled to commutt^ or furnish substi-
tutes, and afterward, desiring to enter the service as volunteers in order to ledeem some of their
pecuniary loss, could not, for the same cause then existing, be accepted by the board. This created
a bitter feeling among the people against the board and the Government Persons argued that if
a man was lit to perform military service as a drafted man, he should naturally be qualilied to serve
in the same capacity as a volunteer; that if a man desiring to volunteer could not become a soldier
because he had lost his left eye or was near-sighted, he could not reasonal)ly become one as a
drafted man. Thus many poor men could not become soldiers when an opportunity offeied by
which to make some provision for their families, but were afterward compelled to enter tiie Army
as drafted men without any pecuniary advantage. * * *

O. IT. nUMPIlREV,
SiDUjcoH Hoard of EnroHinetil Eleventh Distriat of Pcniisijlcaniii.

Easton, Pa., June 15, lS(i5.

PENNSYLVANIA— TWELFTH DISTRICT.
Extracts f mm report of Dr. 11. P. MoouY.

* * * I entered upon my duties as surgeon of the board ot enrollment of the.
twelfth district of Pennsylvania on the 27th day of May, 18G3, and have been on duty ('ontinuously
from that time until the present. Our records show seven tliousand one hundred and tifty- three
physical examinations.

* * * This district is composed of the counties of Luzerne and Sus(piehanna, and,
as the geograi)hy as well as the habits of the peoi>le are different in the two (u)unties, it is neces-
sary to consider them separately.

Luzerne County covers an area of about two thousand square miles, and in 1800 had a popula-
tion of alittle over ninety thousand. It [)resents a surface of great diversity. A portion equals the
most barren and uneven of any in tlie State, while other parts eiiual the most beautitid and fertile.
The most important streams which course through the county are the Susquehanna and Lackawanna
Rivers. The Susquehanna enters the county on the north at a point about midway between the
eastern and western boundaries, and runs in a southwesterly direction a distance of about fifty-five
miles, to where it rea(!hesColumbia County. Along this entire route, it is bordered by beautiful valleys
upon either side, of I'roui one to eighteen miles in length. One of these, the Wyoming Valley, has
become historical as the scene of the terrible Indian massacre in 1778. It extends from Pittston to
Nanticoke, a distance of eighteen miles, ranging from one to five miles in width, and is not sur-
passed in beauty or fertility by any valley iu the country.

The soil is owned principally by descendants of the early settlers, who are enjoying the
blessings achieved for them by their fathers. Beneath are endless fields of coal, which are leased
to comi)anies who are engaged in mining the coal. These mines have attracted to the valley thou
sands of nieu of foreign birth, who earn their liveliliood by working in them.

The Lackawanna River enters the county at its northeast corner, at which point it is but an
insignificant stream. Its course is diagonal through the northern portion of the county, and being
fed by numerous springs and small streams, when it reaches the Susquehanna, at Pittston, after
41

322 SURGEONS REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH DISTRICT.

traversing a distance of about thirty miles, it has assumed the proportions of quite a respectable
river. The valley of the Lackawanna averages about one mile in width. The surface is covered
with bowlders of all sizes, and possesses but little soil for farmiug i)urposes. The wealth lies under-
neath in the form of coal, and the inhabitants are engaged in mining it. The town of Scranton is
located in this valley, and has beeu built by the coal-interest dnring the lust fifteen years. It now
numbers, in an area of four miles, not less than thirty-five thousand inhabitants. The coal-trade
at this point has developed an extensive furnace for the manufacture of iron, the ore being tran.s-
ported from other parts. A rolling-mill for the manufacture of railroad-iron and an extensive
machine-shop for the manufacture of engines and cars are also established in the valley.

To leave these valleys and pass west of the Susquehanna, we encounter the Kingston Mount-
ains, which border the WyomingValley. Farmers have climbed up their sides, and, at points, even to
the apex, and where a few years ago existed a vast forest are now found beautiful fields in a higii
state of cultivation.* Beyond the summit are rolling hills, rugged in places, but nearly all culti-
vated, and their inhabitants mostly engaged in tilling the soil. At the extreme west is a spur of
the Alleghany Mountains. At the foot of this mountain is Harvey's Lake, a beautiful sheet of
water, covering about nine square miles of territory. A first-class hotel has beeu erected near the
outlet, and the place is gaining favor as a summer-resort. East of the Susquehanna, bordering the
valley, are the Wyoming Mountains, higher and steeper than those west of the river. The sides
and apex are disturbed only by an occasional coal-shaft, and the railroads necessary to transport
the coal along the sides of the mountain. Beyond the mountain is a vast wilderness for miles
around, interrupted only by an occasional mill for the manufacture of lumber. The inhabitants are
consequently engaged in preparing the lumber for market.

Farther on, toward the southeastern portion of the county, are other small streams, bordered by
well-cultivated and fertile farms. This part of the county is inhabited by that class of people
kuown as "Pennsylvania Dutchmen," who are treading in the tracks of their fathers, tilling the
same soil, and voting the same ticket. Still lower down, in the extreme lower end of the county,
are the Hazleton coal-fields; here there is a large foreign population engaged in mining coal.

Bordering the Lackawanna Valley on the west are the Capouse Mountains, high aud rugged.
Coal-operators have settled down at the base at different points, and are takiug large quantities of
coal from underneath. Beyond the mountains are rolling hills, a portion of which is well culti-
vated, the inhabitants being mostly engaged in farming.

East of the Lackawanna Valley are the Moosic Mountains, which are simply an extension of
the Wyoming Mountains. Beyond these the surface is uneven, and in places heavily timbered, and
but thinly populated. The inhabitants divide their attention between farming and lumbering.

Susquehanna County lies north from Luzerne, and is bordered on the north by the State of
New York. It has an area of about nine hundred square miles, and in 1860 a population of a little
over thirty-six thousand inhabitants. The only important stream is the Susquehanna River, which
passes about twenty miles through the northern portion of the county.

The New York and Erie Railroad follows the river at this point, and that company have done
nuich in the building-up of this portion of the county. They are now working extensive machine-
shops lor the manufacture of engines and cars at Susquehanna Depot, a town of some three thou-
siind inhabitants. The remainder of the county presents an extremely uneven surface. The
bills rise to a considerable height, but are not so steep as to prevent their cultivation. The soil is
better adapted to the production of grass aud hay than any other article of produce; consequently
the attention of the farmers is generally devoted to raising cattle, sheep, and horses, and to the
dairy business. It is considered one of the best grazing counties in the State.

The most prevalent diseases in the upland or farming and lumbering districts are affections of
the lungs and liver. To so great an extent do these affections prevail, that in nearly all cases of
illness the practitioner is obliged to watch these organs closely. I can offer no other plausible
reason for this than the many sudden changes of the weather. In the mining-regions, there are
more rheumatic affections, attended with derangements of all the internal organs, more especially of
the heart and kidneys. This is acciounted for by the occupations of the inhabitants. The atmos-
phere in the uiines is close and dami), and the miners usually go in in the morning carrying their
dinners \x ith them, and do not come out till night. For this reason, ic is but seldom they get an

surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH DISTRICT. 323

oi)portiinity to breatlio the pure air. The affections of the heart and kidneys are tlie result gen-
erally of rheumatic affections.

TIkmc has been the largest ratio per thousand exempted for hernia, (section 26 of paragraph
85, Eevised Kegulatioiis.) This is owing to the laborious habits of the people. Heavy lifting and
overexertion Lave produced a large majority of these affections. Second in the list is section 32,
[)aragraph 85, which refers to fractures, dislocations, diseases of bones, &c., which are occasioned
by the many accidents in the mines. Third in the list is the loss of tieth, section 20, paragraph 85.
This is accounted for by the inordinate fear entertained by a large class of people of entering the
military service. It is a humiliating fact that there are American citizens who would rather
mutilate themselves in such a manner as to render a recovery impossible than to render assistance
of any kind to their country. And this section has been a favorite for many such. I believe that
ouehalf of those who have been exempted under this section had their teeth extracted for the sole
purpose of escaping the draft. In many cases, men have presented themselves for examination, whose
gums were yet unhealed. A large proportion of these were young men in the vigt)r of manhood, and
many of them the sons of rich men. I mention this to show to what deeds certain political teach-
ings will lead men.

There could be a few changes in paragraph 85 of the Eevised Regulations, which, in my
opinion, would be advantageous to all parties concerned. Section 3, which refers to cases of
epilepsy, requires the affidavit of a physician in good standing who has attended the man in the
disease during or within six months immediately preceding his examination by the board. This is
impracticable, as a majority of the confirmed epileptics in this section seldom call for medical aid,
and, should a physician be called in the rural districts, the distance is so great that he seldom
arrives in time to witness the paroxysm. In most cases of confirmed epilepsy, there is a certain
indescribable expression of countenance, which is readily discovered by the surgeon. This, in con-
nection with the evidence of good citizens fi'om his immediate neighborhood who have seen him
during one or more paroxysms at a recent date, should be sufiBcieut to discharge the man.

Section 20, relating ro defective teeth, should be stricken from the list of exemptions. Section
23 should l)e so moditied as to exempt only c tses of eonfirmed ovaggravated\wgm\iA\ hernia. * * •

I iiave examiued, ou a few occasions, one hundred and fifty men per day. They were volun-
teers, and did not require as much time as drafted men. Men who have always considered them-
selves healthy .snddenly discover, after being drafted, that they are afflicted with some fearful
malady, and are not satisfied with an examination unless considerable time is spent with them, and
all the motions gone through with. To do this, sixty men per day are as many as one man can
examine. With volunteers, it is not necessary to consume so much time. The general appearance
of the man is sufficient to satisfy the surgeon whether any serious disease of the internal organs
exists. If he is well-[)roportioned, witli health written on every feature, it is only necessary to
ascertain whether any injuries or local disease exist which would disqualify him for the militiiry
service. The surgeon could satisfy himself just as readily in the case of a drafted man, but he
would fail to satisfy the man that sufficient attention had been paid him, and I consider it highly
proper for the agent of the Government to pay respect to the wishes of the people. A draft is
more or less repugnant to all classes, bnt the rough corners can be taken off; and it may be made
more palatable to the conscripts if the officers listen patiently to their claims, and succeed in satis-
fying them that they have the full benefit of the law.

The frauds practiced by drafted and enrolled men and by volunteers and substitutes are so
numerous that the surgeon soon comes to look upon every man appearing for examination with
suspicion. With drafted and enrolled men, hernia has been a favorite claim, and to prove its
existence they i)resent themselves with a truss well fitted, and claim to have worn it for years.
The closest examination fails to discover the defect, but often develops the fact that the truss has
Iteen borrowed for the occasion. Others mutilate themselves by creating ulcers ou the lower
extremities, which have the appearance of varicose ulcerations, and it is sometimes difficult in these
cases to detect the fraud. Some use irritating ointments on the eyelids to produce the appearance
of chronic conjunctivitis, or about the anus to produce prolapsus ani or haemorrhoids. These
cases are easily detected. Many present themselves covered with strengthening plasters, claiming

324 surgeons' kfj'okts — Pennsylvania — twelfth ulstrict.

to be diseased all over, while tbeir general aiipeaiaiiee denotes good health, aud their hands show
that they labor every day. The claim of ei)ilei)sy is frequently resorted to, and in a few instances
men have had paroxysms in the examiningroom ; but these cases have never required medical aid
to restore them to consciousness. Chronic rheumatism was for a season a favorite claim, but ha.s
of late been abandoned as unsafe. One ease that recurs to my mind at this time will serve to
illustrate the ))Ower of some men to practice deceit. The man alleged complete ankylosis of the
right elbow as the result of frequent attacks of rheumatism. By some accidental means, 1 became
satisfied there was something wrong in the case I then resorted to all the strategy my ingenuity
could devise to get liitii off his guard, hoping to see him move his arm, but to no jiurpose. Still feel-
ing satisfied that there was nothing wrong with the joint, I, with the aid of au assistant, endeavored
to bend the elbow by main force, but he had such perfect control over the muscles of his arm that
we could not etteet the slightest motion of the joint, aud succeeded only in eliciting the most
unciirthly screams indicative of the pain he professed to endure. I then made preparations to
administer ether, but after taking one snutt' at tlie ansesthetic, he gave up, aud demonstrated tlie
fact thai he was prarticing fraud by a free use of the joint. We have many cases of this class,
claiming aflections of joints in difierent jjarts of the body. The presence of an anjx'sthetic gen-
erally sufhces to liniber the joint without the application of the remedy.

. Volunteers and substitutes display as much ingenuity to get into as enrolled aud drafted men
do to get out of the service, but they do not have as good a chance to succeed as the latter. It
is more difficult to cover up a disease that actually exists than to produce or assume one. Those
afflicted with hernia present themselves at times when the affection is not manifest. Those having
any other local affections cover them up as much as possible, aud if discovered swear that they
are no injury to them. Many times when such men have been rejected once, they present them-
selves a second time, or even a third, disguised aud under a different name.

The records of this office would indicate that Americans present the greatest physical aptitude
for the military service, for their [)erceutage of exemption is smaller than that of any other
nationality. It is possible that these records are not a true index to the facts as regards this
question. There are at this time about four thousand deserters from the draft in this district, and
I believe I do not overestimate when I state that fully 75 ])er cent, of them are of foreign birth,
the greater portion being Irish. Had all these men rei)orted. it is probable that the most of
them would haveTbeen held to service; for if they had considered themselves physically disqualified,
they wouUl have reported and had their names stricken from the enrollment. Those of Irish
nativity who did report anil were exempted were, in nearly every instance, exempted on account
of local affections, occasioued by injuries received about the mines or other public works, and but
ver,\ few from any constitutional affections. I am of opinion that the Irish as a race are less
afflicted with constitutional atfections than any other uatiouality. If this be true, thej' are the
best qualified for physical eiidurance, but, so far as my experience extends, when considered as a
class, this is their only redeeming quality. As regards moral qualifications and a mind capable of
looking u^ion an^ question properly, (which faculty is indispensable in the formation of a good
soldiei.) ihey are almost universally lacking. I am aware that there have been a few glorious
exce[)tions to this general rule since the breaking-out of the rebellion, but I am aware also that
there has been a good deal of pai)er and ink wasted in portraying deeds to their credit which they
never performed. Considering the matter in all its bearings, I am satisfied that we have more to
charge to their account than their credit will balance.

My experience with the colored race is too limited to enable me to give an opinion as to their
physical (jualifications to peiform the duties of the soldier.

Section lli of the enrollment-act, approved March 3, 1S(J3, requires that men drrfted "shall be
notified of the same, within ten days thereafter, by a written or printed notice, to be served person-
ally, or l)y leaving a copy at the last place of residence," &c. This is impracticable, as will appear
by the following statement: Llazleton Township is located about sixty miles from Sci'^nton, the
headquarters of this district, and with no direct communication by railroad ; aud consists of four
seiiaiate settlenu'Hts, or towns, built by the coal-interests of that section, and had au original enroll-
ment of over lilteen hundred names. The inhabitants are [triucipaily Irish, aud, as was the custom

surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA TWEl.Pril DISTRICT. 325

of that nativity, f()iril)l.v icsiistwl the otliccis in tailing the eiiroiliii^nt in 1863. For this reason,
we were compelled to resort to the poll list and company jjay-rolls in order to obtain any
enrollment whatever. By this means, the officers were unable to designate the particular settle-
ment or i)art of the township in which the men resided. In the draft made in July, 1SC4, there
were live hundred and seventy nine names drawn from this township. It consumed one day atrer
the drawing to prepare the notices, and one day for the deputy selected for the purpose to reach
llazleton from these head(iuarters by private conveyance. He then had but eight days to fill the
requi;ements of the law, and had the inhabitants all been loyal and anxious to forward the interests
of the Government by giving the necessary information, the time would have been too short to
deliver that number of notices. But here, where the inhabitants are almost universally opposed to
the Government, and not oidy refuse to give information as to the residence of drafted men, but
unite in assailing the officers with stones and clubs to drive them away, it is simply a tar(;e to
undertake the task. Hazleton is but one of many !o(!alities in this district where it is impossible to
meet the requirements of this section of the law.

The only possible means of notilyiiig this class is by public lnind-l)ills posted extensively
through these districts, and the law would be much more effective were this made the lawful means
of notification. The employes of this office have arrested a large number of drafted men who failed
to report, and they have been forwarded from this office to the general rendezvous at Philadelphia,
and there arraigned, before a com t-mai tial. Many of these have claimed that they were never noti-
fied, and iu almost every instance of the kind they have been acquitted and discharged by the court
for the want of evidence that they had received their notices within ten days after being drafted.

If the situation ot the country should ever require another draft, and it should be thought best
by our law-nuikers to retain this section of the law, I would respectfully recommend that another
section exempting all persons of Irish nativity be added, as a means of curtailing the expenses of
the Government. These men knew that they were dratted, and only failed to receive their notices
through the united efforts of the people of their neighborhood in opposing the officers who were
using their every 'effort night and day to accomplish the requirements of the law. Now, if the law
recognizes them as a i)art of the militia of the country, that law should be so regulated as to make
itself effective.

Section 14 of the act approved March 3, 1865, provides that all persons mustered into the
service as volunteers or substitutes shall be credited to the ward or township in which they actually
reside. This secti'jn has acted unfavorably iu this district. The euTollmentlaw, as a whole, has
been successful in fuinishing men only so far as the prospect of a draft has stimulated volunteering.
It has been the custom of the loyal portions of the district, when a call has been made for men, to
offer local bounties for volunteers to fill their respective quotas. By this means, a large number of
mea have been added to the service. Loyal men of families in limited circumstances, whose mis-
fortune it has been to have a residence in a disloyal district, have, iu this manner, been enabled to
enter the .service to the credit of some loyal district, leaving with their families the bounties they
have received as a meaus of supi)ort. But the larger class of men mustered from these disloyal
districts have been men u|)on whom the Government had no lawful claini, as they were not liable
to draft, either on account of alienage or by being under the age of twenty years. These were all
well qualified physically for the military service, and have undoubtedly rendered good service since
they were mustered, but they were induced to enter the service only by the local bounties offered.
The district in which these men actuall^> had their residence would neither otfer a bounty for volun-
teers nor allow a drafted man to enter the service if it was in their pow'er to prevent it. A compar-
ison of the results of the operations of this office for the last two years in a loyal and a disloyal
district will give an idea of the workings of the law.

Hazleton Township, with an enrollment of over fifteen hundred names, (all of whom have been
dratted,) has secured one hundred and lorty-one credits, the most of which were three-hundred-
dollar commutations paid by drafted men. The north ward of Scranton, with an enrollment of
eight hundred and seventy-three names, turnished by draft in 1863, fifty-six credits, mostly 'jy three-
hiindred-doUar commutations. Since that time they have filled their quotas under every call, and
have thus turnished actuidly four hundred and twenty-five men, at an expense of not less than one
liuiuhcd and sixty thousand dollars. At tlie time this section became the law, we were busily

326 surgeons' eeports — Pennsylvania — thirteenth district.

eugaj-eil in examining and uiu^eriug volunteers and substitutes, at an average of about twenty-five
per day. Had an order from tlie W;i)- Department been issued to discontinue tlie business of this
office, it would not have been more eft'ectual in stopping enlistments than this was. The disloyal
districts felt no interest in the draft. Their enrollments had long since become exhausted, without
having tilled a single quota, and no quota had been assigned to them under the last call. Still
there existed in their midst a large number of young men, from various causes not liable to draft,
who were anxious to accept the large bounties offered and enter the service. The requirements of
this section deprived them of that privilege, to the great- detriment of the Government, without
conferring anj' corresponding benefit upon the districts in which they lived. My opinion is that
the men who enter the field and do the fighting should be well paid lor their services, and that those
who prefer to remain at home should be made to contribute freely for that purpose, and any legis-
lation that would prevent it is not only a detriment to the soldier but to the Government also.

H. P. MOODY,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Tioelfth District of Pennsylvania.
SCRANTON, Pa., June 10, 1SG5.

PENNSYLVANIA— THIRTEENTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of De. W. S. Baker.

• * * I have the honor to report that about nine thousand two hundred and

seventy-four uieu have been examined by the surgeon of the board of enrollment of this district
since the opening of the ofiice in May, 1863. * * *

Drafted men, with rare exceptions, are very desirous of being exempted from service as drafted
men. The repugnance to serving in that capacity is so grent that all kinds of artifices and excuses
are made to avoid such service. The same men who cheerfully ofl:ered their services as volunteers
when no offers of large bounties induced thetu, will use artifices to obtain exemptions when called
on for service as drafted men. Americans do not like compulsion, 'and yet, when obliged to go into
the service, they generally do it with a good grace; and I see little difference in the cheerfulness
with which a squad of drafted men or volunteers start for the rendezvous.

Our Government has heretofore exacted such light duties and laid such small burdens on the
people — it has been so little felt as a controlling power, and men were so free to pursue the avoca-
tions of their choice — that a mnv duty to be performed was felt to be onerous and to be avoided if
possible.

The repugnance to serving as drafted men was increased by the taunts of the volunteers at
the men for waiting to be drafted. The efforts of the opi)onents of the Government to make the
draft odious had an 'effect in keeping up a feeling against it. I think the repugnance to drafting
is less than it was two years ago, and when it shall have become a princii)le settled in the minds
of the people that all able men owe a service in the armi-es of the reimblic, which must be paid
whenever the Government calls for that service, and that it is equally honorable to render the
service when chosen by lot as in any other manner, there will be less hostility to the draft. It is
right and judicious that bounties should be given; men of small means and dependent families
should have an assurance that their dear ones are provided lor while they are away, and there is
no better assurance than leasing bounties received with their families ; but the bounties should be
uniform and given by the authority of the General Government, or at least by the States. The
vicious system of giving bounties helped to create and continue a feeling of opposition to the sys-
tem of drafting. Each State, district, and subdistrict being in competition and outbidding others,
the less wealthy sub distiicts, despairing of filling their qiu)tas by volunteers, allowed their men to
leave and be credited to other districts without an effort to fill their quota.

When a draft is in [uospect, men begin to think of volunteering, and the number of volunteers
increases as the amount of the bounties increases. The system of offering bounties varying in
amount operated very unfavorably in some i)articulars. Bach sub-district was in competition with
every other ; larger and larger bounties were offered, and enlisting delayed ; finally, most of the
enlisting was done duiing the few days immediately preceding the draft. The effect of competition
in bounties has been to drain men from the poorer and sparser settlements to the wealthier sub-

surgeons' reports — PENNSYLVANIA — THIRTEENTH DISTRICT, 327

districts — from tlic producing country to the distributing (dties, towns, and boroughs. Cities and
towns have the advantage in money aud concentration of action; consequently, their quotas have
been largely tilled with men from outside of their limits. There was some' compeusatiou iu this:
the money was brought to the rural districts at once, instead of by the slower process of produc-
tive industry. The evil of draining the sparser-peopled country of the producing class was iu
rapid process of correction by the reduction of the relative quotas in the rural districts required by
the diminished number of men enrolled.

The amendment of the enrollment-law, (section 4, of March 3, 1865,) which requires every man
to be credited to the district of his residence, although passed too late to benefit the rural districts,
obviates that evil, and will have a happy effect in future drafts. The amendment is generally
approved in the country.

By the census of 1860, the population of the Thirteenth District was one hundred and forty-fiv^e
thousand and twenty-nine; the number enrolled was eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-six,
or about one iu eleven of the population. The number of men enlisted before the enrollment was
made iu Bradford County was three thousand and three hundred ; in the other counties, it was
nearly as large a ratio. It is estimated that six thousand and five hundred men have enlisted
out of the district since the war commenced, and I think the estimate not sufiQciently large ; some
of these were under twenty years of age. The enrollment was exhausted in some sub districts;
iu others, nearly so. It is not probable that the country will ever again have so severe a drain
on its population for warlike purposes.

The Americans, as a race, especially alter attaining the age of thirty years, have not so large
a development of fat and muscle as the natives of England, Germany, or Ireland. They are more
restless and energetic and rapid in their work, and probably work more hours iu the day; hence,
they exhaust their capacity for hard work sooner than Eui'opean emigrants, and when disabled
from pursuing the severer kinds of labor change readily to some occupation requiring less strength.
This will partly account for a greater ratio of disabled men iu towns.

1 note as a peculiarity of the meu from Columbia and Montour Counties, who are of German
descent, the flatness of their feet; while in meu from other parts of the district the body rests on
well-arched feet. The flatness of the foot was not sufiQcient, however, to disable from service.

The Thirteenth District of Pennsylvania is a region of hills and mountains, interspersed with
valleys of moderate width, through which numerous small streams flow to unite with and swell the
waters of the north branch of the Susquehanna, which river passes through the middle of the
district, from its northern to its southern l)order. The streams are rapid, and the drainage very
good. There is very little flat land iu the district, and when uot hilly there is sufdcient inclination
for drainage.

The elevation above tide-water at the highest point of the Elmira branch of the Northern
Central Railroad at Granville, Bradford County, Pa., is 1,584 feet, with mountain-elevations
of perhaps 800 feet higher in Bradford County. The mean annual temperature is 45° F. in
the southern, aud 44° in the northern part. Mean winter temperature, 24°; spring, 45°; autumn,
54°; summer, 66° ; maximum, 98°; minimum, — 20° F. The geological formations extend from
the Carboniferous down to the Lower of Palaeozoic strata.

The southeast part of the district includes a very small portion of the anthracite-coal region ;
ttie western part a portion of the bituminous-coal region, extendiug along the south border of
Bradford County for nearly one-half its breadth." The coal is high up in the mouutains.

The northern portion of the district has a soil formed from disintegiated shales and sandstones
of the Devonian i)eriod, (Portage and Chemung groups of the New York survey.) There is some
limestone, and the water is slightly imi)regnated with lime. Large and frequent deposits of drift
are to be found in the northern part of the district, (Bedford County.) In the southern part of the
district, the formations extend to the Upper Silurian strata. More limestone is found, aud the
water, in places, holds more lime iu solutiou. Iron-ore is also mined and worked.

The inhabitauts are intelligent, active, and energetic. In the northern part of the district,
one can scarce enter a house without finding one or more newspapers to be takeu. This part is
mostly settled by emigrants from the New England States, New York, and New Jersey, and their
descendants. In the southern part of the district, the inhabitauts are of German stock, with a

328 surgeons' reports PENNSYLVAMIA thirteenth UISTRICI'.

large infusion of tlie descendants of Scotcb-Irish emigrants aud recent emigrauts Iroin Ireland,
Wales, Germany, and England.

The land is mostly tilled by its owners and tlieir families, aud is divided into moderate-sized
farms. Farming and grazing are the principal occupatious, altbougU in limited portions of the
district the miniugof coal and iron-ore with the smelting and manufacturing of iron are carried on,
aud also the manufacturirig of lumber. This class of workmen, with a large percentage of mechanics,
shop-keepers, and professional men, make up the adult male population.

The prevalent diseases are mostly from atmospheric vicissitudes, vicious diet, (or rather cook-
'^ry,) overnnich labor, and insufficient clothing; cotton in the last instance having been used too
much in place of wool. The food is sufficient and wholesome when properly (;ook( d. Wheat, maize,
buckwheat, potatoes, milk, butter, and ap,iles are the chief articles of diet ; beef, mutton, and fowls
are not scarce ; and sugar, tea, aud coffee are coMimoiily us(>d. iMalarions diseases are rare, except
along the Susquehanna Valley. During the time the North Pennsylvania Canal was excavating
along the river-valley, and for several years alter its completion, malaiious fevers prevailed exten-
sively, but for six or seven ye.irs they have been infrequent.

The early settlers were laborious, and underwent many privations while opening this heavily-
timbered region for cultivation, and those labors and privations show their effects on the present
generation, their children and grandchildren. The labor and privations undergone by the early
.settlers were detrimental in an especial degree to the women during the period of gestation and
suckling, and even now the work of woman is too incessant and long-continued during those
periods.

In this climate of elevati-d and hilly regions, the vital organs on which the greatest demand is
made are those contained in tiie thorax ; and, from the constant calls on them for undue activity of
function, they are preilisposed ti> suffer most frequently from disease. The highest ratio of exemp-
tion is from diseases of the lungs, the effects of repeated attacks of pneumonia, emphysema, and
tuberculosis; and from orgaiiir disease of the heart, in most cases consequent u])on rheumatism.

Itlieuaiatism is a very commo^i disease, and although, under the instructions contained in para-
graph 85, Kevised Regulations Provost-Marshal-Geueral's Barean, the ratio of exemptions is not
large, yet, as the fruitful origin of cardiac disease, the ratio should be increased. Perhaps the rheu-
matic diathesis can be Just ly attributed to diet anil vicious cooking, although attacks of the disease
are generally excited by exposure to wet and cold with insutih;ient clothing. As cotton is dethroned,
the sovereigns of the Xorth may perhaps in future be clothed in wool, to their equal benefit.
Organic disease of the brain is infrequent; so of the abdominal viscera. Chronic diarrhoea is
quite irequent since the return of so mauy from the Army.

The ratio of exemptions from defects and injuries of feet is very high, yet very few defects of
feet are natural, being generally the result of wounds and injuries. This arises from the fact that
a large number of the men are axmen, engaged in chopping the timber prei)aratory to clearing the
land, or in preparing lumber for fuel and in rolling logs. The number ot fractures, dislocations,
diseases of the bones and joints, is large ; to the usual causes operating in other places maybe
added the causes mentioiu'd in the last ])aragraph, together with a caielessness in having medical
treatment at the time of, or soon after, the accident, the man being olten remote from home in the
forests.

Inflammation of the pi'riostcum is mistaken for rheumatism or bruise, and treated by domestic
remedies, and does not generally come under a physician's care until [ins has formed.

Hernia occurs most frequently in those who make violent exertions in lilting weights beyond
their strength, as in log-rolling, in clearing land and lumbering, and in men engaged in working in
iron. I think the ratio isgreater per thousand in theforeign poi)ulation than in Americans. Permanent
physical disability, when not, connected with organic disease, is largely ilue to overwork, prolonged
beyond the strength. Prolajisus ani is quite frequent, and in every case (except one) originated in
cliiidliood. ILeniorrhoids, old and ulcerated internally, are not a lieipient cause of exem[)tion.
Aiuemia caused by hiemorrhage from hajmorrhoidal tumors of not long standing is oftener the
cause of disability. The ratio is not large.

Decided deafness, with chronic purulent otorrhoea, shows alarge ratio. This generally originates
in cliihiliood as a* sequel of eruptive levers, and of neglected otitis from colds. Physicians are

SUKGEONS' KEPORTS PENNSYLVANIA THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. 329

seldom called in on aecount oi earache, and the disease runs its course to suppuration unchecked;
attack follows attack until the hearing is seriously imi^aired.

The ratio of chroin'e ulcers and varicose veins is niucii higher in the foreign-liorii population,
especially among tlie Irish, than in Americans. The cause of the huge ratio in the former may be
ascribed to neglect and the b.id liabit of l)od.\ induced by alcoholic; stimulants.

Scroiuladoes not exhibit itself ofti'u as a cause of exemption, (uidess tidierculosis be consid-
ered as sciofula,) and in this region is generally of hereditary origin. Tiie people of the district
live too much in the open air and use too much wiiolesonjc food to Tunirish scrofula into existence
Of secondary syjihilis, the ratio is very low.

LoHn of ticlli. — The high ratio of exemptions for this cause is in a great measure"owing to the
eflect of vicioris cookery, anfl pcriiajis to the general weakening of the constitution from too long-
continued labor; more food is taken into the stonnich than it can digest, and it is taken in a lialf-
masticateil form, hence disindcr of the stomach follows, and the organ fails to perform its function
in a thorough manner. I noted, in my last statistical report of the third draft, the relative ratio of
the loss of teeth in drafted and enrolled men ; there were for both upper and lower, thirty seven ;
for upper, one hundred and ninety-four; for lower, nine. Perhaps this may be attributed to the
fact that the lower teeth are more shielded from vicissitudes of temperature from their ]>osition
between the tongue and cheeks, and from the manner in which the air is inhaled through the open
mouth ; as an ultimate cause, the lower teeth are more necessary as a sheath for the tongue in
old age.

InvcUrate and extensive diseaxc of the ,sMn. — The latio under this section is really very low,
althongh swelled to sixteen per thousand by a number of cases of disease of the skin of the
s(!rotum, pubcs, thighs, &t:, forming three-fourths of all exenipted. These cases were from impure
coition, but could not jjroperly be exemi)ted under section 10, syphilis. The disease is primary,
although it had existed from one to four years ; all the men had been engaged in boating, and bad
contracted the disease along the line of the canal.

raragiajih 85, Revised Eegulations, is a code of instructions to the examining-surgeons of
boards of enrollment, so judiciously* prepared, that 1 approach the subject of suggesting amendments
with diftidence. If strictly caiTied out, the effect of the code is to ]irevent all able, drafted men from
escaping service on account cf pretended disability. In reviewing the sections of paragraph 85 in
their numerical oider, the first section 1 would mention for revision is_ section 3, epilepsy. The
evidence of its existence must in most cases be obtained from some one else than the man, ami a
door is thus opened for fraud. If " the testimony of a physician in good standing, who has attended
him in the disease within the six months immediately preceding his examination," be interpreted
to mean in ihefit, few ei)ileptics in the rural districts can furnish snch testimony, as physicians
seldom arrive in time to see him during the attack. Further, epileptics do not long continue under
medical treatme?it without a reliance on the promise of a cure, a promise no candid physician will
give. If a physician in good standing certifies under oath that he has attended the man for
ejiilepsy within two or three yearx before the examination, and other reliable testimony of the con-
tinued recurrence of the fits is produced, the decision miyht be left to the discretion of the lioard
of enrollment. Two cases have occurred in the presence of the surgeon of men waiting for exam-
ination having eiiileptic fits: one was a diafted man, who lived remote from a physician and could
not have produced the requisite testimony, yet ihe man was actually becoming imbecile; the
second case was that of a recruit, who, when examined, had asserted that he was not subject to
fits, yet he had a fit while clothing himself The former was exempted and the latter rejected.

The ratio of exemjition for permanent physical disability is very high, comprising, as it does,
men disabled fron) various causes. Physical disabilit,'^ may exist to such ,a degree as to leave no
doubt of the man's incapacity for military service, and yet not he permanent ; a year or two may
change his condition. Although oi)ening a door for liaud, may it not be advisable that another
clause be added ?

So severe a drain on the able men of the country for military service will probably never be
made again. If as many men should be again required, the time will be alter the population"of
the country shall have increased, and the men need not be culled so closely. I recommend that in
future drafts more should be left to the discretion au<l jinlgment of the exaniining-surgeou.
42

."530 surgeons' reports PENNSVLVANIA THIRTEENTH DISTRICT.

Section II. Clironic iliL'iiitiatism, &c. — Tliere is a class of cast's that slioiild be exempted, aud
may be uuder section !•, Imt wliicli are in leality rlieuniatic eases. Tlicse are iiu'ii \\ ho are subject
to attacks of acute rLemiiatism every year, soinetiiues ofteiier, and liave slij;lit afteetions of the
heart. These men will soon find tlieir place iu the hos|)ital and ultimately on the pension-list In
view of the fact that too frequent use of section 9 is considered an abuse of its powers, I would
suggest the iucoriioration of a clause in reference to acute rheumatism of the character described.

Section 13. Cleft bony palate. — With one exception, all the men examined with this deticienc.\
had no other cause of exemption, and were robust men. The objection, I presume, is on account
of the imperfect articulation. Most of the men speak intelligibly enough to be understood; and
boards of enrollment might, I think, be relied on to judge.

Section i'S. Incontinence of urine, if iccll established, should, in my'opinion, be a cause of exemp-
tion.

Section 33. " Loss of ungual phalanx of light thumb," might with propriety be omitted. 1
Lave known some successful hunters with that defect, who handled the gun well in spite of it.

Paragraph So, as a code of instructions, is so carefully and consid(?rately drawn, that frauU is
prevented and few able men can escai)e. It narrows down the discretion of the examining surgeon
to very small limits. If the mstructions contained in paragraph 85, together with those of the cir-
cular of the Medical I>ureau of June 2.5, 1804, are strictly carried into effect, all men able to i)erform
military service will be held when drafted, and some, in addition, who after a short period of service
will find their way to the hospitals, and ultimately become pensioners on the country. This is a
consideration worthy of attention, and, as eveiy man put in the service is estimated to cost the
Government from three hundred to four hundred dollars, I think more discretion should be allowed
to the examining surgeon. * # #

To question G, I answer : In spring and summer, sixty drafted men can be examined daily; in
autumn and winter, forty only, on account of the shortness of the days. Of recruits, one-fourth more
could be examined. I have examined a much larger number, but think more time required to do
it ill a proper manner. A greater number of recruits can be examined than drafted men. The latter
are apt to go through the exercises and motions required reluctantly, make unnecessary delay, and
think certificates of great importance in their cases. Although certificates of neiglibois and physi-
cians may not be of value as substantiating a claim of exemption, the reading of tliein tends to
satisly the bearers that injustice has not been done them. The recruit goes through the required
motions cheerlully and rai)idl,\ , wasting no time.

From information received, 1 think the frauds practiced or attem[)ted have not been so great or
various as in large cities. The frauds practiced by drafted or enrolled men have been mainly exag-
gerations of existing troubles, or of tlni scqnclai of former diseases and injuries, of all kinds and
in all [)arts of the body. These are generally supported by certificates of neighbors or physicians.
In the first draft, rheumatism, lame back, piles, liability to cough, were the common pleas for exemp-
tion ; the two former esi)ecially. The experience of the first draft taught them that those pleas were
not available, and they were not so often used in the succeeding drafts. The effect of wounds and
injuries, mainly of the lower extremities, in disabling them from traveling, were exaggerated atid
relied on for exemption. Fits of all kinds, convulsions, attacks of vertigo, l'aintings|>ells, were
claimed as epilepsy, and the claim supported by certificates.

Teeth have been extracted qitite recently in several cases. A few cases of mutilation, by cutting
off fingers or toes, were noted. In one case, where two fingers were cut off' after examination, tlie
man was arrested, sent to the rendezvous, tried, and sentenced to a severe punishment. A few
cases occurred of artificial ulcer or ulcers kept oi)eii by improper applications, and of feigned incon-
tinence of urine. Slight disorders of the kidneys were magnified into severe diseases. Deafness,
stammering, and defects of eyesight were feigned or greatly exaggerated. Afiidavits of physicians
and neighbors, supporting claims for exemption on account of diseases recovered from, or slight in
themselves, were brought forward by a very large proportion of the drafted men.

The greatest obstacle in examining men arose from the noise and confusion mainly caused by
others than dratted men. I am indebted to Commissioner Grier for his assistance iu maintaining
whatever of quiet and order did exist. I would suggest that during the examinations of drafted men

surgeons' RKPOirrs — Pennsylvania — thirteenth district. 331

pei'sons baviiig bii.siiicss with inciiibers of the board of t'liroHiiieiit be ivquired to sstatc their busi-
ness in writing', iiu'l that it be made a iiiisdeiiieaHor, punishable by fine, for any person to obtruch;
himself during the sessions of the board of enrollment, or else that the majority of the board
have the authority to appoint, control, and remove doorkeepers.

Tlie most numerous attempts at fraud in recruits were made in age. Boys from fifteen years
and upward were willing to make allidavits of being eighteen years old; and men over forty live
years, that they had not reached that age. With beard close shaven, hair colored dark, a, change
of clotheSf and sufficient alcoholic stimulus to send the blood to the surface, the same man would
appear from five to ten years younger thau on liis first exanjination. Sulphuric ether was the
stimulant used in a few cases. Hernia was attempted to be concealed by liaving the intestine kept
up with a truss, local astringents applied, and the bowels euiptied with laxatives previous to exami-
nation. Dislocations of small bones were kept out of view as .much as possible, and all diseases
made light of, or their existence deuied, when questioned in relation thereto.

One of the difticult points iu examining recruits arises from the fact that when a draft was
])ending there existed a double motive for concealment or exaggeration of the man's diseases or
disabilities. Many men who wished to escape the service altogether, when the chance to escape
being drafted was very small, would prefer to volunteer and receive the bounties offered to the
chance of being drafted. When examined and questioned, they would say they were diseased, with
the view, if rejected, of bringing the fact of their rejection as a warrant for exemption from the
draft. Much time is consumed in the examination of such men ; some of them would even ask for
certificates, and some drafted men hadou their enlistment-paper a certificate of rejection in another
State.

A number of drafted men were held who had been rejected as voUuiteers. There is an appear-
aiiceof injustice in this that tends to make men dissatisfied with the operations of the instructions
of the Provost-Marshal-General and the decisions of the surgeons of boards of enrollment.

The most desirable nationality for military service is, in my opinion, the American, from their
intelligence, activity, self-reliance, and resources in emergencies. They are impulsive lor a dash,
and have tenacity and perseverance, and when satisfied that their cause is right, experieuce proves
that without long training they become good soldiers. After the wild disorder and retreat from
Bull linn, the men were reorganized and re-enforced into the efficient Army of the Potomac, and
that army, after delays and retreats, came to battle again and again with unshaken courage, and
l»roved to the world that, with a commander of tenacity to fight out the battle, it would win the
victory. These remarks will ajjply also to the western army.

My experience of the qualifications of the African race is very limited ; my opinion, formed
from history, is that the race have sufficient courage to enter into a fight and tenacity to persist
when once engaged. The race have pride in show and parade, readily learn from imitation th(^
exercises of the soldier, are excitable, and, when pioperly led, will not fail as soldiers. In southern
latitudes they will make efficient soldiers, as they endure extreme heat and resist malarious poison
better than the Caucasian race. They are able to endure the labor of active campaigning and the
listlessness of garrison life. The want of aich of the foot may lessen their endurance on the march,
or make the ratio higher of men rejected on that account.

The amended enrollment-law is perhaps as near perfect as it now stands on the statute-books
as may be. It might be a subject for consideration whether substitution should be abolished
entirely, or be allowed in special cases, to be decided by boards of enrollment or other authority.
There is in some cases more thau commou hardship in depriving a sick wife, aged father or mother,
or de(iendent family of their natural protector, even for a limited period. Again, it may be ages
before the wants of the service will require so great a drain of the able men of the eouutry, and
when the exigency is not so great substitution may not become so great an opportunity for fraud
upon the Government. * * *

WM. S. BAKER,
Surgeon BoariP'of Enrollment TJiirteenth District of Pennsylvania,

Troy, Pa., June 16, 1865.

332 surgeons' reports — ^Pennsylvania — fourteenth district

PENNSYLVANIA— FOUllTBENTU DISTRICT.
Extracts from rcjmrt of Dr. P. K. Wagenseller.

* . * * My experience in tbe uieilical exainiii.itiou of uien for inilitury service

begins with tlie l.st day of January, 180.5, and extends over a period of nearly four months. Dnrin.!;
this time, I have examined about one tliousand five hundred and fitty men. * » *

The Ponrteentli District of Pennsylvania is conii)o.sed of the counties of Daujihin, Juniata,
Northumberland, Sn.\der, and Union. Its extreme boundaries lie between latitudes 40° 10' and 41<^
1(1' north, and between the meridians 45' west and 30' east from Washington, and the nuMd)ei' of
s(juare miles contained in the district is 1,885. The poi)ulation in 1800 was 121,815. The surface
of its territory is exceedingly diversified. It is traversed by numerous aiountaiu-ridges, between
which are valleys of great beauty and fertility, extending frequently over an area of many n)iles.
Large portions of the countiy, again, are of a gently undulating character; and tlieie is scarcely iiny
of its territory which is not highly irrigated by large rivers or their tributaries, many of which are
themselves of veiy respectable size. The princijial streams are the Susquehaniia, with its North and
West Branches, and the Juniata. These are broad and shallow, and, except when swollen by freshets,
have, as a general thing, a current moving with but little rapidity.

Along the borders of these rivers, for a very great [lortion of their course, the land rises very
gradually on either shore, and extends back into the country many miles, forming an almost level
tract of territory, with but little elevation above the beds of the rivers, and scarcely to be surpassed
anywhere in productiveness of soil.

Four of the counties comiaising the district border upon the Susquehanna; two, viz. Union
and Snyder, being situated upon its right bank, while the two larger counties of Nortliundierland
and Dauphin an- upon its left baidi. The county of Juniata, composing the remainder of the dis-
trict, is divided into two nearly equal portions by the river bearing the same name ; and the peculi-
arities of this county, as regards soil, cliaiate, and irrigation, resemble very much those of the
distiict previously described. The climate is mild and siilubrious. The mean average tenqtera-ture
of the year is about 49°, while the greatest difference between the hottest and coldest month of
any one year during the last five years (in my own county, Snyder) was 43°. The total annual fall of
rain for the last livi^ years was 47.30 inches. This is generally so e(jually distributed that tliereis
seldom any [)t'riod in the year, with the exception of a few weeks of drought during the summer, in
which the country is not abundantly watered by light rains and Irequent showers.

The diseases most extensively [irevalent are those which are generally Tccognized as endemic in
localities similarly situated as regards climate, soil, temperature, and hydrography. These are the
different forais of miasmatic intermittent and remittent fevers, with dysentery, diarrha'a, &c. ; and
of diseases not endi inic; there are very few which, when i>re\ alent, have not in some degree blended
with them th(^ nuasaiatic element. (Jf late years, however, the type of miasmatic diseases has been
gradmdly becoanng milder, iind, while these are now also less frequent than formerly, others of
different origin are becoming more common.

Typhoid fever, which was not so generally recognized until within a more recent date, is now
a disease; which i)revails lo a considerable extent during the whole, or a greater portion, of the
year.

The causes of the prevalencie of miasmatic levers throughout the district were, no doubt, the
abundant foci for the generation of marsh miasmata, as jionds, stagnant water, and inqierfect
drainage, existing throughout a large ])orti()n of its territory. These causes, although still existing to
a certain degree, have been materially modified by cultivation and systems of drainage, and in ])ro-
portion as these liave been perfected have the diseases arising from them been rendeied milder
and much less frequent. Organic diseases of the liver and spleen, witlj old dyspepsias and general
debility, in consecpience of severe or repeated attacks of miasmatic disease, are frequently met
with.

There are but few large towns in the district. A large proportion of the poi)idation is rural,
and is composed mostly of Germans and I heir descendants. The inhal)itants, in llieii- general

srilfJEONS KKrORTS PENNSYLVANIA I'OUK I'EKN III JilSTUlCT.

;538

(liaracter, art! a sober, thrifty, aud industrious iit'opli', their modi's of life plain and liiij;al, and
tbcir occupations chieliy agricultural.

The following renuuks apply only to native Pennsyh auians, the cases of loieign nativity being
toofew to aft'ord any valuable statistical intoiination. The most prominent disability reniarl<ed in the
men coming under my owu observation was loss of teeth ; the disability being applird to those cases
in which there was entire loss of teeth of one or both jaws, or loss of front, eye, and tirst molars,
according to section liOofi)ara graph 85. Of SOT men stricken from the rolls, L'40 were rejected for this
cause alone. This gives the large ratio per thousand exemi)tions for all aiti-scs of ;50.S.5. Tiie ratio
per thousand men in the district (basing the calculation upon the whole nunjber of men remaining
upon the rolls liable to military duty after their correction) would be 21.'-', and this will be found
very nearly the true proportion of this disability per thousand men in the district, since there
were very lew entitled to exemption for loss of teeth who were not at one time or another before
(he board for examination during its sittings for the correction of the lists. This disability occurs
mostly in persons from rural districts, and is due to want of care in keeping the teeth clean, inat-
tention to incipient caries, accumulation of tartar in great amount, general ill-health, and, in some
cases, to some obscure cause inherited in the system jjredisposing to rapid decay and early loss of
teeth. Quite a noticeable feature is the frequency with which thisdisability is fouud toexist in certain
families.

Again, of the above number of cases of permanent physical disability, (807,) there were 15;{
cases of hernia, as follows: right inguinal, 75 ; left inguinal, 62 ; double inguiual, 12 ; umbilical, '.i ;
right femoral, 1.

The ratio per thousand exemptions is :

Hernia, all kinds 189.5

Eight inguinal - 'J'*- 1

Lett inguinal • 70. 7

Double inguinal ■ li.d

Umbilical '-•■ 3. G

Femoral 1-2

The ratio per thousand of cases of hernia, basing the calculation on the whole number remain-
ing on the enrollment-lists after correction, is 13.07. The occupations of those having hernia are as
follows:

Farmers 59 House-painters 1

Laborers .'50 Clerks 1

Gari)enters . ; U Cigar-makers 1

Blacksmiths 5 Millwriglits 1

Shoemakers 5 Landlords 1

Merchants --■ 5 Limners 1

Boatmen 4 Plasterers . . 1

Stone-masons' 3 Potters 1

Teachers - . • 2 Grocers 1

Tinners 2 Agents 1

Saddlers 2 Machinists 1

Wagon-makers 2 Physicians 1

Millers 2 Engineers 1

Unknown 2

Hernia is actually a much more comuiun disability in the district, and the ratio per thousand
is therefore greater, than is shown by the above statistics. Many persons sutfering from this dis-
ability did not present themselves to be stricken from the enrollment-lists, feeling secure in the
conviction that their exem[)tion was certain incase they were drafted ; others were unwilling to
undergo the exposure necessary to an examination. The statistics exhibit its much greater fre-
quency among farmers and laborers than in any other class of men, which can only be accounted for
upon the supposition that laborious and active pursuits, requiring much muscular efl'ort, are its
principal exciting causes. * ♦ »

334 SUKGEONS' KKPOiriS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTEENTH DISTRICT.

Section 3 of paragrapb 85 requires tlie existeuce of epilepsy to be ^established by tbe afiQdavit of
a pliysiciaii iu good staiidiug wlio has attended the applicant in the disease within the six months
iiiiimdiateiy piecediug his examination by the board. This is impossible in most instances of even
siverv nud u-ell-estuhHshid cases of epilepsy in the country, since a large majority (having sought
(iiedical aid lor a long time without permanent relief) cease consulting the jihysiciau ; and even in
the majority of instances where medical aid is sought, the Jit has passed off before the arrival of
the physician. While, thereibrc, the patient may be found still suffering from the effects of tbe
l)ai<)xysm, be is seldom seen during the attacli. Iu reference to the other sections of this para-
graph, I have uo suggestions to make. They are probably as nearly perfect as they can be
made. # • *

The labor attending tbe thorough investigation of many cases appearing before surgeons of
boards of enrollment is extremely perplexing. Especially is this true iu relation to disease of the
kidneys, iheumatism, some forms of impaired vision and bearing, as well as in some other disabil-
ities; and, in the very limited lime allotted to surgeous, it is almost impossible that a diagnosis
shall not occasionally be made, which a subsequent examination, more leisurely conducted, might
no' reverse. The number of men, therefore, that can be actually examined, together with the
si;,ning of the exemption and enlistment papers, will depend very much on tbe nature of tbe
diseases or disabdities of those applying. The number should not in any event exceed one hundred
per diem.

The frauds which drafted and enrolled men attempt to practice are of every variety. Feigned
deafness, epilepsy, imi)erfect vision, and rheumatism are among tbe most common ; tbe true condi-
tion in regard to either or all of which can sometimes only be arrived at by much care and extra
precaution. In those cases of deafness and loss of vision which were not otherwise sufficiently
t)bvious, afddavits of the enrolled or dralted men, fully corroborated by respectable outside evidence,
were required in every instance.

In epilepsy, tbe requirements of ^;ection 3 were fully exacted, and, in addition, a particular
desciiption of the tit by the physician or other parties was demanded. Other diseases, resembling
epilepsy in some minor particulars, but much milder, and amounting in many cases to a single attack or
two of vertigo or some other purely temporary disability, were thus excluded. There are numerous
instances wherein persons will innocently make affidavit to the fact of having seen a drafted or
enrolled nnin suffering from a tit of epilei)sy, though it may iu reality have been notbiug more
I ban an attack of vertigo or syncope, arising from some evanescent cause.

A fraud not uiifrequently attempted is the presentation before the board of altered birth-
records. To guard against imposition in this direction, the affidavit of the applicant as to tbe
record being tbe true and original oye was required. In addition, the evidence (on oath) of two
resitectable [)ersons, acquainted with the applicant, was required as to their belief that tbe record
was a true one, aud, also, that the affiant was entitled to credibility. The original record was
always reijuired to be i)roduced for inspection when possible.

By the method of examination described under section 5 of this report, the frauds eudeavored
to be practiced by recruits and substitutes in concealing physical defects were, I believe, most
effectually guarded against. A weak, stiff, or distorted limb, or defect in the back, or in any part
of the bony or muscular system, was brought, out. During the course of the examination, also,
hernia, temporarily invisible, was soon made apparent, iu consequence of the muscular e&brt neces-
sary in going through all the movements required.

To attemjit a descriiition of the frauds of bounty -jumpers would require an acquaiutanoe with
every artful device ever conceived by the most accomplished villains. Trained in the school of
ex|)erience, (for many had made it a regular business during se\eral years,) it was i)erhaps utterly
impossible to detect all ; yet none were ever accepted who coidd not give a \ery satisfactory
account of themselves, aud all were rejected who were, in the opinion of tiie board, gravely
suspected of being of the class name. I.

Young men, or even boys, from the (country, witii open, honest countenances, were always
accejited in preference to tliosi^ whose apiiearance denoted tiieir familiarity with the habits and
vices of cities and large towns. The marks by which tbe latter could geneially be recognized were
their manner of dress, general appearance, abundant tattoo-marks over different parts of tbe body,

.SirUGKONS' KHPORTS— PENNSYLVANIA FIFTEENTH UlSTKICT. 335

and, in ;i very lai'so inopoition, the too evident traces of i-eteut or old venereal disease. Such were
gcuerally rejected "on sust)icion," if tor nu other cause.

Nearly all of the men examined daring my connection as surgeon with the board of enrollment
were natives of Pennsylvania. The examinations of those of diftereut nativities were too few to
warrant an expression o( opinion, based upon my own experience, as to what nationality presents
the greatest pbysical ai)titude for military service. The records of seven hundred and eighty-two
Peunsylvanians examined by myself give the following results i

Mean girth of chest at ins[)iration 35. 97 inches.

Mean girth of chest ;it exi)iration ^3. 95 inches.

Mean height G7. 25 inches.

Mean.age 34. 12 years.

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race Ibr military service has been
limited. * * *

In reference to the operations of the enrollment-law as it now exists, I have no suggestions to
make. * * #

P. 11. WAGENS ELDER,
Surgeon Board of Enrohmcnt Fourteenth District of Pennsylvania.
Selinsgrove, Pa., JuUj 7, 1SG5.

PENNSYLVANIA— FIFTEENTH BISTKIOT.

Extracts from report of Dr. W. S. Koland.

• • * With ttie excei)tion of examining a few volunteers for the Mexican cam-

paign, I had had no experience in the examination of men for military service until I was appointed
surgeon of the board of enrollment ot the fifteenth district of Pennsylvania, which [josition I have
held from the date of my appointment, in April, 1803, to the present time, now over two years.
During this period 1 have examined, as near as can be ascertained, and according to my records,
as follows :

Drafted men 3, 550

Volunteers 924

Substitutes 542

Enrolled men 1, 268

Whole number .... (i, 284

My district is composed of Yoik, (Jnniherland, and Periy Counties. The area of York County
is 925 square miles; of Cumberland, b:>^)\ and of Perry, .540; aggregate of the district, 2,015 square
miles. The district is bounded cast and north by the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers, south by
the State of Maryland, and west by the Sixteenth Enrollment District. It is abundantly watered by
large creeks and numerous springs. It is interspersed with mountains and hills and most beautiful
fertile valleys. The soil is variously composed of limestone, .slate, gravel, and red shale. The
chief mineral found is iron-ore; limestone exists in great quantities, as also slate. The jn-oduc-
tious for the markets are grain, beef, jjork, and some tobacco; iron-ore, .slate, granite, and .sand-
stone.

The prevalent diseases are malarial and typhoid fevers, dysentery, and rheumatism; causes,
exposure and neglect of hygienic rules.

The inhabitants are industrious, healthy, sober, cleanly, and fond of making money ; their
modes of life active, of a mixed character, with marked attention to business; and their occupations
agricultural, the mannfa<-ture ot iron, and other mechanical pursuits.

1 have no knowledge of any particular disea.ses or disabilities disqnalilying a gieater ratio i)er
thousand from militaVy service, except abdominal hernia.

33G surgeons' reports— Pennsylvania — seventeenth district.

My views in regard to alterations of tlie dittereiit sections of paragraph 85, lievised Itegula-
tions, are tbese : From section 3, in flflb line, strike oiit»all after tlie word "board," and substitute
or such other evidence as tcill satisfy the board of. the continued existence of the disease, (epile[)s,v.) Sec-
tion 11 : strike out all after the word "exempt," in tbird line. Section 20: strike it from tbe regu-
lations. If tbe general bealtb is manifestly impaired by reason of "loss of teetb," tbe drafted man
will be i)rotected under section 9. Section 22: transpose tbe second and tbird lines. Section 25:
strike out all after "/(«worr/io»'(7s," in first line. Section 33: in tbe fourth line, strike out tbe word
" ;/////f," and insert ct7/(ec. * * *

In my opinion, sixty drafted men can be examined per day with accuracy; but of volunteers
and substitutes, I think, from forty to fifty only.

Tbe frauds which are most attempted by drafted and enrolled men are complaints of rheuma-
tism, weak back, disease of tbe heart, kidney-disease, impaired vision, deafness, and general debility;
and many of them, as has been clearly shown, bave bad their teeth drawn before reporting, and
others from the fear of being drafted. With regard to substitutes and recruits, under my system
of examination I do not much fear imposition, except, perhaps, in some alleged cases of disease of
ihe kidneys or bladder, or of epilepsy.

"What nationality presents tbe greatest physical aptitude for military service f — I answer,
the Germans.

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service is not
very favorable to the fitness of the uegro.

I do not recommend any change in the enrollment-law as it now exists, believing, under a
proper construction and understanding of its provisions, it is operative and effective. * * •

WILLIAM S. EOLAND,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania.

Carlisle, Pa., May 3 1 , 18C5.

PENNSYLVANIA— SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT.'
Extracts from report of Dk. A. Eothrock.

* * * On tbe 17tb of May, 1SG3, tbe board of enrollment convened at this place,

organized, and divided tbe district into sub-districts, and proceeded from that time in the regular
discharge of the duties of tbe ofBce.

On the 17th of August, 1863, we commenced the first draft, and on the 7th of September began
to examine dralted men. During the flist few days, 1 was somewhat embarrassed in the examina-
tion, and disposed to believe that drafted men would sometimes tell the truth ; but my experience
soon taught me that the declaration of every conscript under examination must be disregarded if
tbe surgeon expected to do his duty faithfully to the Government. My early impressions, too, were
that every -soldier must enjoy perfect health, and be free from blemish on his person, if he would
endure the privations, hardships, and long marches incident to army-life. This impression led me
to ])ut a very liberal construction on tlie different sections of i)aragraph 85 ; consequently, on the
first day, I found, by reference to my record, that, out of fifty-two men examined, twenty-nine were
exenq)ted, and that, too, from a lot of tolerably good men. I subsecpieutly became more rigid as I
grew familiar with tlie duties of the office, and, learning to distinguish more clearly between real
and feigned diseases, I held more men to service, and grew every day more incredulous as to the
honesty of drafted and enrolled men, since it was to their interest to deceive the board. There are,
bowevej-, honoralile excei)tions, ivhich a practiced surgeon can readily detect.

As nearly as I can ascertain, I have examined ui) to this time —

Drafted men = 4, 721

liecriiits and substitutes 3, 796

Enrolled men 7,261

Making in all 15,778

' No roiioi-t was received from tbe sixteeutli district.

f

surgeons' REPOUTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT. 337

or, in round iinnibers, 10,000 men; for many of the recruits iind substitutes presented themselves
lor exainination who were so manifestly untit for military duty tbat 1 dismjssed them without
wasting' time or paper to make their record.

T\n- SeventeenthDistriet of Pennsylvania comprises the counties ofCamhria, Blair. ITuntinsdon,
and IMitilin, In ;i direct line due east and west. It is one hundred and tliiityiive miles long and
thirty-live miles wide; bounded on the west by ludiau.a aud Westmoreland Counties ; south by
Somerset, Bradford, aud Fraidvliu Counties; east by Juniata and Snyder Counties; and north by
Centre and Clearfield Counties.

The Pennsylvania Central Railroad runs directly through the long diameter of this district,
making the headquarters easily accessible from the remotest sub-district, and, in this respect, is
perhaps the most convenient and desirable of any one in the State, excepting those in populous
cities.

The district is traversed north and south by the Alleghany, Brush, Canoe, Stone, and Jack's
Mountains, averaging from one thousand to one .thousand live hundred feet in height over the
level of the valleys at their respective bases. These mountains run parallel with each other, with
beautiful, fertile valleys between.

Cambria County lies several hundred feet higher than Blair, Huntingdon, or Mifflin, aud con-
tributes by her springs to the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.

At Bradley's station, on the larni of liuss Sloyd, esq., on the Ebensburgh and Cresson
Railroad, two springs arise, fourteen yards from each other, one on the north and the other on
the south side of the road. The eastern spring runs into the West Branch of the Susquehanna
River, and through the Cliesapeake Bay into the Atlantic Ocean ; while the western s[)ring tiows
into the Conemaugh, and througii the Kiskiininitas, Alleghany, and Mississippi Rivers, tinally
reaches the Gulf of Mexico.

The whole surface of Cambria County being so elevated is of mountainous character; the
surface is rolling, with high bluffs and deep ravines ; the soil is naturally sterile and unproductive
of cereals, but produces fair crops of oats, potatoes, and grass.

Tbe Alleghany Mountain divides Cambria from Blair County. On its western slope, it may be
said to be a mass of mineral wealth. Bituminous coal and several varieties of iron-ore of sui)erior
quality as well as hydraulic cement lie there in Jiixtai)Osition, and are inexhaustible. The hills
throughout this country also contain large quantities of the above minerals. Along the streams
flowing through tbe ravines, there are strong indications of petroleum, which is uo,w the object of
attention of the enter[)risiug men of tbe county.

The Cambria Iron Comi)any have erected works at Johnstown on the Pennsylvania Railroad,
yielding one hundred and tifty tons of railroad-iron per day, and affording employment to two
thousand seven hundred bands. This comi)aiiy are now enlarging I heir works with the view
of doubling their capacity. They get all their raw material within a ihvi hundred yards of their
works ; and, although they own several thousands of acres of mineral-lands here, the w"hole area
occui)ied, including mines, does not exceed fifty acres in their present operations. Cresson, the
delightful sum mer-retreat on the Alleghany Mountains, too well known from Maine to Mexico to
require descrii)tion, is in this county. Tbe surface of Cambria County is covered with dense
forests of pine, hemlock, poi)lar, and oak timber where the land has not yet been cleared.

The eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains, in Blair County, furnishes the headwaters of
two principal branches of tbe Juniata. Tliis river passes with a rai)id current in an easterly direc;-
tion through Iliintiiigdon and JNIifflin Counties, receiving tributaries every few miles in its descent
toward the Susquehanna River, with which it unites in Perry County.

Blair and Huntingdon Counties, being supplied with inexhaustible beds of iron-ore and bitumi-
nous coal, also with dense forests of timber, yield large quantities of iron ; tbe former probably
more in proportion to its size, than any county in the State. In Blair County, near Birmingham,
there are extensive lead and zinc mines now being develoi)ed, which will be made productive during
the coming year, as an enterprising company are about erecting a furnace for smelting the ores.
These mines were opened previous to the revt)lutioiiary war, and for many years the inhabitants
of this country resorted thither to obtain their lead.

Tuckahoe Valley, in Blair County, at the base of the Alleghany Mountains, has, since the con-
43

338 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — seventeenth district.

strnction of tbe Pomisylvania Kailrond, fiiniisbod tlie eastern markets with very large quantities of
shingles, boards, and ditfereut varieties of lumber, of superior quality for building purposes.

Mifflin County, lying out of the range of coal deposits, with but a limited aaiouut of iron-ore,
furnishes a small (piaiitity of iron compared with other parts of this district. Freedom Forge, bow-
ever, requires special notice. This establishment is the property of the Pennsylvania Central
Railroad Company; is worked on a inagniUcent scale; and here the company manufacture the
tires for the large driving-wheels of locomotives, the axles, and all such parts of their rolling-
stock as require tiie best quality of charcoal-iron. They obtain their ore princii)ally from the
Greenwood Bank in this county.

For many years, the United States Government ]iurchased the ''Juniata iron," which was made
from this ore, to manufacture into gun-barrels at Har))er's Ferry before the Pennsylvania Eailroad
Company got jtosscssion of the works.

All this district lying east of the Alleghany Mountains has a strong limestone soil, with but few
exceptions ; consequently the fields yield heavy crops of wheat, rye, corn, barley, oats, and grass.
Lime is burned in large quantities in Blair County, and freighted to Pittsburgh, where it is used iu
the manufacture of glass, on account of its supeiior quality.

The headwaters of the Juniata River, rising in Blair, Huntingdon, and Mifflin Counties, rush
with a rapid descent through this part of the districit, and aflbrd great facilities for the employment
of water-power. There are many furnaces, forges, tlouring-mills, and other factories erected thereon.
Among the principal of these is Mann's Ax Factory, which is bailt on Kisliicoquillas Creek, four
miles above Lewistown, where the creek breaks through a goi-ge in Jack's Mountain, with peaks
one thousand feet high overhanging the stream almost perpendicularly as it flows in torrents
over its rocky bed beneath. The excellence of Mann's axes has given this factory a wide-spread
renown.

Altoona, situated at the base of the Alleghany Mountains on the eastern slope, on the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad, is one of our i)rincipal mantifacturing towns. It contains 8,01)0 inhabitants, most of
wiioin are em|)loyds of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Here the company have extensive
machine-shops and foundries, in which is made everything pertaining to rolling stock for their
road, from a car-wheel to a first-class locomotive.

The Pennsylvania Railroad in its passage through this district jiierces the Alleghany Mountains
by a tunnel three-quarters of a mile in length. This company built and still own the "Logan
House," (one of the best hotels in Pennsylvania,) for the accommodation of the traveling community
over their road. Every train stops here long enough to accommodate passengers with a meal.

The eastern i)ortiou of the Seventeenth District, through which the Ju niata River runs, from as
far back as the memory of man extends until aUout the year ISO ) was subject to malarial disease
in the form of bilious, intermittent, remittent, and continued or pernicious fevers, frequently of
severe grade. This intermittent typo was so prevalent here that pneumonia, pleurisy, rheumatism,
and all other acute diseases assumed its character, and persisted not only during the autumnal
season, but the year through, and such was the inqiression made on the subject of the disease by
malaria that apparent recovery was frequently deceiving; for no matter what attention was paid
to prophylactics, or what system of regimen was adopted, relapse after relapse would occur in the
intermittent form, jtroducing functional and organic disease of the liver, spleen, and other viscera,
which often terminated fatally in dropsy or other cachexia. When a scrofulous diathesis existed,
tuberculosis was frequently developed by this as an exciting cause. Such was the poisonous influ-
ence of malaria that premature old age marked our citizens, and it was in fact rare to see an indi-
vidual among us over seventy years of age. Premature decay of teeth was also apparent, attribu-
table, as we think, to the same cause. Quinine was of course indispensable in the treatment of
every disease before a cure could be effected, and this remedy could frequently be used in the early
staf/c ot the disease with advantage. About the autumn of 185S, bilious fevers in their several
forms became less formidable; and, iu 1800, they disappeared altogether. At the present time, no
epidemic prevails in any part of the district.

Typhoid fever for several years past has been the predominant disease, and this in some local-
ities has broken out with considerable virulence. Erysipelas, diphtheria, scarlatina, and kindred
diseases have prevailed to as great extent perha|)s as any class. Dysentery and diarrhoea are by

SURGEONS REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT. 330

no means uiicoiiiinon. Amonjj ix'tiiiiiod soldiers, we find more snireriiig from di;trrlio'a than from
any other cause.

In the blacksmitli-sliojis in Altooiia, wliere there are many fires and where the raihoadcom-
pany mainifaetnre and repair tlie roUiny-stoek for this di\ision of their road, the preihiniinaiit disease,
is developed tubercnlosis. The slumps Inive a large number of fires in each of them, and the ventila-
tion is imperfect ; consequently, the atmosphere is surcharged with all the noxious gases arising
from the imperfect combustion of the bituminous coal, which is exclusively burned iiere; hence the
prevalence of this disease in these shoi)s. When my attention was attracted to the predominance
of tiiliercnhisis in this locality, I learned that there was but one man over fifty years of age who
was a regular hand in the smith-shops; and that when a young man entered theshoi)s to learn the
trade, it was a rare occurrence that his health permitted him to serve his full term of api)rentice-
ship. 1 found men in every stage, from the earliest s,\mptom of tuberculous deposit to the last
form of the disease. Many suffer also from bronchitis, with or without tuberculosis. In one sub-
district, of all the men drafted and examined I found scarcely a good, sound nnm. U[)on inquiry,
I learned that, in the early settlement of this country, two families of Scotch-Irish birth located
there, who were intelligent, healthy, thorough-going people, jiossessing strong vitality and great
endurance. Their children commenced marrying and intermarrying, until now, in the fourth and
fifth generations, there is not really a sound adiUt known in all that extensive conuection, proving,
so far as it goes, the evil of the intermarriage of relatives.

The inhabitants of this district are intelligent. Every man is a reading man. The public
schools are becoming the object of great solicitude and the pride of many of our leading men. The
best men that can be obtained are einpU)yed as county-sui)eriutendents. School-districts vie with
each other in procuring the best teachers, and the schools are visited regularly by the directors.
Every pupil has his ambition stimulated, and spelling-matches are a regular institution in every
school. Two or more schools meet in full representation, at least once every year, to test the quali-
fications of each other, and strive for the palm in correct spelling. Old and young take an interest
in and witness the contest with much anxiety and good feeling. Every adult reared in this district
is supposed to be well versed in English grammar, history, geography, and arithmetic. Those
who are not are the exception, not the rule. The veriest vagabond that walks the street is able to
keej) his own accounts and transact his own business intelligently. The moral character of our
inhaliitants will comjiare favorably with that of any otlier district in Pennsylvania. The predomi-
nant sentiment is decidedly a religious one. Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran, Baptist, Catholic,
United Erethreu, and Episcoi)aliau churches are most numerous, with a fair representation of
others. Intemperance prevails to some extent and produces its consequent evils ; but jmblic senti-
ment frowns so decidedly on this iniquity that only those who are lost to a sense of shame are
among its votaries. A few men were drafted who were exempted on account of permanent
pliysical disability, the result of intemperance.

As a general thing, the wealth is fairly distributed among the inhabitants. There are, how-
ever, a large number of operatives and laboring men without means employed by corporate com-
panies and farmers.

P.ut little dependence can be placed on the operatives in our mines as regards sujtport of our
military forces. At least nineteentwentieths of this class are foreigners, who have no settled home,
and who are ever ready to make their budget and travel. When it is their pleasure or interest to
become naturalized citizens, they can produce the necessary documents and vote at an election ;
but when enrolled and drafted, they have gone to parts unknown ; or, if they are perchance caught
up, they have no difliculty in avoiding military service by swearing alienage.

The principal occupations of men in this district are those of farmer, laborer, and mechanic;
being most numerous in the order represented. The mode of life is simple, the fare wholesome
and substantial. The dress is not extravagant, but plain, calculated more for comfort than show.
There are of course deviations in both extremes from the rule here presented. The inhabitants
are frugal, industrious, and social. With the exception of one or two localities, we profess
to be a law-abiding iieo|)le. In the places alluded to, deserters from the x\rmy and dratted men
who failed to report congregated and resisted by force of arms all attempts to take them. lu due

340 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — seventeenth district.

time, however, these lawless bands were dispersed by the capture of some and the routing of tlie
reuuiiniler.

In assigning reasons why any particular diseases have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand
from military service, I first mention the malarial influence prevalent in parts of this district, as
above adverted to. Although it is now several years since this agent ceased to exercise a control-
ling influence over every form of disease on the Juniata Itiver, its baneful ctt'ects are yet percepti-
ble. Men who were prostrated by a recurrence of bilious fevers several years in succession suflered
constitutiouiiUy, and a large proportion of drafted men taijen from localities thus iul'ected were
exempt under section 9, i)aragraph 80, on account of permanent physical disability, the conse-
quence of functional or organic diseases of tlie liver, spleen, or kidneys.

Tuberculosis is developed sometimes under the enervating influence of bilious fever, although
it is by no means confined to malarial portions of this district, lor it prevails in the mountain-ranges
and in the valleys, and is the cause of many exemptions. Tiie only irnitful source of tuberculosis
worthy of notice is in the blacksmith-shops in Aitoona, to wliich 1 have already adverted; also iu
the sub-district in which intermarriages of relatives have beeu practiced for several generations
successively, as above stated, it is deeply rooted.

In the lumbering parts of the Seventeenth District, a greater proportion of hernia prevails th.an
iu other localities, which is readily accounted for by the fact that men engaged in clearing the land
and removing heavy timber must necessarily do much heavy lifting, thus exposing themselves to
the danger of this disability. In the same localities and in the neighborhood of charcoal-furnaces,
a large proportion of men are disabled on account of extensive, deep, and adhereut cicatrices on
the lower extremities, the result of deep incised wounds from the ax in cutting timber.

Sawyers working on saw-mills Irequently have their hands mutilated or their fingers removed
by the saw, thus discjuaJifying them for service. On the railroads, nuuiy are disabled on account of
severe injuries by collisions of cars, explosions of boilers, cars running ofl' the track, and other
mishaps incident to the working of the road. These accidents produce almost every variety of
injury in the form of Iractures, dislocations, mutilations of limbs, contusions, burns, scalds, &c.
Among this class of injuries we find many men who have lost a leg or foot, arm or hand, or who
have hands so mutilated that they are proper subjects of exemption. In our large rolling-mills,
forges, furnaces, and ax-tacitories, where heavy machinery is used, the same class of injuries are
found, produced by similar causes.

In paragraph 85, Eevised Regulations, there is, in my opinion, but little that is liable to objec-
tion. It, however, I were to specify any section on which auiendinent could be made advantageously
to the Government, I would mention No. C. This section gives developed tuberculosis alone as
sufficient cause for exemption, and it has been to me, in some cases, a source of embarrassment.
Drafted men laboring under evident sym[)tomr, of inciiiient tuberculosis, with no complication of
any other viscus, were so manifestly unfit for military duty that it would have been absolute loss
to the Grovernment and cruelty to the men to hold them to service, and yet section 6 required that
the tuberculosis should be dvrdopcd to authorize the surgeon to exempt. My experience has beeu
tiiat after (consigning iulmi thus situated to the Army, in most cases they Imve broken down and gone
into the hospitals before they were acclimated to their new locations, or became accustomed to
camp-life. As this section stands, we must either violate occasionally our own convictions of duty
to the Government ami the men by holtling such to service, or disobey the instructions of this
section by exempting.

In section 15, chronic purulent otorrliuia is given as cause for exemption. During the i>rogres3
of examinations since our organization as a board, I have seen many cases'of this infirmity; and
although the disease uiidoubte Uy unfits some for military duty by the ofl'ensiveness and abundance
of the discharge, a majority of well-marked cases were by no means disqualified by this cause. I
would suggest that chronic purulent otorrhoea be regarded as cause for exemption only when the
purulent discharge is very offensive and uhiindtuit and the disease inveterate.

In section .'!.J, loss of ungual |)halaux of right thumb is given as cause for exemi)tion. This, iu
my opinion, should not be regarded as of sufficient importance to exempt a man otherwise able-
bodied. In our lumber-districts, several men were drafted who had lost this iihalanx by tlie acci-
dental cutting of the circular saw in saw-mills, yet Ihe full use of the thumb was net in any per-

surgeons' reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT. 341

ccptible ninimer iiniwiicd, niid there is no duty of tbe soldier tliat could not be readily perronued
by tlieiD. * * #

In exniuiiKitious of driifted nu'u, with a full day's work ou hand, there is necessarily consid-
erable noise made by walliing- through the looiu, jnoniiseuous talking, and by examination of
aliens and others who claim exemption Irom causes indei)endent of physical disability. This pro-
duces difrtculty in detennining the fitness or unfitness of men when dose discrimination is required
to distinguish the normal from the abnormal-sounds of resiiiration, or to anal\zt' the diflerent
abnormal sounds of the heart. On these occasions, my nnilorm practice was to hold doubtful cases
over until the regular business of the day was disposed of, and then, when the room was completely
quiet, I reexamined them. I would here suggest the propriety of ordering the district provost-
marshals, shoidd another draft ever be required, to purchase a cheap (luality of carpet or niatt'ng
to lay upon the oftice floor, t9 prevent the noise occasioned by tramping about, which is tinavoid-
able when a number of men are in the same apartment. The cost would be nothing compared with
the great advantage residting from the expenditure.

The number of men a surgeon can examine per day with accuracy varies much under different
circumstances. A surgeon accustomed to the work can examine twice the number per day that
one who is not familiar with the routine will, and he will decide too with more accuracy. When
there is a run of gooil sound men, whether volunteers, substiuUes, or couscrijjts, examinations can
be made with more facility than when the reverse obtains. One who has become familiar with the
duties of the office can, without an assistant, examine eighty men per day, and not feel that he is
imposed upon. 1 did myself the whole duty required of suigeou of the boar<l until the third draft
was ordered, when Dr. Crawford Irvin, of HoUidaysburgh, was a[)poiuted assistant, from whom I
derived much valuable aid.

The frauds resorted to by enrolled and drafted men to escape service are, in onr experience,
very uumerous. Every species of falsehood and misrepresentation is indulged iu to feign disease
where none exists. Kheumafisin, "weak back," "stitch in the side,'' hiiemorrhoids, lameness from
old fractures, old sprains, loss of sight of one or both eyes, disease of the heart, consumption, hai-
niorrhage from the lungs, disease of the kidneys, ankylosed joints, and deafness, do not comi)rise
even the tithe of diseases feigned by those who wish to escape service. The loss of sight of the right
eye is claimed very often without cause. During the first draft, conscripts frequently came with
the pupil so dilated that the eye presented the appearance of oiganic change. After exempting
several who came first with this disability, I suspected fraud. We arrested two from one sub-dis-
trict, and had them properly brought before the board. I re-examined them, found the eyes of
both to be sound, and held both to service. They paid comnuitation and were dismissed. Within
one year afterward, one of these men enlisted for a, bounty, and entered the service with a pair of
sound eyes. I had reason often afterward to suspect tlie application of belladonna to the eye.
Under these circumstances, we examined the pockets of the man, and placed him rigidly under
guard until the nature of the case was clearly revealed. Irritating substances, such as sand or
dirt, are sometimes throvvu into tbe eyes by conscri[>ts for the purpose of producing conjunctivitis
preparatory to examination. When a man claims exemption from total loss of sight of right eye,
if I can see no evidence of disease, before I decide his case, I close the left eye perfectly, quietly
stand a little to one side, and order him, in a peremi)tory manner and sharp tone, to " Look at me;"
if the sight is totally gone, the right eye is motionless, but if any sight remains, before he is aware,
the eye involuntarily turns with its axis toward uie, which satisfies me that he is attempting decep-
tion. I will here state that I have never used the ophthalmoscope to explore the eye.

Men frequently purge themselves preparatory to examination with aloes and other drastic arti-
cles to bring on haemorrhoids. These cases are generally detected by an erythematous discoloration
of the skin, radiating from the anus to the distance of one, two, or three inches, connected with
alternate contraction and relaxation of the sphincter ani. A great many men, otherwise sound,
have had all the teeth extracted from the upper jaw. A considerable j)roportion of tliese, 1 have
no doubt, resorted to extraction to avoid service. Some came with gums lacerated and swollen
from having had the teeth removed within a few days of examination, while others had their teetli
removed perhaps several mouths previous. When we had reason to suspect that drafted meu had

s

342 SUBGEONS' BEPOFTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT.

.their teelb extracted to defraud the Government, we held them to service if they were otherwise
sound, and assigned reasons for so doing, which wei'eseiit with them to the rendezvous.

Drafted men frequently came with one or more fingers or a great toe cut squarely oft', the bone
protruding, making a very sore stump, which they represented as the result of recent accident.
They were also held to service, and reasons sent forward why tliey were held.

When a farmer, mechanic, or laboring-man claimed exemption, and I could not find sufticient
cause to dismiss him, the ajipearance of his hands sometimes indicated whether he was trullifiil in
his declarations of disability. If his Lands were covered with a thick, hardened skin, well sun-
burned, the presumption was clear that he could do a good day's work at home, and, therefore,
could do military service.

In examination of enrolled men, when any doubt whatever existed as to the merits of a claim
for exemption, the name was retained on the rolls, leaving a clear margin always in favor of the
Government.

Ill examination of substitutes and volunteers, we had more trouble with boys not over fourteen
or iilteeu years of age than with any class of men. They were often brought from a distance,
always claiming to be eighteen years old. They were so well drilled by the brokers having them
in charge that they would toicc a very full ins|)iration, strut about as erect as old soldiers, and go
through every process of the examination with as much activity as a set of lofty tumblers. They
were taught before coming that in such a cause there was no wrong in persisting that they were
several years older than they really were. We rejected many boys who were over the minimum
standard because they were undeveloped in bone and muscle, and evidently not over fifteen years
old. No reliance could be placed on the word of themselves, or of those in charge of them, as to
age. They presented every variety, from the stripling boy of fourteen to the youth of fully-devel-
oped puberty.

Again, old men over fifty years of age came with hair dyed, and, in some cases, artificial
teeth inserted, claiming to be aliens, and under forty-five years. These frauds were so easily
detected that I believe we were not in any instance imposed on by this class.

I have no suggestions to ofter in addition to what I have already hinted at to avoid or over-
come these difficulties in future, except such resources as the skillful and vigilant surgeon will
readily call to his aid as the exigency may occur.

Of the men examined, the number of Pennsylvanians greatly piTponderated over all others
combined, and, in my opinion, they presented the greatest physical aptitude for military service.
A very large jjroportion of Pennsylvanians fuinished by this district certainly could not be
excelled in symmetry of Ibrm, |)hysical endurance, and intellectual development by an equal number
selected Irom any nationality. This is accounted for by the habits of industry, sobriety, and frugal-
ity, with the fostering care of our commou schools, for which Pennsylvania in general, and this
district in particular, is {)roverbial.

This being essentially a rural district, the inhabitants are to a great extent free from the
degrading and demoralizing vices incident to those of densely -crowded cities or districts.

'The colored men, in the estimation of this board, rank high as soldiers. The men we examined
and sent from this oftice were, with laie exceptions, of the first class in point of size, muscular
develo[(ment, good form, and sound constitutions". They, moreover, manifested an eagerness to enter
the service. My exiierieuce has led me to differ from high medical authority, inasmuch as I have
Ibnnd tubercular disea.se le.ss frequently developed in this cla.ss than in the same proportion of
whites. There is one feature in the character of the colored man greatly in his favor as a soldier :
1 mean the facility with w hich he can accommodate himself to army-life. The tran.sition from his
mode of living in a cabin or house of inferior quality to the army-tent is by no means so great as
that of the merchant, the farmer, the mechanic, or a large proportion of the laboring-meu, who have
bouses and home luxuries not enjoyed generally by the colored man; consequently, the change to
army-life does not so seriously affect him.

With one or two exceptions, I cannot imagine that the present enrollment-law requires any
amendments. I will, however, advert to oue point as it now exists, viz, enrolling ministers of the
gospel, and reckoning them among the military forces of the United States. I would respectfully

SURGEONS RKPORTS — PENNSYLVANIA — TWENTY-FIRST DISTRICT. 343

suggest lliat the eiirollmeiitlaw bo so amcndod tliat all ordaiiu'd iiiinisteis of the gospel, having a.
regular charge, bo exempt from inilitai\ duty. The lueseiit hiw is, in tliis respect, certainly a retro-
grade step in any government founded on the principles of civilization. As a class, we find preachers
physically uiitit for military duty to a greater extent than an equal number of men in any other
calling.

With much defereiKre, I would respectfully suggest that the importance of obtaining the first
medical talent in the country in surgeons of boards of enrollment is so obvious that uo argument
is required to establish it. It is equally clear that the salary of surgeons iu this capacity was,
during the war, by no means an equivalent for the resixnisibility, labor, and, in some respects,
disagreeable duties connected wMth the oftice. A respectable physician in full practice can, under
ordinary circumstances, collect, as the proceeds of his practice, double and often treble the amount
prescribed by law as compensation of surgeons of boards, and have, besides, the advantage of enjoy-
ing the comtbrts of home. The inference is, therefore, clear that a physician who, from necessity or
choice, is anxious to secure a competency for himself and family in his declining years by his pro-
fessional labors, will not accei)t this position at the present raulv of tlie surgeon.

The question may be quaintly asked of your humble servant, "Do you not claim professional
respectability, with a profitable practice at home f I answer yes. It is now full thirty-five years
since I engaged actively in the practice of medicine in my ])resent locality, and, at the time my ap-
pointment as surgeon came, (which was unsolicited by and nnlinowu to me,) I was meditating retire-
ment from the laborious part of professional life. I decided to accept the position as a change, and,
once iuitiated, 1 became interested in the cause, and felt that, as we must all make ^sacrifices in
putting down this terrible rebellion, I would do what I could toward the consummation of the great
work.

An amendment to the law, ranking surgeons of the board as mojorst^ would, in my humble
opinion, hereafter secure the services of our best me<lical men; and the additional expense would be
more than comiiensated for by the assurance that the work of the surgeou was committed to pro-
fessional ineu iu every way competent to the discharge of so responsible a duty.

A. ROTH ROCK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventeenth District of I'ennnylvama

HOLLIDAYSBURGH, Pa., Jime 15, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA— TWENTY-FIRST DISTRICT.' •

Extracts from report of Dk. Frederick C. Robinson.

* # ■ » J iia,ve the honor to herewith submit the following report, as embodying

the result of my opinions and deductions as surgeon of this board of enrollment during the last
two eventful years of our historic , and an experience derived from the examination of six thousand
four hundred and sixty-four recruits, substitutes, and drafted men. This is exclusive of enrolled
men, who would probably number three thousand.

The geographical position of this district is immediately west of the last ridges of the Alleghany
Mountains; Chesnut and Laurel Ridges, running through the eastern sides of Fayette and VVest-
luorela.nd Counties, stand as sentinels or outposts guarding the western approaches to the grander
scenery of the great Apalachian range that crosses our State farther eastward.

The rest of the district is composed of a fertile agricultural section, well watered by the Monon-
gahela, Alleghany, Youghiogheny, Loyalhanna, Cheat, and Couemaugh Rivers, and their tributa-
ries. It abounds in iron, coal, salt, and limestone; the latter impregnating the water in some
sections of the district to a very great extent, the well-water iu many places during the summer-
months having a specific gravity of 1000 trom the pi'esence principally of the contained lime.

Much the largest portion of our peo])le is engaged in agricultural pursuits ; but the mineral
resources of the district give remunerative and constant employment to a large number ot i)ersoii,s.

'No reports wore received from the eijjhteuutb.nineteeuth, twoutietli, twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-
fourth districts of Penusylvauia.

344 surgeons' reports — Pennsylvania — twenty-first district.

Our manufacturing interests, though tliey cannot compete in maguitnde with those of many otlier
sections of the country, yet give employment to many persons. The principal manufactures are
those of iron, machinery, woolen goods, salt, lumber, &c. The usual professional and mechanical
avocations are pursued in about the same ratio as in other prosperous rural districts.

Our contiguity to the mountains doubtless renders our ])eople liable to a greater prevalence of
such diseases as result from sudden changes of temperature than would occur among a peoi)Ie
more removed from this cause. Hence the prevalence of rheumatism, which, in many cases assum-
ing a chronic character, disqualifies for military service. The number of persons who are exemjjt
on account of this disease is scarcely a true index of its prevalence, as it does not disqualify unless
it has produced " positive change of structure, wasting of the atlected limb, or putliness or distortion
of the joints;" and these results are rare during the military age compared with their Ireqnency
after the age of fortytive. The statistics show a ratio to those exempted for all other causes under
the drafts of 1801 of 38 per 1,000.

To the same atmospheric vicissitudes may be traced the great prevalence of acute diseases of
the lungs and air-passages; the former terminating in "developed tuberculosis,'' and the latter in
chronicbronchitisof so serious a character as to disqualify lor military sei vice. I find from the same
statistics the ratio for developed tuberculosis was 70 per 1 ,000. What proportion of those exempted
for "organic disease of internal organs" may be traced to the same cause I am not informed, but
doubtless to a very large extent.

There is a popular belief current here that a prevailing strong east wind for two or three days
during the spring or early summer mouths will i)rove not only destructive to tender vegetation,
such as the young fruits and garden-vegetables, and even cereals if they are in blossom, but is also
a fiuitful cause of disease in the human subject. The first ])art of this ojiinion 1 know to be coirect, •
and I am not quite sure but what there is some foundation for the latter. During a practice of
tilteen years in Uuioutown, Fayette County, which lies six miles west of the summit of Chestnut
Eidge, and at that point has an elevation of from 2,500 to 2,800 feet above tide-water, and of from
1,000 to 1,900 feet above the town, 1 was frequently impressed with the truth of the prevailing
jjopular belief on this subject. Patients whose vital powers were very much exhausted by acute or
chrouic disease were generally more depressed, and their symptoms worse, during the prevalence of
that wind. Its effect on vegetation is the result of a hygrometrical condition of the air. The air
leaves the sea-coast laden with the usual quantity of moisture; but, on reaching the higher altitudes
of the successive mountain-summits, its tenq)erature is lowered, and it deposits its moisture on those
elevated wgious. When, on passing the last of the mountain-ridges, it debouches into the valleys to
the west of them, and is again warmed by tbe rays of the sun and the warm air of the valley, the
usual quantity of moisture for air of such a tenqjerature must be again supplied, and it consequently
absorbs it from everything that will yield it with which it comes in contact. It thus levies its
assessment on the succulent vegetation, which withers and dies, and becomes almost pulverizable
in a few hours under this desiccating wind. In what way it produces its deleterious effects on the
invalid, whether by electrical action in depressing the vital powers, or by parching the cutaneous
surface and membranes of the air-passages, I do not know.

The exemptions under the other sections of paragraph 85 will not probably exceed the ratio in
other districts.

The changes I would suggest in that paragrajih would be to make its provisions correspond
more closely with the Army Ifegulations lor the examination and acceptance of recruits. It seems
but reasonable that the recruits and conscripts, who are to be placed under the same general regu-
lations and perform the same duties, should be accepted or rejected by the same standard.

Under i)resent regulations, the surgeon of the board of enrollment has frequently found himself
placed under the disagreeable necessity of nyecting a man as a reeiuit, and in a short time after-
ward holding him to service as a dratted man, thus depriving him of the advantages, both pecuniary
and in the ^selection of his regiment, that are possessed by the recruit. Such action subjects the
surgeon to the severest censure.

Again, some men whom he holds to service in strict compliance with the instructions of this
paragrajjh, on being sent lorward to tlie general rendezvous, are again examined by a boaid of
iuspectois, who, acting under other instructions, discharge them as unfit for service. By what right

SUKGEONS' REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TWENTY-FIBST DISTRICT. 345

tills is doue, in tlie face of the fourteeutli section of the enrollment-act of March 3, 18G3, which declares
the decision of the board of enrollment ,//»o/, I am uuinformeil.

Section 3 of tins i)ara.!;ra|)!i, relatiiis to cpUcpsy, and reqiiiiinji- tlie "attidavit of a physician in
good staiidinji- who has attended him in the disease within six months immediately i)recediny; his
esamiiiatioii, ' is, in my opinion, too restrictive in its character. Cases have come before this board
of men who had been for years notorionsly hopeless epileptics — so hopeless that they had ceased to
apply to physicians for relief — bnt whose [)hysical and mental condition bad not been seriously
impaired, and who consequently could only be exempted, if at all, on the ground of epilepsy. One
case of this kind I remember, in which a whole neighborhood was ready to establish the fact; bnt
such testimony not being admissible, the man was held to service, but before being sent away he
was seized with a convulsion, which was witnessed by the board, and he was exempted on the
certificate of the examining-surgeon. I would suggest that the same kind of testimony that is
required in insanity be deemed sutiicient in this disease. Let it be " weJi established and recent.^'

In section 5, relating to '■ organic disease of internal organs," 1 would suggest that an exception
be made in favor of organic disease of the heart; for although the drafted man may be at the time
of his examination able to pursue an "equally laborious occupation in civil life," yet, as the tendency
of this disease is to become rapidly worse under the exciting influences of camp life, he would very
soon be disqualitied for duty.

In se(!tion 112, which exempts only for " total loss of sight of right eye," I would suggest that it
be either revoked, and men be held to service who had lost tbe right eye, or else that it be less
restrictive for the man who is only just able to distinguish light, or an opaque object at a few inches
from his face; such a man is just as much disqualitied for service as if laboring under a total loss
of the eye. In my opinion, the first clause of the thirteenth section should be made to embrace the
right eye as well as both eyes.

I would suggest a radical change in section 20, which reads, " total loss of all the front teeth,
the eye teeth, and first molars even of only one jaw." The holding of a man to service who has but
one front or eye tooth, or one first molar tooth, with perhaps, as often hap])ens, no antagonist to that
tooth, and yet exempting another who has a perfect set of molars back of the first ones, is, in my
oi)iniou, an injudicious regulation. The possession of one front tooth cannot materially aid in the
mastication of his food, while the presence of a set of back molars would be all that would be
required for this purpose ; consequently, the exemption of men in the latter category deprives the
Government of a large number of able-bodied soldiers.

In section 34, relating to defects of the feet, I would suggest that though the defects might be
sufficient to prevent marehiiH/, yet if they were not of too serious a character the men should be
accepted and assigned to cavalry regiments, as there are many defects of the feet that would
disqualify for infantry service that would not impair the man's efficiency for cavalry or heavy-
artillery. * » *

My method of examining men consumes so much time that the surgeon cannot examine more
than fifty or sixty drafted men each day. This class comes before him unwillingly, and. they com-
])lain of many disabilities and diseases which must be carefully examined and inquired into; and
the cases which present the reciuired evidence as to disability, alienage, non-i'esidence, age, and
other i)leas for exemption, are so numerous and consume so much time that in my opinion the
maximum number that can be examined daily is not more than I have indicated. A greater num-
ber of recruits can be examined daily as they come before the surgeon voluntarily, and they do not
raise the above claims for exemption. However, the filling-up of the blanks for the examination
of recruits, which has been recently requited with each recruit, consumes so much time that, with-
out assistance, the surgeon cannot examine a much greater number than of drafted men.

The amendments that have been made to the enrollment-act have closed the door to many of
the frauds that were practiced under the original law. The frauds now most frequently practiced
relate to age, alienage, and residence. The two former are perhaps as carefully guarded against
as they well can be; but the latter could be prevented by delivering to every man when he was
enrolled a notice informing him of his enrollment in a i)articular sub-district, and that if su(;h was
not his j)lace of residence, he should at once establish that fact or else be deprived of availing

4:4:

546 surgeons' reports — Maryland — second district.

himself of that pica iu tbe cvenfof his being drafted. The notice might also require him to present
the evidence of age or alienage before draft, if he was not on tbese accounts subject to duty.

The seventeenth section of the act of Februarj' 24, 1804, has been taken iidvaiitage of during
the drafts of 1SG4 by persons joining some of the various religious sects whose tenets forbid the
bearing of arms. Some joined these sects after being drafted, but in such cases the board of enroll-
ment deemed their conscientious scruples of too receut a date to avail in exempting them from
service.

Self-mutilation has been resorted to by drafted and enrolled men in some cases. The cutting
off the fingers or the great toe, or extracting the teeth, were the usual means resorted to; the two
former methods not as frequently in the second and third drafts as iu the first one in 18(53, but tbe
extracting the front, canine, and first molar teeth has been quite frequent. The only remedy I can
suggest is to refuse to stiike the name of any man from the enrollmeutlist, or to exempt any who
are drafted whose gums indicate that the teeth have been recently extracted. I pursued this course
w ith ctirolled men during the last winter. My action iu these cases was based on the order froia
your oflice to report the case of any drafted man who attempted, by means of self-mutilation, to
evade service.

The foreign clement in the population of this district is relatively so small, and so many influ-
ences operate to control the results arrived at in determiniug the physical capacities of the different
nationalities for militarj- service, that any deductions arrived at must be very defective and unsatis-
factory. Out of two thousand three hundred and eighteen men examined, and included in* my last
two reports, there were but ninety of loreign birth.

Taking the measurement of the chest as a standard of physical capacity, I find the Germans
present the largest average. This measurement cannot be regarded as a correct index, from tlie
fact that 30 many native-born young men entered the service as recruits between the ages of six-
teen and twenty, before the physical development was completed. Measurements of the chest, or
height, or weight, or all combined, are not sufiQcient to measure the capacity of recruits for endur-
ing military service. The temperament must also be embraced iu the estimate. Yivacity and hope-
fulness would sustain a soldier under fatigue au<l wounds where one of a less happily constituted
organization would sink. Therefore, iu considering physical aptitude for service, and taking this
factor into the calculation, I am convinced that the native soldier is unsurpassed.

Among the most perfect specimens of physical development I have seen during my examina-
tions, I found some of them belonging to the colored race. In physique, as a class, they will com-
pare favorably with the whites. They arrive at maturity at an earlier age than the latter. Though
they have not the mental capacity of the whites, yet they possess many of the requisites calculated
to make them hardy and enduring soldiers. Their vitality, when relieved of the restraints which
contact with the whites impose, and their good phyaiques, will enable them to bear the fatigues of
a campaign as well as any other soldiers. On the whole, I have been very favorably impressed
with their jthysical qualifications for military service.

I have no suggestions to make in relation to the " operations of the enrollment-law," further
than such as I have already made iu relation to it and the orders based upon it, in the foregoing
report. * * *

FRED. C. ROBINSON,
Surgeon Board' of EnroUmenl Twentyjirst District of Pennsylvania.
Greensburgh, Pa., May 20, 18G5.-

MARYLAND— SECOND DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Dii. J. E. Ward.

• * * Of drafted men there have been examined five thousand six hundred and

thirty-five. Of that number there were one thousand two hundred and eighty-eight exempted for
physical disability, leaving four thousand three hundred and forty-seven held to service. Under
the revision of enrollment, there were examined physically eight hundred andfourteeu; of this

' No report was icceived t'roui tlie first ilistrict.

surgeons' KEPORTS — MARYLAND SECOND DISTRICT. 347

Diiiubcr, tbiee liuiidicd ami scveutysevcn were exempted for physical disability, and four butidred
and thirty seveu were refused exemption. # * *

The Seeoud Congressional Distriet of Maryland embraces the fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth,
eleveiill], and twellth districts of Baltimore County, the whole of Ilarford County, and the lirst
seven wards of the city of Baltimore. The city portion of the district is bounded by Jones's Falls on
the west. Tiiis stream rises in B;;ltimore County, runs partially around the north of the city, then
through the city, receiving into its channel the washings of many streets, the contents of sewers
and privies, and then empties into the Basin, so-called, which is an inlet of the Patapsco River.
This basin forms the southern boundary of the seveu wards of the city. On the east and north side
the land is high and rolling.

The ninth district of Baltimore County is also bounded on the west by Jones's Falls. From
these falls the city is supplied with water by means of an artificial lake, made by the city a few
years ago.

The twelfth district of Baltimore County lies, in great part, on tide-water. There are several
rivers running through it, which empty into the Chesapeake Bay. In this district there is much
low, swami>y land, a portion of Harford County lying on the Susquehanna River. Excepting this
part of Harford County and the twelfth district of Baltimore County, the land'in both counties is
rolling and well watered. The eastern section of the city, embraced in part by the first seven
wards,' has been represented as being most subject to intermittent fevers ; for the past two years,
this fever has ]irevailed to a greater extent in the western section of the city. On Jones's Falls,
on the north side of the city, intermittent fever prevails as much as in the twelfth district of Balti-
more County. Where these falls run through the city, there are no cases of intermittent fever.
From the aitpearance of the Asiatic cholera in 1832, until about ISui, all portions of the State
liable to autumnal fevers before the former period were less liable to these diseases than had ever,
been known before. The type of disease was as much changed as the character of these dis-
tricts for health was changed. In ISal, malarial diseases prevailed to a great extent in the Cham-
bersburgh and Shenandoah Valleys; it made its appearance before harvest, vegetation being in
its most luxuriant condition, and few families escaped, even when the disease had not been known
for many years. In some' families, scarcely any were left well enough to attend tlie sick. In tbose
l)laces where autumnal diseases prevailed to some little extent, the inhabitants were healthy. Since
liSG't, these fevers have been annua'ly becoming more prevalent, and assuming a similar type to
that which existed before the advent of thercholera, and they require a decided change in the mode
of treatment. A very intelligent and successful physician in Cecil County, Maryland, informed
me, in the summer of ISUl, that bilious remittent and intermittent fevers were then prevalent, and
that he had been very successful in their treatment, prescribing at the onset emetocathartic doses
of calomel and tartarized antimony. Such treatment iu this district, in 1850, would have been
ruinous to the patient, and would now be at war wjth modern theory. The result of actual prac-
tice, however, is more to be trusted than auy theosy. Country physicians are generally governed
bj' experience and observation more than by theoretical system. They are compelled by their iso-
lated situation to rely upon their own observations, and to draw their own conclusions; and their
exi>eiience teaches them to adapt their treatment to the actual condition and physical wants of
their patients. The experience of the writer corroborates the correctness of the treatment of the
pliysician from Cecil County. As before stated, the fever of 1854 began when harvest vegetation
was not even declining. What, then, was the cause of this exten.sive epidemic? What had kept
this malarial poison so long in abeyance"? The only difference known was that all the siuks,^which
are very common in limestone regions, had more or less stagnant water in them from the spring-
rains, which had continued late in the season. The streams were sUll well supplied with water.
On the first settlement of the valleys named, these fevers were unknown ; as the country was
cleared, they prevailed more or less every year, until occasionally tliere would be no house with-
out some one sick from that cause. Autumnal fevers are now as prevalent and more violent than
they are in the lower counties of Maryland, where, before the advent of the cholera, they were
expected with the fall of every year. The inhabitants of the lower counties attributed the im-
proved condition of their country, in regard to health, to the great quantities of lime used on- their
lands, and to the iuipioved system ol farming. No doubt, they are right to a considerable degree;

348 surgeons' keports — Maryland — second district.

tbcir old enemy, bowevor, is returning, and extending bis scepter over tbeir beautiful country, and
prostrating tbeir people before liiiii.

Did tbe cause of cbolera destroj- tbe so called malarial poison 1 or did it enter into nature's
laboratory, and stop tbe generation of tbe first poison, so prolific of disease and deatb ^ or did it
cbange man's physical condition, so that he was no longer susce[»tible to its deleterious effects ? I
shall not undertake to answer these questions. The fact is notorious that on tbe-Upper Potoiunc,
lor years, bilious fever was a curiosity to the inhabitaut.s, who, previous to 1832, bad been familiar
with it from childhood. There had been no change in the status of tbe inhabitants, uoTie in mode
of living, nor any nuirUed cbauge in the system of farming; only more land bad been cleared and
put in cultivation. In tbe country, little attention is i)aid to drainage, even about dwellings and
out-bouses. A highly respectable physician of Virginia, some years ago, stated that be ordered a
hogshead of rain-water, which had been standing for some time, to be emptied on the grass, by
which tbe grass that was wetted by tliis water was entirely killed, not a root being left alive.

As before stated, that part of the city through which Jones's Falls runs is free from malarial
fevers, while north of the same city, on the same falls, these fevers prevail to a great extent.
Attention has been called to the nudarial fevers of mouutainous regions, of districts of rolling
laud on running streams, and of tide-water districts. In tbe two former, these fevers prevail fully
as much as in the tide-water districts of the State. What cause gives rise to these fevers ? I
think staguant putrid water is the principal cause. Jones's Falls in the citj', the receptacle of
every species of filth, has no malarial disease on its borders. This part of tbe falls has stone walls
on each side, confining its waters to the bed of tbe stream, above the city, and to the lake. There
are small streams emptying into these falls, and bringing with them the exhalations from the stag-
uant pools along their banks into the current of air following the course of the falls; this is still
further increased from tbe putrid water along tbe main stream. As a necessary result, the inhab-
itants soon feel its deleterious influence; not nearly so much, however, when their dwellings are
sep.arated from those streams by forests.

The Potomac River and its tributaries are in the same condition as Jones's Falls, with the
addition of many natural sinks containing stagnant water. I have gone beyond tbe second con-
gressional district in speaking of disease, because the same character of fever prevails throughout
the State ; the same cans ■ of disease must exist where the same disease prevails. lu all these
sections, large collections of stagnant water are to be found. The inference can, I think, be Justly
drawn that stagnant putrid water is tbe most prolific s»urce of nudarial fever. It is a welt-estab-
lished, but hitherto unexplained, fact, that from the appearance of the Asiatic cbolera, the character
and tyi)e aiul recuri-ence of malarial fever for years were changed, and, to a great extent, it disap-
peared ; and that these fevers are again slowly but surely returning to tbeir former character and
type, which may possibly be checked by a close and untiring attention to drainage. Clearing aiul
cultivating land will not i>reserve the general lu'alth, unless the beds of the streams are well open,
and stagnant pools cease to be seen in our miihst. This can only be accomplished by the appoint-
ment of capable and efficient health-oflicers.

The iidiabitauts of this district are Americans, Germans, Irish, Jews, and negroes. In the
country [tortiou of this district, the jieople are mostly farmers and gardeners. Mechanics are settled
to a limited extent to suit tbe wants of the people. There are also cotton -factories and iron-works.
The inhabitants live well, are industrious, and have tbe characteristic of the American, namely, a
great desire to be rich. Going to school is appreciated; education is not — that is, the people think
going, to school is education. The State is entering upon a uew career of educating. It is hoped
she will do better than she has yet done.

The seven wards of the city, being the eastern portion, are principally occupied by mechanics
and laborers. These classes are more liable to accidents, rheumatism, and henna. # * »

Lpilcpsi/. — Confirmed epileptics are rarely or never under medical care. It is often impossible
to procure a i)liysiciau'« affidavit to the witnessing an attack within six months. A medical alfi-
davit that the man bad been seen in an attack, and reliable testimony that he had had au attack
within six mouths, would establish the fact, and entitle the man to a discharge.

Well-ascertained organic disease of any internal organ should dis(]ualify from military service.
The worst cases of organic disease of the heart were fouiul in those who never complained of heart

surgeons' reports MARYLAND SECOND DISTRICT. 349

trouble, wlio scarcely know they had a heart, and who followed their daily occupations. Men
ciaJMiiii^ exemption from lieiirt-disease as tlieir cliieC j-iound were mostly suffering from functional
derangement, llysteria simulates all diseases; the heart simulates almost all the symptoms of
organic disease. Such cases might be termed " hysteria ot the heart."

Physical disability Is not necessarily permanent ; when believed i)ennanent, it shoidd be so
designated. When a man is inciapacitated by recent disease, it should be marked " physical disa-
bility;" if marked "permanent," the man's name shouldbe erased from the enrollment list.

Teeth. — When the surgeon is satisfied that a man's teeth are so decayed as to reiuh-r him
incai)able of masticating his food, he should be discharged, as a mouth in sncli condition indicates
feebleness of constitution. The teeth in the upper jaw decay before those ot tlie lower jaw.

Hcemorrhoids. — Old and irreducible external hieuiorrhoids unfit a man for any active employ-
ment. In such cases, some discretion should be allowed the sui-geon.

Rheumatism. — Rheumatism often aliects the lumbar region and the sacrosciatic nerves, there
being na manifest evidence of the disease; there is, however, a radical physical defect. In such
cases, when i\n? proof is satisfactory that the man has been subject to these attacks, and has had
one within the last three months, which attack incapacitated him for days or weeks from following
his daily occupation, and had been brought on by undue exertion or exposure, he should be exempt.
Frecjuent attacks of acute rheumatism should not be disregarded, these attacks so frequently
involving the heart.

Hernia. — Umbilical hernia is more frequent in the colored than in the white race. I have iiot
met a large nor a strangnlated umbilicial hernia in the male, althongh a man may have been a
laborer all his life, and have had Uiiibilical hernia. These hernias remain stationary, and are i)rob-
ably owing to a want of care in adjusting the umbilical bandage after birth. * * #

Fifty men can be physically examined daily ; with this number, justice is more certainly done
to both Government and peo])le.

Generally, there is uotiiing left undone on the part of the drafted man to deceive the surgeon.
The substitute will bear a great amount of temporary pain to get into the service. Chronic I'heu-
matism, consumption, and heart disease are most frequently claimed as grounds of exemption. Fee-
bleness of constitution is the nest most common plea. It has always been characteristic of con-
sumption that the patient could not be persuaded that he had the disease; when drafted, it was
impossible to persuade that consumi)tion was not present. " Like one of old, they could die in their
nest, but not in the tented field." When consumption was made the plea, it was considered as
almost conclusive of attempted fraud. Dr. Rush said only two classes admitted the presence of
the disease — the one was sailors, the other christians indeed. None of our cases were sailors;
if of the latter class, society is more christianized than is generally believed.

Sciatica or lumbago were often used as a means to obtain a discharge, and such cases
were pressed with great earnestness. To do justice in these cases, it was often necessary to
examine witnesses, and scrutinize the testimony very carefully to prevent fraud. Drafted and
enrolled men seeking to escape usually come prepared with medical affidavits, certifying to
their diseased condition and total unfitness for military service. On ai)plication for these
certificates, questions no doubt would be asked by the physician about the disease and its symp-
toms, and, apt to learn what might greatly aid them in their designs, they became somewhat
acquainted with the symptoms and locality of the disease they wished to simulate. It is often
extremely ditHcult to diagnose disease with the patient honestly assisting you ; far more so when
the jtatient is designedly leading you into error, assisted, perhaps unwillingly, by his physician in the
contemplated fraud. If unsuccessful in his efforts, fault is found by the man and his fiiends with
the physician who gave the affidavit which was to bring success ; but all unite in abusing the
examining-surgeon. Frequently written complaints were made to the Secretary of War against
the surgeon, sustained by additional medical testimony as to the man's total unfitness for military
service. It is unpleasant to say, but it is nevertheless true, that these medical affidavits added gen-
erally very much to the labors and trouble of the examining-surgeon, and yielded very little aid
in his arduous and thankless duties. Substitute-brokers soon became familiar with disqualifying
causes, and instructed their men how to conceal (if iiossible) every cause of rejection.

350 SUKGEONS' EEPORTS MARYLAND SECON'D DISTRICT.

Substitutes aiifl recruits sboiild be tirst carefully examined by the surgeon, and if passed by
bim should be sent to rendezvous for from twenty-four to forty eis'lit hours, and tlien be reexamined.
At the end of the time specified, the effects of stimuhiuts would have passed off, aud the surgeon
would then be able to correct, if necessary, his first decision, and learu the man's true physical
condition. ^

Stimulants in proper quantities will often give temporary tone to debilitated organs; with a
man in this condition, the most experienced surgeon may err, particularly so when so short a time
is possible to him for examination, and no op|)ortnnity is allowed for re-examination. Few medical
men would be willing to give a decided opinion in private practice upon such examinations and
under similar circumstances.

Direct medical instructions and medical affidavits gave surgeons great trouble, annoyance, and
dissatisfaction both at Washington and at home. Stimulants and the love of money made the
substitute leave nothing undone to deceive them.

Of the great use of the Sanitary aiul Christian Commissions during this wicked rebellion, there
can l)e no doubt ; if either or both of these commissions had established agencies for enlisting men,
and had charged a proper commission for so doing, much loss of money would iiave been prevented,
and many men would have been saved to the Government. The funds arising therefrom could have
been used lor the benefit of the soldiers, by whose loss and suffering substitute-brokers were made
rich.

Canadians that I have inspected are well-developed men ; how far this may be cbaracteristic
of them as a nationality (;annot be learned from these examinations, from the fact that the able-
bodied oidy would come this distance to go through the ordcid of a rigid examination, partuiularly
so when the most part came for the express purpose of robbing the people and Government by
desertion. The Irish and Germans show but little, if any, difference in their physique. The col-
ored race have the best physical development, and in that respect have the greatest aptitude for
military service. * * # q^-Jj^ colored race are decidedly the best physically devel-

oped of all nationalities that were examined. This fact goes to prove that the American mode of
living deteiiorates us physically more than climate. The colored house-servant shows the same
susceptibility to disease as his iiuister and family. The out-door servant- lives more plainly, his
habits are more regular, and he labors daily, consequently he has a well-develoi)ed phyfiique. The
white man pursuing the same avocation spends the result of his labor freely in his own and family's
support, and indulges, in })roportion to his means, in every luxury. Eating destroys more of our
people than drinicing. Unceasing mental excitement generally aids our excessive feeding in pros-
trating mind and body. Foreigners, particularly the Irish and Germans, on reaching our shores
change their almost exclusive vegetable diet to one of animal food ; their ruddy complexion soon dis-
appears and is succeeded by a thick yellow skin. We awake in the morning weak and unrefreshed
from sleep, and at once put on steam of tea, coffee, or more active stimulants, to set the human
machine in running condition. The consequence is premature old age and death. We pride our-
selves on our admitted su|)eriority over the colored race. How much of that supeiiority do we owe
to climate, soil, aud food, causes operating on us for generations'? Necessity, absolute or supposed,
forces a people to mental and physical exertion. Nature yields not of her stores without labor.
Mind must act to seek out the most efficient means of opening nature's storehouse. The negro is
finely developed in body, but has shown little intellectual advancement. Climate, soil, and food
have not stimulated him mentally ; he has had no wife or children to provide for ; his and their
«laily food has been provided ; he has no thought, no care for the future ; the hope of bettering his
condition or that of his children finds no resting place in his bosom ; he cannot call his- wife and
childieu his own ; the only reward of his toil aud the simi)licity of his living is a welldeveloi)ed
healthy body. Does the Anglo-Saxon possess any stimulus so powerful as the happiness and
])ros])erity of his family? Take from him the hope of reward and necessity of exertion, and how
long would his superiority last"?

Four hundred years were spent by the Hebrews in Egypt, in servitude to a people among the
most distinguished of the Eastern World, and what was the mental condition of the Hebrews when
Moses and Aaron took them out of Egypt I Why, they had almost forgotten the God of their
fa tlx-rs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The miracles in Egyi)t, the cloud by day, the pillar of lire

SUEGEONS' REPORTS — MARYLAND — SECOND DISTRICT. 351

by iiigbt, tbe walling up the waters of tlie Red Sea, tlu^ falling of tlie inantia, the gnsliing of sweet
water from the roeU, all those wonders that followed them in their wanderings throngh tiie desert
failed togive them faith iu their omnipotent leader. The lightning, the thunder, the smoke, the
quaking of Mount Sinai, and the presenee of Jehovah were necessary to teach this stiff necked
and stiiLiboru people the majesty and glory of their maker and preserver. Why should we think
the colored race too low in the scale of humanity ever to be elevated above their present low and de-
gradeil condition ? Are they not in. mortal ? Have they not the capacity for mental improvement?
If so, when did we expect their education to commence'? Statesmen and divines thought and
taught, wheu the colony in Liberia was founded, that the mysterious providence of their being
brought here was being cleared up. But it was found impracticable to arouse the mind of the
negro to appreciate the bright prospect held up to him; a home in Liberia was no inducement; ho
could not realize his manhood; all efforts failed to rouse him from his lethargy; and the jihilanthro-
pist was at fault. A deei)er darkness than ever hung over the ini[)enetrable mystery of his con-
dition. The civil war came; the armed heel of rebellion was raised to fasten heavier chains upon
the lu'gro. The white man's need iu the fiery trial made the coloied man a soldier; for the first
time, he realized his rUjhts as a man ; the duties of a soldier taught him the right of self-defense;
he felt his strength, and coped with mau as man. In a sh.ort time, military life will teach him to
value the liberty and appreciate the rights of which ho has been so long deprived, and which be
can now enjoy. At the same time, though, he will learn that the two ra(!es are antagonistic, but
be will quickly be made to feel the strong white arm, teaching him that true freedom is to labor
and receive the reward therefor, and to render strict obedience to the law.

His constitution will admirably fit him for military service in the southern portion of our
country. To gratify the aspirations of his now awakened mind, he will seek a land where he can
sit under his own vine and lig-tree, with none to make bim afraid; his wile and children will be
around him, and be will feel that be is their protector and provider. The war will be found to
have accomi)lished that which before had been tried in vain. If the love of freedom, equality of
rights, and hope of advancement, if not for himself^ yet for bis little ones, induced the downtrod-
den of Europe to seek our shores, is there no reason to hope a similar effect may lead to similar
results in the mind of the colored man, and that he nr.iy be led to seek a home in his native Africa,
where the foundation of a mighty empire has already been laid by the Colonization Society '? Is
this too wonderfuH Four millions of people have been freed iu a day. Six years ago who would
have believed such a thing possible? Should this r««ult not follow, yet to watch the consequences
of freedom upon the colored race will be well worth the attention of the man of science, and be
deeply interesting to the physician. The latter will scrutinize the effects of mental development
upon the negro as regards disease, and may thereby add to our scanty knowledge of the reciprocal
action of mind and matter.

Many foreigners iu Maryland have purchased houses and lands under ground-rent, yet claim
the privilege of alienage, notwithstanding they never intend leaving the United States. Q'hese
persons enjoy all privileges of citizens except the right of voting. By the law of Maryland, real
estate can only be held for one year by an alien unless he declare his intention of becoi;:ing a citi-
zen. To avoid liability to military service, they buy leasehold property. If practicable, such per-
sons should be uuide liable to draft.

The duties of the commissioners should be more specifically defined ; to them should be given
the enrollment, and they should be held responsible for all records connected with the enrollment
and the draft. All enrollments should be made alphabetically, thereby saving much time and
labor. Books similar to bank check-books should be used for all exemptions.

Surgeons of boards of enrollment only receive the pay and emoluments of assistant surgeons
in the Army, exclusive of fuel and quarters. Surgeons are required by the law to be licensed and
practicing jdiysicians and surgeons. Thej are the only professional men necessarily in the board.
The provost-marshal and comnnssiouer had to learn their duties; but the law recpiired the surgeon
to be prepared to perform the duties of his responsible jwsition on taking his office, yet he receives
less pay for his services than the ])rovost-nuushal, and only the same pay as the commissioner,
the former being also entitled to three months' extra i)ay alter his discharge. Snrgeons cannot
bold their offlcial position, and fait.htally perform the duties, withont materially affecting their pri-

352 surgeons' reports — Maryland — third district.

rate practice, both on account of tbe time occni)ie(l in the exnniinations ami the offense likely to
be given to their patients in the conscientious di-schaige of tbeir otlicial duties. For these reasons,
and others, tbeir rank and pay should correspond to tbeir responsibility and the professional
ability demanded of them by the law.

The various sections under paragraph 85 which I have not commented on, in my opinion, need
no change.

J. ROBT. WARD,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of Maryland.
Baltimore, Md., June 15, 1865.

MARYLAND— THIRD DISTRICT.

Extracts from rejiort of Dr. Thomas F. Murdoch.

* * * I have found, in the examination of recruits, substitutes, and drafted men,

that those presenting apparently tbe finest physical development were not, as a general rule, either
accepted or held for service, for the following reasons: They either had ulcers, varicose veins of
the legs, hernia, or manifest disease of the heart.

The number examined, as far as can be ascertained, was nine thousand eight hundred and
seventy-six.

Had a list of the volunteers and substitutes rejected during the first year of the office been
kept, this number would be increased at least five hundred.

Tbe Third Congressional District of Maryland is composed of tbe thirteen upper wards (from
tbe eighth to the twentieth inclusive) of tbe city of Baltimore, and, with the exception of tbe
eighth, ninth, sixteenth, and seventeenth wards, occupies the high ground of the western and north-
ern section of tbe city. The eighth and ninth wards are located in the center of tbe city, and are
divided by Jones's Falls, a rapid stream, which, in most of its course through tbe city, is confined by
substantial walls. The ground immediately 'around this stream is made or new ground. An
unusually wet spring, followed by severe drought in the latter part of tbe summer, sometimes pro-
duces a mild form of intermittent fever, easily cured, and rarely occurring west of Calvert street.
Tbe same disease is found in tbe sixteentli and seventeenth wards. In the southern and south-
western sections of tbe city, tbe proximity of tbe wharfed water-fronts, of tbe Spring Gardens, and
numerous brick-yards, with their accompanying ponds of stagnant water, i)roduce and give char-
acter to other forms of disease. The frequent, and sometimes great, changes of temiiorature, with
moisture, may possibly increase our liability to ibeumatism and cLest-diseases. With these excep-
tions, our diseases are so general in tbeir character as to require no special description.

The drainage is almost entirely on the surface. We have several streams of fresh water passing
through and around the city of suliicient force to carry all tbe filth collected into tbe Basin, which
is kept clear by constant dredging. Both Harford Run and Schroeder's Run are tunneled tbeir
entire course through the city.

The inhabitants are intelligent, social, church-going i>eople, live well, and are principally
engaged, at present, in attending to their neighbors' business.

The ratio per thousand of exemption for disease of the heart is particularly large. This may
be accounted for by the i)eculiar moisture of our climate, with its sudden and frequent changes,
l)ro(lucing rheumatism. This was especially noticeable in tailors, shoemakers, and workers in
tobacco. The worksboi)s of these classes are generally kept at a very high temperature, without
proper precautionary measures as to dress and exposure. Many slight cases were noticed but not
exempted for this cause, as at least one in every eight of these workmen had trouble about tbe
heart. Among tbe Germans, hernia was very common, produced by violent gymnastic exercise
at the " Turner Societies,'' to which most of these people belong. Varicose veins were frequent
among the Iiisb, also among clerks and bakers, and all who are compelled to woik in an upright
position, whether the Irishman with bis shovel or the clerk at bis desk.

As regards change in paragraph 85, I would suggest that the testimony of two or three reliable
witnesses should be sufficient in a case of epilepsy. The time is too short for a i)hysician's report;

surgeons' reports MARYLAND THIRD DISTRICT. 353

very few persons soiid Tor ;). doctor after tbe tirstor second fit, whei". tlie cliaracter of tlie coaiplaintis
established. A man nniy liave several attacks witbin tbe time and never be seen by a medical man.
Tbese cases were of frequent occurrence, and tbe men were obliged to produce substitutes, because a
l)bysiciau bad not seen tbeui in tbe required time. The fifth section might be subdivided so as to
specify the organs and the diseases of the organs that should exempt. It is not specific enough
for an honest man, while it allows too much latitude for the dishonest. The sixth section is rather
iLdefinite, but I cannot suggest a better. From tbe seventli to the nineteenth sections, inclusive,
I would propose no change. The twentieth section is too sweeping. I have often been obliged to
hold a man, from being the unfortunate possessor of an incisor or bicuspid, who, bad be been able
to get a false set, would have relieved himself of it years before. In the twenty-first audtweuty-
second sections, I recommend no change. # * *

I do not consider it necessary to exempt all cases of umbilical hernia, as it is a very common
defect in negroes. In the twenty -fifth section, I rather think that large ulcerated bsemorrboids
should exempt; but perhaps it is better as it is, as the privilege might be abused.

Bad cases of varicocele are more disqualifying than many cases of hernia. * # *

The loss of either thumb, or of tbe ungual phalanx of either thumb, permanent contraction or
extension of any finger of tbe right hand except the little finger, should, I tbiiik, exempt. » * *

Forty men can be examined i)er day (if tbe surgeon has a clerk to make all the necessary entries)
on au emergency ; but this could not be sustained for any length of time, for the continuous mental
and bodily exertion required would exhaust any ordinary man. Twenty-five volunteers or substitutes
is a proper average to do justice to the Government ; rather more than this of drafted men, for they
always have their claim ready, and, if it be sufficient to exempt, it renders it unnecessary to examine
the whole body.

Drafted and enrolled men claim every variety of disease— dyspepsia, diseases of liver, kidneys,
heart, neck, and breast, internal haemorrhages, or any disease which cannot be determined by ocular
demonstration. Disease of the kidneys was a very common complaint ; and whenever I had reason,
from tbe appearance of the man, to doubt the existence of disease of tbese organs, notwithstand-
ing he might have a certificate from a physician to that effect, I carefully examined his urine
chemically and microscopically, always taking the precaution to make him pass it (the urine) in my
presence.

• Eruptions are sometimes produced by croton-oil, but a physician familiar with eruptive diseases
is not apt to be deceived thereby. Tartar-emetic ointment and crotonoil were rubbed on the chest
in order to convince the surgeon of long-continued thoracic disease. Such cases were always
looked upon with suspicion, and more rigidly examined. As a general rule, no disease could be
"discovered. In alleged hernia, unless the jiresence of tbe tumor could be demonstrated, tbe claim
was not allowed, no matter what the character of the person might be. Substitutes and recruits,
would try to conceal hernia, varicose veins, partial ankylosis of joints, defects of hands and eyes,
&c. I can suggest no method of overcoming these difficulties, except a most careful and rigid
examination by the surgeon, as substitutes and volunteers will always attempt to deceive if they
have any defect. » * *

Canada shows tbe least number rejected ; but it is very doubtful if any of these men were
actually natives of that country ; they were probably bounty -jumpers aiul deserters. Of course, it
was impossible for me to i)rove their nationality. Of the negroes rejected, this is much too large a
proportion, (253 examined, lo8 rejected,) as only witbin the last few days of the examination did I
examine negro volunteers, and persons drafted picked up any old negro to go as a substitute. Tbe
pure Africans— that is, with no admixture of blood— as a class, were the mostmuscularly developed
of any men examined. The mulattoes have more intelligence, from their being made house-servants,
and having been somewhat educated, but they were scrofulous and consumptive. I see no reason
why pure blacks should not make as good soldiers as any others. Being an imitative race and
accustomed to obey, they would soon acquire all that is necessary to make good soldiers if n-ell
officered.

EnroUmcntlaic— It is especially defective as regards foreigners, as has been proved during
the late war. Foreigners constantly claimed protection of their consuls, saying that they were not
45 '

354 surgeons' reports- — Maryland — fifth district.

citizens, aud had never voted. It was almost impossible for the board to detect when they were
swearing falsely.

I should suggest an enrollment of males every two years. The enrollment should consist of two
classes : one between the ages of twenty and forty -five years ; the other of those over forty-five years.
No one shouM be allowed to vote nnless he presented a certificate of enrollment, for which he
should pay a small fee ; thereby the ofiBce could be made self-sustaining. No man should be allowed
to claim alienage after being drafted, as he should have taken care to have his name erased from
the enrollment-sheets, a correct list being always on file at the office. We should thus get rid of
the illegal votes of foreigners, and they would be unable to escape military duty. Should an emer-
gency arise, a draft could be ordered at very short notice, and it would be comparatively easy to
ascertain the population fitted to do military duty. If considered necessary, it might be well to
have the names of those persons unfit for military duty (of course from i)liysical causes) marked;
also that the provost-marshal's department should be required to furnish the State and city author-
ities with a correct list of all per.sons exempted, with the wards and districts in which they lived.
Those who failed to report when drafted, or who fled to escape the draft, and ]iersons who were in
the rebel army, should be reported and excluded from the right of suffrage by the act of assembly
of the State of Maryland.

THOMAS P. MURDOCH,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of Maryland.

Baltimore, Md., June 28, 1865.

MARYLAND— FIFTH DISTRICT.^
Extracts from report of Dr. R. E. Dorse y.

« ♦ * My experience in the examination of men for military service is but slender :

commencing as late as the 2d of June, 1864, and terminating Oa the 15th of April, 1865; a little over
ten months. The number examined cannot be given with precision, because, being much of that
time without an assistant, aud not being a.ware, through inexperience, of the proi)riety of providing
a regular book of entry to be kept by ii clerk, I made at the time a few notes on loose sheets, to the
preservation of which but little attention was i)aid, and it was not till late in November, in obedience
to orders sent from the Department, that suitable books ot record were i)rovided, hence the number
below may be rather inaccurate, more particularly as regards enrolled and drafted men :

Enrolled men examined, not exempted 1, 248

Enrolled men examined and exempted 633

Drafted men examined, not exempted 1, 959

Drafted men examined aud exempted 1, 267

Recruits and substitutes examined and accepted 895.

Recruits and substitutes examined and rejected 282

Total 6,284

The Fifth Congressional District of Maryland,. for which I am examiuiug-surgeon, is of consid-
erable extent, reaching from Point Lookout, at the confluence of the Potomac River with the
Chesapeake Bay, to the northern part of Baltimore County, near the Pennsylvania line, and from
east to west from the shore of the Chesapeake to the Point of Rocks on the Potomac River; in
some places more than one hundred miles across from opposite i)oints. Tbe counties of Balti-
more, Howard, and Montgomery may be called the upper or hilly sections of the district, and
Anne Arundel, Prince George, Charles, Calvert, and Saint Mary's Counties the lower or tide-water
section of the district.

The upper section is traversed — in Baltimore aud Howard Counties particularly — by numerous
Etreams, which aflbrd considerable water-power, which is employed for various manufacturing

'No report was received from the fourth district.

surgeons' reports MARYLAND FIFTH DISTRICT. 355

pari)oses. Tbe soil, some of which is excellent, is generally kind, aud sufficiently remunerates the
labors of the fainK^r.

This section inuy be esteemed heathful. The prevailing diseases are pneumonia and miasmatic
afl'ectious; the former disease presenting itself, not in the tyiie requiring active depletion, but in
a form moditied, as it were, by being engrafted upon a system already imjjressed by malaria ; hence
a supporting trciitment, with antiperiodic medicine, has been found most successful. Dysentery
occurs to a limited extent in some neigh boi hoods, aud is, I believe, due to imj)urity of the water in
those places; the nature of the contauiiniition not yet having been chemically investigated. The
effects of malaria upon the system are rarely evinced iu attacks of fever usually so called, or even
as intermittent or ague aud fever, but rather in the form of neuralgia, hemicaania, jieriodical tooth-
ache, &c. Indeed, the immunity of this people from fever due to malaria is incoutrovertible, as
compared with the whole county of Frederick and part of Washington County, iu the western part
of tbe State, and the county borderiug on the Snsquehauna in the northeast. An elevated portion
of this section, of some extent, is called Elk Eidge, a watershed separating the headwaters of the
Patuxeut River from the Potomac, which will, I think, compare favorably with any part of our
common country for fertility, beauty, and salubrity ; for its remarkable exemptiou from phthisis,
that scourge of the eastern portiou of our couutry, aud, indeed, of the southwestern portion also,
as proved by tbe mortuary reports published in Memi>his aud New Orleans. Thirty years' resi-
dence in the neighborhood has convinced me that the ridge merits this favorable mention.

The larger portion of the inhabitants of this district (many being engaged in mechanical pur-
suits) are farmers of some enterjirise, and generally earnest iu the improvement of their lands;
often expending a portion of their income in the purchase of mineral manures, so that thousands of
acres, a few years since woiu out and lying waste, have been reclaimed by the introduction of a
judicious system of agriculture.

Montgomery County, with a white population of 11,349, exhibits least improvement, as com-
pared with Baltimore or Howard Counties. Her number of slaves at the last census was 5,421 ;
Baltimore and Howard Counties, white population, 05,800 ; slaves, but 6,044. Montgomery
County, though in the way of improvement for the last tweuty years, has not yet increased her
population over what it was in the year 1800. Her improvement lately has been rapid, aud prop-
erty is becoming much subdivided. There are but few middlemen or overseers ; the owner or
master generally superintends the men iu the field, and thus a fairer amouut of work is obtained as
well from compulsory as from hired labor.

The lower or tide-water section of this district differs in many respects very materially from
the upper. Tbis section is indented by numerous small bays and uavigable rivers, affording con-
venient transportation for produce, with very short laud-carriage. Tbe water abounds iu fish,
oysters, and other shell-fish, and, at certain seasons, in wiklfowl.

The soil is light and friable, easily cultivated, and readily improved, much of it productive, and
portions of it remarkably fertile. Wheat, corn, and tobacco are the staples; particular attention
being paid to the cultivation of tobacco. The land is generally held in large parcels, and its tilL.ge
is performed by the colored race, heretofore slaves, in charge of overseers. The whole population
of this lower portion of the district was, in 18G0, whites, 37,945 ; slaves, 40,G22 ; total, 78,507.

The employment of overseers or managers, as they are often called, exempts many of the jirop-
erty-holders from the care of their estates, except that of a general supervision ; hence they are
gentlemen of leisure, fond of pleasure, devoted to society, given to hospitality, often entertaiuing
each other, to which they are impelled by au excessive craving for excitement. They live too fast
to attain longevitj', and often anticipate their sales in cash advances from their brokers or agents.
Lauded estates are not frequently subdivided ; the young men either qualifying in the learned pro-
fessions, or voluntarily expatriating themselves, seeking new homes in the Southwest.

The coudition of tbe middle class or laboring white population is very unpromising; for they
look forward to no future of promise. They are aud have been laborers from generation to gener-
ation, and, not awakened by educatiou, appear contented so to contiuue; hence, they are lazy and
improvident, listless and inert to the last degree, indicating great degradation ; too careless or too
ignorant, or both, to take proper precaution to secure their health, they cousequently suffer, aud
chronic disease with a broken constitution is the result. Now, that a new system of labor is about

356 surgeons' reports MARVLANU FIFTH DISTRICT.

beiug iiinugnrated, will this people successfully compete with the foreigner or the iikiii of the North
coining into the district seeking employment "I I imiigine not.

The diseases of this section are almost exclusively miasmatic, prevailing generally in the form
of chronic intermittent neuralgia, diarrhcea, general debility, antemia, and the various visceral conges-

(i^ons rarely prevailing epidemically — in the form of congestive or malignant fever. The last

serious visitation of epidemic fever was, I believe, in 1847.

This wide-si)read malarial influence, pervading, as it does, not only the whole of this section of
our district, but, perhaps, nine-tenths of our southern country, though undoubtedly inimical to
health, can be, in a great measure, restrained by a judicious attention to the rules of health ; that
the influence of this poison can be resisted in great measure by persons of good constitution
continually residing in the district, we have ample and constant proofs. When the laws of
hygiene are generally understood and respected, I do not doubt the comparative healthfulness of
this district. Then will it become a choice spot of our country, not excelled in climate. It is situ-
ated in a latitude adapted to the productions of both North and South, its waters teeming with
delicious food, and the laud only awaiting an intelligent husbandry to produce iu abundance the
choicest fruits and vegetables.

Particular diseases or disabilities have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand from military
.service in this district, perhaps, than throughout our country, a condition which it will be readily
perceived has grown out of our late civil war. At the commencement of the rebellion many white
persons — young men particularly— left the district and joined the rebel army. Every part of our
State furnished its renegades ; but much larger numbers in proportion left the lower district as com-
pared with the rest of the State. So general, indeed, was the exodus that it was remarked that but
"few young men of respectability remained at home." Some of these young men have perished on
thebattle-field, many from the fatigues and privations incident to military life ; few, comi)aratively,
have sought their former homes, so deficient were they, from wrong nurture and education, in the
powers of endurance.

Our examinations, held at Benedict, Charles County, for the convenience of the drafted men of
the lower district, resulted, after a careful physical examination, iu the ratio of six hundred and
thirty rejected per thousand, (the colored men drafted being exempted iu a ratio very little in
excess of the usual proportions, and this subsequent to General Birney's enlistments;) this large
proportion being due to the number necessarily exemi)ted under seciion 5, organic diseases of
internal organs; section 6, developed tuberculosis, (phthisis ;) and section 9, permanent physical
disability.

1 have carefully examined the different sections of this paragraph, (85,) and find them so judi-
cious in general as to leave little room for suggested improvement. I would, however, venture to
propose as follows: "Developed tuberculosis," now numbered 6, might immediately succeed No. 4,
(paralysis,) and be entitled " Developed tuberculosis or phthisis.''^ It should be confirmed by
auscultation, and attended either by baBmoptysis or other pathognomonic signs of phthisis in
progress. Succeeding No. 5 as above, 1 would introduce " No. 6," " Diseases of the heart and
appendages such as would manifestly unfit for military service." No. 7 might then read, " Organic
diseases of internal organs" (except such as were embraced by Nos. 5 and 6) " which have so
seriously impaired the general health as to leave no doubt of unfitness for military service, and
which prevent the pursuit of any equally laborious occupation in civil life." Cancer and aneurism
would then be numbered 8, &c., &c.

I suggest the above changes for the purpose of separating the very interesting diseases of the
thorax from those of the abdomen, so as to give a greater degree of precision to our statistical
tables of disease; and this would be obtained by requiring from the exaniiiiiiig-surgeon a greater
degree of exactness in his diagnosis.

Section No. 20, "ioss of teethP — This section has already been modified, perhaps twice;
exemption depending at one time ou the inability to tear the cartridge, at another on inability to
chew the ration, and the surgeon is at present ordered not to exempt the drafted man who has not
lost " the front teeth, the eye-teeth, and the first molars of either jaw." The above modifications
are indicative of the difficulty of framing any precise rule iu tlie premises. A drafted man has
claimed exemption having but two teeth in the upper jaw, and these two were front incisors j

surgeons' reports MARYLAND FIFTH DISTRICT. 357

another huviiis but tbe two eye-teeth leinaiiiiiiij;-. A strict observauce of section 20, i)aragraph 85,
would liiihl these men to military service, though manifestly unserviceable when enlisted.

Los« of teeth usually indicates ill-health, whether congenital or acquired. Should the health
be delicate during dentition, tbe teeth evolved are frail and disposed to decay: or sliotdd any pro-
tracted disease impair the digestion or the general health, loss of teeth is often the result. Such
cases constitute the majority of those claiming exemption on account of loss of teeth ; but their
general i)liysieal condition will become the ground of tbe surgeon's verdict. In other cases, in
which the health is not seriously impaired, if it be determined to leave but little to the discretion
of the surgeon, it might be ordered that no raan should be exempted Laving six teeth — molars par-
ticularly— three above and three below, in coaptation, so as to enable him to triturate bis food in a
proper manner.

Section 23, Hernia. — This section, I would propose, should read as follows : " Hernia. — Irre-
ducible hernia, double inguinal, femoral, and ventral hernia shall exempt. Eeducible inguinal
hernia and ventral hernia, which can be restrained by a well-fitting and suitable truss, shall not
exempt." In tbe concluding portion of section 5 of the i)aragraph already quoted, we are required
not to exempt " excei)t where there is no doubt of bis incapacity for military service, and which
l)revents his pursuing any equally laborious occupation in civil life." Very many persons with
rupture are observed not to be hindered in their occupation, even when of a laborious character.
Circus riders and performers, many of whom become rui)tured by the athletic exertions which they
are. required to make, nevertheless continue their profession, protected by a well-adjusted truss.

Tbe number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy cannot, I believe, be
above sixty. Indeed, without an assistant, fifty would be found enough. Tbe duties of tbe surgeon
of the board are multifarious ; physical examinations being but a part of his functions. Questions of
age, involving tbe authenticity of family-records, inental disease, and in many cases long medical
certificates, consume considerable time. The minute physical examinations, and long and particu-
lar descriptive records now required by the department, being of necessity made at the moment,
though dictated to a clerk, cause considerable detention. It would manifestly be imi^ossible to
comply with tbe order on file requiring the examination of one hundred and twenty per day.

Frauds to be guarded against. — Since the enactment of the law for the admission of the colored race
info military service, the proportionate number endeavoring to obtain exemption by fraud or feigned
disease has greatly increased. Uneducated, but of ready cunning, it is of interest to notice their
consummate acting, and the ingenuity of their defense when narrowly questioned and particularly
examined.

The white man attempting fraud or feigning disease, when, after examination, taxed with
deception, yields the matter at once. The negro persists, and sometimes succeeds in bis imposition.
Of all affections, chronic rheumatism is most frequently feigned or exaggerated, especially by
the negro. Weakness in the back, tbe alleged result of rheumatism or of injury, or rheumatic pains
in the knees or ankles, are the most common localities of complaint. The excellent directions,
however, given in this section of iiaragraph 85 for the government of tbe surgeon renders the course
to be pursued perfectly clear, so that these cases, though numerous, are easily decided.

Chronic diseases of the joints, the effects of dislocation or sprains, feigned by both white and
colored, are olten claimed as giving a title to exemption, owing to permanent lameness therefrom.
A thorough examiniitiou, and watching when not on their guard, generally leads to a correct
decision.

Two cases of pretended hernia, both drafted and both colored, and coming from the same
neighborhood, one, no doubt, prompting the other, came before me the day after our examination
commenced, when tbe room aiul passage were crowded by persons impatiently waiting their turn.
These two bad correctly applied well-worn trusses, and so well did they enact their part that they
were exempted. The fraud was soon after discovered by testimony, and they were sent to camp.
This led to the adoption of a rule, either to require a sensible proof of the iuiirmity, or the affidavit
of a physician in good standing, or other very reliable testimony, never admitting the mere statement
of the drafted man. When a truss is well adjusted and carefully confiued to its place, tbe escape of
tbe bowels may be very effectually prevented, and a length of time, even twenty-four months, may
sometimes elapse without its protrusion. In these cases, tbe patieut may determiuately and perhaps

358 surgeons' reports — Maryland — fifth district.

uatnially resist our desire to satisfy ourselves experimentally of the existence of hernia. He
brings convincing medical testimony of his having had the complaint. May not some of these
cases, during the lapse of twenty-four months, have eventuated in radical cnres? These men, I
judge, should be exempted.

Deafness is a disability almost always exaggerated by those partially deaf; and, notwithstand-
ing the utmost care, I feel satisfied that the number exempted is above the proper ratio. For no
other disability are certificates so readily obtained, and are of such little value. The best we can
do is to procure a history of the case, ascertain the present, condition of the organ by observing
the man's manner, and, by a regulated tone of voice in conversation, judge for ourselves whether
the deafness be so decided as to leave no doubt of his unfitness for service. But so important is
this sense, especially in doing picket-duty, that doubt always favors the man's exemption. This
affection is feigned generally by whites.

A very ingenious deception, simulating disease of the skin, was attempted in one instance,
with temporary success. A colored man (drafted) procured from a physician some liniment or
ointment. This application produced excessive pnstulation, and, having been cunningly applied at
intervals so as to represent successive crops of pustules, I was led to exempt him from the present
draft. The fraud was, however, soon discovered, and the man arrested and sent to camp.

Frauds in respect to age are frequently attempted by recruits and substitutes, as well as by
the drafted — the former with a view of entering, and the latter to avoid, the service. Boys under
eighteen years of age often offer themselves as recruits or substitutes, many of whom do not hesi-
tate to make affidavit that they are of legal age. The act for enrolling and calling out the national
forces very wisely limits the minimum age at twenty years, and I very much regret that the regu-
lation with regard to recruits and substitutes fixes the minimum at eighteen years. I have
determinately rejected all those in whom the two upper deutes sapientise are not fully developed ;
wherein the pubes is not fully invested by hair, with other marks of virility ; when the chest at
medium between inspiration and expiration does not measure thirty inches; and when the cutis of
the hand is not hardened, indicating ability for labor. A well-developed chest at eighteen years of
age I consider indispensable. On the other hand, a recruit or substitute presenting himself with a
face newly shaved, and the hair well trimmed and combed or brushed, at once awakens suspicion,
and a close examination generally reveals the fact that the beard has been removed because gray,
and that the hair has been dyed. The wrinkles about the eyes and mouth, and the well-worn
teeth, if they are not already much decayed, furnish additional evidence, if wanting, that the per-
son is over forty -five.

Questions with regard to the age of drafted men are much more difficult of solution. A time-
honored custom enters the ages of the members of the family in the Sacred Volume. Repeatedly
have we seen this record altered or replaced, and, in many instances, so awkwardly done as to be
evident to the least observant. The oath of parents we have been unwillingly taught not to
respect. Gray-headed men, over age, have represented their drafted sons of the same name, and
brothers have exchanged names, the one presenting himself being entitled to exemption; so that it
is only by the testimony of neighbors, and through a strict physical examination, that we can
determine these cases with any degree of accuracy.

Aptitude for service. — I consider myself justified in the opinion that our own western people
possess the greatest physical aptitude for military service, as has of late been exempllBed in Sher-'
man's great march through the Southern States; a march as remarkable for its length as for the
powers of endurance dis})layed by the soldiers. As far as we have ascertained, the number of sick
and stragglers was remarkably few, and well may these men display this great endurance when we
consider they are the pioneers of our country, inured to constant hardship and exposure, so that
their entrance into the military service is but a continuance of the hardship and exposure under
which they have lived and thriven.

The French are, in many respects, quite equal to the above, perhaps superior to tliem in sobri-
ety and abstemiousness, and in that irrepressible and inexhaustible cheerfulness and buoyancy of
spirits which so usefully sustains in vicissitudes. They are also active and impetuous, but are, I
think, inferior to our people in stern resolve and in patient endurance.

The Irish deservedly stand high as possessing many soldierly qualities; but 1 cannot indorse

surgeons' reports MARYLAND FIFTH DISTRICT. 359

the opinion that they are of all the soldiers in our service the most capable physically. Thoymay,
indeed, jjossess a more abundant vitality ; but I am confident that the Irishman's constitution could
not brook the southern summer. His system is irritable and inflammatory, and lie would aptly
fall a victim to congestive or malarial fever.

The Germans, Dr. Bartholow observes, are the least desirable recruits, being less capable
of enduring fatigue, more frequently subject to hernia, varicose veins, deformities of the feet, &c.
My experience is very limited; but I am inclined to agree in opinion with the doctor. The Ger-
mans are also the most frequent malingerers. Bo people are more in love with ease, and hence
will more often jjiactice fraud to pass, either from the ranks into the hospital, or from the hospital
to their final discharge.

The colored race. — The impression appears to prevail universally that the colored race make
good soldiers. All military men with whom I have conversed unite in this opinion. Experience
has taught us that they are more easily drilled and mass better; that they are more obedient to
their ollicers, both from disposition and habit; that they possess courage, but do not bear a hand-
to-hand conflict as well as the whites, though they stand artillery- firing better ; and that they are,
when yielding or diRjiosed to flight, more readily recalled, or brought back by example, because
they are essentially imitative, as well as more obedient. They are both secretive and cunning,
qualities often of great service; but they lack individuality, and are hardly to be trusted with
expeditions requiring presence of mind in uncertainty or unexpected changes in the position of
aflairs. • In endurance, they are not equal to the whites, certainly not at the North; at the South,
possibly they may be, though a recent publication states that in those British possessions in which
colored soldiers are employed, they possess less physical stamina than the whites, the mortuary
statistics standing as follows : deaths, whites, ten per cent.; colored, twelve and one-half per
cent. This difference may be caused by the fact that the more arduous duties are ifnposed on the
latter class. The writer also states that cousum])tion is more prevalent with the colored than
with the white race. My own observation enables me to say that the colored man more readily
gives up to sickness, even of a mild character, and much more slowly does he rally from the debil-
ity consequent upon disease. Further experience will, I think, place the colored soldier in a
position below the white in regard to his physical qualities. I am disposed to believe that he can
never be more than at times a useful auxiliary ; that the Government will never find it feasible to
support a permanent corps of colored troops.

Enrollment-laws. — * * * I would propose the following change in the act

under consideration : A board of enrollment to be composed of two persons, one of whom shall lie
• a licensed and practicing physician ; that the United States shall be divided into districts, of which
the District of Golumbia shall constitute one, each Territory of the United States shall constitute one
or more, as the President shall direct, and each congressional district of the respective States as fixed
by law of the State next preceding each enrollment shall constitute o/«;/t«//of an enrollment-district ;
that the two congressional districts in charge of a board of enrollment shall be contiguous, and, when
possible, within one State; that the enrollment of each district shall be made in alternate years; that
each congressional district shall be divided by the board as nearly as may be into eighteen sub-dis-
tricts, in each of which the board shall hold a session of two weeks' duration each alternate year, no
session of enrollment or exemption being held during the months of July, August, and September,
these three months being devoted to office business. Due notice shall be given by the board of
the time and place of meeting in each sub district. All persons above twenty years shall report to
the board for enrollment; the omission so to do to be punished by a fine. The surgeon of the board
shall examine each person at the time of enrollment, and shall give to all who are permanently
disabled a certificate of exemption. The board shall ascertain the age of each person enrolled as
accurately as possible. Persons changing their residence shall report the same to the board of
enrollment of the district which they are leaving, plainly stating to what district and sub-district
they intend removing, or be subject to a fine. The board shall forward to the Secretary of War,
on the 30th of September of each year, an exact account of the whole number enrolled, the num-
ber enrolled during the twelve months previous, and, as nearly as may be, the number stricken
from the list by reason of death or disability ; this to be accompanied by a report from the surgeon

360 surgeons' repobts — west Virginia — third district.

of the board, giviug au exact account of all cases of exemption, stating the particular disease or
disability; the whole arranged so as to suit the divisions established in paragraph 85 of the pres-
ent revised regulations. * * *

E. E. DOESEY,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Maryland.
Ellicott's Mills, Md., June 12, 1865.

WEST VIEGINIA— SECOND DISTElCT.i
Extracts from report of De. Thomas Kennedy.

* * * My term of office has continued about ten months. The number of men
examined during that time was sixteen hundred.

The Second District of West Virginia is generally mountainous, heavily timbered, well watered,
and healthy. The most prevalent diseases are dyspepsia and rheumatism, caused by the use of
hot bread, the excessive use of cotJ'ee and tobacco, and imprudent out-door exposure. The inhabi-
kuits generally are engaged in agriculture.

Dyspepsia and its concomitants has probably disqualified a greater ratio from military service
in this district than any other disease.

In reference to the diflf'ereut sections of paragraph 85, 1 have no suggestions to make, except it be
in respect to section 23, hernia. This section, I think, should be modified so as not to exempt all cases
of hernia. I am well aware of the fact that many persons slightly raptured have been enduring
all the fatigues and hardships of the service since this war commenced without suffering any great
inconvenience. * # *

As regards the number of men that can be accurately examined in a day, I would say that I have
examined at this office from sixty-five to seventy-five per day, recruits and substitutes.

Of the frauds practiced by recruits and drafted ineu, I found rheumatism the most frequently
feigned by the latter and the most easily concealed by the former.

" What nation presents the greatest ^physical aptitude for military service f " — I reply, the Ameri-
can.

* * * In the examination of over one hundred colored men at this office,
I found the ratio of those physically qualified for military service equal at least to that of the
whites. * ♦ •

THOMAS KENNEDY,
Surgeon of Board of Enrollment Second District of West Virginia.
Geapton, W. Va., May 29, 1865.

WEST VIRGINIA— THIRD DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of De. S. G. Shaw.

* • * The returns already forwarded give a detailed account of men examined by

me and my predecessor. Dr. James Putney, from the 7th day of October, 1864, to the 14th day of
April, 1865, numbering six hundred and ninety-seven. There was no record of medical examina-
tions kept in this office prior to October, 1864. For the mbst part being young and healthy men,
coming from all parts of the nineteen counties of which this district is composed, there were scarcely
any cases of physical malformation, nor were there observable any traces of latent disease which
would eventually unfit the recruit} for the arduous and trying duties of a soldier's life. This healthy
condition I attribute to the geograjihical position of the country. Lying between 37° and 40° north
latitude, it is not affected by the extremes of either heat or cold; and being situated on the swiftly-
flowing Ohio River, with her many tributaries passing through the ravines of its rolling or semi-

' Ko lepoit was received from the first district.

surgeons' reports WEST VIRGINIA THIRD DISTRICT. 361

mountainous surface, which water tbem abundantly, but not too i)rof'usel.v, the soil is thus drained
of all those impurities which iu less hilly districts stagnate in accumulating quantities, and evoutu-
ally generate noxious gases or miasms, the evolution of which is so detriuieiital to health. These
are the main causes of the unusually robust habit of the population, and account for the almost en-
tire absence of any peculiar form of disease, either local or epidemic ; in fact, West Virginia com-
pares most favorably with adjoining States, and now that bodily exertion has become a necessity
on the part of the inhabitants, she must, from her natural resources and abundant but undeveloped
wealth, ere long take a foremost position in the Union.

Agriculture, at present, forms the chief occupation of the people, and corn, wheat, and tobacco
are the general products. Tliey raise some cattle, a few sheep, and horses; but hogs appear to be
their staple, the flesh of which, with corn-bread, is the universal and never-varying diet. They spin
and weave their own wool as clothing for both sexes ; in fact, having nearly all the requirements
within themselves for a people unacquainted with the wants of more refined life, they have little
necessity for communication with the outer world, so that it becomes surprising in the present day,
in the "Old Dominion," and in the first settled State, to find such primitive manners and customs
as are met with even among the better classes of West Virginia. * # *

As there was never a very large number of men on hand at one time to be examined, I can
scarcely say how many might be examined iu one day. I should tliiuk, however, that fifty or sixty
would be as many as could be carefully examined per day.

Having had only the third district to deal with, I do not feel competent to give an opinion as
to what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service. Here we have
nearly every European natioji represented by descent : the large-boned, heavy Scot ; the muscular,
but lithe Irishman ; the smooth-skinned and enduring Saxon ; the silent, plodding German ; and the
lively, agile Gaul, all are represented here, and all of them favorably so, as will no doubt appear
from other records than mine.

As regards the colored race, never having had an opportunity of seeing tbem tried either under
fire or on a line of march, I cannot speak from experience as to their physical endurance for military
purpo.ses; but I may remark that I deem it a mechanical impossibility that a pure-blooded negro can be
a good marching man. lie may man a rampart or serve a gun, and have sufdcient courage to mount
a breach or make a sudden dash ; but for long-continued exertion, where his legs are to come into
action, it is out of the question — he can never compete or compare with the white man. His con-
genital conformation forbids it. Take, for instance, his feet: in the white man, such feet are
thought sufficient disqualification for military service ; iu the negro, yon have added to the flat
foot the long heel and bowed leg; the length of the fibula causing the flexure of the knee, and pre-
venting the free use of the muscles of the calf and posterior muscles of the thigh, gives him that sling-
ing and ungainly pace characteristic of all the South African tribes, and which will ever prevent
their descendants from cnduiing the fatigue and exertion of a long march or from making efilcient
soldiers for field-service. This opinion will be found, I think, to coincide with that of any one who
has observed the negro soldier in the West India Islands, at Sierra Leone, or elsewhere.

I cannot say that tliere were any frauds attempted either to escape the enrollment or draft.
Some few tliere were who complained of their lungs or heart being affected ; but, on the whole, the
men came freely and patriotically forward, and when family-ties or some other cogent reason
prevented their personally fulfilling their country's call a substitute was readily found, so that I
think the returns will show that this district was not behindhand in bravery at least.

Whatever views I may entertain in reference to paragraph 85 of the Provost-Marshal's Regu-
lations, as also the operations of the existing enrollment-law, I do not feel justified in expressing
an opinion, from the limited term of my service; and, as compared with the opinions of officers of
greater experience and competency in such matters, mine would be but valueless.

S. G. SHAW,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of West Virginia.
Point Pleasant, W. Va., June 7, 1865.

46

362

SUEGEONS REPORTS KENTUCKY FIRST DISTRICT.

KENTUCKY— FIRST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. M. Best.

• * * By openiug a map of Kentucky, it will be seen that tbe First Cougres-

sional District, of which it is required to give some geographical as well as other description, lies
in the western extremity of the State, and is rudely triangular in shape, with one comparatively
straight and two curving and irregular borders. Aggregated within these lines are to be found
the fourteen counties that constitute the district; the names and numbers of each as sub-districts
will be giveu in tabular form below.

The extent of surface in altitude presents three levels or tables. Starting on the Ohio River,
at Paducah, at a point midway between its highest freshetmark and lowest stage, and ascending
to the height of tliirty feet, tbe first table, which is that of overflow, will be reached. The Cumber-
land and Tennessee Rivers flow from the south through the upper counties; Clark's River, May-
field, and Massac Creeks rise in the central and lower counties, with numerous other and smaller
tributaries, inclusive of ponds and lakes. The shores of the Ohio and Mississippi, in extent nearly
half of the entire outline of the district, present tbe banks and lowlands that constitute the first
table.

Rising twenty feet above this, a greater extent of level surface is found, called glades. ' Ascend-
ing one hundred feet still higher, the highest uplands are entered, mostly undulating and beautiful,
with some broken parts.

TABULAE DESCEIPTION.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Counties.

McCiacken
Marshall ..
Calloway..

Graves

Hickman ..

Fulton

Ballard

Livingston

Lyon

Caldwell ..

Trigg

Union

Webster. ..
Crittenden

be n
o >■ .

^ — 'C
u C3 S

tH !3 ^

20
10

74
15
10
18
20
25

3

5
12
12

8
12

c^
bot-
es °

Q oj CO
O C^ Q

45
30

40
15
48
40
45
10
15
3S
10
5
18
20

3

0.5

35

60

524

70

42

42

35

G5

82

CO

72

83

74

68

Undulating uplands.

Undulating and broken.

Not much broken.

Not much broken.

Gently undulating.

Undulating and broken.

Gently undulating.

Undulating and brokeu.

Undulating and much broken

Gently undulating, with ponds.

Uudulating and much broken, with a number of ponds.

Much brokeu.

Undulating and broken.

Undulating and broken.

Attempting t() be approximative only with the above table, it is sufficient to show the relative
percentage of the low as well as the flat lauds to the uplands as a source of malaria and other cau.ses
of disease. The soil of the uplands is quite fertile; that of the glades or second table com])ara-
tively so; while that of the table of overflow, being low, rich, and damp, is remarkable for fertility
and luxuriant growths. The uplands, from their height and better air, together with being less
thickly -set with trees and being better drained, offer fewer causes for the production of disease than
the other parts, and have a corresponding reputation for being healthful.

Descending to tbe glady portion, or second table, with a surface so level, and with fewer nat-

SUKGEONS' KEPOKTS KENTUCKY FIRST DISTRICT.

363

ural advantages for drainiug, and from tbc nature of the ...il being such as to hold the water which
accumulates during winter and spring, and including the eflects of shade from huge trees and
stronger undergrowth, it will be found that much water is consequently reuunwl Mud dampness

engendered. . , ^ i i ■ » *^

Descending again to the first table, or lowlands, they are characterized not only as subject to
overflow, but by the depth and fertility of their soil, the luxuriant growth and height ot their lorest-
trees, with their thick foliage and shade, and the profusion of fallen leaves and accumulating
drifts that decay with time, moisture, and summer heat.

The following are the prevailing diseases: remittent fever, intermittent lever, bilious lever,
pernicious fever, congestive chills, typhoid pneumonia, chronic congestion of the liver, chronic and
acute congestion of the spleen, dyspepsia, anemia, dropsy, small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, ery-
sipelas, latent pneumonia, cancrum oris, tousilitis, bronchitis, .jainsy, diphtheria, asthma, simple
pneumonia, flux, diarrhoea, mucoenteritis, spinal irritation, neuralgia, and rheumatism.

The causes of the above diseases are manifestly malaria, sudden changes of temperature, wet
and dampness of the earth, humiditv of the air, continued heat of summer, exposure to the contin-
ued cold of winter, peculiar electric states of the air and earth, epidemic causes, excessive exercise,
and the want of comforts that necessarily exists in a sparsely-settled country.

In peaceful times, the inhabitants are hospitable, temperate, social, and industrious, with a
good deal of manifestation of enterprise.

There beiu--' but one, city in the district, and but few towns of importance, the agricultural
interests are th"e greater; hence the people are mostly farmers, and some are enterprising ones;
the rest are merchants, artisans, and traders.

Of the sections of paragraph 85, Eevised Regulations Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, I
would suggest the following alterations in sections 5, 22, 29, and 32; the additions being in italics:
Section 5. ''Ftinctional us well as organic disease of internal organs which have so seriously im-
paired bis general health as to leave no doubt of his incapacity for military service and which
prevents him from pursuing any equally laborious occupation iu civil life ; and any of the xdiopatlm
feccrs ichlle in progress that would of necessittj incapa, itate Mm for the same."

Section 22. "Excessive deformity of the chest or limbs, or excessive curvature of the spine sut-
flcient to prevent the carrying of arms and military equipments. Caries of the spine, ribs, or ster-
num, attended with ulcerati»>n."

Section 29. "Confirmed or malignant sarcocele, or organic disease of the cord ; hydrocele, it com-
plicated with organic disease of the cord or testicle. Varicocele of itself is not disqualifying."

Section 32. "Fractures, irreducible dislocations, rupture, or serious injury of ligaments, or an-
kylosis of the large joints, or acute as well as chronic disease of the joints or bones that would pre-
vent marching, or otherwise unfit the man for military service."

Through necessity, the ottice has l)een removed several times to different points in the city since
it was established here, with attendant discomforts and disadvantages. But latterly three rooms
were secured : one for the use of the board and one or two attending clerks; another was occupied
by the main clerical force; the third, or largest, was kept mainly for a reception-room^ where
dratted men, substitutes, and recruits were received, and kept until disposed of. *

The number of men physically and legally examined iu the ofhce, as shown by the records,
amounts to two thousand three hundred and twelve. Much more time is necessarily consumed in
examinino- drafted men than the same number of recruits or substitutes, from the fact that al-
though fraud and artifice are met with in the two latter, the reluctance to serve of the former occu-
pies more time to dispose of them. But the average number ot the three clas.ses that can be phys-
ically examined per day with accuracy, including the time occupied iu the legitl examinations and
decisions of the board, would, in my judgment, be forty-fire.

Of the attempts at iraud by drafted men, that of alleging the existence ot hernia was by tar
the most frequent ; and, when not at all discoverable by examination at the points of supposed rup-
ture, the man would aver that though it was not then <lown, still he had it, and had been wearing
a truss for months or years. I would, if time permitted, require him to go without his truss lor six,
twelve, or twenty-four hours, and report as soon as he could make the tumor manifest. This nearly
always, by the time of his return, disposed of the illusion.

364 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — first district.

The next iu frequency was to claim the existence of stricture of the urethra ; and when the test
was proposed of the introduction of a metallic catheter, it was in most cases waived or declined, uo
further effort being made on that point by the party ; the next, a bad form of haemorrhoids, or
pretended tistula in ano, which nearly always, on examination, turned out imaginary or feigned.

In some instances, the existence of stone in the bladder was alleged, but by the proposed im-
mediate use of the soiud, the difficulty was quickly disposed of. The frauds that recruits endeav-
ored to perpetrate who had had pressuie applied to them to make them unwilling to enlist, or from
their own aversion, were the same as those of drafted men. On the other hand, recruits and sub-
stitutes, being desirous of enlisting, would, when necessary, resort to the concealment of hernia as
far as practicable, and attempt to deceive iu regard to age, both the under and over age, represent-
ing themselves withiu the limits of exclusion. The frauds that engaged the legal attention of the
board were those attempted by men who, learning that they were enrolled or drafted, would get
withiu the rebel lines to be conscripted by them, and those who, on learning the same, would be-
come guerrillas lor a while. Both classes, on reporting to the office, would, present the plea that
they were rebel deserters.

The records of the office show that the diseases classed uuder section 5, organic diseases of the
internal organs, have disqualified the greatest ratio per thousand from military service. It is known
that diseases of internal organs are divided into organic and functional. Many of the latter do
not exist to a degree that would disqualify from military service ; but there are others that do, and
they were classed with organic diseases of necessity, as there was no other section to receive them
so appropriately. # * *

The people of the United States, possessing as they do a fine physique, active temperament,
and great powers of endurance, including their familiarity with fire-arms and horsemanship, may
be successfully compared with any nationality, and held as superior to any other in their aptitude
for military service.

Of the physical qualifications of the colored race, judging from what J have seen of them during
the exercise of the duties of the office, I would say, as far as i)hysical qualificatious are concerned,
their well-developed muscles, particularly of the superior extremities and chest — probably the
result of continual physical labor — in connection with their powers of enduring fatigue, heat, and
malaria, eutitle them to be estimated as well suited for military service.

In regard to the operations of the enrollment-law, I can only say, as far as my knowledge
extends, it has worked in all its parts harmoniously and well.

The uplands, so Irequeutly referred to, though producing little or uo malaria, are, nevertheless,
not entirely free from it and its- consequent diseases, from the fact that it is carried by the winds
over them from the low and overflowed lands. The uplands, therefore, estimated comparatively
healthy, are, in common with the two lower tables, subjected to all the causes of disease that have
been enumerated in the catalogue, but to a far less extent. The two latter, the flat lands, or glades,
and the lowlands, are conspicuous for their dampness and the production of malaria. But of the
three tables, in view of pathology, it is iu the first, or that of overflow, which lies within, and helps
in part to form, the wide valley of the Ohio and Mississii)pi, that the greatest interest concentrates.
Bearing the projjortion of nearly 13 per cent, of surface to the district when compared with the
other parts, it may be considered the great laboratory for malarial evolution, and where pernicious
fever and others oi' the gravest forms of disease of that class are to be found.

Here several facts in the province of pathology present themselves that are striking: first, the
remarkable sameness that exists in the diseases of the district and valley ; secondly, that they are
more frequently functional iu character than organic ; thirdly, that there is much less of diphthe-
ria as a form of dlst»ase thau is represented ; a collateral and partially explanatory fact consists in
the too frequent habit of taking its existence for granted from expressed or entertained fears of
parties, and treatii}g it without examining the fauces, which, when done, 95 per cent, of the cases
reveal merely siiii|)le tonsilitis. Another matter, which has engaged my attention oftener practi-
cally, and which has excited in me more surprise than any other of a general character, is the nu-
merous mistakes that have been and are being made in diagnosis, here and in the West, by taking
many of the common diseases of the country, mainly tho.se of malarial origin, for Ujphoidfcrer, and
treating them on the expectant plan. For example, numerous cases occur of enlarged liver and

surgeons' reports KENTUCKY SECOND DISTRICT. 365

chrouic portal congestion of that organ, with the blood both in the liver and general circulation laden
with vitiated elements of bile and other impure particles, and where remittent fever, whether sligiit
or considerable in degree, is added to make up the sum of the disease. This, in the absence of all
the characteristics of typhoid fever, is taken for the latter disease. Tlie blood in typhoid fever is
also perverted; but it is of a diss^olved character, and does not admit of speedy depuration, as in
the above-mentioned condition. The humoral element in the example given is ignored, as well as
the diseased state of the liver, which constitutes its main part. Often in such cases, after quantities
of quinine have been given without the fever being conquered or the condition otherwise inqiroved,
a rash and heroic mode of reasoning is instituted. It begins and is stated in this way : it is obsti-
nate like typhoid ; it will not yield to quinine ; therefore it must be typhoid. The extent to which
this has been carried, I think, has never been fully comprehended.

This mode of reasoning is only one instance out of many of a kindred nature that might be
cited. The disease has a treatment tliat is appropriate to it to shorten its duration and hasten a
return to health; a treatment that will siniply put all in order that is out of order: a chronically-
engorged liver, which nearly always has coupled with it sluggish action, is to be put in order ; the
same must be done for the vitiated blood circulating in the whole vascular system— it is to be put
in order through depuration as far as practicable. But when the rule of exploration is passed by
in silence, and the expectant plan resorted to, which leaves all of this diseased state unrecognized
and unattended to, what is there left of medical .science ? Pathologists look upon and use this
rule as a primary one in their researches for disease to yield them perspicuous results, and give
them more of certainty in its treatment than from any other. It is unquestionable that the French
pathologists, through Louis and others, have made many advances in medical science : they have
discriminated between typhus and typhoid fevers, and between the latter and symptomatic typhoid,
and between tyidioid pneumonia and the three former, by which developments all four of them
stand out in classification as belonging, through a principle upon which the classification is founded,
to the same family, and, save symptomatic typhoid, were shown to be in reality separate and dis-
tinct diseases. The latter is equally distinct, but dependent upon a previously-diseased .state. It
requires but a moment's reflection to be assured that the advance did not end here, but that
another group— that of the malarial class— through them and others have been equally explored
and comprehended. # * #

J. M. BEST,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Kentucky
PaducAH, Ky., Juhj G, 1865.

KENTUCKY— SECOND DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. W. Compton.

* * * I ]jad previous to this time some twelve months' experience in the field in

performing the active duties of surgeon of a volunteer regiment.

The number of men physically examined by me from the 15th day of September, 18G3, to the
20th day of May, 1865, was about eight thousand five hundred.

The geographical features of this district are diversified. The eastern third, embracing Breck-
enridge, Grayson, Hancock, Butler, and Edmonson Counties, is broken and hilly, almost mount-
ainous. Although no great elevations are attained, the country has a rugged, mountainous appear-
ance. The geological formation is principally limestone. Bold, running springs, of clear, excellent
water, are very abundant; and the numerous large creeks furnish excellent water-power for mills
and manufactories. The vales between the hills and the sides of the hills liave rich, productive
soil ; and the bottoms bordering each side of the streams through these counties have a dark, allu-
vial soil of exceeding richness, which produces the most luxuriant vegetation.

The remaining portion of the district is not so rough and hilly, but is undulating, with large
tractsof flat land, having rather a marshy aspect until cleared, when it becomes the most pro-
ductive farming-land. Although well watered by streams navigable for steamboats, and others

566 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — second district.

suitable for water-power, the water is not good. Springs are scarce ; wells and ponds supply tbo
country with drinking and stock water, which is easily obtained by digging, as there is a stratum
of blue clay, from three to eight feet in thickness, some fifteen feet below the surface, so dense
that all the surface- water passes over the top of it.

Sandstone abounds here, with but little limestone. Almost the entire district is covered with
dense and lofty forests of excellent timber. No country, I think, excels it in beauty, variety, and
usefulness of its trees, among which may be named the tulip, (or poplar,) black and white walnut,
oak, hickory, beech, gum, chesnut, and cypress trees.

The district may be classed as considerably above the average in the productiveness of its soil.
Tobacco, wheat, and corn are the principal products cultivated ; yet the soil is well adapted to the
growth of domestic grasses, the cereals, and a great variety of vegetables and esculent roots.
The climate is delightful in the spring, summer, and autumn months. The winters are severe iu
consequence of the liability to sudden changes of temperature, being situated midway between the
extreme north and the extreme south. If we have a southern wind in midwinter, we may have a
day so w^rm that a person will be comfortable in shirt-sleeves; but, should the wind change during
the night, the next day may be so cold and the change so sudden that the same person can scarcely
be made comfortable with all the clothing he can put on. The winters are becoming gradually
more intensely cold, because of the country being more opened by clearing aw ay the forests in
cultivating farms. The change in this respect during a period of thirty years is quite perceptible.
At this season of the year, and in early spring, inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, rheuma-
tism, and flux, or dysentery, prevail, caused by the sudden changes of temperature, and the frequent
rains and thaws, which leave the ground wet and icy. Typhoid tendencies are also prevalent at
this season ; and the inflammatory diseases above named are liable to assume a typhoid type after
the vital energies have become depressed.

In the more malarial portions of the district, where vegetation is most luxuriant, and where
large Ibrests have been killed, and the trees have fallen upon the ground to decompose, much
miasmatic effluvium is thrown off ; and, in addition to the ordinary ujalarious fev^ers, we have occa-
sional visitations of malignant erysipelas in an epidemic form, quite intractable and fatal, generally
attacking the throat, face, and head. Diphtheria has also made its appearance several times of late
years iu an epidemic and fatal form. The atmosphere acting as a medium, these influences appear
often to be transported several miles into the table-lands, which, but for their being contiguous to, or
within reach of, these influences, would be comparatively free from these epidemic diseases. Late
in summer, and during the fall months, l)ilious, intermittent, and enteric fevers prevail, and are
ascribable to malarious influences. At this season of the year, in the less-improved portions of the
district, where there is not sufficient cleared land to pasture domestic animals, and they have to
run at large, a disease prevails known as miUc-sicJcness or bilious vomiting, and the system, once
prostrated by this disease, rarely, if ever, recovers its former vigor or endurance.

This disease is supposed to be caused by a poison which enters into the flesh of sheep, hogs, and
beef cattle, and into the milk and butter of cows. The legislature of Kentucky has long since ofi'ered
a large reward to be paid to any one discovering the cause of this disease, so destructive to human
life and that of domestic animals. Many investigations have been made, but as yet no person has
been able to earn the reward. That it is caused by vegetation is sustained by the well-known fact,
that, as soon as the ground where it prevails is cleared and cultivated, the disease disappears.

A large majority of the inhabitants of this district are engaged in the active pursuit of agri-
culture, with mechanics, merchants, and professional men iu sufiicient numbers to supply the home
demand lor implements and merchandise and the successful prosecution of the professions of law
and medicine.

The principal products of exportation are tobacco and hogs.

The inhabitants may be described as plain and substantial in habits, dress, and diet. They
are large consumers of their own "/«?(/ and /iowu'w?/," and perhaps eat more gross meat than is con-
sistent with delicacy and refinement; but it admirably fits them for the hardships of a western agri-
cultural life. Keligious ami moral institutions are the rule here; and the largest amount of tolera-
tion to the various religious denominations is cheerfully conceded. The number of square miles
in the district is five thousand five hundred and eleven.

surgeons' reports KENTUCKY SECOND DISTRICT. 36?

Fractures and diseases of bones and irreducible dislocations of large joints disqualify a greater
ratio per thousand than the diseases embraced in any other one section in paragraph 85. This is
owing to the life-long permanence and intractable character of this class of disabilities, which do
not yield to remedies as other diseases do.

Hernia may next be enumerated, and the same reasons are applicable. These disabilities pre-
vail in the district because of the laborious occupations of the inhabitants in clearing away the
immense forests of heavy timber, the erection of numerous log-hoiises and tobacco-baiiis, and the
management of wild and vicious horses, and working of various coal-mines. The discxualifying
character of the above disabilities is apparent.

My experience would recommend the following changes in paragraph 85 :

Section 3, epilepsy ; the restrictions requiring " the duly-attested afiidavit of a physician in good
standing who has attended him (the man) in the disease within the six months immediately preceding
his examination by the board" should be changed. This disease is permanent, and generally incura-
ble, and the man subject to the horribly affliction, after exhausting the catalogue of remedies and
employing many physicians, completely despairs of ever being cured ; his family and friends take pre-
cautions to ward off the danger of violent injury during the paroxysms, and a physician does not see
him perhaps for many years preceding his examination. Other competent evidence should suflBce.

Section 20 will put into the service a man totally unfit for military service. He may have lost
all his molar teeth and be entirely incapable of masticating his food, and indigestion and diarrhoea
will soon make him an inmate of the hospital, just because he is unfortunate enough to have a
snag of a front or eye tooth left, though it is of no service to him. In the hands of honest and
competent surgeons, the old form of " loss of a sufQcieut number of teeth to prevent mastication
of food " is best.

Section 29. Varicocele should be disqualifying where the veins are large, numerous, and pen-
dent.

Not more than one hundred drafted or enrolled men can be carefully and accurately examined
per day, where the proof offered is considered.

The frauds most to be guarded against in the examination of drafted and enrolled men are
feigned diseases; principally general physical disability, deafness, impaired vision, hernia, lum-
bago, and inability to use well some one or more of the large joints.

Prominent and prolific among the frauds and obstacles with which the surgeon had to contend
was the rebellious character of many of the inhabitants of this district, and its occupation much
of the time by the enemy's guerrilla-bands. More than one-half of those remaining at home were
rebels at heart, and bitterly opposed to rendering to the Government the least amount of aid or
loyalty. Demoralized regarding the sanctity of an oath, and presenting themselves with the most
urgent appeals and protestations, saying at the same time that they were "law-abiding men, and
willing to do anything the Government saw lit to put upon them if they were able-bodied;" backed
by lengthy aflUdavits of their entire inability to perform military duty — that "one night's ex-
posure would send them to hospital or kill them outright" — if it was found that regulations did
not apply to their case, and exemption was refused them, they would soon after desert to the
rebel army, and, report says, make very efficient soldiers.

To overcome the difiiculties arising from feigned diseases, I would suggest a rigul and careful
examination. If the subject be a laboring-man, examine his hands, and if found to be hard, and
the skin much thickened in the palms, and his muscular development to be good, he will do for serv-
ice. For the frauds and obstacles of disloyalty, the law furnishes a better remedy than medicine.

As my former reports will show, my exijerience is quite limited as to the greatest physical ap-
titude of the different nations of men for militarj' service ; but I am decided in the belief that the
intelligent, hard-fisted yeomanry, the laboring-classes of the Western States of the Union, excel all
others in enduring difficult campaigns, and in performing feats of heroism in battle, of either small
or great magnitude. Their occui)ation in first treeing these States from the warlike savage,
and afterward in clearing and preparing the dense forest for cultivation, has developed a race
of athletic and muscular men, who, having been educated with the rifle in their hands, are ex-
cellent marksmen, and, being good horsemen, they have the physical ability to do, the bravery
to dare, and the intelligence to accomplish the greatest military triumphs. Without speaking

3(-:8 surgeons' eeports — Kentucky — secont> district.

except in the highest terms of all, I may say that after the men of the North had had sufficient train-
iag, they displayed the most irresistible and indomitable bravery, and, amid showers of the enemy's
bullets and shells, moved forward with the unyielding regularity of clock-work, while the western
men displayed their aptitude for military success in their- very first battles. The battles of Shiloh
and Donelson, as contrasted with Bull Eun and Manassas, are referred to as exemplifying this view.

The colored man possesses some excellent physical qualificatious for making a good soldier.
His mode of life gives him great strength in his chest and arms, which enables him to handle a
gun or sword with much facility and effect. Accustomed from his childhood to obedience, he will
pay the strictest attention to the commands of his officers. Having an innate idea of time, and pos-
sessing inuisuai imitative powers, he will readily learn the most difficult. evolutions. That he pos-
sesses courage sufficient to make him an effective soldier, no person acquainted with him can deny.
Let his officers inform him that he has a right to do a thing desired, and that the officers want it
done, and he will do it if it be possible for bravery, determination, and physical manhood to accom-
plish it. To insure the greatest efficiency of the colored man as a soldier, much care should be
exercised in the appointment of officers over him. They should be competent men, well acquainted
with the character, habits, and peculiarities of this race of men.

Observation has imjiressed npon my mind the necessity and duty of reporting a feature in the
organization of colored troops in the United States armies, that is seriously detrimental to the
service, viz : that surgeons and assistant surgeons to regiments of colored troops have invariably
been, so far as my observation extends, appointed from States in which there were no negro slaves.'
These surgeons are wholly unacquainted with the idiosyncracies of the negro, a perfect knowledge
of which could be acquired only by years of practice among the sick of this race, with frequent
opportunities of observing their peculiarities and habits during sickness and health. Some of
these peculiarities I shall attempt to describe, and will here repeat that they can only be learned
by extensive observation and research into the history of the black man at diiferent periods and
under diflerent circumstances. He differs as widely from the white man physiologically and
psychologically as does his skin or hair; hence the importance of understanding his peculiarities,
in order to treat his diseases successfully. He is almost invariably of phlegmatic temperament, and
consequently predisposed to strumous disease. The phlegmasise ruu a rapid course, soon become
asthenic in type, and, unless soou relieved, terminate in scrofulous or tuberculous disease, which
makes much more rapid progress in the negro than the white man, and soon terminates in death.
He is not a native of the cold humid climate in which we find him, and cannot endure cold or wet
weather or exposure of any kind as well as the white man. It is necessary for him to be better
clothed and fed, and protected from cold and wet weather; also to be watched over and regulated in
everything. His diet, exercise, and sleep should be regulated. He will eat too much meat, and not
enough vegetables, both in health and disease ; will sleep too much, and take too little exercise. He
should be kept under strict discipline, both in health and disease; for being, almost without excep-
tion, uneducated, he has no knowledge of the laws governing his health, and does not know what
to do to preserve it, or to restore it when lost. He is entirely incompetent to give a correct history
of his case, generally expressing himself as "feeling better or sick all over." He complains but
little of pain, sleeps much, and seems to feel no interest in his welfare, and generally auswei's in the
affirmative all questions asked him in a medical examination of his case. Nothing is positive
ordecided in bis answers. He will take no medicines of his own accord; every dose should be given
him by a reliable nurse. His rations should be measured to him inhealth and disease, as in health
he will eat too much, and in disease he will eat nothing until convalescent, and then eat too much,
and of the grossest food he can procure. The surgeon should be governed in his diagnosis entirely
by the physical signs and objective symptoms. The subjective symptoms are not reliable. In the
treatment of his disease, great caution should be observed, and a close watch kept over him. He
does not bear active treatment in any disease for any considerable length of time. All inflamma-
tory diseases run their course more rajjidly than in the white man, and soou become asthenic or
typhoid in tyiie, and require stimulants, tonics, nourishing diet, &c. He does not bear well either an-
timonials or blood-letting; both rapidly depress his vital powers, and do irreparabledamage if pushed
too far. He does not boar mercurials well, is easily salivated, and the disposition to struma greatly
increased by the antiplastic properties of the mercury. As purgatives, castor-oil, aloes, and rhubarb

surgeons' reports KENTUCKY SECOND DISTRICT. 369

answer best. He bear-s opium well, and this is the most valuable ajjent we possess in the inflam-
matory diseases of the negro. He also bears stimulants well, and will take them with eagerness
when he objects to everything else. He will not eat anything while sick, unless urged to do so,
though it is necessary in the treatment of most of the diseases he is subject to. In zymotic diseases,
he should be treated with restoratives from the beginning, and a close watch kept over him at all
times that be be kept conifortable, for, if left to himself, he will close up his room, and cover him-
self with all the cover at his command, even in the warmest weather, and will wrap most of it
around his head, if his feet have to bo uncovered to accomplish it. If allowed to sleep before the
fire, he will cover himself as above, and turning his head to the fire will leave his feet out in the cold.
His mind is always dull in disease, and frequently troubled with superstitious notions that have
been handed down to him by tradition. One is that he may be poisoned or " conjured," as he calls
it, by some mysterious person of his race ; and that no one can cure him except some person possess-
ing power to remove disease inflicted by these conjurers, and that ho will certainly die unless
relieved. These superstitious notions are fast disappearing among Kentucky negroes : but when
they do exist, the illusion should be removed as quickly as possible, as they tend to prolong his
illness, and frequently to destroy his life through his taking some supposed antidote for his poison.
There are many other facts that might be mentioned that would be useful to surgeons unacquainted
with the distinctive peculiarities of this race of men in health and disease. I only submit these re-
marks as suggestive of the importance of eaiploying, as medical men and officers to colored regiments,
men who have been familiar with the colored man's idiosyncracies, iu order that bis diseases may
be successfully treated.

The average height of the white men examined at this office is two inches greater than the
average height of the negro. A great majority of the examinations embraced in this report were
Kentucky colored recruits and substitutes, which will account for the average height in Kentucky
being less than in other States. All those examined from free States were white men, and many
from slave States other than Kentucky were white men. In some of the States and countries, the
number of examinations was from one to four or six only, and the men examined were generally
selected as acceptable substitutes, and were of more than medium size. It will not be correct
to take these few men as an average of the men in the State or country of which the few are
natives. * # *

Many improvements have been made in the original enrollment-law, but some changes are still
needed.

The enrollment-sheet should contain a complete descriptive list of every enrolled man, together
with pertinent remarks opposite each name, so that there could be no possibility of one man pre-
senting himself for examination in the name of another.

Boards of enrollment should hold a session once a year, or oftener, in each countj' iu the dis-
trict, and a penalty should be attached to the failure of any enrolled man to present himself for
examination.

One reason for this change is apparent : there being no steamboat nor railroad transportation
from remote counties to headquarters of many of the districts, men who know that they have physical
disabilities that will exempt them should they ever be drafted will not often, even if they be
pecuniarily and physically able to do so, make the trip at their individual expense and labor, when
they know that, if compelled to come when drafted, transi^ortation will be iumished and their
exemption be certain. The Government is thus put to the expense of furnishing transporta.tion
both ways ; and, the names of these men not being stricken off before the draft, the quota is made
up from an excessive enrollment.

J. W. COMPTON,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second Dintrict of Kentuclcy.

OwBNSBOROUGn, Ky., Mmj 20, 18G5.

47

370 SUKGEONS' REPORTS ICENTUCKY FOURTH DISTRICT.

KENTUCKY— FOUllTH DISTRICT.^

Extracts from report o/Dr. John C. Maxwell.

* * * My appointment to the position of examiuiug-surgeou for the Fourth Dis-

trict of Kentucliy date.s 23d of April, 1SG4, a little upward of one year ago. From that time,
wholly abandoning civil practice, I have been devoted to the work assigned me in this department.
It would be an approximation to the number of recruits, substitutes, and drafted men physically
examined by me to put it at five thousand.

I entered upon this duty not without some previous experience, having been examiuing-surgeon
of the Thirty-seventh Kentucky Mounted Infantry. This describes the field of my operations as
nearly as can be ascertained.

The Fourth District comprises fourteen counties, with a territorial area of four thousand three
hundred and forty-three and one-fourth square miles. The district is, geographically, middle or
central in Kentucky, on the line dividing the limestone, or what is called the blue-grass region
from the sandstone or barrens of Kentucky. It may for the most part be styled the hill district,
diversified, however, with rich alluvial lands upon the water-courses, and fair uplands for purposes
of agriculture.

The inhabitants, including quite a large jiopulation of colored laborers, are (excepting a small
population in the towns) devoted to agriculture. They are emphatically a farming people, and
have furnished the Government material which for physical aptitude for military service will com-
pare favorably with any other. I would state here that my opportunities for a comparison of men
of different States and nationalities have been very limited ; only as between the white and black
races composing this district am I able to give an intelligent opinion. But few men of other States
and nationalities have been before this board. From a limited number of examinations, however,
I am prepared to award equal merit to the Canadian and western soldier from Indiana, and pro-
nounce them unsurpassed by any in point of physical aptitude.

The quota of this district has been mainly filled by colored recruits and substitutes. I have,
therefore, examined physically a large number of negroes. Even of drafted men, a larger proportion
of them have been held to service, showing a smaller percentage of disqualifying conditions of body
with the black race. I think I may state, without the fear of contradiction, that the colored man
in this locality, if bone and sinew, muscle, chest measurement, and general physique, are the
criteria, presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service ; and, in making this statement,
I would add another, that the white men in this district, in physical aptitude, are equal to any in
the State for the same occupation. The negro in this latitude, partly by reason of his contact with
a higher civilization, has lost much of the grosser peculiarities which characteinze the race in more
tropical latitudes; and, now that the present crisis of our country has made the demand, he enters
upon the military arena fully endowed, physically, as a man, with good promise, in my judgment,
to run the race in successful competition with the soldiers of the most favored nationality.

In regard to prevalent diseases, or any particular disease or disabilities contributing to dis-
qualify a greater ratio per thousand for military service, I would simply state that nothing special
has been observed. The ordinary diseases incident to any people prevail in this district. The
medical history of the locality is that it has always been comparatively Iree from epidemics or
endemics. This portion of the State escaped in a great measure a visitation from cholera in 1833
and 1834, and where it did prevail it was not so malignant as in the northern or southern districts.
Upon an examination of my final reports of drafted men, it will be seen that a proportion of
those exempted for ])hysical disability were classed under section 9, paragrajih 8.'5, which goes to
show the operation of general deteriorating influence, viz, enervating habits of life, hereditary taints,
&c., entailing a condition of body fitly styled " permanent physical disability."

* * * To be accurate, sere«/^;/(rc examinations is the highest number which any

surgeon should undertake to conduct in a day. I have no changes to recommend in paragraph 85,
Revised Regulations Provost-MarshalGeneral's Bureau. It is an improvement upon the preceding

' Norei)oit was received from the third district.

SURGEONS

' REPORTS KENTUCKY ITFTII DISTRICT. 371

regulations, and its provisions are complete and exhaustive. I have found no drafted man who
was unfit for military service who could not be exempted under one or the other of its thirty-six

sections. , . ^ mi i

In reference to any improvement of the enrollment-law, I have nothing; to suggest. The law,
as it appears to me, is'perfect enough in all its provisions, if they were strictly observed. The
trouble is that men manifestly and permanently disabled do not, in many cases, trouble themselves
to appear before the board of enrollment to be stricken from the rolls, confident that, in case of
bei'uo- drafted, they will be exempted anyway. Something seems to be needed to make the enrolled
men'Iilaiming exemption feel some responsibility for their delinquency in failing to come before the

board. ' ^- x< -i. ^ j. i

The district is large and the distance is great for residents ot many portions ot it to report to
the board, located as it is at only one given point. In the case of the poor, the expense of the trip
often cannot be borne. It has been .thought advisable to accommodate all portions of the district
bv appointing sessions of the board to take place in the different sub-districts.

JOHN C. MAXWELL,
Surf/eon Board of Enrollment Fourth District of Kcntucly.
IjEBANon. Ky., June 1, 1S65.

KENTUCKY— FIFTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of DrT J. Gardner.

* * * As I had served in the Medical Department for three years, I had enjoyed

very fair opportunities for observing what class of men was most suitable for military service.

The whole number of men examined physically by me since my connection with the board
amounts to about seven thousand sis hundred and fifty.

The Fifth Congressional District is composed of four counties, namely, Jefferson, Henry, Uld-
ham 'ind Owen Counties ; two of which border on the Ohio Elver, one upon the Kentucky River,
and the other is inland. The entire district is gently undulating, with small exceptions, and is well
adapted to agriculture. Considerable portions of Jefferson, Oldham, and Owen Counties are of
alluvial formaUou ; the remainder being limestone. The whole district is well watered by springs
and creeks, and the water is of a superior quality.

The diseases most prevalent are generally of an intermittent or remittent type, pneumonia,
and occasionally typhoid fever ; typhus is unknown. All other diseases are of the same character,
with trifling modifications, that prevail in all other sections of the country.

The city of Louisville is in Jefferson County, situated ou the Ohio River, and was formerly at
the head of the rapids, but is now both above and below. It is of a variable population, which at
this time numbers eighty or ninety thousand. Its location at the rapids renders it somewhat
malarious in autumn, when fogs are prevalent. , ., , • • e

The merchants of the city are mostly engaged in trade and manufactures, while the citizens ot
the counties are devoted to agriculture, and formerly manufactured considerable quantities ot

hemp-cordage and bagging. , ^ . . , i „, ,i

Before the war, there was great attention paid to the raising of stock of improved breeds and
horses of fine blood; but the guerrillas made that species of property so unsafe that the people par-
tially abandoned the pursuit. lu one or two of the counties, an article called Bourbon whisky is
manufactured, principally for home consumption, and is quite popular as a beverage.

There has been much division of sentiment among the people in our late struggle ; those who
were loyal being intensely so, and those who were disloyal passing through every gradation froni
straight-out resistance to "Lincoln tyranny," down to the "no-more-men and no-more-money
"peace-at-any-price" souls, who had not the principle to iight for the Government, nor the courage
to fight against it. The inhabitants are tar above the average m intelligence and education, and,
in the city of Louisville and adjacent country, live in elegance and luxury.

The educational institutions of the State, its public buildings, charitable institutions, &c., are
justly a matter of pride to its citizens.

372 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — sixth district.

There is but one disability which disqualifies a greater ratio per thonsaud for military service,
which is veutral hernia iu negroes, probably superinduced by neglect during infancy; they being
allowed to cry excessively before the abdominal parietes become perfected.

In view of the pecuniary and professional responsibility and nice accuracy required, neither
Dr. Bell, the former surgeon of the board, nor myself, think that more than seventy-Jive men can be
examined by day -light in winter, and perhaps ten more in summer.

The principal deceptions to be guarded against in examination of substitutes are iu regard to
age : if too old, there are always convenient witnesses to swear to their being less than forty-five
years of age ; if too young, to swear to their being past eighteen years. The converse obtains iu
examination of drafted men; there being parties who are always ready to devise testimony to show
unsuitableness of age " by reason of being over forty-five or less than twenty." The board caused
several parties to be indicted for perjury for testifying to the good moral character of reprobates,
and thus getting them passed as substitutes. In one instance, a complete set of npper teeth was
inserted in a negro's mouth, and he was passed as a substitute. The deception was discovered, and
the parties forced to put in another substitute, and the money obtained by the first one was handed
over to the United States. A detailed account of the same was submitted to you at the time.

The county of Owen was so infested with guerrillas that it was impossible to get the notices
properly served, and, when served, to compel the attendance of the parties ; thus rendering all
attempts to bring them before the board abortive. Unless these men had some physical disqualifi-
cation,' they almost invariably failed to report; and, when in a few cases our special ofiBcers suc-
ceeded iu making arrests, they always brought forward the plea that " they did not know of their
having been drafted." I am of the opinion that there are not a score of men in the whole district
who were drafted that were not cognizant of the fact. Still, as the law stands, no man can be con-
sidered or treated as a deserter from the draft until he shall have been legally notified by having a
notice left at his last place of residence.

I do not think that any nationality has a greater physical aptitude, and none so great a com-
bined physical and mental fitness, for military service as the Anjerican.

From a tolerably-extended experience in the examination of the colored race, I do not at all
think them equal to the whites, physically, in vitality and endurance ; yet I believe that they have
the capacity to be made very cfQcient troops. Wounds and diseases from which white troops
readily recover often prove fatal to the colored.

I think that the enrollment-law as it now stands works as well as any that can be devised, and
I have no suggestions or alterations to recommend.

J. GAEDNEE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Kentuclcy.

Louisville, Ky., June 15, 1865.

KENTUCKY— SIXTH DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. E. P. Buckner.

* * * My experience is, that the examination of men for military service is the

most responsible, laborious, trying, sometimes perplexing, and often most thankless, work that a
surgeon is ever called upon to perform.

Recruits, under the stimulus of a good local bounty, will, if need be, try every possible means
to get into the service, by attempting to deceive in reference to the disabling effects of such dis-
eases and disqualificatio:;s as they may actually and mauifestly have and cannot conceal. Men
with large and knotty varicose veins, of one or both legs, will walk, run, and jump with the activity
of a racer, declaring in the most solemn manner that their disabilities do not injure them iu the
slightest degree. Others, with the most abominable hremorrhoids, will do the same thing. An
obscun^ hip-disease, trouble about the knee-joints, partial stiffness of the ankle or ankles, are all
carefully concealed, and iu many cases even denied when attention is called to tliem. A man with a
hernia will declare it nothing but a bubo, and perhaps show real signs of syphilis to prove the truth
of this declaration. Others with organic disease of the heart, manifest, clear beyond all doubt,

v-f.'

SURGEONS REPOKTS KENTUCKY — SIXTH UISTKICT. 373

will deny to tbc last all its usual eflects, though congliiufr, panting, and gasping for breath nndei-
very slight exojcise. Men with tiibercnlar deposits \i\\\ deny all disease whatsoever, expand their
chests to the utmost, and stiike with their clenched lists under the clavicles to show how perfectly
sound they are, while at the same time there is flattening, dullness on percussion, and harsh or
tubular respiration.

Drafted men are as anxious to keep out of the service as recruits are to get into it. They will
declare or show all the diseases denied or concealed by recruits, and increase the list by scores and
even hundreds. They will either feign disease when none exists, or exaggerate and magnify such
disabilities as they may actually have. The surgeon who ex[iects the honest truth from them, and
relies upon their statements merely, makes a simpleton of himself.

Enrolled men appearing before the board for examination are generally pitiable and contemptible ;
pitiable for their despicable lack of patriotism and manliness, and contemptible because of their utter
destitution of honest purpose and truthfulness.

Substitutes are largely the scamps and scoundrels of the world. If foreigners, unless Germans,
there is no honesty of purpose in them. They will practice, if possible, to the very utmost upon the
credulity of the surgeon. He cannot be too rigid or exacting in their examination. When appro-
priate exercise before me has developed a hernia, I have seen the man quickly, as if his modesty
were abashed by the exposure of the genitals, clap his hands to the parts and dexterously reduce it
iu a moment. When I have suspected the ears as being defective, and the truth iu the case has
been denied iu every possible way, all doubt has been instantly removed by closing the uostrUs and
compelling the man to fill his mouth with air, when the wind has whistled at once through a per-
foration in each tympanum. The resources of their frauds are nmucroHs, if not inexhaustible. All
that brazen effrontery, lying, and general rascality can do they will attempt.

Meu who have been in the Army for a time, veterans and natives, more especially if farmers or
hard-working mechanics, are mostly honest, as much so perhaps as recruits, and one has but little
trouble comparatively with them.

Experience has taught me that a man to succeed well as au oxamining-surgeon to a board of
enrollment must be absolutely incredulous ; must be cautious, watchful, sharp, shrewd, cunning,
and quick. His whole nature should be made up of positive elements, and those of the strongest
character. He must be a man of icill and purpose, with decision of character as firm and unbend-
ing as a column of granite; otherwise he will or can do the Government no good, will dishonor
his own noble profession, and be nothing but a mere top, whirled at the will and by the dexterity
of every iinfit recruit, sound drafted man, and rascally substitute.

Besides these iutellectual and moral qualities, the surgeon must have a competent knowledge of
anatomy, physiology, and pathology, or he wiil grope in the dark contiiuially, and his decisions,
instead of being the result of enlightened judgment, will be nothing but bungling guesses or vague
and ill-defined conjectures.

The entire number of men examined by me, as nearly as can be ascertained, is about six thou-
sand. This number embraces drafted men, recruits, substitutes, and enrolled men, both white and
colored.

This district is one hundred, or possibly one hundred and twenty, miles in length from east to
west in a straight line from one extreme point to the other, and sixty-five miles broad in the widest
))ortion from north to south. The north side, following the course of .the stream, lies upon the
Ohio Eiver for a distance of full two hundred miles. Two rivers, both heading southward, the
Licking and the Kentucky, one in the eastern third of the district and the other in the western, ruu
northward and empty into the Ohio about eighty miles apart. The counties composing the terri-
tory thus generally outlined are Kenton, Campbell, Bracken, Pendleton, Harrison, Grant, Boone,
Gallatin, Carroll, and Trimble. The face of the country is in a few favored portions level or gently
rolling, but generally it is hilly or broken, especially along the rivers and the numerous smaller
streams emptying into them. Though populous, the country is largely and thickly wooded. It is
almost universally underlaid with limestone.

The prevalent diseases are typhoid, intermittent, remittent, and bilious fevers; pneumonia and
pleurisy in the early spring and late fall, and during the winter when sudden changes take place:
rheumatism, nearly always arising from wet and cold ; phthisis, scrofula, dyspepsia, fuuctioual and

374 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — sixth district.

organic disease of the heart. No doubt, one great cause conducive to consum])tioi» and scrofula is
the character of the climate. Here the cold of the north and warmth of the south meet in con-
tinual conUict, one prevailing for a short time and then the other. As a rule, not more than
thiee or four days at a time of either very cold or moderately warm weather are ever witnessed
here in thi' winter-season. The changes are sudden and violent; the difference in temperature occa-
sionally amounting to thirty and forty degrees between one day and another. The thermometer
frequently indicates sixty-live, seventy, and eighty degrees ; then the mercury is down to zero,
sometimes ten and twelve degrees below, and at times fifteen, twenty, and even twenty-four.
These constant changes during one-half at least of each year must necessarily affect all who are
delicate and feeble, or who are predisposed to chest-diseases; hence consumption is developed out-
right, if such a thing is possible, the result of cold, pneumonia, or ])leurisy, acting as exciting causes
upon a constitution already predisposed.

The people almost universally eat hot bread at every meal, lightened or raised with soda or
"baking-powders," drink hot tea or coffee morning and night, together with copious draughts of cold
water at intervals. Supper is as hearty a meal with them as dinner, at which they eat as much
meat, which is nearly always hot fried pork or ham. They retire to sleep early, with their stomachs
filled with ill-masticated and indigestible food; hence dysi)epsia. Thousands also bring the disease
upon themselves by the vicious and constant habit of chewing and smoliing tobacco.

Functional disease of the heart exists largely in conjunction with tubercular deposits, curvature
of the spine, indigestion, habitual constipation of the bowels, irritation in the biliary organs, and
internal disorders. It is also caused in many cases by the influence of tobacco chewing and smok-
ing, and by the constant habit of drinking mean whisky. Tea and coffee, on some constitutions,
have the same effect, especially if strong. The surgeon should bear all these things closely iu
mind, or he will sometimes be misled, and conclude upon organic mischief where there is nothing
but functional disorder.

Organic disease of the heart is more frequently the result of rheumatism than of any other cause
known to me. When this cannot be traced, the affection is often produced by constant heavy lift-
ing, by labors that require an incessant hurry, by occupations that put a continued strain upon all
the physical energies. In some cases, no cause whatever can be assigned.

Diarrhoea, cholera morbus, and dysentery are quite prevalent from about the first of June until
decided frosts come in the fall.

Diarrhoea is caused by eating immature vegetables, unripe fruits, especially those of strong
acid qualities, (such as cherries,) fresh pork, and by heat.

Cholera morbus can nearly always be traced to the eating of cherries, young potatoes, green corn,
fresh shote, or to overwhelming heat.

Dysentery does not prevail except during intensely hot weather, and then any of the causes
mentioned as producing diarrhoea and cholera morbus act as exciting causes iu the production of
the disease. It is occasionally endemic and sometimes epidemic.

The people are iudustrious, energetic, intelligent, and, inx^eaceful times, remarkably hospitable,
social, kindly, and generous. They are managing, thrifty, and money-making. Since the war
commenced, however, a majority of them have been rebels of the genus Diabolus ; such is their
general character.

The occupation of the people is almost universally that of farming. jNIuch attention is
paid to the breeding of fine horses and cattle, and to the rearing of mules. Large profits
are realized from the production of tliese animals. The vine has been introduced to some extent
iu two or three counties, and the cultivation of the peach in its finest varieties has received much
attention of late years.

There are large iron-manufactories in the counties of Kenton and Campbell. Immense quan-
tities of tobacco are manufactured iu the city of Covington by twenty-five or thirty different estab-
lishments—more, perhaps, than in half the State besides. Such are the "modes of life and occu-
jiations of the peo[)le."

The parti(;ular diseases and disabilities that have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand of
men from military service than others are hernias, fractures, wounds, organic disease of internal
organs, developetl tuberculosis, loss of teeth, and varicose veins. A considerable proportion of

surgeons' reports — KENTUCKY SIXTH DISTRICT. 375

those exempted for lieruia are foreigners, principally Germans, among whom this disability is very
common. They have been already rejected under the conscriptions in Europe, and have brought
the disability with them when they emigrated to this country. Amoug onr own people, farmers
are oftener the subjects of hernia than any other class; no doubt because their calling subjects
them to nuich heavy lifting and hard straining.

Fractures and wounds are accidental occurreuces; but the uegro is comparatively free from
the former, which would seem to indicate that there is some peculiarity in the bones of the white
race predisposing them to fractures.

The number of disabilities coming under the head of organic disease of internal organs is prin-
cipally made up of chronic pleurisy, chronic pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, liver-complaints, kid-
ney-affections, chronic disease of the bowels, and the various forms of organic disease of the heart.
This last disease, as already uoticed, is traceable in a large number of instances to rheumatism; in
other cases, to occupation. It is not uncommon among sbip-calkers, blacksmiths, rowers, rail-
splitters, wood-choppers, men who drill and blast rock, who shovel, grade, and pave streets, or who
load and unload vessels.

Tuberculosis is nearly always hereditary. Most of the cases that have come under my official
uotice could be traced to this cause.

The loss of teeth is made common by the universal habit of eating biscuit lightened with soda
or bitartrate of potassa, and neglecting to clean them with a brush after meals. But the element of
race also seems to have something to do with their premature decay aud loss; for we find them
comparatively good in the German, good in the Irish, aud perfect Iti the uegro. Scrofula is another
cause of their loss, especially amoug Americans and Germans. They are commonly decayed, aud
often entirely gone, in curvature of the spine and in scrofulous disease of the joints or l)ones.
The negro preserves his teeth, though he never cleans them, and is frequently scrofulous.

Varicose veins depend upon a peculiar constitutional organization of the vascular system,
especially the venous, which might be calleil the varicose diathesis ; for hajmorrhoids and varicocele,
forms of the same disease, often exist when there is ujarked varix. * # *

Sections 1 and 2 of paragraph 85 are right as a matter of necessity. Section 3 requires a modifi-
cation. In some of the clearest cases of epilcpsii that ever came under my notice exemption was impos-
sible because " the fact" that " must be established by the duly-attested affidavit of a physician in
good standing, who had attended him in the disease icitliin the six months immediately preceding his
examination by the board," eunld not he so established. There are epileptics living all over the country
who have been afflicted with the disease for ten and fifteen years, but who have long since ceased
to send for a physician when an attack comes on, because, regarding themselves as incurable, they
believe that he can do them no good, aud that his presence would oitly be a useless expense ; all
their families, all their neighbors, everybody that knows them, physicians included, will make affi-
davits as to the jwsj^^fe and constant existence of the ciiileptiG condition of the unfortunate men;
but all this will not exempt them, because no physician can swear that he has " attended them in the
disease" within the "last six months preceding their examination by the board." All such men
are utterly worthless. What is to be done? for, as the case now stands, exemptiou is impossible.
The re(iuirement about the physician aud the last sis months should be altered, or made to conform
to that whicii in praefieable in such cases.

Section 4. No remarks. Section 5. Valvular disease of the heart and hypcrtropht/ may, und in a
majority of instances do, exist without " seriously impairing the [leneral health," indeed without
impairing it at all; yet men so aifiicted can do little or nothing. The least excitement, any consid-
erable exertion or exercise, brings on horrible dyspnoea and lays them up. The existence of the
disease iajter .se disabling, utterly so, whatever may be the condition of the general health. Yet I
have always acted upon the section as it now stands.

Section G. Developed tuberculosis. — This needs a clear, preci.se, ;uid unequivocal definition.
When crude tubercles exist, however small in size or few in number, whether in one or both lungs,
there is to all intents and purposes "developed tuberculosis;" yet in such a case, and it is no un-
common one, there is no emaciation or other signs of failing g'eneral health, but, on the contrary,
the man looks tolerably well and appears hearty, labors fiurly at his trade or on his farm, can
endure considerable exertion, and will not in all probability die for years. Should such a man be

376 surgeons' keports — Kentucky — sixth district.

exempted? I have said " No" in luy ofiicial action, although tubercles evidently existed. Is the
commencing stage of softening what is meant "? or is it something between this and the tirst devel-
opment of crude tubercle? Only wbere the rational corresponded with the physical signs have I
exempted men for this disease. There should, however, as I believe, be a more accurate definition
of what is meant by the phraseology of the section.

Section 11. Men with rhenmatism of long standing, the facts in each case made out in the clear-
est and established in the most satisfactory manner, have frequently come before me, in whom there]
was no " change of structure." The diathesis was so strong and overwhelming that the men were
snffering all the time ; they could not labor and had not for years, yet nutrition was good and
they looked well. "Though knowing theai to be worthless for any military purpose whatever, I could
not exempt them under this section, and they have been compelled either to pay the commutation
or to furnish substitutes.

Section 20. This requires that twelrc teeth shall be toialli/ lost in either the uiiper or lower jaw be-
fore a jnan can be exempted for loss of teeth ; but he may only have eleven of the specified num-
ber out, and two or three of the back molars gone, or all the molars, front teeth, canines, and one
or more of the bicuspids may be missing; or he may have all the molars in both jaws out, and only
three, four, or five straggling teeth of all the remainder left, which do not come into apposition when
the mouth is closed. In such cases, and they are drawn from nature — from what I have seen — the
men cannot be exempted as the section now stands; but how can such mouths tear a cartridge or
masticate solid food?

Section 22. Men are so dissatisiied who have curved spines, for which they are not exempted, that
I think what is meant by " excessive curvature" should be defined as nearly as possible by measure-
ment, to save the surgeon from undeserved ill-will, hatred, and abuse, and the board from being
regarded as a set of barbarous military tyrants. Besides, it is very hard to tell what is " sufficient
to prevent the carrying of arms and military equipments" in the cases of nnicillinrimen. The con-
struction of what is "excessive curvature of the spine" is regarded as wholly and purely nothing
but the opinion of the surgeon; but if a standard of measurement could be laid down, the judg-
ments of men, when exemption is refused in such cases, would be different, and the decision of the
surgeon and board would be satisfactory.

If " caries of the spine, ribs, or sternum " is or ean be positireJii made out, whether "attended
with ulceration" or not, is not such a man of no military value whatever?

Section 23. Hernia. — The surgeon should be allowed some discretion upon this subject. That
large numbers of men with hernia can perform good military service I am fully convinced. 1
have seen many men with small hernias who labored hard every day throughout the year, who
never suffered from them, never used trusses, and never believed there was anything the matter
with them until they were drafted. I have also seen men who had hernia when they went into the
service, who had fought and marched for three years without ever being in a hospital. They have
told me that they never suffered from their ruptures when marching or at any other time. If no
discrimination can be judiciously allowed, then such men should be held to guard fortifications, &c.;
otherwise many valuable soldiers, or men that would become such, are lost to the service entirely.

Section 2o. I have seen men with external haemorrhoids who could walk only with difficulty,
and who could do no labor requiring considerable exercise. The parts were large, thickened, and
ulcerated, and the disease had been standing for years. Are such men of any use to the service?

Section 29. It is more than questionable whether a man with an enormous varicocele can per-
form military duty or not.

Section 32. Is not the bare fact of the dislocation of one of the large joints sufficient in itself to
exempt a man, whether it be reducible or not? If a man should be accepted with such a disloca-
tion, but not irreducible, tcho is to reduce it, and when is it to be done? Is it right to compel a
man to submit to the torture of reduction for the sake of putting liim into the Army ? If reduction
should be attempted and prove successful, would not the condition of the ligaments prevent him
liom being of any service for months, and perhaps years ? Sjirains of the ankle and knee joints
have often disabled men not only for months and years, but for life; would the case be any better
in dislocation of these joints when reduction was not made at the time of the accident?

Section 33. Before I had any experience in the examination of injured and defective hands,

surgeons' reports KENTUCKY SIXTH DISTRICT. 377

this section seemed to nie iliscrimiuatiiig and just. Since then, Lowever, I have found it objec-
tionable, because tailing to meet many cases of what I am confident are decided and j;erwaHC)i« disu-
hilities. As a matter of aecessity, " total loss of any two fingers of same hand " may do, (such men
being better than none,) when the country, as is the case now, lias become well-nigh exhausted of
all better material by recruiting and dralting; but, until such is the case, "tot;ll loss of //(f?e.r-_/('))(/t'r
of right hand" should exempt. It looks hard to reject a man with this defect as a recruit one day,
when he miglit get a bounty to leave with his family, and have the honor of going as a vojunteer,
and the next day to accept the same n)an because drafted, without bounty or help for his wife and
children, and the thought of conscription staining his honor and manliness every moment of waking
consciousness. Suppose a man has lost the first and second phalanges of all the fingers of" the
right hand except the little finger, is the hand of any value ? IIow can he hold a gun, finger a car-
tridge, or i>ull a trigger? Of what account is a man with total loss of the first and second pha-
langes of all the fingers of the left hand °i Such a misfortune leaves him but a mere stump, instead
of a hand; nearly, if not quite, useless, unless in case of a trained soldier, for he can neither lift
nor grasp anything with facility or to purpose ; yet no exemption is now allowable. Jf there should
be permanent contraction of two fingers of the left hand, say the iudex and middle, how could the
man support his gun during an engagement, resting, as it would, upon the backs or knuckles of
his fingers every time he went to firi>. ? The fingers would become sore and painful, and the longer
the fight continued the worse it would be. The barrel of the gun would not rest in an oblong con-
cavity open at both ends, but rather upon a convexity, and the thumb and ring-finger would not
close around it so as to hold the gun steady. Permanent extension of any two fingers of the same
hand would not be quite so bad, but they would be more trouble to him as a soldier (unless he were
trained) than he could make himself worth as such to the Army. Ko allowance is made for total
loss of the left thumb, yet the loss of the ungual phalanx of the right exempts. Is a man in a
worse condition as a soldier for the loss of the umjual phalanx of his right thumb than for the entire
loss of the left %

No allusion is made in this section to deformities oi eiih&v the right or left hand; some of
these are hideous. How is the surgeon in such cases to exempt the man ? It is true that section 9
would cover such instances of congenital malformation, but it is an awkward way of getting at it.
There should be a provision of this kind : " Deformity of one or both hands manifestly inc(q)aei-
tating the man for military service."

Section 34. A man can walk but little, if any, better with the ungual phalanx of either great
toe off than he could if he had suffered a total loss. Take off the ungual phalanx, and no part
remaining touches the ground in walking. It seems to me, therefore, that it is immaterial, so far
as the use of the foot is concerned, whether the ungual phalanx of either great toe is off, or whether
the loss is total ; for neither in the one case nor in the other can the man march to do much
good. * # »

The number of recruits that can be examined with accuracy in a day is governed by circum-
stances. If the room of the surgeon be kept clear of all interlopers, so that there shall be no
noise, talking, or confusion, one hundred can be examined in eight hours or less time. In the
examination of substitutes, forty per day would be a good work. Of drafted men, if all who are
drafted would come promptly according to notice, seventy or eighty could be examined in a day. In
the case of enrolled men, _^/^(/ to «(■.«;<]/ can be gotten through with in a day. * * *

The fraud most to be guarded against which is practiced by dratted and enrolled men to
escape military service is lying in all its varieties, forms, and ])ossibilitics. As a rule, my experi-
ence is that but few drafted men will tell the truth if they believe it possible to impose upon the
surgeon with a falsehood. Indeed, but two of the whole number drafted in this district, and
examined by me, have had the candor and honesty to say frankly that there was nothing whatever
the matter with them. The answers of drafted men to all questions propounded are either e\asive
equivocations or downright falsehoods. They nearly always come with a heavy batch of aflidavits,
carefully and cunningly prepai'ed by some pettifogging dapper case-lawyer. Besides, they gener-
ally bring an aflidasit or two from one or more physicians, in many cases awkwardly and buii-
gliiigly [irepared, testifying to a most miserable couditioii of health, although the men may look
hearty, pluuq), and robust. The lungs, the heart, the bowels, the kidneys, the liver, the bladder,
48

378 SUHGEONS' REPORTS — KENTUCKY SIXTH DISTRICT.

the auus. aiul rectum — these are the great fortresses of drafted men. When a man has little or
nothing the matter with him, the surgeon may expect to hear, with infallible certainty, horrible
complaints in reference to one or more of these important organs. The most effective way of
guarding against these things is to believe nothinf/ whaterer that is said by the drafted man, unless
the examination verities the stateoieuts. Affldavits should never be read until the examination has
been thoroughly made, and then only in obscure or doubtful cases; and even here the mind, edu
cation, and attainments of the sui'geon testifying should be well known before attaching much im-
portance to them. The less attention the examining surgeon pays to such papers, the more cer-
tainly and sacredly he will be guarding the interest of the Government. They are generally great
nuisances. Any man can get them, and any and all men will give them. By examining the man
only when entirely stripped, reading no affidavits, and believing little or nothing that is told him
by the conscript, the surgeon will, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, reach a correct conclusion,
one that will stand the test of any examination whatever.

The frauds of enrolled men are principally in the same direction. They all come up with pon-
derous and numerous affidavits. The riile is, examine the man and pay little or no attention to
his papers. Other attempts at fraud are alleged chronic rheumatism, disease of the kidneys, liver,
weak back, pain in the side, neuralgia, &c. Where there is no atrophy, swelling of the parts, or
pufBness of the joints, the claim of chronic rheumatism need not trouble the surgeon much or long as
the regulations now stand. If there is alleged stifl'eniug of the joints, all doubts are immediately
cleared up by the exhibition of sether. Where the organ is not enlarged or indurated, or the skin
sallow, the general appearance indicating no marked departure from health, the liver need not be
either a trouble or a bother. Neuralgia requires no attention unless the general health is broken
down. In my experience, when a man alleges kidney-disease, in nine cases out of ten there is
nothing at all the matter with his renal organs.

In cases of disease of the lungs and heart or other aft'ections, alleged to be of a disabling char-
acter, when I have deemed affidavits of any value, my rule has been, in order to guard as efl'ectu-
ally as possible against all frauds in such papers, to require that they should be from men who have
never been exempted under any draft, and who are over twenty years old and under forty-live.
This rule has saved me much trouble, and has made mau.y sound men, comparatively, out of many
who iireviously, according to the affidavits offered, were very much diseased, and hence very worth-
less. Under its operation, men have frankly confessed to me at last, when they found that decep-
tion was impossible, that their complaints were really only of a trifling character.

The obstacles with which I have had to contend in the discharge of my duties are, Jirst, the lack
of quiet and sufficient room in which to operate without disorder and with ease and freedom ;
secondly, the presence of prominent visitors, such asmditary officers, wealthy leading citizens, law-
yers, doctors, &c. ; thirdly, crowds of substitute-brokers ; fourthly, not having clerks of my own selec-
tion and under my own exclusive direction and control ; fifthly, men having to undress and then dress
again in my room, thus consuming as much time in tlie examination of one man as would have
sufficed to get through with two or three; sixthly, the umlicious hatred of rebels, and the supreme
disgust of Union men when not exempted. All these difficulties, except the last, can be overcome
or avoided in the future by allowing the surgeon to have two good rooms, both to be under his
exclusive control, one for the men to undress in, the other for his examinations. He should have two
clerks, both selected and chosen by himself, to be under his direction and control only, to attend to
no business but such as he directs and pertaining to his department. One of these clerks would
keep the record of drafted men, substitutes, and recruits, and of enrolled men, besides keeping up
appropiiate reports on loose sheets, to be handed to the chief clerk in the evening, from which to
perfect his daily reports ; the other should record notes dictated to him in the case of each man
after examination and till up exemption-papers. Both should be accountable to the surgeon for the
completion and accuracy of his tri-mouthly and monthly reports in appropriate time.

As to tlu' hatred of rebels and disgust of Union men, they are at the worst but trifling annoy-
ances to a man who respects himself, who has nerve, purpose, will, and an iron resolution, who
loves liis country, and is determined to do his whole duty as defined by law, by orders, by circulars,
and by the regulations, regardless of consequences. A man who cannot endure the most unde-
served abuse from drafted rebels or drafted Union men, who cannot bear cursing from both be

SUUGKONS' REPORTS KENTUCKY SIXTH DISTRICT. 379

cause he liuds tlicin soiiiul, or fit for military duty accordius' to the regulations, had better resign
at once. He is utterly unlit for the place, aud will be iu a fret or fume uutil he gets out of it. These
things are simply aunoyauces, nothing more, and should be serenely despised. Because the air
teems with gnats and flies, that is no reason why a man should be confounded and overcome in
carrying out the great purposes of life. lie must simply brush them away, and labor on in the
performance of duty as nobly and energetically as if such miserable creatures had never existed.
"Wo unto you" only " when all men speak well of you."

The number of men examined by me from other nationalities than our own is so very small that
I am without that experience necessary to give an intelligent opinion upon this subject. So far as
my experience goes in reference to recruits, I have seen none that excel those of our own country.
There is, however, among the Canadians and Irish who oft'er themselves as subslitutes — and of
course it would be the same if they came as recruits — a physical development, perfection of form,
and symmetry of proportion that I have rarely seen equaled in men from any other nationality.
The negro, iu many of liis physical characteristics, is well calculated to make as good a soldier as
ever marched to the field of battle.

Drafted '.men who show themselves to the board of enrollment are generally a miserable set;
so that, judging from those that make their appearance, the conclusion would be that there is no
physical aptitude in the American people for military service. But such a conclusion is manifestly
erroneous. Nearly all the Germans who are drafted are 2'%stca/'^ worthless ; they have already
been'rejected from the armies of Europe, and have come here physically disabled, as tailors, tin-
ners, shoemakers, gardeners, milk-men, vine-dressers, rag-pickers, and small shop-keepers.

The Irish and English mostly claim alieiuuje ; and, if not exemi)ted ujjon that plea or some
other, the Irish all run off. Upon the whole, therefore, I am inclined to give an opiuion in favor
of the American people, though I believe the Irish may possibly excel them; but I have not a
sufiQcient number of facts from experience to verify this conjecture in reference to them.

Within the last year I have examined ahont nixteen hundred negroes, some drafted men, more
as substitutes, but by far the larger number as recruits. Except for being over age or under age,
very few comparatively have been rejected ; not more perhaps than ten per cent. Out of a hundred
recruits examined on one occasion, but five were rejected, three tor hernia, one for loss of the
right eye, and one for some difficulty about the ankle-joints.- Fifteen drafted men (colored) reported
on the same day ; they were examined carefidly one after another and not one rejected. The same
thing could not occur among a like number of white men, except by a miracle. The negro is rarely,
according to my experience, the subject of hernia, except iu the umbilical form, until he becomes
forty-five or fifty years old. Their bones, too, would seem to be tougher, and less brittle than the
osseous structure of the white race, for fractures are very ■uneommon among them. They are almost
entirely exempt from Imeiuorrhoids ; indeed, I never saw, as far as I can now recollect, a case of
internal piles in one of them, nor of prolax>sus ani, and only one or two of fistula in auo. This last
disease is a very extraordinary thing iu a colored man. They have no complaints to make about
their livers, stomachs, bowels, kidueys, or bladders. Tuberculosis is comparatively rare among
them ; and, coutrary to the generally-received opinion iu the slave States, they are not, as far as my
experience goes, more subject to scrofulosis than other people. Though often the subjects of rheuma-
tism, I have never met, so far as recollection goes, with more than four or live cases of organic dis-
ease of the heart, (curvature of the spine may exist, and functional disease of the heart, but are
both matters of surprise when met with, such is almost their universal exemption from these troubles
which so often afHict the white race. Their teeth are nearly -dlways 2)erfect. But few, if any, have
ever been rejected or exeini)ted ou account of the loss of these organs. The eye, however, is not
as perfect as iu the white uuin. Rheumatism affects their joints more seriously, according to my
observation, than in the white race. Being well fed, upon coarse aud common food, but substan-
tial, nutritious, and abundant, they are generally finely developed. The muscles are powerfid, the
joints large, the chest round aiul full, and the abdomen rather concave thau otherwise. Their forms
are not as beautiful, nor is their symmetry as perfect, as the white man's, nor do I believe that their
powers of endurance are as great, especially in cold weather. They come before the examiniiig-
surgeon with fewer disabilities, to begin with, iu proportion to the number examined, and, when
sound, their physical qualifications for military service are certainly good, if not quite equal to

380 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — sixth district.

tbose of auy other race. Properly trained ami disciplined, they are the very men with which to
garrison the sonthern forts, as neither a hot climate nor malarial fevers affect them in any material
degi-ee. # * »

The "oath" or "afiirmation" required to " verify all claims to exemption " is absurd, and ii
waste of time. Does a blind eye, a cleft palate, lupus or cancer of the tongue, an aneurism, a
dislocated or ankylosed joint, a curved spine, the total loss of a right thumb or great toe, stone in
the bladdei', hernia, fistula in ano, prolapsus aiii, varicose veins of the legs, bunions, malformation
of the feet, club-foot deformities, the loss of a hand or foot; does any of these, I say — and they are
not all that are in the same category — require an oath or afiirmation before exemption can be right-
fully granted? Unless, the surgeon is a Mind man, or has no feeling in his lingers, are not oaths
and afiirmations worse than useless iu all such cases! Under the most favorable circumstances,
they are, in my judgment, of but very little value.

It is my sincere belief that iihyaicians and surgeons are, as a class, just as honest and trust-
worthy as agents or attorneys can possibly be. Hence the justice of allowing stipulated fees
to one, and refusing to allow anything to the other, is not perceived. Perhaps the reason of the
law, as it now stands, was founded in the belief that where nothing is given the truth is sure to
come forth, and that a fee to physicians or surgeons would be productive of affidavits of the most
exempting character, or that they would be more willing with than without a fee to make them,
and therefore seek to have the number given as large as possible. But according to my experience,
the papers now made out by attorneys for drafted men are of a character more absolute than any
physician or surgeon could truthfully make out under any circumstances whatever. The former
are paid, the latter are not; yet one has as much to do in the exemption of the man as the other;
for what a man would not swear to himself concerning disease or disability iu his own person, most
assuredly no physician or surgeon would swear to for him. Either pay the physician and surgeon as
the attorney is now paid, or put both upon the same footing, and allow neither of them anything.
Lawyers are much more annoying and troublesome than it is possible for auy physician or surgeon
to be. » * #

Commutation might be restored ami made a valuable thing. The Secretary of War should,
however, fix the amount sufficiently high to secure beyond a doubt the voluntary enlistment of a
better man for the money so paid ; and if tlie money thus paid by each drafted man were placed iu the
hands of the receiver of internal revenue, to be disbursed by him to each recruit enlisted and mus-
tered in by the provost-mai\shal, upon a certificate from him properly identifying each man, great
good would be done to the country and to the service by securing in this way a large bounty-fund
to stimulate recruiting, that could not be secured so eiiectually in any other way. It is true that,
for the amount so fixed by the Secretary of War as commutation, each man paying it might secure a
substitute; but subs' itutes, it is well known, are largely unprincipled, and will desert, while
recruits come in under the prestige of honor, and generally feel a pride in maintaining that virtue
inviolate. Most of the men who would pay commutation never would go into the Army under any
circumstances, but would, as a last resort, put in substitutes. By adopting the plan suggested, the
Government would with the same money that would otherwise go into the hands of substitutes,
get recruits, men of honor and integrity of purpose, and not bounty jumpers and unprincipled
scoundrels. * # *

Notwithstanding the evils already alluded to as connected with the subject, the principle of
substitutitm should, I believe, be inviolably maintained ; for thousands of men who would otherwise
be compelled to go into the Army would furnish good substitutes that would do all that the princi-
pals themselves could do, while the latter, by remaining at home and conducting large manufactories
and business establishments, would do what the substitutes never could and never would, by pay-
ing an enormous internal revenue to the Government, thus keeping up the public finances, besides
being fairly and fully represented in the Army. Such drafted men would therefore be a double
benefit to the country, having each sent a soldier to the Army, while from all would pour a constant
stream of treasure into the coffers of the nation, thus supplying the sinews of war as well as the
men. But tlie privilege of substituting should be more guarded than at present, to make it safe and
valuable as a means of obtaining reliable and trustworthy soldiers for the military service. As the
matter stands now, if the man is iihi/sicaUi/ soiaul, tlie other re(]uirements of the law having been

surgeons' reports — KENTUCKY — SEVENTH DISTRICT. 381

met, the board are compelled to taJce Mm, though they may be fully convinced that he is a rascal,
or a scoundrel, or a thkf, or all together, or that he intends to desert as soon as he gets his money.
They should be allowed to exercise their discretion to some extent in reference to accepting a man
offered as a substitute merely because he is physically sound, and should be allowed to report him
as a fraudulent, worthless villain, if he does not come before them with satisiactory evidences of
where he was born, where he has lived, what his calling, and what is his character for honesty and
integrity. His faee, manner, and answers to questions should be allowed also to have their full
weight in the category of evidence upon which he is to be accepted or rejected. In nine cases out
often, rascality and villainy can be read with unerring certainty in the face, manner, and talk of a sub-
stitute if he be a scoundrel. The provost-marshal and commissioner might hear and determine all
these points in one room, while the surgeon is busily examining in another. It is believed that but
few desertions would take place if some such plan as the above were adopted. The great object of
the law should be to get not merely suhsfitutes, but honest ones, and the board are better judges iu

this matter than any one else can be. * * *

E. r. BUCKNER,

Surgeon Board of EnroUmcnt Sixth IHstrict of Kcntv.vlcy.
Covington, Ky., June 15, 1805.

KENTUCKY— SEVENTll DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Du. S. F. Gano.

# « # In June, 1863, I received my appointment as surgeon of the board of

enrollment of this congressional district, and at the period of my discharge from the service I had
examined over four thousand men.

The Seventh Congressional District of Kentucky embraces eleven counties, occupying the central
portion of the northern division of the State; is about one huudred miles in length, and between
fifty and sixty miles in width ; its greatest diameter being north and south, between the thirty-
seventh and thirty-ninth degrees of latitude, in the most populous and productive portion of the
State, known widely as " the Uue-grass region:^ It contains a population of about one hundred and
forty thousand, one-fifth of which resides in towns and villages. Lexington, the headquarters of the
district and the largest city iu it, has a population of ten thousand. The number of enrolled men at
the first draft was about fifteen thousand.

Geological formation.— TMs consists of the Lower Silurian deposit, composed almost wholly of a
blue semi-erystallinc limestone, which is easily disintegrated by atmospheric agencies. Its strata
are nearly horizontal, presenting anticlinal axes, but an endless variety of gentle swells, that give
this portion of the State its characteristic features. The eye of the traveler detects at once, from
the peculiar undulating surfiice, as well as from the characteristic vegetation, the superficial limits
of the Lower Silurian formation in Kentucky. In the cultivated portions, the blue-grass asserts its
supremacy by excluding from the soil all other grasses with which it may come in contact, retain-
ing its vitality during the most destructive droughts, and its verdure during the frosts of winter.
It'thus furnishes at seasons when all other grasses fail a most nutritious food for the flocks and
herds for which this region is famous. The soil, being neither calcareous, argillaceous, nor siliceous,
but a combination of the constituents of these three, is adapted to the growth of every kind of
vegetable for which the climate is suitable.

Thedistrictis watered by the Kentucky and Licking Elvers and their numerous tributaries,
and by creeks formed by the union of " branches" having their origin in the springs that everywhere
abound. It is without'lakes, swamps, or morasses ; the largest bodies of standing water being arti-
ficial ponds of small extent, formed by arresting the course of the spring-branch on its way to the
creek or river ; consequently diseases induced by miasmatic exhalations from stagnant water are

infrequent.

Its forests are principally of maple, hickory, oak, ash, beech, and poplar. The climate is variable,
but sufficiently temperate to admit of outdoor exercise during almost the entire year.

382 surgeons' reports — Kentucky — eighth district.

The inhabitants are for the mo8t part engaged in agricultural pursuits; a large number
employed as laborers for the support of themselves and families. The majority are quite independ-
ent, and there exists but little poverty or want.

The most prevalent diseases, and those that are found to disqualify the greatest ratio of drafted
men, are diseases of the internal organs, first of the stomach and bowels, liver or digestive ©rgans,
and next of the Inngs and their appendages. The causes most conducive to these diseases are to be
found in excesses in eating and drinking, intemperance, and indolence. Climatic influences, due to
the variableness of the climate, are the fruitful source of disease of the lungs. The greatest number
of diseases are those afi'ectiug the vital orgaus, among which pulmonary diseases of every form are
conspicuous.

Paragraph 85, Revised Regulations. — I do not know that the list of exemptions embraced in the
Eevised Eegulatious could be much improved; it is judicious and well selected. I am inclined,
however, to think varicocele a sufQcient cause for exemption. The loss of either eye should
exempt. There should be a fixed standard for height.

From sixty to seventy men can be thoroughly and carefully examined in a day, with justice to the
men and to the Government.

Diseases most frequently feigned. — Deafness, blindness, and affections of the heart are the dis-
eases or conditions most frequently feigned by drafted men. Hurried respiration and a rapid
circulation may sometimes be readily detected by delaying the examination. Eecruits, and those
desiring to enlist as substitutes, very frequently attempt to deceive as to their ages. Imbeciles,
epileptics, and those laboring under periodical diseases, occasionally desire to enlist as substitutes
or recruits.

The American citizen, inured to out-door labor, is the best specimen of physical manhood, and
presents the greatest aptitude for the performance of any physical service.

The colored race are not inferior to the whites in physical organization, except in the forma-
tion of the feet and ankles, in which a number are defective.

The enrollment-law is greatly amended, but still there are some defects. This, however, may
not be in the law, but in its execution. Men should not be enrolled who are obviously and mani-
festly unfit for the service; and there should be some convenient mode of purging the rolls of the
names of those who are legally exempt before they are returned to the board of enrollment for
examination. A mixed commission, resident in each county or sub-district, or a civil magistrate,
with power to take proof, to administer oaths, and keep a record of the parties claiming legal
exemption, would have advantages and offer better facilities for correcting the rolls than the present
mode.

The draft may not have accomplished all that was expected of it directly, but it certainly has
indirectly been a most potent means of filling up the ranks of our great army.

S. F. GANO,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventh District of Kentucky.

Georgetown, Ky., July 15, 18C5.

KENTUCKY— EIGHTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. James D. Foster.

* * * I have examined about twelve hundred drafted men, recruits, and substi-

tutes, besides some two thousand enrolled men.

Our district is composed of seventeen counties, and embraces an area equal in extent to nearly
one-fourth of the whole State of Kentucky. The most of it is a rough, broken, and mountainous
region, presenting a diversified surface of hills and valleys, mountains and glades. It is intersected
with rivers and creeks. The soil, as a general thing, is not very rich, but portions of the <listrict
contain as fine land as can be found in Kentucky. The counties of Madison and Garrard are par-
ticularly rich and productive. Corn, wheat, and hemp are the principal products. These counties

surgeons' reports — KENTUCKY — EIGHTH DISTRICT. 383

are abundantly supplied witli excellent springs rising through the limestone. The remaining coun-
ties are generally broken and rough, but the purest air, most delightful scenery, and in ordinary
times the most healthful section of Kentucky is to be found iu our mountain-region. The inhab-
itants are generous, noble, liberal, intelligent, and as a general thing patriotic and loyal. The dis-
trict gave in favor of the new term to our lamented President a majority of twenty-four or twenty-
five hundred ; and although the third draft was enforced, we show upon a re-adjustment an excess on
future calls of some sixteen hundred men.

As to the more grave, exciting causes of disease, we have nothing to complain of. On the
rivers and large creeks, we have periodic fevers; but there is no general exciting cause of disease
in the district. Of course, we have inflammatory diseases, pneumonia, pleurisy gastritis, rheuma-
tism, typhus and typhoid fevers. We rarely have any epidemics ; sometimes flux, during the months
of summer and autumn, rages in our district.

The principal disqualifications are from injuries. Our people are nearly all farmers; occasion-
ally you meet a man who will tell you he is a merchant, and when yon begin to inquire into his avo-
cations you reduce him to the rank and file of a farmer. He, jierhaps, lives on a large farm, on
which he has a store-house about ten feet square. We of course have some merchants, who follow
that business to the exclusion of everything else; also a few lawyers, preachers, mechanics, &c. ;
but as a general thing our citizens are farmers. They live upon farms containing from one to sev-
eral hundred acres. They raise their own produce, manufacture their own clothes, tan their own
leather, make their own shoes, and live upon the products of their own lauds and thelabor of their
own hands.

The counties of Garrard and Madison had a great many negroes, who did a vast amount of
labor; the whites not doing so much labor as in the other counties, which were and are more des-
titute of negroes. Our district has been sacked for the last four years; for we are u]ion the frontier,
separated from Jeff Davis's anticipated despotism only by a night and day's ride. Many of our best
citizens have been murdered, robbed, or carried off to die in loathsome southern prisons. Anxiety
and fear have been the most prolific causes of disease. Men have had to stay in the woods, exposed to
all kinds of weather, night and day. We have not known when we might not be killed or captured,
and there has been no security for us ; consequently exposure to cold has sapped the health of many
a man, and has enervated and ruined the constitutional vigor of numbers of our best men. We
have had practical knowledge of the horrors of war.

Under paragraph 9, I have classified the number of exempted men. Of these, twenty-one were
exempted for chronic dyspepsia, nineteen for chronic gastritis, twenty-seven for haimorrhage of
the lungs and chronic bronchitis, with dilatations; all of these cases were somewhat complicated,
and accompanied with manifest permanent physical disability. Our real disqualifying disabilities
are hernia, fractures, and dislocations. Men in our district are accustomed to the hardest manual
labor from their earliest boyhood. Heavy lifting is the principal cause of hernia in our district.
Our country is heavily timbered, and men iu removing and clearing the trees from their land injure
themselves by heavy lifting, resulting frequently in hernia. Fractures and dislocations occur from
accidental falls from horseback, falling from precipices, and injuries from timber.

As to my views iu reference to the difterent sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, I
do not think I could make any profitable suggestions iu the way of changes or amendments thereto.
I think the diseases therein contained all disqualifying, and any case that may come into the
examiniug-room may be disposed of scientifically under the difterent sections embraced in that
paragraph.

The number of men that can be examined with accuracy in a day does not, in my judgment,
exceed one hundred.

The frauds most to he guarded against ichich are practiced by drafted men and enrolled men to avoid,
and hy recruits and suhstitutcs to enter, the service. — They practice any kind of artifices. Drafted
men feign a hundred diseases to avoid, and recruits maneuver to conceal their maladies. The
drafted man will tell you that he has consumption ; that he has disease of the heart; that he has
been afflicted for years. You see that he is alarmed when he enters the room: he runs off into an
enumeration of his troubles, and it is sometimes hard to quiet him. I generally meet the man
kindly, and use every efibrt to make him easy and quiet, and to calm him as much as possible. I

384 surgeons' eepokts — Kentucky — ninth district.

tell bim that the law makes it liis duty to be examiued, aud then request liiin to strip. He begins
to reply by saying it is altogetber useless, tliat bis doctor or his neighbors all say he is not able to
stand a campaign. He seems to be intelligent and respectable — what is to be done with him ? He
is to be examiued systematically without one word of attention being paid to what he says about
himself. He says he has a certificate from a doctor or two. He is asked if he ever had or does
have fits. If he says no, then proceed with the examination and pass upon him. Another one
enters, steps up, speaks loud, and tells you he cannot bear; that he has been deaf for years. Just
set him down and commence a pleasant conversation, making himself the subject of it principally;
get a little lighter and lighter in tone with bim, until he is involved with others in the crime of having
attempted to defraud the board. If he is not unusually sharp, you will detect him. Speak to the
guard in a low tone, directing him to take him and convey him to the guard-bouse. If this fails,
speak of exempting him, and the tidings, if he is an impostor, will generally warm up bis ears and
disclose bis artifice; or have some one to enter the room aud make some alarming declaration, as, for
instance, that the rebels are in town and are murdering the citizens. Bloody urine, fits, weakness
of a certain limb, and a hundred bke artifices are attempted; but unless there is corroboration to be
seen in the man's general appearance, all such stories are to be disregarded. On the other hand,
ask a recruit if there is anything wrong with him, and, if there is, be immediately begins to con-
ceal his troubles. A thorough knowledge of our profession, together with a good understanding
of human nature, is the greatest and safest guarantee against imposture. I might write for a week
upon the various tricks and artifices of drafted and enrolled men, recruits, and substitutes.

" What nationality ^J>T.s■f?^^s the greatest physical aptitude for the serinceP — To this query I can-
not give a satisfactory answer from my own experience, having never examined to auy extent any
other people than our own. I am, however, of opinion that they are not surpassed by any nation
for symmetry, activity, intelligence, aud muscular strength.

Bfy vieics as to the physical qiialifications of the colored race for military service. — For symmetry,
muscular strength, aud endurance, I do not think the Kentucky negro can be surpassed by any people
on earth. The stoutest and most muscular men I ever examined were the negroes I examiued at
this office. If they bad the ?«e«frt7 qualification, I would think the white man was not their superior
for military duty. I think the negro, if he was better informed, aud, as a consequence, possessed of
more moral courage, would be more enduring, as he is certainly more muscular, than the white man.
He is, in addition, generally better develoxied in the chest than the white man. * * *

I have noticed the practical bearing and operation of the enrollment-law as it exists. I think
it is equitable, just, and harmonious in all its applications. I do not tliink it would be disadvan-
tageous to the comnxinity to have an enrollment-law that would include all men between the ages
of eighteen and forty-five. I think there are very many men at the age of eighteen who would
make as good soldiers, or even better, than some men who are included under the law as it now
exists. A young man at that age has as much interest in the Government as one older; in fact,
he has the promise of more days in which to enjoy the liberties aud privileges that are assailed, and
■which makes war necessary and inevitable. It is my experience and observation that there are a
great many precocious youths who are better men morally at the age of eighteen than they ever are
in life alter that age. I speak of the American youth. I believe in a liberal government in time of
peace; but when such dark clouds lower over us as did during this rebellion, I believe in quick
work iu bringing all means to bear to crush the monster at a blow. * * #

JAMES D. FOSTER,
tiurgeon Board of Enrollment Eighth District of Kentucl<y.

London, Ky., Jtme 10, 18G5.

KENTUCKY— NINTH DISTEICT.

Extracts from report of Db. A. Spalding.

* * * The number of men examined by me was one thousand seven hundred and

thirty -four; whites, nine hundred and thirty-two; colored, eight hundred and two.

The Ninth District of Kentucky lies on the Big Sandy Eiver for a distance of one hundred aud

surgeons' KEPORTS — KENTUCKY NINTH DISTRICT. 385

tliirty miles, iiiul on the Ohio about one Iinndred and two miles; the Ilig S.mdy forming its eastern
and the Ohio its northern bou'idary.

From the Ohio lliver, along its western boundary, it includes Mason, Fleming, and Montgomery
Counties; and thence, on its southern boundary, it includes Bath, Powell, MagofBn, Floyd, and
Pike Counties. There are sixteen counties in the district. Of these. Mason, Fleming, Montgomery,
and Bath baA'e a rich limestone soil, and very generally partake of the characteristic of the well-
known blue-grass region of Kentucky. The reaiaining twelve counties are generally rough, hilly,
and mountainous, abounding in coal and iron-ore. In these counties there are some very rich inter-
vale or bottom lands, lying on the Ohio and Big Sandy Eivers, and the principal Streams passing
through them, which are Little Saudy, Tygart's Creek, Kinnacouiek and Licking Rivers. The
principal productions are corn, wheat, and tobacco. Pig-iron is the chief material of manufacture.
Flour, whisky, and jeans are manufactured to some extent.

In Mason, Fleming, Montgomery, and Bath Counties, the labor has heretofore been principally
l)erformed by slavies. In tbe other counties, this has not been the case; there being comparatively
very few blacks in them. In Greenup, Boyd, Carter, and Lewis Counties there are twelve furnaces
for the manufacture of charcoal-iron. Each furnace employs from three hundred to five hundred
hands, though some of them have been idle during the last four years. With the exception of
these men, and of a few hundred employed in the coal-oil mines, and those engaged in the professions
and trades — which coMiprise a very small part of the population — the inhabitants of tiiis district
are purely agricultural in their habits and occupations.

Along the Ohio Eiver, and the principal streams passing through the district, tlie prevalent dis-
eases are intermittent, remittent, or bilious-remittent fevers, and such diseases as are produced by,
and are consequent ui)ou, malarial causes. Indeed, to some extent, this is the case over the whole
district. What is commonly termed typhoid fever here has seemed to me very often to be a remit-
tent fever of a typhoid grade; and affections of the liver, lungs, bowels, &c., are, in many instances,
more or less modified by the same cause. Dysentery and diseases affecting the bowels are common
in the limestone counties. It has been thought to be owing to the water. The general and rather
immoderate use of tobacco here, we were led to believe, had an injurious effect upon the health of
the i)opulation, and |)erliaps in some degree impaired tbe i)hysical qualiQcations of the men.

From JIays Lick and its vicinity, in Mason County, a larger number of tuberculous cases in i)ro-
portion to the other diseases presented themselves than from any other part of the district. I
have not as yet been able to ascertain any cause for this, and it may have been purely accidental.

Excepting hernia and injuries growing out of the war, if there are any particular diseases or
disabilities which have disqualified men for the service, they may, I believe, be attributed to
malarial causes.

In regard to changes in the different sections of paragraph 85, there are others who have had
far larger opiiortunities of ob.servation, and whose suggestions will prove of greater value than any
that could be made by me.

Making the examination and keeping the record, (as I myself always did,) I do not believe any
one could make an average of more than ten men per hour, where the work was honestly and accu-
rately done.

After a surgeon has had considerable experience in the examiuatiou of men, and a man comes
before him stripped, he detects almost at a glance whether there is any defnct that would disqualify
for the service, and it is only iu obscure cases, difficult to decide upon, that he is detained in his
examination; consequently, if he had a clerk to record the residts, and there was no delay in bring-
ing the men before him, he would be able to examine a large number.

Frauds were not much practiced at this office. A good many deserters came into remote parts
of this district, and hired themselves out to work as common laborers. After working for some
months, (some for nearly a year,) they would enlist as recruits for bounty oi- as substitutes lor pay,
and would present themselves here for examination. In some places, it was no difhcult matter to
get proof that they were well known, had lived iu the district for a long time, had never been in the
service, &c. It is believed that a few of these were received, but the cheat was soon discovered.
Nearly all of them wore foreigners — mostly Canadians. Whenever one of these men presented
himself for examination, it was very safe to conclude he was a deserter. lie was required to give
a minute historv of himself for two or three vears back, and to explain how he came here. If this

X

386 SUBGEONS' REPORTS KENTUCKY — NINTH DISTRICT.

led to any suspicion, he was taken into a room by bimself, talked to as thongli we knew all about
him, knew be was a deserter, &c. It almost invariably turned out as we suspected, and in most
instances the man confessed it bimself. As has already been stated, the tendency in this district
was to magnily or exaggerate the effect of some diseases or injury which really existed or bad
recently existed, but did uot at the time seriously impair the man's usefulness for the service. Proof
was often presented to corroborate the statements. It is hardly worth while to repeat the various
methods that have been practiced to detect certain conditions, such as stiffness of joints, deafness,
&c. The surgeon must in reality depend upon his own judgment, and, having made an honest, care-
ful examiuation' he will, in almost every instance, be able to get at the facts of the case, so as to do
justice both to the Government and the man.

The men who were examined at this office were nearly all native-born citizens of the United
States. So few of other nativities presented themselves here, that no valuable opinion could be
formed as to what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service.

If we were to confine ourselves entirely to the. 2)hysical qualifications of the colored man for the
military service, we might say, so far as the examinations went here, that he compared very favor-
ably with the white man.

The colored men who were sent from this office, it is believed, were among the very best that were
obtained, from the fact that there are very few towns of any considerable size in the district, and
consequently very few blacks who bad been employed as house-servants and confined exclusively to
indoor work. Most of them were what are termed farm-hands, always employed at outdoor work.
Many of them had been accustomed to work about the iron-furnaces, shantying out, and chopping
wood during the winter, making charcoal, driving teams, and doing such other work as was
required about the furnaces in the summer. The negro, from his great powers of imitation and the
discii)line to which he has been subjected while in servitude, easily adapts bimself to a soldier's life.
At the present day, negroes of purely African descent are rarely met with here. The race has
become essentially a mixed one, and from this cause it is believed his health and jihysical efficiency
have been impaired, and that he is far more predisposed to scrofula. This has certainly been true;
but, i4i the mixed race as it now exists, may it uot also possibly be true that where the parties were
both sound, of healthy, robust constitutions, one white and the other colored, the ofi'spring both physi-
cally and intellectually may be as likely to possess the requisite qualifications for the military service
as where the parents are both colored ? The opportunities for observation were not great here, but
some of the best colored men examined were known to be the children of white fathers and col-
ored mothers. There was one instance where the father was a mulatto and the mother a white
woman. He was a substitute, and is said to have made a good soldier, always having been healthy
and able to perform any duty required of him while in the service, which, however, was only for
one year. A few of the colored men examined here could read and write, and were able to sign
their own names. I regret that T did not keep a record of the exact number. Those who came from
the rough, mountainous parts of the districts seemed to possess the highest physical qualifications;
and this was also the case with the white men. * * «

The following is the result of the examination of the chest in 1,007 men :

Inches.

Average circumference of chest at inspiration 35. 44

Average circumference of chest at expiration . . 32. 93

Greatest circumference of chest at insi)iration - — 44. 00

Least circumference of chest at inspiration 28. 5

Greatest circumference of chest at expiration 41.00

Least circumference of chest at expiration 20. 00

Total number of men examined, 1,007.

Heights :

luches.

Average height - - . 08. 9

Greatest height of any examined 72. 5

Least height of any examined 58. 5

Total number examined, 752.

The greatest and least heigh tr would api)Iy to 1,734 men.

SURGEONS EEPOKTS — MISSOUEl THIRD DISTRICT. 387

Age:

Years.
Average age 26. 37

Greatest age of auy examiued 53. 00

Least age of any examined 15. 00

Total number examined, 904.

The greatest and least age would apply to 1,734 men.

Weight :

Pounds.
The greatest weight of all examined 242

The least weight of all examined 85

Total number examined, 1,734 men.

These were enrolled men, and were weighed with their clothes on. The man weighing 85
pounds was twenty-five years old; height 58.75 inches. I always weighed the men I thought to be
very heavy or very light.

The only deformities met with during my examinations were in the cases of two men with
double thumbs, one on the right and one on the left hand. One drafted man cut off two of his
fingers, it was said, to avoid being put in the service. He was a tall, narrow-chested man, and
would have been rejected even with two good hands. # » #

A. SPALDING,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ninth District of Kentucky.
Greenupsburgii, Kv., Amju.st 10, 1805.

MISSOURI— THIRD DISTRICT.'
Extracts from report of Dr. James R. McCormick.

* * * While acting in this capacity, I have examined seven hundred and thirty-

two men, making in all about fifteen hundred and thirty-two examinations. * * »

This congressional district is composed of twenty-two counties, bounded as follows: On the
north by the couii,ties of Jefferson, Franli^jn, Crawford, and Pheli^s; on the south by the Arkansas
line; on tlie east by the Mississijipi River; and on the west by the counties of Howell, Texas,
Phelps, and Crawford. It includes an area of about fifteen thousand square miles, presenting a
mountainous, undulating, and swampy surface, which features modify diseases and influence the
mode of life and occupation of the inhabitants. The principal rivers are the Saint Francois, Black,
Castor, Whitewater, Merrimac, and Mississippi. With the exception of the latter, none are navi-
gable to any considerable extent within the limits of the State.

The principal towns are Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, and Sainte Genevieve on the Mississippi
River. Potosi, Farmington, Ironton, and Frederickton are the largest inland towns. Niimerons
small villages and county-seats have been located, but are slightly improved as yet. * * *

The mountainous poi'tiou is embraced in the counties of Iron, Washington, Dent, Oregon,
Shannon, Ripley, Reynolds, and Carter, the surface of which is broken by spurs of the Ozark Mount-
tains and numerous ranges of high bills.

In many places, the soil is rocky and barren, but rich and productive along the streams. Some
of the uplands also produce well. The bills abound in forests of oak, pine, and other valuable
timber.

Valuable minerals are here found, of wbich iron is the most abundant. Pilot Knob, eighty-six
miles south of, and eleven hundred feet above, the city of Saint Louis, alone presents an inexhaust-
ible supply of that metal. Lead, copper, cobalt, zinc, nickel, kaolin, marble, and granite are found
in various localities and in considerable quantities.

The air is salubrious and the water pure; the latter in some places possesses mineral jjroper-
ties; chalybeate being most frequently found.

The inhabitants are vigorous and healthy. The greater portion of them are engaged in agri-
cultural and mining pursuits, displaying considerable industry, intelligence, and enteri)rise.
' No reports were received fiioui the first and second districts.

388 surgeons' repoets — Missouri — third district.

Intlainmatory fevers are more active, and iu tbeir treatment bloodletting is more frequently
demanded, in tbe mountainous country than iu the swamp districts. The cause of tliis, I believe,
is due to the fact that among tbe iuhabitants of the mountains a vigorous condition of health is
enjoyed, a higher tone of the nervous system exists, and a greater percentage of iron is present iu
the circulation, which circumstances give energy to inflammatory action. Typhoid fever made its
appearance in Southeast Missouri about ten years ago, since which time it has prevailed more or
less every year. During the last four years, it has increased in frequency and intensity. The causes
of this are, I think, to Im found in the habits of camp-life and the privations to which civil war
subjects a people, the wretched habitations, unwholesome food, and mental depression so com-
monly seen among the refugees at military posts and garrisoned towns of this State.

Erysipelas is frequently met with iu the mountainous district, generally assuming the erratic
or phlegmouic form, and is easy of cure; while, in the malarious or swsnnp district, at times it
appears as a malignant epidemic. The "black tongue" of New Madrid is a gangrenous form of
this disease, generally attacking the throat, and accompanied by typhoid symptoms, which prove
speedily fatal in a majority of cases. Hernia is of frequent occurrence, and is, in part at least,
owing to the occupations of the inhabitants, who, iu raising buildings, felling timber, rolling logs,
and performing other heavy work necessary to clear land and open mines in a new country, must
of necessity subject themselves to frequent strains.

Phthisis i)ulmonalis is more frequent in the mountains than along tlie marshes. It would seem
that-tbis and bilious affections are antagonistic diseases; that climate and locality, which favor the
one, tend to retard the development of the other; and that medicines beneficial iu the one are often
hurtful in the other.

Lead-colic, or mine-sickness, as it is called here by miners, is frequently met with about smelt-
ingestablishuients and the lead-mines, and is induced by careless handling and want of cleanliness
upon the part of the operatives. ' Ague and mild forms of bilious fever occur along the water-
courses in the mountainous districts during the mouths of August and September.

The undulating portion of this district is embraced in the counties of Saint Franyois, Madison,
Saiute Genevieve, Perry, Gape Girardeau, Bollinger, and Wayne. The lauds are in general pro-
ductive; the whole country well timbered ; the water of a good quality, but not so uniformly pure
and cold as in the mountainous country. With the exception of the lead and cobalt mines of Mad-
ison County, (which also yield nickel,) no mines are worked in the counties last named. Gold iu
small quantities is found near the Saint Franj'.ois River, in the county of Madison. Large beds of
black oxide of manganese and kaolin are Ibund in Bollinger and Perry Counties. With the excep-
tion of the Salt Springs of Perry County, (which have not been worked for many years,) I am not
aware of the existence of mineral water in the undulating portion of this district.

A large majority of the inhabitants are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and are intelligent
and respectable. Many German families have, withiu the last twenty years, emigrated to this dis-
trict, and a number of neighborhoods are almost w-hoUy made up of that class of citizens. The
diseases peculiar to this section of the district are similar to those of the mountainous counties,
with this difierence, that bilious diseases are more common, and phthisis less so ; remitting and
intermitting bilious fevers are common from July to October; dysentery, bilious diarrhoea, and
cholera infantum are more or less prevalent also.

During the hot season, if the winds prevail a day or two from the south, the malaria gen-
erated in the great swamp regions of Southeast Missouri is wafted to the higher country, and not
iinfrequeutly sickness is produced by causes which have been generated at <i great distance from
the locality where the effects are displayed. The malaria thus generated and brought by the south
winds becomes less pernicious to the health of the inhabitants iu a ratio with the distan(-e from
or elevation above the swamp country, until, at the distance of one hundred miles, or an elevation
of one thousand feet, its effects cease to be obser\ed.

During the winter-season, i>neumonia, rheumatism, catarrh, and other affections, induced by
vicissitude of climate and habits of exposure, are met with,' but are generally quite manageable.

The swamp portion of this congressional district is embraced in the counties of Scott, Jlissis-
sippi, New Madiid, Butler, Stoddard, Dunklin, and Pemiscot. In the county of Cape (Jirardeau,
and about six miles south of the city of that name, the nndiilating portion of this district is abruptly

SUIiGEONS' REPORTS MISSOUKI THIRD DISTRICT. 380

termiiuited by a range of limestone bliifFs nuining southwest. The face of these blufls bears evi-
dence of the action of water, and I am impressed witli the belief that the Mississi[)[)i liiver once
flowed at tlieir base. From this range of blutfs southward to the Gulf of Mexico is one almost
unbroken plain, lyiug west of the Mississippi River, widening as it extends south, and embracing
Eastern Arkansas and Western Louisiana. This entire country is driftfornuition of recent date,
and, to all appearances, at no remote period iu its geological history, was submerged by the waters
of the Gulf of Mexico.

In ISU, this country was convulsed by earthquakes, which sunk large tracts of land in Soutii-
east Missouri. The rivers Castor, Whitewater, and a number of large creeks, losing their channels,
si)read their waters over the suuken lands, producing the present swamp regions of Southeast Mis-
souri and Northeastern Arkansas.

The waters thus spread over the country are again collected below the swamps into New
Kiver, and through that channel, in part, tind their way to the Mississippi River. The suidven
laujjs are tilling up l)y yearly deposits made by the streams which have spread themselves over
their surface, and will, in time, become dry again. Large tracts of uniidiabited country now only
piesent a marshy api)earance during the wet season, and are clothed with exteiisive forests of
immense growth. Cypress, poplar, walnut, oak, and almost every other variety of timber peculiar
to rich lands in this latitude are produced, presenting a beautiful country of forests and rich [)ast
nres, where horses, cattle, and hogs flourish, almost without food or care from man.

This great swamp country is the haunt of wild animals, bands of guerrillas, and outlawed men ;
the latter for the last four yeai's have continually committed depredations upon the lives and ])rop-
erty of citizens, and waylaid and fired upon soldiers in camp and on the march. It is in these
swamps that malaria is generated; ague and bilious affections make yearly inroads upon the health
and constitutions of the inhabitants; enlarged spleens and dropsical atfections are common. Dur-
ing the winter-season, pneumonia is verj prevalent and fatal, reaching the stage of hei)atization in
an unusuallv short time.

The climate is fatal to children; cLolera iufantum, worms, ague, and pneumonia carry many off
in the first few years of childhood. The cause of many of the diseases peculiar to this country is the
miasma which is generated here, the swamps being wet and boggy in the winter, over which the
inhabitants hunt game and look after stock, and thereby expose themselves to cold and wet, which
induce pneumonia ; and when this disease is grafted upon old agues, or constitutions already injured
by the influence of climate, it is apt to prove fatal.

Parts of every county embraced in the swamp district are dry and susceptible of cultivation ;
the lands are exceedingly rich and productive. The inhabitants who gave their attention to agri-
cultural pursuits i)rior to the present war were prosperous and growing wealthy ; but the better
class have lett their homes, and many farms are now tenantless and in ruins. Persons living in
and on the margin of the swamps are generally idle, ignorant, and vicious, following hunting, and
giving but little time or labor to farming or improving the country; in many instances, they have
joined guerrilla bands, and have played the outlaw during the present rebellion.

Id conducting medical examinations with a view to military service, I have found developed
tuberculosis a cause for exemption iu more cases than any other disease, the ratio being seventy-
four in every thousand. Aside from hereditary predisposition, 1 am inclined to attribute its com-
mon occurrence to the sudden and frequent changes of temperature peculiar to this climate, the
humidity of the atmosphere, and the constant exposure of the inhabitants to the inclemency of
winter.

Hernia is also common ; the ratio of exemptions on account of it being, at this ofUce, forty-
three in the thousand, a still greater percentage being found among men over forty-five years of
age. Probably ten per cent, of all males over the age of twenty-one years are afflicted by this dis-
ease in some one of its forms ; its frequent occurrence is in part, as I have heretofore stated, owing
to the laborious occupations of the inhabitants.

I am impressed with the belief that the standard of physical capability for military service as
defined by paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-MarshalGeneral's Bureau, is in some par-
ticulars too low.

3i)0 SURGEONS REPORTS MISSOURI THIRD DISTRICT.

Tubercles to exempt must be developed, but wbeu tbey produce constitutional symptoms, or
physical signs which leave no doubt of their existence, tbey should disqualify from military service.

Total loss of either eye, I think, should also disqualify. I have almost invariably found vision
in the remaining eye more or less impaired, either from sympathy with the eye lost or overexer-
tion of the one remaining.

Loss of the index-linger does, I think, disqualify from military service as fully as does the loss
of the two last fingers of the same hand.

Much depends upon the ability of the troops to perform long and rapid marches, and to accom-
plish this the feet and legs must be capable of endurance ; the loss of any one toe, or the existence
of varicose veins in any considerable numbers, will, I think, on such marches compel the man to
drop out.

Carefully and correctly to examine men with a view to military service under the existing reg-
ulations governing the same, and to examine and sign the papers connected therewith, will require
at least ten minutes to each person. Fifty examiuations made per day by one surgeon is, in my
opinion, all that can be well done.

Feigning diseases was the fraud most commonly attempted to be practiced upon me by drafted
and enrolled men. Disease of the heart and kidneys and impaired vision and hearing were those
most commonly feigned.

In detecting feigned disease of the heart, I have been mainly governed by the physical signs
of that organ, and by the answers to interrogations which I made.

Diseases of the kidneys are more obscure, and to me moi'e difficult of diagnosis. In some cases,
I have been under the necessity of subjectiBg the urine to test before I could be fully satisfied that
uo imposition was being attempted.

When impaired vision is feigned, near-sightedness or amaurosis being most frequently claimed,
it is well to bear in mind the occupation of the person ; if a farmer can see to plow suudl corn or
shoot birds about his plantation, his sight is sufficient to do military duty. A carpenter who can
dress boards to a scribe can also see to shoot.

Persons feigning deafness generally wish themselves to be thought decidedly so, and for this
purpose when in the presence of the board of enrollment thrust their ear in the face of persons who
may address them. A little observation and tact will convince an observer that they understand
what is being said in another part of the room by persons conversing in a usual tone of voice.

Bribes are not unfrequently offered by drafted and enrolled men ; their prompt and positive
refusal, accompanied with a sharp rebuke, is the best and quickest way to get rid of this evil.

I have been at times beset by persons urging me to hear all the history of their past ill health,
to read letters from family-physicians and other ac(]uaintauces; parents sometimes come with their
sons when drafted, and mothers in particular at times give trouble by their importunity ; drafted
men of families sometimes urge with strong feelings the helpless condition of their family, and the
want and suffering which their absence inflicts. I think the best plan to meet all these difficulties
is to treat persons with uniform courtesy and respect, and to act with firmness without manifesting
impatience or harshness.

According to the medical record which I have kept while on duty at this place, it appears that
twenty i^er-ceut. more Germans than Americans in an equal number of each examined were held
to service; the Irish ranking next to, and almost equal with, the Germans.

The very small number examined at this office from other portions of Europe render it impos-
sible to deduce facts by institut ing a comparison. Probably the sui)eriority of that class of citizens
of foreign countries who have emigrated to this, the revulsive inflaence of sea-voyaging and change
of climate, may have had something to do in placing them higher in the scale of physical capability
than we find among the Americans, when observed en masse.

Tiie i)hysical capability of the colored race for military service is, in my opinion, good. This
circumstance, I believe, is in part owing to their recent condition of slavery, in which they were
required to observe ha))its of industry, frugality, and temperance; and whether these wholesome
restraints thus throw7i around tli« slave by his master were the dictates of avarice or of moral recti-
tude, tliey have had tlie effect of securing to the black race vigoi'ous constitutions and fair powers
of ))hysical endurance.

surgeons' reports MISSOURI FOURTH DISTRICT. 391

I am iini)resse(l with tbebelief that colored troops in cold cliuiates cannot endure tlie hard-
sbips of a winter campaign equally well with white men; but, in southern latitudes and malarious
districts, they will, I believe, endure more fatigue and enjoy better health than will wliite troops
similarly situated.

That portion of the enrollment-law which provides for a system of substitutes should, in my
opinion, be repealed, for the reason that in society it gives rise to business in the transaction of
which vice, crime, want, and ignorance of men are made subservient to its success. Ujjon the
Army it has the effect of lowering its morale and impaii'ing its efficieucy by smuggling into its
ranks the slaves of vice and the scum of society, to whom should not, in time of peril, be confided
the honor and safety of the country.

That portion of the enrollment-law which provided that drafted persons might pay a stipulated
amount as a commutation for military service was, I think, wise and judicious.

In my opinion, the enrollment-law should be so amended as to enable all persons, after being
drafted, to volunteer, with the same bounty and privileges as those entering the service under the
volunteer system. Many purely patriotic men have not volunteered on account of the strong claims
which they believed their families held upon them, and, when compelled to enter the service by
draft, they should be elevated to the same privileges as others; while now a stigma attaches to
drafted men, notwithstanding they arc in many instances drawn from the best circles in society,
and, as a class, in point of intelligence and moral worth compare favorably with volunteer troops.

Exemptions granted from military service under the provisions of section 2 of an act approved
March 3, 1863, are, I believe, just and humane, and should be again permitted.

In my sphere of action, it has been impossible for me to obsmve the whole bearing of the enroU-
ment-hirw in the intricacy of its working, and, consequently, I do not feel justified in suggesting
other amendments than those already named.

A system of volunteering to supply our Army is more compatible with the genius of our Gov-
ernment and spirit of our people than that of conscription, and, when the former can be made to
meet the wants of our country, should alone be resorted to. # # *

JAMES E. McCOEMICK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of Missouri.

Ironton, Mo., May 30, 18G5.

MISSOURI— FOIJETH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. Edwin Ebert.

• * * I have examined between twelve and fifteen hundred recruits, substitutes,

and enrolled men. I am proud to say that I never have had the opportunity of examining drafted
men, for the reason that the Fourth Congressional District of Missouri always furnished its quota,
and had a surplus besides.

It has been my experience that examining men for military service is anything but a pleasant
occupation, at least in this part of the country, whatever it may be elsewhere. A large majority of
those presented to me for examination were recruits from the southwest border of Missouri, the
Boston Mountains, and the wilds of Northern Arkansas; men who had lain in the brush from six
to eighteen months to avoid guerrillas and parties conscripting for the rebel service, during which
time they were badly clothed and fed, and suffered almost unendurable hardships, in consequence
of which, when they were presented for examination, nine-teuths of them were very nuich reduced,
their muscles soft, eyes dim, couq)lexion livid and countenance dejected, body filthy and fre(iueutly
covered with vermin. But, when served with a bath, suit of blue, and good diet, their physical
condition improved rapidly, and they invariably made good soldiers; for, having been driven from
their homes, they fought hard for revenge.

This district consists of twenty-one counties, situated in the southwest corner of the State.
The Ozark Mountains, a chain running southwest and northeast, divides the waters of tiie IMissouri
and Arkansas Rivers, those on the north being tributaries to the former, and those on the south
being tributaries to the latter. This i)oint, (Springfield, Greene County,) being nearly the center

392 surgeons' reports — Missouri — fourth district.

of tbe district, is situated at an altitude of about eleven hundred feet above that of Saint Louis,
and is considered the highest point between that city and the Eocky Mountains.

The eastern and southern portions of the district are hilly and generally well timbered. The
■western portion is princii)ally prairie, with some timber along the water-courses. The soil is fer-
tile; the sta[)le productions are oats, corn, wheat, and tobacco. Cattle, horses, and swine were
raised in great numbers previous to the rebellion. In the western portion, lead is found in great
;»bundance, and coal in considerable quantities. The climate is variable, but generally healthy.

The most prevalent diseases in this district are remittent and intermittent fevers, dysentery,
and diarrhcea, during the summer and autumn, caused by the miasm arising from luxuriant growth
of vegetation in the bottoms and along our streams. During winter and spring, typhoid fever,
pneumonia, and rheumatism are most prevalent, caused i)rinci[>ally by the changeableness of our
climate. ' •

The inhabitants are not noted for either industry, enterprise, or intelligence; the country
being settled mostly by emigrants from the border slave States, who, as modern improvements
advanced, kept moving westward, preferring .semi-civilization to civilization itself. Those who were
old settlers previous to the rebellion entertained an idea that the whole Southwest belonged to them,
that God had created it for their especial benefit, and a stranger was looked upon as an intruder,
l)articularly if lie hailed from a free State. Then he was looked upon with suspicion, and spoken of
as an Abolitionist. (I speak from experience, being myself a native of Pennsylvania.) Their mode
of life, as a rule, is very simple. Previous to the rebellion, a very large majority lived comfortably,
but not sumptuously ; their dwellings being generally the rude log-cabin, built from the unhewn log
as it came from the forest, located in some grove of trees, and convenient to one of the many si)rings
which are found over the greater portion of the district. Occupation, principally farming and
grazing.

In regard to the different sections in paragraph 85, 1 do not know that I would recouimeud any
changes; believing that, as they now exist, if properly studied and construed, there are ample pro-
visions uuder which enrolled and drafted men can be exempt.

As to the number that can be examined per day with accuracy, 1 would state that, if a surgeon
examines thirty men properly, he has done a full day's work.

The frauds and feigned diseases generally practiced by drafted and enrolled men I very for-
tunately did not have to contend with, for two reasons: first, there was no draft uuide in this
district; secondly, the enrolled men who presented themselves for examination were invariably very
plain cases either for or against exemption, and none appeared to be versed in the chicanery gen-
erally practiced by tiiat class of men who seek to avoid the duty of support and encouragement
which every man owes to his Government in time of war.

■ This district not having beeu cursed by those sharks and swindlers commonly caWqA substitute-
brolcers and bounty jumpers, I was not annoyed by them. The greatest trouble that I experienced
was in keeping boys uuder age out of the service, a large majority of the able-bodied men having
enlisted a-t an early period of the rebellion, (a large number against the Government.) A great
portion of this district, in 1862, 1863, and 186i, was overrun by guerrillas and bushwhackers, no
person being safe at home if but a short distance from a military post. Consequently, boys thirteen
and fourteen years of age would seek to enter the service for protection.

As to what nationality presents the greatest aptitude lor military service, I am not prepared
to give an opinion, my experience being so very limited. Not more than one in a hundred of those
presented to me for examination were of foreign birth.

My experience in examining colored men for military service has also been very limited, having
examined but a small number; and the negro in this State, as in Virginia, had beeu used prin-
cipally for propagating his race for the slave markets in the more Southern States, so that those
who did come under my notice were physically very far beneath the average of their race.

The euroUmentlaw, as it now exists, has never been put fully into operation in this district;
.we have never had to raise men by draft. The law worked well here as far as tested. My exi)eri
ence and observation teach me that, if the office of provost-marshal is filled by au intelligent,
efficient, and true man, the law will be a great instrument with which to uphold the Govcrnuu'nt.
In this district, the office was held by Capt. J. M. Kichardson, who was fully posted as to every-

surgeons' reports MISSOURI FIFTH DISTRICT. 31)3

thing Ibat was going ou^ and no conversation discouraging enlistment or volunteering was unre-
ported to bim, and pro[)er notice and action were always taken; and I am convinced that in times
of trial the Government of the United States will do well to enforce the enrollment-law by a(;tive,
iutelligeut, eflflcient, and true civilians. I cannot see that the law can be bettered by amendments.

EDWIN EBERT,
Surgeon Board of EiiroUment Fourth District of Missouri.
Springfield, Mo., Juli/ 13, 1865.

MISSOURI— FIFTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. J. R. Veeter.

* » * The number of substitutes and recruits examined and accepted 65

The number of drafted men examined and not exempted 85

The number of substitutes and recruits rejected . . 27

The number of drafted men exempted 119

The number of enrolled men exempted 128

The number of enrolled men not exempted 74

Total 498

The above was under the call of July 18, 1864. The second call, of April 10, 18G5, was stopped
by order of the Secretary of War.

The largest portion of the country in the fifth district can be called high, especially the prairie
])ortiou, which forms the greater part. Real swamps do not exist, except in the lowest bottoms
along the Moreau River. The main river is the Missouri, on the northwestern boundary; second
to it the Osage, having a northeastern cour>'e ; and the Moreau, being nearly parallel to the Osage,
a little river which is apt to rise in twenty-four hours for fifteen and twenty feet even, but to fall
as rai)idly as the rise occurred. The prevalent diseases are intermittent and bilious fevers, which
exist most in those parts of the country where new land has been broken. In respect to chronic
diseases, it would be difBcult to decide whether they have been acquired here or brought from other
parts.

1 cannot judge about the general character of the inhabitants, as the greatest portion of them
are emigrants from all parts of the United States, Ireland, Germany, and England, following their
own modes of life such as they have been used to live in their respective countries; the occupa-
tion of most of them is farming.

As to the prevalent diseases in nationalities, I will observe that the inhabitants of the Eastern
States suffer most from diseases of the organs of respiration ; ruptures are most common among
the Germans, and heart-disease among the English. * # *

My views in reference to the difi'erent sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-
Marshal-General's Bureau, are that they need hardly any change at all. Referring to tuberculosis,
though, I would most respectfully suggest that the paragraph mentions only "developed tubercu-
losis" as the cause of exemption and rejection. Many individuals are tuberculous, but the disease
is slumbering, and needs but a slight impulse to develop itself. It would, in my opinion, be better,
and would save the Government needless expense, if we were allowed to reject any man who labors
under tuberculosis. I admit that it is a difficult task for the surgeon to be correct in his diagnosis,
as it needs a physician well versed in the diseases of the respiration, experienced in auscultation
and percussion, and especially in pathology, for the purpose ; but if we proceed as we have done,
we have the responsibility on our minds that many a poor fellow, seemingly well, was put into a
regiment, and the very first night in camp without blanket and tent, caught a cold, as he terms it,
and from that moment feels that something is wrong — either he falls a victim to acute tuberculosis,
and dies in a short time, or he is lingering in hospitals for years, goes home, and death closes the
scene. Humanity gives us a right to demand a change, or an extension, of this paragraph. Every
surgeon in the field will support my suggestion ; as nearly every one underwent that sad experi-
ence. * « *
50

394 surgeons' keports — Missouri — eighth district.

By my method I was uot able to examine more tlian ticentij men a day.

Drafted men and enrolled men complained most of a " weak breast '" and rheumatism. I had in
some instances to use chloroform to ascertain that a pretended stiffness of either arm or leg' was
feigned. A little Irishman (drafted) walked around with a stiff knee, but forgot that he commenced
with the left knee, and after being under the iuflueuce of chloroform and told to march around
again lie was stiff in the right knee. After beinjj sworn in he confessed that he " wanted to i^lay a
trick on the surgeon." I believe that by letting the men know that examinations are conducted
very strictly, and that any fraud whatever will be detected, tliey will not be likely to nialce the
attempt.

Our population is more honest and simple-minded than those in large cities, whicli is the reason
why we have not so many tricks played upon us. Rebels generally procured a substitute. Itecruits
and substitutes when they found that they were rejected offered bribes. The law is not strict
enough in regard to this. It is an insult to an officer to be offered money to make him forget his
duty, oath, and honor; and it would be well in future to punish the briber more severely than the
bribed.

In regard to nationality, I think that the native-born American of the West is the most
suitable for military duties; his frame has been from childhood more exposed to the changes of
climate, and bis frugal way of living gives him a great advantage in enduring hardships in the
tield over any other nationality.

As to physical qualifications of the colored race, I would say that, leaving out the mal-
formation of the feet, the negro is better qualified tor military service than many whites. lie is
more used to subordination, as most of the race have been slaves, and will in this regard make always
a better soldier. Bodily, the negro is more strongly developed, and his lungs expand more freely.
His muscles are better developed also ; in short, the African race when pure and not mixed with
white blood is more capable of enduring hardships, especially in low swampy countries and in hot
climates, than the white race. ^ * *

J. E. VEETEK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Missouri.

Jefferson City, Mo., July 30, 1SG5.

MISSOURI— EIGHTH DISTRICT.'
E.itracts from rejwrt of Dk. Z. T. Knight.

In reply to the tirst interrogation, I can state that I examined about three thousand men, and
found about fifty per cent, of the number fit for service.

The general geograi)hical description of my district may be briefiy stated as follows : a high
rolling country, embracing the northeast corner of the State, and extending from the Mississippi
to the Missouri River; it is diversified iu prairie and timber, the former generally being on the
divides between the streams, and the land is sufficiently rolling to make it admirably adapted to
farming purposes, favorable to the health of the occupants, and with its rich soil well insuring a
large reward to the agriculturist, as well as producing all kinds of fruit. The timbered land is
mostly confined to the breaks and streams into which they lead, and is covered principally by
the different kinds of oak, walnut, elm, hickory, hackberrj", grape, &c.

The country is sparsely populated, with inhabitants from all the States of the Union and from
Europe; but a large majority are from the States of-Tennessce, Kentucky, and Virginia, many of
whom brought slaves with them, settled on large tracts of land, and adopted a loose and slovenly
manner of larming and cultivation, raising corn, wheat, hemj), tobacco, hogs, cattle, and mules,
and in many instances accumulated considerable wealth. There are no poor people ; every one with
industry being able to support himself and family in a comfortable manner.

After an experience of twenty-five years, I find the diseases of remittent and intermittent
fevers incident to early settlements of the West disappearing with the small log cabins iu which

. 'No reports roceivod from tlio sixth auil scvoutli districts.

surgeons' reports — MISSOURI — NINTH DISTRICT. 395

large familiet, were crowded aud confined. We now find some tendencies to disease of the lungs,
and others incident to civilization ; but tbere appears to be no disease that is endemic to this

locality.

In the whole course of my duty, and experience therefrom, 1 can state that the best nation-
ality for military service was found in the white males of the United States.

" It is deemed unnecessary at this time, since the war is over, to refer to the other matters of
inquiry, which were very pertinent at the time, but are now irrelevant ; and I will merely add, in
conclusion, that if anything of importance is omitted, it will afford me pleasure to furnish it when-
ever YOU require it. * * *

Z. T. KNIGHT,

Surgeon Board of Enrollment Eighth District of Missouri.
Canton, Mo., September 11, 1SG5.

MISSOUllI— NINTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Uk. C. F. Walden.

" # * * My experience in the examination of men for military service is limited.

I have been in the office as'surgeon of the board of enrollment of the NinL> District of the State of
Missouri since the 16th day of January, 18G5, since which time I have examined nineteen dialled
men, ten of whom were deserters from draft No. 3. Four of these were held to service; the other
six Ijeing discharged as fanflt. Nine were examined by me on the fourth or last draft. They were
all exempted. It is commonly the case for those that are disabled to report first. I have exam-
ined seventeen substitutes, thirteen of whom were put in the service; the other four were rejecte<l.
I have examined three hundred and sixty-two enrolled men, all of whom were exempted excepting
twenty ; making all the men examined four hundred and five.

I am too little acquainted with the district to give anything like a correct description of it. It
is situated immediately between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. It is in the shape of the letter
V, and every county of the district but two is bounded on one or the other of its sides by one or
the other of these rivers. Cuvre River runs through nearly the whole of the district. There are
also several large creeks in the diiferent counties.

The lace of the country is undulating, and abounds with fine timber on the rivers and other
streams ; the high laud is prairie. The diseases most prevalent are intermittent, remittent, inflani-
matory, and typhoid fevers, with all other diseases peculiar to the West, or the valley of the Mis-
sissippi, or, indeed, to the older States.

The chief causes of disease are to be found in the changeableness of the climate and the decay
of vegetation caused by the overflowing of the rivers aud creeks in the months of May aud June.
This overflow takes place annually in one or the other of these months. The inhabitants are gen
erally industrious farmers, mechanics, laborers, &c.

So far as my experience extends, hernia has disqualified more per thousand than any other
disease or disability. The cause of this disability is too well known for me to attemi.t to say any-
thing about it. * * *

I do not recommend any change, believing that, although frauds may exist, yet, with a proper
construction and understanding of the list as now given in paragraph 85, Provost-Marshal-Gen-
eral's Bureau, all drafted and enrolled men who are really unfit for military service can be exempted
in accordance with its provisions. * ♦ *

I think that irom fifty to sixty meil are as many as can be examined with accuracy per day.
The frauds most to be guarded against are pretended diseases of the lungs and kidneys aud
rheumatism, which attempts are easily detected. Substitutes and recruits always aim to hide all
such diseases or other defects, avowing all the time that nothing is the matter with them. I know
of no suggestion to make to avoid the difficulties.

My experience .suggests the Ameri(-ans first and the Irish next in order of military capacity.

396 surgeons' reports — oiiio — thiru district.

My experience is too limited for lue to express an oiiiiiiou on tbe subject, but I cannot see why
negroes should not make as good soldiers as any other race.

I am not well enough acquainted with the oiieratiou of the enrollment law to say anything
about it, but would suggest that all men be included iu the law from eighteen years old to forty-five.

C. F. WALDEN,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Ninth District of Missouri.

Saint Charles, Mo., May 29, 18G5.

OHIO— THIKD DISTRICT.'
Extracts from report of Dr. W. L. Schenck.

• # * Since aiy present appointment, 1 have examined about four thousand

recruits and substitutes, three hundred drafted men, and three thousand enrolled men ; total, seven
thousand three hundred.

The Third Congressional District of Ohio is composed of the counties of Montgomery, Butler,
Warren, and Preble. It is situated in the valleys of the Miami Kivers, and for fertility of soil is
not excelled by any equal area of land iu the United States. Its diseases are those incident to its
alluvial soil and climatic changes, though the malarious fevers so common during the first settle-
ment of the country are now comparatively rare, and are replaced by the atonic fevers which mark
the age. We have our full share of inflammatory diseases, dependent on our sudden clianges of
temperature, and of the physical ills consequent upon our numerous breweries and still-houses.
The chief occupation of tbe people of the district is cultivating the soil ; but, like all rich agricul-
tural districts, it is thickly dotted over with villages and cities, in which flourish the professions,
arts, and manufactures, giving it a fair distribution of the various vocations of life. Its citizens
are generally industrious, intelligent, and patriotic, though Montgomery County has her Vallan-
digham, and Butler her snake-bitten miscreants, who resolved to resist the draft, and straightway
concealed themselves behind some fellow-citizens of African descent.

Bv far the most common cause for exemption from enrollment, discharge from draft, and rejec-
tion of recruits has been hernia. The reasons why it has disqualitied so large a number are of so
general a nature that they scarce require comment. Whilst the imperfect development of the poor
and squalid inhabitants of crowded cities and the wasted and flaccid muscles of the consumptive are
usually considered the predisposing, and their severe labors and straining coughs the exciting,
causes of this disea.se, iu this district neither of these have existed to any considerable extent, nor
have the cases been confined to any nation, class, or A'ocation. The next most common cause has
been varix. Under paragraph 85, only varicocele of the lower extremities has warranted exemp-
tion, though I have rejected many recruits for circocele ; and it is surprising how many young men
have that form of the disease. I think about onethird of all the recruits examined have had more
or less enlargement of the spermatic veins, and I am convinced that the growing moral and phys-
ical sin of self pollution is a common cause of this form of varix.

Of all the causes for rejection of recruits, imperfect development has been greatly in excess.
Those thus rejected have usually claimed they were lull eighteen years of age, though I am satisfied
such was rarely the case. They were generally induced to present themselves with a lie in their
mouths by unprincipled brokers and recruiting committees, who found in their inexperience lit sub-
jects for their cupidity, or a cheap means of clearing the quotas of their townships, and there was
no risk to thetn whether the recruits were accepted or rejected.

In my examinations, I have observed an unusual amount of eruptive diseases, almost enough
to warrant the assertion of Hahnemann, (/' t]iere was any philosophy in it, that " psora is the only real
fundamental cause and producer of all the numerous, I may say innumerable, forms of disease."
(Organon, p. 183.) But is this eruption, so frequently noticed, psora ? Some physicians, I believe,
are calling it "army-itch," and deciding it is it(;h, but different from scabies, because in many cases
they find no acari, and fail to cure it with sulphur. The name, 1 imagine, comes from a too com-
mon practi(!e of adopting popular names for diseases without sufficient care in diagnosing and

' No roports were reteivod from tbe tirst iind second districts.

SUEGEONS RKPOK'TS OHIO — TIIIKU UISTKICT. 397

classifyinj? tbera. A huge number of tlio cases wliicb liave fallen niuler my observation weie
simply scabies, of which, for several years, we have bad in this district a full share, and, tlionyh
irequeiitly exteDsive and aggravated, I am well satisfied would have yielded to sidphnj- and soap.
Another large class, confined chiefly to those who bad been witli the Army, tbougii often conii)!i-
cated with psora, arose principally from debility, and the gastro-intestinal diseases so common in
camp and hospital reverted to the surface, aggiavated by vermin and scratching, and usually
consisted of varieties of ekzema, erythema, and lichen ; the former occurring among soldiers just as
it has been observed for years among the emigrants from Europe who have suflered from iiui)r()pir
and perhaps insufficient food, uncleanliness, and vermin, and wbicii cases have often closely sim-
ulated scabies. Whilst the causes existing in every army are sufficient to produce ah increased
amount of the various eruptive diseases, it would seem impossible that any should escape who
have been kept for months .and yeais on the miserable diet and in the more miserable filth of
those accursed hells in which the demons of this rebellion have confined so many of our prison-
ers. To call these diseases " army-itch," and hope to cure them with sulphur-unguents, is of course
unpardonable.

Tliere are a few sections in paragragh 85, Revised Regulations, in which I would recommend
changes. Section 5 reads, " Organic diseases of internal organs which have so seriovsly impaired
the general health as to leave no doubt of bis incajiacity for military duty, and which prevent his
performing any equally laborious occupation in civil life." The very slight change of the copulative
and to the disjunctive or would cover important cases for which provision is not elsewhere made.
As it reads now, the latter clause adds nothing but toords to the paragraph, for certainly any one
whose (/cntTrt? health is so seriously imitaired as to leave no doubt of bis incapacity for performing
military service, is incapable of performing any equally laborious duty elsewhere; but it is by no
means evident that ha whose general health is not manifestly impaired is always capable of per-
forming either military or other labor. The general liealth may be good, and yet disease of internal
organs exist to such an extent as to prevent the ]>erformance of any labor. There may be asthma,
emphysema of the lungs, or valvular disea.se of the heart, to such an extent as to forbid all violent
exercise, and yet, with proper prudence, the nutritive lunctions acting bealtblully, the general
health may be pood. These diseases are too easy of diagnosis to be mistaken, and totally disqualify
their subjects for the performance of military duty ; yet they cannot be exempted by this section
as it now stands, and if exempted under section 9, wLicb is made to cover all the ground of this,
then section 5 might be stricken out. Under section 11, rheumatism can only exempt when jnani-
fested by positive changes of structure. Certainly there are rheumatic patients in whom such
change does not exist, who are wholly unfit for the service. The strong rheumatic idiosyncrasy,
being properly substantiated by reliable medical testimony, should, in my judgment, exempt.

The change in section 23 is not an improvement. How can a man live on the diet of a soldier
who has lost all bis teeth except a right canine above and a left below '! As this section now stands,
if drafted, such persons must be mustered into the .service. Men applying for exemption have only
been examined in reference to the particular disability of which they have comi)laiued.

Recruits, substitutes, and drafted men have always been examined naked. When prepared,
they were required to walk, hop, jump, and run across the room, and were then minutely inspected
from hea<l to foot, their height and measurements of ehest at inspiration and expiration being also
taken. To thus examine a recruit will require full five minutes, and a drafted man will occupy
twice that time, so that from Jifty to one hundred men may be considered as many as can be exam-
ined with accuracy per day. # » *

In examining the applicants for exemjitiou in this district, though but a small proi)ortion of
its citizens are foreigners, I find little more than half the applicants were Americans. In examin-
ing drafted men 1 have scarcely met with a foreigner who, if he told the truth, was in good health,
evidencing to me that the foreign population lack to a iar greater extent than the natives that
nervous constitution which is more essential to the fortitude and endurance of the soldier than any-
thing else. If we rely oidy upon measurements, other nations may excel ; but if we throw into the
balance that most important of the physical systems — the nervous — then Americans possess the
greatest physical aptitude.

398 surgeons' reports — ohio — fourth district.

My experience in the examination of colored recruits is that, if they have a stomach for fight-
ing— a proper nervous constitution — they have an abundance of lung, bone, and muscle. » * *

W. L. SGHENGK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Third District of Ohio.
Dayton, Ohio, May 20, 1865.

OHIO— FOURTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of De. I. Fisler.

As nearly as can be ascertained, the number of men that have been examined in this district
is as follows :

Recruits and substitutes ". . , . 2, 455

Drafted men 1, 013

Enrolled men 1, 650

Total 5,118

This district lies in the western part of the State, and consists of the counties of Champaign,
Darke, Logan, Miami, and Shelby.

Cliampaign County is situated in the eastern part of the district. The surface is generally
level, but in some places it is rolling, and in others quite hilly, while a twentieth pait is wet prairie,
well adapted to grazing. The uplands are heavily timbered with white oak, burr-oak, beech, sugar,
walnut, poplar, hickory, &c. The soil is very productive, producing wheat, corn, oats, barley, and
hay in abundance. Mad River and its tributaries water the county.

Darke County is situated in the western part of the State. The surface is generally level,
with some prairie, and the soil is exceedingly fertile. Heavy timber gi'ows spontaneously, and
walnut, sugar, beech, and hickory trees everywhere abound. It is watered by Stillwater and
Greenville Creeks.

Logan County is situated north of Champaign County. The surface is generally level, though
broken in some i)laces; the soil varied, but uniformly fertile. It is watered by the Miami River
and its tributaries. In the western part are eight lakes, each covering from two to seventy acres.
The county is heavily timbered, and much of it unimproved.

Miami County lies west and southwest of Champaign County, and is watered by the Miami
River and its branches. On the east of the Miami the surface is rolling, on the west level ; and
in both portions the soil is very fertile. Excellent limestone abounds throughout the county. This
is one of the richest agricultural counties in the State.

Shelby County is situated north of Miami County. The surface is varied ; the southern moiety
undulating and somewhat hilly. The northern part is a high, flat table-land, and forms a part of
Loraine Summit, nearly four hundred feet above Lake Erie. The soil is fertile, and is adapted to
all kiiuls of agricultural productions.

Prevailing diseases, and causes condticive thereto. — It can hardly be said that we have any pre-
vailing diseases in this district. Occasionally, in the fall, a few sporadic cases of the autumnal fever
peculiar to the interior valley of the Mississippi occur, but seldom in an epidemic form. Malaria
arises from dead and decomposing organic matter. The soil of every habitable part of the district
has resting on its surface a layer of dead and decomposing matter of this kind, abundant in pro-
portion to its fertility and its favorable exposure to rains and the heat of the sun, or to that condi-
tion which cherishes the growth of animals and vegetables.

Hernia. — The ratio per thousand on account of this disability has been greater than any other
in this district. The greater part of the district being a heavily-timbered country, still in process
of being cleared and opened up, the inhabitants generally are occujiied in agriculture, and in clearing
their lands necessarily do a great deal of heavy lifting at log-rollings, &c., consequently a very great
number of the men become subject to rupture in its various forms and degrees. All of these men
by the regulations are disqualitied ; but two-thirds of them are still really and truly able to do more
hard labor than many who have served their country for the last four years.

surgeons' reports OHIO FIFTH IjISTRICT. 399

I woulil not advise ii change in the list of diseases and intirniities as given in paragraph 85,
Revised Kegidatious Provost-Marshal-Geueral's Bureau, as I believe that, with a proi)er construc-
tion and understanding of them, all drafted men who are really unfit for military service can be
exempted in accordance with its jjrovisions. * * *

From seventy-Jive to one hundred men can by vigorous effort be examined with accuracy in a
day.

I have had but little diflflculty with drafted men through feigned or exaggerated disease or
disability. Some did pretend to be deaf, to have diseased lungs, lame back, rheumatism, disease
of heart, &c., but were easily detected.

I could not lay down any fixed rule for diagnosing simulated disease. The surgeon must use
his own judgment and ijowers of observation, and his peculiar tact, or instinct, to detect it.

Substitutes and recruits. — With these I have no difficulty, as I make it a rule to accept none
but such as are without blemish. Those coming before me having any i)hysical discpialiflcatlon
never made any attempt to conceal it that I am aware of; on the contrary, appeared honestly to
be unaware of having any disability existing.

The native-born citizens of the United States present the greatest physical aptitude for mili-
tary service. Their stature being generally medium or above, their chest well formed and capa-
cious, limbs muscular, and possessing a generally perfect condition of the organs of sense, there
was thus indicated a just proportion between the trunk and different members of the body.

The average perfection of physical qualilicatious of the colored men examined bj' me at this
office, I think, surpasses all otht^rs.

I would suggest but one change in the enrollment-law as it now exists, viz:

Upon a call made and assignment of quotas under the call, the percentage in any given sub-
district being ascertained, (say one in ten,) the number of citizens required to furnish one recruit
should be permitted to furnish that recruit, and the board authorized to record their names and
remove their cards from the box /or that call.

I am satisfied if this change was made all calls would be filled without draft ; that prices would
be less by one-half; and that bounty -jumping would be at an end.

1. FISLEE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourth District oj Ohio.

Ukbana, Ohio, June 8, 18G5.

OHIO— FIFTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. C. I. Neff.

* * # J have held the position of surgeon of this board since its organization, in

May, 18t!3. During this period, I have examined about fifteen thousand men, including recruits,
substitutes, drafted, and enrolled men.

The Filth Congressional District of Ohio is composed of the counties of Van Wert, Mercer,
Auglaize, Allen, Hancock, Hardin, and Wyandot. The surface of the country is generally level,
and, with the exception of Wyandot County, is heavily timbered. The soil is generally a black
loam.

The prevailing diseases are malarious. Rheumatism and erysipelas also prevail to a consider-
able extent. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agricultural pursuits, are industrious, sober,
simple iu their habits, and, as a consequence, thrifty.

As the result of numerous long and severe attacks of remittent and intermittent fevers, there
are many cases of chronic hepatitis, siilenitis, &c. It will also be .seen from my final report that
organic disease of the heart is very common. I have taken great pains to trace this disease to its
origin, and find that very many cases are caused undoubtedly by erysipelas. This disease has pre-
vailed in a portion of this district as an e[)idemic, especially in Hancock County. There are also
many cases directly traceable to the immense labor, the lifting and straining necessary to clearing
the heavilvtinil)ei(Mt lands.

400 surgeons' reports — ohio — fifth district.

Varicose veius and hernia have also been fruitful sources of exemption. The prevalence of
these are undoubtedly to be accounted for from the same cause.

There are but one or two sections of paragraph 85 as to which I have any modifications to
suggest.

Scclion 3. — In very many cases, it is absolutely impossible for the persons suffering from epi-
lepsy to procure the evidence required by the rule. This is almost invariably true in cases of long
standing. After the malady has become confirmed, the patient usually abandons all hope of relief.
He concludes that the ])rofession has exhausted its skill, and that the only result of continued pro-
ff ssional attendance will be " a doctor's bill to pay," without any benefit to himself. Hence there
•were many cases, and honafide ones too, where physicians had not been in attendance for years,
and, of course, no such certificate as that required by the rule could be obtained. 1 am thoroughly
satisfied that this provision ought to be so modified as to permit the evidence of two or three
disinterested neighbors being received as to the fact of the existence of the disease. Such testimony,
coupled with a thoiough examination by an intelligent and conscientious physician, would, I believe,
be just both to the Government and citizen.

Section '20. — I would respectfully suggest that this section also be modified. 1 am satisfied that
many men have been held to service who were unable to properly masticate their food. The rule,
however, was so abnulutc, that I did not feel authorized to direct their discharge. I am aware that
surgeons are liable to abuse their discretion; but I suggest that, if they were allowed more iu cases
of this character, the service would be benefited thereby. * . * *

With two rooms, (one for dressing,) a surgeon can, if he has a clerk to keep his records, exam-
ine one hundred men per day. I did not, however, average more than seventy, even when busy from
early mornitg until evening. I had but one room, and was compelled to wait for the men to dress
and undress.

Malingering among drafted and enrolled men applying for exemptions was almost universal.
Ninety -five jier cent, of tiie drafted men claimed exemption on account of some physical defect.
The v^'pine was usually the seat of these imaginary defects. It was not unusual for men to produce
affidavits of their friends, confirming their own statements, that, in conseijueuce of a "lame back"
or a "pain in the side," they had not been able to do any labor for a period varying from one
to five years. On examining their hands, they v^ould be found to be hard and calloused to such an
extent as to prove the statements to be absolutely false.

Deafness was the disability most frequently assumed, and its detection was the easiest. I
generally appeared to have no doubt of the fact, but pretended to find some other defect that would
exemi)t them, and would then converse with them in a low tone of voice, as if I did not want the
clerk to overhear. If the deafness did not exist, he was soon thrown oft his guard, and his
attempted fraud thus easily exposed.

To iUustrate one of the means by which both recruits and substitutes may have passed suc-
cessful examinations when they sliould probably have been rejected, I will mention a circumstance
which occurred at this office. A recruit was rejected by reason of inguinal hernia; the next day a
veteran, (at home on furlough,) of about the same size, presented himself iu citizen's clothes, was
examined, imd i)assed under the other'' s name. After the i)a])ers were properly signed by me, they
■were passed over by the confederate to tlie man who had been rejected. The latter went into the
provost-marshal's room and was mustered in. After he had been forwarded to his regiment, he
wrote to me, telling the joki', as he called it. I then adopted a rule requiring all recruits and sub-
stitutes to bring their papers iu with them, and, if accepted, the description was entered upon
them, and they were signed iu my room.

Another fraud that has been perpetrated at this office is that of procuring forged " parents'
consent." In a iew cases, minors have forged, or proc-ured the forgery of, their parents' consent;
and iu a number of cases they have deliberately and falsely sworn as to their age.

In regard to the nationality which presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service,
I think our own native-born citizens, without doubt, possess the best physical qualities, as far as
the experience of this otlice lias extended.

I have not had data sufficient upon which to base a definite opinion as to the physical qualifi-

SURGEOJVS ItEPOKTS OHIO SIXTH DISTRICT. 401

cations of the colored race for military service^ as but few of this class have presented themselves
for examination at Ihis office. 1 am convinced, however, from what knowledge 1 have of them, that
the colored men who are born aud reared in northern latitudes are more subject to strumous dis-
ease than the white race in the same regions, while those born and reared in tiie southern country
are uniformly of good physique.

There is, in my opinion, one very important defect in the enrollment-law. Persons from eighteen
to fortyfice years of age should be made liable. My experience convinces me that as good soldiers
as any that have been furnished to the Army from this district have been between the ages of
eighteen ami twenty. I would establish a standard for those under twenty-one ; for instance,
reject all those who do not present a good physique, measure thirty inches around the chest at
expiratioti, show a height of at least five feet four inches, a weight of one hundred and twenty five
pounds, aud an expansion of chest of three inches.

Hundreds of young men in this district were exempt from the operations of the euroUmeut-law
who were by all- odds better able to discharge the duties of a soldier than thousands who ivere
liable. Another consideration is, that persons of this age usually have no family to care for, aud
hence can go with less inconvenience than their elders.

C. I. NEFF,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Ohio.

Lima, Ohio, June 8, 1865.

OHIO— SIXTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. David Noble.

* * * The number of men examined by me for military service and for the pur-

pose of exemption, as nearly as can be ascertained, is four thousand five hundred. A very large
number of these, especially those who wished to be exempted, were able bodied; about twenty per
cent, of those claiming exemption were stricken from the rolls ; and about fifteen per cent, of those
offering themselves as recruits and substitutes were rejected. Soldiers discharged on account of
physical disability swell the amount of rejections considerably.

The district is composed of the counties of Highland, Brown, Clermont, Clinton, and Fayette,
and contains about four thousand five hundred and fifty square miles. The Ohio River bounds the
counties of Clermont and Brown on the south. Highland, Clinton, and Fayette Counties are situ-
ated north of the aloresaid counties. The principal streams are the Little Miami, Paint, White
Oak, and Bullskin; the first named being designated with the name of river, while the others are
denominated creeks.

Highland County, as its name indicates, is very uneven and hilly, although it cannot be said
to be mountainous, aud is considered the most elevated i)ortion of land in the State. The laud on
which the county seat is built is one hundred and thirty-four feet higher than the base of the
foundation of the State-house at Columbus.

Three miles from this place (Hillsborough) is a farm-house, the water dripping from the eaves
of which during a shower contributes to swell the waters of the Little Miami and the Scioto Rivers ;
the one emptying into the Ohio River at Portsmouth, Ohio, the other at Cincinnati, Ohio, two hun-
dred miles apart at their mouths. The soil is clayey, with the exception of the lowlands (bottoms)
bordering on the large streams, which are alluvial. Brown and Clerujont Counties may be included
iu what is .said of Highland in relation to surface aud soil.

Fayette and Clinton Counties are more level, and are moie fertile; the soil of tiie former
being loamy, the latter clayey. In Fayette, there is a large extent of lauds called by the inhabitants
"barrens," which is entirely destitute of forest-trees, resembling prairies in the West, but is dif
fereut from what its name would indicate, since, under a proper system of drainage and cultivation,
they are very fertile.

Diseases. — In this county, (Fayette,) intermittents are very prevalent during the fall months;
the patients frequently continuing to have the chills during the winter months ; the caus(> evidently
51

■Uy2 surgeons' reports OHIO SIXTH UISTItlCT.

being mnrsb miasmata. The tertian and quartan type ot the disease is the most prevalent during
the winter mouths. Occasionally, cases of ague are found on the streams, although it yields
very readily to treatment; however, in the early history of this disease — say twenty-five years
ago — the inhabitants of the lowlands bordering on tiie large streams were subject to intermittent
fever during the fall and winter mouths, aud the disease often proved fatal to the people residing
near the Little IVIianii River. The cause, no doubt, was the effluvia arising from the stagnant
water, caused by the falling of trees, which obstructed the free flow of the current; of late years,
since the lands are nearly all cleared of their timber, few cases occur.

Typhoid fever is also very prevalent in this district, and is contined to no particular locality;
it is not so fatal as it was some twenty years ago. When it llrst made its appearance here, twenty
l)er cent, of all those attacked died. Of late years, the disease is mihler, aud is not so fatal. Milk-
sickness prevails in several localities iu Fayette and Clermont Counties, though no satisfactory
explanation of the cause has ever been given. It evidently results from some plant that is eaten
by the milch-cows during the months of June, July, and August. At other times, the milk may be
used with impunity. The type of all our fevers is asthenic. The most successful course of treat-
ment is tonic and stimulant; mercurials are but little used. Remittent fever is not so frequent or
so fatal as it was, say twenty years ago; at tiiat time, mercurials, cathartics, alteratives, vesication,
and venesection characterized the treatment of this malady by every regular practitfoner. But
calomel, tartar emetic, and the lancet are fast becoming obsolete iu the treatment of our fevers at
this time. At the time mentioned, (twenty years ago,) irregular practitioners — botanies et id genus
omne — were very unsuccessful from the sthenic character of the disease; their tonic and stimu-
lating course aggravating rather than alleviating the symptoms. Diphtheria is now a very ])reva-
lent disease iu this district. It first made its a|)pearance in this county, and I might add district,
ten years since. It is very fatal iu some localities; all the younger members of some families being
alfected with it. Sometimes adults are attacked with tlie disease, and it generally ])roves fatal in
such ca.ses. No satisfactory cause can be given for the prevalence and advent of this disease.
Temperature and season have no appreciable iutiuence ui^on its course. Phthisis pulmonalis and
scrofula prevail to a greater extent here than in the prairies of the West. I have never heard any
satisfactory reason assigned for the circumstance. We have all the varieties of scailatina here ; the
malignant form prevailing to a greater extent in the vicinity of the large streams of water. It is
endemic in these localities, and often occnra sporadically. Remote from the watercourses, it is not
so fatal.

Inhabitants. — The people of the district are principally farmers, and composed of different
nationalities, Irish, French, German, English, and Scotch. The natives are generally Virginians
or their descendants, are an industrious, frugal, and (before the war) a jieaceable people. No large
manufacturing establishments are found in this district. All the cereals are raised in abundance,
aud large quantities of wine are manufactured iu the southern part of Brown County, the soil of
which is well adapted to the successful cultivation of the grape.

Causes of exemptions. — So many exemptions occurring under paragraph 85, sections 31 and 32,
may be attributed to wounds received in felling the trees of the forest; this country being heavily
timbered and comparatively new. The greater ratio per thousand exempted under section 9 may
be accounted for from the fact that functional diseases of the liver, heart, kidneys, and pancreas
are common here. A general cachectic condition of the system, produced either from unwholesome
food or solitary vice, producing muscular tenuity, anaemia, lack of physical power, are all embraced
under that section, (No. 9.)

Paragraph 85. — Taking in^o consideration the difiSculty of meeting all the different phases of
disease that would disqualify a man for military service, and tlie liability which too lax a rule would
present for abuse, I do not know that I can offer anything amendatory to paragraph 85, combining
it with i)aragrai)h 95, Revised Regulations. I would, however, except sections G and 9 of said
paragraph. For example, two enrolled men present themselves belbre the board for examination,
the one for exemption, tlie other to enter the service or be accepted. Both have a tendeucy to
hereditary phthisis, although the disease has not developed itself. Under ])aragraph 85, section 6,
you could not exempt the one, and it would be doing injustice to the .service to accept the other.

I

surgeons' reports OHIO SIXTH DISTRICT. 40.'T

Again, it is not unusual to find men wbo present tlieniselves for exemption and acceptance as
recruits who have no positive disease. Bad air and unwholesome food have produced a general
cachectic condition of the system with flaccidity of muscle; the abdominal walls are in close prox-
imity to the vertebrae, and the assimilative functions are feeble. They cannot be exempted under par-
agraph 83, section 0, nor can they be accepted as recruits. " Decided feeble constitution" are the only
words that fully express their condition. The first part of the sentence iu section 13, paragraph 95,
will meet the case; but the nomenclature will not be ada]>ted to paragraph 85, section 9. Obesity
and nearsightedness should be cause for exemption, especially when the cases are extreme; and
the regulations might be amended by qualifying, as in the case of varicose veins, haemor-
rhoids, &c. * # #

Eighty men are as many as can be examined thoroughly and the proper record made each
day. As a matter of course, by extending the time beyond the usual hours, the number could be
increased.

The frauds that are most frequently practiced by enrolled men seeking exemption, and by
drafted men, are the placing of irritating substances in the eyes and feigning ojjhthalmia, or by
extracting the teeth. The first can be delected by the character of the inflamed surface after ask-
ing the duration of the disease; the second by the alveolar i)rocess not being absorbed. A man
presented himself before the board for exemption on account of loss of teeth ; on being asked how
long they had been out, he said " two weeks ;" and, thrusting his hand down to the bottom of a long
pocket in his jeans pantaloons, exhibited twelve sound teeth that had been recently extracted, thus
settling the question that a man may stand the steel, but fear the powder and lead. * * *

The late rule adopted by the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau requiring surgeons of boards
to forward monthly reports with appropriate remarks, would in a great measure dispense with
reexaminations, provided that, in addition to the other descriptions we now give, we were to
give the tceight of each man accepted or rejected. The chief medical officer at Washington could
form some idea of the capability of the examiner as also of the quality of the recruit. * » *

The best physically developed men I have examined in this district are of Oeltic origin. Per-
haps my experience here is not a fair test, as quite a number of foreigners presented themselves as
substitutes, and claimed to come from Ireland or Canada very lately. As a general thing, they
were men who led a kind of peripatetic life, attached to circuses and other traveling exhibitions.
A great many could perform acrobatic feats, in which they would rival the best performers attached
to any circus. But, for good fighting material, 1 think the Western Americans can excel any
nationality. The cause may be found in their early habit of handling a gun, their unerring aim
bringing down a squirrel from the loftiest tree. Nor is this opinion based upon any precon-
ceived notion as to my particular locality, being a foreigner myself, but from actual observation on
the battle field ; having served during the years 1862 and 1863 as surgeon to an Ohio regiment
in active field service. Their occupation, being principally farming, has a tendency to develop their
physical system, and pure air and healthy invigorating exercise render them eai)able of enduring
hard and fatiguing marches.

The pure-blooded African is every way physically equiil to the European; and, when a free
man from the North, or even a contraband from the South — if a house-servant, and intelligent, and
not brutalized by the lash of a hard overseer or master — from his imitative qualities, would, I
presume, be readily taught the manual of arms. Negroes are easily molded to the will of their
superiors when well treated, and as subordination and discipline are the qualities that characterize
the true soldier, I would venture the opinion that they are inferior to no other as common soldiers,
and are emine'ntly well fitted for military service. Their mixture with the white race deteriorates
very much from tbeir physical development. * * •

DAVID NOBLE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Sixth District of Ohio.

Hlllsborough, Ohio, May 31, 1865.

404 surgeons' eepoets — ohio — seventh district.

OHIO— SEVENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. M. LeiIen.

* * * I have made the following number of examinations:

Recruits and substitutes — - •. 7, 000

Drafted men . 650

Enrolled men - G, 000

Total : 13, 650

As many of these enrolled men have been examined twice, the number is, therefore, conse
quently great. As near as can be estimated, about sixteen hundred have been examined the
second time. This is also the case with the exemptions. Many having been re enrolled by the
eurollingofiQcers and committees, they have been a second time exempted for physical disability.

The Seventh Congressional District of Ohia is composed of the counties of Franklin, Madison,
Greene, and Clark, and is situated near the center of the State; Franklin County occupying the
central portion, Madison, Greene, and Clark Counties joining, and extending in a westward and
southwestwardly direction. It lies in latitude forty degrees north and longitude six degrees west
from Washington, D. C. Its population, according to the census of 18G0, numbered one hundred
and fourteeu thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, and it contains one thousand seven
hundred and fourteen square miles.

The surface of the county of Frankliu is level and densely wooded; that of Madison and Clark
Counties partly rolling and partly level, having considerable prairie land; while that of Greene
County is still more rolling and somewhat hilly. The district has running through it, besides their
numerous tributaries, the Scioto, Mad, Little Miami, and Darby Rivers. The soil is fertile, and is
not excelled by any other district in the State for its staple productions — wheat, corn, and hay. Its
inhabitants are largely native-born; there being only about six and three-fourths per ecu.", of
foreign birth. Columbus, the capital of the State, is located in Franklin County, and contains
some thirty thousand inhabitants.

Springfield is situated in Clark County, and contains about ten thousand inhabitants. Xenia
City, in Greene County, has a population of seven thjousand. London, the county-seat of Madison
County, the largest town in the district, contaius about two thousand inhabitants. There are also
many important villages in the district. Nearly all the manufacturing which is done is carried
on in the cities above spoken of, while the district at large may be considered one of stock-raising
and agricultural pursuits.

In regard to the reasons why any particular disease or disability has disqualified for military
service a greater ratio than any other disease, I would state that uo particular cause or influence
exists at the present time in this district making it in any way remarkable. In former times,
when the country was new, its inhabitants suffered extensively from malarial and typhoid fevers,
especially along the bottom-lands of the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers; but, since drainage and
cultivation have removed the thousand stagnant waters and boggy flats, this cause of disease has
remarkably abated within the last fifteen or twenty years. In respect to the general health of its
inhabitants, 1 have good reason to believe it will compare favorably with any other district in the
State.

lu reference to the different sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, I have only to remark that very little amendment can be advantageously made-
With but one or two exceptions, the complctoicss, fairnesfi, and (qrpUcahility of each and every sec-
tion strike us as being as near perfect as can be devised. So far as our experience extends, it has
in nearly all instances given entire satisfaction to the people.

I would, however, suggest that near-HiglitedneHs, in section 13, and varicocele, in section I'O, under
extreme circumstances, be made sufficient cause for exemption; the myopia to be tested with con-
cave glasses, the focus of which should be a fixed number of inches or a certain power, so as clearly
and positively to prove the myopia. Varicocele, when very large and painful, in my opinion, ought

SUEGKONS" ItEPORlS — OHIO — SEVENTH DISTRICT. 405

to be a cause of exeiiiptioii ; the lUiiess of the man for military service being left to the diserimiua-
tion of (he e.xainluiiig-surgeoii.

I would also recommend for adojitioii, in paragraph 85, a clause for the exemption of such
enrolled, not drafted, meu as are, at the time of their examination, laboring under acute disease,
temporary debility, or disability supervening upon an attack of disease, to such a degree as that,
in the oi)inion of the examiniug-surgeon, their disability may disqualify them for the service a cer-
tain stated i)eriod. * « *

The number of men that can be accurately examined daily, alone, without excessive labor,
working six hours a day, is about Jifty, but, with the assistance of a clerk and orderly, semnty-fice
can be accurately examined very coujfortably and without fatigue. * » *

The fiauds most successfully practiced by recruits and substitutes iu order to get into the
service, and the most diflicult sometimes to discover, are the concealment of epilepsy, and misrep-
resentation of age. Induced by high local bounties, great numbers of boys, some of them scarcely
sixteen years of age, and, on the other band, men often exceeding forty-eight or fifty years, have
enlisted at the different recruiting-oflices, and have attempted to pass an examination at this
office. Many of these boys, whose youthful a])i)caraiice at once betrayed their unripe age, were
not even allowed to strip, but were sent out of the room without even having their names recorded.
Many of those over age would resort to the trick of coloring their hair and shaving their faces,
the better to pass an examination, not so much with the view of getting into the service, as of
getting the lai'ge bounty.

That we have been, in some instances, deceived is probable enough ; and the wonder is that we
have not been oftener deceived, considering that the number rejected for under and over age
exceeds all the other causes of rejection together.

Boys that have been rejected at one office often apply to another, and I have frequently exam-
ined boys and old men who, by their own acknowledgment, had been rejected by the examining-
surgeous in various districts of other States as well as of this State.

While the recruit or substitute makes it his business to conceal any existing disqualiticatiou
in order to get into the service, the drafted or enrolled man, by an exaggeration of some real or
pretended disability, endeavors to keep out of it. Chronic rheumatism, old and long-forgotten
injuries, sprains, slight i)leuritic adhesions and weakness of breast, previous attacks of sickness,
deafness, near-sightedness, sore eyes, and physical disability are some of the most frequent claims
by which he expects to escape the ser\ ice.

Such are some of the most successful frauds practiced by recruits, substitutes, drafted and
enrolled men; and tliere is no remedy I know of that will entirely obviate the difficulty.

The greatest i)hysical aptitude for military service is uniiuestionably, as far as my observation
extends, found in the American-born, especially in men of the Northwestern States.

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race lor military service has as
yet been very limited, not havijig examined to exceed three hundred of them; yet, as far as my
observation goes, 1 think their physical qualitications equal to those of the white race. Those that
I have examined were generally healthy, stout, and exceedingly well physically developed.

The enrollment-law, in my opinion, is practically efficient as constituted, and I will not
attempt to suggest any amendment other than that, shoukl there be occasion for another call, every
man within the age of twenty and forty five years, whether exem])t for i)liysical disability or not
exempt, be re enrolled, excepting such as are by law exempt from having served two years in the
Army. The necessity for this is obvious from the fact that great numbers of enrolled men who,
in our oi)inion, were very properly exempted, throughout the various districts of the United
States, on account of physical disability, have since sufficiently recovered from the same as to be
efficient subjects for military duty. * * *

M. LEMEN,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Seventh District of Ohio.

OoLUMBus, Ohio, June 12, 1865.

406 SURGrONS' KEPORTS — OHIO EIGHTH DISTRICT.

OHIO— EIGHTH DISTEICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. T. B. Fisher.

♦ * * I observed one curious fact during my visitation of tbe several counties in tbis
district. Each locality concentrated upon a certain disease as a cause of exemption. For example,
a large proportion of tbe applicants in Morrow County claimed to bave disease of tbe lungs ; iu
Delaware County, disease of tbe heart; and in Union County that of the spine and kidneys; and
if their assertions could be relied u])on, those diseases must bave been endemical iu their respective
localities; but as examinations did not o/«fl?/s confirm their assertions, I could not satisfactorily
account for this i>eculiarity. * • * _

Previous to January, 1865, I made no entry of those examined in correcting the rolls who were
not exempted, therefore cannot state positively how many I bave examined; but from an informal
record kept during a portion of tbe time, I estimate that I examined about eight thousand persons
from October 27, 1SC3, to Ai)ril 11, 1805, a period of about seventeen and a half months. * * *

Tbe Eighth District of Ohio is composed of tbe counties of Richland, Morrow, Marion, Delaware,
and Union, and is situated about midway between Lake Erie and the Ohio Eiver.

Tbe country is level and fertile, including a portion of tbe valley of tbe Upper Scioto and its
tributaries and a small portion of tbe Sandusky and Darby Plains. Tbe products are wheat, rye,
barley, corn, and grass, with hogs, horses, large flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. The i)revail-
ing diseases are of a bilious character — at least three-fourths assume that type; but in winter
and spring, typhoid fever and inieumonia are not unfreqiient.

The climate is temperate and the country generally healthy, with no peculiar tendency to epi-
demics or infectious diseases.

Tbe character of the inhabitants differs considerably in different counties. Richland and
Marion Counties are settled cbietly by Pennsylvanians and their descendants, with a large number
of Germans interspersed ; Delaware County by emigrants from New England and their descend-
ants. Morrow County was taken from Richland, Marion, and Delaware Counties, and i)resents the
characteristics of the counties from wbich it was taken. Union County was settled by emigrants
from most of the older States and surrounding counties, and contains a mixed population.

The intelligence of tbe inhabitants is fair, there being but few who cannot read and write.
Tbe country is well supplied with comfortable school-bouses, and," generally, competent teachers.
The schools are free, being supported by a school-fund and by public tax. Each of the county-
seats supports respectable union schools, where the usual English branches are taught, with the
modern sciences and classics to a limited extent. In addition, the district contains one college and
two female seminaries.

The inhabitants of the district are chiefly farmers, and their mode of life is generally plain,
frugal, industrious, and temperate, although many of them are possessed of great wealth.

Paragrajyh So, lievised Regulations, Provost-Marshal-GeneraVs Bureau. — By a liberal construction
of the several sections of paragraph 85, nearly every case entitled to exemption may be classified,
but not all. For example, section 6, {developed tuberculosis,) if strictly construed, excludes some
meritorious cases, for there are diseases of tbe lungs which disqualify for military duty which can-
not be properly classified under the section developed tubercnlosis, and if thej' may be classified
under section No. 5, (organic disease of internal organs,) then why not, with the same propriety, let
them carry with them "develo[)ed tuberculosis," and dispense with section 0 entii'ely ; or, if they are
to be classed with section 9, (general disability,) then with the same propriety all the diseases might
be therein included. Again, section 20, total loss of teeth ; by the requirements of tbis section, a
man may bave a single front tooth in each jaw and no other teeth, and yet be not entitled to
exemption, while another, with good double teeth and a full set in one jaw, may be exem[)ted. I
need hardly say every surgeon knows tbe fii-st man to be less fitted for masticating food than the
latter, and yet under section 20 the former must be held and tbe latter exem[ited. Once more,
imv.tiou -'),'■'■ I'Jjtiernul liwiiiorrkoids arc 110 cause for exemption;''' not even if the tumors are large
and constantly protruding, and attended with intlammalion 1 Would any sensible surgeon hesitate

I

SURGEONS REPORTS OHIO — EIGHTH DISTRICT. 407

to exempt a mau in such a condition if be had any discretionary power ? Would such a man be
received for a recruit ? 1 think not. It may he necessary to greatly restrict surgeons of boards of
enrollment, but they ought to be men of sufBcient intelligence and honesty to be allowed a little more
discretionary power. # # »

Number of men thai can be examined in a day with accuracy. — A decent respect for the opinions
of the people and the rights of the drafted man requires that the surgeon shall hear the statements
of the man drafted and read such affidavits as he may present from respectable physicians, and
then carefully examine such parts as he claims arc diseased. Therefore, iu my judgment, ten
minutes should be allowed for each examination on an average, making six per hour; and allowing
eight working hours by daylight, this would make forty-eight. AhonX. fifty is as many as one sur-
geon can examine with accuracj' in a day and avoid the charge of indecent haste.

Frauds jjracticcd, dkc. — False statements as to age are perhaps the most frequent exemplifications
of fiaud in all classes, whether enrolled, drafted, recruits, or substitutes, and the statement of the
man to be examined will almost always be corroborated by some friend or neighbor; and the difficulty
of disproving those statements gives a boldness and audacity to them that frequently defies con-
tradiction. The enrolled and dralted men feign lameness occasioned by some strain, bruise, wound,
fracture, or other injury, and to confirm their statements will show some scar or blemisb which they
claim at times lames them, and tbeir statements will be corroborated by other persons; or they will
feign disease of the kidneys or spine, or some other portion not easily detected by physical exami-
tiou, and their statements will be supported by the affidavits of some physician, and as those
physicians are frequently unknown to the surgeon, and experience has proven that there are some
not too ])atriotic or honest to make false statements, the examining-surgeon is frequently imi)osed
upon, and Iraudspeipetrated. The reverse of this prevails in recruits and substitutes; for they,
instead of magnifying, conceal their infirmities. Substitutes very frequently commit frauds by the
claim of alienage, and if they are not residents of the district, the reverse is difficult to prove. It is
difficult to prevent such frauds. Enrolled and drafted men cannot well be punished, but recruits and
substitutes might, by withholding pay and bounty iu case tbey made fraudulent statements before
the surgeon. # * *

My opinion is in lavor of tbe native-born American, between the ages of eighteen and thirty
years, as being the best soldier. Young men are fond of novelty, change, and excitement, and
have more enterprise and dash than older ones ; are not so likely to become homesick ; can travel
lighter, and adapt themselves with greater ease to new modes of life, and bear the irregularities of
the service better than older persons for the same reason that they can learn a trade or profession
easier in early than in later life.

Negro soldierts. — I have very little knowledge of the qualifications of the negro for military
service other than that common to all; but his physical development and patience under priva-
tions and fatigue, together with his strong attachment to his superior when kindly treated, inclines
me to believe that he would make an excellent soldier in the regular service. I would, therefore,
recommend the Government to employ a limited number in that capacity.

The enrollment-law, as now amended, did not go into operation until near the close of the last
dralt, and therefore cannot be said to be fairly tested, but in my opinion the section which prohibits
enrolled men from enlisting out of the sub-district iu which they are respectively enrolled is a great
improvement upon the old one.

The principle, as I understand it, of dividing the country into small sub-districts was that each
section should contribute its just share of men, not money. But bj' allowing men enrolled in one
sub-district to enlist to tbe credit of another, that principle was violated and rendered almost a
nullity.

Again, it was absurd to allow men enrolled in one sub-district to enlist to the credit of another
when it forbade them from going as substitutes even for men in tbeir own sub-disti'ict.

Tbe effect was to lessen the material in a particular locality, and thus increase the chauces of a
draft to the remainder. It was even worse ; for if they enlisted as substitutes for men in their own
sub-district, they would be credited to the locality in which they were enrolled; whereas, if they
enlisted to tbe credit of other localities, tbey not only lessened the enrollment in their own sub-
district alter tbe apportionment was made, but they reduced the quotas of other sub- districts to

408 surgeons' repoets — ohio — eleventh district.

whicli tbey were credited. The new settlements and rnral districts generally bave a greater num-
ber of enrolled men in proportion to their population than older and more wealthy ones, while their
wealth is in an inverse proportion.

The large local bounties paid by wealthy districts i)recludes the possibility of competition in the
newer and poorer ones, and thus paralyzes their efl'orts. The result was that seeing the certainty
of a drait, all those in the newer and poorer sub-districts who could possibly leave without great
damage enlisted and were credited to older and wealthier ones, (their own paying no bounties,)
reasoning that it was better to go voluntarily with a local bounty than by compulsion witliout one.

It is unnecessary to comment further upon this point, as Congress at its last session has in a
great measure leniedicd that great evil.

There is oiie point in which the present amended enrollment-law is defective, and I am not a
little surprised that it escaped the notice of Congress, oi-, if it did not, why they failed to remove it.
The law does not enroll any under twenty years of age, and yet the Government allows men between
eighteen and twenty to enlist, either as recruits or substitutes, and they are credited on the quotas
subject to draft, and this, too, without consent of parents or guardians, thus regarding them as
responsible and lit for military duty. Again, higher qualifications are required ior a recruit or
substitute than for a drafted man, and yet, by refusing to enroll those between eighteen and twenty,
they are virtually pronounced unfit for military service as drafted men, when they are received as
recruits and as suhstitutcs for drafted men. Why this distinction? Are drafted men required to
perform harder duty than recruits or substitutes, or is there anything requiring them to have a
greater age or experience? 1 know of none. There seems to me to be a great discrepancy between
the views of the War Department and of Congress. If men of eighteen are tit for military duty,
they should be enrolled ; if not, they should not be received either as recruits or substitutes.

T. B. FISUER,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Eighth District of Ohio.

Mansfield, Ohio, June 9, 1865.

OHIO— ELEVENTU DISTEICT.'
Extracts from report of Dr. O. C. Miller.

* * * I was appointed surgeon of the board of enrollment for the eleventh district
of Ohio on the 28th day of December, 1864, and entered upon the discharge of my duties on the
7th day of January, 1865.

My personal experience in the examination of men is, therefore, limited ; and 1 am compelled
to look to the records of the office for the data upon which to base my report so far as relates to
examinations made iirevious to that date.

In looking over the records with this object in view, I find that for many months after the
establishment of this ofQce no complete record of examinations made was kept by the then acting
surgeon, either be(;ause it was not required by the Department, or from a misapprehension or neg-
lect of his duty, if such record was required to be kept. I am, therefore, unable to answer the first
question in the circular-letter so far as relates to the number of men examined since tlie oflice was
established.

The number of examinations of recruits and substitutes, drafted and enrolled men, made by
him were not far from five thousand, according to the most reliable evidence I can obtain. Since
entering upon the discharge of the duties of surgeon of the board on the 7th day of January, 1865,
as before mentioned, I have examined one thousand and fifty-four recruits and substitutes, sixty-
eight drafted men, and one hundred and thirteen enrolled men previous to draft. Of this latter
class I have not included very many who applied for exemption upon some frivolous pretext, but
who were not exanjined in detail. # # #

The district is composed of the counties of Lawrence, Scioto, Jackson, Vinton, Gallia, and
Adams, and is situated in that part of the State of Ohio included in the great bend of the Ohio

' No ivimils well) reccivid IVciiii llii'. iiliilli :in<l toiitli Jistricts,

surgeons' reports OHIO ELEVENTH DISTRICT. 40^

llivev southwardly, and embraces the most southern point in the State. The district is almost en-
tirely included in the arc of the semicircle produced by the great bend in the river before men-
tioued, and has a river- boundary on the south of one hundred and sixty miles, while the diameter
of the semicircle within which the district is situated is less than one hundred miles. The district
embraces the great iron and coal belt as it passes through the State, and is especially known in
the State and elsewhere as the "mineral region of the State of Ohio." In Adams County, one of
the counties of the district, the first furnace in the West for the manufiuiture of pig-iron from the
ore was constructed.

The people of the district are, to a very considerable extent, engaged in the iron trade and
mannfacture. At the present time, there are in operation within the district forty furnaces for the
niauufacture of pig-iron from the ore, which is found in abundance in the ditterent strata within its
boundary. These furnaces have till recently been supplied with fuel from the abundant forests
within the district. Of late, the fuel necessary to operate them has been procured from the bitu-
minous-coal banks, an abundance of which is found within the district sufficient for all purposes for
which it may be required for many generations.

There are also at Ironton, the county seat of Lawrence County, and at Portsmouth, the couuty-
seat of Scioto County, several founderies for the production of castings of various -kinds from the
pig-iron produced at the furnaces above alluded to; and also several rolling-mills, where bar-iron,
nails, &c., are manufactured from the pig-iron spoken of. It is estimated that no less than sixty
thousand tons of pig-iron are produced annually within the district, and that no less than thirty
thousand of our population are connected in some manner with this great interest.

The next great interest in point of importance in the district is the agricultural; for, while it
is true that the surface of our district is broken, and iu some parts almost mountainous, yet even
upon the sides and sumtnits of those hills are found farms of greater or less extent, while along the
valleys of the Ohio Iliver, and many of its tiibutaries within the district, are some of the finest
farms within the State, owned and cultivated by an educated and intelligent people. So interspersed
are the mineral and agricultural portions of the district as to furnish a home-market for almost the
entire products of the farmers, while, on the other hand, the furnaces and other manufacturing
establishments find an almost entire supply of food and forage within their respecHve neighbor-
hoods. Another item of historic, rather than present, interest is the fact that at and near Jackson,
the county-seat of Jackson Connty, the first salt manufactured in the Western States was produced;
and, although now abandoned, the character of the present population is not entirely freed from the
impression given to it during that period. The population connected with the furnaces and foun
deries above alluded to are a hardy, industrious, and necessarily frugal people, largely of Virginia
origin, until within a few years past, since which a foreign element has been introduced, modifying
to a very considerable extent the habits and customs of that class of the inhabitants. That portion
of our population of southern origin either kept aloof entirely or entered very reluctantly into the
military service upon the call of the President for troops to put down the now extinct rebellion,
while the foreign element, esj^ecially the Germans and Welsh, entered freelj' and voluntarily, and
aided materially to fill the quotas required from the district. It is with no little pride that I men-
tion in this connection the fact that on every call for troops our quota has been promptly filled, and
to a very large extent without draft. Even under the last call, or call of December, 1804, the quota
assigned to our district was almost entirely filled when the order was received to suspend recruiting,
while, in addition, very large numbers have enlisted from this and been credited to other States and
districts. Almost one entire regiment, the Second Virginia Cavalry, was made up from recruits from
this district, and very many have gone to other regiments and have been credited to other localities.

I have alluded to this to show how fully the laboring jjopulation of the country appreciated the
nature of the contest in which we were engaged, and how essentially necessary it was to the peoi)le
of this, a border district, that at all hazard, and at any cost, the rebellion should be crushed,
and that speedily.

In reference to the peculiar forms of disease to be found within our district, I have to say that

there is no special peculiarity to merit notice. They are the diseases of this latitude everywhere to

be found. Along the tributaiies of the Ohio Iliver are to be met the various forms of autumnal or

miasmatic fevers, dysentery, and various other forms of bilious derangements, while our high lands

52

410 surgeons' reports OHIO ELEVENTH DISTRICT.

have no well markeil peculiarity of form of disease. Our people have to a considerable extent suf-
fered from that complicated disorder known and spoken of in this region as " winter-fever," which
is pathologically a pleuropneumonia, with bilious comi)lication, and of low grade of action. This
form of disease is more dreaded than perhaps any other prevalent among us. Another fact in this
connection of suthcient moment to merit notice is that the proportion of deaths from phthisis pul-
monalis is larger in this portion of the State of Ohio than in any other locality with the statistics of
■which I am acquainted. I mention this fact without attempting any explanation of it.

It will be seen by reference to " Medical Statistics of the Second Draft," that under section 32,
of paragraph 85, forty-eight per thousand were exempted, and that under section 23, thirty-two per
tliousand were exempted, while under section 9, thirty-two per thousand were exempted. With
reference to sections 32 and 23, the first including fractures and diseases of bones and joints, and
the second the various forms of hernia, the reasons for the greater percentage of exemptions are
obvious, when the occupation of our population is taken into account. They are a laboring people,
and liable to injuries in the pursuit of their various avocations, while the same reason holds good
in reference to exemptions for hernia, heavy lifting, as is well known, being one of the most prolific
causes of that infirmity. With regard to exemptions under section 9 during this draft, I have to say
that, including as it does all infirmities otherwise unclassified, I am of opinion that the proportion
of exemptions under this section is as small as that of any other district in the United States.

In reference to other sections of paragraph 85, no very marked disproportion of exemptions
obtains under this draft- It will be seen, by reference to ''Medical Statistics of the Third Draft,"
that ninety-eight per thousand were exempted under section 9 ; seventy per thousand under
section 20 ; fifty-nine under section 23 ; and sixty-six per thousand under section 32 ; thus showing
a very similar result to that obtained under the second draft, and attributable to the same causes,
as a matter of course. An exception occurs with section 20, loss of teeth. I am not prejjared to
give a good and satisfactory reason for the great decay of teeth of the present generation ; but it
is presumed the proportionate exemptions under this section will be found to be no greater in this
district than in other districts of the United States where the laboring population constitute so
large a proportion of the entire population, and where the mode of life and habits and style of
living are similar.

In reference to the different sections of paragraph 85, I am of opinion that it is, as a whole,
.very wisely and judiciously arranged. While such is my opinion in reference to it as a whole, I
nevertheless think that in some of its sections some slight alterations of language might be made
with profit.

Section 3. In this section, I would recommend that the board be peruiitted to take other testi-
mony than that of physicians, in extreme cases; amending the section so as to read, "or such
other testimony as to the board shall prove conclusively that the epileptic was entirely unfit for
military service or the performance of any equally hard labor."

Section G. I would recommend this section to be so amended as to read, " tuberculosis devel-
oped or the diathesis so well marked as to leave no doubt of the man's unfitness for military service
or for the performance of any labor equally hard with that of ordinary military service."

Section 11 1 would recommend to be so amended as to read, "chronic rheumatism, if not mani-
fested by positive change of structure, to be proven by such evidence as to the board should be
conclusive that the man was totally unfit for the performance of military duties."

Section 20. As this section now stands, some are exempted for loss of teeth who might do good
service as soldiers, and I would recommend that the wording be so altered as to permit the surgeon
to receive a recruit with a loss of the front, eye, and first molar teeth, w here the back teeth were
good and the man otherwise perfectly sound.

Section 25. Experience and observation have convinced me that haemorrhoids need not be
ulcerated to unfit a man for military service or any other hard labor, and that this section should
be so amended as to exempt the drafted man or reject the recruit where the general physical
ap|)earance showed that the infirmity had seriously affected the general health.

Section 35. I am satisfied that surgeons often exempt men for varicose veins who should not
have been exempted, and 1 would recommend that those who were able to do ordinary hard labor
should not be excused on this score from performance of military duty.

SURGEONS' REPORTS — OHIO ELEVENTU DISTRICT. 411

With tbo al)<)ve slight alterations, I am of opinion that the paragraph would be snfTiciently
complete to answer well the piir[)oses of its formation, if its provisions were in good faith eoni[)lie(l
with by the examining-surgeon. * * *

In answer to the qnestion as to the number of men who can be examined in a day, I have to
say that this depends so much on circumstances as to I'ender difHcult an answer to the question.
The recruits presented by one recruiting-officer may be selected with so much care that a very few
minutes are sufficient to satisfy the surgeon of their fitness .or unfitness for military duty ; while
another officer, having nothing in view but to obtain a sufficient number of recruits to secure a
commission for himself or some friend, will present such a motley crew of halt, lame, and blind for
examination that it will require twice or three times the trouble and a very much longer time to
examine this squad than that first uamed. I have examined one hundred and two men in the time
allowed by law, namely, during full dnyliglit. Upon one occasion, while upon another squad of
men, working e(iually hard, I have examined but thirty. I am of opinion that a surgeon accus-
tomed.to making examinations may average sixly examinations per day, occupying all the day-light
to examine, and deferring the signing of the papers until evening. # # #

A very large proportion of the drafted men in this district have been of that class who sympa-
thize with the I'ebels more or less openly, and of course when conscripted would either run away
or resort to some subterfuge to avoid the performance of their duty to the Government by entering
the service. Among the more common disabilities claimed, rheumatism, esjjecially in the form of
lumbago or sciatica, is perhaps most common. Almost every conscript, especially of the class
alluded to above, will claim that he has a "very bad back," and it -has required particular care not
to be imposed upon by those claiming this disability. A threatened resort to the use of chloroform
will usually determine the question. Another and very common disability claimed by the con-
scri|)t is, as he terms it, "a very weak breast," meaning by this some form of thoracic disease.
This disability, if feigned, is not difficult of detection, for by the lights afibrded by the present
state of medical science it is comparatively easy at least to determine whether there is enough thoracic
disease to justify exempting a man, even though it cannot always be told with certainty as to the
exact nature of the morbid condition. Epilepsy is often alleged, and not unfre(iuently a string of
certificates are brought in to prove the truth of the statement of the party, when a full investiga-
tion shows the claim to be groundless and untrue.

Deafness is often feigned, but the peculiar look of a really deaf man cannot be put on by one
not deaf, and often some casual question will betray the malingerer, so that a little tact will
usually determine the question, often greatly to the impostor's discomfiture.

Blindness, total or partial, is often claimed, and not infrequently conscripts are presented with
serious inflammation of the eye, and it is believed that artificial inflammation has in these eases been
induced in one or both eyes to secure the end. The infirmity, if real, can usually be distinguislied
with sufficient certainty to run no very serious risk of doing injustice to the Government or the
conscript. Trifling injuries of the extremities, especially of the feet, are magnified to terrible
infirmities, and indeed if the surgeon were to believe all that is told him by drafted men he would
think we were a nation of crip|)les. To such an extent do drafted men desire exemption, that in
this district no less than six men have been presented with recent wounds of hands and feet, which
were believed by the board to have purposely been produced to secure exemption from a duty
which ought to have been sacred, that of aiding to crush the unholy rebellion then raging throagli-
out the laud against the best Government on earth. I have to say, therefore, that in the examina-
tion of drafted men 1 have found it necessary to exercise very great caution, and to scrutinize well
every claim set up by them as a cause of exemption from draft. The same remarks will hold good'
and the same priuci[)les apply to the examination of enrolled men desirous of having their names
stricken from the enrollment with the same object in view, viz, to escape performing their duty to
the Government. * # *

In answer to the question as to physical aptitude of different nationalities for military service,
I have to say that alter due examination of all the facts as developed in the examinations at these
head(|uarters, I have come to the conclusion that those of American birth and parentage stand
highest on the list, and I believe this to be especially the case when they are called upon to perform
the duties exacted of the soldier in the various branches of the service such as have been required

412 feUKGKONs' REPORTS OHIO FOURTEENTH DISTRICT.

to be performed duriug the i)iogiess of tbis war. A reference to my monthly medical report will
bear me ont in the above conclusion.

I have to say in answer to the question as to the physical qualifications of the colored race
for military duty, that so far as my observation extends I can give but one answer, and that must
be very decidedly in their favor. The proportion of rejections of that class during the time 1 have
been engaged in the examination of men for the Army has been very low indeed. This may arise
in part from the fact that only the more robust of that race have been presented for examination.
Yet I am of opinion, regardless of that fact, that the race, as we have it in this country, is pe-
culiarly physically adapted to the service. * * »

O. O. MILLER,
Surgeon Board of- Enrollment Eleventh District of Ohio.

Portsmouth, Ohio, June 1, 1865.

OmO— FOUUTBENTH DISTRICT.'
Extracts from report of Dr. James D. Robinson.

* * * My experience is that about thirty-three i)er cent, of the entire enrollment of
this district would be exempt from military duty, under the causes enumerated in paragraph 85,
including alienage, and that not more than one-half of the enrollment would furnish good and effi-
cient soldiers. I think that the age from which we derive our best soldiers is from eighteen to
thirty, and that even from sixteen to eighteen, when the development equals the requirement of
the army regulations, gi\es better soldiers than from forty to forty-five years; and that no volun-
teer should be accepted for infantry-service who does not weigh one hundred and twenty pounds
when naked. I think, too, that when there is sufficient inducement morally or pecuniarily all the
soldiers required can be had as volunteers.

The whole number examined by me, as near as I can ascertain, is six thousand.
This district is composed of Holmes, Ashland, Wayne, Medina, and Lorain Counties, and is
bounded by latitude HP 30' on the south and 41° 30' on the north, longitude 80° 45' on the east
and 82° 30' on the west. The southern part of the district is hilly, and in many portions the hills
reach almost the dignity of mountains. Extensive beds of bituminous coal are found, and lime-
stone and free sandstone crop out in various parts. It is well watered by springs and spring-runs,
and has several large streams running through it. These streams inundate the valleys through
which they i)ass biennially or ofteuer, leaving a rich deposit of sandy loam. The soil on the hills
is a clay and gravelly loam ; very productive.

The central portion is rolling, with frequent level glades of considerable extent interspersed,
well watered by springs and spring-runs, and has six large streams passing entirely through it from
north to south. Here are also several small lakes, the largest of which is Odel's Lake. These
being well stocked with fish are frequently resorted to for pleasure. The soil is generally a deep
clay loam, more and more mixed with sand as it approaches the streams. Like the southern por-
tion of the district, the soil is very productive and well adapted to grain-growing. Probably its
productions of wheat, lye, oats, and barley are greater than in any other portion of the State of the
same extent. Bituminous coal of a superior quality abounds; limestone and sandstone also are
found.

The northern portion of the district is more level, although slightly rolling as it recedes from
the lake. The soil is i>riiicipally a clay and gravelly loam ; the clay part scantily watered ; the
gravelly abundantly, aiid better adapted to grazing than raising grain. The attention of farmers
of this portion is principally directed to raising stock, and to the products of the dairy.

The forests of this district are composed of oak, beech, hickory, sugar-maple, chestnut,
whitewood, and walnut, according to the soil; whitewood and beech being confined almost exclu-
sively to clay soil.

The diseases, as might be expected from the topography and locality of the district, arc such as

' No reports were recoived from the twelfth and thirteenth districts.

surgeons' reports OHIO — FOURTEENTH DISTRICT. 413

areiiidticid by luiiliiriu ami siukUu climatic clianges. Iiitcrmitteut ami remittent fevers, dysentery,
and diarrbcea prevail in summer and autumn. Typbo malarial fevers, (pure typhoid fever being of
rare occurrence,) jjueumonia, and rbeumatism have the ascendenc^y in the winter and sjjring
montbs. In the ueigbborhoud of large streams and small lakes, we fre(jueutly have dysentery and
typbo-malarial fever, endemic and malignant.

The inhabitants are generally moral, intelligent, industrious, frugal, active, and energetic;
good livers, setting a good table, and having plenty to do it with. Occupations — agricultural,"
mechanical, and mercantile. * # #

Hernia and permanent ])hysical disability and loss of teeth are the leading causes for exemp-
tion. The reason why hernia so abounds in this district is that it is heavily timbered, and to clear
up a farm is very heavy and laborious work, and in doing this and other heavy work on the farms
the most of those with whom it was not congenital contract the disease. Permanent jihysical dis-
ability was induced by frequent attacks of malarious diseases, rendering the nervous system
morbidly sensitive and easily exhausted, and producing greater or less organic ditticulties. # # *

My impression now is that section 20, paragraph 85, should be abolished. It was the only pro-
vision in the entire paragraph that gave dissatisfaction to the people. Artificial teeth are now so
cheap and perfect that they are within the reach of almost every one. We had umny instances iu
this district of men wearing artificial teeth which enabled them to eat all kinds of food with perfect
ease. Men of property, active business-men, in robust health, would ai)pear before the board,
having removed their false teeth, and demand to have their names stricken from the rolls, after
which many of them took no further part in the matter, and refused to give a dollar iu the way of
local bounty for the clearing of their townships, but used their influence as much as they could,
without making themselves amenable to the law, against the young men's volunteering. Another
.reason why I think this section should be abolished is that a majority of the volunteer soldiers never
use their teeth to tear their cartridges.

In examination of enrolled men, the inquiry was first made as to what their disability consisted
of. The disability complained of was closely examined for ; if found to the extent required by
paragraph 85, they were exempt; if not, no further examination was made, and they continued on
the rolls. If the diificulty was in the chest, it was carefully examined by anscultation and percus-
sion. In all cases demanding it, the person was examined in an entirely nude condition. Of very
many persons complaining of heart and lung disea.ses there was no examination made, except to
interrogate as to the extent to which if disabled, the board having decided that the latter clause of
section 5, paragraph 85, ("and which prevents bis performing any equally laborious occu[)ation in
civil life,") bad reference to an ordinary day's labor, and unless the disease prevented them from
performing an ordinary day's labor no further examination was made. In all cases where the
examinations were made, and the diagnosis was not clear and distinct, they were required to furnish
sworn certificates from their neighbors liable to the draft as to their value as ordinary or common
laborers per month, one mouth with another, and unless their neighbors placed them below a three-
quarter hand, they were still held to service.

Of enrolled men, one hundred can be examined per day with ease; of volunteers, sixty; of
drafted men, not more than forty.

The systematic and well-executed frauds attempted in this district were few. I can recollect
but two that were skillfully executed. One was an eruption on the nates and anus, induced by
crotonoil, which was attempted to be passed off as a permanent ekzematons eruption. The other
was in trying to simulate purulent otorrhoea by introducing some foetid oil or grease in the ear.
There were many attempts to simulate rheumatism and injuries to legs and joints, but they were
easily detected. In a community like ours it would be diBHcult for any one to practice a fraud, as
his neighbors were continually inspecting the rolls, and as soon as a man was ofif the question was
asked, "What for f

^'What nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for the servicef'' — Native Americans.

Our experience in this distiict as to colored men has been quite limited, not more than thirty
having volunteered, but, so far, it is favoiable to the race.

^'■Yiews as to operations of enrollment-law, cfcc." — My present impressions are that there should bo
commutation received, but that it should not be less than five hundred dollars. I also think that

414 surgeons' reports — ohio — seventeenth district.

all examinations sliouUl be deferred until after the draft. The percentage of exemptions would prob-
ably be the same, or nearly so, in all the districts. All the names on the roll must be drawn at the
time of the draft by numbering them and examining from No. 1 until the required number is
obtained. This would save much time and expense, and make the entire enrolled community
workers lor volunteering.

JAMES D. EOBINSON,
Surf/eon Board of Enrollment Fourteenth District of Ohio.
WoosTER, Ohio, May 19, 18G5.

OHIO— SEVENTEENTH DISTEICT.i

Extracts from report of Dr. L. M. Whiting.

* * * The number of men examined during this period somewhat exceeds nine thou-
sand, a large pi-oportion of whom were claimants for exemption by reason of real or imagined
disabilities.

The Seventeenth District of Ohio, embracing the counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Jefferson,
and Stark, with an area of eighteen hundred and sixteen square miles, and a population varying
not much from one hundred and forty thousand, being bounded on its almost entire eastern line by
the OhioEiver, is largely made up of the rugged country which the projecting spurs of the Alle-
ghany Mountains on their extreme western slope would naturally produce.

The counties of Carroll, Columbiana, and Jefferson are, with the exception of the northern
part of the second named, very hilly, yet with a soil yielding large returns to the industry of the
active practical farmers, by whom they are almost exclusively peopled. The northern part of
Columbiana County is gently undulating, watered by the Mahoning Eiver, and densely populated
by a thriving and intelligent class of agriculturists. The western part of the district, composed
almost entirely of Stark County, lies mainly beyond the immediate influence of the mountains, and
is spread out into the most beautiful rolling landscape, through which flows the Tuscarawas Eiver,
and its tributaries, the Sandy and Nimishillen, as also the Ohio Canal, along which are clustered
many populous and busy towns. The track of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Eailway
traverses the entire district from east to west, as does the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Eailroad from
north to south, the two intersecting each other at this i)lace. The district, taken as a whole,
is decidedly a limestone region, in which bituminous coal of excellent quality everywhere abounds,
and iron-ore of superior yield is found in various localities. Eecently, petroleum has also been
brought to light, and bids fair to be developed as a source of great revenue.

The inhabitants of Columbiana and Jefferson Counties are a remarkable mixture, representing
on a pretty large scale England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and Germany, with a considerable num-
ber of native Quakers, and nearly all of the various nationalities are engaged in agricultural pursuits,
although coalmining and the manufacture of wool and cotton are carried on to some extent in the
county of Jefferson. The inhabitants of Carroll and Stark Counties are largely of German descent.
The township of Nimishillen, Stark County, is largely poi)ulated by native French and their imme-
diate descendants, and the latter county especially contains a large number of naturalized emigrants
from Europe. Carroll County is entirely agricultural, and Stark County is eminent for the amount
and excellence of its cereal products, while it also contains (at Canton and Massillon) some of the
largest manufactories of agricultural machinery in the United States, upon which many thousands
of individuals are dependent for daily labor and prosi)erity. This county is noted for the extensive
mines of coal on Nuomaris Creek, (a mineral so free fiom sulphur as to be used for smelting iron
in the large furnaces at Massillon without being coked at all,) and a rich mine of black-band iron-
ore in Osnaburgli Township, now being ujost extensively and profitably wrought. Taken as a whole,
the population of the district is wealthy, moral, intelligent, industrious, and loyal. To this,
exception may be made of a portion of the foreigners, and especially of a class engaged in the
mines in the extreuu; western part of the district, several hundred of whom are at this time banded
in defiance of law to enforce their own decrees, and to quell whose riotous and dangerous proceed-
' No reports woro received fioni tlie fiftoeiitb ami sixtecutli districts.

surgeons' reports OHIO SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT. 415

ings tbe militia has recently been called out iiuder tbe sanctiou of tbe goveruor of the State. It
was from this class of citizen.s that came much of the trouble duriug the pending drafts; but,
liapiiily, the loyal portion of the people were enabled to till their quotas, and thus avoid the most
dreaded efl'ects of treason in our own midst — actual war.

The j)ortion of the district lying upon the Tuscarawas Eiver aud its tributaries is more or
less subject to annual visitations of zymotic disease ; the form ordinarily assumed being periodic
fever, but frequently presenting the typhoid character, in addition to the continued progression of
morbid phenomena denominated fever; the victims presenting the peculiar rose-colored spots,
diarrhoea, epistaxis, tympanitis, &c., which are adjudged pathognomonic of typhoid lever. The
same remarks hold good with reference to the lauds in the vicinity of the Mahoning River, flowing
^long the northeastern border of the district. In all other portions of the district, the diseases
incident to a residence are only such as are common to the most healthy regions of the earth,
Diseases of the throat and lungs are common, and more so than previous to the appearance, within
a very few years, of diphtheria, which has become more or less the terror of all parts of this district,
as well as of the country generally. No part of the district seems liable to epidemics; with the
exception of two seasons of very limited epidemic dysentery, the api)earauce for a few days of
epidemic cholera, and occasional visitations of scarlatina, &c., no epidemic has been observed
during a thirty years' residence iu any part of the district ; and over a large part of it, intelligent
physicians assure the writer that in an experience of more than forty years they have never known
one.

During the autumn and winter of 1863, there was a very general prevalence, perhaps properly
called an epidemic, of acute rheumatism throughout the district, which undoubtedly gave rise to a
great number of applications lor exemptions from military service by reason of rheuumtism and
cardiac complaints. Of the latter, a great number were presented, aud found to exhibit more or less
convincing evidence, on careful examination, of recent endocarditis, pericarditis, aud other inflam-
matory conditions of the heart. Especially was this true of Jefferson County duriug the examina-
tions for correcting the enrollment in the summer of 18(J4.

In Carroll County, there is no assignable cause of disease either in its physical geography or
iu the employment or habits of the inhabitants. It is hilly, well cultivated, aud its farmers sober
and industrious. The great cause of exemption from military service in this county was loss of
teeth. So certain was this to appear on approach of an enrolled man from that couuty, that, like
the hippopotamus now on exhibition here, the great display was openinq the month. A quiet inquiry
into the cause of this phenomenon led to the conviction that, as quite a large number of the people
there were violently opposed to the war, and entertained atvon^ personal objections to the military
service, unscrupnlous dentists had been their resource against conscription to a surprising extent.

Other than what has been said, I know of no diseases incident to this district. The cause of
the fevers is undoubtedly the all-potent malaria. What it is I do not know ; I do know there is
heat, moisture, aud vegetable decomposition, all of which seem to be necessary to its production.
I believe the material agent in the production of what is known as malarious fever is a microscopic
cryptogamous growth, abounding in the soil of malarious localities, which, being distributed by
atmospheric agencies, is absorbed by the human subject, and acts as a poison with such eflects as
are well known.

To assign tbe trite '• reason why any I'articular disease or disabilities have disqualified a greater
ratio per thousand from military service'' is a task involving an immense field of iuquiry ; and in
reference to some particular disabilities, disqualifying the greatest "ratio per thousand," it can in tiie
present state of our knowledge probably be accomplished by no living man. For instance, the
ratio per thousand disqualified for military service by loss of teeth is "greater." To say that impair-
ment of nutrition occurred during the time of the formation of his teeth, is probably to state the
reason why the man was liable to tbisdisqualiflcation for military service after that susceptible portion
of the organism was exjiosed to the causes which involve its general and rapid decay; for as the
teeth are formed, provided they are not impaired dur'ng that i)rocess, they remain with very sliglit
change during life. Being impaired, and unlike oth( r tissues of the body, even those identical in
structure, Hot endowed with recuperative powers by tbe agency of which an injury sustained by
them may be repaired, they are in many instances so susceptible to the action of corrosive agents.

41fi SURGEONS REPORTS OHIO SEVENTEENTH DISTRICT.

that their destruction coniriiences at once upou emerging from tbe jaws. The prevalent habit of
the people of this district to indulge in hot drinks, the use of a great variety of acids and alivalies,
and large quantities of sugar in food, the almost universal use of tobacco and the enormous con-
sumption of alcoholic stimuli, the influence of climate — all have doubtless in some way their share
in bringing about the repulsive condition of the breath which too often bears upou it the foulest
odors of dental rottenness. But to show how any of these general or special causes produce
such a result would involve a discussion of the subject of nutrition such as would far exceed the
limits of a report like this, and especially would it exceed my ability, with the limited facilities at
baud for such a purpose. Pi'actically, there is one observation worthy of note: the experience of
tlie last four years has shown me that there are in this district a great number of stalwart men
between the ages of twenty land forty-five years who have met with the loss of the front, eye, and*
first molar teeth, men who present no evidence in their physique of any serious infliction upon it
by the loss.

What has been said as to giving good "reasons why" loss of teeth disqualify so large a per-
centage for military service is in some degree true iu regard to hernia in this district. To the
number of cases of hernia produced by accident or the application of sudden violence, no doubt
vast multitudes m'ust be added as the result of the practice, so widely prevalent, of swathing the
abdomen of the newly-born infant in a tight, inelastic bandage, thus necessarily compelling its
contained viscera to attempt with violence every avenue of escape from its cruel confinement,
especially during their constantly-repeated Jits of crying and other exertions induced by the ever-
present infliction. If hernia is not immediately produi;ed, the mechanical force thus constantly
applied in a mode so admirably adapted to prevent the complete formation of the inguinal ring,
still imperfectly constructed, must surely lay the foundation for some of its forms.

This disability seems to pervade all classes of our community, as well those whose lives are
tranquil and avocations sedentary as those given to constant exertion and feats of strength. In
this district, the foreign population is more affected witii this serious disability than the native, and
of these the German exhibits the largest percentage.

The numerous discharges from the Army for this disability suggest that the kind of pressure
above referred to is a cause why the ratio is increased by it in adult life; for the infantry-mau
wears a broad, inflexible belt, tightly drawn about the upper abdomen, to .which is attached a
bayonet, cartridge-box, and ammunition, and the cavalry are continually dragging a heavy saber
dangling from the sword-belt. I apprehend that these causes iu infantile and iu later life have
mucii to do iu the production of so large a number of cases of haemorrhoids, both disqualifying and
otherwise.

The great increase oi power in the mechanic arts, especially through steam; its wide diffu-
sion in almost every department of human industry ; the widespread use of heavy machinery iu
tbe production and securing of the great staples of this district, as well as in the shops devoted to
an infinite variety of manufactures in wood, iron, and other metals, thus bringing all classes of
our population in almost immediate contact with gigantic force and velocity of motion, is the oidy
reason I know for the large ratio per thousand disqualified for uiilitary service by fractures, dislo-
cations, wounds, and mechanical injuries geneially. In this district, especially, this class of dis-
abilities is increased by the constant throng of ponderous steam-engines and immense trains of
cars that traverse it over its two long lines of railway, and the numerous large shops associated
with its operations.

The more extended my experience in the use of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, Provost-
Marshal-General's Bureau, tbe more convinced I am of its wisdom ; if auy exception is to be
taken to any of its provisions, section 20 might perhaps with justice be so construed as to hold
fit for garrison duty a large army of apparently vigorous men now acquitted of all responsibility.

Where the total loss of tbe front, eye, and first molar teeth in one jaw exists without visible
impairment of constitutional vigor or other morbid conditiou, in ordinary civil life, I see no good
reason why the subject should not be available for military service in any locality where soft bread
can be obtained, and, in fact, in any locality where such rations are furnished as should be pro-
vided an army anywhere^in this country. * * •

surgeons' EEPOKTS OHIO SEVENTEENTH DISTKICT. 417

The miuiber of men that maj' be carefully examined in a day does not exceed fifty nnder the
moist favorable circumstances.

It has not been my lot to meet with many instances of attempted fraud in any class of sub-
jects presented for examination in this district of a character to require anythiuf? but the most
common sagacity to guard against them. Not a few slightly deaf men among the enrolled and drafted
were unable to hear us speak in an ordinary tone of voice, but were speedily detected by ordinary
means or by reference to some acquaintance who was nearly always at hand to detail his previous
history. In some instances, when the fraud was well sustained under examination, a strong inti-
mation boldly uttered that it was a case for exemption, arul while preparing a proper blank to
issue a certificate to that effect, the sudden inquiry in a low tone for his luime to insert in it, would
bring an instantaneous reply.

Malingerers simulating defects of vision sometimes give theexaminiug-surgeon no little troulilo.
It is true that the oi)lithalmoscope readily detects all opacities or molecular changes resulting from
inflammatory action. So we can detect the anomalies of refraction, as myopia and hypermetropia,
by the ophthalmoscope. The objective diagnosis of cerebral amaurosis is not so easy. When a man
claims total blindness of one eye, and the i)upils retain unity in direction in fixing an object, we
may be certain that he is trying to deceive us. There may, however, be cerebral amblyopia short
of distinguisbiDg objects distinctly, and yet the pupils may be properly directed in fixing objects.
Under such circumstances, a careful investigation of the condition of the i)upil should be made.
The surest method, however, I know of is the plan recommended by Liebreich. The subject is
made to believe that the inspection of the affected eye is concluded and that the healthy eye alone
is to be examined. Both eyes are kept open, and a prism of 10°, for example, is placed in front of
the well eye, with veils above or below. If the other eye is really attacked with amaurosis, the
image obtained by the prism is simple, but if the blindness is simulated the patient sees two
images, which he, not knowing its significance, immediately proclaims.

But the most frequent attempts at fraud were made by boys in the assertion of a false age.
This became, indeed, a matter of no small annoyance and not unfrequeutly of great importance, as
the otlice was fairly assailed during the pending drafts with a storm of applications for enlistment
on the part of those whose claims to attention were matter of doubt. The jealous care of parents
and guardians was insufficient to prevent their sons and wards from constant escapes from home
under the stimulus of large bounties, the attractiveness of military trappings, and the seductive
tongues of ambitious recruiting-officers; and multitudes were so demoralized as to make the most
solemn asseverations of legal age when they could show the proper measurements, though in the
course of one, two, or three days, or later, the parents or guardians would appear with the most
irrefragable proof of a minority of one, two, or three years. Hence, in my records, the statements
of the recruit (as already stated) appear for my own protection and as evidence of the moral status
of the youth, while in the column of "Kemarks" appears "youth" as a cause of rejection, proof
having been adduced, subsequent to the record, of his statement as to age having been false. Expe-
rience has shown me that it is a very difficult matter to decide as to the precise age of an individual
between sixteen and eighteen years ; but it is not difficult to determine that even at eighteen there
is generally a want of that development which is so essential to the efficiency of the soldier. At
twenty years, there are such unequivocal signs of maturity in the increased thickness of the bones,
the strength of the joints, the expansion and firmness of the muscles, and the appearance of the
wisdom teeth, that but little doubt can be entertained, either as to the age or ability; and in my
humble judgment this should be fixed as the minimum age for military service, especially as this
war has shown that abundance of men can be obtained for any emergency in, this country without
a serious depreciation of its ijopulation. * * *

xVnother difficulty experienced during all the early part of my term as examining-surgeou was
the constant feeling of uncertainty as to the proper mode of performing many important duties, a
feeling generated by the conviction that there should be uniformity in the work of similar officers
throughout the land ; and for that purpose appropriate books, blanks, and an acknowledged medi-
cal head within the Bureau to which they were attached and to which they were professionally
responsible, should be provided. This very unpleasant and unprofitable state of things, I am
hai)i)y to state, disappeared eventually under the genial influence of the benign visitation and
53

4J8 surgeons' reports — ohio — eighteenth district.

evident abilit}' and genius of the present Chief Medical Officer of the Provost-Marshal-General's
Bureau, whose uniform nrbanity in the discharge of his duties cannot fail of high appreciation by
the recipients of his kindness, and the value of whose services his country must surely recognize
and honor.

So far as my experience warrants an opinion in reference to nationality iu the selection of
recruits for military service, the utterance of the old poet, Spenser, is as true now as then. Says
he: "I have heard great warriors say that in all the services which they have seen abroad in
foreign countries they never saw a more comely man than an Irishman, or that cometh on more
bravely to his charge." * * *

With the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service, my experience furnishes
such limited observation as to render an opinion worthy of but little consideration. The convic-
tion arising froui au examination of a few hundred of various shades of color is that the negro
proper is well adapted for military service, but that the mulatto and all varieties of mixture of
black aud white blood have degenerated physically, being very often found with tuberculosis and
other niauifcstations of imperlect organism.

The enrollment-law as it now stands, so far as I am able to judge, needs very little alteration
to promote the successful accomplishment of its object. * * *

L. M. WHITING,
ISurgeon Board of Enrollment /Seventeenth District of Ohio.

Alliance, Ohio, Jmic 8, 1865.

OHIO— EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT.
Extract from report of Dr. H. C. Beardslbe.

* * * My appointment as surgeon of the board of enrollment of the Eighteenth Con-
gressional District of Ohio bears date May 11, 1863. I entered at once upon the iluties of office
but made no examinations of men for the military service until the month of October following.
I had no previous experience in making such examinations, but I prepared myself as well as I was
able by carefully studying the manual prepared by order of the War Department and distributed
to examining-surgeons. •

I have examined six thousand five hundred recruits, substitutes, drafted, and enrolled
men. * # »

The examination of a recruit is quite different from that of an enrolled man or a drafted man,
and the difficulties to be met and obviated are also quite different ; the one seeking to conceal the
existence of a disqualifying infirmity which would prevent his entering the service, the other
seeking to aggravate infirmities actually existing, and even simulating those which do not exist, as
a means of escaping liability to service. Still, each kind of experience contributes to perfect the
competency of the examiner.

The Eighteenth District of Ohio lies on the south shore of Lake Erie, and is composed of the
counties of Lake, Summit^ and Cuyahoga. The counties of Lake and Cuyahoga border on the
lake. The county of Summit lies south of Cuyahoga. From the northeast corner of Lake County
to the northwest corner of Cuyahoga is about sixty miles. From (he lake-shore of Cuyahoga to
the south line of Summit County is somewhat more than fifty miles. The district is traversed by
three rivers — Grand River and Chagrin, which pass through Lake County, the latter touching
some of the eastern townships of Cuyahoga, and the Cuyahoga River, which is the largest of the
three, aud which traverses the county which bears its name. Neither of these is navigable except
for a very short distance. The two former form respectively the harbors of Grand River or Fair-
l)ort and Cleveland.

The rock formations of the district are a compact sandstone, a sandstone of somewhat coarser
and more open texture, conglomerate, and, underlying these; a soft clay-slate, which, when exposed
to the air, is soon decomposed into a tenacious blue clay. At jioints in each of the three counties,
the sandstone is extensively quarried for building-material. The fine and more comi)act varieties
are very largely used in the construction of houses and of public buildings, and the coarser

surgeons' KEPORTS — OHIO EIGHTEENTU DISTRICT. 41U

varieties are used largely for railroad culverts, bridges, aud all the various purposes for which
stoue is used iu railroad coustruction, iu which strength aud durability are cousideratious of iiiore
imj)ortaiice iu regard to the material tliau beauty.

At Middleburgh is au extensive deposit of griudstouegrits, and Berca griudstoues have a wide
reputation. In several townships of fSuiumit County are productive mines of bituminous coal.

The soil of the district is quite varied; large portions of it are clay-loam of greater or less
tenacity. Parallel with the shore of the lake, and at a distance from it of from one mile to three
miles, are ridges composed of sandy or gravelly loam, underlaid, at a depth of from three feet to
fifteen feet, by a stratum of gravel, (drifts,) which is succeeded by a tenacious blue clay, which con-
tinues downward to the slaterock.

Tlie water in all the wells upon the ridges is found iu coarse clear gravel, lying immediately
over the clay, aud is abundant aud very good. Indeed, the water iu all parts of the district is
good, except iu comparatively few locations, where the wells penetrate into the clay-slate. This
latter is pretty strongly impregnated with sulphuret of iron, which reuders the water of the wells
which penetrate iuto it quite unpalatable, but perhaps not really unwholesome.

The deptli of the stratum of clay is uot yet definitely ascertained. A petroleum-well now being
sunk in Lake County has already attained a depth of six hundred feet without passing through it.

From the meteorological records kept at Paiuesville, in Lake County, by Jesse Storrs, it appears
that the mean temperature for five consecutive years was 49.39 degrees Fahrenheit ; that in that
])eriod the highest tem])erature was ninety degrees, aud the lowest ten degrees below zero; and
that the average fall of rain in the same number of years was forty inches iier annum.

In the couuties of Lake aud Cuyahoga, a large number of men are employed iu lake navigation.
In various parts of the district are extensive rolling-mills for the manufacture of railroad-iron,
blast-furnaces, founderies, and machine-shops, and in Cleveland a large number of men are engaged
iu mercantile pursuits. The reinaiuder of the population are farmers or mechanics. Grain and
fruit are largely cultivated, and large quantities of cheese and wool are annually produced. Some
idea of the exteut of the productiou may be formed from the fact that the yearly shipments of
cheese from Paiuesville station on the Lake Shore Eailroad have reached as high as four^thousaud
tons, or eight millions of pounds. A part of this is received for shipment from the adjoining county
of Geauga.

In some portions of Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Germans are quite numerous, and there are
also a good number of Irish. With these exceptions, the inhabitants of the district are of Ameri-
can descent, mainly from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and are an intelligent,
orderly, and thrifty people.

In the early history of the district, malarious diseases — as intermittent and remittent fevers —
were common, and iu localities quite prevalent. They have diminished in frequency, and are uot
now common.

Furnace-men aud iron-workers generally, from their exposure to great heat and air alternately,
aud sailors, from inevitable exposure to the weather, sufl'er much from rheumatism. The chilly
winds from the lake in the winter and early spring have no doubt some influence iu predisposing to
diseases of lungs. My belief is that a portion of the German population have a peculiar proneness
to hernia, and also to congenital deformity of the feet.

The diseases of the district are those commou to other localities iu similar latitudes. Typhoid
fever, scarlatina, dysentery, inflammation of the lungs, and rheumatism are among the most
common.

I have no remarks to make, except on a few of the sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations
Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau.

Iu regard to section 3, ejnlepsy, it is no doubt true that cases of confirmed epilepsy cease
after a while to be the iiubjects of medical treatment, so that the man cannot procure the certificate
of aphyslcian who has "attended him in the disease" within six months. Still I would not suggest
any alteration of the section, as an aggravated case of confirmed epilepsy might generally be
exempted for manifest mental imbecility.

In regard to section C, requiring ^'■developed tuberculosis" to entitle a drafted hiau to exemption,
if all exemptions are made strictly on the letter of the section, it would seem that persons would

420 surgeons' reports OHIO EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT.

be held to service who would prove of no service to the Government, but to whom the esiiosiire
would cause serious injury, if it did not produce fatal consequences.

In regard to section 12, there are cases of loss of the sight of the right eye when there is no
manifest defect. I have in such cases sent the man to an expert for examination with the ophthal-
moscope.

Section 20. I have always applied this section in a strictly literal manner, and have always ruled
that the existence of any teeth forward of the molars was sufiicient ground upon which to hold the
man. I do not feelsure that any alteration of the section would be advisable, and still persons have
applied to me for exemption in consequence of defective teeth, and have been refused in consequence
of their having one or two teeth more than the section prescribes, when the teeth which caused them
to be refused exemption were positively worthless.

There is one point which deserves remarl^, and for which the present is an appropriate place.
A man enlists, and on examination is rejected for nearsightedness, for instance, or for loss of teeth;
and the same individual is subsequently drafted, and, having no clear cause of exemption, is held
to service. To refuse a man who seeks to enlist and to refuse to exempt the same man when
drafted is almost necessarily to cause dissatisfaction. Su(!h cases have occurred in my office, and
they have been very difticult and embarrassing cases to decide. 1 have no suggestions to make as
to the remedy. # * *

With a competent clerk to record the names, measurements, and descriptions, from Jxfty to nixty
men may be physically examined in a day with accuracy. One day, in a severe press of business,
I examined ninety-eight men, and on another day eighty men. This is more than I would under-
take to do again, and is more than can be done accurately.

The question of the frauds attempted is undoubtedly most difficult to discuss in a satisfactory
manner. The efforts of the recruit are of course to conceal some defect, or to divert attention from
some disqualifying disease. An attempt to conceal a partial ankylosis can only be thwarted by a
close scrutiny of the motions. Fracture of legs with shortening can be ascertained by measure-
ment, and by careful inspection of the man's gait as he is walking, varying the ujanner and rapidity
of the walk from time to time. Defective sight can only be detected by putting the man to severe
tests, and these must be made to suit the case, and must necessarily be left to the sagacity of the
examiner. When the physique of the man is other than good, the pulse should be examined in
reference to force and frequency ; the ai)pearance of the tongue and condition of the muscles noted ;
and if the tongue were otherwise than clean, if the respiration were of abnormal frequency, or
mainly or largely diaphragmatic, and the muscular tissues soft, I would reject. The complaints
most frequently set up by enrolled men or drafted men are diseases of lungs, heart, and liver, and
rheumatism. Eheumatism, unless attended with visible organic changes, is scarcely a cause of
exemption. The measurement of the chest at inspiration and at expiration was intended to be a
check against fraudulent claims of diseased lungs; an expansive mobility of two inches or more
affording very strong presumption against serious disease. If, however, a drafted man or an
enrolled man of shrewdness claims diseased lungs, he will attempt to produce incorrect dimensions
of chest by only expanding his chest slightly. In fact, I have found that the chest-measurements of
drafted men or enrolled men claiming exemption for disease of lungs are never correct. Occa-
sionally, the examiner may succeed in putting the man off his guard, and obtain a more accurate
result; but these measurements at best can only be made to approximate to the truth.

While speaking of chest measurements, I will remark that iu the examination of recruits and
substitutes there is a strong liability to error, especially if the recruit is of slender form. In these
cases, the measurements at expansion will be incorrect. The enrolled man or drafted man will not
allow his chest to expand ; he wishes to a[)pear smaller; the small recruit wishes to appear larger
and will not allow his chest to collapse.

In regard to nationality, I have little to say. I would give the preference to the Scotch, but
my estimate would be based on a few examinations. I have one idea to suggest, which ])robably
■ has occurred to the Department. The measurements of recruits of Amvrican birth appear, as corn-
oared with those of recruits of other nationalities, relatively somewhat smaller than they should,
from the fact that ueaily all the boys who, though claiming to be eighteen years of age, {ire rejected
as really under that age, and who also are very generally either under the [)rescribcd size, or only

surgeons' reports OHIO EIGHTEENTH DISTRICT. 421

a very little above it, are almost without exception boys of Atnericaii birth. Recruits of all other
nationalities have, aceordinj; to my ex[)erieuce, been far more uniformly persons of mature age.

In regard to the negro, I feel quite incompetent to form an opinion of any value. 1 have
examined but few more than one hundred colored men. I have thought ventral hernia somewhat
peculiarly ])revalent aniong them, and that they had in some instances suffered with unusual
severity from venereal disease. It would seem reasonable to suppose that a race of men inured to
labor and accustomed to plain food, and unaccustomed to comforts and luxuries, would be well
adapted to bear the fatigues and exposures of a military life. Medical men who have served in
the held and in the hospital would, in my opinion, be better able to give information on this point
than those who have seen no service in either.

The experience of the board of enrollment in this distri(;t io clearly that the enrollment-law
as it now exists is not j'c'xa an efficient means of rei)lenisliing the Army. Its principal, I might
almost say, its only value, consists in its acting as a stimulant to volunteering. Estimating the
enrollment-law thus, it has seemed to me that its efficiency might be increased by introducing into
it a provision that when a draft is ordered, a reasonable time, say ninety days or even more, should
be allowed for the sub-districts to till their respective quotas by voluntary enlistment, and then, if
the quota was not filled by such enlistments, and a drait was made, every acceptable drafted man
should be held to persoiml service. I apprehend that with such a provision in the enlistment-
law, no draft would ever need to be made.

During the past season, from motives of economy I presume, the Department relied, for the
correctness of the eurollmeiil, upon the voluntary assistance of township-trustees and military
committees, rather than upon paid enroliing-oflficers. This makes the men charged with the mat-
ter each solicitous for the welfare of his own sub-district, and tends to make the corrections consist
merely of striking off aliens, men over forty -five years of age, non-residents, and those who are
l)hysically disabled, and scarcely at all in adding such as should be added. If the experience of
boards of enrollment generally coincides with ours in regarding the use of such agents as useless,
it will be for the Department to devise a remedy.

There is one other particular in regard to which I feel no delicacy whatever in expressing my
opinion, certainlj' no such delicacy as I should have felt in regard to expressing it while 1 was
holding and discharging the duties of the office of surgeon of a board of enrollment, and that is
in regard to the insufficiency of the salary. A physician and surgeon of reputable standing, and
of such experience in his profession as would fit him to discharge the duties of the office, would
not be able to accept it without i)ecuniary sacrifice, unless his residence were at the town where the
district headquarters were established. When, however, the district headquarters are at a distance
from his place of residence, (in ujy own case the distance is thirty miles,) his acceptance of the
office involves the sacrifice of his business, temporarily at least, and subjects him to the necessity
of absence from his family. Then, too, surgeons are not quite infallible, and one man may easily
pass a recruit whom another and perhaps abler man may reject, and the consequence will be the
reduction by stoppage of a salary already inadequate.

A part of the time since I have had the office, the actual gold value of the monthly pay has
been less than forty dollars per month, and that for discharging the duties of a very delicate and
really very responsible office, an office whose duties it is not easy to discharge with entire fidelity
to the Government without rendering one's self in some degree obnoxious to the people of the dis-
trict.

An office whose duties are so important to the Government, so delicate in their nature, and so
difficult to discharge, ought in my judgment to receive a more liberal compensation than the law
awards it. The office seems to me equal in responsibility to that of a regimental surgeon on active
duty in the field, and should be rewarded with an equal amount of pay and allowances.

The salary now is the same which the commissioner of enrollment receives; bat as no I'ccuniary
Uahility iittiiches to him, practically his is the better pay, while its duties, being mainly clerical,
are far less arduous in the performance.

II. C. BEARDSLEE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Eighteenth District of Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio, May I.">, 1805.

422 surgeons' reports — ohio — nineteenth district.

OHIO— NINETEENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. George W. Howe.

• * * My experieuce in the examiDation of men for the military service has been
limited to the period of my services as surgeon of the board of enrollment of the Nineteenth Dis-
trict of Ohio, about two years ; during which time I have examined about ten thousand one hundred
and seventy-two enrolled men for exeu'ption, one thousand and ninety drafted men, and two thou-
sand six hundred and sixty-nine recruits and substitutes; making the total number examined
thirteen thousand nine hundred and thirty-one.

The Nineteenth District of Ohio is in the northeast corner of the State, including an area of
2,650 square miles, and had a population, according to the census of 1860, of 128,339.

It is formed of the counties of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Mahoning, Portage, and Geauga, sub-
divided into one hundred and four townships or subdistricts. It is bounded on the north by Lake
Erie and Lake County of the eighteenth district ; on the west by Cuyahoga and Summit Counties
of the eighteenth district; on the south by Stark and Columbiana Counties of the seventeenth
district; and on the east by the State-line of Pennsylvania.

The surface of the district is gently undulating. The headwaters of Grand, Cuyahoga, and
Mahoning Elvers arise in it, the first two terminating in Lake Erie, the Grand at Fairport, Lake
County; the Cuyahoga (a sluggish stream) at (Cleveland, Cuyiihoga County; and the Mahoning
terminates in the Beaver River, which is a tributary of the Ohio. The Lake Shore, Atlantic and
Great Western, and the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroads pass through the district from east to
west, the last two passing through Warren, the headquarters of the provost-marshal.

The north part of Ashtabula County, bordeiing on Lake Erie, has a sandy soil ; the southern
part, with most of Trumbull County, a rich loam with a clay subsoil ; while Mahoning, Portage,
and Geauga Counties are diversified with gravel, clay, and loam. The east part of Trumbull and
Mahoning Counties abounds with rich deposits of iron, coal, and oil.

The whole district is comparatively healthy. Epidemics are seldom prevalent, though the air
is moist and subject to severe and sudden changes, inducing pneumonia and phthisis pulmonalis in
the northern portion, (attributable to lake-winds,) and bilious and typhoid fevers in other portions,
(attributable to those disturbing influences that tend to their development.) * # #

The general character of the inhabitants is intelligent and industrious. They are mostly
descendants of a New England ancestry, with a mixture of Virginians, Pennsylvaniaus, English,
Germans, Irish, and Welsh. Their churches, school-houses, mode of life, and surroundings evi-
dence the taste and comfort that ever attend superior intelligence. Their principal occupation is
agriculture.

The diseases and disabilities that have disqualified the greater ratio per thousand are found
under sections 23, 20, 32, G, 9, and 5 of paragraph 85, hernia, loss of teeth, fractures, dislocations
and diseased joints, diseased lungs, &c. I might indulge in speculations in reference to the reason
why ; but faals arc preferable to speculative theories. In most cases examined for hernia, upon in-
quiry it will be attributed to injury from blows, strain, or overexertion of muscular energies in
lifting or in gymnastic exercises. 1 have no doubt that a tendency to hernia is hereditary. Three
brothers presented themselves to me for examination, each having an inguinal hernia. I found
there were two more of the brothers, one of whom had a hernia ; also, that their father was simi-
larly afflicted. Evidence might be multiplied, but I cite only this.

That so many men have lost their teeth may be attributed to a variety of causes. I believe
man in his uncultivated state is not as much afflicted with diseasesof the teeth as the refined and civ-
ilized. This would turn the investigation to causes in that direction. Do not the rich condiments
and luxuries with which we pamper the digestive organs vitiate the natural, healthy, salivary
secretions, as well as others, till they become disorganizing even to the teeth ? Whatever the cause,
the effect is on the increase. In those countries, and among those who eat to live and do not live
simply to eat, the evil is not so great. Another reason may be that, desirous of beautiful teeth,
a person resorts to dentrificial nostrums, strongly acidulated, which prove disorganizing.

surgeons' reports OHIO NINETEENTH DISTRICT. 423

Sntlden transitions from liot to cold, Lot driuks, hot food, followed by cold, as ice-water or ice-
cream, may be another reason ; also, abuse of the teeth, prostituting them to other purposes than
that of masticatiTig food. I am aware that bad teeth are usually attributed to bad health, to
derangement of some of the digestive organs. Which is the cause, or which is the effect, is yet to
be determined. * # *

In this section of the country, diseases of the respiratory- organs are more frequently jjrfjHrt)-?/
tluui secondary, olten not traceable to hereditary taint but arising from exposure to our sudden
changes of atmosphere.

1 tjiink the difl'erent sections of jjaragraph 85 of the Revised Regulations of the Provost-
Marshal General's Bureau need but little emendation. Section 3 I would have read as follows :
" For this disability, the statement of the drafted man is insufficient, and the fact must be established
by the duly-attested affidavits of a physician in good standing, and in addition tln>reto such other
evidence as the hoard muy required In a confirmed case of epilepsy, a physician is seldom employed
or medication resorted to, consequently it is difficult to obtain the required certificate.

I think section 33 should be amended. I have met with a case of total loss of the left thumb
and the first and second phalanges of all the fingers of the same hand. With these exceptions, I
have no amendments to suggest. * # #

The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy will depend very
much upon the arrangements. I had a reliable clerk to make the entries on my record, and most
of the time the commissioner attended to the preluninaries, (name, age, nativity, occupation, strip-
ping, measuring for height, and weight.) When necessary, we have commenced our duties at 7J
o'clo(jk a. m., with one hour for dinner, and concluding only at dark. Laboring in this manner, I
hare examined sevtnty-eiyht recruits and drafted men in a day; but I am satisfied no man should be
expected or required to examine more ihim fifty men as an average number. The provision of an
assi.stant surgeon has not been of much relief in my duties. Surgeons of the science and skill for
which I would be responsible \yould not be induced to leave their business and accept the position
on the terms proposed.

The frauds to be guarded against in the examination of drafted and enrolled men are numer-
ous ; most frequently a disorder is simulated for which an acquaintance has been exempted, espe-
cially if it be somewhat obscure. My experience has been quite limited in this j)articular duiing
the past year, as very few have attempted deception. They seldom claim imbecility. In one in-
stance, a drafted man made the claim by presenting a discharge based on dementia, given in ISOli. 1
had known him for several years as a man of more than ordinary intelligence. Some have fraudu-
lently claimed epilepsy, but, failing to make the required proof, have not been heard from since
notified of the evidence required. Many claim heart-disease, and get nearly drunk to establish it.
The claim will be generally of something they think obscure to the surgeon, as haemorrhoids and gravel.
But when the testis proposed with tbe speculum or sound, they excuse themselves from an examina-
tion, preferring to await the result of the draft. Diseases of bladder, kidneys, heart, and lungs,
each have their turn, but the subject overacts his part. Alleged total loss of the sight of the right
eye has been exposed by the ophthalmoscope ; deafness is devoid of its peculiar intonation of
voice: scrofula is made by application of blistering plasters; indolent ulcers are made by blisters
and by continued application of irritants; tumid legs are made by application of ligatures : hernia,
iu jjroof of which they exhibit a truss; aukylosed joints, exposed by anajsthesia; an endess variety
of pains and aches. A fraud more likely to succeed than any other was this: one rascal with no
disability, hiring another, with a manifest one, to make application in his name for exemption, the
representative knowing himself to be secure from service if drafted, and hoping not to be detected.
Tbese are among the most common efforts here.

Recruits and substitutes iu times of large local bounties will swear they are over eighteen or
under Ibrtytive, though they have not a manifestation of puberty, or may be sixty years old.

I am askeil to make suggestions as to the best method of avoiding or overcoming these diffi-
culties iu future. The surgeou shouhl be well posted in his profession, and be provided with all
tbe necessary instruments, esi)ecially an ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, speculum for tbe ear and
anus, and a sound or catheter. He sboiild render himself familiar with the list of diseases and
inlirmities whicli disquaUI^> lor military service, and follow strictly the regulations for such cases

424 surgeons' reports — indiaxa — second district.

made and provided. He should study carefully the manuals of iustruction for enlisting and dis-
charging soldiers, with special reference to the medical examination of recruits and the detection
of disqualifying and feigned diseases. Then, with an honest heart, intent on discharging his duties
to the Government, the surgeon will seldom fail to detect imi)Ositions.

In reply to the inquiry what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military
service, I reply, the American, in his stature and development, his energy and intelligence, as a
soldier has no superior.

I have had but very little experience in the examination of colored men for military service.
The few I have examined have been of good physical development.

With regard to the operations of the enrollment- law as it now exists, I do not feel myself
competent to express an intelligent opinion. Since the last amendment, my entire time has been
occupied in the examination of men, so much so that its practical operation has not been observed.
I am of opinion, however, that if it could be so modified tbat the enrollment made under it
and the State enrollments of the several States were alike, it might be a saving to the General Gov-
ernment. For instance, the State of Ohio has a law for military organization. Every male person
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five is required to do military service in the national guards
or pay a commutation of four dollars per year into the county treasury, unless disqualified by some
infirmity. The enrollment is taken every spring. A surgeon is appointed in each county to examine
such as claim exemption, and give them a certificate, if entitled to it, which they present to the
county auditor, who erases their names from the rolls, thus purging them of the names of those
who have a permanent physical disability.

If the United States enrollment- law and the law of the State of Ohio embraced the same ages,
might not a copy of the corrected enrollmeot from the auditor's office subserve every purpose and
save the Government much expense 1

In reference to the commutation of four dollars per year, there might be a proviso that should
apply as now intended to limit exemi)tion simply from military drill and not from any State or
General Government requisition for soldiers.

In times of war, insurrection, or rebellion, it would perhaps require a law with all the minutise
and efficiency of the present enrollment-law, as some States might have bepome lax in their military
organization, or the General Government might desire facilities of action independent of them.

GEOKGE W. HOWE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Nineteenth District of Ohio.

Warren, Ohio, May 24, 1865.

INDIANA— SECOND DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Dr. W. F. Collum.

* * * I entered upon my duties May 29, 1863. During the time I have been a mem-
ber of the board I have examined five thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven (5,897) recruits,
drafted, and enrolled men.

The district consists of eight counties, viz, Clark, Scott, Washington, Orange, Floyd, Harrison,
Crawford, and Perry. The Ohio Kiver forms the southern boundary of the district, and the coun-
try bordering upon it is of course hilly and broken. A range of bills, commonly designated as
"The Knobs," extends from tlje Ohio Eiver northwardly through Floyd and Wasbington Counties.
Owing to the broken and rolling surface of the district, it is tolerably well drained, which desirable
end is also promoted by a considerable number of small streams, tributaries to the Ohio and
Wabash Elvers.

In accordance with the general character of the country, those streams traversing the south-
ern portion of the district are deeper and more rapid than those draining the northern and western
counties, where the valleys are wide and the streams sluggish.

A considerable part of Clark and Scott Counties is quite level or gently undulating.
' There was uo report received from the lirst district.

surgeons' REPOUTS INDIANA FOURTH DISTRICT. 425

The soil of this level portiou is of a clayey nature and inclined to be wet, unless very favorably
situated for drainage.

The greater iiortion of the people of the district are agriculturists, and in character are hardy
and industrious, though as a general rule but poorly educated. Manufacturing is engaged in to a
limited extent.

The prevailing diseases in the counties bordering on the Ohio are of a bilious character, prob-
ably owing to the nature of the soil and water. In other parts of the district there is nothing
peculiar in the couforinatiou of the country to give particular prevalence to one disease above
another.

Hernia in its diiferent forms has, lu my opinion, disqualified for the military service a gre.ater
ratio per thousand than any other disease.

I have no suggestions to make in regard to changes in any section of paragraph 85, Revised
Kegulations Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau.

My method of examination was to strip the nuxn imked, examine him carefully on all the
points mentioned in the Kevised Eegulations, and report the result to the board.

These examinations were always made iu the presence of the entire board.

In my opinion, /or/^ men are as many as should be exaniined physically per day.

I would say, from my own experience, that the diseases which enrolled and drafted men most
usually endeavor to feign in order to procure exemption are rheumatism, deafness, stammering, and
ankylosis of a joint. The frauds which the substitute and recruit practice in order to get into the
service consist in trying to conceal permanent defects iu vision, hernia, fistula iu ano, or extensive
intenial haimorrhoids. The only suggestion I have to make in this connection is to wipe out the
whole substitute system, as it has been the source of more trouble than any other part of the enroll-
ment-act. I would suggest in lieu of it the substitution of that clause in the tirst act of enrollment
commuting service, but so amended as to require a larger couimutatiou.

I think the Germans have the greatest physical aptitude for military service.

My experience in regard to the physical qualifications of the colored race lor military service
is favorable to their employment. I find them much better developed than the whites, and I was
struck iu the examination of that class with the tact that so few were afdicted with hernia, whi(h,
considering the hard labor they have been accustomed to perform, is worthy of note.

In addition to the few changes I have above suggested in reierence to the enrollment-law as it
exists, I would respectfully advocate the abolishment of the office of commissioner. 1 never have
seen the necessity for that office.- Its duties could as well be performed by a clerk. * *

W. F. COLLUM,
Surgeon Board of EnroUmertt Second District of Indiana.

Jeffersonville, Ind., May 30, 18C5.

INDIANA— FOURTH DISTRICT."
ExtracU from report of Dr. E. P. Bond.

* * * The number of persons examined at this ofiice within the last two years will
not vary materially from four thousand.

The Fourth Congressional District embraces the southeastern part of the State of Indiana.

The Ohio and Great Miami Rivers bound the southeastern piirt, and the Whitewater River
passes through its eastern liorder.

The river-counties Ohio and Dearborn, including Franklin on the Whitewater, are consider-
ably broken iu surface. The hills or elevations from the river to the uplands are high, and are
penetrated by numerous creeks. The uplands for a considerable distance form ridges, gradually
si)reading out into flat or level land. The counties of Ripley, Decatur, and Rush are mostly of the
last-named character. In Ripley and the southeastern part of Decatur Counties the lands are wet,
and the soil thin ; the subsoil is mostly clay. In the oorthcrn and western part of Decatur County

' No report was received from the tliird district.
54

426 surgeons' eepokts — Indiana — fourth district.

and in Ensh County the soil is mucb deeper, and the water sooner disappears from the surface.
In Ohio, Dearborn, aud Frankliu Counties the bottoms and river-hills have a rich mold and allu-
vial soil. The uplands in the eastern part of Franklin County are good. The water in this entire
section is hard, being impregnated with lime, as the stone is generally of this character.

It is conjectured that, at an early period of the earth's history, this region was greatly elevated,
and afterward washed off to correspond with sections east and west; and that, though now rela-
tively as high as adjacent parts of the country; we are below the coal-formation.

The coal-strata crop out on the Ohio Eiver about a hundred miles above us, and nearly one
hundred and fifty miles below. This is not a mineral region. There were found near the rivers
some small licks from which the early settlers succeeded in making salt.

The country is heavily timbered ; oak, beech, sugar-maple, ash, poplar, walnut, hickory, and
elm are the principal growths. The first settlements in the district were eflected in or about the
year 1800. These settlements were confined for a time principally to the borders of the White-
water and Ohio Elvers. The early settlers were mostly from Ohio, Keutuckj', and Pennsylvania.

Of the present inhabitants, those not to the manor born are from almost every civilized nation
and state. The preponderating foreign element is from Germany. The Germans compose prob-
ably one-fourth of the population. Tlie Yankee element from the Eastern States is not large. The
immigration has been mostly from the Middle and from the Southern border States.

lu the early settlement of the country the prevailing diseases were bilious fever, and chill and
fever or ague. These forms of disease are not now so frequent ; but cases of typhoid and conges-
tive fever, pneumonia, and phthisis pulmonj.lis are more numerous. Some forms' of bronchial or
lung disease are quite prevalent; as bronchitis, haemoptysis, asthma, &c. Quite a numbeV are
afflicted with. inflammatory and chronic rheumatism and neuralgia. Cases of dysentery and diar-
rhoea are not numerous ia adults, except when the first ])revails in an epidemic form, and the latter
is brought from the Army.

Ui])htheritis of the throat has prevailed to some extent, and receutly in some localities, mostly
I think in the cold wet lands, there have been some cases of spino-cerebral meningitis. Tonsilitis,
early loss of teeth, disease of the joints and bones, dyspepsia, scrofulous developments, and the
results of diatetic and other forms of abuse, exposure, and neglect prevail to a considerable extent.

Chronic ulcers and varicose veins are not uncommon, especially among the beer-drinking por-
tion of the Germans. Hernia and sarcocele I think are more frequently met with iu that class of
our population.

We have also the ordinary amount of inflammatory disease to which flesh is heir in a variable
climate at 39 degrees north latitude. Injuries, cuts, wounds, sjirains, and fractures are quite
numerous.

Many of the causes conducing are suggested by the geography aud history of this district. The
newness of the country, the rich alluvial and wet soil, the heavy timber, the luxuriant under-
growth, the decay of vegetable matter, the arising miasmata, the laborious and exposed life of the
early settlers, all tended to produce biliary derangement and nervous depression or exhaustion,
resulting in bilious fever and ague of every type.

There is now a modification of these causes aud iuflueuces, and in some parts almost an exemp-
tion from some of them.

There is not ouly an abatement of some of the sources of disease, but a modification bv the intro-
duction of new causes of disease. The earth is not so fully protected by forests ttud their fallen
foliage ; the earth's temperature is diminished. * # #

We have, to a considerable extent, an active, enterprising people. They are mostly laborious
and much exposed, as the leading occupation is that of farming. Agricultiu'eis still pursued under
many difficulties. Much laud is still in the process of clearing. Drainage is imperfect, or is only
just commenced. The benefits of the system of tile-drainage, which depends upon the principle
that nature abhors a vacuum, is just beginning to be appreciated.

(Jurpcoi)learenotonly industrious, but restless, careless of health. Manyof them drink toomuch
of ardent .spirits and of beer. They are not sufliciently careful in their diet. They use too much
hot bread, witli grease and saleratus. Probably they use too much animal food, especially pork.
Many of them, I can but think from experience in exnmining, are too careless of their persons. The

surgeons' KEPORTS INDIANA FOUUTII DISTKICT. 427

skin is uot kept sufficiently clean. To tbis list may be added vices and abuses incident to increas.
iug wealth and iiopulatiou, in the absence of the highest moral culture. As necessary even to good
health and long lile, we need the practical workings of a pure, soul-liberating, and strengthening
(Jhristiauity. Without these we cannot have that which is essential to the individual and body
politic, especially to a republic — intelligence and virtue. It will be perceived that the circum-
stances and habits of life above stated and yet to be noticed tend more to diseases of au inllain-
matory, nervous, and scrofulous character than those which prevailed almost exclusively in the
early settlement of the country.

Many persons emigrating from older States have brought with them, no doubt, the seeds of
disease peculiar to their respective habits and localities. Diseases are transplanted by travel and
communicated by contact. Though our population is chiefly rural, we have quite a number of
cities, towns, and villages. There are seven towns, some of them called cities, ranging from about
one to near four thousand inhabitants. They are made up of the usual professions, dealers, and
trades of most western towns. Our manufactories are not numerous; one class, however, near the
Ohio River, is too numerous, namely, the large m;inufaetories of whisky and beer.

Tlie i)riucipal railroads iu oiieration passing through this district are the Ohio and Mississippi
and the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroads. For -^ mixed population, the manners and habits
of our towns are not i)eculiar; fashions are infectious and nearly uniform. # # *

Under the head of permanent physical disability, (Revised Regulations, i)aragraph 85, section (),)
there was included a multiplicity of diseases and infirmities thought to be disqualifying. On this
account, the ratio per thousand is greatest under that head. The order of the greatest number of
exemi)tions under the draft is, first, permanent physical disability ; second, wounds; third, hernia;
fourth, organic disease of internal organs ; fifth, tuberculosis ; sixth, fractures, ankylosis, and disease
of bones ; seventh, loss of teeth.

My views ill reference to the different sections of paragraph 85. — There might be added to section 4
"decided hy[)ertroi)hy of a limb." To the sixth section there might be added "protracted and
aggravated bronchial in itation, affecting the general health ; also, hepatization of any considerable
portion of the lung; frequent hiBmoptysis, with evidence of disease; and excessive and confirmed
cases of asthma."

Section 9 should be divided into physical disability and permanent physical disability. There
are cases of disability resulting from protracted and recurrent fevers, and other diseases where we
cannot say there is serious organic lesion — that disqualify for many mouths. Manifest cases of
permanent physical disability in such a division should be striken from the rolls.

Section 11 might be improved by reading "chronic rheumatism manifested by positive change
of structure, wasting of a limb, or pufliness of the joints exempts; well-established cases of rheu-
matic diathesis. The person being prostrated when exposed, cases leaving no doubt of unfitness
for military service, exemi)t."

Section 13. Extreme near sightedness certainly does render the man unfit for field-service.

Section 14. To this might be added polypus entirely obstructing breathing through the nose.

Section 22. In this, or in a new section, might be included aggravated and well-marked cases
of spinal irritation.

Section 23. In slight cases of inguinal hernia that are congenital, or nearly so, the judgment of
examining-surgeons might be left free to determine the fitness or unfitness for ?nilitary service.

Section 25. There are some extreme cases of external haemorrhoids that certainly do unfit for
military service.

Section 28. It would be well to consider whether well-established cases of renal gravel, of long
standing, should not exempt.

Section 29. "Varicocele isnotof itself disqualifying," but when extreme and complicated with
disease of testicle it should be a cause of exemption. Entire want of development of the genital
organs, complete or nearly complete absorption of testicles, chronic enlargement of testicles if ex-
cessive, with disease of spermatic cord, if in such degree as to disqualify for military service, should
be. causes of exem[)tion.

Section 33. Ankylosis and contraction of left thumb iu direction of palm of haudj ankylosis and

428 surgeons' reports — Indiana — fourth district.

contraction of either finger, except the fourth, in some direction so as to hinder the handling and
use of arms, should be causes of exemption. In the other sections I have uo alterations to suggest.

Without an assistant or clerk, with a fair class of recruits and substitutes, sixty persons areas
many as can very well be examined in one day. * » *

You request me to mention the frauds most to be guarded against which are practiced by drafted
and enrolled men to escape, and by volunteers and substitutes to enter, the service, and any other
obstacles I have had to contend with in the discharge of my duties, and to make any suggestions
as to the best method of avoiding or overcoming these difficulties in the future.

The frauds of drafted and enrolled men in many respects are the same ; these depend much on
the knowledge or belief of what will exempt from military duty. Many of them consult lawyers
and physicians and obtain certificates covering some section of paragraph 85 of the Regulations.
During the examination of drafted men in 1804 some lawyers and physicians annoyed us not a
little. The effects of injuries, sprains, fractures, and cuts are greatly magnified. Quite a large
number are afflicted with rheumatism, although there are no visible signs ; and one would think a
large portion of the men were far gone in consumption. The breast is very tender and weak ; they
can't bear to have it touched. Some are afflicted with weak eyes; in one or more cases they had
apparently been tampered with. In others the vision is very indistinct — can see no distance. One
would be led to believe that amaurosis was exceedingly prevalent ; but deafness becomes epidemic.
Its assumption, well played, and sustained by certificates, requires no small amount of care and
skill to detect. Epilepsy is sometimes alleged where it is not believed to exist. Some feign hernia,
and hope to prove its existence by the presence of a truss, and varicocele is sometimes aggravated
by its use. To overcome these attempts, I can only recommend vigilance and caution. Some men
make improper claims of being under or over the military age ; others claim that they are wrongly
enrolled. While we frequently find drafted men magnifying or simulating disease, some substitutes
and volunteers take eqnal pains to bide any real disease or infirmity they may have. Vigilance
and a practical eye will generally detect them. The greatest number of frauds, and under the
ordinary practice the most difficult to detect, are those practised in relation to age. In many cases
it is impossible by physical examination to determine the exact age by at least some months. The
young man states he is eighteen years and a certain number of days or weeks of age, and a recruit-
ing officer, an interested agent, or companion, confirms it to the best of his belief. The examination
goes forward ; the measurement fills the regulations ; the muscles are good ; the organs of genera-
tion are well developed, and the pubes well covered with hair; yet he may be six mouths, and iu a
few cases possibly a year, less than eighteen. In my opinion, volunteers and substitutes claiming
to be eighteen years of age should be required to furnish a certificate from parents or guardian, or
a certified copy of record when it can be obtained, or other clear proof when it cannot, that such is
the fact.

Obstacles ill the dischar/je of duty. — In my opinion, the surgeon should have complete control of
his own department. He is the best judge of the size and kind of rooms needed and of the time
required to make examinations, and is best fitted to decide in any given case. The surgeon should
have the control of a clerk, to be selected or approved by him. In nothing have I found so much
difficulty as in the matter of continued or suitable clerical help.

The physical aptitude of the Irish or Celtic race generally is good, better, perhaps, than the
German or Teutonic, and equal probably to the Anglo-Saxon. They are more abstemious. The
French army could be subsisted on much less than an English army of the same size. The
Celtic race is less inclined to flesh and corpulency, and their action is quicker. But while there
is eqnal or greater i)hysical aptitude, in mental and moral qualities they are not equal to the
English. # # *

The physical adaptation of this mixed liberty -loving American nationality is equal to that of
any, and their morale, under the circumstances and conditions of which I have spoken, I believe to
be better than any other.

The American soldier has the dash of the French and the indomitable perseverance of the
English. The officers who attempt to break the spiiit and destioy the self-resitcct of their men

surgeons' reports — INDIANA — TENTH DISTRICT. 429

make a great iiiistake; siu-li a course will not serve tlie purpose of au army save with the unprin-
cipled and viinous.

Liberty-loving Germans, and especially those who are Americanized, are not destitute of good
soldierly qualities. Those least inclined to volunteer are those that are to some extent clannish,
living together in large settlements — those wlio have brought Germany to America. With these
exceptions there has been do lack of spirit aud patriotism in our German population.

A large proportion of the Irish in the Army from this section are volunteers. You catch but
few of them by the draft. This may be accounted for in part from their migratory habits.

My experience as to the physical (pialifieations of the colored race for military service is lim-
ited. I do not see why they may not make good soldiers. They have suiHcient strength, activity,
and endurance. They are rather quick of api)reheusion aud are imitative. They bear uji under
injuries, and their wounds heal readily. Their sensibility, moral strength, and self-reliance have
been somewhat diminished by long years of servitude; but with the prospects of liberty and the
elevation of their race, with their habits of obedience, and with worthy and skillful officers to lead
them, they will doubth^ss make very good soldiers. Such was certainly the case with the most
enlightened and civilized in the early history of their race. # * *

E. P. BOND,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourth District of Indiana.

Gbeensbuegh, Ind., May 25, 1805.

INDIANA— TENTH DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of Db. Stephen Morris.

* * * The whole number of men examined bj' me was live thousaud four hun-

dred and four. Of these there were:

Drafted men 2, 891

Exempted 1, 004

Rejected on account of old age, under age, aud as non-residents 198

This district is situated between the eighty-fourth aud eighty-sixth degrees of west longitude
and the torty-lirst and forty-second degrees of north latitude. The climate is mild, with every
variety of soil. The facie of the country is generally rather tiat; the southern portiou of the district
es[)ecially being covered with a dense growth of large timber of various kinds of ti'ees, viz, various
spe(;ies of oak, maple, i)0[)lar, black walnut, beech, and elm. The soil is well adapted to all kinds
of small grain, wheat being the greatest staple. Ttio inhabitants are mostly agriculturists, and
nearly one-third, in the southern part of the district, are Germans, a very industrious, frugal class,
but very averse to going to war, partly owing to the teachings of the copperhead orators, there
being no leading republican Germans in the district to influence them on the side of loyalty.

The prevalent diseases are malarial fevers, intermittent fever being the most common. The
cause of these fevers is being gradually removed as the country is cleared up and cultivated. Ague
is now much less frequent than formerly.

I cannot say that any particular disease has disqualified a greater ratio from military service,
unless it be hernia, which can be accounted for from the violent straining or lifting in(;ident to the
nature of the occupations of the inhabitants.

I have nothing to suggest in reference to paragraph 85. It seems sufficiently comprehensive;
possibly some few discjualiticatious might be omitted, such as epispadias aud hypospadias, in sec-
tion 30.

1 can thoroughly examine one hundred drafted meu aud one hundred and fifty recruits per day.

The most frequent fraud, according to my experience, practiced by dratted and enrolled men
to escape is simulating diseases of the heart aud lungs. Substitutes and recruits not untmiuently
try to conceal hernia and epilepsy. Deafness aud detective vision are often feigned also. 1 have
fouud no great difficulty in detecting these frauds generally.

'No reports wero received from tbe IJltli, sixtli, seveuth, eighth, and iiiuth districts.

430 surgeons' reports — Indiana — eleventh district.

I consider tho native Americati, especially the western backwoodsman, to have tlie greatest
aptitude for military service.

I have had very little experience as to the i)hysical qualitications of the colored race, there
being very few colored men in this district.

The only suggestion I would make in reference to the enrollmeutlaw is, that the provost-
marshals should be amply empowered and required to protect drafted men against the imposition
and frauds attempted to be practiced upon them by those persons to be found in every community
who are ready to excite and to take advantage of their fears. * # *

STEPHEN MOKRIS,
Svrgcon Board of Enrollment Tenth District of Indiana.

Kendallville, Ind., June 1, 1865.

INDIANA— ELEVENTH DISTRICT
Rvtracts from report of Dr. W. T. Mendenhall.

• ■ * * In compliance with directions from the Pi-ovostMarshal General, I have

the honor to submit the following report of my experience as surgeon of the board of enrollment of
this district, which, owing to my limited experience, must necessarily be a very imperfect history.
Dr. O. Loniax, who was surgeon of the board from its organization until the 1st of April, 1805, for
the reason that he has not time at present to devote to it, declines assisting me in the preparation
of this report.

My duties in this ofiBce commenced on the 1st day of March, 1805, as assistant surgeon, and
upon the resignation of Dr. Lomax I was appointed surgeon of the board on the 31st of the saiiie
mouth.'

During my connection with the office there have been seven hundred and twenty-nine men
examined for military service. Prior to the 1st of September, 1864, there was no record kept of
examinations ; consequently I have no means of ascertaining the total number that have been exam-
ined.

The greater portion of this district is dry and rolling, with rich soil in a high state of cultiva-
tion, and no particular tendency to any class of diseases, while a few counties, comparatively
newly settled, are low and wet, in which localities the diseases are usually of a miasmatic character.
A large majority of the inhabitants are farmers by occupation ; and, as regards their characters
and modesof life, the examiner's olfactories frequently remind him that a little more attention paid
to cleanliness would be conducive to health.

So far as my experience goes, I know of no disease or disability which has disqualified a greater
ratio per thousand than might reasonably b6 expected.

My experience in the examination of drafted men has been too limited to warrant me in
offering any amendments to paragraph 85, although I have experienced some difficulty in a few
cases of total unfitness for service in determiniiiing the section under which they should bo
exempted. » * *

With the assistance of two clerks, one to take the measurements and description and the other
to record them, I have examined one hundred and fifty recruits a day; but of drafted men one-half
of that number is as many, I think, as can be examined with accuracy.

The fraud most frequently practiced by drafted and enrolled men to escape the service has
been that of obtaining certificates of disability from quacks, and frequently even bringing such
quacks here to intercede for them. It is needless to say that they were never permitted to be pres-
ent at the examinations, and certificates exce[)t from nu'n known to the board as reputable physi-
cians had no influence with them whatever.

The physical aptitude of natives of the United States, Germany, and Ireland, according to my
statistics, is about etpial ; there has not been a sufficient number of any other nationality examined
upon which to form an estimate.

surgeons' KEPORTS— ILLINOIS — FIRST DISTRICT.

431

I linvc not exiiiniiicd a siifficiont luiiiibtT of the colored race to form an opinion of tlu'ir pbjsical
qualilications as coiiiiiartMl witii the white race.

I am not prepared to offer an opinion of the operations of the enrollment-law, or to make any

'iiggestions in reference to it.

Wabash, Ind., May 20, 18C5.

W. T. MENDEEHALL,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Eleventh District of Indiana.

ILLINOIS— FIRST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. W. Freer.

* » * My experience as snrgeon of the board of enrollment of the First District of
Illinois has extended over two years, during which time there have been examined by myself and
assistant about twelve thousand persons, including drafted men, recruits, substitutes, and those
claiming exemption from enrollment because of physical disability.

The city of Chicago, situate in the First Congressional District of Illinois, (Cook County,) con-
tains a population of about two hundred thousand. The county itself, independently of the city,
contains aliogether about Ul'ty thousand inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by Lake Michigan,
on the north by Lake County, on the west by Kane and Du Page Counties, and on the south by
Will County.

The general surface is level, while that of the adjoining counties is quite undulating. The soil
is mostly black loam, resting on abed of yellow clay, beneath which is a stratum of limestone.

Chicago is situated on the lake shore, and is traversed by theChictago River and its tributa-
ries. The surroundiug country is i)rairie, and our streets are as flat as a bowling-green. The only
break to the monotony occurs in the pavements, which frequently rise from the ordinary- floor for
foot-i)assengers to the height of Irom two to five feet; they are reached by a chain of steps, giving
an ui) and down stair appearance to the city. Previous to the adoption of an efticient system of
sewerage, the streets (like the open country) were well saturated with filth and all manner of
abominations.

The entire drainage, including a portion of the fluid offal running from the extensive slaugh-
tering houses, empties into the Chicago River, and renders it at times exceedingly foul and dis-
gusting. It has been calculated from analysis that every tenth particle in the river consists of the
debris of organic! matter; and this is tlie kind of fluid which permeates every portion of our wonder-
ful city. The atmosphere, in its general character, is rather humid, and the temperature very
varied, ranging sometimes from summer heat to near zero in a few hours. The following table will
give some idea of the climate :

Barometer.

Thermometer.

Mininiuin.

Mean.

Maxiiiium.

Minimum.

Mean.

Maximum.

28.90

29

29. 60

-28

50

100

Notwithstanding the natural and artificial disadvantages above enumerated, Chicago is the
healthiest city in the United States, as shown by the following statistical table of comparative
mortality, in the principal cities, in ditterent parts of the country :

432

SURGEONS REPORTS ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT.

Annual death-rate per one thousand inhabitants in sa'en cities from 1855 to 1864.

'

s

■s

n.

o

'i

a

d

>l

«

o

^

&

1

»

^

rt

c

2

o

.13

b:

J3

.a

2. -24
2.5S)
2.36
2.55
2.14
9.47

f^

b

«

o

M

O

lg55

3.43
3 OG
3.16
3.06
2.82
2.79

2.03
2,40
2.09
2.00
1.77
2.04

■ 2 65

2.67
2.55
2.04
2 2.-^
9.27

2.18
2.86
2.36

"2."?8
9.92
3.03
3.55

2.46

2. 17

Ig57

2. 17

igsi*

2.04

1.75

IggO

1. 88

1661

1.44

]g(i2

1.28

1863

1.76

2.00

It will be observed that the above comparative statistical report of the percentage of deaths in
every thousand inhabitants extends from 1855 to 18G0 inclusive. There are no data from which
to complete the comi)arisons up to the present date.

No epidemics have prevailed iu Chicago since the year 1854, when the cholera raged with such
violence in the city. Our endemics are controlled by the seasons. In the winter and spring, our
chief disea.ses are pneumonia, bronchitis, rheumatism, and occasionally typhoid fever. During the
summer and fall, we are troubled with malarious affections, but only to a moderate extent.

Among the diseases above mentioned, we find that acute and chronic bronchitis are most preva-
lent. Next in the order of frequency are acute and chronic rheumatism.

With respect to the " character of the inhabitants, modes of life, and occupation, &c.," I have
to remark that nearly every country on the face of the earth is represented in our population,
although it is principally composed of Germans, Irish, Scandinavians, and northern-born native
Americans. But few adults belonging to these nationalities were born here, consequently their
diseases and cachexies partake, for the most part, of the medical constitution of the climates and
countries from which they have emigrated.

Touching the question as to our " mode of living," we are compelled to acknowledge that it
ranges from the lowest quality of food and drink, raiment and dwelling-houses, up to about as high
a sweep of the gamut as any to which American civilization has reached. In this regard we take
in the two extremes of life in capital cities. The average population, however, is temperate, well
fed, and well clothed, although the construction of ordinary dwellings is not in accordance with
hygienic rules, nor adapted to the rigorous changes of the climate.

We do not include the houses of the wealthy classes in this statement ; for here, as everywhere,
they are an exception to the rule of ignorance which prevails in the art and mystery of domestic
architecture. Some of them, indeed, are model dwellings, being well lighted and ventilated, with
spacious halls and lofty rooms, and possessing all the conveniences and luxuries which the highest
science and the most cultivated taste could possibly suggest for their occupants.

Food is al)undant and of the best quality, but, like house-rent, is enormously high, and out of
all proportion to the common run of salaries ; while fuel and clothing continue to be rated at war-
prices. Chicago, however, is the paradise of laborers, who are better paid here, and, indeed,
throughout the West, than .Anywhere else iu the world. Common laboring men earn from two and
a half to three dollars, and at the rolling-mill four dollars, per day.

There are no poor, nor have we any pauper jwpulation in Chicago. We have not to contend,
therefore, with the terrible difliculties of po\ erty and beggary, which embarrass the local legisla-
tures of New York and other large cities of the Union. There are some i)oor men, of course, in
Chicago, and paupers too, but these are mostly cripples, superannuated persons; we have no dis-
tinct class as such under either of the.se denominations.

In reply to the third question contained in the letter, and wiiich is thus expressed . " Eeasons
why any particular diseases or disabilities have disqualiUed a greater ratio per thousand from
military service," I have to say that it is impossible to answer it in a satisfactory manner at
present, for reasons already specified in this memoir, and for others which will now be adduced.
Among them are the mixed character of our population, the recent origin of the city, and the fact

SUUOEONS' KEPORTS ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT. 433

I hilt but few of the adult citizens wore born here. Heuce we have the cachexies and disabilities
incident uot only to our own, but to tlie differeut couutries aud climates from which these people
iua,v have emigrated.

I have not much to say with respect to the query concerniug the different sections of para-
graph iS5, Revised Regulations. I have sometimes felt, however, that these regulations were too
s.ringent; that it would be better, perha[)s, to allow epile[»tics, for example, to prove their condition
by lay evidence, where direct medical testimony could uot be procured, rather than subject them
to be drafted into the service, for which the inevitably recurring disease would soon prove them to
be utteily disqualified. Near-sighted persons might also, as it seems to me, be exempted from
the dralt not onlj' without detrimeut, but to the positive benefit of the service, for of what use can
a man be to his country, as a soldier, who is unable to discern friend from ioe at the usual distan(;e
of normal vision f * * *

The number of men that can be examined physically per day with accuracy depends much
upou the ability and dispatch of the recording-clerk, and the ti!ue occupied by the men in remov-
ing their clothes forexamination. Drafted men are usually loth to undress, and even when this i)re-
liminary has been completed, there are many other causes of hinderauce on their pait, which we
have not to encounter with other classes. But, circumstances being favorable, it is my opinion that
a skillful examining-surgeon can dispose of substitutes, I'ecruits, and others, at the rate of about
seventy-Jive per day, the time given beiiig from 8 a. m. until 4 p. m.

Frauds of every conceivable description have been attempted bj- drafted men and those claim-
iug exemption from enrollment. The chief of these frauds are feigning deafness, chronic rheuma-
tism, partial loss of vision, and lameness without apparent cause or change of structure. Little
difficulty has, however, been experienced in arriving at the facts in every case where the parties
were known in the community in which they resided.

It is found that those who are liable to be drafted are always ready to act the part of detec-
tives over those of their neighbors who may be inclined to play at "hide and seek," or otherwise
attempt to screen themselves by subterfuge; and in that capacity they are an important collateral
aid to the examining surgeon in the performance of his duties. But where a doubt still remained,
we have given the benetit of the doubt to the Government.

The frauds attempted also by recruits and substitutes desirous of entering the Army have
been as various as the characters of the men themselves, and in some cases very cunningly
devised. The examining-surgeon, however, soon accustoms himself to these petty dramatic inci-
dents, and comes at last to entertain a most perfect incredulity respecting tlw moral honesty of all
candidates for the military service, and to lely solely upon his own judgment and skill for detecting
imposture.

In some instances, where a satisfactory conclusion could not be attained otherwise, the appli-
cants have been required to furnish affidavits of soundness, which have been an effectual check in
their cases to such nefarious i)ractices.

The native-born American from the rural population presents, according to my experience, the
greatest physical as well as moral aptitude for military service.

The colored race, in my opinion, compare favorably with all the other nationalities, and in some
resi)ects they are jihysically superior to the average of the races whose individual members have
come under my examination.

This superiority is not sufficiently important, perhaps, to justify more than a passing remark,
nor distinctive enough to warrant a tabular comparison of their qualities and faculties with those
of other nations. In breadth and depth of chest, they have the advantage over other nationalities.
They are, on the whole, a healthy and vigorous people, and it is remarkable that hernia and vari-
cose veins are almost uidinown an)ong them. One of the causes of their healthy condition is with-
out doubt to be found in their strong and brilliant teeth. These remarks apply exclusively to the
unmixed African race. The mulatto seems to inherit the constitutional vices of the white man with-
out deriving any mental or moral qualities from the mixture of the so-called superior blood.

J. VV. FREER.
iSurgeon Board of Enrollment First District of Illinois.

Chicago, III., May M, 1SG.'>
55

434 surgeons' reports — Illinois-^— second district.

ILLINOIS— SECOND DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. Aakon Lewis.

* * ♦ The Secoud Congressional District of Illinois is composed of the counties

of Winnebago, Boone, McHeury, Lake, Kane, and De Kalb, and is bounded on the north by the
State of Wisconsin, on the east by Lake Michigan and the counties of Cook and Du Page, on the
south by the counties of Cook, Kendall, La Salle, and Ogle, and on the west by the counties of Lee
and Stevenson. Population, 125,563; number of square miles, 3,175. Winnebago County is
watered by Rock River; Boone County by the Kishwakie River; McHenry County by the Fox
and Kishwakie Rivers; Lake County by the Des Plaines River; Kane County by the Fox
River ; and De Kalb County by the Kishwakie River and Big and Little Indian Creeks. The banks
of the streams are generally bold, allowing tillage. The Rock and Fox Rivers aftbrd aluiost
unlimited water-power, and the other streams mentioned furnish water-power to a limited extent.
The district is emphatically a prairie district, with timber upon the streams. There are a number
of beautiful lakes in the counties of Lake and McHenry.

The diseases of this district are of a bilious character; there will be found in every neighbor-
hood low, wet, marshy lands, where vegetable decomposition is going on at certain seasons of the
year. Bilious fevers and agues do not prevail to as great extent as they did some fifteen years
since. Enteric or typhoid fevers have been prevailing to some extent, and in some districts have
become epidemic, but are always marked with symptoms of miasmatic influence. Hepatic diseases
of a chronic character are more numerous than formerly. Phthisis pulmonalis is much more fre-
quent than in years past. Neuralgia in all its degrees of intensity exists, and prevails in some por-
tions of this district to such an extent that I have been disposed to call it an epidemic, existing in
neighborhoods where bilious fevers and agues have been most prevalent in years past. The
inhabitants of this district are principally agriculturists, and are a hardy and industrious race of
men, emigrants princijially from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio; there are,
however, a number of settlements of Irish, Germans, and Swedes.

A greater ratio per thousand has been disqualified for military service from hernia, confirmed
malignant sarcocele complicated with disease of the testes and spermatic cord. Secondarj- syphi-
lis, with all its constitutional symptoms, I have found to exist to a greater extent than I had any
idea of prior to my examinations as surgeon of this boaid. I have found it to exist among farmers
and young men of our. large towns to an alarming extent. The reasons why hernia and malignant
sarcocele disqualify for military service are manifest. Constitutional syi)hilis, after the glandular
system has become obviously diseased, should exempt, as exposure to damp and cold, with the
food and irregularities of a soldier's life, would increase and aggravate the disease to such an extent
as to cause him to be useless to the Government, for in fact such a man is useless in any capacity.
As to my views in reference to the different sections of paragraph 85,1 have otten thought the sur-
geon wlio arranged the sections of said paragraph was liighly qualified for the work, and had
arranged and condensed in a most beautiful manner all the disqualifications for military service,
so that in almost every case where the surgeon was satisfied that a man was not duly qualified, he
could bring the disease within one of these sections. However, I have found some difficulty in a
few cases of epilepsy, (section 3;) as many persons who have epilepsy do not call upon a physician,
or may not have done so within the in-evious six months, I have often thought that other witnesses
should be accepted as adequate.

Section 12. Total loss of sight of right eye. — I have thought this section should be qualified ; if
the expression was, " the eye being so greatly impaired as to leave no doubt of the man's unfitness
for military duty," it would be better. » # #

As to the number of men that can be examined in a day with accuracy, in my opinion it can-
not exceed sijtyfire or scrciiti/. I have examined more, but our manner of examining has been
strictly in accordance with the rules, and I found it reipiired more time to strip the men and
reclothe them than it did to examine them; and as the law required us to allow but one in the
room at a time it made the exiuninations more tedious.

SrRGEONs' REPORTS ILLINOIS SECOND DISTRICT. 435

As to frauds to be guarded against, I have had some few attempts at fraud on the part of men
who wished to be exempt, and also those who wished to get into the service.

1 remember one medical man who came before me to get exemption ; he had a sore on his leg
below the knee on the inner side or aspect; he called it a fever-sore; said it had been there for three
years, and that he was not able to attend to his i)rofession. I could not see that he was scrofulous ;
his appearance and manner, as well as the appearance of the limb, caused me to doubt his
statement. I told him my opinion of his case, and I proposed to swear him ; he did not consent to
take the oath, and 1 did not exempt him. Many who wish to get exempted go to their physicians
and get afUdavits testifying to some chronic disease, and stating that they have attended such
a patient or i)atients for one, two, or three years, and that they are satisfied that tliey would do the
Government no good. I have but little respect for those affidavits unless I know the physicians,
and even then it would be better that the law required such medical men to be present at the exam^
ination. J could not undertake to direct the best manner of detecting frauds of this sort. There
have been many attempts made to deceive me, and no doubt successfully in some few
instances. Men have appeared to be very lame and crippled, and have bi'ought witnesses to prove
their condition, but on close and rigid examination have proven to be sonud. Others have been
reduced fi-om chronic diarrhcea produced by taking drastic medicines ; on the other hand, 1 have
found some men who wished to enlist and get the bounty who really hail chronic diarrhtea, and
knew that after getting the bounty they would not be able to do duty. 1 hare had men try
to enlist who had constitutional syphilis, and when I rejected them they have told me that they
wished to enlist in order to get cured

The best manner to detect fraud is to be careful and have as examiners men who have received
a thorough medical education and have i)racticed many years, who are firm and have a knowledge
of faces, and can judge of the actions of men as well as of diseases. A medical education does not
alone qualify a man for an examiniiig-surgeon, any more than it makes a preacher of the gospel to
educate a pet baud-box boy for the profession.

As to what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service, my experi-
ence ia this district shows that men whose parents emigrated from the Easteru States into this
district when the country was first settled, and have grown up as laboring men, and whose habits
of life have been temperate, have the best muscular development,,and I thiuk more vitality and
firmness of character, than any other class of men, and I am disposed to think that our national
character, both physically and mentally, is better adapted also to endure the hardships of war, and has
more of the will-power and combative force to propel it on, and at the same time our people have
by education a continuous pride in being free and living as part of a republic, as every man is a
part of this Government; they seem to be propelled by their natural desires to the battle-field. I
have examined many Germans, and believe them to be well adapted to perform military duty ; they
also average well as regards development, and but few have been exempted or rejected in pi-opor-
tion to the number examined.

My experience with regard to the colored race for military duty is so limited that 1 could not
give an opinion, as I have not examined over fifteen or twenty men.

My rieirs of the enrollment lair as it noiv exists. — In this district, its whole machinery has worked
well. The people seem to understand it, and from what I understand of the law I am quite satis-
fied with it as it is, and have no suggestions to make in relation to it. My doctrine in regard to
treating disease is and has lieen for many years, while a prescription does well never to change. I
am therefore satisfied with the enrollment-law.

My experience in the examination of men for military service has been confined to this office
as surgeon of the board of enrollment.

The number of meu examined is as follows : substitutes and recruits, 2,700; drafted men, 250;
for exemption, 2,200.

AAEON LEWIS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of Illinois.

Marengo, III., June 2, 1865.

436 SUKGEONS' REPORTS ILLINOIS SIXTH DISTRICT.

ILLINOIS— SIXTH DISTRIOT.'

Extracts from report of Dr. Robert M. McArthur.

♦ * * My experience iu the euroUmeiit aud exiuniiiation of men for military

service extends from May 18, 1863, to May 30, 1865. During tbis time there were examined either
by myself or my assistant, and in almost every case in my presence, abont ten thousand men. Of
these about six thousand claimed exemi)tion from draft; about three thousatid three hundred were
recruits and substitutes; and seven hundred aud three were drafted men.

The Sixth District of the State of Illinois comprises the counties of La Salle, Grundy, Will,
Kendall, Du Page, and Kankakee, and embraces a territory of about three thousand six hundred
square miles. The surlace of the country, with the exception of the valleys and bluffs along the
rivers, is generally of gently undulating prairie, of a rich dark loam, varying in depth from one to
several feet. The principal rivers, consisting of the Illinois, Fox, Des Plaiiies, Kankakee, and
Du Page, are lined by belts of timber, and their numerous tributary streams have many groves
along their courses which enliven and beautify the prairie.

The endemic diseases of this locality during the summer aud fall aie of miasmatic origin, and
are generally of an intermittent or remittent type of fever. Their cause, in my opinion, is the rapid
growth and speedy decay of vegetable matter. Typhoid fever prevails late in the fall and winter
months, and seems to be superseding the common miasmatic diseases in localities that are under a
high state of cultivation Where thrift and cleanliness abound, I can hardly venture on an opinion
as to the cause of this disease, not being able to trace it to any specific poison. Whatever the
cause may be, the nervous system is made to sufl'er in a powerful manner from its effects, and may
we not attribute its origin in some degree to the enervating influences of the high temperature of
the summer months?

Pneumonia exists to some extent in the winter, and is the prevailing disease of the spring,
induced, no doubt, by cold and wet.

This district is chiefly settled by people from the Eastern States, yet almost every European
nation is represented here. As regards the general character of the inhabitants, 1 am happy in
being able to report that for intelligence and morality, for enterprise and industry, they will com-
pare favorably with any district in the State.

Although ours is chiefly an agricultural district, wheie grain and stock raising is the principal
business, yet there are many beautiful towns and villages interspersed along the streams and lines
of railroads, and also along the Illinois and Michigan Oanal, (about seventy-five miles of which runs
through our district,) where manufacturing is carried on to considerable extent. We are on the
northern boundary of the great coal-fields of Illinois, and coal-mining in some localities creates an
extensive branch of commerce.

The diseases and disabilities under my observation which most of all others have disqualified
men for military service were hernia, insufficiency of teeth, and fractures. Hernia I have found to
exist mostly among the German portion of the inhabitants, and I attribute this condition to excessive
manual labor at an early age. Insufficiency and caries of teeth I have noticed generally among the
native-born citizens, and the cause of this disability, iu my opinion, is the common use of acids aud
saccharine matter as condiments of food. The corrosive action of acids in destroying the enamel
of the teeth is a fact fully established, and from the general use of acetic acid and the formation of
an acid in the mouth by fermentation of vegetable and animal mattei- lodged about the teeth, I am
led to regard this agent as the most destructive ami the most direct ; while in the use of sugar an
acid is formed in the stomach, and, eliminated through the system, it has an indirect influence in
l)roducing the same result.

In relation to the frequency of fractures, I would say that they seem to be incident to the pur-
suits of an agricultural people.

In my judgment, the ditt'crent sections of paragraph 85, Revised Regulations Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, are, as a whole, calculated to prevent the entrance into the ranks of the. Army
of men physically disqualified for military service, to guard against fraud and against insufficient

'No rciiorts wvyv r('C(!iv(.'(l t'rnui flic tliird, t'diirtli. an<l lit'tli districts.

surgeons' reports ILLINOIS SIXTH DISTRICT. . 437

claims for exemption from the draft, to protect tlie surgeon in the discharge of his duties, and, in
fine, to conduce both to the wants and security of the Government and to the public welfare

Individual sections may be susceptible of revision and amendment, and such a one, in my
opinion, is section 11. The predisposition to frequently-recurring attacks of acute rheumatism, as
is doubtless well known to all Army medical officers, is frequently a disqualifying cause for active
service, both from the impairment of constitution and from the concomitant diseases (such as peri-
carditis, endocarditis, pleurisy, &c.) which it ma^ cause, and more especially from its liability to
constant recurrence at any time on the operation of the most trifling causes upon the existing pre-
disposition. That it is a disease eminently characterized by persistence and intractability, even
under the most favorable circumstances of civil lite, all practitioners are aware, and, of course, the
exposure, fatigue, &c., necessarily incident to active field-service, enhance these difficulties
materially.

Chronic rheumatism is open to the same objection from the fact of impairment of constitution
and intractability. It is well known that those who sutler from this atiectiou are constantly liable
to become useless, so far as physical efficicsncy is concerned, on exposure to wet or cold, or the
occurrence of wet or damp weather, and e^•()n, in some cases, with a change in the quarter of the
wind. It would, therefore, seem eminently proper, and by no means operating to the disadvantage
of the Government, to alter the section under consideration, so that some opportunity might be
afforded to deserving cases for exemption on these grounds. It has occurred to me that were the
section so amended as to read : " The predisjiositiou to frequent attacks of acute rheumatism (rheu-
matic diathesis) and chronic rheumatism, wliicli has so far impaired the constitution as to render
it unfit for the exposure and fatigue of military serNdce, in either case duly established by affidavit of
a physician or surgeon known by the board to be in good standing in his profession and who has him-
self treated the claimant therefor, with such other evidence as the board may require to establish
the merit of the claim " — it would not result in disadvantage to the Government, would offer no
more opportunity for fraud than in the case of epilepsy, for exami)le, and would certainlj' result in
justice to persons enrolled as liable to draft. [ am nijt unaware that rheumatism is one of the most
frequent of feigned diseases, both among claimants lor exemption from the draft, and among sol-
diers ill the Army; but this by no means invalidates the fact that there are cases meriting exemp-
tion and discharge on these grounds. Should it be objected that such alterations as I have pro-
posed in the case of section 11 would afford too much latitude to the examiuingsurgeon, it must
be admitted that from the very nature of his position abundant opportunity is, in the majority of
other cases, afforded him of being a party to fraud, and it must of necessity be a presumption that
he, as a sworn officer of the Government, will be guided in all his official dealings by fidelity to the
country, and that he will endeavor to secure its best interests. » * »

In my judgment, a surgeon cannot, injustice to the Government and himself, examine a greater
number than forty men per day ; that is, if all th(^ examinations are conducted, as they should be,
by daylight. * * *

The greatest and almost only difficulty that we had to contend with in the examination of men
related to age. In the case of drafted men, there was an effort made by .some to escape the draft
by giving their age as over forty-five years, when, in our judgment, they were under that age, and
by some to underestimate their age, when in reality they were liable to draft. Again, in the case of
recruits and substitutes, there was often an attempt at fraud by persons over and under age in
giving their age so as to come within the requirements of Che law.

In the absence of a registry of birth, I cannot suggest any better method to detect these
frauds than that already laid down in the llegulations of the Provost-Marshal's Bureau, together
with the utmost vigilance on the part of the board of enrollment.

In the case of artificial teeth, there are some instances that might escape detection by mere
ocular inspection, and I would advise in every case that the teeth be also examined by manipulation.
From personal exi)erience and the records of this office I concede to the American-born citizen
the honor of the greatest physical aptitude for military service.

My experience in the examination of the colored race has been so limited that an opinion as
to their fitness for military service would be of no value. I would say, however, that many of tho

438 surgeons' reports — Illinois — seventh district.

meu who ciniie under my observiitiou were of a scrofulous diathesis, and coiisequently uot well
adapted to military life.

The enrollment-law, as it now exists, is well calculated to fulfill the object for which it was
created, and I would not recommend any change with the exception of au increase of pay to district
provost-marshals and surgeons of boards of enrollment. No respectable surgeon, except in time of
war and as a matter of pure patriotism, can afford to relinquish his practice for the present com-
pensation allowed to surgeons of boards of enrollment. I would tlierefore recommend, in the event
of a future necessity for the services of such officers, that the district provost-marshal be entitled
to the rank and pay of a lieutenant-colonel, and the surgeon to the rank and pay of a regimental
surgeon. # » #

EOBT. M. McARTHUR,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment SLrth District of Illinois.

JOLIET, III., Avgnst 30, 1865.

ILLINOIS— SEVENTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. Winston Somers.

* * * From the commencement of the recruiting, some time about the 12th of

January, 1SG5, up to the termination of the draft on the 15tb of April following, I examined one
thousand four hundred and eighty-three recruits ond substitutes, and one hundred and ten drafted
men, making in all one thousand live hundred and ninety-three. I also examined three hundred
and fifty-lour enrolled men in the month of January, who applied to be examined for some real or
jiretended disability for the purpose of being exempted from the draft; a number of them were
exempted lor various causes. # » #

The following table will give the age, height, and measurement of the chest of the recruits,
substitutes and drafted men:

Table No. 1.

Measurement of the chest.

Average measurement at inspiration, inches 35

Average measurement at expiration, inches 32f

Greatest measurement at inspiration, inches 43^

Least measurement at inspiration, inches 28£

Greatest measurement at expiration, inches 40J

Least measurement at expiration, inches 27

Total number of chest measurements 1, 593

Height.

Average height of all measured, inches ... 67

Greatest height of any measured, inches 78

Least height of any measured, inches 59J

Total number measured 1, 593

Age.

Avetage of all, years 24.21

Greatest age, years 45

Least age, years 17

Total number examined 1, 593

In taking the measurement of the chest, I used a graduateil tape ; I applied it round the chest
at the point where the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscles begin to mount up to the
humerus to be inserted. This will bring the tape about an inch below (h(^ nipples. I am aware

surgeons' reports ILLINOIS — SEVENTH DISTRICT. 439

that some surgeons, with a view to greater accuracy, prefer that the tape should be carried rouud
above the nipples; and others that it should pass round over them. Both of these modes, in my
judgment, are objectionable, because the tape embraces the margins of the muscles mentioned,
together witli the fatty development of the breast, which I think interferes to some extent in obtain-
ing with accuracy the true extent of the mobility of the chest. But the greatest objection to both
these measurements is that the mobility of the chest at neither of these points is as great as the
measurement below, by from a (piarter to a half inch, as a rule, and therefore does not give as
correctly the true extent of mobility or vital capacity as the latter measurement does. It will be
seen by reference to the for.-going table, giving the measurement of the chest, height, and age,
that the average measurement lit inspiration gives 35 inches, and the average measurement at
expiration gives 32^ inches, the difference being 2^ inches, which is the average extent of mobility
or vital capacity of' the chest of the 1,593 men examined ; and as this mobility, or vital capacity, is
considered by surgeons to be of considerable importance in the examination of recruits for the
Army, I will take this occasioa to give some further statistics in relation to the subject, together
with my experience in my late examinations.

I will, in the first jdace, give a statement made by Mr. Hutchinson, who is a high authority on
such subjects. He states that " he found at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit, 225 cubic inches to be
the average vital capacity of a healthy person five feet seven inches in height. For every inch of
height above this standard, the capacity is increased on an average by eight cubic inches ; and for
every inch below it is diminished to the same amount." This curious result arrived at by Mr.
Hutchinson is confirmed by Surgeon-General Hammond, and others, but is questioned by Surgeon
Tripler, who says: " Our observations have led us to the conclusion that the mobility is rather
inversely as the circumference of the chest than directly as the height of the person, as if
increased mobility was designed to make up for less capacity as indicated by a less diameter;
so that the quantity of air consumed does not differ greatly in different men with healthy lungs
whatever may be their relative stature." " Others assert that for every inch in height the mini-
mum chests increase half an inch in mobility, the medium chests somewhat more, and the maxi-
mum five-eighths."

My own observations fail to sustain either of these positions. In the first place, I went over
the surgeon's books, and collected all the men that I had examined of six feet and above, as shown
in the following table ; they being 73 in number :

Table No. 2.

Measurement of chest

Average measurement at inspiration, inches 36; 5

Average measurement at expiration, inches 34. 25

Average mobility, inches 2. 25

Number examined.
Number of chests measured 73

Height.

Average height of all measured, all between 6 feet and 6 feet 6 inches,

inches 72. 84

Age.

Average age of all examined, the age being from 18 to 44 years, years. . . . 27. 8

The vital capac^ity determined by the mobility of the walls of the chest seems to me to be quite
as accurately obtained as by measuring the expired air after a full inspiration. If so, the result
obtained and set forth in the above table is a complete refutation, as far as it goes, of Mr. Hutchin-
son'.^ rnle given above, for it scarcely makes a start in that direction. The mobility, or vital capa-

440 surgeons' reports — Illinois — seventh district.

city of the chest, being 2.25 inches, is exactly the result obtained in the uieasuremeut of the chest
of the total number, viz, the 1,593 men examined, as will be seen by reference to the first table
given in this report. The preceding table really shows no increase of the mobility of the chest
with increased stature, though the latter is increased from Mr. Hutchinson's standard of five feet
seven inches by from five to eleven inches. Yet the mobility remains the same. We will let the
following table tell how much the mobility of the chest diminishes as the stature decreases below
Mr. Hutchinson's standard height of five feet seven inches. For this table I took seventy-three
names, as they stood in rotation on the surgeon's books, not making any selection, but measuring
from five feet four inches and a half down to five feet in height, with the following result :

Table No. 3.

J Measurement of chest.

Average measurement of chest at inspiration, inches 33. 5

Average measurement of chest at expiration, inches 31.25

Average mobility of chest, inches 2. 25

Number examined.

Number of chests measured 73

Meight.

Average height of all measured, 73 in number, inches 63. 5

Age.

Average age of all examined, 73 in number, yearsj 20. 21

This table shows the average height to be 03^ inches, or fully 9 inches less in stature than
those in the last table, and about 3.J inches under the average height of the whole number exam-
ined as seen in the first table. Yet we find the extent of mobility or vital capacity of the chest to
be 2^ inches, the same as in the preceding table, and still failing to sustain Mr. Hutchinson's and
Surgeon-General Hammond's rule, as laid down in the foregoing fjuotations. Surgeon Tripler takes
the position, as he says, based on his own observations, that the mobility of the chest is rather
inversely as the circumference than tlirectly as the height of the person. To test the correctness
ot this, I took the seventy-three names in table No. 2, all of them being from G feet to 6 feet 6 inches
in height, and divided them into two classes, placing those whose measurement of chest at inspira-
tion was over 30 inches in one class, and all those whose chests at inspiration measured 30 inches
and under in another class. Of the first, there were 39, and of the latter 34 names. In order to
show the result more clearly, I again place them in tabular form, as follows:

Table No. 4.

Measurement of chest.

Average measurement at inspiration, inches 38. 1

Average measurement at expiration, inches 35. 6

Average extent of mobility of chest, inches .. . 2.5

Number examined.

Number of chests measured, over 30 inches at inspiration JO

Average height.

Average height of 39 men measured, the shortest man being 6 feet, and the
tallest one 0 feet 0 inches, inches 73

surgeons' reports ILLINOIS SEVENTH DISTRICT. 441

Average age.

Average age of tlie 39 men exainincd, tlie oldest II, and the youngest 18

years of age, years .30. C

Table Mo. 5.

Measurement of chest.

Average ujeiisiireiiieut of eliest at inspiration, ineiies 34. 75

Average measurement of chest at expiration, indies .Jii. .5

Average extent of mobility of chest, inches 2. 25

Number examined.
Number of chests measured, 3G inches aud under 34

Average height.

Average height of 34 men, the shortest being G feet, and the tallest G feet

2^ inches, inches 72. 5

Average age.

Average age of all the 34 men, the oldest being 44, and the youngest IS

years of age, years 24. 25

lu Table No. 4, the medium measurement of the chest, between average inspiration and aver-
age expiration', is found to be 36.85 inches. In Table No. 5, the medium measurement of the chest
is 33.75 inches, a difference of 3.10 inches. Tlie extent of mobility of the chest of the 39 men in
Table No. 4 is 2.5 inches, while that of the 34 men in Table No. 5 is only 2.25 inches, showing but a
slight difference in the two tables, but sufficient, as 1 think, to reverse rather than confirm the rule
laid down by Surgeon Trii)ler. 1 am therefore unable to contirin the rules laid down by either Mr.
Hutchiuson or Surgeon Triplei'. It will be seeu by reference to the foregoing tables that the aver
age age of the men ranges from about 20 to 30 years. In fact, with th(^ exception of Table No. 3,
the aveiage age in these tables is from near 24 to a fraction over 30 years. I cannot think that
this little diflerence in the age could be reasonably considered to affect the result with regard to
the vital capacity, or extent of mobility of the chest, to a sutticient degree to be taken into the
account. » * «

It may not be amiss here to state one fact that I observed in my examinations with regard to
the muscular movements of the chest in respiration. That these movements are generally under the
control of the will to a considerable extent is an admitted fact, though the movements in ordinary
res])iration are admitted by physiologists to be es.sentially automatic. I examined (]uite a number
of men who, I am certain, were almost entirely destitute of the power of volition in these move-
ments, as they were almost entirely unable to extend the inspiratory and expiratory movements by
the will beyond the ordinary movements of respiration ; and the only way by which I was enabled
to obtain anything approachiug the' true extent of mobility of the clie.st was to excite laughter or
a cough, and in that way get them to exhaust their kings of air. The movements excited by
laughter or coughing are undoubtedly automatic, aud not dependent on the will. If, in this way,
I failed, I obtained almost no mobility. l"'or instance, I selected from the surgeon's book eleveu
cases of men of good health and physique, the extent of the mobility of whose chests was as fol-
lows: three gave ^ inch each ; three gave ^ in(;h each ; three gave 1 inch each ; one gave IJ inches;
and one 1^ inches ; total 8^ inches, an average of only ^ of an inch. This fact may suggest to the
practicing physician that he might meet with cases of diseased, or supposed diseased lungs, in
which the small extent of mobility of the chest would not do to rely on as a diagnostic symptom.

I selected ten other cases, in which the extent of mobility was as follows : in four cases it was
4^ inches; in one it was 5 inches; in four it was 5^ inches; in one it was 5| inches; total in the
ten cases, 51^ inches. The average lieiglit was nearly G2 inc-hes. I state these last cases merely to
50

442 surgeons' reports — Illinois — seventh district.

show the great diflerence that is foinul in this respect in ditlfereiit individuals, which I thiidi, when
taken in connection with the eleven cases above, shows that no indication is to be drawn from the
sxteut of vital capacity. These last ten men were endowed with the power of volition in the [)er-
formance of the respiratory muscular movements in a high degree, while the eleven men tirst cited
were almost entirely destitute of volition in these movements.

It is my purpose to give these facts without entering into further physiological discussion as
to the cause.

I have already stated the total number of recruits, substitutes, and drafted men examined by
me, before and during the late draft, to be 1,593. Of these, 1,374 were accepted, and 210 rejected,
which gives 137. 47 as the ratio per thousand of exemptions. * * *

1 am requested to give a geographical descrii)tioii of my district, with the prevailing diseases,
and the causes conducive thereto; the general character of its inhabitants, their modes of life and
occupation.

This Seventh Congressional District of Illinois is tomposed of the counties of Cumberland,
Coles. Edgar, INIonltrie, Macon, Douglas, Piatt, Champaign, Vermilion, Ford, and Iroquois, and lies
between 39° and 41° north latitude. Its geography and history are so well known that but little
need be said. The fitce of the country is level or moderately undulating, and is drained by a num-
ber of rivulets, or sni;dl streams. At the verge of the alluvial soil, on the margins of these streams,
are ranges of bluffs, intersected with ravines. The bluffs are usually (roin twenty to one hundred
feet and over in height, where an extended surface of tableland commences, covered with grass,
mid groves of timber of \arions shapes and sizes. The groves of timber, which are very fine, are
luo.'.tly found in belts on the streams and watercouises, extending from the water's edge up the
bluff, and often to a considerable distance out on the table-land; they are consequently on lower
land than the prairies, which lie lietwecn these belts of timber, and are drained by these streams.

The soil of both the prairie and timbered land is extremely fertile, and has all the appearance
of being an alluvial dejjosit, which I have no doubt it really is, though deposited many ages or cen-
turies ago. It is a dark loam in both the prairie and timbered land. There is but little stone found
in this district, except the rock scattered over the face of the prairies, which is of granitic forma-
tion, rounded in form, and frequently called by the people " lost rock," though properly denomi-
nated bowlders. They are of various sizes and forms, weighing from a few j)ouuds to many tons.
They are generally on the surface, or embedded partly in it, are tar removed from any rocks
of similar formation, and have most certainly, :it some remote i)eriod of time, been dej)0sited on the
surface, probably by icebergs. I have in my possession a ])iece of wood taken out of the earth in
this neighborhood (Champaign County) twenty feet below the surface. The superimposed bowlder
must unquestionably have been deposited long after the piece of wood was embedded. Such in-
stances are not infrequent in this county. But I am digressing from my subject. Upon a rough
calculation, I should say that there are from seven to ten acres of prairie to one of timbered land in
this district; both jjiairie and timbered land abound in sloughs, ponds, and small lakes. These
lands remain inundated for something like one-half of the year. The fall and winter rains fill
them, and they do not generally dry up until near the end of June following. Some of the larger
[londs or lakes contain water all the year, and answer a very good pnrjiose for stock- water; but the
most of them dry up at latest by the first i)art of July, when the sickly season, as we call it, sets in.

The winters are long, cold, and very windy, especially on the [irairies, where there is nothing
to break the force of the wind. The mean tem|)erature in the middle of winter is about 30° F.; but
very sudden changes occur, the thermometer frequently indicating changes within a few hours from
above the freezing-])oint to ISOor 20° below zero, and sometimes even lower. When thespringseason
sets in, the change from cold winter to warm summer weather is quite rapid, so that we have tolerably
]ong and quite hot summers, as well as long, cold winters. From November until April, or even the
first of May, the weather is generally cloudy ; there being very little fair weather during this long
period, but a cool and very humid atmosphere. The fall of snow is much lighter here than it is
farther east in the same latitude ; and we do not have as much fair weather during the late fall,
winter, and early spring months as farther south. The medium tenqierature of nddsummer is
about .SOO F.; Mic tliermoineter often rising as high as l()()o F. and upward in the shade. The dews
are quite heavy, consccpicnfly the atmosphere is found to be tolerably humid in the summer season.

SIJKGKONS' REPORTS ILLINOIS SEVENTH DISTRICT. 443

The large <in:intit.v ol' stagiiaiit water wliicli lies npoit tlie f'aee of tlie eomitry in tlie spiiiig, aiid
wbicli evaporates (liiiiiif; the tore-part of suimuer, taken in connection with the long and hot sum
iner seasons, will readily suggest that the prevailing diseases of the country are of the miasmatic
character. As might he expected, they are intermittent, remittent, and bilious fevers. Nearly all
other diseases are modilied by, and partake of, the bilious form, as rheumatism, i)ueumonia, pleuiisy,
bronchitis, &c. The disea.ses named are much more prevalent in this district than farther south,
and, from what I can learn, more so than in the Eastern States in the same latitude, where mias-
matic winds do not prevail. There are in this district nearly all the conditions u])ou wlnvU mias-
matic fevers are generally considered to depend,, such as are found in most malarious districts, to
wit, the great abundance of stagnant water, the necessary length of hot summer weather, and the
alluvial deposit.

It is generally supposed that vegetable decomposition is the great source from which the
malarious poisons which induce intermittent and remittent bilious disorders emanate ; but it is
doubtful whether there is a sufidcient amount of this decomposition going on in this district to
account for the prevalence of these fevers. It is true that there is a considerable amount of it going
on in the timbered land during the warm season of the year ; but in the prairie.s, which constitute
from seven to eight tenths of the* territory of this district, there is scarcely any vegetable decom
liosition. This was more particularly true of this country in the earlier .settlement of it, when it was
much more sickly Irom the greater prevalence of these fevers than at present. The prairies were
then, and in fact are yet, to a considerable extent hurned off every fall, when nearly all the i)on(ls
and sloughs are dried up, leaviug thus almost no vegetation to be decomposed. It is true that
it is considered to be somewhat more sickly in and around the groves of timber than at some dis-
tance from them ; but the groves, being on lower ground than the prairies, generally have more stag-
nant water to eva[iorate, and the [)rocess continues later in the .sea.son. I think, however, there is
not much difference in the iiealth of the two localities. » * *

"" As the country is being settled up and the drainage is improved, it becomes more healthy than
during the earlier settlements, though there is much more vegetable matter in the form of gra.ss
unL)urued and left for decomposition in the numerous and large farms in the prairies than formerly.
In districts where there is much stagnant water to be evaporated by the heat of summer, miasmatic
fevers are prevalent, and in such districts of country under some circumstances we find a great
amount of vegetable matter decomposing, but it by no means follows that the eftiuvia emanating
from this vegetable decompo.sition produce these fevers ; and it would seem that the facts above
stated somewhat controvert the idea. We know that the evaporation of stagnant water by sum-
mer heat is necessary to induce these fevers, but we do not know that the decomposition of vege-
table matter is rjecessary. # # *

The position has been taken that miasmatic districts are unfavorable to the development of
tubercular phthisis, or that the miasQiatic poison counteracts tuberculosis; but I am coini)elled to
believe from my own observation and experience, as far as this district is concerned, that the idea
is entirely erroneou.s. It is quite common here to meet with persons whose health has suflered
from long-standing intermittents in some disguised form, in whom the blood has become impover-
ished, the digestive, assimilative, and nutritive functions greatly impaired, and the pabulum
designed for the nutrition of the ti.ssucs so degraded as to be capable of merely forming kakoplastic
deposits. The final result often is that the lungs, so frequently the seat of these deposits, become
tuberculous. It is from this cause, as I conceive, that tubercular phthisis is much more common
in this country than it was in North Carolina, where I for some time practiced medicine, and where
miasmatic fevers were rarely seen.

* * * It is difficult for me to answer the question asked, namely : " Reasons

why any particular disease or disability have disqualified a greater ratio per thousand from military
scr\ ice;" but I am of opinion that in the miasmatic poison of this district may be found the reason
or cause for so many cases of permanent physical disability disqualifying from military
service. # # *

The district is inhabited chiefly by a farming community; and I think it is not speaking too
boastingly to say that as a rule it is settled by an intelligent, industrious, (lersevering, and honest
population ; at least equal in these respects to most communities, and generally as temperate. It

444 surgeons' reports — Illinois — seventh district.

is comparatively a uewly-settled couutry, a large portion of the population having moved in within
the last six or eight years from other States as well as from Europe. Many of them have not been
here long enough to become acclimated, and to provide themselves with comfortable buildings and
other uecessary means of protection against the cold and frequent climatic changes, and hence arise
two additional causes of disease, such as pneumonia and rheumatism, as well as malarious fever.
This last is generally blended with the two former, often acting as cause thereof, and, reciprocally,
as cause and effect. The malarious poison being in the system of many settlers during all seasons of
the year, it is olten mused into action by slight causes, and particularly by other diseases.
Although I have not exempted or rejected any for rheumatism, it is nevertheless a very prevalent
disease here, and, I am certain, disqualifies a large number for military service in its various chronic
forms.

In the examination of enrolled men applying for exemption, a great number were examined
claiming exemption becau.se of chronic rheumatism of the back or some other part, wliichnot being
manifested by any positive change of structure, I did not feel justified, iiccording to the regulations,
in exempting them. Notwithstanding this, 1 think that many of them were disqualified for military
service, and I think that the regulations should allow the introduction of testimony in such obscure
cases. Organic disease of the heart, which I do not doubt has been most commonly brought on by
rheumatism, is a disease often met with here. I see we rejected only five men under section 5 of
paragraph 85, for disease of internal organs, and these 1 believe were nearly all cases of organic
disease of the heart. But in the cases of enrolled men a number were exempted for this disease ;
and a much greater number were believed to be disqualified for military service from the same
cause, but by a rule of the board enrolled men were exempted only in extremely well-marked cases.
1 will here remark that, acting as assistant surgeon for some time before I was appointed surgeon
of the board, I exainined a great number of enrolled men applying for exemption of wlnan no record
was made. 1 had also acted as assistant surgeon in the preceding draft, and in both instances 1
had an opportunitj of observing the frequency of organic disease of the heart, and, from what could
be learned in these examinations, I believe it to have been generally caused by rheumatism.
These facts will account for my surgeon's books not showing more exem[)tions for this disease.
Men so affected rarely present themselves as recruits or substitutes. I believe that the great pre-
valence of rheumatism is princii)ally owing to malarious influence. I am sure, from a^ twenty-two
years' residence in this county, that it is constantly becoming more healthy as it is settled, brought
under cultivation, and draiued ; and 1 believe that it will eventually become a healthy country from
the destruction of malarial sources. While less prevalent, fevers appear to assume a more contin-
uous form or type. # * *

The greatest number rejected under any one section of paragraph 85 was under section 9, for
permanent physical disability ; 76 men were rejected under this section. Of these, 12 were rejected
for permanent i>hysi('al disability, and although they were not rejected under section 6 for developed
tuberculosis, yet I considered the most of them, if not all, as tending to that condition. The
remaining 04 were rejected on accountof undersize and immaturity ; and although they were willing
to make oath that they were eighteen years of age, the board had doubts, in many cases, of the
truth of the assertion, as we knew they were anxious to enlist for the bounty. I believe I have not
as yet answered one question that should have been attended to before, to wit: "The number of
men that can be physically examined per day with iiccuracy."

We did examine in one day over one hundred, as I now recollect, but I think that not more
than from sixty to xerenty-Jive can be examined with sutticient care and accuracy in a day.

Ouly eight men were rejected under section 8 for inveterate and extensive skin-disease, but a
great many were examined and accepted who were suffering so seriously with skin-disease of
various kinds as to leave doubts whether they should not have been rejected. Diseases of the skin
are quite prevalent in this district ; I think considerably more so than in uon-malarions districts.
I have long thought that they were in some way connected with the malarious influences of the
country, as I am sure 1 have more frequently seen them in persons who had suffered from malarial
fever than in tiiose who had not. It may be remarkcnl that nothing is more common than a kind
of herpetic ernption about the mouth and liiis of those who have become convalescent fiom inter-

i;

SURGEONS KKPOKTS ILLINOIS SKVENTII DISTRICT. 445

luitteiit fever. I do uot, however, suppose that all tliese skin-diseases proceed Cioin this cause, but
1 believe that many of tliein do.

in the exatiiiiiatiou of drafted men, substitutes, and recruits, I found that live men were exam-
ined and rejected for tl)e loss of teeth ; and in the examination of enrolled men a])pl,ving for exemp-
tion, 1 lind that fourteen were exempted for the same cause, making in all nineteen cases. It is a
nu ions, if not an interesting, fact, that all of thepi but one were rejected for the loss of upper teeth;
and this one was for the loss of both upper and lower teeth. Why the loss of npi)ei' teeth should
be so mu(;h more frequent than of the lower, 1 am unable even to suggest. I merely mention it as
a curious fact.

1 observe also that varicocele was more frequent on the left than on the right side. 1 rarely
met with a case on the right side. 1 mention this only to confirm the statement so often made by
the authorities.

I found hernia rather more frequent on the right side ; but I do not know that it was so much
so as to induce the opinion that there is a greater predisposition to it on that side than on the other.
In twenty-eight cases, fourteen were on the right side, nine on the left, four were double, and in one
the side was not mentioned.

I met with but one case of the rare malformation of hypospadia, and not one of ej)ispadia.

I am requested to give my ''views in reference to the different sections of paragraph 85. Ee-
vised Regulations of the Provost Marshal-General's Bureau, and what changes I would recom-
mend.''

I do not know of any changes that I could recommend ; but there might, in my opinion, be
some slight additions made. For instance, I had nine cases that I could not properly bring under
any section in paragraph 85. I therefore think there should be a "miscellaneous section" placed
in the blank forms for such cases. A few such anomalous cases will occur, and the surgeon needs
a numbered section for them, so that he may jdace the number against the name exempted, in the
right-hand margin of his record-book and in the monthly report of drafted men, as well as in
Tables Nos. 1 and 2 of the final report of the draft.

1 would remark as to epilepsy that the Revised Regulations require that lor this disability
the man should be rejected; but they make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for the board
to do so in many cases, as they require "the duly-attested affidavit of a i)liysician in good standing,
who has attended him (the epileptic man) in the disease within six mouths immediately preceding
his examination by the board." Now, this disease being one generally considered incurable, it is
not common to have a physician in attendance. The family-physician, even, will raiely see the
man during the fit. We have had difficulty in these cases. I therefore think that the evidence
of other reliable persons should be received by the board as sufficient.

There are no provisions made in the Revised Regulations for the exemjition or rejection of
asthmatic subjects. It appears to \\w that this should be done. It is known tliat there are uuiuy
cases of this disease, where the subjects are for the greater part of the time engaged in their usual
business, apparently in good health, but who are, notwithstanding, subject to frequent and severe
j)ar(>x.\sms of the disease, which would entirely disqualify them for military service, nearly or quit*?,
as much as epilepsy, in many cases. A nuudier were before the board in whom no trace of the
disease could be discovered at the time, some of whom, I am satisfied, were subject to frequent
severe attacks. These men proposed to procure the affidavits of their family-physicians and their
neighbors to show how badly they often suffered with these paroxysms, but even if they had done
so the regulations made no provision for their exemption under any head that I know of. It could
hardly come under section 5 of paragraph 85, "organic disease of internal organs," unless it was
the result of organic disease of the heart, which is rarely the case. However, the surgeon who
drew up the various sections of paragraph 85 may have considered that section 5 embraced asthma.
But, even if this is the view to be taken of it, when the asthmatic subject presents himself to the
b0(»rd for examination between the paroxysms, and with no penseptible symi)toms of the existence
of the disease, the surgeon could not exem|)t him, except from his own statements, which of course
would be insufficient, and the regulations make no provisions for the introduction of other evidence.
I think bad cases of asthma should exempt, and that the regulations should be amended so that

44fJ SURGEONS' REPORTS ILLINOIS SEVENTH DISTRICT.

reliable evidence might be introduced, such as, for instance, the afiQdavit of a pLysieiaii or other
credible person, as recoiumeuded in the case of epilepsy.

I beg leave also to make a few suggestions as to chronic rheumatism. The Revised Itegula-
tions as they now stand direct exem])tion or rtjection for chronic rhenniatisui, bnt not "unless it
is manifested by positive change of structure, wasting of the affected limb, or pufduess, or distor-
tion of the joints." Now the ])racticiug physician is constantly called upon foi advice and treat
menl, in souje of the hybrid or more common chronic forms of the disease, where it is not niani
lested by any such alteration in the jiarts as named, and yet the man may be entirely disiiualified
for military service, or for most kinds of manual labor. Every practicing physician must frequently
have met with such cases; at least they are not tincomnion in tliis district. I think the regula
tions should be so amended as to permit exemption for such cases, when considered by the surgeon
and board of enrollment to disqualify for military service, the testimony of a physician or other credi-
ble evidence being presented, showing that the subject has been disqualified for the performance of
manual labor, and that the disease has been of long standing. I know that great care and caution
arc necessary in exempting drafted men for this form of disease, as they are more likely to feign it
than almost any other, from the fact that they think it more difficult for the surgeon to detect
the attempted imposition.

* lam requested to mention the "frauds most to be guarded against which are practiced by
drafted and enrolled men to escape, aud substitutes and recruits to enter the service, and any
other obstacles I have had to contend with in the discharge of my duties, and to make any sug-
gestions as to the best method of avoiding or overcoming these difhculties in future."

The greatest ditticulties are i)resented in the examination of drafted and enrolled men. for it is
rare, and is indeed the excei)tiou instead of the rule, for them when under examination to admit
themselves to be in good health ; such cases, however, do occasionally occur. It matters u.t
wliat may be the size of the room in which the examinations are conducted ; for when an attempt
is maile to walk or move the men around rapidly they generally pretend to be as stiff as a foundered
liorsc. We feel as if we were among the lame, blind, dumb, and halt. On listening to their com-
l)laiuts, could we believe them, we should imagine there was much more need of a physician or
surgeon to heal them of their infirmities than to examine them as recruits for the Army. One
experiences great sympathy for the poor fellows at such times. If one excuse fail, they resort to
another for exemption. But I may have spoken rather too unfavorably as to their honesty. I
must admit that quite a respectable number of the drafted men boast of fine health and disdain
feigning any disability for exemption. Many complain of disease of the chest, and pretend to
believe themselves consumptive. J)iseases of the liver and heart are quite common among them.
But all attempts at fraud in claiming to be afflicted by these diseases can generally be detected by
the surgeon (hiring a critical examination.

With substitutes and recruits the case is quite different. They are anxious to enlist for the
bounty offered ; they are consequently very sui>ple aud active, and have no consumption or disease
of internal organs unless the surgeon can discover the same, which he may occasionally do on a close
gxaminatiou.

Internal Imjmorrhoids are often alleged by drafted and enrolled men. The surgeon should
keep on hand a dilating metallic rectum-speculum, aud when this disease is claimed for exemptijn,
should exhibit and explain its use to the man, and propose an examination, assuring him that he
can by its use ascertain the existence of any disease. If he be a drafted or enrolled man, and
-object to the examination, it may be fairly assumed that he is attempting imposition, and should
at once be examined, or, if he still objects, it may be taken for granted that nothing is the matter;
for if diseased he will readily submit to an examination. It is otherwise in the case of substitutes
and recruits, for, if not diseased, they will not be likely to object.

Partial deafness is not unfrequently claimed for exemption. I know uo lietter way of detect-
ing this character of im[)osition than by drawing the man into conversation, and, by frequently
changing the .subject, surpii.se him into an admission of the attempt to irai)ose upon the surgeon.
We detected several in this way.

Total loss of sight of right eye, also, is not unfrequently feigned. We had several enrolled
men to make this plea, one of whom was a doctor. If neither of the (Tuter structures of the

8UKGEON.S' KEPOKTS ILLINOI.S SKVENTU l^ISTKICT. 447

eye, nor the iris, nor the crystalline lens be diseased, the man may still have lost his sight by
amaurosis. I think the surgeon should be prepared with an ophthalraoscojie, and when the claim
to loss of sight is urged, and no external evidence of it exists, he should show the instrument
to the man and exjdain the manner of using it, assuring him he can detect the ditticulty if any exists.
If he is feigning blindness, he will not be apt to .-^how a disposition to give him the trouble to
make the experiment, as was the case with the doctor above named. Nothing could be seen iu the
eye in liis case to justify the belief that he was blind, ami lie was not therefore exempted when he
came before the board for examination, i afterward saw him and told him I might have done him
injustice; that 1 had since procured au ophthalmoscope, and if he would call at my room I would
examine his eye with it, and that I should thus be able to ascertain its true condition, and that he
could yet be exempted if the eye was found to be blind. He promised to do .so ; but that was the
last I saw of him. I afterward inquired of his neighbors about his being blind in one eye, l)ut no
one had ever heard of it before. This instrument may assist the surgeou very much in deciding
with regard to blindness from amaurosis, if he has practiced its use.

There were a number of instances in which drafted men and enrolled men came before the
board tor examination, wearing trus.ses and claiming that they had hernia. When imposition was
being attempted iu these cases, the skin was more irritated and red iioui the i)ressure and friction
of the ball or pad than iu cases of true hernia, where it has become accustomed to the use of the
truss. The abdominal ring should be examined and compared with the other side, to ascertain
whether it is larger than it should be where hernia does not exist. It would be well to have the
man to strain the abdominal muscles, and also to jump and lift, for the purpo.se of discovering the
disability. If these measures fail to i)roduce any manifestations thereof, it is presumable that none
exists in his case. Of course, it will be quite as necessary to use these tests with substitutes and
recruits, as they are equally anxious to conceal the same for the purpose of .securing the bounty;
but when iu the service, and the bounty secured, they Irequently obtain a di.scliarge for this cause.
I may flatter myself that we were quite successful iu detecting diseases fraudulently attempted to
be concealed by substitutes and recruits, as we rejected many who attempted such. There is no
danger of drafted men ever concealing a disease for which they may afterward be discharged ;
they, of course, conceal nothing.

But the most perplexing diseases Ibr the surgeon are, probably, the hybrid forms of chronic rheu-
matism, some of it.s more regular chronic forms, and the large class of neuralgic diseases. I speak
thus from the fact that these diseases are often met with iu some form or other of so aggravated a
character as to entirely disqualify a man for military service, although the health in other res[)ects
may appear fair. It may take the form of a long-standing rheumatic back, pain in tlie hip, chest,
or in various parts of the body. Sometimes it is found over the region of the heart, and >et the
disease is not manifested by any apparent alteration of structure, such as wasting or pufhuess. It
might often be concealed by a substitute or reciirit without the surgeon's being able to detect it.
A drafted man will claim exemption for it, and from the difliculty that the surgeou will labor
under iu deciding whether the man is telling the truth, he may receive him into the service, though
he may prove to be of no use whatever. I know of no better way of arriving at the truth in these
cases than to have the man who claims exemption for such diseases procure the affidavit of his
family-physician, and other evidence of reliable persons acquainted with him. I think the regula-
tions should be so amended as to allow this.

A man claiming exemption for asthma, as it is not likely that he would go before the board
for examination during a paroxysm, should be required to procure such evidence as is above sug-
gested for chronic rheumatic diseases.

A number of drafted and enrolled men claim to havedi.sea.se of the kidneys and urinary organs,
disqualifying them for military service. For di.sea.ses of this kind, the surgeou can generally have
no other evidence than the man's own statement, unless he is permitted to introduce the evidence
of his physician and other acquaintances, or unless the surgeou could have the opportunity of
examining his urine with chemical tests and the micioscope. With this kind of evidence, the sur-
geon might often be able to decide the nature of the case with approximating accuracy. In the
case of enrolled men, he would have the opportunity of making investigations in this manner; but,
in the case of drafted men, who are of more importance, it is more difficult for the surgeou to do

448 surgeons' uepokts — Illinois — seventh district.

fbifs, as he wuiihl nucl.v ba\c the time, the mau baviag to be exatnineil, and, il' acce[)teil, sent for-
ward without delay. # # *

I am requested to give my opinion as to what nationality piesents the greatest physieal aptitude
for military service. I have some misgivings as to my eoinpeteney to answer this interrogatory, as
it is not strietly within the i)rovinee of my medical and surgical studies, and I cannot say that my
late medical examinations have east much light on it. My examinations were nearly conlined to
our own nationality, with the addition ot a few Germans, about as many Irish, and a few individu-
als of other nationalities. I will, therefore, only venture an opinion as to thes(i three nationalities;
my observations and experience are too limited to authorize an opinion as to any othef's. Wlien I
award a pretereuce to our own people, as I feel bound to do, it may b(! thought that I am insensibly
influenced to this preference fiom being myself an American. However, I think I am free from
any bias in this respect. I cannot say that the i)hysical development of the system for strength
and endurance gives the American the advantage, for the muscular development in the case of the
German and Irish is luUy equal, if not superior to his. In this respect, I incline to the belief tbat
the German has the advantage of the others ; but when other circumstances and facts are consid-
ered, I think it is not diflicult to perceive why the German and Irish should not be expected to
possess as great a natural or ();iysical aptitude tor military service as the xVmericans.

lu the first place, the Americans are privileged to keep and use fire-arms. The most of them,
consequently, avail themselves of this privilege, and habitually use them iii hunting and sliooting
game, and olten in sporting witli them by shooting at a mark for amusement. They have, there-
tore, become almost as familiar with them as with their implements of trade and husbandry. The
Germans and Irish, as I understand, have not in their native country been permitted the enjoy-
ment of these privileges, at least to any considerable extent. In the second place, farming and
agricultural pursuits are carried on much more extensively by a very large proportion of the Ameri-
can people and to much greater extent than either in Germany or Ii'eland, particularly in the
latter country. This is a business requiring great physical exercise and exposure to hardships, as
much as, or more than, almost any other occupation. The farmer's life, it seems to me, more
nearly approximates that of the soldier in the campaign than any other occupation. The American
is cool, deliberate, and calculating, and possessed of great firmness and determination, and, I think,
certainly possessed of as much courage and bravery as the people of any other nationality. He is
probably jjossessed of as much national pride, self respect, and admiration for heroism as the pe()i)le
of any other riation ; and having been taught, from the time of the declaration of American inde-
])endeuce up to the present time, that he is a citizen of the best and freest Government in the world,
he is patriotic to a high degree. I, of course, except in this respect traitors and their sympathizers,
who have a greater admiration for slavery than for freedom and country. The German resembles the
American in many of the above characteristics. He is cool, determined, calculating, iiiid possessed
of considerable firmness and bravery, though it may be doubtful whether he is fully equal to the
American in these rejects. 1 should think him not greatly his inferior, but, until he came to this
country, he was not permitted the use of fire-arms so as to become familiarized with them as our
own people are. The Germans are somewhat of an agricultural people, but not to the same extent
as the Americans. 1 should, upon the whole, consider them not generally inferior to the Americans
in their physical aptitude for military service. The Irish are, no doubt, brave and daring to a
fault, but they are impulsive, impetuous, and rash. They are i cssessed also of great confidence
and self-reliance, all of which may well fit them for a charge upon the enemy, but would not capaci-
tate them for open-field fighting, where not bravery but judgment, coolness, and determination
arc the great pi erequisites. They lack these characteristics, in my opinion. * * #

I am- asked my " experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military
service." I examined but few colored men, but in them I found the physical development excellent.
The development of the muscular system was decidedly sujjerior for physical force and power to
that of either of the nationalities above named. And, when we consider this superior muscular
development, in i)art the result of a life of hard labor, drudgery, and privation, which the negro
has been compelled to perform and endure, it would indeed seem that no better preparatory train-
ing for campaign-life could have beea given him. He has been raised in huts not superior to the
soldier.s' tents and barracks, and, in fact, very similar to them. His food is of the coarsest kind, and

surgeons' reports — ILLINOIS — EIGHTH DISTRICT. 44<J

generally in sciuit allowance at tliat. In view of all these facts, it would indeed seem curious if,
witb his powerful muscular system, hesliould not be capable, in the highest degree, of enduring the
privations and hardships of a soldier's life better than the white American, the German, or the Irish,
or, in fact, than any other civilized race. Having myselt been raised in a slave State, and having
lived among slaves the greater poition of my life, and that too where the winters were but little
milder than here in Illinois, I know it was the general opinion that the negro, from his habits and
style of living, could endure much more, in both the extremes of heat and cold, than the white man.
Kaised a slave, he has been taught, trained, and compelled to obey others, and, as a rule, submits
to restraints quietly and obeys orders readily. His whole training to this time has been to obey
but not to govern. lu the Army, as I have seen and known, he takes great luide in military dis-
cipline, obeys orders well, and learns the duties of a soldier as readily as the whites do, and, I have
no doubt, takes more pride in being a soldier. Having been raised to regard himself as an inferior
to the whites, the ettect has been to make him timid when among them, and consequently it is the
uiore difidcnlt to judge of his courage and bravery. But 1 have reason to believe that he possesses
a fair share of it when i)ut to the test, notwithstanding his entire training has tended to check in
him everything like a spirit of bravery. I am but doing him justice to state that this war has fur-
nished many instances wliich show his courage to be but little, if any, inferior to that of white
soldiers. Give hinj freedom, the human rights and privileges necessary to continue a free man,
and let him have a country, and I have no doubt of his ability and courage to defend it. Neither
do I have any doubt that he possesses a mind cajjable of a much higher degree of cultivation than
has generally been awarded him. He would, indeed, be a prodigy, if, with all his present disadvan-
tages, he should be found to possess in the same degree the qualifications for a soldier that the
whites possess. He is not impulsive, impetuous, and rash, like the Irish. His natural disposition
is to obey ; and considering the readiness with which he acquires military habits, and the pride he
takes therein, I incline to the oi)inion that he possesses as great an aptitude for military service as
they do ; and, if well oflicered by white men, he could be as much relied on in the charge or foropeu-
lield fighting. # * *

WINSTON SOMERS,
Late Surgeon Board of Enrollment /Seventh District of Illinois.
Ukbana, III., August 25, 18Co.

ILLINOIS— EIGHTH DISTRICT.

Extracts from report of Dr. E. R. Babcock.

* * * Number of recruits, substitutes, and drafted men examined previous to

January G, 1865, by Surgeon Whitmire :

Recruits 2, 944

Substitutes 417

Dratted men 397

Total; 3,758

Since January G, 18G5, by Surgeon Babcock :

Recruits 2,461

Substitutes 174

Drafted men 13

Total ! 2, 647

Total since orgauization of board G, 405

Total number of examinations of enrolled men 2, 250

Total number held to service 1, 119

Total number exempt from service 1, 131

57

450 surgeons' reports — Illinois — eighth district.

Surgeon Whitmire rejected previous to January G, 1SG5 :

Eecruits 387

Substitutes ''^

Surgeon Babcock rejected since January G, 1865 :

Eecruits 3^3

Substitutes - 32

Total rejected since organization of board :

Eecruits ' ''^

Substitutes 1^*8

Total S08

The Eighth Congressional District of Illinois is situated in the central portion of the State,
and includes the following counties, viz : Sangamon, Logan, McLean, De Witt, Woodford, Tazewell,
and Livingston ; containing in all live thousand one hundred and ninety square miles of territory,
and a population of one hundred and ninety thousand.

The most prevalent diseases are of miasmatic origin, including intermittent fever, bilious
remittent, and other varieties of that class, caused by the detritus deposited from stiinding pools
of water and the decay of vegetable matter on the margin of sluggish streams, which latter are
quite numerous.

A large majority of the inhabitants are vigorous, industrious, intelligent farmers, many of them
being emigrants from other States. Agriculture in this district is carried to a high degree of per-
fection, and comprises tiie great element of wealth, as the facilities for commerce are meager, there
being no natural channel to the great rivers and lakes. The only cities or towns receiving much
benefit from exchange are Springfield, Bloomington, and Pekin. The former, being the capital of
the State and located in a very fertile portion, affords better facilities for trade and manufacturing
than any other inland town. It has immense beds of coal, affording a cheap fuel, which greatly
enhances the material wealth of the district in the absence of an adequate amount of wood for that
purpose.

My reports show a large number of men rejected for hernia, ulcerated varicose veins, and
orf-auic disease of internal organs. I can furnish no reason from local influences which would
account for hernia and varicose veins, but am of opinion that organic diseases of internal organs
are chiefly due to the local causes which have already been mentioned as very common in this part
of Illinois, namely, the prevalence of malaria producing diseases which continue from one year to
another, aggravated, perhaps, by the heroic treatment of western physicians, which leaves in many
instances unpleasant sequels. Prominently among these diseases may be mentioned hypertrophy
of the liver and spleen, chronic inflamiui^tion of the stomach and bowels, and, in rare cases, albumi-
nuria and other diseases of the kidneys.

My views of paragraph 85, Eevised Eegulations, are that the instructions contained are hardly
susceptible of improvement by alteration. I would respectfully suggest, however, in relation to
clause 20, that the words closing the sentence "even if only of one jaw," be omitted or stricken off;
also, the word •' total," at the beginning, leaving the surgeon to judge whether decaying fangs of the
front teeth, eye teeth, or first molars are really an apology for teeth which the word " total" cer-
tainly indicates, and thereby prevents the use of any discretion on his part. In clause 23, 1 think
there should be exception made in case of umbilical hernia, unless quite aggravated, as I have
never seen a case that impaired the ethciency of a soldier, or constituted a real physical dis-
ability. * # *

The maximum number of men that can be physically examined with accuracy during ordinary
business-hours, I place at one hundred per d;iy.

According to my experience, valvular disease of the heart, disease of the kidneys, ])hthisis pul-
monalis, and deafness are very frequently feigned by enrolled men for the purpose of obtaining
exemption, and can only be gunrded against by a rigid examination, with colhiteral evidence from

surgeons' reports ILLINOIS — THIRTEENTH DISTRICT. 451

respcctiible pliysiciims under oath. With recrnits tbesc diseases are cautiously disguised, together
with iiii])eileet vision of botli ejes, wliich latter disability niiglit uot be discovered without
artiticially testiug their capacity with belladonna, which frequently becomes uecessary.

I regard the nationality presenting the greatest physical aptitude for military service as the
German, their former military training having developed the physical system, which enablesthem to
endure the fatigue of marches and the exposure of camp life.

I have observed in the colored race a remarkable firmness and apparent strength of muscle,
with general superior phy.sical qualifications for labor and endurance, with nearly an entire exemi»-
lion (rom hernia and varicose veins, a disability so very common among white men. Their teeth are
generally sound until im])aired by age.

I regard the enrollment-law in its present form, including ameudnieuts which have been made,
as well adapted to the interests of the service ; but, without arrogance upon my part, or toomuch zeal
in behalf ot the profession to which I belong, I would recommend changes in the law which would
secure a higher order of talent from the medical profession, and to this end I know of no better
means than increase of rank and pay, and requiring each member of the board to be subjected to
an examination as the proper test of his scientific, literary, and moral fitness for the position he
may occupy.

E. E. BABCOGK,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Eighth District of Illinois.

Springfield, III., AFay 24, 1805.

ILLINOIS— THIETEENXn DISTRICT.'

Edfracts from rqwrt of Du. Isaac ]\I. Neely.

* * * The total number of men examined is about one thousand five hundred.

The Thirteenth Congressional District is the extreme southern part of the State, and is com-
posed of fifteen counties. It is bounded' on the east by the Wabash Kiver, which is the dividing
line between the States of Illinois and Indiana; by the Ohio on the south, and the Mississippi on
the west. There are several small streams flowing through it which are subject to annual over-
flow, the bottoms from two to ten miles in width being at such times covered with water. In the
northern part are several small prairies; the remainder is timber, rather level.

The prevalent diseases are periodic fevers, the remittent (bilious) type being most prevalent.
Diarrhoea and dysentery frequently visit us, and the latter when in an epidemic form is very fatal.

The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. They are thrifty, industrious,
and peaceable, (setting aside some sprinkling of copperheads.) * # *

Section 0 of paragraph S5, in my opinion, should include cases of less gravity than developed
tuberculosKS.

Section 11. Many rheumatic subjects are so sensitij^e to the injurious eflects of exposure
that upon such exposure they are at once subjected to more or less violent attacks of rheumatism
in some form, disabling them for a time; and yet many of these men by care can attend to the
ordinary duties of their several vocations. Such cases, upon sufficient testimony under oath,
should be exempted.

Section 13. There are cases of near-sightedness so very marked as to render the persons wholly
unfit for military duty.

Section 22. A man with unquestionable caries of spine may be drafted at a time just prior to
its ulceration, which latter is impending; should the section not, therefore, be modified to meet such
cases? # # #

The number of men who could be examined in a day would depend upon whether they claimed
exemption or not; in the former, I would not think of examining over three per hour upon an
average. A mere inspection would suffice to reject some, and some surgeons possess extraordinary
tact in this matter, which may be referred to instinct educated, llien, .ngain, many men re(iuire an
hour's careful examination, while at other times a dozen may be honestly examined in an hour. It

'No reports were received from tlie uiiitli, tenth, elevenlli, or twcll'th distiiet.

452 SURGEONS REPORTS IOWA FIRST DISTRICT.

Monld be diflBcnIt, tbcrefore, to more than approximate the actual iminber of men that conld be
physically examined per day with accuracy.

So far as my experience enables me to speak upon the frauds practiced by enrolled men to
avoid the draft, and drafted men for exemption, they are about the same. I would mention ukers
of the lower extremities, mild in their nature, but i)urpose]y aggravated by local irritants. Ulcers
have also been induced by application of corrosive sublimate, sulphate of copper, tartar emetic, or
croton-oil, each easily detected, especially when there is an entire absence of constitutional dis-
turbance. Stiflness of joints, rlieumatism, "l)rcast comi)laints," weak back, are commonly brought
forward with all the eloquence and grimaces imaginable. Blindness of the right eye is occasionally
alleged, and sometimes with great and annoying pertinacity. The same att'ections, when real, are
attempted to be concealed by the recruit or substitute.

The Germans, in my ot)inion, possess the greatest military aptitude.

I know of no soldierly quality in which the negro is wanting. What he may lack in courage
(in his present novel status) he makes up in ready obedience.

On the subject of the enrollment-law I w ill oli'er no suggestions, believing it to be in its genei'al
features all that can be desired.

ISAAC M. NEELT,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Thirteenth Bistrict of Illinois.

Cairo, III., Ulay 31, 1865.

IOWA-FIRST DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. J. M. Shaffer.

* • * The First Congressional District of Iowa is mostly situated within the

forty first degree of north latitude. It embraces eight counties, namely, Lee, Van Euren, Davis,
Jefferson, Henry, Des Moines, Louisa, and Washington. It comprises a superficial area of 2,400,000
acres, or 3,750 scjuare miles, of which 1,500,000 acres, or more than one-half, are not under fence
or under cultivation.

The Mississipi)i River forms the entire eastern boundary of the district, and the southern
boundary in part is made by the Des Moines River. The Mississippi is the eastern boundary of
the counties of Lee, Des Moines, and Louisa, throughout their whole extent. The Des Moines
Eiver touches Jefferson and Davis Counties at opposite corners, passes quite through the center
of Van Buren County in a southeast direction, makes the southern boundary of Lee County, and
empties into the Mississippi seven miles below Keokuk.

Skunk River, a stream of no mean proportions, not navigable by steamboats, yet affording
splendid water-power in all the region through which it passes, runs through the southwest part of
Washington County, touches the northeast coruer of Jefferson County, and runs some distance
along its east border, passes through Henry and Lee Counties in a southeast direction, and empties
into the Mississippi twelve miles below the city of Burlington.

The Des Moines and Skunk Rivers in the whole State are about eight hundred miles long,
and drain a space of country equal to 19,000 square miles. The altitude of the Mississippi above
the sea-level at the mouth of the Des Moines, the extreme southeastern part of the district, is 444
feet; at Fairfield, Jefferson County, a point a little west of the geographical center of the district,
the elevation above the sea-level is 040 feet. Along all these streams, thus briefly named,
there are heavy bodies of timber, affording an abundant supply of oak, walnut, elm, hickory, &c.,
for building, fencing, and for the mechanic arts in which such material is demanded.

The entire surface of the district is further watered and drained by numerous streams smaller
than those mentioned, all of which have a general southeast course, and have their banks lined
with timber. There are likewise extensive tracts of prairie-land, a formation almost ready for the
reception of the seed of the husbandman ; a rich, deep, blactk alluvial dejiosit that cannot be excelled
for fertility, and which does not fail to return a sure reward to the industrious farmer. Inexhaust-
ible beds of coal underlie much of the surface, and stone is abundant in many places.

SURGEONS REPORTS IOWA — FIRST DISTRICT. 453

^' Prevalent diseases, and cmises condiicire thereto.^'' — In the entire State of Iowa, between June 1,
1859, and May."!, ISOO, there were G,!)4;i (leath.s. The lblk)\vins are the |)rinci|)al disease.s reported
iu the United States census as the cause of death : Consumption, 748; diarrhoea, 224 ; dysentery,
2G4; intermittent fever, 2oG; remittent fever, 235 ; tyiihoid fever, 413; pneumonia, 581 ; scarlet
fever, 337 ; crou)), 4G0.

At Fairfield, Iowa, during ten years, between May 12, 1852, and same date, 18G2, jny private
record (preserved witii great care, and compared with tiie sexton's boolis) shows that there were
368 interments. The principal causes of death in these cases were as follows: Dysentery, 3G; con-
sumption, 33; pneumonia, 24; croup, 19: typhoid fever, 18; remittent fever, 17; diarrhoea, 18; scar-
let fever, 7; congestive fever, 5; &c.

The term remittent fever is understood to be synonymous with the common expression bilious
fever. The word typhoid is extremely indefinite, and should not be apjtlied to any cases but the
true enteric fever, so graidiically described by Dr. George B. Wood, of Philadeli)hia. Enteric fever
is a very rare disease liere.

Even a casual glance at the figures from the United States census, compared with those front
my own record, will illustrate the idea that tliere is litthi dilference between the prevailing diseases
of the first district and those which are set down generally as the cause of death throughout the
West. Dysentery, bilious and intermittent fevers, and generally diseases supjiosed to depend ujion
miasmatic origin, are more common and more fatal than any other class of maladies. In the eaily
spring and late winter months, when the snows are disajjpearing and the weather is variable, alter-
nating from great heat to sudden cold, when the winds change rapidly from south to north, and
there are rapid changes in the hygrometrical condition of the atmosphere, there is the usual
tendency to pulmonary diseases. Occasionally, an epidemic of pneumonia at this season has seized
the inhabitants, and has been found quite intractable. Bronchitis, called in adults " a bad cold,"
and in children catarrh or catarrhal fever, is an extremely common affection at such times. The
causes which contribute to these diseases — in one word, checked perspiration — are not different
from those found in other localities similarly situated.

The idea at one time extensively prevailed that this region was peculiarly exempt from con-
sumption ; and some persons affected with the disease, in every stage of its development, escaped
from their homes and sought this climate with hope of allex iation, and possibly of cure. Travel,
the excitement incident to novel scenes, the whole routine of treatment under the comprehensive
title "change," perhaps, accomplished as much good as if a consumptive i>atieut liad removed
from Iowa to Alabama, but not a particle more. There is no reason why a greater or less develoi)-
ment of tuberculosis should occur here than elsewhere discoverable in the present state of our
knowledge as to proximate cause and intimate pathology of the disease.

Dysentery, remittent and intermittent fevers, are the scourge of the late summer and
early fall months. All these are supposed to de])end upon miasmatic origin. In fact, it may be
said in passing, that many ordinary distempers assume a distinctly intermittent or remittent char-
acter, indicating miasma as their cau.se, or at least as modifying their cause. Thus, pneumonia,
dysentery, diarrhoea, neuralgia in protean shape, &c., freciuently become intermittent; in other
words, there is an aggravation of all the symi)toms, lecurring at regular intervals, with other
symptoms of bilious disorder and origin; and though the cases are essentially different, being
inflammation of different tissues and of different grades of severity, ulceration, spasm, or mere
nervous pain, the cases happily yield to the administration of antiperiodic remedies.

In some instances, during a widespread epidemic of dysentery, where the symptoms put on this
character, suli)hate of quinia was an infallible remedy. The same may be said of i>neumonia. In
short, this region is no exception to the rule that heat, moisture, and vegetable decomposition
develop miasma, and that these poison the blood and induce bilious diseases. This locality is not
exempt from the ordinary epidemics that claim their victims iu the whole civilized world, and there
is no reason why it should be, or why their essential nature or character should be modified.

General character of inhabitants. — Says General W. Diiane Wilson, in his excellent hand book,
"Iowa and its Resources," just published, speaking of the first district, "Its population is intelligent,
moral, and industrious, and in the cities highly intellectual and cultivated." It may be superfluous
to enlarge upon this statement, but a few figures and (acts are added to illustrate it. In 1861,

454 surgeons' reports — iowa — first district.

there were G99 scliool-clistricts, 579 school-houses, aud 1,196 school-teachers, who were paid in the
aggregate $91, O.J 1.13.

These numbers have all been increased since the beginning of the war. Taking the enumera-
tion as above, there is a school-house to every two and a half square miles of cultivated land ; and
a school house to every six and a half square miles, computing the whole area, which includes a
million and a half of acres that have never felt the touch of cultivation. A medical college of
growing usefulness and popularity ; several universities under the control of different religious
bodies, prosperous, crowded with students, and on the high road to permanency ; libraries in every
principal town: these, and other like tokens, illustrate the assertion that the people appreciate the
great advantages of education.

If, indeed, it be true that the life and perpetuity of republican institutions depend on the intelli-
gence of the people, (and no one now dares controvert it,) then this people will be found at all
times ready to defend the principle of popular government, by their votes, by their influence, and,
as exhibitetl in the civil strife just now so gloriously ended, by the devotion of " their lives, their
fortunes, and their sacred honor."

Modes of lift'. — Separated from debauchery and excess, such i)rolific sources of disease in
densely-crowded cities; removed from the temi)tations to grasp after sudden wealth ; <!ontented with
the blessedness of a competency which insures education and (uilture to the child, and p'enty
and j)eace, without extravagance, to the adult; satisfied with golden tields, luscious Iruits, food
convenient for them, aud the association with neighbors who love life only to rationally enjoy it,
the ])eople live quietly atal happily. Here no ''stinted or niggardly instance of nature's bounty"
can be found. Men generally own the land which they cultivate, and with ordinary industry and
care, or even with partial economy of time, aud small expenditure of mnscle, they can enjoy all the
comforts common to this iwirt of the tenii)erate zone. Beggars there are none; but even these,
l)lying their vocation lazily, could not fail to live luxuiiously. Jt is a land of plenty — of corn and
■wine, of milk and honey ; and though these treasures do not spring up spontaneously, y(it they are
within the reach of all who make but inconsiderable efforts aud toil to secure them.

So much as to the modes ot life can be inferred from the occupations of the peoi)Ie, considered
below, that it is not necessary to descend into the minute details that make up the sum of their
living.

Occitp((iions.—V>y the United Statescensusof 1860, the district contained 124,.301 inhabitants; in
1803, the population, accoiding to State census, was 135,917; and General Wilson's "Iowa and its
Kesources " places it at 136,430. The piiucipal occupations, as returned in 1800, (and it is conceived
that the [)ro|)ortions have not been materially changed since that time,) are as follows: Farmers,
14,971 ; laborers, 5,2'27 ; blacksmiths, 584 ; carpenters, 1,717 ; wagon-makers, 199 ; plasterers, 138 ;
stonemasons, 208; stone cutters, 97 ; carriage-makers, 34 ; machinists, 87 ; engineers, 173; millers,
168; sawyers, 85; painters, 97; merchants, 599 ; clergymen, 171 ; shoemakers, 324; physicians, 245;
. lawyers, 172 ; and harness-makers, 125. It will be observed that those engaged in agricultural pur-
suits largely |)redoaiinate. It is not necessary to repeat the hackneyed expression as to the lot of
the agriculturist, his iutlependence, his love of country, his sterling worth in the Viiried fields of
human labor and i)rogress and sympathy. It is not improper, however, to recall the aphorism thai
"great inties are cancers on the body politic;" and to couple it with the declaration that when an
agricultural people have been the i)roprietor.s of the soil, and have been intelligent, they have nevei
been enslaved. It is imi)ossible for such a ])eoi)le to lose their liberties. Demagogues may mislead
by plausible argument or ]>retext for a time, but the sober second thought, the careful unimpas-
sioned reflection, will always insure a correct path of faith and duty. The iieople — those who till the
soil, work in mines and shops and factories — these are they upon whom this nation nuist depend tor
the material to fight, aiJd the money to pay the expenses.

Vieirs as to pura<jraph 85. — Each amendment that has been made to the requirements of para-
gra])h 85 has been a decided improvement. The regulations of April 21, 1803, embraced fifty-one
sections, and gave too great latitude to the judgment of surgeons and boards of enrollment in the
physical examination of men. Circular No. 100, Novenibei' 9, 18(!;?, leduced the number of sections
enumerating disabilities to forty one, and left still less to the discretion of the examining board.
The llevised liegulatious of September, 1864, reduce the number still further to thirty -six sections,

SUIIGEON.S' REPORTS — IOWA FIRST DISTRICT. 455

and leaves almost notliiiif,' to the jiulsmcnt of the surgeon. Generalities were mostly expunged,
and causes of exemption brought under .specitic titles, and all that the surgeon could do was to
decide that a person had or had not some one of the disqualifying disabilities enumerated, and hold
him to service or discharge him accordingly. As nearly as jMyssible, all rules connected with mili-
tary discipline should be sjiecilic ; and the officer who executes them should do so at all hazards,
without the care of exercising private judgment. It will occasionally work a hardship to some per-
sons inflexibly to observe military regulations, but, in the main, the result will work the greatest
good to the greatest number. There are cases of dratted men who are evidently not tit for active
field duty, but which do not come directly within the provisions of paragraph 85, and the men con-
sequently are held to service; yet it is better to send a few of this class forward than to give an
unreasonable latitude by which hundreds fit for service may be discharged, and thus escape the
obligations due the Government. In the very nature of things, it is impossible to fix any purely
arbitrary standard without occasionally damaging the individual or the Government, yet there are
some features of paragrai)h 85 which could be still improved ; and the views and recommendations
here presented are the result of very careful study in the practical execution of the law.

Section 3. Epilepsy. — To sustain a claim of exemption on account of epilepsy, the aflidavitof a
"physician who has seen him in the disea.se during the last six months" previous to fhe draft is
required. Now, it is well known that after a series of attac-ks has taken place, and the friends of
the patient are made to understand the utterly incurable nature of the disease, the physician is
no longer sent for, and the friends manage the case themselves. In multitudes of iustances, it would
be impossible to furnish the affidavit required, from the fact above stated. It is recommended that
after the words " by the board " in section 3, there be inserted '• in case this cannot be obtained, by
the affidavit of five citizens of the same township that they have seen him in tlie disease within a
year." If not this, some other clause should be added to protect the Government as well as the
individual. If camps were established at all draft headquarters, a man claiuiing to be subject to
epilepsy could be detained a few weeks, and in all probability, from the novelty and excitement of
the situatio'i, an attack would occur, and the surgeon could then properly discharge him. In one
case, the required i)roof could not be furnished, and the man was sent to draft rendezvous. He was
discharged by the august body authorized by the Adjutant-General's Office (General Orders No. 7G.)
Then came their report rs board of inspectors to the provost-marshal of this distiict ; then an order
from the Adjutant-General, through the chief mustering ofiicer, for a statement of all the expenses
incurred in drafting and sending forward the man ; then a circular from the assistant adjutant-
general to the surgeon, demanding an explanation, and inquiring whether or not his pay should
not be stopped to indemnify the Government for the expenses.

In another ease, a man reported and alleged epilepsy, but could not present the required proof;
he would have been held to service, but, fortunately, had an attack in the street in the presence of
the .surgeon. Another returned to his home on the usual five days' furlough, and, to make assur-
ance complete, took \\\i lodgings with his family-physician, had an unmistakable fit in a day or two,
and returned with the requisite proof. Not to enlarge the illustration, it would be well to admit,
in case the affidavit of a physician could not be secured, the affidavit of the neighbors who under-
stand the case.

Section 4. Decided atrophy of a Umh. — To this should be added the qualifying phrase " that man-
ifestly disables the person from pursuing any equally laborious occupation in civil life." There
were cases of atrophy so decided that tlu^ limb was four inches less in circumference than the sound
member, and yet the person performed all the labor of a farm, and not until after he was drafted
and discharged did the" most intimate neighbors know that he had any disability.

Section 5. " Organic diseases of interval organs,'" dc. — This should be stricken out entirely. The
whole subject is eml)raced in section 0, under the broad term " manifest permanent physical dis-
ability." There can be no possible danger of an abuse of these sections. The regulations require
of surgeons, (circular letter of Dr. J. II. Baxter, surgeon-in-chief, December 8, 1804,) "iu all cases of
exemption for permanent i)hysical disability, the specific disease or infirmity should also be stated
under the head of remarks in the medical record book and monthly medical reports." A strict com-
pliance with this order entirely supersedes the necessity of the specific items in section 5. For
example, incipient consumi)tion, at first a cause of exemption, is no longer a convenient disejise for

,456 surgeons' reports — iowa — first district.

the release of hundreds of men. But a case of tubercles not yet developed presents itself; there is
dullness on percussion over the upper portions of the lung, and other physical signs of disease;
there are emaciation, llabbiuess of muscle, quickness of respiration, fatigue upon slight exertion,
flushed cheeks, brilliant eyes, tumultuous action of the heart, &c., yet there is no consumption. In
such case the man can be readily discharged under section 5, because he has "organic disease of the
lungs, which has impaired his general health." Likewise, ho could be discharged under section 9,
because he has "permanent physical disability,'" and the regulations demand that it should be
stated in the column of remarks that the man had tubercles not developed. There may be enlarge-
ment of the liver or spleen, or obstruction of the viscera causing dropsy, anteinia, or other cachectic
condition of system ; it can be placed as readily under section 9 as section 5. For the sake, then, of
convenience and dispatch in enumerating causes of discharge and in making up medical reports, it
were well if section 5 were expunged, and the entire enumeration and description of diseases trans-
ferred to section 9.

Section 7. Cancer. — This disease should bea positive disqualification for military service. There
is no absolutely infallible proof that any given tumor is cancerous, except the character of the cau-
cercells as developed by the microscope. Hundreds of cases are called cancer and cured as such,
when it is notorious to the profession that no case of genuine cancer existed. It is one of the
opprohria medicorum, and it is probable that, like epilepsy, it will so continue. Several enrolled
men claimed exemption on account of cancer, and their claims, in some instances, were supported
by the affidavit of physicians; not one of these claims was sustained. Every tumor, swelling, or
induration about the body that is obstinate in resolving is immcduitely called cancer. Some igno-
rant and too olten dishonest cnarlatan applies his caustics, his arsenic, calomel, and antimony, and
"eats out" a simple, harmless, non-malignant tumor, pockets an enormous fee, and receives immense
credit for bis medical skill. If these things be true, especially if the existence of cancer cannot be
adequately determined except by microscopic examination, it would be manifestly proper to qualify
it as other disabilities are qualified in paragraph S5. If a case of cancer had reached the ulcerative
stage, had produced in the patient its peculiar cadaveric hue, or had broken up his constitution,
then only should he be discharged and sent home to die.

Section 9. Permanent physical disability, dc. — There is here, perhaps, more left to the discretion
of the surgeon than in any other paragraph of the regulations; yet, when complied with, the fa(;t
that he must specifically name the disease or infiraiity which is the fons et ori'j:) of the permanent
physical disability, circumscribes the scope of his judgment. This rule, as already observed,
makes section 5 a useless and troublesome appendage. It has been observed that section 9
was intended for cases where the jiatieut knew nothing and the surgeon knew less; that is, there
are sick and debilitated people who have baffled the skill of the physician both as to a diagnosis
and a cure. That some disease is present and preying upon the system is evident; but to declare
its seat, define its exact character, or give it a name and [>lace in any system of nosology is not an
easy matter. In the early stages of examinations of drafted men, some cases — a very lew of them —
were "made up" under section 9. Thus, a drafted man had very defective teeth, but not quite
bad enough to exempt under section 20; had old h.neraorrhoids, not quite enough to exempt under
section 25; had corns or bunious, not quite enough to exeaipt under section 34 : besides, was stoop-
shouldered, prematurely old, &c. Taking all these parts together, a magnanimous whole was
formed, and the party discharged under section 9. Of course, this i)ractice was abandoned as soon
as it was ai)preciated that the Department required a strict observance not only of the spirit but
of the nomenclature of the regulations.

Section 11. Claims of exemption on account of chronic rheumatism were more frequent than
for all other diseases. Not one of them was sustained under the stringent regulations of this sec-
tion ; and yet there are cases of this malady which do not present any positive change of structure,
though the subjects of it are evidently unfit for military service. The disease is so easily simulated,
however, that there can be no harm in having a rule of very great severity.

Section 20. Total loss of all the front teeth, tf-c— It is suggested that the word "total" be
stricken out, or that the section be so modified as to leave something in this regard to the di.scre-
tion of the s.irgeon. If but one front tooth, oik^ eye tooth, and one of the first molars be present,
then the man must be held to service. If all tlie teeth are decayed and decaying, and the mouth

SUKGEONS' REPORTS IOWA FIRST DISTRICT. 457

full of offensive and unsightly stumps, if the required number only be left, thoujjh the man is
luiable to ma.^^tieate any kind of solid food, he must nevertheless be held to service. To Ije sure,
he can go into a hos[)ital as attendant or nurse, and live on soups and soft bread, but it is hardly
the design of the e()nscri[)tion-law to draft men for such service. It is conceived that a soldier with
a mouth full of defective teeth would be inetiicieut, not merely because of the results of im[)erfect
mastication of food, but because bad teeth are an almost infallible token of disordered system.

The section as first arranged was " loss of sufiQcient number of teeth to prevent proper masti-
cation of food and tearing the cartridge ;" and this was explained by the words, (Circular 100:)
"This applies to those cases oidy when the loss of teeth is so great that if the man were restricted
to solid food he would soon become incapacitated for military service." It is easily understood that
abuses might be perpetrated under this rule; and by these abuses the (Tovernment would receive
damage; but under the new rule, section 20, the abuse is of the individual, and the regulations
should be so made that neither would suffer. Strike out the word " total," and if a case present
itself with imperfect incisors and bicuspids, decayed or broken off', it may be decided that there is
a loss of these teeth as far as efdcient service is concerned, and that the man should be exempted
just as though the teeth had been extracted.

Section 24. Fistula in ano. — This should be a sufiBcient cause of exemption or discharge without
any particular reference to its extent or its complication with visceral disease. It is a most trouble-
some and annoying affection, with a tendency to grow worse instead of to improve, and is fre-
quently the precursor or the indicator of consumption, or some other fatal maladj'. " Extensive
distula" may mean many things. If tliere be a communication with the rectum, and feculent mat-
ter escape through the fistula, without regard to the height of the opening above the sphincter, it
may be regarded as "extensive." If, however, there be no communication with the rectum, and a
l)robe can be passed up one, two, or three inches, if the edges are hardened and the fistula pour-
ing out sanious fluid, w ith no disi)ositiou to heal, then again it is " extensive." Almost any fistula
in ano is cause enough to discharge a man. It would, I think, be well to strike out all iu section
24 after " fistula in ano."

Piiragrai»h 88. 1 am of opinion that this provision of the regulations, with present instructions,
is entirely superfluous. First, it is very clear what particular infirmities disqualify, and if they are
not sufliciently apparent to the surgeon of the board, the man must be held to service regardless
of the affidavit of any other physician or surgeon ; secondly, no affidavit is of itself sufficient to
release the enrolled man from draft, because the surgeon of the board is responsible for the per-
sonal inspection of every man drafted or enrolled and claiming exemption; thirdly, it is absurd to
consume the time of the board with listening to statements of physicians which cannot be admitted
as evidence. If all physicians understood that it was the efect of disease rather than the disease
itself that is regarded generally as cause of exem[)tion and discharge, and if they had but partial
information as to the orders governing the examination of men, they would be spared a great
annoyance by patients; for they could see at once that the mere existence of troublesome symp-
toms, whether taking the form of disease or not, was no cause of exemption. To save the prac-
titioner and the people, it would be good policy to expunge paragraph 88. » # *

The number of men that can be physically examined per day with accuracy. — This is a most im-
portant subject of inquiry, and the opinions expressed below are given with much diffidence,
because the number falls very far below that stated by some men of great experience. Yet they
are the result of much carefully-recorded observation, and have not been reached without much
reflection. The effieienc^y of an army depends upon the [)hysical fitness of the soldier as much as,
and of'en more than, upon the military qualifications and ))olitical ideal of the officer. Soldiers in
this war for the Union have redeemed victory from defeat when incomi)etent officers had given up
the contest ; and, if history be true, there have been times when the eagle has clutched the rattle-
snake of rebellion in his talons, and would have dispatched it in a- trice if the Army that cariied
him had not been held back by imbecile commanders. Strong, active, well-muscled, fully-developed
men, without disease or injury, are what are demanded to fill up an army. Men enfeebled by intem-
perance, boys "scarce half made u))," and fit only for the school-house or the lighter labors of the
farm, are splendid material to fill U[) graves and hospitals, or to linger by the roadside. They are
58

458 SUEGEONS' REPORTS — IOWA — FIRST DISTRICT.

illy cnlculatcd for tlio privations, exposure, and hardships of tbe camp or field. It is no argument
to assert that thousands among our bravest and best soldiers have been theyonng, the undeveloped,
the inexperienced; it is replied that these have survived by a natural vigor of constitution, have
come up through great tribulation, and have stepped over the graves of thousands more that sunk
beneath the trial. Heuce every opportunity should be given the examiningsurgeon or the board
of inspection to make a thorough scrutiny of every recruit that is presented for enlistment ; and it
is believed that no man can examine with accuracy per clicm more than eighty men, and for this
work the surgeon should have eight full workiug hours. During much of the year not even this
number of hours can be secured in broad daylight, aud no other light but this is suitable for the
physical examination of men. * * *

Frauds ijractieedi &c. — These have been 'h-ari nantes in gurgite vasto!'^ A very few drafted
men have simulated diseases that were not apparent to the board. It was said, with how much
truth it is not known, that certain lawyers attemi)ted in some instances to teach their clients,
drafted men, a method of acting during the exainiiiatioa that would deceive the board ; but their
elforts were futile, and, so far as known, no fraud attemi)ted was successful. Of malingerers there
were plenty, and often their statements were sustained by the affidavits of the family-physician ;
but, due respect being jiaid to all outside evidence of disability, the final decision in each case
rested with the requirements of paragraph 85. But there is immeasurable fraud in the wholesale
and unscrupulous lying and perjury of substitutes aud recruits in entering the service; and this
especially in regard to the age. Boys of fifteen or younger came with the parents' written con-
sent; they make the declaration on their enlistment-paper that they are eighteen years of age;
and if their i)hysical development in the main corroborates their statement, there is no way under
the law or regulations to reject them. » # *

There are very great obstacles in the way of a satisfactory performance of this duty. How may
they be removed, or at least how can they be corrected °? First, by increasing the standard of the
qualifications of recruits. Fix it as a law that no man shall be accepted to serve in the ranks v.'ith
a less measurement of chest immediately over — that is, above — the nipple at exi)iration than thirty-
one inches, and with an expansive mobility of two inches, or the measurement of chest at inspira-
tion of thirty-three inches. A firm adherence to this rule will exclude the vast majority of all boys
who come to enlist between fourteen and seventeen years of age, and it will seldom exclude a
recruit over eighteen years who, in. other respects, may be adjudged fit for service. Better have
fifty men with that measurement than one hundred men with a less size of chest, as indicative of
the vital capacity. Secondly, require, in all cases of doubt as to age, not only the " declaration," but
the affidavit of the recruit, aud also the affidavit of parent or guardian. Thirdly, make the decision
of the surgeon, since he is held officially responsible, final in every case as to the qualification of a
recruit. Fourthly, every recruiting-station of such proportions as a provost-marshal's office should
be provided with a i)air of scales, and every recruit should be accurately weighed as well as meas-
ured; and a certain standard of weight should be fixed in accordance with the experience of Army
medical officers. Millions of dollars and thousands of valuable lives could be saved by a rigid
adherence to these arbitrary rules and measurements ; for they would exclude the hosts of boys
who crowd the ranks, and die on the first severe trial of their muscle.

There are many reasons why so many boys under eighteen years of age have been accepted into
the service. First, the board of enrollment of a given district is anxious to fill its quota by volunteers
without resort to draft. It argues thus : here are recruits that do not appear to be eighteen years
old, but the law says their own declaration is conclusive as to that matter; if they are not accepted
here, they will go to a neighboring State or district to enlist, and this district will lose them. Such
officers then, to secure the men to their own district, accept them. Secondly, officers returned from
service speak in glowing terms of the earnestness, fortitude, and endurance of boys; and occa-
sionally a boy who has been out three years in service, and is not yet eighteen years old, returns,
looks healthy, strong, aud every way improved. These argue for young soldiers; while, if the his-
tory of this war has been read aright, it is only a counterpart of other wars, in which experience
declares that a person under eighteen years is not, as a geneial rule, fit for milirary service. Thirdly,
the boys themselves are importunate. They boast to the surgeon of their strength at the plow, in

surgeons' reports IOWA FIRST DISTRICT. 459

tlic ticlil, at their sport-, antl often make exhibitions of their agility, and demand a trial of strength.
They, moreover, appear so anxious to take a part in the fight that it retpiires philosoi)hy to resist
their entreaties. Partly stimulated by the bounty, elated with the' novelty of the sensation, per-
haps moved by aaibition, delighted to get away from the restraints of home, and, doubtless, often
impelled by a sentiment of patriotism, and a desire to do their share to preserve the Government,
they urge their claims vehemently. All these considerations regarded, it is not wonderful that
men yield, and accept the decision of the law " that the declaration of the recruit shall he conclusive as
to hin aije.^'

There are petty annoyances that attend every public calling ; not to enumerate them, let it be
said that the chief obstacle in the way of the discharge of the delicate duties of this position was
the regulation requiring the surgeon to present each case examined to the " board of enrollment for
its decision in the premises." (Circular No. 5o, July 22, 1SC3.) It is contended that the surgeon
should not recommend, but that he should decide every case as to its fitness for military duty.
This should be his exclusive business. It is well that the examinations should be conducted
in the "presence of the board of enrollment;" the provost-marshal and commissioner should
exercise a most rigid scrutiny of the surgeon's official acts; and he should be ii,ade personally
responsible. But when he decides that a man should be exempted or not exempted, that a drafted
man should be held to service or discharged, that a recruit is lit or unfit for military duty, as far
oidy, of course, as the physical examination is concerned, they should have no right to over-
rule his decision. The recommendation of the surgeon should not be acquiesced in, as a matter of
courtesy, by his associates of the board, but he should have power to decide the case as his legal
right.

The provost-marshal decides as to who are deserters and si)ies, puts them in prison, and dis-
poses of them without any voice from the other members of the board ; and this is as it should be,
for it is his special duty and study, and he has a number of otheers to help him in this work. In
like manner, it is the special duty and study of the surgeon to decide as to the fitness of men fur
military service ; and the others should have uo right to make an adverse decision. Consider what
a remarkable position the surgeon must necessarily occupy iu all those cases which are rejected by
hfm but accepted by the other members of the board. For example: the two members by their
vote dechire a recruit fit for service whom the surgeon, as an expert, has declared unfit; but before
the recruit can be mustered at general rendezvous, the enlistment-papers must be signed, and the
surgeon, over his signature, "certifies on honor that the soldier is free from all bodily defects
or mental infirmity that would in any way disqualify him from performing the duties of a soldier.''
In other words, he signs a certificate which he does not believe to be correct, and he must do it, for
without his signature the papers would be incom|)lete, It is the duty of the Provost-Marshal's
Bureau to "put men into the field," but it should be the prime duty of the medical staff of the
department to decide as to their physical fitness ; and uo person should have power to overrule
his decision.

The most absurd and ridiculous farce enacted since the organization of the Provost-Marshal's
Bureau was the authorizing and appointing, by the Adjutant-General's Office, of a board of inspect-
ors at draft-rendezvous. This board was su])posed to be made up of the "best talent of the
medical corps." The object of its appointment was not appreciable by the nicest sense of surgeons
of boards of enrollment. They were nothing more nor less than a board of censors to decide upon
the medical and moral qualifications of surgeons of boards of enrollment. They were to inspect our
work ; and if they chose to differ with us, they rei)orted to headcpiartcrs, and surgeons were required
to give reasons why the expense of recruiting or drafting the man they had rejected should not be
taken from their pay. nap|)ily, the vocation of these elegant gentlemen, thus exercising a most
iusultingcensorship, received a death-blow by Circular No. 38, November 7, 1804, conveying the order
of the assistant adjutant-general that these boards of inspection should be governed by the same
rules and regulations iu their examinations of drafted men as those prescribed for the govern luent of
boards of enrollment. They did not, prior to this order, confine themselves to the requirements of
paragrai)h 85; soon after its issuance, they retired quietly to the shades of private life. As an
orgauiy.ation— for no fault is found with the individual members — these boards were a disgrace to

4G0 surgeons' reports — iowa — second district.

our civilization, and a standing insult to the medical profession. The establishment of these boards
was useful, however; it demonstrated the fact that the "best talent of the medical corps" was not
a whit better than the quiet, unpretending effort of obscure surgeons of boards of enrollment.

J. M. SHAFFER,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment First Congressional District of Iowa.
Fairfield, Iowa, October 24, 18G5.

IOWA— SECOND DISTRICT.
Extracts from rejwrt of Dr. E. S. Barrows.

• * * The whole number of men examined for exemption, conscripts and
recruits, was four thousand.

* * * The Second Congressional District of Iowa embraces seven counties, viz:
Scott, Muscatine, Clinton, Jackson, Cedar, Lynn, and Jones. It is situated on or near the Missis-
sippi River, between latitudes 31 and 3o ; a prairie country, wooded only along the margin of
streams. The prevailing winds are from the northwest in winter, and from the southwest iu
summer.

The principal towns are Davenport, in Scott County, (the military capital of the district,
and disbursing capital of the State;) Muscatine, in Muscatine County; Clinton, De Witt, and
Lyons, in Clinton County; Auamosa, in Jones County; Maquoketa and Bellevue, in Jackson
County ; and Tipton, in Cedar County. The Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, with its Muscatine
branch, and the Iowa and Nebraska Railroad penetrate and pass through the district from east to
west, giving abundant facilities for exportation of agricultural products, the raising of whicii
demands and receives the best energies of nine-tenths of all those whose names comprise the
enrolbnent-lists. The occupation, therefore, of those examined may be considered mostly
agricultural.

Nearly one-half of the inhabitants of both town and country iu the river counties are Germans,
and valuable citizens, if such may be defined as those the results of whose labor and perseverance
greatly tend to elevate the figures of the assessment-roll. Good farmers never seem to be weary,
and no financial or other crisis can prevent their accumulation of profits. Considering the inhab-
itants of this district without reference to their nationality, they should be regarded as hardy,
sober, and industrious.

There are no diseases which are particularly incident to this district. We seldom suffer from epi-
demics. Bilious fever in autumn and bilious pnenmonia in winter, sometimes assuming the typhoid
character, are the most common forms of sickness. Tuberculous developments are much less fre-
quent than ill the Eastern States. Consumption seldom originates iu the Mississippi Valley, and
yet we are not wholly exempt. * » *

If hernia exempts or disqualifies a greater ratio per thousand, it may be attributed to great
muscular exertion in a climate which tends, duiingthe warm seasons, to produce relaxation.

As regards that i)ortion of paragraph 85 which reads '"for which only drafted men are to be
rejected," I would say that I have never been able to comprehend why there should be a distinction
made between drafted men and volunteers or substitutes.

Section 3. Epilepsy. — In a large majority of cases, with country epileptics, a physician is never
called, and therefore cannot have seen him within the six months preceding.

Section 6. '^Developed tuberculosis.^^ — 1 understand this to mean after softening or ulceration.
There are many cases quite as disqualifying for military duty before this takes place as after.

Section 11. Chronic rheumatism, unless evinced by wasting of the affected limb, or pufliness or
distortion of the parts, does not exempt. Being governed by the instructions thus given, I have
been compelled to accept of several conscripts who were rejected and discharged at rendezvous,
and I thought very properly, as Ihey were unfit for military duty.

Section 23. I have exempted many on account of hernia, when it did not amount even to an
inconvenience, but I was not jicrmitted to discriminate.

surgeons' reports IOWA SIXTH DISTKICT. 4G1

Section 3G. Chronic ulcers of the shins I found almost exclusively confined to the
Irish. * ♦ *

The number of men, etc.— I think the examination of seventy-five men is a full clay's work of six
hours.

There are few if any frauds which can be practiced upon a vigilant surgeon after the suhject is
stripped and placed before him. The most common and most lepeated attempt at decei)tiou by
enrolled men to get ofl', and by drafted men to get otd, is lying in reference to their name, citizen-
ship, or age; substitutes and recruits, to get (h, freijuently try to hide internal organic disease,
which only can be detected by careful exploration with the stethoscope.

The best method to rectify and bring as near to perfection as possible the enrollment of all
liable to military duty may be by State legislation u]»on this subject. For instance, every male
inhabitant over and under a certain age should be liable to certain penalties who did not report
himself ((/(H)/«i/(/ to a martial court of record.

Americans make the best soldiers. Why? Because they are from infancy taught the doctrine
that seH-reliance is a necessity; that there is truth in the humble proverb, "lioot, pig, or die."
Because they possess powers peculiarly fitting them for selecting and adapting means to their
proximate ends, readily, and according to circumstances; a faculty which seems common to
Americans, or which may more properly be regarded as a kind of instinctive intelligence with
which they are naturally endowed. In youth, ambitious to excel as athletes, they are good horse-
men, good marksmen— in short, as a rule, experts in the use of all the implements of warfare, from
a pick-ax to a ten-inch Dahlgren.

That the negro (he never was colored) has some capacity, physically considered, for military
service, there cannot be a doubt; neither is there a doubt about the usefulness of the horse when
subject to intelligent training. A good soldier and a good citizen may be made of the negro, but he
never can be as well qualified as he who by nature possesses greater physical i)erfeclion and greater
mental endowments. I say hij nature, for he who can, among the greatvariety of human existences,
best establish and defend his own industry, has the power given by God. * * *

In conclusion, I would refer to one fact which stands out jjrominently at the military post
(Camp McGlellan) at this place, the most prominent rendezvous in the State, viz, the great superi-
ority of drafted meu over volunteers. Out of several thousands who were rendezvoused here from
two days to two weeks, not a single case of drunkenness occurred. Physically, they were as a class
decidedly superior. * * *

E. S. BARROWS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of loica.
Davenport, Iowa, June G, 1805.

IOWA— SIXTH DISTRICT.!
Extracts from report o/Dr. Richard Stebbins.

• * * The total number of men examined was one thousand two hundred and

thirty-three.

This district includes an extensive territory, stretching from the Cedar River on the east to
the Missouri River on the west, a distance of two hundred and fifty miles; and from the boundary-
line of Minnesota on the north for a distance of one hundred and twenty miles southward. The
prevailing characteristic of the surface is a gently rolling prairie, forming an elevated plateau
from eight hundred to one thousand feet above the level of the sea, well adapted for grazing, and
intersected by numerous rivers flowing from north to south.

No extensive forests are found; considerable bodies of timber exist along the course of the
streams. The inhabitants are sparsely distributed over the district, dwelling mostly near the
•water courses, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. The largest town in the district is Waterloo,

' No reports were received from the third, fourth, iiiid fiftli districts.

462 SUEGEONS' REPORTS IOWA SIXTH, DISTRICT.

estimated to contain a population of 3,000 souls. Large tracts of the western and northern por-
tions of the district are linown only to the trapper and hunter.

There are no marked prevalent diseases. Those who reside in the vicinity of liirge groves,
where the land is low or swami)y, experience at certain seasons of the year affections partaking- of
a miasmatic character.

The general cbaracteristic of the climate is that of dryness, with strong winds and somewhat
sudden alternations of heat and cold, causing rheumatic affections to prevail to a considerable
extent. The water of the wells and streams is strongly impregnated with lime. Not a single case
of calculus of hladder, however, is mentioned on the surgeon's record.

The I'atio of those disabled by reason of hernia in this district is 131 per 1,000. From my
experience in examining applicants for exemption, I judge that Germans are more liable to this
disability than natives of other countries.

The different sections of paragraph 85 appear to me, with slight exceptions, a sufiQcient guide
to the surgeon in the performance of his duty. I will take the liberty to suggest a modification in
two or three sections.

Section 2 refers to epilepsy, and requires that the fact must be established by the affidavit of
a physician who has attended the man in the disease within six months preceding his examination.
A rigid adherence to this provision presents some difficulty in cases where physicians reside
only at a great distance from the man's residence, coupled with the fact that when the disease is
of long standing, the necessity of consulting a medical man is often not recognized by the patient
or his friends. In other cases, parties have but recently settled in the State, and have employed
DO physician since their arrival, or their former medical attendant is deceased. In a case of this
kind, I relied upon the affidavit of the parents, aided by the inspection of the tongue of the man,
which showed marks of former laceration by the teeth ; also by the peculiar physiognomy observa-
ble in those afflicted with epilepsy.

I have sometimes found it necessary to reject young men for a deficient amplitude of thorax,
where no malformation or disease existed, but entirely consequent upon immature development of
body, but found no section under paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, adapted to such cases. They
could not be jjroperly classed as permanently disabled, as perhaps a year's growth would give them
sufdcieut development. An " insufScient development" clause would be a desideratum in para-
graph 85.

Section 33 declares " a total loss of thumb" or "total loss of two fingers of same hand" to be a
disability. This of course, strictly interpreted, means the absence of those members. Cases occur
•where there is a total loss of use of these members, aside from permanent extension or contraction ;
also, there may be loss of one finger, and permanent extension or contraction of a finger of the
same hand, such as w'ould incapacitate a man from performing satisfactory military service as much_
as the loss of two fingers of the same hand. I would suggest an amendment of this section to this
effect: '^ other permanent defects or deformities of the hands so decided as to leave no doubt of the wio/t's
incapacity for military service.'" * * *

The number of men that can be physically examined per diem with accuracy must be, in a
measure, a matter of conjecture with me, as ray personal experience does not include a ])eriod when
recruiting or drafting was very active. But judging from my limited opportunity of observation,
and from the testimony of the other members of the board of enrollment, my opinion is that not
more than sixty per diem can be faithfully examined, unless the men come before the suigeon and
pass from his hands without loss of time from taking off and putting on their clothes in his
presence.

No glaring cases of fraud or deception have been practiced by any class of men for the purpose
of escaping service. Drafted men have been inclined to magnify their ailments. A certain num-
ber of those drafted were Norwegians, and, as a general thing, they manifested the greatest repug-
nance to entering tlie service; and, as a class, they were the most disposed to simulate disability
by feigning disease of heart or rheumatism. In two cases, drafted men voluntarily permitted them-
selves to be maimed in the hands after being notified, in hopes of escaping service. One was a for-
eigner; the other an American.

surgeons' KEPOKTS MICHIGAN — FOUKTU DISTRICT. 4G3

Nearly all the men mustered in from this district liave been natives of tlie United States, and
tbe proportion of those of foreign birtli is too small to allow any dednctioii of value in regard to
the physical aptitude for military service of different nationalities. Norwegians were found liable
to be rejected on the ground of being flat fooled, and Germans on account of /(«•«/«.

I have had no experience as to the physical (pialilications of the colored race for military
service.

I would recommend a revision of the Eegulations in regard to the musteringin of men, so that
they may be examined with si>ecial reference to the difl'erent arms of the service. Recruits are
often presented who are unfit for infantry, yet who are not disqualified for cavalry or artillery. The
minimum age for recruits should not, in my opinion, be less than eighteen. 1 am convinced that it
would be an advantage to have two members of the board of enrollment physicians or surgeons.
Doubtful points come up for decision, and the surgeon needs assistance that cannot be obtained
under the present constitution of the board. Such an arrangement would also permit of a provis-
ion in the law directing one of the surgeons to visit different points of the district before the com-
mencement of a draft, for the jmrpose of examining applicants for exemption from eniollment.
This would result in an advantage to the Department, and afford the people of the whole district
the same facility for purging their lists of those disqualified for service as is now enjoyed by those
residing near headquarters.

If it is true, as stated in the annual report of the Provost-Marshal General, November 15, 1864,
" that surgeons of boards of enrollment, as a class, are gentlemen of education and ability, reliable
and honest, &c.," was it not an act of gross injustice to them, nay, an insult to their intelligence,
to have boards of inspection clothed with power to reject (perhaps arbitrarily) any men piouounced
fit for service by the surgeon of the board of enrollment, and to cause to be charged the expenses of
recruiting those thus rejected to the provost-marshal and surgeon of the district? * # *

EICUAKD STEBBINS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Sixth Congremonal District of Iowa.

Waterloo, Iowa, May 31, 1805.

MICHIGAN— FOURTH DISTRICT.'

Extracts from report of De. Alonzo Platt.

• * * The whole number of men examined by me, including enrolled and drafted

men, recruits, and substitutes, has been about eigl^ thousand.

The Fourth Congressional District of Michigan is situated in the northwestern part of the
Lower Peninsula, with the excei)tion of Manitou and Beaver Islands in Lake Michigan, and the
ciunty of Delta, on the western side of the lake. It embraces twenty-five counties; is bou7iiled on
the west by Lake Michigan, and on the north by the Straits of Mackinac ; is situated between 4:^o
and 45° north latitude, and is eight hundred miles from the ocean.

The surface of the country is gently undulating, the soil various, rich, and fertile, producing
winter-wheat of the finest quality. It is well watered ; the streams are rapid, affording an abun-
dance of water-power, and emptying their waters int.o Lake Michigan.

The timber is mostly beech, maple, and oak, with belts of pine. The district is located
between two inland seas. Lake Huron on the east and Lake Michigan on the west. The climate is
more or less modified by its location both in summer and winter, the prevailing winds being from
the west and southwest. During all seasons, the atmospherical changes are more equal, if con-
trasted with the territory both e.st and west, and more particularly with the western side of the
lake. This results from its being in proximity to two large bodies of water, from the surface of
whi(;h is constantly ascending, through the medium of the atmosphere, from the action of the solar
rays, a large amount of aqueous vapor, rendering the atmosphere moist and the dews copious.
This moisture emanating fresh from such i)ure bodies of water cannot be mingled with any deleteri-

' No reports were received i'loiii the first, seeoud, tbird, and sixtli districts.

464 surgeons' reports — Michigan — foorth district.

ons or hurtful substances, but renders tbe atu:ospbere inviftorating and braciug to tbose wbo bave
become debilitated from disease or depressed troui atmospbeiical beat.

Imraediately ujwu tbe border of Lake Michigan, during- the summer, the winds are cool and
refreshing, auddnriug the winter are modified and >-oitened by passing over a sheet of water, in length
from eighty to a hundred miles, tbe average depth of which is 1,000 feet, and which never freezes
except at its borders. Moisture exercises and produces a marked influence over climate, rendering
locations more temperate, and is the obvious reason of seasons being more mild in the same par-
allels of latitude. The western winds, the course of which is for an immense distance over dry
land, and which contribute largely in summer to elevate the temperature and in the winter to
reduce it, after passing over the lake, reach the eastern shore modified in winter by the water hav-
ing imparted its latent heat to the colder wind, and in summer from its having given its moisture.
These equalizing influences thus act upon the atmosphere at diflereut seasons. Fruits of all kinds
are grown upon the eastern side of tbe lake, while they do not flourish on the western. The same
influences affect the climate on the western shore of the Atlantic Ocean in America, and on its
eastern shore in Europe ; on the latter, the west winds from the ocean render the temi)erature
more mild. Tbe climate of England and Ireland furnishes a striking contrast with the American
side of the Atlantic, as well as with the interior of Europe in the same latitude. # * #

The counties situated immediately upon or near the shore of the lake are resorted to by inva-
lids from the Eastern States, more particularly by those afflicted with pulmonary diseases, and
generally wit i marked benefit. Many by making their permanent residence in the district have
believed themselves to have recovered from tuberculosis of the lungs. In such statements, due
allowance should be made for possible errors in diagnosis ; but cases have come under my imme-
diate notice in which I am satisfied that tubercles in their incipient stage have been checked, and
in others in which they have been lurther developed they have been rendered inoperative in their
progress, and life has been prolonged from the bracing influences of the climate. In confirmation
of these statements, I would direct your attention to tbe small ratio of cases of developed tubercu-
lous phthisis reported.

Having no means of accurately estimating the mortality fiom phthisis in this city (Grand
liapids, now containing ten thousand inhabitants) lor tbe last twenty years, except from recollec-
tiou, I will nevertheless venture the opinion, which I think will be sustained by every practitioner
in the city, that the deaths from this disease will not in any one year exceed two per cent, of the
whole mortality. The most frequent diseases of the resi)iratory system are of a bronchial or
catarrhal character, being mostly cases of acute and chronic bronchitis. The most prevalent diseases
are of a miasmatic origin, the fevers being intermittent and remittent, but usually of a mild type.
Ohronic dysentery and diarrhoea are scarcely known. The degree of moisture of tbe atmosphere,
says Lebmann, is not without iufluence on the respiratory organs, and especially on the excretions
of carbonic acid. * * * The influence exerted by tbe moisture of the air on the respiratory
movements is not a question of mere conjecture, since it admits of direct observation.

The view taken by Dr. Edwin Lee, of London, is that the choice of a climate should be deter-
mined by the patient's temi)erament, the condition of the system, and the more or less advanced
state of the disease. In general, warm and dry localities best suit persons of a lymphatic or scrof-
ulous constitution, where the circulation is languid. These, on the other hand, are often too excit-
ing for individuals of a sanguine or nervous temperament, in whom there is an irritability of the
air-passages, a disiiosition to inflammation or to hiemoptysis, with acceleration of the circulation ;
such patients would generally find themselves better where the atmosphere was somewhat moist
and not liable to great variations. A similar climate is likewise better adapted to patients in more
advanced stages of the disease.

From the statistics collected by the late Dr. Drake, and al.so from the reports of the Army, the
proportion of deaths from phthisis proves to be greater in the South than at the North.

I consider it is of great importance that the climate of this region should be made known, and
that the injudicions course of sending consumptive i)atients to some southern coast or island, where
they must forego the comforts of home, of family, and Iriends, may be thus avoided.

This district is inhabited by an intelligent, temperate, frugal, and industrious people, mostly
Americans from New England ai.d New Yoik. Tiiey are generally agriculturists, with the excep

surgeons' reports MICHIGAN' FIFTH DISIKICT. 465

tioti of a roviiiji' population engaged in hunhi'iinji, also a colony of Ilollandfrs, located in tlio
soul Invest part of Ottawa County. These latt(U- are a religions iind industrious people.

No part of tlie Northwest presents greater indu<!enients th:iii this to emigrants, if thoy take
into consideration climate, health, soil, timber, and the gypsum which is fotind in great abundance,
as well as fruits of all the kinds that are 'produced in this latitude.

The ratio of cardiac diseases reported is quite large. I purpose to make a few statei]5euts in
regard to a certain form of heart-disease which is quite common. The per.sous afflicted, in their
ai)pearauce, to a casual ob.server look healthy, the countenance generally Hushed, their tempera-
ments sanguine-bilious. The symptoms of the disease consist of jiain or an nnea.«y sensation, and
choking or faintiffg on exercise. The physical signs are these : heart in its normal position, its
impul.se at the apex violent and sharp, striking the walls of the chest with force. All the above
.symptoms are increased on exercise or from sudden mental emotion, the i)ulse r.inging from seventy-
live to eighty-five, full and strong, with the general health not usually much imi)aired. The causes
are iuvariably attributable to violent and protracted exercise, such as running, jumping, lifting.
The subjects were mostly of active habits, generally farmers and discharged soldiers. From the
.symptoms and the history of the cases, and from careful examinations, I was of opinion that there
was a slight hypertrophy with dilatation of the left ventricle, and so reported thein. This condi-
tion had been generally brought on by overtaxing the organ in long-continued exertion.

Paragraph 85, section .3. Epilepsy. — The regtdations require the attested affidavit of a physician
in these cases. In this district, most of the i)ersous afflicted with the disease were new-comers, who
have never had an occasion to call a physician.or, if otherwise, they resided so far that a physician
could not reach theui while in the paroxysm. In these cases, the board had to rely u[ion the best
testimony they could obtain. * # *

The number of men to be examined per day shoidd not exceed sixty, if the surgeon wishes to
do credit to himself and justice to the service.

The fraud most frequently attempted was jjretendiug blindness of the right eye from disease of
the optic nerve. This could be detected only by the use of the ophthalmoscope. Inflating the
scrotum by forcing air into the cellular tissue was easily detected by the crei)itation on pressure.

In regard to what ns'tionality i)resents the greatest physical ai)titude for military service, I
have had but little means of forming an opinion, as the inhabitants of this district are mostly
Americans.

* * * ()j)g great obstacle to contend with in the examination of men is the want
of a suitable room. It should be located in reference to stillness, ;ind, if in a city, it should be
removed from the street; no talking should be allowed in it, for quiet is very essential duiing
examination of the lungs and heart. The room should be large, and dressing-rooms should be
adjoining. •

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colored race for military service has been
limited. The few, however, that I have examined, in x'hysical development were equal, if not
superior, to any other race of men.

I have no recoinmeudations or suggestions to make in reference to the operations of the enroll-
ment-law.

ALONZO PLATT,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fourth District of Michigan.
Grand Rapids, Mich., May 30, 1865.

MICeiGAN— FIFTH DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. I. Paddack.

* * • The whole number of men examined by me was four thousand five hun-
dred and thirty-five. # * #

This district is composed of six counties, namely: Oaldand, Livingston, Lapeer, Macomb, Saint

Clair, and Sanilac Counties. The last three border upon Laices Huron and Saint Clair on the east.

The surface of the land is generally undulating, and the conntrv is well watered by numerous small
59

466 surgeons' reports — Michigan — ^fifth district.

lakes and rivers, which afford an immense amount of hydraulic power, which is nsed very exten-
sively for the manufacture ot lumber and other purposes. Flouringmills are very numerous.

The soil is variable, but is mostly a rich, sandy loam, and is very productive in the grains and
grasses that are produced in the Northern States. It is timbered with oak, maple, and beech in
the south and west part; in the north and east, there are large forests of pine of excellent quality.
Some parts are hilly, and those which border on the lakes and rivers in many places are marshy.

Thedistrictcontainsfour thousand four hundred and sixty-five square miles. In ISGO, it contained
one hundred and twenty-eight thousand seAen hundredand twelve inhabitants ; if the increase for the
last five years has been but five per cent., (which is a low estimate,) it has at thejiresent time a pt)i)-
ulation of one hundred and thirty-five thousand one hundred and forty-seven. The correct enroll-
ment-lists ending on the 14th day of April, 1865, show there are ten thousand eight hundred and
thirty men liable to be called npon for military duty, notwithstanding the rebellion has caused a
large drain from the number of its able bodied men ; deduct thirty per cent, for physical disability
and other causes, then there remains a force of seven thousand five hundred and eighty-one effect-
ive men liable to be called into service if required.

The inhabitants are enterprising, intelligent, and enjoy the fruits of their labor. The farmer
who but a few years since bad but a scanty subsistence, and was obliged to content himself with
the shelter of his rude log-cabin, erected soon after the first sound of the woodman's ax was heard
in the forest, animated with hopes of better days, and persevering through a few years of toil and
privation, has become the possessor of a commodious dwelling, in which he can solace himself with
the reflection that industry and economy lead to wealth.

The country is divided into limbered lands and timbered openings, the timber being mostly oak.
The soil of the openings is readily prepared for the plow with little labor. There is generally some
underbrush, which requires a small amount of work to remove, and then the soil is i-eady for break-
ing up, though it requires three yoUe of oxen to accomplish the task. The timber being tliinly
scattered is frequently left standing, but a circle of hark is generally removed, about two feet from'
the ground, in order to destroy its vitality. This timber sometimes remains for two or three years,
except what is needed for fencing and other purposes; this may appear to some rather a rude way
of farming, but it is called labor-saving by those who have little help and limited means where-
with to obtain it. A large yield of wheat is frequently taken from such lauds the first year.

It is settled mostly by emigrants from the State of New York and the Canadas. A few towns
in the northern and eastern parts are principally jieopled by French and Germans; their lands are
new, and, having had but little capital to assist them, they are obliged to devote a portion of their
time to lumbering, fishing, or some other employment than that of agriculture.

On this class of men the draft fell heavily ; the most of them were unable to procure substitutes
even if they were disposed to do so, and the remainder not being inclined to learn tactics, the result
was that immediately after (if not before) the draft, they sought refuge in Victoria's dominions.

The diseases are mostly intermittent and remittent fevers, which are produced by the morbid
effects of effluvia that proceed from the surface of the earth, and are probably gaseous or aeriform
bodies which are involved in the atmosphere ; they are imperceptible ; we know nothing of tiieir
physical or chemical qualities, but we are made aware of their existence by their pernicious effects
only. They are called malaria or miasmata, and are generated by a certain degree of heat and
moisture capable of producing vegetable decomposition. They seldom originate at a temi)erature
of less than 00° Fahrenheit, though vegetable decomposition may be going on; at 80° they are very
prevalent, but are generally checked when frost makes its appearance ; the process requires a cer-
tain continuance of heat as well as a certain degree of it. Moisture is as essential as heat in its
production ; therefore heat and moisture, continued for a considerable length of time, acting on dead
vegetable matter so as to i)roduce rapid decomposition, are generally sure to produce diseases tiiat
we then say liave a njalarious origin. I am satisfied that dy.sentery. neuralgia, and rheumatism are
frequently produced by their morbid influence upon the system. I have frequently seen dysentery
prevail to an alarming extent in those seasons of the year at which we should have expected inter-
mittent and remittent fevers to have been most coinuion. Dysentery having been first in making
its appearance, in some particular seasons would run its course almost to the exclusion of any other

surgeons' reports — MICHIGAN — FIFTH DISTRICT. 467

disease. This has hapjiened generally when there has been a hixiiriant growth of vegetation in the
early part of the siiumier followed by a drought, after which fre(|neut rains begin to water the earth,
iind the heat continuing, then the disease begins to show itself, perhaps in a mild form atlirst ; but
[«oon putting on a malignant type, it becomes a severe scourge to the Inhabitants.

Now, why is it that dysentery exists at that season of the year wliich has been, so far as we
can judge, most favorable to the production of remittent and intermittent fevers, unless the same
causes that produced the one are capable of producing the other, though of a different class of
diseases ? The lower order of animals is also liable to suffer from the poisonous effects of malaria.
In the State of New York I saw a dog have regular tertian ague for several weeks; he became
debilitated and exhibited little inclination to take exercise, but alter a while regained his strength
and activity.

There has been a considerable number of drafted men exempted for physical disability, there
being no visible disease, either general or local, except that the men ap[)eared very much debilitated,
and totally unable to perform manual labor, which, indeed, was evident upon athorough examination
as well as from the testimony of reliable neighbors, many of those in question having been invalids for
several years. On inquiry in relation to the causes of their ill-health, some would assign one thing and
some another, but generally they were not very satisfactory reasons. Quite a number of these men
had previously suffered from attacks of intermittent fevers, (ague, as they denominated it,) but it
had left no chronic enlargement of the spleen nor local effects of any kind that could be detected;
nevert heless, the system exhibited thepernicious effects of somelatent poison thathadhad an agency in
producing the debility they labored under. My opinion is that a large proportion of these individuals
were suffering from the poisonous effects of malarious indnence, which is operating silently, though
no less surely, in destroying the health of a large number of those inhabitants who have spent the
greater part of their lives in infected districts of country. These diseases exist to a greater extent
in the newly-settled portions of country where the lands are first broken up, and the marshy
grounds and stagnant'pools of water existing in many places are fertile sources from which eman-
ate the poisonous effluvia ; but as the country has been improved, especially by draining the marshy
lands, these diseases have become less frequent, and also milder in their type, except where other
causes comb ned have rendered it otherwise.

As there are more farmers than any other class of men in this district, and as hernia predomi-
nates over any other disability, it is but reasonable to conclude that it is produced by the extra
muscular exertions required of those who are engaged in agricultural pursuits. In clearing heavy
timbered land, the incessant labor recpiircd will call for all the physical strength a man possesses;
it is therefore no wonder that rupture should frequently result.

Pontiac, the headquarters of the district, is in Oakland County ; it lies in latitude iSo 30'
north, longitude 6° 1.3' west from Washington, at a height of nine hundred and twenty-seven feet
above the sea. It has a population numbering four thousand. It is surrounded by rich farming-
lands, which are extensively cultivated, and yield to the husbandman ami)le reward for his labor.
It is watered by the Clinton River, which affords excellent water-power. The Detroit and Mil-
waukee Railroad passes through it. It is situated twenty-five miles north of Detroit, and is one of
the greatest wool-marts in the State. The county is remarkable for its numerous small and beau-
tiful lakes to the number of one hundred, which are well supplied with choice fish, ami afford a
pleasant pastime for those who are fond of indulging in the sport.

In relation to the different sections of paragraph 85 of the Revised Regulations of the Provost-
Marshal-General's Bureau, as laid down for the guidance of boards of enrollment in the exam-
ination of drafted men. I have to say that I believe them to be judiciously arranged. Undoubtedly,
any one having any of the disabilities there set forth as being disqualifying should be exempted,
but at the same time I am of opinion that there is too wide a distinction made between drafted
men and volunteers. I cannot see why a man because he is so unfortunate as to be conscripted
should be held to service though he may have disabilities that would reject him if he were a
volunteer. It may be said that the drafted man, if he be not as sound in eveiy respect as is required
of the volunteer, may yet have such duties assigned him as he ca* perform, and thus render service
to the Government, though in a less degree than a perfectly able-bodied man. Granting it to be
the fact that his services are worth something, they nevertheless fall far short of those of the man

468 surgeons' reports — Michigan — fifth district.

who has sufBcicut powers of endurance to carry a gun and a heavy i)ack on hi.s back on a forced
march whenever it becomes necessary. When tlie best men (to all appearances) are selected, and
go into the service without compulsion, a few weeks or months will suffice to show a sutUcient
number dis(iualified for field-duty; but many of them can be made useful to the Government in a
different capacity. The drafted man, in view of the fact that he is compelled to do that which he
shudders at, and that he imagines that he is looked upon with contempt rather than as an equal
by those who enlisted as a matter of choice, is apt to be made dishonest, and instead of i)roving
trusty and faithful to the Government, his whole aim will be to make himself totally unfit for the
duties assigned him. I am of opinion that drafted men should have the same fitness for military
service as volunteers; they also should be paid the same bounties by Government. Then the
drafted man would have a status, and he would consider himself on an equality with his fellow-
soldier. If he chooses to substitute a person in his place, then let the substitute receive the bounty.
As the Government wants the men, and relial)le men too, it seems to me that if procured in that
manner they would render more efficient service. At the same time, it \\ouId be the means of
bestowing upon many a deserving and destitute family an assistance that otherwise they would be
deprived of.

In the examination of men for the military service I have been governed by the instructions
contained in the Revised Regulations for the government of the Bureau of the ProvostMarshal-
General, and the instructions contained in a manual for enlisting and discharging soldiers, by
Roberts Bartholow, A. M., M. D. ; also the instructions received from Dr. D. C. Van Slyck, examin-
ing-surgeon of the board of enrollment, who visited this office in October, 1864, and whose
instructions I very much value.

I have in some particular cases, especially if there were any indications of hernia, tested them
more thoroughly than the general instrnctious require. # # #

As to the number of men that can be examined physically per day, I am of opinion that no
surgeon should examine more than o?ie /(««f7/-efZ drafted men,oro?ie hundred and tirenty lecrmti^
or substitutes. I can examine at least one sixth or one-fifth more volunteers than drafted men in
a given time, for the reason that the man who volunteers his services is generally disposed to do
that which the surgeon requires of him, otherwise he is suspected of having some disability he
wishes to conceal.

The drafted man studies to make himself api)ear as much disqualified as he is able. He is
slow to answer questions, which he fears may lead to the disclosing of facts that would make the
board suspect him of trying to deceive them. He moves as though he was weighed down with an
incubus; his physiognomy is expressive of sadness and despair. In some instances, the whole
contour of the man is changed ; he appears a different being from what he was before the draft
laid its weight upon him.

There are many frauds practiced by enrolled men coming before the board. I will give one
instance that occurred at this office, which will illustrate others of the same character. A man
from a remote part of the district, having a deformed foot, came befoie the board, and was exempted
under an assumed name, that of his neighbor, who was an able-bodied man. The fraud was soon
detected, and consequently the neighbor was re-instated on the roll. The United States district
attorney was consulted in the matter, but it appears that there is no law to punish such frauds.

In my opinion, a law should be passed which would inflict a heavy penalty on those who are
found guilty of perpetrating such base acts. In the case of a stranger claiming exemption, there
being no one present to identify him, he should be made to swear that he is the identical i)erson
(as the name indicates) that appears on the enrollment-list. Then, should it be otherwise, he could
be held responsible for perjury, if for nothing else.

There was a man who enlisted at this office as a substitute ; he bore a good examination and
was accepted, and in a few days was sent to the State lendezvous; he then obtained a furlough
and went home to his family, who resided a little more than twenty miles from this place, and
returning in due time to the headquarters of the State, he claimed that he was unable to do duty
in consequence of ulcers on his legs. He was examined by the surgeon at the rendezvous and
reported back to this office, with the statement that he had chionic ulcers of the lower extremities,
of many years' standing, and was discharged from the service one year since. This man immedi-

SURGEONS REPORTS MICHIGAN FIFTH DISTRICT. 469

ately after he was examined at this oilflce commenced applying some caustic or irritating sub-
stance to his legs, iu consequence of which he succeeded in making sores which had the appear
ance of chronic ulcers of long standing. He niiide a confidant of one of the Veteran Hcserve Corps
men at the camp, and tohl him he had no disability at present, but soon would have; that he
knew how to make his legs sore and also how to heal them, as the case might require; his wife
stated also that he had done that thing several times. The facts were reported to the surgeon at
the State rendezvous and his cnse was reexamined. Instead of obtaining a discharge, as he had
anticipated, he was held aud sent to the front; his descriptive roll containing a statement as to
his character, so as to prevent imposition upon others. According to his own statement, he had
enlisted five or six times, making some eleven hundred dollars by his knavery.

In order to protect the board of enrollment against sucli frauds, the enlisted nam should be
sent to the headquarters of the State immediately, aud there be re-examined as speedily as possible,
(if a subsequent examiuation is required,) before he has time to manufacture a disability; and then
I have no doubt the provost-marshal and the surgeon would escape the censure they have many
times had heaped upon them unjustly in consequence of allowing rascals sufiicient time to mature
their villainous designs.

The surgeon of the board of enrollment has a far better opportunity for judging of the present
ability of a man for military service, at the time of his enlistment, than the surgeon who reexam-
ines him some weeks, aud perhaps months, after, and discovers a disability which he supposes to
haveexisted at the time of his enlistment, but which, in fact, did not then exist. Drafted men and
enrolled men come before the board claiming that they have hernia and consequently are com-
pelled to wear a truss, which they have adjusted to the best of their ability ; but, on examination,
it becomes evident that the thing had been ajjplied just previous to the inspection, and as no hernia
can be found they are told that such a deception is not well calculated to avail them anything. A
.drafted man presented himself for examiuation before he was ordered to report. Ue was very
anxious to be inspected, as he had a large blister on one of his legs, which, he stated, had fre-
quently made its appearance and caused him to be very lame. When he was told that he had
caused the blister himself for the purpose of obtaining a discharge, he appeared very much disap-
pointed, and immediately left the room. There was a drafted man who was examiued at this office
and held to service, as there could not be found any disability for which to exempt him ; he was
accordingly sent to the State rendezvous. A few weeks elapsed, aud he was reported back to this
office as having paralysis agitans, in consequence of which he was discharged. I was informed by
one of his neighbors {who was a reliable man) that on his return home the disease immediately left
him, and he was able to resume the manual labor which he had formerly performed.

In cases where there is reason to suspect simulation, an espionage should be instituted over
such iiersous, and very soon their hypocrisy will be detected.

There have been sent to the State rendezvous from this oflQce three thousand and eighty men
who have been receii)ted for, only sixteen of whom have been reported back as unfit for duty; and
I have no doubt that the greater part of these have managed to carry out theii' various schemes
of deception so adroitly that the vigilant eye of the surgeon at Jackson has failed to discover the
imposition. I think satisfactory reasons were given in all these cases why the men were accepted at
this ofBce.

As to what nationality presents the greatest physical aptitude for military service, I think the
answer is clearly expressed in Dr. Roberts Bartholow's manual of instructions for enlisting and
discharging soldiers, page 208. He says, "An unprejudiced view of the various races aud nationali-
ties forming our Army will disclose the fact, I think, that the fused European nationalities, consti-
tuting what is now known as the North American race, and which begins to assume characteristics
distinct as those of the English, French, German, or Spanish races, is better fitted for military
purposes than either or all of the representatives of foreign nations."

My experience as to the physical qualifications of the colonul race for military service has been
limited, as only a small number has been examined at this oflice.

I. PADDAGK,
Late Surgeon Board of EnroUment Fifth District of Michigan.

PoNTiAC, Mich., Octohcr 12, 1SG5.

470 surgeons' reports — Wisconsin — fifth district.

WISCONSIN— FIFTH DISTEIOT.»

Extracts from report of De. H. O. Cetane.

* * * Entering the service of the United States in June, ISOl, I continued on
duty in the field or in general hospitals until May, 1863, when I resigned my position as surgeon in
charge of St. John's College Hospital, Annapolis, Md., and received the appointment of surgeon to
the board of enrollment for this district.

While on duty in hospital, I was in the weekly habit of examining men for discharge from
service, and since occupying my present position I have been constantly on duty ; I have had an
assistant but five months, and have, in the mean time, examined fourteen thousand one hundred
and sixty-five men, mostly enrolled or drafted men, nearly all of whom claimed severe indisposition
of some kind.

The labors of the surgeon are so severe and unpleasant, and the pay so inadequate, that I think
there are very few but are satisfied with their experience, and are quite willing to leave the field.

This district is situated in the extreme northeastern corner of the State. It is bounded on the
north by Green Bay and the Peninsula of Michigan, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the
south and west by the fourth and sixth districts. It comprises thirteen large counties, and in
extent north and south extends through fully two degrees of latitude. It contains ten thousand
four hundred square miles.

The southwestern counties are chiefly openings and prairie, with sufiBcient timber for all the
purposes of husbandry. The soil is productive, and the inhabitants are mainly occupied in the
pursuit of agriculture. These counties are chiefly settled by men from the Eastern and Middle
States, generally intelligent and industrious ; they have efficient schools and all the marks of an
advanced civilization. While the more eastern and northern counties are covered with dense for-
ests, and though there is much soil that is productive, the chief value is in its fine groves of timber
and the extensive fisheries on the lake and bay.

A large preponderance of this population is foreign, representing every state and duchy in
Europe. They subsist by the cultivation of small farms and the manufacture of lumber and
shingles from their pine-forests. Necessity compels them to be industrious, but they are usually
very poor and ignorant, mostly Eoman Catholics, and as such generally hostile to the conscription-
act. These men are often ignorant of the most common civilities of life ; they are unscrupulous as
to the means for obtaining the desired end, regarding bribery and corruption as legitimate rather
than as crimes to be punished. A virtuous public sentiment cannot reach them, since they are
surrounded by those who are opposed to the wholesome administration of the law, and alike inter-
ested in preventing its execution. Demagogues, interested in preserving their party ascendency,
have educated this people to believe that the war was not only useless and cruel, but that its effect
would be to finally subvert their civil and political privileges. Hence the difficulty in procuring
an enrollment of some of these counties, and the inability to compel drafted men to report. Usually,
the strong and able-bodied ran away, while the cripples, those of overage, and aliens, aloue
reported.

I know of no disease peculiar to this district, or to any part thereof, which is not incident to
other of the Northwestern States in the same latitude. I would mention pneumonia and inflam-
matory rheumatism as the most prevalent diseases of serious character common to this locality.
Phthisis is far less prevalent than in the Eastern or Middle States.

The ratio per thousand exempt for physical disability has been much larger in that portion of
the district just considered, which may be accounted for in the following manner: First, as above
stated, the people are poor, the country heavily timbered, and in most instances thus timber in
clearing the land has to be removed by hand for the want of a team ; hence the large proportion
of cases of hernia, varicocele, and varicose veins of the inferior extremities, together with necrosis
of tibia, fractures, and dislocations. These causes, together with bad surgery, and often no surgery
whatever, have produced many cripples. Secondly, the able-bodied men have left the country and
failed to report.

' Tliis was the only report received from the State.

surgeons' reports WISCONSIN — FIFTH DISTRICT. 471

Most of paragraph 85, Eevised Eegulations of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, I concur

in; but bog leave to suggest some few modifications. Admitting all surgeons to be capable and

honest, much benefit would accrue both to the Government and to the men examined from giving the

, surgeon greater discretion in his decisions as to drafted men. I will allude only to such sections

as my experience leads me to believe would be bettered by a change.

I would suggest that sections 5, C, and 9 be merged into one, since their general import is the
same, and the hurry and confusion of the provost-marshal's office is unfavorable to a critical diagnosis.

I would also suggest that sections 12 and 13 be so amended as to hold to service all men with
no other disqualification than the loss of one eye, whether right or left ; but all men very near-sighted
I would reject. Under the present rule I have liad to hold men to service who were useless to
the Government on account of near sightedness.

Section 20, I regard as quite too arbitrary, and think it should be so amended as to give the
surgeon greater discretion. At present, if a man has an incisor or canine tooth in each jaw, though
otherwise toothless, I am compelled to hold him ; while his neighbor, having sound molars and a
line set of artificial teeth in his pocket, is exempt. There is not only apparent but real injustice in
this, and the surgeon is sujiposed to be at fault in the matter.

I also believe that section 29 should be so amended as to exempt men for excessive varicocele,
as it is often disqualifying. * * #

The number of men that can be carefully examined per day by one surgeon, leaving him time to
still perform his other iudispensable duties as member of the board of enrollment, will not exceed
sixty; and to do this the surgeon mu.st be very active, for, since he is made responsible for all acts
of an assistant, he naturally desires to inspect every man himself.

The frauds practiced by enrolled and drafted men are so numerous and varied as to require the
utmost vigilance ou the part of the surgeon. I will mention a few most to be guarded against.
Alleged bliuduess of right eye is very common; the pupil often appearing fully and apparently per-
manently dilated, and the eye presenting the appearance of genuine amaurosis. The ophthalmo-
scope, however, detects no lesion whatever, and the color and general appearance of the eye
are healthy. Some of these men had belladonna upon their persons at the time of examination,
which they had been using freely.

Every expedient is also tried to get up an inordinate action of the heart. I have required the
men, in all suspected cases of this kind, to sit quiet for a few hours, that I might give them a more
thorough inspection, and have found this method very salutary.

Often a certain form of malingering becomes fashionable in a particular locality. In one
county in this district it was very common for men to report with very bad-looking ulcers on the
leg, decidedly phagadenic iu their character, always on the fleshy jiortion of the leg, and never
over the tibia. 1 very soon learned that these sores had been manufactured in anticipation of the
draft, and I have affidavits of some (who became ashamed of the trick) that they were induced to
have the sores made by certain doctors of medicine, for which operation they were to pay fifty
dollars if exempted. Some of these men were so injured I was compelled to exempt them, as'it
was evident it would require two or three months' treatment to heal the ulcers. Other cases of
less severity I held for treatment, and finally sent them forward. I will here mention an ingenious
fraud practiced upon me by some Bolieraians. These men claimed to have hernia of many years'
standiug, and of a peculiar character ; that it had defied all treatment, and had baffled the surgeons
in Europe; that it incapacitated them from labor of any kind requiring locomotion. On inspecting
these men, I found such an anomalous condition of the scrotum and surrounding parts as to make
it quite impossible to diagnose the case satisfactorily. The scrotum was evidently inflamed, tender,
and much thickened, feeling much like a large, solid, corrugated orange. The cellular tissue was
so thickened, extending above the pubes, that it was quite impossible satisfactorily to inspect the
iuguinal regiou, or to come to any definite conclusion as to the cause of the difficulty. On a more
ciireful inspection, however, I discovered a fine crepitus, as of air in the cellular tissue about the
pubes, and, in one instance, in Iheprepuce; this led me to susi>ect a trick, and ou pushing my investi-
gations 1 learned that an incision had been made iu one or more places in the scrotum, a blow-pipe
inserted, and the surrounding parts completely filled with air. The orifice was then closed, and

472 surgeons' reports — Wisconsin — fifth district.

healed, the air remaining in situ, and apparently producing- inflammation of the parts. I subse-
quently learned that this deception was not uncommon among Bohemians in Europe.

The frauds practiced by recruits and substitutes have usually I'ehited to concealing their age;
where advanced, by coloring their hair and whiskers, and by the declarations of the party ; and if
too young, by the afBdavits of parties interested and of the parents. Situated as we are on the
borders of Canada, a large number of supposed " bounty jumpers" have presented themselves to
this board for enlistment; but tlie constant vigilance of its officers in the examination of this class
of recruits has prevented more than half a dozen of them entering the service from this office. Of
all facts in this connection, the provost-marshal will make a full report.

Under the head " any other obstacles," as a member of the board of enrollment, I will say that
there have been frauds almost innumerable practiced upon the conscript as well as many upon the
Government and its officers. Outside parties, claiming to have some legal knowledge, acting as
attoi'neys for anyone able to pay them a fee, have made the frightened conscript believe tliat they
possessed influence with the marshal or the surgeon, and for a specific sum they could i)robably pro-
cure his discharge. The man at once advances the money, and if by any circumstance he happens
to be exempted, the attorney keeps the money, the conscript believing that most of it has been paid
to the officer for such exemption. A good deal of money has in this way been filched from con-
scripts, who have been made to believe the Government and all its officers corrupt. Such con-
duct invariably begets hard feelings, the conscript feels that he has been fleeced, and believes his
attorney, who tells him he made the best bargain he could with the officers. All this is done out-
side, we know nothing of it at the time, and it is quite beyond our control. The officers are
not only unable to guard the rights of the conscript, but equally impotent to jii'otect their own
reputation wlieu assailed in this manner. * * #

If possible, some plan should be devised to prevent the crime of perjury, as during the recent
drafts it has been practiced to a fearful extent until it seems that truth is an excejition. Twenty,
fifty, or a hundred dollars is ofl'ered an attorney to free the conscript from the operations of the
draft. To accomplish this, the attorney writes out the most glaring falsehood, and the conscript
swears to it — both equally interested in defrauding the Government — and on this jjaper, thus pro-
cured, the board of enrollment (though believing the whole thing false) is often compelled to grant
the exemption. I am happy to state that all attorneys are not thus dishonest ; still, no man has so
bad a case as not to find some one to engage for him. To obviate this difficulty and to preserve the
integrity of the people, I would respectfully suggest that a commissioner or commissioners be
appointed by, and in the pay of, the Government, before whom all testimony shak be taken and all
affidavits made touching any case of exemption other than for physical disability, whose duty and
sole object shall be to arrive at facts, acting alike for the Government and for the people, and
ignoring all attorneys whatever.

I would let the party claiming exemption present his testimony to the enrolling-board, and
they should proceed to investigate and decide his claim without the interference of an attorney,
who only too often prevents the ends of justice and leads the conscript into difficulty. It is believed
that by this or some similar method the conscript could save a heavy attorney's fee, (as the regula-
tions on this point I think are totally disregarded,) and in hundreds of instances it would prevent
the commission of perjury, so common at present.

In considering the military aptitude of nationalities, the questions of occupation, locality, and
race are of much importance, and should be well considered; iu an older settled district, they
would furnish much useful information.

Locality doubtless has much influence over the health and stamina of recruits permanently,
located, and where the habits of the people are less migratory. While iu the English service im-
portant diflerences are found between town and country recruits, no such distinction can be made
in this country, and more especially it is impossible in this district. The largest town has a popu-
lation of less than ten thousand, and the people, as a class, are industrious and energetic. Dence,
perhaps, the small percentage of exemptions for physical disability in this district, compared with
the more densely-populated sections of the country.

Occupation, iu this district, is of far greater importance in the selection of recruits than locality.

surgeons' reports WISCONSIN FIFTH DISTRICT. 473

This I have been able to demonstrate from the examinations of lumbermen as compared with
farmers and shoemakers. The lumbermen (unless they have hernia) are universally good recruits,
having abundance of vitality, with muscles well developed; they are a brave, cheerful, and hardy
class. In one sub-district is a large tannery, and a boot and shoe manufactory, emi)loying severnl
hundred hands; of these mechanics nearly sisty-tive per cent, were disciiarged from enrollment,
before the draft, for physical disability. Very few among them who had prosecuted their trade for
ten years but had organic disease of heart or lungs ; very many of them had i)htliisis ; nearly nil
appeared with thorax flattened, muscles wasted, and generally impaired vitality.

Race. — Under this head I am compelled to say that such an admixture has been presented to
this board as to render discrimination very difficult. My experience in the physical qualifications
of the colored race has been too limited to warrant an opinion, not having examined more than
twenty five recruits.

Of the Indian race I have examined about one hundred and thirty men, embracing half-breeds
of the Stockbridge, Brothertown, Chijjpewa, Oneida, and Menoinoiice tribes; of these men only
about ten percent, were rejected as physically disqualified, and most of these for extensive cica-
trices from burns or' incised wounds. Only one case of hernia occurred, but neither varicocele nor
varicose veins of the extremities. There were three or four cases of s(;rofula and secondary syphilis.

I learn from officers commanding these men that they were good soldiers, being unsurpassed
for scouting or picket duty, but quite unable to stand a charge or artillery fire.

My observations fail to verify the assertion of some statistical writers that the Irishman pos-
sesses the greatest physical at)titnde for military service. While it is true that his limbs are more
symmetrical, his feet better arched, and his temperament more ardent than is found to be the case
in the Teutonic race, still it must be confessed he has usually more vehemence than discretion, and
though courngeous, it is the counige of impulse rather than the result of deliberate valor.

From four yeans' ex[)erience in the field, in hospitals, and as exaujiniiig-surgeon of this board,
I am decidedly of opinion that the mixed races as found in the descendants of the early settlers of
New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, where physical development and courage are
combined with intelligence and i)atriotism, make the best soldiers the world has ever seen, and as
a class by far excel the representatives of any European state.

Though I regard the enrollment-law as somewhat defective, I look upon the failure to carry out
some of its expressed provisions as still more to be regretted. I have already alluded to the hostility
to the law in certain localities in this district, nor has this hostility abated particularly since its
operationshave ceased ; but many who formerly had respect for the Government and the laws enacted
by it now feel a contempt for both. This feeling is produced by the return of a large number of
deserters among them ; these men having now returned to their old homes, in some townships are
reported to be a majority of the voting population, and will exercise the elective francise as for-
merly. They are fully aware that this board has no power to arrest them, and that the Govern-
ment has no longer use for them, and hence they make little or no concealment of the fact that they
have evaded the service due to the country, and take occasion to insult returned soldiers, who, as is
natural, are constantly complaining of this state of things.

I would recommend the revision of the law so far as to accept no recruits under eighteen years
of age ; young lads have not the physical stamina adequate, and soon become weary and discour-
aged, only cumbering the ambulances and hospitals.

H. O. CRANE,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Fifth District of Wisconsin.

Green Bat, Wis., May 30, 1865.
60

474 surgeons' keports — Minnesota — first district.

MINNESOTA— FIRST DISTRICT. •

Extracts from report of Dr. Edwin C. Cross.

• * * There were examined at this office from March 9 to April 14, 1865,

Drafted men 152

Recruits 606

Substitutes 7

Total 765

The disposition made of these men was as follows :

Drafted men held to service 29

Drafted men exempted for disability 87

Drafted men exempted lor all other causes, such as over- age, alienage, &c... 36

Recruits accepted 366

Recruits rejected for physical disability .- '. 240

Substitutes accepted 7

Total, as above 765

The First Congressional District of Minnesota comjirises eighteen pirrtiallysettled counties in
the southern part of the State, and embraces a population of about one liundred thousand persons.

The counties composing it, commencing at the southeast corner of the State, and numbering
from east to west, are Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Faribault, and Martin in the first tier;
in the second tier, Wiuona, Olmsted, Dodge, Steele, Wase(!a, Blue Earth, and Brown ; in the third
tier, (leaving out Wabasha and G-oodhue in the Second Congressional District, on the east,) Rice,
La Sueur, and Nicollet ; and, in the fourth tier, (passing over Dakota, also in the Second District,)
Scott and Sibley.

From this it will be seen the district is two counties wide on the east, and bordering on the
Mississippi River, and passing west three counties it extends north one county, and from the fifth
.county west is four counties wide.

The two counties lying on the Mississippi River, Houston and Winona, are very much broken
by the Mississi[)pi bluffs, and contain much less available land than the counties farther west.
The next two counties are somewhat broken by the Root and Zumbro Rivers, which meander
through thera ; but the loss of arable land in these counties is more than compensated bj" the abun-
dant supply of pure water from those streams and their tributaries, and the extensive groves of
timber that border them. West of the two last-named counties, the country is, with the exception
of that portion immedialely contiguous to the Minnesota River, unitoniily level, with an adequate
supi^ly both of water and timber, but w-ith a soil of unsurpassed fertihly, yielding bountifully of
wheat, oats, barley, corn, grass, and roots of all kinds in response to the merest pretense of farming.

The population of the district, as a wbole, is a mixed one, made up cliiefly of Americans, Irish,
Germans, and Scandinavians, with a i>reponderance of one or the other in the several localities.
In Winona, Olmsted, Dodge, Steele, Waseca, Mower, Freeborn, Faribault, Martin, and Rice Coun-
ties, the American element preponderates; in Houston and Fillmore Counties, the Scandinavian;
in Nicollet and Brown Counties, the German; and in Le Sueur, Scott, and Sibley Counties, the
Irish.

The occupation of the people is almost exclusively grain-growing, but cattle and sheep raising
is now receiving increased attention.

The diseases of this district are continued fevers from general causes, and inflammatory
diseases arising generally from the cold and changeable character of the climate. Intermittent
levCT is almost, and the special diseases of southern climates entirely, unknown here.

No enrollment of this district, or any pai t of it, has been made since I have been a member of

surgeons' reports MINNESOTA — SECOND DISTRICT. 475

the board, and my duties as surgeon have occupied my wliole time ; consequently I cannot give auj
opinion in reference thereto.

The. causes of disability of drafted men and substitutes comprise the greater part of the list
included in paragraph 85, Revised Eegulatious, Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau. If there were
a greater number of men exempted for one cause than another, tliat cause is hernia — section 23,
paragraph 85 of above-mentioned regulatiotis. I felt obliged under the instructions to exenii)t all
recruits and drafted men who had the smallest abdominal or umbilical hernia, notwithstanding, in
many instances, the hernia was so small as not to amount, in my o])ini()n, to a disability. In lact,
I bad often to inspect the abdomen with the greatest care to discover its existence at all, and in
many cases to reject men of the verj' best physical capacity for military service, and sometimes
men without families or other local connections to keep them at home, on account of a very small
and apparently harndess umbilical or ventral hernia. 1 would, therefore, respectfully recommend
that section 23 of i)aragiaph 85 of above-named regulations be so altered as to read "hernia unless
it be so small as not to amount to a disability in tbe opinion of the oxainining-surgeon."

Sections 3, 9, 15, and 19 are liable to many abuses, men being able to bring- any amount of
sworn testimony, and, 1 am sorry to say, many times from physicians in apparently good standing,
to prove a false case. Still, I do not know that I can suggest an improvement in the last-named
sections. Generally, the several sections under paragraph 85 seem to be very complete, and answer
very well as a guide to the surgeon in making his examinations. « * #

I could only examine eaiefully and minutely Irom Jijtij to dxty men per day. If I should exceed
that number, I should be more liable to imposition froui recruits or drafted men.

The American-born citizen i)resents the greatest physical aptitude lor uiilitary service. The
Germans have well performed their part in this district during llie war. I have had but little expe-
rience in examining colored recruits, not sufficient to form an oiiinion of their general physical qual-
ifications for military service.

EDWIN G. CEOSS,
Examining- Bunjeon Board of Enrollment First Congressional District of Minnesota.

EocHESTEB, Minn., Muij L'O, 18G5.

MINNESOTA— SECOND DISTRICT.
Extracts from rejmrt of Dr. J. H. Stewart.

• * * I ha\e acted as surgeon of the board of enrollment of this district for the

past seven months. During that period I have examined :

Recruits, substitutes, and drafted men 2, 875

Enrolled men, say 2, 000

4,875

Prior to my appointment as surgeon of the board of enrollment, I examined the recruits for
several of the Minnesota volunteer regiments, say 3,C00, making the total number examined by me
7,875.

This district covers all that part of the State which is east of the Mississippi River, and that
part west of tbe Mississii)pi and north of the Minnesota, (oniiltJMg the tier of counties bordering
on this stream.) It also includes Dakota, Goodhue, and Wabasha Counties, stretching along the
west of the Mi.sissippi from the mouth of the Minnesota southward.

The settled portion of the district has an extent of about two humbed miles north and south
and about one hundred miles east and west, and embraces thiity organized counties.

It is watered by the Mississippi, Minnesota, and Saint Croix Rivers, which are all niivigable, and
by many smaller streams. It is dotted by lakes and streams of the purest water. The general
surface is rolling. Heavy bodies of hard wood and pine Ibrests abound in certain localities. The
remaining surface, not cultivated, is covered with oak-openings and small prairies.

476 surgeons' eeports — Minnesota — second district.

Ascertained by a series of observations extendiug over twenty years, the mean winter temper-
ature is IGo.G; the iiicau summer temperature is TOo.SG; the yearly fall of rain and melted snow is
23.50 iucbcs.

It may be assumed that one-third of the population of the district is composed of natives of
Germany, Sweden, Norway, and Ireland. The natives of the New England, Eastern, and Western
States compose the bulk of the remaining inhabitants.

The principal occupations of the inhabitants are farming and lumbering.

Acute rheumatism and typhoid fever are the prevalent diseases of the district. Persons unac-
customed to the climate and the excessive changes of temperature caused by the extreme heat of
the days and the extreme coldness of the nights are the cliief victims of these attacks.

The exemptions and rejections for certain diseases and disabilities in this distiict are consider-
ably in excess of the usual ratio. For example : .

Epilepsy.— T\w ratio in this distiict is about 18 per 1,000. My own experience in a practice of
ten years iu this State is that epilepsy is a rare disease. For jyroof of the disability, however, the
surgeon must mainly rely upon the atiQdavits of physicians. Many of these are ignorantly and
some willfully untrue. No other conclusion can be arrived at.

Developed tuberculosis.— The ratio in this district is about IS per 1,000. Consumption, originating
here, is extremely rare, yet the number entitled to exemption under this head is large. For years,
Minnesota has been the known and popular resort of invalids, and particularly of those affected by
lung-diseases. All the persons rejected or exempted by me for developed tuberculosis have been,
upon inquiry, ascertained to belong to this class.

Permanent physical disahility.— This section, No. 9, under circular of Surgeon Baxter, of Decem-
ber S, 18G4, covers all disqualificatious not otherwise provided for. A great part of the exemptions
under this section in this district would, under Circular No. 100, of November 9, 1SG3, have been
made for "decided feebleness of constitution." They are invalids from every conceivable cause,
who have come hither iu hopes to renew their lease of life. Many in time recover, but there are
always numbers who have not recovered, and who, if transferred to the field and a less healthy
climate, would serve only to fill the hospitals.

The changes that 1 would I'ecommeud in paragraph 85, Revised Regulations, Provost-Marshal-
General's Bureau, have been suggested by actual cases that have occurred during my examinations.
Section 13. I would recommend that some discretion be allowed surgeons of boards of enroll-
ment in applications for exemptions for nearsightedness. As the section now stands, the prohibi-
tion is absolute ; yet there are occasionally ca.ses in which the disability is so extreme as to render
the man absolutely useless for any conceivable militaiy duty.

I would recommend that the minimum height of dralted men and recruits be made to corre-
spond.

I would recommend generally that all distinctions in the physical qualifications of drafted men
and recruits, not absolutely necessary to be maintained, be abolished. * * *

It was found impossible to examine a tithe of the enrolled men who presented themselves, if the
form prescribed in paragraph 95, Revised Regulations, ProvostJIarshnl General's Bureau, was strictly
complied with. Each man was questioned as to claims for exemption. If the cause was found to
exist, much unnecessary examination was avoided. If it did not exist, and no other cause could be
pointed out, he was dismissed unless he claimed a full examination, which was always granted. By
this course, some whom a thorough examination would have caused to be exem])ted, were left on the
enrollment-lists, but if all who presented themselves had been examined as required by paragraph
95, many more whose defects were patent would not have been reached. The time was too limited
to examine all who applied, and the choice of evils was adopted.

Fifty men are all that can be examined iu a day by one surgeon with accuracy. To do this
will require him to work from 8 to 12 a. m. and from 1 to 5 p. m., and allow but ten minutes for
the examination of each man. This applies to recruits, substitutes, and drafted men. Enrolled
men may be examined at the rate of one hundred per day by pursuing the method pointed out
under section 5.

The intense desire to obtain exemption from military service led many to practice fraud and

surgeons' reports — MINNESOTA — SECOND DISTRICT. 477

deception. Niue-tentbs of tbe.se frauds were perpetrated by tbe foreign-born population. Two
cases of simuhxted eiupbyseina bave been before lue. Air was introduced tbrougb punctures into
tbe cellular tissue of the cbest, and so skillfully was it done that one man, Cbarles Kissner, aided
by bis general appearance and an old fracture of tbe ribs, succeeded in obtaining exemption. The
other man, James Stratton, presenting every appearance of stout and nigged bealtli, suspicions
were excited, and investigation finally disclosed tbe fact that tbe operations on these men liad
been performed by " a doctor" of Saint Anthony. An attemi)t to simulate double inguinal liernia,
by tbe same means, was readily detected. Gbrouic ulcers bave been IVequently imitated or
exaggerated. When any doubts existed, confinement in the quarters under strict watcli, and
the removal of all irritants from tbe reach of the man, generally decided tbe question. One
case of this kind deserves mention; it is that of Nicholas Wee, a drafted man. AVliun exam-
ined, his feet presented the appearance of raw flesh. They bad evideutly been subjected to the
influence of powerful irritants. As the best means of unfolding the fraud, tbe man was dismissed
with a certificate of exemption. After sixty days, he was arrested and brought before me. His
feet bad nearly recovered, and it was finally ascertaineil that tbe original appearance bad been
caused by soaking tbe feet in very strong hot lye. This be had practiced for ten days prior to his
first examination. Two cases of amputation of index-finger of right band, to escape tbe dralt, bave
come under my notice. Tbe perpetrators were evidently not well informed concerning the grounds
of exemption. Pretended ankylosis of tbe joints, generally of tbe shoulders, has been frequent.
Watching an opportunity when the man is off bis guard, a sudden effort by the surgeon will cause
the joint to freely recover its motion. Chronic rheumatism is often simulated. Section 11 of
paragraph 85, Kevised Eegulatious, Provost-Marsbal-General's Bureau, gives ample instructions
for deciding these cases.

Several cases of alleged heart-disease b(ive come under my notice. The excited and irregular
action of tbe heart and the high pulse were caused by drugs administered for that purpose. Con-
finement in tbe quarters for a few days, under strict watch, dissipated all of the symptoms. Deaf-
ness is often feigned. When no doubt exists as to tbe man's ^arfiai deafness, it is often very diffi-
cult to decide whether he is or is not exaggerating his infirmity. Such cases require all the
patience and tact of tbe surgeou. Measured by the applications for exemiition, thirty men in every
thousand in this district bave epilepsy. Tbe mere statement is sufficient proof that a great propor-
tion of these applications were fraudulent. The only safeguard is to require that tbe affidavit of
the physician shall state explicitly that be has attended on the man when the epileptic fit was
actually on him, and to require also that the physician be a ni;;n of undoubted character and
standing.

The surgeon is often called upon to give an opinion in ca.ses of. applications for exemption for
unsuitableness of age. Innumerable attempts at fraud under this bead have been made in this
district. In all cases of doubt, documentary evidence, such as baptismal records, passports, family-
records, &c., should be required, and these should be closely scrutinized. Many instances of
forged and altered documents of this description have been detected. The identity of names also
opens the door to many frauds. Tbe certificate of the baptism of John Murphy answers indiscrimi-
nately for all the John Murpbys in tbe district. The drafted or enrolled man is sometimes repre-
sented by another who is undoubtedly over age. These frauds, however, are generally exposed by
the man's neighbors and townsmen.

Large local bounties act as an incentive to recruits and substitutes to practice frauds. The
object is to pass the examination of the surgeon of the board of enrollment, be mustered, and draw
the local bounty.' They are next examined by the board of surgeons at general rendezvous. The
object of tbe man is then to be rejected ; if he succeeds, he is discharged, retaining tbe bounty, and
has made a speculation quite as lucrative as bounty -jumping, and lacking the attendant danger of
punishment. The statement of recruits and substitutes who have recently enlisted and received
large bounties should be received by the esamining-surgeons at general rendezvous with extreme
caution and many grains of allowance It is evidently aiding and encouraging these frauds to
reject men when tbe recorded reasons are the men's own stateuients, " that a cut on the foot
received when a child prevents him from wearing shoes'' — "that a varicocele (which shows for
itself) prevents him from walking" — " that he has weak ankles" — "that he was discharged from

478 surgeons' reports — California — northern district.

the service for pain iu the chest" — "that his general health is not good, and three years ago he fell
out of a wagon in a tit" — "that he was not stripped at his first exin)inatiou " — " tljat he was not
examined at all " — " that he only enlisted to escape the draft." Wiien such statements are recorded
repeatedly in official reports, recommending tlie discharge of men, 1 am justified in inferring that
they had some weight in the decision of the cases. Much of this can be prevented by retaining the
local bounty until the recruit or substitute passes the final examination at general rendezvous. If
rejected, the bounty should belong to the Government, in lien of his services, and the sub-district
retain the credit. The men, under this rule, should be examined promptly within three days after
arriving at general rendezvous. None should be allowed, as has been done, to remain unexamined
or unreported for four months. Drafted men should be examined at general rendezvous by the
same rules enjoined on surgeons of boards of enrollment. This is too evident to need urging, yet
until recently it has not been done iu this district.

The recruits, substitutes, and drafted men examined by me were principally natives of the
United States, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, England, and Canada.

In my opinion, the natives of the United States present very decidedly the greatest physical
aptitude for military service.

I have examined too few of the colored race to form a very decided opinion as to their physical
qualifications for military servdce. Those that I have examined, however, have been found fully
equal to the average of the white race. * * *

J. H. STEWART,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment Second District of Minnesota.
Saint Paul, Minn., Blay 30, 1865.

CALIFORNIA— NORTHERN DISTRICT.
Extracts from report of Dr. Lorenzo Hubbard.

* * * Iu the Northern District of California, during my term of office, there have

been examined about six hundred recruits, and twenty-four men claiming exemption from the draft.

Recruits were mostly from the mining-districts, perhaps one-eighth being farmers and mechan-
ics. The largest number of the men were between the ages of 18 and 38 years, this being not far
from the average of the extremes in the ages of our male population. They were generally from
au industrious class of citizens, having for the most part been disappointed in the attainment of
the object which brouglit them to the State. Iu such a population we should not expect to find a
great variety of infirmities. Most of the applicants were young, and physically perfectly devel-
oped, having been accustomed to continual hard labor, but not to such a degree as to impair the
constitution.

Occasionally a recruit is offered who has suffered from hernia, varicocele, or varicose veins
of the lower extremities. I mention these disabilities here, because they are the most com-
mon, being generally induced by lifting and slip|)iug iu the performance of labor incident to min-
ing. Defects of the eye are also very common in California ; teamsters and herders suffer more
than any other class of persons from this caune, owing to their continual exposure to the burning
rays of the sun, and to the clouds of dust that enveloi) them a considerable ])ortion of (he time.

Perhaps, also, in California a larger proportion of the male population have suffered from syph-
ilis than in some of the older States; but, as a general thing, I am inclined to believe that our
recruits are su])erior to those of any other, except, perhaps, of some of the border States.

General debility and disease of the internal organs, occasioned by malarious fevers, are com-
mon in the valleys of this State. The constitution once^ undermined by these fevers, the patient
seldom, if ever, so far recovers as to be able to endure continued hard labor, and a few days
fatigue generally finds him, if a recruit, iu the aml)ulaiice or the hospital.

The Northern District of California comjjrises all that part of the State north of the bays of
San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun, following the west bank of the Sacramento River to the
southern boundary of Sutter County; thence easterly, including Sutter, Yuba, aud Sierra Counties,

surgeons' reports — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN DISTRICT. 479

to the eastern line of the State; thence northward to the Oregon line, embracing an extent of
country of some three hunclreil miles in length and two hundred and fifty miles in breadth, lying
between the parallels of 37° 30' and 42° north latitude. It is composed of the following Counties,
viz: Butte, Colusi, Del Norte, Klamatb, Lake, Lassen, Mendocino, Marin, Napa, Plumas, Sutter,
SUasta, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Sierra, Trinity, Tehama, Yuba, and Yolo. The relative geo-
graphical position of the above-named counties is as follows, commencing on the bay of San Fran
Cisco on the south, thence north, skirting the coast to the Oregon line: 1st, Marin ; 2d, Sonoma;
3d, Mendocino; 4th, Humboldt; 5tb, Klamath ; Gth, Del Norte. Second tier of counties, lying west
of the Sacramento Eiver and occupying the eastern slope of the Coast range of mountains, com-
mencing at Suisun Bay on the south, thence north to the Oregon line : 1st, Solano ; 2d, Napa ; 3d,
Lake; 4th, Yolo; 5th, Colusi ; Gth, a part of Tehama, Trinity, and a part of Siskiyou. Third tier
of counties lying in the valley of the Sacramento, and occupying the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada range of mountains, commencing at the southern line or boundary of Sutter County:
First. Those counties lying mostly in the valley: 1st, Sutter; 2d, Yuba; 3d, Butte; 4th, Tehama.
Second. Those counties lying mostly in the mountains: 1st, Sierra; 2d, Plumas; 3d, Lassen; 4th,
Shasta; 5th, Siskiyou. » # *

What is known as the Coast range of mountains passes througli the whole extent of the dis-
trict from south to north. Between it and the Sierra Nevada range lies the great Sacramento
Valley, with its rivers, lakes, and tulares. The Sacramento River drains the eastern slope of the
Coast range and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada.

The western aspect of the Coast range is abrupt and extremely broken. The streams for the
most part pass through narrow defiles opening into small but fertile valleys. The mountain sides,
though generally precipitous, contain much sloping prairie ground, which produces a luxurious
growth of grass, nearly to their summits.

An abundance of fine timber is also found on the broken table-grounds near the coasts, in the
valleys, and on the mountain sides. The forests of this region beggar all description. When in
the midst of one the traveler is lost in amazement, and can scarce believe what his eyes behold.
Trees are seen towering to the height of three and four hundred feet, their diameters varying from
twelve to thirty feet; they are scattered at short intervals over many acres, giving an idea of
weight sufficient to crush in the crust of earth upon which they stand.

In the bosom of the Coast range lies Clear Lake, at an elevation of three thousand five hun-
dred feet above the level of the ocean. From the bed of this lake has been obtained a very pure
article of borate of soda. In this vicinity are also found the famous Pacific geysers, which are
continually active, spouting forth jets of steam and boiling-waler to the height of many feet. Sul-
phur and iron si)rings of all temperatures are also found at many points in this range. . Gold, silver,
coppei', platiuuu), and iridium are products of this region, the two latter metals being found on the
beach, associated with fine gold and black sand. Recently, coal and petroleum have been added
to the foregoing list.

The eastern declivitj', like the western, is abrupt and broken, and quickly slides off into foot-
hills which are chopped into hundreds of spurs and low ridges extending quite into the plains.
The eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada is more gradual; but, here too, is exhibited the general
characteristic of all mountain ranges on the Pacific ; abrupt declivities, deep calions, and broken
surfaces. As the valley is approached the foot-hills slide out, as it were, from the mother range in
almost endless number. These lower ranges are composed of drift and obtrusive rocks. On the
surface, for a few feet in depth, may be found clay, loam or sand, then a crust termed bedrock,
and underneath an indefinite series of strata of sand, gravel, bneccia, granite, cement, &c. It is in
these strata that placer gold is found; the richest deposits are found in a stratum of course gravel
resting upon the bed-rock.

I may here observe that, contrary to what usually occurs in mountain ranges, both declivities
of the Coast range are steep, as is also that side of the Sierra Nevada facing the valley. The reason
probably is, that the foothills of both have at some period been washed by tidewater, when the
Sacramento Valley was the bed of a continuous bay, and the Coast range of mountains formed the
sea boundary from the present bay of San Francisco northward.

480 suRGEOisrs' reports — California — northern district.

The Northern Sacramento Valley is drained by the Sacramento, Ynba, and Feather Eivers
Into these rivers their tributaries pour the waters from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada oti
the east, and the eastern slope of the Coast range on the west. The margins of these livers
abound in large tracts of marsh or tule lands, which are intersected in all directions by extensive
sloughs, wliich latter frequently have no connection with the rivers except at the time of freshets.
The banks of these rivers are usually the highest portion of the country through which they pass;
so that when the rivers fall after an overflow, a very large surface of land is left undrained.

After the first bottom-grounds "are passed more elevated table-lands are reached, whose
extended ])laius are unaffected by the rains of winter. The bottom-soil in the valleys is a flue rich
alluvium, in some parts sandy ; the higher tables are mostly clay. The superficial water on the
tule-lauds soon drains off through the gravel-beds which geuerally underlie the upper strata of soil,
or it is carried away by evaporation during the early summer months, the deep sloughs only
remaining partially filled. Watei can be obtained at almost any point in the valley at the depth
corresponding with the beds of the streams. * # *

Before closing this part of my report, it may be of interest to extend the remarks to some of
the productions of the district, confining them to such as are of practical importance.

Forest trees. — Pinus lamhertiana — Sugar-pine. — This tree is found in the mountains from
San Diego to Oregon. At the south it is found at an elevation of about live thousand feet above the
level of the ocean, and, at the Oregon line, immediatelj' on the coast. Its height varies from one to
two hundred feet, and it is from one to ten feet in diameter. 'It is, perhaps, the most beautiful as
well as the most useful tree in the State. The rift is exceedingly straight. It was from this tree
that miners in early times provided themselves with shingles and clapboarding, a common ax only
being required to manufacture boards from six to ten feet in length.

Sequoia sempervirens — Red-wood. — Dr. Torrey has improperly made a distinction between this
and the mammoth Washington (WcUingtonia gigantea.) The Washingtonia gigantca, (as it should
be called,) is really no other than a mammoth red-wood tree, while the Sequoia sempervirens is a
smaller growth of the same species.

At Humboldt Bay a forest of mammoth and smaller red-wood trees are found intermingled.
The only appreciable difference is that the trees called red-wood do not exceed thirteen feet in
diameter, while the mammoth Washington may vary from fifteen to thirty feet. In the space of a
few acres I once measured eight trees, all exceeding seventeen feet in diametei', and one measured
twenty-two feet, at a height of five feet from the ground.

• The red-wood is in general use for boards, shingles, railroad-ties, posts, and piles ; its timber is
durable. *

Lihocedrus f7ecMrreH.s— White cedar. — This is a valuable timber, and much used by farmers for
fencing and building.

Juniperus virginianus— Red cedar. — This is also a common tree and much used for lumber.

Abies douglasii — Oregon pine. — This is the most abundant of all the timber-trees, and is in gen-
eral use for planks, joists, &c.

Pinus hrachyphyUa — Yellow pine. — This is a soft wood, and easily worked. It is equal in
beauty to any other pine. It sometimes rises to the height of a hundred feet or more, and has a
diameter of from one to six feet.

Pinus edulis — Nut-pine. — This tree attains to forty or fifty feet in height, but is not used for
domestic purposes ; the wood is hard, and if found durable it might be used to advantage for railroad-
ties. The nut is sweet, and much used by Indians as. an article of food.

Quereus echinatus. — Leaves, hjnceolate, oblong, sometimes obovate, commonly obtuse, but
occasionally quite acute ou the same tree; leaves four to five inches long, sharply toothed. The
acorns are two or three together; the cups are an inch in diameter, and thickly covered with rigid
.sublutate scales. The acorns are short and thick, about three-quarters of an inch in length. In
the mountains this oak attains the height of from thirty to fifty feet, and is from six to eleven inches
in diameter.

Quereus densiflora. — This evidently belongs to the preceding species, the former being found in
the foot-hills, and the latter high in the mountains.

SURGEONS REPORTS — CALIFORNIA NORTHERN DISTRICT. 481

Quercus agrifolia. — This is a common tree, and rises from fortj' to fifty feet in Leight, and is a
foot or more in diameter.

Quercus tinctoria. — This is also a common tree, and varies but little, if any, from the Q.
tinctoria of the Atlantic States. The bark is valuable for tanning-purposes. The acorns are larger
than those of the Atlantic variety, and the glands are sometimes more than two-tldrds immersed in
the cup, with the upper scales elongated. The largest acorns are an inch and a quarter in length.

Quercus hindsii. — This is a tall tree, with a trunk varying from one to three feet in diameter; it
is common in the valley of the Sacramento, and on the plains in the vicinity of Marysville. It is
remarkable for the unusual length of its acorns. These are sometimes two inches in length, taper-
ing at the point, or rather obtuse at the summit, and frequently curved. The cup is luberculate,
with a thickened scale. These are a staple food with the Indians ; they are first baked, then pul-
verized in a stone mortar, and finally moistened and rubbed up with baked or boiled salmon, or
other fish, and baked in the ashes, or on a slab of stone or wood.

Quercus virens — Live-oak. — This is found in great abundance in the valley of the Sacramento,
but is not mentioned by Dr. Torrey. It attains the height of eighty to one hundred feet, and is
from two to four feet in diameter. The timber is free, excessively hard, tenacious, and durable.

Populus monili/erus — Spanish Alamo poplar. — This is a common tree, found in low ground?,
and on the banks of streams. It is not valuable for timber, as the wood is soft and quickly decays.
It is sometimes grown for shade.

A great variety of willows are found in this district. Salix hindsii grows in great abundance
in the valleys of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. Branches very slender, pale brown, leaves
about an inch and a half long and two or three lines wide, thinly pubescent. The charcoal from
this tree is well adapted to the manufacture of gunpowder.

The Spanish madrona and manzanita are indigenous to this district. The first is a tree from
forty to fifty feet in height, and from one to two feet in diameter. The bark is remarkable for its rosy
flesh color and smoothness. The wood is fine and hard^ and admits of a high polish. It is much
used in ornamental work.

The manzanita is a shrub, which rises some twenty or thirty i'eet in height, with many stems
starting from one root, which steins are from three to six inches in diameter. The bark, like that
of the madrona, is perfectly smooth, and of a beautiful mahogany color. Both bear fruit resembling
the apple in shape, though only a miniature of it in size.

The madrona fruit is of a beautiful vermilion color; the taste is of a sweetish flavor, with a
little astriugency, and it is much valued by the native Indians. The fruit of the manzanita, when
ripe, is of a dark purple, quite acid, and is also used bj' the Indians.

Nearly every variety of known grasses is cultivated here. The wild oat, an indigenous plant,
is found everywhere in the valleys and on the mountains ; it is also improved by cultivation, and
forms a staple article of hay.

Of the cereals, Indian corn, barley, wheat, oats, buckwheat, and rye are cultivated success-
fully. Potatoes, the common and the Carolina variety ; flax and hemp also are abundant.

Almost all vegetables known in any pare of the world are grown here, the mountains and val-
leys affording the necessary variety of climate. So with fruits, the pear, apple, quince, plum, and
cherry, of the northern climate, flourish well. Also the peach, fig, apricot, and pomegranate.
Every variety of the grape grows in the greatest profusion. Tobacco of the finest quality has been
manufactured from plants grown in the valleys of this district. Perhaps there is no climate in the
world better adapted to the growth of this staple than that of the Sacramento Valley.

Cotton-culture has not thus far been successful ; experiments are still being made, as well as
experiments in the cultivation of rice on tulare-lands.

The soils are mostly as follows : In the valley-bottoms, sandy loam, usually combined with
muck, which gives the soil a dark color. On the second table-grounds, white, tenacious clay, sand
and clay, and red and yellow clay. On the hills and mountains, red and yellow clay mixed with
sand and loam, sand and loam or light siliceous soil. The red and yellow soils of the hills are
found to produce grapes of much finer flavor than the bottom-grounds of the valleys. The fruit is
smaller, ripens sooner, and is of much higher flavor.
01

482 surgeons' reports — California — northern district.

Golil, silver, copper, platinum, iridium, quicksilver, petroleum, aud coal, are the principal
mineral productions. A quarry of marble has lately been opened near Benicia, in Solano County ;
also several quarries of a superior quality of granite and freestone in Sierra, Yuba. Sutter, Butte,
aud Solano Counties.

The Shasta Butte stands about the center of this district, and is said to be the loftiest peak
in the United States. Its height is 14^,400 feet, being 1,000 feet higher than Mount Hood in Oregon,
which stands next in altitude.

Before the acquisition of California by the United States, grazing was the staple business ;
since then more attention has been paid to the cultivation of the cereals, but the climate and indig-
enous productions of the country render it peculiarly adapted to herding. Already much has been
accomplished in the way of improvement of stock, and the choicest breeds of Europe aud the
Atlantic States have been imported and are uow bred from by our farmers. The Cashmere goat
has also recently been imported, and has thus far thriven finely.

Meteorology of the district. — There can be no subject appertaining to the medical history of a
country of more interest than this, and I have it in my power to exhibit the results of a series of
observations extending through a period of five years. I believe them to be sufBciently accurate
to afford a just appreciation of the climatic features of this portion of the valley of the Sacramento.

The observations quoted were made by Dr. Logan, at Sacramento City, forty miles south of
this place, on the easterly line of the district, and not far from the longitudinal center, and may be
regarded as a fair average for the valley portion of it. The results which have been obtained are
derived from three daily observations, made for the most part, under the system adopted by the
Smithsonian Institution, at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. ni., of each day. * * *

The mean difference of successi\'e months above or below the annual average of five years, does
not amount to more than one-sixteenth of an inch.

Between the highest mensal mean and the lowest, a fraction of over one-fifth of an inch is
found. The extreme range observed during the month is also limited. * * *

The extreme annual range is also small. During 18o3 the maximum height of the barometer
occurred in November and December, and read 28.980; the extreme annual range being 1.4C0
inches.

The maximum for the year VS5o reached 30.410. The lowest reading for the same year was
29.509 on the 19th September. The extreme annual range was, therefore, 1.050 inches.

The extreme range for 1854 was only 0.850, and that of 1857 but 0.783 inch.

During the rainy season the northerly winds always determine the greatest elevation, and the
southerly the greatest depression, of the mercurial column.

The mean annual atmospheric pressure is put down at 30.006 inches. The diurnal mean, cal-
culated from the hourly observations, presents a result from which may be deduced the absolute
mean for each month. ■

Barometer. — The following table, from observations taken once a month during 1857, gives the
mean successive hourly range for the year. The signs + and — denote the range of each hour
above or below the mean of 24 hours.

SURGEONS' REPORTS CALIFORNIA NORTHERN DISTRICT.

483

Table of successive hourly ranges of barometer for 1857.

Hours.

/ a. m .

8 a. Ill .

9 a. m .

10 a. in .

11 a. Ill .
laiu...

1 p. m

2 p. ni .

3 p. ni .

4 p. m .
."j p. m.

6 p. m.

7 p. m.

8 p. Ill .

9 p. ni .

10 p. 111.

11 p. m.

12 p. 111.

1 a. m .

2 a.m.

3 a.m.

4 a. m .

5 a. m .
(i a. m.

Sums .
Means .

-f .044
+ .041
+ .041
+ .03(i
+ .031
+ .028
+ .Ol.'-i

— .029

— .0;!3

— .053

— .029

— .031

— .028
-.020

— .023

— .047
+ .002
+ .002
+ .005
+ .005
+ .010
+ .013
+ .015
+ .013

600

.025

1186

.049

+ .134

- .064

+ .125

-.057

+ .114

— .032

+ .081

-.026

+ .058

— .018

+ .028

— .043

+ .024

— .049

+ .018

— .046

+ .012

— .046

— .005

— .C43

— .005

— .040

— .010

— .008

— .007

— .040

— .000

— .008

— .022

+ .015

— .022

+ .040

— .042

+ .040

— .042

+ .052

— .051

+ .057

— .053

+ .064

— .062

+ .067

— .083

+ .072

— .087

+ .072

— .097

+ .073

1078

.045

+ .098
+ .098
+ .103
+ .101
+ .083
+ .053
+ .031

— 010

— .029

— .047

— .135

— .054

— .060

— .048

— .040

— .019

— .011

— .o:;o

— .027

— .025
.022

— !oi9

— .019

— .022

1084
.045

— .008

— .016

— .012

— 008
-.010
-.040

— .037

— .040

— .052

— .059

— .056

— .035

— .026

— .024
+ .002
+ .040
+ .043
+ .045
+ .048
+ .051
+ .053
+ .051
+ .043
+ .034

83C

.035

+ .052
+ .042
+ .03H
+ .048
+ .04S
+ .041
+ .018
+ .014

— .007

— .019

— .031

— .019

— .046

— .058

— .037

— .027

— .016
+ .012
+ .015
+ .007

— .005

— .012

— .024

— .028

C64

.028

+ .028
+ .036
+ .042
+ 044
+ .039
+ .037
+ .020

— .008

— .014

— .012

— .031

— .046

— .038

— .017

— .Ol'J

— .010

— .007

— .009

— .012

— .013

— .013
-.011

— .019
.000

516

.022

— .024

— .024

— .032

— .014

— .002

— .017

— .018

— .038

— .038

— .046

— .050

— .056

— .033

— .018

— .005
+ .030
+ .023
+ .026
+ .028
+ .031
+ .030
+ .065
+ .086
+ .108

S

+ .057
+ .061
+ .075
+ .078
+ .067
+ .052
+ .031
+ .009

— .007

— .025

— .032

— .032

— .053

— .035

— .024

— .022

— .019

— .021

— .016

— .013

— .020

— .033

— .045

— .020

842

853

.0.35 .030

+ .080
+ .095
+ .092
+ .084
+ .079
+ .062
+ .037
+ .008
.000

— .024

— .030

— .030

— .018

— .039

— .036

— .045

— .038

— .032

— .030

— .034

— .040

— .035

— .0,52

— .046

1066

.044

S

+ .056
+ .044
+ .053
+ .065
+ .038
+ .025
+ .014
+ .006
+ .004
+ .006

— .003
+ .013
+ .016
+ .002
+ .004

— .005

— .005

— .009

— .019

— .032

— .046

— .066

— .086

— .080

703

.029

+ .117
+ .117
+ .122
+ .127
+ .107
+ .078
+ .047
+ .029
+ .004

— .002

— .017

— .021

— .027

— .036
+ .037

— .039

— .042

— .051
-.064

— .006

— .074

— .074

— .091

— .100

1495

.062

.038

The mean successive daily ranges in snmraer frequently do not amount to more than ninety-
four thou.sandths of an inch.

The following calculation, from the reading of :he Smithsonian barometer, during the last two
years, substantiates this fact :

Barometer.

5

1-5

i

1

<

zi
S

a

1-^

+2

CO

<

1

.a

o

.088
.075

c

3
o

t4

1

Q

c

Mean, 1856

Mean, 1857

.130
.110

.114
.120

.116
.101

.056
.109

.114
.071

.091
.062

.060
.040

.070
.059

.108
.057

.103
.110

.100
.143

.099
089

Mean, two years

.120

.120

.109

.083

.093

.097

.050

.065

.068

.082

.107

.152

.094

Sarovieter.

Date.

January 22...
February 23..

March 23

April 29

May 22

June 22

July 22

Augu.st 28.. -.
September 23.

October 21

November 27..
December 33..

Daily mean.

30.
30.
30.
29.
30.
29.
29.
29.
29.
29.
30.
30.

233
018
139
948
007
889
856
905
922
986
225
155

Hourly mean.

Difference.

30. 237

29. 976

30. 172
20. 932
30. 031
29. 879
29. 855
29. 927
29. 908
29. 969
30. 203
30. 120

Mean flifferenee.

+ 0. 004

— 0. 042
+ 0. 033

— 0. 016
+ 0. 024

— 0.010

— 0.001
+ 0. 022

— 0.014

— 0. 017

— 0. 022

— 0. 035

0.020

484

SURGEONS KEPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN DISTRICT.

Thermometer. — The thermometer, like the barometer, reveals some characteristics of a tropi-
cal, rather thau of the temperate climate to which, geographically, this district appertains.

The mean monthly and annual temperature as seen in the accompanying tables are calculated,
like those of the barometer, from the daily observations made at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m.

The minimum temperature, as seen from the curve projected in the chart of hourly observa-
tions, occurs between 4 and 5 a. m., and the maximum about 3 p. m. Consequently the mean
deduced from the latter is generally minus that of the former. The following table is to be applied
in order to obtain the absolute mean.

Thermometer.

Dates. 1857.

January 22...
Febrnary 23..

March 23

April 29

May 22

June 22

July22

August 28. ...
September 23.
October 21 ...
November 27 .
December 23 . .

Daily mean.

48.00
54.00
52. 00
62.66
63.66
70,66
77.00
66.33
64.00
59.00
52.66
43.33

Hourly moan.

48.50
53.75
50.38
61.88
62.46
69.83
75. 23
65. 21
64.08
58.50
53.58
43.50

Sum ..
Mean

Diflerence.

-f 0.50

— 0.25

— 1.62

— 0.78

— 1.20

— 0.83

— 1.77

— 1. 12
+ 0.08

— 0.50
+ 0.92
+ 0.17

9.74
0.81

It will be seen in the table subjoined that the measures of critical intervals are so far from cor-
responding with the quantity obtained in all other localities, and which are generally so near as to
amount almost to a constant, that the two times of day at which the mean temperature occurs can
only be regarded as appro.ximative. January affords a solitary instance of the daily mean temper-
ature occurring after midnight, viz., 12 h. 30 m., p. m.

Table of the hours of mean temperature and the ^'■critical inter vaV^ between those hours.

Dates. 1857.

January 22 . . .
Februaiv 23..

March 22

April 29

May 22 ,

June 22

July 22

August 28

September 23.

October 21

November 27 .
December 23 .

Daily mean.

48.50
53.75
50.38
61.88
62. 46
69.83
75.63
65.21
64.08
58.50
53.58
43.50

Morning mean.

lib.
10 b.

8 b.

9h.

7 b.

7 h.

8 b.

7 h.

8 b.
9h.

10 h.
10 b.

30 m.
45 m.

41 m.

53 m.
30 m.
33 m.

54 m.
36 m.

42 m.
38 m.
47 m.
45 m.

Evening mean.

Critical interval.

12 b.
10 li.

y b.

9 b.

8 b.

8 b.

8 b.

8 b.

9 b.
9 b.

12 b.
9 b.

30 m.

15 m.
19 m.

7 m.

16 m.
6 m.

41 ni.
47 m.
55 m.
15 m.
35 m.
30 m.

Mean .

13 h.

11 b.

12 b.

11 b.

12 b.

12 b.
11 b.

13 b.
lib.
11 b.
13 b.
10 h.

30 m.
38 m.
14 m.

46 m.
.33 m.

47 m.
11 m.
13 m.
37 ni.

48 m.
45 m.

12 b. 20 m.

One of the most striking features of the climate seen on the accompanying chart of diurnal
variations, is the great reduction of temperature after the hour of maximum observation. How-
ever high the wave of temperature towers up under the influence of a vertical sun and cloudless
sky, it sinks proportionately low during the night, renderin.i; it cool and chilly.

The following table exhibits the successive hourly ranges daring one day of each month of the
year :

SURGEONS REPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN DISTRICT.

485

Tabic of successive hourly ranges of the thermometer for 1857.

Hours.

P
§

CO

CI
3
Pi

o

p.
<

a

a;
a

3

si

M

3
<

S

c2

o
o
O

a

>

o

a

3

7 a. m

— 4.50

— H.50

— 250

— 2.50

— 0.50
+ 0.50
+ 1.50
+ 2.50
+ 4,50
+ 4. .50
+ ;t.50
+ 2.50
+ 2.50
+ 1.50
+ 1.50
+ 1.50
+ 1.50
+ 0..50

— 0..50

— 0.50

— 2.50

— 3.50

— 4.50

— 3.50

— 4.75

— 4.75

— 3.75

— 0.75
^ 0.25
+ 3.25
+ 4.25
+ 5.25
+ 4.25
+ 4.25
+ 3.25
+ 2.25
+ 1.25
+ 0.25
+ 0.25
+ 0.25

— 0.75

— 0.75

— 0.75

— 1.75

— 1.75

— 2.75

— 2.75

— 3.75

— 2.38

— 1.38
+ 0.02

+ 2.(;2

+ 3.62
+ 4.C2
+ 5.62
+ 5.62
+ 5.62
+ 5.62
+ 5.62
+ 4.62
+ 3.62
+ 2,62
+ 1.62

— 0.38

— 2.38

— 2,38

— 4.38

— 6.38

— 7.38

— 8.38

— 8.38

— 7.38

— 6.88

— 4.88

— 0,88
+ 1.12
+ 2.12
+ 4.12
+ 5.12
+ 9.12
+10.12
+10.12
+ 7.12
+ 5.12
+ 4.12
+ 3.12
+ 0.12

— 0.88

— 3.88

— 3.88
-4.88

— 5.88

— 6.88
-7.88

— 7.88

— 6.88

— 1.46

+ 1..54
+ 3.54
+ 6.54
+ 7..54
+ 6.54
+ 5..54
+ 6.54
+ 6.54
+ 5.54
+ 4.54
+ 4.54
+ 1.54
+ 0..54

— 1.46

— 4 46

— 5.46

— 6.46

— 7.46

— 8.46

— 9.46

— 8.46

— 5.46

— 2.46

— 2.83
+ 2.17
+ 6.17
+ 8.17
+ 8.17
+ 7.17
+ 6.17
+ 6.17
+ 5.17
+ 4.17
+ 5.17
+ 5.17
+ 3,17
+ 0.17

— 1.83

— 1.83

— 3.83
-6.83

— 7.83

— 8.83

— 8.83

— 9.83
-9.83

— 5.83

— 6 23

— 3.23

+ 0.77

+ 7.77
+ 8.77
+ 9.77
+ 11.77
+12.77
+ 9.77
+ 6.77
+ 4.77
+ 4.77
+ 1.77

— 0.23

— 2,83

— 4.23

— 4.23

— 6.23

— 8.23
—10.23
—11.23

— 8.23
—10.23

— 1.21

+ 0.79
+ 2.79
+ 4.79
+ 5.79
+ 5.79
+ 4.79
+ 4.79
+ 4.79
+ 4.79
+ 4.79
+ 4,79
+ 4.79
+ 0.79

— 0.21

— 2.:1

— 3.21

— 4.21

— 5,21

— 6,21

— 7.21

— 8.21

— 8.21

— 6.21

— 4.08

— 2.08
+ 0,92
+ 1.92
+ 2.92
+ 2.92
+ 2.92
+ 2.92
+ 3.92
+ 4.92
+ 3.92
+ 3.92
+ 3.92
+ 2.92
+ 0.92

— 0.08
-1.08

— 1.08

— 3,08

— 4.08

— 5.08

— 5.08

— 6.08
-7.08

— 3.50

— 2.50

— 2.50
+ 1.50
+ 1.50
+ 4,50
+ 5..50
+ 4,50
+ 4.50
+ 4. .50
+ 4.50
+ 3.50
+ 2,50
+ 2.50
+ 0.50

— 1.50

— 2..50

— 3,.50

— 3.50

— 3.50

— 3,50

— 5.50

— 4.50

— 3.,50

— 5.58

— 5..58

— 3.58
— 1..58
+ 0.42
+ 1.42
+ 2.42
+ 2.42
+ 3.42
+ 2.42
+ 2.42
+ 1.42
+ 1,42
+ 0.42
+ 0.42
+ 0.42
+ 0.42
+ 0.42

— 0.58

— 0..58

— 0.58

— 0.58

— 0.58

— 0.58

— 5.50

— 5.50

— 3.50

— 1.50

+ o..^o

+ 2.,50
+ 4.t0
+ 4.50
+ 5,50
+ .4.50
+ 3,50
+ 3,50
+ 2,50
+ 1.50
+ 0,50

— 0..50

— 2..5()

— 3.50

— 2,50

— 1.50

— 1.50

— 2..50

— 1.50

— 1.50

9 a. ni

10 a. m

11a. m ......

12 m

1 p. HI

3p. ni. .-

3piii

4 p. HI...-

5p. m

6p. m ...........

7 p. m

8p. m

i> p. m

10 p. m

11 p. m

12 p. m

la. tu

2a.m

3 a. m

4 a. m

5 a. m

6 a. m

5700

5800

10424

12300

12208 13534

15900

10460

7784

8000

3968

6700

2.38

2.42

4.34

5.13

5.09 ! 5.64 1 6.63

4.36

3.24

3.33

1.65

2.79

3.92

1

1

The mean daily range for each month is exhibited in the subjoined table, which embodies the
two last years' observation with the thermometrograph :

For 1856 and 1857.

a
a
>->

it

.a
u

c:

<

1-5

■^

en
3
Ml

<

B

1

O

a

>

o

iZi

a

"a

3
P
0

Meau of all highest readings by

51.32

39.81
11.51

57.38

43.72
13.66

63.56

47.91
15.65

68.22

50.01
18.21

71.30

53.35
17.95

79.20

58.88
20.32

78.95

58.88
22.07

81.03

64.69
16,34

71^.99

r>5.45
23.54

67.75

49.86
17.89

59.41

43.64
15.77

50,64

37.80
12.84

67.29

Mean of all lowest readings by

50,33

Meau daily mensal range

16.96

Dividing the year into its meteorological seasons, the mean daily range will be as follows :
Spring, (February, March, i;nd April,) 15° 84' ; autumn, (October and Js^ovember,) 16° 83' ; summer,
(May, June, July, August, and September,) 19° 64' ; winter, (December and January,) 12° 18'.

Iteverting to the table of montlily and annual means, we find the resi)ective mean tempera! nre of
the seasons to be as follows: For the spring months, mean, 55° 31'; the mean maximum being
71° 20', and the mean minimum, 42° 13'; for the summer, mean, 70° 19', and the mean maximum
and minimum, 92° 50' and 55° n' respectively; for the autumn, meau, 58° 47' ; and mean maximum
and minimum, 78° 20' and 44° 00' respectively ; in the two winter montlis, is 45° 94' ; the mean
maximum, 00° 90', and the mean minimum, 29° 70'. Thus it is demonstrated that there is a mean
difference between winter and spring of 90 35' ; between spring and summer of 14° 88' ; between
summer and autumn of 11° 72'; and between autumn and winter oi' 12'' 52'. The dilference of
means of the hottest and coldest months, between summer and winter, is also shown tfl be 24^ 25' ;
and the extreme variation, or the difference between the meiin maximum of the former and mean

486

surgeons' KEPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN DISTRICT.

miuimum of the latter, 41° 50'. It will be uoticed that iu our divisions of the seasons we Lave,
in accordance with the phenomena observed, defined February as the first of the spring mouths,
and appropriated five months to summer and only two to autumn and two to winter. Indeed, the
seasons are of so short duration that the tropical division into the wet and dry seasons would,
perhaps, be more appropriate.

The whole jieriod of sensible winter is far from being a complete season of suspension of veg-
etation. Many forms of vegetation are active the whole period.

The Jowest mean daily temperature of the winter season is seldom below 40°, although the
theimometer has been known to fall as low as 33° as late as the middle of February. The budding
process is evident during the first days of February. Usually the spring is well advanced iu
March.

The greatest vicissitudes of temperature occur iu the summer season, autumn being similar to
spring. The first frosts occur about the middle of i!fovember. The decline to winter is gradual
antil the latter part of December ; ice is found during the last days of this month and January.
It seldom remains uuthawed for twenty-four consecutive hours. As a physical constant, it is a
matter of some difficulty to place within 5° of different latitudes isothermal lines for the season.
That of 60° for the spring, designed for the United States Army Meteorologic;il Eegister, which
connects Sacramento with Beaufort, N. C, on the Atlantic coast, and San Diego on the Pacific
coast, curves 5° 52' latitude to the south on arriving at the latter point.

A corresponding divergence to the north occurs in winter. The isochimenal line of 45° wliich
is common to Beaufort, N. C, and Sacramento, describes a northerly curve of 8° 03' latitude before
reaching the Pacific at Port Orfonl, Oregon, latitude 42° 44', the mean annual temperature of which
place is only 53° OC.

The isothermal' of 70° starting from latitude 40° on the Atlantic coast comes out on the Pacific
coast on parallel 30°. The great curvature to the south on the Pacific coast during spring and
summer demonstrates one of the peculiarities of the distribution of heat iu this region ; for the
mean of the three months of spring the temperature which predominates on the line of coast
westward of the Coast range of mountains is striliingly uniform, and shows but little, if any,
advance on that of winter. Indeed, the same may be said of the summer mouths. For some
hundreds of miles on the 40th parallel there is very little diflerence in the sea-temperature for the
entire year, and the cold of the Pacific extends, according to the showing of Blodget, from the 50th
to the 30th parallels. Thus, while the extreme summer heat is common to all the valleys, the
meau summer temperature of San Francisco and much of the coast north is only 00°.

Tabic of greatest monthli/ vicissitudes of temperature, as obtained from two successive daily means. Cal-
culated for the meteorological seasotis of 1856 and 1857.

Spring

Sururaer.

D.aily
mean.

Vicissi-
tudes.

Wind.

Date.

Daily
mean.

Vicissi-
tudes.

•

Wind.

Date.

7 a.m.

2 p.m.

9 p.m.

7 a.m.

2 p. m.

9 p. m.

February 26

February 27

March S'

53. 6G )
48. 33 I
54. 33 \
61.67 5
56. 67 )
Cl. 67 5

5.34
7.34
g.00

N.W.

N.W.

N.
N.W.

W.

s.

N.W.
X.W.

N.
N.W.
S. W.
S.W.

W.

N.W.

S.W.

.N.W.

S.

S.W.

M.iy3

May4

Juuo 13

Judo 14

July 11

57. 67 ?
68. 33 5
79. 00 t
70. 33 i
81. 67 (
7-A 33 i
70. 67 I
79. 33 i
67. 00 (
77. 67 5

10.66
8.67
9.34
8.66

10.67

N.W.

S

E.

S.
S.E.
S.W.

s.
s.

S.E.

N.

N.W.

S. W.

■ S.

S.

S.

S.

s.

S.W.

w.

N.

S.
S.W.

s.

Maicli 9

Apvil3

April 4

s.
s.

July 12

s.

Auj;ust 5

August 6

s.
s. w.

September 22

S.E.
N.W.

SURGEONS REPORTS CALIFORNIA NORTHERN DISTRICT.

487

Date.

October 28 . . .
October 29 . . .
Js'ovoniber 2..
November 3..

Daily
moiu.

59. 00 ;

67. 00 •

68. 00 i
58. 38

Vicissi-
tudes.

8.00
9.67

Wind.

7 a. m. 2 p. m.

N.W.

N.
N.W.

N.

N. W.

N.W.
S.E.

9 p.m.

■N.E.

N. W.
N. W.
S.E.

Date.

December 22 .
Deccniber 23 .

January 0

Jauu.iry 7 —

Winter.

Daily
mean.

41. 38 (

->i. 00 5

4(i. 07 {
38 37 J

Vicissi-
tudoj.

9.07

8.00

Wi-.id.

7 a. m. 2 p. m.

N. E.

N.E.

N.

N.

S.E.

S.E.
N. W.
N. W.

9p. lu.

S.E.
S. W.

N.
N.

Spring.

Summer.

February .T .
February 0
I'.areb li) , . .
JlarehSO ...
April 23 .. .
April 24 . . . .

Daily
mean.

48. 33 ',
41.00 '
57. 67
52. 00 •
08. 67
62. 33

Vicissi
tudes.

7.33
5.07
0.34

S.E.
N.W.
S W.

w.

E.
S.

■Wind.

2 p.m.

0

W.
N. VV.
N. W.
S.W.

N.
S.W.

9 p.m.

S.
N. W.
N.W.

S.

S.
S. W.

Date.

May 23

May24

June 17

Juno 18

July 15

July 111

AURU5t7

Anjiust 8

September 14-
September 15

Daily
mean.

68. 33 (
70. 6- 5
87. 00 )
78. 33 5
70. 67 (
78. 00 5
73. 07 i
80. 00 J
73. 00 (
65. 07 5

Vici.ssi-
tudes.

8.34
8.67
7.33
6.33
7.33

7o. m.

N.

S.
N. w.
S.E.
S.E.

N.
S.E.
S.E.

N.
N.E.

2 p.m.

N.W.
N.W.
N. W.
S.E.
S.
N.

s. w.

N.W.

N.
N.

9 p.m.

N.
N.W.
S. W.
S.E.
S.E.
S. W.
S. W.
S.W.

s.

S.E. .

Date,

October 16 ,
Oclober 17 ..
November 5
November 6

Daily
mean.

68. 00 \
62. 00 S
02. 67 )
55. 07 5

Vicissi-
tudes.

6.00
7.00

N.
S.E.
S.E.

E.

Wind.

N.
W.

s. w.

N.W.

9 p. m.

S. W.

s. w.
s. w.

N.W.

Date.

December 0 .
December 7 .

Daily
mean.

49. 00 i
43. 67 '

Vicissi
tades.

5.33

Wind.

S.W.

N.

P p. m.

N.W.
^f.E.

9 p.m.

N.W.

N.

Prcmlent diseases. — Nearly every variety of disease is met with iu this State, the seeilsoC ti'any
of them, doubtless, having been brought by the thousauds of emigraut.s who have tlocked hillier
from every quarter of the globe. This fact, as well as other iuterestiug details, will be exhibited in
the accompanying tables, for which I am indebted to Dr. Logan, of Sacramento City.

In this report I propose to give little more than the names of the diseases regarded as indi-
genous to this State, premising that they are the same, with slight modifications, from San Diego
to the Oregon line :

Epidemic and endemic diseases:
Intermittent fever.
Itemitteut fever.
Typhoid fever.

Scarlatina, simples and aiigiiiosa.
Scarlatina maligna, (diphtheria.)
liiieumatism.
Erysipelas.

Dysentery ami diariha-a.
Concomitant diseases :

Diseases of the brain ami nervous system. ,

Diseases of the respiratory organs.
Diseases of the urinary organs.
Intermittent and remittent fevers prevail to a greater or less extent at all seasons of the year.

488 surgeons' reports — California — northern district.

But with the commeucemcnt of summer intermittents become more abundant, and as the season
wears on to autumn, remittent takes the place of the milder form ; from this period, and running
even into winter, the typhoid grade is common.

Every year these diseases follow about the same course, although the regularity depends very
much upon the amount of water that falls during the winter-season.

When, for a number of years in succession, the ground has been saturated, vegetation is very
abundant, and every succeeding year vast accumulations are found on the bottoms, in the sloughs
and tulares bordering upon the rivers, which decompose rapidly under a temperature of from sixty
to ninety degrees, causing an abundant emanation of miasma. Continual exposure to the intense
rays of the sim is another powerful agent in exciting, and, I have been inclined to believe, also
in predisposing, to disease.

The northern monsoon prevailing on this coast, from April till October, is a hot dry wind which
sweeps through the valleys and over the parched plains, gathering up in its course, and bearing
with it, all the noxious gases emanating from the country over which it passes. The current of air
thus put in motion loses much of its vit^l properties by exposure to the accumulated heat in its
transit over two or three hundred miles of an arid country, and is thus another prolific source of
disease.

In the intermittent variety of malarious fever the paroxysms are mostly regular, but the stages
in the beginning are not strongly marked, the one imperceiitibly gliding into the other. At first
the temperature is so slightly reduced in the cold stage that attention may not be drawn to its
existence for a number of days. The patient complains of general debility, lassitude, uneasiness and
restlessness, particularly at night, loss of appetite, with the recurrence of fever, generally every other
day. The pulse is considerably accelerated during the exacerbation of fever, but in the interval is at
the normal standard. The tongue is but little coated at first, but as the disease progresses, assumes
a lighter or brownish covering. After a few days the cold stage becomes more perceptible, some-
times, however, amounting to little more than a general coldness over the body and limbs ; at other
times the body will convey to the touch the sensation of stinging heat, while the extremities remain
cold ; and then, again, rigors will be manifest, and sometimes well-marked chills. The re-action of
fever is in proportion to the severity of the chill, or cold stage, and when both the former stages are
distinct, the sweating stage is correspondingly profuse.

When the cold and hot stages are mixed, that is, when fever commences almost simultaneously
with the cold stage, then the fever remits from day to day, and never entirely leaves the patient.
When this is the case the skin is seldom moist : sometimes, however, for a few moments perspiration
may be observed, while immediately afterward the skin will be hot and dry ; or it may be that in
this form the symptoms assume a choleraic tendency, anfl the perspiration for most of the time will
be profuse, with great oppression in the chest, and almost constant vomiting and purging, some-
times of bilious matter, but more frequently of a colorless, serous fluid, unmixed with bile or
flocculi.

Neuralgic pains of the face, head, chest, and limbs are almost constant concomitants of the
foregoing symptoms, and still more commonly a powerful determination to the glandular system is
observed, which never fails to produce serious disturbance. At other times the fever assumes an
enteric form. The tongue is covered at first with a light-brown coat, which is soon partially cleared
away, when the whole surface becomes dry and parched. The pulse is frequent, ranging from 90
to 130 in a minute, and a peculiar tremulousness also pervades the whole muscular system. The
patient is occasionally flighty, particularly after waking from sleep. Sometimes the delirium is
considerable; he talks incoherently or forgets to complete his sentence. The bowels are ttsually
torpid, but occasionally a dysentery sets in, with distressing tenesmus. The abdomen soon be-
comes tympanitic and tender to the touch, affording a crackling sensation to the fingers on pressure.
In fatal cases the mucous membrane, and particularly the mucous follicles of the intestines, are
found seriously diseased, in so much that the system fails to receive snfiBcient sustenance to main-
tain animal life, or death may follow from local congestion induced by nervous depression.

Putrid sore throat, also denominated dii)htheria, isciomtnoii. Perhaps, as suggested byPichard
(jomiiiae, of London, the name oi hcqus iiialir/iiH.s ((ii(/iiWfiHs would more fully describe the disease.

surgeons' reports — CALIFORNIA NORTHERN DISTRICT. 489

The malady is Iierpetic, without doubt, and also malignant, as every well marked case will attest.
It is epidemic in cbaracter, and prevails mostly among cliildren ; adults, however, enjoy no partic-
ular immunity.

Eheumatism is a common disease throughout the State, owing partly to miasmatic causes, and
partly to exposure to dampness. The miners who work in shafts and tunnels are constantly ex-
posed to the drijjpings from the earth an<l rocks, and are seldom dry during their working-hours;
and those employed in river and placer mining are obliged to stand a considerable portion of their
time in water. Such persons are particularly liable to the disease.

Dysentery and diarrhoea are common to the country iu certain seasons, and, as is supposed, have
a malarious origin.

Diseases of the brain are quite iirevaleut, brought on by vicissitudes of fortune more than by
any other cause.

Other diseases prevail, but to no greater extent than in other countries among an adult i)opu-
lation.

Character of the inhdhitanfs, their mode of life, d:c. — The general character of the inhabitants in
this State is the same throughout. In this connection I speak only of emigrant population. The
native Californiaus were originally from Mexico, and are now much mixed with the ludiau race.
This class retain the characteristics of the Mexicans. Before gold was discovered, they depended
on herding mostly for a living. Their knowledge of husbandry was extremely crude, and, in fact,
but little attention was paid to the cultivation of the soil. They lived in adobe huts, without floors,
and for the most part slept on the ground. They are now, however, adopting, to some extent, the
habits of our people, and are vastly improving in character. They take naturally to cultivation,
and readily adopt the improvements introduced by the Yankees, and some of them stand among
our most successful farmers.

The character of the emigrant-population of California is only a reflex of that of New England.
The mode of life is the same, and the occupation differs only from the fact Ihat there is here a
large mining population, which delves and works for gold.

Manufacturing and farming have been carried on to a considerable extent during the last li\e
years, and both are becoming more important every year. The habits of the people differ from
those of residents of the old States in no particular respect. Perhaps, as a general rule, the peo-
ple are not quite as puritanical in their religious and moral notions as they are iu Massachusetts
and Connecticut; but everywhere throughout the State may be S( en thriving villages with their
churches and school-houses; the latter well filled with bright faces, peculiar to the children of
California; and the former, on the sabbath, crowded with devout worshipers.

The Mongolians, though uumerous, are as much outside barbarians here as though they were
still in China or Tartary.

In reply to the inquiry why certain diseases or disabilities have disqualified a greater ratio per
thousand for military service, I would say that some diseases, though mild in character, positively
disqualify, owing to the organ attacked. For instance, in disease of the stomach of long standing,
the stomach being unable to perform its duty, the system would necessarily fail to receive proper
sustenance, and the person thus affected could not endure the hardships of a military campaign.
Diseases of the skin might be extensive, if not inveterate, and jet no very important changes
ensue.

Again : hernia, as a general rule, is regarded as a discpialifying defect, although, except on
extraordinary occasions, the bowels may retain their normal position. Any untoward accident is
liable at any moment to render the subject of it helpless ; while varicocele or cirsocele may be much
more apparent, yet the recruit be capable of performing duty to a good degiee.

Persons affected with chronic gastritis, chronic gastro-enteritis, chronic diseases of the liver or
spleen, engorgement or tubercular infiltration of the mesentery, chronic diarrhoea or dyse: tery,
seldom if ever so far recover as to be a,ble to endure the hardships and privations of a campaign ;
a little exposure, and the old disease returns, or the consequent debility of constitution will mani-
fest itself whenever unusual exertion is endured. Acute affections of these organs may be coni-
liaratively harmless in their results, and the recruit may soon recover from them.

Slight affections of the eyes might totally disqualify, while comparatively extensive disease of
62

490 surgeons' reports — California — northern district.

the nose or ear miyht not require rejection. Perfect vision is indispensable to the soldier, while the
senses of hearing iind smelling, though important, are not so absolutely necessary.

Diseases of the heart, also, absolutely disqualify, while the liver, spleen, and pancreas may
suffer considerable organic aft'ection, and the recruit still be able to perform much exercise and
endure great hardshii)s. Derangements of these organs may disqualify by indncing general debil-
ity, yet there is not the absokite certainty of disastrous consequences following tiiat there is when
the heart is the organ diseased.

Section 12 of paragraph 85, Revised Eegulations, " Total loss of sight of right eye ; cataract
of right eye ; loss of crystalline lens of right eye," disqualifies for military service. Except in time
of great public danger and emergency, the total loss of the sight of either eye should, in my opin-
ion, disqnalify ; but I can scarcely see Mifficient reason for the distinction now made. Soldiers
usually aim with the right eye, but with a little practice, hunters assure me, it makes very little if
any difterence whether they use the right eye or left, in sharp shooting. I am of opinion that
" nearsightedness," if to any considerable degree, should be a disqualifying circumstance.

Section 1!). " Stammering." I cannot see why stammering, when the recruit is perfect every
other way, should be a cause for rejection. Soldiers are required to see, hear, and act, but very
seldom are they required to speak much ; with imperfect siieech, and by gestures, tbej- can yet be
understood.

Section 20. " Total loss of front teeth, the eye-teeth and first molars, even if only of one jaw."
I have examined uian^' otherwise sound and capable men laboring under the above disability. The
only reason given for the establishment of this rule is that the person would not be able to tear the
cartridge with his teeth, and that the loss of teeth ujight interfere with mastication. In the first
place, if the lower teeth are perfect, there would be no difficulty in tearing the cartridge with them
against the upper gums; and in the second place, if the molars are sound, mastication can be per-
formed with sutiBcient rapidity and perfection to answer the requirements of the stomach. Without
laying down any positive rule, would it not be better to leave this matter to the judgment of the
examining surgeon ?

Section 33. I would recommend striking out " total loss of any two fingers of the same hand,"
and allow the surgeon to judge of the incapacity arising from this cause. A great many valuable
men would be lost to the service by invariable adherence to this rule ; besides, by their indiscrim-
inate exemption, the burden of bearing arms will often fall unreasonably heavy on many less com-
petent persons. * # #

"Of frauds." My experience has been limited in this respect. A few enrolled men appeared
for exemption on account of impaired vision, when no disease could be detected, and others com-
plained of deafness, who, when not under examination, appeared to hear quite well. A few others
asked to be exempted on account of hicmorrhoids, in whose cases no disease could be detected.
I have also, in a few instances, found that recruits desiring to enter the service have denied the
existence of these, or of other diseases difficult of diagnosis. They will often attempt to deceive in
relation to hernia, or old varicose ulcers, insisting that the latter are recent.

Perhaps of all classes of recruits the greatest difficulty is experienced with persons broken
dow.n in constitution fi'om any cause, and particularly with the inebriate. Such a man can scarcely
be convinced that he is not as competent to perform military duty as his associates. He will
exhibit with a[)parent confidence an emaciated leg and arm, and swear that he can lift four hun-
dred pounds, and throw a sledge farther than any man in the State; all of which ten years ago
might have been true; but now his clothes hang loosely, and, like his drooping person, are sadly
dilapidated. A glass of spirits straightens hiui up for the examination, and his friends, anxious for
a riddance, with persuasive eloquence urge his acceptance. Probably the surgeon will be visited
by one and another for two or three days before the Candidate is presented, and when a favorable
moment occurs, and the recruit is found in his best possible condition, the enlisting officer makes
ui) hispa[)ers, and, armed with these, he enteis the examination-room.

To resist the influences brought to bear upon the surgeon requires some honesty of purpose as
well as firmness. I have been importuned by the female friends of such persons, and have always
made enemies when their requests have been denied.

The " best method of avoiding or overcoming these difficulties in future" will be, in my opinion.

SUEGEOKS KEPOUTS CALIFOKNIA MIIJDI-E DISTRICT. 491

1st, to always api)oiiit honest aud coiiipetoiit examiiiiug surgeons ; lid, to placo the entire responsi-
bility of all examinations on tlie examining surgeon, and also to remove the ai)parent exi ressiou of
distrust coutained in section 88.

Most of the recruits examined here were natives of the United States or of Irelaml. American
recruits average in height about 5 feet 7J inches ; girth of tjhest at ex[)iralion, c!li inches. Irish
recruits average in height about 5 feet G inches; girth of chest at expiration, about 30 inches.

The American soldier is more active aud calculating, while the Irish soldier may be lirmer and
more enduring.

I have very little experience as to the " physical qualifications of the colored race for military
service," beyond the result of general observation. The colored men in this State are, to all
appearance, quite as athletic as our own race. They are generally above ordinary height, well
developed, and active. Many of them are barbers, some are house-servants, and others men of all-
work, some of whom can read and wiite, aud are sufficiently intelligent to perform any maniud
branch of military service. *********

LOKENZO UUIiBAlU),
Lute iSurgeon Board of Enroll iiicnt Northern Dtxtrict of CuJifornia.

Marysville, €&!.., 'full/ 29, 1865.

CALIFORNIA— MIDDLE DISTRICT.
Extracta from rcjMrt of Dr. A. B. Nixon.

* * * I have examined about one thousand persons for military service, but kept no

record of rejections until the 1st of December, 1864, since which time I have examined 417. Of
the latter number, 14 were rejected for syphilis, 7 for hernia, 1 for defective eyes, 9 ibr general
physical disability, 1 for loss of teeth, 1 for consumption, 1 for ankylosis of the ankle-joint, 1 for
varicose veins of inferior extremities, 1 for deformity of foot, 1 for splay-feet, 1 for chronic ulcers
on inferior extremities, aud 1 for skiu disease ; iu the aggregate, 40 rejections, being nearly 10 per
cent, of the number examined.

Before I commenced keeping a record of rejections, a much larger percentage of those exam-
ined was found to be unfit for service, aud out of the first three hundred or four hundred who pre-
sented themselves for enlistment about 20 per cent, were rejected.

My district was composed of the following counties, viz : Sacramento, San Joaquin, Stanislaus,
Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne, Alpine, and jMouo, situated in the cen-
tral and eastern part of the State, aud including, perhaps, the greatest variety of climate, mineraks,
timber, and soil of any other equal extent of country on the habitable globe.

Sacramento, Sau Joacpiiii, and Stanislaus Counties are chiefly composed of rich valley lauds,
and the two former are extensively cultivated, and produce large quantities of grain, vegetables,
and fruit. Stanislaus County is chiefly used for grazing purposes; and, being more remote from
market, its agricultural lands, although rich, will not at present pay for cultivation. Sacramento
aud Sau Joaquin Counties are penetrated by navigable waters, aud are very favorably situated for
profitable farming purposes, aud for trade. On the east they lie immediately contiguous to the
mines, which afford a limited market; ou the west they are bounded by navigable tide-waters, by
which means they have a good outlet for the easy and cheap trausjjortation of their surplus pro-
duce to all parts of our extensive coastwise country, the commerce of which in time will be of im-
mense value to our interior agricultural districts. The eastern portion of these counties coutain
some placer-miues, but of late years they have been abandoned pretty much to Chinese laborers,
who are willing to work for less pay than Americans. These Chiuese miners are very industrious,
as a class, and are making money out of the mines.

The other seven counties of my district are exceedingly mountainous, aud are inhabited chiefly
by miners, although of late years cousiderable attention has been given to the cultivation of fiiiit
aud general farm-products. Some of the table-lands and small valleys iu the mountains produce
good wheat and barley.

492 surgeons' reports — California — middle district.

Many persons are engaged in the cultivation of the grape, which promises fair to become a great
and vahiable product of this State. The grapes produced in the mountains are of the most exqui-
site Oavor, and the yield to the vine is enormous. Every variety of foreign grape succeeds well in
tiie loot-hills of tliese mouutain counties, as well as throughout most parts of the counties of Sac-
ramento, San Joaquin, and Stanislaus. On some of the low lauds of the counties last mentioned
some varieties of the foreign grape mildew, but such localities aie small in extent. The seavSoa
throughout this section of California, during which the grape is maturing, is that of cloudless skies,
and the atmosphere being dry no deleterious property is imparted to the growing vine or tender
grape.

The quartz-mines throughout the district are being extensively prospected and worked, and
will afford profitable employment for a numerous poi)ulatiou for ages to come. This district might
be properly classed as an agricultural and mining section of the country, but the two interests are
so nicely blended together that it would be difficult to arrive at a dividing line ; consequently. I
shall class its inhabitants as miners, .agriculturists, and traders. The mountain counties are
remarkably free from any local morbific iuflueuces, and most of the sickness can be traced to
exposure to the vicissitudes of weather during the rainy season.

The general disposition of the mining-population is rather migratory, and many of them are
consequently very improvident, but the life they lead, in my opinion, firs them to become the very
best soldiers in the world, and should an emergency ever arise which would require California to
j)ut an army in the field, 1 feel sure it would compare well with the very best that could be raised
in any other part of our country. The inhabitants of this district are decidedly a newspaper-
reading people, and everywhere you find a general difl'usion of knowledge of the passing events in
the world. No matter where you travel, in the most hidden recesses of the mountains, you will
find the newspaper. The life of the miner is one of great excitement and activity, and the class of
men thus engaged in this district is intelligent and enterprising.

The geographical description of the district is one of mountains and valleys, with a climate
unsurpassed for its salubrity and attractiveness. The average tem perature at the city of Sacra-
mento during the year is about fifty-nine degrees ; the latitude about thirty-eight and a half degrees
north.

The average temperature for the different mouths of the year is as follows : January, 45° ; Feb-
ruary, 48°; March, 510; April, 59°; May, 07° ; June, 71°; July, 73°; August, 73°; September,
CGo ; October, 04° ; November, 51'° ; December, 45°. (See comparative meteorological table.)

Nearly all the rain falls between the months of November and May, the period called the rainy
season, as contradistinguished from the dry season, which occupies the remainder of the year.

The climate of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys differs from that of the neighborhood
of Sau Francisco and the coastwise counties. There are no fogs, and only faint sea-breezes ; the
winters are four or five degrees colder, and the summers from fifteen to twenty degrees warmer.
The excessive heat of summer may be attributed to the want of ocean winds and fogs. The greater
cold of winter is caused by the distance from the ocean, and the proximity to the snow-covered
mouutaiiis of the Sierra Nevada. Sacramento County, lying near the great gap in the Coast range
of mountains, is cooler in summer than any other portion of tlie Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.
In that section of my district embracing within its limits the summit of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, the heat of summer at midday is very nearly the same as in Sacramento County, but
the' winter is colder, and snow falls to the depth of from five to fifteen feet, and lies upon the ground
for three or four months. Ice forms six to eight inches in thickness in the coldest places, and as
the country becomes older will be extensively usetl in the mining towns and cities. During the
hot season of the year the nights are always cool and invigorating.

The average amount of rain annually falling in the valleys of my district is about twenty
inches. In the mountains the quantity is much greater. This country is subject to great droughts
and great floods. There have been seasons which passed without a sufficient fall of rain to mature
grass or any kind of vegetable ; such years, however, seldom occur. When the wind blows from
the north wc expect no rain, but when it veers to the south rain may be expected in the course of
forty-eight liours.

Very little electricity is manifested in the clouds at any season of the year, and it is very sel-

REPORTS — CALIFORNIA MIDDLE DISTRICT. 493

doiii that tbnuder is heard or liglitniiig seen; high up in the mountains there is occasiouiilly a
tliniuler-storm. I have never seen a lightning-rod in the country, and doubt much whellicr sucli a
tiling liiis ever been erected. Ilail storms are of rare occurrence, and instead of taldny iilacc in
July and August, as is usual in the Eastern States, they happen here only between the months of
February and May.

Tlie aurora borealis has been seldom seen in this State, perhaps not more than half a dozen times
within the last ten years. The aurora of the 28th day of August, 1859, seen over a great part of
the world, was, however, plainly visible in this State.

Earthquakes are common in some parts of California, but they are seldom felt in any of the
counties comprising this district.

The great number of cloudless days renders the climate a very dry one. Dew rarely falls, and
the earth becomes dry, and baked hard to the depth of many inches, and even feet. The grass and
herbage, except near springs or swampy lands, are dried up, and become as brown as the soil upon
which they grow. The atmosphere during the summer months becomes exceedingly dry, conse-
quently the heat is not nearly so oppressive as in other climates with atmospheres containing a great
deal of moisture.

The botany and zoology of the district are peculiar to this country, and on that account quite
interesting, but in this report I can refer only to the more prominent characteristics of the subject
without entering into an elaborate description. Our trees are like and yet unlike those of the
Atlantic States. We have the oak, pine, spruce, sycamore, and horse-chestnut, yet any observant
man sees at a glance that they differ in many important particulars from the trees known by those
names elsewhere. California is noted for containing a number of the largest and most beautiful
coniferous trees in the world, growing to the height of three hundred feet, with a diameter corre-
sponding to their height, which in some instances measures twenty feet and upward. Among these
giants of the forest are the sugar-pine, red-fir, yellow-fir, and mammoth trees. Other conifers con-
tribute to the maguiflceuce of our forests.

Thesugiir-i)ine, P/»Hs lambertiana, is preeminently the most magnificent tree of the forest, but
does not attain to the immense i)roportious of the mammoth tree. Sequoia gigantea. It strongly
resembles the white-pine, Pinus strobus, of the Eastern States. The mature tree sometimes reaches
the very great height of three hundred feet, with a diameter of twenty feet. The young trees of the
sugar-pine give early promise of a vigorous growth, and of the mnjesty to which they subsequently
attain. These trees are remarkably destitute of branches, and the trunk stands a perpendicular
cone, with small branches near the top, forming an evergreen wreath, apparently more for orna-
ment than for any useful purpose to the tree. The leaves are about three inches long, dark green,
and grow in groups of five. The cones are very large, and are sometimes found, under the trees,
from twelve to eighteen inches long, and from three to four inches in thickness. The wood is the
same as that of other white-pines, soft, homogeneous, straight-grainrd, clear, and free splitting. It
furnishes an excellent quality of lumber for inside work of houses, and is used extensively for
building-purposes.

The mammoth tree. Sequoia gigantea, stands the acknowledged monarch of the forest. In a
grove of these trees in Calaveras County there are ten, each of which measures thirty feet in
diameter, and eighty which are between fifteen and thirty feet. One of these trees, which fell
many years ago, must have been at least forty feet in diameter and four hundred feet in height.
This tree is found only on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, between latitudes
34° and 41°. Its leaves are set in pairs, and are of two kinds, short and long. The coues are
small, not being much larger than a hen's egg, and the seeds are about a quarter of an inch in
length, and not much thicker than common writing-paper. The wood bears a close resemblance
to red-cedar, and is very durable. It grows in deep fertile soil in company with the various species
of pine, fir, spruce, and cedar. These groves are exceedingly dense, so much so that the rays of
the sun scarcely reach the earth. There is said to be a grove of these trees in Tulare County eight
miles in length, and some of the trees, it is said, measure at a height of twelve feet from the ground
the great circumference of one hundred and twenty feet. The groves of these trees are not by any
means common, and are generally confined to a comparatively small area of land.

The yellow-pino, Pinus brachiiplnjlla, is a noble tree, and sometimes reaches a diameter of seven

494 SUEGEOXS REPORTS CALIFORNIA MIDDLE DISTRICT.

feet. Its loaves grow iu threes at the end of the branches, and present a peculiar, tufted appear-
ance. The color of the loaves is a dark green. This tree is found in great abundance near the
snow-lines of the Sierra Nevada.

Tlie nut-pine, Finns sahiniana, is remarkable for its wide-spreading branches, aud large cones
filled with edible seeds. It is not a large tree, scarcely ever attaining a circumference greater than
twelve feet, and a height of sixty or seventy feet. The seeds are about the size of a common white
bean, and are quite palatable, with a slight terebinrhine taste.

The red-fir, Abies flouglasii, is a noble aud majestic tree, often reaching the height of three
hundred feet, with a diameter from eight to twelve feet. The wood is strong, with coarse and
uneven grain, and is much used for rough work on buildings, and for fencing. These ti'ees grow in
dense forests high up in the Sierra Nevada.

The yellow-fir, Abies icilliamsonii, bears a close resemblance to the red fir, and they are usually
found together.

The madrona, Arbutus menziesii, is an evergreen, with brightgreeu, oval-shaped leaves, and a
bright-red bark. The bark is smooth, and peels off', like that of the sycamore, at regular seasons.
The new bark is a light-green, which turns to red. The wood is very hard, and susceptible of a
high degree of polish. This tree bears a bright-red berry in clusters. The wood is used in the arts
to a considerable extent. The Mexicans use it for the manufacture of stirrups. The United States
steamship Saginaw was built principally of this wood, but I am not informed in regard to its dura-
bility.

The raanzanita, Arctostapliylos glauca, is quite a feature in the forests of this district. It grows
to be about ten or twelve feet iu height. The trunk divides uear the ground into many branches.
Tiie wood is of a dark -red color, very hard and dense, and is used to some extent in the manufacture
of walking canes, but it is of little use in the arts, as its growth is generally very crooked and un-
even. This shrub bears a red berry, which grows in clusters, and has rather a pleasant acidulous
taste; it is eateu by the Indians and grizzly bears.

The white-oak, Qnercus Jiimlsii, is a characteristic tree of California. It resembles the white-
oak of the Atlantic States in the color of its bark and shape of its leaves, but its growth is differ-
ent. It seldom, reaches a height greater than fifty or sixty feet, and is often wider than it is high.
The trunk throws out large horizontal branches from six to twelve feet from the ground, and all
appearance of its trunk is soon lost in its branches. This tree is principally useful for fuel, being
too brittle to be used for any other purpose. The tree is very beautiful, however, aud the open
groves' of it in the valleys and foot-hills of the mountains give to the country a quie't beauty which
adds greatly to the attractiveness of California. TLe acorns of these trees constitute the principal
food of the Indians during the winter season.

The evergreen-oak, Quercus agrifolia, is a low-spreading tree, aud its foliage is of a dark-
green color, and very dense. The bark is extensively used by tanners, and is said to be very
good for their purpose. It is found in the foot-hills and along water-courses. The acorn is small,
sharp-pointed, and bitter. The wood is hard, crooked, aud gnarled, and is not used much for any
purpose except fuel.

The poison-oak, Bhus toxicodendron, grows abundantly iu the foot hills and along water courses.
It is found growing invariably as a shrub, aud never as a creeper or parasite, as in the Atlantic
States. The touch of the leaf is exceedingly i)oisonous, causing an eruption which is olten com-
municated to all parts of the body.

The buckeye and sycamore grow iu abundance along the water-courses, but differ in some
respects from the same class of trees iu the Atlantic States.

A few walnut trees grow along the Sacramento River, but the walnut cannot be classed as indig-
enous. We have the wild cherry and wild plum, but they only grow as bushes or shrubs ; the fruit,
however, resembles that of the Atlantic States. There are also wild grapes, blackberries, goose-
berries, and strawberries.

Of nutritious grasses there is quite a number, but their roots do not form a living sod. The
drought of the summer and fall kills the roots, but the ground being seeded from year to year the
grasses are perpetuated in that way ; but as the country becomes settled, and the grass is eaten off'
by domestic animals, it will disappear. Wild oats grow abundantly, and are cut extensively for

surgeons' reports CALIFORNIA MIDDLE DISTRICT. 495

hay. Wild flowers are very abuudaut, and of great variety. Tlie grass and herbage begin to
grow after the first rains, and continue green until alter the coiuineucenient of the dry season,
when all vegetation begins to put on the sere and yellow leaf of autumn. Indeed, there are but
two distinct seasons of the year in Ciilifornia, and they are s[»ring and autunui.

The mistletoe and Bpxnish moss grow abundantly upon the oak in various localities. In many
places the Spanish moss is very abundant, and hangs in long, lacelike festoons from the branches
of the trees, giving a peculiar beauty to the groves and natural scenery.

Among the indigenous animals may be classed the grizzly, black, and cinnamon bears, the
gray wolf, the coyote, the California lion, the panther, wihl cat, badger, raccoon, mountain cat,
squirrel, rabbit, hare, monntain-sheep, antelope, deer, elk, beaver, otter, skunk, and many other
smaller quadrupeds; also vultures, eagles, hawks, owls, woodpeckers, magpies, crows, ravens,
blackbirds, robins, doves, humming-birds, quails, grouse, road-runners, linnets, goldtinches, orioles,
bee-birds, blue-jays, larks, and a great number of aquatic birds, both waders and swimmers, includ-
ing swans, geese, ducks, snipe, cranes, pelicans, &c.

Reptiles are but few. There are several kinds of snakes ; the rattlesnake is the only one that
I know of which is poisonous, and it is seldom seen: There are several varieties of frog and lizard,
and in many places the latter is quite numerous.

The waters of California abound with a great variety of fish. Fisheries have been established
at nuiny jioints on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Kivers, and large quantities of salmon are
caught and cured for market. Sturgeon is abundant and very large, but is not much used for food.
In the mountains, the watercourses and lakes abound with spotted and salmon trout, which are
much used for food ; they are obtained in large quantities from Lakes Tahoe and Donner. These
two beautiful lakes are situated in the summit-range of the Sierra Nevada, having an altitude of
six thousand one hundred and seven feet above the level of the sea, and lie near the great thor-
oughfares of travel between this State and the State of Nevada.

The geography of the several counties of the district may be more minutely described as
follows :

Sacramento County has an area of about nine hundred square miles, and is bounded on the
north by Placer and Sutter Counties, and on the west by the Sacramento liiver, on the south by
San Joaquin and Mokelumne Ilivers and Dry Creek, and on the east by El Dorado County ; it is
intersected by the American River. The soil of this county is generally fertile, and is extensively
cultivated. Sacramento City is the county-seat and the ca|)ital of the State, and, as a center of
commerce, possesses great advantages. It is accessible for steamers and sailing-vessels of large
size at all seasons of the yeai".

These advantages have made this place the principal entrepot from which supplies are for
warded to the great miniug regions in the north and interior of the State, and, latterly to a great
extent, to the mining regions of the State of Nevada. This city has two railroads penetrating to
the eastward, through the mining sections of the interior.

The people of this county are engaged in agriculture, trade, manufacturing, and mining. The
first settlement was made in the year A. D. 1839, by John A. Sutter, a Swiss by birth. He obtained
from the Mexican government a grant of eleven square leagues of land, and under that title the
site of Sacramento City and two leagues of the surrounding country is now held. In the year 1841
he built at this place some adobe buildings, and surrounded them with a wall about sixteen feet in
height, as a fortification against the attacks of hostile Indians. This was the only place for several
years where white men had any permanent foot hold in the great Sacramento Valley. The popula-
tion of this county is 24,145, and there were enrolled in it 7,025 men subject to military service.

San Joaquin County has an area of about one thousand six hundred square miles, and is bounded
on the north by the Mokelumne River and Dry Creek, on the west by the San Joaquin River, on
the south by Stanislaus River, and on the east by Calaveras County; it is intersected by the Moke-
lumne and Calaveras Rivers. This county is exceedingly fertile, and is extensively cultivated. The
Western Pacific Railroad will intersect it, and will connect Stockton, its county-seat, with San
Francisco and Sacramento.

Stockton is situated about four miles to the eastward of the San Joaquin River, upon a naviga-
ble tidewater slough, and has a population of about six thousand. The town is supplied with

490 surgeons' ueports — California — middle district.

waterfioru.au artesian well, and jiresents in tlie suuinier season a very pleasant appearance. Dur-
ing tbe winter or rainy season, tlie country in anil about the city being very level and tbe soil a deep
black loam, the streets and roads become almost impassable with mud.

The State Insane Asylum is located at this place. Stockton is noted for its windmills used for
pumping water, its beautilul and ne'at private residences, and elegant gardens. It is a central
commercial i)oiut for the southern mines, and has always enjoyed a good trade. The population of
the county is 9,434, and there were enrolled in it 3,321 men as subject to military service.

Stanislaus County is bounded on the north by the Stanislaus Kiver, on the west by Santa-
Clara County, on the south by Merced and Mariposa Counties, and on the east by Tuolumne
County. This county is but thinly inhabited, and the lands are ])riucipally used for grazing-pur-
poses. Knight's Ferry is the county seat. The county is intersected near the center by the San
Joaquin Eiver, which is navigable for sm.iU boats during a portion of the year. The population of
this county is 2,245, and it had enrolled 792'men for military service.

Nevada County is bounded on the north by Sierra and Butte Counties, on the west by Yuba
County, on the south by Placer County, and on the east by the State of Nevada. It is drained
principally by the Middle and South Yuba Rivers. Gold is found in abundance in this county, both
in quartz veins and in placers. Nevada City is the county-seat. This county contains about nine
hundred square miles of land, and has a population of 10,447, and had enrolled 4,817 men liable to
military service. The principal towns are Nevada City, Grass Valley, North San Juan, liough
and Eeady, Moore's Flat, and Humbug City.

Placer County contains an area of about one thousand two hundred square miles. Its popula-
tion is 13,270, and it had enrolled 4,155 men liable to military service. Gold is found in all parts
of this county, but the quartz-veins are not nearly so extensively worked as in Nevada County.
This county is bounded on the west by Yuba County, on the south by El Dorado County, on the east
by the State of Nevada, and on the north by Nevada County. The North Fork of the American
Eiver intersects the county, and the Central Pacific liailroad will cross it from west to east. The
principal towns are Auburn, the county-seat; Yankee Jim's, Gold Hill, Dutch Flat, Todd's Valley,
Michigan Bluffs, Iowa Hill, Bath, Forest Hill, Wisconsin Hill, and Lincoln.

El DoradoCounty adjoins Placeron the south, and containsan area of about two thousand square
miles. It has a population of about 21,000, and had enrolled 5,497 men. It is bounded on the
west by Sacramento County, on the south by Aipador and Alpine Counties, and on the east by the
State of Nevada. It is ittersected by the Middle and South Forks of the American Eiver, and also
by the Cosumnes Eiver, and is the oldest placer-mining county in the State. The first discovery of
gold in California was made in this county, on the South Fork of the American Eiver, by a man
named Marshall, in the spring of the year 1848, while in the employ of Captain Sutter, who
was erecting a saw-mill at the place now called Coloma. The principal towns are Placerville, the
county-seat ; Georgetown, Coloma, Diamond Springs, El Dorado, Shingle Springs, Greenwood,
Kelsey, and Unioutown. This county has an aggregate of 1,250 miles of water-ditches, used for
mining-puri)oses and irrigation. It contains many beautilul family residences, and its fruits are
unsurpassed.

Vineyards are extensively cultivated. This county is also rich in goldmines, but the time
will come when its grape crop will be of more value than its store of the precious metals.

Amador County adjoins El Dorado, with the Cosumnes Eiver for its northern boundary, and
the Mokelumne for its southern. It has a population of 10,933, and had enrolled 4,049 men liable
to military service. Jackson is the county-seat, and the principal towns are Jackson, Volcano,
Butte City, Dry Town, Fiddletown, lone City, Sutter Creek, and Lancha Plana. This county is
rich in quartz and placer mines, and there are some fine agricultural lands lying in the western
portion of it, including lone Valley, one of the most beautiful garden-spots in the State. Eecently
souic good copper-mines have been woiked in this county. Indications of copper are extensively
found, and no doubt valuable discoveries of that metal will be made in many places.

Calaveras County adjoins Amador on the south, and is bounded on the north by the Mokelumne
Eiver, on the west by San Joaquin County, on the south by the Stanislaus River and Tuolumne
County, on the east by Mono County, and it is intersected by the Calaveras Eiver. This county has

SURGEONS REPORTS CALIFORNIA MIDDLE DISTRICT. 497

an area of about two thousand s^quaie miles, a population of 1 0,302, and had enrolled 4,130 men liable
to military service. Mokelumne Hill is the county-seat. The principal towns are Mokelnnme Tlill
San Andreas. Murphy's Angels, Vallicita, West Point, CauJix) Seco, Dowlass Flat, Jesus Maria,
and (Jopperopolis. This county is exceedingly rich iu gold-bearing quartz veins and in copper.
About thirty-live miles east of Stockton a great amount of copper-ore is taken out, which yields
aUout thirty percent, of pure metal ; at present, most of this ore is shipped to a foreign market, there
being no adequate reduction-worlds liere to stii)arate the metal from the dross-matter. This ore is
found as a carbonate and sulphuret of copper, the sulphuret, however, greatly predominating.

Tuolumne County adjoins Calaveras on the south, is bounded on the west by Stanislaus County,
on the south by Mariposa, and on the east by Mono County. The county has an area of about three
thousand square miles, a population of 16,21*9, and had enrolled 4,741 men subject to military service
The jnnncipal towns are Sonora, Columbia, Springfield, Shaw's Flat, Jamestown, Chinese Camp,
Big Oak Flat, Garrote, Don Pedros, and Pine Log. 'This county was exceedingly rich in placer-
mines, and was more especially noted for its large number of nuggets. The aggregate length of
water-ditches it contains is about three hundred miles.

Mono and Alpine Counties lie to the eastward of Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne, Fresno, and
Mari])osa Counties, and were taken out of those five counties. These two counties contain extensive
silver-mines, and are bounded on the east by the State of Nevada. The altitude of the mining-
regions in these counties is about 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and being east of the great
summit-range of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and beyond the warm influence of the Pacific
Ocean, the winters are very colcl. Owing to the inclemency of the climate and the inaccessibility
of this section of country, the mines have not been developed or worked to any great extent, but
enough has been done to make it certain that they are both rich and extensive. Mono County bad
237 men enrolled subject to military service. Alpine County had not been organized when the
enrollment took ]jlace.

The prevalent diseases of the valley parts of this district are remittent, intermittent, and typhoid
fevers during the summer and autumn months ; they are caused by malaria generated from the
drying-up of the overflowed and swamp lands. During the winter or rainy season, pneumonia,
erysipelas, and typhus prevail to some extent. The exciting or more immediate cause of these
lattef formidable diseases is the cold, damp, and chilly condition of the atmosi)here at that season
of the year, acting upon systems that have been enervated by other morbific influences. In the
mining sections of the district rheumatism, pneumonia, erysipelas, and typhoid fevers prevail to a
considerable extent ; exposure to wet and cold, no doubt, is the cause of these diseases, which, by
prudence, might be to a great extent, if not altogether, avoided. The mountain sections of country
are exempt from any local morbific influences.

Syphilisprevails to a very great extent, and is producing sad and melancholy results. In a few
years more the aborigines of this country will be exterminated by this horrible disease, for when
they contract it they are seldom, if ever, cured. According to my experience, this disease has
caused more rejection of recruits than any other, by one-half. This cannot, however, be attributed
to any climatic influence; it may, no doubt, be attributed to a want of the beneficial restraints of
society, and to the very large number of prostitutes that have emigrated to this coast. Pheumatism
and syphilis are diseases that will disqualify many for the military service in this country for many
years to come. Accidents occurring in the mines and to those working with machinery will also
be a prolific cause of disqualification.

In regard to section 10 of paragraph 85 of the Revised Regulations, Provost-Marshal-General's
Bureau, 1 would respectfully suggest that lossof sight of either eye should be a cause for exemption
of the drafted man, but not of the volunteer. * * *

I think a surgeon could examine, critically and well, about /or??/ persons per day.

During my experience the frauds attempted were only by those suffering from hernia. Every
one whom I rejected for that cause had tried to conceal his infirmity.

The German, I think, presents the greatest aptitude for military service, aid I would place the
American next. ^

In regard to the colored race I have had but little experience ; but for southern or tropical
03

498 surgeons' reports — California — southern district.

latitiules I think tliey would be physically well adapted to the military service, mucb better,
indeed, than the white race. lu regard to mental capacity, I have no doubt but they would fall
far below the white race. * * *

A. B. NIXON, M. D.,
Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment Middle District of California,
Sackamento City, Cal., July 1, I8C5.

CALIFORNIA— SOUTHERN DISTRICT.
Extracts from report o/Dr. L. C. Lane

* • * The number of men examined by me for enlistment as soldiers in the vol-

unteer service amounts to nearly fifteen hundred ; of this number, two hundred and fifty were
examined prior to my having received any orders from you in reference to making any record of the
same.

The geographical position of this place is latitude 37° 48' N. ; longitude 122° 21' W. from
Greenwich.

The major portion of the men examined had been from one to ten years past residents of a dis-
trict of country which in any direction would not extend more than one hundred miles from this
city; the remaining portion came from districts varying from one hundred to three hundred miles
either north or south of San Francisco.

The occupations of the inhabitants of the district are agricultural and mining. Most of the
men examined had led an irregular, roving life, and had been exposed to the climatic influence of
the district for too brief a period to warrant any conclusions in regard to it.

Geologically, the country consists of a succession of mountains of a metamorphic formation,
quartzose and basaltic, clad in many places with heavy forests in which the coniferw predominate.
Between these mountains, which in a few places present snow-capped altitudes, there are inter-
posed valleys of Secondary and Tertiary formation, of which, when cultivated, the luxuriant cereals
and fruits bear ample evidence of a fertility which cannot be surpassed.

The residents of the mountains are chiefly miners ; those of the valleys devote themselves
mainly to agriculture. From an experience of several years in the practice of medicine in this
State, I believe there is no disease prevalent hero referable to the climate.

The laborious occupations of the miners will account for the prevalence of hernia and a vari-
cose condition of the spermatic and saphenous veins among them.

Among the native Californians, who are a mixture of the Spanish and Indian races, I have
observed scrotal hernia to be very prevalent ; its cause may be found in their almost constant habit
of riding a breed of half-wild horses which are peculiar to Spanish America, and are popularly
called here " mustangs."

The several sections comprised under the head of paragraph 85, "Revised Regulations," &c.,
in my opinion, embrace all the causes which disqualify men for military service. Were I to offer a
suggestion in reference to any change or amendment, it would be in respect to sections 12 and 2;}.
When from any cause the right eye has been lost, I have met with several instances in which the
individuals assured me that they were able to use the left eye for all purposes whatever, and that
they had acquired the power to " shoot left-handed" quite as well as they formerly had done with
the right hand.

An experienced examiningsurgcon can readily examine one hundred men per day, but to make
the prescribed record of the same, the number should not exceed fifty men.

There were very few attempts at fraud on the part of the recruits whom I examined, as there
was no drafting or substituting here, and an exceedingly small number of men enrolled who claimed
exemption on the score of physical disqualification. The attempts at concealment of disease on
the part of recruits were in regard to the power of vision, and the use of the lower extremities.

A graduated scale of national aptitude for military service would be as follows: First, Ameri-
cans ; second, Germans and Swe^les ; Ihird, Trisli and French ; fourth, MexicauSpanish, a hybrid

SUKGEONS' REPORTS KANSAS NORTHERN DISTRICT. 499

race between Spanish and Indian which generally presents a constitution saturated with either
acquired or inherited syphilis.

The number of negroes examined by me is too small to form an accurate judgment in regard
to their physical aptitude for military service, yet, so far as that experience goes, it is in their
favor. * » *

L. C. LAXE,
Surgeon Board of Unrollnicnt Southern District of California,
San Francisco, Cal., June 1, 1865.

KANSAS— NORTHERN DISTRIOT.i
Extracts from report of Dr. Tiffin Sinks.

* * * Mj' experience in the examination of men for military service consists of

four months' service at Fort Leavenworth as post-surgeon, and two years service as surgeon of the
board of enrollment for the Northern District of Kansas.

The number of men examined during that time has been about two thousand.

The Northern District of Kansas comprises all that portion of the State north of the Kansas
Elver; the course of the river being nearly due east.

The district lies between 39° and 40° north latitude, and 17° 30' and 25° west longitude, reck-
oning from Washington. The face of the country is nearly uniform from the Missouri River to the
western border, being one continual succession of undulating ridges and valleys; the general
trend of the ridges and valleys is north and south.

From the Kansas River to the northern line of the State, and" from the Missouri River to the
western border, there is a gradual and quite uniform ascent of about three feet per mile. The
country is prairie interspersed with timber, which latter is principally confined to the margins of
the streams. The average width of the timber in the valley of the Missouri River is about five
miles, of the Kansas River two miles, and of the other streams of importance from one-half to one
mile. The timber consists principally of oak, hickory, walnut, Cottonwood, and hackberry.

The country is open to the free passage of the winds from the north, west, and south. The pre-
vailing direction of the winds is from the south in the summer, and from the north and northwest
during the remainder of the year. East and west winds are very infrequent. Nothing that could
be called a hurricane or tornado has been known, although the winds blow pretty constantly,
and sometimes a " stiff breeze" is experienced.

Tbe mean annual precipitation of rain and snow for the seasons is as follows, viz : spring, 10
inches; summer, 12 inches; autumn, 8 inches; and winter, 3 inches.

No lakes, swamps, or marshes exist in the district. The soil being deep, light and porous, is
readily permeated by tho moisture, and as readily yields it up to the demands of vegetation. For
the first hundred miles west of the Missouri River the rocks belong to the Middle and Upper Car-
boniferous series, being the western extension of the great coalfields of Missouri. The next hun-
dred miles the Jurassic rocks prevail ; the western jiortion belongs to the Cretaceous system.

The population is to be found almost entirely in the eastern half of the district ; in the western
portion the buffalo reigns supreme.

The most prevalent diseases are malarial fevers in the fall and winter, pneumonia and rheuma-
tism in the spring, and dysentery in tbe summer. All diseases are more or less complicated with
malaria. Pure typhoid fever is a very rare disease, though typho-malarial fever is of frequent
occurrence. The district being without the great basin of the Mississippi will account for the prev-
alence of malarial fevers.

During the months of March and April the winds are constant, the temperature exceedingly
changeable, and the rains more frequent than in winter. Pneumonia and rheumatism prevail, but,
excepting with the very young or very old, these diseases are rarely fatal, and require but little
medication. The counti'y is so new, or rather has been settled so recently, that with our necessa-

' No report was received from the Southern District.

500 surgeons' reports — Kansas — northern district.

lily limited experience it would be diiBcnlt, if not impossible, to determine the extent of climatic
iuflueuce iu the i)roduction of disease.

The "general character" of the inhabitants is truly general, for they represent almost every
nationality in the world, and certainly every State iu the Union. They are intelligent, energetic,
enterprising, hospitable, and brave. Their occupations are those of farmers, laborers, mechanics,
tradesmen, and professionals, in the order of prevalence as enumerated.

In reference to the different sections of paragraph 85, I would respectfully submit the follow-
ing observations : First, as to section 3, epilepsy. " For this disability the statement of the drafted
man is insuflflcieut, and the fact must be established by the duly attested aflidavit of a physician in
good standing who has attended him in the disease within the six months immediately preceding
his examination by the board." As a rule, in these cases, and especially in those of long standing,
no physician has been in attendance within the time specified. Strict compliance with the instruc-
tions would be tantamount to taking all the old epileptics into the service. Would it not be better
simply to require evidence to be given" under oath, and to leave the board to determine what is to
be considered satisfactory proof?

Section 9. "Permanent physical disability," &c. Why not strike out the word permanent f
It is a mere stumbling-block, and iu many instances compromises the integrity of the surgeon.
Many diseases and infirmities exist which cannot properly be classed as permanent, but which will
not be recovered from in one year. I would suggest the addition to the section of the following,
from Circular Letter, Provost-Marshal's Office, of December 8, 1804 : " In all cases of exemptions
for * * * physical disability, the specific disease or infirmity must also be stated,
under the head of remarks."

Section 11. "Chronic rheumatism," &c. lam aware of the impositions that have been practiced
under the name of this disease, and the difficulties that would arise if more latitude were allowed
in reference to it, but right is right, and if a person is disabled by chronic rheumatism, whether it
is " manifested by positive change of structure, wasting of the affected limb, puffiness or distortion
of the joints," or not, he is properly exempt. Unfortunately for society some persons will swear
falsely, but our whole legal superstructure is based upon the supposition that honesty is the rule
and not the exception.

In other diseases which cannot be determined by inspection, testimony is admitted ; why not
in this ? I have found it a good rule in establishing the statement of a party, to require the aftida-
vitsof at least two persons who have been drawn in the same sub-district. They are interested in
his being held, and will hardly connive at his escape. Besides, if a sufficient number of able-bodied
men is not obtained by the first draft iu any district, the dralt can be repeated until the requisite
number is obtained, and Government will thereby get efficient soldiers instead of cripples.

Section L'O. " Total loss of all the front teeth, the eye-teeth, and first molars, even if only of
one jaw." I think the old section requiring " the loss of sufficient teeth to prevent the proper mas-
tication of food," much better. Several men presented themselves in whom there was a total loss
of all the teeth of one jaw with the exception of one or two of those specified in the above section.
A strict construction of the rule would not exempt such cases. The section requires some modifica-
tion. It is certainly no compliment to the surgeon to bind him down with numerous restrictions.
If he be capable and honest, he will deal justly both with the Government and with the individual.
If he be not, all the restrictions that can be thrown around him will not prevent fraud. * # *

Judging from experience, my oi)inion is that forty men is as large a number as can be
thoroughly examined in a day.

The frauds practiced by drafted and enrolled men in this district to escape the service have
been confined to the exaggeration of real diseases or defects. I have had but little trouble in this
regard. 'With recruits and substitutes there has generally been a disposition to conceal infirmities.
I know of no means of overcoming or avoiding these difficulties. Constant vigilance is the only
safeguard, and even then some will steal a march.

I should unhesitatingly say that the nation presenting the greatest physical aptitude for mili-
tary service is the mixed Eurojiean or North American race. Men of this descent present the great-
est mental aptitude, and, consequently, are much more easily and quickly converted into efficient
soldiers

surgeons' reports — NEVADA. 501

I bave no experience as to tlie physical qualifications of the colored race for military eervico.
Their muscular development is very fine, and if appearance indicate anything, they ought to make
good soltliers.

TIFFIN SINKS,
Surgeon Board of Enrollment, Northern District of Kansas.
Leavenworth, Kans., July 1, 1865.

NEVADA.

Extracts from report of Dr. Thomas H. Pinkerton.

* * My experience in the examination of men for military service has been

very limited, baviug acted under a contract as examining and attending surgeon for this post from
February 1st, ISCl, until April 13tli, ISGo, a period of fifteen months only.

In noticing tiie general geographical features of Nevada, I can only say they have been but
cursorily examined, being a barren, rocky, mountainous region, abounding in great mineral wealth,
and extending over a region of sixty-five thousand square miles. The mines, however, are the
principal objects which have attracted people here from every part of the world. Gold and silver,
by a natural illusion, have always shone in the eyes of mankind with a luster beyond that of all
other metals.

Brief mention may also be made of other minerals, namely, copper, iron, lead, and tin, to which
may be added arsenic, magnesia, potassium, sodium; and by almost daily discoveries the list is
increased.

The characteristic feature of the country is its extreme dryness, rain seldom falling for eight
months out of the twelve ; the cause of this may be found in its great altitude. By its position
and formation it may be considered, in general terms, as necessarily healthy.

There are no diseases at this time to be noted as prevalent, with the exception of the process
of acclimation, which may be mentioned as a somewhat ailing period. During the winter months
we have erysipelas, pneumonia, and typhoid fever, and these may be generally attributed to undue
exposure to cold, and the too frequent use 8f alcoholic stimulants. Bilious-remittent fever, or, as
known here, "mountain-fever," is considered as an acclimatizing process, necessary to the enjoy-
ment of good health by those who visit the mountains for the first time, but the cases are ex-
tremely rare, seldom claiming any attention.

Nevada forms the western side of the great basin inclosed by the Rocky Mountains on the
east, and the long continuous range of the Sierra Nevada on the west, and extending the entire
length of California. The principal mountain of note from this standpoint (Virginia City) is
Mount Davidson, which is estimated as being 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, and is covered
principally with a useless shrub called "sage-brush."

The character of the people is such as is usual in mining districts, all kinds and conditions
flocking hither to better themselves, and migrating as soon as their finances will allow; consequently
the population is constantly shifting, and in this matter alone a statement perfectly correct to-day
would be wholly inaccurate in a month or two.

Turning now to military matters of inquiry, I would state, in answer to question No. 3, that hav-
ing had no call for drafted men in this section of the country, I have had no experience with that
class of recruits, and in referring to my register during my term of service as examining and attend-
ing surgeon, I find that there have been one hundred and eighty-four examined, and of this number
fourteen were rejected for the following causes: rupture, 7; artificial teeth, 2; prolapsus ani, 2;
necrosis of tibia, and h;emorrhoids, 1 ; syphilitic rheumatism, 1 ; varicose veins, 1 ; total, 11.

Rupture, it will be seen, comprises fifty per cent, of the cases. The cause is quite apparent
when I state that the men, having been i)reviously engaged in mining, were subjected to heavy lift-
ing while in a stooping position.

Thus you will observe that my experience having been very limited it would hardly warrant my
recommending, or even proposing, any changes as desired in article 4. * * •

502 SUKGEONS' REPORTS — NEVADA.

An cxamiuatiou couducted carefully will at least require twenty minutes for each man, so uo
more than thirty men can be physically examined per day, with accuracy.

None having presented themselves for examination by whom fraud was attempted, 1 cannot
make any suggestions relative thereto.

Men of different nationalities who have presented themselves for examination have been about
equally developed, and Done of the colored race have been enlisted as soldiers.

The eurollment-law not having been in force on this coast, I cannot make auy suggestions that
would be from the result of my experience.

THOMAS H. PINKEETON, M. D.,
Examining and Attending Sitrgcon at Headquarters Provost-Marshal District Nevada.

Virginia City, Nev., Jxine 29, ISCo.

ROLL OF SURGEONS WHO SERVED AS MEMBERS OF BOARDS OF EiNROLLMENT UNDER

THE ACT APPROVED MARCH 3, 1863.

state.

Maiuo.

Now Hami)sliire

Vermont

Massachusetts ..

District.

Rhode Island
Connecticut ..

New York .

1
2

3
1
2
3
1
1
2

:i

4
5
f>
7
8
9
10
1
2

1
1
2
3
4

4
1
1
1
o

3
3
3

4

.5

5

6

6

7

8

8

9

10

10

11

12

12

12

13

14

1.'')

10

10

17

.'7

Theo. H. Je\Tett

Charles W. Thomas

Alex. Bnrbank

G. A.Wilbur

Simmer A. Patten

Samuel 15. Hunter

A. J. Billings

Jeremiah F. Hall

R. B. Carswell

Dixi Crosby

Benjamin F. Morgan

Carlton P. Frost

John L. Chandler

Fester Hooper

Frederick H. Hooper

H.B.Hnbb.ard

Joseph H. Streeter

Henry J. Bowditch

l")an iel I'erley

John L. Sullivan, jr

David S. Fogg

Oramcl Martin

E. C. Richardson

Samuel Duncan

Charles G. McKnight

Fenner H. Peckham

Harry A. Grant

J.S.'Curtis

Edwin A. Parke '.

Robert McCurdy Lord

Samuel T. Salisbury

L. S. Edwards, United
States Army.

W. N. Trowbridge

John Ordronaux

George N. Richardson.

Philemon F. Prior

George S. Woodman

Nelson L. North

G. T. Daugherty

S.N.Fisk

James O'Rorke

Ernest Krackowizer

Joseph Hilton

James W. Powell

Alfred L. Loomis .,

John R. Van Kleck

George F. Woodward

William C. Roberts

William H.Thomson ....

George B. Upham

Lewis F. Pelton

John C. Boyd

William II. Pitcher

A. E. Van Dnser

J.C.Payne

Abram H. Knapp

S. Oakh^v Vanderpoel

Charles ii. Hubbell

George Page

J. Plait Foote

Henry Hewitt

G. F. Cole ...

When
appointed.

Apr.
Jan.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Nov.
Apr.
Apr.
Axir.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Nov.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.

30. 1803

22. 1804
30, 18^3
30, 1803
30, 1863

30. 1803

15. 1804
30, 1803
30, 1803
30, 1803
24,1803
24, 1803
24, 1803
29, 1863

2, 1863
29, 1803
29, 1803
29, 1803
29, 1863
29, 1863
29, 186;!
29, 1803
29, 1803
29, 1803
28, 1863
28, 1803
30,1863

1, 1804
30, 1863
30, 1863
30, 1803

Detailed 9th

Sept., 1803.

Dec. 22,1803

17, 1863

13. 1803
5, 1863

17, 11503
17,1803

22. 1804
18, 1804
17, 1863
17, 1863

3. 1863
17, 1863
11, 1863
17, 1863
17, 1863

9. 1864
17, 1803

17. 1803
Aug. 27,1804
Apr. 17,1863

17, 1863

19. 1804
5, 1804

17,1863
17, 1803
17, 1603
17,1803

4, 1803
17,1K03

.••i, ISO.'i

Remarks.

Apr.

Aug.

Sept.

Apr.

Apr.

Feb.

Oct.

Apr.

Apr.

.lune

Apr.

Nov.

Apr.

Apr.

Slay

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.
Apr.
Oct.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Dec.
Apr.
Jan.

Resigned January 22, 1864.
IIonora,bly discharged Juno 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.
Honorably discharged .Juno 30, 1805.
Resigned November 2, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.

1)0.

Do.

Do.
Resigned October 26, 1803.
Honorably discharged June 15, 18C5.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Honorablv dischai-ged April 30, 1805.

Do."
Resigned February 3, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.
Dismissed by sentence of general court-
martial November 9, 1803.
Relieved December 15, 1863.

Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned August 4, 1863.
Appointment revoked Septembers, 1863.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Discharged April 28, 1865.
Resigned February 10, 1804.
Resigned October 5, 1804.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1805.

Do.
Resigned June 1, 1803.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 180.5.
Appointuient revoked November U, 18G3.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1865.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1805.
Resigned May 9, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1805.

Do.
Resigned August 18, 1804.
Honorably di.scharged June l.""', 1805.

Do.
Appointment revoked February 13, 1S64.
Appointment revoked Octobei- 5, 1864.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1805.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Resigned Noveiiiber 23. 1803.
Honorablv discliargcd .Iiino 15, 1805.
Resigned ■December 27, \f<M.
Disebaigi il llie service April 27, 1805.
503

504

SURGEONS OF BOARDS OF ENROLLMENT.

Boll of surgeons who served as members of boards of enrollment, &c. — Continued.

State.

New York .

If ew Jersey .

Pecnsylvania

Delaware .
Maryland

District.

17
18
18
19
19
20
•21
21

2-2
23
24
25
26
27
27
28
29
29
29
30
31
1
•2

3
3
4
4
4
5
5
1
1
2
3
4

G
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
23
24
24
1
1
1

Siduey P. Bates

llriab Potter

Alexander M. Vedder

Solomou F. McFailand ..

George Doufilas

Edward S. Walker

Welcome A. Babcock

J. O. Stauton, U. S. Vet-
eran Volunteers.

James B. Murdock

John H. Knapp

George W. Davis

ZaraH. Bbiko

Samuel B. Foster

Joshua B. Graves

HollisS. Chubbuck

Azel Backus

Peter B. Murphy

John Root

EliasC. Holt

.John S. Trowbridge

Horace H. Gliddou

John R. Stevenson

Richard R. Rogers

George BChetwood

Robert Wcstcott

William Pierson, jr

Edw.ard T. Wittiugham. .

J. S.Stiger

Isaac A. Nichols

Jeremiah A.Cross

Nicholas H. Marselis

James S. Do Benneville . .

Robert W. Ritchie

Alexander C. Hart

J. Ralston Wells

E. F. Leake

J. H. Mears

William Corseu

Reuben H. Smith

Peter G. Bertolet

Mart i u Luther

Patrick Cassidy

John L. Atlee,jr

James S. Carpenter

Charles H. Humphreys...

Horace P. Moody

William S. Baker

George Lotz

Samuel T. Charlton

P. R. Wagenseller

William S. Roland

Raymond S. Seiss

Samuel G. Lane

William C. Lane

Abraham Rothrock

James H. DobViius

Thomas F. Duncan

John Mechling

Charles M. Matson .......

Salmon S. Bates

Theodore B. Lashells

Frederick C. Robinson . . .

Robert B. Simpson

John S. Kuhn

.\. Perchment

Robert D. Wallace ,

E. L. King

Lavrrence M. Cahall

Daniel G. Fisher

William II. I'aiTow

J. Rolnit Ward

Thomas F. Murdoch

Charles J. Baer

When
ap|iointed.

Apr. 10,1865

17, 1863
8, 1865

17. 1863

15. 1864
17, 1863
17, 1863

Detailed Mar.

11,1865.
Apr. 17, 1863
Apr. 17, 1863
7,1863
17, 1863
17, 1863
17, 1863
15, 1863
17, 1863
17, 18153
29, 1863

13. 1865
17, 1863
17, 1863

2, 1863
2, 1863
2, 1863

Apr.
Feb.
Apr.
July
Apr.
Apr.

May
Apr.
May
Apr.
Sept.
Apr.
Aiir.
Dec.
Feb.
Apr.
Apr.
May
May
Mav

Juno 24, 1863

May

Feb.

Uct.

May

Dec.

Apr.

Oct.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

.Apr.

Feb.

Apr.

Apr.

May

Nov.

Apr.

July

May

May

May

Apr.

Apr.

May

Dec.

Aiir.

Apr.

Mar.

Aug.

Apr.

Apr.

Dec.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Se])t.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Ang.

Apr.

Apr.

May

Aug.

Mav

Mav

Mav

May

Remarks.

2, 1863

16. 1864
17, 1664

2, 1863
11,1863
18, 1863
20, 1863
18, 1863
18, 1863
18, 1863
18, 1863

21. 1865
18, 1863
18, 1863

15. 1863

25. 1864
IK, 1863
21, 1864

5, 1863
1,1863

4. 1863
18, 1863
18, 1863
14, 1863

9. 1864
18, 1863

18. 1863
11,1864

17. 1864
1«, 1863
1«, 1863
16, 1803
18, 1803

21. 1864
18, 1863
29, 1864
18, 1863
18, 1863
18,1863
14, 1863
18, 1863

12. 1865
1, 1863

31, 18(^^
16, 1863
16,1863
16, 1863
16,1863

Robert E. Dorsey I May 16, 1863

Discharged May 24, 1865.
Resigned January 30, 1865.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned June 24, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.
Honorably discharged April 28, 1865.
Relieved May 25, 1865.

Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Dismissed the service September 15, 1863.
Honor.ably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.
Resigned December 26, 1863.
Resigned January 10, 1865.
Dismissed the service April 22, 1865.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Resigned June 17, 1863.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned February 9, 1864.
Resigned September 28, 1864.
Honorably discharged .Tune 15, 1865.
Resigned December 2, 1863.
Honorably discharged Jnne 1.5, 1865.
Appointmeut revoked October 16, 1863.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Resigned February 17, 1865.
Honor.ably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.
Resigned November 15, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Died July 12,1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Appointment revoked June 19, 1863.
Resigned December 7, 1864.
Honorablv discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.'
Resigned March 7, 1864.
Resigned Angust 13, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.
Resigned November 2, 1863.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned April 11,1864.
Honorably discharged .June 15, 1865.
Rueigned August 22, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.
Resigned Angust 7, 1863.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.-
Resigned February 15, 1865.
Appointment revoked Jnne 2, 186.5.
Resigned August 31, 1863.
Appointment revoked April 22, 186.5.
Honorablv discharged Jnue 15, 1865.

Do. '

Do.

Do.

Do.

SUKGEONS OF BOARDS OF ENKOLLMENT.

505

Eoll of surgeons who served as members of boards of enrollment, &c. — Contiuiied.

State.

District of Columbia..
West Virginia

District.

I

Keutueliy

Missouri

Ohio.

[ndiana .

4
4
;_i

f)
c

7

8

9

9

10

10

Jl

11

12

12

K!

i:i

14
15
1()

17

18

19

1

John B. Keasbey May 30, 1863

Wbi>u
appointed.

B. Gesner

K.W. Hazlett

S:iuiucl D. Kelly

Thomas Kennedy

.James rutuey

S.O.Khaw

William JI. Kidd

Jobu M. Best . .

Augu.stn8 Webber

.John W. Conipton

.J.M.Bailey

Amos Kist

.Jonathan R. Bailey

Ivobort B. Wiulock . ...
.John C. Maxwell ... ...

Theo. S. Bell

.James Gardner

E. r. Buckuer

.Stephen F. Gauo

.James D. Foster

Joshua Barnes

AllVed Spalding

Julian Bates

William Taussig

Emil Seenian

James If. McCormick ..
Nicholas B. Hocker . ..

E. Ehert

Bernard Bruus

John R. Veeter

Frankliu Cooley

William Bertram

Wesh'V Jones

Zebulou T. Knight

Steiiheu,J. Reynolds ...

Charles F. Waldeu

David Judkins

V.'. II. Mussey

F. B. Mussey

John A. Murphy

W. L. Scheuck

E.D.Gilsou

Israel Fisler

Corbau I. Neff

George B. Bailey

David Noble

M. I.emen

Timothy B. Fisher

M. Skinner

James M. Corey .

Silas Bailey

E.D.Feck

David Colemau

Oilniido C. Miller

.John W. Lewis

Nelson E. Jones

Thaddeus A. Reaniy . . .

J.J. Ihimill

.lames 1 ). Kybison

Charles Robertson

David McClenahan .

L. M. Whiting

Henry C. Beardslee

( ieorge W. Howe

William G. Ralston....

William F. Collnin

Alliert G.Collins

Edwin 1'. Bond

■John E. Beverly

'J'homas B. Harvey

Albert (i. I'restou . .

Zaebai iab B. Gentry

Daniel Dayton

Apr.

Sept.

Sept.

July

Sept.

Jan.

May

Nov.

May

Sept.

June

Dec.

-Mar.

May

Apr.

May

Feb.

May

May

May

June

Nov.

Juue

June

Jan.

Juno

June

Jan.

June

June

Juue

June

June

June

Jiiuo

Jau.

Apr.

.June

.Jan.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Dec.

Apr.

Apr.

Aj)r.

Apr.

Apr.

.\pr.

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Apr.

Dec.

Apr.

May

Apr.

Dec.

Apr.

Apr.

.\l)r.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Jlay

May

May

May

Mav

May

Mav

May

May

3, 1SU5
9, 18U3
9,1803
6, 18()4
9, 1803

24, 18Cw
8, 1803

14, 1804
8, 1803
,'">, 1863

23. 1863
10,1863

28. 1864
8, 1803

16. 1864
8, lh03

10, 180.S
8, 1803
8, 1863
8, 1803
13,1863
30, 1863
2, 1803
2, 1803

24. 1865
2, 18;)3
2, 1803

14,1^04
2, 1803

10, 1804
2, 1863
2, 1803

13, 1804
2, 1803

2. 1863
5, 1805

30. 1803

17. 1804
5, 1805

30, 1803
30, 1803

30. 1803
12,-1804
30, 1863
30, 1863

1. 1864
30, 1863
30, 1863
30, 1863
29, 1865
30, 1863

2,1805

30. 1863

28. 1804
30, 1803

10. 1864
30, 18;i3
17, 1863
30, 1803
30, 1803
30, 1863
30, 18()3
30. 1803
30, 1863

1,1803
2;), 1803
1, 1803
1,1803
10, 1803
1 , 18():!
1,1863
1, 1803
1, 1863

Remarks.

Dismissed by sentence of general eourt-

niartial February 7, 18()5.
Honorably discharged June 30, 18<'i5.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Died June 27,1864.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1865.
Resigned January 9, 1865.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Died October •.!:., lH(il.
Honorably tlisehaiged June 15, 1805.
Resigned September 5, 1863.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned November 12, 1663.
Resigned March 11, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned April 0, 18()4.
Honorably discharged .Tune 15, 1865.
Resigned February 1, 1865.
Honorably discharged Juue 15, 1865.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Resigned November 9, 1803.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned January 20, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned December 31, 1863.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Died March 31, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1§65.

Do.
Resigned June 2, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned December 27, 1864.
Honorablv discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned "May 25, 1864.
Resigned December 12, 1864.
Honorablv discharged Juue 15, 1865.

Do. '

Do.
Resigned December 2, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.

Do.
Resigned April 1, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 186.5.

Do.

Do.
Appointment revoked February 22, 1860.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned January 17, 1865.
Hnuorablv discharged June 15, 1865.
Rcsisued December 15, 1864.
Ibiiiiiralily discharged June 15, 186.5.
DisniisscMl the service April 19, 1864.
Honorably discharged June 15, 1865.
Resigned Decemher 12, 1803.
Honorably discharged Juno 15, 1865.

Do.
Resigned March 29, 1805.
Honorably discharged Juue 15, 1805.

Do."

Do.

Do.
Honorably discharged Mav 30, 1805.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do,
Resigned April 20, 1805.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

506

SURGEONS OF BOARDS OF ENROLLMENT.

Moll of surgeons icho served as members of boards of enrollment, &c. — Oontiuued.

State.

District.

Name.

When
appointed.

Remarks.

Indiana .
Illinois..

Towa.

Michigan.

Wisconsin .

Minuesota.

Kansas.

Nebraska Territory ...

Colorado Territory

Dakota Territory

California

Nev.ada Territory

Oregon

Washington Territory.

10
11
11
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
7

9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11

12
12
13
13
1

3
3
4
4
5
6
G
1
2

2
3
4
5
5
G
1
1

3

3

4

5

6

1

1

2

2

Nortjieru

Sontliern

Southern

1

1

1

■Northern

Middle ..

Southern

1

1

J

1

Stephen Morris

Coustantiue Lomax

William T. Mendenhall . ..

Joseph W. Freer

Aaron Lewis

Chancellor Martin

Elias S. Potter

Charles Coolidge

Moses F. Bassett

Thomas Hall

Robert Boal

Robert M. McArthur

Joseph T. Miller

Winston Somers

Z. H. Whitmore

E.R,Babcock

K. M. Worthington

Charles N. Irwin ,

David Prince ,

John L. White

Nathaniel English

F. R. Payne

Samuel McClure

George W. Haynie

JohnH. Weir

William C. Pierce

A. B. McChesney

T.H. Burgess

Isaac M. Neely

Joshua M. Shaffer

Egbert S. Barrows

Edward A. Guilbert

Allen Phillips

Joseph C. Kinsey

N. S. Hamlin

John P. Fenley

William R.Smith

Richard Stebbins

George Laudou

Homer O.Hitchcock

Evan J. Boniue

Hulburt B. Shank

Alonzo Piatt

Frank B. Galbraith

•Isaac Paddack

ElbridgeG. Gale

James Diefendorf

M. C. Hoyt

John W. Donsemans

Charles R. Head

John H. Vivian

Darius Mason

Luther H. Gary

Horace O. Crane

Dugald D. Cameron

William M. Mayo

E.G. Cross....'.

Jared D. Wheelock

,Tacob H. Stewart

Tiffin Sinks

George J. Tallman

Samuel C.Harrington ...

May

May

Mar.

May

May

May

Mar.

May

Mar.

May

Sept.

May

June

Jan.

May

Dec.

May

Feb.

Slay

Aug.

Apr.

May

Nov.

Mar.

June

May

Mar.

May

July

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

May

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Nov.

Apr.

May

Mar.

Apr.

Apr.

Apr.

Nov.

Apr.

Apr.

Feb.

Feb.

Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
Mar.
Apr.
Nov.
Apr.
July
Apr.

Lorenzo Hubbard

A. B. Nixon ,

L. C. Lane

Thomas H. Pinkertou

Wilson Bowlby ,

Eugene R. Fiske

J.B.Cole

1, 18G3
1, 18G3

31, 1865
7, 1863
7, 1863
7, 1863

26, 1664
7, 1863
8, 1865
7, 1863

30. 1863
7, 1863
3, 1863

13, 1865
7, 1863

29. 1864
7,1863

28. 1865
7, 1863
1, 1863

16, 1864
7, 1863
2, 18G3
9, 1665

3. 1863
18, 1SG4

9, 1865

7, 18C3

20, 1864

30, 1663

30,1863

30. 1863

30. 1864
30, 1863

2. 1864
30, 1863

30. 1863

25. 1864
24, 1863
19, 1863

8. 1865
24, 1863
24, 1863
24, 1853

9. 1863
24, 1863

24. 1863

19. 1864

24. 1865
24, 1863
24, 1863

4, 1865
24, 1863
24, 1863
24, 1863
24, 1863

1, 1865
24, 1863

2. 1864
30, 1863

7, 1863

5. 1865

Jnlv 31,1863
July 31,1863
July 31,1863

Juno 19,1863
May 20, 1864
Mar. 8, 1864

Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned March 21, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Do. «

Do.
Died March 14, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned February 19, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned August 28, 1863.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned December 16, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned December 17, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned February 9, 1665.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865-
Resigned August 1, 1663.
Resigned March 31, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned October 26, 1863.
Resigned February 1, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned May 5, 1864.
Appointment revoked March 9, 1665.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned Jnly 4, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Do.
Do.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Appointment revoked February 13, 1865.
Resigned March 14, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 18G5.

Do.
Resigned May 6, 1664.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned February 17, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Do.
Do.
Appointment revoketl November 9, 1863.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned February 9, 1864.
Dismissed by sentence of general court-
martial December 20, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Resigned February 25, 1865.
Honorably discharged Mav 30, 1665.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dismissed the service February 21, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.
Resigned October 25, 1864.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1865.

Do.
Appointment revoked April 5, 1865.
Honorably discharged May 30, 1665.

Honorably discharged April 30, 1805.
Do.
Do.

Resigned April 15, 1864.

Honorably discharged April 30, 1865.

Died January 11,1865.

COMPOSITION OF THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS IN 1863.

The Congressional Districts, which form au important feature of the tables, are described iu
the fourth section of the act of March 3, 1803. They were to be the districts as laid down in each
State by the most recent enactment. Since that period, many of the States have been redistricted,
and the reader desirous of applying to any town or county the details of the tables, as to the rela-
tion of disease or physical condition to locality, may find it difficult to ascertain iu what district
the object of his inquiry was then included. For this reason it is thought desirable to record the
composition by counties, townships, or wards of the different sections which formed the enrollment
or congressional districts of the States subjected to the draft. A cartographic presentation of the
same subject will be found in Plate I.

Table shoioing the boundaries aid composition of the congressional {or enrollment) districts of the present

work.

State.

District.

Boundaries and composition.

Headquarters.

Maine .

New Hampsniro .

Vermout

MassacLusetts ,

First ..
Second

Third .

Fourth
Fifth..

First . .

Second
Third .
First . .

Second

Third .

First . .

Second .

Third .

Fourth .

The counties of Cumberland and York

The counties of Oxford, Franklin, Sagadahoc, andAu-
droseoggin.

The counties of Kennebec, Somerset, and Lincoln,
and all the county of Knox except the towns of
South Thomaston, Rockland, Appleton, Camden,
Hope, Viualhaven, and North llavun, iu the county
of Knox.

The counties of Penobscot, Piscataquis, and Aroostook

The counties of Washington, Waldo, Hancock, and
the towns of South Thomaston, Rockland, Camden,
Api)leton, Viualhaven, Hope, and North -Haven, in
the county of Knos.

The counties of Rockingham, Strafl'ord, Carroll, and
Belknap.

The counties of Hillsborough and Merrimack

The counties of Coos, Grafton, Sullivan, and Cheshire.

The counties of Bennington, Rutland, Washington,
and Addison.

The counties of Orange, Windham, Windsor, and Cal-
edonia.

The conn ties of Orleans, Chittenden, Grand Isle, Essex,
Franklin, and Lamoille.

The several towns in the counties of Barnstable, Dukes,
and Nantucket, together with the cities of Now Bed-
ford and Fall River; and the towns of Dartmouth,
Acushnet, Fairhaven, Freetown, and Westport, in
the county of Bristol; and the towns of Carver,
Duxbury, Halifax, Kingston, Lakevillo, Marion,
Mattapoisett, Middleborough, Pembroke, Wareham,
Plympton, Plymouth, and Rochester, in the county
of Plymouth.

The towns of Attleborough, Berkley, Dighton, Easton,
Mansfield, Norton, Raynham, Rehoboth, Seekonk,
Somerset, Swansea, and Taunton, in the county of
Bristol ; and the towns of Bridgewater, East Bridge-
water, Abington, Hingham, Hanover, Hanson,
Marshfield, Hull, Scituate, South Scituate, North
Bridgewater, and West Bridgewater, in the county
of Plymouth; and the towns of Braintree, Canton,
Cohasset, Dorchester, Milton, Quincy, Randolph,
Sharon, Stoughton, and Weymouth, in the county
of Norfolk.

The city o'f Roxl)ury and the town of Brookliue, in
the county of Norfolk ; and wards Four, Seven, Eight,
Ten, Eleven, and Twelve, iu the city of Boston, in
the county of Sufl'olk.

Wards One, Two, Three, Five, Six, and Nine, in the
city of Boston, the city of Chelsea, and the towns
of Winthrop and North Glielsea, in the county of
Suftolk ; and the city of Cambridge, iu the county
of Jliddlesex.

Portland.
Auburn.

Augusta.

Bangor.
Belfast.

Portsmouth.

Concord.
West Lebanon.
Rutland.

Windsor.

Burlington.

New Bedford.

Taunton.

Boston.

Boston.

508

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.

Table showing the boundaries and composition of the congressional districts^ &c. — Contiuued.

State.

District.

Boundaries and composition.

Headquarters.

Massachusetts — Cont'd

Fifth .

Sixth

Seventh .

Eighth .

Ninth

Rhode Island .

Tenth .
First ..

Second .

Connecticut .

First

Second

Third

New Yorli

Fourth

First

Second

Third

Fourth .

The cities of Lynn, Newburyport, and Salem, and the
tovfus of Beverly, Danvers, Amesbury, Esses,
Georgetown, Gloucester, Ipswich, Groveiaud, Ham-
ilton, Manchester, Lynutield, Nahant, Marblehead,
Rowley, Middletou, Kockport, Swampscott, New-
bury, Salisbury, South Dauvers, West Newbury,
Topslield, and Weuhara, in the county of Essex.

The city of Lawrence, and the towus of Andover, Box-
ford, Bradford, Slethnen, Haverhill, North Andover,
and Saugus, iu the county of Essex; the city of
Cbarlestowu, and the towns of Belmont, Billerica,
Bedford, Burlington, Maiden, Lexington, Melrose,
Reading, North Reading, Somerville, South Read-
ing, Stonehani,Tewke.sbury, Waltham, Wilmington,
West Cambridge, Winchester, and Woburn, iu the
county of Middlesex.

The city of Lowell, and the towns, of Acton, Ashby,
Ashland, Bedford, Brighton, Boxborough, Carlisle,
Chelmsford, Concord, Draeut, Framiugbani, Dun-
stable, Hollistou, Groton, Littleton, Lincoln, Hop-
kintou, Newton, Marlborough, Natick, Pepperell,
Sherborn, Stow, Sudbury, Shirley, Townsend,
Tyngsborough, Watertown, Waylaud, Westford,
and Weston, in the county of Middlesex; and Ded-
hani, Dover. Needham, Medfield, and West Rox-
bury, in the county of Xoriblk.

The city of Worcester, and the towns of Auburn, Black-
stone, BoylstoQ, lirooklield, Charlton, Douglass,
Dudley. Grafton, Holdeu, Leicest^, Mendon, Mil-
ford, Millbury, New Braintree, Northborough, North-
bridge, North Brooktield, Oakham, Paxton, Oxford,
Rutland, Shrewsbury, Spencer, Southborough, South-
bridge, Sutton, Sturbridge, Uxbridge, Upton, War-
ren, Webster, Westborough. West Boylston, and
West Brooktield, in the 'county of Worcester; and
the towns of Fo.xborougli, Belliughani, Medway,
Walpole, Franklin, and Wrentham, in the county
of Norfolk.

The several towus in the counties of Franklin and
Hampshire, and the towns of Dana, Ashburuham,
Clinton, Athol, Barre, Berlin, Fitchburgh, Bolton,
Hubbardston, Gardner, Harvard, Hardwick, Lan-
caster, Leominster, Princeton, Petersham, Lunen-
burgh. Sterling, Phillipston, Royalston, Templeton,
Westminster, and Winchendon, in the county of
Worcester.

The city of Spriugfield, and the several towus in
Hampden County, together with the several towns
in Berkshire County.

The cities of Providence and Newport, and the towns
of Middletowu, Portsmouth, Tiverton, Little Comp-
ton, Bi cstol, Warren, Barrington, Cumberland,
Smithfield, Pawtucket, North Providence, and East
Providence.

The towns of Gloucester, Burrillville, Johnston, Foster,
Scituate, East Greenwich, West (Greenwich, Crans-
ton, Warwick, Coventry, North Kingston, Sonth
Kingston, Exeter, Hopkintou, Jamestown, Charles-
town, Richmond, Westerly, and New Sborehani.

The counties of Hartford and Tolland

The counties of New Haven and Middlesex

The counties of New London and Windham

The counties of Fairlii-ld and Litchtield

The counties of Sntinlk, L'ichiiiond, and Queens

The Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, Fourteenth,
Sixteenth, Seveute* nth, and Eighteenth wards of
the city of Brooklyn, ami the towns of Flatbush,
Flatlauds, Gravesend, New Utrecht, and New Lots,
in the countv of Kings.

The First, Si-iond, Third, Fourth, Fifth. Seventh,
Eleventh, Thirteenth, Filteentb. and Nineteenth
wards of the city of liroiiklyn, in the county of
Kings.

The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and
Eighth wards of the city and county of New York,
aud Governor's Island.

Salem.

L.awrence.

Concoi'd.

Worcester.

Greenfield.

Springfield.
Providence.

Providence.

Hartford.
New Haven.
Norwich.
Bridgeport.
Jamaica, Long Island.
Brooklyn ,Long Island.

BrookIyn,Long Island.

New York City.

CONGRESSIONAL UlSTKICTS. 509

Table showing the boundaries and conqwsltion of the congressional districts, &c. — Continned.

State.

District. ■

Boundaries and composition.

Headquarters.

New Yoik — Cont iuued .

Fifth

The Seventh, Tenth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth
wards of the city and county of New York.

New York City.

Sixth

The Ninth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth w ards of the city
and county of New York.

Do.

Seventli

The Eleventh and Seventeenth wards of the city and
county of New York.

Do.

Eighth

The Eighteenth. Twentieth, and Twenty-first wards
of the city and county of New Y'ork.

Do.

Ninth

The Twelftk, Nineteenth, and Twenty-second wards
of the citv and county of New York, and Randall's,

Do.

Blackwell's, and Ward's Islands.

Tenth

The counties of Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam .

Tarrytown.

Eleventh

Twelfth

Thirteenth ....
Fourteenth

The counties of Orange and Sullivan

The counties of Duchess and C'olunibia

Poiighkeepsie.

The counties of Greene and Ulster

The counties of Albany and Schoharie

Albany.

Fifteenth

Sixteenth

Seventeenth . . .

The counties of Rensselaer and Washington

Troy

The counties of Warren. Clinton, and Essex

Plattsburgh.
Potsdam Junction.

The counties of Saint Lawrence and Franklin

Eighteenth

The counties of Fulton, Hamilton, Schenectady, Mont-
gomery, and Saratoga.

Schenectady.

Nineteenth

The counties of Delaware, Otsego, and Chenango

Norwich,Chenango Co.

Twentieth

The counties of Lewis, Jefferson, and Herkimer

Watertown.

Twenty-liist . ..
Twenty-second -
Twenty-third ..
Twenty-fourth -

The county of Oneida

Utica.

The counties of Madison and Oswego

The counties of Onondaga and Cortland

Syracuse.
Auburn.

Tile counties of Wayne, Cayuga, and Seneca

Twenty-fifth -.-

The conuties of Ontario, Livingston, and Yates

Avon.

Twenty-sixth. .

The counties of Tioga. Tompkins, Broome, and Schuyler.

Owego, Tioga, Co.

Twenty-seventh

The counties of Steuben, Chemung, and Allegany

Elmira.

Twenty-eighth.
Twenty-ninth .

The counties of" Monroe and Orleans

Rochester

The counties of Genesee, Niagara, and Wyoming

Lockport.

Thirtieth

Thirty-first ....

The couutv of Erie. j

Bufifiilo.

The counties of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus

Dunkirk.

First

The counties of Atlantic, Camden, Cape May, Glou-
cester, CumberlansJ, and Salem.

Camden.

Second

The counties of Ocean, Burlington, Monmouth, and
Mercer.

Trenton.

Third

The counties of Hunterdon, Warren, Somerset, Union,
and Middlesex.

Elizabeth.

Fourth

The counties of Sussex,- Morris, Passaic, Essex, (ex-

Morristown.

^

cepting the citv of Newark,) and Bergen.

Fifth

The county of Hudson and city of Newark

Pennsylvania

First

The Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eleventh
wards of the city of Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Second

The First, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth wards
of the city of Philadelphia.

Do.

Third .

The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth,
Eighteenth, and Nineteenth wards of the city of
Philadelphia.

Do.

Fourth

The Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first,
and Twenty-fourth wards of the city of Philadel-
phia.

The Twenty-second, Twenty-third, and Twenty-fifth
wards of the city of Philadelphia ; and the county of

Do.

Fifth

Do

Bucks.

Sixth

The counties of Montgomery and Lehigh

The counties of Chester and Delaware

Seventh

Eighth

Ninth

The county of Berks

Re ad i DO".

The county of Lancaster

Tenth

Eleventh

The counties of Schuylkill and Lebanon

Pottsville.

The counties of Northampton, Carbon, Monroe, Pike,

Easton.

and Wayne.

Twelfth

The counties of Luzerne and Susquehanna

Scranton.

Thirteenth

The counties of Bradford, Wyoming, Sullivan, Colum-
bia, and Montour.

Troy, Bradford Co.

Fourteenth

The counties of Northunibeiland, Union, Snyder, Ju-
niata, and Dauphin.

Harri.sburgh.

Fifteenth

The counties of Cumberland, York, and.Perrv

Carlisle.

Sixteenth

The counties of Adams, Franklin, Fulton, IBedford,
and Somerset.

Chambersburgh.

Seventeenth . . .

The counties of Cambria, Blair, Huntingdon, and
Mifflin.

HoUidayshurglj.

Eighteenth

The counties of Centre, Clinlon, Lycon:i;'.g. Tioga,
and Potter.

Williauisport.

510 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.

Table showing the boundaries and composition of the congressional districts, dtc. — Continued.

State.

District.

Boundaries and composition.

Headquarters.

Pennsylvania — Cont'd

Delaware.
Maryland

District of Columbia .
West Virginia

Kentucky

Missouri.

Nineteenth ...
Twentieth -

Twenty-first...
Twenty-second.

Twenty-third.

Twenty-fourth

First

Secuiul .

Third . .

Fourth .
Fifth...

First .

Second .

Thiid

First . . .
Second
Third . .
Fourth .

Fifth .
Sixth

Seventh -
Eighth . .

Ninth
First .

The counties of Erie, Warren, McKean, Forest, Cam-
eron, Elk, Jefferson, and Clearlield.
The counties of Crawford, Venango, Mercer, and

Clarion.
The count cs of Indiana, Westmoreland, and Fayette.
The county of Allegheny, south of the Ohio River,

inchuling Neville Island.
The county of Allegheny north of the Ohio and Alle-
gheny Rivers, anil the counties of Butler and Arm-
strong.
The counties of Beaver, Lawrence, Greene, and Wash-
ington.

The State ^

The counties of Somerset, Worcester, Dorchester, Tal-
bot, Caroline, Queen Anne's, Kent, and Cecil.
The county of Harford ; the filth, sixth, seventh,
ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth districts of the
county of Baltimore; and the First, Second, Third,
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh wards of the city
of Baltimore.
The Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thir-
teentb, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven-
teenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth
wards of the city of Baltimore.
The counties of Frederick, Alleghany, Washington,

and Carroll.
The counties of Charles, Saint Mary's, Calvert.Anne
Arundel, Prince George, Montgomery, and Howard;
and the first, second, third, fourth, eighth, and
thirteenth districts of Baltimore County.

District of Columbia

The counties of Brooke, Hancock, Ohio, Marshall,
Wetzel. Tyler, Pleasants, Doddridge, Harrison,
Ritchie, Wood, Wirt, Gilmer, Calhoun, and Lswis.
The counties of Taylor, Marion, Monongalia, Preston,
Tucker, Barbour, Upshur, Webster, Pocahoutas,
Randolph, Pendleton, Hardy, Hampshire, Berkeley,
and Morgan.
The counties of Kanawha, Mason, Jackson, Putnam,
Cabell, Clay, Wayne, Logan, Boone, Braxton, Nich-
olas, Roane, McDowell, Raleigh, Wyoming, Fayette,
Mercer, Monroe, and Greenbrier.
Thecouutiesof Fulton, Hickman, Ballard, McCracken,
Trigg, Marshall, Callaway, Graves, Lyon, Living-
ston, Caldwell, Union, Webster, and Crittenden.
The counties of Hopkins, Henderson, Christian, Muhl-
enburgh, Daviess, McLean, Butler, Ohio, Hancock,
Grayson, Breckinridge, and Edmonson.
The counties of Russell, Cumberland, Clinton, Mon-
roe,Metcalfe,Barren, Simpson, Allen, Warren, Todd,
Hart, and Logan.
The counties of Meade, Adair, Hardin, Bullitt, Wash-
ington, Larue, Marion, Nelson, Spencer, Taylor, An-
derson, Shelby, and Green.
The counties of Henry, Owen, Oldham, and Jefferson.
The counties of Gallatin, Harrison, Boone, Grant,
Kenton, Trimble, Campbell, Pendleton, IBracken,
and Carroll.
The counties of Nicholas, Fayette, Bourbon, Clarke,
Jessamine, Scott, Woodford, Mercer, Franklin, Lin-
coln, and Boyle.
The counties of Perry, Knox, Breathitt, Letcher,
Whitley, Harlan, Clay, Owsley, Wolfe, Laurel, Es-
till, Jackson, Madison, Rockcastle, Garrard, Pu-
laski, Wayne, and Casey.
The counties of Mason, Lewis, Greenup, Powell, Flem-
ing, Boyd, Rowan, Carter, Lawrence, Floyd, Pike,
Morgan, Johnson, Magoffin, Montgomery, and Bath.
The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and
Tenth wards of tbo city of Saint Louis; all that
part of Saint Louis Township north of the Manches-
ter road ; and Saint Ferdinand Township and Cen-
tral Towusbij), olthe county of Saint Louis.

Ridgeway.

Meadville.

Greensburgh.
Pittsburgh.

Allegheny City.

New Brighton.

Wilmington.
Eastou,

Baltimore.

Do.

Frederick.
Ellicott's MillB.

Washington,
Wheeling.

Grafton.

Point Pleasant, Ka-
nawha Co.

Padncah.
Owensborongh.
Bowling Green.
Lebanon,

Louisville.
Covington.

Lexington.
London.

Greenupsburgh
Sairit Louis.

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 511

Table showing the boundaries and composition of the congressional districts, <fcc. — Continued.

State.

District.

Boundaries and composition.

Headquarters.

Missouri— Continued .

Second .

Ohio .

Third . .
Fourth .

Fifth...

Sixtli ..
Seventh

Eighth .

Ninth ..

First...

Second .

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh .

Eighth

Ninth

Tenth

Eleventh . . .

Twelfth

Thirteenth .
Fourteenth .
Fifteenth...
Sixteenth . . .
Seventeenth
Eighteenth .

The First, Second, and Third wards of the city of
Saint Louis, and that part of Saint Louis Township
south of the Manchester road, and Carondelet
Township, M;iraiiiec Townsbii), and IJonliouiine
Township, of the county of Saint Louis; also the
counties of Jeflerson, Franklin, Gasconade, Osage,
Maries, Crawford, Phelps, and Pulaski.

The counties of Dunklin, Pemiscot, Now Madrid, Mis-
sissippi, Stoddard, Butler, Ripley, Scott, Wayne,
Reynolds, Dent, Perry, \Vashington, Saint Gene-
vieve, SaintFrancois, Carter, .and Oregon.

The counties of Barton, Newton, .Jasper, Barry, Cedar,
McDonald, Lawrence, Polk, Dado, Greene, Stone,
Christian, Taney, Webster, Dallas, Laclede, Wright,
Texas, Douglas, Ozark, and Mowell.

The counties of Cass, Vernon, Bates, .John.sou, Henry,
Saint Clair, Hickory, Pettis, Benton, Cooper, Cole,
Morgan, Moniteau, Miller, and Camden.

The counties of Clinton, Clay, Platte, Jackson, Cald-
well, Ray, La Fayette, Carroll, Saline, and Chariton.

The counties of Atchison, Andrew, Holt, Nodaway,
Buchanan, De Kalb, Gentry, Daviess, Livingston,
Grundy, Mercer, Sullivan, Putnam, and Worth.

The counties of Schuyler, Marion, Scotland, Claike,
Randolph, Adair, Knox, Lewis, Shelby, Macon,
Linn, and Howard.

The counties of Monroe, Ralls, Audrain, Pike, Mont-
gomery, Lincoln, Callaway, Warren, Boone, and
Saint Charles.

The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh,
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, and Seven-
teenth w.ards of the city of Cincinnati, .as they are
now constituted ; and the townships uf Anderson,
Columbia, Symmes, Spencer, and Sycamore, the
corporation of Reading, and the northeast and
southeast precincts of Mill Creek Township.

The Sixth, Eighth, Twelfth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth,
and Sixteenth Wards of the city of Cincinnati, as
they are now constituted ; and the townships of
Greene, Colerain, Spriogtield, Delhi, Miami, Storrs,
Whitewater, Harrison, and Crosby ; the corpora-
tions of Harrison, Clifton, and Gleudalo, and West-
ern Corryville and Lick Run precincts of Mill Creek
Township.

The counties of Montgomery, Preble, Butler, and War-
ren.

The counties of Darke, Shelby, Logan, Champaign,
and Miami.

The counties of Mercer, Van Weit, Allen, Auglaize,
Hardin, Hancock, and Wyandot.

The counties of Brown, Clermont, Highland, Clinton,
and Fayette.

The counties of Greene, Madison, Clark, and Franklin.

The counties of Morrow, Delaware, Marion, Union,
and Richland.

The counties of Crawford, Huron, Seneca, Erie, San-
dusky, and Ottawa.

The counties of Wood, Henry, Putnam, Lucas, Pauld-
ing, Fulton, Defiance, and Williams.

The counties of Adams, Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia,
Jackson, and Vinton.

The counties of Pike, Hocking, Ross, Pickaway, Fair-
field, and Perry.

The counties of Licking, Muskingum, Knox, and Co-
shocton.

The counties of Holmes, Ashland, Wayne, Medina,
and Lor,ain.

The counties of Meigs, Athens, Washington, Morgan,
and Monroe.

The counties of Guernsey, Belmont, Noble, Harrison,
and Tuscarawas.

The counties of Jeflferson, Carroll, Colunibian.a, and
Stark.

Tlie counties of Summit, Cuyahoga, and Lake

Saint Lonis.

IrontoD.
Springfield.

Jefferson City

Lexington.
Saint Joseph

Hannibal.

Saint Charles

Cincinn.ati.

Cincinnati.

Dayton.

Urbana.

Lima.

Hillsborough.

Columbus.
Mansfield.

Sandusky.

Toledo.

Ironton.

Circleville.

Newark.

Wooster.

Marietta.

B.aruesvillo.

Alliance.

Cleveland.

612 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.

Table showhig the boundaries and coiiipositidn of the congressional districts, d'C. — Continued.

State.

Ohio — CoDtinued
Indiana

District.

Illinois .

Iowa .

Nineteenth ..

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth

Ninth

Tenth

Eleventh

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh . ...'.

Eighth

Ninth

Tenth

Eleventh

Twelfth

Thirteenth ..

First ^ ..

Second

Third

Fcurth

Fifth

Sixth

Boundaries and composition.

The counties of Geauga, Ashtahula, TrnmhuU, Port-
age, and Mahoning.

The counties of Daviess, Gibson, Dubois, Knox, Martin,
Pike, Posey, Sjiencer, Vanderburgh, and Warrick.

The counties of Clarke, Crawford, I^loyd, Orange, Har-
rison, Scott, Washington, and Perry.

The counties of Bartholomew, Brown, Jackson, Jen-
nings, JeiferfOu, Lawrence, Monroe, and Switzer-
land.

The counties of Dearborn, Decatur, Franklin, Ohio,
Ripley, and Rush.

The counties of Delaware, Fayette, Henry, Union,
Raud()li)h, and Wayne.

The counties of Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Mor-
gan, Marion, and Shelby.

The counties of Clay, Greene, Owen, Parke, Putnam,
Sulliv.in. Vermillion, and Vigo.

The counties of Boone, Carroll, Clinton, Fountain,
Tippecanoe, Montgomery, and Warren.

The counties of Benton, Cass, Fulton, Jasper, Lake,
Laporte, Marshall, Pulaski, Miami, Porter, Starke,
Saint Joseph, White, and Newton.

The counties of Allen, De Kalb, Elkhart, Kosciusko,
Noble, La Grange, Steuben, and Whitney.

The counties of Adams, Blackford, Grant, Howard,
Hamilton, Huntington, Tipton, Jay, Madison, Wa-
bash, and Wells.

The county of Cook t

The counties of Lake, Boone, McHeury, Winnebago,
De Kalb, and Kane.

The counties of Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle,
Lee, and Whiteside.

The counties of Adams, Hancock, Warren, Henderson,
Mercer, and Rock Island.

The counties of Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Put-
nam, Henry, and Bureau,

The counties of La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Kankakee,
Du Page, and Will.

The counties of Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas,
Edgar, Moultrie, Coles, Cumberland, Vermillion,
Ford, and Iroqnois,

The conn ties of Logan, Sangamon, McLean, Tazewell,
De Witt, Woodford, and Livingston.

The f ounties of Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, McDon-
ough, Schuyler, lUowu, and Pike.

The counties of Moigan, Scott, Calhoun, Jersey,
Greene, Macoupin, Bond, Montgomery, Christian,
and Shelby.

The counties of Marion, Fayette, Clay, Richland,
Clark, Jasper, Craw ford, Wayne, Lawrence, Ham-
ilton, Jefl'erson, Franklin, and Etjiugham.

The counties of Saint Clair, Madison, Clinton, W^ash-
ington, Randolph, and Monroe.

The counties of Pulaski, Alexander, Union, William-
son, Johnson, Jackson, Perry, Massac, Pope, Saline,
Hardin, Gallatin, White, Wabash, and Edwards,

The counties of Lee, Van Buren, Davis, Jeli'erson,
Henry, Des Moines, Louisa, aud Washington,

The counties of Scott, Muscatine, Clinton, Jones, Ce-
dar, Jackson, and Linn.

The counties of Dubuque, Dekiware, Buchanan, Clay-
ton, Fayette, Bremer, Chickasaw, Floyd, Mitchell,
Howard, Winuesliiek, aud Allamakee.

The counties of Monroe, Appanoose, Wapello, Ma-
Iiaska, Keokuk, ilarion, .Johnson, Jasper, Powe-
.shiek, Iowa, Benton, aud Tama.

The counties of Wayne, Decatur, Ringgold, Taylor,
Page, Fremont, Mills, Montgomery, Adams, Union,
Clarke, Lucas, Wanen, Adair, Cass, Madison, Har-
rison, Pottawattamie, Sbelby, Audubon, Guthrie,
Dallas, and Polk,

The counties of Marshall, Story, Boone, Greene, Car-
roll, Munona, (Jrawford, Woodbury, Ida, Sac, Cal
hoiiu, Webster, Hamillon, Hardin, Grundy, Black
Hawk, Butler, Humboldt, Franklin, Pocahont;:s,

Headquarters.

Warren.
Evansville.
Jeffersonville.
Columbus.

Greensburg.
Richmond.
Indianapolis.
Terre Haute.
La Fayette.
La Porte.

Kendallville.
Wabash.

Chicago.
Alareugo.

Dixon.

Quincy.

Peoria.

Joliet.

Danville.

Springfield.
Mount Sterliug.
Jacksonville.

Olney.

Alton.
Cairo.

Burlington.
Davenport.
Dubuque.

Grinnell.

Des Moines.

Waterloo.

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 513

Table showing the boundaries and composition of the congressional districts, &c. — Contiuucd.

State.

Iowa — Continued -

Michigan .

Wiscousnu .

Minnesota .

Kansas .

District.

Sixth— Cont'd

First . . .
Second .
Third . .

Fourth .

Fifth.

Sixth

First .

Second .
Third . .

Fourth .
Fifth...

Sixth

First .

Nebraska Territory
Colorado Territory .
Dakota Territory . .
California

Nevada Territory

Oregon

Washington Ten-itory

Second .

Northern ,
Southern

Northern .

Middle ...
Southern .

Boundaries and composition.

Wriglit, liuona Vista, Cherokee, Plymouth, Clay,
Sioux, O'Urieu, Palo Alto, Kossuth, Hancock, Cerro
Gordo, Worth, Winnebago, Eminett, Dickinson,
Osceola, and Uuucnmbe.

The counties of Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, and Hills-
dale.

The counties of Branch, Cass, Saint Joseph, Berrien,
Kalamazoo, Allegan, and Van Burcn.

The counties of Washtenaw, Jackson, Calhoun, Eaton,
and lugham.

The counties of Barry. Ionia, Kent, Ottawa, Montcalm,
Muskegon, Oceana, Newaygo, Lake, Mecosta, Mason,
Manistee, Graud Traverse, Leelenaw, Mauitou, Osce-
ola, EmmettjAntrim, Wexford, Mackinac, Kalkaska,
Delta, Missaukee, and Cheboygan.

The counties of Livingston, Macomb, Oakland, Saint
Clair, Lapeer, and Sanilac.

The counties of Clinton, Shiawassee, Genesee, Gra-
tiot, Saginaw, Tuscola, Huron, Isabella, Gladwin,
Midland, Bay, Clare, Ogemaw, Iosco, Roscommon,
Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford,Otsego, Montmorency, Al-
pena, Presquo Isle, Chippewa, Houghtou, Mar-
quette, Schoolcraft, and Ontonagon.

The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth,
Racine, and Kenosha.

The counties of Roclc, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia.

The counties of Greene, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant,
Crawford, Richland, and Sauk.

The counties of Washington, Oz.aukee, Dodge, Fond
du Lac, and Sheboygan.

The counties of Manitowoc, Calumet, Green Lake,
Winnebago, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Ou-
tagamie, Brown, Door, Oconto, Kewaunee, and Sha-
wano.

The counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, Monroe, Adams,
Juneau, Portage, Wood, JacUsou, Trempealeau. Saint
Croix, Buffalo, Pcpiu, Pierce, Eau Claire, Dunu,
Clark, Marathon, Chipi)ewa, Polk, Dallas, Burnett,
Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland.

The counties of Houston, Winona, Fillmore, Dodge,
Waseca, Olmsted, Mower, Rice, F.'-ceborn, Steele,
Scott, Le Sueur, Faribault, Nicollet, Blue E.wth,
Sibley, Martin, Watonwan, Brown, Jacksou, Ren-
ville, Cottonwood, Nobles, Murray, Redwood, Pipe
Stone, and Rock.

The counties of Aitkin, Anoka, Andy Johnson, Becker,
Beuton, Big Stone, Carlton, Carver, C.iss, Chisago,
Chippewa, Clay, Dakota, Crow Win"-, Douglas,
Goodhue, Hennepin, Isanti, Itasca, Kandiyohi, Kan-
abec, Lac Qui Parle, Lake, Lincoln, Manomin, Mc-
Leod, Meeker, Millo Lacs, Monongalia, Morrison,
Otter Tail, Ramsay, Pine, Polk, Saint Louis, Sher-
burne, Stearns, Traverse, Stevens, Todd, Wabash-
aw, Washington, and Wright.

The counties of Butte, Colusa, Del Norte, Humboldt,
Klamath, Marin, Napa, Mendocino, Plumas, Shasta,
Siskiyou, Sierra, Solano, Sutter, Sonoma, Tehama,
Trini'ty, Yolo, Yuba, and Lake.

The counties of Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Ne-
vada, Placer, Sacramento, Stanislaus, San Joaquin,
Tuolumne, and Mono.

The counties of Alameda, Bueua Vista, Fresno, Con-
tra Costa, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Merced, Santa
Clara, Monterey, Santa Barbai'a, Santa Cruz, San
Bernardino, San Diego, San Mateo, San Luis Obispo,
Tulare, and San Francisco.

Headquarters.

Waterloo.

Detroit.
Kalamazoo.
Jacksou.
Graud Rapids.

Poutiac.
Flint.

Milwaukee.

Janesville.
Boscobel.

Fond du Lac.

Green Bay.

La Crosse.

Rochester.

Saint Paul.

Leavenworth.
Lawrence.
Omaha City.
Denver City.
Yankton.
Marysville.

Sacramento.
San Francisco.

Virginia.

Salem.

Fort Vancouver.

65

TABLES I'^OR CONVERTING INCHES AND POUNDS INTO THEIR METRIC EQUIVALENTS

AND THE REVERSE.

*^* lu the tables and calculations of the preceding pages, the metric value of all the weights
and measures employed has been stated alongside. It was the primary intention to introduce this
desirable feature into the tables which fill the second volume of this work, but the space required
would have extended them so inconveniently that it was found necessary to abandon the plan.
The following tables will be found useful in the reduction of inches and pounds to metric values,
or of converting metric terms into their equivalents in English weights and measures.

Table for converting inches into centimetres.

1 inch = 2. 539979 centimetres.
1 foot = 30. 479748 centimetres.

luches.

Ceutimetres.

Inches.

Centimetres.

Incbes.

Centimetres.

Inches.

Centimetres.

1

2. 539979

26

66. 039454

51

129. 538929

76

193. 038404

2

5. 079958

27

68. 579433

52

132. 078908

77

195. 578383

3

7. 619937

28

71.119412

53

134. 618887

78

198. 118362

4

10. 159916

29

73. 659391

54

137. 158866

79

200. 658341

5

12. 699895

30

76. 199370

55

139. 698845

80

203. 198320

6

15.239874

31

78. 739349

56

142. 238824

81

205. 738299

7

17. 779853

32

81. 279.328

57

144. 778803

82

208.278278

8

20. 319832

33

83. 819307

58

147. 318782

83

210.818257

9

22. 859811

34

86. 359286

59

149. 858761

84

213. 358236

10

25. 399790

35

88. 899265

60

152. 398740

85

215.898215

11

27. 939769

36

91.439244

61

154. 938719

86

218.438194

12

30. 479748

37

98. 979223

62

157. 478698

87

220. 978173

13

33. 019727

38

96. 519202

63

160. 018C77

88

223. 5181.52

14

35. 559706

39

99.059181 •

04

162. 558656

89

226. 058131

15

38. 099685

40

101. .599160

65

165. 098635

90

228. 598110

16

40. 639664

41

104. 139139

66

* 167. 638614

91

231. 138089

17

43. 179643

42

106. 679118

67

170. 178593

92

233. 678068

18

45.719622

43

109.219097

68

172. 718572

93

236.218047

19

48. 259601

44

111.759076

69

175. 258551

94

238. 758026

20

50.799580

45

114. 299055

70

177. 798530

95

241.298005

21

53. 339.'-.59

46

116. 839034

71

180. 338509

96

243. 837984

22

55. 879538

47

119. 379013

72

182. 878488

97

246. 377963

23

.58. 419517

48

121.918992

73

185. 418467

98

248. 917942

24

60. 959496

49

124. 458971

74

187. 958446

99

251. 457921

25

63.499475

50

126. 998950

75

190.498425

100

253.997900

514

ENGLISH MEASURES AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS.

Tnhle for converting centimetres into inches.

1 ceiitiiiietro = 0.393701 iiicli.
1 decimetre = 3.9370^0 inches.
1 metre = 39.370400 inches.

515

Centi-
laetres.

Incbes.

Centi-
metres.

Indies.

Centi-
metres.

Inches.

Centi-
metres.

Inches.

1

. 393704

51

20. 07^-904

101

39. 764104

151

59. 449304

a

.787408

52

20. 472608

102

40. 157808

152

.59. 843008

3

1.181112

53

20. 866312

103

40. 551512

153

60. 236712

4

1. 574S1G

54

21. 260016

104

40. 94521G

154

60.630416

5

1. 9G8520

55

21. 653720

105

41.338920

155

61. 024120

6

2. 362224

56

22. 047424

106

41.732624

156

61. 417824

7

2. 755928

57

22. 441128

107

42. 12632S

157

61.811528

■ 8

3. 149632

58

22. 834832

108

42. 520032

158

62. 205232

9

3. 543336

59

23. 228536

109

42.913736

159

62. 598936

10

3. 937040

GO

23. 622240

110

43. 307440

160

62. 992640

11

4. 330744

61

24. 015944

111

43.701144

161

63. 386344

12

4. 724448

62

24. 409648

112

44. 094848

162

63. 78C048

13

5. 118152

63

24. 803352

113

44. 488552

163

64. 173752

14

5. 511856

64

25. 197056

114

44. 882256

164

64. 5G7456

15

5. 905560

65

25. 590760

115

45. 275960

165

64.961160

1(3

6. 299264

66

25. 934464

116

45. 669664

166

65. 354861

17

6. 692968

67

26. 378168

117

46. 063363

167

65. 748568

18

7. 086672

68

26.771872

118

46. 457072

168

66. 142272

19

7. 480376

69

27. 165576

119

40. 850776

169

66. 535976

20

7. 874080

70

27. 559280

120

47. 244480

170

66. 929680

21

8.267784

71

27. 952984

121

47. 638184

171

C7. 323384

22

8. 661488

72

28. 346688

122

48. 031888

172

67.717088

2:?

9. 055192

73

28. 740392

123

48. 425592

173

68. 110792

24

9. 448896

74

29. 134098

124

48. 819296

174

68. 504496

25

9. 842600

75

29. 527800

125

49.213000

175

63. 898200

26

10. 236304

76

29. 921504

126

49. 606704

176

69.291904

27

10. 630008

77

30. 315208

127

50. 000408

177

69. G85608

28

11.023712

78

30. 708912

128

50.394112

178

70. 079312

29

11.417416

79

31. 102616

129

50.787816

179

70. 473016

30

11. 811120

80

31. 496320

130

51. 181520

180

70. 866720

31

12. 204824

81

31. 890024

131

51. 575224

181

71.260424

32

12. 598.523

82

32.283728 .

132

51. 968928

182

71. 654128

33

12. 9ff2232

- 83

32. 677432

133

.52. 362632

183

72. 047832

34

13. 385936

84

33. 071136

134

52.756336

184

72. 441536

35

13. 779640

85

33. 464840

135

53. 150040

185

72. 835240

36

14. 173344

86

33. 858544

136

53. 543744

186

73.228944

37

14. 567048

87

34. 252248

137

53. 937448

187

73. 622648

38

14. 960752

88

34. 645952

138

54. 331152

188

74. 016352

39

15. 354456

89

35. 039656

139

54. 724856

189

74. 410050

40

15.743160

90

35. 433360

140

55. 118560

190

74. 803760

41

16. 141864

•91

35. 827064

141

55. 512264

191

75. 197464

42

16. 535568

92

36.220768

142

55. 905938

192

75. 591168

43

16.929272

93

36. 614472

143

56. 299672

193

75. 984872

44

17. S22976

94

37. 008176

144

56. 693376

194

76. 378576

45

17. 716680

95

37. 401880

145

57. 087080

195

76. 772280

46

18. 110334

96

37.795584

146

57. 480784

196

77. 165984

47

18. 504088

97

38: 189288

147

57. 874488

197

77. 559C83

48

18. 897792

98

38.582992

148

58.268192

198

77. 953392

49

19. 291496

99

38. 976696

149

58. 661896

199

78. 347090

50

19. 685200

100

39. 370400

150

59. 055500

200

78. 740800

516

ENGLISH MEASURES AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS.

Table for converting avoirdnpois pounds into Mlogrammes.
1 pound avoirdupois = 0.45359651 kilogramme.

Pounds.

Kilogrammes.

Pounds.

Kilogrammes.

Pounds.

Kilogrammes.

Pounds.

Kilogrammes.

1

. 453597

51

23. 133422

101

45. 813248

151

68. 493073

2

. 907193

52

23. 587019

102

46. 266844

152

68. 946670

3

1.360790

53

24. 040615

103

46. 720441

153

69. 400266

4

1.814386

54

24. 494212

104

47. 174037

154

69. 853863

5

2. 267983

55

24.947808

105

47. 627634 ;

155.

70. 307459

6

2.721579

56

25. 401405

106

48.081230 •

156

70.701056

7

3. 175176

57

25. 855001

107

48. 534827 ,

157

71. 214652

8

3. 628772

58

26. 308598

108

48. 988423

158

71. 668249

9

4. 082369

59

26. 762194

109

49. 442020

159

72. 121845

10

4.535965

60

27.21.5791

110

49. 895616

160

72. 575442

11

4. 9,«9562

61

27. 669387

111

50. 349213

161

73. 029038

12

5. 443158

62

28. 122984

112

50. 802809

162

73. 482635

13

5. 896755

63

28. 576580

113

51.256400

163

73. 936231

14

6. 350351

64

29. 030177

114

.51.710002

164

74. 389828

15

6. 803948

65

29. 483773

115

52. 163599

165

74. 843424

16

7. 257544

66

29. 937370

116

52.627195

166

75. 297021

17

r. 711141

67

30. 390906

117

53.070792

167

75. 750617

18

8. 164737

68

30. 844,563

118

53. 524388

168

76. 204214

19

8. 618334

69

31.298159

119

53. 977985

169

76. 657810

20

9.071930

70

31.751756

120

54. 431581

170

77.111407

21

9. 525527

71

32. 205352

121

54. 885178

171

77. 565003

22

9. 979123

72

32. 658949

122

55. 338774

172

78.018600

23

10. 432720

73

33. 112545

123

55.792371

173

78. 472196

24

10. 886316

74

33. 566142

124

56.245967

174

78. 925793

25

11.339913

75

34. 019738

125

56. 699564

175

79. 379389

26

11.793509

76

34. 473335

126

57. 1.53160

176

79. 832986

27

12. 247106

77

34. 926931

127

57. 606757

177

80. 286582

28

12. 700702

78

35. 380528

128

58. 060353

178

80.740179

29

13. 154299

79

35. 834124

129

58. 513950

179

81. 193775

30

13. 607895

80

36. 287721

130

58. 967546

180

81. 647372

31

14. 061492

81

36. 741317

131

59. 421143

181

82. 100968

32

14. 515088

82

37. 194914

132

59. 874739

182

82. 554565

33

14. 968685

83

37. 648510

133

60. 328336

183

83. 008101

34

15. 4-22281

84

38. 102107

134

60.781932

184

83. 461758

35

15. 875878

85

38. 555703

135

61.235529

185

83. 915354

36

16. 329474

86

39. 009300

136

61. 689125

186

84. 368951

37

16.783071

87

39. 462896

137

62. 142722

187

84. 822547

38

17.236667

88

39.916493

138

62.590318

188

85.276144

39

17. 690264

89

40.370089 •

139

63. 049915

189

85.729740

40

18. 143860

90

40. 823686

140

63. 503511

190

86. 183337

41

18. 597457

91

41.277282

141

63.957108

191

86. 63C933

42

19.051053

92

41. 730879

142

64. 410704

192

87. 090530

43

19. 5046.50

93

42. 184475

143

64. 804301

193

87. 544120

44

19. 958246

94

42. 638072

144

(>5. 317897

194

87. 997723

45

20. 411843

95

43. 091668

145

65. 771494

195

88. 451319

46

20. 865439

96

43. 515265

146

66. 225090

190

88.904916

47

21. 319036

97

43. 998861

147

66. 678687

197

89. 358512

48

21.772632

96

44. 452458

148

67. 132283

198

89. 812109

49

■ 22.226229

99

44.906054

149

67. 585880

199

90. 265705

50

22.679826

100

45. 359651

150

68. 039477

200

90.719302

ENGLISH MEASURES AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS.

Table for converting kilogrammes into avoirdupois pounds.
1 kilogramme == 2.204621 pounds avoirdupois.

517

Kilo-
grammes.

Pounds.

Kilo-
grammes.

Poll mis.

Kilo-
grammes.

Pounds.

Kilo-
grammes.

Pounds.

1

2. 204C21

26

57. 320146

51

112. 435671

76

167. 551196

2

4. 409242

27

59. 524767

52

114.640292

77

169. 755817

3

6. 613863

28

61. 729388

53

110.844913

78

171.960438

4

8. 818484

29

63. 934009

54

119.049534

79

174. 165059

5

11.023105

30

66. 138630

55

121.254155

80

176. 309680

6

13.227726

31

68. 343251

5G

123. 458776

81

178.574301

7

15. 432347

32

70. 547872

57

125. 663397

82

180. 778922

8

17. 636968

33

72.752493

58

127. 868018

83

182. 983543

9

19.841589

34

74.957114

59.

130.072639

-84

185. 188164

10

22. 046210

35

77. 161735

60

132. 277260

85

187.392785

11

24.250831

36

79. 366356

61

134. 481881

86

189. 597406

12

26.455452

37

81.-570977

(12

136. 686502

87

191. 802027

1.3

28.660073

38

83.775598

63

138.891123

88

194. 006G48

14

30.864694

39

85. 9S0219

04

141. 095744

89

196.211269

15

33. 069315

40

88. 184840

65

143. 300.365

90

198. 415890

16

35.273936

41

90. 389461

66

145. 504986

91

200. 620511

17

37. 478557

42

92.594082

67

147. 709607

192

202.825132

18

39.683178

43

94.793703

63

149. 914228

93

205. 029753

19

41.887799

44

97. 003324

69

152. 118849

94

207. 234374

20

44. 092420

45

99.207945

70

154. 323470

95

209. 438995

21

46. 297041

46

101. 412566

71

156. .528091

96

211. 643616

22

48. 501662

47

103. 617187

72

158. 732712

97

213. 848237

23

50. 706283

48

105. 821808

73

160. 937333

98

216. 052858

24

52. 910904

49

108. 026429

74

163. 141954

99

218. 257479

25

55. 115.525

50

110.231050

75

165. 346575

00

220. 462100

HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA, BY THE COMTE DE PARIS.

Since the preceding portion of this work was stereotyped, the first two volumes of the history
of the civil war in America, which, it was understood, the Comte de Paris was engaged in prepar-
ing, have appeared. These volumes have been translated into English by Mr. L. F. Tasistro, of
the State Department in Washington, and the translation has been revised and approved by the
author. The American translation forms one octavo volume of six hundred and forty pages.^

It is not the object of this notice to review the Comte de Paris's work, but only to comment on
such passages in it as relate to the subjects treated of in these volumes. It may, however, be
said in passing that it is, so far as it extends, (to the close of the year 1862 namely,) probably the
best history of the civil war yet produced. In the difficult art of describing the localities and shift-
ing operations of a battle-field, so as to be clearly understood and followed by the reader, the writer is
singularly lucid and successful. His estimate of the causes which brought o.bout the rebellion is
characterized by a philosophic tone and judicial fairness worthy of the countryman of Ue Tocque-
ville, and from his copious references to orders and letters he would seem to have had free access
for his copyists to the bulky archives of the War Department.

It has been frequently asserted that an impartial history of our great civil contest cannot bo
produced while we are yet so near in lime to the epoch of the stirring events which composed it.
This is doubtless true as regards the estimate that will finally be made of the deeds and capacity
of the foremost men on either side. There are various motives which produce reticence in relation
to living men, and it is only when his career is completed by death that the soldier or statesman can
take his destiued niche in history. It is also iirobable that for like reasons some documents of
importance may for the present be unattainable, which, in later years, may be surrendered to the
historian. If, however, the general intelligence and capacity for letter-writing of the great volun-
teer army of the North, and the marvelous ubiquity of the agents of the newspapers be taken into
account, it will be obvious that the power of concealment, even if the desire to exercise it were
felt, must have seldom existed. On the other hand, it is certain that, with the lapse of each succes-
sive year, many of those will disappear irom the scene whose knowledge and recollections would
have been of inestimable value to the historian of the war. No writer in another generation,
delving in the records of the past, is likely to find much niaterifil of value more than is now accessi-
ble to the diligent inquirer. The numerous comnuiniciitions in the reviews and journals etiuced by
the publication of General Sherman's spirited memoirs shows that the surviving actors in the
mighty drama are not unwilling to testify as to their own acts or those of their comrades and com-
manders.

The Comte de Paris, it will be remembered, served for some time on the staff of General Mc-
Clellan; and he not only speaks with the authority of an eye-witness of many of the events he
describes, but he has been iu correspondence with prominent men as to all the more important
operations he portrays.

It would be unjust in this notice of the Orleans Prince's work not to advert to the admirable
manner iu which the translator has performed his part. Its highest praise is that the original is
not only accurately translated, but is rendered into such genuine English that it would not neces-
sarily be taken for a translation.

' History of the Civil War in America, by the CoJiTE de Pahis, trauslated by Louis F. Tiisistro, and edited by
Henry Copp<!e,LL.D. V.il. I. 8vo. Pliiladclpbia. 1875.
518

UISTOEY OF THE CIVIL WAR, BY THE COMTE DE PARIS. 519

Upon the nativity ot the voluuteer army of the North, the Comtc de Paris makes the followiug

comments :

"This army was as national in its composition as it was in spirit, representing in due propor-
tion the various elements of the American population. It has, indeed, been urged that foreigners
predominated in its ranks. This is a great mistake, but easily susceptible of explanation, from the
fact that the German accent and the Irish brogue frequently struck upon the ear wherever the vol-
unteers were collected." # # *

" A few figures will suffice to confirm this assertion. Of the volunteers who enlisted during
the first year, only one-tenth were foreigners; of the remainder, two-thirds were born on American
soil,'and seven-thirtieths, or rather less than one-fourtli, were naturalized Europeans. By examin-
ing separately the contingents of the Eastern States, where but a small number of emigrants settle,
we find a still larger proportion of natives — a proportion which, in 1864, when conscription was par-
tially resorted to, reached as high as eighty per cent. This army, two-thirds of which consisted of
native Americans, and only one-third of foreigners, was raised out of a population of about
19,000,000 souls. In order to ascertain which of these two elements supplied the largest proportion
of men, we have only to compare the number of able-bodied men that each of them was able to
contribute. , The statistics of ISCO render this comparison impracticable ; but the census of 1863,
taken in the loyal States preparatory to the conscription, gave upwards of 3,100,000 as the number
of men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. By adding 900,000 more, the maximum
number of soldiers then in act..al service or disabled, it may safely be affirmed that the class which
in 1801 contributed exclusively to the recruitment of the Army did not exceed 4,000,000. With the
help of the emigrant rolls, it is easy to calculate how many of these were born in America and
how many in Europe. During the decade from 1849 to 1858, the United -States received ,3,000,000
new-comers, 1,200,000 of whom were women and 1,800,000 men ; 1,370,000 of the latter being over
fifteen and under thirty-five years of age. Deducting 8,000 from this number, which, accord-
ing to the tables of mortality, is the decrease of that population since its arrival iii America, we
find that emigration had, in the course of ten years, brought over to that country 1,362,000 men,
who, when the levies of volunteers took place, were still living and between the ages of eighteen
and thirty-eight, and consequently forming part of the 4,000,000 among whom the American Army
■was recruited. This number already exceeds by 31,000 the third of those 4,000,000; but in order
to make our statement complete, we should add thereto the number of Europeans who in 1861 were
between thirty-eight and forty-five years, as well as those who at the time of their lauding, before 1849,
■were under thirty-three years of age, inasmuch as both categories were comprised in the 4,000,000.
We see, therefore, that those of European birth constituted considerably more than one-third of
the effective male population of the Northern States, while they only entered in just the same
proportion of one-third into the composition of the Army, thus leaving to the native Americans
the largest proportion in the aggregate representation of races.

"We are not in possession of the necessary documents to continue this comparison by ascer-
taining the number of those emigrants who became naturalized and those who retained their con-
dition of aliens; such a comparison would, however, be of little value. Naturalization is so easily
obtained in the United States that, after a few years' residence in the country, nearly every person
settled in business exercises the rights of citizenship. It was only when the conscription attached
onerous duties to the exercise of these rights that the people who had enjoyed them endeavored to
discover informalities in their naturalization-papers, in order to get rid of the obligations devolving
upon Americans. All emigrants who have left Europe without any intention of returning — sans
esprit de retour, as the French law tersely expresses it — should, in reality, be reckoned as Ameri-
cans; the number of those who persist in preserving their nationality unimpaired being altogether
insignificant. Strictly speaking, those belonging to the latter category alone, and Ihe recruits
obtained outside the territory of the republic, could be considered as foreigners among the Federal
soldiers. The Federal Government could only have introduced a large foreign element into the
ranks of its Army by enticing volunteers from Europe or from countries adjacent to the United
States. Now, notwithstanding the close vigilance with which all the actions of that (iovernment
were watched, its enemies never could prove that such enlistments had been nuide on its account
upon any large scale; there was seeu nothing in America to be compared with the foreign legion

520 HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR, BY THE COMTE DE PARIS.

organized by England for tbe Crimean war. Tlie Navy may indeed have picked np a handful of
sailors from the coasts of France or England, or it uniy Lave received a few of the deserters which
every European ship drops into the ports of the New World. Doubtless, also, some English
soldiers from the garrisons of Canada may have crossed the frontier, allured not only by the
bounties and high pay, but also by the hope that their military experience would secure them
positions among such raw troops. It was easy to recognize under the Federal uniform the old
English soldier by his unexceptionable bearing, his polished arms, and the precision of his movements.
If not disqualified by drunkenness, he soon became drill-sergeant or sergeant-major; if able to
read and write, tlie epaulet was within his easy reach. These, however, were only isolated iu.stances.
It is true that recruiting-agents, hoping to make a profit on the bounties, went to Canada and
Ireland to decoy recruits iu spite of the Federal Government, and that they engaged emigrants to
cjme over in the name of fictitious industrial associations, expecting to entice them into the service
after they had landed, partly of their own iVec will, partly by force; but the measures taken iu
New York and elsewhere to protect these emigrants against the impositions of whichthey were
formerly the victims enabled them to free themselves as soon as the fraud was divscovered. This
was the case with niost of them ; and although the recruiters were always on the watch to entrap
the most destitute among those whom want had driven from Europe to the American shores, they
were less successful with these new-comers than with those who had been for some time settled in
the United States.

"We may therefore sum up all these details by affirming that, from the native-born American
down to the latest-landed European, the proportion of volunteers turuished to the Federal govern-
ment by the dili'ereut classes of the community was in a direct ratio to the interest that each took
in the affairs of the republic, and that the longer the emigrant had lived upon its soil the more
largely did he contribute towards its defense.'"

It is probable that the estimate in the foregoing passage as to the number of men available for
military service at the outbreak of the rebellion iu ISGl is underestimated. By reference to page
66 of the present volume, it will be seen that the computed number was about half a million iu excess
of the Comte's figures.

The curious differeuce in mean stature iu natives of closely-adjoining States, for which a satis-
factory reason is yet to be discovered, has not escaped this writer's observation. He says :

" It is by the average age of the soldiers that national armies are most readily distinguished from
mercenary troops. An army of mercenaries is made up of men who make a trade of warfare, serv-
ing for a livelihood and enlisting from motives of interest; the larger their number the higher the
average of age. A national army, on the contrary, is recruited in equal proportions among all the
youth of the country, as well from voluntary as from forced service. Now, the average age of the vol-
unteers who enlisted in America before any conscription had taken place was between twenty-four
and twenty-five years, or the same as that of our own soldiers before it was raised above this figure
by the exoneration law and the multiplicity of substitutes. The larger or smaller proportion of
Europeans, or at least of men recently from Europe, iu the contingents of the several States, was
made manifest in the military statistics by a remark we raaj' be allowed to quote, as throwing a
curious light upon the movements of the populations that elbow one another for a long time in
America befon; th<'y become finally mingled. Nothing, in fact, appears more strange, at first sight,
than the comparison of the average statures in the contingents of the several States, as shown by
the tables published at the end of the war, at a time when the conscription necessitated a scrupu-
lous examination of all the men enrolled. Neither climate nor latitude can explain why that
average varied so strangely from one State to another, in the Middle as well as in the Northern
and Western States ; or why Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, for instance, furnished the
highest average, while, after the State of New York, those of the far West, such as Miunesota and
Michigan, sent the smallest men to the Army. This last result is all the more striking, becau.se iu
those new States, where the human race seems to develop with greater freedom, there exists a
truly athletic population of lumbermen, living from generation to generation in the virgin forest,
who, when formed into com[)anies and at times into regiments, presented a line of perfect grena-
diers that struck the ollicers of the F.ritish guards with admiration. The reason is that alongside

' pi>. 180-183.

HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR, BY THE COMTE DE PARIS. 521

of them, in the same coutiugeut, there was a race wliose inferiority was but poorly compensated by
the former, namely, that of the German emigrants and their descendants down to the second gener-
ation. These strange variations are all explained by the movements of emigration on the soil of
America, and the average staturcof each contingent was in inverse I'atio to the number of emigrants
who had settled in the State that furnished it. The current of emigration emptied itself at New
York and certain points of the northern coast, where the weakest and the least robust took up their
residence, while the others, passing through the Middle States, where the population was compara-
tively numerous, and shut out from the South by the insurmountable barrier of slavery, went to seek
their fortunes in those vast Western States that are watered by the Upper Mississippi, the Mis-
souri, and the great lakes. This current, leaving Vermont at the north and Kentucky at the south,
and traversing Pennsylvania too rapidly to leave traces of its passage behind, these States
possessed therefore a population which, for the most part, had already become American for two
or three generations back. It is from this time that the beneficent influence of the New World upon
the European races is felt ; henco the physical superiority, seemingly inexplicable, of the contingents
furnished by these three States." '

What the tables are which the writer refers to as " published at the end of the war," it is difiB-
cult to discover. Neither the partial tables embodied in the report of this ofiQce in ISGC,^ nor the
tables published by the Sanitary Commission,' give results which correspond with those quoted in
the foregoing passage. Minnesota, for example, takes high rank in the quality of mean stature in
all the tables printed, while the Comte refers to it as an example of inferiority iu that very particu-
lar. But putting aside the error in details, which does not necessarily affect the argument, it is
important to consider the applicability of the latter.

The Comte's theory is that the stream of emigration striking the shores of New York and New
England deposits its poorest and weakest material in a part of those States, and, i)assing through
the tier of States bounded by Canada on the north and Kentucky on the south, finally empties itself
in the new States bordering the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Elvers. He argues that in pro-
portion as the population of a State is commingled with emigrants from Europe, so does its mean
statur edecrease ; and hence such States as Vermont and Kentucky, inhabited almost entirely by
native born Americans, exhibit a higher rate than most others.

Unfortunately, this theory will not explain all the curious anomalies relating to mean stature
as observed iu the different States. It is true that the prevalence of manufacturing industry is
found to be attended by a low rate of stature, and it is not surpiising, therefore, that New York,
New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, whose factories and workshops are largely sup-
plied by foreign workmen, should exhibit this low condition ; but why should Maine and Vermont,
two contiguous States, neither of which is affected by emigration, and both of which are mainly
devoted to agriculture and maritime pursuits, differ so greatly iu the mean height of their inhabi-
tants °? In the table exhibiting the order of superiority iu stature of the States, at page 24 of the
present volume, it will be seen that Maine stands number ten, while Vermont is number sixteen, in a
list of twenty-live States. On the other hand, such States as Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana,
Minnesota, and others, to which the vast stream of emigration has for years been flowing, either
equal or excel Maine in the quality of stature.

This sulyect has been somewhat fully discussed in the text at ])age 14 ct acq.

The military aptitude of the American people is thus commented on :

" We have dwelt upon the defects of the American volunteers, because they were the cause of
their first reverses, and because in exposing them we are only exalting the merit of those men who
had so much to learn in order to become capable of accomplishing the great task they had under-
taken, and who succeeded by dint of perseverance and devotion. One trait in their character
redeemed all these defects, and already displayed, under the garb of these inexperienced men,
those valiant champions who, at the end of the war, carried the enemy's strong works bj' assault ;
they went under fire more resolutely the second time than the first. Bad soldiers, if unconscious

' pp. 184-185.

^ Final report of the Provost-Marshal-Gerieral, 1866.

' Inreatiyations in the mHitarij and anihropologivul statistics of American soWiira, by B. A. Gould, published for tlio
United States Sanitary Commission. Svo. Now Y'ork IStii).

522 HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR, BY THE COMTE DE PARIS.

of the impression which tlie reality of war will produce upon them, are apt to rush into the fight
with as much daring and resolution as veteran troops, and, once engaged, they will sometimes con-
tinue to behave well ; but experience makes them timid, and their courage fails them afterward
when called upon to face a danger they have learned to appreciate. On the contrary, participation
in those dangers, the loss of their comrades, the suflerings and hardships of the war, went to
strengthen the courage and increase the self-possession of the volunteers, whom .a patriotic duty
had taken from the occupations of civil life. Iron, when pure and of good quality, acquires shape
and strength under the repeated blows of the blacksmith's hammer, while metal adulterated with
bad alloys splits and soon flies to pieces."'

" The ])crso7inel of staff and administrative departments being once organized, and that of the
contingents purified, and the first principles of discipline established among the oflicers, as well as
among the soldiers, the great task of drilling the Army had yet hardly begun. Indeed, a great
assemblage of men resembles a statue of clay, unable to move without breaking, and having no vital
breath. In order that it may acquire suppleness and agility, the recruits must go through a series
of exercises and evolutions equally irksome to the teachers and the taught— first singly, then by
platoons, by battalions next, and finally by brigades. This task was the more difficult in the
American Army, because instruction was as necessary for the officers as for the men, and because ,
the latter, having no example to encourage them, did not understand the utility of so long an
apprenticeship. Their intelligence, however, which rendered them submissive to the voice of chiefs
really worthy to command them, soon made them undertake it with ardor. Full of confidence in
themselves, they made up their minds, not that it was useless to learn, but that it would be very
easy for them to learn anything they wished, the trade of war as well as any other ; having enlisted
voluntarily, they were determined to do everything in their power to become good soldiers, capable
of victory.'' ^

' The following graceful tribute to the merit and services of the Eegular Army of the United
States may close these extracts:

" These are the last lines we shall devote, by way of special mention, to the little Eegular Army
which we have followed since its formation ; for, after having preserved its military traditions, and
supported, in the hour of danger, the tottering edifice of the Federal Constitution, it was absorbed
into the improvised armies to the creation of which we have just referred. But if it ceased to have
a separate existence, its spirit still survived and continued to control the action of new-comers; the
influence and the importance of the regular officers will increase in proportion as the volunteers
acquire more military experience ; and when, at the end of the struggle, the Regular Army shall
orce more emerge to view, we shall find five hundred and fifty of its ofBcers detached among
the volunteers, one hundred and fifteen of whom were generals, and sixty commanders of regiments.
Let us add, however, that this Eegular Army, such as we shall then see it re-appear, will no longer
be the same we have known before the war, constituting a kind of isolated corporation, and the
jealous guardian of its traditions; it will, in fact, have opened its doors to all merit displayed on
the field of battle ; and numbering in its ranks all those who, after achieving distinction, have
desired to continue in the military career, it will have the rare good fortune to combine the best
qualities of the volunteers with the noble attributes of the old regulars."'

' pp. 195-106. 2 p. 272. 3 pp. 2y0--2yi. ♦

GEisERAL i:n^dex:.

ABDOMEN. A.

Abdomen, diseases of; cansofor rejcctiou, Vol. I, pp. xxvi,
xxviii, xxxiv, Ivi.
ulcers of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxviii.
Abdominal viscera, disease of ; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, p. xxxvi.
engorgement of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxiv.
Abscess ; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xvi, xvii,
xxvii, xxviii, 10.
inguinal; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
Its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexiou, Vol. II, p. 465.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676. 677, 686,687, 600, 697,706,
707, 716, 717,726,727, 736,737, 746, 747, 750, 757,760,
767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. 11, pp. 435,440,445,450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488,493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
of hnigs; cause for rejection. Vol. I, i). xxvii.
of scrotum; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvii.
of testicles ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
renal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Abscesses, acute ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, ji. xii.
congestive; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
constitutional; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
internal; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
renal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi
urinary; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Accepted men, meaning of term. Vol. I, p. 4.
Acne ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, i>. xv.
Act of Congress creating Provost-Marshal-General's Bu-
reau, Vol. I, p. i.
for enrolling and calling out the National forces. Vol.
I, \tp. i, 13.
Adenitis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.

cervicalis; cause fjr rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
Adhesions of eyelids; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xiv, xliv.
of pericardium; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
of lips aud cheeks, to gums; cause for rejection. Vol.

I, p. xxix.
pleuritic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xsix.
Aeby (Chr.), Vol. I, p. Ixiii.

AGE.

Aelian (CI.), Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxiv.
Age, changes in, for service in the United States Army,
froui 1790 to 1874, Vol. I, p. slix.
its relation to : —
Disease, Vol. II, pp. 461-465.
Stature, Vol. I, p. 17.
its relatious to height, girth, and expansion of chest,
and complexiou, in : —
American-boru white meu accepted. Vol. II, pp.

200-215.
American-horn colored men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

218-225.
British-Americans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 228-243.
Euglishmeu accepted. Vol. II, pp. 246-261.
Irishmen .accepted. Vol. II, pp. 264-279.
Germans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 282-297.
its relations to height, girth, and expansion of chest,
complexion, aud weight, in : —
American-born white men accepted, Vol. II, pp.

300-315.
American-bora colored men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

318-333.
British-Americans accepted, Vol. II, pp. 336-351.
Englishmen accepted, Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
Irishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
Germans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
limitation of, to 20 years. Vol. I, i). 166.
limitations of, varied with urgency of the demand for

men. Vol. I, p. viii.
mean ; conclusions afforded by the tables, Vol. I, pp.

48-51.
mean ; its relation to height, girth, and espausion

of chest. Vol. I, pp. 40, 47.
mean ; its relatiou to mean weight. Vol. I, p. ,53.
nieau ; of men of difl'erent nativities iu our Army,

Vol. I, p. 51.
moan ; of men of different nativities measured by

various observers. Vol. I, pp. 50-59.
mean ; proporti(m of soldiers at each year of age, from

16 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
mean ; proportion of soldiers in group.s of five years,

Vol. I, p. .50.
of Roman soldier. Vol. I, p. ix.
over; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. II, 12.
over ; its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexiou, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.

.523

524

GENERAL INDEX.

AGE.

Age — Continued.

over ; its relation to : —

Height, Vol. II, iip. 41.S, 418, 4-23, 428.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, iii>. G46,
047, G5G, G57, 6G6, 6G7, 676, 677, 686, 687, G96, 697,
706,707,716,717,726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757,766,767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435,440,445,450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
relative, of native and foreign born soldiers. Vol. I,

p. 48.
required for service in the armies of: —
Austria, Vol. 1, p. xxxvii.
Belgium, Vol. I, p. xxii.
France, Vol. I, p. x.
Great Britain, Vol. I, p. xviii.
North German Empire, Vol. I, p. xxx.
Switzerland, Vol. I, p. xxv.
under; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. 11, 12.
under ; its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
- Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 646i
647, 656,657, 6GG, 667,676, 677, 686,687, 696, 697,
706, 707,716, 717, 726,727,736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.
JIarriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
Aitkeu (William), Vol. I, pp. x, Ixxxiv, 18.
Albert! (L. B.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxiv.
Albinismus of the eyes ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlv.
Albugo ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. siv.
Albuminuria ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
Alcoholism, chronic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. 6, 11.
Alcoholism, chronic,
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461,
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414,419,424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 6G9, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, ,504, 509, 514, 519.
Alienage, claims of, often abused. Vol. I, p. 301.
Allaire (L.-V.), Vol. I, pp. 18, 36.
Allen (Nathan), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Altitude, nu'an of different States, Vol. I, p. 88.
Amaurosis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.
American Indians, free from certain diseases. Vol. I, pp.
80, 84.
in Wisconsin; offering few cases of exemptions. Vol.
I, p. 473.

AMEEICANS.

American Indians — Continued.

mean girth of chest compared with that of other
nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height compared with that of other nativities.
Vol. I, p. 23.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of other nativities,
Vol. I, p. 45.

not subject to draft. Vol. I, p. 13.

physical dimensions of, according to various observ-
ers. Vol. I, pp. .56-59.

American, the typical. Vol. I, p. 55.

erroneously represented as of slender figure, Vol. I,

p. 55.
Americans, colored. (See, also, " Negro.")
curve of stature, Vol. I, p. 21.
increase of weight with increase of girth of chest,

Vol. I, p. 41.
mean age in relation to height, girth, and expansion

of chest, Vol. I, p. 46.
mean age of, iu the Army, Vol. I, p. 51.
mean girth of chest at all ages and at age of com-
pleted growth. Vol. I, p. 37.
mean girth of chest compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean girth of chest in relation to increasing height,

Vol. I, pp. 33, 35.
mean height compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 23."
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth

of chest, compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 45.
mean stature at period of completed growth. Vol. I,

p. 21.
phvsical dimensions of, according to various observ-

' ers. Vol. I, pp. 56-59.
proportion of soldiers at each quinquennial mean

age, from 16 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
relation of height, girth, and expansion of chest to

mean weight. Vol. I, p. 40.
their height, girth, and expansion of chest. Vol. II,

pp. 84-163.
accepted ; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,

complexion, and age. Vol. II, pp. 218-225.
accepted ; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,

complexion, age, and weight. Vol. II, pp. 318-333.
Americans, white ; curve of stature. Vol. I, p. 20.

increase of weight with increase of girth of chest,

Vol. I, p. 41.
mean age in relation to height, girth, and expansion

of chest. Vol. I, p. 46.
mean age of, in the Army, Vol. I, p. 51.
mean girth of chest at all ages and at age of com-
pleted growth, Vol. I, p. 37.
mean girth of chest compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean girth of chest in relation to complexion. Vol. I,

pp. 37, 38.
mean girth of chest in relation to increasing height,

Vol. I, pp. 33, 35.
mean height at each year of age from 17 to 45, and at

every five years. Vol. I, p. 19.
mean height at period of completed growth, Vol. I,

p. 21.
mean height compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean height iu relation to complexion. Vol. I, p. 38.
mean mobility of chest iu relation to height and girth

of chest, compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 45.

GENERAL INDEX.

525

AMERICANS.
Americans— Continued.

physical dimensions of, according to various observ-
ers, Vol. I, pp. 5G-5i).
proportion of light to dark complexions, Vol. I, pp.

24,37,38,00,01.
proportion of soldiers at each quinquennial mean age,

from 10 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
relation of height, girth, and expansion of chest to

mean Tveigbt, Vol. I, p. 39.
their height, girth, and e-xpansion of chest, Vol. II,

pp. 2-81.
accepted ; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,

complexion, and age. Vol. II, pp. 200-215.
accepted ; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,

complexion, age, and weight, Vol. II, pp. 300-315.

Anaesthetics, their employment for the detection of
feigned maladies, Vol. I, pp. xi, Ix, 5.

Anasarca ; cause for rejection, Vol, I, p. xii.
Anaemia ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xi.
Aneurism ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xxiii, xxiv,
xxviii, xlviii, liv, Iviii, 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 402.
Comiilexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, 561, 508, 509, 578, .579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.

Localitv (recruits and suhstitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 050, 651, COO, 601, 070, 671, 680, 081, 090, 691,
700, 70\, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 761.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,

500, 505, 510, 515, 520.

Angelo (Michael), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.

Angina, dii)htheritic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
gangrenous ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.

Angioleucitis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Ankylosis of jaw ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of cheat, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, 501, 568, 569, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 052, 653, 662, 663, 072, 673, 082, 663, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 703.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol.11, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.

Occupation, Vol. 11, pp. 471, 476, 481,486, 491, 496,

501, 506, 511, 516, 521.

Ankylosis of joints ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pi). xiii,
xxviii, lix, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp, 412, 417, 422,427.

ARMIES.
Ankylosis of joints — Continued,
in relation to : —
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, .533, .540,
541, 548, 549, 556, 557, 504, 505, 572, .573, 582, 583,
586, 594, 595, 002, 003, 610, 611, 018, 019, 626, 027,
634. 635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, jip. 644,
645, 654, 655, 064, 665, 074, 075, 084, 085, (i94, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 7.54,
755, 764, 705.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, jip. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.

Antelme ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.

Anthropometry, an outline history of. Vol. I, p. Ixii.

bibliography of, Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Anus, artiticial or abnormal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
pp. xvi, xxiii, liii, lix.
fissures of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, liii.
fistula of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxiv.
its rel.atiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, 546, 547, 554, 555, .562, 563, 570, 571, ,580, 581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and sub8titute8),Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 052, 053, 062, 003, 072, 073, 682, 083, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 702, 763.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 470, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 510, 521.
prolapse of; cause for rejection, Vol, I, p. xvi.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 463.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, 546, 547, 554, 555, 562, 563, 570, 571, 580, 581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 010, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 063, 672, 073, 682, 083, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.

Marri.age, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.

Occup.atiou, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491,496,
501, 506, 511, 516, .'•j21.
Aphonia; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv,xxiv, xlv,liii.
Apoplexy; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.

Appropriation for preparing this report ; when made.
Vol. I, p. iii.

Aptitude militaire. (See Military aptitude.)

Arfe y Villafaue (Juan), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.

Arm, loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pti. xxii, xxviii.

Armenini (J. B.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.

Armies of the United .States ; age required for service iu
the. Vol. I, p. xlix.

of the United States; disqualifications for service iu
the, Vol. I, pp. li, Ivii.

526

GENERAL INDEX.

ARMIES.

Armies — Conlinued.

of the United States; stature requirctl for service in
tlio, Vol. I, p. slix.
Army Contractor of the Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journal,

Vol. I, pp. Ixix, Ixxi, Ixxx.
Array-itch, its real ebaraeter, Vol. I, p. 396.

Arnold ( ), Vol. I, p. 39.

Arnould (I.), Vol. I, p. 166.

Arphe. (See Arfe).

Arteries, diseases of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. liii.

Ascites; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. sxiv, liii.

Asthma ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxxi%', liii.

Atresia of the pupil of the eye ; cause for rejection. Vol.

I, pp. xiv, xliv.
Atrophy ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv, xv, xvii.
df bladder ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
of eyelids; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.
of eyes ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xiv,
of limb : cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxix, xlix,
liv, Ivii, 10.
its relation to : — •
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532,533, 540,
541, 5"48, 549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
644, 645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 6S5, 694,
695, 704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745,
754, 755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493,498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
of lungs ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
of testicle ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xlii,
liv.
Auditory canal; contractions of ; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, pp. xiii, xli.
ekzema of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xli.
polypus of; cause for rejection. Vol. 1,\}. xiii.
vegetations of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Audran (Gerard), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxiv.
Audrans (The two), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Aumale (Due d'), A^ol. I, p. 166.

Austria ; physical dimensions of natives of, according to
various observers. Vol. I, pp. 58, 59.
proportion of soldiers to the jiopulation. Vol. I, p. 64.
rate of military aptitude in. Vol. I, p. 63.
recruitment and composition of the armies of. Vol. I.
p. xxxvi.
Austrian Army; chest-measurement required for service
in. Vol. 1, pp. xxxvii.
disqualifications for service in. Vol. I, pp. xxxvii, xli.
physical qualifications required of recruit in, Vol. I,

pp. xxxvi-xlix.
stature required for service in, Vol. I, p. xxxvii.
Average and mean ; distinction, Vol. I, p. Ixxviii.

B.

Babcock (Dr. E. E.), Kcport of. Vol. I, p. 449.

Bachelin (A.), Vol. I, p. xxv.

Baker (Dr. W. S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 326.

BLADDER.

Baldness ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, yi. xiii.

extensive; causefor rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xxviii,

xliii, xlviii.
sligbt ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xli.
Balfour (M.njor-General), Vol. I, ]}. x.

(Dr. T. G.), Vol. I, pp. 35, 48.
Barca (P.-A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Bardou (M. F. Daudr<5), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Barrows (Dr. E. S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 460.

Barth ( ■—), Vol. I, p. 42.

Bartholow (R.), Vol. I, pp. 1, 43.

ujanual for Examining-Surgeons, Vol. I, pp. 468, 469.
Bartoli (Cosimo), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Bates, (Dr. S. P.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 262.
Bavaria, physical dimensions of natives of, according to
various observers, Vol. I, pp. 58, 59.
proportion of soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. 64.
Baxter (.Surgeon J. H.). Circular letter to surgeons of
boards of enrollment, Vol. I, pp. 161, 455, 476.
medical statistics collected by, Vol. I, p. iii.
(Dr. M. L.), services of, Vol. I, p. vii.
Beardslee (Dr. H. C), Report of. Vol. I, p. 418.
Beardsley (Mr. J. J.), services of. Vol. I, p. vii.
Beddoe (Dr. John), Vol. I, pp. Ixx-lxxii, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv,

17, 18, 55.
Belgian Army, disqnalitications for service in. Vol. I,
pp. xxiii-xxv.
limitation of age for service in diflferent corps of. Vol.

I, p. xxii.
limitatkm of stature for service in different corps
of. Vol. 1, 1). xxii.

Belgium ; physical dimensions of natives of, according to

various observers, Vol. I, pp. 58, 59.
proportion of soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. 64.
rate of military aptitude. Vol. I, p. 63.
recruitment and composition of the armies of, Vol. I,

p. xxii.
Belladonna employed in simulating functional disorders

of eye, Vol. I, pp. 341,471.
BergmiiUer (J. G.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Bernard (C), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxii, Ixxxiv, 18.
BertUlon (A.), Vol. I, pp. Ixix, Ixxxiv, 64.
Bertrand (Hector), Vol. I, p. 64.
Best (Dr. J. M.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 362.
Bibliography of history of Anthropometry, Vol. I, ji.

Ixxxiv.
Billings (Dr. A. J.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 179.
Binomial theorem, Vol. I, pp. Ixxvii, Ixxviii.
Bischoff, (T. L. W.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Bladder, acute disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, jip.

xxvi, 9.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 464.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539,546,547,554,555, 562, 563, .''i/O, 571, 580, 581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and snbstitntes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645,654,655,664,665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704,705,714,715,724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.

GENERAL INDEX.

527

BLADDER.

Bladder— Continued.
its relation to : —
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 47-2,477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517,, '■)y2.
atrophy of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
calculus in ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, liv.
cbrouic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
Ivii, 9.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girtb of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531,538,
539, 546, 547, 554, 655, 562, 563, 570, 571. 580,
581,586, 592, .593,600,601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624,
625, 632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.
644, 645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694,
695,704,705, 714,715,724,725,734,735, 744,745,
754,755,764,765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439,444,449.
Occup.ation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 407,
502, .507, 512, 517, 522.
cysts of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, liv.
eversiou of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. liv.
extrophy of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
iistuloHS opening into; cause for rejection, Vol. I,

p. xvi.
hernia of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
hypertrophy of; cause for rejection, Vol.1, p. xvi.
paralysis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
stricture of neck of; canse for rejection, Vol. I, ]}.
xxviii.

Blake, (Dr. Z. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 278.

BlenuorrhcBa, lachrymal ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
xliv.

Blepharospasmus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

Board of Enrollment, commissioner of, not needed. Vol.
I, pp. 251,255.

Boards of Enrollment, duties of. Vol. I, p. i.
how constituted. Vol. I, p. i.

surgeons of; onerous duties of, how performed. Vol.

I, p. ii.

Bodio ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixxsii.

Body, feeble or badly-developed; cause for rejection,

Vol. I, pp. xxvi, xxis, xxxvi.

Bohemians, feigned hernia produced by, Vol. I, p. 471.

Boils ; caufsefor rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.

Bond (Dr. E. P.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 425.

Bones, ankylosis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,
lii.

caries of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxviii,
xlvi, liv.

chronic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
Ivi, lix, 10.

its relation to: —

Age, Vol. II, p. 464.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 532, .533, .540.
.541,548,549,556,5.57,564,565,572,573, 582, 583,
586, .594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.

BEAIN.

Bones— Continued.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
644,645,654,6.55,664,66,5,674,675,684, 68,5, 694,
695,704,705,714,715,724,725,734,735, 744, 745,
754,755,764,765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434,439,444,449.
Occupation, Vol. II, jip. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, .507, 512, 517, 522.
chronic tumors of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
exostosis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii,

XXXV, liv.
fistula of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
long, crookedness of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.

xiii, xxiii, xlvii, liv.
necrosis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxiii,

xxviii, xlvi, liv.
periostitis of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxviii.
rachitic affections of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

xxviii.
tumors of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii, xlvi.
weak ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxxvi.

Bonnet ( ), Vol. I, p. 39.

Bonomi (Joseph). Vol. I, jip. lxiv,lxviii, Ixxxiv.

Bosio (Ant.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.

Bony substance, loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

xiii.
Bouchardou (E.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Boudin (J. C. M.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxiii, Ixxxiv, 62, 63, 166.
Bounties, Vol. 1, p. 4.

table of amounts paid by the different States, etc.,
Vol. I, p. 163.

Bounty-jumper, sufJbcated while attempting to desert,
Vol. I, p. 164.

term defined. Vol. I, p. 15.
Bourgery (J.-M.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxii, Ixxxiv.
Bowditch (Dr. H. J.), Rejjort of. Vol. I, p. 202.
Bovr-legs ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlvii.

not thought disqualifying, Vol. I, p. 168.
Boyd (Robert), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxiv, 18.

Brain, acute disease of; cause fiar rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xxvii, 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
ComiJlexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, 534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577,

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,

628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,

639, (348, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,

698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,

749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441,446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499, 504,. 509, 514, 519.
chronic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp..

xxviii, 6.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 461.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.

528

GENERAL INDEX.

BRAIN.

Brain, clironic disease of^Continued.
its relation to: —

Locality (drafted mou), Vol. II, pp. 526, .'>27, 534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 538, 559, 566, 567, 57G, 577,

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, G20, 621,

628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.

638, 639, 648, 649, 653, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688,

6S9, 698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739,

748, 749, 758, 759,
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occunatiou, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499", 504, 509, 514, 519.

Breast, pigeon ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Breath, fetid ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiv,

sxsiv.
Brent (W. B.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxviii, Ixxxiv, 42, 43.
Brian (Mr. H. T.), aclinowledgmeuts to, Vol. I, p. vii.
Brigham (W. T.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.
Bright's disease ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
British Ameiica, natives of; increase of weight with

increase of girth of chest, Vol. I, p. 41.
mean age in relation to height, girth and expansion

of chest. Vol. I, p. 46.
mean age of, in the Array, Vol. I, p. 51.
mean girth of chest at all ages, and at age of com-
pleted growth. Vol. I, p. 37.
mean girth of chest compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean girth of chest in relation to complexion. Vol. I,

pp. 37, 38.
mean girth of chest in relation to increasing height.

Vol. I, pp. 33,35.
mean height at period of completed growth, Vol. I,

p. 21.
mean height compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean height in relation to complexion. Vol. I, p. 38.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height, and girth

of chest, compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 45.
physical dimensions of, according to various observ-
ers, Vol. I, pp. 56-59.
proportion of light to dark complexions. Vol. I, pp. 37,

38, 60, 61.
proportion of soldiers at each qniuquenuial mean age,

from 16 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
relation of height, girth and expansion of chest, to

mean weight. Vol. I, p. 40.
their height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II,

pp. 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 17,5,178,179,182,183,

186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195.
their height, girth and expansion of chest, in relation

to complexion, and age. Vol. II, pp. 228-243.
their height, giith and expansion of chest, in relation

to complexion, age, and weight, Vol. II, pp. 336-

351.
British Army ; chest-measurement required in different

corps of, Vol. I, p. xviii.
disqualifications for service in, Vol. I, p. xix.
instructions to examining surgeons. Vol. I, ii. xix.
limitations of age in. Vol. I, p. xviii.
limitations of stature in. Vol. I, p. xviii.
recruitment of, Vol. I, p. xviii.

stature required in different corps of. Vol. I, p. xviii.
Broca (Dr. Paul), Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixxiv, Ixxxiv, 166, 168.
Bronchitis; cause for rejection, Vol.1, pp. xvi, xxvii,

xxix, xxxii, xxxiv, xlv, liii,8.

CALIFORNIA.

Bronchitis — Contiuued.
its relation to : —
Age,Vol. II,p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.54.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 6.51, 660. 661, 670, 671,680,681,690,691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 7.30,731,740,741,750,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475,480,485,490,495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
Brown (P. A.). Vol. I, p. 61.
Buckner (Dr. E. P.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 372.
Buffon (Comte de). Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxiv.
Bunions ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xviii, xxvii, xliii.
Burbauk (Dr. Alexander), Report of. Vol. I, p. 172.

Burmeister ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixiii.

Burns ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. lix.
Busk (George), Vol. I, p. Ixxxiv.

C.

Cachexia; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xxiv,xxv,
xxix.
scoi'butic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxv, xxix.
scrofulous ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxv, xxix.
syphilitic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxv.
malarial ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
Calculus, of bladder; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi,
xxv, xxix, XXXV, xlvi, lix, 9.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. IE, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, 546, 547, 554, 555, 562, 563, 570, 571, 580, 585,
586, £92, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
644, 645, 654, 655, 664, 685, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694,
695, 704,705,714, 715,724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745,
754, 755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
N.ativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.
renal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
California, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 10,

11, 20, 21, 30, 31, 40, 41, 50,51, 60, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81.

mean girth of chest in its relation to height, compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional

district, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and r.atio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district, on
account of snecified diseases. Vol. II, pji. 759, 761,
763, 765, 767^

GENERAL INDEX.

529

CALIFORNIA.

California, men exauiiued in — Continued.

height, "irth and expansion of chest of colored men,
Vol. II.pp. 92,y:i, 10-2, lO:!, 112, IK!. l-J-~', I'A i:«,
133, 142, 143, 15-2, 153, 1G2, l(i3.
California, surgeon's report from : —
northern district, Vol. I, p. 478.
middle district. Vol. I, p. 491.
southern district, Vol. I, p. 498.
Calvities ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
Camper (P.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxv.
Cancer; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pj). xii, xxiv, xxix,
li, Iviii, 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 4'24.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Localitv'{drafted nieu). Vol. II, pp. f>26, 537, ,''i34,
535, 542, 543, 5r;0, .'•;51, 558, 559, 5«), .51)7, 576, .577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 059, 068, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Nativity, Vol. IT, pp. 431,436,441,440.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499,504,509,514,519.
Cancroid ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xii.
Canon, the, of Poljkleitus, Vol. I, p. Ixiv. ,

Canons of measure, Egyptiau, Vol. I, p. Ixiii.
Carbuncle ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Cardan (J.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxv.

Caries ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxviii, xxxvi.
of (lie nasal hones; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.

xxiv, Iviii.
of the spine ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lix.
of the steiuura ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. lix.
Carpenter (Dr. James S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 312.
Carracci (The two), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Carswell (Dr. Robert B.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 182.
Cartilages, loose : cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Cams (C. G.), A^ol. I, pp. Ixvii, Ixxxv.
Catalepsy ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, i>p. xiii, xxix,
xxxvi.

Cataract ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv, xlv, 6.
of right eye ; its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 526,527, 534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577.

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,

628, 629.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,

639, 648, 649, 658. 659, 668, 609, 678, 679, 688, 689,

698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,

749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431,436,441.446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499, 504, .WJ, 514, 519.
Catarrh, chronic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.

constitutional, pulmonary; cause for rejection, Vol.

I, p. xxviii.

G7

CHEST.

Cellular tissue ; diseases of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,
•pp. 81,91.
in relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart xviii;Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xviii; Vol. II, p. 4-57.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. I, chart xviii; Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,

428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart 1.
Localitv (ilrafted men). Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,

541, 548, 549, 556, 557. 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,

587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,

634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 646,

()47, 656, 6,57, 6(i6, 667, ()76, 677, 686, 687, 690, (;97,

706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 7.56,

757, 766, 7()7.

Marriage, Vol. I, chart xviii ; Vol. II, p. 457.

Nativity, Vol. I, chart xviii; Vol. II, pp. 435, 440,
445, 450.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, .523.
Chamberlaine (.J.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Champoilion le Jeune (J. F.), Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixxxv.

Champouillon ( ), Vol. I, pp. 18, 20, 21.

Chandler (Dr. J. S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 195.
Charts ; brief notice of. Vol. I, p. vii.
division into classes. Vol. I, p. 72.
explanation of. Vol. I, p. 71.
pl»n of. Vol. I, p. 71.
Chaussier (Fr.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Cheeks and lips, adhesion of, to gums ; cause for rejec-
tion. Vol. I, p. xxix.

loss of substance of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, jip.
xi, Iviii.
Cbemosis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.
Chenu (Dr. J.-C), Vol. I, pp. viii, 166.
Chesney (Lieutenant-Colonel), Vol. I, p. 64.
Chest ; (See also " girth of chest," " expansion of chest,"
and " mobility of chest.")
capacity of, Hammond (W. A.), on. Vol. I, pp. 439,

440.
capacity of, Hutchinson (J.), on. Vol. I, pp. 439,440.
capacity of, Tripler (Surgeon), on, Vol. I, pp. 439,440.
deficient size of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv,
XX, xxxii, xxxvi, Ivii, 11.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 4()5.
Complexion, Vol. II. p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Heiglit, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 532, 533,540,
541, 548, 549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
646, ()47, 656, 6.57, 606, 667, 676, 677, 686. 687, 696,
697, 706, 707, 716, 717, 720, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747,
756, 757, 706, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493,
498, .503, 508, 513, 518, .523.
deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xix,
liii,lix, 11.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.

530

GENERAL INDEX,

CHEST.

Chest, deformity of— Coutinned.
its relation to : —

Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541, !54S, 549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 018, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.

Locality (recruits aud suhstitiites),Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696. 697,
706,707, 710,717,726,727, 736,737,746,747,756,
757, 766, 767.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, ])p. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503,508,513,518,523.

disease df ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, px). xs, liii.
expansion of, Vol. I, pp. 30, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45.
expansion of ; its relation to height, and girtli of chest,
by States and congressional districts in : —
AmericaB-horn colored men, Vol. II, pp. 83-163.
American-horn white men. Vol. II, pp. 1-81.
expansion of ; its relation to height, and girth of chest,
in natives of different countries. Vol. II, pp. 166-
197.
expansion of; its relation to height, girth of chest,
complexion, and age in : —
American-born colored men, accepted, Vol. IT, pp.

218-225.
American-born -white men, accepted, Vol. H, pp.
200-215.

British-Americans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 228-243.
Englishmen, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 246-261.
Germans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 282-297.
Irishmen, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 204-279.
expansion of; its relation to height, girth of chest,

complexion, age, and weight : —
American-born colored men, accepted, Vol. II, pp.

318-333.
American-born white men, accepted. Vol. II, pp.

300-315.
British-Americans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 336-351.
Englishmen, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
Germans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Irishmen, accepted. Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
girth of. Vol. I, pp. 30-38, 40-43, 46-48.
its relation to : —

Age,Vol. I, pp. 35,36,46.

Complexion, Vol. I, p. 37.

Disease, Vol. II, pp. 409-428.

Height in five nativities. Vol. I, p. 272.

Nativity and age. Vol. I, p. 92, chart Jx.

Weight, Vol. I, pp. 39, 40, 41.
girth of; its relation to height, and expansion of chest,

by States and congressional districts in: —
American-born colored men, Vol. H, pp. 83-163.
American-born white men, Vol. II, pp. 1-81.
girth of; its relation to height, and ex)>ansiou of chest,

in natives of different countries, Vol. II, pp. 166-

197.

girth of; its relation to height, expansion of chest,

complexion, and age in : —
American-born colored men, accepted. Vol. II, pp.

218-225.
American-born white men, accepted. Vol. II, i>p.

200-215.

British-Americans, accepted. Vol. II, pp. 228-243.

CHUBBUCK.

Chest, girth of— -Continued,
its relation to : —

Englishmen, accepted. Vol. II, pp. 246-261.
Germans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 282-297.
Irishmen, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 264-279.
girth of; its relation to height, expansion of chest,
complexion, age, and weight in : —
American-born colored men, accepted. Vol. II, pp.

318-333.
American-born white men, accepted, Vol. II, pp.

300-315.
British-Americans, accepted. Vol. II, pj). 336-351.
Englishmen, accepted. Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
Germans, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Irishmen, accepted, Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
girth of, required for service in the armies of differ-

eut countries, Vol. I, p. Ix.
maltormation of, Vol. I, p. 48.

mean girth of, at age of completed growth and at all
ages, Vol. I, p. 37.

mean girth of; its relation to height in various na-
tivities. Vol. I, pp. 31, 32, 46, 47, 56, 57.

mean girth of; its relation to increasing height, Vol.
I, pp. 33, 34, 35, 36.

mean girth of; its relation to mean mobility of chest,
Vol. I, p. 45.

measurement required for service in Austrian army,
Vol I, p. xxxvii.

measurement required in different corps of the Brit-
ish army. Vol. I, p. xviii.

mobility of. Vol. I, pp. 38-47.

mobility of, extreme, co-existing with hernia, Vol. I,

p. 44.
mobility of; extreme cases. Vol. I, p. 44.
mobility of; its relation to age. Vol. I, p. 45.
mobility of; its relation to height, girth of chest, aud

locality. Vol. I, pp. 45-47, 438.
vital capacity of. (See " mobility of")
Chests, maximum, medium, and minimum; their relation

toheight, Vol. I,p. 43.
Chief Medical OfBcer, Provost-Marshal General's Bu-
reau ; duties of. Vol. I, p. i.
Chilblains ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii, xxxii.
China, natives of; physical dimensions of, according to

various observers, Vol. I, pp. 58,59.
Cholera ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.

intermittents less jirevaleut after appearance of. Vol.
I, p. 347.
Chorea; cause for rejection, Vol. I,i)p. xiii,xxix, xlviii,
liii, 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. 11, pp. 526, .527, 534,
.535, 542, 543,550, 551,558, 559, 566, 567,576,577,
584, 588, 589, 590, 597, 604, 605,612,613,620,621,
628,629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, (348, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, (378. 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729,738,739,748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
Chubbuck (Dr. H. S.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 279.

GENERAL INDEX.

531

CICATRICES.

Cicatrices ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xiii, xx,
xxiv, xxvi.xxviii, XXX, xxxi, xxxv, xliii, xlv,
xlvii, liii.lvi, lix.

Cicero, Vol. I, p. Ixiv.
Citnabue (Giov.anni), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Circulatory system ; diseases of, Vol. I, pp. 79,90.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart x ; Vol. II, p. 4(i2.
Complexiou, Vol. I, chart x : Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. I, chart x ; Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xlvi.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,

5:i7, 544, 545, 552, 553, 500, 561, 568, 569, 578, 579,

585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,

630,631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 640,

641, 650, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, 680, 681, 690, 691,

7U0, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,

751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart x;Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart x; Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442,

447.
Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxxi; Vol. II, pp. 470,475,

480, 485, 490, 495, 500, 505, 510, 515, 520.

Cirsocele ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxv, xxxv,

Uv.
Cirsophthalmia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xliv.
Civil vrai ; history of, by the C'omte de Paris, Vol. I, p.

518.
Classification of disqualifying diseases. Vol. I, pp. 6-11.
Clapp (Hon. A. M.), acknowledgments to. Vol. I, p. vii.
Claudication ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xviii.
Clavicle, fracture of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlii.
Cleft palate ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, i>p. Iviii, 8.
Club-foot ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, Iv, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533,540,
541, 548, ,549, 556, 5.57, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587,594,595,602,603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.646,
647,656,657,666,667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,
706,707,716,717,726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 44S, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, , 488, 493, 498,
503,508,513,518,523.
Cochin (C. N.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Code of instructions to military surgeons in : —
Austria, Vol. I, pp. xxxvii, xxxviii.
France, Vol. I, p. x.
Great Britain, Vol. I, p. xix.
North German Enipire, Vol. I, p. xxxi.
The United States, Vol. I, p. 1.

The United States during the war of the rebellion,
Vol. I, p. Ivi.
Collum (Dr. W. F.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 424.
Colored men. See "Americans, colored," and "Negro."

term defined. Vol. I, p. 4.
Commencement of this report, date of. Vol. I, p. iii.

CONGRESS.

Commissioner in board of enrollment not needed, Vol.
I, pp. 251, 255.

Commutation for drafted men, Vol. I, p. 380.
Cgmparative view of instructions to recruiting-surgeons

by difi'erent governments. Vol. I, p. viii.
Complexion, Vol. I, pp. 60, 72.
its relation to : —
Disease, Vol. II, pp. 453-457.
Nativity, Vol. I, p. 60.
Stature, Vol. I, p. 24.

its relation to height, girth and expansion of chest,
and age in : —

American-born colored men accepted. Vol. II, pp.
218-225.

American-born white men accepted, Vol. II, pp.
200-215.

British-Americans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 228-243.
Englishmen accepted, Vol. II, pp. 246-261.
Germans accepted, Vol. II, pp. 283-297.
Irishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 264-279.
its relation to height, girth and expansion of chest,
age, and weight in : —

American-born colored men accepted. Vol. XI, pp.

318-333.

American-born white men accepted. Vol. II, pp.
300-315.

British-Americans accepted, Vol. II, pp. 336-351.
Englishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
(^ermans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Irishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
of parts other than the face. Vol. I, p. 61.
proportion of dark and light. Vol. I, p. 24.
ratios of dark and light. Vol. I; p. 60.
Compton (Dr. .1. W.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 365.
Comte de Paris, his history of the civil war, Vol. I, p. 518.
Conditions (age, complexion, height, marriage, and
nativity) in relation to certain diseases, Vol. I,
p. 83, chart xxiv.

not necessarily associated with disease; explanation

of term, Vol. I, pp. 11, 82.
not necessarily associated with disease (" under-size,"
etc.), in relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xx ; Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xx; Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.

Height, Vol. I, chart xx ; Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423,

428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart Hi.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .532, 533, 540,

541, 548, 549, 556, .557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,

587,594,595,602,603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,

634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,

647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687„ 696 697,

706,707,716,717,726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,

757, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xx ; Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xx ; Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 44.5,

450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473,478,483,488,493,498,

503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
Congelation ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Congress, act of, creating the Provost-Marshal-General's

Bureau, Vol. I, p. i.
act of; for enrolling and calling out the national

forces, Vdl. 1, p. i.
resolution of; authorizing the preparation of this

report. Vol. I, p. iii.

532

GENERAL INDEX.

CONGRESSIONAL.

Congressional, or enrollment districts, Vol. I, i)}). 13,

507.
iu 1863. 1HG4, Vol. I, plate i.
Conscription ; mode of cnnducting: —
In Belgium, Vol. I, p. xxii.
In France, Vol. I, p. s.

In the United States (luring tlie Tvar of the rebel-
lion. Vol. I, p. Ivi. (See, also, "drafts.")

Constitution, impaired; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xix, XX, 11.
weakness of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xxv,
xxvii, xxxii, xxxvi, li, Ivii.
Consumption. (See Phthisis Pulmonalis.)
Consumptive patients ; climate of Iowa for. Vol. I, p.
453.
climate of Michigau for, Vol. I, p. 464.

Contractions, cutaneous; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p.lix, 10.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 4-J3, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533,540,
541,548,549,556,557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587,594,595,602,603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634,635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 656, 657, 666, 067, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,
706,707,716,717,726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
7.57, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occnpation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478,483,488,493,498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
muscular; causa for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xvii,
xxviii, lix.
their relation to : — •
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541, 548, 549, hoG, 5,57, 5(i4, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 010, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696,697,
706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737,746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 4*3, 488, 493, 498,
503, .508, 513, 518, 523.

Contusions ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvi, Ivii.

Convulsions, periodic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xxix, xlviii, Ivii.

Connecticut, men examined in ;

height, girth, and exji.uiKion of chest. Vol II, pp. 2,

3, 12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, 52, 53, 62, 63, 72, 73.
mean girth of chest, in relation to heiglit, compared

with that of men from otlier States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girtli of chest, in each congressional

district, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, i)p. 25-27.
mean height, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. 1, pp. 24, 29.

CUTANEOUS.

Connecticut— Continued.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with that of men from
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes, rejected in each congressional district
on account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 649,
651, 653, 655, 657.

number of drafted men exempted iu each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 527, 529, 531, .533.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified
di.seases. Vol. II, pp. 584-587.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men,
Voh II, pp. 84, 85, 94, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 124,
125, 134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 15.5.

Connecticut ; suigeou's report from :—
iirst district, Vol. I, p. 227.
second district, Vol. I, p. 229.
third district. Vol. I, p. 234.
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 238.

Coolidge (R. H.), Vol. I, pp. i, 1, Ixxiv, 27, 47, 48.
Cornea, conicity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. li.

opacity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. li.

tumors of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.

ulcers of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.
Corneille (J. B.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Corns ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xviii.
Corporal punishment, traces of; cause for rejection,

Vol. I, pp. xix, XX.

Corsica, rate of military aiJtitnde in, Vol. I, p. 63.
Corson (Dr. William), Report of. Vol. I, p. 304.
Cousin (Jean), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxv.
Crane (Dr. H. 0.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 470.
Cranial bones, partial loss of sub,stance of; cause for
rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxxiii, xlviii.

Cranium, disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xxxiii, xliv, lii, liii.

partial deformity of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xxvi, xxxiii, xliv.
Crime. (See Felons.)

Crimea, sickness of troox's in, Vol. I, p. viii.
Crosby (Dr. Dixi), Report of. Vol. I, p. 185.
Cross (Dr. E. C), Report of. Vol. I, p. 474.
Cross (Dr. J. A.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 290.
Crystalline lens, loss of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. 6.

luxation of; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, p. xiv.
Cummin (William), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Curtis (Dr. J. S.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 227.
Curvature of leg ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
Curvature of spine ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, jip. xxx,

10.
Curve of stature of American colored men. Vol. I, p. 21.

of American white men. Vol. I, p. 20.

Cutaneous system, diseases of; a cau.se for rejection,
Vol. I, pp. xix, xxv, x.xvii, xxix, 10.
diseases of. Vol. I, pp. 82, 91.
their relation to : —

Age, Vol. I, chart xix; Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xix; Vol. 11, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. I, chart xix; Vol. II, pp. 413, 418,

423, 428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart li.

GENERAL INDEX.

533

CUTANEOUS.

Cutaneous system, diseases of — Contimieil.

tlu'ir iclalKHi to ; —

Localitv ((liaftcd men), Vol. 11, pp. 533, .'SS^, 540,
541, 548, 549, 55fi, 557, .5(i4, 5(i5, .572, .57:?, .'iffi, 58:i,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, Cll, (il8, 619, 620, 627,
634, 635.
Locnlitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.646,
647, 056, 6.57, 666, 667, 676, 677, (i80, 687, 696, 697,
706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.
Marringe, Vol. I, cliart six; Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xix; Vol. II, pp. 43.5, 440, 445,

450.
Occnpatioii, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478,483,488,49.3,498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
Cyanosis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Cyrtometre, the, Vol. I, p. 48.
Cystitis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, liv.
Cysts ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xiv, xvii.

D.

Panson (J. T.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxv, 17, 18.

Dartrous affections of scrotum ; cause for rejection.

Vol. I, p. xvii.
Dartrous eruption of lips ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, p.

XV.

David (Emtfric), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
David (F.-A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Davis (Dr. Barnard), Vol. I, p. Isxii.
Davis (Dr. G. W.), Report of, Vol. 1, p. 276.
Deaf-dumbness ; cause forrivjection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxx,
xlix,7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexiou, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 42.5.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577,
584. 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, 680, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 48.5, 490, 495,
.500, 50.5, .510, 5 15, .520.
Deafness; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxi, xxiii,
xxviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, li, Ivii, Iviii, 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 430, 425.
• Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp.* 526, 527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, .559, 56(5, 567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620. 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 651, 660, 661. 670, 671, 680, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721. 730, 731, 740, 741, 7.50,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Voh II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.

. Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 460, 485, 490,495,

,500,50.5,510,515,520.

De Benneville ( Dr. J. S.), Report of. Vol. I, ].. 296.

DENMAEK.

Debility, general ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii,

xlviii.
permanent physical ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

Iviii, 11.
permanent physical ; its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 46.5.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pi). 532,533,540,

541, 548, 549, 556, 557, .564, 565. 572, 57.3, .582, 583,

587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, (ill,-618, 619, 626, 627,

634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,

647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,

706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,

7.57, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 43.5, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483,488, 498,493,

503, 508, 513, 518, 523.

Deformity ; causeforrejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xvii, xlviii,
liii.
of chest ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xix, liii,
lix, 11.

of cranium ; cause for rejectiou,Vol. I, pp. xxvi, sxxiii,

xliv.
of face; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii, xliv,

xlviii, lii.

of ijugers ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxi,

xxvi, xxxii, Iv, 12.
of lower extremities; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.

xxvi, xliii, xlvi, xlix, 12.
of spine ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xx, xxvi, xlvi,

liii.
of tongue; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiii,

xiv.

of nppcr extremitieH; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xxvi, xliii, xlvi.
Delavrare, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest of. Vol. II, pp.

6, 7, 16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 46, 47, 56, 57, 66,67, 76, 77.
mean girth of chest in relation to height, compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest in, compared with

that of men from other States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and

girth of chest, compared with that of men from

other States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recrui's and sub-
stitutes rejected on account of speciKed diseases.

Vol. II, pp. 698, 700, 702, 704, 706.
number of drafted men exempted on .account of speci-
fied diseases, Vol. II, pp. .550, 552, 554, 556.
ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted on

account of siiecified diseases, Vol. II, pp. 604,

606, 608, 610.
height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men.

Vol. II, pp. 88,89,98,99,108, 109, 118, 119, 128,

129, 138, 139, 148, 149, 158,159.

Delirium tremens ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii,
11.

Dementia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, li.

Denmark, natives of; mean girth of chest compared with
that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height compared with that of other nativities,
Vol. I, p. 23.

534

GENERAL INDEX.

DENMARK.

Denmark, natives of — Continued.

mean mobility of chest, iu relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with that of other na-
tivities, Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of ; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,
Vol. II, pp. 1G8, 1G9, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181,
184, 185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.
rate of military aptitude in. Vol. I, p. 63.
Desertion ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. li.
Diabetes ; cause for rtyection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxviii, liv.
Diarrhoea, chronic; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvi,
liii, 8, 12. •
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.'j5.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pj). 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702,703,712,713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, ]>. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 461,486,491,496,
501,506,511,516,521.

Digestive system, diseases of the, Vol. I, pp. 79, 90.
in relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart xiii; Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xiii ; Vol. IX, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.

Height, Vol. I, chart xiii; Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,
426.

Locality, Vol. I, chart xlv.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 530,
531, 536, 537, 538, .539, 544, 545, 546, .547, .552, 553,
554, 555, ,560, 561, 562, 563, 568, 569, 570, 571, ,578,
579,580,581,585,586, 590, 591, 592, .593, 598, .599,
600,601,606,607,608, 609, 614, 615, 616, 617, 622,
623, 624, 625, 630, 631, 632, 033.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702,703,712,713,722, 723, 732, 7.33, 742, 743, 752,
7.53, 762, 763.

Marriage, Vol. I, chart xiii ; Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xiii ; Vol. II, pp. 433, 438,

443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxxii ; Vol. II, pp. 471,

476, 481, 486, 491, 496, 501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
diseases of, the most prevalent class of diseases, Vol.1,

pp. 80, 92.

Digitalis employed iu simulating heart disease. Vol. I,
p. 172.

Dimensions, mean, of man, according to various observ-
ers, Vol. I, pp. 56-59.

Diodorus Siculus, Vol. I, pp. lxiv,lxxxv.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxv.
Diplopia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxiv.
Dipsomania ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. li. (See also
" druukeuness.")

Disease, Vol. I, pp. 82, 83.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xxii ; Vol. II, pp. 461-465.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xxii ; Vol. II, pp. 453-457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409-428.
Height, Vol. I, chart xxii ; Vol. II, pp. 409-428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart Ivi.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, ])p. 586-635.

DRAFTED MEN.

Disease — Continued.

Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.

638-767.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xxii ; Vol. II, pp. 453-457.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xxii ; Vol. II, pp. 431-450.
Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxxiv; Vol. II, pp. 469-523.
(exclusive of "Conditions not necessarily associated
with disease"), its relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart xxiii.
Coinplexion, Vol. I, chart xxiii.
Height, Vol. I, chart xxiii.
Locality, Vol. I, chart Ivii.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xxiii.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xxiii.
organic, of internal organs; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. 5.

of stomach; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv. •
of the eyes ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Diseases, all disqualifying (drafted men), Vol. I, plate ii.
cutaneous ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xix, xxv.
mental ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
nomenclature of. Vol. I, pp. 4-12.

of the urinary passages; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xxv.

unclassified ; explanation of term. Vol. I, p. 5.
Dislocations ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxxii, xlvi,

liii, liv, Ivi, lix, 10.
Disqualifications for service in : —

Austrian army. Vol. I, p. xxxvii.

Belgian army. Vol. I, pp. xxiii, xxiv.

British army. Vol. I, p. xix.

French army. Vol. I, p. xi.

Prussian army, Vol. I, p. xxxi.

Regular armies of the United States, Vol. I, p. li.

Swiss army. Vol. I, pp. xxv-xxx.
District of Columbia, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest of, Vol. II, pp. 6,
7, 16, 17, 26, 27. 36, 37, 46, 47, 56, .57, 66, 67, 76, 77.

mean girth of chest, in relation to height, compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest iu, compared with
that of men from other States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men fi'om other
States, Vol. L pp. 24,29.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with that of men from
other States, Vol. 1, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected on account of specified diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 699,701,70.3,705,707.

number of drafted men exempted on account of speci-
fied diseases. Vol. II, pp. 550, 5.52, 554, 556.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted on ac-
count of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 604, (506,
608, 610.

height, girth and expansion of chest, of colored men.
Vol. II, pp. 88, 89, 98, 99, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128,
129, 138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159.

Districts, congressional or enrollment, Vol. I, plate i,pp.
13, 507.

Dorsey (Dr. R. E.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 3.54.

Doryphoros, the, of Polykleitus, Vol. I, p. Ixiv.

Douglas (Dr. George), Report of. Vol. I, p. 266.

Draft-riot in New York City, Vol. I, p. 244.

iu New York State, Vol. I, p. 260.

in twelfth district of Pennsylvania, Vol. I, p. 325.
Drafted men, commutation for. Vol. I, p. 380.

GENERAL INDEX.

535

DRAFTED MEN.

Drafted men — Continiied.
term defined, Vol. I, p. 3.
total mimlier of, esauiined, Vol. I, p. li.
total number of, exempted. Vol. I, p. ii.
Drafts ; acts of Congress authorizing. Vol. I, p. i.
number of, and date of each, Vol. I, p. ii.
(See also "conscription.")
Dropsy, general ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 4(il.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668. 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718. 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504, 509, .514, .51 9.
of sheaths of tendons ; caute for rejection, Vol. I, p.

xiil.
of the great cavities ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xii, xlvi.
renal ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. liv.
Drunkenness, habitual ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xxxvi, li, Ivii.
Ductless glands, diseases of; their relation to:
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
• Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 6.50, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, ( 80, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437,442,447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
Ducts, lachrymal, closure of, or distention of sac of;
cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lii.
deviation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
disease of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
fistula of; cause for lejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxxiii,

xliv, lii.
tumor of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p xv.
Du Grez (Bernard du Puy), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Dumbness ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xvii, xxiii,
xxiv, XXX, xxxiv, xlv, lii, Iviii.

Dunant ( ), Vol. I, p, 17, 18.

Duncan (Dr. Samuel), Report of. Vol. "I, p. 219.

Durer (Albert), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxv.

Dvrarfs, Vol. I, p. Ixxix.

Dynamometer, Reguiers, Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.

Dysentery; cause for rejection; Vol. I, pp. xxvii, liii, 12.

Dyspepsia ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. liii.

Dysphagia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiv, xxix,

liii.
Dyspnoea ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
Dystichiasis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.

E.

Ear, diseases of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxi, xxvii,
xxviii, xliv, li, 78.

ENGLAND.

Ear, diseases of— Coutiuned.

diseases of; their relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart, ix ; Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart ix ; Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410. 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. I, chart ix ; Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420,

425.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xliii.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. r26, 527,534,
535, ,542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605> 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, 680, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751,760,761.
Marriage Vol. I, chart ix ; Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart ix ; Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442,

447.
Occupation, Vol. II, j.p. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
external, atrophy or hypertrophy of; cause for rejec-
tion. Vol. I, p. xiii.
external, loss of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiii,

xxiii, xliv, li.
internal, purulent discharge from; cause for rejec-
tion. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxxiv.
malformation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xliv,
li.
Ebert (Dr. Edwin), Report of. Vol. I, p. 391.
Ecstacy ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Ecthyma ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Ectropion ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv.
Ekzema ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xiii, xxxiii,

Iv.
Effusion, pleuritic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.xvi.
Egyptian artists ; their rules of proportion for the

human figure, Vol. I, p. Ixiii.
Elephantiasis of scrotum ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

p. xvii.
Elliott (E. B.), Vol. I, pp. viii,lxxvi, Ixxxv, 48.
Elsholz (J. S.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Elster (J. C), Vol. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxv.
Ely (Medicin-Major), Vol. I, pp. 5, 15, 64.
Emaciation ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xlix.
Emphysema, pulmonary : cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xvi, xxix, xxxvi, xlvi, liii.
simulated, Vol. I, p. 477.
Eruptive fevers ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Empyema, thoracic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxxvi.
Encanthis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, li.
Encephalon ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Endocarditis; cau.se for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
England, natives of; increase of weight with increase of
^irth of chest. Vol. I, p. 41.
meau age in relation to height, girth and expansion

of chest, Vol. I, p. 46.
mean age of, in the Army, Vol. I, p. 51.
mean girth of chest at all ages and at age of com-
pleted growth, Vol. I, p. 37.
mean girth of chest, compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
meau girth of chest, in relation to complexion. Vol. I,

pp. 37, 38.
mean girth of chest, in relation to increasing height,

Vol. I, pp. 34, 36.
mean height compared with that of other nativities.
Vol. I, p. 23.

536

GENERAL INDEX.

ENGLAND.

England, raen examined in — Continued.

mean hti^ljt in relation to complexion, Vol. I, p. 38.
mean mobility of cbest, in relation to Leigbt and
girth of cliest, compared with that of other ua-
tivitie.s, Vol. I, p. 45.
physical dimensions of, according to various observers,

Vol. I, pp. .'■)G-5y.
proportion of light to dark complexions, Vol. I, pp.

37, 38, 60, 61.
proportion of soldiers at each quinquennial mean age,

from 16 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
proportion of soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. 64.
relation of height, girth and expansion of chest to

mean weight, Vol. I, p. 40.
their height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II,
pp. 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183,
186, 167, 190, 191, 194, 195.
English-speaking countries ; ratio of rejection among

natives of. Vol. I, p. H4.
Englishmen, .accepted ; their height girth and expansion
of che.st, complexion, and age. Vol. II, pp. 246 261.
their height, girth and expansicm of chest, complex-
ion, age, and weight. Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
Enrolled men ; teim do lined. Vol. I, p. 3.
Eurollmeut, board of; commissioner of, not needed, Vol.
I, pp. 251, 255.
boards of: liow constituted, Vol. I, p. i.
confined to certain States, Vol. I, p. 13.
districts. Vol. I, plate i, pp. 13, 507.
how and by whom made. Vol. I, j). i.
recommended to be made in time of peace, Vol. I, pp.
354, .359.
Entropion ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxxiii,

xliv.
Epilepsy ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxiv, xxix,
xxxvi, xlviii, liii, Ivii, 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. 11, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. I, plate viii ; Vol. II, pp.
526, 527, 534, 535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566,
567, .576, 577, 584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612,
613, 620, 621, 628, 629.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 6(i9, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.

Occupation, Vol. 11, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504, .509, 514, 519.

Epiphora ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. Hi.
Epispadia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. iv, xvi, xxiii,
XXX, xlii, xlvi, liv, lix, 9, 12. .
its relation to : —
Age,Vol.II, p. 404.
Complexion, Vol. 11, p. 456.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafte<l men). Vol. II, ])p. ,530, .531, .538, 539,
546, .547, 554, 555, 562, ,56H, .570, ,571, 580, 581, 586,
592, .593, <i(IO, 601, (iOri, (!09, till), 617, 624, 625, 632,
633.

Locality (recruits and suli.stitutcs), Vol. II, pp.644,
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, ()74, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.

EYE.

Epispadia — Continued.
its relation to : —
Marriage, Vol. II, iip. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp.472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.
Epulis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Erysipelas ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, 6.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol.11, pp.638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
69 jt, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504, 509, 514, 519.

Eustachian tube, contraction of; cause for rejection.
Vol. I, p. xiii.
obliteration of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Examination of the recruit ; how made in :—
Austria, Vol. I, pp. xxxvii.
France, Vol. I, p. xi.
Great Britain, Vol. I, jjp. xix.
North-German Empire, Vol. I, p. xxxi.
The United States, Vol. I, pp. iii-v, Ivi, Ivii.
Examinations, physical ; Vol. I, p. Ixxv.

manner of conducting. Vol. I, pp. Ivi, Ivii.

how many possible 2>^>' di^M, Vol. I, p. 169. (See, also.

Surgeons' Reports, iMssim.)
under the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau; how
made, Vol. 1, pp. iii-v, Ivi, Ivii.
Examining surgeons ; character and abilities of. Vol. I,
p. ii.
reports received from, Vol. I, pp. 171-501.
reports required of. Vol. I, pp. v, 161, 162.
Exanthemata ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xtiii.
Exempted men; term defined. Vol. I, p. 4.
Exophthalmia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv,

li.
Exostosis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xvi, xxviii.
Expansion of chest. (See "chest" aud "mobility of

chest.")
Expansion of chest ; term defined, Vol. I, p. 30.
Explanation of the tables. Vol. II, pp. v-xxv ii.
Extremities, deformity of lower ; cause for njection,
Vol. 1, pp. xxvi, xliii, xlvi, xlix, 12.
deformity of upper; cause for rejection. Vol. I pp.

xxvi, xliii, xlvi.
hypertrophy of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlix.
wasting of; cause for rejection, Vol I, p. xvii.
Extrophy of bladder ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
Eye, cataract of right ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted raen). Vol. II, op. .526, .527, .534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577;
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.

GENERAL INDEX.

537

EYE.

Eye, cataract of right — Continued,
its relation to —

Locality (recruits ami snbstitntes), Vol. II, jip. 638,
fi39, (;48, 649, f).')8, (iSO, G6H, Otiy, 078, 079, 088, 089,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 7.'59.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. 11, pp. 431, 430, 441, 446.
Oecnpation.Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499,504,509,514,519.
(See, also, " cataract.")
diseases of the ; Vol. I, p. 77.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart viii.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart viii.
Height, Vol. I, chart viii.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xlii.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. I, plate x.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart viii.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart viii.
loss of crystalline lens of right ; cause for rejection,
Vol. I, pp. li, lviii,6.
its relation to :
Age, Vol. II, p. 401.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, .577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431,430, 441, 4<6.
Occupation, Vol. II. pp. 469, 474,479,484,489,494,
499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
loss of one ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xlviii.
loss of one; not thought disqualifying. Vol. I, p. 168.
loss of sight of left ; cause for rejection. Vol. I. p. 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.
633, 039, 648, 649, ()58, 659, 668, 609, 678, 079, (588,
689, 698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739,
748, 749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 409,474,479,484, 489,494,
499,504,509,514,519.
loss of sight of one ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xxviii, li.
loss of sight of right ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
li, lviii,7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. .526, 527, .534,
535, 542, .543, 550, .551, .558, .5.59, .566, 567, .576, 577,
584,588,589,590,597,604,605,612,013, 620, 021,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
638, 639, 648, 640, 658, 659, 668, 669, 078, 679, 688,
689,698,099,708,700,718,719,728,729, 738, 739,
748, 749, 7.58, 7.59.

68

EYE.

Eye, loss of sight of^Continued.
its relation to : —

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, A'ol. II, pp. 431,436,441,446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 460, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
409, 504, .509, 514, 519.

Eye and eyelids, diseases and injuries of; their rel.ation

to:—
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409,414,419,424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 400, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, .534,

535,542,543,-550,551, 558, .5.59, 5(56, 507, .576, ,577,

584,585,588,589,596, .597, 604, 005, 612, ()13, 620,

621,028,029.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, i)p. 038,

039, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,

698,699,708,709,718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,

749,758,759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479,484,489,494,

499,504,509,514,519.

Eye-ball, protruding; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlviii.
Eyelids, absence, adhesions, or .atrophy of; canse for
rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv, xlviii.
diseases of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxi v, xxviii,
xliv, Iviii, 7.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409,414,419,424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409,414,419,424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, .527, ,534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, ,5.59, .506, 567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 012, 613, 020, 021,
628, 029.
Loc.ili

749, 758, 7.59.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 430, 441, 440.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 409, 474, 479,484,489,494,
499,504,500, .514, 519.
Eyes, atrophy of one or both ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xlv.
diseases of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xsvii,
xxviii, xxxiii, xli, xlii, xliv, li, lii, Ivii, 7.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 400, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, .527, 534,
535, .542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 5.59, 506, 507, .576, .577,
584, 588, 589, .596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, (!21,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
630, 648, (i49, 658, 650, 608, 009, 078, 679, 088. 089,
698,699,708,709,718.719,728,729, 738, 739,748,
749,758,7.50.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431,430,441,446.
Occupation, Vol II, pp. 460, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499,504,509,514,510.
lesions of globe of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

538

GENERAL INDEX.

EYES.

Eyes, loss of both; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xi, xxiii,
xlviii.
partial loss of sight of both; cause for rejectiou, Vol.
I, pp. Iviii, 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, 527, 534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 576, 577,

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,

628, 629.
Locality (recruitsand substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,

639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,

698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,

749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499. .504, 509, 514, 519.

Face, deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii,

xliv, xlviii, lii.
disfiguring marks on ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xijxxvi, xxviii, xli.
nsBvi of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xlviii,

Ivi.
tumors of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
ugliness or repulsiveness of; cause for rejection. Vol.

1, p. xiv.
Faeces, incontinence of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.

xvi, xxiv.

Farr (Dr. William), Vol. I, pp. viii, 4.

Fail (J.-A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Feet, broad ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xlvii, Iv.

fetid perspiration of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xviii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlvii, Iv.
flat ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xx, xxiii,

xxviii, xxxi, xxxv, xxxviii, xliii, xlvii, 168.
flat; common in men of German origin, Vol. I, p.

327.
flat; do not disqualify for cavalry service, Vol. I, p.

345.
flat ; Norwegians rejected for, Vol. I, p. 463.
skin of, destroyed by strong hot lye to avoid the draft.

Vol. I, p. 477.
ulcers of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlvii.
Felons ; not to be recruited, Vol. I, p. li.
Fetid breath ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiv.
perspiration ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii,

XXX.

Fever; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii, 6.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 461.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.

Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 6(i8, 6()9, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, (i99, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 7.58, 759.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441. 446.

FISTULA.
Fever — Continued,
its relation to : —

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
acute ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
eruptive ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
intermittent ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
typhoid ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
typhus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Fingers, deformity of; canse for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xvii, xxi, xxvi, xxxiii, Iv, 12.
lesions of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, Iv, Ivi.
loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxi, xxiii, xxvi,

xxviii, xxxii, xxxv, xliii, xlvii, Iv, 12.
loss of index ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii,

xxiii, xxviii, xxxvii, xlvii, xlix, Iv.

loss of one phalanx of each of last three ; cause for

rejectiou. Vol. I, p. xvii.
loss of phalanx of index; cause for rejection, Vol.1,

p. xvii.
loss of two ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xlix,

lix, 12.
loss of two phalanges of two ; cause for rejection. Vol.

1, pp. xvii, Iv, lix.
mutilations of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxxvii.
paralysis of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
permanent contractions of; cause for rejection. Vol.

I, pp. xvii, lix, 12.

permanent extensions of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,

pp. xvii, lix, 12.
permanent immobility of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

pp. xxiii, Iv.
stitFness of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii,

xxxii, xxxv.
supernumerary ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvi,

xxviii, xxxv, Iv.
web ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxxv, lix, 12.
Firenzuola (Agnolo), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
FiEler (Dr. I.), Rei^ort of. Vol. I, p. 398.
Fisher (Dr. T. B.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 406.
Fissures of anus ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Fistula, anal ; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, pp. iv, xxiv,
XXIX, xxxiii, xxxv, xlvi, liii, lix, 9.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
.539, 546, 547, 554, 555, 562, 563, 570, .571, 580, 581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 042,
M:i, (552, 053, 662, 063, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501,. ^.06, 511,. 516, 521.
bucco-nasal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii, lii.
of antrum ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xiv,

xxiv.
of bones ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
of joints ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxviii.
of lachrymal ducts ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
XV, xxxiii, xliv, lii.

GENERAL INDEX.

539

FISTULA.

Fistula — Con ti D ued.

of larynx ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xlv, liii,
lix.7.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 462.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 4'0, 415, 420, 425.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 4~'0, 425.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, .529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552. 553, 5(50, 501 , 508, 509, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591,598,599,000,607,614,015,622,623,
630, 031.

Locality (recruitsand substitutes). Vol. II, pp.640,
641, 650, 651, (U;0, 601, 670, 071, 080, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 7i 0, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751,760,761.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occnpatiou, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 5^0.

of perineum* cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xx.
of scrotum ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
of thorax and abdomen ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xvi, xxviii, xxxiv.

of trachea; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxix,
liii,lix,8.

its relation to :—
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, .529,536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 5.53, 560, 561 , 5(i8, 509, 578, 579,
5H5, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630,031.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500, .505, 510, 515, 520.

renal ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
salivary ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiv,
xxix, xxxiv, sliv, lii, Iviii, 8.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, pp. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421, 420.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529,586,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, 561, .'-:(18, 569, 578, 579,

585, 590, 591,598,599,006,607,014,015,622,623,
630, 631.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. 11, pp. 471,476,481,486,491,496,
501,. 500, 511, 516, ,521.
urinary ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxv,
xxvii,xxx, XXXV, xlvi, liv, llx,9.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. ,530,531,538,
539, 546, 547, 5,54, 555, 502, 503, ,570, 571, .580, 581

586, 592, 593, 600, 001, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632,033. . . . . ,

FRACTURES.

Fistula, urinary — Contiuued.
its relation to: —

Locality (recruitsandsubstitutes), Vol. II pp 644
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695!
704, 70.5, 714,715,724,725,734,735,744,745,754,
755,764,765. '

Marri.nge, Vol. II, p. 456.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472,477,482,487,492,497,
502,507,512,517,522. ''•'••

Plaxman (John), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.

Flesh, fungoid condition of; cause for rejection. Vol I, p.
xviii.

Fletcher (Dr. Robert), services of. Vol. I, p. vii.
Fock (H. C. A. L.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Fogg (Dr. David S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 215.
Foot, club; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxviii,
xlix, Iv, lix, 12.

defects or deformities of; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
pp. xxxi, xxxvi, xlvii, xlix, Ivii, lix, 11, 12.
their relation to : — ,

Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.

634, 635.

Locality (recruits aud substitutes). Vol. II, pp 646
647,656,0.57,666,667,670,677,686,687, 696, 097
700,707,716,717,726,727,736,737,746, 747 756
757,706,707. . . . . ,

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435,440,445,450.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503,508,513,518,523. . . . ,

horse ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxviii, xlix.
loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lix.

perforating disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.
xviii.

relative length of, in white and negro races. Vol. I,
p. Ixiv.

Forbes (Dr. James D.), Vol. I, pp. Ixx, Ixxi, Ixxxv.

Fore-arm, relative length of, iu white and negro races,
Vol. I, p. Ixiii.

Forehead, excessive protuberance of; cause for rejection,
Vol. I, p. xiv.

Forme elegante. Vol. I, p. Ixxxii.
Foster (Dr. James D.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 382.
Fractures; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiii, xvi, xxxi,
xliii, xlvi, liii, Ivi, lix, 11.
less frequent iu the negro. Vol. I, p. 379.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541,. 548, 549, ,556, 557, ,564, 565, 572, 573, 5e2, 583,
587,594,595,602,003, 010, Oil, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634,635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
047,6.56,057,606,667, 670, 677, 686, 687, 690, 697,
706,707,716,717,720, 727, 73(5, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757,766,707.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.

Nativity, Vol. 11, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.

540

GENERAL INDEX.

FRACTURES.

Fractures — Continued,
their rel.ation to :—

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478,483,488,493,498,

.503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
ill-united; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxix,

lii, liv, Iv.
France, conscription in, Vol. I, p. x.

natives of; mean girth of chest, compared with that

of other nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of ; mean height, compared with that of other

nativities, Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest, in relation to

height and girth of chest, compared with that of

other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of ; phj^sical dimensions, according to various

observers, Vol. I, pj). 58, ,59.
natives of; their height, girth, and expansion of chest.

Vol. II, pp. 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182,

183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195.
natives of; proportion of soldiers to the x'opulation.

Vol. I, p. 64.
natives of; rate of military aptitude in. Vol. I, p. 63.
natives of; recruitment and composition of the armies

of. Vol. I, p. ix.

Freer, (Dr. J. W.), lieport of, Vol. I, p. 431.
Freucli aimy; compositiou of. Vol. I, p. x.

instructions to examining-surgeous of. Vol. I, p. x.

table of disqualifications for serf ice in. Vol. I, p. xi.

foot-soldier ; stature of, Vol. I, p. ix.
Frost (Dr. C. P.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 193.
Fry (Major-General .lames B.), his final report to the Sec-
retary of War, Vol. I, p. iii.

O.

Galen, Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxv.

Ganglia, enlarged; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii,

XXXV.

Gangrene of limb ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxviii.
Gano (Dr. .S. F.), Report of. Vol, I, p. 381.
Gardner (Dr. J.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 371.
Gastritis, chronic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.
Gastro-enterltis, chrouic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

liii.
Gaurici (Pomponii), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Gautier d' Agoty (J.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
General diseases ; their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xxxv.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .526, 527, .534,
535, 542, 543, 5.50, ,551, .558, .559,566,567,576, 577,
584, 585, ,588, 589, 596, ,597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620,
621,628,629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 058, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728,729,738,7.39,748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II. pii. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
• 499, 501. .509, 514, 519.
Generative system; diseases of; Vol. I, p. 81.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xvi ; Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. I. chart xvi ; Vol. [I, p. 456.

GIRTH OF CHEST.

Generative system, diseases of — Continued,
their relation to: —
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. I, chart xvi ; Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422,

427.

Locality, Vol. I, chart xlix.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II. pp. 530, 531, 538, 539,
546, 547, 554, 555, 562, 563, 570, .571, 580, 581, 586,
587, 592, 593, 000, 601, 608, 600, 016,617,024, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 094, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xvi ; Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xvi ; Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444,

449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487,492, 497,
502, .507, 512, 517, 522.
Genital organs, defects of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
xxvi.
loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvi.
Gerdy (P.-N.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxv.
Germans, accepted ; their height, girth and expansion of
chest, complexion, and age, Vol. II, pp. 282-297.
their height, girth and expansion of chest, com-
plexion, age, and weight. Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Germany, natives of; iucrease of weight with increase
of girth of chest, Vol. I, p. 41.
meau age in relation to height, girth and expansion

of chest. Vol. I, p. 47.
meau age of, in the army. Vol. I. p. 51.
meau girth of chest at all ages and at age of com-
pleted growth. Vol. I, p. 37.
mean girth of chest compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean girth of chest in relation to complexion, Vol. I,

pp. 37, 38.
mean girth of chest in relation to increasing height.

Vol. I, pp. 34, 30.
mean height compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean height in rel.ation to complexion. Vol. I, p. 38.
meau mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of other nativities.
Vol. I, p. 45.
physical dinien-sions of, according to various observ-
ers. Vol. 1, pp. 50-59.
proportion of light to dark complexions. Vol. I, pp.

37, 38, 60. 61.
proportion of soldiers at each quinquennial mean

age, from 10 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.
relation of height, girth, and expansion of chest to

mean weight. Vol. I, p. 41.
their height, girth, and expansion of chest. Vol. II,
pp. 108, 109, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185,
18:^, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.
Ghiberti (L.), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Giants, Vol. I, p. Ixxi'X.
Gibson (John), Vol. I, p. Ixviii, Ixxxv.
GiUebert d'Hercourt, Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.
Gintrac (Henri), Vol. I, p. 42.
Giotto, Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Giraud-Teulon (F.), Vol. I, p. 168.

Girth of chest. Vol. I, pp. xviii, Ixix, Ixx, Ixxi, Ixxvi,
Ixxx, Ixxxi, 30. (See also "chest.")
at expiration ; its relation to : —

Locality, Vol. I, chart Ix.
how obtained. Vol. I, p. xxi.

GENERAL INDEX.

541

GIRTH OF CHEST.

Girth of chest — Coutiuued.

IK) limit of, for tlrafted men, Vol. I, p. Ix.
required for service in the armies of different coun-
tries, Vol. I, p. Ix.
requisite; left to discretion of examining surgeon,
Vol. I, p. Ix.
Glaud, lacbrymal, tnmefaction of; cause for rejection,
Vol. I, ]). xiv.
maniuiary, iuflamuiation of; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, p. xvi.
Glands, engorgement of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
lili.
enlargement of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv,

xviii, xxi, xxvii, xxviii, xlv, liii.
lymph.atic, ulceration or abscess of; cause for rejec-
tion, Vol. I, p, liii.
Glaucoma; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, 11.
Godvon (M. A.), Vol. I, p. :M.

Goitre; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiii, xxviii,
xlviii, liii, 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. -162.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 41.5, 42(1, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 4'20, 425.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 651, (i60, 661, 670, 671, 6t^0, 681, 690, 691,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 400, 495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
Gonorrhcea ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii, li, 9.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pri. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, (551, 6.15, 664, G(i5, 674, 075, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 7(>5.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.

Gould (B. A.), Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixs, Ixxi, Ixxv, Ixxvii,
Ixxxv, 18, 22, 28, 30, 31, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54.

Gout ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxviii, xxxvi.

Graevius (J. G.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Granville (A. B.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Gravel ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxv.

Great Britain ; recruitment and composition of the
armies of. Vol. I, p. xviii.

Greek artists ; their rules of proportion for the human
figure. Vol. I, p. Ixiv.

Grovyth, continued. Vol. 1, pp. 21, 22.

law of. Vol. I, pp. Ixxxii, Ixxxiii, 19.

period of full. Vol. I, p. 18.
Guibert (Adolphe), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Gums ; adhesion of, to lips and cheeks, cause for rejection.
Vol. I, p. xxix.
retracted ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
Guy (William Augustus), Vol. 1, p. Ixix.

HEAD.

II.

Haematemesis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
Haematuria; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxx,

xxxiv, liv.
Haemoptysis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxxiv,

liii.
Hcemorrhages ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii,

xxviii.
Haemorrhoids ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. i v, xvi, xix,
XX, xxiv, xxviii, xxxv, xlii, xlvi, liii, lix, 9, 12.
less frequent in the negro. Vol. I, p. 379.
their relation to : —
Ago, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416,421,426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539,546,547,554.555, 562, 563, .570, 571, 580, 581,
586,592,593,600,601, 608, 609, 616, 617. 624, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672. 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,702,
703, 712, 713,722,723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752, 753,762,
763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 4 >3, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 4S6, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
Hair, characteristics of, ajipertaining to race. Vol. I, p. 61.
color of. Vol. I, p. Isxvi.

loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxviii, xxxiii.
Hairy or horny growrths ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

p. xii.
Hall (Dr. J. F.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 180.
Halloy (Omalius d'). Vol. I, p. 23.
Hammond (W. A.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxv, 43, 439, 440.
Hamusco. (See Valverde).

Hand, defects or deformities of; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, pp. xxiv, xlvii, Iv, 11.
their relation to :—
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. IT, pp. 413, 418, 42,3, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541, 548, 549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, i)p. 646,
647, 656, 657, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,
706, 707,716, 717, 726,727,736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.57.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503,508,513,518,523.
loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lix.
Hare-lip; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxii, xxix, xxxli,
xxxiv, xlii, xlv, Hi.

Hargenvilliers ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Hart (Dr. A. C), Report of. Vol. I, p. 299.

Harting (P.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxv.

Hay (D. R.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvii, Ixxxv.

Head, cicatrices of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xi.

deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, i)p. xlviii, lii.
disproportionately large ; cause for rejection, Vol. I,
pp. xli, xlviii, lii.

542

GENERAL INDEX.

HEAD.

Head — Continued.

injuries of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xsi, lii.
permanent depressions of; cause lor rejection, Vol. I,
p. xli.
Hearing, defective; caiiao for rejection, Vol. I, p. xix.

(See, also, " deafness.")
Heart, acute disease of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xxvii, 7.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 402.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
-Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 5.16,
537, 544, 545, .^2, 553. 560, 561, .568, 569, 578, 579.
585,590,591,598,599, 606, 607, 014, 615, 622, 623,
630,631.
Locality (recruits and substitntes), Vol. II, pp. 640,
641,650,651,600,661, 670, 671, 680, 081. 690, 691,
700,701,710,711,720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751,700,701.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500,505, 510, 515, .520.
aneurism of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.
chronic disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. 7
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 402.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410,415,420,425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537,544,545,552, 5.53, 560,561,508,569,578,579,
585, 590, 591, 59d, 599, 000,607,614,615,022,623,
630, 631.

Locality (recruitsand sub8titutes),Vol.II, pp. 640,
641, 650, 651,600,601, 670, 671, 680, 681,090,691,
700, 701,710, 711,720, 721,730,731,740, 741, 750,
751, 700, 701.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470,475,480,485,490,495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
dilatation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
displacement of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvi.
hypertrophy of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi,

liii.
malposition of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
on right side ; two cases of. Vol. I, p. 184.
organic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xxviii, xxxvi, xlvi, liii, Ivii.

valvular disease of; cause for rejection, Vol.1, pp.
xvi, liii.

Heart and its membranes, diseases of the, Vol. I, p. 79.
their relation to : —
/Lge, Vol. I, chart xi.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xi.
Height, Vol. I, chart xi.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xi.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xi.

Height, Vol. I, pp. Ixix-lxxiv, Ixxix-lxxxi, 14-29, 72.
(See, also, "stature.")
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. I, p. 92, chart lix.
Disease, Vol. II, pp. 409-428.
Nativity, Vol. I, pp. 23, 92, chart lix.

HEENIA.

Height — Continued.

Its relation to girth and expansion of chest, by States
and congressional districts in : —
American-born colored men, Vol. II, pp. 83-163.
American-born white men, Vol. II, pp. 1-81.'
its relation to girth and expansion of chest, com-
plexiou, and age in: —
American-born colored men accepted, Vol. II, pp.

218-225.
American-born white men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

200-215.
British-Americans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 228-243.
Englishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 246-261.
Germans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 282-297.
Irishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 264-279.
its relation to girth and expansion of chest, com-
plexion, age, and weight in : —
American-born colored men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

318-333.
American-born white men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

300-315.
British-Americans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 336-351.
Englishmen accepted, Vol. II, pp. 354-309.
Germans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Irishmen accepted, Vol. II, pp. 372-387. y

its relation to girth and expansion of chest, in natives

of different countries. Vol. II, pp. 166-197.
doficieut ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xlix.
full ; at what age attained. Vol. I, pp. 17,72.
limitations of, varied with urgency of the demand for

men. Vol. I, p. viii.
mean ; comparative table of its relation to increasing

weight. Vol. I, p. 54.
mean ; its relation to mean mobility of chest in men

of various nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
mean ; its relation to mean mobility of chest in natives

of different States, Vol. I, p. 45.
mean; its relation, with that of girth of chest and ex-
pansion of chest, to increasing weight, Vol. I, pp.
39,40, 41.
mean, of foreigners in our Army, superior to their

national mean height. Vol. I, p. 16.
mean, of men of different nativities, Vol. I, pp. 23, 74,

72.
mean, of natives of New England who have emigrated
West, superior to the mean height of their
States, Vol. I, p. 16.
mean, of Scotchmen, erroneously stated, Vol. I, p. Ixix.
me.an ; order of superiority in men of various nativi-
ties, from tables of B. A. Gould, Vol. I, p. 31.
mean ; table of, in different nativities, from various
observers, Vol. I, pp. 50-59.

Helminthiasis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Hemeralopia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv,

xxxiii.
Hemiopia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.
Hemiplegia; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.
Henderson (Thomas), Vol. I, p. 1.

Herbst ( ), Vol. I, p. 39.

Hermaphroditism ; case of. Vol. I, p. 187.

cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii.xxiii, xlviii, liv.
Hernia ; adroit concealment of. Vol. I, p. 373.

cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv, xvi, xix, xx, xxiii,
xxvi, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvii, xlvi, liii, Ivii,
lix, lxi,8, 12,80.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xiv ; Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xiv ; Vol. II, p. 455.

GENERAL INDEX.

543

HERNIA.

Hernia — Continued,
its relation to : —

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Heisht. Vol. I, chart xiv ; Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421,

426.
Locality, Vol. I, p. 88, chart xl.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. I, plate xi; Vol.II.pp-
528, 529, 536, ,537, 544, .'■i45, !S:>-2, 553, 560, .561, 568,
569, 578, 579, 585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 60C, 607, 614,
615, 622, 623, 630, 631.
Locality (recruits and Rnhstitutes), Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673,682,683,692,693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723,732, 733,742,743,752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xiv ; Vol. 11, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xiv ; Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443>

448.
Occupation, Vol. I, p. 333 ; Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481-
486, 491, 496, 501, .506, 511, 516, 521.
feigned ; self-produced by Bohemiant:, Vol. I, p. 471.
its tendency to be hereditary in some cases, Vol. I, p.

422.
less frequent in the negro, exceptiD,T in the ventral

form. Vol. I, p. 379.
more frequent ou right side, Vol. I, pp. 282, 333.
relative prevalence of different kinds of. Vol. I, p. 80.
Hernia, abdominal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. Ixi.
double femoral ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. 9.
its relatiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, ,544, 545, 552, 553, 560,561, 568, 569, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, .598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 831.
Locality (recruitsand snh8titHtes),Vol.II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 073, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702,703,712,713,722,723, 732,733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476,481,486,491,496,
501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
double inguinal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 9
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421,426.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 5.52, 553, 560, 561, 568, 569, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recruitsand substitutes), Vol. II,'pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673,682, 683, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471,476,481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
left femoral ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 9.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

HERNIA.
Hernia, left femoral — Continued.
its relation to : —

Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 54.5, 552, 553, 560, 561, 568, 569, 578, .579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 006, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recruitsand 8ub8titntes),Vol. II, pp. 642,
643,652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 'S52,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
left inguinal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 9.
its relatiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, .529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, 561, 568, 5(;9, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
642, 643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672,673, 682, 683, 692,
693, 702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743,
752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 516, .521.
lumbar ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
of bladder ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
of lungs ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
right femoral ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 9.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, 561, 568, 569, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598,599, 606, 607,614,615,622,623,
630. 631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
642, 643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692,
693, 702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743,
752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, 511, 516, 521.
right inguinal; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Comiilexiou, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421,426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II. pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545,552, 553, .560, 561, 568, 569,570,579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
642, 643, 652, 653, 662,663, 672, 673, 682, (>83, 692,
693,702, 703,712, 713, 722,723,732,733, 742,743,
752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

544

GENERAL INDEX.

HERNIA.

Hernia — Continued.

its relation to :—

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481,486, 491, 496,
•501, 506, 511, 516, 5J1.
umbilical ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 8.
umbilical ; concealed by application of ice and diet of
turnips, Vol.1, p. 239.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421,426.
Locality (drafted uienX Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,

537, 544. 545, 552, 553, 560, 561, 568,569, 578, 579,

585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,

630, 631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.

642, 643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 633, 692,

693,702, 703, 712,713, 722,723, 732,733,742,743,

752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.'>5.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438,443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,

501, .506,511, 516, 521.
umbilical; more common in the negro, Vol. I, pp. 349,

372, 421.
ventral; cause for njectiou Vol. I, J). 8.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, \i\i. 528, 529, 536,

.537, 544, 545, 552, 5.53, 560, 561, 568, 569,578, 579,

.585, 590, 591,598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,

630, 631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.

642, 643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692,

693, 702,703,712,713,722, 723,732,733,742,743,

752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,

.501, 506, 511,. 516, 521.

Herpetic affections of skin ; cause for rejection, Vol. I,

pp. xiv, xxxiii, Iv.
Herschel (Sir J F. W.), Vol. I, pp. Isis, lxsvii,Ixxx,

Ixxxiii, Isxxvi.
Hilton (Dr. Joseph), Report of. Vol. I, p. 241.
Holbein (Hans), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Holland, natives of; mean girth of chest compared with

that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 23. "
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth

of chest, compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. I, p. 45. .

their height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II,
I>Ii. 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180,181, 184, 185, 188,
189, 192, 193, 196, 197.

proportion of soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. 64.
Homme moyen, Vol. I p. Ixxviii.
Hooper (Dr. F. 11. ), Rejiort of. Vol. I, p. 196.
Howe (Dr. George W.), Ri-port of, Vol. I, j). 422.
Hubbard (Dr. H. B.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 197.
Hubbard (Dr. Lorenzo), Report of. Vol. I, p. 478.
Hubbcll (.Dr. C. L.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 260.

HYPOSPADIA.
Human body ; proportions of. Vol. I, pp. Ixii, Ixiv, Ixvi.
Humphrey (Dr. C. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 316.

Hungary, natives of; mean girth of chest compared with

that of other nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth

of che.st compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 45.
their height, girth and expansion of chest, Vol. II, pp.

168, 169, 172, 173,176, 177, UO, 181, 184,185,188,

189, 192, 193, 196, 197.

Hutchinson (John), Vol. I, pp. Ixxviii, Ixxxvi, 30, 38, 39,

41,4.5,53,54,439,440.

Hydrocele ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxv,
xxxiii, xxxiv, xlvi, liv, lix, 10.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 464.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530,531,538,
539, 546, 547, 5.54, 555, ,562, 563, .570,571,560,581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609,616,617,624,625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and 8ub.stitutes), Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684,685,694,695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 7.34,735,744,745,754,
755,764,765. «

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487,492,497,
502,507,512,517,522.

Hydrophthalmia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv,
xliv, li.

Hygroma ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xviii.

Hyperpresbyopia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

Hypertrophy of any part; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
xxix.

of epididymis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlii.
of heart; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
of nose ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
of seminal vesicles; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlii.
of .spleen ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xlii.
of testicles ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xlii, xlvi.
of thyroid gland ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.
Hypochondria ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.

Hypospadia ; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv, xvi, xxiii,
XXX, XXXV, xlii, xlvi, liv, lis, 9, 12.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, 546, 547, 554, .5.55, 5(i2, 5(;3, 570, .571,. 580, 581,
.586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616.617,624,625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, (i54, 655, 6(54, 665, 674, (i75, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734,7.35.744,74.5,754,
755, 764, 765.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.

Nativity, Vol. 11, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472,477,482,487,492.497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.

GENERAL INDEX.

f)45

IDIOCY.

I.

Idiocy; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, pp. .\iii. xxiv, xxix.

xlix.
Ihering (H.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Illinois, men .xaiiiiiuHl in ; . tr , tt „., w Q

li(i.4it,cirtli and expansion of chest, Vol. II, lip. », J,

18, U), as, 29, :W, -k 48, 49, 58, 59, f.fi, (i9, 78, 79.

mean girth of chest in relation to height compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I,p..i.3.

mean height and girth of el est, in each congressional

district, eompartd with that of men Irom other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25- -2

mean height compared with that of men from other

other States, Vol I, pp. 24,29.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with that oi men trom
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thonsand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in eacdi congressional district on
account of specified diseases. Vol. 11, pp. 7J8-747.
number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,
Vol. II, pp. 566, 568. 570, .572.
ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressio' al district on account of specified dis-
diseases. Vol. II, pp. 621 , 62^, 625, 627.
hoicht, girth and expansion of ehest of colored men,
Vol II, pp. 100, 101, 110, 111, 120, 121, 130, 131, 140,
141,150,151,160,161.
Illinois, surgeon's report from :—
first district, Vol I, p. 431.
second dis rict. Vol. I, p. 434.
sixth district, Vol. I, p- 436.
.seventh district. Vol. I, p. 438.
eighth district, Vol. I, p. 449.
thirteenth district, Vol. I, p. 451.
Imbecility; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xxix,
xxxvi,li,lvii,6.
its relation to : — •

Age.Vol. II,p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. 11, pp. 409, 414,419,424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. I, plate ix ; Vol II, pp.
526 527, 534, 535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, .566,
567' .576 577, 584, 588, 589, 596,597,604,605,612,
613', 620, 621, 628, 629.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 638,
639 648,649,658,659, 668, 669, 678, 679, (.88, 689,
698', 699, 70S 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474,479,484,489,494,
499, 504, .509, 514, 519.
Impediment of speech ; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, p.

xix.
Impetigo ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Incontinence of faeces; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xvi, xxiv, XXXV, xlvi.
Incontinence of urine ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xvi, XXV, XXX, XXXV, xlvi, liv, lix, 9, 12.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. 11, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539 546,547,554,555, 562, 563, 570, .571, 580, 581,
586,592,593,600,601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
633,633.
69

INSANITY.

Incontinence of urine — Continued.
its relation to : —

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645,654,655,664,665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704,705,714,715,724, 72,5, 734, 73.5, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434,439,444,449.
Occupation, Vol. II. pp. 472, 477, 482, 487,492, 497,
502, ,507, 512, 517, 522.
Incurvated nail of big-toe ; cause for rejection. Vol. 1,

p. xviii. •

Index of nigrescence. Vol. I, p. 61.
Indiana, men examined iu ;

heiiiht girth and expansion of chest. Vol. 11, pp. ",

9, 18, 19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 48, 49, 58, 59, 68, 69, 78, 79.
mean girth of chest, in relation to height, compaied

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest, in each congressional
district, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with' that of men irom
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district 021
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 728-737.
number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 559, 561, 563, 565.
ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in e.-ich
congressional district on accountof specified dis-
easS, Vol. II, pp. 620,622,624,626.
height, eirth and expansion of chest of colored men,
"Vol II, pp. 90, 91,100, 101, 110,111,120, 121,130,
131,140,141,150,151,160,161.
Indiana, surgeon's report from : —
second district. Vol. I, p. 424.
fourth district, Vol. I, p. 425.
tenth district. Vol. I, p. 429.
eleventh district, Vol. I, p. 430.
Inguinal rings, relaxed ; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp.
xxxvii, xlii, 11.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of che8t,.Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II. pp. 646,
647 656, 6.57, 666, 667, 676, 677,686,687,696,69/,
706, 707, 710, 717, 726, 727, 736,737,746,747,7.56,
757,766,767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp.473, 478, 483, 488,493,498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.

Injuries, local. Vol. I, p. 82.

of eyes or eyelids ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p xxviii.
or absence of the iris; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.

xiv.
traumatic, of lungs ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Insanity, Vol. I, chart vii.

cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, pp. xxix, xxxvi, Ivii, 0
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart vii ; Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart vii ; Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.

546

GENKKAL INDEX.

INSANITY.

Insanity — Coutiuued.
its ixOatiou to: —

Height, Vol. I, (-liart vii ; Vol. II, W- 409, 414, 419,

424.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xxxix.

Locality (dialtid lucu). Vol. II, pp. ^'26, 527, 534,
5:i5, 542, 54;i, 550, 5,51, 558, 5.59, 51)6, 567, 57r., ,577,
584, 5f'8, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.

Lucality (recruits autl substitutes;. Vol. II, pp. 638,
C39, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688,.689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 748, 719, 728,729,738,730,748,
749, 758, 759.

Marriage, Vol. I, chart vii ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart vii ; Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441,

446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479,484,489,494,

499, 504, .509, 514, 519.

Intellect, ilis<inl<'rs of; their relatiou to: —

Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxx.
Intelligence, defective ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, \). xix.
Inteimariiage a cause of imbecility. Vol. I, p. 187. ,

Internal organs, disease of; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I,
pp. xxxvi, Iviii, 11.
orjjauic disease of; its relatiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexiou, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart liv.

Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, i>p. 532, .533, 540,
541,548,549,5.56,557, .564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
.587, ,594, ,595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 026, 627,
634, 635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II. i>p. 046,
647,656,6.57,666,667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,
706,707,716,717,726, 7-J7, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.57.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435,440,445,4,50.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483,488,493,498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.

lovra., men examined in ;

height, girth and ex])ausion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 8, 9,
18, 19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 48, 49, 58, 59, 68, 69, 78, 79.

miau girth of chest in relatiou to height, com|>ared
\vith that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest iu each co.igressional
district, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height, couiiiared \vith that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.

mean mobility of chest, iu relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with that of men from
other St,ttes,V.l. I, p. 45.

number and ratio jier thousand of recruits and substi-
tutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specilicd diseases. Vol. II, pp. 748, 750,
752, 754, 756.

nuMiber of drafted niei; exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,
Vol. 1 1, pp. .567, .50, ,57 1 , 573.

ratio per thousand of drafteil men exempted in each
congressional <list:ict on account of specified dis-
eases, Vol. II, pp. 628, 630, 632, (;34.

height, girth ami expansion of chest, of colored
men, Vol. H. pp. '.10,91,100,101.11(1, 111, PJIl, 121.
130, 131, 140, 141, 150, 151, 160, 161.

JAUNDICE.

lOTwa ; climate of, for consumptive patients, Vol. 1, p. 453.

surgeon's report from : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 452.
second district. Vol. I, p. 400.
sixth district. Vol. I, p. 461.
Ireland, natives of; increase of weight with Increase of
girth of chest. Vol, I, p. 41.

natives of; mean age in relation to height, girth and
expansion of chest. Vol. I, p. 47.

natives of; mean age of, iu the Army, Vol. I, p. 51.

natives of; mean girth of chest, at all ages and at.agc
of completed growth, Vol. I, p. 37.

natives of; mean girth of chest, compared with that
of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.

natives of; mean girth of chest, iu relation to com-
plexion, Vol. I, pp. 37, 38.

natives of; mean girth of chest, iu relaticm to increas-
ing height. Vol. 1, pp. 34, 3B.

natives of ; mean height, comjiared with that of other
nativities. Vol. I, p. 23.

natives of; mean height in relation to complexion,
Vol. I, p. 38.

natives of; mean mobility of chest, in relatiou to
height and girth of chest, compared with that of
other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.

natives of; physical dimensions of, according to
various observers, Vol. I, pp. 56-r9.

natives of: proportions of light to dark complexions.
Vol. I, pp. 37,38,60,61.

natives of; proportion of soldiers at each quinqueu iiial
mean age, from 16 to 45, Vol. I, p. 49.

natives of; relatiou of height, girth and expansion of
chest, to mean weight. Vol. I, p. 40.

natives of; their height, girth and expansion of chest,
Vol. II, pp. 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182,
183, 186, 187, 190, i;)l, 194, 195.
Irishmen, accepted ; thei height, girth and expansion of
chest, comj''.,'.\ion, and age, Vol. II, pp. 264-279.

their height, ^Irrh and expansion of chest, complex-
ion, age, and weight. Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
Iris, dislocation and ctuitinual tremor of; cause for rejec-
tion. Vol. I, p. xiv.

injuries or absence of; cause for rejectiou, Vol. 1, pp.
xiv, li.

Iritis; can,se for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

rheumatic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pj). xiv, li,
syphilitic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiv, li.
traumatic; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, p. xiv.
Italian government ; application to, for official data, un-

succes'jful, Vol. I, p. Ix.
Italians, stature of. Vol. I, p. Ixxxii.

Italy, luitives of; mean girth of chest, compared with
that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of ; mean height, compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest, in relalioii to
height and girth of chest, compared with that of
other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of; physical dimensions, according to various

observers, Vol. 1, pp. 58, 59.
natives of; their height, girth and expansion of chest.
Vol. II, pp. 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184,
185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.

J.

Jacob (N. H.)y Vol. I, pp. Ixxxii, Ixxxiv.

Jc^cquart, (Henri), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Jaundice ; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, pp. xvi, xxxvi.

GENERAL INDEX.

547

JAW,

Ja'vy, ankylosis of; caiisr liii- iiJcrlMii, Vol. I, ini. Iviii.rt.
its relation to : —
Ago, Vol. II, p- 463.
C'om|iluxioii, Vol. II, p. 4^5.
Girth of chest. Vol. 11, pp. 411, 110, 421, 42fi.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 41(1, 421, 420.
Locality (ilrafted men). Vol. IF, pp. 528, 529,5;!6,
r):i7,.'')44,.'')45, 552, 55:i, 5(i0, .5(11, 568, 569, 578,579,
585, 590, 591,598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 62:j,
630,631.
Locality (recruits antl suUstitutcs), Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, ii52, 653, 662, 663, (572, 673, 682, 683, 692, ()93,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732,733,742,743,752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471,476,481,486,491,496,
501,506,511,516,521.
disease or deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xxix, lii, lviii,8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of cliest, Vol. II, pp. 41 1, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 420.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, .561, 5(i8, 569, .578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, (;06, (>07, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recrnitsand sul>stitntes),Vol.lI, pp.642,
043, 052, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712,713,722,723,732,733,742,743,752,
753,762,763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pji. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, l)|i. 471, 476,481, 4S6, 191, 490,
501, 506, 511, 516, .521.
necrosis of; cause for riyectiou, Vol. I, p. xxiii.
Joints, ankylosis of; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I. pp. xiii,
xxyiii, xlvi, liv, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417. 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, ])p. 532, .533, .540,
541, 548, 549, 556, .557, 564, 565, 572, .573, 582, 583,
586, .594, ,595, 602, 603, 610, 611,618,619,626,627,
634, 635.
Locality (recrnitsand substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
615, 654, 655, 064, 665, 674, 675,684,085,694,695,
704, 705, 714, 71.5, 724, 725, 734,73.5,744,74.5,7.54,
7,55,764,765.
Marriage, Vi 1. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupatio', Vol. II, pp.472, 477, 482,487,492,497,
502, .507, 512, 517,. 522.
caries of; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xiii,xxviii.
chronic disease of; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, pp.
xxviii, xlvi, liv, lix, 10.
it!? relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Couiplexiou, Vol. II, |i. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Loc-ility (drafted men), Vcd. H, pp. 532. 533, .540,
54 1, 548, 549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
586, .594, 595,602,603,610,011,618,619,626,627,
634, 635.

KANSAS.

Joints, chronic disease of — Continued,
its relation to : —

Locality (recruitsandsub8titutes),V(d. II, pp. 61 1,
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, ()94, 69.5,
704, 70.5, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
7.55, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. JI, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, i>p. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502,507,512,517,522.
.chronic inflammation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,

pp. xxviii, xlvi.
chrouic tumors of; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, p. xiii.
contractions of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxviii,

XXXV, xlvi.
defective ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xx, xxi, xxvi,

xxxii,xlvi.
dislocation of; cause for rejectiou. Vol. I, pp. xxxii,
xlvi, liv, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
. Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, i)p; 532, .533, .540,
541, 548, 549, 556, .557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
586, 594, 595, 602, 603, 010, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.644,
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714,715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 7.54,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472,477,482,487,492,497,
502, 507, .512, 517, 522.
distention of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
distortion or paralysis of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

p. xxviii.
dropsy of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxviii,

xlvi, liv.
exostosis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
false; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiii,xxvii . liv.
fistula of; cause for rejectiou, Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxviii.
loose cartilages of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,

xviii.
luxations of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
morbid growths of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

xxviii.
necrosis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
relaxation of ligaments of; cause for rejection. Vol.
I, pp. xxviii, xlvi, liv.
Jomard (E. F.), Vol. I. p. Ixxxvi.
Jombert (C. A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Joubert ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.

Jouvenoel ( ), Vol. I, p. 30.

K.

Kansas, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. 11, pp. 10,

11, 20, 21, .30, 31 , 40. 41, 50, 51, 60, 61, 70, 71 , 80, 81.
mean girth of chest, in relation to height, compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest, iu each congressional

district, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean h(ught compariMl with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.

54S

GKNERAL INDEX.

KANSAS.

KausaB, inrn cxaiiiiiii^l in — Coiiliiuicd.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to lieiglit and girth
of chest, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account cf speiilied diseases, Vol. II, pp. 7o9, 761,
76:i,7t)5,767.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men,
Vol. II, pp. 92, 93, 102, 103, 112, 113, 122, 12:^, 132,
l:i3, 142, 143, 152, 153, 1G2, 163.
Kansas, surgeon's rei)ort from : —

northern district, Vol. I, p. 499.
Kennedy (Dr. Thomas), Report of, Vol. I, p. 360.
Kentucky, men examined iu ;

height, girth ami expansion of chest, Vol. ll.pp. 6, 7.
16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 46, 47, 56, 57, 66, 67, 76, 77.

mean girth of chest, in relation to height, compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

uiean height and girth of chest, in each congressional
district, compared with that of men from other
States, V(d. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height comjiared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24,29.

mtfau mobility of chest, in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases, Vol. II, pp. 708,710,
712,714,716.

number of drafted men exempted in each congress-
ional district on account of 8peci6ed diseases. Vol.
II, pp. 551, 5,53, 555, 557.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of si>ecified dis-
eases, Vol. II, ))p. 605, 607, 609, 611.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men.
Vol. II, pp. 88, 89", 98, 99, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128, 129,
138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 1.59.

Kentucky, surgeon's report from : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 362.
second district. Vol. I, p. 365.
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 370.
fifth district. Vol. I, p. 371.
sixth district. Vol. I, p. 372.
seventh district. Vol. I, p. 381.
eighth district, Vol. I, p. 382.
ninth district. Vol. I, p. 384.

Kidneys, acute disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xxvii,9.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 464.

Complexion, Vol. 11, p. 456.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, p|i. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Locality (drafted njen). Vol. II, j.p. 530, 531, 538,
.539, .546, 547,. 5.04, 555, .562, 563, 570, 571, 580, 581,
586,592,593,600, 601, 608, 6C9, 616, 617, 624, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, (;(13, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 69.!,
702,703,712,713,722, 723, '-.',2, 73.1, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.

Marriage, Vol. ll,)i. 456.
Nativity^ Vol. II, jip. 434, 4.;'.l, 444, 449.
Occupaticm, Vol. II, i)p. 472, 477, 482, 487,402,497,
.502, 507, 512, 517, 522.
Bright's disease of; cause for ri jeetion, Vel. I, ]i xxix.

LARYNX.

Kidneys — ('on tinned.

calculus of; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, p. liv.

chronic disease of; cause for rtgection. Vol. I, pp.
liv, 9.

its relation to : —
Age.Vol. II,p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,

539, 546, 547, 554, 5.55, 562, 563, 570, .571, 580, 581,

5H6, 592, 593, (iOO, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, (i25,

632, 633.
Locality (recrnitsand substitutes). Vol. II, pp.642,

643, 652, 6.^:3, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,

702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,

753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupat ion. Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 407,

502,507,512,517,522.
degeneration of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix, liv,
Ivii.
Knapp (Dr. John H.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 274.

Knee, diseases of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp xxix,

XXX i.
Knight (Dr. Z. T.), Report of, Vol. 1, p. 394.

Knock-knees; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xxsi,
xxxii, xliii, Iv.
not thought disqualifying. Vol. I, p. 168.
Knox (Robert), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Kopernicki ( Isidor), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Krause (W.), Vol.1, p. Ixxxvi.
Kriegstiichtigkeit. (See Military Aptitude.)

Labial paralysis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Labor involved in the preparation of the statistical ta-
bles. Vol. I, p. vi.
Lachrymal ducts, deviation of; cause for rejection. Vol.

I, p. XV.

disea.sc of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xliv.
tumor or fistula of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
XV, xliv.
Lachrymal gland, tumefaction of; cause for rejection.

Vol. 1, pp. xiv, xliv.

Lachrymal puncta, obliteration of ; cause for rejection,

Vol. I, p. XV.
Lachrymation, continual ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xiv, xliv.
Lagneau (G.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxvi, 20, 166, 168.
Lairesse (Gerard de). Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Lameness; cause for rejection. Vol. I,i)p. xviii,xlvii,Iv.
Lami (A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Lamprey ( ), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Lane (Dr. L. C), Report of. Vol. I, p. 498.
Larrey (Baron H.), Vd. I, pp. 16, 18, 30, 166, 168.
Laryngitis, chronic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.

mcmbninous ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv. '
Larynx, disea.ses of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
eonstric^tions of; cause for rejection. Vol. l,p. xxix.
listiilaof; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xiv, liii,
lix,7.
its relation to :— '
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.

GENERAL INDEX.

549

LAEYNX.

Larynx, fistula of — Continued.
its relation to : —

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.5'l.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Localitv (diaftiil uic-n), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 5:i(i,
537, 544, 545, .••:52, 553, 560, 5fil, .568, 5(;S), .578, 579.
5H5, .590, 591, 598, .599, COO, 007, fil4, (115, (>22, f>2:i,
630,031.
Loealit.v (recruits and sidistitiitcs), V<j1. II, pp. 041 1,

O4i,050,05i,0(;(),0(;i,o:o,(i7i, oao, ohi, o9o, 091,

700,701,710,711,720,721,730,731, 740, 741, 7.50,

751,760,701.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vd II, pi>. 470, 47.5, 480, 485, 490, 49.5,

.500, 505, 510, n5, 520.

inflammation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,]), xxvii.
Lead palsy ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Legoyt (A.), Vol. I, pp. <i3, 04.
Lelut (Francisqne), Vol. I, p. Ixxiv.
Lemen (Dr. M.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 404.
Lepra ; cause lor rejection. Vol. I, p. Iv.
Lepsius (Richard), Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixxxvi.
Lewes (G. H.), Vol. I, p. 42.
Lewis (Dr. Aaron), Report of. Vol. I, p. 434.
Licbeu; cause for rejection, Vol. l,p. xii.
Lichtensteger (G.), Vrl. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Ligaments, relaxation of; cause for rejection, Vol. T, p.

XXXV.

Liharzik (F.), Vol. I, i)p. x, Ixviii, Ixxxvi, 17, 18.

Limb, ;ttrophy of ; cause fur rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiii,

xxix, XXXV, 10.
it.s relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 405.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,

541, 548, ,549, 556, 557, 564, 505, 572, 573, 582, 583,

587,594,595,002,003, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 027,

634,635.
Locality (recruits and suhstitutes). Vol. II, pp. 044,

645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 085, 694, 695,

704,70.5,714,715,724, 72.5, 734, 735, 744, 74,5, 754,

755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483,488,493,498,

503,508,513,518,523.

loss of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xxiii, xxix,
XXXV, xlviii, liv, 11, 12.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 4 13, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. 11, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .532,533,540,
541, 548, 549, 556, .557, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, .583,
587, 594, ,595, 602, 603, 610, 611,618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Marriage, Vtd. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473,478,483,488,493,498.
.503,508,513,518,523.
loss of motion of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxiii.
paralysis of; cause for reieetioti, Vol. I, pp. xxix, xxx\ ,
iiv.

LOCAL INJURIES.

Iiimbs, contractions of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liv.

deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi. xx,

xxiv, xxix, xxxi, xxxv, xlviii, liv.
wa.stiug of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvii.
Limitation of height and age varied with urgency of tho

demand for men. Vol. I, p. viii.
Lip, cancer of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxxiv.
Lipoma ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Lips and cheeks, adhesion of, to gums ;- cause for rejec-
tion. Vol. I, p. xxix.

dartrous eruption of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
diseases of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix.xlv,

lii.
loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lii.
Liver, acute disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p, 9.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, |>. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539,546,547,554,5.55, 562, 503, 570, 571, 580, 581,
586,592,593,600,601, 008, 609, 010, 617, 024, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702,703,712,713,722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433,438,443,448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481,486.491,496,
501,500,511,516,521.
chronic disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xlvi,
liii, 9.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463,
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Height, Vgl. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530,531,538,
539, 546, 547, 554, 555, 562, 503, 570, 571, 580, 581.
586,592,593,600,001,008,609,616,617, 624, 625,
632,633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, i)p.
642, 643, 652, 053, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692,
693,702,703,712,713,722,723,732,733, 742, 743,
752, 753, 762, 763,
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471,476,481,480,491,490,
501,506,511,516,521.
disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, Ivii.
Local injuries. Vol. I, p. 82.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xxi ; Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexiou, Vol. I, chart xxi ; Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. I, chart xxi ; Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,

428.
Locality, Vol. I, chart liii.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. .532, 533, 540,
541, 548, 549, .556, .557, 504, 565, 572, .573, 582, 583,
587,594,595,602,003, 010, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
047,056,657,666,607, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 097,
706,707,710,717,726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 750,
757, 706, 767.
Marriage, Vol, I, chart xxi; Vol. II, p. 4&7.

550

GENERAL INDEX.

LOCAL INJUKIES.

Local injuries— Continued,
their relations to: —
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xxi; Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445,

4.50.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473,478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.
Locality ; its relation to disease, as shown by the charts.
Vol. I, p. 87.
its relation to disease (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 52G-

635.
its relation to disease (recruits and 8ubstitutes),VoI.

II, pp. G38-767.
its relation to the prevalence of different classes of
diseases, Vol. I, chart Iviii.
Locomotion, impeded ; cause for rejection , Vol. I, p. xxiv.
Lomazzo (G. P.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Loomis (Dr. A. L.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 243.
Lord (Dr. R. McC), Report of. Vol. I, p. 234.
"Lost-rock," or bowlders in Illinois, Vol. I, j). 442.

Luciau f ), Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxvi.

Lumbago, chronic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Lungs, abscess of; cause for rcjectiou, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
acute disease of ; cause for rejection. Vol I, pp. xxvii, 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 4G2.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528,529,5,30,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 5fi0, 561, 568, 569, 578, 579,
5a5, 590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 022, 623,
630,631.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, np. 640,
641,650,651,660,661,670,(171,680,081, 6'JO, 691,
700,701.710,711,720,721,730,731,740, 741, 750,
751,760,761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occup.ition. Vol. II, pp. 470,475,4^0,485,490,495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
chronic disease of ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xxix, 8.
its relation to : — •
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410,415,420,425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 530,
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 500, 561 , .568, 569, 578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, .599, 606, (;07, 014, 015, 022, 623,
630, 631.
Locality (recruits and siilsti(iitcs),Vol. II, pp.640.
041, 650, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, 680, 681, 690, 091,
700, 701,710,711,720,721, 7:!0,731,740,741,7.'-;0,
751,760,761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, jip. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. 11, pp. 170, 475, 4^*0, 485, 490, 49.5,
r>00, 505, 510, 515, .520.
disi'a.se of; cause; for rejection, Vol. I, ]>. xvi.
emphysema of; cause for rejection, V(d. I, p. xlvi.
hxmorrhage of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, ii. xxvii.
hernia of; cause for rejection, V(d. I, p. xv.
traumatic injuries of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, \>.

XV.

Lupus ; cause for reject ion, Vol. I, pp. xii, xv, Iv.
Luxation of crystalline lens : cause for rejection, Vol.
I, p. xiv.

MARYLAND.

Lye ; skin of feet destroyed by, to avoid the draft, Vol.
I, p. 477.

Lymphatics, dilatation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
xii.

M.

Maine, meu examined iu ;

height, girth and expansion cif chest of white men,
Vol. II, pp. 2.3,12,13,22,23, 32, 33, 42, 43,52, 53,
62,63,72,73.

mean girth of chest iu relation to height compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional
district compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25, 27.

mean height compared with that of meu from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24,29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and
girth of chest eomiiaied with that of meu from
other States, Vol. 1, p. 45.

number and ratio jier thousand of recruits and substi-
tutes rejected in ( achcongres'sional disliieton
account of speeilicd diseases, Vol. II, pp. 0:'8, 04^
042,044,046.

number of drafted meu exempted in each congres-
sional di.strict on account of specifieil di.seases.
Vol. II, pp. 526, 528, .530, 532.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in ea( h
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. ,576, 578, 580, 582.

height, girth and exi ansion of elicit of colored men,
" Xo\. II, ],]>. .-4, 85, 94, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 124,125,
134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 1.55.

Maine, surgeon's report from : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 171.
'.second district. Vol. I, p. 172.
third district. Vol. I^ p. 174.
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 177.
(iftli district. Vol. I, p. 179.

Malarial cachexia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
Malformation of ears ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.
xxviii.

of eyes; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxviii.
of pelvis; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
of thorax; cause forrejectiou. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
Malingerers ; not allowed to re-enlist. Vol. I, p. li.
Mallet (Edouard), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Malposition of heart ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

xxviii.
Man, mean dimensions of. Vol. I, p. 56.

typical, Vol. I, pp. Ixxviii, Ixxxiii.
Maps ; I'xiilanation of the, Vol. I, p. 93.
Marasmus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, liii.
Mark, military, on hand. Vol. I, p. ix.
Marks, congenital or accidental ; cau.se for rejection. Vol.

I, pp. XX, xxiii.xxvi.
Marriage ; its relation to r —

Disease, Vol. II, pp. 453-457.
Marshall (Inspector-General Henry), Vdl. 1, pp. 16, 89.
Martin (Dr. Oiamel), Report of. Vol. !,]>. 217.
Maryland, men examined in ;

lieight, girth and expansion of elw^st of. Vol. II, p|).

6, 7, 10, 17, 26, 27, 36, ; 7, 4(i, 47, .'.0, .57, 00, 07, 70, 77.
mean girth of chest in relation to height, comjiared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of cliest in each congressional
district, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25, 27.

GENERAL INDEX.

551

MARYLAND.

Maryland, men examiuixl in — Coiitiuiied.

mean lieiglit compared with that, of men from otber
S-ates, Vol. I, pp. 24,'«J.

mean mobility of chest, in rehition to height and
girth of chest, compared witli that of men from
other States, Vol. I, p. i',.

number and ratio ])er thousand <if ri'crnirs and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district cm
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. fi9S-707.

number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,

Vol. II, pp. :>.'.o, .'•)r>2, .''15.1, .'■>.^)r).

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional <listrict on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. I>U4, (iU(), (i08, GIO.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colonel mm.
Vol. II, PI). 88,89,98,99, 11)8, 109, 118, U9, UH, 129.
138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159.

Maryland, surgeon's report from : —
second district. Vol. I, p. 34(i.
third district, Vol. I, p. 352.
fifth district. Vol. I, p. 354.
Mascagni (Paul), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Massachusetts, men exaudned in ;

height, girth au<l expansion of chest, Vo'. II, pp. 2,!!,
12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 12, 43, .52, 53, 02, (".3, 72,73.

mean girth of chest in relation to height compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, ji. 32.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional
district compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height comjiared with that of men from other
State-s, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 648,650,
652, 654, 656.

number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 527, 529, .531, 533.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases, Vol. II, pp. 577, .579, 581, 583.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men.
Vol. II, pp. 84, 85, 94, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 124, 125,
134,135,144,14.5,154,155.

Massachusetts, surgeon's rejiort from : —

first district, Vol. I, p. 196.

second district, Vol. I, p. 197.

third district, Vol. I, p. 199.

fourth district. Vol. I, p. 202.

fifth district, Vol. I, p. 207.

sixth district. Vol. I, p. 209.

seventh district, Vol. I, p. 215.

eighth district. Vol. I, p. 216.

ninth district, Vol. I, p. 217.

tenth district, Vol. I, p. 219.
Massy (H. H.), Vol. I, pp. 48, 166.

Mastoid cells, suppuration of ; canso for rejection. Vol.
I, p. xiv.

Masturbation. (See " vice, solitary.")
Mcixwell (Dr. John C), Report of. Vol. I, p. 370.
McAthur (Dr. Robert M.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 436.
McCormick (Dr. James R.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 387.
McKnight (Dr. C. (!.), Report of. Vol. 1, p. 224.

MILITARY MARK.

Mean and average. Vol. I, p. Ixxviii.
Mean dimensions of man. Vol. I, i)p. 56-59.
Mears (Dr. J. II.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 303.
Measurements ; how made. Vol. I, pp. 15, 30.

of sjiccial classes, Vol. I, p. 16.

Medical Branch of Provost-Marshal-General's
Bureau ; when establisheil. Vol. I, p. i.
statistics, collected by Surgeon J. H. Baxti'r, Vol. I,
p. iii.

Medico (Gins, del), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Melanosis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.

Men enlisted ■while intoxicated ; falsehood of tlio
charge. Vol. I, pp. 253, 2,58.

Mendenhall (Dr. W. T.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 430.
Mengs (Ant. Rat'.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvi.
Mentagra ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Mental aberration ; can.se for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv;

xxvii, xxix.
Mexico, natives of; large ratio of rejection among, Vol.

I, p. 84.

mean girth of chest compared with that of other
nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height compared with that of other nativities.
Vol. I, p. 23.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of o:hcr nativities,
Vol. I, p. 45.
their height, girth and expansion of che.st. Vol. II, pp.
160, 167, 170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183, 186,
187, 190, 191, 194, 195.
Meyer (Dr., of Munich,), Vol. I, p. Ixxii.
Michigan, climate of, for consumptive patients, Vol. I,

p. 464.
Michigan, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 10,

II, 20,21, 30, 31, 40, 41, 50, 51, 60,61,70,71,80,81.

mean girth of chest, in relation to height compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest, in each congressional

district, compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. 1, pp. 24, 29.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest, compared with th.at of men from
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.

inindjer and ratio per thousand of lecruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congres-^ional district on
account of specified disea.ses, Vol. 1 1, pp. 749, 751,
753, 755, 757.

number of drafted men exempted in each congress-
ional district on account of specified di.seases, Vol.
II, pp. 567, 569, r>71, 573.

ratio of drafted men exempted in each coDgressional

district on account of specified dise.ases. Vol. II,

pp. 628, 630, 6:!2, 034.
height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men,

Vol. II, pp. 92, 93, 102, 103, 112, 113, 122, 123, 132,

133, 142, 143, 152, 1.53, 102, 163.

Michigan, surgeon's report from : —
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 463.
fifth district. Vol. I, p. 465.
Military aptitude. Vol. I, p. 02.

fallacy of statistics of. Vol. I, p. 62.
of ditierent European states. Vol. I, p. 63.
of diflereut nativities, opinion of examining surgeons,
Vol.1, p. 169. (,See, also, surgeou.i' reports, puaaim.)
of the United States, Vol. I, p. 65.
Military mark, on hand. Vol. I, p. ix.

552

GENERAL INDEX.

MILITARY POPULATION.

Military population of United States from 18G0 to 18G5,
Vol I, pp. (S-67.

Military service, persoual aud obligatoi-y : —
in Nortli-German Empire, Vol. I, pp. xxx, 63.
in France, Vol. I, pp. ix,63.
in Anstria, Prussia, Italy, and Sweden, Vol. I, p. 63.

Milk-sickness, Vol. I, pp. 36(1, 40-2.

Miller (Dr. O. C), Report of, Vol. I, p. 408.

Mind, diseases of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlviii.

Minnesota, men examined in ;

beight, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 10,
11, 20, 21, 30, 31, 40, 41, 50, 51, 60, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81.

mean girth of chest, iu relation to height compared
with that of men from other State.s, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height aud girth of chest in each congressional
district compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to .height and
girth of chest compared with that of men from
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thonsaiid of recrnits .and sub-
stitutes rejected iu each congressional district on
account of speciiied diseases. Vol. II, pp. 759,761,
763, 765, 767.

number of drafted men exempted in each congress-
ional district on account of specified diseases. Vol.
II, pp. 567, 569, .571, 573.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exeiiipted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. t!29,631,(i33,635.

height, girth aud expansion of chest of colored men.
Vol. II, pp. 92. 93, 102, 103, 112, 113, 122, 123, 132,
133, 142, 143, 152, 153, 162, 163.

Minnesota, surgeon's report from : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 474.
second district, Vol. I, p. 475.
Missouri, men examined in ;

height, girth aud expausion of (-best. Vol. II, pp. 6,7,

16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 46, 47, 56, 57, 61 1, 67, 76, 77.
mean girth of chest in relation to height compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest iu each congressional

district compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean height compared with that of meu from other

States, Vol. 1, pp. 24,29.
mean molulity of chest in relation to height aud girth

of chest compared with that of meu from other

States, Vol. 1, p, 45.
number aud ratio per thousand of recruits and substi-
tutes rejected in each congressional district on

account of specified diseases. Vol. 11, pp. 709,711,

713,715,717.

number of drafted nu'U excmipted in each congress-
ion:il district on account of specified diesiises. Vol.
II, pp. 551,553,55.5,557.

ratio [ler thousand of drafted men cxc'uipted in each
congressional district on account of .specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. 612, 614,(;i6, 61K.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored meu.
Vol. II, pp. 88.89,98,99.108,109,118,119,128,129,
138,139,148,149,1.58,159.

Missouri, "sunken lauds" in, produced by earthciuakes,
Vol. I, p. 389.
surgeon's report from : —
third district, Vol. I, p. 387.
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 391.

NEGRO.

Missouri — Continued.

surgeon's report from : —
fifth district. Vol I, p. 393.
eighth district. Vol. I, p. 394.
uinth district. Vol. I, p. 395.
Mobility of chest. Vol. I, p. 38. (See, also, " chest" and
"expansiou of chest.")
and herni.i.. Vol. I, p. 44.
extreme cases of. Vol. I, p. 44.
its relation to ;—

Age, height, girth of chest, and nativity. Vol. I, p. 45.
Montabert (M.-P. de). Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Moody (Dr. H. P.), Report of. Vol. I, j). 321.
Morbid grovyth ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
Morgan (Dr. B. F.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 190.

Moricheau-Beaupre ( ), Vol. I, p. 16.

Morris (Dr. Stephen), Report of. Vol. I, p. 429.
Morskoi Bornyk, Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Motions, spasmodic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxv.
Mouth, diseases of; cause for nyection. Vol, I, p. xxix.
listula of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii
tumors of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
ulcers of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
Murdoch (Dr. Thomas F.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 352.
Muscles, diseases of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix,
xxxvi, liv.

partial atrophy of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, )>. xiii.
Muscular contractions; cause for rejection, Vol. I, i>p.

xiii. xxiii, xliv, 10.
Mutilation self-inflicted to avoid service, Vol. I, pp.

330, 342, 346, 403.
Mydriasis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.
Myopia; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxiv, xxvi,
xxxii, xxxiii, xiv, li, Iviii.
not thought dis(|ualifying. Vol. I, p. 168.

nr.

Nsevi ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xlviii, Ivi.
Nails, incurvation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii,

Iv.
Nativities, Vol. I, pp. 12, 13.

mean dimensions of men of various. Vol. I, p. 56.
Nativity, Vol. I, p. 72.

an iniportaut element in the tables, Vol. I, p. vi.
its relation to : —
Disease, Vol. II, pp. 431-450.
Neck, disease of glands of; cause for rejection. Vol. 1,
pp. xxvii, xxix, xxxii, xlii.
distortion of: cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix,
xxxi.
Necrosis of bones; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiii,

xvi, xxiii, xxviii.
Neeley (Dr. I.saac M.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 451.
Neff (Dr. C. I.), Report of, Vol. I, \<. 399.
Negro; (See also ''Americans, colored.")

fitness of, for military sirvice. Vol. 1, p. 170. (See also

surgeon's rrintiis jmHsim.)
fractures less IVe(|uent in the. Vol. I, p. 379.
liaimorrhoids less frequent in the, Vol. I, p. 379.
hernia less frequent in the, excepting the veufral form,

Vol. I, p. 379.
idiosyncrasies of, in disease, Vol. I, p. 368.
uudiilical hernia more frequent in the, Vol. 1, pp. 349,
37'2,421.

GENERAL INDEX.

o5;}

NEOPLASMS

Neoplasms; cause I'm- reject ion, Vol. I, jip. xxvii, xxix.
xlvi.

Nephritis ; cause i'or rejoctioi'i, Vol. I, p. x\ i.
Nerves, iliseasesof; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, pp xxix.lii.
Nervous system, (li.seases of, Vol. I,]i. 7(i.
flieir relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, diart v ; Vol. ll,p. llil.
Complexion, Vol. 1, eliart v ; Vol. 11, [i. 4.5:!.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 410. 424.
Height, Vol. I, chart v; Vol. 11, iip. 4011, 414, 4111,

424.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xxxvi.

Locality (draltid men). Vol. II. i)p. 52G, 527,5^4,
5:i.''>, 042, r,4:i, f>.-0, G51, 558, 55U, 5(iG, 5f;/, .57fi. .''.77,
.5H4, .585, 5H8, 589, i59(i, 597. G04, ()05, G12, CVS, G20,
621, 028, G29.
Locality (leciuits :in(l mhstitutes), Vol. II, pp. G38,
G39, G48, G49, G5H, G59, (i(i8, tifi9, G78, (i79, G88, G89,
G98, G99, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage', Vol. I, chart v ; Vol. II, p. 453.

Nativity, Vol. I, chart v ; Vol. II, pp. 431. 43G, 441,

44G.
Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxviii ; Vol. II, pp. 4G9,
474, 479. 484, 489, 494, 499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
Neuralgia ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, ])p. liii,0.
facial ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.
its relation lo: —
Age, Vol. 11,1). '"51-
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of che.st, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 526, .527, 534,
53.5, 542, 543, ,550, 551, 558, 559, 5G6, 567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, G21,
628, 629.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.

6:?8, 639, 648, 649, G58, G59, G(!8, (i69, 678, 679, 688,

6^9, 698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739,

748, 749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 44G.
Occunation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499, 504, .509, 514, 519.

Neuralgic rheumatism; cause for njectiou, Vol. I, p.
xvii.

Neuroma ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
Nevada, men examined in :

height, girth and expansion <if chest, Vol. II, pp. 10

11, 20, 21, 30, 31, 40, 41, .50, 51 , GO, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81.
mean girth of chest in relation to height compared
vpith that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest compared with that

of men from other States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.
mean height com|iared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height aud
girth of chest compared with that of nu'U frtun
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recrnits and substi-
tutes rejected on account of specified dis(^'isi's.
Vol. II, 'pp- 759,761,763,76,5,707.
height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men,
' Vol. II, pp. 92, 93, 102, 103, 112, 1 13, 122, 123, 132,
133, 142, 143, 152, 153, KB, 163.
Nevada, surgeon's rejMrt from. Vol. I, p. 501.
New Hampshire, men examined in :

heiglil. girth and ex))ansion of chest, Vol. H,)))). 2.3,
12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, r.2, 53, 02, 03, 72, 73.

70

Ni:\V YOKK.

NeTV Hampshire, imn examined in— Continued.

nuan girili of chest in relation to height compared

with that of men from other Slates, Vol. I, p. 32.
nu-an height aud girth of chest in each congressional

district compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of%ien from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24.29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.

inimbir and ratio per thousand of recruits aud sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district ou
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 639,641,
643, 645, 647.

number of drafted men exempted in each congress-
ional district on account of s|)ecified diseases. Vol.
II, pp. 52(i, 528, 530, .532.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. 570, .578, 580, 582.

height, girth aud exnansiou of chest of colored men,
Vol. II, j.p. 84,8.^,94,9.5, 104, 10.5, 114, 11.5, 124, 125,
134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 1.5.5.
Nevir Hampshire, surgeon's report from :—
first district. Vol. I, p. 180.
second district, Vol. I, p. 182.
third district, Vol. I, p. 185.
New Jersey, men examined in :

height, girth and expansion of chest Vol. II, pp. 4,5,
14. 15. 24, 25, 34, 35, 44, 45, 54, 55, 64, 65, 74, 75.

mean girth of chest in ralation to height compare I
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girh of chest in each congressional
district compared with that of men fron, other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24,29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height aud girth
of chest compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.

nnuiber and ratio per thousand of recruits aud substi-
tutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pj). 678,680,-
682,684,686.

number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases. Vol.
II, pp. 542, ,544. 546, 548.

ratio per thnsand of drafted men exempted iu each
congressional district ou account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, PI). .596, 598, (iOO, 602.

height, girth aud expansion of chest of (M)lored men,
Vol. II, pp. 86, 87, 90, 97, 106, 107, IKi, 1 17, 120, 127,
130, 137, 140, 147, 156, 1.57.
NeTV Jersey, surgeon's report from : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 281.
third district, Vol. I, p. 285.
fifth district. Vol I, p. 290.
New York ; draft-riot iu, Vol. I, p. 200.
Nev? York, men examined in ;

iKuglit, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 2, 3,
12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, ,52, 53, 62, ()3, 72, 73.

mi'an girth of chest in relation to height compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest iu each congn^ssional
district compared w'ith that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 21).

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of cbi^st compared with that of men fioni other
States, Vol. I, p. 15.

554

GENERAL INDEX.

NEW YORK.

Nevr York, uieii examiueil in -C'outiuued.

luimbtT aud ratio per thousand of recruits aud substi-
tutes rejected iu eaeh congressioual district on
accouut ofspecitied diseases, Vol. II, pp. 658-677.

number of drafted men exempted iu each cougres-
sioual district ou account of specified diseases,
Vol. II, pp. r>:34-,'54I.

ratio per thousand of drafted uieu exempted iu each
cougressioual district ou accouut of specified dis-
eases, Vol. II, PI). .')HS-59r).

height, girth, and expansion of chest of colored men,

Vol. II, pp. Ki, ^r>, ;i4, ;t.'., loi, w:>, ii4, ii5, i'.i4,

1'2.-., l:i4, \X,. Hi, 145, 154, 155.
New York, surgeon's reijort from : —
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 240.
fifth district, Vol. I, p. 241.
sixth district, Vol. I, p. 243.
seventh district, Vol. I, p. 244.
eighth district. Vol. I, p. 246.
ninth district. Vol. I, p. 252.
teuth district. Vol. I, p. 2.5.').
fourteenth district, Vol. I, p. 258.
fifteenth di.strict. Vol. I, p. 2G0.
seveuteeuth district, Vol. I, p. 262.
eighteenth di,strict. Vol. I, p. 263.
uiueteeuth district, Vtd. I, p-. 266.
twentieth district. Vol. I, p. 270.
twenty-first district, Vol. I, p. 273.
twenty-third district. Vol. I, p. 274.
twenty -fourth district. Vol. I, p. 276.
twenty-fifth district. Vol. I, p. 278.
twenty-.sevcuth district. Vol. I, p. 279.
New York City ; draff-riot in, Vol. I, p. 244.
Nigrescence, index of. Vol. I, p. 61.
Nipples, ilistaiK^c between. Vol. I, p. Ixxviii.
Nixon (Di-. A. 15.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 491.
Noble (Dr. l)avi<l), Report of. Vol. I. p. 401.
Nomenclature of diseases, Vol. I, p. 4.
Norway, natives of ; mean girth of chest, compared with
that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of; nv an height, compared with that of other

nativities, Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest, in relation to
heijjjit and girth of chest, compared with that of
other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of; their height, girth and ex])ausion of chest.
Vol. II, pp. 168, 169, 172, 17.3, 17(1, 177, 180, 181, 184,
16.5, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.
natives of; rejected for fiat feet. Vol. I, p. 463.
Nose, atroi)hy of; cause fi)r rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.

caries of bones of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxiv.
crushed condition of root of; cause for reject on, Vol.
I, p. XV.

deformity of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, [iji. xxiii,

xxxiv, xlii, xlv, xlviii, Hi, Iviii, 7.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 462.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.

Height, Vol. II, PI). 410, 415, 420, 425.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .526, .527 534
535, ,542, 543, 550, .551, 5.58, : .59, 5()l), .567, 576, 577,
584, ■58^ 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620 6-^1
62.S, 629.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol.1 1, ii|i. 640,
641. 6.50, 651 , 660, 661, 670, 671, (irtO, 681, 690, 691,
700,701,710,711,720,721,730,731,740, 741 750
751,760,761.

OBESITY.

Nose, deformity of — Continued.
its relation to: —

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 4'.I5,

500,505,510,515,520.
diseases of; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, )). lii.
diseases and injuries of; their relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.54.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality, Vol. I, chart Iv.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .526, 527, .534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, .558, 559, 566, .567, .576, 577,

584. 588, 589, 596, .597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,

628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 640,

(J41, 6*50, 651, 660, 661, 670, 671, 680, 681, 6911, 691,

700, 701, 71U, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 7.50,

751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.54.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II. pp. 470, 475,480,485,490,495,

500,505,510,515,520.

extreme crookedness orflatness of; cau.se for rej ction.

Vol. I, p. XV.
fetid discharge from ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xlv, lii.
hypertrophy of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
loss of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xv, xxiii,
xxix, xxxiv, xlviii, lii, Iviii, 7.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .526, ,527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, .567, 576, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490,
495, 500, 505, 510, 515, .520.
polypus of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxi, xxvii,
xxix, xxxiv, lii.
Novara expedition, the. Vol. I, pp. Ixxiii, 15.
Nyctalopia ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xxxiii.
Nystagmus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xlv, xliv.

O.

Obesity ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xi, xii, xxvi,

xxix, xxxvi, xlviii, xlix, liii, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, p)). 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, ))p. .532, 533,540,

541,548,549,5.56,5.57, 564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,

587,. 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,

634,635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vid. II, pp.646,

647,6'56, 657, 666, 667, Ii76, (577, iX), 6s7, 6;»6, 697,

70(;, 707, 7 16, 717, 726, 727, 73(;, 737, 746, 717, 756,

7.57, 766, 76)7.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.

GENERAL INDEX.

555

OBESITY.

Obesity — Continiu'il.
its relation to: —

Nativity, Vol. II, ]>\>. 4:!',, .1411, 415, 4.'i().
Occupation, Vol. I, cluirtxxxiii; Vol. II, pp. 4";i,
478,4*!, 488, 49:!, 498, Mi, .'■>()8, r>i:i, .'•>18, ;Vi:.!.
Occupation ; its relation to: —

Disease, Vol. II, pp. 4G9-.''.2:!.
Di.sease, assbowii liy tbe charts, Vol. I, p. 84.
Occupations ; iliviiU <l into tonr c^la.sses, Vol. I, p. si.

relative bealtbfiilne.ss of, Vol. I, p. S.'j.
CTidema ; cause for njeclion, Vol. I, p. xii.
CEsophagiis, stricture of; cansi! for rejection, \'ol. I, pp.

XV, xxxix, xlv, liii.
Oesterlen (Dr.), Vol. I, ]>. 01.
Ohio, men examined in :

beigbt, girth and expansion of (best. Vol. II, pp. (i, 7,

Ki, 17, m, 27, :JG,37, 40, 47, 50, .57, 00,07, 70, 77.

mean f^irtb of chest in relation to height compared

with that of men from other .States, Vol. I, p. ',i'2.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional

district compared with that of ini'n fioui other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from otln'r

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and
girth of chest compared with that of men irom
other States, Vol I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specilied diseases. Vol. II,l)p. 718-727.
number of drafted men exempted iu each congres-
sional district on account of specilied diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 5.58,500, ,502, 504.
ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. 012-019.

height, girth and exiiansion < f chest of colored men,
Vol. II, pp. 8,f, 89, 98, 99, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128, 129,
138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159.

Ohio, surgeon's report from : —

third district. Vol. I, p. 390.
fourth district, Vol. I, p. 398.
fifth district, Vol. I, p. 399.
sixth district, Vol. I, p. 401.
seventh district, Vol. I, p. 404.
eighth district, Vol. I. p. 406.
eleventh district. Vol. I, p. 408.
fourteenth district. Vol. I, p. 412.
seveuteeiith district. Vol. I, i>. 414.
eighteenth district. Vol. I, p. 418.
nineteenth district. Vol. I, p. 422.
Onychogryphosis ; cause for rejinition. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Ophthalmia, acute ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, j)]). xiv,
xxxiii.
chronic : cause for rejection, Vol. I, jip. xiv, xxiv, li.
Ophthalmoscope, used to detect simuhited amaurosis.

Vol. I, p. 447.
Orbigny (A. D. d'), Vol. I, pp. lxxxvi,20.
Orchitis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
Orfila (1'.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Organs, internal, organic di.sea.se of; cause for rejection.
Vol. I, p. 11.
of locomotion ; diseases of, Vol. I, p. 81.
their relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart xvii ; Vol. II, pp. 404, 405.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xvii ; Vol. II, pp. 450, 4.57.

OZ.'ENA.
Organs of locomotion, di.seases of— Continued,
their relation to : —

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 112, 413, 417, 418,422,
423, 427, 428.

Height. Vol. I. chart xvii ; V(d. II, pp. 412, 413,417,
418,422,423,427,428.

Locality, Vol. I, chart xlvii.

Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II. pp. 532, .533, 540,

541, 548, 549, 5.50, .5.57. .50 1, 505, .572, 573, .582, 583,

580, 594, .595, 002. 003. 010, 01 1 . 01.-^, 019, ()20, 027,

034, 035.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
. 044-047, 054-0.57, OOt-litu, 074-1)77, 084-087, 094-

097,701-707,714-717,721-727, 734-737, 744-747,

754-757, 704-707.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xvii ; Vol. II, ini. 4,51!, 457.
Nativitv, Vol. I, chart xvii; Vol. II, pp. 434, 43.5,

439,440, 444,445, 449, 4.;.0.
Occnpalioii, Vol. II, pp. 472,473,477,478, 482,483,

487, 488, 492, 493, 497, 498, 502, 503, 507, 508, 512,

513, 517, 518, 522, 523.

O'Rorke (Dr. James), Report of, Vol. I, p. 240.

Osteitis ; cause for rejecti(m. Vol. I, p. xvi.

Osteo-sarcoma ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, (ip. xiii, xvi,
xxiii.

Otitis, chronic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

Otorrhoea, chronic purnlenl ; cause! for rejection, Vol. I,

pp. xxviii, xliv, li, Iviii, 7.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
C oraplexion. Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410,415,420,425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafteil men). Vol. II, pp. 520, 527, 534,

535, 542, 543,550, 551,558, 559, 506, 507,576,577,

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605,612,013,020,621.

628, 629.
Locality (recruits and subslilutes). Vol. II, pp. 040,

041, 050, 651, 000. 001, 070, (;71, 080,081, 690,091,

700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730,731,740,741,750,

751, 700, 701.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pi). 470, 475, 480,485, 490, 495,

500, .505, 510, 5 15, 520.

fetid ; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, p. xxiv.

successful concealment of. Vol. I, p. 318.

Over-age ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. 1 1 , 12.

Ozsena ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pii. xv, xxiv, xxix,
xxxiv.lii, Iviii, 7.

its relal ion to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 520, 527, 534,

535, 542, 543, 550, 55], 558, 559, 566, 507, .576, 577,

584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 004, 005, 012, 013, 620, (i21,

028, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pi).040,

041, (3.50, 051, OtiO, 661, 070, 071, 680, 081, 090, 091,

700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 7.50,

751, 760, 701.
Marriage, Vol. 11, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 47,5, 480, 4«5, 490, 495,

500, 505, 510, 515, 520.

556

GENERAL INDEX.

PADDACK.

P.

Paddack (Dr. J.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 465.
Paggi (J.-B.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvi.
Palate, absence or det'oruiity of; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, p. XV, xxiii.
cleft; cause for rejectioii,Vol. I, pp. xxxiv, xlv, lviii,>^.

its relatiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 46:J.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 41G, 421, 42()
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 4l(>, 421, 420.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .V28, .""yi'J, 530,
5:J7, 544,54.5, .^52, .553,500, 501, 508, 50S), 57d,57'J,
585, 590, 591 , 598, 599, 000, 007, 014, 015, 022, 023,
630, 031.

Localitv (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.
642, 643, 652, 053, 062, 033, 072, 673, 682, 683, 692,
693, 702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743,
752, 753, 762, 703.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.

Occup.ition, Vol. II, pp. 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 490,
501,500,511,510,521.
fissures of boues of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

lii. •
hard, caries of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxiv.
soft, absence or deformity of; cause for rejection.

Vol. I, p. XV.

Palsy, lead ; cause fen- rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
"Paragraph 85," Vol. I, p. Ivii.
Paralysis, Vol. 1, p. 70.

cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxvi, xlvii, xlviii,
liii, Iviii, 6.
its relatiou to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart vi ; Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vid. I, chart vi ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Girlli of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. I, chart vi ; Vid. II, pj). 4U9, 414, 419,
424.

Locality, Vol. I, chart xxxviii.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. I, plate vii ; Vol. II,

pp.520, 527, 534, 53.5, 542, 543,5.50, .551, 558, .5.59,

506, 507, .570, 577. 584, 588, 589, 590, 597, 004, 005,

012, 013, 620, 621, 628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp,

038, 6:59. 048, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 6o8.

689, 698, 099, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739,

748, 749, 758, 759.

Marriage, Vol. I, chart vi ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. I, ch.artvi; Vol. II, pp. 431,436,441,
446.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 409, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504,. 509, 514, 519.

agitans; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.

facial ;"cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

general progressive ; cause for n-jection. Vol. I, p. xiii.

laliial ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.

muscular ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.

of arm ; cause for rejection. Vol I,)), xxviii.

of bla<lder; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.

of eyelids; oau.se for rejection, V(d. 1, p. xiv.

of fingers; cause for rejec ion, V(d. I, p. x.wiii.

of leg ; cause for rejection, Vol. I. p. xxix.

of pharynx; cause for rejection. Vol. I,]), xv.

of rectum ; cause for rejection, Vid. I, p. xxix.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Paralysis — Continued.

of tongue; cau.se for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.

traumatic; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Paris, Comte de; his history of the Civil War, Vid. 1,

p. 518.
Park (Dr. E. A.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 229.
Patten (Dr. S. A.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 177.
Peckham (Dr. F. H.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 225.
Pellagra ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Peltoii (Dr. L. F.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 255.
Pemphigus; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, Iv.
Penis, loss of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xi.xvii,
xxiii, xlviii, liv, lix,9.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 404.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Localitv (drafted meu). Vol. II, pp. .530, 531,538, 539,
546, .547, .554,555, 502,503, 570,571, 580, 581,. 586,
.592, 593, 000, 601, 608,009,610, 017, 024, 025,632,
633.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
045, 654, 055, 664, 665, 674, 075,684,685,694,095,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725,734,735, 744,745,754,
755, 704, 765.

Marriage, Vol. II, ]>. 456.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434,439,444,449.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477,482,487, 492, 497,
502,507,519,517,522.

Pennsylvania ; draft riot in twelfth district < f. Vol. I, p.

325.
Pennsylvania, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest, Vol. II, pp. 4,

5, 14, 15, 24, 25, 34, 35, 44, 45, 54, 55, 64, 65, 74. 75.

mean girth of chest in relation to height compared

with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 39.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional

district compared with that of men from other

States, Vid. I. pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and
girth of chest compared with that of men from
other States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recruits and substi-
tutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases, Vol. II, pp. 679,(581,
683, 685, 687- (J97.
number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseasts,
Vol. II, pp. .542-549.
ratio per thousaiul of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. .596-60.3.
height, girth and expansion of cheat of colored men,
Vol. II, pp. 80, 87, 90, 97, 100, 107, 110, 117, 126,
127, 136, 137, 146, 147, 156, 157.
Pennsylvania, surgeon's report from : —
first district, V<d. I, p. 296.
second district. Vol. I, p. 298.
third district. Vol. I, p. 999.
fourth district. Vol. I, p. 301.
fifth district. Vol. I, )). 303.
sixth district. Vol. I, p. 304.
seventh district, Vol. I, p. 306.
tenth district, V(d. I, p. 312.
eleventh district. Vol. I, p. 316.

GENERAL INDEX.

557

pp:nnsylvania.

Peuiisylvania, surgiMUi'M report from — Coiiliimcil.

Iwi-lftl] (listncl, Vol. I, p. :i'.'l.

thirttiLMith district, Vol. I, ]). :«().

foiirtciiiitll ilistriot, Vol. I, p. :i:W.

fifteeuth district, Vol. I, p. 335.

seveuteeutb district. Vol. I, p. 330.

twenty -first district. Vol. 1, p. :M3.

Peiier ( ), Vol. I, p. 61.

Perineum, tniiiors of; ciiu.si' tor r<jcction. Vol. I, p. .\vi.
Parley (Dr. Daniel), Report of, Vol. I, p. 207.
Perspiration, letid ; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, pji. xx\ ii,

xsx.
Plilegmasiee, clironie; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. .\vi.
Phthisis laryngea ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pi>. xxis,
xxxiv.

Phthisis pulmonalis. Vol. 1, p. 75.

eanse for rejection, Vol. 1, pp. xvi, xix, xxiv, xxv,

xxviii, xxxvi, xlvi, liii, Ivii, 6.
effect of climate on, Vol. I, pp. 153, 4(54.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. I, chart iv; Vol. 11, p. 4111.
Complexion, Vol. 1, chart iv ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 4M, 419, 4^4.
Height, Vol. I, chart iv,p. 43; Vol. 11, pp. 4U9, 414.

419, 424.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xxxvii, p. 87.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. I, plate vi; Vol. II, pp.
526, 527, .534, 535,542,543, 550, 551, 55H, 559, 56(i,
567, 576, .577, 584,5«H,589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612,
613, 620, 621, 628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 638,
639,648,649,658,659, 668, 669, (;78, 679, 688, 689,
698,699,708,709,718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart iv ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart i«; Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441,

446.
Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxvii, p. 86; Vol. II, pj).
469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 49'4, 499, 504, 509, 514, 519.

Pinkerton (Dr. T. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 501.
Pinna, ekzema on the ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xli.

malformation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xli.

neoplasms of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xli.

partial or total absence of; cause for rejection. Vol. 1,
p. xli.

Pityriasis; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, Iv.
Plates. (See Maps.)
Plato, Vol. I, p. Ixiv.

Piatt (Dr. Alonzo), Report of. Vol. I, i>. 4(i3.
Pleurisy, acute; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
chronic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix, liii, 8.
its relation to : — •

Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410,415, 420, 425
Height, Vol. II, i>p. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. 11, pp. (i4<l,
641, 650, 651, 660, 661, (170,671, ■ 80,681,(19(1,691,
700, 701 , 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 7.".(i,
751, 700, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II. pp. 432,437,442,447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470,475,480,485,490,495,
500, 505, 510, 515, .520.
Plica ; cause for rejection. Vol. 1, pp. xiii, xxxiii.
Pliny, Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxvi.

rULMONAliY PLAY.

Pneumonia; cluonic ; cause for n-jection. Vol. I, p. xvi.
Poisoning, ujelallic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.

nii.isniatic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Poland, nitives of; mean girth of chest compared with
that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height compared with tliat of other nativities,
Vol. I, p. 23.

mean mobility of chest, in relation to heiglit and
girth of chest, compared wiih tbat of other na-
tivities. Vol. I, p. 4.5.

Ibeir height, girth and expansion of duvst. Vol. II,
pp. lt)8, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185,
188, 189, 192, 193, 19(i, 197.
Polyclet, the, of Godefroy Scbadow, Vol. I, p. Ixvii.
Polykleitus, Vol. I, p. Ixiv.

canon of. Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixv.

Polypus, of auditory canal ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xiii.

of uose ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxi, xxvii,
xxix, xxxiv, lii.

of rectum ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.

Population, proportion of s Idiers to, in the United

States and other countries. Vol. I, p. 64.
Portugal, natives of; mean girth of chest compared witli

that of other nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and

girth of chest, compared with that of other lui-

tivities. Vol. I, ]>. 45.

their height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. 11, p|i.
168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 188,
.189, 192, 193, 196, 197.

Poussin (N.), Vol. I. pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvi.
Preissler (J. D.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

Preliminary report of medical statistics. Vol. 1, p. iii.
Prolapsus ani ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. iv, xvi,
.XX, xxix, XXXV, xlvi, liii, lix, 9.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4-5.5.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp.411, 416, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. 11, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, .538, 539,
546, 547, 5.54, 555, .562, 563, 570,571, .580,581, 586,
.592, 593, 600, 601, (508, 609, 616, 617, ()24, 625, 632,
633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. (542,
643, 6.52, 653, 662, 663, 672, 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,
702,703,712,713,722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433,438,443,448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471,476, 481,486,491,49(1.
501,. 506, 511,. 51(;,. 521.

Proportions of human body. Vol. I, [ip. l.xii, lxiv,lxvi.

Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, Chief Medical
Officer of; duties of. Vol. 1, p. i.

creation of. Vol. I, p. i.

discontinued. Vol. I, ]>. iii.

medical branch of; when established. Vol. I, ji. i.
Pruner-Bey, Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixxxvi, 61.
Prussia ; rate of military aptitiuie in. Vol. I, p. (i3.

recruitment and compositinu of the armies of, Vol. I,

p. XXX.

Prussian Army ; disqualifications for service in, Vol. I,

pp. xxx-xxxvi.
Pulmonary play, Vol. I, p. 30.

558

GENERAL INDEX.

QDETELET.

Q.

Quetelet (L. A. .1.), \o]. I, jip Ixv, Ixvi, Ixix, Ixxvii-

Ixxxii, Ixxxvi, 17, l.S, Ut, :u;, 43, M.
Quintilian, Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.

R.

Races, niean iliiiji'iisii)iis iif, Vol. I, [). 56.
Rachitic affections ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviif.
Raglan (Earl of). Vol. I, p. KHi.
Raiiula ; cause lor rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Raphael, Vol. I, p. Ixvi.

Ratios ; iniportauce of, in statistical works. Vol. I, p. v.
Recruiting by different governments, a comparative
view of, Viil. 1, p. viii.

Recruitment of the armies of: —

Austria, Vol. 1, \<. xxxvi,
I!e];;iHin, Vol. I, p. xxii.
France, Vol. I, p. ix.
Great Britain, Vol. I, p. xviii.
North-German Empire, Vol. I, p. xxx.
Switzerland, Vol. I, p. xxv.
Recruits ; term defiued, Vol. I, j). 4.

note on use of the term by the Provost-Marsbal-Gen-

eral's Bureau, Vol. I, p. i.
total number examined. Vol. I, p. iii.
total number rejected. Vol. I, p. iii.
Rectum, di.sease of; cause for rejec ion. Vol. I, p. Ivii.
fistula of; cause for lejeetion. Vol. I, ]>. xxix.
malformation of; can.se for rejection. Vol. I, p liii.
paralysis of; can.se ibr rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
poly]ius of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
prolapse of; cause for rejecUon, Vol. I, p. xxix.
stricture of; cause for njection, Vol. I, pji. xvi, xxiv,
xxix, liii, lix, 9.

its relation to: —

Age, Vol. II, p. 4(53.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.')5.

Girth of chest. Vol. 11, pp. 411, 410, 421, 426.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 4M, 416, 421, 426.

Localitv (drafled men), Vol. II, pp. .OaO, .''.31, .'iliW,
.'■)39, r.46, .^)47, .'■;ri4,5.-r., 562, .'"-Ori, 570, 571,580,581,
580, 592, 593, 600, 601 , 008; 0U9, 610, 017, (524, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruit sand sul)s( it utcs). Vol. II, pp.642,
643, 652, 6.53, 6(i2, 003, (i72, 673, (i82, 683, 692, 093,
702,703,712,713, 722, 723, 732,733,742,743,7.52,
753, 702, 763.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pi>. 433,438,443,448.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 47(;, 481, 486, 491, 496,
SOL.'iOO, 511, 510, .521.
Reeves (Henry), Vol. I, )i. 64.

Re-cxamiration of rejected men; necessity of. Vol. I,
p. 164.

Regi;ier (E.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.

Reise c''er Novara, Vol. I, p)). Ixxxiii, Ixxxvi, 15.

Rejected men; term defined. Vol. I, p. 4.

Rembrandt, Vol. I, p. Ixvi.

Rendezvcus camps ; rc-exainination.s at. Vol. I, p. 169.

(See, also. Surgeons' Reports, j)a»si)H.)
Report, preliminary, of Medical Statistics, Vol. I, p. iii.
Reports, linal. of surgeons of boards of enrollment. Vol.

I, pp. I71-.5(ll.

iinal, of surgeons of boards of onrollmout, preliminary
remarks upon. Vol. I, pp. 101-170.

required of examiuing-surgeous, Vol. I, p. v.

RHODE rSLAND.

Resolutions of Congress autliorizing tlie preparation of
this report. Vol. I, p. iii.

Respiratory system, diseases of, Vol. 1. p. 79.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart xii; Vol. II, p. 402.
Complexion, Vol. 1, chart xii : Vol. II, p. 4.54.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. I, chart xii ; Vol. II, iip. 410, 415, 420,
425.

Locality. Vol. I, chart xliv.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pji. 528,529,536,
,537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 560, .561, 568, ,509, .578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 598, .599, 006, 607, 614, 015, (i22, 023,
030,631.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, |)p. 640,
641,050,051,000,661, 670, 671, 680, 081, 690, 691,
700,701,710,711,720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 7,50,
751,700,761.

Marriage, Vol. I, chart xii ; Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart xii ; Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442,
447.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470,475,480,485,490,495,
.500,505,510,51.5,520.

Reynolds (Sir Joshua), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixvii, Ixxxvii.

Rheumatism, acute; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.

chronic. Vol. I, p. 73 ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp.
V, xxvii, xxix, xxsvi, liv, Iviii, (i, 11.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. I, chart i ; Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart i ; Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pj). 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. I, chart i; Vol. 11, pj). 409,414,419,

424.
Looalit.y (drafted men), Vol. I, ])late iii; Vol. II,
pp. 52G, 527, 534, 535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 5.59,
500, 567, 576, 577, 584, 588, 589, 596, .597, (i04, 605,
612, 613, 620, 621, 628, 629.
Localitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, ]i|i. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 059, 008, 069, 078, 079, 088, 089,
(598, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 73H. 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart i ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. I, chart i ; Vol II, pp. 431, 43(>, 441,

446.
Occupation, Vol. I. chart xxv; Vol. II, pp.469, 474,
479, 484, 489, 494, 499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
neuralgic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvii.
Rhinitis, chronic ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xv.
Rhode Island, men examined in ;

lieiglit, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, ]ip. 2, 3,

12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, .52, ,53, 02, 03, 72, 73.

nu'an girth of chest in relation to height, C()mi>are<l

with that of men from oilier States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of elicst in (acli e(mgre.ssi(inal

district, compared witli liiat of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24,29.
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.
iinuiber and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases, Vol. II, pp. 049,6.51,
()53, 655, 6.57.
number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,
Vol. II, pp. 527. 529, .531, .533.

GENERAL INDEX.

659

RIJODE ISLAND.

Rhode Island, nicii txainiiicil in — CoiitiiuiiMl.

ratio JUT tliiiiisand (if drafli-il iiioii excinpti'd in ciirli
congressional district, on .account ot spccilii'd dis-
eases, Vol. II, pp. .W^-SHT.
height, gii'tli '"I'l I'XiKinsion of cLcst ofcolorrd imii.
Vol. 11, pp. .'^-l, H-i, il.l, 16, 104, Kl'i, 114, U.''), 124,
125, 134,135, 144,14:., IM, 155.
Rhode Island, surgeon's report from : —
first district, Vol. I, p. 224.
second di.strict, Vol. I, p. 225.
Richie (Dr. R. W.), Kc])ort ot, Vcd. I, p. 298.

Richon( ), Vol. I, p. (i4.

Rackets; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. liv.
Rober (F. G.), Vol. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxvii.

Robert ( '■), Vol. I, p. 22.

Roberts (Dr. VV. C.),Repoit of, Vol. I, p. 240.
Robinson (Dr. F. C), Report of. Vol. I, ji. 343.
Robinson (Dr. James D.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 412.
Roland (Dr. W. S.), Reiiort of. Vol. I, p. 335.
Roll of surgeons of boards of enrollment. Vol. 1, ]>. 503.
Roman armies, invincibility of, due to care in selection
of recruits, Vol. I, )). ix.
soldier; age of, Vol. I, p. ix.
soldier; stature of, Vol. I, p. ix.
Rosellini (I.), Vol. I, pp. Ixiii, Ixxxvii.
Rothrock (Dr. A.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 330.
Rubens (P. P.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvii.
Rupia; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xii.
Rupture. (See " hernia.")
Ruscelli (Girolamo), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Russia, natives of ; mean girth of chest, coniparid with
that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height, compared with that of other nativities,

Vol. 1, p. 23.
mean mohility of chest, iu relation to height and girth
of chest, compared with that of other nativities.
Vol. I, p. 45.
mean height and expansion of chest, Vol. II, pp. lOt;,
169,172,173,170,177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189,
192, 193, 190, 197.
Russian government; application to, for official data
unsuccessful. Vol. 1, p. Ix.

S.
Sabattini (G.-B.),Voh I, p. Ixxxvii.
Salvage (J.-G.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvi.
Saudrart (Joach. de). Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Sanitary Commission, U. S., Vol. 1, p. Ixxv.
records of ; Vol. I, p. Ixxvi.
statistics of; how obtained, Vol. I, p. 14.
Sarcocele; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xxxiii,
xxsiv,liv, lix, 10.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 404.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 450.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, .531, .538,
539,540, 547, .554,. 5.55, 502, 503, .570, 571, .5.-^0, .581,
580, 592, .593, (iOO, 001, 008, 609, 010, 617, 024, (i25,
632, 033.
Locality (recruits aud substitutes). Vol. II, pp. Ii44,
645, 054, 655, (Ki4, 005, 674, 075, 084, 085, 094, t)95,
704, 70.5, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 7.54,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434,430,444,449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472,477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502,507,512,517,522.

SGUltVY.

Sardinia, rale of military aptitude in, V<d. I, p. 63.

Sarut (Germain), \"ol. I, p. 64.

Sasse (A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.

Saxony, natives of; physical dimensions according to

various observers, V(d. I, pi>. .58,59.
late of military aptitude in. Vol. I, p. 63.
Scabies ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. Iv.

its real character. Vol. I, p. 396.
Schadovir (.I.-G.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi.lxvii, Ixxxvii.
Scherzer (Carl), Vol. I, jip. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii.
Schenk (Dr. \V. L.), Iteport of. Vol. I, p. 396.
Schmidt (Carl), Vid. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxvii.
Schv7arz (Edward), Vol. I, pp. Ixxiii, Ixxxvii.
Schweinfurth (Dr.), Vol. 1, \>. 15.
Scirrhus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxiv, liii.
Sclerotic, extreme thinness of; cause for rejection, Vol.

I, p. xiv.
Scorbutus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
Scotchmen; incan height of, erroneously stated, Vol. 1, p.

Ixix.
Scotland, natives of; im^an girth of chest compared

with that of other nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of; mean height compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest in relation to

height and girth of chest compared with that of

other nativities, Vol. l,p. 45.
natives of; (ihysical diuieiisions according to various

observers. Vol. I, pp. 50, 57.
natives of; their height, girth and i-xpansion of

chest, Vol. II, pp- 100, 107. 170, 171, 174, 175, 178,

179, 182, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 19), 195.
Scrofula, Vol. I, p. 7.5.
Scrofula; cause for rejection, Vol. I, )ip. xii, xviii, xix,

xxi, XXV, xxvii, xxix, xxxiv, xxxvi, li. Ivii, Iviii.O.

its relation to ; —
Age, Vol. I, chart iii ; Vol. II, p. 401.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart iii ; Vol. II, p. 153.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409,414,419,424.
Height, Vol. I, chart iii ; Vol. II, pp. 409, 414,419, 424.
Loc.'ilily (drafted men). Vol. I, plate v ; Vol. II, [ip.

526, 527, .534, 535, 542, 543, .550,551,558,5,59,506,

.567, .570, .577, 584, 588, 589,596, 597, (;04, 005, 612,

613,620,621,028,029.
Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 038,

039, 048, 049, 058, 659, 668, 669, 078, 079, 688, 089,

098, (599, 708, 709, 718. 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,

749, 7.58, 759.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart iii ; Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Nativitv, Vol. I, chart iii ; Vol. II, pp. 431, 430, 441,

446. ■
Occnjiation, V(d. II. pp. 409, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,

499, 504, .509, .514, 519.

Scrotum, abscess of; cause for nyection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
air injected into cellular ti.ssiie of, Vol. 1, p. 471.
cysts of; cause for rejection, Vol. I. p. xvii.
da'rtrous affections of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

xvii.
disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxiv, xlii.
elephantiasis of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
fistula of; cause for iijection, Vol. I, p. xvii.
tumors of; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, p. xvii.

Scurvy ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, 6.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
I Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 400, 414, 419, 424.

5f50

GENERAL INDEX.

SCUltVY.

Scurvy — C'oiil iiuioil.
its rdat.iou to:—

Uvi'^ht, Vol. II, pp. lllll, 414, 41!!, 4-.i4.
Ldt-alitv (ictniits and siilisliliit(«), Vol. 11, pp. (i:5'">
i\W, (i4«, 1)40, V<:t^, (in;i, (KIS, CCJ. CuH, (i7'J, 088, (>89,
CiOH, (!!)'.•, 708, 70'.>, 7 18. 719, 7:28, 7-.i'J, 7:i8, 739, 748, j
749, 708, 7.')y. I

Marriage, Vol. II, ]i. 4.5:i.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 43(i, 441, 446. :

Occupation, Vol. II, p)). 409, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499,.^^04,.''i09,.''>14,519.
Segoud (L.-A.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Shaffer (Dr. J. M.), Kci)ort of. Vol. I, p. 452.
Shaw (Dr. 8. G.), Kcjiorf of, Vol. I, p. 360.
Shoemakiug : it.s inflncucc on health. Vol. I, pp. 198,207,

212.
Sliortt (.Tolm), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Sibson (Fra.s.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Sickr.css-rate among troops, Vol. I, p. viii.
•Sight, iliniinntioii of; cause for rejeelion, Vol. I, pp. xiv,
xxiv.
los.s of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, |)p. xxiv, xxviii.
Silbermanu (.J.Tli.), Vol. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxvii.
" Silpi Gastri," Vol. I, p. Ixii.
Sinks (Dr. TiBin), Report of. Vol. I, j). 499.
Skiu. ili.sease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xx, xxvii,
xxviii, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xlviii, Iv, Ivii, Iviii, 10.
its lelatioti to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion; Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, .533, 540, 541,
54S, 549, 550, 557, 564, 505, 572, .573, 582, 583, 587,
594, 595, 002, 603, 610, 611, 618, 019, 626, 627, 034,
635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 040,
(!47, 656, 057, Ofili, 0(i7,'67(i, 077,086,687,090.097,
706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736,737,746,747,7.50,
7,57, 766, 767.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.57.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450

Occnp.ation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483,488,493,498,
.503, .508, 513, 518,523.
simulated l>y effect of liniment. Vol. I, p. 3,58.

Skull, lesions of; cause for rejection, Vol. 1, p. xxiv.

tumors of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
Smith ( Dr. R. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 306.
Social condition. Vol. I, p. 72.
Soldiers; jiropoition of. to the po|iiilation in the United

States and other countries. Vol. I, p. 04.
Solitary vice ; cau.so fur rejection. Vol. I, pp. Ivii, 0, 11.
ScmerD (Dr. Wiii.ston), Report of, Vol. I, p. 438.

Gomn?mbulism ; cause for rejection, V(d. I, pp. xiii,
xxxvi.

South America, natives of; mean girth of chest compared

wiih that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of; mean height compared with that of other

nativities, Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest in relation to

height and girth of chest compared with that of

other nativities, Vol. I, ]). 45.
natives of; their height, girth and exi)ansion of

chest, Vol. II, pp. 160, l(i7, 170, 171,174,175,178,

179, 182, 183, ISO, 1^7, 190, 191, 194, 195.
Spain, natives of; me.an girlh of chest compared with

that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.

SPLEEN.

Spain — Coutlnned.

natives of; mean height compared with Unit otother

nativities. Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; nu-an mobility ol' eliest in nlalion to
height anil girth of chest comiiared with that of
other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of; their height, girth and expansion of
chest. Vol. II, pp. 108, 109, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180,
181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.
proportion of .soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. 04.
Spalding (Dr. A.). Report of, Vol. I, p. 384.
Spasmodic motions; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxv.
Speech, defects of orgaus of, cause for rejection. Vol. 1,
pp. xxiv, Ivii.
impediment of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xviii.

Spermatic cord, disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xxiv.

Spermatorrhcea ; cause for rejection. Vol. l,pp. xvii,liv.

Spina-bifida ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pji. xvi, liii.

Spina- ventosa ; cause for rejectioi., V(d. I, pp. xiii, xxiii.

Spine, curvature of; cause f(U- njection, Vol. I, pp. xix,

xxxi, xxxiv, xliii, liii, lix, 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol II, pp. 532, .533, 540.

.541, .548, 549, 550, 557, 504, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,

,■■86, 594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,

634, 035.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, i)p. 644,

645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, (i75, 684, 685, 694, 695,

704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,

755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,

502, 507. 512, 517, ,522.
deformity of; cause for njection. Vol. I, ])p. xx,xxvi,

xlvi, liii.

Spleen, acute di.sease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p, 9.
its relation to: —
Age,Vol. II,p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Girth of chest. Vol. II.pii. 411,416,421,426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, ,538,
539, 546,- 547, 554, 555, 502, 563, 570, 571, .580, 581,
586, .592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 610. (;17, 024, 625,
032, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, jip. 042,
043, 052, 053, 062, 063, (;72, (173, 682, (i83, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723. 732, 733, 742, 743, 7.52,
I 753, 762, 763.

I Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 470, 481, 486, 491, 496,
501, 506, .511,. 516, 521.
chronic disease of; can e for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,
xlvi, liii, Ivii, 9.

its relation to: —
I Age, Vol. II, p. 463.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
I Girth of chest, V<d. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

I Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

GENERAL INDEX.

561

SPLEEN.

Spleen — ContinuiHl.

its relation to : —

Local

icalitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. r):?0.r>:!l, 5H8,
539, .'■Uli, 547, 55.1, ,555, 5iy,5i;:i, fwd, .571,580,581,
58(), b'M, 09;i, GUU, (1111,008, 009, (IKi, 017, 024, 025,

m2, 03;!.

Locality (recruitsaiidaubstitntcs). Vol. II, pp. 042,
043, 052, 053, 002, 003, (i72, (i73, 082, 083, 092, (i93,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733„7 42, 743, 752,
753, 702, 7()3.
Marrias"! Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Nativity, Vol. II, l>p. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 470, 481, 480, 491, 490,
.501,500, 511, 510, .521.
Sprains impairiug mobility ; cause for rejection, \ol. I,

pp. liv, hi.
Staempfli (J.), Vol. I, pp. sxv, 105.

Stammering; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxvi,
XXX, xxxi, xxxiv, xlil, xlv, lii, Iviii, 0.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 401.
Complexion, Vo;. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 520, .527, .534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 5,59, .500, 507, ,57(;, 577,
584, 588, 589, 590, 597, 004, 005, 612, 013, 620. 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recrnits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 048, (149, 058, 059, 008, 009, 078, 079, 088, ()89,
69 <, 099, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 430, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489, 494,
499, 504, 509, 514, 519.

Stanton (Dr. ,T. O.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 273.

services of. Vol. I, p. vii.
Staphyloma; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv, li.
Statement, tabular, of labor rerjuired in preparation of
statistical tables, Vol. I, p. vi.

Stature, Vol. I, pj). 14-29. (See also "height.")
actuiil measurement of. Vol. I, p. 14.
an affair of race. Vol. I, pp. 20, 24.
and girth of chest ; relation between. Vol. I, p. 30.
changes in, required forservice in United States Army,

iiom 1790 to 1874, Vol. I, p. xlix.
its dependence on age, Vol. I, p. 17.
its relation to : —

Complexion, Vol. I, p. 24.
mean, Vol. I, p. 15.
measured in an erect or horizontal position, Vol. I, p.

22. ■
minimum limit of. Vol. I, pp. 22, 160.
no limits of, for drafted men. Vol. I, pp. lix, Ix.
of emigrants, Vol. I, p. 10.
of foreigners. Vol. I, p. 10.
of French foot-.soldier. Vol. 1, p. ix.
of Roman soldier. Vol. 1, p. ix.
order of superiority of, by : —

Congressional districts. Vol. I, p. 25.

Nativities, Vol. I, p. 23.

Stiites, Vol. I, p. 24.
required for service in the armies of different coun-
tries. Vol. I, p. Ix.
required for service in different corps of the : —

Austrian army. Vol. I, p. xxxvii.
7i

STRICTUltE OE NE(^K OF BLADDER.

Stature — Con t i n u<'d.

reiiuired for service in dilferent corps of the: —
Belgian army. Vol. I, p. xxii.
British .army, Vol. I, p. xviii.
French army. Vol. I, p. x.
North-German army. Vol. I, p. xxx.
Swiss army. Vol. I, p. xxv.
requisite ; left to the discretion of the examiuiug sur-
geon. Vol. I, p. Ix.
superior, of the blonde races. Vol. I, p. 23.
table of comparative results, by different observers,
Vol. 1, p. 29.
Stebbins (Dr. Richard), Report of. Vol. I, p. 461.
Sternum, caries of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. lix.

depressed ; cause for rcjc'ctiou, Vol. I, p. xv.
Stevenson (Dr. .lolin R.), R-'jiort of, Vol.1, p. 281.
Stewart (Dr. J. H.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 475.
Stomach, acute disease of ; cause lor rejection, Vol. I, pp.
xxvii, 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 403.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 410,421,420.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 410, 421, 420.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .528, 529, 53R,
.537, 544, 545, 552, .5.53, 500, 501, 508, 509, .578, 579,
585, .590, .591, 598, 599, 606. 607, 014, 615, 622, 623,
630,031.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.042,
043,0.52,653,002,003, 072, 073, 082, 0s3, 092, 093,
702,703,712,713,722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
7.53, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 455.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433,438,443,448.
Occnpation, Vol. II, pp. 471,476,181,486,491,496,
501,. 500, 511, 516, .521.
chronic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
XXIX, 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 455.
Gkth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416,421,426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,410,421,420.
Locality (drafte.l men). Vol. II, pp. 528, .529, .5.%,
537, .544, 545, 552, 553, :>t;0, .561, .568, 509. .578, .579,
585, 590, 591, 598, 599, 00(i, 607, 014,015,022,023,
630, 6:!1.
Localitv (recrnits and substitntes),Vol. II, pp. ()42,
643, (152, 053, 0()2, 003, 072, 073, (i82, 083, 092.093,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
7.53, 762, 703.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occnpation, Vol. II, pi). 471,470,481,486,491,490,
501,500,511,510,521.
disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
hivmorrhage of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Stomatitis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
Story (\V. W.), Vol. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxvii. '
Strabismus; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xxiv,

xxxii, xxxiv, xliv, li.
Streeter (Dr. .Jos. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 199.
Stricture of neck of bladder ; cause for rejection, Vol.
I, p. xxviii.
of CESophagna ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv,

xxxiv, xlv, liii.
of rectum ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxiv,
xxix, liii, lix, 9.

562

GENERAL INDEX.

STRICTURE OF RECTUM.

Stricture cf rectum — Continued.

its relation to : —

Akb, Vol. 11, p. 4G3.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.".t>.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 411, 416, 421, 426.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. r^W, 531, 5?8,
.539, 546, 547, 5.54, 5.50, 562, .563, 570, 571, ht'O, 581,
5S6, 592, 593, 600, 601, 60H, 609, 616, 017, 624, 625,
632, 633.

Locality (recruits and Knlistitntes),Vol.II,pp. 642,
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672, (.73, 6t<2, 6s3, 692, 693,
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752,
753, 762, 763.

Marriage, .Vol. II, p. 455.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.

Occupation, Vol. II, ji]). 471, 476, 481, 486, 491, 496,

501, 506, 511, 516, .521.

of urethra ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi,xxvii,

XXX, XXXV, liv, Ivii, lix, 9, 12.
its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, ]>. 464.

Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.56.

Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422,427.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, .531,538,
539, 546, 547, ,554, .5.55, 562, 563, 570, ,571, 580, 581,
586, 592, 593, 600, 601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625,
ti32, 633.

Locality (recruits and sutistitu tea). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, 654, 655, (i64, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,

502, 507, 512,517,522.

Substitutes; term defined. Vol. I, p. 3.
in France, Vol. I, p. xi.
total numher examined. Vol. I, p. ii.
total number rejected. Vol. I, p. iii.
Sue (Jean-Joseph), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Sullivan (Dr. John L.), Report of. Vol. I, pp. 107, 209.
■ " Sunken lauds" in Missouri, Vol. I, p. 389.
Sunstroke; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 6.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 6(59, 67rt, 679, m)i, (i89,
69rl, 699, 708, 709. 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp.469, 474, 479,484,489,494,
499, 504, .509, 514, 519.

Surgeons of Boards of Enrollment ; character and
abilities of. Vol. 1, p. ii.
onerout duties of; how performed, Vol. I, p. ii.
reports required of. Vol. I, p. v.
roll of, Vol. I, p. 503.

military ; instructions to. (See Code of Instructions.)
Sutures, ununited ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Sweden, natives of; mean girth of chest compared with
tli.it of other natiyities, Vol. I, p. 32.

TEETH.

Svireden — Continued.

natives of; mean height compared with that of other

natiyities, Vol. 1, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest in relation to

height and girth of chest compared with that of

other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of; their height, girth, and expansion of chest.

Vol. II, pp. 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184,

185, 108, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.

Swellings, chronic; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv,
xxviii.

glandular ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xviii, xxviii.

Swiss army; disqualifications for service in. Vol. 1, pp.
xxv-xxx.

stature required for service in different corps of. Vol.

I, p. XXV.

Switzerland, natives of; mean girth of chest compared

with that; of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
natives of; mean height compared with that of other

nativities. Vol. I, p. 23.
natives of; mean mobility of chest in rel.ation to

height and girth of chest compared with that of

other nativities. Vol. I, p. 45.
natives of; their height, girth, and expansion of chest,

Vol. II, pp. 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184,

185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197.
recruitment and composition of the armies of. Vol. I,

p. XXV.

Synechia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiv, xliv.
Syphilides ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. Ivi.
Syphilis ; Vol. I, p. 74.

cau.se for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xix, xxvii, 11.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. I, chart ii ; Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart ii ; Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. I, chart ii ; Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xli.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. I, plate iv ; Vol. II, pp.
526, ,527, 534, 535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566,
567, 576, 577, 584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 605, 612,
613, 620, 621, 628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart ii : Vol. II, p. 453.

Nativity, Vol. I, chart ii ; Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441,
446.

Occupation, Vol. I, chart xxvi ; Vol. II, pp. 469, 474,
479, 484, 489, 494, 499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
primary; causefor rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xlviii, li,6.

secondary; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xii, xxix,
xxxiii, Ivii, Iviii, 11.

T.

Tables; explanation of the. Vol. II, pp. v-xxviii.

for converting centimetres into inches. Vol. 1, p. 515.

for converting inches into centimetres, Vol. I, p. 514.

for converting kilograms into pounds. Vol. I, p. 517.

for converting pounds into kilograms, Vol. I, p. 516.
Taenia ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. liii.
Teeth, carious ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiii.

defects of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, ))p. xxi, xxvi,
xxxi, xxxii, xlv, Ivii.

extracted to escape service. Vol. I, p. 403.

loss of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiii, xxvi,
xxxiv, xlv, Iii, Iviii, 8, 11.

GENERAL INDEX.

5(;3

TEETH.

Teeth, loss of — Coutinued.
its ri'latiou to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 403.
Coiiiplcxiwi, Vol. II, p. 455.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 411, 41fi, 421, 426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,41(3,421,420.
Lociilitv (iliafted men). Vol. II, pp. .528, 529, ,536,
.537 544 545, 5.52, .5.53, 560, 561, 56H, 56'.», 578, 579,
58,5i .590, 591, 598, 599, 606, 607, 014, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Lociilitv (recruits and substitutes), Vol. II, pp.
642 643, 652, (i53, 662, (■)63, 672, 673, 682, (if 3, (592,
693,702, 703,712, 713,722,723,732, 733, 742, 743,
752, 753, 762, 763.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 471, 470,481,486, 491, 496,
501,506, 511, 51(i, 521.
loss of; less important than formerly. Vol. I, p. 167.
loss of; prevalence of, in the United States, Vol. I,
p. 167.
Tendons, dropsy of; canse for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
inllammation ol; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
rupture of; cause for rejection, Voltl, p. xiii.
Terminology. Vol. I, pp. 3-4.
Testelin (II.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.

Testicle, abscess of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p xxvii.
acute disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii,
10
its relation to :

Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, l>p. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645,054, 055, (i04, 665, 674,675, 684, 685, 094, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 74.5, 7.54,
7.55, 704, 76.5.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502,507,512,517,-522.
atrojihy of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii,xlii,

liv.
chronic disease of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 10.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.56.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412,417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, .546, 517, 5.54, 555, .562, .503, 570, 57 1 , .580, 581,
586, 592, .593, 000, 601 , 608, 609, 616, (SH, 624, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recrnitsand substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
(')45, (.i54, 0.55, 664, 6(i5, 674, 675, (i84, 6-5, 694, 69.i,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 72.5, 734, 73.5, 744, 745, 7.54,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.56.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupji'tion, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517,. 522.
degeneration of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
disease of ; cause for rejection, Vol.1, pp. xx, xxiv, xxix,

xiii, liv, Ivii.
hypertrophy of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,

xlvi.
induration of; canse for rejection. Vol. I, p. iv.

TOE.

Testicle— Continued.

inflammation of cord of; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

p. xvii.
loss of; cause for ri'jectiou, Vol. I, pp. xxiii, xiii, xlvi, liv.
retention of; cause for rejection, Vol. I. jip. xviu, xx,
xxv,xxxi, xxxiii, xiii, xlvi, liv Ivii, 10.

its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 450.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412,417, 422,427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,427.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, PI>. 530, 531,. 538,
539, .540, 547, .554, 5.55, 5(52, 5()3, 570, 571, .580, .581,
586, .592, 593,(i00,()01,608,009,6l0,617,624,62o,
632, 033.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.
()14, ()45, 054, 655, 661, 665, 674, 675, 684. 6S5, 694,
695, 704, 705, 714,715,724,725,734,735,744,745,
754, 755, 7()4, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.5().
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472,477,482,487,492,497,
502, .507, 512, 517, 522.
Tetanus ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxix.
Thomas (Dr. C. W.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 171.
Thomson (A. S.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Thomson (Dr. W. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 2.52.
Thorax, malformation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.

xxxiv, xiii, slv.
Thumb, loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxi,
xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii, xlvii, xlviii, Iv, lix,
il,12.
Its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.57.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. ^h VV-/'>^l'J^' "^f'
541 548, .549, .5.50, 557, .504, 565, o/2, 573,o82,o83,
587, 594,. 595, 002, 003, 610, 611, 618, 019, 626, (;27,
634,635.
Loealitv (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, I'P- ''^'"'r
(i47 (ViO, 6.57, 6(>6, 667, 676. (i77,686,(iS7,(i90, IV.I,,
706, 707, 71(1, 717, 726,727, 736,737,746,747, <.. 6,
757, 7t)(), 7(i7.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occupation, V.,1. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488,493,498,
503,508,513,518,523.
loss of one phalanx of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xvii, Iv, lix, 12.
Tinea capitis ; cause for rejection, Vol.1, p. xliii.

favosa; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii, xxni.
furfuracca ; cause for ri?jection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Toe, great, ineurvated nail of; cau.se for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xviii.
great, loss of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvu,
xxiii, xxvi, xlix, Iv, 11, 12.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 405.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,423,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, PI'- ['32, 533, 540,
541,. 548, 549, 550, .5.57, 564, .5(i5, 5<2, 5/3, 582, .^8.j,
5b7, .594, 595, 602, 603, 010, 611, 618, 019, 020, 02i,
634, 635.

5b'4

GENERAL JNDEX.

TOE.

Toe, great, loss of— Coutinued.
its relation to: —

Locality (lecrnits ami substitutes), Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 6.5(1,6.57, 1)66, 667, 670, bTT.CHe, 687, 696, 697,
706,707,716,717,7-26,727,736,737,746, 747, 756,
707,766,767.

Marri.ige, Vol. II, p. 4!i7.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 4.50.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473,478,483,488,493,498,
.503, 508, 513,. 51^ .523.

loss of one pbalauxof; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp.
xvii, xxxii, Iv.

Toes, bent; canse for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxxii,
xliii, Iv.

contractions of; canse for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.

defects of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xx, xxvi,

xxix, Iv.
double, or branching; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p.

Iv.
loss of; canse for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxvi, xxxi,

XXXV, xliii, xli.x, Iv, lix.
loss of one pbalanx of each of last four ; cause for

rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
over-riding of; cau.se for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii,

xxiv, xxxii, xxxvi, xliii, Iv.

supernumerary ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxxvi,

xliii.
web; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xliii, xlvii,

Iv.

Tongue, acute disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.
xxvii.

deformity of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxiii,

xlv.
disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. lii, Iviii.
loss of ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxix, xxxiv,
lii, Iviii, 8.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 463.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.5.5.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 411,416,421,426.
Locality, (drafted nun), Vol. II, i)p. 528,529,536,
537, 544, 545, 5.52, 553, .560, 561 , 568, 569, 578, 579,
585,590,591,598,599,606,607,614,615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.55.
Nativity, Vol. II, ]ip. 433, 438, 443, 448.
Occupation. Vol. II. pp. 471,476,481,486,491,496,
501,506,511,516,521.
ulcers of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xxvii, lii,

Iviii.
wounds of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, jip. xxvii,
Iviii.

Tonsils, disease of; cause for rejrctioii. Vol. I, p. lii.
Torticollis ; canse for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxxiv, xlv,

xlviii, liii, lix, 10. (See, also, " wry-neck.")
Trachea, diseases of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
tistnla of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xv, xxix, liii,
lix, 8.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 462.
C'lniplexion, Vol. 11, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. 11, i)p. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, .529, 536,
537, 544, 545, 5.52, 553, .5(iO, fOl, .568, 569, .578, ,579,
585,590,591,598,599,006,607,614,615, 622, 623,
630,631.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.

TYPICAL MAN,
Trachea, fistula of— Continued.
its relation to : —

Nativity, Vol. 11, pp. 432,437,442,447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500,505,510,515,5-4;0.
intlammation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Traumatic paralysis ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
Trees, forest, of California, Vol. I, pp. 480, 493.

Tremor, habitual ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,
XXV, xxvi, xxxvi, xlviii.

Trichiasis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

Tricophyton ; canse for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.

Tripler (Cliailes S.), manual for examination of recruits,
Vol. I, p. 1.

on capacity of chest. Vol. I, pp. 439, 440.
Trowbridge (Dr. W. H.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 238.

Tubercles ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, xxix,

Iviii.

Tuberculosis in men working as blacksmiths. Vol. I,
p. 339.
the result of intermarriage. Vol. I, p. 339. (See, also,
" phthisis.")

Tumors ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv, xiii, xiv, xvii,
xxvii, xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, xliv, xlvi,
xlviii, xlix, liii, Ivi, lix.
chronic, (of bones) ; canse for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
erectile ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xii, lii.
tibro-plastie ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xii.
malignant; cause for rejectioUj Vol. I, pp. xlviii, li,

lii.
non-malignant ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. 0,
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 461.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 453.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 409,414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .526. 527, 534,
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566, 567, 57(i, 577,
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 005, 612, 613, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 638,
639, 648, 649, 658, 659, l)6H, 669, ()7S, 679, (iSH, 689,
IVJf, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 431, 436, 441, 446.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 469, 474, 479, 484, 489,
494, 499, .504, 509, 514, 519.
of abdominal viscera ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p.

xvi.
of bones ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxviii, xlvi.
of cornea ; cau-e for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.
of face ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
of lachrymal ducts ; cau.se for rejection. Vol. I, p. xv.
of perineum ; cause for rejection. Vol.' I, p. xvi.
of scrotum ; canse for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
of skull ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Tympanitis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi.

Tympanum, obliteration of; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
p. xiii.
perforation of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xiii,li.
Typhoid fever; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Typhus fever ; can.se for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxvii.
Typical man. Vol. I, pp. Ixxviii, Ixxxiii.

GENERAL INDEX.

565

UGLINESS.

u.

Ugliness, excessive ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiv.

Ulcers; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. iv, xii, xiv, xx,
xxiv, xxvii, XXX, xxxi, xxxv, xlviii, Ivi, lix, 10.
their relation to : — •
Age, Vol. II, p. 405.
Coiiiplexiou, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541, 548, 549, 556, 557, ,5()4, 565, 072, .573, 582, 583,
.587, 594, 595, 002, 003, 010, Oil, 018, 019, 020, 027,
034, 035.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. G4C,
647, 056, 6.57, (iOO, 667, 070, 677, 080, 087, 696, 697,
700, 707, 710, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.57.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 4.50.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 5Io, 523.
chronic ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. six, Iv.
fistulous ; cause for rcjectiou. Vol. I, p. xxx.
of abdomen ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxviii.
of cornea ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.
of feet; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlvii.
of leg; self-produced, Vol. I, p. 468.
of mouth ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xxix.
of tongue; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xxvii, lii,

Iviii.
primary ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xii.
scrofulous ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxi.
Unclassified diseases ; cause for rcjectiou, Vol. I, p. 5.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 405.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418,423, 428.
Locality, (dratted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541, 548, 549, 556, .5.57, 504. 565, 572, 573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 003, 610, Oil, 018, 019, 626, 627,
634, 635.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, i)p. 640,
047, 050, 057, 000, 007, 070, 077, OHt!, (587, (i96, 697,
70(;, 707, 710, 717, 720, 727, 730, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 707.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 43.5, 440, 445, 4.50.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, 523.

Under age ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. 11, 12.
Under size ; cause for rejection, Vol, I, pp. 11, 12.
its rtlation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 405.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413,418,42.3,428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pj). 046,

047, 656,(1.57, C>m, (i(;7,07(!, 077, 686,687, 096, 697,

700, 707,716, 717, 720,727,736, 737, 740, 747, 750,

757, 766, 707.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 4i0, 445, 4.50.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,

503, 508, 513, 518, 523.

United States ; mililaiy aptitude of. Vol. I, p. 05.

URINE.

United States — Continued.

natives of; their height, girth and expansion of chest,

Vol. It, pp. 83-103, 160, 107, 170, 171, 174, 17.5, 178,

179, 182, 183, 18(;, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195.
proportion of soldiers to the population. Vol. I, p. ()4.
recruitment and composition of the armies of. Vol. I,

p.l.
(See, also, "Americans white," "Americans colored,"

" Negro," and "American Indians.")

United States Army ; changes in, requisite stature, and
age for service in, from 1790 to 1874, Vol. I, p.
xlix.
disqualifications for service in, Vol. I, pp. li-lvi.
exaniiiuition of recruits for service in, Vol. I, p. I.
strength of, at various dates. Vol. I, p. 07.

Urethra; fistula of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi,
xxvii, XXX, xxxv, xlvi,'liv, lix, 9.
inflammation of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii,

xxvii.
stricture of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvi, xxvii,
XXX, xxxv, liv, Ivii, lix, 9, 12.
its relation to :^—
Age, Vol. II, p. 404.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, .531, .538,

539, 540, 547, 554, 555, 502, 503, .57 0, 57 1, 580, 581,

580, 592, 593, OUO, 001, 008, 009, 010, 017, 624, 025,

632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, p|i.

()44, 615, 6.54, 6,55, 604, 61i5, 074, 075, 684, 6^5, 094,

695, 704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 74.5,

754, 755, 704, 705.
Marriage, Vol. II, pp. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp, 434, 439, 444, 449.
Oecupation,V.d, II, pp. 472, 477,482, 487, 492,497,

502, 507, 512, 517, 522.

Urinary passages, lesions of; cause for rejection. Vol. I,
pp. XXV, xxvii, xxix.
system, diseases of. Vol. I, p. 81.
their relation to : —

Age, Vol. I, chart xv ; Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. I, chart xv ; Vol. II, p. 4,56.
Gin h of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417,422,427.
Height, Jiol. I, chart xv ; Vol. II, pp. 412,417,422,

427.
Locality, Vol. I, chart xlviii.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, .531,. 538,

539, 546, 547, 5.54, 555, .502, 503, .570, .571,. 580, .581,

.580,592,593,000,001,008, 009, 610,617,024,62.5,

632, 633.
Locality (recruits and .substitutes),Vol, II, pp. 642-

645, 052-655, 6()2-665, 672- (i75, 082-685, 092-095,

702-705, 712-715,722-725, 732-735, 742-745, 752-

755,702-705.
Marriage, Vol. I, chart xv ; Vol. II, p. 4,56.
Nativity ,Vol. I, chart xv ; Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444,

449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 197,

502,507,512, 517,. 522.

Urine, incontinence of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, i>p. xvi,
XXV, XXX, xxxv, xlvi, liv, lix, 9, 12.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.56.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422,427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412,417, 422, 427.

5G6

GENERAL INDEX.

URINE.

Urine, incontinence of — Continued.
its relation to : —

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, 531, 538,
539, 54(5, 547, .554. 555, .562, 5(j3, .570, 571, ,580, 581,
581), 592, 593, 000, (jOl, (308, 609, 616, 617, 024, 625,
632, 633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp.644,
61.5, 051, 655, 604, 605, 674, 675, 684, 68.5, 694, 695,
704, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
755, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4.56.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497,
502, .507, 512, 517, 522.
retention of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xsv.
Uvula, absence or disease of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,
p. xsxiv.

Vaccination, Vol. I, p. xxi.

Valverde di Hamusco (Uiov.), Vol. I, p. Isxxvii.

Valvular disease of heart ; cause for rejection. Vol. I,

pp. xvi, liii.
Van Bree (Math.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Vanderpoel (Dr. S. O.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 258.
Vandyke, Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Van Eycks (The), Vol. I, p. Ixvi.
Van Kleck (Dr. J. R.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 244.
Varicocele ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xvii, xx, xxv,
xxix, xxxi, xlvi, liv, lix, 10, 12.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 464.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 456.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 412, 417, 422, 427.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 530, .531, 533, 539,
546, 547, 554, .555, 562, .563, 570, .571, 580, .581, 586,
592, 593, 600, 601, 608. 609, 610,617,624, 625,632,
633.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 644,
645, 654, 655, 664, 66.5, 074, 075, 684, 685, 694, 695,
7(14, 705, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735, 744, 745, 754,
7.55, 764, 765.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 456.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 434, 439, 444, 449.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 472, 477, 482,487, 492, 497,
502, 507, 512, 517, 522.
not thought disqualifying. Vol. I, p. 168.
Vedder (Dr. A. M.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 263.
Veeter (Dr. J. R.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 393.
Vegetations of auditory canal ; cause for rejection.
Vol. 1, p. xiii.

Vegetius, Vol. I, p. ix.

Veins, diseases of; cause for njeetion. Vol. I, j). xxvii.
varicose; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. iv, xii, xvii,
xix, XX, xxiv, xxvii, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xxxv,
xlvii, xlix, Iv, Ivi, lix, 7.
varicose ; not thought disiiualifying. Vol. I, p. 168.
their relation to : —
Age, Vi.l. H, p. I(i2.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415,420, 425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Localitv (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. 528, .529, .536,
.537,. 544, 545, 5.52, .553, 5(i0, 561, 5(_i8,.509, 578, .579,
,585, .590, .591, .598, 599, 606, 607, 614, 61-5, 622, 623,
• 630, 631.

VICE.

Veins, varicose — Continned.
their relation to : —

Localitv (recruitsandsubstitutes),Vol. II, pp. 640,
(!41, (350, 651, 600, 001, 070, 071, (580, 681, 690, 091,
700, 701, 710, 711, 720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 761.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495,
500, 505, 510, 515, 520.
Venereal disease. (See " syphilis.")
Vermont, men examined in ;

height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 2,3,

12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, 52, 53, 62, 63, 72, 73.
mean girth of chest, in relation to height, compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height .and girth of chest in eiich congressioiuil
district compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24, 29.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and

girth of chest compared with that of men from

other States, Vol. I, p. 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases, Vol. II, pp. 639, 641,
643, 045, 647.
number of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases.
Vol. II, pp. 526, 528. 530, 532.
ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on account of specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, pp. 577, 579, 581, 583.
height, girth and expansion of chest of colored meu.
Vol. II, pp. 84, 85, 94, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 124, 125,
134,135,144,14.5,154,155.
Vermont, surgeon's report froui : —
first district. Vol. I, p. 190.
second district, Vol. I, p. 193.
third district, Vol. I, p. 195.
Vernet (Horace), Vol. 1, p. Ixvi.

Vertebrae, fracture or dislocation of; cause for rejection,
Vol. I, p. liii.

Vertebral column, caries of; cause for rejection, Vol. I,
p. xlvi.

cleft ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xlvi.

distortion of; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvi, xxx,
xliii, xlvi.

Vertigo ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xxxvi.

epileptiform ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiii.
Vesalius (A.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvii.
Veteran Reserve Corps, Vol. I, p. Ix.
Vice, solitary ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. Ivii, 0, 11.
its relation to : —
Age, Vol. II, p. 401.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 4.53.
Girth of chest, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 409, 414, 419, 424.
Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .520, 527, 534,
535,542,543,550,551, 558, ,5.59, .500, 507, ,570, .577,
584, 588, 589, 590, .597, 604, 605, 612, 013, 620, 621,
628, 629.
Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. (i38,
639, (348, 649, 058, 659, 668, 669, 678, 679, 688, 689,
698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 748,
749, 758, 759.
Marriage, Vol. II, p. 453.
Nativity, Vol. II, i,p. 431,436,441,416.

GENERAL INDEX.

567

VICE.

Vice, solitary — Coutinned.
its rclatii)!! to : —
Occupation, Vol. 11, pp. 409, 474, 479,484,489,494,
499, 504, 509, 514, 519.
Villafaue. {See Art'o.)
. Villerme (L.). ^^"I- I. P- Ixxxvii.
Viuci (Liiiiianlo iln), Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Isvi, Ixxxvii.
Viscera of abdomen and chest, diseases of; cause for

rejection, Vol. I, pp. xx, xxiv, xxvi.
Vision, defective ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xix.

defects of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, i>p. xxi, xxiv,

xxxiii, Ivii.
testing tlie power of, Vol. I, p. xxi.
Vital capacity, Vol. I, pp. 30, :i8.
Vitruvius, Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixv.
Vogt (Carl), Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxvii.
Voice, defects of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xix,
xxi, xxiv, xlv, liii.
loss of; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. Iviii, 7.
its relation to: —
Age, Vol. II, p. 4(32.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 454.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 410,415,420,425.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 410, 415, 420, 425.
Localitv (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 528, 529, 536,
537,544,545,5,52, 5.53, 5G0, 561,. 568,509.578, 579,
585, 590, 591, 59s, 599, C06, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623,
630, 631.
Localitv (recruits .and sulistitutes),Vol.II. pp. 640,
641,6.51), 651,660,6111,070,671, 680, 681,690,691,
700, 701, 710, 711,720, 721,730, 731, 740, 741, 750,
751, 760, 7(;i.
Marri.age, Vol. II, p. 454.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 432, 437, 442, 447.
Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 470, 475, 480, 485,490, 495,
500,505,510,515,520.
Volpato (Giov.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Volunteers; term defined. Vol. I, p. 3.
total nuuiber examined, Vol. I, p. ii.
total number rejected. Vol. I, p. ii.

\¥.

■Wagenseller (Dr. P. R.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 332.

"Walden (Dr. C. F.), Report of, Vol. I, ]). 395.

Wales, natives of; mean girth of chest compared with

that of other nativities, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 23. "
mean mobility of chest, in relation to height and girth

of chest, compared with that of other nativities.

Vol. I, p. 45.
their height, girth and expansion of chest. Vol. II,

lip. 166, 107, 170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183,186,

187,190,191, 194,195.
"Walker (Dr. E. .S.), Report of. Vol. I, p. 270.
Ward (Dr. .1. R.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 340.
■Wasting of limbs ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xvii.
Watelet (Chr.-Hen.), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Web-fingers ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xxxv,

lix, 12.

Web-toes ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, pp. xvii, xliii, xlvii,
Iv.

Weight, Vol. I, p. 51.

extreme cases of. Vol. I, pp. 54,55.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. I, p. .53.

Height, Vol. I, p. 54.

WISCONSIN.

Weight — Coiitinued.

its relation to heipht, girth and expansion of chest
complexion, and age in: —
Anierieau-born colored men accepted, Vol. II, pp.

:)lH-333.
American-born white men accepted. Vol. II, pp.

300-315.
niitisb-.Vmericans accepted. Vol. II, pp. 330-351.
Englishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 354-369.
Geruuius accepted, Vol. II, pp. 390-405.
Irishmen accepted. Vol. II, pp. 372-387.
mean, of men of diti'erent nativities, according to

various observers, Vol. I, pp. 56-59.
relation of height, girth and ex])ansion of chest to in-
creasing weight. Vol. 1, i>p. 39,40,41.
Wells (Dr. J. Ralston), Report of. Vol. I, p. 301.
Westcott (Dr. Robert), Report of. Vol. I, p. 285.
West Indies, natives of; mean girth of chest, compared
with that of other nativities. Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height compared with that of other nativities

Vol. I, p. 23.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and
girth of chest compared with that of other
nativities, Vol. I, p. 45.
their heipht, girth and ex])ausiou of chest, Vol. II, Jip.
166,167,170,171,174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183, 186,
187,190,191,194,195.

West Virginia, men examined in ;

heiglit, girth .and ex)iansion of chest. Vol. II,l)p. 6,7,
16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 46, 47, 56, .57, 66, 07, 70, 77.

mean girth of chest in relation to height compared
with that of nien from other .States, Vol. I, p. 32.

mean height and girth of chest in each congressional
district comjiared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

mean height compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp 24,29.

mean mobility of chest in relation to height and
girth of chest compared with that of men from
other States, Vol. I, )). 45.

number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected iu each congressional district on
account of specified diseases. Vol. II, pp. 699,701,
703,705,707.

number of drafted men exempted iu each congres-
sional district on account of speciljed diseases,
Vol. II, pp. 550, 552, 554, .556.

ratio per thousand of drafted men exempted in each
congressional district on accountof specified dis-
eases. Vol. II, p]). 605, 607, i;09, Oil.

height, girth and expansion of chest of colored men.
Vol. II, ])p. 88, H9, 98, 99, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128,
129, 138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159.

West Virginia, surgeon's report from:—
second district. Vol. I, p. 300.
third district. Vol. I, p. 360.
White (Chas.), Vol. I, pp. Ixiv, Ixxxvii.
■White swelling ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, p. xiii.
■Whiting (Dr. L. M.), Report of, Vol. I, p. 414.
■Wilbur (Dr. G. A.), Report of, Vol, I, p. 174.
"Wiuckelmann (J. J.), Vol. I, pp. Ixvi, Ixxxvii.
■Wisconsin, men examined iu ;

height, girth and exiiansion of chest. Vol. II, pp. 10,

11, 20, 21, 30, 31, 40, 41, 50, 51 , 00, 61, 70, 71, 80, 81.
mean girth of chest in relation to height compared
with that of men from other States, Vol. I, p. 32.
mean height and girth of chest in each congressional
district compared with that of men from other
States, Vol. I, pp. 25-27.

568

GENERAL INDEX.

WISCONSIN.

■Wisconsin, men examined in — Continued.

mean height compared with that of men from other

States, Vol. I, pp. 24-29.
mean mobility of chest in relation to height and girth
of chest compared \yith that of men from other
States, Vol. I, p. 45.
number and ratio per thousand of recruits and sub-
stitutes rejected in each congressional district on
account of specified diseases, Vol. II, i^p. 758,760,
762, 764, 766.
nnmber of drafted men exempted in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,
Vol. II, pp. 567,569,571,573.
ratio per thousand of drafted men in each congres-
sional district on account of specified diseases,
Vol. II, pp. 629, 631, 633, 635.
height, girdi and expansion of chest of colored men.
Vol. II, pp. 92, 93, 102,103,112,113,122,123,132,
133, 142, 143, 152, 153, 162, 163.
Wisconsin, surgeon's report from : —

fifth district. Vol. I, p. 470.
Witt (Jacob de), Vol. I, p. Ixxxvii.
Woillez (E. J.), Vol. I, pp. Ixxxvii, 48.
Wounds; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xsvi, Ivi, Ivii,
lix, 11.
their relation to : —
Age, Vol.11, p. 465.
Complexion, Vol. II, p. 457.
Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 41H, 423, 428.
Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.

Locality (drafted men), Vol. II, pp. 532, 533, 540,
541,548, .549, .556, 5.57, .564, ,565, 572, 573, 582,583,
587, .594, 595,602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619,626,627,
634, 635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
647, 656, 6.57, 666, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687, 696, 697,
706, 707, 716, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 756,
757, 766, 767.

ZEISING.
Wounds -Continued,
their relation to : —

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 4,57.

Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 4.50.

Occupation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,

503, 508, 513, 518, :a:\.

Wry -neck ; cause for rejection, Vol. I, pp. xv, xxxiv, xlv,
xlviii, liii, lix, 10.

its relation to : —

Age, Vol. II, p. 465.

Complexiou, Vol. II, p. 4.57.

Girth of chest. Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423,428.

Height, Vol. II, pp. 413, 418, 423, 428.

Locality (drafted men). Vol. II, pp. .532, 533, 540,
541,548,549, .556,557, 5t)4, 565, .572, .573, 582, 583,
587, 594, 595, 602, 603, 010, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627,
634, 635.

Locality (recruits and substitutes). Vol. II, pp. 646,
647,656, 657, (:65, 667, 676, 677, 686, 687,096,697,
706,707,710, 717, 726, 727, 736, 737, 746,747,750,
757, 766, 767.

Marriage, Vol. II, p. 457.
Nativity, Vol. II, pp. 435, 440, 445, 450.
Occui)ation, Vol. II, pp. 473, 478, 483, 488, 493, 498,
503, 508, 513, 518, .523.

WUlIerstorf-Urbair (B. vou. Commodore), Vol. I, p.
Ixxxyii.

Xenophon, Vol. I, p. Ixiv.

Xerosis ; cause for rejection. Vol. I, p. xiv.

Z.

Zeising (A.), Vol. I, pp. Ixviii, Ixxxvii.

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