L" ,^ . ^ ^5^ik', "^, v-^^ - 0^ ^ ■>- V cr --^ '%'- -"^^ o 0^ 0^!;;*^% ..- .^ ,., ■x^' .^ N 0 V V\^^ ri- '..^' k"°<. c' •^c*. '^ "-b/ ,-.^^ "^., .0 0^ .0- -b 'a ^ > .>'^" •=*>-. '^^ ^ V' .A >.J.^ « V ' » ''/v v-^^''^^^;^^:; •*bo'< o5 -^^ ^ 0 N O ■" \V ■^^. ' STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA^ INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS fifltnrol, (S^inil, irni febtnstirnl .fistnrt|; TOGETHER WITH A PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION OP EACH COUNTY, N"OTICES OF TIIE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ITS ABORIGINAL TRIBES, A CORRECT MAP OF THE STATE. BY GEORGE WHITE, SAVANNAH : Wi. THORNE WILLIAMS 1849. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by W. THORNE WILLIAMS, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Georgia. V " TO THE CITIZENS OF THE T^Tl ©\F ©[1©^©"0^ ^Itis Wmk IS EESPBCTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIE FELLOW-OITIZEM, THE AOTHOR. PREFACE This volume is, after some unavoidable delay, at length submitted to the public. The difficulties which the author has had to encounter in collecting materials for this work, have far exceeded his ex- pectations ; but he must frankly acknowledge, that his labours have been greatly lightened by the assistance of valued friends in Georgia and other States. To the following gentlemen he acknowledges himself especially indebted : Dr. James H. Couper, of St. Simon's Island ; Major Le Conte, of New- York ; I. K. Tefft, of Savannah ; Governor Graham, of North Carolina ; Doctors Gibbes, Bachman, Holbrook, and Johnson, of Charleston ; Dr. Le Conte, of Athens ; Judge Sheftall, of Savannah ; M. M. Noah, Esq, of New-York ; General Hansell and Col. Knight, of Marietta; John Harper, Esq., of Augusta; Professor Shepard, of Charleston ; and Dr. Church, of Athens. To Philip J . 6 PREFACE. Forbes, Esq., the courteous and esteemed Librarian of the New- York Society Library, he would express his gratitude for the uniform kindness shown him whilst consulting that invaluable collection. Stevens' and McCall's Histories of Georgia, Lee's Memoirs,. Garden's Revolutionary Anecdotes, Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors of England, the Annual Register, Hawkins' His- tory of Missions, Bartram's Travels, and Manuscripts liberally furnished by Governor Gilmer, Hon. Thomas Spalding, and Col. Joseph W. Jackson, have also furnished much valuable information. It cannot be expected that a volume containing so many facts, and gathered from so many sources, should be entirely free from errors. All that the compiler hopes for is, that its contents, drawn from the most reliable sources, will be en- titled to that credit which is usually awarded to public do- cuments, private family archives, and the faithful memories of disinterested living witnesses and contributors. While the author does not shrink from just criticism, nor deprecate deserved censure, he respectfully asks the public to remember, that a Pioneer in any enterprise has many obstacles to overcome, and is therefore entitled to charitable judgment. CONTENTS. Page Sketch of the G-eology of Greorgia, 13 Indians, ...... 27 Situation, Boundaries, Extent, . 35 Soil and Productions, .... 37 Rivers, ....... . 38 Population, ..... 43 Comparative View of Population, . 44 Early Settlement, ..... 44 Arrival of the First Colonists, .... . 45 Progress of the First Colony, 45 Yazoo Fraud, ...... . 48' Political Government, .... 54 Annual Revenue and Expenditures, . 58 Governors of Georgia, .... 59 Judiciary, ...... . 59 Penal Code, ..... 62 Militia System, . . . . . . 63 Militia and Troops in the Revolutionary War, 64 Officers of the Continental Line, . 65 Education, ...... 66 Franklin College, ..... . 74 Mercer University, .... 76 Oglethorpe University, .... 78 Emory College, ..... 78 Georgia Female College, . . . . . 79 Georgia Episcopal Institute, 80 Medical College of Georgia, .... 81 State Lunatic Asylum, .... 82 Georgia iVsylum for the Deaf and Dumb, . 85 Public Buildings at Milledgeville, 85 Banks, ....... 86 Central Railroad, , 87 CONTENTS. Milledgeville and Gordon Kailroad, Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, Macon anc i Western Railroad, Southwestern Railroad, Western and Atlantic Railroad, Augusta and Waynesborougli Railroad, Canals, Protestan ; Episcopal Church, Lutheran Church, Baptists, Methodist Episcopal Church, . Presbyterians, Jews, . Disciples < Df Christ, Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church Roman Catholics, . Protestant Methodists, Mormons, . Appling County, Bibb a Bulloch u Baker "... Bryan u Burke u Butts " Baldwin "... Camden " Campbell " . Carroll u Cass u Chatham £i Chattooga "... Cherokee U Clarke "... Cobb " Columbia (( Coweta " Crawford "... Decatur u De Kalb u Dooly a Dade u 89 89 90 91 92 93 93 93 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 104 104 105 108 115 120 123 126 130 132 139 143 146 149 154 172 176 179 187 192 195 197 200 204 208 211 CONTENTS. Early County, Effingham County Elbert u Emanuel li Fayette u Floyd a Forsyth a Franklin a Gilmer u Glynn u Greene (I Gwinnett a Habersham u Hall u Hancock » Harris u Heard; u Henry a Houstoun u Irwin li Jackson li Jasper 11 Jones li Jeflferson li Laurens li Lee u Liberty a Lincoln li Lowndes (C Lumpkin li Macon li Madison 11 Marion li Mcintosh 11 Meriwether li Monroe 11 Montgomery a Morgan a Murray li Muscogee 11 Newton a Oglethorpe a 218 . 222 227 . 242 244 . 248 253 . 258 262 . 275 289 . 295 . 299 . 305 310 . 317 321 , . 324 . 328 . . 332 . 334 . . 349 354 . . 356 J 362 . 366 369 , . 381 . 385 . 390 398 . . 404 410 , . 414 . 421 . . 426 432 . 434 439 , . 443 449 , . 452 10 CONTENTS. Paulding County, Pike u Pulaski a Putnam a Kabun a Randolpli a Richmond u Screven a Stewart u Sumter u Talbot u Taliaferro u Tattnall a Telfair a Thomas u Troup li Twiggs u Union u Upson u Walton u Walker u Ware u Warren u Washington u Wayne u Wilkes u Wilkinson u Addenda, 465 470 476 479 484 493 499 516 521 524 529 531 534 539 544 547 563 569 573 579 584 594 597 601 604 607 614 619 FAUNA AND FLORA. Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Crustacea, Coleopterous Insects, Shells, . Flora, 3 6 13 16 21 25 37 43 ERRATA. Page 20, 1 ine 29, " 20, 1 ne 37, " 21, 1 lie 23, " 21,1 ne23, " 21,1 ne 27, " 21,1 ne28. " 22, 1 ne 14, " 22,1 ne 21, " ^2, 1 ne37, " 23, 1 ne 1, " 27, I nel6. " 39,1 ne23, " 42, 1 ne29. " 65, 1 ne 9, " 67, 1 ne 17, " 140, 1 ne 18, " 15], 1 ne 14, " 460, 1 ne32, for Atrape read Atrope. for Kinkefornia read Kinchafoonee. for pristodatus read pristodontns. for accurainata read acuminata. ' for Belennites read Belemnites. for Cucullia read Cucullsea. for anlydreus read anhydrous. for Gorginea read Gorgonia. for strophemene r«ad strophomena. for comiferous read corniferous. for in read on. for Scriven read Screven. for Alabama read Georgia. for Berrian read Berrien. for McQuirread McWhir. for Jefferson read Jeffersonton. for Atlantic and Western read Western and Atlantic. for Manufactures read Miscellaneous. Vji ,S1 ■ i I 9* ,fi'w,:^f^i;.;' :^^ ,'. ^ ,C^ te> 'M fSOl J Jibi K iRiv STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA. The following account of the geology of Georgia, although merely intended as a sketch, the writer is very sensible does not fulfil the requisitions even of that limited design. The materials for a proper treatise on this subject, are yet to be collected; for although the labour of a State Geologist was for several years devoted to it, yet as the results of his examina- tions have not been published, and as they were not extended to many of the most interesting portions of the State, discon- nected facts, collected by cursory observers, form at present the only means available to the geologist. As many of these facts are, however, of great interest to the State, and as they serve to connect its geology with that of other portions of the Union, this outline, imperfect as it is, is presented in the hope that, while it will add something perhaps to previous know- ledge, it may serve, in sonie measure, to attract the attention of the citizens of the State to a subject of much importance. While the example of such States as New-York, Massachu- setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and others, in investigating their material and scientific resources, at a great expense of labour 2 14 GEOLOGY. and money, should impress upon the people of Georgia the high value attached by intelligent minds to such inquiries, the results which have followed from them of important practical utility, as well as of high national character, should stimulate us not to be behind our sister States in the execution of a work demanded equally by the interests of the community and the claims of an advanced state of civilization. No state in the Union presents a richer field for the geolo- gist than Georgia. With a territory embracing the southern extremity of the great Atlantic chain of mountains ; extend- ing across them to the N. W. into the valley of the Mississippi ; running to the S. W. into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and occupying along its eastern boundary a wide belt of tertiary, it contains most of the important geological formations. Commencing at the Atlantic ocean, and spreading out from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a ter- tiary formation, rises from the level of the sea, and gradually swells up to a height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near the heads of navigation of the rivers Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a primary formation. Between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers it leaves the primary formation to the right, and rests on the cretaceous, from' a point nearly midway between Macon and Knoxville, by a line run- ning in a S. W. direction to another point between Petaula creek and Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee river. Bounded by the last mentioned line to the S. E., and by the southern edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the creta- ceous formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming an acute triangle. The ■primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded to the east by the tertiary and cretaceous formations, as described above, crosses the State from N. E. to S. W., with a width of 160 miles at the northern limit, and 100 at the southern. The Blue Ridge range of mountains passes near its western edge, and forms the most elevated land of the State, varying in height from 1200 to 4000 feet. From this crest there is a gra- dual descent to the east, by a series of parallel and undulating ridges, until the tertiary plain is reached. On the west the GEOLOGY. 15 descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of the primary is not very accurately established, but it is believed to lie not far from a line running nearly N. and S. through the centre of Gilmer county, and continued in the same direction to near Canton in Cass county, thence to the western base of the Allatoona mountain on the Etowah river, where it turns to the S. W., and passing near Van Wert in Paulding county, and along the northern base of the Dugdown mountain to the Ala- bama line. The N. W. part of the State, bounded to the east and south by the western limit of the primary, consists of a transi- tion or older fossiliferous formation, except the extreme N, W. corner where the carboniferous occurs. Having thus briefly sketched the great leading features of the geology of the State, the various formations will now be described more in detail. Tertiary Formation. — The sea-coast of Georgia is rich in the more recent formations. In the salt-marshes and swamps, which are spread out between the sea islands and the main land, and along the borders of the rivers and creeks, are extensive bodies of recent alluvium. Although these deposits come under this general head, they are obviously so different in age as to admit of being subdi- vided with advantage. The most recent is that constituting the salt-marsh and the tide-swamp. This is a very modern alluvium, still in the course of formation from the deposits of sedimentary matter brought down by the rivers, or the reflux of the tides. It consists of a tenacious blue clay, mixed with fine silicious sand and vegetable matter : and at the depth of from ten to twelve feet rests on a sandy post-pliocene forma- tion. This subdivision of the recent alluvium contains no fos- sils, except of such animals as now exist in it. The older subdivision forms the inland swamps above the reach of tides, and occurs not unfrequently in tide swamps, in the form of small knolls, and in the salt marsh sometimes rising above its surface, but generally underlying it at the depth of from three to four feet. It consists of a very compact clay, destitute of vegetable matter, varying in colour, but most usually blue or 16 GEOLOGY. yellow. It frequently contains beds of marl and calcareous gravel, and is generally highly impregnated with iron. In some localities it has the appearance of green marl, and con- tains grains of sillicate of iron. Like the salt-marsh it rests at no great depth on a sandy post-pliocene formation. This older recent alluvium derives much interest from the circum- stance of its presenting in many parts of the salt-marsh and tide-swamps where it occurs, indubitable proof of the subsi- dence, at a recent geological period, of the sea-coast from Florida to South Carolina. Stumps of cypress, pine, and other fresh- water trees, in an erect position and worn away to a horizontal line, are found in it, both in the tide-swamps and salt-marsh, with their tops buried three or four feet below the surface of the land, and at the same depth below the ordinary height of the tides. In the salt-marsh these remains occur several miles from the present forests, and where the water is now salt at every stage of the tide and at all seasons of the year. The kind of trees, their erect position, the horizontal line of erosion, the accumulation of soil above them, and the flowing of the salt water, three or four feet above and several miles beyond them, all indicate a sinking of the land posterior to the inland swamp formation. A still higher interest is connected with this formation from its being the depository of all the fossil bones of the ter- restrial mammalia, which have been discovered on the coast of Georgia. These remains having been very abundant, and embracing several genera and species of great interest, and their position having been ascertained with much exactness, a somewhat minute account of the circumstances under which they were found may be useful. The four localities at which they have been discovered are Skidaway Island and Heiner's Bridge, in Chatham county, and the Brunswick canal and Turtle river in Glynn county. The features which characterize these deposits being in all essen- tial particulars the same, one description will answer for them all. In every instance the fossil bones have been found im- bedded in the inland swamp alluvium, near its bottom, and resting on a yellow or white sand of a post-pliocene formation. GEOLOGY. 17 Marine shells, all of existing species, are found in groups in the post-pliocene sand, in a nearly horizontal stratum, and extend- ing from its junction with the alluvium, to the depth of five feet below it. They are generally immediately below the fossil bones, but always in the sand, and in no instance found in the clay alluvium. The depth at which the fossil bones have been discovered varies with the different localities ; being from five feet above high tides, to six or seven feet below. The line of depth appears, however, to follow the present slope of the land, as the highest deposit occurs farthest from the sea, and the lowest nearest to it. The species of shells, and the manner in which they are grouped together, are exactly such as now occur on the adjacent coast ; and, as several of the shells, such as the Artemis Concentrica and Tellina alter- nata still retain the epidermis, it is obvious that they grew on, or near the places where they are now found ; and that the physical circumstances necessary to the existence of a large portion of the present mollusca of the coast, have not changed since a period long anterior to the extinction of the gigantic mammalia. The fossil bones were found, generally in groups, and in seve- ral instances the parts of the same skeleton were lying together. The bones were generally entire, well preserved, and in no instance abraded or incrusted with marine shells, except where they had been washed out of the original bed into salt water streams. These circumstances render it highly probable that these animals either perished on the spots where their remains are now found, or that their carcasses were quietly and im- mediately floated to them, and that sinking to the sandy bot- toms of the then shallow bays, lakes or streams, they were gradually enveloped in the sedimentary deposits, which have produced the older recent alluvium, or inland swamp forma- tion. The inferences may also be drawn, that they existed at a period posterior to the elevation from the sea, of a well characterized sandy post-pliocene formation, and at the com- mencement of the alluvium, of the age of the inland swamp : and that their destruction must have been owing to gradual changes in physical circumstances, and not to any sudden and violent catastrophe. The occurrence in South America, in 18 GEOLOGY. latitudes about equally removed from the equator with our own, of the same fossil animals, disproves the once favourite theory of their extinction by a reduction of temperature, oc- casioned by a change of the poles of the earth. Bones of the following mammalia have been procured from the deposits above named. Megatherium Cuvieri, Megalonyx, Mastodon giganteum, Elephas primigenius, a Bos, an Equus, a Cervus, and the right ramus of the lower jaw of a new genus, the Harlanus Americanus of Owen (Sus Americanus of Harlan). In the post-pliocene sand formation which underlies the fossil mammals, most of the species of shells now existing in the neighbouring sea have been found ; and in the same formation, but nearer the surface, ribs and vertebrae of a whale, and the right os-femoris of an extinct Chelonia (Chelonia Couperii of Harlan). It is believed, that the Miocene formation has not yet been discovered cropping out at the surface in Georgia, but as the writer of this article found two specimens of the Fusus quad- ricostatus on the beach of Long Island near St. Simon's Island, after the gale of the 12th of October, 1846, there is no doubt that it approaches very near to the surface. No fossils have been found between the post-pliocene de- posits already mentioned, and the Burr-stone formation of the Eocene ; and this part of the State presents no object of in- terest to the geologist, except the existence of two nearly pa- rallel terraces, terminated to the east by well defined escarp- ments. From the ocean, the land ascends by a gradual slope, to the height of from ten to twenty feet, when, at a distance of from twenty to thirty miles, it rises by an abrupt step to the elevation of seventy feet above tide water: at which elevation it runs back about twenty miles, when another and similar step of about the same height occurs These escarpments have obviously been sea-cliffs or margins ; and the manner of their formation has been very satisfactorily explained by Dar- win in his Journal of Researches, &c., where he notices a series of similar cliffs in Patagonia. He supposes, in the first place, a period of slow and gradual elevation of the land, converting that portion of the sea lying between the western GEOLOGY. 19 and eastern cliffs into dry land, having a sloping surface. A period of repose then followed, during which, the ocean cur- rents, acting on the land, wore it away, and produced along the sea-margin an abrupt escarpment. Similar alternations of periods of elevation and repose, in the same way produced another and lower terrace and escarpment. After the second period of repose, a third upheaval of the land produced a third terrace, which now forms the low main land of the coast. The other changes which have taken place also admit of a satisfactory explanation. If, during the time when the present sea-coast was slowly rising above the ocean, we suppose that by the joint action of river sediment, sea-currents and waves, a line of reefs was formed at a short distance from the shore, and that they gradually arose to their present level, a chain of low, sandy islands, separated from the main land by shallow basins of salt water would be formed. The sedimentary mat- ter brought down by rivers, would in time be deposited in the quiet water between the islands and the main land, and form a body of marsh. Whenever these marshes had become as high as the usual flow of the tides, permanent channels for the discharge of the water would be formed : and the distance to which the salt water of the ocean would ascend in them, would be established within fixed limits. Beyond the flow of the sea water, trees and fresh water plants would then spring up and extend down to the line of brackish water. If, after the trees had been established, the land should sink, the salt water being no longer confined to its usual channels, would flow up to the sandy main land, and destroy the trees wher- ever it reached. The dead trees would then decay down as far as they were exposed to the action of the atmosphere. If the subsidence of the land should now cease, or the accumu- lation of sedimentary matter be greater than it, the stumps of the former growth of trees would be buried in a new alluvium. This new alluvium would gradually increase, until reaching the height of the tides, new channels would again be formed, and the line of salt water be driven back towards the ocean. Whenever this occurred, another growth of trees would spring up, and be gradually extended down the rivers. The present appearances of the alluvial lands of the coast, indicate that 20 GEOLOGY. such changes have actually taken place ; for whilst the stumps of trees in the salt marsh prove a subsidence of the land, and an encroachment of the salt water to that point, the existence of similar stumps in the tide swamps, at a depth of three or four feet, equally confirms the subsidence of the land, and also shows a recession of the salt water since that period. No division of the Tertiary is so well developed in Georgia as the Eocene. This formation is bounded on the west by the primary and cretaceous rocks, and it probably continues down to the foot of the first terrace or sea cliff", twenty miles from the ocean ; but as no fossils have been found farther east than the Burr and limestone formations, it will be safer in the present state of our knowledge to consider its eastern limit as extending down as far as Effingham county, and passing thence in a Southwest direction through the counties of Bulloch, Emanu- el, and Laurens, to the lower edge of Pulaski, from which point it assumes a nearly southern course, and passes through the counties of Irwin and Lowndes into Florida. The Eocene is divided into three well defined formations, the Burrstone, the orbitulite limestone, and the white lime- stone. The Burrstone, which is the superficial formation * of this group, is characterized by white, yellow and red clays, and ferruginous sand, through which are irregularly interspersed masses of sandstone, burrstone and siliceous rocks, generally found cropping out near the tops of the hills. The fossils found in it are abundant, and usually occur in a silicified state. In many places they exist only in the forms of silicified casts. They differ much at diflferent localities. At Atrape's quarry, near Macon, a large proportion are identical with those de- scribed by Conrad and Lea from the sandy strata of Claiborne Bluflf; while the Burrstone of the counties of Lee, Baker and Decatur, present a group of a very different character. The Orbitulite Limestone, which Mr. Lyell has found to lie between the Burrstone and White limestone, is of a yellow, or cream colour, and is almost entirely made up of orbitulites of * At Kinkefornia creek, near Palmyra, Lee county, a well defined section oc- curs, showing the position of the Burrstone above the limestone. GEOLOGY. 21 two or three species. Near Bainbridge it is found forming the bed of the river, and consists mainly of an aggregation of small orbitulites of from one-eighth to one-third of an inch diameter, with the occasional occurrence of species of the genera pecten, crystillaria and cidaris. The White limestone forms the lowest portion of the Eocene formation in Georgia. It varies much in consistency, passing from a friable marl to a compact rock. The echinoderms and corals abound in it : and it is in this formation that the remains of the Zeuglodon have been found in Twiggs, Crawford, Wash- ington and Decatur counties. As it produces a very good lime, it is burnt, wherever it occurs, for that purpose. The Cretaceous formation is, with the exception of a small patch at Saundersville, confined to parts of the counties of Randolph, Stewart, Muscogee, Marion and Macon. Although its existence in these counties is well established by character- istic fossils, but little is known of the nature of the rocks in which they are found. A. deposit in the Chattahooche in Stewart county, from which the writer of this article, through the liberal exertions of H. T. Hall, Esq. of Columbus, and I. C. Plant, Esq. of Macon, obtained teeth of the Geosaurus, Mosasaurus * of an extinct crocodile, Lamna plicata, Lamna accuminata, and Galleus pristodatus, is identified with the fer- ruginous sand formation of New Jersey, as well by the consti- tution of the soil as by its fossil remains. On the Petalau creek in Randolph county, and at several other points, Ammonites placenta, Exogyra costata, Belennites Americanus, and a large Cucullia have been found. The Transition, or older fossiliferous rock formation has been less explored than any other part of the geology of Georgia : and in the present state of our knowledge the limits of the groups composing it, cannot be designated with accu- racy. It occupies the whole of the counties of Chattooga, Walker, Murray and Floyd, the greater part of Cass, the northern half of Paulding, and all of Dade, except some small patches of coal in the Lookout and Raccoon mountains. That * A new species, described by Prof. R. W. Gibbes, as the Mosasaiirus Cou- peri. 22 GEOLOGY. part of it which extends from tlie western base of the prinnary rocks to the Chattoogatta range of mountains, and which forms the valley of the Oostanaula river, belongs probably to the older series of the New- York formations, as those portions which have been examined contain Potsdam sandstones, cal- ciferous sandrock and limestones of the Trenton group. Very few fossils have been found in it. At the Chattoogatta range a marked change occurs in the formations, which from that line to the Lookout mountain belong principally to the Helder- berg series of the New-York system, but embrace also the Portage and Chemung groups : and therefore correspond with the middle and upper groups of that system, and with the Wen- lock and Devonian rocks of the English Silurian formation. At the Red Sulphur Springs in Walker county a bed of anlyd- reus limestone occurs, corresponding in character to the up- per bed of the Onondaga Salt group of New- York. Within a few miles of this locality there is a stratum of pentamerus limestone, well characterized by its lithological constitution and abundant remains of pentamerus galeatus. At Gordon's Mineral Springs, at the foot of Taylor's ridge, a stratum of dark shale is found at the bottom of the valley containing Gorginea. Above the shale are successively placed Oriskany sandstone with Atrypa elongata, &c. — a grayish blue, sub-crystalline limestone of the Onondaga limestone group, abounding in cy- athophylla, stylina and encrinital stems, and corniferous lime- stone containing cyathophylla mingled with chert and cherty nodules with crystals of quartz. Above the last lie sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups. Between Taylor's ridge and Pigeon mountain the Onon- daga gray limestone prevails, and is found at the tops of the northern spurs of the latter. A marked change however oc- curs in the crinoidea imbedded in it, and pentremites of the species florealis, globosa and pyriformis take the place of the usual large, smooth encrinital stems. Cyathophylla and favo- sites labyrinthica also occur. Proceeding to the west, on reaching west Chickaumagua creek the Delthyris shaly lime- stone, containing abundant impressions of strophemene appears, and continues to the base of the Lookout mountain. In all GEOLOGY. 23 the hills the comiferous limestone is succeeded by sandstone which continues to their summits. The dip of the rocks from the Alatoona mountain, which is the western limit of the primary formation at that point, to the base of the Lookout mountain, is either nearly vertical or south of east. The strata of the Lookout mountain, on the contrary, all dip to the west. This circumstance indicates here, as it does father north in the same range of mountains, a violent contortion and folding over of the strata, presenting the ap- pearance of a succession of waves with their sloping sides to the east, and their crests curling over to the w^est. If it be imagined that the strata constituting the existing kinds of rocks were originally deposited in a nearly horizontal position ; that afterwards by the settling of the whole, from the contraction of the superficial crust of the earth, they were thrown into wave-like ridges, hanging over to the west; and that then, by the denuding action of violent currents of water sweeping down the narrow valleys, and acting with most force on their eastern edges, the superior strata were removed to the present depth, we shall have a correct idea of the character of the palaeozoic formation of the State, and a satisfactory solution of the uniform dip of the strata, either in an eastern or nearly vertical direction, be obtained. The denudation has been greatest in the Oostanaula valley, and less in the small valleys between Chattoogatta, Taylor, Pigeon, Missionary and Look- out mountains. The abundance of the remains of crinoidea, cyathophylla, favosites and catinapora, proves the existence of extensive coral reefs along the northwest portions of the State at a period anterior to that of the Devonian and Carboniferous formations. The Appalachian coal field merely touches the extreme N. W. corner of the State ; and the only deposits of bituminous coal hitherto found in Georgia are on the summit of Lookout mountain, and in the Raccoon mountain, which lies imme- diately to the west of it. Anthracite coal has not yet been found, although the formations in which it exists occur. T\\Q primary rock formation, embracing the sedimentary non-fossiliferous strata, is, in a geographical, agricultural, and manufacturing point of view, by far the most important in the 24 GEOLOGY. State. It is no less so for its varied and abundant mineral wealth. Occupying the extensive belt that lies between the western base of the Blue Ridge and the western edge of the tertiary and cretaceous formations, it embraces that portion of the State which unites in the greatest degree a salubrious cli- mate with a fertile soil. Descending from the elevated table land of the Chattahoochee, by a succession of undulating and parallel ranges of hills to its junction at the heads of naviga- tion, with the lower formations, it presents a series of valleys of an originally rich soil, and abundantly supplied with streams of pure water. Interesting as this formation is to the mineralo- gist, and in reference to its influence on national wealth, to the geologist it presents, from its very uniform and simple con- stitution, but a limited field for remark. The rocks which compose it are, with but few exceptions, of a stratified or gneissoid kind. The western portion consists principally of rocks of a schistose character, as talcose slate, chloritic slate, and hornblende schist ; whilst the gneissoid rocks prevail to- wards the east, in the form of micaceous, felspathic and sien- itic gneiss. The exceptions to the stratified character are but few. The most remarkable of them is the Stone mountain in De Kalb county, which is composed of a compact light-coloured granite, of uniform composition, and which presents to the eye one enormous rock, of a dome-like form, towering above the surrounding plain like a huge boulder. Several quarries of a crystalline primitive marble, are found in this formation. In Cherokee county, statuary marble is met with ; and in Hall and Habersham counties, darker marbles of excellent quality occur. A narrow, but extensive belt of elastic sandstone (Itaco- lumit)* runs from Hog mountain, in Hall county, to the N. E. corner of the State, in Habersham county. At Col. Young's, nine miles from Gainesville, it appears at the summit of the mountain ridge, and presents an outcrop of several hundred feet. As this rock is regarded as the matrix of the diamond, it may be expected, from its great extent, that the dozen that * The public is indebted to Dr. W. C. Daniell for an accurate survey and map, made under his direction, by F. Schreiber, of this formation. GEOLOGY. 25 have already been found will be the precursors of a rich har- vest of this most precious gem. The gold region of Georgia, from its richness and extent, is the most remarkable feature of the primary rock formation. Its veestern boundary is the western base of the Blue Ridge. The richest deposits are found occupying a belt along the east- ern slope of that range of mountains, varying in width from fifteen to twenty miles ; but gold has been discovered at various points one hundred miles to the east of it, as far as Columbia county, and thence in a line, nearly parallel to the principal belt, to Alabama. The gold is found in both vein and deposit mines. In the former it generally occurs in quartose veins, running through rocks of gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, and chlorite schist. The quartz forming the veins is usually of a cellular structure, generally discoloured by iron, and with the cavities more or less filled with a fine yellow ochre. The gold, which varies much in the size of its particles, is found either in small scales (its most usual form) in the cavities or the fissures of the quartz, or in the yellow ochre, or in combination with the sulphurets of iron, of copper, and of lead, or united with silver. It sometimes, but rarely, exists in the adjoining schistose rocks. The deposit mines are of alluvial formation, obviously pro- duced by the washing down of the detritus of the auriferous veins into the adjoining valleys. The schistose rocks, which are of a more perishable character, having crumbled away, and left the quartz veins exposed, the latter have fallen down from a wani of support, and have been swept by torrents into the valleys below. The quartz pebbles, and the harder por- tions of the including rocks, and the gold, being heavy, would be deposited at the bottom of the streams, and would occur in the greatest quantity when there were the greatest inequa- lities. The lighter materials would at first be swept down to a lower point, or be deposited along the borders of the streams; but, with a change of the beds of the streams, or a diminution of their velocity, these materials w^ould gradually accumulate over the original beds of pebbles and gold, and the valleys would ultimately present the appearance which they now do, of a stratum of several feet of alluvial loam covering another 26 GEOLOGY. of water-worn pebbles of quartz and schist, containing particles of gold, the whole resting on an original bed of schistose rocks, similar in constitution and dip to those of the surrounding hills. The quartz pebbles are usually flattened on the sides, indicat- ing their compression in the veins, and are more or less water- worn, as they have for a longer or shorter period been exposed to the action of the currents of water. // Iron is found in abundance, and of great purity, in this for- mation, and Kaolin of a very fine quality. Before closing this imperfect sketch, it will not be inappro- priate to notice the agricultural and industrial effects produced by the geological character of the different formations. The tertiary formations, wherever they are of a siliceous constitution, show the usual sterility of that kind of soil. Of this character is the extensive plain between the head of tide water and the calcareous formation of the Eocene — a region which very scantily repays the agriculturist for his labour, and seems by nature destined to be appropriated to grazing pur- poses. The river bottoms of this district present a remark- able contrast to the sandy plain. These owe their fertility to the rich washings from the calcareous and primary rocks, brought down by the stream, and are found to be highly remu- nerative whenever inundations can be prevented. Near the ocean, where the rise and fall of the tides admit of their being drained and flowed, they form the soils on which rice is cultivated. The yield of this grain, on such lands, pro- bably exceeds that of any other cereal that is grown. The beneficial effect of lime is strikingly illustrated in the tertiary plain, in the admirable adaptation of the soil to the production of cotton, wherever this mineral occurs. On reach- ing the line of the calcareous rocks of the Eocene formation in the counties of Burke, Laurens, &c., a marked change in the fertility of the soil is perceived, and it is to the existence of this rock in great abundance, in the south-western counties, that they are found so pi'oductive in cotton. In the primary rock formation, the accumulation of the washings of the disintegrated feldspathic and schistose rocks along the lower hills, and in the valleys, has produced a soil INDIANS. 27 originally of a produptive character, and one- well adapted to both grain and cotton. On approaching the higher hills, these deposits become thinner, and the soil consequently less productive ; but fortu- nately, the inferior fertility is compensated for by an abundant water-power, rich minerals, and a salubrious climate, all of which mark out this part of the State as the future seat of ex- tensive manufactures. Leaving the primary rocks at the western base of the Blue Ridge, a new formation occurs, in which limestone, and clay schists prevail. Here again the fertilizing influence of lime becomes conspicuous; and it is to the presence of this rock, that the richness of the valleys of the Cherokee counties is to be ascribed. Their peculiar adaptation to the growth of small grain and grasses, if experience had not already proved the former, might have been predicated in the constitution of the soil, and a knowledge that their rock formations are similar to those of the wheat-growing counties of the Genesee of New- York, the middle counties of Pennsylvania, and the She- nandoah valley of Virginia. The discovery of a bed of anhy- drous limestone, belonging to the upper Onondaga Salt group, at the Red Sulphur Springs, in Walker county, authorizes the hope, that at no distant day, plaster of Paris may be added to the agricultural resources of Georgia. INDIANS. At the death of Col. Benjamin Hawkins, who was for many years the agent for the United States Government in its trans- actions with the Creek Indians, there were found among his manuscripts, some valuable accounts of their manners, cus- toms, and civil polity. The compiler of this work has in his possession a sketch of the Creek country, prepared by Col. Hawkins, from which the following extracts are made : The origin of the name Creek is uncertain. The tradition is, that it was given by white people, from the number of 28 INDIANS. creeks and water courses in the country. The Indian name is Muscogee.* The Creeks came from the west. They have a tradition among them, that there is, in the fork of Red river, west of the Mississippi, two mounds of earth ; that at this place, the Cussetuhs, Conetuhs and Chickasaws, found themselves ; that being distressed by wars with red people, they crossed the Mississippi, and directing their coiise eastwardly, they crossed the falls of Tal-la-poo-sa, above Took-au-bat-che, settled below the falls of Chat-to-ho-che, and spread out from thence to Oc- mul-gee^ 0-co-nee, Savannah, and down on the sea-coast to- wards Charleston. Here, they first saw white people, and from hence they have been compelled to retire back again, to their present settlements. Cha-to-ho-che. — The name of this river is from Chat-to, a stone ; and hoche, marked or Jiowered ; there being rocks of that description in the river, above Ho-ith-le-ti-gau, at the old town Chatto-ho-che. War. — This is always determined on by the great Warrior. When the Mic-co and counsellors are of opinion that the town has been injured, he lifts the war hatchet against the nation which has injured them. But as soon as it is taken up, the Mic-co and counsellors may interpose, and by their prudent counsels, stop it, and proceed to adjust the misunderstanding by negotiation. If the Great Warrior persists and goes out, he is followed by all who are for war. It is seldom a town is unanimous, the nation never is ; and within the memory of the oldest man among them, it is not recollected, that more than one half the nation have been for war at the same time ; or taken, as they express it, the war talk. The Great Warrior, when he marches, gives notice where he shall encamp, and sets out sometimes with one or two only. He fires off his gun and sets up the war-whoop. This is repeated by all who follow him, and they are sometimes for one or two nights marching off'. * G, g is always hard in Creek : J, j is used for the soft g. Mus-co-gee, a creek ; Muscogulgee, creeks : Che-lo-kee, a Cherokee ; Cheloculgee, the Cherokees. INDIANS. 29 Peace. — This is always determined on and concluded, by the Mic-co and counsellors ; and peace talks are always addressed to the cabin of the Mic-co. In some cases, where the resentment of the warriors has run high, the Mic-co and council have been much embarrassed. Marriage. — A man who wants a wife never applies in per- son ; he sends his sister, his mother, or some other female relation, to the female relations of the woman he names They consult the brothers and uncles on the maternal side, and sometimes the father ; but this is a compliment only, as his approbation or opposition is of no avail. If the parties applied to approve of the match, they answer accordingly to the woman who made the application. The bridegroom then gets together a blanket, and such other articles of clothing as he is able to do, and sends them by the women to the females of the family of the bride. If they accept of them the match is made ; and the man may then go to her house as soon as he chooses. And when he has built a house, made his crop and gathered it in, then made his hunt and brought home the meat, and put all this in the possession of his wife, the ceremony ends, and- they are married ; or as they express it, the woman is bound. From the first going to the house of the woman till the ceremony ends, he is completely in possession of her. This law has been understood differently, by some hasty cuckolds, who insist, that when they have assisted the woman to plant her crop, the ceremony ends, and the woman is bound. A man never marries in his own tribe. Divorce. — This is at the choice of either of the parties ; the man may marry again as soon as he will ; but she is bound till all the Boos-ke-tau of that year are over, excepting in. the cases of marriage and parting in the season when there is no planting^ or more properly speaking, during the season the man resides at the house of the woman and has possession of her. during the continuation of the marriage ceremony ; in that case the woman is equally free to connect herself as soon as she pleases. There is an inconsistency in the exception above ; since in fact, in such season, there can be no marriage ; but the chiefs, in their report on this article, maintained it as an exception, and 3 30 INDIAN S. this practice in these cases of half marriage prevails universally. As soon as a man goes to the house of his bride, he is in com- plete possession of her, till the ceremony ends; and during this period the exception will apply. Marriage gives no right to the husband over the property of his wife ; and when they part, she keeps the children and property belonging to them. Adultery. — This is punished by the family or tribe of the husband. They collect, consult, and decree. If the proof is clear, and they determine to punish the offenders, they divide and proceed to apprehend them. One half goes to the house of the woman, the remainder to the family house of the adulterer; or they go together, as they have decreed. They apprehend the offenders, beat them severely with sticks, and then crop them. They cut off the hair of the woman, which they carry to the square in triumph. If they apprehend but one of the offenders and the other escapes, they then go and take satisfaction from the nearest relation. If both the offen- ders escape, and the tribe or family return home and lay down the sticks, the crime is satisfied. There is one family only, the " Wind," (Ho-tul-ul-gee,) that can take up the sticks a second time. This crime is satisfied in another way, if the parties offending absent themselves till the Boos-ke-tau is over. Then all crimes are done away except murder. And the bare mention of them, or any occurrence which brings them in recollection, is forbidden. Murder. — If murder is committed, the family and tribe alone have the right of taking satisfaction. They collect, consult and decide. The rules of the town, or the nation, have nothing to do or to say in the business. The relations of the murdered person consult first among themselves, and if the case is clear, and their family or tribe are not likely to suffer by their deci- sion, they determine on the case definitively. When the tribe may be aflfected by it, in a doubtful case, or an old claim for satisfaction, the family then consult with their tribe ; and when they have deliberated and resolved on satisfaction, they take the guilty one, if to be come at. If he flies, they take the nearest of kin, or one of the family. In some cases, the family which has done the injury promise reparation ; and in INDIANS. 31 that case are allowed a reasonable time to fulfil their promise ; and they are generally earnest of themselves, in their endea- Tours to put the guilty to death to save an innocent person. This right of judging, and taking satisfaction, being vested in the family or tribe, is the sole cause why their treaty stipu- lations on this head never have been executed. In like man- ner, a prisoner taken in war is the property of the captor and his family, it being optional with his captor to kill or save him at the time. And this right must be purchased ; and it is now the practice, introduced within a few years, for the nation to pay. The practice has been introduced by the agent for Indian affairs, and he pays on the orders of the chiefs, out of the stipend allowed by the United States to the Creeks. Claims of this sort of seventeen years standing, where the pris- oner has been delivered to the order of the chiefs, have been revived, allowed, and paid. Boos-KE-TAu. — This annual festival is celebrated in the month of July or August. The precise time is fixed by the Mic-co and counsellors, and is sooner or later, as the state of the affairs of the town or the earliness or lateness of their corn; will suit for it. In Cussetuh this ceremony lasts for eight days. In some towns of less note it is but four days. First Day. — In the morning, the warriors clean the yard- of the square, and sprinkle white sand, when the a-cee (decoc- tion of the cassine yupon) is made. The fire-maker makes the fire as early in the morning as he can, by friction. The warriors cut and bring into the square, four logs, as long each, as a man can cover by extending his two arms ; these are- placed in the centre of the square, end to end, forming across,, the outer ends pointed to the cardinal points ; in the centre of the cross the new fire is made. During the first four days they burn out these four logs. The pin-e-bun-gau (turkey dance) is danced by the wo- men of the turkey tribe ; and while they are dancing the pos- sau is brewed. This is a powerful emetic. The possau is drank from twelve o'clock to the middle of the afternoon. After this, the Toc-co-yule-gan (tadpole) is danced by four men and four women. In the evening, the men dance E-ne- hou-bun-gau, the dance of the people second in command. This they dance till daylight. 32 INDIANS. Second Day. — This day, about ten o'clock, the women dance Its-ho-bun-gau (gun-dance). After twelve, the men go to the new fire, take some of the ashes, rub them on the chin, neck and belly, and jump head foremost into the river, and then return into the square. The women having prepared the new corn for the feast, the men take some of it and rub it between their hands, then on their faces and breasts, and then they feast. Third Day. — The men sit in the square. Fourth Day. — The women go early in the morning and get the new fire, clean out their hearths, sprinkle them with sand, and make their fires. The men finish burning out the • first four logs, and they take ashes, rub them on their chin, neck, and belly, and they go into the water. This day they eat salt, and they dance Obungauchapco (the long dance). Fifth Day. — They get four new logs, and place them as on the first day, and they drink a-cee, a strong decoction of the cassine yupon. Sixth Day. — They remain in the square. Seventh Day. — Is spent in like manner as the sixth. Eighth Day. — They get two large pots, and their physic plants. 1. Mic-co-ho-yon-e-juh. 2. Toloh. 3, A-che-nau. 4. Cup-pau-pos-cau. 5. Chu-lis-sau, the roots. 6. Tuck-thlau- lus-te. 7. Tote-cul-hil-hs-so-wau. 8. Chofeinsuck-cau-fuck- au. 9. Cho-fe-mus-see. 10. Hil-lis-hut-ke. 11. To-te-cuh- chooc-his-see. 12. Welau-nuh. 13. Oak-chon-utch-co. 14. Co-hal-le-wau-gee. These are all put into the pots and beat up with water. The chemists, (E-lic-chul-gee, called by the traders physic-makers,) they blow in it through a small reed, and then it is drank by the men, and rubbed over their joints till the afternoon. They collect old corn-cobs and pine burs, put them into a pot, and burn them to ashes. Four virgins who have never had their menses, bring ashes from their houses, put them in a pot, and stir all together. The men take white clay and mix it with water in two pans. One pan of the clay and one of the ashes are carried to the cabin of the Mic-co, and the other two to that of the warriors. They then rub themselves with the clay and ashes. Two men, appointed to that office, bring INDIANS. 33 some flowers of tobacco of a small kind (Itch-au-chu-le-puc- pug-gee), or, as the name imports, the old man's tobacco, which was prepared on the first day, and put it in a pan in the cabin of the Mic-co, and they give a little of it to every one present. The Mic-co and counsellors then go four times round the fire, and every time they face the east, they throw some of the flowers into the fire. They then go and stand to the west. The warriors then repeat the same ceremony. A cane is stuck up at the cabin of the Mic-co with two white feathers in the end of it. One of the Fish tribe (Thlot- lo-ul-gee) takes it just as the sun goes down, and goes off towards the river, all following him. When he gets half way to the river, he gives the death whoop ; this whoop he repeats four times, between the square and the water's edge. Here they all place themselves as thick as they can stand, near the edge of the water. He sticks up the cane at the water's edge, and they all put a grain of the old man's tobacco on their heads, and in each ear. Then, at a signal given four different times, they throw some into the river, and every man at a like signal, plunges into the river, and picks up four stones from the bottom. With these, they cross themselves on their breasts four times, each time throwing a stone into the river, and giving the death whoop ; they then wash them- selves, take up the cane and feathers, return and stick it up in the square, and visit through the town. At night they dance O-bun-gau Haujo (mad dance), and this finishes the cere- mony. This happy institution of the Boos-ke-tau, restores a man to himself, to his family, and to his nation. It is a general amnesty, which not only absolves the Indians from all crimes, murder only excepted, but seems to bury guilt itself in obli- vion. The Ceremony of Initiating Youth into Manhood. — At the age of from fifteen to seventeen, this ceremony is usually performed. It is called Boos-ke-tau, in like manner as the annual Boos-ke-tau of the nation. A youth of the proper age gathers two handsfuU of the Sou-watch-cau, a very bitter root, which he eats a whole day ; then he steeps the leaves in 34 INDIANS. water and drinks it. In the dusk of the evening, he eats two or three spoonfuls of boiled grits. This is repeated for four days, and during this time he remains in a house. The Sou- watch-cau has the effect of intoxicating and maddening. The fourth day he goes out, but must put on a pair of new mocca- sons (Stil-la-pica). For twelve moons he abstains from eating bucks, except old ones, and from turkey cocks, fowls, peas, and salt. During this period he must not pick his ears, or scratch his head with his fingers, but use a small stick. For four moons he must have a fire to himself to cook his food, and a little girl, a virgin, may cook for him ; his food is boiled grits. The fifth moon, any person may cook for him, but he must serve himself first, and use one spoon and pan. Every new moon he drinks for four days the possau (button snake- root), an emetic, and abstains for these days from all food, ex- cept in the evening a little boiled grits (humpetuh hutke). The twelfth moon, he performs for four days what he com- menced with on the first. The fifth day, he comes out of his house, gathers corn-cobs, burns them to ashes, and with these rubs his body all over. At the end of this moon, he sweats under blankets, then goes into water, and this ends the cere- mony. This ceremony is sometimes extended to four, six, or eight moons, or even to twelve days only, but the course is the same. During the whole of this ceremony, the physic is adminis- tered by the Is-te-puc-cau-chau thluc-co (great leader), who, in speaking of a youth under initiation, says, " I am physicking him" (Boo-se-ji-jite saut li-to-mise-chah), or " I am teaching him all that is proper for him to know'' (nauk o-mul-gau e- muc-e-thli-jite saut litomise chah). The youth, during this ini- tiation, does not touch any one except young persons, who are under a like course with himself; and if he dreams, he drinks the possau. War Physic, Ho-ith-le HiL-Lis^^rtTwAu. — When young men are going to war, they go into a hot-house of the town (made for the purpose, and remain there for four days. They drink the Mic-co-ho-yon-e-jau and the possau, and they eat the Sou-watch-cau. The fourth day they come «ut, have their bundle ready, and march. This bundle or SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. 35 knapsack, is an old blanket, some parched corn flour, and leather to patch their moccasons. They have in their shot- bags a charm, a protection against all ills, called the war physic, composed of chit-to gab-by and Is-te-pau-pau, the bones of the snake and lion. The tradition of this physic is, that in old times, the lion (Is-te-pau-pau) devoured their people. They dug a pit and caught him in it, just after he had killed one of their people. They covered him with lightwood knots, burnt him, and re- served his bones. The snake was in the water, the old people sung and he showed himself. They sung again, and he showed himself a little out of the water. The third time he showed his horns, and they cut one ; again he showed himself a fourth time, and they cut off the other horn. A piece of these horns and of the bones of the lion, is the great war physic. SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. Georgia is situated between 30° 2\" 39' and 35° North Latitude, and 81° and 84° 53'/ 38' West Longitude from Green- wich, and 3° 46^' and 7° 39'' 2Q' West Longitude from Wash- ington city. The original boundaries of the State embraced an extent of territory thus described in the charter of the colony of Georgia : — " Situate, lying, and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream, or river, there commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea-coast to the southward, to the southern stream of a certain other great water, or river, called the Alatamaha, and westwardly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas ; and all that share, circuit, and precinct of lands within the said boundaries, with the Isl- ands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands within 20 degrees of the same." These limits have un- dergone many changes from cessions, made by Georgia to the United States, and by treaties made with the Indians. At pre- 36 SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. sent the boundaries of the State stand thus: — From South Carohna it is divided by a Hne extending from the sea or the mouth of the river Savannah, along the northern branch or stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence along the most northern branch or stream of the river Tugalo, until it inter- sects the northern boundary of South Carolina. From North Carolina and Tennessee it is separated by a line commencing on a summit of the Blue Ridge, v^^here the same is crossed by the 35th degree North Latitude, and terminating at Nickajack. From Alabama by the Chattahoochee, and a line run and mark- ed from Nickajack to Miller's Bend on the Chattahoochee. The boundaries between Florida and Georgia are not yet definitely settled. In 1827 a disagreement took place between the Uni- ted States and the Commissioners of Georgia as to the extreme points in the boundary line between this State and Florida, on account of which further progress in the survey was suspend- ed. Under the treaty with Spain, in 1795, the geographical points were assumed as having been determined by Mr. Elli- cot; and when, during the year 1827, it was determined to ex- amine it again, the question recurred as to the correct points of beginning and termination. Gov. Randolph inclined to place them at EUicot's Mounds, and Mr. Spalding at other portions which he considered more truly the head of St. Mary's river in the one case, and the mouth of the Flint in the other. Things remained so until the session of the Legislature in 1827, when a resolution was passed proposing to the General Government to determine the boundaries by the mutual char- ters of Georgia and Florida, instead of the treaty of San Lo- renzo el Real. Length from North to South, 372 miles. Breadth from East to West, 256 " Square miles, 63,397^ Square acres, 40,574,400 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS 37 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. Georgia has a great variety of soil, embracing the most fertile and the most barren. In the south are the Sea Islands, of a light sandy soil, famous for producing the finer descriptions of Sea Island cotton. Here, too, are the celebrated tide swamp lands, producing immense quantities of rice. The tide swamp lands on the rivers are all of the same appearance, but the soil varies in quality, according to the size and extent of the rivers upon which they are situated. On the Savannah river, the bodies of tide swamp land are extensive, and are cultivated upwards of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are considered the most valuable lands in the State. Next to these are the lands on the Alatamaha river. The extent of these lands in width is equal to those of the Savannah river ; but from the marshes upward, their extent does not exceed six- teen miles, where the freshets forbid their being of any value, except for timber. The soil has more of decayed vegetable mould than the land of the Savannah river, and is more easily cultivated. The products are large crops of rice, and black- seed cotton. Indian corn grows well, and the sugar cane suc- ceeds finely. The tide lands of the Ogeechee are next in order, and extend from the marshes about ten miles. The soil is adapted to rice, but for cotton it does not appear to answer so well. The tide swamp lands of the Great St. Ilia river, have a high reputation. They are not as broad as those above mentioned, but they are good, from the marshes twenty miles distance up the river, and are not liable to freshets. On these lands, fine crops of rice and cotton are made. The inland swamp lands produce abundantly, but unless there be^ contigu- ous a reservoir of water, the produce is uncertain. The oak lands adjoining the inland swamps produce the black-seed cot- ton, but are said to be inferior in quality. About sixty or seventy ;^^ miles from the coast the pine lands are approached. A great k portion of these are low and unproductive, valuable chief- ly for timber, large quantities of which are annually prepai'ed for market. Many of these lands, considered as valueless, have 38 RIVERS. been found to yield cotton and corn abundantly. Many of the owners of these lands, are now directing their attention to the manufacture of tar, pitch and turpentine, and no doubt will, in the course of a few years, be amply rewarded for their labour. The middle region of the State contains the oak and hickory lands, the soil being of a red, rich, loamy character, producing cotton, tobacco, and all the grains. Against the system of cultivation which has long been pursued in this part of the State, we have often taken occasion in this volume to pro- test. Formerly these lands were very productive, but have sustained serious injury from an improvident mode of culture ; but we are happy to state, that great changes are daily taking place ; and we hope that this beautiful region will soon be re- stored in a very great degree to its original fertility. In the southwestern portions of the State, there are large bodies of very superior land. In the counties of Randolph, Stewart, Baker, Decatur, Early, and in other sections between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, lands are to be found of inex- haustible fertility, producing every thing which the comfort or necessity of man requires. That portion of the State known as Cherokee Georgia, embracing the counties of Union, Lump- kin, Murray, Cass, Walker, Dade, Floyd, Chattooga, Paulding, Cobb, and Cherokee, contains much fertile land. The valleys of Chattooga, Cass, Floyd and Murray, are exceedingly rich, pro- ducing wheat, corn, Irish potatoes, beans, onions, &c. Cotton does not succeed so well as in the middle regions. In the country bordering on the Savannah river, as far up as Elbert, and extending across to Broad river, the land, though long cul- tivated, is still productive, and we know of bodies of land in this section of the State, particulai'ly in Oglethorpe county, which have been cultivated for more than half a century, and which still produce 700 and 800 pounds of cotton to the acre. RIVERS. Allapahaw river has its source in Dooly county, flows south- east, then south, and discharges its waters into the Suwanee. It is a hundred miles in length. RIVERS. 39 Alatamaha river is the largest river in the State. It is formed by the junction of the Ocmulgee and Oconee about seventy miles from its mouth. In its course it receives the Ohoopee, runs southeast, and empties itself by two mouths into the ocean betv^^een St. Simon's Island and Sapelo. The north branch passes by Darien, and discharges itself through Doboy Sound ; the southern branch passes betvs^een Egg Island and Little St. Simon's. From Darien it is navigable two hundred miles to the forks of the Ocmulgee and the Oconee, and up the Ocmulgee the west branch three hundred miles to Macon, and up the Oconee two hundred miles to Milledgeville. From Da- rien it is navigable for vessels drawing eleven feet, at common high water in ordinary tides, to Doboy Island. At the latter place ships may come drawing fourteen feet, at common high water. Alcovee or Ulcofauhachee river rises in Gwinnett, and empties into the Ocmulgee in Jasper county. Appallachee river rises in Gwinnett, runs southeast, and empties into the Oconee six miles west of Greensborough. It is eighty miles in length. Briar creek, although not dignified with the name of a river, is an important stream. It rises in Warren county, flows southeast, and discharges itself into the Savannah river in Scri- ven county. It is a hundred miles in length, and is memora- ble for a great battle fought at its mouth in the war of the Rev- olution, in which Gen. Ash, commanding the Americans, was defeated with great loss. Broad river rises in Habersham county, runs southeast, and empties into the Savannah river at Petersburgh, in Elbert county. The lands on this river have long been celebrated for their fertility. Cannouchee river has its origin in Emanuel, flows southeast, and discharges itself into Ogeechee river, in Bryan county. Its length is one hundred and forty miles and navigable fifty miles. Chattooga river, one of the head branches of the Savannah, rises in the Blue Ridge in South Carolina. Chattooga river rises in Walker county, runs southwest, and empties into the Coosa river. Chattahoochee river is one of the largest rivers in the State. 40 RIVERS. Its head springs are within a few hundred yards of those of the Hiwassee. Its course is southwest, but at Miller's Bend it sud- denly turns to the south, and pursuing a course of about three hundred and sixty miles, it unites with the Flint river in Deca- tur county, and then taking the name of Appalachicola dis- charges itself into Appalachicola bay. This river is the boundary between Georgia and Alabama for the distance of about thirty-two miles above Columbus, and for a hundred and twenty miles to the bounds of Florida. It is navigable for steamboats to Columbus. Large quantities of gold have been, and still continue to be found in the upper part of this river. Chestatee river rises in Union, and empties into the Chatta- hoochee eleven miles below Gainesville in Hall county. In this river a considerable amount of gold has been found. Chickamauga river (west) rises in the Pigeon mountain, flows north, and empties into the Tennessee river. Chickamauga river (east) rises in the eastern part of Walk- er county, flows north, and unites with the west Chicka- mauga. Connesauga river rises in the mountains of Gilmer, crosses the boundary between Tennessee and Georgia several times, and then turns south, flows through Murray county, and unites with the Coosawattee to form the Oostenaula at New Echota in Cass county. Coosewattee river rises in Gilmer, runs southwest, and unites with the Conesauga at New Echota. Cotton river rises in Henry county, and flows into the South River. Crooked river rises in Camden county, and flows east. Ellijay river has its origin in Gilmer, and discharges itself into the Coosewattee at Ellijay. Etowah river rises in Lumpkin county, pursues a south course until it reaches a point near Auraria, when it takes a southwest direction and unites at Rome with the Oostenaula to form the Coosa. The Etowah is celebrated for the fine land on its banks, as well as for the facilities which it affords for manufacturing purposes. Fhnt river rises in De Kalb, flows south and then south- RIVERS. 41 east, and unites with the Chattahoochee in Decatur county. Its whole length is 300 miles. Hiwassee river rises in the Blue Ridge, about the northern corner of Habersham, flows north, and empties into the Ten- nessee river. Hudson's river rises in Habersham, runs southeast, and discharges itself into Broad river. Little river rises in Greene and Oglethorpe, flows east, and empties into the Savannah river. Little river rises in Cherokee county, and flows into the Etowah. Little river rises in Walton, flows south and then east, and disharges its waters into the Oconee, eight miles above Milledgeville. It is sixty miles long, and remarkable for its rapid current. Little river rises in Irwin, flows south, and empties into the Withlacoochee at Troupville, in Lowndes county. Mickasuckee river rises in Thomas, flows southeast, and empties into Mickasuckee lake. Medway river rises in Bryan and Liberty, and discharges itself into St. Catherine's Sound. Newport river (north) rises in Liberty county, and is na- vigable to Riceborough. It is about twenty-five miles in length. Newport river (south) rises in Bull Town Swamp, and empties into Sapelo Sound. North Fork river, as it is often called, the main branch of the Oconee, rises in Hall county, and unites with the Middle Fork below Athens. Notley river rises in Union, flows north, and empties into the Tennessee. Och-loch-onne river rises in Irwin, flows through Thomas, and falls into the Appalachee bay in Florida. Ocilla river has its source in Thomas, and runs into Florida. Ocmulgee river rises in De Kalb and Gwinnett, flows south, and unites with the Oconee. Ocmulgee (little) river rises in Twiggs, and falls into the Ocmulgee, at Lumber city, in Telfair county. 42 RIVERS. Oconee river rises in Habersham county. The general course of this river is south-southeast. A boat sixty feet long once ascended to Barnett's shoals, near Watkinsville ; but be- yond Milledgeville no produce has been carried. Ogeechee river rises in Greene and flows into Ossabaw Sound. It is more than two hundred miles long, and boats of thirty tons burden have reached Louisville. Sloops ascend thirty or forty miles. Ogeechee (little) river rises in Scriven, and falls into the Big Ogeechee, at the southwest corner of Scriven. Ogeechee (little) river rises in Hancock and flows into the Big Ogeechee in Washington county. Ohoopee river rises in Washington, and 'empties into the Alatamaha river, in Tattnall county — length, 110 miles. Ohoopee river (little) flows into the Big Ohoopee in Emanuel county. Oostenaula river is formed by the junction of the Conesauga and Coosewattee, in Cass county, and unites with the Etowah at Rome. Sapelo river rises in Mcintosh. St. Ilia river rises in Appling, flows east, thence north, thence east, and empties into St. Andrew's Sound — whole length, 153 miles, and is navigable for sloops to Burnt Fort. St. Mary's river has three head springs ; one issues from Lake Spalding, one from Lake Randolph, and the other from Oke-fino-kau swamp. This liver is very crooked, navigable for sloops thirty miles, and for boats sixty miles. It discharges its waters into Cumberland Sound. , Savannah river divides Georgia from Alabama. It has two head streams — the Chattooga, from the northeast, and Terrora, or Tallulah, from the northwest, which unite and form the Tugalo. This is then joined by the Kiowee, from South Caro- lina, and here takes the name of Savannah river. It has a ship navigation to the city of Savannah, and a steamboat naviga- tion to Augusta. It is navigable for boats some distance above Augusta. South river has its origin in Ue Kalb county, and falls into the Yellow river in Butts county. POPULATION. 43 Suwannee river rises in the Oke-fino-kau swamp, flows southwest, through Florida, into Apallachee bay. The banks of this river are said to be in some places one hundred feet per- pendicular, of granite rock. Tallulah river rises in Rabun, and unites with the Chattooga to form the Tugalo. Tallapoosa river rises in Paulding county, and runs south- west. Tallapoosa river (little) rises in Carroll and flows south- west. Towelaggee river rises in Henry, flows southeast into the Ocmulgee. It is seventy miles long. Tugalo river is formed by the union of the Chattooga and Tallulah. Turtle river rises in Wayne county, and empties into St. Simon's Sound. It is navigable to Brunswick for large vessels, and aftbrds a fine harbour. Warsaw river empties into Warsaw Sound. Withlacoochee river rises in Irwin, and runs south, and empties into the Alapahaw. Yellow river rises in Gwinnett, and unites with the South Ocmulgee in Newton county. POPULATION. According to the Census of 1840, the population of Georgia amounted to 210,634 White persons, males. 197,161 White persons, females. 1,374 Free coloured persons, males. 1,379 Free coloured persons, females- 189,335 Slaves, males. 141,609 Slaves, females. Total, 691,492 44 EARLY SETTLEMENT. Of this number 574 are computed to be engaged in mining, 209,383 in agriculture, 2,428 in commerce, 7,984 in manufac- tures and trades, 262 in navigation of the seas, 352 in the na- vigation of canals, lakes and rivers, 1,250 in the liberal pro- fessions. Comparative view of the Population for fifty-five years. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1845. 82,548. 162,686. 252,433. 344,773. 516,823. 691,392. 774,325. EARLY SETTLEMENT. From " An Account showing the Progress of the Colony of Georgia, &c. ; printed in London, by order of the Trustees, in the year MDCCXLL" " Mr. Oglethorpe has with him Sir Walter Rawleigh's writ- ten Journal, and by the Latitude of the Place, the Marks and Traditions of the Indians, it is the very first Place where he first went on shore, and talked with the Indians, and was the first Englishman they ever saw ; and about half a mile from SavannaJi is a high Mount of Earth under which lies their Chief King : And the Indians informed Mr. Oglethorpe that their king desired before he died, that he might be Buried on the Spot where he talked with that great good man." In 1717 the Palatine and Lords Proprietors of South Caro- lina, granted unto Sir Robert Montgomery, " all that tract of Land which lies between the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah," under the title of the Margravite o{ Azilia. There is extant a pamphlet in which the owner describes the country, and his plan of settling it, &c. ; but it is presumed he did not carry his plans into execution. In 1725 the Carolinians had built forts on the Alatamaha, to prevent the negroes escaping to Florida, and to overawe the Indians. The boundary between the Spanish and Carolinians not yet defined. In July, 1732, the trustees for establishing a Colony in EARLY SETTLEMENT. 45 Georgia, held their first regular meeting in London. The charter from Georgia, the record, was read, granting all the lands between Savannah and Alatamaha rivers. This charter covers sixteen large octavo pages : it excludes Roman Catholics from the benefits of the country. From "A Brief Account of the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, under Gen. Oglethorpe, 1733." Arrival of first Colonists, at Charlestown, South Carolina, 13th January, 1733. Charlestown, January "20. — On Saturday night, l3th Janu- ary, 1733, came to anchor off our bar, a ship with about 120 people, for settling the new Colony of Georgia, in which was Ja7nes Oglethorpe, Esqr. ; who came ashore that night, and was extremely well received by his Excellency, our Governour. The next morning he went on board; and the ship sailed for Port Royal : — and, we hear, there are two more ships with, people (which will make the number 500) expected daily. Account of the Progress of the first Colony sent to Georgia. We set sail from Gravesend, on the 17th of November, 1732,. in the ship Anne, of 200 tons, John Thojnas, Master, being; about 130 persons, and arrived off the bar of Charlestown oni the 13th day of January following. Mr. Oglethorpe went on shore to wait on the Governour ; was received with great marks of civility and satisfaction ; obtained an order for Mr. Middleton, the King's pilot, to carry the ship into Port Royal ; and for small craft to carry the Colony from thence to the river Savannah, with a promise of further assistance from the Pro- vince. He returned on board the 14th day; and came to an. anchor within the bar of Port Royal, at about sixteen miles distance from Beaufort. On the 18th, he went on shore upon Trench's island, and left a guard of eight men upon John's ;, 4 46 EARLY SETTLEMENT. being a point of that island which commands the channel, and is about half-way between Beaufort and the river Savannah : they had orders to prepare Huts, for the reception of the Colony, against they should lie there in their passage. From thence he went to Beaufort town, where he arrived about one o'clock in the morning ; and was saluted with a discharge of all the Artillery, and had the new Barracks fitted up ; where, the Colony landed on the 20th day ; and were, in every respect, cheerfully assisted by Lieut Watts, Ensign Far- rington, and the other officers of his Majesty's independent company, as also by Mr. Delabarr, and other gentlemen of the neighbourhood. While the Colony refreshed themselves there, Mr. Ogle- thorpe went up the River, and chose a situation for a Town ; and entered into a treaty with Tomochichi, the Mico, or Chief of the only nation of Indians living near it. He returned on the 24th day ; and they celebrated the Sunday following, as a day of Thanksgiving for their safe arrival ; and a sermon was preached by the Revd. Mr. Jones (the Revd. Dr. Herbert, who came with the Colony, preaching that day at Beaufort town). There was a great resort of the Gentlemen of that neighbour- hood, and their families ; and a plentiful Dinner provided for the Colony, and all that came, by Mr. Oglethorpe ; being four fat hogs, eight turkeys, besides fowls, English Beef, and other provisions, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, and a large quantity of wine ; and all was disposed in so regular a manner, that no person was drunk, nor any disorder happened. On the 30th, the Colony embarked on board a sloop of seventy tons, and five Periaugers, and made sail ; but were forced by a storm, to put in at a place called the Look-out, and to lie there all night : — the next day they arrived at John's ; where they found huts capable to contain them all, and a plen- tiful supper of venison. They re-embarked the next day ; and in the afternoon arrived at the place intended for the Town. Being arrived, on the 1st of February, at the intended Town, before night they erected four large tents, sufficient to hold all the people, being one for each tything ; they landed EARLY SETTLEMENT. 47 their bedding, and other little necessaries ; and all the people lay on shore. The ground they encamped upon is the edge of the river where the Key is intended to be. Until the 7th was spent in making a Crane, and unlading the goods : — which done, Mr. Oglethorpe divided the people ; employing part in clearing the land for seed ; part in beginning the palisade ; and the remainder in felling of trees where the Town is to stand. Col. Bull arrived here, with a message from the General Assembly to Mr. Oglethorpe, and a letter from his Excellency Governor Johnson and the Council ; acquainting him that the two Houses, upon a conference, had agreed to give twenty barrels Rice and a hundred head of Cattle, besides Hogs, to the Trustees ; and that they had commanded a detachment of the Rangers (which are Horse, kept in the pay of the Province, for the scouring of the frontiers) and the Scout-boat (which is an armed Bark, employed for the same purpose by water) to attend him, and take his orders. Col. Bull brought with him four of his Negroes, who were Sawyers, to assist the Colony ; and also brought provision for them, being resolved to put the Trust to no expense ; and by this means, to bestow his benefaction in the most noble and useful manner. On the 9th day, Mr. Oglethorpe and Col. Bull marked out the Square, the Streets, and forty Lots for houses of the town ; and the first House (which was ordered to be made of clap- boards) was begun that day. The Town lies on the south side of the river Savannah, upon a Flat on the top of a hill, and sixty yards of it is reserved between it and the Key. The river washes the foot of the hill ; which stretches along the side of it about a mile, and forms a terrace forty feet perpendicular above high water. From the Key, looking eastward, you may discover the river as far as the islands in the sea ; and westward, one may see.it wind through the woods above six miles. The River is one thousand feet wide ; the water fresh, and deep enough for sloops of seventy tons to come up close to the side of the Key. 48 YAZOO FRAUD. YAZOO FRAUD. The following account of the Yazoo fraud has been con- densed from a history of the same which appeared in the Mil- ledge ville Recorder, in the year 1825. The Yazoo speculation was in embryo immediately after tha Revolutionary war. Certain characters viewed our west- ern territory as the land of promise, not for all the good people of Israel, but for a few only who possessed wealth and family influence, and who, by getting into their possession im- mense tracts of country, might soon command thousands of liege vassals bending the knee and paying them homage in their lordly principalities. Their cupidity was exhibited by an asso- ciation of persons styling themselves the " Combined So- ciety," in which an oath was exacted from every individual of secrecy as to their plans and movements. The secret leaked out, and the society, composed of divers persons and soldiers of the war, of aristocratic pretensions, who had combated the British arms more from a desire to erect an oligarchy in Ame- rica than to throw off a foreign yoke, became disbanded. In the year 1789, the famous swindler Thomas Washington, as he called himself, but whose real name was Walsh, set on foot the 1789 speculation. He was a most extraordinary man, one who had borne arms honorably in the service of Georgia, but who cared not for any of the obligations by which, in civil life, man is bound to his fellow. In the daily habit of specu- lation, he would unhesitatingly sell to any applicant, lands, houses, horses, carriages, and negroes, before he had a shadow of property in them. He was artful and cunning in the ex- treme, and, under the appearance of the most perfect candor, succeeded in defrauding most men with whom he dealt. This man associated himself with others, and instigated by the des- criptions of one Sullivan, a captain in the Revolutionary army, who had headed a mob in Philadelphia which insulted the old Congress, and had to fly to the Mississippi for his life, persuad- ed the Virginia Yazoo Company to make its application to our General Assembly. So extravagant were Sullivan's descrip- tions, that in our State, where Washington's character was YAZOO FRAUD. 49 well known, another company was speedily formed. Some of this company were of the former " Combined Society ;" others were men whose characters had not been before impeached. They employed active and wily agents ; and several members of the Legislature were persuaded to become interested, but in no manner of corruption, compared with that of the Legis- lature of 1794 and 5. An act was passed — a sale was made — the people demanded a repeal, and another Legislature de- clared the sale a nullity. The fire of speculation seemed to be extinct, but the em- bers remained only smothered for a while. In 1794 it kindled into a blaze. Federal and State Judges, members of the Unit- ed States Congress, generals and other high officers of the militia took the lead. The people were stunned by the violence of the praises pronounced in support of the contemplated sale, and blinded by the greatness of the names who favoured it. No attempt was left untried, no artifice not used, to enlist all the leading and influential characters of the State. General James Jackson, then a senator in Congress, was told by a citi- zen high in judicial rank, that he might have any number of acres he pleased to half a million, without paying a dollar, if he would embark his reputation against the honour and inter- ests of Georgia. He replied, " that he had fought for her — for the people — the land was theirs, and the property of future generations ; and that if the conspirators did succeed, he for one would hold the sale void." Every expedient was employ- ed— epistolary intercourse was quadrupled — arguments of every character were used to keep honest men at home — the newspapers were enlisted, and teemed with editorial and com- municated articles in favour of the intended purchase, and eulo- gizing the patriotism of those who projected it — the people were inactive, and, to the great gratification of the traitors who were gulling them, a Legislature was returned which they felt they could play upon. The monsters of corruption pre- vailed. Alas ! it is too true that the escutcheon of Georgia was dishonoured. The people have no adequate idea of the scenes represented at Augusta, where the Legislature sat, or of the principal persons who managed the drama, 50 YAZOO FRAUD. nor will we now furnish the names. In the lobbies of the Senate and House alternately were seen a judge of the Su- preme Court of the United States, from Pennsylvania, with $25,000 in his hands, it was said, as a cash payment ; a Judge of the United States District Court of Georgia, passing off shares of land to the members for their votes ; and a senator from Georgia, who had perfidiously neglected to proceed to Philadelphia to take his seat in Congress, and who was absent from his post until the three last days of its session, bullying with a loaded whip, and by turns cajoling the numerous under- strappers in speculation. There were also seen a judge of our State Courts, and other eminent Georgians, surrounding our poor degraded representatives, offering shares, sub-shares, and half sub-shares, striving to frighten some, and to seduce others into compliance with their will. Our sister State, South Caro- lina, was represented by one who was regarded as a prince of speculation, plotting against the honour of Georgia. Many w^eak men, whose conscience prompted resistance, were in- timidated ; some who could not be persuaded to vote for the sale, were paid to go home, and the virtuous minority were every moment in dread of their lives. To this very minority, however, did the corrupt majority in a few days owe their safety. The disgraceful and nefarious transactions were made known. The people arose in the vicinity of Augusta, deter- mined to put to death all who had voted for the obnoxious act, but were prevented by the intercessions of the same minority whom they had improperly treated. The alarm, on the Gov- ernor's signing the bill, became universal. It was pronounced by all an unparalleled usurpation. No corruption was imputed to the Governor. It is just to his memory — that of a soldier who had won a thousand laurels in the war of independence — to affirm, that weakness of judgment, not corruption of heart, guided the pen which sanctioned the detested statute. Georgia became a perilous residence for all concerned in the specula- tion. A senator from Hancock, to avoid being tied to a sap- ling and whipped, fled to South Carolina, whither he was fol- lowed and killed by some of his constituents. Most of the other perjured members, excepting in one or two counties, con- cealed themselves, not daring to appear in public. The " mark of Cain" was upon them. YAZOO FRAUD. 51 At this time the whole State was in a ferment. The peo- ple were amazed at the perfidy of the Legislature. They had sold to certain companies, for $500,000, 35,000,000 acres of land, and had rejected for a portion of the public domain, not greater in extent, $800,000, offered, but without bribery, by persons "of as large a capital, and as much respectability and credit, and on terms more advantageous to the State.'" Presentments of Grand Juries, resolutions, remonstrances, and petitions of the people, were made and signed by hundreds in every county. A Convention for altering the Constitution had been called to meet in May, 1795 ; but the members had been chosen at the same time with those of the corrupt Legis- lature. Many of them were the same men, and others were of the same kidney. The presentments, resolutions, remon- strances, and petitions, crowded so fast upon the Convention, that a revision of the Constitution was deferred to a more tem- perate period. The Convention referred all the papers to the next Legislature, and broke up in confusion. The people be- came more and more excited. Betrayed by one senator in Congress, by their legislators at home, by many high judicial officers, and by their Convention, they looked around them for aid — certain of having suffered wrong, doubtful of redress. It was by many believed that the powers of government had ceased, upon the principle that all Constitutions fail, when their purpose, the public welfare, is defeated. Others believed that those powers would cease on the first Monday in Novem- ber, 1795, the Convention having altered the time of Lecrisla- tive meeting to the first Tuesday in January, 1796, without making provision for the intermediate administration. Under the last impression, an application was made from Columbia county to Major General Twiggs, as the senior major general, calling upon him to convene a Legislature for the first Monday in December, 1795, in conformity with the custom of military of- ficers high in confidence during the troubles of the Revolution. It was apprehended that a sale would be made by the Companies to the United States before the first Tuesday in January, and it was desired that the Legislature should meet on the first Mon- day in December, to annul the act before the forms of legisla- tion could be completed at Philadelphia. Hence the application 52 YAZOO FRAUD. to General Twiggs. It was supported by the respectable names, among others, of James Sims, James McNeil, Peter Crawford, and Moses Waddel ; and represented that, at that alarming crisis, " having no confidence in the civil authority," they conceived themselves under a military government. The honest old veteran declined doing what he conceived he had no power to do, and the people remained remediless. General Jackson, called by the voice of an indignant country, had re- signed his seat in Congress. Letters had been written to him from various parts of Georgia, urging him to become a candi- date for the Legislature from Chatham county. His opposi- tion to the " usurped act " had been well understood. In the presence of General Gunn, Georgia's faithless senator, he had taken occasion to pronounce, in full Senate, on the last day of the session of Congress in the spring of 1795, the speculation, as it was, " a conspiracy of the darkest character and of de- liberate villainy." He published upon his arrival, a series of letters under the name of Sicilius, in which he strove to ex- hibit the impolicy, illegality, and unconstitutionality of the act. Other patriots stepped forward and addressed the people. The elections eventuated prosperously for the virtuous cause. Every where anti-Yazoo men were elected. The General Assembly met at Louisville in January, 1796. Their first object was an attack upon the infamous speculation. The people had given instructions to annul the abominable act, to restore their rights to them, and their posterity, and to pro- claim to the world their abhorrence of the stupendous fraud which had bartered away their estate. Petitions on petitions, remonstrances on remonstrances, resolutions, and present- ments, again poured in from every quarter. A day was as- signed to consider the state of the Republic, when after de- bate, these petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, and present- ments, were submitted to a Committee, of which General James Jackson was appointed Chairman. On the 22d of January, 1796, the Committee reported, "that there were suf- iicient grounds, as well with respect to the constitutionality of the act, as from the testimony before them of the fraud prac- tised to obtain it, to pronounce that the same is a nullity, and not binding or obhgatory on the people of this State." A bill YAZOO FRAUD. 53 rescinding the sale, drawn by General Jackson, was passed by large majorities in both houses. Governor Irwin, an excellent man and patriot, with pride completed the good work by his signature. It is not necessary to inquire here into its consti- tutionality. This is left to men of cold and meditative minds, whose breasts are not fired with a love of country ; not indig- nant against corruption in all its manifestations. The re- scinding law was an act of the people, a movement of the State ; self-preservation demanded, authorized, and sanctioned it ; and its obligatory character, independently of aid from statutes, or common law principles, rested on virtue, justice, and honour. The people approved it. Virtuous spirits all the world over applauded the Assembly that passed it, and Georgia has ever since continued to hold in veneration the memories of her public servants who advocated it. Having determined that the sale was corrupt and the act of 1795 usurped, it was considered rightful that the records and documents pertaining to the sale should forthwith be de- stroyed, that no monument of its wickedness should remain in the public offices to give flattering assurance to the speculators that their vile machinations might yet be gratified. It was necessary to prove to all by decided conduct, that Georgia loathed the corruption, loathed the speculation, loathed the evidence of fraud, and would never abandon her ground. By order of the two houses, a fire was kindled in the square, and the records and documents burned. The Secretary of State produced from the archives the enrolled bill and " usurped act." These were delivered to the President of the Senate for e:xamination. By him they were passed to the Speaker of the House, who handed them, after inspection, to the Clerk. He read aloud their titles, and gave them to the messenger, who, committing them to the flames, cried out with a loud and decisive voice, " God save the State, and long preserve her rights, and may every attempt to injure them perish, as these wicked and corrupt acts now do /" Let us not forget the patriots who laboured for this happy issue. Some of them (members of the Legislature) were, from the interior, James McNiel, James Sims, David Merri- 54 POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. wether, John Rutherford, Benjamin Taliafero, William Few, John Twiggs, John Morrison, Charles Abercrombie, and Wil- liam Barnett ; and from the sea-coast, Josiah Tattnall, John Milledge, James Jones, David B. Mitchell, George Jones, and James B. Maxwell. All of these are men of note in Georgia's history. Some of them had been members of the corrupted Assembly, They had resisted with scorn alike per- suasion and threats. They had been no more affected by bri- bery or menace than had been the " Conscript Fathers " in- timidated, when the ruffian Gaul entered the Roman Senate — no more moved by allurement or hostility than the everlasting rocks by surges of the stormy ocean. POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. For about ten years after the establishment of the colony of Georgia, the government was administered by Gen. Ogle- thorpe; but in 1741, by order of the trustees, it was divided into two counties, one called Savannah county, embracing the territory north of Darien ; the other Frederica, including the island of St. Simon's, and the Alatamaha settlements, each having a president and four assistants. Over Savannah county William Stephens was appointed President, and Henry Parker, Thomas Jones, John Fallowfield, and Samuel Mercer, coun- sellors or assistants. For the county of Frederica no appoint- ments appear to have been made. This state of affairs con- tinued only until May, 1743, when the trustees ordered, that both counties should be united under one executive, and that the president and assistants of the county of Savannah should have the government of the whole province of Georgia. This plan of government existed until 1750, when the trustees or- dered a colonial assembly to be called, consisting of sixteen members proportioned to the number of inhabitants of the dif- ferent districts ; and accordingly the following gentlemen, constituting the first General Assembly of Georgia, met in Savannah, on the 15th of January, 1751. POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 55 Savannah District. — Francis Harris, Speaker ; John Mil- ledge, William Francis, William Russel. Augusta Dstrict. — George Catogan, David Douglass. Ebenezer District. — Christian Reidlesperger, Theobald Kieffer. Ahercorn and Goshen Districts. — William Ewen. Joseph's Town District. — Charles Watson. Vernonhirg District. — Patrick Houstoun. Acton District. — Peter Morel. Little Ogeechee District. — Joseph Summers. Skidaway District. — John Barnard. Medway District. — Audley Maxwell. Darien District. — John Mcintosh, B. On the 20th of June, 1752, the trustees of Georgia resigned their charter, and the province was formed into a royal gov- ernment. Until 1754 the colony remained in a defenceless con- dition, when John Reynolds, an officer in the British navy, was appointed Governor, with powers similar to those of the other royal governments in America. By the instructions of the King the Governor was directed to convene a General As- sembly ; but, as the royal instructions excluded several of the most populous villages in the province, the council divided it into three districts, and on the 7th of January, 1755, the first Legislature of Georgia, consisting of three branches, Governor, Council, and Commons House, met in Savannah. On the 15th of March, 1758, the General Assembly divided the province into eight parishes ; Christ Church, including Savannah, Acton, Vernonburg, Sea Islands, and Little Ogeechee ; St. Matthews, comprising Abercorn and Ebenezer ; St. George's, embracing Halifax ; St. Pauls, Augusta ; St. Phillip's, Great Ogeechee ; St. John's, Medway and Sunbury ; St. Andrew's, Darien; St. James's, Frederica. In 1765, the tract of country lying between the river Alatamaha and the southernmost stream of the river St. Marys, which had been annexed to the pro- vince of Georgia in 1763, was divided into four parishes, thus. All the territory between the river Alatamaha and the north branch of Turtle river, into the parish of St. David. From the north branch of Turtle river, to the southern branch of the Little St. Ilia, the parish of St. Patrick ; from the southern 56 POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. branch of the river Little St. Ilia, to the southern branch of the river Great St. Ilia, the parish of St Thomas ; from the south- ern branch of the river Great St. Ilia, to the southern branch of the river St. Mary's, and from the head of the river St. Mary's in a due west line, including all the islands within the said boundary, the parish of ^^. Mary's. When Georgia, in common with the other colonies, threw of the yoke of Great Britain, the parishes were organized into counties. In the constitution of Georgia adopted in 1777, it was declared, " that the parish of St. Paul should be known by the name of Richmond. The parish of St. George should be known by the name of Burke. The parish of St. Matthew, and the upper part of St. Phillip above Cannouchee, Effingham. The parish of Christ Church, and the lower part of St. Phillip below Cannouchee, Chatham. The parish of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James, Liberty. The parish of St. David and St. Patrick, Glynn. The parish of St. Thomas and St. Mary's, Camden. The ceded lands north of Ogeechee, Wilkes." In 1784, two counties were laid out called Franklin and Washington. Franklin began tit the Savannah river, " where the west line of Wilkes county strikes the same, thence along the said line to the Cherokee corner, from thence on the same direction to the south branch of the Oconee river, thence up the said river, to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof, thence along the temporary line separating the Indian hunting ground, to the northern branch of Savannah river, known by the name of Keowee." Washington embraced an extent of country bounded by a line beginning at the Oconee river, where the last mentioned line strikes the same, thence along that river to where it strikes the former temporary line, thence along the said line to the Cherokee corner, and from thence to the beginning. As new territory was acquired, new counties were added, and these were divided and subdivided into other counties. The State now comprises ninety-three counties. In addition to this division of the State there is an organ- ization of eight congressional districts. First district, has 18 counties, viz. : — Appling, Bryan, Bulloch, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Emanuel, Glynn, Laurens, Liberty, Lowndes, Mcintosh, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Thomas, Ware, POLITICAL GOVERNMENT. 57 Wayne. Second district, 14 counties, — Baker, Decatur, Dooly, Early, Houstoun, Irwin, Lee, Macon, Marion, Mus- cogee, Pulaski, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter. Third district, 8 counties, — Bibb, Crawford, Harris, Monroe, Pike, Talbot, Twiggs, Upson. Fourth district, 9 counties, — Campbell, Carroll, Coweta, Fayette, Heard, Henry, Merriwether, New- ton, Troup. Fifth district, 13 counties, — Cass, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, Dade, De Kalb, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Murray, Paulding, Walker. Sixth district, 11 counties, — Clark, Elbert, Franklin, Habersham, Hall, Jack- son, Lumpkin, Madison, Rabun, Union, Walton. Seventh distinct, 10 counties, — Baldwin, Butts, Greene, Jasper, Jones, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Putnam, Taliafero, Wilkinson. Eighth distinct, 10 counties, — Burke, Columbia, Hancock, Jefferson, Lincoln, Richmond, Scriven, Warren, Washington, Wilkes. There are 37 counties entitled to two representatives to the State Legislature, and 56 to one. The State is also divided into 47 Senatorial districts. Chatham constitutes 1st; Bryan and Liberty 2d; Mcintosh and Glynn 3d ; Wayne and Camden 4th ; Ware and Lown- des 5th ; Appling and Montgomery 6th ; Tattnall and Bulloch 7th ; Effingham and Scriven 8th ; Burke and Emanuel 9th ; Laurens and Wilkinson 10th ; Telfair and Irwin 1 1th ; Decatur and Thomas 12th; Baker and Early 13th; Randolph and Stewart 14th; Lee and Sumter 15th; Muscogee and Harris 16th; Houstoun and Macon 17th ; Talbot and Marion 18th; Pulaski and Dooly 19th; Twiggs and Bibb 20th; Washing- ton and Jefferson 21st ; Richmond and Columbia 22d ; Warren and Taliafero 23d ; Hancock and Baldwin 24th ; Putnam and Jones 25th ; Monroe and Pike 26th ; Crawford and Upson 27th ; Merriwether and Coweta 28th ; Troup and Heard 29th ; Carroll and Campbell 30th ; Fayette and Henry 31st ; Butts and Jasper 32d; Newton and Walton 33d ; Morgan and Greene 34th; Wilkes and Lincoln 35th; Elbert and Franklin 36th ; Oglethorpe and Madison 37th ; Clark and Jackson 38th ; Gwinnett and De Kalb 39th ; Paulding and Cass 40th ; Cobb and Cherokee 41st ; Forsyth and Hall 42d ; Habersham and Rabun 43d ; Lumpkin and Union 44th ; Gilmer and Murray 45th ; Walker and Dade 46th ; Floyd and Chattooga 47th. 58 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES. ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES. REVENUES. General Tax, viz., Capitation-tax on free white males, (from 21 tx) 60) — Slaves — free persons of colour — Lawyers — Physicians — Factors and Brokers — tax on Land, per acre, according to its clas- sification as to quality — on Town lots, Merchandise, Ferries, Toll-bridges and Turnpikes, the returned" value — on Money at interest — Capital of Manufacturing Companies — Capital of Banks of other States employed in this, and sales of merchan- dise by Factors, the amount returned — and on pleasure carriages and billiard tables, the number returned. Net amount, 1848, about $265,000 Tax on Bank Stock, special .... 19,300 Dividends on Bank Stocks, " Education Fund," $262,300 . 19,250 Miscellaneous Sources, (say) . . . 10,000 expenditures. Legislative Department : — Pay of Members and Offi- cers of the General Assembly, (average of triennial sessions, $60,000,) making annual average Printing for the Legislature, (average $10,000,) annual Executive Department : — Salary of Governor 3 Secretaries, at $1000 . Secretary of State Treasurer Comptroller General . Surveyor General JUDICLA.RT Department : — Salary of 3 Judges of Su- preme Court, at $2500 each „ Reporter of Supreme Court „ 11 Circuit Judges, at $1800 each „ 11 Solicitors General, at $225 each Public Debt, reduction of . „ interest on ... Poor Schools, aid of . Lunatic Asylum . . . . . Deaf and Dumb Asylum Contingent Fund ..... Printing Fund . . * . Military Purposes .... Miscellaneous Appropriations, annual average (say) * And all surplus amounts unexpended. 313,550 30,000 5,000 q;; noo 3,000 oo*yjyjyj 3,000 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 12,400 7,500 1,000 19,800 2,475 *50,000 30,775 111,500 161,500 19,250 . . 11,625 4,500 . 10,000 . 2,000 . 1,500 5,000 $293,550 JUDICIARY. 59 GOVERNORS. The following are the names of the Governors of Georgia from its first settlement to the year 1849: — James Edward Oglethorpe, elected 1732 ; William Stephens act. Gov., 1743; Henry Parker, act. Gov., 1751; John Rey- nolds, 1754; Henry Ellis, 1757; James Wright, 1760; James Habersham, act. Gov., 1771 ; William Erwin, 1775; Archibald Bulloch, 1776; Button Gwinnett, 1777; John A. Treuitlen, 1777 ; John Houstoun, 1778 ; John Werriat, 1778 ; George Walton, 1779; Richard Howley, 1780; Stephen Heard, 1781 ; Nathan Brownson, 1781; John Martin, 1782; Lyman Hall, 1783 ; John Houstoun, 1784 ■; Samuel M. Elbert, 1785 ; Edward Telfair, 1786; George Matthews, 1787; George Handly, 1788; George Walton, 1789; Edward Telfair, 1790; George Matthews, 1793; Jared Irwin, 1796; James Jackson, 1798 ; David Emanuel, 1801 ; Josiah Tattnall, 1801 ; John Milledge, 1802; Jared Irwin, 1806; David B. Mitchell, 1809; Peter Early, 1813; David B. Mitchell, 1815; William Rabun, 1817; Matthew Talbot, 1819; John Clark, 1819; George M. Troup, 1823; John Forsyth, 1827; George R. Gilmer, 1829; Wilson Lumpkin, 1831 ; William Schley, 1835 ; George R. Gilmer, 1837; Charles J. McDonald, 1839; George W. Crawford, 1843; George W. Towns, 1847; Do., 1849. JUDICIARY. The first judicial tribunal in Georgia, was the Town Court of Record, held in Savannah in 1733. This court had cogni- zance of all manner of crimes, causes, and things whatever, aris- ing or happening within the province of Georgia, or between persons inhabiting or residing there, whether the same be crimi- nal or civil, or whether the said crime be capital or not capi- tal, and whether the pleas be real, personal, or mixed. It was composed of the three Bailiffs, Recorder acting as Clerk, and twelve freeholders. The following persons composed the first jury in Georgia : 60 JUDICIARY. Samuel Parker, Thomas Young, Joseph Cole, John Wright, John West, Timothy Bowling, John Milledge, Henry- Close, Walter Fox, John Grady, James Carwell, Richard Cannon. " To this bench of magistrates," says Dr. Stevens, " the trustees did what they could, to give dignity and authority; and well knowing the respect which is inspired by the badges and trappings of office, sent over magisterial gowns ; those for the three Bailiffs being purple, edged with fur, and for the Re- corder being black tufted." A court of the same kind was established at Frederica, but upon the merging of the two counties into one, in 1743, the court of Frederica was abol- ished, and the President and Assistants were directed to hold four courts in each year, in Savannah. This was the only court, until the arrival of Governor Reynolds, upon whose re- commendation a General Court was established, having juris- diction of all cases exceeding the value of forty shillings, and also to have the same power exercised by the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer in England. This court was to consist of two Judges, Attorney-General, and other lower officers, and was to be held quarterly, on the second Monday, respectively, of January, April, July, and October. Appeals from the decisions of this court, provided the sum ex- ceeded £300 in value, could be made to the Governor and Council ; and if the amount involved in the case was more than £500, it could be carried to the king in council. A Court of Chancery was also ordered, for hearing and deter- mining all matters of equity, to be held before the Governor as Chancellor, and the officers of which were to be a Master, Re- gister and Examiner. A Court of Oyer and Terminer was also ordered, to sit twice, for the trial of all criminal cases, and a Court of Admiralty, to manage maritime cases. For punish- ing slaves committing capital crimes, a Commission of Oyer and Terminer was to be issued to the justice of the district where the offence was committed. Justices' Courts were to determine sums under 40 shillings. The first judges of the General Court were Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan. In the Court of Admiralty wt e James Edward Powell, Judge Advocate ; William Clifton, Advocate General ; Alexander Kellett, Marshal; William Spenser, Register. Until 1789, JUDICIARY. Q] the judiciary department of Georgia was principally managed as we have stated. It was then changed, or new modelled. At present, the judiciary is thus arranged : 1. A Court OF Errors and Appeals, consisting of three judges elected by the Legislature for six years. This is an appellate tribunal for the correction of errors in law and equity from the Superior Courts. The terms are held in Sa- vannah, Milledgeville, Macon, Hawkinsville, Americus, Tal- botton, Decatur, Gainesville, and Cassville. , 2. Superior Court ; judges elected by the Legislature for four years. This is a court of general jurisdiction, both as a court of common law and equity, held twice every year in each county in the State, and has the power of correcting all errors in the inferior judicatories, and exclusive jurisdiction in all criminal cases, and in the trial of titles to real estate. 3. Inferior Court ; consisting of five justices in each county, who are elected by the people for the term of four years. The terms of this court are two in each year. This court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Superior Court, in actions of debt, trespass, &c., and has the supervisory power in their counties, over bridges, ferries, roads, public buildings, &c., &LC., and also the powers of a Court of Ordinary, in all matters in relation to the estates of deceased persons, the care of the poor, and in all actions other than those in which the title to land is involved. 4. Justices' Courts; consisting of two justices for each militia district, in every county, who are elected by the people of their district. They have jurisdiction in cases of debt, when the same does not exceed thirty dollars. The laws of Georgia were compiled by Marbury and Craw- ford, from its earliest settlement as a British province in 1755 to 1800; and by Augustus S. Clayton, from the year 1800 to the year 1810 inclusive; by L. Q. C. Lamar, from 1810 to 1820, and by William C. Dawson, from 1820 to 1830 inclusive. Digests of these laws have been made by Prince and Hotchkiss, and an Analysis of the Statutes of Georgia, com- piled by Howell Cobb, Esq. There are eleven judicial districts : Eastern Circuit, nine counties ; Middle do., nine do. ; Western do., eight do. ; Nor- 5 62 PENAL CODE. thern, do.,, eight do. ; Scuthern do., nine do. ; Ocmulgee do., seven do. ; Flint do., nine do. ; Chattahoochee do., five do. ; Cherokee, do., eleven do. : Coweta do., ten do. ; South-west- ern do., 8 do. • PEXAL CODE The code of penal laws of this State was enacted in 1833, and went into operation on the first day of June, 1834. Some of its provisions have since that time been amended, and other sections added. It superseded the code of 1817. The fre- quent substitution of one system for another — the establish- ment of a penitentiary, and then its immediate abandonment — indicate a very unsettled state of the popular mind in regard to the different plans. In 1816 the State abandoned the san- guinary criminal laws which had existed, and adopted a new system of pains and penalties, altogether more compatible with the condition of the people, and better suited to the advanced stage of civilization. The discipline of a State prison was then but imperfectly understood, and the changes it effected in the old system, together with a very imperfect execution of the plan, excited a decided distrust, which soon presented itself in open opposition to it. After sixteen years of experience, there- fore, it gave way to the earnest opposition which was brought to bear upon it, and the Legislature of 1831 abolished it. The State was thrown back upon a code which it had repudiated, and criminal justice was administered according to laws at once odious to humanity and behind the intelligence of the age. But this condition of things did not last. The change was palpably felt : public opinion again reacted in its favour : a reform was demanded, and the penitentiary was again re- stored. But the old code, with its flagrant defects, was found inadequate to accomplish the purposes of the new system, and accordingly, in 1832, the Legislature passed a resolution authorizing the Governor to appoint a committee of three persons to prepare a plan for the penitentiary buildings, digest a system of laws for its organization, and revise and amend the MILITIA SYSTEM. 63 penal laws of the State. The committee appomted by Gover- nor Lumpkin were, William Schley, Joseph H. Lumpkin, and John A. Cuthbert; all gentlemen of eminent legal attainments. They reported to the Legislature of 1^33, and that report is the existing code of penal laws, with some modifications and amend- ments. This system has been in operation since 1834 ; and although the test of fifteen years has pointed out defects, expe- rience has suggested no better mode of administering the cri- minal justice of the State. Some of its penalties are severe — necessarily so — but not more so than is demanded by the safety of the State and the security of its citizens. None of its pro- visions are sanguinary and cruel ; and while they may be ob- jectionable to that sort of fanaticism which would abolish all capital punishments, they accord with the principles of justice and come up to the enlightened humanity of the age. Its sanc- tions are not in a temper of w^anton cruelty, but of conservative and reforming equity. It has dispensed with the hideous re- lics of barbarism — the mutilating knife, the brand and the post, the pillory and the scourge. There are thirteen crimes which, according to the penal code, are punished capitally. There are, no doubt, defects in the code which experience will suggest and which time will reform. The experience of every year has resulted in improvements in the discipline of the State prison. It has, after years of pecuniary embarrass- ment, surmounted its misfortunes, and now sustains itself and brings a small revenue to the State. MILITIA SYSTEM. The militia of Georgia are organized into Divisions, Brig- ades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies. Each Division is commanded by a major general, whose staft' consists of one di- vision inspector with the rank of lieut. colonel, one quarter- master and two aids, W'ith the rank of major each. Each Brigade is commanded by a brigadier general, w^hose stafl' consists of a brigade inspector with the rank of major, a brig- 64 MILITIA AND TROOPS ade quarter-master, and an aid-de-camp with the ranlv of cap- tain. Each regiment is commanded by a colonel, whose -staff consists of a quarter-master, a pay-master, and adjutant with the rank of lieutenant, and one surgeon and mate, with a lieu- tenant colonel and major, a sergeant-major, quarter-master- sergeant, and a drum and fife major. Each company consists of one captain, a first and second lieutenant, and ensign, four sergeants and four corporals, a drummer and fifer, and sixty- four privates. At present there are thirteen divisions, each commanded by a major general, comprising twenty-six brig- ades under the command of brigadier generals. MILITIA AND TROOPS IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. In the year 1775, the State of Georgia had one thousand militia constantly in service, and which number was continued until the spring of 1776. I am led to this belief from the par- ties I know of my own knowledge to have been called out, the frontier situation of Georgia, the struggle with our inter- nal enemies, the defence of the country against the Florida banditti, and the expedition against Savannah under Commo- dore Barclay. For the years 1776, 1777, the militia in actual service may be computed at seven hundred and fifty, exclusive of two battalions of minute men which were in service until July 1778, of seven hundred and fifty each, and a State regi- ment of horse supposed two hundred and fifty, with three addi- tional troops of forty men each, under the command of a ma- jor. In the year 1778, exclusive of the State corps, there were two thousand militia in actual service for nearly six months. In 1779, 80, 81, 82, the militia maybe computed at seven hun- dred and fifty, constantly in service for the whole period, as the State during this time was totally ravaged by the enemy, and the citizens of Georgia never quit the field, although compelled to abandon not only their homes, but frequently their State. This is exclusive of the Georgia Legion raised in '81 by order of General Greene.* * From the MS. of Gen. James Jackson. IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 65 Names of the Officers who were in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade during the Revolutionary War, including Infantry, Dragoons, Legionary Corps, and General Staff. Brigade Generals. — Lachlan Mcintosh, Samuel Elbert. Co/oweZs.— t-James Scriven, John White, Robert Rae. Lieut. Colonels. — Joseph Habersham, Joseph Lane, Thom- as Chisolm, Francis Moore, Philip Lowe, George Handley, Benjamin Porter; John S. Eustace, Adjutant General; Lachlan Mcintosh, Junior Brigade Inspector; John Berrian, Brigade Major ; John Milton, A. D. C. ; George Melven, B. Q. M. Captains. — John Bennis, Gideon Bpokerj Chestley Bost- wick, Celerine Brosard, John Bard, Charles Budd, Isham Cook, Arthur Carney, Ranes Cook, Jacob Colson, John Cunningham, Alexander D. Cuthbert, Joseph Day, Daniel Duval, Peter De- bosh, John Dooley, Thomas Dooley, Ignatius Few, John Greene, John Hancock, William Hornby, Jaret, Evans Lewis, John Lucas, William Matthews, William Mcintosh, Thomas Morris, Elisha Millar, John Mosely, Charles Middleton, Littleberry Mosely, Clement Nash, Patrick Fitzpatrick, James Powell, Thomas Scott, Andrew Templeton, Thomas Thread- gill, Jesse Winfrey, Shadrack Wright. Lieutenants. — Francis Authur, Thomas Brown, James Bryan, John Caldwell, Cornelius Collins, Edward Cowen, Wal- ter Dixon, George Dooley, Thomas Glascock, Caleb Howell, Arthur Hayes, Christopher Hillery, Robert Howe, Nathaniel Huges, William Johnson, William Jordan, William Lowne, Josiah Maxwell, John Manley, John Mitchell, Thomas Mitch- ell, John Martin, William McDonald, Thomas Netherland, Johri Newdigate, Benjamin Odingsell, Thomas Payne, Na- thaniel Pierre, Robert Porter, Thomas Porter, William Roach, John Rae, Abraham Saixas, Robert Simpson, E. Shick, David Sarzedas, Randolph Smith, Steadman, Francis Tennell, David Turner, J. P. Wagnon, George Walton, Jesse Walton, Robert Ward. General Staff. — Richard Wyley, Q,. M. G. ; Joseph Clay, P. M. G. ; Mordecai Sheftall, C. G, ; Sheftall Shettall, D. C. G. ; Davis Rees, Judge Advocate ; Moses Allen, Chaplain. Hospital Department. — Surgeons, David Bradie, McKinne. 66 EDUCATION. Surgeon's Mates. — Adam Alexander, Nathan Brownson, James Houstoun, Thomas Davenport, Frederick Ridgley, Wood. Legionary Corps. — James Jackson, Colonel; Thomas Washington, Major. Captains. — Henry Alison, Sherwood Bugg, John Morri- son, James Stallings, John Lyons. Lieutenants. — Thomas Hamilton, Ezekiel Stallings, Benja- min Hawkins, Stephen Blount, Benjamin Harvey, Nicholas Millar. Artillery. — Major, Roman de Lisle. Captains. — Edward Young, John Fraser. Colonels. — Samuel Jack, John Stewart. Lieut. Colonel. — Elijah Clark. EDUCATION. The following extracts from a Discourse delivered before the Georgia Historical Society on the 12th day of February, 1845, by Dr. Church, President of the University of Georgia, contains an epitome of the history of Education in our State. Though our State laboured under peculiar difficulties, dur- ing her colonial existence, and for a considerable period after our independence, its history shows that our fathers were not less attentive to the great subject of general education, than were those who first settled our sister States. There are, I doubt not, many important and interesting facts, as well as many records, which may, and I hope will be brought forth, and which will show, that had we carried out the views of her early patriots, and the framers of our first Constitution, Georgia would now have a system of education, equal, if not superior, to that of any State in the Union. We owe it to the honour of our fathers that this portion of our history shall not be neglected. Those who have ex- erted a large influence in the establishment and support of seminaries of learning, and those who have been eminent as instructors, in the higher branches of knowledge, will be hon- EDUCATION. 67 oured, and their names will be chronicled among the benefac- tors of the State. While Franklin College shall remain, or its records be preserved, the name of Gov. Milledge will be hon- oured for the noble gift of a large tract of land, intended not only for the site of the College, but also for that of a town, a gift which has, to a large extent, aided the trustees of the institu- tion in sustaining it when other resources failed. While the records of the Baptist denomination of Christians in Georgia shall be preserved, the name of Dr. Mercer will be honoured by the friends of Christian education, for his munificent gifts and bequests to the University which bears his honoured name. And high as the reputation of Gov. Jackson and Abram Baldwin stand, for their political services to the State, I doubt not that their services in the cause of education will add as bright a chaplet to their fame. Such men as the de- ceased Dr. Waddel, and the venerable patriarch of the school- room and the pulpit. Dr. McQuir, can never be forgotten while any history of our State remains. As proof that the early inhabitants of our State were not unmindful of the subject of general education, we may appeal to the records of the first settlements of different sections of the country. In Savannah, early provision was made for public education, and especially for the education of the orphan and the poor. The efforts which were made to sustain the Orphan House, and to establish and support Bethesda Col- lege, as well as the minor schools which were open to all the children of the city, are evidence of the feelings and senti- ments of its early inhabitants. We may refer also, with pleasure, to the pious, B^secuted men, who first raised their Ebenezer in a sister and adjoining county, and who there at the same time reared the standard of religion and education. The early history of the city of Augusta is proof of the same feeling, on the part of her first inhabitants. The provi- sion which was there made for the establishment and ample endowment of her Academy, one of the most useful institu- tions of the kind in our Southern country, is proof that the subject of education was considered by her citizens as one of vital importance. The hardy Highlanders who planted themselves upon the 68 EDUCATION. banks of the Alatamaha, as a bulwark against savage incursions and Spanish invasion, brought vrith them that love of learning which characterizes the land of their fathers, and to the honour of their descendants it may be said, they have ever been the fast friends of general education, and of an elevated standard of learning in the State. I need not mention the little colony who first penetrated the swamps of our Southern seaboard. All who are familiar with the history of that favoured portion of our State, know with what zeal and energy its first settlers commenced, and with what success, they prosecuted their efforts to establish and to sustain the institutions of learning and religion ; and most honourably have the sons of those noble sires followed in ,the footsteps of their patriotic and pious ancestors ! Those who first settled in the county of Wilkes were not less mindful of this important subject. Scarcely had they traced the outlines of their now beautiful village, before pro- vision was made for a permanent institution of learning ; and from that period to this, the cause of education has been one of deep interest to its citizens, and the special care of its muni- cipal authorities. And as we trace the history of our State from almost the landing of Oglethorpe to the acquisition of the last portion of our territory, we find the subject of educa- tion a prominent subject in the estimation of the first settlers of the different portions of the country. Academies have usually been coeval with the organization of the counties ; and in no State in the Union have there probably ever been more or better conducted institutions of the kind, in propor- tion to the population, than in Georgia. And in no State in the Union have the services of teachers of Academies been more liberally rewarded. The first constitution of Geoi'gia was adopted the 5th of February, 1777, only a few months after the Declaration of Independence. The 54th section of this constitution declares, " Schools shall be erected in each county, and supported at the general expense of the State." This is an important record in the history of our education. On the 31st of July, 1783, the Legislature appropriated 1000 acres of land to each county for the support of free schools. In 1784, a few months EDUCATION. 69 after the ratification of the treaty of peace, by which our na- tional independence was acknowledged, the Legislature, again in session at Savannah, passed an act, appropriating 40,000 acres of land for the endowment of a College or University. This act commences with the remarkable preamble: "Whereas, the encouragement of religion and learning is an object of great importance to any community, and must tend to the prosperity and advantage of the same." In 1785, the charter of the University was granted, the preamble to which would do honour to any Legislature, and will stand a monument to the wisdom and patriotism of those who framed, and of those who adopted it. " As it is the distinguishing happiness of free governments that civil order should be the result of choice and not neces- sity, and the common wishes of the people become the laws of the land, their public prosperity and even existence very much depend upon suitably forming the minds and morals of their citizens. When the minds of the people in general are viciously disposed and unprincipled, and their conduct disor- derly, a free government will be attended with greater convul- sions, and evils more horrid than the wild uncultivated state of nature. It can only be happy where the public princi- ples and opinions are properly directed and their manners regulated. " This is an influence beyond the stretch of laws and pun- ishments, and can be claimed only by religion and education. It should, therefore, be among the first objects of those who wish well to the national prosperity, to encourage and support the principles of religion and morality ; and early to place the youth under the forming hand of society, that, by instruction they may be moulded to the love of virtue and good order. Sending them abroad to other countries for education will not answer the purpose, is too humiliating an acknowledgment of the ignorance or inferiority of our own, and will always be the cause of so great foreign attachments that, upon princi- ples of policy, it is inadmissible." In 1792, an act was passed appropriating one thousand pounds for the endowment of an Academy in each county. In 1798, a third constitution was adopted. The 13th sec- 70 EDUCATION. tion of the 4th article declares : " The arts and sciences shall be patronized in one or more seminaries of learning." In 1817, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars were ap- propriated to the support of poor schools. In 1818, every 10th and 100th lot of land in seven new counties was appro- priated to the cause of education; and in 1821, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars were set apart for the support of county Academies. These records show, that the people of Georgia, from the commencement of their independence to the full establishment of their constitutional Government, have recognized the duty and the importance of making public and ample provision for the education of all her citizens. These records show, that her Jacksons and Baldwins, with their many worthy coad- jutors, in the achievement of our independence, and in the establishment of our present form of government, did not doubt, that the State could, and that she ought to, become an efficient patron of learning — that correct moral and religious instruction could be imparted in our public schools and Colleges. I know the opinion is now held by a few, that these men, and I may say, that almost every great and good man, up to nearly the present day, has been in error upon this subject. We must honor the feelings which give rise to these sen- timents— we must respect the piety which prompts to all the efforts which are made to purify the fountains of knowledge — to introduce the Bible, with its hallowing influence, into all our institutions of learning. Georgia has often been represented as more inattentive to the great interests of education than almost any other State in the Union — a statement which does great injustice to our citizens. A correct history of our State will show that those who have preceded us, have done much for the cause of edu- cation. A full statement of all which has been given by the citizens of the State would, doubtless, surprise many. I can- not at this time give a history of what has been done by our citizens in the cause of education. A few instances will, how- ever, be sufficient to sustain me in the remark, that we have not been as utterly regardless of the interests of knowledge as EDUCATION. 71 many suppose. A number of our Academies have respectable, and some of them very ample endowments ; the result of both legislative aid and private liberality. Meson Academy, at Lexington, Oglethorpe county, received from ten to fifteen thousand dollars, a permanent endowment from the individual whose name it bears. The Burke county Academy has a per- manent fund of more than seven thousand dollars, and within a few years the citizens of this county have given to other in- stitutions probably over $20,000. The Richmond Academy has buildings and library and apparatus worth probably $30,000 — an annuity from real estate amounting to 81,600, and bank stock to the amount of $12,000, besides lands which are rapid- ly increasing in value. Here, also, is a Medical College en- dowed by the State to the amount of perhaps $35,000, and possessing buildings, apparatus, library, and the usual means for conducting such an institution, to the amount of $50,000. This institution is now well established, and justly meriting and largely receiving the patronage of the State and other States. The Chatham Academy has large and valuable build- ings, and funds sufficient to sustain an institution of superior character. In the village of Washington, there is, besides the Male Academy, which has always been well sustained, a Fe- male Institute of very high character, for the establishment of which the citizens of that county have come forward with liberal subscriptions. They have a beautiful building and libra- ry, and apparatus sufficient to render it an institution of high order. In La Grange, Troup county, are Academies, both male and female, upon which the inhabitants of that village and county have expended large sums, and where hundreds of both sexes have for years enjoyed superior advantages for in- struction. No one can visit these and many other Academies and High Schools, which are found in all our older and thickly settled counties, without seeing that a large amount has been expended by our citizens for purposes of education. The Montpelier Institute, under the patronage of the Episcopal Church in Georgia, has probably cost $20,000 in its establish- ment. One individual gave $10,000. The Female College at Macon has probably cost not less than $70,000. For the establishment and endowment of Emory College, there have 72 EDUCATldN. been raised between 80 and i 100,000. For the establishment and endowment of Oglethorpe University, between 80 and $100,000. For the establishment and endowment of Mercer University and a Theological Seminary, between 150 and $200,000 have been given. The citizens of Georgia have giv- en to the Theological Seminary at Columbia, S. C, about $60,000. To Randolph Macon College, N. C, $10,000. To the Columbian College, D. C, $25,000. To the Theological Seminary at Princeton, N. J., $25,000. To the Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass., a considerable amount — how much I am unable to say, as I have received no answer to an inquiry touching that subject, which I addressed to one of its Professors. I know that Mr. John Whitehead, of Burke county, gave $2,500. We have here, for the purpose of estab- lishing institutions of learning, private subscriptions by the citizens of Georgia, and that within a few years, to the amount of ■ more than $600,000. I have mentioned only a small part which has been given for this purpose in the State. Our people are not, they never have been, regardless of this subject ; but from our peculiar situation, we have thus far failed to unite and concentrate the action of our whole people. They have the ability and the disposition to spread the light of knowledge over our State. Let them be properly enlightened, and they will come forth with an energy which will overcome all ob- stacles. That our University has not accompHshed more, is undoubtedly a source of regret to every friend of knowledge ; that it has accomplished as much as it has, is, perhaps, a cause of rejoicing to all its friends. It will not be denied by any one, that this institution has been gradually advancing in use- fulness since its funds have been sufficient to sustain the ex- penses necessarily incident to a respectable College. These expenses are much larger than many, who have had no experi- ence in the management of such institutions, apprehend. The University of Georgia had for an endowment 40,000 acres of land, located by the surveyors in what are now Hancock, Greene, Oglethorpe, Clark, Jackson, Franklin, and in the fork of the Tugalo and Seneca rivers. By the treaty of Beaufort, the last tract was lost by falling into the State of South Carolina. Thus, 5,000 acres, equal in value to more than one-eighth of the EDUCATION. 73 endowment of the University, were wholly lost. The remaining lands were long unsaleable, and could not be rented for any valu- able consideration. The country was new, land abundant and cheap — much, even of a good quality, could be obtained by merely surveying it, and paying the fees for granting. The lands, therefore, of the University could not be made available for any valuable purpose, and the trustees were unable to com- mence the institution. None of the lands belonging to the University were sold until 1803, and then only a small portion and at a low price. Most of them remained unsold and unpro- ductive till 1816, when they were nearly all sold, and $100,000 vested in bank, as a permanent fund for the support of the in- stitution. The Legislature, in consideration of the large amount of bonds for these lands over the $100,000, guaran- tied that this permanent fund should yield annually eight per cent. The College was nearly suspended from 1816 to 1819, and by aid of the surplus funds, during this period, the debts of the institution were paid, the buildings repaired, the small library increased, and the philosophical and chemical apparatus greatly enlarged. From this period the institution began to assume a respectable stand : its students increased — the Board obtained the services of a respectable number of officers, and continually enlarged the library and apparatus. The first Commencement was on Thursday, the 31st May, 1804. The exercises were held under an arbour, erected in the campus ; the number of graduates was nine. Of these, four are now living, viz. : Col. Gibson Clark, Gen. Jeptha V. Harris, Col. Wm. H. Jackson, and James Jackson, at present Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in the University; The Hon. Augustus S. Clayton, one of its most untiring friends to the day of his death, was also a member of this class. Tho- mas Irwin, Jared Irwin, Robert Rutherford, and William WiUiamson, were the four remaining members. The whole number of graduates is 533, among whom are found a large number of our most useful and distinguished citizens. The University has buildings which have cost perhaps 75 or 880,000. It has a very extensive and complete philo- sophical apparatus, a good chemical laboratory, a large min- 74 FRANKLIN COLLEGE. eral cabinet, and a very neat botanic garden. These have cost at least 20,000 dollars. The two literary societies have libraries amounting to about five thousand volumes. The offi- cers of the University are now a President, six Professors, and two Tutors. Considering all the circumstances, may it not be said that its trustees have done much; that they have not be- trayed their trust ; and that though the State may not have done as much as many friends of learning could desire, she has done more than many apprehend — more than many States which are supposed to have been very liberal in their endow- ment and support of seminaries of learning ? It is true that the citizens of the State, as individuals, have given but little to this institution. It has not been the recipient of such legacies and donations as have been bestowed upon the older Colleges. But may not the liberality of our citizens, which has been so free towards other and private seminaries, be yet turned towards this ? And since so much has been done by the trustees to carry out the designs of its patriotic and enlightened founders, may we not reasonably suppose that the State will hereafter appropriate to it whatever may be necessary to place it by the side of the most favoured and useful Colleges in the land ? FRANKLIN COLLEGE OF GEORGIA. This institution is located in Athens, in Clarke county. As early as 1788-9, the Legislature of Georgia made liberal en- dowments for the establishment of the University ; but it did not go into operation until. 1 80 L Its first President was Mr. Josiah Meigs, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, a gentleman of high reputation as a scholar, but owing to circumstances which reflect no blane upon him, the University did not realize the expectations ot its friends. Mr. Meigs resigned the presidency in 1811, and the Rev. Dr. Kollock, well known as a polished scholar, and great orator, was elected to fill the vacancy. This gentleman, however, declined the appointment, and Dr. Brown, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Columbia College, South Carolina, was then cho- FRANKLIN COLLEGE. 75 sen to the office, who continued to preside over the University until 181G, when he resigned. Dr. Finley, of New- Jersey, was appointed his successor. This great and good man ap- plied himself with indefatigable zeal to the advancement of the College, and confidence was felt through the State, that it would soon occupy a prominent stand among the literary in- stitutions of the United States ; but the sudden and lamented death of Dr. Finley for a time obscured the cheering prospect. The Rev. N. S. S. Beman was selected to fill the vacancy oc- casioned by the demise of Dr. Finley ; but this gentleman de- clined serving. In 1819, the celebrated Dr. Moses Waddel, whose name will long be remembered by the citizens of South Carolina and Georgia, was elected President ; and under whose administration the University succeeded, to an extent beyond the most sanguine hopes of its friends. Dr. Waddel resigned in 1829, when the present incumbent, Dr. Alonzo Church, of Brattleborough, Vermont, and a graduate of Mid- dlebury College, Vermont, was appointed to this distinguished station. The character of Dr. Church is so favourably known to the people of Georgia, that it is almost superfluous to say any thing in relation to him. With a mind richly furnished with the stores of learning — with manners proverbially capti- vating— with uncommon kindness of disposition, and with the prudence and firmness requisite to be possessed by those to whom the people of Georgia commit the education of their sons, at a period the most critical in the life of youth. Dr. Church has every qualification for the exalted position which he has so long filled. Associated with him are seven Professors, viz. James Jackson, A. M., Professor of Natural History and Modern Languages; appointed in 1823. James P. Waddel, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages, a son of Dr. Moses Waddel ; appointed in 1836. Charles F. McCay, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, As- tronomy, and Civil Engineering; appointed in 1837. John Le Conte, M. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry; appointed in 1846. Hon. Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Professor of Law ; appoint- ed in 1847. 76 MERCER UNIVERSITY. N. H. Wood, A, M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics; appointed in 1848. The Rev. WiUiam T. Brantley, A. M., Professor of Belles Lettres, Oratory, and History; appointed in 1848. M. C. Fulton, A. M., Tutor in Ancient Languages ; ap- pointed in 1847. The University is now in a state of great prosperity. The number of students, according to the last catalogue, was one hundred and forty. The resources of the University are 100,000 dollars in stock of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and about 1500 dollars in other stocks, together with the proceeds of the tuition of stu- dents, and a small amount of town lots. The buildings are : Two three-story, 120 by 45 feet, for lodging rooms for students ; a philosophical hall and chemical laboratory, a chapel, a libra- ry and cabinet, president's house, and three houses for the pro- fessors. The library contains between eight and nine thou- sand volumes. The philosophical apparatus is one of the most extensive and complete in the country ; the chemical laboratory is ample ; the cabinet- of minerals large, and the botanic garden in good order. The College has forty-four acres of ground on which the buildings are erected, and which is set apart by the Legisla- ture of the State for that purpose, and can never be diminished. Connected with the College are two societies. Each has a very neat and convenient hall, erected at the expense of the society, and costing about 4000 dollars each. The library of each of these associations contains between two and three thousand volumes. MERCER UNIVERSITY. This University is situated in Penfield, Greene county. In the year 1829, Mr. Josiah Penfield, of Savannah, bequeathed to the Baptist Convention of Georgia $2500, to aid in the edu- cation of poor young men preparing for the ministry. Other MERCER UNIVERSITY. 77 funds were obtained for the same object, and in January, 1833, a Literary and Theological Institution with a department for manual labor was established. In its progress the character of the institution became elevated, and in 1838 it received a charter from the Legislature with the title of Mercer Uni- versity. In 1845 the manual labor was discontinued, and the present course of theological instruction was commenced. Endowment. — Besides its valuable buildings, and an exten- sive tract of land, the University possesses the following funds : University Fund, . . . $ 80,520 Central Professorship Fund, . . 19,259 Mercer Theological " . 21,822 Railroad Stock, .... 10,000 Other Funds 6,599 Total, . . $138,200 For this endowment, the University is chiefly indebted to the liberality of the late Rev. Jesse Mercer. A foundation has thus been laid, on which the friends of education and religion may build, with the confident hope of rearing an institution that will be a blessing to future generations. The library contains 2000 volumes. The philosophical and chemical apparatus continues to receive additions. The two literary Societies have valuable libraries. Faculty. — Rev. Mr. Dagg, President and Professor of Systematic Theology, a native of Virginia, appointed in 1844. S. P. Sanford, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, appointed in 1841. Rev. S. G. Hillyer, Professor of Belles-Lettres, appointed, in 1845. Rev. N. M. Crawford, A. M., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, a son of the Hon. W. H. Crawford ; appointed in 1845. Joseph E. Willet, A. B., Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, appointed in 1847. Rev. P. H. Mell, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages. According to the last catalogue, there were 120 students in attendance. Commencement on the last Wednesday in July. 6 78 EMORY COLLEGE. OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY. This institution is located at Midway near Milledgeville in Baldwin county. It is under the government of the Presby- terian Church, represented by the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia, The College commenced operations in January 1838. The President is the Rev. Samuel K. Talmage, a graduate of Princeton College, and elected in 1841. The Professors are : Rev. John W. Baker, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages, appointed in 1844. Rev. Ferdinand Jacobs, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, elected in 1845. Rev. R. C. Smith, A. M., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy, appointed in 1847. E. W. Lane, A. M., Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, elected in 1846, H. Ramsey, A. M., Rector of Preparatory School. The main College building is of brick, two stories high besides a basement. The central part contains a fine chapel^ whole dimensions 52 feet front by 89 feet deep, including a colonnade 14 feet deep. Attached to the building are two wings, 30 feet front by 34 feet deep, three stories high. In the basement and wings 16 rooms for library, museum, &c. On each side of the campus there is a row of dormitories of one story for the accommodation of the students. The other buildings are the President's house, the Academy, and a building used for recitations. The College year is divided into two sessions. The winter session begins on the first Monday in January, and closes on the second Wednesday in May. The summer session begins four weeks after the latter date, and closes on Commencement day, the Wednesday after the second Monday in November. EMORY COLLEGE. This institution is situated in the beautiful and retired village of Oxford, Newton county. It was founded in FEMALE INSTITUTE. * 79 1837, and was named after Bishop Emory of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Its first President was the Rev. Ignatius A. Few, L. L. D., a native of Columbia county, Georgia, and a man of the most extensive acquirements. This gentleman resigned the presi- dency on account of ill health, and was succeeded by the Rev. Augustus B. Longstreet, L. L. D., who continued to preside over the College until July 1848, a period of more than ten years. The Rev. Geo. F. Fierce, D. D., so favourably known as a learned, zealous, and eloquent clergyman, now fills this high office. Rev. Dr. Pierce is a native of Greene county, Georgia, and a graduate of Franklin College ; acts not only as President, but also as Professor of English Literature. Rev. Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Physical Sci- ence. Rev. O. L. Smith, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages. Rev. J. M. Bournell, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Langua- ges and Mathematics. -^ Mr. Gustavus J. Orr, A. M., Professor of Mathematics. Mr. James E. Palmer, A. B., Principal of the Preparatory Department. The College numbers ninety-seven alumni ; of this number eighteen are ministers of the gospel. At this time there are one hundi'ed and twenty-six students in attendance. The libraries contain about three thousand volumes. Commence- ment on the Wednesday after the third Monday in July. GEORGIA FEMALE COLLEGE. Located on a high hill in the city of Macon. This institu- tion was founded by a few friends of female literature, and is under the supervision of the Georgia Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It first commenced its exer- cises on the 7th of January, 1839. The Faculty consists of a President, three Professors, with*a proper number of assistants, a Matron and a superintendent of the department of domestic 80 EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. economy. The course of study is extensive. The number of pupils generally in attendance is about one hundred and forty. There is one term beginning on the first Monday in Octo- ber, and continuing ten successive months. The College building is one hundred and sixty feet long and sixty wide, four stories, with a cupola. The wings are three stories high. Fifty-six rooms in the building. This establishment has done much for the cause of Female Education in Georgia, and we sincerely hope that it will com- mend itself to the patronage of the people. GEORGIA EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. * The Episcopal Church is chiefly indebted to the liberality of G. B. Lamar, Esq., formerly of the city of Savannah, for this invaluable seminary. This school is located in Monroe county, about seventeen miles from Macon, fourteen from Forsyth, and six from the Macon and Western Railroad. Its advantages are not sur- passed by those of any school in the United States. Until the property was purchased by Mr. Lamar, it was a favourite re- resort for invalids, who were attracted by its medicinal springs, healthful cHmate, and delightful temperature. Its natural beau- ties, which are rarely equalled, have been improved with the finest taste. The visitor needs only to see its extensive lawn, majestic groves, shady walks, beautiful gardens, and spacious buildings, to be in love with the spot. In addition to this, it is the permanent residence of the bishop of the diocese, a gentle- man long distinguished for devoted piety and extensive literary attainments. His large and well selected library affords an inex- haustible source of entertainment and knowledge to the pupils. The course of instruction is thorough and complete ; embracing every item that can contribute to fit a lady for the first stations in society. Its teachers are persons of high character and first rate abihties. They have been procured at great expense * Prepared by Rev. Richard Johnson. MEDICAL COLLEGE. 81 in Europe and America. It may be truly said that in this school, true religion, useful learning, and polished refinement are inseparably united. The number of pupils varies from sixty to ninety. The applicants have generally been more than could be accommodated. MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA. The charter incorporating this College v^^as granted by the Legislature of Georgia in 1830. In 1833 and '34 the class in attendance amounted to thirty. Since that period, the number has greatly increased. The course of lectures in this institution commences an- nually on the second Monday in November, and continues four months. Faculty. — George M. Nev^^ton, M. D., Prof, of Anatomy. L. A. Dugas, M. D., Prof, of Physiology and Path. Anat- omy. Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Phar- macy. Paul F. Eve, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery. Joseph A. Eve, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Infants. L. D. Ford, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. I. P. Garvin, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica. H. F. Campbell, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. George M. Newton, M. D., Dean of the Faculty. The class of 1847-8 numbered one hundred and forty. The Board of Trustees consists of twenty-four gentlemen. The Legislature of Georgia have been liberal to this Col- lege. In 1833 it gave ten thousand dollars, and in 1835, gave all the interest of the State in the premium resulting from the sale of certain stock, valued at twenty-five thousand dollars. By these means, with five thousand dollars a donation from the 82 LUNATIC ASYLUM. City Council of Augusta, and ten thousand dollars raised upon the responsibility of the Faculty, the College has been able to erect a splendid Grecian Doric structure, furnished with an anatomical museum, chemical apparatus, surgical cabinet, &c., to liquidate every debt, and provide a fund for contingent expense. STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM. This is, as its name implies, an institution founded by the State. In December, 1837, an act was passed by the Legislature, providing for its establishment, and authorizing the appoint- ment, by the Governor, of certain commissioners, charged with the duty of purchasing a suitable site, and vested with the au- thority to contract for and superintend the erection of the necessary buildings, the requisite preliminary appropriation being made towards the accomplishment of these purposes. A site was selected, southeast of, and about one mile distant from, Oglethorpe University. Forty acres of land being purchased, the erection of the buildings was begun, and progressed up to the winter of 1841, when the Legislature directed that the com- missioners should discontinue the operations on one of the buildings, and proceed to the speedy completion of that most advanced. At the same time an act was passed for the orga- nization of the institution. Said act provided that the board, &c., of pauper patients sent to the asylum should be paid by the counties from which they were sent. It further provided, that the superintendence of the institution should remain in the trustees and steward until such time as, in the judgment of the Board, the increased number of patients rendered it neces- sary to elect a resident physician and superintendent (the two offices being combined in the same individual), and that the medical services requisite should be procured from some neigh- bouring physician, who should receive as compensation for his services two hundred dollars per annum. In October, 1842, one of the buildings contemplated being LUNATIC ASYLUM. 83 completed, the institution was announced ready for the recep- tion of patients, and on the 15th December of that year the first patient was received ; since which period, the number has slowly but steadily increased. The Legislature of 1843 amended the act of organization, so as to relieve the individual counties from the support of their paupers in the asylum and impose the burden upon the State at large, by authorizing the Board of Trustees to draw, from time to time, upon the Governor for their support, at the rate of fifty dollars per annum. This course was pursued up to the session of 1845, when the plan of special appropriation of such amount as was deemed necessary for the ensuing two years was substituted. The medical services de- manded were rendered by the trustees, Drs. Fort, B. A. White, and Geo. D. Case, all medical gentlemen of the vicinity, until January, 1843, when, in the judgment of the Board, the number of patients rendered it necessary that the station of resident physician and superintendent should be filled. Dr. David Cooper was then elected to that office, and continued to discharge its duties up to January, 1846, when he was suc- ceeded by the present officer, Dr. Thomas F. Green. The law organizing the institution authorizes the commitment to the asylum of all idiots, lunatics, and epileptics, and requires that all such persons, who are residents of this State, and whose pauperism is certified by the court committing them, shall be supported in the institution by the State ; all others are required to pay board at such rate as may be determined by the trus- tees. The present charge is one hundred dollars per annum, the friends of the patient supplying all clothing necessary. In the fall of 1847, the second building was completed upon the same plan as that first erected, and furnished a separate department for the use of the female patients. Until within the past two years a very large proportion of the patients were of the worst possible descriptions. From the general want of proper information among the mass of the people in relation to such institutions, the incomplete condition of the establishment, and the influence of other causes, such only were sent to the asylum generally as had become burdens at home, too intoler- able to be longer borne, certainly, in very many instances, from the influence of no hope of benefit to them, as their state was 84 LUNATIC ASYLUM. such, that, in a number of cases, they did not survive a month after their reception. Since November, 1847, the whole aspect of things has been materially changed for the better. An en- tirely separate department has been provided for the females, more extensive means of classification secured, more liberal provision made for the support of the institution, white attend- ants employed in every department, and many very valuable improvements effected. And notwithstanding there still exists great necessity for additional means and facilities for promoting the care, comfort, and cure of the inmates (all which, it is hoped, will be provided for by the next Legislature), yet the present condition of the institution is such as to reflect much credit upon the humane efforts of the State in the behalf of that, of all others, most helpless class of human sufferers, and to aflTord the means of providing for their safety, comfort, and cure, in a much higher degree and more satisfactory manner than can possibly exist under the most favourable circumstances at their homes. The proportion of cures effected has been, under all the difficulties, fully equal to any just expectations ; indeed, the proportion of cures, in recent cases of insanity, have equalled such results anywhere. The whole amount expended by the State upon this object, for all purposes (including cost of land and buildings), has been, or will have been at the end of the present year, 1849, f 94,201. Whole number of patients received since 15th Decem- ber, 1842, to January, 1849, 204 Number who have been discharged, 56 died, 53 Number remaining, January, 1849, 95 Number of buildings for patients, 2. Size of buildings — height, four stories; length, 129 feet; width, 39 feet. Number of rooms for patients in each of the two buildings, exclusive of those used for bathing purposes, &c., 63 ; size of those rooms, ■ten feet by nine. Height of ceiling, ten feet. Extent of ground at present belonging to the Asylum, forty acres. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 85 GEORGIA ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, AT CAVE SPRINGS, FLOYD COUNTY, The Legislature of the State at different times have made liberal appropriations for the support and education of the deaf and dumb. Formerly, a commissioner was appointed to receive applications in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb in- habitants of this State, and to make all necessary arrange- ments for conveying such beneficiaries to the American Asy- lum at Hartford, Connecticut ; but that office is now abolished. In 1847, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Gover- nor to appoint five commissioners, who are required to make all necessary arrangements for the erection of an Asylum. This institution is now in successful operation. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AT MILLEDGEVILLE. The State-House stands upon an eminence, about three- fourths of a mile from the river. In it are rooms for the Le- gislature, offices for the Governor, Secretary of State, Trea- surer, Comptroller, and Surveyor General ; and rooms for clerks, committees, &c. This building cost f 115,000, and was erected under the direction of General Thomas. State Arsenal. Governor's House. Penitentiary. The outer walls are made of brick, aver- aging twenty feet in height, by two and a half feet thick, con- taining within the walls two and a half acres. The cells, or prison proper, are contained in a three-story granite building, two hundred feet long by thirty feet broad, each story con- structed with a passage eight feet wide, running the whole length. On each side are the cells, facing each other, and doors opening into these passages, with one grated window. The rooms are eight feet high, eight feet long, and six and a half feet wide, intended for one inmate only, the whole build- ing containing one hundred and fifty cells. These are divided into four wards, designated by the letters A, B, C, and D. 86 BANKS. These cells are numbered on the doors, beginning in each ward at No. 1, and rising until all are numbered in each re- spective ward. The occupants are also numbered, corre- sponding with the letter of the ward to which they belong. The present workshops were constructed in 1844. They are built of brick, one story high, of nine feet pitch, with jointed sheathing, and covered with shingles. The form at its common centre, is that of an octagon, with three of its angles cut to a straight line, leaving five angles of thirty feet each, which angles being all open, they present so many openings into as many shops, one hundred and fifty feet long, by thirty feet broad each. These are lighted by windows every seven feet. There is also in the inclosure a two-story building of brick, forty feet square, in which are apartments for the sick, female convicts, &c. Leather, wagons, shoes, pails, and indeed al- most every thing, is made in the establish fhent ; and we un- derstand that at this time it brings a small income to the State. BANKS. Augusta and Insurance Banking Company. Bank of Augusta. Bank of Brunswick. Bank of Milledgeville. Bank of St. Mary's. Bank of the State of Georgia. Branch of Do. at Augusta. Branch of Do. at Athens. Branch of Do. at Eatonton. Branch of Do. at Washington. Agency at Macon. Agency at Griffin. Agency at Columbus. Central Railroad and Banking Company. Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. Marine and Fire Insurance Bank. Mechanics' Bank of Augusta. Merchants' Bank. Planters' Bank. RAILROADS. 87 RAILROADS. Central Railroad. — In the report of L. O. Reynolds, Esq., Chief Engineer of the Central Railroad, there is much information in regard to this work achieved in a comparatively short period "under the most discouraging circumstances and in the face of a doubting public." In the summer and fall of 1834, an experimental survey was made under the direction of Col. Cruger, at the request and cost of the city of Savannah, to ascertain the practicability, and approximate the cost of constructing a Railroad from this city to Macon. The survey was made and the practicability of the road demonstrated. In April, 1836, the company was formed, and preparations made for commencing theT^ad with- out delay. The line leaves the depot in the southwestern part of Savannah, and continues straight N. 77 deg. 10 min., W. for 13 miles — then curving slightly to the left, on a radius of 150,000 feet, it approaches within a mile and a half of the Ogeechee, then bending to the right, on a curve of 5,000 feet radius, it follows the general direction of that river, and at a mean distance of about three miles from it, through the flat lands of Effingham county, until it reaches the county of Scriven ; then taking the hammocks bordering on the river swamp, it follows them to Brinson's Mill Creek ; then takes the valley of this ci'eek which leads out from the river ; having passed around Paramore Hill, and across Buck Head Creek ; the line again resumes the river flats, and continues over them through the county of Burke ; crossing the Ogeechee at the point before mentioned about 12 miles from Louisville. From this point it follows the valley of Williamson's Swamp, and crosses that stream near the Double Bridges, then taking the southernmost of the two southern prongs, ascends the summit of the ridge separating the waters of the Ogeechee from those of the Oconee, which ridge it crosses about 2^ miles south of Saundersville. Having passed the summit, the line goes along the valley of a prong of the head branches of the Ohoopee for a short distance ; then along the head of Sand Hill Creek by which a descent is made to the Oconee river. This riv^r is 88 RAILROADS. gained near a spot called " Rag Point," three miles above the mouth of Commissioner's Creek, and 16 or 18 miles below Milledgeville. The river svv^amp is here about one mile wide on the E., and two miles on the W. The grade is here supported at a mean height of about 16 feet above the level of the swamp for about three miles ; one-third of this distance is of trestle work, and the remainder of embankment. The river is crossed by a bridge 266 feet long, supported by- stone abutments and a pier in the centre. Having passed the Oconee river, the road proceeds near the mouth of Commis- sioner's Creek, and then crosses the south side of this creek, and follows its valley for 26 miles ; then leaving it, the road passes, by a cut of 31 feet, the highest point of land it crosses being about 500 feet above tide water, into a prong of Big Sandy Creek ; following this stream about two miles it crosses it, and takes another branch of the same creek, which it keeps for about the same distance ; then crossing the main branch of Sandy Creek, it ascends to the summit "between the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers ; then following a branch of Swift Creek for a mile and half, it crosses the main creek ; then taking another branch of Swift Creek it reaches Boggy Branch, which leads it to the valley of the Ocmulgee. After reaching the river valley about three miles below the city of Macon, it keeps along the low grounds, and enters the river swamp near the great mound, and terminates at East Macon, the whole distance being 190 miles 3900 feet. The road was extended to Macon on the 13th of October, 1843, and the Macon depot was opened for regular business on the 1st of November following. , The superstructure of the road for the distance of one hundred miles, is laid with the common plate rail. This has become much worn by the heavy increase of tonnage which the road has sustained for the past year, and the Directors, availing themselves of the present low price of iron, have ordered a sufficient quantity of heavy rails to re-lay the whole of this part of the road. A considerable quantity of the new iron is already received and is now being laid down. When this shall be accomplished, the efficiency and capacity of the road for business will be much improved. RAILROADS. gQ The work on this road is done in a superior manner. The arrangements for the comfort of passengers are surpassed by few roads in the United States. The conductors, some of whom have been in the service of the Company from its commencement, have acquired an enviable reputation for their courtesy and attention to passengers. The first President, William W. Gordon, Esq., is justly en- titled to the gratitude of the citizens of Georgia, for the great interest which he took in this enterprise. With industry which nothing could weary ; with a spirit undaunted by opposition ; and with talents which eminently qualified him for the direction of a work of this character, he devoted his whole time to the duties of his office. Richard R. Cuyler, Esq., the present President of the Company, is a gentleman, to whom much credit is due, for his indefatigable attention to the interests of the road. We cannot, in justice to another officer of this Company, conclude this brief notice without mentioning the name of L. O. Reynolds, Esq., Chief Engineer, who has faithfully per- formed his duty to the company from its very beginning. MiLLEDGEviLLE AND GoRDON Railroad — chartered in 1847, and organized the same year. The road is to connect Milledgeville, the capital of the State, with Gordon, on the Central Railroad. From Gordon to Milledgeville, by the line of the Railroad, the distance is 17^ miles, and the direction N. of N. E. The road crosses the north fork of Commission- ers' Creek, Beaver, Camp, and Fishing Creeks. At the time of writing this (l2thof June, 1849,) there was about the third of the grading of the road completed, and the work is still in pro- gress. Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. — A charter was granted to this Company in December, 1833, and amended in December, 1835. A portion of the road was put in operation on the 1st of November, 1837, and finished to the terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Atlanta, 171 miles from Augusta, on the 15th of September, 1845. The line leaves the depot at Augusta, and pursues nearly a 90 RAILROADS. westerly direction to Camak, 47 miles. At this point a branch extends towards Milledgeville to Warrenton, 3f miles. From Camak the course is northwest to Union Point, when a branch commences to Athens, 3d miles. From Union Point to Madison the line passes through the northern portion of Greensborough, and crosses the Oconee at its junction with the Appallachee, at an elevation of 426 feet above tide water. After leaving Madison, it follows the ridge separating the wa- ters of the Appallachee and Little Rivers to the Social Circle, whence it descends to the Alcovy at Colley's Bridge, crossing it at an elevation of 70 feet, and then takes nearly a direct course to Covington, where it bends N. W., and intersecting Yellow river a short distance above the Decatur road, it gradually rises to the ridge parting Yellow and Ocmulgee riv- ers, which it follows, leaving the Stone Mountain Ij miles to the right, until it joins the high grounds dividing the latter river from the Chattahoochee. Along these it is continued to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, touching the S. E. angle of the village of Decatur. The whole cost of this road and its equipments, up to April 1st, 1849, has been $3,551,975. This road, with all the arrangements connected with it, does great credit to the Com- pany. Every effort is made to insure the safety and comfort of passengers. Macon and Western Railroad. — This road was charter- ed in December, 1833, under the name and style of the Mon- roe Railroad and Banking Company. The Company was or- ganized, and the road commenced, in 1835. The bank con- nected with the road, called the Monroe Railroad Bank, com- menced its operations at Macon, on the 25th day of January, 1837. General L. L. Griffin was President, and James Land, Esq., was Cashier, who was soon, however, succeeded by Peter Solomon, Esq. The road was first chartered from Ma- con to the town of Forsyth, in Monroe county. In 1836 the charter was amended, authorizing the extension of the road in a northwesterly direction to some point on or near the Chatta- hoochee to be thereafter determined. The bank continued its operations, and the road was pressed onward with great ra- pidity, until it reached the place now occupied by the town of RAILROADS. 91 GrifRn, in Pike county. About this time the affairs of both the road and bank became much involved — so much so, that the entire capital invested in them v^^as a total loss to the stock- holders ; and after much litigation, the road and all its equip- ments were sold on the 5th day of August, 1845, under a de- cree of Court, and were purchased by Jeremy Cowles, Esq., agent for Daniel Tyler, Esq., for the sum of $155,000. By the energy of Daniel Tyler, a new Company, composed princi- pally of northern capitalists, was formed, of which Daniel Tyler was made President. This Company applied to the Legislature, in 1845, for a confirmation of their purchase, and a change of the name of the road, both of which were granted. • The old road and equipments were found in so great a state of deterioration, that the new Company resolved at once to renew the superstructure of wood, and lay new rails on the whole line, and to furnish an entire new outfit of engines and cars. To accomplish this, the energies of the Company were applied about the 1st day of January, 1846, and the road was opened its whole length from Macon to Atlanta, 101 miles, and a regular freight and passenger business commenced on the first day of October of the same year. To give an idea of the rapid manner in which this work was completed, we will remark, that over $600,000 in cash, including the purchase money, was expended in less than nine months. In 1847, the Macon and Western Railroad applied to the Legislature for an amendment to its charter, which was granted, conferring all the previous privileges that were enjoyed by the old Company, except banking, including the right to construct a road from Griffin to West Point. Total cost of road to present owners, $628,091 25. The public are aware that the trains of this road have been run with a regularity unsurpassed by any railroad in the United States ; and the President of the Company, in his re- port for the last year, says " the entire credit of which is due to the superior skill and management of Mr. Emerson Foote, the general superintendent." Southwestern Railroad. — In 1845, a plan was con- ceived of constructing a railroad from the city of Macon, 92 RAILROADS. passing through the southwestern counties of Georgia to some point on the Chattahoochee river, and also to be connected with a contenaplated raih'oad to be constructed by the Pensa- cola Raih^oad Company, from that city to some point on the above mentioned river. A charter was granted by the ensu- ing Legislature, an experienced engineer employed, and an ac- curate survey made. The Central Railroad Company, and the City Council of Savannah, each subscribed $250,000 to the stock of this Company, payable as soon as the completion of the road was placed beyond contingency. The commission- ers petitioned the Legislature of 1847 to amend the charter, so as to allow them to organize the Company as soon as a sub- scription of $200,000 could be obtained. This amendment was granted, and the commissioners succeeded in obtaining a sufficient amount of subscriptions to authorize them to call a meeting of the subscribers. A meeting was held, and on the 10th day of February, 1847, the Company was organized. Shortly afterwards, the whole building of twenty-five miles of the road, and the grading of ten miles more were put under contract. There have been subscribed to the stock of this Company, to 7th December 1848, $512,200, or 5122 shares. From the report of the engineer we learn, that " the extent of line now under contract is thirty-five miles," and the contract- ors are making very commendable progress. Western and Atlantic Railroad. — This road com- mences at Atlanta, in De Kalb county; passes through Cobb, Cass, Walker, and Murray counties, and will terminate at Chattanooga, in Tennessee. It is destined to connect with the railroads of Tennessee, and when finished will be of immense advantage to Georgia. It is expected that the road will be com- pleted in the course of the present year. The tunnel of this road is 1477 feet in length, height 18 feet, width in the clear 12 feet. It is cut, in a great measure, through solid rock. The lateral walls are of rock, six feet thick at the base, and five feet at the top. The approaches to the tunnel are pro- tected on both sides by massive masonry. The chief engineer, in his report for 1848, says : — "The Etowah mills, and others erected, or in process of erection, for the manufacture of flour, are stimulating the RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 93 production of wheat to an unprecedented extent ; and our Georgia brands are already esteemed among the best in the market. Wheat and flour are to be important articles of transportation on this road. " The watering places along our line of road, and conve- nient to the same, are becoming very popular, and they may be expected to attract large crowds every summer, and thus con- tribute to swell the income of the road. Indeed not only these mineral and medicinal waters, but also the saltpetre cave near Kingston, the tunnel beyond Dalton, the rich and varied scene- ry along our whole line, the mountainous ridges, the long fertile valleys and beautiful streams, together with the bold features around Chattanooga, are all objects to interest and attract summer visitants." Augusta and Waynesborough Railroad, — The stock of this road has been subscribed for, and the work is in progress. Its importance is evident from its connecting Savannah and Augusta with the railroads in Tennessee. Charters for several Railroads have been obtained, and some of them are in the progress of construction. CANALS. The only works of this description in Georgia, are the Sa- vannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal, and the Augusta Canal, an account of which is given in this work. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Protestant Episcopal Church. — The trustees of the colony of Georgia, rightly considered it a part of their duty to provide for the pastoral superintendence of their settlers, as well as for the instruction and conversion of the natives ; and in looking out for clergymen duly qualified for the discharge of this important duty, their attention was naturally directed to the Rev. John 7 94 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Wesley, and his companions at Oxford. Dr. Burton, at that time President of Corpus Christi College, was one of the trus- tees ; and being well acquainted with Mr. Wesley, introduced him to General Oglethorpe, who at once proposed to him the mission to Georgia. Wesley at first declined the offer, but finally consented to go. With his friends Delamotte and Ing- ham, he embarked at Gravesend on the 14th of October, 1725, and arrived in the Savannah river on the 5th of February, 1736. As soon as Wesley entered upon his missionary work, he found a serious obstacle to the conversion of the natives, in the bad examples of his countrymen. With his European congregation, he insisted on an exact compliance with the rubrics. His zeal for the maintenance of ecclesiastical order and authority, was shown about this time, by his taking a voy- age to Charleston, to present a formal complaint to Mr. Gar- den, the Commissary, of some one who had married several of his parishioners, without either banns or license. Having at- tained his object, he returned to Savannah, and devoted him- self to the spiritual welfare of the settlers. Finding a settle- ment of French famihes at the village of Highgate, and one of Germans at Hampstead, he readily undertook to perform di- vine service every Saturday at both places, in the language of the respective settlers. Circumstances which it is no part of our task to investigate, led Wesley, after taking counsel with his friends, to decide upon leaving a country where his power of being useful seemed likely to be diminished. Accordingly, he returned to England, where he was destined to play a more conspicuous and successful part. It is a singular fact, that the ship which brought Wesley into the Downs, passed one out- ward bound, which had on board another remarkable man, just commencing his voyage, for the very mission which Wes- ley had abandoned. The latter, as soon as he knew that Whitefield was on board the vessel which had just set sail, and doubting whether his friend would be so usefully em- ployed in America as in England, found means to send him a note, advising him to return ; but Whitefield was not to be diverted from his settled purpose. He arrived in Georgia in May, 1738, and remained a few months, faithfully discharging his duties. He then returned to London ; after which he set RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 95 sail for the Northern States of America. After a tour of preaching, he came to Georgia in 1739, and laid the founda- tion of an orphan-house, to which he gave the name of Be- thesda. On the petition of the trustees, the Rev. Wm. Norris was appointed Missionary to Savannah in 1740 ; and the Rev. Mr. Bosomworth to Frederica, in 1743. The latter did not remain long in the mission, but was succeeded in 1745 by the Rev. Mr. Zouberbugler, who, two years after his arrival, re- ported the number of inhabitants in Savannah at 602, and of communicants at 57. A schoolmaster, by name Ottolenghi, '• a very serious and devout convert from Judaism," was added to the Mission in 1750 ; and the Rev. Jonathan Copp was sent out as Missionary to Augusta. Upon his arrival, Mr. Copp found a congregation of from 80 to 100 persons, but only eight communicants ; and there was no other settled clergy- man within 130 miles of him. The situation of this gentle- man was very trying. He had neither house nor glebe, and there appeared but little chance of his receiving even the small allowance of £20 a year, which had been promised to him by the vestry. But, independently of all this, he and his family were living in constant apprehension of an incursion and attack by the Indians. He continued, however, to main- tain his ground in this mission for five years ; and in 175(i re- moved to a parish in South Carolina. In 1758 the Assembly passed an act for dividing the province into eight parishes, re- cognizing the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England, and granting a salary of £25 sterling to every clergyman em- ployed in the province. The Mission of Augusta remained for some time vacant; but, in 1764, was again filled by the ap- pointment of the Rev. Samuel Frink. Mr. Frink remained in Augusta about three years, The population at the time of his first report, was 540 whites, 501 negro slaves, and about ' 90 Chickasaw Indians. In 1767 he was removed to Savan- nah, and was succeeded by the Rev. Edward EUington, June 30, 1768, who informed the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, that there was not one place of worship of any deno- mination, within a hundred miles of him, any way. This faithful Missionary did every thing in his power to remedy this evil, generally setting out on Monday, and travelling 30 or 96 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 40 miles, performing divine service at three different places, ten miles wide of each other, on the three following days, and returning home on the Friday. Within a short time after his arrival at his Mission, he had baptized 178 children and two adults. During his residence at Augusta, he had travelled in the discharge of duty 3000 miles ; had baptized 428 persons, and raised the number of communicants from seven to forty. Although the Church of England was established by law in Georgia, the province divided into parishes, and commission- ers appointed to see to the erection of a church, and the setting off a glebe in every parish ; yet all these provisions were nu- gatory, as no one seemed to consider himself responsible for carrying them into practical operation. In 1769, there were but two churches in the whole of Georgia, and these were 150 miles apart. The separation of the colonies from the mother country, interfered much with the progress of the Episcopal Church, and for many years there were not, at any one time, more than three clergymen in the State. Within a few years past, this denomination has greatly in- creased. There are now connected with the Diocese of Georgia, about twenty-six clergymen, sixteen parishes, and over 800 communicants. More than $3,380 were contributed for missionary and other purposes during the past year. Lutheran Church. — On the 27th of November, 1733, ninety-one persons of the Lutheran faith with two clergymen, the Rev. Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau, embarked from Europe for Georgia, and after a passage of one hundred and four days, landed in Savannah. Resting here for a few days, they pro- ceeded to a tract of land situated on the north side of Savan- nah river, about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah, which had been granted to them by the Trustees, and to which thejPgave the name of Eben Ezer (Rock of Help), in consid- eration of their gratitude to the Almighty for his protecting care. In the years 1735, 1736, 1741, the settlement was in- creased by other colonists, and although much exposed to pri- vations and sickness, they felt that the privilege of worshipping God according to the dictates of their conscience more than RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 97 compensated them for all that they suffered. For some time they were in the habit of holding their meetings for religious services in the tent of the Rev. Mr. Bolzius, one of their pas- tors, and when the contributions of their friends in Europe enabled them to erect an orphan-house, divine worship was held in this building until their two churches were ready for their reception. About this time there was a settlement of Germans on St. Simon's Island, under the pastoral care of the Rev. Mr. Driesler, a gentleman, who by his exemplary piety had secured the love of all who knew him. In Savannah a church had been established probably before 1759, under the care of Rev. Messrs. Martin Rabenhorst and Wottman, but divine service being conducted in the German language, and the younger part of the congregation being ignorant of that language, the church was closed, and remained in this situ- ation for many years. Thechurch was again opened in 1824, with preaching in the English language, the Rev. S. A. Mealy being their pastor. The present church was erected in 1843, at a cost of $13,000. The congregation at Ebenezer in the very beginning of the Revolution took an active part in favour of the colonies. This was to be expected. They said, "We have experienced the* evils of tyranny in our native country ; for the sake of Liberty we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken re- fuge in the wilds of Georgia ; shall we now again submit to bondage ? No ! we will not." With a few exceptions they stood by their country throughout the whole revolutionary conflict. Their church was converted into a stable by the British soldiers, and sometimes was used as a hospital for the sick and wounded. After the war the settlers began to scatter themselves on small farms from two to ten miles from the vil- lage. The church was repaired, and the Rev. John E. Berg- man arrived from Germany, and served the congregation as their pastor for thirty-six years. He preached in the German language, which proved, as far as the young were concerned, injurious to the interests of their church, and about the close of the eighteenth century, a few only remained of a congrega- tion which once required the services of three clergymen at the same time. 98 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The Lutherans have within a few years been increasing in Georgia. There are now nine Lutheran ministers in this State, who are engaged in building up the interests of that church. Besides the church in the city of Savannah, there are three churches in Effingham county, two in Coweta, one in Henry, one in Merriwether, two in Macon county, and a missionary is now labouring in the city of Macon with some prospects of success. There are also Lutheran settlements in Randolph, Stewart, and several other counties in south- western Georgia. The statistics of this church in Georgia may be set down as follows : — Ministers nine, churches ten, communicants six hundred, Lutheran population two thou- sand. The congregation at Ebenezer has a fund of some 814,000, from the interest of which the expenses of the church are paid, and provision made for the education of the children. The cause of Missions, Temperance Societies, and all the other benevolent enterprises of the day are liberally supported by the ministers and their people. Baptists. — Members of this respectable denomination were among the first colonists which came to Georgia. In 1757, Mr. Nicholas Bedgewood, who was connected with •Whitefield's orphan-house near Savannah, went to Charleston, and was baptized by the Rev. Mr. Hart. Having received ordination he returned to Georgia, and in 1763, baptized and administered the Lord's Supper to several persons in the vici- nity of the orphan-house. About 1770, or 1771, the Rev. Mr. Botsford, a very zealous Baptist minister, came to Georgia, and established a church about twenty-five or thirty miles below Augusta, now known as Botsford's old meeting-house. Not long before the arrival of Mr. Botsford, the Rev. Daniel Mar- shall with other Baptist emigrants settled on the Kiokee creek in Columbia county, and in 1772 established the first regular Baptist church in Georgia. The war with the Indians and the Revolution interfered very much with the labours of the minis- ters of this denomination ; but when peace again threw her benignant smiles upon our country, they resumed their pious efforts, and have continued from that period to the present among the most self-denying and zealous Christians in our State. It is believed that the Baptists now embrace a greater RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 99 number of members than any other church. According to the statistical table, contained in the minutes of their Convention held in 1849, there were in Georgia: Associations, 56 Churches, 1,105 Church Members, 67,068 Baptized last year, 5,732 Gain of Convention Associations, 3,187 Gain to Convention, 5,239 Loss of Anti-Mission Associations, 322 Gain of Neutral Associations, 1,183 Gain of United Baptist Associations, 111 Total gain in the State, 4,159 Number of ordained Ministers, 583 Number of Licentiates, 292 Methodist Episcopal Church. — At the Conference of Vir- ginia, held in 1786, a proposal was made for some preachers to volunteer their services for the State of Georgia, and several otfered themselves for this new field of labour. Two of those who offered, Thomas Humphries and John Major, were ac- cepted, and they went to their work and were made a blessing to many. They formed a Circuit along the settlements on the banks of the Savannah river, around by Little river, in- cluding Washington. During this year they formed several societies, containing upwards of 400 members. John Major, from the plaintive style of his preaching, was called the " Weeping Prophet." In 1799, George Clarke was sent to St. Mary's, in Georgia. He did not, however, confine his labours to St. Mary's, but travelled extensively in Glynn and Camden counties. In this year, the first Methodist society was formed in Augusta, under the direction of Stith Mead. In 1803, the number of members in Georgia was greatly increased. Methodism was established in Savannah in 1807. It is true, that as early as 1790, Hope Hull was sent to Savannah, and he preached a few times in a chairmaker's shop belonging to Mr. Lowry ; but such was the opposition manifested towards him, thai he was assailed with mob violence, and his success was small. He was followed in 1796 by Jonathan Jackson and Josiah Randle, but they left the place without making any permanent 100 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, impression. In 1800, John Garvin made an ineffectual at- tempt to collect a society in Savannah, and though he suc- ceeded after many difficulties in inducing a few^ to attend his meetings for a season, yet he also abandoned the place in de- spair. The next attempt was made by a Mr. Cloud, whose improper conduct only increased the existing prejudices against the Methodists. At a Conference held in Sparta, December 29, 1806, the subject of making another attempt to establish Methodism in Savannah was presented by a forcible appeal from some warm friends of the cause. Bishop Asbury selected Samuel Dunwoody, at that time young in the ministry, but humble, bold, and zealous. He laboured assiduously, and at the end of the year, returned twelve members, five whites and seven coloured. After hard toiling, the members succeeded in erecting a house of worship in 1812, which was called Wesley Chapel. Since that period, the Methodists have not only increased in Savannah, but in every part of Georgia, and next to the Baptists, are the most numerous denomination.* According to the minutes of the last Annual Conference, there were in Georgia 43,736 white members, 16,635 coloured, 139 travelling preachers, and fourteen superannuated, besides a large number of local preachers. Presbyterians. — The compiler regrets that he has been unable to procure a history of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia. Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer, says : "A church was established at Medway, Liberty county, about 1757 ; minister. Rev. John Osgood. Their ancestors had emigrated from Dorchester, in Massachusetts, many years before, and settled at a place which they called Dorchester, in South Carolina, whence they removed to Medway. " A Presbyterian church existed in Savannah about 1760 ; minister, Rev. John J. Zubley. A new house of worship was built in 1800, and another in 1819, the most elegant and costly in the State. '• The first minister ordained in the up-country, was the Rev. Mr. Springer, in 1790." The ministers of this church are highly educated men, * See Bangs' History of Methodism. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 101 and have done much to promote the interests of religion and learning in Georgia. According to the report of the General Assembly for 1849, there are in Georgia five Presbyte- ries— Hopewell, Georgia, Flint River, Cherokee, and Florida; 68 ministers, 107 chm'ches, and 5059 communicants. Jews. — The compiler of this work is indebted to the kind- ness of the Hon. Mordecai Sheftall, Sr., for the following par- ticulars in relation to the history of the Jews in this State. Upon their authenticity every reliance can be placed, as they were derived from manuscripts prepared by the grandfather of Mr. Sheftall. On the 11th of July, 1733, the following per- sons belonging to the Hebrew nation arrived in Savannah: — Dr. Nunis and liis mother, Mrs. Nunis ; Daniel Moses and Sipra Nunis, and Shem Noah their servant ; Mr. Henriques and wife, and Shem their servant ; Mr, and Mrs. Bornal ; David Olivera ; Jacob Olivera and wife and three children, David, Isaac, and Leah ; Aaron Depivea ; Benjamin Gideon ; Jacob Costa ; David Depass and wife ; Yene Real, Molena, David Moranda; Jacob Moranda; David Cohen, wife and four children, Isaac, Abigail, Hannah, and Grace ; Abraham Minis and wife, with their two daughters, Leah and Esther ; Simeon Minis ; Jacob Yowall ; Benjamin Sheftall and wife, and Abraham De Lyon. The above-named persons sailed from London in the second ship which left that port for Savannah, and arrived four days after the wards and tithings were named. They brought with them the Safer Torn and the Hechal, which are still used in the synagogue of Savannah. Many of the first settlers lived to an advanced age. A. Minis lived 63 years, Benjamin Sheftall 73 years, Daniel Nunis 85 years, Moses Nunis 82 years. The descendants of only three of the first settlers are now living in Savannah, viz., Sheftall's, Minis's, and De Lyon's. Shortly after their arrival, they rented a house in Market Square, on a lot now belonging to A. Champion, Esq., for the purpose of divine worship. The synagogue was called " K. K. Mickva Israel." Here for many years they continued to observe the forms of their religion, until 1740 or 1741, when the congregation was dissolved on account of the many re- movals to Charleston. In the year 1774, it was determined 102 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS that new efforts should be made to resuscitate their congre- gation ; and accordingly Mr. Mordecai Sheftall, a gentleman strongly attached to his religion, fitted up, at his own expense, a room in his house for the accommodation of the people, and worship was regularly observed until the American Revolu- tion, when again the congregation was temporarily dissolved. In 1786 the Jews met, and resolved to re-establish their congregation of K. K. Mickva Israel. A house was hired in St. James's Square, and the heads of the congregation chosen. For many years, service was performed regularly on the Sab- bath and holydays, but a combination of causes again produced a suspension of public worship. For a long period there was no place for religious worship; but in 1820 a neat synagogue was consecrated, and which was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1829. After this event, Dr. Moses Sheftall, who was then Presi- dent of the congregation, was very active in devising plans by which money could be raised to build another synagogue. Subscriptions were liberally made not only by the Jews, but by Christians of every denomination ; and in a short time another synagogue of brick was erected, and afterwards conse- crated. At present no services are performed, but it is expected that the period will not be long before a gentleman of ability will be engaged to perform the duties of minister. The Syna- gogue in Savannah is the only one in Georgia. Disciples of Christ, or Christians. — There are nume- rous congregations in Georgia, particularly in Chatham, Cass, Richmond, Walton, Fayette, Merriwether, and Walker. The distinguishing peculiarities of the disciples are, " that they acknowledge no ecclesiastical authority but that of Christ, and hold that the instructions He has given us, are full, perfect, and complete. The Bible, therefore, is their sole guide in discipline and piety. Guided by it, they require sinners to know God, and obey the gospel of Jesus Christ, in order to their introduction into the knowledge of God's grace and faith. Repentance, confession of the Lord, and burial with him in baptism, are the evidences of this knowledge and obedience. The saints are expected, and required, to add to the faith, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 103 through which they have had this access to the favour of God and the participation of the Divine nature, virtue, knowledge, temperance, &c. They are taught, too, to continue stead- fastly in the apostles' doctrine, the fellowship, the breaking of bread, and prayers — praising the Lord. This is the worship on the first day of the week. It is held by the disciples, that the whole duty of Christian ministers is set forth in the com- mission of the Loral, Matt, xxviii. 19, 20; Mark, xvi. 15, 16 — and that they endanger their own salvation by departing from this great command — 2 Tim. iv. 1, 2. The Acts of the Apos- tles and their epistles to the churches and brethren constitute the development of that commission." In the city of Augusta the disciples have a convenient brick meeting-house, the gift of Mrs. Tubman. Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. — During the year 1770, under the auspices of George III., a colony of Irish emigrants embarked for America. Upon their arrival in this country, they took up their residence at a place known at that time by the name of Queensborough, These people sustained an ecclesiastical connection, with the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. Some time after their settle- ment, they were visited successively by the Rev. William Ronaldson, Wm. McCamah, Josiah Lewis, Thomas Clarke, < and Mr. Paddy. In the year 1790, the Rev. David Bothwell was regularly installed as their pastor, the duties of which he continued to exercise until the time of his decease, which took place in 1801. After his demise, the Church received occasional ministerial supplies from the Rev. Alexander Porter and Rev. Mr. McMullen of South Carolina. On his way to the city of Savannah the Rev. Mr. Kerr spent a short time with the congregation. During the autumn of 1814, the Rev. Joseph Lowry, of South Carolina, having received a call from Bethel Congregation in Burke, was regularly install- ed as pastor of the same. He continued to labour here until July 1840, being then called by death to give an account of his stewardship. Their present pastor is Rev. John S. Pressly, of South Carolina. There are two places of worship ; one in Jefferson, the other in Burke. The Presbytery of Georgia embraces ten congregations. The most of them are small, 104 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. a majority of them destitute at this time of settled pastors. Arrangements are making, however, for the settlement of at least a portion of them. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is very nearly assimilated to the General Assembly (old school) Presbyterians. The most prominent features of distinction are in reference to psalmody and communion. The Associate Reformed Church, not being able to discover any divine warrant for using in the praise of God songs of human composition, restrict themselves in praise exclusively to a version of the Scripture. " In sacramental communion they deem intercommunion inexpedient, and therefore practise that." Roman Catholics. — We have been unable to procure a history of this denomination. There are churches in Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Locust Grove in Taliafero county, Atlanta, and Washington. Protestant Methodists. — These probably have about 25 ministers, and 30 congregations. Mormons or Latter Day Saints. — A church has re- cently been organized in Fayette county. In addition to the above there, are in different sections of the State, Universalists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Unita- rians, &c., &c. The people of Georgia generally are a church- going people. Numerous camp-meetings are held in the middle and upper part of the State. The owners of slaves, in many parts, are taking active measures to have them instructed in the principles of Christianity. COUNTIES. APPLING. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Alatamaha, which sepa- rates it from Montgomery and Tattnall; N E. by a part of Liberty, E. by Wayne, S. by Ware, and W. by Irwin and Telfair. Laid out in 1818. Part added to Telfair in 1819, to Ware in 1824, and to Telfair in 1825. Medium length 55 miles, breadth 35, square miles 1925. Rivers, Creeks. — The head waters of the Great and Little St. Ilia are in this county. The creeks are. Ten-mile creek. Five-mile creek, Big Goose, Little Goose, Dougherty's, Car- ter's, and others. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Appling is sparsely inhabited. In 1845, the population was 2033 whites, 357 blacks; total, 2390. Amount of tax for 1848, i674 74. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Holmesville, Willis's Store. Towns. — Holmesville is the county site, having a court- house and one or two st(*res. Population about 20. Distant from Milledgeville 115 miles, and 45 miles from Jacksonville. It is a healthy place. Made the county site in 1828. Town Bluff, a small place on the Alatamaha. Face of the Country, Soil, Productions. — The face of the country is level. The soil is generally poor. The produc- tions are cotton, sugar cane, corn, and rice, and the average products are about the same as in the adjacent counties Quantities of lumber are sent to the Savannah market. 106 APPLING COUNTY. Climate, Diseases. — The climate is moderate, and may be regarded healthy, although fevers and agues occur in some places. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. Education is much neglected. Roads. — The roads are very good. Early^ Settlers, — The Mobbleys, Moodys, Overstreets, Halls, and Wilcoxes. Character, Amusements. — The people are remarkably kind and hospitable. As far as intelligence and morality are concerned, they are on a par with many other counties. The country abounds w^ith game, and hunting is a favourite amuse- ment. Name. — Colonel Daniel Appling, after w^hom this county was named, was born in Columbia county, Georgia, on the 25th of August, 1787. His father was a prominent man in his time, and was a member of the Convention which met at Louisville, in 1795, to revise our State Constitution. The capital of Co- lumbia bears the name of Appling. At the age of 18, Appling entered the army of the United States as a lieutenant, and was stationed at Fort Hawkins. From this place he accompanied his regiment to Point Peter, on the St. Mary's, and acquitted himself like a soldier. In the war of 1812, he received orders to repair to Sacketl's Harbour, in New- York. At the battle of Sandy Creek, 30th May, 1814, he established his military fame- History records no exploit that is surpassed by the bril- liant achievements of that occasion. " Captain Woolsey left j:he port of Oswego, 28th May, with 18 boats with naval stores, designed for Sackett's Harbour. He was accompanied by Major Appling, with 130 of the rifle regiment and about the same number of Indians. They reached §andy Creek on the next day, where they were discovered by the British gun-boats, and in consequence entered the creek. The riflemen were imme- diately landed, and, with the Indians, posted in an ambuscade. The enemy ascended the creek and landed a party, which en- deavoured to ascend the bank. The riflemen arose from their concealment and poured so destructive a fire upon them, that in ten minutes they surrendered, to the number of 200, inclu- ding two post captains and six lieutenants. On the part of the APPLING COUNTY. 107 Americans, but one man was lost. Three gun-boats were cap- tured, besides several small vessels and equipments. After this affair, Appling was breveted lieutenant colonel. In the attack on Plattsburg, Colonel Appling, with 100 riflemen, rendered important service. After the termination of the war, he re- turned to Georgia and received the congratulations of his countrymen. The Legislature of Georgia, to show the high sense of his gallantry, passed the following resolution, 22d October, 1814 : ' While the Legislature of Georgia view, with the liveliest sensations, the glorious achievements of the Ame- rican arms generally, they cannot but felicitate themselves par- ticularly on the recollection of the heroic exploits of the brave and gallant Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling, whom the State is proud to acknowledge her native son ; and, as a tribute of applause fi'om the State which gave him birth — a tribute due to the lustre of his actions — be it unanimously resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly met, that his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby requested to have purchased and presented to him, an elegant sword, suitable for an officer of his grade.' Colonel Appling died before this resolution was carried into effect, 18th March, 1818, at Fort Montgomery, of an attack of pleurisy, after three days illness; and, at the next session of the Legislature, the Committee upon the State of the Republic reported, ' That, as Lieutenant Colonel Appling was removed by death, before the laudable design of the Legislature of 1814 could be car- ried into execution, and as there was no male heir either to the fortune or honours of this deserving young soldier, into whose hands the State could commit this sacred pledge of its affection and respect — Resolved, that the State will assume to itself the guardianship of the fame and military reputation of her distin- guished son, the late Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling ; and that the sword intended by her, as the just reward of his mili- tary achievements, be deposited in the executive chamber, there to be preserved and exhibited as a lasting memorial of his fame, and a grateful proof of the sensibility with which Georgia cherishes the recollection of the patriotic services of her citizens.' " The sword may be seen in the executive office, at the seat of government, with the resolutions relating to it. 108 BIBB COUNTY. BIBB. Bounded N. by Monroe, N. E. by Jones, E. by Twiggs, S. by Houstoun, and W. by Crawford. Laid out in 1822. Length 19 miles, breadth 16 miles, 304 square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The Ocmulgee river is in the eastern part of the county. The creeks are : Tobesofkee, Rocky, Savage, Echaconnee, Coleparchee, Stone, Swift, and Walnut. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- lation was 5957 whites, 4791 black; total, 10,749. Amount of State tax for 1848, $9,742 09. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Macon and Echaconna. Original Settlers. — Charles Bulloch, N, W, Wells, Geo. B. Wardlaw, Timothy Matthews, H. G. Ross, E. McCall, R. McCall, C. McCardill, Thomas House, Joseph Willet, David Flanders, A. Merriwether, J. Stone, Robert Colman, S. Rose, &c. Towns. — Macon, named after the Hon. Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, is the seat of justice. Few places have advanc- ed with more rapidity. The first lots were sold in 1823. It is situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee river, 30 miles from Milledgeville, 12 from Clinton, and 25 from Forsyth. The municipal government consists of a Mayor and eight Aldermen, who are known under the name and style of "The Mayor and Council of the City of Macon," elected annually on the first Saturday in January. The city officers are : Clerk and Treasurer ; Marshal, who is styled Captain of the City Guard ; a first and second Deputy Marshal, Bridge Keeper, Clerk of the Market, Sexton, City Surveyor, and Keeper of the Magazine, and Board of Health. We have not been able to learn exactly the population of Macon, but according to the best sources of information, we think we are safe in putting it down at 5,200. The Court House is a commodious brick building, three stories high, 93 by 47 feet, with a cupola. The M;arket House is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 40. In the second story is the Council Chamber, besides room for the city BIBB COUNTY. 109 officers. The Jail is of brick, situated near the Court House. The Georgia Female College is situated upon an eminence, commanding a fine view of the city. It is constructed of brick, 160 feet by 60, four stories high, including the basement. The Academy is a fine brick building, situated in a beautiful and retired part of the city. The churches are, the Presby- terian, constructed of brick ; Episcopal, a small, but neat build- ing ; Baptist, Methodist, and Catholic ; besides two or three churches for coloured persons. The Hotels are commodious and ably conducted. A new Hotel has recently been com- menced ; probable cost $26,000. Many of the private resi- dences, on the " Hill," are beautiful, enclosed by grounds, or- namented with flowers, trees, &c. A. bridge connects both parts of the town. This was built by the State and purchased by the City for $25,000. Among the many things of which the citizens of Macon may justly boast, is their Cemetery. It is called "the Rose Cemetery," after S. Rose, Esq., a gentle- man distinguished for his public spirit, and who, we believe, originated the plan. We are indebted to Mr. Rose for the fol- lowing description of this interesting spot. " It is situated about half a mile above the city on the banks of the Ocmulgee river, mostly on elevated ground, the highest point being 142 feet above its bed. Its entrance is through a lofty arched gate, constructed after the Doric order of architecture. The area of ground comprised within the enclosure is about 50 acres. Another spot could scarcely be found in any section of our country so much diversified, and comprising so many distinct objects and combinations going to form a perfect picture of rural beauty. Many who have visited the Cemeteries of the North, and even the far famed Mount Auburn, think it far inferior in natural beauty and location to Rose Hill, A prominent feature in its scenery is the Ocmulgee river, along which it extends nearly half of a mile. The banks are from thirty to sixty feet high, and gene- rally rocky and precipitous, and form an impenetrable barrier to its approaches. The higher parts of the ground are nearly level, and laid out as places of interment ; other places have been selected by many in the wildest parts, almost overhang- ing the deep valleys. From the river deep and narrow dells 8 110 BIBB COUNTY. penetrate the ground from fifty to two hundred yards ; one of them divides it entirely near its centre, through which a rivulet murmurs over a steep and rocky bed to the river. This is supplied by four springs, one at the head, outside the ground, and three within it. The water of one is reputed to be the coolest and purest in this vicinity. It is most beauti- fully located, and is the most attractive spot for visitors. The banks around it are high and steep, and thickly wooded. Above it, tower giant poplars and the shady beech, and the sun can scarcely penetrate a beam to enlighten this quiet and solemn solitude. Seats are provided here for visitors, as well as in many other parts of the ground. Two rustic bridges of rock and earth cross this valley ; and in it a pond of about 80 yards in length, by 20 in breadth, has been excavated, supplied by pure water from the springs, and its banks neatly sodded with grass. Around it, are several cypresses and weeping willows, and one rises from a mound in its centre. A variety of fine roses are also near it, and in perpetual bloom. These are also scattered over the ground, and along the walks and roads, in great profusion. The ridges between the dells are steep, and generally terminate abruptly in rocky clifls at or near the river. On their summits are most beautiful sites for burial lots, most of which are occupied. A broad avenue from the gate terminates on a rocky bluff at the river. Car- riage ways are laid out wherever necessary. One makes the entire circuit of the ground ; another winds along the heads of the valleys, and presents most picturesque views. The entire length of the roads and foot- walks is about 5 miles. Many of them have been constructed with great labour, being cut into the steep sides of the river bank and hills, wind- ing through every place that presents any object of attraction. The lots of families are of different dimensions, from 20 to 40 feet square, and at prices varying from 10 to 30 dollars. About 150 have been allotted for strangers. A record is kept of all the interments, by which the occupant of every grave can be designated. Many of the lots are enclosed with iron and handsomely improved with monuments, and the most choice shrubbery, making it emphatically a " Garden of Graves." The first object that strikes a visitor on entering the gate, is BIBB COUNTY. HI a lot belonging to Macon Lodge, No. 96, handsomely en- closed, and planted with evergreen trees and shrubs, many of which are from far-off lands. The oriental cypress, from Asia, raises its graceful spire ; the balm of Gilead, Norway and silver firs, the hemlock, arbor vitae, cedar, juniper, and wild olive, the broom and furze, and even the humble thorn, from whose branches was plaited the crown worn on Mount Calvary. This sacred ground is appropriated as the resting place to strangers belonging to the Masonic order. The Odd Fellows have also their enclosure, and beside.it " that ancient and peculiar people," the Jews, have also their resting place. Most of the Cemetery is thickly wooded by a young and thrifty growth, interspersed with the towering poplar, giant oaks, beech and sycamore ; and it is worthy of remark that there is scarcely a tree, shrub, or wild flower, that is known in our country, that may not be found within this area of 50 acres. Among those that most adorn it are the wild honey-suckle in abundance, woodbine, golden hypericum, &c. These, with its improvements and diversified landscape, cannot fail to attract the attention and leave deep impressions on every visitor. The river, murmuring over its rocky bed, wheeling around immovable cliffs of granite and flint, rolling on and on for ever, like the tide of human life, to mingle in the unfathomed and undefined abyss of eternity, imparts an instructive lesson, while the beauties of the scene disarm death of half its terrors." Being in the centre of a thickly settled and fertile part of the State, Macon enjoys many advantages for business. The value of real estate, according to the report of the assessors, is $1,098,760. The amount of goods sold is over 2,000,000 dollars. The societies in Macon are the Masonic Lodge, Odd Fel- lows' Lodge, Medical Society, Mechanics' Society, Benevo- lent Society, &c. In point of health, Macon will compare favourably with any place in our country. According to statistics prepared by the editors of the Georgia Journal and Messenger, it appears that the mortality in 1848 was only one to every 76 inhabi- tants, or one and one-third per cent, of the entire population. 112 BIBB COUNTY. The water of Macon is very good ; better than any between Savannah and Atlanta. Vineville is about a mile from Macon. Population between 300 and 400. A delightful retreat from the noise and heat of the city. Climate, Diseases, and Longevity. — The climate is as pleasant and as favourable to health as most places in Georgia. Bilious fevers, chills and pneumonia are the most prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are the following : Mr. Richard Bullock died at 95, John Dalton at 80, Mrs. Cleve- land at 90, Mrs. Mary Bullock at 84, Mrs. Fluening, 82. A negro man, belonging to Mrs. Williamson, died at the age of 100. There are now living Mr. David Gurganus, aged 80 ; Mr. Caleb Maiden, 80 ; Mr. Johnson, 86 ; Mrs. Hightower, over 85. Roads and Bridges. — The roads, generally, are in good order. There are fourteen bridges in the county. Manufactures, Mills. — Flour mills, two ; grist mills, seventeen ; saw mills, eighteen. Efforts are now making to raise a sum sufficient to establish a cotton factory ; and it is the general opinion that they will be successful. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is hilly. The larger portion of the land is poor. The lands on the Ocmulgee, below and above Macon, are very productive, as well as the lands on some of the creeks. Land is worth about f 4 per acre. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, &c. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn from ten to twelve bushels. Bushels of corn for 1848, 177,416 ; ditto of wheat, 3,902 ; ditto of sweet potatoes, 5,905 ; bales of cotton, 3,050 ; pounds of pork, 703,262 ; number of calves, 862 ; ditto of lambs, 826. Religious Sects. — Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and a few Lutherans. Character of the People. — In the character of the peo- ple there is much variety. In the country the citizens are industrious, frugal, and kind. The inhabitants of Macon are devoted to business. Education. — Schools are numerous. It speaks well for Macon that it has three bookstores. The newspapers are well BIBB COUNTY. 113 supported. The names of gentlemen might be inserted who pay much attention to Hterature. Minerals. — Gold, granite, geodes, mica, quartz, &.c. Mineral Springs. — Two chalybeate springs in the vicinity of the Cemetery, and one ten miles north of Macon, near the Ocmulgee. Antiquities. — Abut nine miles from Macon, on the eastern side of the Ocmulgee river, there is an isolated eminence, known as Lamar's, usually called Brown's Mount, its base covering an area of 300 acres ; and on its summit there is a level area of perhaps fifty acres. Its size and conformation distinguish it from the artificial mounds in the vicinity. It is evidently the work of nature, and remarkable for being just on the verge of the flat river bottoms, and presenting all the rugged appearance of mountain precipices on its western front. Upon its summit there is an old fortification, the stone walls of which embrace a space of about thirty acres. The walls of limestone are yet perfect, to the height of two and a half feet ; and the fosse, on the outside, is yet knee-deep around the whole enclosure. The walls were evidently built by a civilized race acquainted with military science, as, at intervals of sixty or eighty feet along the wall, there are buttresses and salient angles, not differing materially from those in use at the present day. Near the centre of the fortified area is an exca- vation, floored with limestone, and the remains of an enclo- sure of the same material around it. Its situation, size and appearance, point it out as a reservoir to contain water for the troops. The lands on the river, for several miles, are remark- ably fertile, and were cultivated at the earliest period by the Ocmulgee tribe of Indians, and were known as the Ocmulgee Fields. The extent and fertility of these fields may have tempted some race of discoverers to wrest them from the natives ; and it may be that this fort was built to protect them in their usurpation. These fields yet retain their character for fertility, as they receive annually a deposit from the waters of the Ocmulgee, when it overflows its banks, to the depth of eighteen inches, or two feel. About three miles above Lamar's Mount commences a chain of five artificial mounds. The two first are on the plantation of John B. Lamar, Esq. The re- 114 BIBB COUNTY. maining three are at regular intervals, the last one situated near the old block-house at Fort Hawkins. * On one of them are the traces of a garden laid out and cultivated by Col. Hawkins- The two on Mr. Lamar's plantation have had the forest growth but recently cleared from around them, and present a very distinct outline of the circumvallations and other works con- necting them. Near each of these mounds are protuberances of earth, as if the design had been to begin other mounds and the idea abandoned. About one mile south of Macon, there are two conical mounds. Miscellaneous Remarks. — In 1817 and 18, Mr. Roger McCall went down the river with 500 bags of cotton, the first that went from this point. In 1825, first bank located at Macon. In January, 1833, the first steamboat arrived at Macon The first court for Bibb county was held on the 20th of March, 1823, in a small log building which stood near the depot of the Macon and Western Railroad. Judge Shorter presided. The first presentment was against a free man of colour, for retailing liquor. The first indictment was for stabbing. Name. — This county was named in honour of Dr. William Wyatt Bibb, a gentleman who, in the various positions that he occupied, acquired great popularity. He was the son of Wil- liam Bibb and Sarah Wyatt, and was born in Charlotte county, Virginia. His parents came to Georgia in 179-, and settled in Elbert county, on the Savannah river, several miles above the Cherokee ford. After the death of Dr. Bibb, his wife ma- naged the estate which came into her hands with great pru- dence, so that she was able to educate her children and give to each a competency. Dr. Bibb commenced his public career about 1803. His skill and attention as a physician secured him an extensive practice ; and, after serving in the Legisla- ture at a very early age, was transferred to the Congress of the United States by a vote so large that it was evident he was a favourite of the people. During Mr. Madison's adminis- * Fort Hawkins, east side of the Ocmulgee. Col. Hawkins for many years resided here. BULLOCH COUNTY. 115 tration, he was a leading member of the House of Representa- tives. The compensation law, passed by Congress in 1814, was so unpopular in Georgia, that all of her representatives who voted for it, except Mr. Forsyth, lost their seats. Mr. Madison offered Dr. Bibb the appointment of Governor of Alabama Territory, which he accepted, and continued to dis- charge its duties until his death. He married the daughter of Col. Freeman, of revolutionary memory. Dr. Bibb was a spare man, with but little muscular power, his features good, hair light and thin, face handsome, with an expression kind and conciliatory. No man of the same grade of qualifications exercised a greater influence. He governed by seeming to obey. BULLOCH. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Emanuel and Scriven, E. by the Ogeechee river, dividing it from Scriven and Effingham, S. by Bryan, and W. by Tattnall. Laid out in 1796, and a part set off to Emanuel, in 1812. Length about 40 miles ; breadth 30. Square miles 1200. Rivers, Creeks, Lakes. — The rivers are the Ogeechee and Cannouchee. The streams of minor importance are Ne- vills. Big Lotts, Little Lotts, Ten Mile, Mill and Black Creeks. Near the Ogeechee is a lake 10 miles long. Post Offices. — Statesborough and Mill Ray. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 2145 whites, and 1160 blacks. Total, 3305. Amount of State tax for 1848, $1270 30 cents. Sends one member to the Legislature. Early Settlers. — The families of the Hodges, Cones, Everetts, Measles, Nevills, Oliffs, Williams, Burnetts, Jones, Waters, Hagans, 6tc. Towns. — Statesborough is the county site ; a small place, having a court-house, jail, two stores, &c. From Milledge- ville it is 120 miles ; from Savannah 53 miles, and 15 from the Central Railroad. It is a healthy place. 116 BULLOCH COUNTY. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The country is level. The soil is generally poor. Hammock lands are the best. The lands on the river are productive. Productions, Value of Land. — Cotton, long and short staple, corn, wheat, rice, and sugar cane. Many of the farm- ers make their own syrup and sugar. Five barrels of sugar have been made from three-quarters of an acre. Fruits of the best kind are raised, and large quantities carried to the Savannah market. The forests abound with excellent lum- ber, and are destined to be the source of great revenue to their owners. In the low grounds, the magnolia and bay are found in all their beauty. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn, from 8 to 10 bushels. Wheat does not succeed so well, and probably averages about five bushels per acre. 2000 bales of cotton are annually produced and sent to Savan- nah. Land may he bought at almost any price. The price ranges from 25 cents to one dollar per acre. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy and pleasant. The appearance of the inhabitants speaks fa- vourably for the health of the climate. There are few dis- eases ; and we know of no section of Georgia in which there are more chances for health than among the pine forests of Bulloch county. The cases of longevity which have come to our knowlege are the following : Joseph Hodges, who died at the age of 80. Mrs. Everett is said to be 100 years of age. Mills. — Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 12. Roads and Bridges. — Roads and bridges are kept in good order. Religious Sects. — The most numerous are the Anti-Mis- sionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary Baptists and Methodists. About 14 churches in the county. Education. — Education is much neglected. The school fund was once sufficient to educate many poor children, but owing to bad management, it has become exhausted. Few newspapers are taken, and few books read. Character of the People. — The county is inhabited by an industrious and kind people. Although the lands which most of the citizens cultivate are poor, yet, by dint of industry and BULLOCH COUNTY. 117 economy, they manage to supply their wants, which, however, are very few. Many rely, in a great degree, upon game, with which the county abounds, and the productions of their or- chards. The Bulloch county farmer would get rich, while others would starve. Much to the credit of the people, it is said that indisposition to contract debtsis a peculiartrait in their character; and debts, when contracted, are honourably and punctually met. Whilst awarding praise to the inhabitants of this section of the State for many good qualities, it is our duty to say, that as far as temperance is concerned, they are behind the times. Whisky has its votaries. The temperance effort is opposed. Those who have attempted to show the citizens the folly and ill consequences of intemperance, have been insulted and threatened. Even ministers of our holy religion have pub- licly denounced the motives and efforts of those who have en- deavoured to form temperance societies. We hope, for the honour of Bulloch county, that this will no longer be the case. Name. — This county was named after the Hon. Archibald Bulloch, who was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and came to Georgia in 1790, and purchased a plantation on the Savannah river, where he resided until the commencement of our revolutionary struggle. He then removed to Savannah, and became one among the most active of that illustrious band of patriots who opposed the arbitrary measures of the British Parliament. His name is signed to a call made in the Georgia Gazette, of July 14, 1774, to the inhabitants of Sa- vannah, to take into consideration the propriety of resisting the oppressions of Great Britain, and he was placed upon a committee appointed to confer with the committees from the distant parishes. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appointed a delegate to represent Georgia in the Congress at Philadel- phia. On the 20th of January, 1776, he was elected President of the Executive Council of Georgia. At this trying period, he displayed great decision of character, and evidenced an attachment to the cause of freedom scarcely to be expected in a colony so weak as Georgia. The friends of liberty in Geor- gia were few, but Mr. Bulloch was not to be intimidated. Undismayed by difficulties, he employed his time in confirming the hopes of the desponding. In a letter addressed to Col. 118 BULLOCH COUNTY. Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, dated February 15, 1776, the stern patriot says, " there are few righteous souls among them ; a panic seems to have run among the people ; assist- ance is wanted from Carolina to overawe such men as would sell their birthright for a mess of pottage." This letter in- duced Carolina to determine upon aiding the Georgia patriots. On the 2d of February, 1776, he was again elected to Con- gress, but his duties as President of the Executive Council detained him at home. At the time when Mr. Bulloch was elected President of the Executive Council, he delivered a speech, every sentence of which proves him to have been a firm champion of his country's rights. That speech is now before us, and we give the following extracts, that the people of Georgia may have an example of the spirit of their fore- fathers : " The people of this province, in opposing the designs of a cruel and corrupt ministry, have surmounted what appeared insuperable difficulties, and notwithstanding the artifice and address that for a long time were employed to divert their at- tention from the common cause, they at length by impercepti- ble degrees, succeeded, and declared their resolution to assert their liberties, and to maintain them at all events in concur- rence with the other associated colonies. For my part, I most candidly declare, that from the origin of the unhappy disputes, I heartily approved of the conduct of the Americans. My ap- probation was not the result of prejudice or partiality, but proceeded from a firm persuasion of their having acted agreeably to constitutional principles and the dictates of an upright disinterested conscience. This is no time to talk of moderation; in the present instance it ceases to be a virtue. An apfeal, an awful appeal is made to Heaven, and thousands of lives are in jeopardy every hour. Our northern brethren point to their wounds and call for our most vigorous exertions ; and God forbid, that so noble a contest should end in an infa- mous conclusion. Remember in all your deliberations that you are engaged in a most arduous undertaking ; generations yet unborn may owe their freedom and happiness to your de- termination." When intelligence of the glorious events of the 4th of July, BULLOCH County. 119 1776, reached Savannah, Mr. Bulloch read the Declaration of American Independence to a crowded assembly, being the first man who read this precious document in Georgia. How must his noble soul have glowed with proud emotions upon this oc- casion ! This good man did not live to see the issue of the strug- gle for liberty, for in less than one year after the Declaration of Independence, his country had to mourn his death. Mr. Bulloch was of a commanding carriage, and regarded one of the best looking men of his day. He had received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Charleston, S. C, but upon his removal to Georgia devoted himself to agricul- tural pursuits. He was one among the most popular men of his day, and deservedly so. Col. Lachlan Mcintosh, com- mander of the Continental troops in Savannah, in honour of the high office which Mr. Bulloch held as President of the Executive Council, had ordered a sentinel* to be posted at his door. This did not suit his notions, as a republican, and he accordingly requested the removal of the sentinel, saying, " I act for a free people, in whom I have the most entire confi- dence, and I wish to avoid on all occasions the appearance of ostentation." Mr. Bulloch, whilst in Congress, had acquired great distinction for his uncompromising and firm conduct, for in a letter addressed to him by John Adams, dated July I, 1776, now before us, are the following lines : " I was greatly disappointed, sir, in the information you gave me that you would be prevented from revisiting Phila- delphia. I had flattered myself with hopes of your joining us soon, and not only affording us the additional strength of your abilities and fortitude, but enjoying the satisfaction of seeing a temper and conduct here somewhat more agreeable to your wishes than those which prevailed when you were here be- fore. But I have since been informed that your countrymen have done themselves the justice to place you at the head of their affairs, a station in which you may perhaps render more essential service to them and to America, than you could here." * This sentinel was Mr. Belshazzar Shaffer, father of Jacob Shaffer, Esq. of Savannah. 120 BAKER COUNTY. Georgians ! let the memory of Archibald Bulloch Uve in your breasts. " Tell your children of him, and let their chil- dren tell another generation." BAKER. Boundaries, Extent. — This county was laid out from Early, in 1825, and is bounded N. by Lee, and a part of Ran- dolph ; E. by Thomas and Irwin ; S. by Decatur and Tho- mas ; and W. by Early. It is about 37^ miles in length, and the same in breadth. Post Offices. — Newton, Albany, Concord, Fishtrap, Oak Lawn, Gillions. Rivers, Creeks, &c. — The Flint river runs almost diagon- ally through the county. The Cooleewahee, Ichawaynocha- way, Chickasawhachee, are large streams, discharging them- selves into the Flint. Turkey, Toms, and Walden, streams which help to form the Ochlockonee river, rise in this county. Pine Woods, Dry, &c., empty into the Flint from the east. There are many singular ponds in the county, strongly im- pregnated with lime. Population, Taxes, Representation. — When the cen- sus of 1845 was taken, the population stood thus : 2729 whites, 1924 blacks. Total, 4653. State tax for 1848, $2539 49 cents. Entitled to one representative in the Legislature. Towns. — Newton is the capital, situated on the west bank of Fhnt river, 45 miles E. of Blakely, 22 from Bainbridge. It contains a court-house, jail, and two or three stores. Population about 30. Made the county site in 1831. Albany, on the Flint river. It contains two churches, one hotel, five stores, one drug store, ten lawyers, eight doctors, and a number of mechanics. Population about 7 or 800. It is a place of some business, but considered unhealthy. The water is bad, and many of the citizens use cistern water. From 10 to 12000 bales of cotton are annually shipped from Albany. BAKER COUNTY. 121 Byron is a small place.in the north part of the county, for- merly the seat of justice. Early Settlers. — The Howards, the Dennards, Jordens, Catons, and others. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are much neglected. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is un- healthy. Chills, fevers, &:c., prevail, and often prove fatal. There may be some localities where health is enjoyed ; but these are few. There is a lady now living in this county, 82 years of age, who has had 21 children. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists are most numerous. There are a few good schools in the county ; but generally, education is neglected. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is level. The soil is uncommonly fertile, perhaps more so than any other portion of Georgia. The pine lands have the reputation of being very productive ; almost every thing grows well. Cotton averages from 800 to 1200 pounds per acre; corn, from 10 to 40 bushels per acre. Wheat does not appear to succeed, and little is sown. Sugar cane flourishes, and many of the citizens make sugar and syrup. 6000 bales of cotton are annually produced. Mills. — One steam saw-mill, and one about to be built. There are several saw and grist-mills. Minerals. — Very superior burr stone on Flint river. Shell rock abounds, filled with fossils. Character of the People. — The people are hospitable, and are improving in habits of industry and temperance. Name. — This county was named after Colonel John Baker. In the year 1752, three families of high respectability emi- grated from Dorchester, South Carolina, and formed a settle- ment in St. John's Parish, now Liberty county, which they named Medway. Among these, was the father of Col. John Baker, a gentleman who had been a soldier under Oglethorpe, in the expedition against St. Augustine, and who, in the early annals of Liberty county, is represented as having acquired much distinction for strength of intellect, kindness of temper, and steadiness of conduct, as well as for his patient endurance 122 BAKER COUNTY. of the sufferings which were heaped upon him on account of espousing the cause of his country. We, who are now happy in the enjoyment of the blessings of civil and religious freedom, are incapable of fully appreciating the immense sacrifices, the incomparable hardships, and the dangerous struggles which accompanied the revolutionary conflict. That portion of the State in which Col. Baker resided had, from the very begin- ning of the rupture between England and her colonies, evinced open and unreserved opposition to the former, and was doomed to experience a full measure of unmitigated severities from the hands of our unfeeling invaders. John Baker was one among the first objects of British vengeance. He beheld his house robbed, his bed and clothing destroyed, the temple of his God profaned, its minister thrown into a prison ship, and de- nied the rights of a common burial when the enemy had caused his death ; and worst of all, he saw the tombs in the church-yard broken open, and their contents scattered to the winds. Is it any wonder, therefore, that his son, Col. John Baker, should always have been distinguished for his implacable hatred to tyrants? In 1774, we find Mr. Baker associated with others of a kindred spirit, in devising a plan to produce a concert of feeling and action, throughout the parishes of the province. In 1776, Capt. Baker collected a body of men, and made an attack upon Wright's Fort, on the St. Mary's river, but owing princi- pally to the treachery of a part of his force, he was compelled to retreat. Among those who deserted the standard of free- dom at this time, were the McGirths, members of Baker's com- pany, and who afterwards obtained great celebrity as leaders of the tories, and whose progress was always marked by cru- elties that would have made savages blush. Soon after this af- fair he was engaged as commander of a body of observation, stationed between the posts of Fort Howe, Beard's Bluff, and Fort Mcintosh ; and throughout the whole war he contributed his utmost efforts in favour of independence. He first entered the army as a captain. In a skirmish at Bull Town swamp, he was wounded. After the war he resided in Liberty county, where he died. BRYAN COUNTY. 123 BRYAN. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Bulloch on the N., Chatham on the N. E., Atlantic on the E., and Liberty on the S. Laid out in 1793. It is 31 miles long, and from 5 to 8 wide. Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Ogeechee, Cannou- chee, St. Catherine's. The creeks are Taylor's, Black, Bird's, Mill, &c. Collins's creek is a branch of the Medway. Post Office. — Eden. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- lation of the county vv^as 971 whites, and 2,387 blacks. Total, 3,358. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, i 1,398 84 cts. Sends one representative to the State Legislature. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is very similar to that of the adjoining counties. The lower part is known as Bryan Neck and lies between the Great Ogeechee and Medway rivers. This part is settled by wealthy planters. The upper portion is inhabited by farmers, who own a few slaves. The lands of the Ogeechee are of good quality, adapted particularly to rice. The inland swamps are small and few in number. The quantity of high land adapted to cotton and corn, is limited. Productions, Value of Land. — Rice and cotton are the chief products. During the two last years sugar and syrup have been made. Rice land has averaged when reduced to cultivation about $50 per acre, though at present it would sell for $75 or $100 per acre. Uncleared river lands have generally sold for $10 per acre. High land of mixed quality uncleared and without a settlement sells from $1 to $2 per acre. Negro men hire at $60 per annum, women at $50. The average pro- duce of rice annually, is 46,000 bushels, of Sea Island cotton 500 bags. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are good. The bridges stand in need of repair. There is a bridge over the Ogeechee, on the road leadins to Darien, 14^^ miles from Savannah. Average Product per Acre. — The average product of Sea Island cotton is about 100 pounds per acre ; rice from 124 BRYAN COUNTY. 40 to 50 bushels, corn 15 bushels. When the rice lands on the Ogeechee were first cultivated, 92 bushels per acre have been harvested from selected land, and 82 bushels the average of an entire crop. But the soil deteriorates under the present system of culture, and cannot without rest and manure be made to yield much more than one-half as much as when new. Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. Education. — There is no academy, and no schools except those supported by the Poor School Fund. The children of the wealthy are either educated by private teachers or sent to school in the more favoured portion of the country. The popu- lation is too sparse to furnish pupils enough to sustain a regu- lar school. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. In the fall chills and fevers prevail. The only instance of lon- gevity which has come to our knowledge is Mrs. Christiana Smith, who reached 88 years. This county has generally been healthy. The average number of deaths for a series of 20 years on Bryan Neck has been about 1 in 75. Remarkable Places. — Fort Argyle, so called by Ogle- thorpe, after John, Duke of Argyle, stood upon the west bank of the Ogeechee river, built in 1733 as a defence against the Spaniards. Hardwick, so called from the Earl of Hardwick, Lord High Chancellor of England, situated on the south side of the Ogee- chee river, 15 miles from the ocean. Name. — This county bears the honoured name of Jonathan Bryan, one of the founders of the State of Georgia. He was born on the 12th of September, 1708, and was the youngest son of Joseph Bryan, an early colonist of South Carolina, and who rendered General Oglethrope very important aid upon his first landing in Georgia. Mr. Jonathan Bryan, after settling vari- ous places in South Carolina, came to Georgia in 1752, the year in whic. the trustees resigned their charter. His know- ledge of the country fully qualified him to impart useful in- formation to those who desired to settle in the province, and the benevolence of his disposition was often displayed in ad- vising and aiding the new settler. Three years after his ar- BRYAN COUNTY. 125 rival in Georgia he became a prominent man, for upon the appointment of Mr. Reynolds as the royal governor, he was commissioned by the King a Judge of the General Court' This was a highly responsible office, and Mr. Bryan's ap- pointment to it, is an evidence of the high stand he had so early acquired. In addition to this office, he was appointed one of the royal counsellors of the colony. As long as the Crown respected the rights of the province, Mr. Bryan was disposed to recognize its authority, but when these rights were violated his independence would not suffer him to submit. According- ly, when the friends of liberty convened in Savannah to give expression to their feelings, although Mr. Bryan at this time was 66 years old, he was placed upon the committee of cor- respondence. Governor Wright learning the proceedings of this meeting, called the Executive Council together, at which a motion was made to expel Mr. Bryan from the Council, be- cause he had allowed his name to appear on the above-named committee. Mr. Bryan said, " that he would save them the trouble," and handed his resignation to Governor Wright. There is now in the possession of his family a silver vase pre- sented to him with the following inscription : " To Jonathan Bryan, who, for publicly appearing in favour of the rights and lib- erties of the people, was expelled from His Majesty's Council of this province. This piece of plate, as a mark of their esteem, is presented by the Union Society of Georgia. Ita cuique eve- niat de Republica meruit." The depredations committed on the frontiers of Georgia, had awakened many apprehensions in the minds of the friends of America, lest the cause for which they were struggling might be injured in Georgia, unless a sufficient force could be obtained to prevent their repetition. Mr. Bryan exerted himself to remedy this very serious diffi- culty, and repaired to Charleston and conferred with General Lee on the subject. He succeeded in convincing the Gene- ral how much would be gained by an expedition to Florida, and it was determined to undertake it ; troops were sent to Savan- nah, but the necessary arrangements for the expedition not having been made, it was relinquished. At the commence ment of the Revolution he was particularly active. He ha^ been in the Council of Safety, the Convention, and State Con 9 126 BURKE COUNTY. gress. To have such a man in their possession, was an ob- ject with the British commanders, and accordingly, three nights after the reduction of Savannah, Lieut. Clark, of the Phoenix or Fowey man-of-war, and a party of armed men, were de- spatched up Union creek, to his plantation in South Carolina, took ^im and his son James prisoners, and placed them on board one of the prison-ships. Mrs. Morel, afterwards Mrs. Wyley, waited upon Commodore Hyde Parker, and upon her knees solicited the release of her aged father. The unfeeling Commodore denied her supplication. The venerable patriot and his son James were sent to New- York, and after remain- ing a considerable time on board a prison-ship, were placed on Long Island with the American prisoners. He was finally exchanged, repaired to Georgia, and continued to the end of the war an active and determined patriot. In Wayne's en- gagement with Brown, Mr. Bryan, although 80 years of age, took a conspicuous part. In 1778, fears were entertained for the safety of the public records, and such confidence was placed in Mr. Bryan, that they were removed to his house at the Union. He closed his mortal career, March 12th, 1788. He was a tall and large man, of wonderful strength and hardihood, and of imposing appearance. He was the friend of the Wesleys, and Whitefield. His heart was the seat of kindness. To his neighbours he was obliging, to his servants remarkably in- dulgent ; and to his praise be it said, that he took active mea- sures to supply them with the ministrations of the Gospel. An old and favourite servant of Mr. Bryan, named Andrew, was the founder of the first coloured church in Savannah. BURKE. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded North by Richmond, East by the Savannah river, South by Scriven, Southwest by Emanuel, and West by Jefferson. This divi- sion of the State was laid out as St. George's Parish in 1758, and the name and designation changed to Burke county in BURKE COUNTY. 127 1777. In 1793 a part was added lo Scriven, and in 1798 a part to Jefterson. It is 32 J miles long, and 32 miles wide, containing 1040 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah separates this county from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee from Emanuel. Briar creek flows through the whole length of the county, and is celebrated for the rich lands upon its borders. The following streams empty into the Savannah river : — McBeans, Boggy Gut, Jobler's, Telfair's Mill, Sweet Water, Rocky, Beaver Dam, Walnut, Mcintosh, and some others, into Briar creek ; and Bark Camp, Jones's Mill, Baker's and Buck Head into the Ogeechee. Post Offices. — Waynesborough, Brinsonville, Fryar's Ponds, Holcombe, Lester's District, Midville, Alexander, Sardis, Gerard. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population in 1845 was 13,636, of which 4,787 were whites, and 8,849 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, #6,111 60 cents. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. Towns. — Waynesborough is the seat of justice, having a court-house, jail, two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist, one academy, market-house, &c. Number of inhabitants, 250. It is 80 miles East of Milledgeville, 25 from Louisville, 30 from Augusta, and 22 from the Central Railroad. Incorpo- rated in 1812. Alexander is a village of recent date, on the road from Waynesborough to Savannah, having a church, school, one store, blacksmith, one wheelwright, and one carriage-maker. Climate, Diseases, and Longevity. — The climate is mild. Formerly the county had the reputation of being sickly, but it is now the belief of many who have investigated the subject, that the health of the inhabitants has greatly improved ; and this is attributed, in a considerable degree, to the draining of the lands. The climate of Burke is peculiarly favourable tO" persons labouring under pulmonary complaints. There are some cases of longevity. Mr. James Allen died at 95 years of age ; Mr. John Sutton, aged 97 ; Mrs. Fletcher 108 ; Mr. Lowery, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 79. Early Settlers. — Col. John Clements, Messrs. William 128 BURKE COUNTY. A. Burton, Absalom Pryor, John Whitehead, Capt. X^ett,' M. Marshall, Hugh Alexander, Wm. Greene, Clark Key, John Emanuel, David Emanuel, Capt. Whitaker, Daniel Evans, Lark Robinson, Wm. Paramore, John Fryar, James Rawles, Basil Grey, Samuel Lassiter, and Wiles Davies. Minerals. — Dr. John Ruggles Cotting, in his report of a Geological and Agricultural Survey of Burke and Richmond counties, has given to the public much interesting information, and the compiler of this work acknowledges himself indebted to this gentleman for the most of what is here said in regard to the rocks and minerals of Burke. Beds of marl at Shell Bluff, Brushy creek, Briar creek, and calcareous marl in many of the springs, and in the banks of creeks, and forms much of the sub-soil of this region — abundant at Shell Bluff, at the south end of Harris's and Ben- noch's Mill and Buck Head creek. Limestone, making good lime, is inexhaustible at Shell Bluff. Gypsum near Stone Bluff. Burr stone in almost every part of the county. Brown oxyde of iron, 16 miles northwest of Waynes- borough. Chalcedony at Stone Bluff. Agates " " Pitch Stone " Jasper " " Fossils are abundant, among which are ammonites, encre- nites, spantangus, area, buccinum, oliva, lucina, pecten, ba- lanus, and cardita cytheria. Nature op the Soil. — The soil is fertile, and is constantly improving ; peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn, &c. Remarkable Places. — Burke Jail is noted for a battle which took place in 17^9 between the British, commanded by Cols. Brown and McGirth, and the Americans, under the com- mand of Cols. Twiggs and Few, in which the latter were vic- torious. In this engagement Capt. Joshua Inman, of the Americans, killed three of the enemy with his own hand. Shell Bluff, on the Savannah river, is about 80 feet high. Productions. — Cotton and corn are the chief productions. Rye, oats, and potatoes are successfully cultivated. Orchards BURKE COUNTY. 129 would do well if attention were paid to them. The peaches which we have seen in Burke, would compare with any in Georgia. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians are the most numerous. Education. — Due attention is paid to education, particu- larly among the wealthier classes. Provision is made for the instruction of poor children, although there is a large number who do not attend school. Some years back there was a library, known as the Burke County Social Library Company. Character of the People. — The citizens generally of this county are in good circumstances, many of them wealthy, and are distinguished for benevolence and hospitality. Name. — This division of the State was named after Ed- mund Burke, a distinguished champion of American liberty. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, on the 1st of January, 1730. He finished his education at Trinity College, from whence he went to London, and entered himself at the Temple. Whilst here, he wrote several essays on subjects of general literature, which were published in the periodicals of the day ; for it does not appear that he studied law with any intention of making it a profession. His productions gave evidence of uncommon powers of intellect, and drew towards him the most learned men of the day, among whom was the famous Dr. Johnson ; and as proof of the high estimation which the Doctor had for the talents of Burke, it is affirmed that he would not tolerate contradiction from any one but Burke. His essay on the Sublime and Beautiful established his reputation as a writer, and will always stand as a monument of his extraordinary genius. Talents like those of Burke could not fail to pave the way to dis- tinction, and he was chosen member of Parliament under the Rockingham administration. The subject of his first speech was the aflfairs of America, in which he exerted himself to defeat the projects of a misguided ministry. During his par- liamentary career, he embraced every occasion to speak in glowing terms of injured America. He opposed with firm- ness the proposition to appoint in England a commission for the trial of treason beyond seas, the Boston Port Bill, the act for employing the Indians against the colonies, and indeed 130 BUTTS COUNTY. every proposition having in view the slavery of America. On one occasion in Parliament he said: " It is inconsistent with the constitution of Britain that any subject should be taxed, but by himself or representatives." When Franklin and his associates requested to be heard on the subject of the Ameri- can Congress, by the king, Mr. Burke exerted all his eloquence to procure them a hearing, but to no purpose. It was not only as a member of the British Parliament that he exerted himself in behalf of the colonies, but in various pamphlets did he show the folly of attempting to subjugate them. He died on the 8th of July, 1797, in the 68th year of his age, and left a reputation behind him for being a man of extraordinary understanding. He was noted for his benevolence and magnanimity, and to crown the whole, was a believer in religion. He was a mem- ber of the Church of England. BUTTS. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by the Ocmulgee, which separates it from Newton ; E. by the Ocmul- gee, which separates it from Jasper ; S. by Monroe ; and W. by Henry. Laid out in 1825 from Monroe and Henry. It is, on an average, 17 miles in length, 13 in width, and contains 221 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocumlgee flows along its eastern and northern boundary. The small streams are, the Tussahaw, Yellow Water, and Sandy creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave the population thus: 3,341 whites, 2,292 blacks ; total, 5,633. Amount of tax returned for 1848, is $2,017 91. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Jackson, Cook, Indian Springs, Lofton's Store. Towns. — Jackson is the county site, situated on the waters of Yellow Water creek, 55 miles N. W. Milledgeville, 5 N. In- dian Springs, 20 W. Monticello, 28 E. Zebulon, 18 from BUTTS COUNTY. 131 McDonough, 20 from Griffin, 28 from Covington, and 8 from the Ocmulgee. Besides a court-house and jail, it contains two churches, one academy for males and one for females, one ta- vern, three stores, &c. Population about 300. Amount of goods sold per annum, about $40,000. The situation of the town is pleasant. Incorporated and made the county site in 1826. Dublin, a small place, eight miles from Jackson. Lofton's Store, seven miles from Jackson. Mineral Springs. — The Indian Springs stand high among the fashionable resorts in Georgia ; they are situated in the fork of Sandy creek. The waters are highly impregnated with sulphur. Iron Spring is four miles E. of Jackson. Religious Sects, Education. — The prevailing sects are Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are about 12 churches in the county. Much attention is paid to education. The schools in Jackson and in other portions of the county are said to be excellent. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are in fine condition, and the bridges kept in good repair. Minerals. — Most of the minerals found in Jasper are in this county. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, &c. — The face of the country is level. The gray lands prevail, and are admira- bly suited for cotton. The different grains do well. The va- lue of land is from 3 to i7 per acre. Cotton averages 400 lbs. per acre ; corn from two to four barrels ; wheat about six bushels. About 5,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. The cotton produced in this county is said to be of a very superior description. Character of fhe People, Amusements. — The people are industrious and honest. The amusements are such as prevail in middle Georgia. Manufactories, Mills. — Planters' Factory, capital 850,000, owned principally by citizens of Jasper county, situated at the Seven Islands, on the Ocmulgee river. Water power unsurpassed by any in Georgia. Spindles, 3,200 ; looms, 5^; yards of cloth made per day, 800; bunches of yarns, 100; 75 hands are employed, all whites. There are in the county three flour mills, seven saw-mills, and six grist-mills. 132 BALDWIN COUNTY. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is similar to that of Jasper. The diseases are few, and confined to the water-courses. Among the instances of longevity are the fol- lowing; Mrs. McMichael died at the age of 100, Mr. Butril over 80, E. Price, a revolutionary soldier, 79; Mr. Robert Grier, well known as the author of an almanac, died at the age of 80. Early Settlers. — Mr. McCord, James Harkness, Mr. Foster, Abner Bankston, Mr. Thaxtom, A. Robinson, Mr. Giles, John McMichael, Mr. Hendricks, Mr. Lindsley. ANTiauiTiEs. — On Major Ward's plantation there are three mounds with embankments running to the river Ocmulgee. Dr. Tolefree, of Monticello, a few years ago, excavated some of these mounds, and found a variety of Indian implements. Name. — This county was named after Captain Samuel Butts, who lost his life in the battle of Chalibbee, on the 27th of January, 1814^ He was a native of Southampton county, Virginia, and came to Georgia when very young, and settled in Hancock county, and then removed to Monticello, Jas- per county. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits. When it was determined by the citizens of Jasper to raise a com- pany, to aid in punishing the Indians for their cruelties upon our frontier settlements, Mr. Butts joined it as a common sol- dier, but was elected captain before its arrival at the seat of war. For bravery no officer stood higher. He was shot while he was leading on his men. We would have been pleased to have given a more detailed account of this gentleman, but have been unable to get information upon which reliance could be placed. BALDWIN. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded by Putnam and Han- cock ; E. by Hancock and a part of Washington ; S. by Wil- kinson; and W. by Jones. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1803. Medium length 16 miles; breadth 15^; 244 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Oconee runs through the middle of the county, into which Fishing, Black, Camp, and Tobler's creeks discharge their waters. BALDWIN COUNTY. 133 Post Office. — Milledgeville. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The popula- tion in 1845, was 7450 ; of these, 2579 were whites, and 4871 blacks. Amount of State tax re!urned for 1848, $3959 90 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Towns. — Milledgeville is the seat of justice for the county, and the capital of the State of Georgia ; situated on the west side of the Oconee river, in lat. 33° 4' 10^''. West Lon. from Washington, 6° 19'. It is distant 659 miles S. W. of Wash- ington City; 158 N. W. of Savannah; 89 W. S. W. of Au- gusta; 193 N. of Darien ; 32 E. of Macon, and 125 E. N. E. of Columbus. The town was named after Governor Milledge, a soldier of the Revolution, and a gentleman who rendered im- portant services to Georgia. The court-house- is constructed of brick, and the jail of stone, found in the vicinity of the town. There are four churches, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist. The other public buildings are a market-house, academy, and Masonic Hall. There are numerous stores and shops, five or six hotels, and several societies, such as the Masonic Lodge, Divi- sion of the Sons of Temperance, &c. Milledgeville is considered healthy. In 1848 the population was 2000. Many of the pri- vate residences are beautiful. Amount of business is over ^200,000 per annum. It was made a city in 1836. The Le- gislature held its first session here in 1807. Midway, one mile and a half from Milledgeville, is the seat of Oglethorpe University. Population between 2 and 300. The schools have a high reputation. Scottsborough, named after General John Scott, four miles south of Milledgeville. It is a pleasant summer residence, and the schools are said to be very superior. Mineral Springs. — On land belonging to Col. Carter, just below Scottsborough, is a spring supposed to be possessed of the properties of sulphur. Jarratt's springs in Milledgeville, furnish excellent water. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The northern part is hilly. The lands generally are much worn, but susceptible of improvement. Some lands on the Oconee river are fertile. The southern part is sandy. The produc- 134 BALDWIN COUNTY. tions are cotton, corn, wheat, sugar cane, &c. Cotton aver- ages about 400 pounds per acre ; corn from 8 to 12 bushels per acre. Between 5 and 6000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Roads and Bridges. — Sufficient attention is not given to the roads and bridges. Religious Sects, Education. — Episcopalians, Metho- dists, Baptists, Presbyterians, The schools of this county were formerly considered equal to any in Georgia. Those in Mil- ledgeville, Midway, and Scottsborough, are now under the su- pervision of able teachers ; and public report speaks highly of the improvement of the pupils. Manufactures, Mills. — Milledgeville Manufacturing Co., situated in Milledgeville. Capital, $83,000. Main building four stories high, built of brick. Engine 45 horse power ; cost $4000 ; made at Novelty Works, New- York. 3136 spindles. 53 looms. 1000 yards of cloth made per day (osnaburghs). 1000 do. No. 14 sheetings, per day. 135 bundles of yarns, do. 110 operatives (whites). 4 bales of cotton used per day, * 500 mattresses made per year. Wages of operatives from $3 to $26 per month. Great efforts made to secure the good conduct of the ope- ratives. Their condition greatly improved. Goods sent to New- York, New-Orleans, Charleston, and Savannah. Demand greater than ability to respond. This factory took three honours at the fair at the Stone Mountain. There are also three or four saw-mills, four or five grist- mills, and one flour-mill on the Oconee. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were S. Holt, A. Greene, R. White, Thomas Napier, David Fluker, and others. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is decided- ly healthy. Dr. Fort, an eminent physician of Milledgeville, considers the county more healthy at this time than at any former period. At one time, the deaths by bilious fever were as high as five per cent. ; but the doctor says, the terrors of bi- lious fever have been much diminished. The instances of BALDWIN COUNTY. 135 longevity are the following : Mrs. Huson, a lady now nearly 80, and presides at the table of one of the best hotels in Geor- gia, with great dignity. Mrs. Tompkins and Mrs. Robinson, both living, over 80. Mr. Abner Hammond died at an ad- vanced age. Mr. John Dismukes was 93 years old at his death. Minerals. — Granite, felspar, &c. In the vicinity of Mil- ledgeville the geologist may find much to interest him. Sir Charles Lyell, President of the London Geological Society, visited Geor- gia in 1846, and in a volume containing a history of his travels, recently published, thus speaks of the country around Milledge- ville : " It is striking, around Milledgeville, to see so many large detached and rounded boulders of granite lying on the surface of the soil, and all strictly confined within the limits of the granitic region. One of these, on the slope of a hill, three miles from the town, resting on gneiss, measured twelve feet in its longest diameter, and was four feet high. I presume that these boulders are nearly in situ ; they may have constituted " tors" of granite, like those in Cornwall, fragments of masses, once more extensive, left by denudation at a period when the country was rising out of the sea, and fragments may have been occasionally thrown down by the waves, and swept to a small distance from their original sites. " Another most singular phenomenon in the environs of Mil- ledgeville is the depth to which the gneiss and mica schist have decomposed in situ. Some very instructive sections of the disintegrated rocks have been laid open in the precipices of recently formed ravines. Were it not that the original intersecting veins of white quartz remain unaltered, to show that the layers of sand, clay, and loam are mere laminae of gneiss and mica schist, resolved into their elements, a geologist would suppose that they were ordinary alternations of sandy and clayey beds with occasional cross stratification, the whole just in the state in which they were first deposited. Now and then, as if to confirm the deception, a large crystal of felspar, eight or ten inches long, is seen to retain its angles, although converted into kaolin. Similar crystals, almost as perfect, may be seen washed into the tertiary strata south of the granitic region, where white porcelain clays, quartzose gra- 136 BALDWIN COUNTY. vel, sand, and micaceous loam are found, evidently derived from the waste of decomposed crystalline rocks. I am not surprised, therefore, that some geologists should have con- founded the ancient gneiss of this district, thus decomposed in situ, with the tertiary deposits. Their close resemblance confirms me in the opinion, that the arrangement of the gneiss and mica schist in beds with subordinate layers, both hori- zontal and oblique, was originally determined, in most cases at least, by aqueous deposition, although often modified by subsequent crystalline action. " The surprising depth of some of the modern ravines, in the neighbourhood of Milledgeville, suggests matter of curious speculation. At the distance of three miles and a half west of the town, on the direct road to Macon, on the farm of Pomona, is a ravine. Twenty years ago it had no existence ; but when the trees of the forest were cut down, cracks three feet deep were caused by the sun's heat in the clay ; and, during the rains, a sudden rush of water through these cracks, caused them to deepen at their lower extremities, from whence the excavating power worked backward, till, in the course of twenty years, a chasm, measuring no less than 55 feet in depth, 300 yards in length, and varying in width from 20 to 180 feet was the result. The high road has been several times turned to avoid this cavity, the enlargement of which is still proceeding, and the old line of road may be seen to have held its course directly over what is now the widest part of the ravine. In the perpendicular walls of this great chasm appear beds of clay and sand, red, white, yellow, and green, produced by the de- composition in situ of hornblendic gneiss, with layers and veins of quartz, as before-mentioned, and of a rock consisting of quartz and felspar, which remain entire to prove that the whole mass was once crystalline." Miscellaneous Remarks. — The first court was held in Baldwin, July 21, 1806, Judge Tait presiding. Name. — The Hon. Abraham Baldwin was born in the State of Connecticut, in 1754. He graduated at Yale, in 1772, with the reputation of one of the best classical and mathematical scholars of his time. During the Revolutionary war, he was several years a professor of that institution, and, BALDWIN COUNTY. 137 for a part of the war, a chaplain in the Continental army. At its close, he studied law. Georgia, then a frontier State, offered inducements to emigrants. Mr. Baldwin arrived at Savannah, in 1784 ; was immediately admitted a counsellor at the Georgia bar, and fixed his residence in Columbia county. In three months he had gained so greatly the confidence of the people of that county, that they elected him a member of the Legislature. It is believed, generally, that he originated the plan of the University of Georgia, drew up its charter, and persuaded the Legislature to adopt it. We do not find that the merit of this work has been assigned to any other. Mr. Baldwin was a man of decided literary and scientific mind, and it is very certain that he was one of the most ac- tive supporters of the University. Let him be deemed, then, its father. Two years had not transpired before Mr. Baldwin was elected to Congress. In 1786, he took his seat. From that year, until his death in 1807, he was a member at every ses- sion, either of the House or of the Senate. In the Federal Convention that framed the Constitution, he was a delegate from Georgia, taking an active part in the deliberations of that illustrious body. With his previous legislative experience and his knowledge of the Constitution, from being one of its au- thors, the people of the middle district of Georgia considered his services necessary to setting the government in motion. We accordingly find Mr. Baldwin a representative under the new Constitution in 1789. He was one of the wisest and one of the most respected debaters in the new Congress. Upon many important topics, the journals of debates show Mr. Baldwin to have taken a prominent part. The venerable Na- thaniel Macon assured the late Col. Tattnall, in 182G, review- ing in conversation the members who had served from Geor- gia, that the eloquence of Mr. Baldwin was of the highest order, and his reasoning powers equal to those of any other statesman in Congress. In 1802, Mr. Baldwin was one of the Commissioners of Georgia, who negotiated and signed the treaty of cession of our western territory to the United States. He was president pro tempore of the Senate of the United States, from April to December, 1802. Preferring the floor 138 ■ BALDWIN COUNTY. to the presiding officer's chair, he decHned a re-election in the winter of 1803. During the violent agitation of parties, he was always moderate but firm — decided in his republican principles, but not denunciatory of those who differed from him. His gentle manners, his pure morals, his well-balanced mind, his argu- mentative powers, his persuasive eloquence, his classical education, brought him nearer perhaps to the standard of his compatriot, James Madison, with whom he served in the old Congress, in the Convention, and in the new Congress, than was any other statesman of the age in which they acted. He was most faithful in his attendance on his duties, having for twenty-two years of public service, up to the first moment of his last illness, been absent from his seat but one day. In his private life, we are told that he was distinguished for beneficent and charitable deeds. " Having never been married, he had no family of his own. His constant habits of economy and temperance left him the means of assisting many young men in their education and their establishment in business ; besides which, his father's family presented an ample field for his benevolence. Six orphans, his half-brothers and sisters, were left to his care by his father's death, in the year 1787. The estate that was to support them proved in- solvent. He paid the debts of the estate, quit-claimed his proportion to these children, and educated them all, in a great measure, at his own expense." He died very suddenly at Washington City, in March, 1807, in the service of his adopted State. And it may be truly declared, that Georgia lost in him one of her greatest statesmen, and the Federal Union a public man whose capacity and past service indicated great future prominence in the an- nals of the republic. CAMDEN COUNTY. 139 CAMDEN. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Glynn and a por- tion of Wayne on the north, the Atlantic on the east, Florida and Atlantic on the south, and Ware on the west. The county was formed in 1777 from the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's, and in 1808 a part was added to Wayne. It is forty-five miles long, and twenty-five miles wide, containing 1125 square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The streams of most importance are the St. Ilia, St. Mary's, and Little St. Ilia. The creeks are the Hog Pen Branch, Spanish, Bullhead, Buffalo, White Oak, Todd's, Dover, and Big White Cap. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 5,482. Of these, 1,721 were whites, and 3,761 blacks. Amount of tax returned for 1848 is $4,464 97. Entitled to one representative. Post Offices. — Jefferson, St. Mary's, Langsbury, Cen- tre Village. Islands. — Several Islands are included in this county. Among them Cumberland and Jekyl are the most important. The Indian name of Cumberland Island was Missoe. The name was changed when Oglethorpe visited it at the request of an Indian chief who had received some kindness from the Duke of Cumberland, to that of Cumberland. It is eighteen miles long, and from half a mile to three miles wide. The soil is of a light sandy character, adapted to the culture of cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. Lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives, oranges and melons grow finely. The frost of 1835 destroyed the fine forests of orange trees. Three thousand oranges have been gathered from one tree on Mrs. Shaw's plantation, formerly General Greene's. Cotton averages two hundred pounds per acre, corn twelve bushels per acre, sweet potatoes seventy bushels per acre. Live oak, cedars, and a few pines, are the forest trees. A portion of the timber with which the frigate Constitution was built was furnished by this island. Deer, raccoons and opossums are abundant, and fish of every variety. More than half of the island is worthless as 140 CAMDEN COUNTY. far as cultivation is concerned ; the other half is worth eight dol- lars per acre. The climate is temperate and healthy. Many of the negroes live to a great age. On the north end of the island, or rather on Little Cumberland, is a lighthouse sixty feet high, with a revolving light, and can be seen at sea twenty miles. Dungeness, formerly Gen. Greene's property, is on this island. There was formerly a fine house on the estate, but it is now going to ruin. Population, 24th of October, 1846, thirteen white men, eight white boys, seven girls, eight women, negroes four hundred. In the war of 1812 the island was taken by Admiral Cockburne, and although motives were offered to the slaves to desert their masters, but one accepted the offer. There is no church, the inhabitants attending service in St. Mary's. On the southwest side of the island are the remains of fort St. Andrews, built by Gen. Oglethorpe. Jekyl Island received its name from Gen. Oglethorpe in honour of Sir Joseph Jekyl, his particular friend. Towns. — Jefferson, the seat of justice, situated on the south side of St. Ilia river, has a court house, jail, three stores, &c. It is considered unhealthy, being surrounded by rice planta- tions. It is twenty-five miles from St. Mary's, twenty-eight from Brunswick, and fifty from Darien. Small sloops come up to the town. St. Mary's is beautifully situated on the north side of the St. Mary's river, nine miles from, and in sight of the ocean. It has a fine harbour, being accessible to the largest vessels. Population, 359 whites, and 268 blacks; total 627. There are five churches. Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian> Methodist and African ; court-house, market-house, and a spacious brick academy. There are nine dry goods and gro- cery stores, one drug store, three schools, three ministers, three lawyers, three physicians, and a due proportion of mechanics. The town is very healthy. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees. For persons afflicted with pulmonary com- plaints, the climate is said to be peculiarly favourable. The inhabitants have a high reputation for morals and intelligence. Amount of business done is about $30,000 per annum. Orange groves until recently adorned nearly every garden, and flourish- ed with great luxuriance. An insect and the frost for a year or CAMDEN COUNTY. 141 two past have' greatly marred their beauty, and in some in- stances nearly destroyed them ; yet they still form an interest- ing feature in the place. Lat. 30° 50^ Lon. 4° 51'. Centreville, six miles from Coleraine, and three from St. Ma- ry's river. Hides, 6z;c., are brought here in large quantities from the contiguous counties. Coleraine, forty- five miles above St. Mary's. It was once in a flourishing condition, but is now almost deserted. Burnt Fort, on the St. Ilia, forty-eight miles from its mouth. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. The diseases are such as prevail in the lower sections of the State. Lewis Welford died at the age of 95 or 100. Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The lands upon the St. Ilia are celebrated for their fertility. Productions are rice and cotton. ♦ Name. — Of the illustrious members of the British Parlia- ment, there were many who zealously advocated the cause of the injured colonies, but none with the activity and perseve- rance of the Earl of Camden, after whom this county was named. In every debate upon America he spoke at great length, and many of his speeches are still preserved. In his place in the House of Lords, opposing a bill respecting the Brit- ish forces in America, this fearless champion of American Lib- erty said : " I 'was against this unnatural war from the begin- ning. I contend that America has been driven by cruel neces- sity to defend her rights from the united attacks of violence, oppression, and injustice." By the friends of the ministry this language was denounced as violent, and in reply he said : " I do assure your lordships that I am heartily tired of the ineffectual struggle in which I am engaged. I would thank any of your lordships that would procure a vote for silencing me ; but until that vote has received your lordships' sanction, 1 must still think, and as often as occasion may require continue to assert, that Great Britain was the aggressor; that our acts with respect to America were oppressive, and that if I were an American I should resist to the last, such manifest exertions of tyranny, violence, and injustice." On another occasion he said : " My position is this ; I repeat it, I will maintain it to my 10 142 CAMDEN COUNTY. last hour, taxation and representation are inseparable. The position is founded on the laws of nature. For whatever is a man's own, it is absolutely his own. No man has a right to take it away from him without his consent. Whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury. Whoever does it commits a rob- bery." Sentiments like these delivered by a legislator of Great Britain, were calculated to inspire the struggling colonies with confidence ; and the Earl of Camden was regarded by the friends of liberty as their most able champion. The colony of Massachusetts sent to him an address, acknowledging in grate- ful terms their profound sense of his patriotic and intrepid de- fence of the rights of His Majesty's subjects. America rung with his praises. Counties, towns, and villages were named after him. Georgia, to perpetuate the remembrance of his ser- vices, attached his name to one of her divisions. We will give a short memoir of this distinguished friend of American liberty. Charles Pratt, afterwards Lord Chancellor and Earl of Cam- den, was born in 1713, and was descended from an ancient and respectable family that had been settled at Careswell Priory, near CoUumpton in Devonshire. His father was an eminent barrister in the reign of William III. and Queen Anne, and in the reign of George I. Lord Chief Justice of England. Af- ter having received his education at Eton and Cambridge, he entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1738. Many obstacles prevented his rapid advancement. For years he was without a single client, and he was about to aban- don his profession, but was dissuaded from doing so by his friend Lord Northington. Having conducted a case with great abil- ity in one of the western circuits of England, he soon became known, and business crowded upon him. In parliamentary law he was well read, and was a favourite in all cases of political aspect. In July, 1757, through the influence of Mr. Pitt, he was made Attorney General, and soon after was elected to Parliament from the borough of Downton, which he continued to represent until he became Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, which office he took January 23, 1762. Whilst holding this high dignity, the celebrated John Wilkes was com- mitted to prison upon the charge of making severe animadver- sions upon the government, through the columns of a paper call- CAMPBELL COUNTY. 143 ed the " North Briton." By virtue of a writ of Habeas Cor- pus, he was brought into Westminster Hall. Three days were spent in the consideration of his case ; after which Chief Jus- tice Pratt declared the warrant by which Wilkes was appre- hended to be illegal, and ordered him to be discharged. His intrepidity and independence on this occasion made him the idol of the people. Busts and prints of him were sold. A fine portrait of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds was placed in the Guild Hall of the city of London, which city also presented him with the freedom of its corporation in a gold box, and the example was followed by other large towns in the United King- dom. One of the sights which foreigners went to see in Lon- don, .was the Great Lord Chief Justice Pratt. In 1765, he was raised to a Peerage. The first speech which he made in the House of Lords was against the bill for taxing the colonies. — We have already alluded to some of his speeches in favour of America. He never ceased to advocate their cause, and sec- onded Lord Chatham in all his efforts to bring about a recon- ciliation between the mother country and the colonies. The Earl of Camden invariably showed himself to be the friend of constitutional liberty, and embraced every opportunity of defending the rights of the people. Upon all the great ques- tions brought before Parliament, he displayed the most pro- found knowledge. In 1766 he was made Keeper of the Seal, and on the 30th of July, 1766, Lord Chancellor, which office he held for three and a half years. In 1782 he was ap- pointed President of the Council, and in 1786 was raised to the Peerage under the title of Viscount Bayham of Bayham Abbey, in the County of Kent, and Earl of Camden. He died the 13th of April, J 794, aged 81 years. His remains were deposited in the Parish Church of Seal, in Kent.* CAMPBELL. Boundaries, Extent.— This county has Cobb on the N., De Kalb and Fayette E., Coweta and Carroll S., and Carroll W. * Walpole's Memoirs of George HI. ; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors of England ; Parliamentary Debates. 144 CAMPBELL COUNTY. Laid out in 1828, from Coweta, Carroll, De Kalb, and Fayette. Length 16 miles, breadth 12, square miles 192. County Town. — Campbellton is the seat of justice. It occupies an elevated position on the southeast side of the Chattahoochee river, distant from Milledgeville 151 miles, from Atlanta 22, from Newnan 25, from Marietta 26, from Fayetteville 20, and from Villa Rica 22. It has a very large court-house, built of brick, far too large for the county; a jail, an hotel, two churches, an academy, &c. Population 175. The water is only tolerable. Amount of goods annually sold is 25,000 dollars. The merchants buy in Charleston and New- York. The town was settled and incorporated in 1829. Sand Town, is a small village on the Chattahoochee river, two miles from Campbellton. Post-Offices. — Campbellton, Cedar Branch, County Line, Dark Corner, Rivertown, Sand Town, Rasselas. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- pulation of the county was 4,705 whites, and 1,051 blacks;* total, 5756. Amount of State tax, for 1848, $1,367 73 cts. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Religious Denominations. — Methodists, Baptists, Presby- terians, and Universalists. Education. — Education is neglected. Manufactures, Mills. — Sweet Water Factory, situated on Sweet Water creek, 16 miles S. of Marietta; building five stories high, 48 by 120 feet. Designed for 6,000 spindles, 90 looms. Capital, $50,000. Water power good, 23 feet fall. Owners, Gov. McDonald and Col. Ro2;ers. 11 saw-mills. 14 grist-mills, 2 flour-mills, 4 distilleries in the county. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is broken and undulating. The lands on the rivers and creeks have a black and loamy soil, finely adapted to cotton, wheat, and corn. These are valued at $25 per acre. The red lands produce well, valued at $10 per acre. The gray hickory lands are worth from 5 to $10, and pro- duce fine crops of corn. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre, corn 18 bushels, wheat 10 bushels. Three thousand bags of cotton are raised annually. CAMPBELL COUNTY. 145 Minerals. — Gold, iron, quartz, granite, soap-stone, fel- spar, &c. Animals. — Deer, foxes, rabbits, &c. Amusements. — Hunting, fishing, dancing and horse-racing. CiiAiiACTER OF THE People. — The people are industrious and hospitable. Newspapers are well patronized, and a spirit of inquiry has been aroused among the people. Original Settlers. — Joseph Beaver, James Black, Thom- as Black, James Davis. Market. — Atlanta is the market for most of the produce. Roads and Bridges, Ferries. — Some of the roads are in fine order, others in a bad condition. The bridges are in good repair. Eleven ferries in the county. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. The diseases are mostly those of an inflammatory nature. The following are the instances of longevity which have come to our knowledge. William Wood, over 80 ; Hugh Rowan, 80 ; Mr. Winn, 80 ; Mr. McClarty, over 80. Name. — Col. Duncan G. Campbell, in honour of whom this county is named, was born in North Carolina, on the 17th of February, 1787, received his education at Chapel Hill, and graduated in 1806. He came to Wilkes county in 1807, and studied law with Judge Griffin, and at the same time took charge of a female seminary. The ill health of Judge Griffin rendering it necessary for him to give up the law, Mr. Campbell soon succeeded to his practice. In 1820, 21, 2, 3, he represent- ed Wilkes county in the State Legislature, where he com- manded much respect for his talents and liberality. Whilst a member of the Legislature he introduced a bill for the educa- tion of females, but it met with great opposition and was not passed. In 1 823, he was appointed a commissioner to nego- tiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians for land : he was also a commissioner to form a treaty with the Creek Indians at the Indian Springs. The integrity of Mr. Campbell, together with that of Mr. Merriwether, in the negotiation of the treaty at the Indian Springs, was called into question, and the Legislature of Georgia, at their session in 1825, feeling themselves bound to protect their most worthy and distinguished fellow citizens, passed the following resolution : " That they feel deeply and 146 CARROLL COUNTY. gratefully impressed with the important services of the Hon. Duncan G. Campbell and James Merriwether in obtaining the late cession of lands from the Creek nation of Indians, and that their confidence remains unimpaired in the honour, upright- ness, and integrity of those gentlemen. That the General As- sembly, representing the feelings and wishes of the good citi- zens of this State, do not hesitate in saying, that they conceive that the treaty contains in itself intrinsic evidence of its own fairness, in the liberal and extended provisions which it con- tains for the removal, preservation, and perpetuity of the Creek nation. Such treaty, so beneficial to the United States, the State of Georgia, and the Indians themselves, having been ne- gotiated under circumstances requiring the most devoted zeal, persevering industry and firmness, we pronounce upon the conduct of the commissioners our most cordial approbation, and that a copy thereof be transmitted to each of said commis- sioners, and also a copy to our senators and representa- tives in Congress." Mr. Campbell was of middle height, thick stature, and light complexion. He died on the 31st of July, 1828. CARROLL. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Paulding on the north, Campbell and Coweta on the east. Heard on the south, and Alabama on the west. Laid out in 1826, and a part add- ed to Campbell in 1828, and a part to Heard in 1830. Length 26 miles, breadth 22, containing 572 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The principal streams are the Chatta- hoochee, and Little Tallapoosa rivers, and Turkey, Yellow Dirt, Whooping and Snake creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the pop- ulation was 6,482 whites, 529 blacks. Total, 7,011. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, f 1,400 13. Sends one repre- sentative to the Legislature. CARROLL COUNTY. 147 Post Offices. — Carrollton, Hickory Level, Laurel Hill, Rotherwood, Tallapoosa, Villa Rica, Burret Stand, Cerro Gordo. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Hinche P. Mabry, W. G. Springer, Joseph Chambers, John Robinson, and Giles S. Boggess. Manufactures, Mills. — Bowen's factory on Snake creek, ten miles from Carrollton, recently established, five hundred spindles, but calculated for more. One wool card establish- ment near Carrollton. Several mills for pounding gold ore, nine saw-mills, ten grist-mills, one merchant mill, two distil- leries. Religious Sects, Education. — The Methodists and Bap- tists are the most numerous. Near Carrollton are a few Pres- byterians. Sufficient attention is not given to the subject of education. Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — Several ridges run through the county. These ridges give origin to many springs. The soil is various. Some of the land is gray, and a large portion is productive red land. On the creeks the lands are fertile. The glades in this county might, under judi- cious management, be rendered productive. Productions, Average Product per Acre, Value of Land. — Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c. The culture of cotton has been but recently commenced, and has proved suc- cessful. The staple is of a superior quality. Fruits, such as apples, pears, plums, and grapes, are very fine. Vegetables succeed well. The product of corn is from four to five bar- rels per acre. Wheat from seven to forty bushels per acre. Cotton about seven hundred pounds per acre. Improved lands are worth from four to five dollars per acre. Wild lands sell low. Towns. — Carrollton is the county seat, situated on an emi- nence upon the waters of Little Tallapoosa, 151 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 26 miles from Newnan, 24 from Franklin, 26 from Campbellton, 34 from Van Wert, 46 from Marietta, and 18 from Alabama. It has a court-house, jail, two academies, two hotels, and one church. Population 250. Incorporated in 1829. 148 CARROLL COUNTY. Villa Rica is a pleasant village, situated in the centre of the gold region, on the ridge dividing the waters of the Talla- poosa and Sweet Water Creeks. It has one church, one hotel, two schools, masonic lodge, division of the Sons of Tem- perance. Population 200. Amount of business done in a year exceeds 8100,000. It was settled in 1830 by persons interested in the mining operations. It is a healthy village, and the character of the population has much improved. Dis- tant from Carrollton 16 miles northeast, 22 from Campbell- ton, 30 from Marietta, and from Cassville, Rome, Fayetteville, Franklin, Decatur, and Abacoochee Mine, in Alabama, 42 miles. Gold Mines, Minerals. — Gold is abundant, and is said to be finer than any found in Georgia. Near Villa Rica there is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide, in which there are numerous mines known as the "Carroll Mines." Many of them have proved to be profitable. The amount of gold obtained from these mines cannot be stated with accu- racy. The general average is one pennyweight per hand. West of Villa Rica 22 miles is a valuable mine, owned by Holland, Bonner, and others. Bonner's mine, five miles southwest of Carrollton, is also very rich. Some iron is found ; also mica, quartz, granite, &c. Mineral Springs. — In Villa Rica there is a spring slightly impregnated with sulphur, and in different parts of the county there are chalybeate springs. Character of the People. — In the early settlement of this county, many irregularities were committed ; but the popula- tion at this time, in point of morality and good order, are equal to that of many of the older counties. Climate, Diseases. — No country on earth has a more salubrious climate. The diseases are very few. Name. — This county is named after Charles Carroll. This venerable man, a signer of the Declaration of American Inde- pendence, was born at Annapolis, Sept. 8, 1737. When very young, he was sent to France to receive his education. He remained there until 1757, when he visited London, and commenced the study of the law. He returned to the United States in 1764, with a mind very highly cultivated. CASS COUNTY. 149 About this period, the respective rights of the colonies occu- pied much of the public attention ; and among those who boldly advocated their rights, was Mr. Carroll. In 17 70 Mr. Carroll was appointed, in conjunction with four other dis- tinguished gentlemen, to visit Canada, and persuade the in- habitants to unite with the colonies in the cause of liberty ; but various circumstances rendered his mission abortive. Mr. Carroll came to Philadelphia just as Congress was discussing the question of declaring the colonies free and independent. He was in favour of this ; but the delegates from Maryland were instructed to vote against it. Mr. Carroll, hearing this, left Philadelphia immediately for Anna- polis, where the convention was then sitting, and suc- ceeded by his efforts in inducing that body to give their dele- gates instructions to vote for independence. On the same day he was appointed a delegate to Congress. Mr. Carroll had not voted on this subject, not being a member of Congress at the time the votes were taken. Mr. Hancock asked him if he would sign it. Most willingly, he replied, and immediately affixed his name to that immortal document ; upon which one of the members remarked, " There goes half a million at the dash of a pen." Mr. Carroll aided in the formation of the constitution of Maryland in 1776, and continued in Congress until 1778. In the Senate of Maryland he served for several years, and was a member of the United States Senate for a long pe- riod. In 1810 he quitted public life, and passed the remainder of his days in tranquillity. He died at Baltimore, Nov. 14, 1832, in his 96th year. CASS. Situation, Boundaries. — This county lies partly in the primitive and partly in the transition formation. Bounded N. by Murray, E. by Gilmer and Cherokee, W. by Floyd, S. by Cobb and Paulding. Laid out from Cherokee in 1832. Post Offices. — Cassville, Adairsville, Allatoona, Carters- t50 CASS COUNTY. ville, Free Bridge, Iron Works, Kingston, Oothcaloga, Pine Log, Saliquoy, Stilesborough, Little Prairie, Fair Mount, Cold Run. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population of this county has increased with amazing rapidity. In 1845, the population was 10,229 whites, 2,295 blacks ; total, 12,524. The next census will undoubtedly show a larger number. Amount of State tax for 1848, $3,414 30 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Rivers and Creeks. — The Etowah, Oostenaula,Coose wattee, and Conesauga rivers. Innumerable creeks water the county. Among them are : the Raccoon, Pettis, Euharlee, Pine Log, Salacoa, Two Run, Barnsley, Oothcaloga, and Stamp creek. Nature of the Soil. — There is a large quantity of rich land in this county. The red chocolate soil lying along the Etowah river, and in the Oothcaloga valley is mostly preferred. From its growth it is sometimes called " Hickory Sapling land." It is deep, and of a warmer nature than others. Lands of this kind have sold for i30 per acre, and it is doubt- ful whether they can now be purchased for much below this sum. Where the land is worn it answers for cotton very well ; if fresh it forces the plant too much into weed. This description of land produces from 25 to 50 bushels of corn to the acre. Rye, oats, barley, and indeed every thing does well on this soil. There is another class of fertile land, but appa- rently too cold to produce finely, during such short sea- sons as prevail in Cherokee Georgia. These are principally upon Raccoon creek. There is a sort of land of a higher colour than either of the above, preferred by some, but old farmers do not consider it as productive as the chocolate lands. The remaining soils partake of the above qualities, and are reduced in value and fertility according to the quantity of rocks and gravel. Minerals. — No part of Georgia is richer in valuable rocks and minerals. A volume would hardly contain what might be said on this subject. Iron ore, equal to any in the world, is abundantly diffused. Fine marble, limestone in any quantity, from which lime is made and sent to different parts of the State, elastic sandstone, amythistine quartz, asbestos, soap- CASS COUNTY. I5l Stone, gold, slate, plumbago, lead, copper, manganese, titanium, shale, graphite, tripoli, fluor spar, calcareous spar, sulphate of barytes, chalcedony, and many varieties of flint. He who is fond of mineralogy has in this county a wide field before him. Towns. — Cassville is the seat of justice, having a brick court-house, jail, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, two hotels, two schools, seven stores, &c. It is situated on the waters of Two Run creek, two miles from the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 32 from Marietta, 40 from Dalton, and 150 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In the vicinity are several fine springs. Population between 800 and 900. The town was laid out in July, 1833. Mr. Jones built the first house. Cartersville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, two miles from the Etowah river, surrounded by a rich country. Named after Col. F. Carter, of Milledgeville. Considerable business is done here. Population about 150. Four or five stores and hotel. Kingston, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad. Here the Memphis branch road commences. This place is cele- brated for the excellency of the water. Three stoi'es, three groceries, two blacksmiths, and tavern. Population 100. Named after J. P. King, Esq., of Augusta. Adairsville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 12 miles from Cassville. Dawsonville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 5 miles from the Oostenaula river. New Echota, situated at the confluence of Coosewattee and Connseauga rivers. This was formerly the capital of the Cherokee Nation, and the residence of several celebrated in- fluential Indians. The treaty ceding the Cherokee lands to the United States, was made at this place. Mineral Springs. — Rowland's springs, situated about 6 miles from Cartersville, are too well known to need a particu- lar description. They are becoming every season the centre of fashion. Multitudes from every part of the State resort here to partake of the excellent water, as well as the liberal fare of the worthy proprietor. In other parts of the county are many fine springs ; some are impregnated with mineral qualities. 152 CASS COUNTY. Forest Trees, Fruits. — Hickory, poplar, pine, black gum, walnut, elm, sycamore, &c. The fruit trees are the peach, apple, pear, quince, apricot. Peaches and grapes are very fine. Fish. — Red-horse, catfish, sometimes weighing from 50 to 60 pounds, buffalo, soft-shell turtle, in great abundance. In many places are to be seen the remains of the Indian fish-traps, formed by piling stones in a circle, the upper part being left lower for the purpose of admitting the fish. Muscle shells of exquisite beauty, and of rare species are found in the rivers and creeks. Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics. Education. — The people are not indifferent to the cause of education. Exertions are making to establish good schools in every neighbourhood. Character of the People. — There is a mixture of all classes in this county, and like every newly settled country, Cass has its full share of immoral citizens. The lands are so fertile that little labour is required to obtain the necessaries of life, and consequently there is a great lack of industry among some classes. Too much time is spent at the grocery. More attention ought to be paid to domestic comforts. Gardens should be attended to, orchards should be planted, and efforts made to render the general appearance of the farm-houses and outbuildings more comfortable. Many of the best and most intelligent people in Georgia and South Carolina have re- moved to this section, and we are happy to state are using their influence in favour of religion and education. Manufactures, Mills. — The water power of Cass is im- mense. The streams abound with valuable shoals, and pro- bably there is no part of the State where manufactories can be conducted with greater success. Cooper & Wyley's iron works would do honour to any country. Their establishment is situated four or five miles from Cartersville, in a beautiful and healthy country, giving employment to three or four hundred persons. All kinds of hollow-ware, machinery and gearing are manufactured ; and it ought to be mentioned that Railroad ^.iron, the first made in Georgia, has been manufac- CASS COUNTY. 153 tured at this place for the Georgia Raih'oad Company, and pro- nounced by able judges to be very superior. Connected with this establishment is aflour-mill four stories high, built of granite, having four run of stones, and can turn out per day 250 barrels of flour. The iron ore is procured about three or four miles from the works. AUatoona iron works, on the south side of Etowah river, owned by Lother & Stovall. Earle's iron works on Stamp creek. Mounds. — On the plantation of Capt. Tumblin, on the north side of the Etowah river, is a very remarkable mound, the height of which is 75 feet, and the circumference at the base 1114 feet. A large quantity of pottery and other re- mains of antiquity have been found here, differing very much from those commonly found in other mounds. Original Settlers. — Among the early settlers are Mr. McAdams, Mr. Lowrie, Capt. Tumblin, and Mr. Johnson. Name. — Few men now living have rendered more valuable semces to their country, than the distinguished gentleman after whom this county received its name. Lewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, Oct. 9, 1782, and received his educa- tion at Exeter Academy. He went to Ohio, then the northwest- ern territory, in 1799, and settled in Marietta, where he studied law, and after the usual period was admitted to the bar, and com- menced practice amidst the difficulties and privations of a new country. In 1806 he was elected a member of the Ohio Legisla- ture, and in 1807 was appointed Marshal of Ohio. In 1812 he volunteered under a requisition from the President, and was elected Colonel of one of the regiments of Ohio volunteers. Gen- eral Hull assumed the command of the army of which Cass's regiment made a part, at Dayton, and from thence he marched to Detroit. The incidents of that campaign make a part of the history of the country. Col. Cass was surrendered a prisoner of war with the rest of the army, and returned to Ohio, where after a short time he was released from his parole, and in the spring of 1813 was appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the United States. He served with Gen. Harrison during the whole of his northwestern campaign, and was at the battle of the Thames. In October, 1813, he was appointed Govern- 154 CHATHAM COUNTY. or of the Territory of Michigan, and so continued until 1831 having been seven times nominated, and never having a vote against him in the Senate, nor a memorial against him from the territory over which he was placed. During this period of more than 18 years, he was occupied in the administration of the affairs of the country, and in conducting the extensive Indian relations upon the frontier. Mr. Cass has held 18 treaties with the Indians as a commissioner on the part of the United States, and acquired the cession of many millions of acres of land. In 1831 Gen, Jackson called Gov. Cass to the War Department, where he remained until 1836, at which time he was appointed Minister to France. Here he con- tinued until November, 1842, when he returned to the United States. In February 1845 he was elected a member of the Senate of the United States. This hasty sketch will show that Mr. Cass's life has been an active one. As a writer, he has acquir- ed great reputation. In the 50th and 55th numbers of the North American Review, the reader may have an opportunity of reading two articles on the Indians, which cannot fail to convince him that Mr. Cass is perfect master of his subject. Whatever may be the feelings of party, all will acknowledge that Mr. Cass is a man of whom any country may be justly proud. Mr. Cass was a candidate for the Presidency in 1849, but was defeated by Gen. Taylor. He is now a senator in Con- gress from the State of Michigan. CHATHAM. Boundaries, Extent. — This county forms the South- east corner of the State, and is bounded Northeast by South Carolina, Southeast by the Atlantic, South and West by Bryan, and North by Effingham. Medium length, 28 miles; medium breadth, 15 miles, containing 420 square miles, equal to 268,800 acres. Rivers, Creeks. — The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are St. Augustine's CHATHAM COUNTY. 155 or Wilmington, Vernon river, Pipemaker's and Hainer's creeks, &c. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840 the popu- lation was 18,801 ; in 1845, 20,046. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $24,715 14 cents. Sends a senator and two repre- sentatives to the Legislature. Islands. — Tybee island, at the mouth of Savannah river, five miles long, three broad, upon which there are two light- houses. Wilmington island, eight miles southeast of Savan- nah, six miles long, four broad. Whitemarsh island, two miles long and two miles broad. Isle of Hope, Skidaway, Liberty island, Green, Oakland, Great and Little Warsaw, Elba, Bear, Burnsides, Little Tybee, &c. The soil generally on the sea islands is sandy, and produces cotton, corn, sweet potatoes in great perfection, and oranges, figs, melons, &;c. The trees are, the oak, pine, gum, magnolia, cedar, wild cherry, wahoo, &:c. The islanders are noted for their hospitality. Oysters, fish of every description, and wild ducks abound. The islands are generally healthy, and afford pleasant retreats for the citi- zens of Savannah during the summer months. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are unsurpassed by any in Georgia, and the bridges are kept in fine order. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is flat, interspersed with many swamps. The county has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah river the rice lands have long been celebrated for their fertility. The lands on the Ogeechee are very rich, and are mostly culti- vated in rice. The inland swamp lands are productive, as well as the oak and hickory lands. The pine lands are poor, but will yield very well if manure is applied. In addition to rice and cotton, the soil produces corn, peas, besides almost every variety of fruits and vegetables. Towns. — Savannah is the seat of justice, and the largest city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the Savannah river, on a high bluff 40 feet above low water mark 12 miles in a direct line from the ocean, and 18 miles by the course of the river. It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 5G seconds ; west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds, from Green- 156 CHATHAM COUNTY. wich ; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude from Washington City ; 158 miles ESE. from the capital of the State, Milledgeville ; 120 SSE. from Augusta; 190 ESE. from Macon ; 90 WSW. from Charleston, and 662 from Wash- ington. Government of the City. — The government of the city consists of a Mayor and 12 Aldermen, who together are de- nominated the City Council. They are chosen annually, on the 1st Monday in December, from the people at large. The Police consists, besides the above, of one marshal, 5 constables, and the city watch, composed of 64 members, with a captain and other officers. A Board of Health, composed of two persons from each ward and district, is appointed by the Mayor in May, every year. All subordinate officers are chosen by the City Council. Banks. — Bank of the State of Georgia — capital, $1,500,- 000 — appropriated to Savannah, $800,000. Planters' Bank — capital paid in $535,400. Marine and Fire Insurance Bank — capital $400,000 — priv- ileged to increase the same to $800,000. Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia — cap- ital, $2,549,165, all of which has been paid in — appropriated for banking purposes, $205,000. Savannah Institution for Savings — instituted in 1844. Insurance Offices. — There are several Agencies where Marine, Fire, and Life Insurances can be effected. Foreign Consuls resident in Savannah, 10. Vessel Packet Lines. — There are always regular lines of packets from Boston, New- York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and other ports. Steamboat Companies. — Daily United States Mail Steam- packet line between Savannah and Charleston. Semi-weekly United States Mail Steam-packet line, be- tween Savannah and Palatka, Florida. Semi-weekly Steam-packet line between Savannah and Augusta. Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Savan- nah and Augusta, capital $100,000. The Company has three steamers, and 14 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of CHATHAM COUNTY. 157 carrying 750 bales of cotton each. Upwards of 100 persons are employed during the working season. Iron Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Sa- vannah and Augusta. Capital, $100,000. Has three steamers, with 15 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of carrying 750 bales of cotton each. The company has a boat yard and engine shop in Savannah, and employs 100 persons. There are five or six steamers employed, not belonging to any regular line. The steamer Isabel, of 1100 tons burthen, touches at Sa- vannah on the 1st and 15th of every month, for Key West and Havana ; returning, touches at Savannah about the 12th and 26th of every month. Under an arrangement of the Government, steamers will touch at Savannah, with the United States mail, on their way to California and Oregon, via Havana, New Orleans, Chagres, and Panama. Steamship Line between Savannah and New- York. — In this line there are two new superior ocean steamers, the Chero- kee and one building, each upwards of 1200 tons burthen, unsur- passed in strength, beauty of model, and solidity of machinery, and with all the latest improvements in them which experience has suggested. Washington and New Orleans Magnetic Telegraph Company. — Communicates with the following places: Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans, Washing- ton, New- York, Boston. Savannah Fire Company. — Formed in 1824, consisting of 35 members, and existing under the auspices of the City Coun- cil. It has under its control seven suction receiving and dis- charging engines, two receiving and discharging engines, and two suctron and discharging engines, each with its complement of hose ; two hose carts with 2,000 feet of hose ; hook, axe, and ladder company, and bucket company. Savannah and Ogeechee Canal Company. — Capital, $160,000 in shares of $50 each. This company was formerly the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal Company — ca- pital, $199,225. It expended $246,693 on the work, and suf- fered it to go down. In January, 1846, the present company 11 158 CHATHAM COUNTY. purchased the concern, and have since that time put the canal in thorough repair, built a new lock near the city, in Stiles's field, and one near the Ogeechee river, and constructed a wasteway at the Little Ogeechee river, to vent off the surplus water. Amount of expenditures of the new company on the work, about $16,000. Steam Mills, Mills, &c. — Shippers' cotton press, capital $25,000 ; hydraulic cotton press, cost $25,000 ; Savannah "Tyler" cotton press, cost $15,000; Steamboat Company of Georgia cotton press, cost $20,000 ; Upper steam rice-mills, Blake & Habersham's ; Savannah steam rice-mill ; Savannah steam saw-mill ; steam saw-mill ; Oglethorpe steam saw-mill ; New Eagle steam saw-mill, capital $12,000 ; Vale Royal steam saw and planing-mill, capital $70,000 ; Col. Starke's steam saw-mill, capital $8,000 ; steam works for planing, &c. ; C. Van Horn's steam works; E. Jenck's steam mill, capital $20,000; iron foundry of Millar & Currie ; iron foundry of R. and J. Lachlison. In addition to the above, there are seven rice-mills and four ; aw-mills in the county. About three miles from the city, on the j lantation of H. McCalpin, Esq., there is a brick yard at which ihere have been made more than 60,000,000 of bricks — an amount greater, it is believed, than has been made in any one establishment in the southern country ; on the same plantation are a steam saw-mill, a rice barrel manufactory, and a planing and grooving machine. Population. — White Males, . . . 3,729 " Females, . . . 3,521 Coloured Males, Slaves, . 2,31 6 Females, " . . 3,370 Males, Free, . 241 Females, " . . 396 Grand Total, City, . . 13,573 Health. — The statistics of the health of Savannah will compare favourably with those of any city in the United States. The most sickly part of the year is during the winter months. CHATHAM COUNTY. 159 Exports from Savannah, of Cotton, Rice, and Lumber, /or ten years. Years. Total bags Cotton. Total lbs. Cotton. Total Trcs. Rice. Total feet of Lumber 1825 137,695 49,570,200 7,231 1826 190,578 68,608,080 11,455 1839 199,176 71,703,360 21,332 1840 284,249 102,329,640 24,392 1841 147,280 53,020,800 23,587 14,295,200 1842 222,254 81,011,444 22,064 8,390,400 1843 280,826 101,097,360 26,281 7,518,750 1844 244,575 90,492,750 28,543 5,933,251 1845 304,544 115,726,720 29,217 8,270,582 1846 186,306 74,522,400 32,147 18,585,644 1847 234,151 98,343,420 31,739 10,083,449 1848 243,233 104,590,190 30,136 16,449,558 Receipts of Cotton at Savannah, per year, for ten years. I. X 1838, to I. J., 1839, 196,618 it (t , 1839, to <( 1840, 295,156 tt is 1840, to li 1841, 146,273 (i « 1841, to (( 1842, 228,396 « (( 1842, to cc 1843, 299,173 (( « 1843, to <( 1844, 243,420 1848, to (( 1849, 391,372 Value of Real Estate in Savannah, as taxed by the City Au- thorities since 1843. 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 va ue $2,853,900 3,245,827 3,279,988 3,306,734 3,462,073 3,600,000 160 CHATHAM COUNTY. Churches. — Christ Church, Episcopal ; Lutheran Church, Independent Presbyterian Church, cost $120,000 ; First Bap- tist Church, Methodist Church, Roman Cathohc Church, First Presbyterian Church, St. John's Church, Episcopal ; Second Baptist Church, Penfield's Mariner's Church, Second Metho- dist Church, Hebrew Synagogue, Methodist Church for col- oured persons. First African (Baptist) Church, Second African (Baptist) Church, Third African (Baptist) Church. Charitable Societies. — The city is remarkably distin- guished for the number of its charitable societies. Union Society; object, support and education of male orphans. Savannah Female Asylum ; thirty orphans under its care. Savannah Free School, Savannah Poor House and Hos- pital, Georgia Infirmary, Widows' Society, Clothing and Fuel Association, Hibernian Society, Irish Union Society, St. An- drew's Society, German Friendly Society, Mechanics' Benev- olent Society, Seamen's Port Society, The Female Seamen's Friend Society, The Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy. In addition to these, there are about 20 societies con- nected with the different churches. There are five Masonic Lodges, four Odd Fellows' Lodges, and two Divisions of the Sons of Temperance. Other Societies. — Georgia Historical Society, Georgia Medical Society^ Savannah Library Society. Schools. — Chatham Academy, eight schools for instruc- tion in the higher branches. Savannah Free Sghool, Savannah Female Asylum, Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mer- cy, and fourteen primary schools. Public Buildings in addition to those already named. — Exchange, Artillery Armory, State Arsenal, Guard "House, Market House, Oglethorpe Hall, Lyceum, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Odd Fellows' Hall, Solomon's Lodge Hall, Court House, Jail, Theatre, Gymnasium, Powder Magazine. Many of the private dwellings are beautiful, and the num- ber is constantly increasing. United States Fortifications in Savannah River. — Fort Pulaski, named after Brigadier Count Pulaski, is situated upon Cockspur Island, 14 miles from the city. The site was selected by Maj. Babcock, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, about CHATHAM COUNTY. 161 20 years ago, but it was not until 1831 that the work was commenced in earnest. In that year, Captain Mansfield (now Col. Mansfield, of the U. S. Engineer Corps,) took charge of its erection. It is a massive structure of brick, of which about 13,000,000 were consumed. The entire cost of the work has been near a million of dollars, and was nearly 16 years in con- struction. It has been pronounced by competent judges to be one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the con- tinent. Fort Pulaski is situated on the exterior or first line of de- fence, and calls for an armament of 140 guns, mostly long 32 pounders, and requires a garrison of one company in time of peace, two in time of war, and six in time of siege. The num- ber of guns already mounted is 20, though every thing is in readiness, and the works could be manned, the guns mounted, and the whole place made impregnable, in a very short time. Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is sit- uated on the south side of the river, about three miles from the city. It was projected some forty years ago, and a fortifi- cation of moderate pretensions constructed which remained through the war of 1812. Since that period several appropri- ations for the work have been made by Congress, and the structure has been much improved, still it is an unfinished for- tress. Congress at its last session appropriated $20,000 to- wards its completion, and the work on it will soon be resumed. — Fort Jackson is situated at an important point for the defence of Savannah ; and there is no doubt but that it will receive a further and adequate appropriation from Government. Greene and Pulaski Monuments. — In March, 1825, the citizens of Savannah, conceiving that the visit of Gen. La- fayette to the city would afford a very favourable opportunity for paying a tribute of gratitude which had been too long with- held, determined to avail themselves of the occasion to lay the corner stones of two monuments to be hereafter erected, the one to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene, and the other to the memory of Brigadier Count Pulaski. A committee was appointed, and under their arrangements the corner stone of a monument to " Greene" was laid in Johnson Square, and one to " Pulaski" in Chippewa Square, on the 21st day of March, 1825, by General Lafayette and the Masonic Lodges. 162 CHATHAM COUNTY. Subsequently, donations were received from the citizens and others, by the committee, for their erection, and in Novem- ber, 1826, a lottery was granted by the Legislature, for the purpose of raising the sum of $35,000, to be appropriated to the object. After a few years, the funds not having reached an amount adequate for the erection of both, it was determined to erect one only for the present ; that was placed in Johnson's Square in 1829, and is called the "Greene and Pulaski Monu- ment." The lottery is still in operation, and has produced, since the payment for the first monument, the sum of about il2,000. New Custom House on the corner of Bull and Bay Streets. — This building is going forward in its erection as rapidly as a due regard to the stability and permanence of the structure will admit. The basement is nearly finished. It is in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pave- ment to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet. The basement story will be devoted to the use of the Post Office* and the Appraiser's department. The first or principal floor for custom house purposes. The third, or upper story, for United States court rooms. Original Settlers. — We could give a long list of the ori- ginal settlers, but space will not allow. Among the earliest, were General Oglethorpe, Captain Horton, Henry Parker, John Fallowfield, Colonel William Stephens, Patrick Tailfer, Thomas Jones, ^Thomas Chriestie, Richard Turner, Paul Ama- tis, James Burnsides, Peter Morel, Hugh Anderson, Anthony Camuse, P. Delegal, Walter Fox, Peter Gordon, James Hous- toun, Samuel Lacy, John Pye, Joseph Wardrope, Thomas Young, the Messrs. Sheftalls, D'Lyons, Noble Jones, James Habersham, John Milledge, Dr. Nunis. Education, Literature. — This subject has always com- manded due attention. The Chatham Academy is well en- dowed, and many of the most distinguished men in Georgia were once pupils in this institution. Private schools are nu- merous, and ample provision is made for the education of the poor. The Savannah Library has between 5 and 6000 vo- lumes. The Georgia Historical Society is an institution that does honour to the State. Tt has already succeeded in collect- CHATHAM COUNTY. 163 ing a large number of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, &c., con- nected with the history of Georgia, and has published two vo- lumes of Collections. There are libraries connected with some of the churches and Odd Fellows' Lodges. There are two reading-rooms and three newspapers. A taste for reading is extending itself. The autographs belonging to J. K. Tefft, Esq., and the library of A. A. Smets, Esq., are deserving of notice. Eminent Men. — The list of Chatham's eminent men is a lengthy one. Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, General James Jackson, Dr. N. W. Jones, Jonathan Bryan, and many others, who distinguished themselves in the revolutionary con- flict ; and in later times. Dr. George Jones, James Jones, and others now living, who are well known to possess talents of a high order, and invincible attachment to the interests of Georgia. Hon. James M. Wayne, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, is a native of Savannah. Savannah has produced a number of authors. Major Hugh McCall published the first History of Georgia ; and, not- withstanding its imperfections, we will venture to say that without it, the people of Georgia would have been ignorant of much of the history of their State. Considering the circum- stances under which Major McCall wrote his history, we are free to confess that few could have done so well ; and in our judgment he is deserving great praise. In 1802, Dr. Holcombe, of Savannah, commenced a peri- odical entitled " The Georgia Analytical Repository." In 1808, Judge Charlton, father of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, pub- lished the Life of General James Jackson. In 1825, Dr. Da- niell published a valuable work, entitled " Observations upon the Autumnal Fevers of Savannah." Rev. Henry Kollock's Sermons were published not long after his decease. Many smaller works have been written by residents of Chatham. The poetry of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, and Henry R. Jack- son, Esq., have earned for these gentlemen a high reputation. Dr. Caruthers was an able writer. The Hon. Mr. Berrian, Judge Law, Mr. Mcintosh, Dr. Arnold, and others, have done much to advance the literary character of Chatham county. CoL. John WnitE. — During the siege of Savannah, one of 164 CHATHAM COUNTY. the most extraordinary captures took place, that the annals of warfare ever recorded. When Gen. Prevost called in his de- tachments, he ordered the commandant at Sunbury, on the Georgia coast, upon evacuating that post to put the invalids on board of the small armed vessels, and to send them by the inland navigation to Savannah under the care of (Japt. Trench, of the British Regulars. In consequence of head winds, Capt. Trench and his command were detained until some of D'Es- taing's fleet were in possession of the pass, and he was induced to sail up the Ogeechee river until he reached a point about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he learned that the passage over land was also blocked up by the allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, and finally took post with his party about 15 or 20 miles from Savannah, Col. John White, of the Georgia line, having as- certained that Capt. Trench's force consisted of 111 soldiers possessing 130 stand of arms, and that he also had under his charge, in the river Ogeechee adjacent to his camp, five ves- sels, four of them fully armed, and one of them mounting 14 guns, and manned by 40 seamen, formed the resolution of cap- turing the detachment. He disclosed his plan to those who were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that the party consisted of Col. White, Capts. Geo. Melvin and A. E. Elholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other historians make no mention of Capt. Melvin, or of a sergeant, but give the whole praise to White, Elholm, and three soldiers, reducing the number to five. White built many watch-fires around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such intervals as to induce Capt. Trench and his soldiers to believe that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The de- ception was kept up through the night by White and his com- panions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from the east of the British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme west. Nor was this the only stratagem ; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in di- vers directions, imitating the manner of the staff', and giving orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Capt. Trench suffered himself to be completely trapped. White car- CHATHAM COUNTY. 165 ried his daring plan forward by dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British, and demanding a conference with Trench. " I am the commander, sir," he said, " of the Amer- ican soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any con- sequences that may ensue." Trench thanked him for his hu- manity, and said, despondingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, and announced his willingness to surrender his vessels, his arms, his men and himself to Col. White. At this instant Capt. Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, inquired of him where he should place the artillery- " Keep them back, keep them back, sir," answered White, " the British have surrendered. Move your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sun- bury." The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his men, and to hasten their departure from the enraged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great celerity, whilst White re- tired with one or two of his associates, stating that he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now em- ployed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with which he overtook his guides, and conducted them in safety to the Sunbury post. This took place on the 1st of October, 1779. Lee, in his memoirs, winds up his narration with the following sentence. " The extraordinary address of White was con- trasted by the extraordinary folly of Trench, and both were necessary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair ap- proaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniform- ly accredited, and never contradicted. Capt. Elholm was an officer of Pulaski's Legion. Capt. JVIelvin, it is believed, lived and died in Savannah." Col. White was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, and was at one time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving the naval service, he embarked with his family for America, and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. When 166 CHATHAM COUNTY. the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the latter, saying "that he had fought for the King as long as he ate his bread, but that now America was his home, and for Amer- ica he would now fight." He entered the American army as a captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regi- ment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of which he died in Virginia.* Religious Sects. — It is probable that the Baptists are the most numerous. Besides these there, are Episcopalians, Me- thodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, Unitarians, Pro- testant Methodists, Jews, Disciples of Christ, Anti-Missionary Baptists, Swedenborgians, Including those in the city there are about 30 churches in the county. The coloured people are mostly Baptists. Some of the planters on the Savannah river and other places, encourage preaching to their slaves, and have erected suitable buildings for their accommodation. Character of the People. — For inteUigence, hospitality and benevolence, the citizens of Chatham are not to be sur- passed by any people in the United States; but upon this sub- ject we prefer to use the language of another. " The records of the Legislature bear testimony," says Dr. Church, the able President of our University, " to the liberal and patriotic views which the representatives of your city and county have ever entertained upon this important subject. In all the conflicts of political parties, the representatives of Chatham have known no party feelings upon the subject of education. They have ever rallied to the rescue, when any of the institutions of learning needed their aid ; and it has long since become an axiom with the friends of the State University, when inquiring to whom that institution might look for support, that the re- presentatives of Chatham need not be doubted. And often, in the hour of need, has that seminary been indebted, in no small degree, to your representatives for, if not its existence, at least for much of that assistance which it has received from the Legislature, and by means of which it has been enabled to accomplish much of what it has thus far effected. * Extracts from MSS. furnished by tlie Hon. R. M. Charlton of Savannah. CHATHAM COUNTY. 167 " The people of Savannah may rejoice at the triumphs of her citizens in opening to the interior of the State a great highway, over which are brought to her wharves the various products of industry and of art, and upon which are daily returned to the doors of our people the necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, which have been received in exchange for the fruits of their own labour." Timber Trees, Fruit Trees.— In this county are found most of the trees, shrubs, and vines, mentioned in our botani- cal catalogue. The season of flowering is very early. Con- siderable attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits, but ap- ples and peaches do not succeed so well. Longevity.— Instances of longevity are not rare. Mrs. Judy Minis died in 1826, at the age of 87. She and her mother were great whigs in the revolutionary war. After Savannah was taken, they were confined to their dwelling by the enemy, and were finally ordered to leave the town. Mrs. McGlauken died at the age of 99 ; Mrs. Maria Allard at 90 ; Peter Pourria at 97 ; John Cabos at 99 ; Richard Dowdy at 84 ; Mrs. Rhoda Stevens at 84 ; Johnathan Bryan over 80 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Box at 79 ; Peter Devaux, a revolutionary sol- dier, at 74; Pierre Constantine at 75; Dr. N.W. Jones over 80; Dr. George Jones over 80 ; Sheftall Sheftall, Esq., was over 80. ANTiauiTiEs. — In the vicinity of Hainer's bridge there is an Indian mound, also on the plantation of Mr. Nungazer at White Bluff', and in various places on the Savannah river. The one near Hainer's bridge is the largest. Minerals. — Bog iron ore is the only mineral found in Chatham. At Fairlawn it is abundant, as well as in some other places. The foundation of the old Guard House is said to be constructed of this material. Porcelain clay, it is prob- able is found near the Bluff" of Savannah, for in 1741 China cups were made by Mr. Duchet from clay in the city, and the Trustees of Georgia gave the manufacturer £50 to encourage him in his enterprise. Fossils. — Fossils have been found in several places. In 1823, Drs. Habersham and Scriven found upon Skidaway Island a number of bones of large size. At Hainer's bridge, several years after the above discovery, a large quantity of 168 CHATHAM COUNTY. bones, supposed to belong to the Mastodon Giganteum, were found by Dr. Habersham and other gentlemen. In 1842, Major Williams also found a number of fossil bones near his plantation on Skidaway. Remarkable Places. — The remains of Whitefield's Or- phan House are about 9 miles from Savannah. In 1740, the Orphan House was erected, with funds collected in England and America by the Rev. Geo. Whitefield. For some years it flourished, but owing to several causes it declined, and was finally destroyed by fire in 1770. The Countess of Hunting- don, an eminently benevolent lady, aided Mr. Whitefield in founding the Orphan House. In 1808, the property was sold by order of the Legislature of Georgia, and the proceeds applied to the Hospital, the Chatham Academy and the Union Society. Several relics of by-gone days have been found amidst the ruins of the Orphan House, among them a sun-dial of beautiful workmanship, and a medal struck in memory of Whitefield, now in the possession of the author of this work. Among the archives of the Georgia Historical Society is a document containing a list of the orphans at this establish- ment, which aflbrds evidence that the ancestors of some of the most respectable families in Chatham, and other places in Georgia, were educated at this establishment. Thunderbolt, 5 miles southeast of Savannah. According to Gen. Oglethorpe's account of Carolina and Georgia, this place received its name "from the fall of a thunderbolt, and a spring thereupon arose in that place, which still smells of the boh." Beaulieu, about 12 miles from Savannah, was formerly the residence of Col. William Stephens, celebrated in the early history of the State. , Bonaventure is 4 miles from Savannah, known as the seat of Gov. Tattnall, one among the most lovely spots in the world. At the session of the Legislature in 1848, " The Evergreen Cemetery Company of Bonaventure " was incor- porated, the object of which is to establish a decent and suit- able place for the burial of the dead. An area of 70 acres has been enclosed and partially improved, with the hope that the citizens of Savannah will make it their burial ground. CHATHAM COUNTY. 169 Jasper Spring, about 2 or 3 miles from Savannah, near the Augusta road, is memorable for the rescue of some American prisoners, by Sergeants Jasper and Newton. At Gibbon's Plantation, 7 or 8 miles from Savannah, a battle occurred in 1782, between Gen. Wayne and a body of Creek Indians, commanded by Guristersigo. The Indians fought with much spirit, but finally were compelled to fly, leaving Guristersigo and 17 of his warriors dead upon the field. Brewton's Hill, now the property of Dr. Scriven, was the place where a portion of the British landed preparatory to their attack upon Savannah in 1778. Cherokee Hill, 8 miles from Savannah, Hutcheson's Island, opposite to the city, and many other places in this county, are associated with revolutionary incidents. In this work we have described many events that occurred in Chatham, and we deem it unnecessary again to refer to them. We shall conclude our sketch of this interesting por- tion of Georgia with a few historical notices collected from various sources. In the MS. account of benefactions made to Georgia, now in the executive department at Milledgeville, are the following entries : "Mr. Hume gave a silver bowl and spoon for the first child born in Georgia, which being born of Mrs. Close, were given accordingly." " Col. Bull came to Savannah with four labourers, and as- sisted the colony for a month." In 1733, on Skidaway there were a village, guard-house, and battery of cannon. The same year, Mr. Oglethorpe, to take on the terror which the people had for alligators, having wounded and caught one twelve feet long, had him brought up to the town, and set the boys to beat him with sticks until he was beat to death. Mr. Oglethorpe agreed with Mr. Jonathan Bryan to furnish him with eighteen hands to assist him in cutting roads from the Savannah to the Ogeechee river. In 1735, the courts in Savannah were held in a hut, thirty 170 CHATHAM COUNTY. feet long and twelve feet wide, made of split boards. In this hut also, divine service was performed. Dec. 10, 1735, the trustees ordered Plato's Works, in Greek and Latin, to be bought for the use of the colony. King Tomachichi died October 5, 1739, four miles from Savannah, aged 97. His corpse was brought to the city and buried in Percival Square with appropriate honours. The following ecclesiastical returns of Savannah were sent to England by the Rev. Mr. Frink, in 1771 : Church of England, . . . 1185 Lutherans, . ... 193 Presbyterians and Independents, . 499 Jews, ...... 49 Negroes, ...... 40 Infidels, 30 1996 In November, 1796, the first destructive fire occurred in Savannah. It broke out in a bake-house in Market Square, and destroyed 229 houses, besides out-houses, &c. Estimated loss of property, one million of dollars. In May, 1814, arrived in the waters of Savannah, the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, Lewis Warrington commander, (now Commodore Warrington, the 5th on the present list of post- captains,) bringing in as a prize H. B. M. brig of war Eper- vier, Captain Wales, of eighteen guns. The Epervier had on board $110,000 in specie, which was condemned and dis- tributed according to law. She was built in 1812, and was one of the finest vessels of her class in the British navy. In April, 1819, arrived the steamship Savannah, from New- York. This steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, and was the first steamship built in the United States, and the first that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah in May, for Liverpool, and afterwards proceeded to St. Peters- burg. In May of this year, James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, visited Savannah, accompanied by Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, General Gaines, and others. He was received with a southern welcome. CHATHAM COUNTY. 171 In December of this year, 1819, departed this Ufe, in the fourteenth year of his ministry, and in the midst of his useful- ness, Henry Kollock, D.D., the esteemed and eloquent pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah. Dr. Kollock was indeed " a burning and a shining light," and faith- fully fulfilled the arduous duties of pastor and teacher to his large congregation. In January, 1820, occurred the largest fire whichever rav- aged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old Franklin ward : 463 buildings were destroyed, besides out-buildings. Loss upwards of $4,000,000. In March, 1825, General Lafayette visited Savannah. He was received with every demonstration of regard as the na- tion's friend in the time of need, and as the nation's guest. Name. — The celebrated Earl of Chatham, after whom this county is named, was the son of Robert Pitt, Esq., of Boconnock, in Cornwall, and was born on the 15th of November, 1708. At the age of twenty-seven, he was chosen a member of Parlia- ment. His talents and eloquence soon opened his way to the highest distinction. In 1757 he became prime minister, and by his vigorous exertions raised his country to a higher degree of prosperity and glory than she had enjoyed at any former period. In the difficulties between Great Britain and her American colonies, he boldly advocated the rights of the lat- ter. His last efibrt in public was made on the 7th of April, 1778, when the subject of American affairs was before the House of Peers. Bending under the weight of years, and en- feebled by disease, he entered the House supported by his son and Lord Viscount Mahon ; upon which every nobleman arose to manifest their respect for one who had contributed so much to the glory of Great Britain, His pale and emaciated counte- nance, his enfeebled limbs, wrapped in flannel, formed a melan- choly contrast to the fire which still lighted his eye, and which this day's exertions were doomed to quench for ever. As soon as the House was recovered from the emotions which his en- trance had excited, the Duke of Richmond rose to move an address to the King on the state of the nation. The Earl of Chatham, in reply to the Duke, exerted himself with so much energy, that he fell exhausted into the arms which were held out to support him ; and after lingering a few weeks he died 172 CHATTOOGA COUNTY. on the 11th of May, in the seventieth year of his age. His re- mains were deposited with great solemnity in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory, with the following inscription : Erected by the King and Parliament, as a testimony to The virtues and ability of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, During whose Administration Divine Providence Exalted Great Britain To an height of Prosperity and Glory Unknown to any former age.* A statue of this great man formerly stood at the intersec- tion of Meeting and Broad-streets, in the city of Charleston, but has been removed to the middle of the court, fronting the Orphan House. CHATTOOGA. Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Walker, E. by Floyd, S. by Floyd, and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1838, from Walker and Floyd. Post Offices. — Summerville, Alpine, Dirt Town, Tryon Factory, Teloga Springs, Broomtown, Melville, Chattoogaville. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the last census, the population was 2,237 whites, 732 blacks; total, 2,969. The amount of State tax for 1848 was $1475 01. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Rivers and Creeks. — The principal streams are Chattooga river ; Snake, Eukelanaquaw, John's, and Amuchee creeks. Towns. — Summerville is the capital, situated in Chattooga valley, in the centre of the county, 195 miles N. W. of Mil- ledgeville, 25 miles from Rome, and 16 from Lafayette. It has a handsome brick court-house, jail, two hotels, five dry * Allen's American Revolutian. Mills' Statistics of South Carolina. CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 173 goods stores, two or three churches, one or two schools. Po- pulation, 275. It is a healthy and pleasant village. Face of the Country, Nature of Soil. — The face of the country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges running N. E. and S. W, Although a small county, it contains much good land. The bottoms are exceedingly fertile, with a very dark mulatto soil, covered with the largest trees. There is, upon the highlands, a soil called chestnut soil, which produces well for six or seven years ; and, if manured, will last much longer. Value op Land. — Land is worth from 5 to #25 per acre, and is increasing in value every day. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, potatoes, cotton, and indeed almost every thing which is found in other portions of Cherokee Georgia. Cotton yields from 600 to 1000 lbs. per acre ; corn from 3 to 8 barrels per acre ; wheat from 10 to 18 bushels per acre. Hogs are raised in great numbers, and some mules and horses for market. Valleys and Mountains. — Chattooga is a beautiful county, interspersed with rich and delightful valleys and mountains, unfolding picturesque and highly interesting scenery. The names of the principal valleys are Broomtown, Chattooga, and Armucha. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge and John's moun- tain ; there is also a very high peak which stands by itself, called Dirtseller mountain ; the Indians called it Karte Kun- teesky. Manufactures, Mills. — Tryon factory manufactures cot- ton goods. Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 6 ; flour-mills, 4. Original Settlers. — Francis Kirby, Charles Price, John F. Beavers, Edmund Sturdivant, Nelson AUman, Hu2;h Mont- gomery. Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-mis- sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbytei^ians. Good schools, well supported, are in almost every part of the county. Edu- cation generally is on the advance. Character of the People. — This county is filled with an industrious and hospitable people, whose whole object seems to be, to labour for the comforts of life, and afterwards to enjoy them. 12 174 CHATTOOGA COUNTY. Mineral Springs. — There are several fine mineral springs in the county, but none particularly celebrated. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy, and the diseases are similar in character to those which prevail in Upper Georgia. Joseph Pollard and Henry Laurence are over 80 years of age ; Mrs. Margaret Middleton is 90 years of age. , Minerals. — Limestone, iron, pyrites, marble, and various petrifactions of shells, encrenites, &c. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are good, but the bridges are in bad order. Market, Cotton. — Rome is the market. Between 2,000 and 3,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Remarkable Places. — Alpine, a beautiful seat, now the property of Mr. Force, a merchant of Augusta, was formerly the residence of Mr. Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet. Mr. Guess was once asked what induced him to form an alphabet, and how he proceeded in doing it. His re- ply was as follows : — " He had observed that many things were found out hymen, and known in the world, but that this know- ledge escaped and was lost for want of some way to preserve it. He had also observed white people write things on paper, and he had seen books ; and he knew that what was written down remained and was not forgotten. He had attempted, therefore, to fix certain marks for sounds, and thought that if he could make things fast on paper, it would be like catching a wild animal and taming it. He had found great difliculty in proceeding with this alphabet, as he forgot the sounds which he had assigned to marks, and he was much puzzled about a character of the hissing sound ; but when this point was set- tled, he proceeded easily and rapidly. This alphabet cost him a month's study. He afterwards made an alphabet for the pen (that is, for speedy writing), the characters of which he wrote under the corresponding characters of the other." The following interesting particulars are taken from the Missionary Herald, October 1828: — Mr. Guess is, in appear- ance and habits, a full Cherokee, though his grandfather on his father's side was a white man. He has no knowledge of any language but the Cherokee, consequently, in his invention of CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 175 the alphabet, he had to depend entirely on his own native re- sources. He was led to think on the subject of writing the Cherokee language, by a conversation which took place one evening at Sauta. Some young men were making remarks on the superior talents of the white people : one said that white men could put a talk on paper, and send it to any dis- tance, and it would be understood by those who received it. They all agreed that this was very strange, and they could not see how it could be done. Mr. Guess, after silently listening to their conversation for a while, raised himself, and putting on an air of importance, said : " You are all fools ; why the thing is very easy ; I can do it myself;" and picking up a flat stone, he commenced scratching on it with a pin, and after a few minutes read to them a sentence which he had written, by making a mark for each word. This produced a laugh, and the conversation on that subject ended. But the inventive powers of Guess's mind were now roused to action, and noth- ing short of being able to write the Cherokee language would satisfy him. He went home, purchased materials, and sat down to paint the Cherokee language on paper. He at first thought of no way but to make a character for each word. He pursued this plan for about a year, in which time he had made several thousand characters. He >vas then convinced that the object was not attainable in that way ; but he was not discouraged. He firmly believed that there was some way in which the Cherokee language could be expressed on paper, as well as the English ; and after trying several other methods, he at length conceived the idea of dividing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan, before he found, to his great satisfaction, that the same characters would apply in different words, and the number of characters would be comparatively few. After putting down and learning all the syllables that he could think of, he would listen to speeches, and the conversation of strangers, and whenever a word oc- curred which had a part or syllable in it which he had not before thought of, he would bear it on his mind until he had made a character for it. In this way he soon discovered all the syllables in the language. In forming his characters, he made some use of the English letters, as he found them in a 176 CHEROKEE COUNTY. spelling-book which he had in his possession. After connmenc- ing upon the last-mentioned plan, I believe he completed his system in about a month. During the time he was occupied inventing the alphabet, he was strenuously opposed by all his friends and neighbours. He was frequently told that he was throwing away his time and labour, and that none but a de- lirious person, or idiot, would do as he did. But this did not discourage him. He would listen to the expostulations of his friends, and then deliberately light his pipe, pull his spectacles over his eyes, and sit down to his work, without attempting to vindicate his conduct. After completing his system, he found much difficulty in persuading the people to learn it : nor could he succeed, until he went to the Arkansas and taught a few persons there, one of whom wrote a letter to some friends in this nation, and sent it by Mr. Guess, who read it to the peo- ple. This letter excited much curiosity. Here was a talk in the Cherokee language, which had come all the way from the Arkansas sealed up in a paper, yet it was very plain. This convinced many that Mr. Guess's mode of writing would be of some use. {Several persons immediately determined to try to learn. They succeeded in a few days, and from this it quickly spread all over the nation, and the Cherokees (who, as a people, had always been illiterate) were, in the course of a few months, without school or expense of time or money, able to read and write in their own language. Name. — This county derives its name from its principal river, Chattooga. CHEROKEE. Boundaries. — Bounded north by Gilmer, east by Lumpkin and Forsyth, south by Cobb, and west by Cass. Organized in 1832. Post Offices. — Canton, Boardtree, Ball Ground, Harnage- ville, Hickory Flat, Orange, Social Hill, Troy, Woodstock, and Varenees. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the pop- CHEROKEE COUNTY. 177 ulation was 8753 whites, 806 blacks ; total, 9559. Since that period the population has increased 25 per cent. State tax returned for 1848, il;818 97. Entitled to two representa- tives. Rivers, Creeks. — The Etowah river flows almost through the centre of the county. The Little river empties into the Etowah. The creeks are Cooper's, Sandy, Chicken, Ala- culsa, Mill, Cane, Long Swamp, Mountain, Shoal, &c. Towns. — Canton is the seat of justice, on the southeast bank of the Etowah river, 130 miles northwest of Milledge- ville, 25 miles from Cassville, 21 from Marietta, 25 from Cum- ming, and 43 from Ellijay. The public buildings were located in Canton, in 1834, and consist of a handsome brick court- house and jail. Population 250. Amount of goods sold per annum, $50,000. The climate is favourable to health. Two deaths only have occurred among adults since the first settle- ment of the place. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, &c. — The portion of the county west of the Etowah, and south of Long swamp, is very hilly. The part that is traversed by Little river and its tributaries, is undulating. The section of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, except some portions con- tiguous to Forsyth. Lands of the first quality are on Etowah river and Long swamp, adapted to corn and wheat, valued at #30 per acre. The second quality embrace the uplands, hav- ing a gray and red soil, adapted to cotton, wheat and corn, worth $10 per acre. The balance of the land is hardly fit for cultivation. Cotton averages 700 lbs. per acre. Corn 20 bush- els per acre, wheat 10 bushels per acre. Oats do well. Markets. — Charleston, Augusta, Marietta, and Etowah Iron Works. Mountains. — Sharp mountain in the northwest part of the county, is remarkable for its peak running up like a sugar loaf. Pine Log mountain, three miles north of Canton. Pole Cat mountain, three miles west of Canton. Gold Mines, Minerals. — Gold is found in several places. Pascoe's mines, on the Etowah river at the mouth of Sitting Down creek, 14 miles from Canton, are profitable. 178 CHEROKEE COUNTY. Sixes' Mines, six miles southwest of Canton, on the road to Allatoona. The gold found here is regarded the finest of any in Georgia, that of Carroll county excepted. First operated upon by the whites in 1831, and have yielded $200,000. Owned by Gen. Allen Lawhorn. Williamson's Mines, on the waters of Little river, one mile from Sixes' mines, are regarded as rich. Franklin Mines, on Etowah river, five miles from Frog Town. The other minerals are iron, sulphate of iron, and sulphate of copper, titanium, quartz, granite and marble. Quicksilver and cobalt are said to exist. On Long Swamp there are large quarries of marble, which are beginning to be a source of profit to the owners. Early Settlers. — The early settlers were Reuben Dan- /\ iel. Col. Brook, Joseph Donaldson, Phillip Croft, George Brock, and others. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are fair. There are three public bridges over Little river, one of which is a toll bridge. One toll bridge over the Etowah, near Bell's Ferry. A bridge is in the course of construction over the Etowah, at the old Downing's Ferry, six miles southwest of Canton. Manufactures, Mills, &:c. — Cherokee county is favoured with great facilities for manufacturing purposes, but the citi- zens have not yet directed their attention to this subject. Grist-mills, 10 ; saw-mills, 14 ; flour-mills, 7 ; distilleries, 12. Climate and Diseases. — The climate is healthy. There are no local diseases except in the vicinity of the low grounds. There is some bilious fever, especially on Little river. Pneu- monia and pleurisies sometimes prevail. Longevity. — Mrs. Ruston died in 1847, over the age of 100. Mr. James Barren died over 100. Mr. Field is now living, aged 80. Mr. Dean is 80. Mr. James Leonard is over 80. Mr. Worthington died at the advanced age of 107 years. Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Universalists. Education. — Recently the subject of education begins to engage the attention of the citizens. The people of Canton CLARKE COUNTY. X79 are particularly noted for their liberality in supporting schools. Character, Amusements, — The people are industrious and hospitable. The amusements are hunting, dancing, and fishing. Name. — This county was named after the Cherokee tribe of Indians, who once occupied the northern part of Georgia. CLARKE. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded north by Jackson and Madi- son, east by Oglethorpe, south by Greene, and west by Morgan and Walton. Laid out from Jackson in 1801, and parts set off to Madison in 1811, to Oglethorpe in 1813, and to Madison in 1829. Length, 20 miles ; breadth, 14 miles; containing 280 square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The Oconee flows through the county, and the Appallachee forms a part of its western boundary. The streams of less importance are Green Briar, Rose, Wild Cat, Porter, Little Sandy, Big Sandy, Shoal and Cedar creeks, discharging themselves into the Oconee. Bar- ber's and McNatt's empty into the Middle Oconee, and Lane's and Freeman's into the Appallachee. Post Offices. — Athens, Farmington, Salem, and Watkins- ville. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840, the pop- ulation was 10,552. In 1845, 10,343; of these 5364 were whites, and 4979 blacks. Emigration has been considerable. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $6070 53. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Mineral Springs. — Near Athens are chalybeate springs. Helicon Springs, some years ago, were the most celebrated. Towns. — Watkinsville, named after Col. Robert Watkins of Augusta, was made the county site in 1802. It has a good brick court-house, jail, two churches, two taverns, two schools^ two stores, three groceries, one billiard room, one carpenter, one tailor, two blacksmiths, two tan-yards, two wagonmakers, one saddler, two shoe shops, two lawyers, one doctor, and one 180 CLARKE COUNTY. minister. Population, 240. Amount of goods sold per an- num, $25,090. Situated 3 miles west of the Oconee, 64 miles north-northwest of Milledgeville, 7 miles south of Athens, 25 from Greenesborough, and 20 from Monroe. A very obliging and kind people reside in this village. Athens is on the west bank of the Oconee, 71 miles from Milledgeville, 92 from Augusta, 27 from Madison, 16 from Lexington, 33 from Greenesborough, and 40 from Washington. Few places have advanced with more rapidity than Athens. At this time it has a population of 3000. Amount of business done per annum, over $400,000. It is the market for Clarke, Jackson, Franklin, Habersham, Rabun, Elbert, Union, Madi- son, Oglethorpe, Lumpkin, a part of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The public buildings, not including those connected with the University, are the Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and two churches for col- oured people, town hall with a bell, market, and two or three large hotels. The Newton House is capable of accommodating 100 boarders. Franklin House is a spacious building, under the supervision of an obliging gentleman. The Planters' Ho- tel is conducted by a worthy man, whose attention to his guests is well known to travellers. The societies are branches of the Masonic Order, Odd Fellows' Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Bible Society, Mechanics' Mutual Aid Association, Lyceum, &c. The health of Athens is unsurpassed by that of any town of the same size in the United States. The citizens are noted for refinement and taste. Many of the private residences are beautiful, and are furnished in a costly manner. The gardens are laid out with much taste. The mansions of Col. Franklin, Judge Lumpkin, Gov. Lumpkin, Mrs. P. W. Thomas, Col. Lamar, and Mr. George Dent, are ornaments to the town. During Com- mencement, Athens is thronged with the beauty, fashion, and wealth of the State. Large parties are given nearly every eve- ning during Commencement. At the Legislature of 1847, a charter was granted to a company for the purpose of construct- ing a railroad from Clarkesville to Athens. Salem, 11 miles south of Watkinsville. Population, 100. Has a church, school, &c. Much to the praise of this village, it has always supported good schools. CLARKE COUNTY. 181 Farmington, 6 miles S. of Watkinsville, is a healthy place, with a church, schools, &c. Face of the Country, Nature of Soil. — The face of the country is hilly. One-third of the land is worn out ; but, in the opinion of many, may be restored with proper care. The richest lands are on the different forks of the Oconee, of a gray colour, adapted to cotton and grain, value $6 per acre. The other lands, not embracing those that are worn out, may be worth from $2 to $4 per acre. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. During the months of July and August, it is warm in the day, but the nights are pleasant. It is a healthy county. The dis- eases are few and confined to certain localities. The opera- tives in the factories enjoy fine health. The instances of longevity are numerous. A few will be mentioned. Mrs. Esther Chesser died at the age of 100; Mr. Ned Bolan over 100; John Oliver, 80; Daniel McDonald, 80; Solomon Ed- ward, 80 ; George Clifton, 80. Wm. Daniels lived in this county many years ; he was 96 years old when he died, and had 27 children. Mrs. Catherine Newton, was over 90. There are now living in this county the following persons : Mrs. Gardner, 90 ; William Clark, 80 ; Mr. Levin Smith, 80 ; Thomas Wade, 80 ; Thomas Woozencraft, 80. A negro died a few years ago named America, at the advanced age of 120 years. Minerals. — Rocks, mostly of the granite kind, are abun- dant. Precious Garnets, . . College Campus, Athens. Gold, .... Athens. Black Tourmaline, . . Athens. Arragonite, . . Near Barber's spring. Kaolin, .... Trail creek. Fine limpid prisms of Quartz, Near Rock spring. Fine Pyrites, . . . Near the Helicon springs. Gneiss, .... Ditto. Hornblend Slate, . Road to Lexington. Sulphate of Barytes in tabular Crystals, . . Lower end of the county. Felspar, .... Asbury Hull's plantation. Mica, . . . ; Various places. 182 CLARKE COUNTY. Early Settlers. — Robert Barber, Rev. Hope Hull, A. Boggs, Jesse White, Gen. Meriwether, Thomas Mitchell, Joseph and John Espey, and Esley. Manufactures — Athens Manufacturing Company, capital, $92,600 Spindles, . . . 2,500 Looms, .... 40 Operatives, mostly females, 85 Overseers, ... 3 Expenses per month, . 8800 Goods manufactured per day, 1500 yards. Bunches of yarn, . " 100 - Machinery made in N. Jersey, cost $60,000 Amount of goods sold in Jan. 1848, $7,589 86 Aug. " $5,172 60 Goods sold mostly in the surrounding country. Some sent to Augusta, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and New Orleans. Osnaburgs, stripes, bed-ticking, linsey-woolsey. Wages of operatives from five to twelve dollars per month. Situated within the limits of Athens. Princeton Manufacturing Company, capital $54,000, or- ganized in 1836, and purchased by the present company, in 1845. Situated two miles S. W. of Athens, on the middle branch of the Oconee. Cotton spindles, ' . . . . 2184 Wool do. .... 240 Looms, . ..... 45 Bales of cotton used per week, . . 21 Yards of cloth made per day, . 1700 Bundles of yarn " . . 90 Mattresses made per year, . . 100 The goods manufactured are shirtings, bed-ticking, linsey- woolsey, jeans, checks, quality very superior ; sent through Georgia, and to N. Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, New- York and Philadelphia. Operatives healthy. The company make ar- rangements to have divine service at the factory twice a month, and have provided a library for the operatives. This estab- ment reflects credit upon the spirited owners. Mars Hill factory, situated on Barber's creek, seven miles CLARKE COUNTY. 183 S.W. of Athens. Capital $20,000 ; owned by Moses & Jen- kinson. Water power fine. Spindles, 350 Looms, ..'... 12 Machinery cost .... 8000 dols. Yards of cloth made per day, . 400 Bags of cotton consumed per day, l^ Number of operatives, . . 25 Wages of operatives per month, from 5 to 25 dols. Saw-mill, .... 1 Grist-mill, ..... 1 Georgia factory, owned by John White, Esq., situated four miles S. of Athens. Machinery cost $50,000. Spindles, .... 1704 Bundles of yarn per day, . . 140 Looms, ..... 20 Yards of cloth per day, . . 800 Operatives, .... 70 Goods sent to North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. New machinery has recently been erected. Pioneer Paper Mill, owned by Albon Chase, and J. S. Linton. Located on Barber's creek, three and a half miles S. W. of Athens. Building of wood upon a stone basement, two stories high. It is intended to manufacture writing, printing, and wrapping paper ; but at the time we visited this establishment, the machinery for writing paper had not yet been obtained. From 5 to 600 pounds of paper will be made per day.* Besides the factories just enumerated, there are in the county 23 Saw-mills. 17 Grist do. 3 Merchant do. G Distilleries. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis- sionary Baptists, Christians, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics, Jews, and Universalists. In the county are — , * Now in operation. 184 CLARKE COUNTY. 11 Methodist Churches. 7 Baptist do. 2 Presbyterian do. 1 Episcopal do. 1 Christian do. Roads, Bridges. — Some of the roads are in good order, and others much neglected. Over the Appallachee are three bridges. Over the middle branch of the Oconee, four. Over the north branch, one. Over Barber's creek, one. Over San- dy creek, one. Name. — General Elijah Clarke, after whom this county was named, was a native of North Carolina ; came to Georgia in 1774, and settled in Wilkes county. He was among the first of our revolutionary worthies. Endowed with hardihood and decision of character, he was fitted for any enterprise. When Georgia and South Carolina were evacuated by their governments, and the forces of the United States were with- drawn from them, Clarke alone kept the field, and his name spread terror through the whole line of British posts, from the Catawba to the Creek nation. Justice has not been done to this meritorious officer. " The first action," says the late Ge- neral James Jackson in his manuscripts, " in which the militia were brought to disregard the bayonets of the British, was gained by him over a British detachment in South Carolina, at the Enoree : and yet the credit has been given to Colonel Williams, who left the ground." It is proper that Georgians should be made familiar with the history of those who, in " the times that tried men's souls," devoted themselves to the cause of freedom, and at the expense of their fortunes and lives, pur- chased the blessings which we now enjoy. In 1776, Clarke makes his first appearance in the history of Georgia, as captain of a company intrusted with the care of some wagons loaded with provisions for the army. Whilst crossing a small stream, he was attacked by a body of Indians, who, after a severe con- test, were put, to flight. In Howe's expedition against East Florida, he rendered important services, which were duly ap- preciated by his commander. In the battle of Ketttle creek, he increased his military fame. On the opposite side of the creek CLARKE COUNTY. 185 there was a rising ground, in the rear of the enemy ; and with a foresight eminently characteristic of him, Clarke perceived that they would attempt to form upon it, and after some hours of severe fighting, he succeeded in gaining its summit. The enemy were beaten back, with a loss of 70 men killed and wounded, and 75 taken prisoners. Clarke's horse was shot under him, but he quickly mounted another, and rushed again into the fight. After the victory at Kettle Ci'eek, many of the citizens of Georgia who had gone into South Carolina for safety, returned with their families and properly to Wilkes county, but shortly afterwards were much alarmed by the ap- proach of a body of Indians ; and to Colonel Clarke was com- mitted the highly responsible duty of remaining on the fron- tiers to guard the forts. This was a trying period. The ene- my had devastated the fairest portion of Georgia. Cruelties which would have disgraced savages, marked their steps in every direction. Colonel Clarke's house was pillaged and burnt, and his family ordered to leave the State. Mrs. Clarke with her two daughters departed for the North, with no other means of conveyance than a small pony of little value ; but even this was taken away after they had proceeded but a short way on their journey. The love of freedom, a persuasion that Heaven would favour the righteous cause of the Americans, in- spired Clarke with hope ; and the loss of his property, and the indignities offered to the helpless females of his family, did not in the least intimidate him, but nerved him to renewed action. Accordingly, he succeeded in recruiting men for his regiment, and gave the enemy so much trouble, by cutting off their sup- plies, that it was determined to bring him to a general action. Colonel Innis pursued him to Wafford's iron works, where his ground had been judiciously chosen. Clarke waited the attack, and bravely defended his post. His constant annoy- ance of the foraging parties of the enemy became so provok- ing, that Colonel Innis resolved to augment his force, and drive him from the country. Having received reinforcements, Clarke met the enemy about four miles north of Musgrove's Mill, and defeated him. The loss of the British was 63 men killed, and 160 wounded and taken prisoners. In this battle Clarke received two wounds with a sabre on the back of his 186 CLARKE COUNTY. head and neck ; his stock buckle saved his Hfe.* For a few- minutes he was a prisoner in charge of two men ; but taking advantage of his strength and activity, he knocked one of them down, and the other fled. In 1780, CornwalHs issued a proclamation, which instead of producing the effect which he confidently believed it would, only roused the patriots to greater exertions. Colonel Clarke about this time returned to Wilkes, for the purpose of raising a force to aid in the reduc- tion of Augusta, then in possession of the British, He suc- ceeded in obtaining 350 men, and reached Augusta unob- served by the enemy ; but owing to the loss of men in the siege, and to desertions, was compelled to retire, first to Little river, and then to Kentucky, having under his protection not only his troops, but nearly four hundred women and children. CornwalHs hearing of his retreat, despatched Captain Fergu- son with one hundred men to cut him oflT, supposing that he would be forced to return through South Carolina; but Clarke, with his wonted foresight, secured himself against a capture by recrossing the mountains. This led to the decisive battle of King's Mountain, which resulted in the death of Fer- guson, and the destruction of his whole force. On the 20th of October, 1780, Clarke returned to his former position, on the borders of South Carolina, ready again to battle with the foe. On the 9th of November, his gallant band joined General Sumter's camp, at the Fish Dam Fords on Broad river ; and on the 18th of the same month, Sumter took post at Black- stock's house, 35 miles from his former position, and in con- junction with Majors Jackson and Chandler, Clarke was posted on the left of the house. We have now before us a letter, writ- ten by one of the commanders at Blackstock's, in which he says : " At Blackstock's, at the head of his Wilkes rifle- men, Clarke charged and drove the British light infantry in an open field, where, although he did not command, he might be said to have insured the day, by turning the enemy's right flank. This also, as well as the merits of his compatriot. Ge- neral Twiggs, who commanded during two-thirds of that ac- tion, and gained it after General Sumter was wounded. Dr. Ramsey has accorded to South Carolina." * McCall. CLARKE COUNTY. 187 In the battle of Long Cane Creek, Col. Clarke was severe- ly wounded, and was carried off the field. After his recovery he joined the command of General Pickens, and was sent by him against Major Dunlap whom he compelled to surrender. For a short time after this affair he was confined with the small- pox, but on the 15th of May he was so far recovered as to re- sume his command, and was present when Augusta surren- dered to the Americans. Indeed, he had gallantly confined the British garrison to their works, for weeks before Col. Lee ar- rived. His last opposition to the British arms was under Gen. Wayne before Savannah, which city he had the satisfaction to see evacuated, and his country altogether relieved from the British yoke. With the Indians, Col. Clarke was engaged in several battles, the principal of which was the battle of Jack's Creek, fought in 1787, in which he defeated the Creeks. In 17 — , Clarke made an attempt to settle on the Indian side of the Oconee river, and also crossed the St. Mary's to the Florida side and drove in the Spanish posts. For these acts he incurred the displeasure of the United States Government. His merits as a soldier maybe easily known, when it is remem- bered that he was solicited by two great European nations to engage in their service. That he had a commission of Major General, with a salary of $10,000 a year in the service of France, can be seen by reference to the documents of Blount's conspiracy and impeachment in the report of the committee of the House of Representatives of the United States ; page 143. He signed the treaty with the Cherokees made at Augus- ta in 1783, the treaty of the Creeks in the same year, and that with the Creeks at Galphinton in 1785. He died in Wilkes county, December 15, 1799.* COBB. Boundaries. — This county is bounded north by Chero- kee and Cass, east by Forsyth and De Kalb, south by * Items furnished by Col. J. W. Jackson. 188 COBB COUNTY. Campbell and a small portion of De Kalb, and west by Paulding. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee is the main stream. The creeks are Sweet Water, Powder Spring, Pumpkin Vine, Nickajack, Olleys, Noses, Proctors, Allatoona, Vickery, Rot- ten Wood, Noonday, Reubs, Wylleo, Soap, and Mud. Post Offices. — Marietta, Powder Springs, Acworth, Gol- gotha, High Bridge, Lebanon, Mill Grove, and Roswell. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population is increasing. The census of 1845 gave to Cobb 10,518 inhabi- tants, of which 1,474 were slaves. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,691 61. Sends two rep- resentatives to the Legislature. Towns. — Marietta is the seat of justice, and one among the most pleasant towns in Cherokee Georgia. It is situated on the highest point between the Atlantic ocean and Tennessee river, being 1132 feet above the level of the former. It was incor- porated and made the county seat in 1814. Distance from Milledgeville 113 miles northwest, from Augusta 190 miles, from Atlanta 20 by the railroad, from Dalton 80, from Cum- ming 35, from Canton 22. The first house was built by James Anderson, Esq. There are four churches — Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyte- rian, and Baptist; several schools, hotels, stores, &c. Population, 1,500. Does considerable business, being the market for Cobb, Cherokee, part of Lumpkin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Paulding, and Carroll counties. The town is rapidly improving. Since the 1st of May, 1848, more than 60 houses have been built. Many persons from the low country of Georgia and South Carolina have recently re- moved here. The climate and water will compare with any in the world. Provisions are cheap. Marietta, from the ad- vantages it possesses in point of situation, accessibility, cli- mate, and water, is destined to be one amonc; the most attractive places in our State. Acworth is a small village on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, twelve miles N. W. of Marietta, in the midst of a thickly settled country. Population about 50. COBB COUNTY. 189 Powder Springs, twelve miles S. W". of Marietta, on the road to Villa Uica, in Carroll, has two churches, Methodist and Baptist, and one school. Population 200. Roswell, a pretty village, so called from Roswell King, Esq., situated 13 miles from Marietta and one mile from the Chat- tahoochee. Settled by persons chiefly from the seaboard of Georgia and South Carolina, and is the seat of an extensive cotton factory. It has one store, one church, one male and female academy, &c. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of Land.— -The surface of the country is broken. The lands upon the Chattahoochee are rich, and will produce 800 pounds of cotton per acre, 8 barrels of corn, and from 20 to 30 bushels of wheat. The creek bottoms are also fertile, and well adapted to cotton, w^heat, and corn. The uplands are of a mulatto and gray colour, will produce 600 pounds of cotton per acre, 5 barrels of corn, and about 15 bushels of wheat. Best Chattahoochee lands are worth $20 per acre ; creek bottoms, $8 ; uplands, from $1 to $8 per acre. Average Product per Acre. — Corn 5 barrels, wheat 6 bushels, rye 5 bushels, cotton 500 pounds. Markets. — Marietta, Macon, and Augusta. Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — Roswell factory, at Roswell, on Vickery's creek, incoi-porated in 1840. Capital $80,000. Spindles, 3,500 Looms, ...... 40 Operatives, nearly all whites, . . 150 Bales of cotton used per day, ... 5 Yards of shirting made per day, . , 1,100 Osnaburgs, " " . . 1,500 Bundles of yarn made per week, . . 1,200 Hours of work per day, ... 11 The water-power fine. Wages of operatives dependent upon their industry. The temperance principle strictly enforced. Provision made for the instruction of the children. Goods ma- nufactured have a high character, and are sent to Tennessee,. Alabama, and to various parts of Georgia. Nickajack factory, on Nickajack creek. 13 190 COBB COUNTY. At Lebanon, the Roswell factory have an extensive mer- chant mill, capable of making from 1 to 300 barrels of flour per day. An extensive tannery, the property of Colonel Dunwoody, is located at this place. The leather made here is prono.unced equal to any in the United States. Grist-mills 21, saw-mills 21, besides several merchant mills op Soap creek. Seven miles east of Marietta is an extensive distillery, at which are made 120 gallons of whiskey per day. Mountains. — Kenesaw mountain, 2^ miles from Marietta, is 1828 feet above the level of the ocean ; so called from an Indian chief who was accidentally shot by a white man, whilst on a hunting excursion. The view from the top of the moun- tain is beautiful. Lost mountain. Brushy mountain, and Sweat mountain, are considerable elevations. Mineral Springs. — The Powder springs have acquired some celebrity, and will, in the course of time, attract the no- tice of persons seeking health and recreation. They are highly impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, and are efficacious in the cure of diseases, particularly those of a cutaneous cha- racter, and dyspepsia. Minerals. — Gold has been found on Proctor's creek, in the northern part of the county. At Allatoona, on Powder Spring creek, on Sweet Water creek, near Kenesaw mountain, and in Marietta. Granite is abundant. Silver, iron, lead, copper, talc, soap-stone, plumbago, quartz, &c. Roads. — The roads are as good as the nature of the coun- try will allow. The principal road crosses the Chattahoochee at the Standing Peach-tree, passes through Marietta and Allatoona to Cassville. Another main road passes through Sand Town in Campbell county to Allatoona, and is known as the Alabama road. Another road much travelled, is the one which crosses the Chattahoochee river at McAfee's bridge, and passes near Roswell to Vann's valley, and North Alabama. Religious Sects. — The religious sects are Baptists, Mis- sionary and Anti-Missionary, Presbyterians, Methodists, Epis- copalians, and a few Universalists. There are about 20 churches in the county, and probably as many ministers. Education. — There are many respectable schools in various sections of the county, particularly at Marietta and Roswell. COBB COUNTY. 191 Character of the People. — Considering the recent settle- ment of tiie county, the people generally may be said to be orderly and temperate. On public occasions irregularities are often committed, but upon the whole the population of Cobb will compare favourably with many of the older counties of the State. The tone of morals is improving every day. Amusements. — These chiefly consist in hunting, dancing and visiting. Parties occasionally go to the Powder Springs, and the Kenesaw mountain. Soirees are quite common in Marietta. Climate. — The climate, though variable, is as healthy as any portion of the United States. Exposure to the cold and rain is hardly ever attended by serious consequences. No case of consumption has ever occurred in the county. The summer diseases are bowel complaints, &c. The winter dis- eases are pleurisy and pneumonia. Instances of Longevity. — Mr. Fleming is now living, over 94 years of age. Mr. J. Collins, a revolutionary soldier, over 88. Mrs. Henry is over 80. Mrs. Dougherty is 85. Mr. Smith is 80. Mr. Edwards died a few months ago, aged 90. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the fol- lowing: Mr. James Anderson, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Massey, Wil- liam Crane, William Morris, Tho. Whitehead, J. D. IMullins, Jdmes Mohon, W. P. Maloney, James Powers, Edward Mays, Bradley Smith, and J. Collins. Indian Towns. — Sweet Water Town, once inhabited by Che- rokees, is on Sweet Water creek, 14 miles north of Marietta. Kenesaw Town, on Noonday creek, five miles northwest of Marietta. Buffalo Fish Town, 16 miles southwest of Marietta. Antiquities. — On Mud creek there are the remains of an ancient fortification, and on the Chattahoochee several small mounds. Name. — John Cobb emigrated from Virginia in 17 — , and settled in Columbia county, where his son Thomas W. Cobb was born, in honour of whom this county was named. For some time he went to school to Dr. Waddel near Applington, and made considerable proficiency in the lan- guases. He afterwards studied law in the office of the 192 COLUMBIA COUNTY. Hon. Wm. H. Crawford, and settled in Lexington. In a short period he attained to a degree of eminence in his profession which probably has been seldom surpassed by any lawyer in Georgia. He was elected to Congress in 1816, and in 1823, and in 1824 was elected senator, which office he resigned in 1828, and became a judge of the Superior Court for the Oc- mulgee circuit. He died in 1830 at Greenesborough, where he had removed from Lexington. Mr. Cobb was deeply versed in the knowledge of the law, eloquent and argumentative. In his intercourse with men, he was sprightly and entertaining. He held religion in the highest veneration, and his house was open to the ministers of the gospel. COLUMBIA. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Wilkes and Lin- coln on the North, Savannah river on the Northeast, Rich- mond and Jefferson on the South, and Warren on the West. Laid out from Richmond in 1790. It is 25 miles long and 20 miles wide, containing 500 square miles. Post Offices. — Appling, Berzelia, Culbreath, Darby's, Eubank's, Lombardy, Raysville, Republican, Thomson, White Oak, Wrightsborough. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 3,888 whites, 7,382 blacks : total, 11,270. State tax for 1848, $5,197 and 70 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah river separates this county from South Carolina, and Little river from Wilkes and Lincoln. Keg, Lloyd, Uchee, Green Briar, Kiokee and Little Kiokee, empty into the Savannah. Upton and Sullivan's creeks discharge themselves into Little river. Sweet Water and Head Stall creeks in the southern part, are branches of Briar creek. Towns. — Appling is the seat of justice, situated on Great Kiokee, 82 miles E. N. E. of Milledgeville, 23 from Augusta, and 30 from Washington. It has a court-house, jail, academy, COLUMBIA COUNTY. 193 Stores, &c. Population about 100. This place is upon the decline. Incorporated in 1826. Wrightsborough is on Town creek, 16 miles from Appling. It was settled before the Revolution by a colony of Quakers, under the direction of Joseph Mattock, who had obtained for himself and followers a tract of land embracing 40,000 acres. It was named after Sir James Wright, formerly Governor of Georgia. Raysville is on Little river, 10 miles from Appling. Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- dists are the most numerous. Rev. Daniel Marshall, with other Baptist emigrants, settled on the Kiokee creek about 1770. Mr. Marshall immediately commenced preaching, and in a short time a church was constituted, the first Baptist church formed in Georgia. There are a few Presbyterians, Universalists, and Roman Catholics in the county. There is not as much interest taken in the schools of the county as formerly. Common schools are in most of the settlements. Carmel academy, for some years under the supervision of the celebrated Dr. Waddel, was located about 2^ miles from Ap- pling. J. C. Calhoun, W. H. Crawford, and T. W. Cobb were pupils in this academy. Manufactures, Mills. — One wool-carding establishment, three or four merchant mills, one steam saw-mill, nine saw- mills, and ten grist-mills. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Va- lue OF Land. — The face of the country is broken. The lands formerly were very productive, but have been injured by im- prudent cultivation. The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile, peculiarly adapted to corn and cotton. The lands bor- dering on Warren and Richmond are sandy. The average value of land is about $5. per acre. Productions. — The chief productions are cotton and corn. Early Settlers. — Rev. Mr. Marshall, Joel Cloud, Peter Crawford, Joseph Mattock, Thomas White, William Smith, Perry Wilson, John Appling, Nathan Jones, Jesse Bull, W. Maxbary, and the Few, Gibson, Evans, Jennings, Ramsey, and other families. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. In 194 COLUMBIA COUNTY. some parts bilious fevers occur. Many instances of longevity have occurred. Mr. Henry Burnley was 80 when he died ; Wm. Marbary 93 ; Mr. Owens, Mr. Stanford, Mr. Smalley, Mr. Spalding, and many others, were over 80. Mr. David Hodge lived to a great age. At the age of 102 he married a lady of 40. Minerals. — A very rich gold mine is in the upper part of the county, near Little river, and has been operated upon to great advantage. Granite, sienite, talcose slate, felspar, smoky quartz, epidote, and hornblend. Porcelain clay is said to be abundant. Character of the People. — The people generally are well informed, and a large portion of them are wealthy. Roads, Bridges. — The roads cannot be said to be good. The bridges are fair. Mineral Springs. — Russaw springs, near Raysville, im- pregnated with iron. Market. — Augusta is the market. Miscellaneous Remarks. — Mr. Gibson, who resides in this county, has in his possession a remarkable stone, which it is affirmed has the property of curing the bite of a snake or mad dog. The compiler of this work has been assured by more than fifty respectable gentlemen, some of whom have been eye-witnesses to experiments made with this stone, that when applied to the wound it extracts the poison. Many instances have occurred in which persons were relieved who had been severely bitten by poisonous snakes and mad dogs. It is not our business to speculate on this subject. We only state the fact, and remark that it is too well authenticated to admit of any doubt. Eminent Men. — The Rev. Daniel Marshall, a zealous min- ister of the Baptist denomination, lived and died in this county. His grave is near the court-house in Appling. Columbia claims for her sons Col. Daniel Appling, Rev. I. A. Few, Hon. Peter Crawford, and many other eminent gentlemen, whose memo- ries will always live in the hearts of the people. Judge Wright and the Hon. George W. Crawford, the present Secretary of War, were born in this county. Name. — This county was named after Christopher Colum- bus, the discoverer of America, born in 1436 and died in 1506. COWETA COUNTY. 195 COWETA. Boundaries, Extent. — Laid out in 1826, and is bounded N. by Carroll and Campbell, E. by Fayette, S. by Troup and Meriwether, and W. by Carroll and Heard. Length 27 miles ; breadth 18. Area 486 square miles. Post Offices. — Newnan, Bexar, Palmetto, Haralson, Kedron, Location, Lodi, Rio, Paris, Willow Grove. Population, Taxes, Representation, — In 1845 the popu- lation of this county was 7,211 whites, 3,706 blacks; total, 10,917. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,836 02. Entitled to two representatives. Rivers, Creeks. — Chattahoochee river ; Cedar, Wahoo, Sandy, Morgan, White Oak, Dead Oak, Keg and Little creeks. Towns. — Newnan, the seat of justice, is situated about the centre of the county, one hundred and twenty-six miles N. W. Milledgeville, thirty miles from La Grange, forty from Atlanta, twenty-five from Campbellton, twenty-five from Car- rollton, from Franklin twenty, and from Griffin thirty-five. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1828. The public buildings are a brick court house, which cost from eight to nine thousand dollars ; jail ; male and female academies ; a Methodist and Presbyterian church. There are seven or eight dry good stores, three taverns, twelve lawyers and three doc- tors. The town has good sidewalks, and is well shaded. The citizens have taken much interest in the temperance effort. More than $80,000 worth of goods sold per annum. Mills. — One wool carding mill, one steam saw-mill, six saw-mills, twelve grist-mills. Markets. — Atlanta and Griffin. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not in good order. z' Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Lutherans. The most numerous are the two first named. Considerable attention is paid to the subject of education. Schools exist in most of the settlements. Among the most prominent of the institutions are the Rock Spring Academy, and Longstreet Institute. In Newnan they have good schools. 196 COWETA COUNTY. Climate, Longevity. — The climate does not vary much from that of other counties surrounding it. "Compared with the whole climate of Georgia, it may be termed medium, par- ticipating largely of the advantages of the northern counties in growing grain, and of the southern in growing cotton." William Smith, John Neely, and Mr. Gray are the oldest per- sons in the county ; all over 90 years of age. Character of the People. — The people of this section are remarkable for sobriety and hospitality. Minerals. — Gold exists in some parts of the county. Some mines have been worked, but not to much advantage. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- ty is situated between the Chattahoochee river and Line creek. The soil is a loam, varied, however, into what are termed light and heavy, or what are called gray and red land, being more or less sandy, and generally fertile. There are strips and patches of pine land, interspersed throughout the county, which are valuable for furnishing lumber. The main body of the county, however, is oak and hickory. There is scarcely any land which is not capable of being successfully cultivated. The dividing ridge between the Chattahoochee river on the west, and Line creek on the east, passes through the centre of the county from northeast to southwest. This ridge varies but little in altitude from that of Atlanta, to which place it ex- tends. The land on it is generally very fertile, a fact not often connected with land of the same elevation. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. The produce of cotton is from 400 to 800 pounds per acre. Corn from four to six barrels per acre. Mineral Springs. — There are mineral springs six miles southeast of Newnan, with several varieties of water, sul- phur, chalybeate and limestone, and have proved efficacious in many cases. Early Settlers. — Col. Dickson, Mr. Henry R. Robinson, William M. Stokes, Bird Parks, J. M. Thomas, and A. J. Berry. Name. — This county received its name in 1826, to perpet- uate the memoi'y of General William Mcintosh, a half-blood Creek, and head chief of the Coweta Towns. He was a daring CRAWFORD COUNTY. 197 soldier, and a useful ally during the late war with the British, who had excited many of the Creeks against us. Mcintosh, with some other chiefs, signed the treaty at the Indian Springs, by which the lands between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers were ceded. After this he was shot in his own house, by sev- eral of the Indians unfriendly to the treaty, and his body con- sumed with his dwelling. Mcintosh was between 50 and 60 when killed. He left five wives and several children, most of whom had received a pretty good English education,* CRAWFORD. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded north by Monroe, east by Bibb, south by Houstoun and Macon, and west by Talbot and a part of Upson. Laid out in 1822, and a part added to Upson in 1824. Length 17 miles, breadth 17 miles. Square miles 289. Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river is the only stream of any magnitude. The smaller streams are the Ulcohachee, Spring, Walnut, Sweet Water and Deep creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population by the census of 1840, was 8493. Of these 4626 were whites, and 3867 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,977. Sends one representative to the Legislature of the State. Post Offices. — Knoxville, Francisville, Hammock Grove, Hickory Grove, Hopewell, and New Agency. Towns. — Knoxville, near the centre of the county, is the seat of justice. Distant from Milledgeville 52 miles, 25 from Macon, 12 from Culloden, and 6 from the Old Agency. — It has a court house, two hotels, four stores, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, and one academy. Population about 250. Made the county site in 1823, and incorporated in 1825. Hopewell, six miles northeast of Knoxville, has a church, tavern, physician, &c. * Sherwood's Gazetteer. 198 CRAWFORD COUNTY. Francisville, six miles west of Knoxville. Hickory Grove, twelve miles northwest of Knoxville. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The sur- face is uneven. The northern part is tolerably productive ; of a dark gray soil adapted to cotton. The bottom lands are ex- ceedingly fertile, but liable to inundations. In the southern part the land is poor, having a growth of pine. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are in fair order, and the bridges are said to be in a good condition. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodist, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Education is neglected. At Hopewell there is a good school. Productions, Market. — Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, &c. About 2000 bags of cotton made last year. Macon is the market. Mills, — Four saw-mills and two merchant-mills. Revolutionary Pensioners. — Phillip Mathews, aged 88 years ; Jason Meador, 81 ; James Bailey, 80 ; Joel Ethridge, 77 ; Thomas Turner, 89 ; Daniel Hartley, 97 ; Lewis Good- win, 74 ; Jacob Fudge, 82 ; Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleas- ant. The diseases are fevers, chills, &c. The instances of longevity are the following : — Mrs. Nancy Kates is now living, about 90 years of age. There is a negro woman also living in this county 125 years old. Distinguished Men. — It was in this county that Colonel Benjamin Hawkins died. This event took place June 6, 1816. He was one of the revolutionary patriots, than whom none was more devoted to his country. At an advanced age, and with a constitution greatly impaired, he continued to discharge with zeal the important and perplexing duties of Indian Agent, as well as Commissioner for making treaties. With a philan- thropy worthy of all praise, he had relinquished the enjoy- ments of polished society, in which he shone conspicuously, with the sanguine hope of civilizing the Indians. Partial as was his success in effecting this purpose, no other man could have done as much towards it. As a man of science he oc- cupied an elevated rank. He was appointed by Thomas Jef- ferson, Agent for Indian Affairs. He is buried at the Old CRAWFORD COUNTY. 199 Agency, on the Flint river. Col. Hawkins left a number of manuscripts, containing valuable information in regard to the Indian country, &c. Name, — Among the names of Georgia's great men, that of the Hon. William Harris Crawford, after whom this county is called, should be placed in the first rank. His history shows how much may be done by study, industry, and honesty. He was born in Amherst county, Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1772. The part of the county in which Mr. Crawford was born, is said to have been famous for large men. A Mr. Spencer lived there, who had the reputation of being the largest man in the world. Mr. Crawford's family were from Scotland. His father came from Virginia in 1779, and settled in Edge- field District, South Carolina, and in 1783 he removed to Co- lumbia count)^ Georgia, where he died five years afterwards. W. H. Crawford was a lad during the Revolution, and was raised with the hardihood of those scuffling times. After the death of his father, Mr. Crawford, in order to aid in the sup- port of his mother's family, devoted himself to the business of instruction, for several years, until Dr. Moses Waddel opened a classical school in Columbia county ; when feeling the im- portance of a knowledge of the languages, he resolved to avail himself of this excellent opportunity of obtaining an acquaint- ance with the classics, and accordingly became a student in Dr. Waddel's academy, where his progress was so great, that he was soon employed as an assistant- After remaining in this academy two years, he came to Augusta, and formed a connection with Charles, afterwards Judge Tait, in the management of the Richmond Academy. In 1799 he removed to Lexington, and commenced the practice of the law ; and it was not long be- fore his talents and great attention to business placed him at the head of his profession. When Mr. Crawford first com- menced practice, the upper counties of Georgia were monopo- lized by a clique engaged in legislative speculations. Efforts were made to secure his co-operation in these iniquitous pro- ceedings, but with no success. For four years he represented Oglethorpe county in the Legislature of Georgia. In 1806 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1811 re-elect- ed without opposition. In this body he occupied a pre-eminent 200 DECATUR COUNTY. station ; and upon many important and exciting questions, evinced a judgment unsurpassed by that of any member of the Senate. In 1813, President Madison offered him the appoint- ment of Secretary of War, which he dechned. He was then sent Minister to Paris, where he remained two years, during which time he not only showed himself to be a fearless advo- cate of his country's rights, but gained the favour of Parisian society by his open manners and instructive conversation. When he returned to the United States he was appointed to the War Department, but in which he served only for a brief period. In October following, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, and continued to discharge the duties of this important office until 1825, with an ability which men of all parties acknowledged. In 1825 he received a flattering vote for the office of President of the United States. In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, Mr. Crawford was appointed judge of the Northern Circuit, which office he held until his death, which occurred in Elbert county, Sept. 15, 1834, aged 62 years. His remains lie at Woodlawn, his seat in Ogle- thorpe county. DECATUR. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Early and Baker, E. by Thomas, S. by Florida, and W. by the Chattahoochee river. It is thirty-six miles long and twenty-five wide, con- taining nine hundred square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river runs diagonally through the county, and the Chattahoochee forms the western boundary. Spring creek is a considerable body of water, emptying into the Flint. Musquitoe, Willocoochee, Little Attapulgus, Martin's, Horse, Turkey, Wolf and Sayers are the other streams. Post Offices. — Bainbridge, Caii'o, Olive Grove, Attapul- gus. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, thepopu- DECATUR COUNTY. 201 lation was 3,491 whites, 2,896 blacks; total, 6,387. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,476 19. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Eakly Settlers. — The Brutons, Maples, Ne§ls, Harralls, Hardins and Martins. Towns. — Bainbridge is the capital, situated on the east side of the Flint river, one hundred and ninety miles from Mil- ledgeville, forty miles S. of Blakely, twenty-four N. of Quin- cey, twenty-six from the junction of the Chattahoochee and Flint, forty W. of Thomasville, and 43 N. W. of Tallahassee. It contains the usual county buildings, two churches, two hotels, an academy, four or five stores, &c. Population, 200. Fort Scott is ten miles below Bainbridge, on the W. side of the Flint river. Religious Sects, Education. — The most numerous reli- gious sects are the Baptists and Methodists, Education is better attended to than formerly, although schools are much wanted. Markets. — Bainbridge is the market. Cotton is shipped to Appalachicola. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is tempe- rate and pleasant. The county is not subject to any particu- lar disease, although fevers prevail on the water-courses. The principal instances of longevity are Mr. Green Mitchell, now living, over eighty ; Mr. Joel Dassie, now living, between eighty-five and ninety. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — A few years since. Dr. Cotting made an examination of this county, and from his report we extract the following information : " The northern part of the county, except a small tract for the distance of twenty miles immediately upon the river, is pine-barren, with occasional small circular patches denomi- nated ' sinks.' The land, except for a year or two after clear- ing, is unproductive. It has a sub-soil of coarse ferruginous sand and clay. With the exception of a tract of land on the E. bank of the Flint river, owned by Mrs. Williams, and some small strips of alluvium and hemlock, there is not much good land near the river N. of Bainbridge. In the N. E. extremity there are excellent tracts of land containing lime and well pro- 202 DECATUR COUNTY. portioned with sand, clay, and vegetable matter. On Richland creek, in the S. E. corner of the county, on the Ochockonee river, between the great and little Attapulgus rivers, and in several other places, excellent lands may be found. " The Fowl Town tract of land is said to be the best east of the Flint river. " Between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers is a pine- barren, with some fertile spots, which are better calculated for the growth of cotton than corn, the soil being siliceous. Taken as a whole, it is an excellent county, equal in my opinion to the celebrated Burke lands in their pristine fertility. More corn and cotton can be raised in some parts of Decatur than on the best lands in Burke ; and so far from its being ' a low, sunken frog-pond,' as has been represented, it is a dry, healthy county, much higher above the ocean than Burke." The productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, &c. On the rich lands cotton will yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre. About 4,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. Caves. — There are some caves in this county, among which the Blowing Cave is the most celebrated; but it is not in our power to gratify our readers with a description of it. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people are hospitable and industrious. Hunting is the favourite amuse- ment. Timber, Trees. — The forests furnish a great variety of the finest timber, such as the pine, cypress, various kinds of oaks, &c. The magnolia and laurel grow to great perfection. Name. — This section of the State received its name in honour of Stephen Decatur, who was born the 5th of J anuary, 1779, in Maryland, where his parents had retired while the British were in possession of the city of Philadelphia. When he was only a few months old, his parents came back to Phila- delphia. In 1798 he entered the navy as a midshipman, under the command of Commodore Barry. In 1801 he served as first lieutenant of the Essex, one of Commodore Dale's squad- ron to the Mediterranean. Some time after this, he was ap- pointed to the command of the brig Argus, and proceeded to join the squadron of Commodore Preble, then lying before Tripoli. It was here that after some difficulty he obtained his DECATUR COUNTY. 203 commodore's permission to engage in a very dangerous enter- prise, wiiich was, either to re-capture or destroy tiie frigate Philadelphia as she lay in the harbour. He accomplished his design without the loss of a single man. For this gallant action, Congress voted him their thanks and a sword, and pro- moted him to the rank of Post Captain. In the following spring he had the command of a division of vessels destined for an attack upon Tripoli. On this occasion, he displayed a bravery unsurpassed in the annals of warfare. In the engage- ment, a Turk had killed his brother, Lieutenant James Decatur. Upon learning this, he determined to avenge his death, and singled out the commander of the Turkish boats. The Turk was armed with an espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass. In attempting to cut off the head of the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke close to the hilt. The Turk at this moment made a push, which slightly wounded Decatur. He im- mediately seized the spear. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell. By this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to plunge it into the body of his foe, when Decatur caught him by his arm, and shot him with a pistol which he had taken from his pocket. When Commodore Pre- ble retired from the command of the squadron, Decatur took the command of the Constitution. From this ship he was re- moved to the Congress, and peace being made with Tripoli, he returned to the United States. The war of 1812 gave Decatur frequent opportunities of displaying his gallantry. On the 25th of October, 1812, he captured the Macedonian, one of the best ships in the English navy. The whole country resounded with his name, and every city vied with each other in doing him honour. After the war with England had ended, a squadron under his command was despatched to Algiers, to demand satisfaction for many injuries committed upon the commerce of the United States. He arrived before Algiers, June 22, 1815, and in a very laconic manner demanded a treaty. With some reluctance, the Day consented to one item of the pro- posed treaty, which was the relinquishment of all annual tri- bute or ransom for prisoners. "Even a little powder," the negotiator said, " would answer." " If," replied Decatur, " you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you must expect to 204 DE KALB COUNTY. receive balls with it." In 48 hours the treaty was concluded, upon terms never before granted to a Christian power. He then went to Tunis and Tripoli, and by a similar process obtained redress ; after which he returned home, and was appointed one of the Board of Navy Commissioners. Whilst in the discharge of these duties, he was challenged to single combat with pistols, by Commodore James Barron, and was mortally wounded on the first fire. His death produced a great sensation through the country. DE KALB. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded north by Cobb, east by Gwinnett and Newton, south by Henry and Fayette, west by Cobb and Campbell. Laid out in 1822. Its medium length is 25 miles ; breadth 19 miles, containing 475 square miles. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1830, the population was 10,042 ; in 1840, 10,- 467; in 1845, 11,055. The next census will doubtless exhibit a greater increase. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,536 88. Sends two members to the State Legislature. Post Offices. — Decatur, Atlanta, Cross Keys, Lithonia, Panthersville, Stone Mountain, and Utoy. Rivers and Creeks.— The Chattahoochee is the chief stream. One of the head branches of the Ocmulgee is in this county. Nancy's, Peach Tree, Utoy and Camp creeks, empty into the Chattahoochee. Shoal, Snap Finger, and Pole Bridge, empty into South river. Towns. — Decatur is the seat of justice. It is a pretty village situated on a ridge, dividing the waters of the Chattahoochee and South rivers; 95 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 30 from Covington, 24 from Lawrenceville, 8 from the Stone Moun- tain, and 28 from McDonough. This place is proverbially healthy. The court-house is a neat brick edifice, and cost $5,100. A jail constructed of granite is under contract. — There are two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist ; the for- DE KALB COUNTY. 205 mer is built of brick and is a handsome structure. It has two ho- tels, two flourishing schools, several stores, &,c. Population 600. Amount of business done in Decatur is not so great as former- ly. Incorporated in 1823. Atlanta is a new place, formerly called Marthasville, but in 1847 it was incorporated, and its name changed to " The City of Atlanta." It has a mayor and six councilmen, clerk of council, treasurer, city marshal, &c. The population may be put down at 2500, and this number is constantly augmenting. Atlanta is situated on a high ridge 6 miles west of Decatur, 101 miles northwest of Macon, and is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western, and the Geor- gia Railroads connect. This has made Atlanta a place of bus- tle and business. At this time there are four churches, and another will be erected in the course of the year ; six schools, about twenty dry goods and grocery stores, &c. — Immense quantities of produce pass through Atlanta. Amount of busi- ness done is over 200,000 dollars. Stone Mountain, formerly called New Gibraltar, is a very thriving place ; has four hotels, eight stores and several me- chanics. Population 300. A stage from Gainseville comes to this village three times a week. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Pro- duct PER Acre, Value of Land. — The face of the country is undulating. Much of the soil will hardly repay the labour of cultivation. The rich lands are on the Chattahoochee and South rivers, Peach Tree, Nancy's, and Utoy creeks, and have been known to produce from 1000 to 1500 pounds of cotton per acre, and from 8 to 12 barrels of corn per acre. Wheat is rather an uncertain crop. The gray lands will produce from 500 to 700 pounds of cotton per acre, from 5 to 8 bar- rels of corn per acre, and from 15 to 25 bushels of wheat per acre. Lands of the first quality are worth from 20 to 25 dol- lars per acre ; the other lands from 3 to 10 dollars per acre. Productions. — Cotton, wheat, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, &c. The county is celebrated for fine fruits, particularly apples. These sold in Savannah last year, at five dollars per barrel, and were said to be superior to the northern article. A small quantity of silk is manufactured. 14 206 DE KALB COUNTY. Mineral Springs — Within the incorporated hmits of At- lanta, there is a fine chalybeate spring, and another one and three-fourths of a mile south of Decatur. Minerals. — Some gold has been found in the vicinity of Rockbridge, near Yellow river, and on Nancy's creek ; asbes- tos in large quantities at the plantation of John Evans, Esq. ; granite in quantities sufficient to supply the State of Georgia for a century to come ; tourmaline, quartz, iron, &:c. Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — Two wool carding- mills, about 25 saw-mills, 35 grist-mills, 2 merchant-mills, 2 distilleries. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not kept in the state which the comfort and convenience of the citizens require. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Catholics, Episcopalians, and Christians. In Atlanta and Decatur are good schools. The subject of education begins to be more appreciated than formerly. Character of the People. — We hazard nothing in saying that the citizens of this county are generally industrious and temperate. The farms are not kept with that neatness which could be wished. Some improvement in agricultural imple- ments is much wanted. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is remark- ably healthy. Indeed, the united testimony of intelligent men who have given this subject special attention, declares De Kalb to be unsurpassed for health by any region in the world. It is not pretended that there are no diseases, but these are very few. A number of persons have died in this county at a great age. A few, only, of their names are inserted. John Biffle, 106 ; D. Greene, 90 ; Mr. Brooks, 92; Mr. Rooks, nearly 95; and there are now living, Wm. Terrell, 90 ; Mrs. Biffle, 100; and a great many between 80 and 90. Original Settlers. — William Jackson, '"George Heard, William Terrell, Judge Cone, Mr. Scaife, and James Mont- gomery were among the first who settled in this county. Antiquities. — There is a mound near Montgomery's Fer- ry, and what may be called an intrenchment six miles west of Decatur, on the Chattahoochee. DE KALB COUNTY. 207 Mountain. — The Stone or Rock mountain, as it is some- times called, is one of the greatest curiosities which can be found in this or any other country. It is said to be 2,226 feet above the creek, and is seven miles in circumference. This wonder of nature is visited by thousands during the summer season. Name. — In the Revolution which gave birth to American freedom, many foreign officers of distinction, impelled by the love of liberty, attached themselves to the American army. Among these was the Baron De Kalb, to commemorate whose gallant conduct this county was named. This meritorious officer was a German by birth, and came to America in 1777 or 1778, with recommendations to Con- gress as an experienced soldier, entitled to their confidence. He was immediately appointed a Major General, and was placed at the head of the Maryland division of the army. For about three years he served in the American army with great reputation, winning many friends by his simple manners and amiable disposition. He fell in battle on the 19th of August, 1780. The incidents of this battle deserve to be remembered, and we extract the following account from a work recently published. " At the battle of Camden, De Kalb commanded the right wing of the American army. In the commencement of this action, the American left wing was charged by the British infantry with fixed bayonets. This part of our army was composed of militia, who were unable to stand the attack, and threw down their arms, flying precipitately from the field. The continental troops here, though inferior in numbers to the British, stood their ground manfully, and maintained the con- flict with great resolution. The British had the advantage of superior cavalry, and notwithstanding the' brave example of De Kalb, who encouraged his men not only by words, but by deeds, they succeeded in gaining the day. The saddest loss was sustained in the death of the gallant De Kalb. In his last attempt to secure a victory, he received eleven wounds, and fell. He was caught by his aid, Lieut. Col. Du Buysson, who rushed through the clashing bayonets, and spreading his own form over that of the prostrate hero, received the wounds in- tended for his fallen commander, exclaiming, as he fell beside 208 DOOLY COUNTY. him, " Save the Baron De Kalb ! save the Baron De Kalb !" On hearing his name, the British officers interposed, and res- cued them both from the fury of the men. The former sur- vived but a fev7 hours. The British officer who had him in charge bestowed upon him every attention. As he condoled with him in his misfortune, De Kalb extended him his hand in gratitude, saying, " I thank you for your generous sympathy, but I die the death I always prayed for, the death of a soldier fighting for the rights of man." His last moments were spent in dictating a letter to General Smallwood, in which he expressed an affection for his soldiers, and his confidence in their valour. Gen. Washington, it is said, when he visited Camden, inquired for the grave of De Kalb, and upon its being pointed out to him, observed with great emotion, " So, there lies the brave De Kalb, the generous stranger, who came from a distant land to fight our battles, and to water with his blood the tree of our liberty. Would to God he had lived to share its fruits." Lee, in his memoirs, says "that the Baron De Kalb was sober, drinking water only ; abstemious to excess ; living on bread, sometimes with beef soup, at other times with cold beef; industrious, it being his constant habit to rise at five in the morning, light his candle, and devote himself to writing."* DOOLY. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Houstoun and a portion of Macon ; E. by Pulaski and a part of Irwin ; S. by Irwin and a part of Baker ; and W. by Sumter and Lee. Or- ganized in 1821, Length 35 miles, breadth 32; area 1,120 square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river traverses the western line of the county. The streams of less importance are the Pennahatchee, Hogcrawl, Lampkin's, Limestone, Cedar, and * In a work entitled Sketches of North Carolina, there is an interesting account of the last moments of De Kalb, given b}' the Rev. Humphrey Hunter, an eminent Presbyterian minister, who vi^as a revolutionary charac- ter, and witnessed the death of the brave soldier. DOOLY COUNTY. 209 Gum creeks, all of which are tributaries of the Flint ; there are several other creeks which have their origin in this county, flow east, and discharge themselves into the Ocmulgee. Post Offices. — Vienna, Cedar Creek, Traveller's Rest, Milwood, Hollidaysville. Population, Taxes, Representation. — This county has been steadily increasing in population. The census of 1840 gave it 4,427 inhabitants, and the census of 1845, 6,247, exhib- iting an increase of 1820 inhabitants. Amount of taxes for 1848 returned is $2,005 59. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is temperate. Remote from the water-courses the country is regarded healthy. The diseases are such as usually occur in the autumn. There are one or two instances of longevity in the county. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is level. Much of the land is productive, particu- larly on the river bottoms and hammocks, finely suited for cot- ton, corn, and sugar-cane. The pine lands are remarkably fertile, adapted to cotton, grain, and potatoes. There is a large quantity of common pine land, scarcely fit for cultiva- tion without the aid of manure. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre, corn 12 bushels, wheat 10. Towns. — Vienna is the county town, situated on the wa- ters of Pennahatchee creek. Population about 100. It is dis- tant from Milledgeville 95 miles. The situation of Vienna renders it unhealthy. Drayton, 1^ miles from Flint river, 30 miles from Americus, and .27 from Starkville ; considered healthy. Traveller's Rest is in the northwest corner of the county. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are excellent, but there is not much attention given to the bridges. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists are the most numerous. Education has been much neglected, but, as in other sections of Georgia, it is beginning to awaken attention. Character of the People, Amusements. — Kindness to strangers is a prominent trait in the character of the population. 210 DOOLY COUNTY. Irregularities are sometimes committed, but generally speaking, the people are honest, orderly, and industrious. More atten- tion ought to be paid to their buildings by the farmers. There is too much anxiety to make cotton, and domestic comforts are neglected. Hunting deer is the chief amusement. Parties are frequently made up, which leave home and spend a week in hunting, and return laden with spoils. Productions, Markets. — Almost every thing grows well. Cotton succeeds finely, as well as corn, potatoes, sugar-cane, &c. Little attention has been paid to the cultivation of fruits, but there can be no doubt of their success with due care. The county was once fine for grazing, but it has been injured by fires. Planters carry their crops to Macon and Hawkins- ville. Mills. — Five saw-mills, five grist-mills. Minerals. — There are no very valuable minerals in this county. The calcareous formation of the countiy furnishes a great variety of fossils. Name. — The family of the Doolys originally came from Ireland and settled in North Carolina. Colonel John Dooly, from whom the name of this county was derived, settled in Lincoln county about the beginning of the American Revolu- tion, and received a commission as Captain in the Georgia continental brigade. His brother, Captain Thomas Dooly, a gallant officer, was murdered by the Indians under circum- stances so aggravated, that he determined, regardless of con- sequences, to embrace the first opportunity to revenge his death. The circumstances were these : Early in a skirmish with the savages, on the twenty-second of July, 1776, near the Oconee river, Captain Thomas Dooly received a most severe wound ; but indifferent to his sufferings, he continued to encourage his men, and actually fired two shots at the enemy after he was wounded. His junior officer, more intent upon his own safety than upon his duty, neglected his commander, and was one among the first to leave the ground. Captain Dooly, in an agony of sufiering, implored his men not to leave him in the power of his enemies ; but seized with consterna- tion, and following the example of their lieutenant, they left him to his fate, and when last seen he was in the act of defend- DADE COUNTY. 211 ing himself with the end of his gun. He was afterwards murdered by the foe, and Captain John Dooly concerted a plan to attack the Indians at Galphinton, after propositions of peace had been made by the constituted authorities. The plan was discovered, Captain Dooly was arrested, and a court martial ordered, but he gave up his commission, and was shortly afterwards appointed colonel of militia in Wilkes county. His conduct on all occasions was that of a brave and active offi- cer, anxious to be employed in cases where danger was to be incurred. The Indians were aware of his determination to punish them for the murder of his brother, and the mere men- tioning of his name would create terror among them. Colonel Dooly was conspicuous in the various skirmishes on both sides of the Savannah river, above and below Petersburg. At Kettle creek he commanded the right wing of Colonel Clarke's force, and contributed to the victory which declared itself in favour of the American arms. After this signal action, he was engaged for a length of time in affording protection to the frontiers, in which harassing duty he gained much credit. In 1780, this brave officer came to his death by the hands of a party of tories, who entered his house at midnight and mur- dered him. He left several sons, among whom was Judge Dooly, one of the ablest men in Georgia. DADE. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. and S. by Walker county, and W. by Alabama. Rivers, Creeks. — Lookout creek is the only stream of any size. p a yv n Post Offices — Trenton, Wauhatchee, Rising Town; Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 18'15, the popu- lation was 1,924 whites, and 103 blacks ; total, 2,027. Amount of State tax for 1848, $280 29. Entitled to one representa- tive to the Legislature. County Town. — Trenton is the seat of justice, situated on a stream known as Town creek, on a considerable eminence mid- 212 DADE COUNTY. way between the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. It is a small place, having an inferior court-house and jail, and two or three stores. The population is perhaps 250. Good water and excellent health may be considered as the principal attractions of Trenton. It is 231 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, 21 miles from La Fayette, and 35 from Summeville. Nature of the Soil, Productions, Value of Land. — Dade can boast of lands equal in fertility to any in Georgia, producing with little labour abundant crops of corn, wheat, oats, &c. Corn on the bottoms often grows to the height of twenty feet. The main productions are corn, wheat, rye and oats. Irish potatoes succeed well. Cotton does not seem to thrive, and very little is planted. Vegetables of almost every descrip- tion grow most luxuriantly. The best lands are valued at $10 per acre. Mountains. — Raccoon and Lookout mountains. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton has been known to yield 1,000 lbs. per acre ; corn averages 40 bushels per acre ; wheat 20 bushels per acre. About 100 bags of cotton are raised in the county per annum. Forest Trees. — The oak, hickory, cedar, poplai', gum, pine, walnut, chestnut, locust, elder, mountain birch, and all trees peculiar to mountain districts. Animals. — Deer in abundance, wolves, bears, and panthers in the mountains, foxes, rabbits, &c. Birds. — Wild turkeys, quails, ducks, woodcocks, &;c. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is cold in winter, but pleasant and invigorating in summer. Fever and chills prevail in the valleys, and many of the diseases can be traced to exposure and irregularity of living. The instances of longevity are the following : Mrs. Cartwright, over 80 years ; Mrs. Carr, 80 ; Richard Cox, 85. Average Price of Grain, Provisions, Expense f Liv- ing.— Corn averages $1 per barrel, but has often been sold at 50 cents per barrel. Wheat, 40 cents per bushel ; turkeys, 50 cents per pair; fowls, 10 cents per pair; eggs, 5 cents per dozen ; pork, $3 per cwt. ; beef, 2\ cents per pound ; bacon, 7 cents per pound. Negro men are hired by the year at f 100; women, $50. White labourers have $8 per month. Board may be had for $4 per month. DADE COUNTY. 213 Mineral Springs. — Near Trenton is a sulphur spring, and several chalybeate springs in various portions of the county. Caves. — Dade abounds w^ith caves. One mile and half west of Trenton is a large cave, known as the Saltpetre cave. Wauhatchee cave is very extensive. Minerals. — The mineral resources of this county are im- mensely great. Bituminous coal abounds in the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. Dade is destined to furnish the State with coal. Iron ore of excellent quality, and other valuable minerals, exist in various sections. A very pure variety of plaster is found on the plantation of Col. Robert H. Tatum. Character of the People. — In this county, the refine- ments of polished society do not exist. Isolated from the world, the people seem to care for nothing except the supply of their immediate wants. Hospitality is eminently their cha- racteristic. The stranger is greeted with a hearty wel- come, and his conversation listened to with evident signs of pleasure. Market. — Chattanooga is the market. Roads. — For a mountain country, the roads are fair. Manufactures, Mills. — In the Lookout valley, 3^ miles S. of Trenton, are iron works, which manufacture 400 pounds of iron per day. The ore is very fine, and the establishment supplies the whole Lookout valley with iron, as well as Wills valley in Alabama. Fifteen hands employed. Capital in- vested $2000. Saw-mills, three ; grist-mills, five. Religious Sects, Education. — There is a great variety of religious sects. Several kinds of Baptists, Christians, Me- thodists, Universalists, Cumberland Presbyterians. Pious and educated ministers are much needed. Education is at a low ebb. Antiquities. — On the farm of Col. Perkins there is a stone fort, inclosing three or four acres, of which the Indians were unable to give any account. More than fifty mounds are in the county, and many of the rude cabins in which the red man once lived, are still standing, and are occupied by the farmers. Early Settlers. — This county is mostly settled by per- sons from Tennessee. 214 DADE COUNTY. Name. — We have a distinct recollection of the grief with which the people of the United States were overwhelmed, up- on the receipt of the melancholy intelligence that a gallant and chivalrous band of soldiers had been attacked and cut to pieces by the Indians of Florida. All felt that the country had lost some of its noblest defenders ; and the circumstances under which they fell, roused the indignation of their countrymen, and a general desire was expressed to avenge the cruel mas- sacre of as brave men as ever drew the sword. Major Francis Langhorne Dade was the commander of the detachment, to whose mournful destiny we have just alluded, and to perpetu- ate whose memory this county received its name. Citizens of Dade ! ye may well be proud of the name which your beautiful county bears. The Dade family came from England as early as 1662, and purchased lands in Virginia, near what was called the " Townshend Patent." The subject of this memoir was the son of Major Townshend Dade, and was born on the 22d of February, 1791, in Prince William county, Va. He received his education under the care of the Rev. M. L. Weems, well known as the author of the lives of Washington and Marion, together with several other smaller works. Upon leaving school, Dade became a student of law in the office of his cousin Gen. Lawrence Dade, of Orange county, Virginia; but a mili- tary life seemed to have been his ardent desire, for which his subsequent career proved that he was pre-eminently fitted. He relinquished the law, and entered the army, in 1813, and was for some time engaged in the recruiting service. His kindness of heart was exemplified whilst employed in this duty. At Louisa Court House, his drummer, who was a little boy (son of a widow), whom he had pledged his word he would protect as his own son, was drying the head of his drum by the fire in the tavern, when the landlord, who was a violent opposer of the war, came in and commenced beat- ing him. Dade hearing it, came in, whereupon the man, a great burly fellow, attacked him, and he was compelled to resort to his sword to defend himself. In the scuffle, Lieut. Dade cut oft' the right arm of the landlord. The matter was subjected to a judicial examination, and Lieut. Dade was ho- nourably acquitted of all blame. With his early military DADE COUNTY. 215 career we are not much acquainted, but we are able to state that in 1814, he received the appointment of Second Lieutenant in the 12th regiment of infantry, — was made Captain in the 4th regiment of infantry, to rank as such on the 24th of February, 1818 ; and tiie rank of Major, by brevet, was con- ferred upon him February 24, 1828. With the exception of the time that he spent under Colonel, now Major General Scott, on the frontiers of Canada, two years in Louisiana, where he commanded a military post below New Orleans, one year in Virginia on the recruiting service, and one year on the same business in New- York, the last 20 years of his life were spent in Florida. In most of the difficulties and skirmishes in Florida he was engaged, and acquitted himself to the entire satisfaction of his commanders. His knowledge of the country, of Indian character and habits, was acknowledged to be superior to that of any officer in the army ; and hence it was that he was constantly engaged in active service. He was with Gen. Jackson at the change of flags in Pensacola, and officer of the day when Col. Calava, formerly Governor of Flo- rida, was put in prison for refusing to deliver up certain docu- ments, particularly of judicial records relating to the titles of individual property. In his prudence and firmness Gen. Clinch had the greatest reliance, and charged him with the protection of the inhabitants who resided between Tallahassee and the Suwanee. In this responsible duty he distinguished himself for promptness, energy, and decision. On one occasion, he learned that the savages were on their way to burn Mr. Bellamy's house, and scalp and murder the inmates. Without a mo- ment's delay, with only a few men, he rapidly pushed on, over- took and captured the Indians. Two lovely young ladies were at Mr. Bellamy's house at this time ; one a daughter of Mr. Bellamy, the other Miss Duval, a daughter of the Governor. Major Dade arrived at the house the next day, covered with dirt from head to foot, and with a beard which had not been shaven for several days, and made his respects to the ladies, who met him as their deliverer, and overwhelmed him with their thanks. In compliance with orders received from Gen. Clinch, dated October 17, 1835, directed to Brevet Major F. L. Dade, commanding, Key West, he proceeded with liis com- 216 DADE COUNTY. mand to Fort Brook. Upon his arrival at this post, two com- panies, commanded by Captains Gardner of the 2d Artillery, and Fraser of the 3d Artillery, were ordered to repair to Fort King. Mrs. Gardner was very ill at this time, and much alarmed at the prospect of her husband's leaving ; and it was thought her life or death hung upon the course he should take. But Captain Gardner deeming his duty to command his com- pany imperative, prepared to go, and was mounted and ready to start at reveille. Major Dade, commiserating the situation of Mrs. Gardner, with that magnanimity which all who knew him will readily acknowledge was a distinguishing trait in his character, proposed to Captain Gardner to go in his place. Noble man ! thy own safety was disregarded from a desire to alleviate the sorrows of another. It was the last generous action of thy life. From the knowledge which Major Dade had of the country, it was confidently expected that he would be able to conduct his command to Fort King. At the head of one hundred men he started from Fort Brook for Fort King, but had not proceeded five miles, when he was over- taken by Captain Gardner, who had concluded to accompany the detachment ; but who refused, in the peculiar relation in which he stood to Major Dade, to assume the command. On Tues- day, the 29th of December, 1835, intelligence was received at Fort Brook, by a wounded soldier who had escaped from the field of battle, that on the previous day, at eight o'clock in the morning, when the detachment was 65 miles from this post, it was attacked by an immense body of Indians, and completely cut to pieces. The Indians were in ambuscade, and cut otf the advance guard by the first fire. By this fire. Major Dade, who was mounted, and half way between the vanguard and the head of the battalion, was shot, and fell at once from his horse. It was afterwards ascertained that Mecanope, the chief of the principal band of the Seminoles, struck the first blow in this battle. He had stationed himself in the forest, and on the approach of our troops, fired the first shot. This shot struck Major Dade; and as he had often met Mecanope, it is not improbable that the latter knew the person and appearance of the former, or that his rank and station had been ascertained by the Indian spies. The troops were surrounded by spies almost DADE COUNTY. 217 upon their whole march. At night, Major Dade selected favour- able positions to encamp. Having crossed the further fork of the Withlocoochee, on the afternoon of the 27th of December, he encamped on a knoll whose advantageous position probably- deterred the enemy from making the attack. That night he exhorted the men to be on the alert ; encouraging them, that if they should not be attacked there, they could get through safe to their destination ; and it was doubtless with buoyant hearts that they commenced the next morning's fatal march. Every officer was killed. They were eight in number : Captains Gardner and Fraser ; Lieutenants Basinger, Mudge, Hender- son, Keans, and Assistant-Surgeon Gatlin. On the 20th of February, the remains of Major Dade, his brother officers, and nearly one hundred soldiers, were interred with appropriate honours. Major Dade, although a strict disciplinarian, was be- loved by his soldiers. Not one of them who had known him for any length of time, but would have shed the last drop of blood in their veins in his defence. When he was about to leave Tampa Bay for the Withlocoochee, his favourite sergeant, Peter Thomas, volunteered to accompany him, and fell by his side when attacked by the Indians. Major Dade, in the pri- vate relations of life, won all hearts by his courteous and affiible manners. His mind was highly cultivated, and it is thought that if his life had been spared, he had intended to write a history of Florida, for which his great knowledge of that country peculiarly qualified him. To his family he was every thing that could be desired — a devoted husband, an af- fectionate father. Among the last words that he uttered just before he started upon the fatal expedition, were those in rela- tion to Mrs. Dade and their only daughter, " little Fanny," as he was wont to call her. We confess that we admire Major Dade for his nobility of soul — for his bravery — for his gene- rosity— but most of all, we admire him for his strict attention to the duties of religion. He had been blessed with a pious mother, and her early instructions were not lost upon him. The soldier who was willing to brave every danger, who was a stranger to fear, entertained a high regard for the obligations of religion ; and we can assure our readers, that Major Dade never engaged in battle without imploring the divine protec- 218 EARLY COUNTY. tion. He was a reader of the Scriptures, an observer of the Sabbath ; and wherever he pitched his tabernacle in the wilds of Florida, might be heard his voice ascending to Heaven in the morning and evening prayer. EARLY. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Ran- dolph, E. by Baker, S. by Decatur, and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1818, and a part added to Decatur in 1823, and a part to Baker in 1825. Length 37^ miles, and breadth 25 miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The Chattahoochee river is the prin- cipal stream. Spring creek, which is a considerable stream, rises in this county and empties into the Flint river. Colo- mokee, Harrods, Sowahachee and Big creeks empty into the Chattahoochee. Some other streams have their origin in this county, and discharge their waters into the Ichawaynoch- away. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- lation was 6,009 ; of these 3,001 were whites, and 3,908 blacks, showing a greater equality in the number of whites and blacks than any county in the State. Amount of tax returned for 1849, $2,306 08. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Blakely, Fort Gaines, Pachitla. Towns. — Blakely is the capital. It is a small but pleasantly located village, named after Capt. Blakely of the navy, who dis- tinguished himself in the war of 1812. It contains about 25 or 30 families, court-house, jail, school, two stores, two hotels, one church, &c. The place is considered healthy, and the water tolerable. It is 180 miles from Milledgeville, 40 miles N. of Bainbridge, 30 S. of Cuthbert, 42 W. of Newton. Business to the amount of $40,000 is annually transacted. Made the county seat in 1826. Fort Gaines is on a beautiful bluff of the Chattahoochee, 160 feet above common water-mark. It contains two churches, one school, two taverns, &c. Population 400. More than $150,000 worth of goods annually sold. It is 25 miles from Cuthbert, EARLY COUNTY. 219 20 from Blakely, 35 from Porter's Ferry, and 55 from New- ton. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This section of our State, except in the hme-land valleys, is decidedly healthy. There are no diseases peculiar to the county. Pneumonia sometimes occurs, but no cases of consumption have ever been known. Among the oldest inhabitants were Mrs. Roberts, who is said to have been over 100 at the time of her death ; Mr. Dill, Mr. Z. Cowart, and Mrs. Rebecca Collier, over 80 ; there are now jiving Mr. and Mrs. Golding, both near 90 ; and Mr. and Mrs. Yeldell, both over 90. Early Settlers. — Benjamin Collier, the Sheffields, Judge Bush, Joseph and Richard Grimsley, the Hayes family, Jesse Brown, Alsey Harris, Robert Jackson, the Porter family, and others. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is gently undulating, almost without an eleva- tion worthy of being called a hill, and two-thirds covered with forests of the tallest long-leaf pine. The surface is not a white sand, but is largely mixed with oxyde of iron underlain by red clay. On the Chattahoochee river, and several large creeks i which drain the country, there are tracts of rich lands with oak and hickory growth, the product of which in cotton may be estimated from 800 to 1,200 lbs. per acre, in corn from 16 to 35 bushels, wheat 6 to 12 bushels, and the production in oats is equal probably to any lands in Georgia. There are some excellent pine lands. Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists are the most numerous. There are Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. Education has recently engaged more attention than formerly, although the number of schools is still small. Mills. — Saw-mills 6, grist-mills 11. Mineral Springs. — On the Chattahoochee, on the planta- tion of Mrs. Glenn, there is a spring impregnated with the pro- perties of sulphur. Minerals, Rocks. — No primitive rocks are found. Con- cretions of iron, fossils, marl, and such other formations as be- long to southwestern Georgia. Productions, — Cotton, corn, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, 220 EARLY COUNTY. &c. Very little attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits. Amount of cotton raised 3944 bales. ANTiauiTiEs. — Six miles north of Blakely, on Little Colo- mokee creek, at the plantation of Judge JMercier, is a mound 52 feet high, with an embankment surrounding it, and a ditch leading to the creek. Upon its summit are large trees. This mound has recently been penetrated to the depth of 50 feet, with the expectation of finding treasure, but nothing has been found but bones. There are other mounds on Dry creek and Chattahoochee river. Animals. — Deer are abundant. Wolves and panthers are often killed. Wild turkeys are plentiful. Character of the People. — The people of this county have a high reputation for good order, hospitality, &c. Persons who have visited this part of the State are lavish in the praise which they bestow upon the people. Amusements. — Game being abundant, much time is devo- ted to the chase ; the other amusements are fishing and dan- cing. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges do not reflect credit upon the inhabitants. Name. — This county is named in honour of Governor Peter Early. This gentleman was born in Madison county, Virginia, on the 20th of June, 1773, and came to Georgia about 1795 or 1796, and commenced the practice of the law in Wilkes county. In 1802 he was elected to Congress by a large majority, and soon became a leading member of that body. When the im- peachment of Judge Chase was before Congress, he was asso- ciated with Randolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Clark, Campbell, and Boyle, in conducting the prosecution. His speech on this occasion is said to have been the ablest that was delivered on the side of the prosecution. He continued in Congress until 1807, when he was appointed by the Legislature, Judge of the Superior Court in the Ocmulgee circuit. For this station he seems to have been eminently qualified. Firm, independent, and energetic, he administered justice without fear. In 1813 he was elected Governor of Georgia. This was a critical pe- riod. Accumulated disasters had nearly broken the spirit of the nation, and the howling tempest of war raged with vio- EARLY COUNTY. ' 221 lence. Whilst the stoutest hearts trembled for the safety of the country, the resolute mind of Governor Early beheld the threatened storm without dismay, and boldly prepared to avert its fury. With incredible dispatch he organized the militia of the State, and gave to our menaced frontiers an imposing atti- tude of defence. His military arrangements were in the main extremely judicious ; and his administration of the government, from beginning to end, was most able and patriotic. Uninflu- enced by the selfish conduct which characterized some of the States, he cheerfully rendered the National Government every assistance in his power towards carrying on the war with vigour and effect. The following fact will speak for itself: An officer in the service of the United States being destitute of funds, and unable to procure a further supply, in conse- quence of the embarrassed state of the national finances, ap- plied to Governor Early for a loan of $80,000, and pledged for its payment the faith of the General Government. Rather than the operations of the army should languish, the request was readily granted, and a warrant for the amount drawn upon the treasury of the State. It was suggested by a gentleman who happened to be present, that as the union of the States might not be of very long duration, in which case each mem- ber of the confederacy must defend itself, that it would be well to husband our resources. To this hint Governor Early mag- nanimously replied, that he hoped such a thing would never happen, but if it should, he had no wish that Georgia should survive the general wreck ; he wanted to swim or sink toge- ther. In 1814, a majority of the Legislature desired to con- tinue what was called the Alleviating Law. Governor Early considered its continuance inexpedient and unconstitutional, and vetoed it, and on this account was not re-elected Gover- nor. Some circumstances connected with this event gave him such a disgust to public life that he resolved to abandon it alto- gether, and never again meddle in political affairs ; but this determination he was compelled to relinquish. His country- men, to convince the world that their confidence in him was undiminished, and perhaps to soothe his feelings for the harsh and unmerited treatment he had received, elected him by com- mon consent to the senatorial branch of the ensuing Legisla- 15 222 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. ture, in which capacity he agreed to serve, because, to use his own words, he felt bound to comply with the wishes of his constituents, as they had always shown a correspondent dispo- sition to oblige him. He died on the 15th of August, 1817, in Greene county, and the people of Georgia felt that a distin- guished statesman, jurist, and patriot had descended to the tomb. EFFINGHAM. Boundaries, Extent. — This ancient county has Scriven on the north; Savannah river on the east; Bulloch, and a part of Bryan on the west, and Chatham on the south. It was set- tled at a very early period, and constituted a part of the pa- rishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip. In 1793 a portion of it was added to Scriven, and in 1794, a portion to Bryan. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 16 miles; area, 480 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah and Ogeechee are the chief streams, from both of which the people of the county de- rive immense advantages, affording them facilities for convey- ing wood and lumber to Savannah, and furnishing an abun- dance of fine shad at the proper season. The other creeks are Big and Little Ebenezer, Turkey Branch, Jack's, Lock- ner's, and Kogler's, emptying into the Savannah, and se- veral others into the Ogeechee. Post Offices. — Springfield, Reform, Pleasant Grove. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the num- ber of inhabitants was 1816 whites, 1641 blacks. Total, 3457. State tax for 1848, $1354 16 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Towns. — Springfield is the county site ; situated in a heal- thy pine barren, 140 miles S. E. of Milledgeville ; 27 from Sa- vannah, and about five miles from Whitesville. It has a court- house constructed of wood, but no jail ; an excellent acade- my, well endowed, with house for teachers ; three churches, two stores, and one or two groceries. It is a place of little note, and has nothing to recommend it but health, pure air. EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 223 good water, and a fine school. Formerly, many of the citi- zens of Savannah were in the habit of resorting to Springfield during the summer season ; but the facilities for reaching the upper parts of the State, have caused it to be no longer a place of any great resort. Laid out and made the seat of justice in 1799. Ebenezer is an old German settlement on the bank of the Savannah river, 25 miles from Savannah. It was once a flourishing place, and is connected with many interesting inci- dents in the history of Georgia. The church is a venerable looking edifice, and has near it a grave-yard, in which are bu- ried the remains of a former generation. Whites ville is a small, healthy place, upon the Central Rail- road, 30 miles from the city of Savannah. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The greater portion of the county is level. The soil is various, but by far the largest proportion is unproductive. On the ri- vers there are hammock lands, which produce very well. The river lands are extremely fertile, and were formerly cultivated to great advantage, but are now mostly abandoned, owing to their being so frequently inundated. Productions, Average Product per acre. Market. — Cotton, rice, corn, rye, peas, potatoes, &c. A few persons raise silk. All the fruits succeed. The Savannah market is much indebted to this county for peaches, apples, pears, quinces, grapes, &c. Melons of delicious flavour are pro- duced. The forests yield excellent pine and cypress, and large quantities are sold to the Railroad Company, and in Savannah. The average product of corn per acre is nine bushels. The bay lands will produce from 800 to 1000 pounds of cotton per acre. The average produce, however, is about 350 pounds per acre. Three hundred and fifty bags are annually produced. Savan- nah is the market. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are surpassed by few in Georgia. The bridge over Ebenezer creek is the property of the Ebenezer church, from which a considerable fund is de- rived. Mills, &c. — Saw-mills, 6 ; grist-mills, 12. The people of this county make fine fishing-lines of silk, which always meet 224 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. with a ready sale. Some of the descendants of the Germans are celebrated for making cow-bells, superior, we are informed by hardware merchants in Savannah and Macon, to any manufac- tured in Europe or the Northern Slates. Mineral Spring. — In Springfield is a spring which has been examined by Dr. Cotting, and found to possess mineral properties. Minerals. — No rocks in the county. Marl on the Savan- nah river. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. Indeed a more salubrious climate cannot be found in the South. In the pine lands the sun is oppressive ; but the nights are pleasant. On some of the creeks fevers prevail ; but the pine lands afford a resort during the summer months. Instances of longevity are numerous. Rev. Mr. Bergman, pastor of the Lutheran Church in Ebenezer, lived to an advanced age. He was a man of profound learning, but little acquainted with the world. Mrs. Ann Deinninger died at the age of ninety-one years, and had lived sixty years in the county. Mr. Paul Bevil, a soldier of the Revolution, died at eighty. Mrs.' Neid- linger died at the age of eighty-eight years. Mr. Snider, nine- ty years old, and Mr. Jonathan Rhan, seventy-nine, were both revolutionary soldiers. Character of fhe People. — The majority of the people are the descendants of Germans, and they still retain many of the customs of their forefathers. Honesty and industry are their leading traits. Very few of the citizens are rich, but generally speaking, in comfortable circumstances. Although the soil is barren, they manage to get the necessaries of life by industry and frugality. Religious Sects, Education. — The prevailing religious denominations are Lutherans, Baptists, and Methodists. Pro- vision is made for the instruction of the children of the poor. The county academy is richly endowed. Original Settlers. — Baron Von Reck, Rev. John H. Boblius, Rev. J. C. Gronder, Rev. Mr. Boltzius, John Brodie, B. Zant, Thomas Gsohwandel, Paulus Zitrauer, J. J. Zubli, R. Eischberger, J. Spielbiegler, M. Burgsteiner, J. Schartner, G. Schwaiger, V. Lemmenhofler, C. Leimberger, S. Reiter, EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 225 * J. Ernst, J. Pletter, L. Crause, P. Gruber, J. P. ArnsdorfF, M. Zettler, M. Hortzug, J. Schmidt. Remarkable Places. — Abercorn, sixteen miles from tlie city of Savannah, was a noted place in the early settlement of Georgia. In 1733, ten families settled here It is now private property, and no memorial of its former condition can be seen. Sister's Ferry is a public place thirty miles from the city of Savannah. Name. — In referring back to the history of our Revolution, it is pleasing to recollect that in Great Britain a great num- ber of men, distinguished for their integrity, their talents and patriotism, opposed with unwearied ardour the attempts of the ministry to destroy the liberties of America. They believed that if the constitutional rights of the colonies were disre- garded, the destruction of their own liberty would follow. Among the illustrious members of the British Parliament who defended the resistance of the Americans, stands Lord Effing- ham, after whom this county was called in 1777. Rather than take up arms against the colonies, he resigned his com- mission as an officer in the British army. The following are extracts from the letter he wrote on the occasion of his resig- nation : "April 12, 1775. To Lord Barrington, Secretary at War: I beg your Lordship to lay before His Majesty the peculiar embarrassment of my situation. Your Lordship is no stranger to the conduct I have observed in the unhappy disputes with our American colonies. My request of your Lordship is this, that you will assure His Majesty that he has not a subject who is more ready than I am, with the utmost cheerfulness, to sacrifice his life in defence of His Majesty's crown and person. But the very same principles which have inspired me with these unalterable sentiments of duty and affection, will not suffer me to be instrumental in depriving any part of his people of those liberties, which form the best security for their fidelity and obedience to his government. As I cannot, without reproach from my conscience, consent to bear arms against my fellow-subjects in America, in what, to my weak discernment, is not a clear cause ; and as it seems now to be fully resolved that the 22nd regiment is to go upon American service, I desire you Lordship to lay me in the most 226 EFFINGHAM COUNTY. dutiful manner at His Majesty's feet, and humbly beg that I may be permitted to retire. Your Lordship will easily con- ceive the regret and mortification I feel at being necessi- tated to quit the military profession, which has been that of my ancestors for many generations, to which I have been bred from my infancy, to which I have devoted the study of my life, and to perfect myself in which, I have sought instruction and service in whatever part of the world they were to be found." This manly conduct of Lord Effingham was not unnoticed by many of the people of Great Britain. In Dublin, at a meeting of the merchants, resolutions complimentary to him were adopted. Among these resolutions, we notice the following : " Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this guild be presented to the Right Honourable Earl of Effingham, in testimony of our approbation of his public conduct, particu- larly exemplified in his refusing to draw that sword, v, hich had been employed to the honour of his country, against the lives and liberties of his fellow-subjects in America, and honestly and spiritedly resigning a commission which he cpuld no longer hold consistent with the principles of a true English- man, or of a real friend to the interest of Britain." In the House of Lords, he plead the cause of injured America. In his place in Parliament, he uttered such sentiments as the fol- lowing : " They come to you with fair argument : you have refused to hear them. They know they ought to be free • you tell them they shall be slaves. Ever since I was of an age to have any ambition at all, my highest has been to serve my country in a military capacity. If there was an event on earth 1 dreaded, it was to see my country so situated as to make that profession incompatible with my duty as a citizen. That period has, in my opinion, arrived, and I have thought myself bound to relinquish the hopes I had formed, by a resig- nation of what appeared to me to be the only method of avoid- ing the guilt of enslaving my country and imbruing my hands in the blood of her sons." This noble patriot belonged to an old and highly illustrious family, whose exploits form one of the brightest pages in English history. ELBERT COUNTY. 227 ELBERT. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is situated between the forks of the Savannah and Broad rivers, and is bounded N. by Franklin ; E. by the Savannah river ; S. by Wilkes, Lincoln, and a part of Oglethorpe ; and W. by Oglethorpe and Madison. Laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is 32 miles long, and 16 miles wide ; containing 512 square miles. Post Offices. — Elberton, Amandaville, Cold Water, Cook's Law Office, Eagle Grove, Montevideo, Petersburg, Ruckers- ville. Broad River. Population, TaxeSj Representatcon. — Elbert, according to the last census, had 5925 whites ; 5323 blacks. Total, 11,248. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $3,973 60 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Rivers, Cereks — Savannah and Broad rivers are the most important. The following creeks empty into the Savan- nah river, viz., Beaver Dam, Van's, Cold Water, Cedar and Powder Bag ; and Deer, Dove, Falling, and Wahachee, into Broad river. Towns. — Elberton is the capital, situated in the centre of the county, on the waters of Falling creek, 90 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville, 78 from Augusta, 32 from Carnesville, 26 from Lexington, 23 from Petersburg, and 11 from the Savannah river. It has the usual county buildings, one hotel, one aca- demy, &c. Population 300. The water is excellent, and the town healthy. Made the county site in 1790. Ruckersville is on Van's creek, four miles from the Savan- nah river, and seven miles from Elberton. Population about 200. It is a healthy and thriving place, and the inhabitants are noted for their hospitality. Petersburg is at the junction of the Savannah and Broad rivers. This was once among the most prosperous towns in Georgia ; but it is now in a state of dilapidation. A feeling of melancholy and loneliness is experienced by the visitor when he remembers what the town was in former days. Nature of the Soil. — The lands from Elberton to Pe- tersburg, and across to each of the rivers, were originally 228 ELBERT COUNTY. very fertile, but have been impoverished by bad cultivation, although they still continue to produce well. The lands on the Savannah and Broad rivers are very superior, adapted to the cultivation of corn, cotton, and wheat. The lands on Savan- nah river are less subject to freshets than those on the Broad river, and are worth, on an average, ten dollars per acre. There is in this county a section known by the name of the Flat Woods, extending from Broad to Savannah river, from five to seven miles in breadth, commencing just below Colonel Heard's plantation, and extending to Mr. Tate's, about seven miles. The growth is black-jack and whortleberry. The soil is of a black colour, mingled with oxyde of iron, adapted to corn. It retains manure better than the other lands. Value, $5 per acre. There are excellent lands on Beaver Dam creek, worth from five to eight dollars per acre. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, &c. Grasses do not succeed. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre, corn three barrels do. ; wheat, seven bushels do. Manufactures, Mills, Boating Business. — It is proposed to erect a cotton factory* on Broad river, four miles above its junction with the Savannah, where there is a fine fall. Capi- tal $32,000. It is intended to run 5,000 spindles; 1500 are procured. Elbert factory, on Beaver Dam creek, six miles from Ruckersville. Much of the produce of this county is carried in boats down the Savannah river, to Augusta. The boats are gene- rally 75 feet in length, six feet wide, pointed at both ends, and having round bottoms. When loaded, they draw 15 inches. They are under the care of a patroon and six hands, and carry from 40 to 60 bales of cotton. The trip to and from Augusta consumes six or seven days. Rates of boating to Augusta, from 75 cents to $1 per bale. Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads are in a bad condi- tion, as well as the bridges. Six public ferries on the Savan- nah, six on Broad river, besides several private ones. * Now in successful operation. ELBERT COUNTY. 229 Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary Baptists, Me- thodists, Presbyterians, Ciiristians, and a few Episcopalians. There are 18 or 20 churches in the county. A deep inter- est is felt in the cause of education. Character of the People, Amusements. — Were we called upon to name the section of Georgia in which the citizens dis- play the most kindness and hospitality, we should feel a strong inclination to say it is in Elbert county. The inhabitants are patriotic and intelligent, simple in their manners, and devoted in their attachment to Georgia. Fox-hunting is a favourite amusement. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant. The lower part is subject to bilious fevers and chills. The up- per part is as healthy as any region in the United States. The instances of longevity are uncommonly numerous. There are now living — Mrs. Sarah Harbin, aged 95 ; Mrs. Murray, over 94; Mr. Wm. Gaines, 91; William Ward, 92; Mrs. Teasley, over 85 ; Barbary, a negro woman belonging to Mr. Colson, is now living, over 100; Mrs. Heard, the widow of the Hon. Stephen Heard, died at the age of 83. Mineral Springs. — There is a sulphur spring one mile from Ruckersville, on the road to Petersburg. Near Mr. Rucker's plantation is a spring which formerly had considera- ble reputation. The Big and Little Holly springs are celebra- ted for the excellency of the water. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the Al- iens, Heards, Ruckers, Banks, Olivers, Whites, Tates, Wat- kins, Baileys, Blackwells, and others. Antiquities. — There is a mound in this county which is worthy of notice. It is situated on the Savannah river, about three miles above Petersburg, on the plantation of Captain Rembert. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, who travelled through Georgia, visited this mound, and thus describes it: " These wonderful labours of the ancients stand in a level plain, very near the bank of the river, now 20 or 30 yards from it. They consist of conical mounts of earth, and four square terraces. The great mount is in the form of a cone, 40 or 50 feet high, and the circumference of its base two or three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich 230 ELBERT COUNTY. earth of the low grounds : the top, or apex, is flat ; a spiral path, or track, leading from the ground up to the top, is still visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red cedar. There appear four niches excavated out of the sides of this hill, at different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points. . These niches, or sentry-boxes, are entered into from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for resting places, or look-outs. The circumjacent level grounds are cleared, and planted with Indian corn at present ; and I think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this place, said that the mount itself yielded above one hundred bushels in one season." Bartram describes these mounds as they appeared to him in 1773. In 1848, accompanied by Captain Rembert, the author of this work visited these mounds. The large one corresponds exactly with Bartram's description of it, with this exception, that the sides and summit are covered with a growth of large cane, and several large trees. The smaller mounds have been almost destroyed. Captain Rembert has excavated the smaller mounds, and found human skeletons, jars, pipes, beads, breastplates, stone hammers, hatchets, arrow heads, &c., &c. Some of these are now in our possession, and are really objects of curiosity. Remarkable Men. — Gen. Samuel Blackburn was of Irish descent. He was a classical scholar, and for some time after his removal to Georgia, taught the academy in Washington, Wilkes county. Whilst thus employed, he prepared himself for the practice of the law. His fine voice, expressive features, noble person, perfect self-possession, keen wit, and forcible lan- guage, directed by a well cultivated and powerful intellect, made him one of the most eloquent men of his time. He married Gov. Matthews's daughter, and soon after settled in Elbert county, on Broad river. He was advancing success- fully in his profession and political influence, until the meeting of the Legislature of 1795. He was a member of the Legis- lature which passed the infamous Yazoo act, which rendered him so unpopular, that he left the State and went to Virginia, where he practised law until his death. He was several times a member of the Legislature in Virginia from Bath county. In politics he was a federalist. His powerful and ELBERT COUNTY. 231 abusive denunciations of the republicans when he was a nnem- ber of the Virginia Legislature, made him long remembered. He died March 2d, 1835, in Bath county, Virginia, aged 77 years. Beverly Allen. — In the year 179 — , Beverly Allen and Billy Allen carried on the business of merchandise, in the county of Elbert. Their store-house and residence were on the hill rising from Beaver Dam creek, on the side of the road leading from Fish Dam ford on Broad river, to the Cherokee ford on the Savannah. They were both young, and belonged to a family which emigrated from Virginia to Georgia, soon after the revolutionary war. Beverly Al- len was handsome, with a fine voice and ardent- tempera- ment. He was one of the converts of Bishop Asbury, during his tour through Georgia. From public praying he com- menced exhorting, and soon after preaching. Without any of the learning of Whitefield, he had much of his enthusias- tic eloquence. Preaching was a rarity when Beverly Al- len became a convert. Men pricked up their ears, their souls were stirred within them, when they heard striking exhibi- tions of the punishments of the lower world for their sins, and the joys of the upper for their repentance. When Beverly Allen held forth upon these subjects, the whole population crowded together to hear him. He became the idol of the people. Some time in the year 1795, Beverly Allen, with his brother, went to Augusta, to buy goods with the money they had, and the credit they could obtain. Whilst there, the foreign merchant of whom they had purchased their first stock of goods, found them buying goods of others, instead of first discharging their debt to him. He caused a Ca. Sa. writ to be issued for their arrest, returnable to the United States Dis- trict Court. The Aliens being informed of this, armed them- selves and took possession of a room in the public house, and fastened the doors against entrance. The marshal Forsyth, the father of the celebrated John Forsyth, pursued them, forced open the door, and was upon his entrance shot dead by Beverly Allen. The Aliens immediately fled to Elbert county, and were pursued by a warrant for their ar- 232 ELBERT COUNTY. rest, upon a charge of murder. William Barnet, for a long time afterward a well-known public man, and member of the Le- gislature, and member of Congress, was the Sheriff of Elbert county. Upon receiving the warrant he assembled a large guard, and went in pursuit. The Aliens had concealed them- selves in a high log-house, which stood for a long time after the event alluded to, on the side of the road near Beaver Dam creek. The place of their concealment being communicated to the Sheriff, he surrounded it with his guard. The doors were barricaded so as to prevent entrance. After many fruit- less attempts to get the Aliens out, the house was set on fire. Billy Allen, finding resistance in vain, opened the doors and gave himself up. The fire was put out, and search com- menced for Beverly Allen, the principal offender. He was at first concealed between the ceiling of the cockloft, and the roof. The Aliens were immediately confined in the jail of the county. This became known to the people. The news spread that the servant of God was in jail for resisting an effort to take from him his liberty, to separate him from his home, friends, and flock, by confining him in jail in Augusta, through the process of the United States Court, the instrument by which the federalists intended to deprive the people of their rights, and for a debt to one who was not a citizen of the State. In these days the people were a law unto them- selves. The restraints of government were very slight during the dominion of Great Britain, and scarcely felt at all in the States, especially on the frontiers of the new States ; voluntary associations called Lynch Men afforded some protection against thieves. Personal rights were secured from violation only by the sure aim of a good gun, or a heavy fist and a fearless spirit. Liberty, and especially liberty of person was, from the habits of speaking, acting, and feeling of the times of the Revo- lution, and immediately after, considered by many as the chief good. In such times, among such people, operated upon by such causes, the Aliens could not remain prisoners. The Sheriff, finding that their rescue would be attempted, set off with his prisoners for Washington, Wilkes county. He was headed on the road, and considered it safest to return. He ELBERT COUNTY. 233 increased his guard lo sixteen men, but many of these proved to be the friends of the prisoners. On the night after his re- turn from the attempt to secure the prisoners, in Wilkes jail, the jail of Elbert was attacked by 200 men, the doors forced open, and the Aliens permitted to escape. The friends of the prisoners on guard, had, previous to the attack, taken the powder from the locks of the guns of all the guards, from whom any danger was apprehended, except one. Beverly Allen fled to the most distant western frontier of the United States. He lived to old age, apprehensive during his entire life, that he might be arrested for the killing of Forsyth. Billy Allen, whose crime consisted in being in company with his brother when the act of violence was done, was permitted soon after to return to his home, where he remained unmo- lested during his life. As soon as search after Beverly Allen had ceased, inquiries began to be made about the persons who were engaged in his rescue. John Rucker, one of the rescuers, used to amuse himself after the alarm had passed away, by telling some of the incidents which he said happened to him whilst concealed to avoid arrest, and which became a sort of sing-song among all the little boys of the country for a long time afterwards, i Middleton was Barnet's deputy. They were small, active, quick-spoken men. One of the guard, Thomas Gilmer, was a very fat man, weighing three hundred. Rucker said he had fled to the Savannah river, and concealed himself under its bank. Whilst hid, he heard a great many small frogs crying " Middleton and Barnet ! Middleton and Bar- net ;" and imitating what he was describing, he would com- press his lips, and drawing his voice only from his teeth, very quick, he would imitate the sound of the frogs. He said he stood this cry withont flinching, but after a while he heard a big bullfrog cry out, " Tom Gilmer ! Tom Gilmer!" and this he would repeat with swelled cheeks, and full voice, which he said he could not stand. He then plunged into the water, and made for the Carolina side of the river. The Freemans — Col. Hal man Freeman and John Free- man, were among the first settlers of Wilkes county. They both engaged in the strife between the Whigs and Tories of Upper Georgia, during the latter part of the revolutionary 234 ELBERT COUNTY. war ; Col. Halman Freeman commanded a regiment in the battle of Jack's creek, between the Georgians and Creek Indians, in the year 1779. His only daughter married Dr. William W. Bibb. The place in which John Freeman lived was first settled by a Scotch colony, under the direction of Lord George Gor- don. Exertions have been made to ascertain whether this Lord Gordon was the fanatic who led the anti-Catholic mob of London, in the year 177 — , but in vain. Lord Gordon left Broad river, upon the commencement of the revolutionary war. The Scotch people whom he brought to Broad river had given their indentures of service to him for five years, to pay his expenses in bringing them to this country. Upon going over he sold them for servants.* The following, with some slight alteration, is from Mrs. Ellet's " Heroic Women of the American Revolution :" Nancy Hart. — In this county is a stream, formerly known as " War- woman's Creek." Its name was derived from the character of an individual who lived near the entrance of the stream into the river. This person was Nancy Hart, a woman ignorant of letters and the civilities of life, but a zealous lover of liberty and the " liberty boys," as she called the Whigs. She had a husband, whom she denominated " a poor stick," because he did not take a decided and active part with the defenders of his country, although she could not conscientiously charge him with the least partiality towards the Tories. This vulgar and illiterate, but hospitable and valorous female patriot, could boast no share of beauty — a fact she herself would have rea- dily acknowledged had she ever enjoyed an opportunity of looking in a mirror. She was cross-eyed, with a broad angular mouth, ungainly in figure, rude in speech, and awkward in manners, but havino; a woman's heart for her friends, though that of a Catrine Montour for the enemies of her country. She was well known to the Tories, who stood in fear of her revenge for any grievance or aggressive act, though they let pass no opportunity of worrying and annoying her when they could do so with impunity. * From MS. kindly furnished by the Hon. George R. Gihner. ELBERT COUNTY. 235 On the occasion of an excursion from the British camp at Augusta, a party of Tories penetrated into the interior, and having savagely murdered Colonel Dooly in bed, in his own house, they proceeded up the country for the purpose of perpe- trating further atrocities. On their way, a detachment of five of the party diverged to the east, and crossed Broad river, to make discoveries about the neighbourhood, and pay a visit to their old acquaintance, Nancy Hart. On reaching her cabin, they entered it unceremoniously, receiving from her no wel- come but a scowl ; and informed her they had come to know the truth of a story current respecting her, that she had se- creted a noted rebel from a company of king's men who were pursuing him, and who, but for her aid, would have caught and hung him. Nancy undauntedly avowed her agency in the fugitive's escape. She told them she had at first heard the tramp of a horse rapidly approaching, and had then seen a horseman coming towards her cabin. As he came nearer, she knew him to be a Whig, and flying from pursuit. She let down the bars a few steps from her cabin, and motioned him to enter, to pass through both doors, front and rear, of her single-roomed house ; to take the swamp, and secure himself as well as he could. She then put up the bars, entered her cabin, closed the doors, and went about her business. Pre- sently some Tories rode up to the bars, and called out boister- ously to her. She muffled her head and face, and opening the door, inquired why they disturbed a sick, lone woman. They said they had traced a man they wanted to catch, near her house, and asked if any one on horseback had passed that way. She answered no, but she saw somebody on a sorrel horse turn out of the path into the woods some two or three hun- dred yards back. " That must be the fellow," said the Tories ; and asking her direction as to the way he took, they turned about and went off". " Well fooled ;" said Nancy, "in an opposite course to that of my Whig boy ; when, if they had not been so lofty-minded, but had looked on the ground inside the bars, they would have seen his horse's tracks up to that door, as plain as you can see the tracks on this here floor, and out of 'tother door down the path to the swamp." 236 ELBERT COUNTY. This bold story did not much please the Tory party, but they could not wreak their revenge upon the woman who thus unscrupulously avowed her daring aid to a rebel, and the cheat she had put upon his pursuers, otherwise than by ordering her to aid and comfort them by giving them something to eat. She replied, " I never feed king's men if I can help it ; the villains have put it out of my power to feed even my own family and friends, by stealing and killing all my poultry and pigs, except that one old gobbler you see in the yard." " Well, and that you shall cook for us," said one, who ap- peared the head of the party ; and raising his musket, he shot down the turkey, which another of the men brought into the house, and handed to Mrs. Hart, to clean and cook without delay. She stormed and swore a while — for Nancy occasion- ally swore — but seeming, at last, resolved to make a merit of necessity, began with alacrity the arrangements for cooking, assisted by her daughter, a little girl some ten or twelve years old, and sometimes by one of the soldiers, with whom she seemed in a tolerably good humor, exchanging rude jests with him. The Tories, pleased with her freedom, invited her to partake of the liquor they had brought with them, an invitation which was accepted with witty thanks. The spring, of which every settlement has one near at hand, was just at the edge of the swamp, and a short distance within the swamp was a high snag-topped stump, on which was placed a conch-shell. This rude trumpet was used by the family ib give information, by means of a variation of notes, to Mr. Hart, or his neighbors who might be at work in a field or clearing just beyond the swamp, that the " British- ers" or Tories were about ; that the master was wanted at the cabin, or that he was to " keep close," or " make tracks" for another swamp. Pending the operations of cook- ing, Mrs. Hart had sent her daughter Sukey to the spring for water, with directions to blow the conch in such a way as would inform him there were Tories in the cabin, and that he " keep close" with his three neighbors who were with him, till he should hear the conch again. The party had become merry over their jug, and sat down to feast upon the slaughtered gobbler. They had cautiously ELBERT COUNTY. 237 Stacked their arms where they were in view and within reach ; and Mrs. Hart, assiduous in her attentions upon the table and to her guests, occasionally passed between them and their muskets. Water was called for, and as there was none in the cabin — Mrs. Hart having so contrived that — Sukey was again sent to the spring, instructed by her mother to blow the conch so as to call up Mr. Hart and his neighbours imme- diately. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hart had slipped out one of the pieces of pine which constitutes a "chinking" between the logs of a cabin, and had dexterously put out of the house, through that space, two of the five guns. IShe was detected in the act of putting out the third. The party sprang to their feet. Quick as thought Mrs. Hart brought the piece she held to her shoulder, and declared she would kill the first man who approached her. All were terror-struck, for Nancy's ob- liquity of sight caused each one to imagine her aim was at him. At length one of them made a motion to advance upon her. True to her threat, she fired. He fell dead upon the floor! Instantly seizing another musket, she brought it to the position in readiness to fire again. By this time Sukey had returned from the spring, and taking up the remaining gun, carried it out of the house, saying to her mother, " Daddy and them will soon be here." This information increased the alarm of the Tories, who understood the necessity of recover- ing their arms immediately. But each hesitated, in the confi- dent belief that Mrs. Hart had one eye at least upon him for a mark. They proposed a general rush. No time was to be lost by the bold woman ; she fired again, and brought down another Tory. Sukey had another musket in readiness, which her mother took ; and posting herself in the doorway, called upon the party to " surrender their d d Tory car- casses to a Whig woman." They agreed to surrender, and proposed to " shake hands upon the strength of it ;" but the conqueror kept them in their places for a few moments, till her husband and his neighbours came up to the door. They were about to shoot down the Tories, but Mrs. Hart stopped them, saying they had surrendered to her, and, her spirit being up to boiling heat, she swore that " shooting was too good for them." This hint was enough. The dead man was dragged out of 16 238 ELBERT COUNTY. the house ; the wounded Tory and the others were bound, taken out beyond the bars, and hung ! The tree upon which they were swung was pointed out in 1838, by one who Uved in those bloody times, and who also showed the spot once oc- cupied by Mrs. Hart's cabin, accompanying the designation with this emphatic remark : " Poor Nancy ! she was a honey of a patriot, but the devil of a wife !" Name. — The following sketch was furnished by Dr. John- son, of Charleston, S. C, who says : For the particulars in the subjoined notice of General Elbert, I am wholly indebted to the friendly researches of Mr. 1. K. Teft, of Savannah. The parents of Samuel Elbert were both natives of England, and his father a Baptist minister in Prince William parish, South Carolina, in which settlement their son Samuel was born in the year 1740. At an early age he became an orphan, and went to Savannah to seek employment and earn his subsistence. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and continued to be so engaged until the commencement of the American Revolu- tion ; here also he married Miss Elizabeth Rae, daughter of a planter in the vicinity of Savannah. The first evidence that we find of Elbert's partaking in* the all-absorbing incidents of the Revolution, is his signature to a document pledging his allegiance to the King of Great Britain, dated the 4th of June, 1774, thus : "Samuel Elbert, Captain of the Grenadier Company.''* A Council of Safety was ap- pointed on the 22d of June, 1775, of which he was elected a member. The General Assembly of Georgia passed a resolu- tion to raise a battalion of continental troops ; and on the 4th of February, 1776, the following field officers were ap- pointed : Lachlan Mcintosh, Colonel ; Samuel Elbert, Lieu- tenant Colonel ; Joseph Habersham, Major. * It may be said that this was nothing more than a qualitication or pre- liminary to the holding of that commission required by Governor Wright. It is remarkable that Elbert and Joseph Habersham signed the pledge on the same day, and are commissioned on the same day in the same company, di- rectly after the news was received of the despotic measures enforced against Boston, under the well-known Boston Port Bill. The address from Boston to the other provinces, was dated the 13th of May, 1774, and sent by express. This paper was signed three weeks after that date. ELBERT COUNTY. 239 On the 16th of September, 1776, Elbert was promoted to the rank of Colonel, and in May, 1777, he commanded in an expedition intended by President Gwinnett for the reduc- tion of East Florida ; but it failed in its object, and after some skirmishing, the troops were withdrawn. In the next year, 1778, the British retaliated, and an invasion of Georgia was projected by General Provost, aided by the Indians and Royalists from Florida. The Carolinians were called upon for their aid, and it was promptly and liberally afforded. On the 19th of April, 1778, Col. Elbert having heard that some British vessels were at anchor at Frederica, obtained the galleys and manned them with some of his own landsmen. With these he went in pursuit of the enemy. They proved to be the brigantine Hinchenbrook and sloop Rebecca, privateers which had been infesting the southern coast, and had gone in with their prize, a brig, for refitting and plunder. Colonel Elbert boarded them, and after a smart resistance, succeeded in capturing all of them. The combined movements of the Georgians and Caro- linians, on this occasion, certainly saved the State from the intended invasion, but they did no other good. Their army was badly provided for and badly conducted. General Robert Howe, of North Carolina, was mifortunately the commander of this gallant but ill-fated army. A want of concert among the commanders caused the expedition to be abandoned, and Elbert returned to Savannah, with his regiment shattered by disease and thinned by death. Here they were attacked on the 29th of December, 1778, by an expedition sent direct from New- York, under Col. Arch. Campbell, defeated, and driven at the point of the bayonet through the streets of Sa- vannah. The Georgia troops, under Elbert, made a brave but ineffectual stand against the victorious British regulars, and retreated fighting them. The next battle in which Col. Elbert was engaged, was at Briar creek, where General Ashe, of North Carolina, com- manded the Americans. This was a complete surprise and total defeat. The British amused General Ashe by a feint at the bridge, while they crossed the creek above him, and 240 ELBERT COUNTY. had actually gained the rear of his army before the alarm was given. Col. Elbert rallied a few of his command, and fought until he was struck down. He was then on the point of being despatched by a soldier with uplifted bayonet, when he made a masonic sign of distress. An officer noticed it, instantly responded, stayed the arm of the soldier, and Elbert's life was saved by the benevolent principle of brotherly love, even among enemies, and in the heat and hurry of battle. While a prisoner on parole in the British camp, Elbert was treated with great respect and kindness. Offers of pro- motion, honours and rewards, were made to him ; and cour- tesy, persuasion and blandishments, used to seduce him from the American cause. It is a tradition in his family, that when these were declined, an insidious attempt was made by means of two Indians to murder him, his person being mi- nutely described as the object for their aim. Elbert, in his mercantile transactions with the Indians, was a favourite among them. He fortunately discovered his enemies in time, gave a signal which he had formerly been accus- tomed to use among them, when their guns were immedi- ately lowered, and they then came forward and shook hands with him. This signal had probably been agreed upon and used, when with his company, by order of Gov. Wright, he guarded the Indian chiefs back to the Cherokee nation. This attempt on Elbert's life was probably not made by any of the British army, all of whom continued to treat him kindly. There was a gang of lawless marauders calling themselves Royalists, but by the Americans called Schofelites, plundering and devas- tating the south of Georgia, and retreating with their plunder into Florida. Against these men Elbert had been particularly active, and they were remarkably vindictive. At that time, also, there was much virulence prevailing between the Whigs and Tories, inciting them to acts more cruel than those of the savages. Even the atrocities of civil war can neither justify nor excuse such deeds as were then com- mitted. When the three southern States were overrun by the ELBERT COUNTY. 241 British troops after the fall of Charleston, Col. Elbert having been exchanged, went northward, and offered his services to Gen. Washington. They were gladly accepted by this excel- lent judge of human character, and at the siege of Yorktown, in Virginia, Col. Elbert was honoured with the command of the grand deposit of arms and military stores, a post of great trust and responsibility ; and by his strict adherence to his orders, merited and received the approbation of the Com- mander-in-chief Here also he contracted other friendships. Here he became intimate with Lafayette, and corresponded with him several years. One of his sons was called Lafayette in consequence of this intimacy. Col. Elbert was gradually advanced in rank by the Legis- lature of Georgia, and finally made Major General, the highest military rank in the State. In civil offices he was also fa- voured, having been elected Sheriff, an office then considered the most desirable, the most profitable in Georgia. In 1785, he was elected Governor by a vote almost unanimous, at a time when the affairs of the State required to be conducted with energy, judgment and decision. The State has gratefully perpetuated his good name by calling one of its best cotton counties " Elbert." On the 2d of November, 1788, Gen. Elbert died in Savan- nah, after a lingering illness, at the early age of 48 years, leaving a widow and six children. His funeral was honoured by the attendance of the Cincinnati Society, the Masonic Lodges, and all the military of that city. Minute guns were fired by the artillery, and a funeral sermon delivered by the Rev. Mr. Lindsay. His remains were interred in the family cemetery on the mount at Rae's Hall, three miles above Savannah. His honour, patriotism, and valour, are com- mended as examples to future generations. 242 EMANUEL COUNTY. EMANUEL. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N.by Jefferson and Burke; E. by Scriven, Bulloch, and a part of Tattnall ; S. by Tattnall and Montgomery ; and W. by a part of Washington and Lau- rens. Laid out in 1812 from Bulloch and Montgomery. It is 45 miles long and 41 wide, containing 1845 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — Besides the Ogeechee river, which sepa- rates it from Burke, there are the Big Cannouchee, the Little Canno4ichee, Great Ohoopee, Little Ohoopee. and Little Ogee- chee rivers, and Pendleton's, Daniel's, Long, Deep, Cypress, Sculls, Fifteen Mile, Jack's, Sartain's, and Yamgrandee creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — When the census was last taken, the county had 2,936 whites, and 747 blacks ; total, 3,683. Amount of tax returned for 1848, 81,058 83. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Office. — Swainsborough. Towns. — Swainsborough is in the centre of the county, 80 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 30 from Statesborough, 44 from Waynesborough, 35 from DubUn, 40 from Mount Vernon, and 98 from Savannah ; it has a court-house and jail. Two or three families reside here. Opposite to the Ninety-five mile Station there is a settle- ment, made by some of the planters in Burke county, to which they resort in the summer for health. Character of the People. — Emanuel is inhabited by peo- ple in whose character republican simplicity and kindness of heart are very conspicuous. Wealth does not abound, but the inhabitants are perhaps as happy and comfortable as those who live in cities. They are accustomed to labour from their youth, and are satisfied with little. Health is their only inheritance. Amusements. — The county abounds with game, and the citizens spend much of their time in hunting. Dancing is a favourite amusement. Religious Sects, Education. — The most numerous sect is the Anti-Missionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary Baptists and Methodists. Education is at a low ebb. There are but few schools, and those of the most inferior description. EMANUEL COUNTY. 243 Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not kept in good order. Mills. — Four or five saw-mills, eight or nine grist-mills. Early Settlers. — Philip Newton, Mr. Kennedy, WiUiam i Stephens, Edward McGar, Edward Lane. I Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is very- healthy. There are but few diseases, except those common on water-courses. There are several aged persons now living in this county. Mr. Philip Newton is supposed to be 80 years of age. Mr. Millar is over 80. Mr. Headspeth is 80. Mrs. Campbell died in this county at the age of 100, Benjamin Fareclauth 83, A. Sutton 82, Jacob Durdan 85, David Eden- field 79, Matthew Curl 78, Wilson Drew 75, Henry Brown 70. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Produc- tions.— The face of the country is level. Most of the land is unproductive. On the Ogeechee some good land may be found. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, and rice. About 1,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. The county affords a fine range for cattle and hogs, and probably no part of the State furnishes better beef and pork. Value op Land. — The average value of land is fifty cents per acre. Name. — The gentleman in honour of whom this county is named was the Honourable David Emanuel, who came to Georgia about 1768 or 1770, and settled on Walnut Braittch, near WaynesbdVough, from whence he moved to the head of Beaver Dam creek. At a very early age he took up arms in defence of his country. Burke county was the scene of some very severe skirmishes between the Americans and British, in which Emanuel participated under his brother-in-law. General John Twiggs. On one occasion he was captured by a party of loyalists commanded by Captain Brantley, and conveyed to McBean's creek, where, after consultation, it was determined to shoot him. Brantley ordered a large fire to be made, and made Emanuel and his fellow-prisoners, Lewis and Davis, take off their clothes, with the exception of their shirts. They then de- signated three men to shoot them, and placed the prisoners be- tween them and the fire. The word " fire" was then given. 244 FAYETTE COUNTY. upon which Davis and Lewis received their death-shot ; but the man who was directed to despatch Emanuel missed his aim, upon which our hero, with the rapidity of lightning, leaped over the fire and made his escape. For many years he was a member of the Legislature from Burke county. He was Presi- dent of the Senate, and for some time filled the executive chair. He is represented to have been a fine-looking man, amiable, of good judgment and inflexible integrity. He died in 1808, at the age of 64 years. We are sorry to learn that the lot in which this patriot was buried has been of late years converted into a horse lot! FAYETTE. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by De Kalb, E. by Henry, S. by Pike, and W. by Campbell and Coweta. This county is a portion of the territory acquired by the United States, for the use of the State of Georgia, of the Creek Indi- ans, by a treaty made at the Indian Springs, January 8, 182L Organized in 182L Medium length, 27 miles; breadth, 18. Square miles, 486. Post Offices. — Fayetteville, Fairburn, Jonesborough, Rough and Ready, York, Red Oak. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Irf 1845, the popu- lation was 5,895 whites, and 1,669 blacks ; total, 7,514. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1,917 08. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river flows along the eastern part of the county. Line, White Water, Flat, and Rose creeks are some of the other streams. Towns. — Fayetteville, the seat of justice, is a pretty town in the centre of the county. The court-house is a very sub- stantial and neat brick building; cost $8,000. The jail is of wood. There are two churches, two good schools, thi'ee stores, five groceries, and several mechanics' shops. More than $100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. It was incor- FAYETTE COUNTY. 245 porated and made the county site in 1823. Distant from Mil- ledgeville 107 miles, N. W. ; from Griffin 20 miles, from Newnan 23, from McDonough 21, from Campbellton 20, and from At- lanta 25. One Masonic Lodge, one printing office, one Divi- sion of the Sons of Temperance. Jonesborough, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 10 miles N. E. of Fayetteville, has been settled about six years, and has a population of 200. It contains one church of the Methodist denomination, three schools, besides stores and shops. The population is improving. The place is called after Samuel G. Jones, Esq. Rough and Ready is 1 1 miles from Atlanta, on the Macon and Western Railroad. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Chris- tians, Presbyterians, Universalists, Roman Catholics, Episco- palians, and a few Mormons. The subject of education does not engage the attention of the people as much as it ought, although there are indications of a greater interest than formerly. Character of the People. — The citizens are spirited, industrious and temperate. Great changes have been pro- duced through the instrumentality of religion and temperance. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are far from being in the best condition. There are more than a dozen bridges which are kept in tolerable repair. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is generally healthy. The most common diseases are fevers of the remit- tent and intermittent character, pleurisies, &c. Mr. W. Waldroup died in this county, at the age of 104 years; Mr, Graves died over 80 ; Mr. Hanes, 87 ; Mr. Gray, 80 ; Mr Gil- bert Gay, 80; Wm. Gay, over 80; Mrs. Waldroup, over 80; Mr. John Fuller, 94 ; Morris Harris, 87 ; Wm. Powell, 90 ; Wm. Shaddix, 82; Greene Hill, over 80 ; Henry Mitchell, 85. S. R. Minor, now living, is 90, and editor of the Fayetteville Advertiser ; says he owns the original type of Dr. Franklin. John Dearing, S. Wilkins, Simon Whitaker, James and Wm. Brassell, Z. Petty, C. Williford, are over 80. Early Settlers. — Collin Alford, Alexander Ware, T. D. King, C. Terry, James Montgomery, Gilbert Gay, Wm. Gay, 246 FAYETTE COUNTY. Robert and Wm. Harkins, James and Irvine Spradley, J. R. Cox, Joseph Anthony, Jesse Laseter, I. Haines, Wm. Gille- land, James Alford. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Product . — The county is generally level. The lands are principally gray, suitable for cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, &lc., valued at five, three, and two dollars per acre, according to quality. Corn averages three barrels per acre ; wheat, eight bushels per acre ; cotton, 500 pounds per acre. Over 4,500 bags of cotton are annually raised in this county. Mills. — Saw-mills, eight; grist-mills, nine; merchant- mills, three. A cotton factory is about to be erected on White Water creek, ten miles from Fayetteville. One wool-carding machine. Minerals. — Granite, quartz, iron, tourmaline, mica, &c. Miscellaneous Notice. — First court held at the house of J. R. Cox. Name. — In the oration delivered by the Hon. John Quincy Adams before both houses of Congress, on the life and character of Lafayette, the speaker said : " As in the firmanent that rolls over our heads, there is among the stars of the first magnitude one so pre-eminent in splendour, as in the opinion of astronomers to constitute a class by itself; so, in the fourteen hundred years of the French monarchy, among the multitudes of great and mighty men which it has evolved, the name of Lafayette stands unrivalled in the solitude of glory." Gilbert Mottier Lafayette, the asserter of the rights of man, the intimate friend of Washington, was born in France, at Chavagniac, in the province of Auvergne, September 6, 1757. At seven years of age, he was sent to the College of Louis le Grand, at Paris, where he received his early education. Under the patronage of the Queen of France, he obtained the rank of a commis- sioned officer. In 1774 he married a lady of high birth and large fortune. This alliance procured for him every enjoy- ment which rank and wealth could bestow. About this time, the attempts of the colonies to acquire their freedom, had ex- cited in France a powerful sympathy in their favour ; and amono; those who were desirous " to crusade for freedom in FAYETTE COUNTY. 247 freedom's holy land," the noble Lafayette stands first. As soon as he heard that Congress had declared the colonies free and independent, he came to the resolution to devote himself to their cause. Accordingly, he presented himself before the American Commissioners at Paris, and offered his services. These were accepted ; and after various sacrifices and difficul- ties, he left France, and landed on the 25th day of April, 1777, in South Carolina. He immediately proceeded to Philadelphia, where Congress was then in session, delivered the despatches intrusted to him by the American Commissioners at Paris, and renewed his offer of devotion to the cause of liberty. Struck with astonishment at the gallantry of the young and noble foreigner, Congress appointed him a Major General in the army of the United States. Lafayette, losing no time, di- rected his course to the head-quarters of Washington, who received him with great cordiality, and took him under his special direction. He soon received a command in the conti- nental army, and throughout all the trying scenes of the Revo- lution, displayed a bravery and skill which more than realized the expectations of the country. At the battle of Brandy- wine he received a severe wound, but he would not consent to alight from his horse to have it dressed. In 1778, there* was a probability that war would take place between England and France ; and with the approbation of Washington he left the United States, to discharge his duty to his native country. His arrival in France was hailed by all classes with every demon- stration of respect. To his government he represented the wants of America, and succeeded in obtaining efficient aid. He remained in France throughout the year 1779, and was appointed to the command of the King's own Regiment of Dragoons. He returned to the United States in 1780, and from that period to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, he was engaged in active service. After the capitulation of York- town, he again asked permission to visit France, which being granted, he again left the United States for his native country, and upon his arrival, spent much of his time in promoting the interests of the Americans. He succeeded in inducing the government to render further assistance ; but peace having been concluded between the contending parties, the fleet des- 248 FLOYD COUNTY. tined for America did not sail. In the year 1784 he again visited the country, the independence of which was owing in a great measure to his exertions. He was received with every mark of respect. In the States which he visited, legislative assemblies, municipal bodies, officers of the army, and all classes of society, vied with each other in rendering to him the homage of their gratitude. During the French Revolution, he was the steady friend of liberty. As commander of the National Guards, he saved the lives of the Royal Family of France. No man occupied a more prominent place than did Lafayette. In August, 1825, he again visited the United States, and from one extremity of the country to the other, millions of freemen gave him a hearty welcome. He died May 21, 1834. In the United States, the intelligence of his death was received with emotions of profound sorrow. All felt that one of the best of men was gone for ever. FLOYD. Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Chattooga, E. by Cass, S. by Paulding, W. by Alabama. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1832. Rivers, Creeks. — The chief rivers are the Oostenaula and Etowah, which unite their waters at Rome, forming the Coosa. The other streams are Armucha, Cedar, Heath's, Rocky, Ball Play, and Spring creeks. Mountains. — There is a range of mountains entering the northwest corner of the county, and running through it in a southwest direction, separating the waters of the Chattooga from those that empty into the Oostenaula, and known as Taylor's ridge. The Turnip mountain is a spur of Taylor's ridge. There are other ranges of mountains of less magni- tude. Towns. — Rome is the seat of justice, and is situated at the junction of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, upon several high hills, and commands an extensive view of Taylor's ridge FLOYD COUNTY. 249 and other mountains. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1834, since which time it has increased rapidly. It is thought that the construction of the Memphis Raih'oad will make Rome an important trading point. Property has greatly increased in value, and confidence is felt that capital- ists will be induced to settle in this place. In Rome is an elegant brick court-house, located upon a lofty eminence. The jail is a plain building, constructed of wood. Population 1,000. It is 176 miles from Milledgeville, from the Cave springs 17 miles, from the Alabama line 16 miles, from Cedar Town 17 miles, and from Kingston, by the railroad, 17f miles. Rome is considered healthy, and although situated at the junction of two rivers, has not suffered from the diseases incident to such localities. The citizens are intelligent, hos- pitable, and enterprising. The town can boast of a rigid police. Disorderly conduct meets with prompt punishment. Stages daily leave Rome for the west. The water of Rome is both freestone and limestone. In the vicinity are several fine springs. Opposite to Rome is a small village called Hillsborough. Cave Springs, situated in the southern portion of the county, near the Alabama line, with a population of 200. On the land belonging to the corporation, liquor cannot be sold. In the village are one hotel, two churches, three stores, &c. It was settled in 1831, by persons from different parts of Georgia, and whose character for morality and intelligence is unsurpassed by that of any people. Religious Denominations, Education. — Methodists, Pres- byterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics. Education has recently become a subject of much solicitude among the inhabitants. At Cave Springs there is an excellent academy, called the Hern Manual Labor School, under the care of the Baptist denomination. At this place, there is also a good female school, having about thirty pupils. The Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is located here. The inmates number about eighteen, who are supported by the State. It is under the immediate direction of O. P. Fannin, Esq., aided by two competent teachers. The advancement of the pupils has exceeded the most sanguine expectations of the public. 250 FLOYD COUNTY. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the num- ber of inhabitants was 4,617 whites, and 1,604 blacks; total, 6,221 ; but it is thought that the population has increased 33 per cent. Amount of State taxes paid, $2,569 53. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Rome, Cave Springs, Hermitage, Mission- ary Station, Calipoenia, Coosa, Johnson, Vann's Valley. Nature op the Soil, Value of Land, Average Pro- duct.— The lands in this county have a high reputation. The bottom lands are very productive. These are composed of a dark and loose loam, adapted to the cultivation of corn and wheat. Cotton does not succeed so well, owing to the seasons. These lands are valued at $20 per acre. The valley lands are also very fertile, composed of a dark mulatto soil, adapted to corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, and cotton. It is the opinion of some of the experienced farmers that, take one year with an- other, the valley lands are better suited to cotton than the bottom lands. They sell for $12 50 per acre. The lands on the margin of the bottoms and valleys vary in character ; they are worth $5 per acre. The mountain and hill lands are worth about $2 per acre. There is in this county a tract of land, commencing on the west of the Oostenaula and Coosa rivers, extending to Turnip mountain, the surface of which is almost a perfect plain resembling the flat lands of Houstoun county, badly watered. Experiments prove, that this scope of country is susceptible of cultivation. Marl is found in several places, and many salt lakes. Some of the lands pro- duce 1700 lbs. of cotton per acre; some 12 to 1400 lbs.; but the average may be put down at 800 lbs. per acre. Corfi from 5 to 12 bushels, wheat from 10 to 30 bushels per acre. Early Settlers. — Floyd county was originally settled by persons from the older parts of Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee. Mineral Springs, Caves. — Cave springs are situated on Little Cedar creek, in Vann's valley. These springs issue from a mountain east of the valley. The force of the water is sufficient to turn an overshot mill. There is a cave fifty yards from the springs. You descend into it at an angle of ninety degrees. Beautiful stalactites are in the different apart- FLOYD COUNTY. 251 ments of the cave. The creek formed by the spring runs off with great swiftness, almost as swift as the mountain stream, until it enters into Big Cedar. There are several other springs in this vicinity, the water of which is just as good as that of the Cave springs. About a mile and a half northeast of Rome, near Mr. Mitchell's plantation, is Nix's cave. The interior is filled with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near this cave, and is always ready to guide visitors through its differ- ent apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is Woodward's cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. The entrance is through a large rock, which is nearly 100 feet perpendicular. There are a number of small caves in vari- ous parts of the county. Minerals. — Iron, plumbago, galena, pyrites, slate, agate, satin spar, besides ostreas, coral, ammonites, encrenites, co- prolites, &c. The limits of this work will not permit us to give a particular account of the various minerals and organic remains which are abundant in this county. To do this a volume would be necessary. Remarkable Places. — In the fork of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, many human bones are found. In 179- a battle was fought on this spot, between the whites and Indians. Character of the People, Amusements. — A large ma- jority of the inhabitants are moral and intelligent. Like all the other newly settled counties of Georgia, it has its propor- tion of idle and dissolute people. The temperance effort has succeeded admirably. The amusements are hunting and fish- ing. The neighbouring mountains abound with game, and the rivers with the finest fish. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are not kept in good order. At Rome, there is a good bridge over the Etowah, which cost $3000, belonging to a private individual. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant. In some places chills and fevers occur. John Funderburk is over 90 years of age, rides on horseback, and reads without glasses. Name. — This division of the State was named after Major 252 FLOYD COUNTY. Gen. Floyd, who died in Camden county, 24th day of June, 1829. He was the son of a revolutionary soldier, who, it is said, wore on the front of his helmet, a silver crescent with the words " Liberty or death." Gen. Floyd came from South Carolina, where he was born in 1794, and settled in the south- ern part of Georgia. In 1803, he became a member of the State Legislature. His associates were such men as Jackson, Tattnall, and Milledge, all of whom had the highest respect for his inflexible patriotism, and his unimpeachable integrity. In 1806, he was appointed Brigadier General of the 1st brigade, Georgia militia. In this command he established so great a reputation as a military man, that Gov. Early, in 1813, select- ed him to command the Georgia troops in an expedition against the Creeks, who for some time had been engaged in a sanguinary and unprovoked massacre upon the helpless fron- tier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. On one occasion, the savages surprised a fort where there were 300 men, women and children, and with the exception of 17, who made their escape, all were cruelly put to death. This affair created a great feeling of indignation in Georgia, and it is no won- der that a universal desire was felt to avenge the death of their countrymen. The direction of such an important matter as defending the frontier settlements, and of punishing the Indians for their aggressions, could not have been committed to a man possessing more energy of character than Ge- neral Floyd. Too much space would be required to follow him on his march, in which he displayed his ability as a most skilful commander. Suffice it to say, that co-operating with General Jackson, he waged a destructive war against the savages. At Autossee, Tallassee, and Camp Defiance, the enemy were defeated with great loss. In one of these en- gagements Gen. Floyd was severely wounded ; but, although labouring under acute pain, he refused to retire from the field. After the close of the Creek campaign. Gen. Floyd was invested with the command of the troops at Savan- nah, which command he retained to the end of the war. In 1826, he was elected a representative to Congress, where he served two years. As a private citizen. Gen. Floyd, in FORSYTH COUNTY. 253 the relations of husband and father, had no superior. His friendship was warm, sincere and disinterested. His gene- rosity knew no bounds. His benevolence was unsurpassed. To him the relief of distress was a duty. His hospitality re- minds one of the good old times of which we now only read. Inflexibly honest, he prided himself on his punctuality in ful- filling his engagements. His high sense of honour made him abhor every thing deviating in the least degree from the most correct principles. FORSYTH. Boundaries. — Bounded, N. by Lumpkin, E. by Hall, W. by a part of Cobb and Cherokee, and S. by Gwinnett. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1832. Towns. — Cumming, named after Colonel William Cum- ming, of Augusta, is the county town, situated on Vickery's creek, 145 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, on rather an undu- lating surface, surrounded by beautiful scenery, and within two and a half miles of Sawney's mountain, which lies north, raising its majestic head high above the clouds. The court-house and jail are constructed of wood. It has two churches, two hotels, two schools, five stores, &c. The amount of goods sold here per annum exceeds 'ItiSOjOOO. Several societies, such as the masonic lodge, temperance soci- ety, &c. Population about 400. The town is healthy and the water excellent. Cumming was incorporated and made the county site in 1834. Nature of the Soil, Value of Land, Average Pro- duct.— The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile, having mostly an alluvial soil, dark and sandy, adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton. Value $25 per acre. The uplands are productive, adapted to corn and wheat. Value $5 per acre. The upland ridges are worth from one to two dollars per acre, and the rocky broken ridges vary in price, according to the quantity of gold supposed to be found upon them. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. The low lands average 40 bushels of 17 254 FORSYTH COUNTY. corn per acre, and the second quality lands four to five barrels ; the third quality lands produce from two to three and a half barrels per acre. The bottoms produce from 15 to 20 bushels of wheat, second quality lands eight to ten bushels per acre, and the third quality from five to eight bushels per acre. Productions. — Corn, wheat, cotton, rye, oats, potatoes. Fruits and vegetables do well ; tobacco grows finely. In 1846, 80,000 lbs. of tobacco were made. About 350 bags of cotton made annually. Original Settlers. — The original settlers were James Hays, Mr. Hardy Strickling, Charles Jackson, WiUiam Black- stock, Mr. Jacob Scudder, and others. Character of the People, Amusements. — For sociability and hospitality the citizens of this county cannot be excelled. The houses of all are open to worthy strangers. The amuse- ments are hunting, dancing, and fishing ; some cock-fighting and horse-racing in certain sections. Mountains. — Sawney and Coal mountains. The latter may be considered a continuation of the former, although a level intervenes between them. Rivers and Creeks. — The principal rivers are the Chatta- hoochee and Etowah ; the creeks are Two Mile, Four Mile, Six Mile, Baldridge's, Davis's, Vickery's, Dick's, and John's creeks, and discharge their waters into the Chattahoochee river ; the Sitting Down creek empties into the Etowah. Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 12, grist-mills 21, mer- chant mill, 1 ; distilleries 5 ; one wool-carding establishment, half a mile southwest of Cumming. It is proposed to erect a large cotton manufactory on the Chattahoochee. There are several tobacco manufactories in the county. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 assigns to this county 6,911. whites, 798 blacks ; total 7,709. Amount of State tax received, $1,384 48. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Cumming, Big Creek, Hartford, High Tower, Vickery's Creek, Warsaw. Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads and bridges are in pretty good condition. Thirteen ferries on the Chattahoochee, and one toll bridge over the Etowah. FORSYTH COUNTY. 255 Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Missionary and Anti-Missionary ; Presbyterians of old and new- school, Metho- dists, Episcopalians, Universalists and Bible Christians. There are 15 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, and 2 Presbyterian in this county. More attention is paid to education than for- merly. There are about 30 schools in the county. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is as healthy as any portion of Cherokee Georgia. Typhoid fever, pleu- risies, &c., are the most common diseases. The cases of longevity are the following : Mr. Barnett, 80 ; Mr. Rogers, 80 ; Mr. Hill, 80 ; John Samples, 80; Mr. Wills, 90 ; has voted for every President. Several other cases occur, but our limits will not permit us to name them. Minerals. — Forsyth lies in the gold region, and it is be- lieved that gold can be found in almost every branch in the county. Sawney's mountain, near Cumming, contains an abundance of gold, and indeed it may be regarded as an im- mense mine of gold, Strickling's mines have produced finely, and in various parts of the county the precious metal exists. Silver and copper are found in several places. Two or three diamonds have been found. Iron, talc, and many of the pre- cious stones, such as the ruby and garnet. We cannot afford space to dwell largely on the mineral resources of this section of the State. They are inexhaustible, and can never be fully known until our Legislature orders a geological survey of the State. Mounds, and other Objects of Interest. — On Mr, Rogers's plantation, 12 miles south of Cumming, on the road to Lawrenceville, are several small mounds. On the road from Canton to Dahlonega, 10 miles northwest from Cumming, is a very remarkable rock. It is an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide. It is three-sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. The largest circles are eight inches in diameter. From its appearance it must jiave been wrought at a very remote period. The de- signs are very regular, and it is probable that they were executed by the same race of people who constructed the mounds in this and other sections of the State. What the 256 FORSYTH COUNTY. characters on this rock mean, the oldest inhabitants cannot tell. The oldest Indians could give no account of it. Would it not be proper for the Legislature to make a small appropria- tion to convey this curious relic of antiquity to Milledgeville? Mr. Samuel Julian has a marble font, presented to him by James Daniel, formerly a judge in the Cherokee nation. Name. — The merits of the Hon. John Forsyth, in honour of w^hom this county is named, are written in the history of his country. He was born in Frederick county, Virginia, and came with his father to Georgia when he was about four years of age. He studied the classics under the Rev. Mr. Springer, who had charge of an academy of great repute in Wilkes county. He then went to Princeton College, where he was graduated in 1799. After his collegiate course he studied law in Augusta with Mr. Noel, and commenced practice in 1802. A short time afterwards he was appointed Attorney General of the State, and in this office acquired great distinction. In 1811 he was honoured by his fellow-citizens with a seat in the House of Representatives of the United States. Here he be- came a warm advocate of Mr. Madison's administration, and defended the policy, justice, and conduct of the war. Upon most of the important topics which then agitated Congress he distinguished himself. In 1818 he resigned his seat in the House of Representatives, and was elected a member of the Senate. In this august body he displayed the superiority of his talents, and the whole country regarded him with pride and admiration. During the winter of 1818, he was sent minister to Spain, where he remained several years engaged in adjust- ing the differences between that country and the United States. By his skill and prudence, he brought matters to a successful termination. Whilst in Spain, Georgia elected him a member of the House of Representatives of the United States, in which body he took his seat in 1823. At this session he showed himself to be the firm friend of the rights of Georgia. The report which he«then made on the subject of the original compact, by which the United States had agreed to extinguish the Indian title to the territory within Georgia, is acknow- ledged by the most able men to be equal to any ever presented to Congress. In 1827 he was elected Governor of Georgia, FORSYTH COUNTY. 257 and warmly and ably sustained thft ground he had taken in the councils of the nation relative to the Indian question. At the expiration of his term as Governor he was again elected to the Senate of the United States, where he remained until 1834, when he succeeded Mr. McLane as Secretary of State. During no period since the war of 1812, had our foreign rela- tions involved questions more important ; and the honour and success with which they were conducted were owing, in a gi-eat degree, to the talents and firmness of Mr. Forsyth. He died in Washington City on the 21st day of October, 1841, in the 60th year of his age. The intelligence of his death was received by the citizens of Washington and throughout the country with emotions of great sorrow. In person he was upright, and finely proportioned ; height about five feet eight inches. As a speaker Mr. Forsyth never failed to attract at- tention. In the Boston Morning Post of , a corres- pondent thus speaks of Mr. Forsyth : " Mr. Forsyth's manner is peculiarly Virginian, respectful in his language, courteous and complimentary to his antago- nist. Without ever exhibiting passion, he evinces deep feeling. His voice is peculiarly melodious, and without talking fast, the words seem to melt into each other, like one continued sound, not unlike the enunciation of Judge Story, though with less compass of notes. He uses but little gesture, and his most emphatic passages are always in an under tone, which produce a solemn effect and leave a deep impression. It is the still small voice in which he pours out heart and soul and feeling, charming the audience into a silence, as if they were listening to the last fading notes of an ^Eolian harp, when they felt that the spirit of the wind was fading away. His countenance is fair and pleasing, with a smile always playing around his lips." Mr. Forsyth was not a hard student in the " midnight lamp" sense. He was, however, a deep thinker. He mastered the contents of a book whilst others would be turning over its leaves. His knowledge was extensive, and whatever he knew was always at his command. As an off-hand debater he had no superior. To his lofty spirit as a man, was added a breast overflowing with the most tender affection for his family. 258 FRANKLIN COUNTY. FRANKLIN. Boundaries, Extent. — Franklin is among the oldest of the upper counties of the State, and originally embraced an extent of country "beginning at Savannah river, where the west line of Wilkes county strikes the same ; thence along the said line to the Cherokee Corner ; from thence, on the same direction, to the south branch of the Oconee river; thence up the said river to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof; thence along the temporary line separating the Indian hunting-ground, to the northern branch of the Savannah river, known by the name of Keowee, and down the said river to the beginning." The boundaries have been much changed since that period, portions of it having been assigned to Jack on, Madison, Hall, and Habersham. The present boundaries are thus : — On the North by Habersham and Tugaloo river ; on the East by Tugaloo river ; on the South by Jackson, Elbert, and Madison ; and on the West by Hall, Habersham, and Jackson. Length 26 miles ; breadth 25 miles ; square miles 650. Rivers, Creeks. — TheTugnloo river, which separates it from South Carolina, and Hudson's Fork, North Fork, Middle Fork, branches of the Broad river. The creeks which empty into the Tugaloo are Reid, Long Shoal, Shoal, and Gum Log. The others are Double Branches, Nail's, Bear, Werd's, Webb's and Easternally creeks. Town. — Carnesville is the county town, named after Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge, situated on Stephens's creek ; distant from Milledgeville 108 miles ; from Madison's Springs 13 miles; from Clarkesville 30 miles; from Elberton 30 miles ; from Savannah river 25 miles ; from An- dersonville. South Carolina, 25 miles ; and from Athens 35 miles. It has a good brick court-house, a jail, two hotels, stores, &c. Population 100. Dwellings 17. It was made the county site in 1805. Post Offices. — Carnesville, Aquilla, Hudson, Bowersville, Bushville, Fairview, Grove Level, Middle River, Parker's Store, Walnut Hill. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 259 Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 7,943 whites, and 2,087 blacks; total, 10,030. The amount of State tax for 1848, is $1,770 80 cents. Entitled to two representatives. Early Settlers. — The Clevelands, Gilberts, Pulliums, Albertons, Manlys, Mr. Stonecypher, Philip Thomas, John Goram, Daniel Bush, Russel Jones, Mr. Shannon, and Mr. Little. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is salubrious, although much sickness has sometimes prevailed. Franklin can show a long list of aged persons. We can only mention the names of a few : Mr. Hale died last year at the age of 117; John Watson and wife died at the age of 90 ; Thomas Clark died at 90 ; Wm. Spears, a revolutionary soldier, reached 110; Henry Parks, 100; Elisha Dyer and wife, 93 ; Samuel Mackey was over 100 ; Jesse Marshall, a soldier of the revolu- tion, over 97 ; Mr. John Stonecypher, 96 ; David Guess, 90. There are many persons now living in this county over 90 years of age. Mineral Springs. — Franklin springs, 9 miles southeast of Carnesville. On Gum creek, in Carnesville, and on Mr. Hay- ton's land, there are springs possessing medicinal properties. Freestone springs are abundant throughout the county. Indian Mounds, Antiquities. — Several on Savannah river. Various articles of pottery, shells, rifles, and guns have been found in the graves of the Indians buried on the Hudson river. Minerals. — Iron ore abounds. Gold has been found in one or two places. Fine specimens of quartz near Carnes- ville. Nature of the Soil. — Lands of first quality are situated on Tugaloo river, adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton, worth $10 per acre. Second quality are on Broad river, adapted to cotton, corn, and wheat, valued from $6 to $8 per acre. Third quality embraces the hills and ridges, valued $2 per acre. The face of the country is level in the south ; the balance is broken. Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-Mis- sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are in the county, fourteen Missionary Baptist churches, two 260 FRANKLIN COUNTY. Anti-Missionary Baptist, sixteen Methodist, and three Presby- terian. In point of education the people of this ancient county are chargeable with neglect. Schools are much wanted. Amusements. — Fox hunting, dancing, quiltings. Character of the People. — Generally speaking, the people of this county maybe said to be frugal and industrious. In some portions, the inhabitants are too much given to low and vulgar habits. A spirit of enterprise is wanted. The various politi- cal meetings which are held during electioneering campaigns, have produced a very deleterious influence upon the habits of the people of this county, as well as in other parts of Georgia. Intemperance has diminished, and we hope that the time will come when the gatherer of future statistics may have it in his power to say there are no distilleries in old Franklin. For hospitality the citizens of this section of Georgia cannot be excelled. To exercise the rites of hospi- tality, we believe that the citizens of this county will sub- ject themselves to any inconvenience. The ladies of Franklin are models of industry, and it is said are remarkably fond of dress ; but this is not to be wondered at, for this may be said of all ladies. Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries, — A wool-carding establishment will soon be in operation on Rice creek, in the southern part of the county. There are in the county 31 grist-mills, 15 saw-mills, and a large number of distilleries. The business of making whiskey was formerly carried on very extensively, but we are gratified to learn that it has been greatly diminished. Bridges, Roads, Ferries. — A number of bridges in the county and in fair condition. The roads are much neglected. One ferry on the Savannah, four on the Tugaloo, and several others. Average Products, Amount of Cotton made. Markets. — Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn 3 barrels per acre ; wheat, G bushels per acre. Over 3600 bags of cotton are annually made. Planters carry their crops to Athens and Augusta, and a large quantity of cotton is carried to Andersonville, South Carolina. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 261 Name. — Benjamin Franklin, an eminent philosopher, states- man, and patriot, was born in Boston, January 17, 170G, At ten years of age, he was taken from school and assisted his father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler and soap-boiler. At the end of two years, he was bound an apprentice to his brother, who was a printer. Having a great taste for books, his leisure moments were employed in reading works which his limited means allowed him to purchase ; and so anxious was he to improve his mind, that he often passed the greater part of the night in reading. During his apprenticeship, his brother began to print the " New England Courant," for which Franklin wrote several esays. On account of some misunderstanding between his brother and himself, Franklin left Boston and came to Phila- delphia, where he found employment in a printing office. After a short period he was induced to go to London by pro- mises of assistance from Sir William Keith, who had professed great friendship for him ; which promises, however, were not fulfilled, and Franklin found himself in London without a sin- gle acquaintance or friend, but obtained employment in a printing office. In 1726, he returned to America. Shortly after his arrival in Philadelphia he commenced business for himself. The claims of business did not extinguish his taste for literature. He formed the plan of the Library Company of Philadelphia. In 1732, he commenced the pub- lication of " Poor Richard's Almanac," which was continued by him for 25 years. In 1736, he was appointed Clerk of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and in 1737, Post Master of Philadelphia. In 1738, he organized the first fire company. In 1747, he was chosen a member of the Assembly, and con- tinued in this station ten years. At this time he was engaged in experiments in electricity, and made the discovery which has immortalized his name, viz : the identity of the electric fluid and lightning. In 1753, he was appointed Deputy Post Master General of the British colonies, and in the same year originated several scientific so- cieties which are now the pride of America. In the war be- tween France and England, he filled several important offices, the duties of which he discharged with industry and zeal. In 262 GILMER COUNTY. 1757, he was sent to England as the agent of Pennsylvania, and whilst residing there was appointed agent of Massachu- setts, Maryland, and Georgia. In England he was highly honoured, chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and received the degree of Doctor of Laws from several universities. In 1766, he was examined at the bar of the House of Commons in regard to the repeal of the Stamp Act ; and in 1775, he re- turned to America, and the day after his arrival, was elected a member of Congress. Various important missions were in- trusted to him by his country, in all of which he evinced his devotion to the cause of liberty. His name is on the Decla- ration of American Independence. In 1776, he was sent as commissioner plenipotentiary to France, and concluded a treaty with this kingdom, February 6, 1778. While he was acting as a commissioner for nego- tiating peace with the mother country, his uniform answer to repeated questions as to the terms which might be obtained, was, " Nothing but independence.'' On his return to Phila- delphia, he filled the office of President of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and served as a delegate to the Federal Con- stitution in 1787. This venerable man died April 17, 1790, and was buried in Christ Church burying ground, in Philadelphia. When his death was known, Congress ordered a general mourning for him throughout the United States for one month. In France there were also expressions of public sorrow. GILMER. Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carofina, E. by Union and Lumpkin, S. by Chero- kee, and W. by Cass and Murray. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are Ellijay and Tacoa. The creeks are Carticary, Ticanetlee, Talona, Mountain, Talk- ing Rock, Mountain Town, Fighting Town, Sugar Town, GILMER COUNTY. 263 and Tumbling. Many of these afford excellent situations for mills. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 4,558 whites, 149 blacks ; total, 4,707. The tax as returned for 1848, is $871 68. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Ellijay, Prince Edward, Tacoa, Talking Rock, Blue Ridge. Towns. — Ellijay is the capital of the county, situated on the northwest bank of the Ellijay river, 171 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, 40 miles S. W. of Blairsville, 35 miles N. W. of Dahlonega, 40 miles N. of Canton, 28 miles E. of Spring Place, and 43 miles from Murphy, North Carolina. Popula- tion 150. It has a court-house, jail, five stores, &c. The place is said to be healthy. Public buildings located here in 1834. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This county may be said to have a healthy climate, although in certain sections there is considerable sickness. The diseases are pneumonia, pleu- risies, &c. Cancers are common, and we have heard of a gentleman in the county who cures them by certain charms, and in whose skill many place entire confidence. Several cases of longevity have come to our knowledge. Among them are Mr. Underwood, over 80, enjoying fine health ; James Kell, over 90; Mr. Smith, 90; Mrs. Ellis, 90; Mrs. Carroll, 84 ; George Brock and wife, over 80 ; Mrs. Cox, 84 ; Mrs. Lucy Harris and Mrs. Ringcaird, over 85. Mills, Distilleries, Rifles. — In the county are 22 grist- mills, 9 saw-mills, 1 jug factory, 4 distilleries. One and three quarters of a mile from Ellijay is Wood & Jones's rifle manu- factory. Price of rifles from fifteen to forty dollars, and are said to be superior articles. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — The face of the country is broken by mountains, the principal of which are Cohuttah, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amacolola, Turnip Town, Tallona, and Sharp Top. The best lands are in the valleys and on the water-courses ; inclined to be of a black sandy soil, adapted to corn, oa^ and rye. Wheat does not succeed so well. The broken lands having a growth of post oak, walnut and hickory, in the opinion of many are better suited to wheat than the lands on 264 GILMER COUNTY. the rivers and creeks. The mountain lands are suitable only for grazing. For the best lands, ten dollars per acre may be put down as the average value. The uplands are w^orth about four dollars per acre. Minerals. — This county is rich in minerals. Gold exists at the White Paths, six miles from Ellijay, on the road lead- ing to Blairsville. The mines at this place embrace three lots owned by different persons, and have been worked for two years. One hundred and twenty pennyweights of gold have been found in this locality in one mass. Carticary mine, 10 miles E. of Ellijay, is a rich deposit mine. Iron ore, of a very excel- lent quality, is abundant. Beautiful marble, white, variegated, is found in several places, and it is confidently asserted that it is not to be excelled by any in the United States. Several gentlemen have entered largely into the marble business ; be- tween sixty and seventy hands are kept in constant employ in the quarries. Good mill-stones are found on Tallona creek. Mineral Springs. — On Briar creek is a spring having medicinal properties, besides others in various portions of the county. Character of the People, Amusements. — This county has been settled by people from various places, and it is diffi- cult to define with precision the character of the population. Our own observations would lead us to say that generally the citizens of this county are kind asid hospitable, not inclined to industrious habits, and not sufficiently interested in the subject of temperance. In political matters they are well informed, but in agricultural knowledge we think there is room for improvement. Bear hunting is a popular amuse- ment. The Cohuttah mountains, at certain seasons, abound with bear, and they often fall victims to the sure aim of the Gilmer rifle. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Missionary and Anti-Missionary, are the most numerous. The other denomi- nations are Methodists and Presbyterians. Schools are much wanted, and we are happy to state that a great interest is be- ginning to be felt in the cause of education. The country is still new, and allowances must be made for the want of schools. Early Settlers. — J. P. Alexander, Samuel Jones, Benja- min Griffith, Stephen Griffith, and others. GILMER COUNTY. 265 Name. — Georgia has named all of her civil divisions, with the exception of the counties of Liberty, Union, Muscogee, Coweta, Cherokee, and Chattooga, after distinguished men. Messrs. Cass, Troup, Lumpkin, and Gilmer, are the only gentle- men now living, whose names are thus commemorated. If unwa- vering attachment to the principles of American liberty — if incorruptible integrity — if long and faithful services to his na- tive State — if strict adherence to justice and truth, at a period when jealousy, prejudice, and ignorance united in denouncing the judicial proceedings of Georgia " as unconstitutional, un- just and wicked," be qualities, the possession of which gives a citizen a claim to distinction, then is George R. Gilmer most justly deserving a conspicuous place on the catalogue of Geor- gia's worthy sons. Mr. Gilmer was born on the 11th of April, 1790, on the southern side of Broad river, about two miles above the Fish Dam ford, then in the county of Wilkes, now Oglethorpe. His ancestors were among the most respectable citizens of Virginia, and many of his relatives acted a promi- nent part in the Indian wars, and in the war of the Revolu- tion. His father came from Augusta county, Virginia, to Georgia, in 1785, and settled in Wilkes county. The company into which young Gilmer was thrown, was of a character to inspire him with an aversion to tyranny^and injustice. Many of the original settlers of Wilkes had been in the Revolution, and some of them had occupied high stations in the army. With these, Mr. Gilmer's father was upon the most intimate terms, and they were accustomed to meet at his house, where the incidents and men of '76 were frequently the themes of conversation. Governor Matthews, Colonel Taliafero, and others of the same stamp, would notice the deep attention with which young Gilmer listened, and took much pleasure in communicating to him many facts associated with the Revolution, and the early history of Wilkes county, which left a strong impression upon his mind, and which have been treasured up to this day. Hence it is, that Mr. Gilmer now surpasses any man in Georgia, in a knowledge of the men and incidents of the revolutionary war, especially as it was con- ducted in the upper part of Georgia. He went to several schools, if schools they might be called, for it must be remem- 266 GILMER COUNTY. bered, that at thai time the means of education were not as abundant as they are at this period. Now, the Latin, Greek, and Mathematics, are taught in almost every neighbourhood, but then, the only schools which existed were conducted by deserters from the army or navy, or by some adventurer, who with the multiplication table at his tongue's end, and ability to rehearse the Ten Commandments, came to Georgia for the purpose of enlightening the people. Of course, Gilmer derived no important advantages from schools of this description ; and fortunately for him, when he was thirteen years of age his fa- ther sent him to Dr. Wilson's Classical School, near Abbeville Court House, South Carolina, and afterwards to the Academy of Dr. Waddel. At these institutions he studied the languages, and would have entered college, but his ill health prevented. He then employed his time in teaching his younger brothers, and a few of the children in the neighbourhood of his father. After this, he commenced the study of the law with the Hon. Mr. Upson, but was compelled to abandon it, on account of his health, although he had been admitted to the bar. His physician, Dr. Bibb, then a Senator in Congress, believing that an active life might improve his health, obtained a commission for him in the regular army. In October, 1813, he was appointed First Lieutenant in the 43d regiment of infantry, and took up his quarters near Wash- ington, where Capt. Tattnall had established a recruiting sta- tion. At this period, a friendship was formed between the latter officer and Lieutenant Gilmer, which was never after- wards broken. Both served together in a legislative capacity, not only in the House of Representatives in Georgia, but also in the Congress of the United States. As soon as a few re- cruits were collected, orders were received from General Pinckney to place them under a suitable officer, and to march them to the Creek territory. With this command Lieut. Gil- mer was invested, and by the prompt manner with which he executed his orders, as well as by his subsequent prudent ar- rangements, contributed most essentiaUy to the quiet of the whites, residing near the Chattahooche, and who had been much alarmed by hostile appearances on the part of the In- dians. After the war Mr. Gilmer returned to Oglethorpe, and GILMER COUNTY 267 in 1818, commenced the practice of law at Lexington, and soon acquired reputation as an able lawyer. The citizens of Oglethorpe, relying upon his talents and patriotism, called upon him to represent their interests in the State Legislature ; and for two years he was their faithful representative. The jour- nals of the house for that period will show that his course was independent and fearless. By his exertions chiefly, a law was enacted to prevent private banking, at that time a very sore evil. Mr. Gilmer is entitled also to the praise of having made the first effort which excited public attention to the impor- tance of establishing an Appellate Court for the correction of Errors. In 1820 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1824. In 1828 he was re-elected to Congress. He had left his home for Washington city, when Governor Forsyth issued his proclamation declaring his election, but failing to give notice of his acceptance within the time required by law, Governor Forsyth declared his appointment vacant, and ordered a new election. Mr. Gilmer declined being a candidate. As a member of Congress, Mr. Gilmer distinguished him- self by his ability and devotion to the interests of Georgia. His speeches evince much clearness of understanding, and vi- gour of intellect. We have now before us a speech which he delivered in Congress when the Revolutionary Pension Bill was before that body, which we think does him great honour. We will give an extract from this speech. Mr, Gilmer said, " that he did not understand that our debt of gratitude was confined to those who performed military service. It extend- ed to all who aided in the cause of freedom. Those men who filled the civil departments of the government ; those who de- fended our rights from 1763 to 1775, by exposing to the people their violation by British laws, and taught them their value ; who pointed out the consequences of submission to lawless taxation, and the glorious consequences of successful resist- ance— were they entitled to no gratitude for their services ? Sir," said Mr. G., " the battle of Lexington and Bunker Hill would never have been fought, but for the victory which vlme- rican intelligence had gained over British sophisti^y. Upon what principle was it, that the fatigues and exertions of the body were to be paid for, and not those of the mind ? And 268 GILMER COUNTY. why forget that pure and elevated patriotism that united into one common feeHng of resistance the whole female society of the colonies to the British duty upon tea ? If we are to pay this debt of gratitude, we must compensate every impulse that carried forward the ball of the Revolution. What rule could be formed for determining the extent of the benefits conferred upon our country, by the soul-inspiring and spirit-stirring elo- quence of Patrick Henry ? We might yet have been depen- dent colonies, but for the unwearied industry and mental energies of Benjamin Franklin." Sentiments like these do honour to human nature. They emanate from a lofty, a ge- nerous heart. In 1828, Mr. Gilmer was a candidate for Go- vernor, and was elected, his opponent being Major Joel Crawford. In 1830, he was again a candidate for the guber- natorial chair, but was defeated by Mr. Lumpkin. In 1832, his fellow-citizens selected him as one of their representatives in Congress ; and in 1834 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated. In 183G, he was President of the Board of Electors of President and Vice-President, when the votes of that body were given for Judge White, of Ten- nessee. The next year he was elected to the chief magis- tracy of Georgia, the duties of which demanded so much la- bour as seriously to injure his health. No Governor of Geor- gia had ever been called upon to perform so many compli- cated and delicate duties. The situation of the Cherokee In- dians— the injustice said to have been practised upon them by the State of Georgia — the conflicting opinions of the United States Government, and the constituted authorities of Geor- gia, all conspired to render Governor Gilmer's administration any thing else than pleasant. Wisdom, prudence, and firm- ness were requisite to conduct the helm of state at this criti- cal period ; and we believe we utter the sentiments of every thinking man in Georgia, when we say that Governor Gilmer's administration was marked by all these attributes. Few persons have any idea of the immense responsibi- lities which devolved upon Mr. Gilmer, when Governor ; and although by his manly and independent course he received a large share of abuse, it is now acknowledged by all parties, that the policy he adopted was correct, and that the measures GILMER COUNTY. 269 he recommended to the people of Georgia were wise. For in- stance, in his message to the Legislature, in 1830, he recom- mends that the lots of land which contain gold should be ex- empted from distribution by lottery. " The spirit of specula- tion which the disposition of the lands by lottery is calculated to produce, has always been the greatest objection to that system. The knowledge that the lands contained valuable mines of gold would increase that spirit to the most injurious extent. The community would become highly excited by the hope of acquiring great wealth without labour. The morals of the country would be in danger of corruption from the temptation which would be held out by law to the commission of innu- merable frauds. Regular industry and economy would for a time be suspended by restless idleness, and imaginary as well as real and unnecessary expenditures. In most cases even the successful owners of the rich prizes would not be really bene- fited. Prodigality is the usual result of riches suddenly and easily obtained. Mines are like the accumulation of the peo- ple's money in the public treasury. The government should manage them for general and not for individual advantage. If they should prove exceedingly profitable, the State would thereby be enabled to relieve the people from taxation, improve all the roads, render its rivers navigable, and extend the ad- vantages of education to every class of society," Now we are willing to submit these sentiments to the nicest sci'utiny. Their truth cannot be denied. Had the gold mines been re- served to the State, as recommended by Governor Gilmer, what an immense revenue would be at its command ! Rail- roads would be found running in every direction. Schools for the benefit of the poor would be established through the length and breadth of the State. The burden of taxation would be hardly felt, and our people would move onward in their career of prosperity. Again, Mr. Gilmer's course in regard to the missionaries confined in the penitentiary was looked upon as cruel and unjust. Now, what were the facts in this case ? By the laws then in force, no white person, however respect- able, had the right to reside in the Indian territory within Georgia, without a license granted him upon his taking the- oath to support the constitution and laws of the State. It was 18 270 GILMER COUNTY. noticed that many white persons residing in this territory were using exertions to thwart the policy of the General Govern- ment, and to oppose the execution of the laws of Georgia. The Legislature required that all white men residing among the Cherokees should take an oath to support the constitution and laws of Georgia. Two hundred and three took the re- quisite oath ; but an obstinate and perverse opposition was made to the authority of the State by certain missionaries in the employ of the American Board of Commissioners for Fo- reign Missions. These men refused to take the oath, and in various ways were opposing the policy of the General Govern- ment. They had been treated with remarkable forbearance. Due regard had been paid to their sacred office. No oath was required of them that would militate against their conscientious opinions. Dr. Butler and Mr. Worcester were not sentenced to the penitentiary for residing among the Cherokees, but for refusing to take an oath to support the laws of Georgia. They refused the clemency of Governor Gilmer, when offered to them, even upon the simple condition of removing from the territory, and whatever punishment they suffered was brought upon them by their own misconduct. We know Governor Gilmer to be one of the kindest men in the world. We believe that it would be impossible to induce him to commit an unkind act. He was only the organ of the people of Georgia, and he would have failed to shed " a lustre upon his native State" had he permitted himself to be influenced by the opinions of north- ern fanatics. The celebrated William Wirt proposed to Go- vernor Gilmer, in behalf of the Cherokees, to submit to the Supreme Court of the United States for its determination, upon a case to be made between the State of Georgia and the Che- rokees, the question " whether the Legislature of Georgia had competent authority to pass laws for the government of the Indians residing within its limits." To this proposition the Governor of Georgia would not for a moment listen. We have now before us the letter of Governor Gilmer, in reply to that of Mr. Wirt proposing the settlement of the Cherokee matters to the Supreme Court of the United States ; and as this letter con- tains much information, in regard to the true position of things at that time, and as few of our readers may have seen it, we GILMER COUNTY. . 271 take much pleasure in laying it before them, believing that it should hold an exalted place in the annals of Georgia. Executive Department, Georgia, Milledgeville, 19th of June, 1S30. Sir, — Your communication, addressed to the Governor of Georgia, has been received, informing him of your employment by the Cherokee Indians to defend them against the operation of the laws of the State, and proposing a reference of what you have thought proper to call the dispute between the Cherokee nation and the State of Georgia to the Supreme Court of -the United States. The Governor of Georgia knows of no reason why he should be notified that professional duty required of you to take fees of all who ask your advice. Georgia claims no jurisdiction over the lawyers of Maryland. Your justifi- cation will have become appropriate when that State inter- feres with your professional business. Why it should be the misfortune of a citizen of Maryland (as you say it is yours), to differ with the constituted authorities of Georgia, is not very clearly understood You are neither responsible for the legislation of the State, nor subject to its control. There is no doubt but that many other lawyers, distinguished like your- self (as you say), profess to believe that the State has usurped authorit}^ and violated the faith of treaties, in passing laws for the protection of the rights, and punishing the crimes of the Indian people who reside within its limits. It is known that the extent of the jurisdiction of Georgia, and the policy of re- moving the Cherokees and other Indians to the West of the Mississippi, have become party questions. It is not, therefore, surprising that those who engage in the struggle for power should find usurpation and faithlessness in the measures of the Govern- ment accordingly as the loss of office or the hope of its acquisition, may enlighten their understandings. What you say of the fallibility of the constituted authorities of Georgia, is a truism of universal application, and can have no meaning but by your intention to render the application particular. You say that the Supreme Court of the United States is a high, impartial, and enlightened tribunal. Why such commen- dation ? The promise you make to use your professional in- 272 • GILMER COUNTY. jfluence to prevent your clients, the Indians, from committing violence upon the people of Georgia, is very kind, coming as it does from a private citizen of another State, and will with- out doubt create an obligation upon the people whose safety is intended, commensurate with the favour to be received. There are no fears felt in Georgia from Indian violence, although it is highly probable that your efforts will be productive of some mischief. It is believed that the Cherokees in Georgia had de- termined to unite with that portion of their tribe who had removed to the West of the Mississippi, if the policy of the President were sustained by Congress. To prevent this result, as soon as it became highly probable that the Indian bill would pass, the Cherokees were persuaded that the right of self-gov- ernment would be secured to them by the power of the Su- preme Court, in defiance of the legislation of the General and State Governments. It was not known, however, until the receipt of your letter, that the spirit of resistance to the laws of the State, and views of the United States, which of late has been evident among the Indians, had, in any manner, been occasioned by your advice. Although insurrection among the Indian people of Georgia may be the consequence of your proceedings, and those who act in unison with you, the constituted authorities of the State disclaim all right to interfere with you in any manner, so long as you keep your- self beyond the jurisdiction of the State. You have thought proper to give the Governor of Georgia an account of the civil- ization of the Cherokees, describing those whom you have known to be polished gentlemen, and those whom you do not know to have ceased to be savages. What you say of the intelli- gence of the members of the Cherokee tribe who were in Wash- ington City last winter, is partly true, and equally descriptive of many others. They are not Indians, however, but the children of white men, whose corrupt habits or vile passions led them into connection with the Cherokee tribe. It is not surprising that the white men, and the children of white men, have avail- ed themselves of the easy means of acquiring wealth which the Cherokee territory has presented for thirty or forty years, nor that intelligence and spirited activity should increase with their increase of wealth ; nor that when wealth, intelligence. GILMER COUNTY. 273 and industry were confined to tlie whites, and the children of white men, that the power over the tribe should become cen- tral in the same hands. But that these causes were calculated to produce similar effects upon the Indians (the real aborigines) is disproved by every example among the thousands which the experience of the two last centuries has furnished in every part of this continent. The Cherokees have lost all that was valuable in their Indian character — have become spiritless, de- pendent, and depraved as the whites, and their children have become wealthy, intelligent, and powerful. So long as the Cherokees retained their primitive habits, no disposition was shown by the States, under the protection of whose govern- ments they resided, to make them subject to their laws. Such policy would have been cruel, because it would have interfered with their habits of life, the enjoyments peculiar to Indians, and the kind of government which accorded with those habits and enjoyments. It was the power of the whites, and their children among the Cherokees, that destroyed the ancient laws, customs, and authority of the tribe, and subjected the natives to the rule of that most oppressiv^e of governments, an oli- garchy. There is nothing surprising in this result. From the character of the people, and the causes operating upon them, it could not have been otherwise. It was this state of things that rendered it obligatory upon the State of Georgia to vindi- cate her rights of sovereignty, by abolishing all Chei'okee government within its limits. Whether intelligent or ignorant, the State of Georgia has passed no law violative of the liberty, personal security, or private property of any Indian. It has been the object of humanity and wisdom to separate the two classes among them, giving the rights of citizenship to those who are capable of performing its duties, and properly estimating its privileges, and increasing the enjoyment, and the probability of future improvements to the ignorant and idle, by removing them to a situation where the inducements to action will be more in accordance with the character of the Cherokee people. Your suggestion that it would be conve- nient and satisfactory if yourself, the Indians, and the Governor would make up a law case, to be submitted to the Supreme Court for the determination of the question, whether the Legis- 274 GILMER COUNTY. lature of Georgia has competent authority to pass laws for the government of the Indians residing within its limits : however courteous the manner and conciliatory the phraseology, cannot but be considered exceedingly disrespectful to the government of the State. No one knows better than yourself, that the Governor would grossly violate his duty, and exceed his autho- rity, by complying with such a suggestion ; and that both the letter and spirit of the powers conferred by the constitution upon the Supreme Court, forbid its adjudging such a question. Your suggestion is but an evidence of the state of that contest in which the advocates of power are exerting themselves to increase the authority of the departments of the General Gov- ernment; whilst the friends of liberty and the rights of the people are in opposition, endeavouring to sustain the sove- reignty of the States. It is hoped that the efforts of the Gene- ral Government to execute its contract with Georgia, to secure the continuance and advance the happiness of the Indian tribes, and to give quiet to the country, may be so effectually success- ful, as to prevent the necessity of any further intercourse upon this subject. Yours, &c., George R. Gilmer. William Wirt, Esq. Whilst Mr. Gilmer was Governor, in 1837 and 1838, the Indians were removed from Georgia, and we have no doubt that by their removal their condition has been greatly im- proved. Mr. Gilmer has retired from public life, and holds no appointment except that of trustee of Franklin College. He resides in Lexington, Oglethorpe county, and devotes his time to the cultivation of a farm. For recreation he has explored much of the country in the vicinity of Lexington, and has collected a most beautiful cabinet of minerals and Indian relics. In stature he is about five feet nine inches — com- plexion sallow — piercing eyes. In his dress plain, and what some might consider unfashionable. His manners are pecu- liarly fascinating. His mind is filled with immense stores of historical lore. His conversational powers are uncommonly great, and no one can be in his company without forming the conclusion that he possesses no ordinary powers of mind. GLYNN COUNTY. 275 We are not acquainted with Mr. Gilmer's religious opinions, but we know that he holds in high regard the institutions of Christianity ; that he possesses a generous heart, which leads him to aid the wretched and relieve the needy. " Serus in caelutn redeas." GLYNN. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Mcintosh ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by Camden, and W. by Wayne. It is one among the oldest counties in Georgia, being first laid out into two parishes, viz., St. Patrick's and St. David's, in 1765, al- though extensive settlements had been made many years ante- rior to that period. In 1777 the parishes above named were formed into the county of Glynn. Length 22 miles ; breadth 18 ; square miles 396. Rivers, Creeks, Swamps. — The Alatamaha, Turtle, Little St. Ilia, McCoy's, and St. Simon's, are the chief streams. The creeks are Academy, Fort's, Gibson's, Cowpen, Burnett's, Ten Mile, Wallace. There are many large swamps, such as Buf- falo, Little Buffalo, College and Turkey. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840 the pop- ulation of the county was 5,302 ; in 1845, 4,327 ; of these 617 whites, 3,710 blacks. Amount of state tax returned in 1848, $2,674 03. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Brunswick, Bethel, Frederica. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is broken by extensive swamps, which, when drained, become the most valuable lands in the county. The soil may be thus described : First, the pine barrens, having a light sandy soil unfit for cultivation unless highly manured. Second, hammock lands, light and sandy but fertile, peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of cotton. Third, tide lands, which consist of river swamp lands within the limits of the proper rise and fall of the tides. These constitute the fertile rice lands of the Alatamaha. Fourth, inland swamp, consisting of a rich clay soil, productive if drained and embanked. The swamp lands bordering the Alatamaha in some places are two miles wide and of inexhaustible fertility. The product of rice 376 GLYNN COUNTY. is from 30 to 80 bushels per acre. Corn upon hammock lands averages 15 bushels per acre. When manured they have been known to yield 50 bushels per acre. Pine lands average 8 bushels per acre. Cotton averages about 125 pounds clean per acre. The islands have a gray soil, and produce cotton, corn, potatoes, peas, cane, &c. Apricots, figs, oranges, and some other tropical fruits grow to great perfection. Olives too are successfully cultivated, and oil made from the olive grown upon St. Simon's has been pronounced by competent judges to be inferior to no article of the same kind made in Europe. As it is the opinion of many intelligent persons that the olive can not only be successfully but profitably cultivated in our State, we here insert copious extracts from a letter on this subject written by James H. Couper, Esq., one of the most scientific planters in Glynn, and w^ho has had much experience in the culture of the olive. The letter was originally addressed to the Hon. Mitchell King, of Charleston, who read it at a meet- ing of the South Carolina Agricultural Society. Says Mr. Cou- per : " The first and all-important question which presents itself is whether our climate is adapted to the olive tree. The facts which will be presented are, I think, decisive that the immediate seaboard of South Carolina, Georgia, and the whole of Flori- da, and the borders of the Gulf of Mexico, are as suitable for the cultivation of the olive as the south of France.'' After proving from a variety of facts that the climate of the olive region in France is no milder than the maritime districts of South Carolina, Georgia, and the whole of Florida, Mr. Cou- per proceeds thus : " The actual growth of the olive tree itself proves this most conclusively. At Dungeness, on Cumberland island, Georgia, a number of trees bore abundantly before the fatal spring of 1835. In 1825 my father imported, through a French house in Charleston, two hundred trees from Provence, via the Languedoc canal and Bourdeaux. They were five months on the way, and did not arrive until May ; notwith- standing which a very few only failed to grow. These trees were planted at Cannon's Point, his residence, on St. Simon's Island, lat. 31° 20', and had borne several crops of olives when the severe cold of February, 1835, (8*^ of Fahrenheit,) injured them so much that it was necessary to cut them down to the GLYNN COUNTY. 277 ground. They all threw up shoots from the old stumps ; and many of them have now attained to a diameter of nine inches. For the last two years they have produced some fruit ; and this year about one half of the trees are bending under the weight of an abundant crop. About one hundred trees raised from cuttings, are also beginning to bear. It is now twenty- one years since the importation of these trees, and with the exception of the destructive season of 1835, they have never in the slightest degree been injured by the cold. The last winter was one of unusual severity ; the thermometer having sunk to 19° Fahrenheit; and although the sweet oranges on the same plantation were much injured, some having been cut down to the ground, I could not perceive that a single leaf among 250 olive trees had been touched by the frost. This experience is certainly very satisfactory, the more particularly as it is certain that the season of 1835 was the coldest known on this coast for at least one hundred years, as is proved by the destruction of orange trees on St. Simon's Island, which had stood since the occupation of that island by Gen. Ogle- thorpe, and of others at St. Augustine, which dated still farther back. The effect of one such disastrous year should not dis- courage the introduction of so valuable a tree. In the south of France they have persevered in its cultivation, although in 1709 and 1788, almost every tree was destroyed to the ground, and they were severely injured in 1740, 1745, 1748, 1755, and 1768. It may be doubted whether the olive tree can be culti- vated beyond the influence of the sea air on the coast of Caro- lina and Georgia with the varieties at present known. But it may be hoped that this plant will in time become acclimated ; and that by pursuing the plan of raising from the seed, which has been found to produce hardier plants, new kinds adapted to a greater range of climate may in time be introduced. The gradual extension of the olive from the southern to the northern shores of the Mediterranean would encourage this expectation. The southern coasts of Italy and Spain, which are now the great oil markets of the world, were destitute of the olive du- ring the early periods of Roman history. " The suitableness of the soil of our southern coast to the olive tree, admits of no doubt. It thrives in every soil which 278 GLYNN COUNTY. is not wet. That the sandy lands of our seaboard are adapt- ed to the olive, needs no other proof than the luxuriant growth of the trees on St. Simon's and Cumberland islands. Should the olive become acclimated to the interior of the States of South Carolina and Georgia, it will find in the open and gravelly soil of the tertiary slope, between the granite ridge, and the tide water, its most congenial soil. The next question which presents itself is the introduction of that tree, likely to prove such a source of profit to the agriculturist as to be worthy his attention. A calm examination of this part of the subject, will probably disappoint those whose standard of pro- fit has been the exaggerated hopes of the cotton culture, and who tolerate no delay in reaping the reward of their labour ; but it may present a sufficient inducement to devote some time and expense to the subject, to a class of persons less im- patient of growing rich, and who believe that the direction of a part of the agricultural labour of the Southern States to new objects, is called for by the excessive production of a few staples, and that the introduction of a new plant affording a wholesome and nutritious article of food, and which is impor- tant to many valuable manufacturers, will add very materially to the wealth, happiness and independence of the country. The distance at which the olive trees are planted is regulated by the circumstance, whether the ground is to be devoted solely to them, or is to be cultivated at the same time in grain. In the first case they are placed nearer, and in the latter far- ther apart. It may be assumed as a safe ground of calcula- tion, that 25 trees may be planted to the acre, when the land is cropped, and 50 if devoted exclusively to the olive. The product of oil varies very much with the size of the tree, the character of the soil, and the fruitfulness of the season. In France, we are informed that at Toulon they have great trees that are known to yield 20 to 30 livres a tree, (40 to 60 lbs., or from 5| to 8^ gallons of oil). When they give a crop, which is once in two years, and sometimes once in three, small trees yield 3 livres (6 lbs.), 5 livres (10 lbs.), and 6 livres (12 lbs.) each. ' In Languedoc, olives pay in general 3 livres (6 lbs.) each tree per annum, some 5 livres (10 lbs.). At Pingean, some large and fine trees are known to give 84 lbs. of oil, or GLYNN COUNTY. 279 11^ gallons, as the gallon weighs 7^ lbs. ; but they reckon that good trees give 6 livres (12 lbs.) one with another." In the article Olive, in Michaux' North American Sylva., vol. 2, page 196, Mr. Hillhouse observes, * the mean produce of a tree may be assumed in France, at 10 lbs. (1^ gals.) ; and in Italy at 15 lbs. (2 gallons,) ; but single trees have been known in the productive season to yield 300 lbs. (41 gallons). Young states the produce of a field of 209 trees in Tuscany to have been in 1786, 30 barrels, (150 lbs. each) or 615 gals. 1787, 3 " " " " 61 " 1788, 8 " " " " 164 " 1789, 25 " " " " 512 " 66 barrels, 1352, " or average per annum of 338 gallons, being 1| gallons per tree.' On a very bad stony soil, though in the plain, I found it took 20 trees of 25 years' growth to yield a barrel of oil (20^ gal- lons) ; but in a fine soil and with very old trees, a barrel per tree has been known.' " From these statements, assuming that the district to which I have conjecturally limited the olive culture has a climate as favourable for it as that in the South of France, we may place the product of a tree in full bearing, as giving a mean annual yield of one gallon of oil, or 25 gallons to the acre, when the land is cultivated at the same time in some other crop, or at 50 gallons if exclusively devoted to the olive. Estimating the oil at the moderate price of 75 cents per gallon, and the value will be in the former case, $18f per acre, and in the latter, $37^. But to the first must be added the value of the corn or other crops cultivated on the same land ; and which may be put down at nearly a full crop every second year, as the trees are reckoned in Italy to diminish the grain crop only one- fifth. " If the facts given above are sufficient to prove the impor- tance and practicability of cultivating the olive among us, no impediment is presented by the difficulty of propagating it, as it is readily increased by seed, by cuttings, suckers, portions of the root, or by grafting. The mode of raising by the seed 280 GLYNN COUNTY. is only resorted to in order to produce new varieties, or as stocks for grafting, as the fruit from seedlings, although yield- ing an oil of a more delicate and higher flavour, is usually very small. Grafting improves the quality of the fruit ; but is not so generally resorted to as propagation by suckers and cuttings. The last is the most practised. Limbs from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, are cut in lengths of from twelve to fifteen inches. Trenches five feet apart and six to eight inches deep being prepared, the cuttings are placed in them, about eighteen inches apart, and in an oblique position, so that when the earth is filled in, from one to two inches will remain above the ground. On the exposed end a little gardener's cement should be smeared, to exclude the water ; and over the whole some moss or loose sand is drawn, for some time, to diminish the evaporation. In dry weather the cuttings should occasionally be watered, until they have taken root. Until the third year nothing more is required than to cultivate among the young plants, and to trim them to a single stem. When three years old, the young trees should be planted out in the usual way, at distances of from thirty to forty-eight feet. The holes should be made large and deep, and had better be dug several months before the trees are put out. The subsequent cultivation consists in removing the suckers, trimming out the dead wood, in manuring moderately once in three or four years, digging around the roots annually, and in ploughing once a year the intervals, unless a crop of grain is cultivated among them. Much difference of opinion exists in France, on the subject of pruning ; but unless it is deemed desirable to keep the trees low for the facility of gathering the fruit, or to diminish the risk of their being blown down by high winds, all that appears to be necessary is to re- move the decayed wood, and to keep the head of the tree mo- derately open, for the free admission of light and heat. With us, the liability to severe gales of wind, will recommend low trimming : and the same evil will probably lead to the practice of grafting on seedling stocks, the tap root of which will in- sure the stability of the future tree. From cuttings, in thin soils, the roots will be too superficial for safety. " The manufacture of this oil is extremely simple ; and re- GLYNN COUNTY. 281 quires no very complicated or expensive machinery. The latter consists of a mortar, a revolving stone, or some other contrivance for separating the pulp from the stones, and of rendering it a paste ; a revolving stone, like a bark or cider- mill for crushing the stones ; a lever or screw press for the pressing of the oil from the pulp and stones ; bags of coarse cloth or hair to contain the pulp ; and wooden or earthen- ware vessels for receiving the oil from the presses, and for se- parating it from the mucilage. '' As soon as the olives are ripe, which is indicated by their becoming of a dark colour and soft, they are gathered by hand, and spread out over floors to the depth of a few inches. In this situation they remain three days, being turned daily, and the decayed berries carefully picked out. They are then placed in the mortar or under a stone, and moderately triturated, until the pulp is reduced to a paste, and is detached from the stones. The stones having been removed, the pulp is then put into coarse and strong bags, and placed under the press, which should be worked very slowly at first. From the press the oil mixed with mucilage runs into wooden vessels, half filled with water. After standing from twelve to twenty-four hours, to give time to the mucilage to separate from the oil, the latter is decanted into other vessels, and remains undisturbed for about twenty days. It is then ready to be decanted again, and finally put into barrels, in which it is to remain. During this repose, nearly all the mucilage will have been precipitated; but the oil is still liable to be troubled until it has been exposed to the cold. " The oil from this expression is of the first quality. The pulp or cake remaining in the bags from this first pressure, is then broken up, moistened with warm water, returned to the bags, and again pressed. The oil from it is nearly equal to the first, and may be mixed with it. " The stones having been reduced to a paste by grinding under stones, are pressed in the same way, and yield an in- ferio oil, of a harsh taste, and running rapidly into a state of rancidity. The refuse of the manufacture forms a valuable manure. " The above is a mere outline of the mode of cultivating the 282 GLYNN COUNTY. the, olive, and of extracting the oil. To enter fully into the subject, would occupy many sheets of paper ; and such de- tailed information is probably foreign to your purpose, which, it is presumed, is to recommend it to the attention of the South, by presenting for consideration its most important features ; — and to go no farther into minutiae than may be necessary to an accurate knowledge and correct appreciation of it. " The experiment made by my father — who, though 88 years no longer allow of his taking an active part in field operations, is still deeply interested in the subject — has proved so satis- factory, that it is my intention to prosecute it on a larger scale. We have succeeded perfectly in pickling the olive, and in mak- ing from it the finest oil I have ever tasted. This season I ex- pect to make several hundred bottles of oil ; and if I am not disappointed by a hurricane, I hope this winter to submit a sample for your critical judgment. Having now about 250 trees of various ages ; and intending to increase them, I hope in a few years to be able to test conclusively the question of the olive culture in Georgia. The experiment will not be a costly one, as the ground occupied by olivesus cultivated at the same time in other crops." Some years ago sugar was made to some great extent in Glynn, but its culture has been discontinued for sale, except on two plantations. Early Settlers. — A long list of the early settlers might be inserted, if space permitted. We will mention only the names of a few : Major Horton, John Couper, William Mcin- tosh, James Harrison, Moses Burnett, John Piles, William Clubbs, John B. Jirardeau, Thomas Spalding, and others. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians. Besides the County Academy, which is well endowed, there are a few district schools of an elementary character. The wealthy classes employ private tutors for their children. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. The temperature is, however, moderated by the sea breezes, and the thermometer rarely exceeds 90^. In the summer and autumn fevers and agues occur in the lower lands. The islands are regarded as desirable places of GLYNN COUNTY. 283 resort during the sickly season ; in very wet seasons they are occasionally subject to light cases of fever. A large number of persons have lived to a great age in this county. On St. Simon's, there are, in a population of 80 whites, six heads of families who are more than 75 years of age. Mr. P. Grant was 84 when he died ; was at the battle of Bloody Marsh under Gen. Oglethorpe. The wife of this gentleman died at the age of 80. Captain Christopher Poullain Dubignon died at 87 years. Mr. John Couper is now living, who has reached more than 90 years, possessed of great conversational powers, extraordinary memory, and whose mind is stored with highly interesting incidents con- nected with southern Georgia. This gentleman and the Hon. Thomas Spalding, of the adjoining island of Sapelo, are the only two surviving signers of the Constitution of Georgia. Minerals, Rocks, Fossils, Shells. — There are no miner- als or rocks in this section, but a great variety of interesting fossils have been found in different places. In the Brunswick canal, during the years 1838 and 1839, a large quantity of fos- sil bones was discovered. This county has acquired much celebrity among the na- turalists of Europe and this country for the number of beau- tiful and rare shells which have their habitat in its rivers and creeks. Among these is the Unio spinosus, said to be found only in the Alatamaha river, and which is esteemed very highly by the lovers of Conchology. A reference to the Cata- logue of shells found in Georgia, will show that this county is peculiarly rich in unios, anadontas, ampullaria, &c. Character of the People. — Intelligence is a leading trait in the character of the people. Many of the planters have been educated in northern colleges, and their minds have been enriched by foreign travel. In polite literature, in philosophy, in political knowledge, some of the citizens have gained a high reputation. Their writings have not only ornamented the pages of scientific works in the United States, but also those of Europe, and have received the unqualified approba- tion of learned societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Hos- pitality also eminently characterizes the people of Glynn. The well furnished house of the planter is always open to the 284 GLYNN COUNTY. traveller, and the offer of compensation is alnnost regarded as an indignity. Properly introduced, the stranger is made to understand that he is at home. Horses, guns, boats, and well- stocked libraries are at his command, and he soon feels that he is amongst those whose principal gratification is derived from seeing him happy. No one can spend a week in Glynn without coming to the conclusion that he is in no ordinary society. Amusements. — The amusements are hunting, dancing, visit- ing, and fishing. Boat-racing is also a favourite pastime with the inhabitants of the island. In nothing do the planters pride themselves more than in their boats, which are constructed with a special view to elegance and lightness. Washington Irving says, that when in England he heard gentlemen dwell on the shape and beauty of particular trees on their estates, with as much pride and technical precision as though they had been discussing the merits of statues in their collection ;" and the same remark is applicable to the islanders of Glynn, that, in- stead of discussing the merits of trees, they discuss the merits of their beautiful boats. These boats have generally fancy names, such as Lady Love, Star, Lightning, Lizard, &c. A boat race is an exciting occurrence to all classes, but especial- ly to the slaves, who really think that the reputation of the plantations to which they belong, depends upon the swiftness of their masters' boats. Towns. — Brunswick is the seat of justice for this county ; situated on the east bank of an arm or branch of Turtle river, 201 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 80 S. S. W. of Savannah, 8 miles from St. Simon's lighthouse, and about 13 miles from St. Simon's bar. " The site of the town is a beautiful bluff of close sand ; the soil is perfectly dry and very eligible for a large city, being elevated from eight to twelve feet above high water, and extending itself up and down the river for upwards of two miles, affording a delightful situation for a town of the largest extent. The beauty of its location, its splendid river, and circumjacent islands, make it altogether the handsomest site we have seen on our coast for the erection of a commercial emporium and naval depot." Three naval officers, appointed by Congress to report on the comparative advantages and faci- GLYNN COUNTY. 285 lities of a port, south of the Chesapeake, for the estaWishment of a navy yard, unhesitatingly declared it as their opinion, that Brunswick possessed greater facilities for such purposes than any place south of Chesapeake Bay. The basin is capacious enough for vessels of the largest size. At the outer bar there is an unvarying depth of water of not less than 18 feet, at low tide, and about 24 at high. Induced by the advantages of Brunswick as a port, and by other circumstances, efforts were made to bring it into notice ; but these were unsuccessful, and Brunswick no longer attracts public attention. Frederica is on the west side of St. Simon's island, and was settled in 1739. It received its name in honour of Frede- rick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This place was the favourite residence of General Oglethorpe, and figures much in the early history of Georgia ; but its days of glory have departed, and Frederica of 1849, cannot be recognised as the Frederica of 1739, with its regu- lar magistracy, strong fortifications round the town, &c. Seasons. — This county has experienced a full share of disasters by hurricanes. In 1752, and 8th September, 1804, and on the 14th September, 1824, occurred hurricanes which did much injury to the crops and buildings. Islands. — On the coast of this county are numerous islands, the chief of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Colonel's, Blythe, Crispin, Little St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock, Latham's, &c. St. Simon's is between the Alatamaha and St. Simon's Sound, separated from the main land by Macoy's river. It is twelve miles long and three broad. Jekyl is a pretty island, so called by Oglethorpe, after Sir Joseph Jekyl, an eminent lawyer and eloquent statesman of England. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are very good. Agricultural Productions for 1848. — The following statement is furnished by James Myers, Esq., receiver of tax returns for the county ; 19 286 GLYNN COUNTY. No. of bags of Sea Island cotton, . . 1,519 " bushels of rough rice, . . 91,416 corn, .... 44,165 " sweet potatoes, . 27,120 " " cow peas, . , . 3,815 " barrels of syrup, . . . 105 " " sugar, .... 1,099 Mills, &c. — There are no public mills, except a lum- ber-mill at Brunswick. Three steam-engines are used on rice plantations, on the Alatamaha, to thresh and pound rice; and horse-gins for cleaning cotton are found on the principal cotton plantations. Markets. — Savannah and Charleston. » ANTiauiTiEs, — Indian mounds are of frequent occurrence; but the most remarkable monument of that race is to be found in the large collections of oyster shells on the islands. In some places they form hillocks fifteen feet high, and frequently cover several acres to the depth of many feet. The existence of arrow heads and pieces of broken pottery among them leaves no doubt of their origin. At Frederica are still to be seen the remains of Oglethorpe's fortifications, and of the tabby-houses erected by him. Miscellaneous Notices. — In 1736, when Oglethorpe came to Georgia, and settled at Frederica, the most interesting man next to himself, was Captain Horton. He had been a gentle- man of family and fortune in England ; but, like many in his rank of life, had been extravagant. He joined General Ogle- thorpe's regiment, and upon his arrival in Georgia, settled at Jekyl island, and established a brewery. With white labour- ers and supernumerary soldiers he cleared 400 acres of live- oak land, which he planted in barley and rye, besides 22 acres of low ground, which he planted with hops. He erected the necessary buildings for a brewery, and supplied the regiment with porter and beer. The Hon. Thomas Spalding has often been assured, by persons who had drank these articles, that they were as good as those made in England. He also planted 10,000 orange trees, running in extended avenues along the island. A few of these trees were in full growth until 1835, when they were killed by the frosts. When General Ogle- GLYNN COUNTY. 287 thorpe left Georgia for England, Major Horton was intrusted with the command of his regiment, and of the province. He removed to Savannah, and continued to administer the govern- ment until he died. A battle was fought, July 7, 1742, on St. Simon's island, between Oglethorpe's regiment and the Spaniards. The latter were defeated with great loss, and the place where the engage- ment occurred has ever since been called " Bloody Marsh." In 1788, the Creek Indians overran the country from the Alatamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnet, father of Col. Burnet, whose name appears as a signer of the Constitu- tion of 1798, lived at the head of Turtle river with his family and slaves, attending to large stocks of cattle. All the people had fled from the main land, to the islands. Going out one day with his son, the late Col. Burnet, he discovered Indians at some distance sitting upon a high log, armed with rifles. "John," said the old man, "let us charge them." " Father," the son replied, " do not charge them ; there are more Indians behind the log." " Come, John," the father replied, " we must charge." He did charge, and his son followed him. When they had reached within a few yards of the log, ten Indians rose up and discharged their entire fire upon the old man. He received several wounds, one of which, in the ear, finally proved mortal. With the aid of his son and a black boy, he was able to reach his house. About two weeks after, 100 Indians in the dead of night stole into his enclosure, hav- ing killed the negro who stood sentinel at the gate. They at- tempted to fire the house, in which there were five or six males and two females. Repeated efforts were made by the savages to force the doors, but those within were upon the alert, and continued firing upon the enemy for four hours. The eldest daughter of Capt. Burnet, assisted by her younger sister, loaded the muskets below and handed them through the scuttle to their brothers above. The firing was heard at St. Simon's island, many of the inhabitants of which came to the beach to listen to it ; and as soon as daylight came, thirty men col- lected and proceeded to Mr. Burnet's. Upon their arrival, they found that within the house one negro had been killed. Mr, Moses Burnet received three severe wounds. All of Mr. 288 GLYNN COUNTY. Burnet's negroes had been carried away by the Indians. Some months afterwards, the Indians acknowledged to the Commissioners who made the treaty at Colerain, that during the night of the attack upon Mr. Burnet's house their loss had exceeded thirty men. During the war of 1812, a detachment of one hundred men from Cumberland island, of the British invading army, took possession of St. Simon's, where they remained for three weeks. Whilst on the island, they succeeded in carrying off three hundred slaves. To the credit of many of the negroes, they remained true to their masters. On the plantation of Mr, Couper, a remarkable instance of fidelity occurred in the conduct of his driver, Tom, who is worthy of a passing notice, not only for his great fidelity and intelligence, but from having come probably farther from the interior of Africa than any other negro in America ; his native village being Silla, on the Niger, a few days' journey west of the celebrated city of Tim- buctoo. He is a Mahometan in religion, and of the Foolah nation, the most intelligent of the native African tribes. Name. — The county of Glynn may be proud of bearing the name of John Glynn, who was eminent in his profession as a lawyer, highly esteemed for his probity of character, and conspicuous for his love and unwavering support of rational and constitutional liberty. His known liberal principles made him the ardent friend of the American colonies, and it was to honour these principles that the State of Georgia attached his name to this portion of her territory. In the Annual Register, from 1758 to 1779, the name of Sergeant Glynn frequently appears as a leading counsel in the most important law cases, and he is uniformly mentioned with respect, for his modera- . tion, independence, conscientiousness, and learning. In his address to the freeholders of Middlesex, which he represented in Parliament, he says : " Honour or infamy will deservedly attend me in the same manner as my future conduct shall an- swer or disappoint your expectations. I do not owe your sup- port to any personal friendship or connexions, and am therefore free even from the temptation of leaning to them : my obliga- tions are to the public ; and to the public I will return them. The freedom of a county election is the last sacred privilege GREENE COUNTY. 289 we have left ; and it does not become any honest Englishman to survive it. For my own part, I will not. I think tameness in a cause like this, is infamy. I promise that no discourage- ment shall ever make me desert you, who have shown that you will not desert yourselves." Sentiments worthy the atten- tion of American freemen ! Mr. Glynn obtained his seat in Parliament without the expenditure of a single shilling. He was distinguished for the equity, energy and ability with which he opposed Lord Mansfield's writ of attachment for a supposed contempt in case of libel, and was the first practitioner who dared to controvert the legal opinions of the Chief Justice.* He was the counsel of Wilkes, when he was prosecuted by the British Government for writing the 45lh number of the North Briton and the Essay on Woman, and in 1769 he pleaded as a member of the House of Commois in favour of Wilkes. f For his conduct on the trial of Wilkes, he gained much ap- plause. From various parts of the kingdom thanks were sent to him for the zealous efforts he made to defend the constitu- tional liberties of the subject. He was Sergeant of London, the legal adviser of the first city in the world, until his death, which occurred in 1779. GREENE. Boundaries, Exent. — The boundaries of this county are as follows : — On the North, Clarke and Oglethorpe ; on the East, Taliafero ; on the South, Hancock and Putnam ; and on the West, Putnam and Morgan. Laid out from Washington in 1786, and portions of it since that period added to Hancock, Oglethorpe, Clarke, and Taliafero. It is 22 miles long, and 17 miles wide, containing 374 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ogeechee river, which rises in the county seven miles northwest of Greenesborough. The Georgia * Posthumous Works of Junius, f Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George III. 290 GREENE COUNTY. Railroad passes over the head waters of the Ogeechee, on the plantation of Mr. Burke. The Oconee and Appalachee water this county. The smaller streams which empty into the Oconee, are Town, Beaver Dam, and Richland creeks. Shoulder Bone rises in this county. Post Offices. — Greenesborough, Cracker's Neck, Merrell, Penfield, Public Square, Scull Shoals, Union Point, White Plains. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Greene, in 1845, had a population of 4,515 whites, and 7,458 blacks; total, 11,973. Amount of State tax for 1848, $5,158,75 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild, and as healthy as any portion of middle Georgia ; subject to few diseases, and those principally arising from colds. Instances of longevity are not rare. Mr. William Harris died in this county at the age of 100 years ; Rev. F. Cummins, 82; Mr. Archibald Perkins, 94 — was at the battle of Guilford Court House ; Mr. Stewart, 90 ; Mr. Shaw, 87 ; Major Pullain, 87 ; and others could be named, if our limits allowed. Towns. — Greenesborough is the capital, eligibly located between the waters of Richland and Beaver Dam creeks, 40 miles north of Milledgeville, 22 miles from Eatonton, 18 from Madison, 25 from Lexington, and 31 from Washington. The town is laid off with taste, and many of the buildings are beautiful. The water is excellent. Population about 600. It has a splendid court-house nearly finished, a jail, two hotels, two churches, two academies, six stores, &c. Great attention is paid to their gardens by the citizens. The verdant shades and shrubbery which surround many of the residences, will challenge the admiration of the visitor. Greenesborough was incorporated in 1803. Penfield, seven miles north of Greenesborough, is the seat of Mercer University. Population about 300. White Plains, 11 miles S. E. of Greenesborough, is a small village ; one church, two or three stores. It has an excellent school. Union Point is at the junction of the Georgia Railroad and the Athens branch. GREENE COUNTY= 291 Manufactures, Mills. — Long Shoals factory ; capital, $100,000. The Company own 500 acres of land, including all the water power on the Greene county side of the river. The main building is of brick, with stone foundation and tin roof, 150 feet long, and three stories high. Connected with the fac- tory, is a building of brick, having a store, school-room and place of worship. Scull Shoals Cotton Manufacturing Company, 14 miles northwest of Greenesborough, on the Oconee river. Sixteen saw-mills ; fifteen grist-mills ; three or four flour- mills. Nature of the Soil. — There is much worn-out land in this county ; but it is confidently believed that, by judicious management, it may be redeemed ; and it affords us much pleasure to state, that many of the planters are turning their attention to this subject. Lands which some years ago were considered worthless, have been made to produce abundantly. The best lands are situated on the water-courses. Average Ppoduct per Acre. — Cotton averages 500 lbs. ; corn, 3^ barrels ; wheat, 10 bushels. Minerals. — Excellent granite, beautiful amethystine quartz, and most of the minerals found in the adjoining counties. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Fruits do very well when proper attention is paid to them. The Hon. Judge Stocks has raised lemons in his garden of a large size and fine quality. Early Settlers. — Jonas Fauche, Wm. Heard, S. M. Devereaux, Isaac Stocks, Joseph Heard, John Pinkerd, John Harrison, Samuel B. Harris, John Young, Josiah McDonald, Charles Watts, Joseph White, George Reid, Major Porter, and others. Eminent Men. — Greene county has produced a number of distinguished men. Among them may be mentioned Jonas Fauche, a gentleman whose merits have not been properly ap- preciated by the people of this State. In the early settlement of Greene he bore a conspicuous part in the defence of the frontiers against the Creek Indians. He was a very peculiar man in every respect. Rev. Dr. George F. Pierce, President of Emory College, 292 GREENE COUNTY. ^ distinguished as an orator, and Judge Dawson, United States Senator from Geoi'gia, were natives of this county. Rev. Dr. Francis Cummins died in this county. With few interruptions by occasional sickness, he had preached the gos- pel more than half a century. He was one of the oldest and most respectable Presbyterian ministers in the Southern States. His native place was Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Af- ter completing his education in his native State, he served for some time in the army for the defence of his country, before the close of the revolutionary war. He was licensed to preach the gospel in the State of North Carolina, and soon after the peace, settled in South Carolina. He afterwards removed to Georgia, and preached' to the congregation among which he died, for twenty-three years. Having resigned his charge, and preached his farewell sermon, he was taken sick on the next day, with influenza, and was unable to go out again. He died, as he had lived, in the vigorous exercise of his faculties, intelligently, calmly, and confidently trusting in the gospel of Christ. Major Oliver Porter was four times elected elector of Pre- sident and Vice-President, and frequently a member of the Legislature of Georgia. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. The Baptists are the most numerous. There are a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. Edu- cation has always engaged the attention of the citizens. In Greenesborough, Penfield, and other places, excellent schools are to be found. Mineral Springs. — In various parts of the county there are springs supposed to be impregnated with mineral qualities, but none that are particularly celebrated. Miscellaneous Remarks. — The author of this work has in his possession the original muster-roll of a detachment of Captain Fauche's troop of dragoons, dated Feb. 25, 1794, and regrets that its great length prevents its insertion. Name. — Two quarto volumes, containing the life of Major General Nathaniel Greene, in honour of whom this county is named, have been written by the Hon. Judge Johnson, of South Carolina. This work we have freely used in the following GREENE COUNTY. 293 memoir. On the 27th day of May, 1742, at Warwick, in Rhode Island, Major General Nathaniel Greene was born. His father was a Quaker, and carefully educated his sons in the principles of that sect. No education beyond the simplest rudiments was bestowed upon his children. In constant employment at his father's business, Greene had few opportu- nities for improving his mind, and it was not until he was 14 years old, that he began to feel the importance of so doing. The forming of an acquaintance with a young collegian in- duced him to turn his attention to intellectual pursuits, which he did with extraordinary perseverance amidst great disadvan- tages. The acquaintance he accidentally formed with the cele- brated President Styles, of Yale College, and Lindley Murray, author of a Grammar, was of much advantage to him. Their conversation — their advice as to what books he should read, contributed much to his improvement. When the famous Stamp Act had produced among the colonies a determined spirit of resistance, Greene caught the spirit of the times, became fully convinced of the injustice of the act, and at once resolved that he would join the ranks of freedom. He first became a soldier in the Kentish Guards. After the battle of Lexington, Rhode Island embodied three regiments of militia, and placed them under the command of Greene as Brigadier General. In 1775 he took his command before Boston, and formed an ac- quaintance with General Washington, which at length ripened into a friendship which continued to the end of his life. Soldiers of distinction, on his first appearance in the camp at Cam- bridge, from the ardour of his zeal, unremitted activity, and strict attention to every duty, pronounced him a man of real military genius. Gen. Greene was immediately employed in active service. In the memorable retreat of the army through the Jerseys, he was the firm supporter of Washington. On the 25th of Dec, 177G, he crossed the Delaware in command of the left wing of the army, which in the surprise at Trenton cut off the retreat of the enemy to Princeton. All the hard- ships and sufferings of this gloomy winter, when despondency began to sit upon the bravest, were borne cheerfully by him. At the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, he displayed every quality of a soldier. The retreat through 294 GREENE COUNTY. Rhode Island he managed with a skill almost unparalleled in the annals of war. As the head of the Quarter-Master's depart- ment, he rendered incalculable benefit to his country. It was an office which required much prudence and vigor, and Greene, surrounded by embarrassments, conducted its various and important duties with capacity, diligence, and integrity. Upon his resignation of this office, in August, 1780, Washing- ton said to him : " You have rendered the path of duty in the Quarter-Master's department so broad and plain, that it will not be easy for your successors to mistake it." Congress, in 1780, authorized the Commander-in-Chief to nominate a suc- cessor to General Gates in the southern military department. Washington, having a high sense of General Greene's qualifi- cations, and induced also by the wishes of the southern dele- gates, nominated him for this responsible office ; and without loss of time, and disregarding his private concerns, he pro- ceeded to the south. Upon assuming the command he found himself surrounded by difficulties, but in a short time he succeeded in giving con- fidence to the army. The victory at the Cowpens, although achieved under the immediate command of General Morgan, was the first stroke of General Greene's policy in the south. At the battle of Guilford Court-House, he was compelled to retreat, but not without much loss on the part of the enemy. About this time, when there was much to discourage him, he was advised to retire to Virginia, but the gallant soldier re- plied, " I will recover South Carolina or die in the attempt." On the 8th Sept., 1781, the victory at the Eutaw Springs covered him with glory. For his conduct on this occasion he received the thanks of Congress, a British standard, and a gold medal. After the war he returned to Rhode Island, from which he came to Georgia, and settled at Mulberry Grove, formerly the property of Gov. Graham, situated on the Savan- nah river, 14 miles from the city of Savannah, a gift from the State of Georgia. Shortly after his settlement it pleased Di- vine Providence to cut short that life, the most of which had been spent in the service of his country. He died at the house of Mr. William Gibbons, near Savannah, from exposure to an intense heat of the sun, June 19, 178G. When the news of his death was received in Savannah, universal gloom pervaded GWINNETT COUNTY. 295 the community. Every demonstration of respect was shown to his memory. Judge Stephens informed Judge Johnson that his body was placed in the tomb of the Jones's ; but when a committee, appointed by the City Council of Savannah, pro- ceeded to examine the vault, with a view to the removal of his re- mains, they could not be found. We have heard it stated that some persons, unfriendly to Gen. Greene, came to the cemetery three days after his body was placed in the vault, removed it, and buried it near the place now occupied by the Quoit Club in Savannah. Shame that the spot where the relics of the Hero of the South lie interred, cannot be designated. The citizens of Savannah have erected a monument to the memory of Gen. Greene in one of their most beautiful squares. GWINNETT. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Hall on the N., Jackson on the N. E., Walton on the S. E., De Kalb on the S. W., and the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out under the Lottery Act of 1818. Its length is about 29 miles, breadth 19 ; containing 551 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee river is the chief stream. The head waters of the Alcovy, Appalachee, and Yellow rivers, are in this county. Richland, Level, Su- wanee, are tributaries to the Chattahoochee. Beaver Ruin and Jackson creeks discharge themselves into Sweet Water creek, which flows south, and empties into the Yellow river. Population, Taxes, Representation — The population in 1845 was 8014 whites, 2048 blacks; total, 10,062. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $2476 and 40 cents. Entitled to two representatives to the State Legislature. FosT Offices. — Lawrenceville, Auburn, Cains, Choice's Store, Orrsville, Pinkneyville, Rock Bridge, Suwanee, Sweet Water, Yellow River. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — In the northern part of the county the face of the country is hilly. 296 GWINNETT COUNTY. There is a belt of red land, which enters the county at the east, and runs south, which is of very superior quality. The river and creek lands are fertile. A large portion of the soil is gray land. More beautiful farms than many with which we met in this county, cannot be found in Georgia. We were pleased to notice the number of fences made of stone. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- ductions are cotton, corn, wheat ; and indeed this county fur- nishes all the resources necessary for the support and comfort of industrious farmers. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre ; corn 20 bushels ; wheat 10 bushels. Value of Lands, Cotton. — Red lands command $8 per acre. The lands on the Chattahoochee are worth from $20 to $30 per acre. The gray lands are worth from 50 cents to $3 per acre. About 2500 bags of cotton are raised annually. Markets. — Augusta, Stone Mountain, Atlanta. Mineral Springs. — Bankston's springs, six miles from Lawrenceville, on the road to the Stone mountain, are said to be \ery mnch like the Madison springs. There is a limestone spring in the Sugar Hill district, twelve miles north of Law- renceville, and another on the farm of Mr. Elisha M. Winn, six and a half miles east of Lawrenceville. Minerals. — Gold is found in the Chattahoochee, in the Sugar Hill district, and in vai'ious places. Granite of excel- lent quality is abundant ; also antimony, iron, quartz, burr stone, &c. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — This county has a fine cli- mate, and is generally exempt from diseases, except those which emanate from colds. Instances of longevity are numerous. Daniel Clover, aged 87 ; John Lawrence, 85 ; Stephen Har- ris, 90 ; Jonathan Johnson, 80; Lewis Dishons, 90 ; Owen An- drews, 90; Edward Jackson, 87; Sarah Hunt, 81 ; Mrs. Sha- dock, 100; Mrs. Ruth Liddel, 90 ; Mrs. Campbell, 90 ; John Davis, 110, who connected himself with the church when he was 99 ; Mr. Hunt, 100 ; John McDade, 95 ; George Thrasher, 93; George Wilson, 100; and many others might be named, who reached a great age. There are now living, Nathan Dobbs, aged 92 ; Mrs. McCree, 93 ; Thomas Cox, 92 ; Leonard Wills, 92; John Brown, 90; John Bowen, 90; J. S. Head, 85 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Haney, 84 ; Elizabeth Gower, 83. GWINNETT COUNTY. 297 Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Wil- liam Nesbitt, Isham Williams, Ashel R. Smith, William Malt- bie, and Colonel Hutchins. Roads, Bridges. — The roads are generally in good order. There is a fine bridge, called McAfee's Bridge, over the Chat- tahoochee, 220 feet in length, covered, and on stone arches. It is on the main road from Lawrenceville, west. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- byterians, Episcopalians, Universalists, and New Lights. Good schools are in Lawrenceville ; but generally speaking, too lit- tle attention is given to the subject of education. Mountain. — The Hog mountain is in the northern part of the county. Manufactures, Mills, Distilleries. — The streams, par- ticularly Ivy creek, afford many facilities for manufacturing purposes. In the county are, 2 wool-carding mills, 9 saw- mills, 26 grist-mills, 3 merchant mills, 7 distilleries. Three of these only do a regular business. Character of the People. — The citizens of this county are industrious and frugal ; and it is worthy of special remark, that they have always been noted for their promptness in re- sponding to the calls of their country in times of emergency. During the Creek outbreak in 1836, a call was made upon the county for volunteers ; and in less than two hours after the re- ceipt of the Governor's orders, two companies, having each 100 men, were organized. The citizens contributed $600 to aid in fitting out these brave soldiers. In the Court House Square at Lawrenceville is a monument reflecting much cre- dit upon those who erected it. On one side of the monument is this inscription : " This monument is erected by their friends, to the memory of Capt. James C. Winn, and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in honourable combat, at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican commander, March 27, 1830." On the other side: " To the memory of Ensign, Isaac S. Lacy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and Privates William M. Sims, John A. V Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland (brothers), Henry W. Peden, James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett Company of Mounted Volunteers, under the command of Capt. H. Garmany, 298 GWINNETT COUNTY. who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians, at Shepard's, in Stewart county, June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument." Town. — Lawrenceville is the county town, and is eligibly situated on the ridge which divides the head waters of the Al- covy and Yellow rivers It is 90 miles N. N. W. of Milledge- ville, 30 miles S. of Gainesville, 45 miles W. of Athens, 21 miles N. W. of Monroe, 28 miles N. of Covington, 16 miles N. W. of the Rock mountain, 24 miles N. E. of Decatur, 40 miles from Marietta. It has a handsome brick court-house, jail constructed of granite, two churches, Presbyterian and Me- thodist, two hotels, (fee. Population 400. There are two academies, one for females, the other for males. The male academy stands upon a high hill, from which is presented a fine view of the Rock mountain. The citizens are quiet and orderly, but are sometimes disturbed by noisy persons from the country. A rigid police is much wanted. Incorporated in 1821. Name. — This county was named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, who was born in England, came to Georgia in 1772, and settled on St. Catherine's island. For some time after the beginning of the revolutionary difficulties, he was in doubt as to the course he would take ; but the arguments of Dr. Lyman Hall, with whom he was intimate, convinced him of the jus- tice of the American cause, and in 1775 he commenced taking an active part in public affairs. In 1776, at the meeting of the General Assembly in Savannah, he was appointed a represen- tative to Congress, and his name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence as a delegate from Georgia. He was a member of the Convention which met in February, 1777, to frame a constitution for the future government of the State. Upon the death of Mr. Bulloch, he became Governor of Georgia. A delegation from South Carolina called upon Mr. Gwinnett during the early stage of the Revolution, for the purpose of suggesting to him the expediency of recommend- ing that Georgia should place herself under the jurisdiction of the former ; but to the praise of Mr. Gwinnett let it be known, that he treated the suggestion with contempt. An unfor- tunate misunderstanding occurred between General Lachlan HABERSHAM COUNTY. 299 Mcintosh and Mr. Gwinnett, which resulted in a duel. The parties fought near Savannah, at the distance of twelve paces. Both gentlemen were seriously wounded. Mcintosh reco- vered, but Gwinnett died twelve days after the combat — 27th of May, 1777. HABERSHAM. This county is bounded, N. by Rabun and Union, E. by the Tugaloo river, S. by Franklin and Hall, and W. by Lump- kin. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. It is 31' miles long and 23 wide, containing 713 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee, the Soquee, and Middle rivers ; Duke's, Little Mud, Panther, Toccoa, Mossy, Shoal, Flat, Deep, Glade, Hazel, and other creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 there were in this county 7,216 whites, 1,195 blacks; total, 8,411. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1767 58. Entitled to two members to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Clarkesville, Batesville, Dawson, Hollings- worth. Mount Yonah, Loudsville, Nacoochee, Walton's Ford, Toccoa Falls. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — This county is broken by mountains. The soil is formed mostly from the decomposition of granite. The most valuable lands are below the Currahee mountain, on Tugaloo, Middle, Hudson's, and Soquee rivers, adapted to wheat and corn, and command $10 per acre. The oak and hickory lands are valued at $3 per acre. The mountain and ridge lands can be purchased at almost any price. Average Product per Acre, Cotton, Markets. — Corn averages 15 bushels per acre, wheat 5 bushels. About 50 bales of cotton are annually produced. The markets are Athens and Augusta. Many of the merchants make their purchases in New- York, but most of them in Charleston. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is unsur- passed by any in the world. The Indians were accustomed 300 HABERSHAM COUNTY. to say that they never knew fever to prevail in Habersham, and always represented it as the most healthy portion of their country. There are but few diseases. The instances of lon- gevity are the following, viz. : Robert Turner, a soldier of the Revolution, 96; Mrs. Turner 90; Mr. McCollum, nearly 100; John Gibbes, 95. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- byterians, and a few Episcopalians. The latter are chiefly persons from the seaboard, who resort to Clarkesville in the summer. Considerable attention is paid to the subject of edu- cation, and common schools are numerous. Manufactures, Mills. — There is no cotton factory in the county ; 3 gold-mills, 4 jug manufactories, 8 or 9 distilleries, 20 saw-mills, 30 grist-mills, 1 flour-mill. The females of this county are remarkably skilful in weaving jeans. Beautiful saddle-cloths are also made, and sent to Clarkesville, where they meet with a ready sale. Roads, Bridges. — For a mountain country the roads are fair. On the Tugaloo river, on the road leading from Clarkes- ville to Pendleton, South Carolina, is an elegant covered bridge, resting on three arches, 12 by 16 feet. On the Chattahoochee is a bridge 183 feet long. The Unicoy turnpike road runs from North Carolina to Clarkesville, 40 miles, crossing the Blue Ridge. There is also a turnpike from Major Logan's, at Loudsville, across the Blue Ridge, through the Tesnatee gap, seven miles long ; cost $3,000. It is the property of Major Logan, pays a good interest, and is chartered for thirty years. Towns. — Clarkesville is most delightfully situated, near the southwest bank of the Soquee river, eight miles above its con- fluence with the Chattahoochee. The beauty of the village is greatly increased by the picturesque grandeur of the surround- ing country. On approaching the village, the first object which arrests the eye is the Blue Ridge. The Yonah moun- tain, ten miles distant, is in full view, and other mountains pre- sent themselves at a distance of from 8 to 20 miles. Clarkes- ville has become a favourite retreat of many families from South Carolina and Georgia, who have erected fine houses. The water is delicious. The court.house is of brick, but not well arranged. The jail is a plain wooden building. There are HABERSHAM COUNTY. 301 three churches, Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian ; and a Baptist church will soon be erected. The hotels are three in number, and understand the art of making travellers com- fortable. This town, named after Governor John Clarke, was incorporated, and made the county site in 1823. Distant 136 miles N. of Milledgeville, 58 from Athens, 50 from Pen- dleton, South Carolina; 12 from Tallulah Falls, 28 from Gaines- ville, and 24 from Clayton. Loudsville is in the western part of the county, 13 miles N. E. of Dahlonega, and 21 from Clarkesville, surrounded by mountains, and amidst the gold region. The place has been settled IG years, has one store, school, and a church belonging to the Methodists. Mount Yonah is east of Dahlonega ; has three stores, one blacksmith's shop, one tailor, one hotel, one distillery, one school and church. Population about 70. Nacoochee Valley, situated 12 miles N. W. of Clarkesville, has three stores, one hotel, one church, arid several mechanics' shops. The valley is about eight miles long and about half a mile wide. It is one among the most beautiful valleys in the world. The land is productive, rewarding the farmer with liberal crops of corn, wheat, &c. More than 1,200,000 dollars worth of gold has been found in this valley. Mountains. — Yonah, Ellick's, Sail's, Skitt's, Tray, and Cur- rahee. The latter deserves special notice. It rises gradually in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of 900 feet. On the east it sinks completely to the usual level of the land ; but, on the western side, after descending for many hundred feet, it blends with a ridge that unites it with the chain of the Al- leghanies. Falls. — The celebrated falls of Tallulah are in this county, and all who have visited them unite in saying that they merit a high place among the natural curiosities of the United States. The following account of these falls is from the pen of David P. Hillhouse, Esq.: " The stream is, by the Cherokee Indians, called in some places Tarrurah, at other places Tallulah. It is the western branch of the Tugaloo river, and the rapids are situ- ated about ten miles above its junction with the Chattooga, which is the eastern branch of the Tugaloo. The rapids are 20 302 HABERSHAM COUNTY. about 12 miles from Clarkesville. The river passes through a range or ridge of mountains, for somewhat more than a mile, forming for its bed an awful gulf, and for its banks stupendous fronts of solid rock, like those of Niagara, just below its great cataract, and of the Genesee river below the fall in that stream, a few miles above Lake Ontario. These banks of Tallulah are worn by its waters in many places into caverns and gro- tesque figures, and often the sides are perpendicular, and smooth beyond the means of art to imitate. Just at the head, and also at the foot of the rapids, the banks of Tallulah river are not more than ordinary height above common water mark. In the intermediate distance, the height of the banks varies from 200 to 500 feet perpendicular. The width of the river is from 15 to 100 feet. There are four perpendicular pitches of water, of from 50 to 80 feet, and a great many smaller cata- racts of from 10 to 20 feet perpendicular pitch. There are but two or three points by which a person can possibly descend to the bed of the river, and these are the tracks of small rivu- lets emptying themselves into the river on the west side, and making several very steep precipices, down which one may possibly pass by aid of the shrubbery that grows in the hol- lows. When arrived at the water's edge, to look out at the opening of the great cliffs above, is surprising, interesting, and alarming ! " These cliffs, combined with the foaming, roaring, bound- ing, impetuous current of water, exhibit novelty, beauty, and grandeur in the greatest degree. At the instant the visiter views the current some hundred feet below him, he shrinks back in apprehension of his destruction : still curious to view it more, he cautiously advances again, until by degrees he be- comes so familiar to the scenery, as to be perfectly delighted with it. At every step he beholds some new dress that gives ad- ditional interest to the prospect. But there is no tinselled or- nament to the banks of Tallulah. In a wild, uncultivated, and barren country, no art has been introduced to deface this grand exhibition of nature. Sculptured chasms and fonts, elevated por- tals, formidable stockades, impregnable fortresses, deep perpen- dicular cascades, and successive bounding currents, added to the many rainbows that continually shine (when the sun does) HABERSHAM COUNTY. 303 through the spray that rises from the falHng water, and the variegated colours in front of the rocky banks of red, white, yellow, and brown, and the small rivulets that pour down into the gulf from the mountain's top, give novelty, beauty, sublim- ity, and awe to the rapids of Tallulah." The Toccoa falls are on a creek of the same name. The water falls more than 185 feet perpendicular. No description can give an idea of the beauties of this fall and the surround- ing scenery. Minerals. — A great variety of minerals is found in Ha- bersham. It was in this county that the first gold mines were discovered in Georgia, The following is a list of the princi- pal ones ; Loud's vein has been a rich mine ; not now in operation. Has been excavated to the depth of 135 feet. Gordon's, near Loudsville, is considertd rich. Lewis's, one mile from Loudsville, would be valuable were water convenient. Holt's, tvo miles from Loudsville, is thought to be rich. Richardson's mines, on Duke's creek, in Nacoochee valley, have yielded 150,000 pennyweights of gold. They are still worked. Forty hands employed. Deposit mine. White & McGie's mines. Vein and deposit. Have yield- ed 66,000 pennyweights of gold in eight years. Gordon & Lumsden's mines, on Duke's creek. Vein and deposit. Produced in 10 years 100,000 pennyweights of gold. Williams's mine, on the Chattahoochee, has been in opera- tion about 20 months, and paid fair wages. Little John's mine, on Duke's creek, is an excellent vein.. Has been worked two years, and has yielded 30,000 penny- weights. Horshaw's mine, on Sauly creek, has yielded largely. Iron is abundant. Some years ago there were iron works- on the Soquee river ; but for reasons unknown to us, they have been discontinued. In addition to the minerals already named, the county has cyanite, garnets, carnelians, augite, asbestos, tourmaline, rubies, plumbago. Three diamonds have been found in the county. 304 HABERSHAM COUNTY. Character of the People. — The people of this section are accommodating and hospitable. To strangers they are particularly attentive, and take much pleasure in communicat- ing information in regard to the various objects of interest with which the country abounds. Some of the most intelli- gent men in the State reside in this county. Antiuuities. — In 1834, says Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer of Georgia, a subterranean Indian village was discovered in Nacoochee valley by gold miners, whilst excavating a canal. The depth to which it is covered varies from seven to nine feet. Some of the houses are imbedded in a stratum of rich auriferous gravel. They are 34 in number, built of logs from six to ten inches in diameter, and from ten to twelve feet in length. Cane baskets and fragments of earthenware were found in the rooms. Specimens of curious workmanship, such as crucibles and mortars, have been also found. Name. — This county was named in honour of Col. Joseph Habersham. This sterling patriot was born at Savannah, on the 28th of July, 1751. His father, James Habersham, was a native of England, and accompanied his friend the Rev. George Whitefield, to Georgia, in 1738, by whose advice he took charge of the Orphan House, situated about nine miles * from Savannah. He was a man of uncommon piety, and ne- glected no opportunity of inculcating upon the minds of his children the important truths of religion. The subject of this memoir was educated at Princeton College, whilst under the able presidency of Dr. Witherspoon. At an early period of his life he imbibed a love for independence ; and accordingly, when only 23 years of age, he was placed upon the first com- mittee appointed by the friends of liberty, on the 27th of July, 1774. Not many months after this, several gentlemen met at the house of Ur. Jones to concert a plan by which access could be had to the magazine in Savannah, which contained a large quantity of powder. On the 11th of May, Mr. Haber- sham accompanied by Noble, W. Jones, Edward Telfair, Wil- liam Gibbons, Joseph Clay, and John Milledge, effected an en- trance into the magazine, took out the powder, sent a part of it to Beaufort, and concealed the remainder. Agreeably to notice given, a number of the sons of liberty met in Savannah, HALL COUNTY. 305 on the 21st of June, 1775, to select a committee, whose duty- should be to co-operate with the other colonies in the strife of freedom, and Mr. Habersham was placed upon this commit- tee. In the following month, learning that a vessel had ar- rived at Tybee, with powder for the use of the oppressors of their country, a band of patriots headed by Mr. Habersham took possession of her, and sent a large quantity of the powder to Savannah, 5000 pounds of which were immediately des- patched to Boston, and were probably used at the memorable battle of Bunker Hill. Mr. Habersham shortly after this, had another opportunity of showing his great decision of character. Gov. Wright having rendered himself very obnoxious to the patriots, Mr. Habersham raised a company of volunteers and took the Governor prisoner. Such devotion to the cause of his country placed him in the foremost rank of that illustrious company, who had hazarded every thing in the noble cause of freedom, and accordingly he was appointed Major of the first battalion of troops raised in Georgia, In this new capa- city he gave proof of his merits as a soldier. On every occa- sion in which danger was to be encountered, or service per- formed, he was actively engaged. He was present at the siege of Savannah, and bore a conspicuous part in its dangers. Geor- gia was not unmindful of the worth of her faithful son. In 1785, he was elected Speaker of the General Assembly, and again, in 1790, was elected to this high office. In 1795, he received from General Washington the appointment of' Postmaster General of the United States, the duties of which he discharg- ed, not only to the close of Washington's administration, but throughout that of the elder Adams. When Jefferson became President, Mr. Habersham resigned, and returned to Georgia. He closed his active and useful life on the 17th day of No- vember, 1815, in the 65th year of his age HALL. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Habersham and a corner of Lumpkin, E. by Franklin and 306 HALL COUNTY. Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, W. by Forsyth and Lumpkin. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. Length 30 miles, breadth 24 ; '720 square miles. Rivers and Creeks. — The principal streams are the Chattahoochee, Chestatee, Oconee and Little rivers. The creeks are numerous, among which are the following : Shoal, Flowery, Flat and Limestone, emptying into the Chattahoo- chee; Middle Wahoo, East Wahoo, and others. Post Offices. — Gainesville, Argo, Chestnut Hill, Gills- ville. Hog Mountain, Gailey's Mill. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The number of inhabitants in this county, in 1845, was 6,817 whites, and 1,340 blacks; total, 8,163. The amount of tax paid into the State treasury, for 1848, $1, 773 65 cts. Sends one representa- tive to the Legislature. * Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens are generally well informed. One hundred and seventy newspapers are taken in the county. The people are ge- nerally temperate and hospitable, but rather shy of strangers. More industry is wanted, although there is great improvement as far as this is concerned. Hunting and rifle-shooting oc- cupy a large portion of the time of the people ; and they have the reputation of being expert with the rifle. Religion, Education. — The Baptists and Mefhodists are about both equally divided. There are a few Presbyterians. In the county are about seventeen Methodist churches, six- teen Baptist, and one Presbyterian. Education does not com- mand the attention which its importance requires. Nature of the Soil, Value of Land, Products, Market. — The bottoms of the Oconee river have the best soil, and are well adapted to the growth of corn. On the Oconee river there is a body of land in one locality consisting of 5000 acres, said to be very superior. On the Chattahoochee river there is also much good land. By far the largest portion of the land in this county is sandy. Corn, wheat, rye, and some cotton, are the productions. Corn averages on the rich lands eight barrels per acre. On other lands two barrels. Wheat ten bushels per acre. Cotton about 300 lbs. per acre. Athens has a large share of the business of this county. The best HALL COUNTY. 307 lands sell at $12 per acre. The inferior kinds from $2 to $8. 350 bags of cotton made in a year. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate in winter is variable ; in summer pleasant, and bracing. Most of the dis- eases are spring diseases. Cases of goitre, in a mild and mo- dified form, occasionally occur. Several medical gentle- men have instituted inquiries whether any cases of consump- tion have ever occurred in this county, and they have not been able to learn the occurrence of a single case. The instances of longevity are Mrs. Floyd, over lOG; Mrs. Young, 108; Mr. Young, son of this lady, 80; Mrs. Nancy Glaze, 102; Mr. Gowder, 96 ; Capt. Armour, over 80 — was in the battle of Vinegar Hill in Ireland. Mills. — Ten saw-mills, fourteen grist-mills, two merchant mills, one upon the Chestatee, the other upon the Chattahoo- chee. Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The roads are fair. Bridges two. Ferries two. Original Settlers. — Robert Armour, Messrs. Boyd, Bates, Stringer, Floyd, Young, and Nicholl's. Minerals. — To the geologist and mineralogist, this county offers an interesting field. A great variety of minerals exist. The first diamond ever discovered in Georgia, was found in Hall county. Dr. Daniell owns the diamond found about two ► miles from Winn's ferry. Those owned by Dr. Banks and Major Bell, were found among the old gold diggings of the gold region of this county. One of the diamonds found here brought $200. It is the opinion of several scientific gentle- men, that if proper attention were paid to this subject, large quantities of diamonds might be found in a certain section of Georgia, of which Hall is a portion. This county is also fa- mous for gold. We give a list of the principal mines. The Glade mines are the most extensive, situated on Flat creek, about two miles from the Chattahoochee, thirteen miles north of Gainesville ; this is a deposit vein. These embrace sixty or seventy acres ; coin about 92 cts. per pennyweight; have been worked sixteen years ; owned by Dr. Banks. V, Hayden's mine, joining the above, on the same creek. Stocking Eater mine, on a branch entering into Flat creek. Deposit mine. 308 HALL COUNTY. Smith's lot, on the same branch, a rich mine. On the Chestatee, the Chattahoochee, on Mud and Camp creeks, and in various other places, gold is found. More than a million dollars worth of gold have been ob- tained in Hall. The other minerals are iron, silver, lead, ruby, tourmaline, amethyst, emerald, cyanite, granite, soap-stone, and elastic sand-stone. Mineral Springs. — The Sulphur Spring, six miles N. of Gainesville, on the road leading from Gainesville to Clarkes- ville, has been known to the public for several years. The water pours from an excavation made in the rock, at the rate of one gallon in three minutes. The waters are strongly im- pregnated with sulphur and magnesia. These springs have been found to relieve obstinate cases of liver diseases, female derangement, &c. They are the property of Mr. L. A. McAfee, a gentleman eminently qualified to take charge of a watering establishment. If good accommodations, fine water, beautiful scenery, are recommendations of any place, then the Sulphur Springs of Hall county may be put down as among the most delightful spots in Georgia. The Limestone Spring, about two miles from Gainesville, is much frequented. County Town. — Gainesville is the seat of justice for this county, delightfully situated, with a climate equal to that of Italy. It has a fine brick court-house, built at an expense of eight thousand dollars, jail, &c. Distant from Milledgeville 111 miles; 22 from Jefferson; 40 to Athens ; 30 to Law- renceville ; 30 to Clarkesville ; 45 to Carnesville. Gainesville is quite a handsome town. The citizens pay much attention to their grounds. Is is a place of considerable resort for per- sons from the low country. About thirty thousand dollars worth of goods are sold in Gainesville per annum. Population 400. Indian Mound. — Opposite to Winn's ferry is a mound 50 yards wide. Name. — In a work entitled "Sketches of North Carolina," by Rev. Wm. Henry Foote, it is stated : " When it was necessary for the American forces to march HALL COUNTY. 309 into the Cherokee country in Georgia to quell the Indians, a company was raised in Iredell for that expedition, and Rev. James Hall went with his friends as chaplain to the army. During the expedition, which lasted two months, the chaplain offered public prayers very regularly morning and evening, but had but one opportunity of preaching. On that occasion he took his stand under a large shady tree ; the army, consist- ing of about 4000 men, was drawn up around him ; and the sol- diers, in honour of the first gospel sermon preached in the In- dian territories, named the adjacent country after the chaplain. Hall county, of which Gainesville is the seat of justice." This is a mistake. The county was named after Dr. Ly- man Hall, a steady and inflexible patriot of the revolution. He was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and graduated at Yale College, 1747. After his collegiate course he studied medicine* and removed to Dorchester in South Carolina, and came to Georgia, accompanied by several persons, to whom a grant of 31,950 acres of land was made, in what was then known as St. John's Parish, south of the Ogeechee river. The people of this parish were early and decided advocates of the cause of liberty, and before any general measures had been adopted by the colony, had sent a delegate to the Continental Congress. That delegate was Lyman Hall. Upon taking his seat in the Congress at Philadelphia, in 1775, a difficulty arose as to whe- ther the parish of St. John's should be considered as repre- senting the colony of Georgia. Mr. Hall stated his wish merely to hear and assist in the debates, as he only repre- sented a part of Georgia, and to vote only when the sentiments of Congress were not taken by colonies. Soon after this Geor- gia, by her provincial assembly, determined to join the other colonies, and Lyman Hall, in conjunction with others, was selected to represent the whole province. Owing to several causes, only three members from Georgia were present in the Congress at the signing of the declaration. Mr. Hall was one of these, and his name stands among those noble men who proclaimed the Independence of America. Mr. Hall was compelled to remove his family to the north when the British took possession of Georgia, and his property was confiscated. He returned to Georgia in 1782, and in the succeeding year 310 HANCOCK COUNTY. was elected Governor of that State. He afterwards removed to Burke county, where he died, in the 67th year of his age. He was six feet high — manners easy and pohte. The following is the inscription upon the slab which covers the remains of this patriot: i., -i Beneath this Stone {\/\ryi r--'^--' rest the Remains of J^ ' the Hon. LYMAN HALL, Esq., I * k^-f-i, .|c« formerly Governor of this State, ~'i "^ who departed this life the 19th of Oct., 1790, ^t-.A'^'- in the 67th Year of his Age. ^ « f In the Cause of America, he was uniformly a Patriot. In the incumbent duties of a Husband and a Father, he acquitted himself with affection and Tenderness — But Reader, above all, know from this Inscription ^^ ■*" ' ' that he left this probationary Scene > as a True Christian and an Honest Man. " To these so mourn *d in Death, so lov'd in Life, The childless Parent and the widow'd wife, With tears inscribe this monumental Stone That holds his Ashes and expects her own." HANCOCK. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Greene and Talia- fero on the N., Warren on the E., Washington and a part of Baldwin on the S., and Putnam on the W. It was laid out of parts of Washington and Greene, in 1793. In 1807 a portion of it was added to Baldwin, and in 1825 a portion to Taliafero. Its medium length is 22 miles ; breadth, 20 miles ; 440 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Put- nam. The other streams are Little Ogeechee river. Shoulder HANCOCK COUNTY. 311 Bone, Powell's, Beaver Dam, Fort, Town, Buffalo, Dry Fork, Sandy Run, Fulsom's, and Island creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1840, the popu- lation was 9,659; in 1845, 10,049. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,468 45. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices.— Sparta, Devereaux's Store, Long's Bridge, Mount Zion. Powelton, Rock Mills, Shoals of Ogeechee. Towns. — Sparta is the seat of justice, distant 24 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 14-8. W. Powelton, 22 W. Warrenton, 28 E. Eatonton. It has the usual county buildings, a Presby- terian, Methodist and Baptist church, male and female acade- mies, stores, &c. Population 700. This place is proverbial for the intelligence of its inhabitants. It was made the seat of justice in 1797. Powelton, in the N. E. part of the county. Population 150. Two churches and an academy. Mount Zion, 7 miles from Sparta. Population 200. Three churches. Settled in 1811. Early Settlers. — William Rabun, formerly Governor of Georgia, Gen. Henry Mitchell, Boiling Hall, Charles Aber- crombie. Gen. David Adams, and Henry Graybill. t, Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The county is on the dividing ridge between the primitive and secondary, or rather tertiary formations. The northern por- tion is very hilly, with a red aluminous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands are on Shoulder Bone and its waters. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The pro- ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peas, rye, barley, and ground nuts in small quantities. Cotton averages 550 pounds per acre ; corn 12 bushels ; and wheat from 5 to 6 bushels. Value of Land, Cotton, Markets. — The value of land ranges from $1 to $20 per acre. Sales are usually $2 50 to 83. From the best estimates that could be made, there were made in the county in 1848, 12,000 bags of cotton. Savannah and Augusta are the markets. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild but changeable. The thermometer in Sparta has been known to 312 HANCOCK COUNTY. fall thirty degrees in one night. Snow is unusual, not occur- ring more than once in three years. Rheumatisms, catarrhal fevers, are the most common winter diseases. Bilious and intermittent fevers occur in the summer and autumn. The cases of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, Dr. Timothy W. Rossitta, died in 1845, aged 92; was a sur- geon in the navy during the American Revolution, and resided in this county 45 years. Gen. Henry Mitchell, a soldier of '76, wounded whilst bearing the colours of liberty, died at 79. Mrs. Tabitha Marchman, 91. Paupers, Poor School Fund, &lc. — Number of paupers supported by the county, 21 Whole amount paid for ditto, . . ^453 Poor School fund from the county, $447 State, . 108—8555 Number of poor children in the county, . 228 138 of whom are taught at the public charge. Deaf and dumb persons, ... 8 Lunatics, ....... 5 Education, Literature, Newspapers. — From the earli- est settlement of this county, the citizens have been particu- larly distinguished for their great attention to the subject of education. At this time there are four academies, besides twenty common schools in the county. Rev. Mr. Beman, near Mount Zion, has a select school. The merits of this gentleman as an instructer are well known. The schools at Sparta and Powelton have done much for the cause of female education. Several newspapers have been published in Han- cock. Farmers' Gazette was published in Sparta from 1803 to 1806. The Missionary, by the Rev. Mr. Gildersleve, com- menced at Mount Zion about 1819 or 20 ; afterwards published in Sparta, then in Charleston, and has since been incorporated with the Watchman and Observer, in Richmond, Virginia. The Hancock Advertiser, by J. P. Norton, was published at Mount Zion and at Sparta, about 1834. Rocks, Minerals. — Granite in abundance. HANCOCK COUNTY. 313 Quartz Amethystine, On the plantations of Dr. Whitten and Mr. Al- fred Barkesdale. Ditto. Mr. Presly Harper's. Capt. Hardwiche's. Buffalo creek. Shoulder Bone creek. Agate of beautiful varieties, Red Jasper, at . Fine white Chalcedony, at Prase, on ... Carnelians, on . . . Beautiful green Chalcedony, on Buffalo creek. Lydian Stone, . . Mr. Hunt's.-- Brown Jasper, . . . Ditto. JiVodular Argillaceous Iron, Various places. Brown Hematite, . . Ditto. Sulphuret of Iron, associated with Quartz, . . Rev. Mr. Battle's. Ditto in small cubic crystals of Gneiss, on . . . Buffalo creek. Plumbago, in small quantities, Sarsnett's Mills. Felspar, .... Hornblend, Granular Epidote, Schorl, .... Asbestos, .... Brown Opal, Galena, .... Steatite, .... Bog Iron Ore, . Carbonate of Lime, in small quantities. Green Mica, Kaolin, abundant in . Zircon, a rare mineral, . Native Gold, Ditto in deposit, . W. A. Greene's. Ditto. Dr. Whitten's. Near Sparta. Shoulder Bone creek. Rock Mills. Mr. Foster's. Various places. Ditto. Mr. Greene's. Lower part of the county. Rev. Jesse Battle's. Near Sparta. Rev. Jesse Battle's. For the above list of minerals we feel much pleasure in acknowledging our obligations to Dr. Pendleton, of Sparta, a gentleman of rare attainments in science. Shells. — Shoulder Bone and Buffalo creeks afford fine 314 HANCOCK COUNTY. specimens of the muscle. The Unio Hoptonensis, complana- tus, radiatus, Anodonta gibbosa, and Alasmadonta, inhabit the above-named waters. Dr. Terrel, several years ago, found a j pearl of considerable size and beautiful lustre, in one of the muscles of Fort creek, and Dr. Pendleton has recently found several in Buffalo creek. Mills. — Corn-mills, 5 ; corn and w^heat mills, 10; saw^- mills, 13. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyteri- ans. In the county are nine Methodist, nine Baptist, two Presbyterian, and one Protestant Methodist church. Roads and Bridges. — Roads and bridges are very good. Character of the People. — Of the people of this county it can be said that they have a high sense of religious and mor- al obligations. In science and literature, many of the citizens of this county have distinguished themselves. Love for Geor- gia, and for her institutions, is a prevalent feeling. The planters take a deep interest in the affairs of government. Excellent private libraries are numerous, and reviews and newspapers are liberally patronised. The compiler of this work here takes occasion to say, that from no section of the State has he received more important aid, than from the citi- zens of Hancock. To Tuttle H. Audas, Esq., Clerk of the Superior Court, a gentleman well acquainted with the history of his county, our thanks are due for valuable information. Han- cock is proud to own as her son Col. William G. Bonner, who has gained the applause of every true Georgian for his splendid map of the State. Distinguished Men. — Hancock has furnished her share of distinguished men. Hon. Dixon H. Lewis was born in Han- cock. Gov. McDonald was brought up in this county. Hon, W. T. Colquitt, A. H. Chappell, Hopkins Halsey, M. A. Coop- er, Gen. S. A. Bailey, Lieutenant Governor Horton, and Col. J. W. Fannin, both of Texas, were either born or raised in Hancock. Miscellaneous Notices. — Shoulder Bone creek is cele- brated as being the place where a treaty was made with the Creek Indians in 1786. It was signed by eight Commission- ers on the part of the State, and 59 head men of the Creeks. HANCOCK COUNTY. 315 For the faithful performance of this treaty, the Indians agreed to leave in the hands of the Commissioners five of their people, namely: Chuuocklie Mico, of the Cowetas.; Cuchas, of the Cussetas ; Emathlocks, second man of the Broken Arrow ; and Enautaleche, nephew to the head man of the Swaglos. Mounds. — We are indebted to a gentleman of Hancock for the following account of some remarkable mounds in this county: " The principal mound is located in a second bottom, some 400 feet north of the centre prong of Shoulder Bone creek, a tributary of the Oconee, and some 12 or 15 miles from its mouth. I should suppose the base of the mound 20 feet above the level of the creek. The mound, a few years ago, was 37 feet high, and covered at least 5,800 square yards of surface, and in its form semi-oval, or the segment of a circle of some- thing like 2,000 feet. Around this, though not equidistant from the mound, are the remains of a ditch or entrenchment, containing about four acres, nearly square, and one side was more or less picketed, or zigzag in its course. I should sup- pose this excavation was some 10 or 12 feet wide, and how deep 1 cannot tell, as it was all in cultivation and filling up when I first saw it. In the line nearest to the mound, some 40 feet east, was a very large excavation not yet filled up. Whether that was made to get earth to make the mound, or a reservoir for water, is conjectural. Near the mound, in the enclosure, is a smaller excavation, some 60 feet in diameter, from which a very large amount of human bones have been exhumed, both before and since I took possession of the land, and human bones have been ploughed up and washed up in other places of the enclosure, though none that I have heard of out- side. There were, and are now, the fragments of much broken, rude earthenware, and one of the jars, unbroken, is now in my possession. Also, rude beads, one musket barrel, and my hands within the last 10 years found a round iron ball, about 1^ inches in diameter, about 300 feet from the large mound, near the spring in the neighbourhood. In the edge of the first bottom is another mound, not so large, a compound of clay and sand. When the country was first settled, the surrounding hills and valleys were pretty much covered 316 HANCOCK COUNTY. with either cane or wild pea and other luxuriant plants. I understand the Indian, found here said they knew nothing about them. The large mound was evidently thrown up by human agency, for though it has never been regularly ex- amined, it has been excavated in various places." Name. — When the Legislature of Georgia named this por- tion of her territory Hancock, they designed to commemorate the services of John Hancock, whose name appears so conspi- cuous upon the Declaration of American Independence. Mas- sachusetts had the honour of giving birth to this illustrious man. He graduated at Harvard College, when he was only seventeen years old ; after which he was a clerk in the count- ing-house of his uncle, to whose wealth and business he succeeded in 1764; but his commercial arrangements did not prevent his taking an interest in the cause of his country's freedom. None exerted himself with more vigour in framing associations intended to hinder the introduction of English goods. When the good of his country required sacrifices, there were none which Mr. Hancock was unwilling to make. His patriotism was displayed in 1775, when it was proposed by the American officers who conducted the siege of Boston, to bombard and destroy the town, that the foe might be driven out. Mr. Hancock, whose property was thus exposed to destruc- tion, was among the first to request that no regard to his inte- rests should obstruct the operations of the army. When the Revolution broke out, he must have stood high among his countrymen, for he had the honour, in conjunction with Sa- muel Adams, to be made an exception to the pardon offered by the Royal Governor of Massachusetts, in the proclamation de- claring the province in a state of rebellion. In 1775, he was elected to the august station of President of the Continental Congress. In 1780 he was made Governor of Massachusetts, which office he continued to hold for several years. He died in 1793, the year in which this county was named after him. The author of Familiar Characters describes Mr. Hancock " as being nearly six feet in stature, of thin person, stooping a little, and apparently enfeebled by disease. His manners were very gracious, of the old style of dignified complaisance. As a public man, his country is greatly indebted to him." HARRIS COUNTY. 317 HARRIS. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Troup and Meri- wether on the N., Talbot on the E., Muscogee on the S., and the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out from Troup and Musco- gee, in 1827. Length 20 miles, breadth 18 miles; 360 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee forms the western boundary of the county. West End, Standing Boy, Sowahachee, Mulberry, Flat Shoal, Old House, and Mountain creeks, empty into the Chattahoochee. Post Offices. — Hamilton, Cochran's Cross Roads, Ellers- lie, Mulberry Grove, King's Gap, Piedmont, Waverly Hall, Whitesville, Valley Place. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Population in 1845, 7,166 whites, 6,972 blacks; total, 14,138. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,922 49 cents. Sends two rep- resentatives to the Legislature. Towns. — Hamilton is the seat of justice, two miles north of Mulberry creek, at the extremity of the Oak mountain, and one mile south of the Pine mountain. It is a small place, sur- rounded by beautiful scenery. Population about 400. It con- tains a pretty court-house, a jail, two churches, one male school, one female school. Amount of goods sold per annum, $50,000. It is healthy, and the water good. Distant from Milledgeville 110 miles; from Columbus 22|^ miles ; from Talbotton 22| ; from Greeneville, 22^ ; from La Grange, 22^ ; from West Point, 22|^ ; and 1 1 from Whitesville. Incorporated and made the county site in 1828. Whitesville is on the road leading directly from Columbus to La Grange. Population 150. Distant from Columbus 27 miles. Valley Place, 10 miles N. E. of Hamilton, in the valley between the Oak and Pine mountains. One church, one school, two stores, &c. Cochran's, 7 miles N. of Hamilton. Ellerslie, 10 miles S. E. of Hamilton. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Education. — This subject is generally appreciated, and schools are established in nearly every portion of the county. 21 318 HARRIS COUNTY. Mills. — Merchant-mills, . . , . 3 Grist-mills, ... .6 Saw-mills, ... . . 8 Distilleries, ..... 2 Productioms. — The productions are similar to those of Troup and the adjoining counties. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. Corn " 4 barrels " " Wheat from 10 to 12 bushels " " Markets, Cotton. — Columbus and Griffin. Eight thousand bales of cotton are annually produced. Face OF the Country, Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — There is much variety in the face of the country. The Pine mountains enter the county near the N. E. corner. The Oak mountains enter the county at its eastern corner. Above the Pine mountains, east of the road leading to Columbus, the country is level, having a thin, light soil, productive but not last- ing. West of the road, from Columbus to La Grange, it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. As you approach the Pine mountains it assumes a rocky and knolly aspect. In the valley between the Oak and Pine mountains the soil is gray ; growth, Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak mountain, upon the head waters of Mulberry creek, and extending all the way down said creek, the soil is rich. Improved lands are worth $5 per acre. Unimproved lands from 3 to 4 dollars per acre. Character of the People. — The citizens of Harris are clever and spirited. In morality, intelligence, and benevo- lence, they are upon an equality with the people of the adjoin- ing counties. Early Settlers. — W. C. Osborn, W. Switzer, Hon. M. J. Welborn, John Greer, IN. Barden, S. Clay, R. R. Brown, Gen. McDougald, Gen. Low, and others. Minerals. — Gold has been found in the Pine mountains, and most of the minerals which exist in the adjacent counties are found in Harris. Bridges and Roads.- -Nothing very favourable can be said of the bridges and roads. Their condition would be improved by more attention on the part of the citizens. HARRIS COUNTY. 319 Climate. — There is nothing which distinguishes the cli- mate from that of the neighbouring counties. In the mountains the an- is cool and invigorating. The diseases are such as commonly prevail in western Georgia. Among the cases of longevity we have learned the following. There are now living Mr. Arthur Redding, over 80 ; Mr. W. Swann, over 80; Mr. McCraw, 90. Antiquities. — There are two or three Indian mounds on Mulberry creek. Name. — Charles Harris, Esq., after whom this county was named, was born in England in the year 1772, and received his education in France. He came to Georgia in 1788, and studied law in the office of Samuel Stirk, Esquire, and gradually rose to high distinction in his pro- fession. He was regarded by many as the most profound lawyer in the State. His reasoning powers were great. He neither aimed at ornament nor eloquence. As an evidence of his great reputation as a lawyer, it may be stated tliat he was employed in the city of Washington, in an appeal case of great importance from the Court of Admiralty in Georgia, a large fee of five thousand dollars being given to him. Wm. Pinckney and Wm. Wirt, two lawyers of great celebrity, were associated with him, and such was his modesty, that although his pecuniary resources were very limited, he gave to the above-named gentlemen one thousand dollars each out of his fee. When the case came before the court, Mr. Pinckney rose and said, that Mr. Wirt and himself had concluded that nothing they could say to the court could possibly be necessary, or add any weight to the masterly reasoning given in the brief by the gentleman from Georgia. The brief was then read by Mr. Pinckney, and the decision of the court given in favour of the client of Mr. Harris. Mr. Harris was a gentleman of uncommon modesty, and although importuned in the most earnest manner to accept of honours offered to him by his fellow-citizens, with the excep- tion of those of Alderman and Mayor of Savannah, in one or the other of which offices he served for more than twenty years, he could not be prevailed upon to do so. More than once did he refuse the highest offices in the gift of the people 320 HARRIS COUNTY. of Georgia. Gov. Jackson appointed him Judge of the East- ern Circuit, without consulting him ; Mr. Harris, however, anxious as he was to gratify his friend, decUned the appoint- ment, from a belief that the discharge of its duties would fre- quently call him from the enjoyment of the domestic circle, to which he was remarkably devoted. A year or two afterwards, whilst he was still a young man, he was elected by the Legislature of Georgia, Judge of the Eastern Circuit, without his solicitation or that of his friends, but he would not consent to take the appointment. When the retirement of Mr. Milledge from the Senate of the United States rendered it necessai'y to fill the vacancy, although there were many aspirants to this distinguished office, the Legislature and both parties (Crawford and Clarke) united in the selec- tion of Mr. Harris, if he would serve. An express was sent to Savannah to ascertain his views, but he positively refused the honour. A short time afterwards, ill health, the loss of his wife, to whom he was tenderly attached, and other domestic afflictions, caused him gradually to seek retirement, and he lost that tone of feeling which had given delight to all who had the happiness of his acquaintance. He died March 17th, 1827, lamented by all classes of people. Mr. Harris was rather above the middle stature. His manners were affable and pleasing. His benevolence was proverbial. When the widow saw him she blessed him. When the orphans saw him they M'ere glad. Widows, orphans, the distressed, and the poor, looked up to him as a friend, whom they might approach at any time. Mr. Harris was of a highly respectable family. His father was William Harris, barrister, who was first cousin of Lord Malmesbury. His mo- ther was the sister of the hereditary Champion of England, Charles Dymock, who attended at the coronation of George the Third, and his father was one of the two squires of the Champion who attended the coronation. The Dymocks were a branch of the De Bergs, who had been Champions of Eng- land from the accession of the Norman family. HEARD COUNTY. 321 HEARD. Boundaries. — This county is bounded on the N. by Car- roll, on the E. by Coweta, on the S. by Troup, and on the W. by Alabama. Laid out from Troup, Coweta, and Carroll, in 1§30. Rivers, Creeks. — This county is well supplied with streams. The only river is the Chattahoochee, into which all the creeks in the county empty ; which are, the White Water, Sundalhatchee, Hillabahatchee, Brushy, and others. Population, Representation, Taxes. — In 1840, the po- pulation was 5,^39; in 1845, it was 5,998; so that in five years, there has been an increase of 669. Sends one repre- sentative to the Legislature. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $1,930 50. Post Offices. — Franklin, Berrien, Corinth, Enon Grove, Houstoun, McBride's Mills. Town. — Franklin is the seat of justice ; it is situated on the east bank of the Chattahoochee river, 145 miles from Milledgeville, 30 from West Point, 20 from La Grange, 33 from Greeneville, 20 from Newnan, 25 from Carrollton, and 30 from Wedowee, Alabama. Population 250. It was incor- porated and made the county site in 1831. There is an excel- lent brick court-house and a strong jail in Franklin. Corinth, 11 miles east, and Houstoun, 9 miles southwest of Franklin, are thriving villages. St. Cloud's and McBride's Mills do considerable business. Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton factory doing a good business, 17 grist-mills, 13 saw-mills, 3 Hour-mills. Surface of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The surface is very hilly. About one-third of the county consists of rich oak and hickory land ; two-thirds are pine mixed with oak and hickory, and remarkably productive. All the lands rest upon a good clay foundation. The soil is light and easily cultivated. Average Products per Acre, Amount of Cotton. — Corn averages, per acre, . . 20 bushels. Wheat " " . . 15 " Cotton " "... 800 pounds. 322 HEARD COUNTY. There are some small bodies of bottom lands upon the river and its tributaries which will yield 50 bushels of corn, or 2,000 pounds of cotton per acre. Between 4,500 and 5,000 bags of cotton are made annually. Productions. — The leading productions are cotton, corn, and wheat ; rye, oats, and barley are produced in small quan- tities ; most of the fruits and vegetables known to middle Georgia are successfully cultivated. The forest trees are larger than any in the adjacent counties. Early Settlers. — Major Daniel Whitaker, Mr. C. B. Brown, Colonel Winston Wood, John Jean, Thomas Awbry, and Colonel Dent were among the earliest settlers. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis- sionary Baptists, Protestant Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the county there are nine Methodist Episcopal churches, three Protestant Methodist, nine Missionary Baptist, two Anti-Mis- sionary Baptist, and one Presbyterian. Indian Mounds, &c. — There are a few small mounds near the Chattahoochee. On Colonel Dent's farm some negroes ploughed up a gun, having on it the British coat of arms. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — No section of Georgia is favoured with a more salubrious climate. The diseases are few, and those which do prevail are manageable. The only instance of longevity which has come to our knowledge is that of Mr. James Stewart ; he has exceeded his threescore and ten, being over 80 years of age. He is one of the soldiers of " '76." Minerals. — Gold has been found in the bed of the Chatta- hoochee, and in all the creeks and branches on the west of it. On Black Jack mountain, near the Alabama line, is a vein mine, supposed to be valuable. Iron ore and some specimens of lead have been found. Roads, Bridges. — The public roads are not kept in good order. There are but few bridges. The interests of the county call for a bridge over the river at Franklin. Character of the People. — There is much republican simplicity in the manners of the people. They are improving in every thing calculated to make them good citizens and honest men. HEARD COUNTY. 323 Miscellaneous Remarks. — Colonel Dent, of Franklin, is among the oldest settlers in the county, and he writes to the author of this work in the following manner : " I have never heard of a case of fever and ague here, and only a few cases of bilious fever. There is not a quart of stagnant water on the west side of the river in the county. It is the most hilly and the most healthy county in the State, and holds more valu- able water-power than any other territory that I ever saw of the same area. If the contemplated railroad from Atlanta to West Point is completed, and a bridge erected across the river at Franklin, Heard will be one of the most desirable counties in the State." Name. — This county received its name in honour of Ste- phen Heard, one among the most active officers of the revo- lutionary war. He was born in Ireland, and with his father, John Heard, emigrated to Virginia during tlie period of the French war. In those stirring times, education beyond the common branches was enjoyed by few, and Mr. Heard was not among that few. He served under Gen. Washington, during the French war, as a captain, and acquitted himself with honour. In 17 — , when hundreds of the people of Vir- ginia, attracted by the fertility of the lands in what was called the Broad River Country, in Georgia, were leaving the Old Dominion, Mr. Heard came to Wilkes county, and settled on Fishing creek. But little time was afforded him to cultivate the soil ; for hostilities having taken place between Great Britain and her colonies, he hastened to the standard of lib- erty, and under Col. Elijah Clarke, contributed his best efforts in defending the western portions of Georgia against the attacks of a cruel enemy. At the memorable battle of Kettle Creek, he acted a distinguished part, not only by encouraging the Americans by his patriotic speeches, but also by taking an active part in the engagement. During a portion of the time when Georgia was overrun by the British, and when gloom sat upon the countenances of all, he was President of the Execu- tive Council, and in this capacity did all in his power to inspire the desponding people with hope. After the war he resumed his agricultural pursuits, and was among the most influential men in Wilkes. He was Chief Justice of the 324 HENRY COUNTY. Inferior Court, and a Trustee of the Academy in Washington. He died 15th November, 1815, and left four sons, one of whom, Col. Thomas J. Heard, of Elbert county, has been fre- quently a member of the Legislature. Mr. Heard was married twice. His first wife was a Miss Germany. During his absence from home, the tories came to his house and drove her off, and such was the exposure she suffered, that it brought on a severe sickness which finally terminated her life. His second wife was Miss Elizabeth Darden, who died in Elbert on the 5th of June, 1848, at the advanced age of 83 years. The brother of Stephen Heard, Major Barnard Heard, was taken prisoner by the tories in Wilkes and carried to Augusta in irons, where he was sentenced by a court-martial to be hung ; but on the day before the siege of the town commenced he made his escape, and fought on that occasion under Clarke and Jackson ; and after the battle he went to the British gar- rison, where he found his father, John Heard, who was quite advanced in years, almost exhausted by hunger, with another old man, both of whom he took by the hand, and brought them to the American post. HENRY. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by De Kalb, N. E. by Newton, E. by Butts, S. by Pike, and W. by Fayette. Laid out by the Lottery Act of l^J, and portions since that time added to other counties. It is 27 miles long and 15 miles wide, containing 405 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — South river, one of the head branches of the Ocmulgee, and Cotton river. The creeks are Trouble- some, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, Tussahaw, Little Walnut, Line, and Reeves. Post Offices. — McDonough, Double Cabins, Flat Rock, Forsterville, Locust Grove, Sandy Ridge, White House, Stock Bridge, Buena Vista, Spring. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population, according to the census of 1845, was 9,609 whites, and 3,786 HENRY COUNTY. 325 blacks; total, 13,455. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,360 82. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. Towns, Public Places. — McDonough is the capital, and is pleasantly located on the waters of Walnut creek. First settled in 1822; incorporated and made the county site in 1823. From Milledgeville it is distant 70 miles N. W., from Fayette ville 20, from Griffin 18, from Covington 21, from Jackson 16, from Indian Springs and from Decatur 28. The public buildings are a brick court-house, jail, three churches, and one academy. This town declined in business when Grif- fin was first settled, although it now begins to revive. The amount of goods sold in a year is over $50,000. Population 500. Great effo rts are making to put a stop to the sale of ardent spirits in McDonough. Hollinsworth's Store, or Tucker's Cabin, is 14 miles N. of McDonough. Double Cabins, 6 miles N. of Griffin. Hale's Store, on Sandy Ridge, 10 miles E. of McDonough. White House, 7 miles N. E. of McDonough. Cotton River, 6^ miles N. of McDonough. Pittsfield, 8 miles W, of McDonough. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy, and there are few diseases except on the water-courses. The instances of longevity are the following. Mr. John Smith, between 90 and 100 ; Mr. James Daniel, over 80 ; Mr. John Treadwell, over 80 ; Mr. Jacob Coker, over 80 ; Mr. John Wyatt, over 83 ; Mr. Richard Card, over 80 ; Mr. John Oslin, 80 ; Mr. Ezekiel Cloud, 92 ; Mr. Cuncle, 82. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists the most numer- ous, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Uni- versalists and Christians. There are about thirty churches in the county. Proper attention is paid to education. Markets. — Atlanta, Griffin, Macon, and Jonesborough. Mineral Springs. — Five miles east of McDonough, on Key's Ferry road, is a spring said to have mineral qualities. Mountain. — Little Rock mountain, in the N. E. corner of the county. Character of the People. — The citizens of this county are plain and unassuming in their manners, industrious, benevo- lent, and enterprising. 326 HENRY COUNTY. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is uneven. The bottom lands are fertile, com- manding $15 per acre, and are well adapted to cotton and corn. The mulatto or hickory lands are productive, and sell for $10 per acre. Common gray lands are vi^orth from $5 to $6 per acre. Ridge lands from $1 to $2 per acre. Minerals. — Iron, tourmaline, flint, quartz, &c. Gold has been found on Walnut creek, but not in quantities sufficient to justify labour. Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton factory near McDo- nough. Merchant-mills, . . 4 Saw-mills, ... 8 Grist-mills, ... 14 Distilleries, . . . 6 or 7 Roads. — The roads and bridges are much neglected. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. Corn " . . 4 barrels " Wheat " . . 12 " Name. — This county bears the name of Patrick Henry, of whom Mr. Jefferson said he was the greatest orator that ever lived, and to whom Mr. Randolph applied the scriptural expres- sion, '' Never man spake like this man." The life of Mr. Henry has been written by the Hon. William Wirt ; but as this vol- ume may not be accessible to most of our readers, we shall freely make such extracts from it as will serve to give an idea of the principal incidents of the life, and the most striking features in the character of the great Virginia orator, states- man, and patriot. Patrick Henry was born on the 27th of May, 1736, in Hanover county, Virginia. The advantages of an education were within his reach, but so irksome did he find the restraints and confinement of a school, that he made but little progress in his studies. His gun and fishing-rod were preferred to Horace and Euclid. At the age of fifteen, he en- gaged in mercantile business, but its drudgery he found to be as ill suited to his taste as the confinement of a school, and at the expiration of a very short period, this was abandoned. At 18 years of age he married, and directed his attention to HENRY COUNTY. 327 the culture of a farm, but his ignorance of agriculture, and his aversion to labour forced him to give up this business, and he again turned merchant, but succeeded no better than he had some years before. Henry now had recourse to the law, and after looking into Blackstone, and other principal law books, for a short time, he was admitted to the bar. No one thought that he could ever succeed in a profession which required an intensity of application to which he had given grounds to believe that he could not habituate himself. But to the as- tonishment of all, his first opportunity to show what he could do in his new profession, resulted in his being placed at the head of the bar. The cause in which he was first employed was that known as the " Parsons' cause." Mr. Wirt says, that Mr. Henry rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium. The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement. The clergy were observed to exchange sly looks with each other, and his father is described as having almost sunk with confusion from his seat. But these feelings were of short duration, and soon gave place to others of a very different character. For now were those wonderful fa- culties which he possessed for the first time developed, and now was first witnessed that mysterious and almost superna- tural transformation of appearance which the fire of his own eloquence never failed to work in him ; and as his mind rolled along and began to glow from its own action, all the exuviae of the clown seemed to shed themselves spontaneously. His attitude by degrees became erect and lofty. The spirit of his genius awakened all his features. His wonder-working fancy, and the peculiar phraseology in which he clothed his images, produced an effect so great, that it is said, by one who heard him, " that he made their blood run cold and their hair to rise on end." In 1764, he again made one of his most brilliant efforts before a committee on elections, in the House of Bur- gesses ; and again in 1765, as a member of the House of Bur- gesses, when he introduced his resolutions on the Stamp Act. It was here that he said, " Caesar had his Brutus — Charles the First his Cromwell — and George the Third" upon which the Speaker cried out "Treason!" "Treason, treason!" echoed from every part of the house. Henry, nothing daunted, in a voice 328 HOUSTOUN COUNTY. of thunder added, " may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it." From this time Mr. Henry became one of the most influential men in America. All re- garded him as the champion of liberty. In his integrity the people fully confided, and honoured him with the most elevated offices in the land, viz.. Delegate to the first Colonial Con- gress ; in 1774, Governor of Virginia, &c. Until 1794 he was regular in his attendance upon the courts. Mr. Henry died on the 6th of June, 1799. In private life, no man was more amiable. In the truth of Christianity he was a firm be- liever, and did all that precept and example required to re- commend it to others. He left a large number of children. HOUSTOUN. Boundaries, Extent. — Houstoun is bounded N. by Craw- ford and Bibb, E. by Pulaski and Twiggs, S. by Dooly, and W. by Macon. It is 35 miles long and 25 wide. Square miles 875. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee flows along the eastern part of the county. Sandy Run, Spring, Mossy, Piney Woods, Groose's and Big Indian, empty into the Ocmulgee ; Hog Crawl, Lampkins and Tucsawhachee have their origin in this county. Post Offices. — Perry, Batesman's Store, Busbayville, Fort Valley, Hayneville, Graceville, Minerva, Wellborn's Mills, Wilna. Towns. — Perry is the county town, situated in the centre, upon the waters of Big Indian creek, 67 miles from Milledge- ville, 32 from the Central Railroad, 28 from the Ocmulgee 'river, 35 from Macon, and 23 from Hartford. It contains the usual public buildings, three churches, two flourishing schools, one large hotel, three stores, four groceries, apothecary's shop, and a small bookstore, attached to the post-office. There are between 40 and 50 mechanics of all kinds. Population, 500. The water is pure. For a number of years past, it has been as healthy as any town or village in the State. The town is improving very fast. Fort Valley is 12 miles northwest of Perry ; has three HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 329 stores, one Methodist church, one academy; 32 miles from the Central Raih'oad. Population, 250. Hayneville is in the southeast part of the county ; has two churches, three stores, academy, &c. Population, 140. Henderson, on the road leading from Perry to Vienna. Po- pulation, 150. Markets. — Savannah, Macon, and Hawkinsville are the chief markets. Manufactories, Mills. — There is a cotton factory on Mossy creek. Grist-mills, 13 ; saw-mills, 8. Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens of this county are well informed, industrious, and generally tem- perate. The amusements are hunting and fishing. Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists are the most numerous. The other denominations are the Methodists, Presbyterians, and a few Universalists. Education does not receive the attention which it merits. Population, &c. — According to the census of 1845, there were 7,078 whites, and 7,568 blacks. To Mr. Moore, the tax receiver for this county, we are indebted for the following infor- mation : — "In 1848 the number of polls was 1,197. Slaves, 8,763." Amount of taxes returned to the State in 1848, f 5,517 and 31 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Nature of the Soil, Quantity of Land. — The soil is rich, and mostly of a limestone formation. The first quality lands are on the rivers and creeks, adapted to cotton and corn. The lands generally lie level, and are easily cultivated. There are in the county 99,208 acres of second quality oak and hickory lands ; 40,005 acres of third quality oak and hickory lands; pine land, 182,068 acres; swamp land, third quality, 2,888 acres. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — The generous soil of this county produces cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, sugar-cane, rice, &c. The product of cotton, upon the oak lands, is from 7 to 800 lbs. per acre; corn, 18 to 25 bushels per acre ; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels per acre ; rye, 6 to 10 bushels per acre. Forest Trees, Fruits, Flowers. — Cypress, pine, oak, hick- ory, poplar, and maple, are the principal forest trees. 330 HOUSTOUN COUNTY. The fruits are apples, pears, figs, plums, &c. This section of the State is rich in flowers : the fringe- tree, the silk-weed, trumpet-flower, and many others. Climate, Diseases. — This county is as healthy as most parts of Georgia similarly located. The season of 1847 was very wet, and there was much sickness among the inhabitants. In fact, all the sickness for the ten previous years would not equal that of this year. The diseases most common are bilious and intermittent fevers. The instances of longevity are the follow- ing : — Simpson Chance died at 90 ; Thomas Dozier at 84 ; Aaron Low at 80; Mrs. Ellen Dupree, 83. Early Settlers. — Howell Cobb, David Clark, Allen Wig- gins, Rev. J. Fulwood, Heardy Hunter, John Hardy, Wm. Smith, Robert Saunders. Name. — The Houstouns are among the most ancient and reputable families in Georgia. The name often occurs in the history of our State, when it was under the direction of the Trustees under the royal Government, and after it had in com- mon with the other colonies declared itself independent. A Dr. William Houstoun was employed, as early as 1732, to col- lect plants for the colony of Georgia ; and the public garden in Savannah was indebted to him for many tropical plants which he had obtained in the West Indies. Sir Patrick Hous- toun was a prominent man under the royal government, being Register of Grants, and one of the Counsellors, when John Reynolds was Governor of Georgia. John Houstoun, a son of Sir Patrick Houstoun, in honour of whom this county is named, was among the earliest and most zealous advocates of the co- lonies. On the 14th of July, 1774, a notice appeared in the Georgia Gazette, published in the city of Savannah, calling upon the inhabitants of the province to assemble, for the pur- pose of taking into consideration the oppressions of the colo- nies, to which was affixed the name of Mr. Houstoun, associa- ted with those of N. W. Jones, George Walton, and Archibald Bulloch. Pursuant to this call, a number of the citizens, not only of Savannah, but of several distant parishes, convened, and after nominating John Glenn, Esquire, Chairman, they appointed a committee of thirty gentlemen to prepare and re- port resolutions to be recommended to the whole province for HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 331 its adoption. Mr. Houstoun was placed on this committee ; atid in the discharge of its onerous duties evinced much deci- sion and zeal. At a crisis so momentous, it was fortunate for Georgia that there were men like Mr. Houstoun, willing and able to serve her. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appoint- ed one of the representatives of the province to the Congress in Philadelphia ; and the same honour was conferred upon him the 2d of February, 1776. His name would have appear- ed on the Declaration of American Independence, had he not been called from Congress to counteract the influences of the Rev. Mr. Zubli, a delegate from Georgia, who had suddenly left Philadelphia for the purpose of using his efforts at home against the Declaration. On the 8th of May, 1777, Mr. Hous- toun was appointed a member of the Executive Council ; and on the 8th of January, 1778, was elected Governor of Geor- gia. The invasion of East Florida had long been a favourite object of Mr. Houstoun ; and soon after his elevation to the executive chair, he expressed to Major General Robert Howe, then in command of the Southern Department, his willingness to co-operate with him in this expedition. The force thought necessary for the expedition being raised, General Howe, ac- companied by Governor Houstoun, proceeded against East Flo- rida. Arriving at the St. Mary's river, numerous obstacles prevented further progress, and a council of war was called to decide whether a retreat would not be proper ; and it was de- termined that, under present circumstances, a retreat was not only expedient, but absolutely necessary. Governor Houstoun was a man of high spirit, and was unwilling to relinquish the command of the Georgia militia to General Howe ; and this misunderstanding between the Governor and the General was probably one of the principal causes which led to the failure of the expedition. In 1784 he was again Governor of Georgia. In 1787, in conjunction with John Habersham and Lachlan Mcintosh, he was appointed a Commissioner by the General Assembly on the part and behalf of the State of Georgia, for settling disputes respecting boundary, with the State of South Carolina ; but he differed in opinion from the other Commis- sioners, and protested against their proceedings. His protest may be found on page 666, in Marbury and Crawford's Di- 332 IRWIN COUNTY. gest. Mr. Houstoun was by profession a lawyer, comparable to any of his day. He died at White Bluff, near Savannah, 20th July, 1796. IRWIN. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Dooly and Telfair, E. by parts of Telfair and Ware, S. by Lowndes and Thomas, and W. by Baker. It is about 52 miles long, and 28 wide. Square miles, 1456. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. Parts set off to Thomas and Lowndes in 1825. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee and the AUapahaw ri- vers are the chief streams. Little river rises in the northern part of the county. Among the creeks may be named, San- dy, Hat, Lake, Big House, Willocoochee, Indian, Domes, Lit- tle House, Deep, Warrior, Tyty, Pine Woods, &c. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- pulation was 2145 whites, 321 blacks ; total, 2466. Amount of taxes for 1848, $823 66 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature, Post Office. — Irwinville. Town. — Irwinville is the seat of justice, 112 miles from Milledgeville, 60 miles from Hawkinsville, and 30 from Jack- sonville. It has a court-house, tavern, and one or two stores. Early Settlers. — The Paulks, Youngs, Wilcoxes, and Hendersons. Markets. — Hawkinsville, Macon, and Albany. Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions. — Some parts of the county are broken. The lands are gene- rally pine-barren. Some excellent lands are in the eastern part of the county. The productions are cotton, sugar-cane, wheat, &c. The average product of cotton is 600 pounds per acre. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. The schools are few, and more at- tention iHight to be paid to education. IRWIN COUNTY. 333 Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are gene- rally good. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people are kind and sociable. Much time is devoted to hunting. Temperance has not advanced with so much rapidity as in other counties. Climate. — The climate is warm. The diseases are simi- lar to those of the adjacent counties. Mineral Spring. — There is a mineral spring on the Oc- mulgee river, 22 miles from Hawkinsville. Name. — General Jared Irwin, after whom this county was named, was of Irish descent. His parents emigrated to Meck- lenburg county, North Carolina, and came to Georgia when he was about seven years old. He served his country faithfully many years during the lat- ter part of the revolutionary war, and afterwards in campaigns on the Georgia frontiers, against the Indians. He at one time commanded a detachment of Georgia militia in the Creek country. In early life he lived in Burke county ; afterwards he removed to Washington county, which he often represent- ed in the Legislature. He was a Brigadier General of the mi- litia ; he was in the Convention for revising our State Consti- tution in 1789 ; in a Convention for the same purpose in 1795, and President of the Convention that formed the present Con- stitution in 1798. The Presidency of the Senate was fre- quently conferred upon him, at various periods, from 1790 to 1818, when he died. As Governor, in 1796, he had the hon- our of signing the Act rescinding the Yazoo Law. He was again Governor, from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. At the close of the war of independence, he was a member of the first Legislature that convened under our present form of government. He was a very pure man, and an excellent neighbour, whom all around him looked upon as a guide. Hospitality was his chief virtue. In every station he occupied he exhi- bited his devotion to the public good. In his manners he was affable, and in his disposition kind. In religion, he was a Con- gregationalist. To the poor and distressed he was a warm friend. He died at Union Hill, in Washington county, on the 22 334 JACKSON COUNTY. Isl of March, 1818, aged 68 years. One of his sons, Jared Irwin, Jun., was at the first graduating class at Athens ; and another, Capt. John Irwin, commanded a company of cavahy in the Creek war, under the heroic General John Floyd, dis- tinguishing himself at the battle of Autossie, and in other en- gagements.* JACKSON. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. W. by Hall, N. E. by Franklin, E. by Madison, S. by Clarke, W. by Walton and Gwinnett. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide ; square miles, 414. Rivers and Creeks. — The branches of the Oconee flow through this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's, Cider and Beach creeks, are some of the streams. Post Offices. — Jefferson, Barber's Creek, Bascobel, Har- mony Grove, Mulberry, Marcus, Maysville, Farmers' 'and Mechanics' Mills. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population in 1845 was 6,265 whites, and 2,728 blacks ; total, 8,993. Return of State tax for 1848 is 82,495 49. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Town. — Jefferson is the seat of justice, situated on the waters of the Oconee river; has a brick court-house, jail, two hotels, one church, one academy, five stores, &c. Amount of goods sold per annum, $15,000. Distance from Milledgeville 87 miles, from Athens 13, from Gainesville 20, from Law- renceville 30, from Carnesville 30, from Monroe 28, from Madison 40, and from Watkinsville 27. The town has de- clined in business within the last few years. It was made the county site in 1806, and incorporated in 1812. Minerals. — This county abounds with granite and quartz. Near Mr. Appleby's are found elegant crystallized quartz. .Some iron is found ; soapstone, mica, asbestos and tourmaline. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of Jackson * Furnished by Col. J. W. Jaclison. JACKSON COUNTY. 335 is favourable to health. The diseases are fevers and pneu- monia. Instances of longevity are not rare. Among others are Mr. Henry Angling, aged 80 ; Mr. x\nios Stapler, 80 ; Mrs. . Brown, over 100. Character of the People. — The people of this county are not particularly noted for any one trait of character. They are on a par with many other sections of Georgia, as far as in- telligence is concerned. Newspapers are taken all over the county, but there is among the citizens a great lack of the spirit of enterprise and inquiry. Many of the ladies of this county are skilful with the needle. We have seen many spe- cimens of their silk, lace, &c., that reflect much honour upon their ingenuity and industry. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- byterians, and Universalists. The interest in the subject of education is daily increasing, and there are some good schools. Mineral Springs. — There is a mineral spring on the plant- ation of the Rev. Mr. Harrison, north of Jefferson. Nature of Soil, Productions, and Average Product per Acre. — Much of the soil of this county is unproductive, although there are some good lands on the branches of the Oconee. The productions are cotton and the different grains. Cotton averages per acre 400 pounds ; corn 2^ barrels per acre ; and wheat 7 bushels per acre. Name. — In attempting to give a history of the life of Ma- jor General James Jackson, to perpetuate whose memory this county received its name, according to the plan adopted in our biographical sketches, we frankly confess our inability to do him that justice which his valuable services most richly merit. We must therefore beg our readers to allow us to deviate from our rule in appropriating a larger space than is our custom to the life and services of this eminent patriot and soldier. Never had Georgia a more devoted friend, and to no man, we fearlessly affirm, does she owe so great a debt of gra- titude ; and yet, astonishing to say, there are thousands of our citizens wholly unacquainted with his history. It is the duty of Georgians to make themselves familiar with the character and actions of those gallant spirits who stood by their country in the hour of her greatest extremity, and who in the contest 336 JACKSON COUNTY. for freedom hazarded life, property, and interest. A knowledge of the sacrifices they made, and the hardships they endured, will teach us to value the blessings of a free government ; and, stimulated by their noble example, we shall always manfully re- sist any encroachment upon our liberties. The history of Mr. Jackson is the history of Georgia at eventful periods, as our memoir will fully show. It is not our object to attempt to prove that Mr. Jackson was faultless. We are free to confess that he had many faults. And who has not faults ? That which we desire to prove to the citizens of Georgia is this — that if there be one worthy of the Revolution more entitled to their gratitude than another, this distinction belongs to General James Jackson. He was born at Moreton Hampstead, in the county of Devon, England, September 21st, 1757. His father, like many other impartial Englishmen, was opposed to the attempts made by Parliament to restrain the liberties of the colonies, and in his family circle would often speak in commendable terms of the resistance of America. Jackson, who, from his infancy, had exhibited an abhorrence against oppression, would listen most attentively to the conversation of his father, and thus gradually imbibed a sympathy for the colonies, whose consti- tutional rights were so unjustly violated, and accordingly he resolved to leave England and take up his abode in America. He arrived in Savannah in 1772, when only fifteen years of age, penniless, and an entire stranger to every one except John VVereat, Esq., who had been intimate with his father in England. Samuel Farley, Esq., attorney at law, a gentleman whose legal attainments had secured him an extensive prac- tice, pleased with the talents and industry of the youth, re- ceived him into his office, and superintended his studies. But the times were exciting. People spoke their sentiments freely in regard to the differences between Great Britain and her colonies, and expressed opinions that the time had arrived when it became the latter to assume a hostile attitude. Jackson laid aside his law-books, and, with his bosom burning with the love of liberty, associated himself with that portion of the citizens who had resolved no longer to wear the chains of slavery. Such men as Bulloch, Houstoun, Jones, and Hall, encouraged JACKSON COUNTY. 337 the ambitious youth, because they saw in him, enthusiasm, courage, and talents. The first time that Jackson had an op- portunity of distinguishing himself was when an attack was proposed against Savannah, by a fleet of vessels commanded by Captain Barclay, aided by land forces under Majors Mait- land and Grant. The armed vessels grounded, and thus the expectations of the foe were defeated. A party of volunteers, among whom were John Morel, Thomas Hamilton, James Bryan, and James Jackson, then only nineteen years of age, proceeded to that part of the river where the vessels lay, and set them on fire, the crews, however, making their escape, with the loss of their clothes and arms. This affair gained him the approbation of his fellow-citizens, and upon the organization of a company of light infantry he was elected lieutenant, and afterwards captain ; but shortly afterwards resigned, from an impression that injustice had been done him by his colonel. About 1778, he was appointed brigade major, and the chroni- cles of this period speak highly of his military talents and fide- lity. In the battle at Medway, where General Scriven was killed, he commanded a party of volunteers, received a wound, and acquired fresh laurels for soldierlike conduct. After the fall of Savannah, in 1778, in company with his friend Mr. Milledge, he went to South Carolina, and joined the command of General Moultrie. During the progress of these sons of liberty, barefoot and clothed in rags, they were apprehended as spies by some American soldiers, and condemned to be hung. The gallows was actually prepared, and but for the timely arrival of Major Peter Deveaux, who accidentally heard of the transaction, these two patriots would have been exe- cuted. It is an incident worthy of notice, that both, at a sub- sequent period, became Governors of the State of Georgia, and successively Senators in Congress from that State. We are unable to say in what capacity he served under General Moul- trie ; but, whatever it was, we are sure that he was not want- ing in any of the attributes of a gallant and faithful soldier. In 1779, he was at the ill-fated siege of Savannah, attached, as it is thought, to the division of troops under Colonel Mar- bury. Here he exerted himself, with others of his brave asso- ciates, to recover the town. The result of that siege is well 338 JACKSON COUNTY. known. The Georgia soldiers did tiieir duty, and many of them on that day sealed their devotion to liberty with their blood. Among the wounded was Lieutenant Edward Lloyd, a Georgian, who had his right arm carried away by a cannon- shot ; and Major Jackson, whilst aiding the surgeon in dress- ing the shattered stump, expressed to the wounded lieutenant his deep sympathy for the casualty which had happened to him; upon which the chivalrous Georgian observed, " that as bad as such a prospect presented to so young a man, he would rather be in his than in Captain Stedman's situation," an officer who had evinced cowardice or deserted his post on the morn- ing of the assault. Georgia being now in possession of the British army, many of its noble defenders were compelled to retreat to South Carolina, among whom was Major Jackson. In Aucrust, 1780, General Sumter was attacked at Blackstock's house by Col. Tarlton. Ramsey, Mills, Sims, and other Caro- lina historians, have given accounts of this engagement ; but in our opinion they have not done full justice to the Georgia troops, who acted a conspicuous part on that occasion. In our memoir of General Twiggs, we have referred to this subject ; and desirous, we may say resolved (at least as far as our exertions can effect it), to give the meed of praise to the little corps of Georgians who were engaged in this battle, we here affirm that it can be proved by indubitable testimony, that Major Jackson was unsurpassed in this action by any officer ; that his support of Col. Elijah Clarke was conducted with skill and efficiency ; and that the men under his command displayed an intrepidity that would have done honour to vete- ran troops. Tarlton fled from the field, and Jackson was ordered to pursue him; but, owing to the fleetness of his steed, Tarlton made his escape with a loss of 30 to 40 horses, which Jackson brought back. The battle of the Cowpens gave Jack- son another opportunity of evincing his unconquerable desire to serve his country. The arduous duties of his office as Brigade Major were performed with his accustomed energy and skill. Gen, Andrew Pickens, who had the South Caro- lina and Georgia militia under his command at the battle of the Cowpens, bears the following testimony in favour of Ma- jor Jackson: " Major Jackson, by his example, and firm, active JACKSON COUNTY. 339 conduct, did much to animate the soldiers, and insure the suc- cess of the day. He ran the utmost risk of his Hfe in seizing the colours of the 71st British regiment, and afterwards intro- ducing Major McArthur, commanding officer of the British infantry, as a prisoner of war, to Gen. JMorgan." After this battle, he was engaged on a difficult tour of duty in North Carolina, which he executed in a manner so satisfactory to Gen. Greene,* that he authorized him to raise a partisan legion of infantry and cavalry, for service in Georgia. This he ac- complished in a short time, for few officers ever possessed to a greater extent the art of recruiting men. His eloquence on these occasions was powerful. When he described, in burn- ing words, the cruelties of the enemy, the perils and hard- ships of the Georgians — and when he avowed his willingness to share every danger with them, the eiFect upon the crowds that he addressed was irresistible. Shouts of " Liberty and Jackson for ever," rent the air, and forthwith offers of en- listment came from hundreds of lips. Having organized his legion, he received Gen. Greene's commission as Lieut. Colonel commanding, which was afterwards confirmed by Congress. The appearance of his legion, when equipped, must have been singular, for in the Colonel's own description of them, he says : " My dragoons were clothed and armed by themselves, except pistols ; even their caps, boots, and spurs. Their coats were made of deer-skins, dressed, and turned up with the little blue cloth I could procure." But what was dress to such men? They possessed iron hearts. Speaking of the sufferings of his men, the Colonel says : " My whole corps for months were without any thing to quench their thirst but the common swamp water near Savannah, and for 48 hours together without bread, rice, or any thing like it." At the reduction of Augusta, Col. Jackson's services were of the most valuable character. Just before that event, the militia had begun to manifest signs of despondency. Overcome by long service, destitute of almost every necessary of life, and giving up all hope of succours * He had been introduced to General Greene by General Morgan in a most shabby dress, for he was poor, and unable to purchase rich military clothing. It is said that his appearance was, to General Greene's eye, so remarkable, that he immediately formed a high opinion of him. 340 JACKSON COUNTY. from Gen. Greene's army, they had formed the resolution of retiring home. Jackson being informed of this state of feel- ing, instantly repaired to the camp, and, by his animating ad- dresses, quelled the tumult, and called upon them, in a manner peculiar to himself, not to tarnish the laurels which they had already gained, by deserting their country in a time of so much need. His interference was effectual. The drooping spirits of the militia were roused, and they resolved to bid defiance to their foes. Nobly did these men fight. Jackson's arrange- ments at the beginning of the attack upon Augusta, contribut- ed in a great degree to the success of the American arms- He led one of the advance parties, and performed other peril- ous duties with great honour to himself After the surrender of the town, he received orders to level the fortifications, to collect as many men as possible, and join the army of Gen. Greene ; but, having marched about thirty miles, he found it impossible to reach the main army, and therefore returned to Augusta, of which he had been appointed commandant. In July he was ordered to advance towards Savannah, and take post midway between this town and Augusta. It was here that a conspiracy was formed in his infantry to kill Col. Jackson in his bed, but happily it was discovered by a soldier who acted as his waiter, named Davis. This honourable man observing that something uncommon was going on in the camp, determined to find it out. To accomplish his object, he mingled among the men, and branded the Colonel with many opprobrious epithets. Supposing they might have a useful accomplice in Davis, the conspirators divulged their secret to him, which he immediately communicated to Col. Jackson. The infantry were drawn out, the ringleaders instantly arrested under a charge of cavalry, tried by a court martial, and executed. Davis was rewarded for his fidelity by the Legislature, with a gift of 500 acres of land, a horse, sad- dle and bridle. Before Col. Jackson with his legion reached Ebenezer, he had several skirmishes with the foe, in which he was generally victorious. On the 2d of November, 1781, he determined to surprise the British post at the Ogeechee ferry. His approach to the post was conducted with so much address, that it was not perceived until the demand was made upon it JACKSON COUNTY. 341 to surrender. OThe British commander was in the act of deliv- ering his sword to Col. Jackson, when Captain Goldsmith was killed by Captain Patrick Carr. This sanguinary action induced the commanding officer of the British to believe that the Americans designed to butcher his men in cold blood, and suddenly springing to a house which was the place of defence, he ordered his men to resume their arms and fight for their lives. The consequence was, that Jackson was compelled to abandon his enterprise. With his force much thinned, he proceeded about a mile, when he attacked a house in which were fifteen loyalists, commanded by Captain Howell ; and the whole party were either killed or taken prisoners. A few hours after this affair, he was attacked by a superior force, consisting of the whole British cavalry from Savannah, under Lieut. Col. Campbell, and compelled to retreat to a swamp ; but not until he had killed or disabled as many of the foe as he had men under his own command. Efforts were made to dislodge him, but the Colonel could not be easily caught. Taking advantage of the night, he retreated towards Ebene- zer. Upon reaching Ebenezer, he was ordered by General Twiggs to retreat to Burke county, for the purpose of re- inforcements. After his force had been considerably aug- mented, he was for some time engaged in cutting off" the foraging parties of the enemy. In February, 1782, General Anthony Wayne was ordered to Ebenezer, and Col. Jackson joined him. Between this period and the end of the war, he was incessantly employed in active duty. Wayne had the highest confidence in his skill and bravery, and accordingly, when any hazardous enterprise was to be accomplished, Jack- son was selected. On one occasion he was detached with thirty dragoons to destroy the rice on Governor Wright's plantation. Having performed this duty, in his retreat he passed through the camp of two hundred sick tories. Fortu- nate for this party that it fell into the hands of Gol. Jackson ! Their atrocities had long merited punishment, but to the hon- our of our magnanimous soldier, he left them unmolested. On the 12th of July, 1782, the British evacuated Savannah, and Gen. Wayne honoured Col. Jackson with the distinction of receiving from the British the surrender and keys of the town. 342 JACKSON COUNTY. He entered it with iiis ever-faithful cavalry, having the proud satisfaction of being the first American officer who in actual command had been within its lines since its fall, in 1778. The following order will show in what estimation Col. Jackson was held by General Wayne, the commanding officer : " Head Quarters at Gibbons's, "July 10, 1782. "As the enemy may be expected daily to evacuate the town, the troops will take care to be provided with a clean shift of linen, and to make themselves as respectable as possible for the occasion. The officers are particularly called upon to attend to this order, and see it executed in their respective corps. No followers of the army are to be permitted to enter the town until the main body has marched in. Lieut. Col. Jackson, in consideration of his severe and fatiguing service in the advance, is to receive the keys of Savannah, and is allowed to enter the western gate, keeping a patrol in town to apprehend stragglers who may steal in with the hope of plun- der. Marauders may assure themselves of the most severe and exemplary punishment." After the war Col. Jackson took up his residence in Savan- nah, and married Miss Mary Charlotte Young, daughter of William Young, an ardent patriot, and devoted himself to the practice of the law, in which he soon became eminent. In July, 1782, the Legislature of Georgia, in consideration of his great and useful services to his country, presented him with a house and lot in the city of Savannah. When elected to the Legislature, with a magnanimity eminently characteristic of him, he laid aside his revolutionary animosity against some of the tories, who were greatly indebted to his exertions in pro- curing for them a release from the penalties of the confisca- tion acts. To induce him to advocate their restoration to citi- zenship, bribes were offered him by some, whose conduct in the war of the Revolution was marked by an extent of flagi- tiousness that admitted of no possible shadow of palliation ; but the high-minded patriot scorned every offer of this charac- ter. Sooner than he would have pleaded, for gold, the cause of treason, he would have submitted his head to the block. In 1784 he became Colonel of the 1st regiment, and in 1786 he JACKSON COUNTY. 343 received the commission of Brigadier General ; the duties of which were peculiarly arduous, having charge of the opera- tions against the Indians, who were then making inroads upon our southern settlements. When only 31 years of age he was elected, in 1788, Governor of Georgia, but for reasons which he deemed satisfactory he refused to serve. About this time he was made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons, in Georgia, and honorary member of the State Society of the Cincinnati. In 1789 he was elected to represent the Eastern District in the first Congress held under the Federal Constitution. Between this period and 1806 he held almost every high office in Georgia, viz. : member of the Legislature, Major General^ member of the Convention that framed the present Constitution of the State, of which he wrote the greater part ; Elector for President and Vice-President ; Governor, and Senator to Con- gress In all the offices with which his countrymen honoured him, he strictly conformed to what he considered right. It was natural to expect, in the incipient stages of our govern- ment, that men intrusted with responsible offices would ex- pose themselves to opposition and calumny ; and Mr. Jackson, for the fearless and conscientious discharge of his duty, expe- rienced a full share of misrepresentation and abuse : but, no- thing daunted, he persevered in every measure which he believed would advance the interests and reputation of Geor- gia, and this the people of Georgia acknowledged more than once. In the year 1791, General Anthony Wayne, who had become a citizen of Georgia, and possessed very justly the veneration of her people, was induced, doubtless with honest purposes in himself, yet certainly, perhaps unconsciously, by the instigations of Gen. Jackson's adversaries, to become a candidate in opposition, for the same district in Congress. An animated contest was waged before the people. Gen. Wayne was returned. Gen. Jackson presented himself before the House of Representatives, in February, 1792, contested the return, personally conducted his claim to the seat, and obtained a decision, awarded without a dissenting voice, that General Wayne was not entitled to retain it. By the casting vote of the Speaker alone, the House refused to declare Gen. Jackson elected. The concluding speech of Gen. Jackson is repre- 344 JACKSON COUNTY. sented to have been a display of brilliant oratory, followed by long continued applause. " With these sentiments, Mr. Speaker," said he, in closing, " I submit the facts I have brought forward to the House, and with them I commit the rights of myself, the rights of the State of Georgia, and I had almost said the rights of the United States, to their decision ; and I beg leave to repeat, that a free representation was what we fought for ; a free representation was what loe obtained ; a free representation is what our children should he taught to lisp, and our youths to relinquish only with their lives." The Legislature of Georgia, December 21st, 1791, passed almost with unanimity the following resolution : " Resolved, That the approbation and thanks of this Legislature be com- municated to Gen. James Jackson, a representative from the county of Chatham, for his exertions in bringing forward to public investigation an attack on the liberties and privileges of the citizens of this State in the last election for a member to represent this State in the Congress of the United States." In general politics he was attached to the Republican party, but acted always with independence, according to his sense of right. He was opposed to high duties, and to a bank of the United States, both upon expediency and constitutional grounds, and voted against the charter of the first bank. He was among the first that took ground for the South on the sub- ject of slavery. As early as February, 1790, he foresaw the difficulties now impending over the South. A few days pre- viously a petition had been sent from the Quakers, praying the abolition of the slave trade. On the 12th of February, a petition was presented from a Pennsylvania society for pro- moting abolition of slavery generally, calling upon Congress to "loosen the bands of slavery and promote a general enjoy- ment of the blessings of freedom.'' This last embraced the incendiary movements of the present day. Mr. Scott, a mem- ber from Pennsylvania, followed the presentation of this peti- tion by saying, that he could not perceive how any person could be said to acquire property in another, and declared that if he were a federal judge, and imported Africans were brought before him, he did not know how far he might go. It was then that Gen. Jackson uttered the words which brought upon JACKSON COUNTY. 345 him the wrath of the writer of the Hfe of Roger Sherman. Every word Jackson then said, appHes at this day. In reply to Mr. Scott, he said that he " differed from the gentleman last up, and supposed the master had a qualified property in his slaves; that the contrary doctrine would go to the destruc- tion of every species of personal service. The gentleman said that he did not stand in need of religion to induce him to reprobate slavery ; but, if he is guided by that evidence which the Christian system was founded on, he will find that religion is not against it; he will see from Genesis to Revela- tion the current setting strong that way. There never was a government on the face of the earth but what permitted slavery. The purest sons of freedom in the Grecian Repub- lics, the citizens of Athens and Lacedemon, all held slaves. On this principle the nations of Europe are associated ; it is the basis of the federal system. But suppose all this to have been wrong, let me ask the gentleman if it is policy to bring forward a business at this moment likely to light up the flame of civil discord ; for the people of the Southern States will resist one tyranny as soon as another ; the other part of the continent may hear them down by force of arms, hut they will never suffer themselves to he divested of their property without a struggle. The gentleman says if he was a federal judge he does not know to what length he would go in emancipating these people ; hut I helieve his judgment would he of short duration in Georgia : pei^haps even the existence of such a judge might he in danger." We have given these extracts from Gen. Jackson's speeches, to show that he never lost sight of his duty to the South ; that he was always prepared to defend her rights. We come now to what we consider one of the most valuable services which Gen. Jackson ever ren- dered to the people of Georgia ; we mean the bold stand he took against the nefarious " Yazoo Act." We are candid when we affirm that the mere thought of the circumstances and history of this disgraceful procedure, causes us to feel a sickening emotion ; and we would not introduce this subject were we not desirous of doing justice to Gen. Jackson, and convincing the people of Georgia, that if he had done for them no other service than thwarting the purposes of the friends of 346 JACKSON COUNTY. the Yazoo Act, this alone should endear him to their remem- brance. Several projects for the sale of large tracts of land had been presented at different times to the Legislature of Georgia. In 1794 and 1795, the General Assembly passed an act conveying to four associations, viz., the Georgia, the Geor- gia Mississippi, the Upper Mississippi, and the Tennessee companies, 35,000,000 acres of land for $500,000, lying be- tween the rivers Mississippi, Tennessee, the Coosa, Alabama, and Mobile. The bill was contested in both Houses. It passed by a majority of ten in the House of Representatives, and two in the Senate. The sale of this land produced much excitement through the State, for it was known that all who voted for the bill, with one or two exceptions, were directly or indirectly bribed. On their return home they were met by their constituents with marked disapprobation, and it is placed beyond all doubt that one member of the Legislature was killed on account of his vote. From the very beginning of this villainous scheme to defraud the State of Georgia of her western territory, Gen. Jackson was indefatigable in his efforts to oppose it. By correspondence with the most eminent citi- zens in the State, and by communications in the papers of the day, he evinced a determination to hold up to public scorn the agents in this wicked transaction. No opportunity was per- mitted to pass in which he did not show himself the uncompro- mising opponent of the scheme, which the Yazoo adventurers had proposed to enrich themselves. In the discussions which he had in public and private, in regard to this matter, he doubt- less allowed his feelings to get the ascendency of his judgment. Naturally excitable, it is admitted that, in the expression of his opinions, he often employed language to which his best friends took exceptions ; but it must be remembered that the Yazoo speculators left no method unemployed to lessen his reputation in Georgia. As early as 1794, when a Senator in Congress, he was, on two distinct occasions, approached by a man exalted in office, who affected to be his personal friend, and was offered any number of acres he could require, even to half of- a million, without paying a dollar, if he would embark his influence against the honour and interest of Geoi-gia. When bribes had no effect upon Mr. Jackson, his enemies JACKSON COUNTY. 347 resorted to other methods to destroy his influence. His char- acter was assailed — and we may add, his Hfe often placed in jeopardy. The defeat of the Yazoo Act was the absorbing subject of his thoughts. In every step which he took, he firmly believed that he was engaged in a righteous cause. Noble man ! Heaven willed that you should live to see your efforts to defeat this scheme of unparalleled fraud, crowned with success. In 1795, whilst he was a Senator in Congress, many of his fellow-citizens, especially of Scriven and Chat- ham counties, requiring his aid to oppose the machinations of the Yazoo speculators, earnestly desired him to resign. He complied with their request, returned home, was elected a member of the Legislature, became a member of the commit- tee appointed to investigate the conduct of their predecessors, and, let it be known to the people of Georgia, and let them tell their children, that to Gen. James Jackson chiefly is due the credit of having this odious act repealed. The whole corrup- tion was overturned, and it was determined to obliterate it from history and to commit the very records of it to the flames. This was executed in a solemn manner. Tradition informs us that when the public functionaries were assembled in the State House Square in Louisville, to commit the registers of dishonour to the flames, a venerable man, whose head was whitened with the frosts of fourscore winters, unknown to any present, rode through the multitude, and made his way to the officers of the government. Alighting from his horse, he commenced an address, in which he stated he had been led there by a desire to see an act of justice performed ; that he did not think that earthly fire should be employed to manifest the in- dignation which the occasion required, but the fire should come from heaven. With his trembling hands, he took from his bosom, whilst a deathlike silence prevailed amidst the throng, a burning-glass, and applying it to a heap of papers, the con- flagration was completed. Meanwhile the old man retired unperceived, and no traces of him could afterwards be found. Citizens of Georgia ! long ere this ye should have erected a monument to the memory of your Jackson. In the establish- ment of the University in Athens, Mr. Jackson cheerfully co-operated with Baldwin, Milledge, and other friends of edu- 348 JACKSON COUNTY. cation. No man was more anxious to advance the cause of literature in Georgia, and he always referred to his agency in the organization of our State University, with feelings of pe- culiar pride. In 1802, he was associated with Abraham Baldwin and John Milledge in ceding to the United States the State territory west of the Chattahoochee. Mr, Jackson died in the city of Washington on the 19th of March, 1806, whilst serving Georgia as Senator in Congress. He was buried four miles from Washington, but by order, of Congress his remains were removed to and interred in the Congressional burial yard, about the year 1836. On his tomb is the follow- ing inscription, the production of the Georgia delegation in Congress. On front side : " To the memory of Major General James Jackson, of Georgia, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grate- ful country — a soldier of the Revolution." On the reverse : " He was the determined foe of foreign tyranny, the scourge and terror of corruption at home. Died 19th of March, 1806, in the 49th year of his age." Mr. Jackson was about 5 feet 7 inches in height, stout, broad-shouldered, with a full breast, a large penetrating eye, high forehead, prominent features, and thin, sandy hair. His mind was strong, and much improved by reading and observa- tion. Although much employed, he found time to prepare a large volume of notes, in manuscript, on Ramsey's History of South Carolina, containing a vast amount of information in regard to the revolutionary war as carried on in Georgia. In the private relations of life he was kind and affable. Possess- ing a warm temperament, he was too apt to suppose himself slighted when really nothing of the kind was intended. To educate his children was with him an object of much solici- tude. Four of his sons are now living, polished, patriotic and useful citizens. To his servants he was proverbially kind. As we have already intimated, Mr. Jackson had his faults. He was often led to do things which, upon cool reflection, caused him pungent sorrow; and most of the difficulties in which he was involved, and which frequently caused the shedding of his blood, arose from the character of the times. Georgians ! JASPER COUNTY. 349 Countrymen ! We have, for your information, given an ac- count of the services of Gen. James Jackson. He was your friend, and remember, that when Jackson thought that his mortal career was almost finished, he said "that if after death his heart could be opened, Georgia would be legibly read there." What a sentiment ! Treasure it up in your minds, citizens of Georgia ! JASPER. Boundaries, Extent. — Jasper county has Morgan and Newton on the N., Putnam on the E., Monroe and Butts on the W., and Monroe and Jones on the S. This county was laid out by the name of Randolph, in 1807 ; but the name was changed to Jasper in 1812. A part set off to Morgan in 1815, and a part to Newton, in 1821. Length, 24 miles, breadth 16 miles. Square miles, 384. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee, which divides the county from Butts and Monroe, is the chief stream. The creeks are Herd's, Wise's, Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, this county had a population of 11,056, of which 4,562 were whites, and 6,494 blacks. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,551 24 cts. Sends two representa- tives to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Monticello, Palo Alto, Shady Dale, Hills- borough, Mechanicsville. Minerals. — Gold, iron, granite, mica, quartz, felspar, jasper, tourmaline, garnet, rose quartz, amethystine quartz, and gra- phite. Mineral Springs. — There is a mineral spring three miles from Monticello, on Mrs. Wilson's plantation, the waters of which are said to be impregnated with medicinal qualities. Character of the People, Amusements. — The morals of the people are improving. Industry and economy are traits in their character. Dancing is a fashionable amusement. 23 350 JASPER COUNTY, Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. Of churches there are 10 Methodist, 1 Presby- terian, 2 Oxford Baptists, 4 Anti-Missionary and 7 Missionary Baptists; total 24. Education is not neglected, but in this county as well as in most of the counties in the State, the system adopted for the education of the poor is defective. Markets, &c. — Covington, Madison, Macon, are the chief markets. 10,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is tempe- rate. The diseases are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. There are now living, Anthony Dyer, over 83 ; George Clark, 90 ; Mr. Caps, nearly 80 ; John Davidson, over 80 ; David Smith, over 80 ; Richard Carter, 83. Dr. Carroll died at the age of 100; Jeremiah Campbell, a revolutionary character, was over 80 ; Sion Barnett published the first proclamation connected with the Mecklenburg meeting, was present at the battles of Stono and Cowpens, and died at the age of 82 ; Littleton John- son, 86; Mr. Waters, 105, killed by fall from a horse; Mr. Abner Chapman, 86 ; Mrs. Chapman, 80 ; Mr. Yaney was at the siege of Savannah, and was within five steps of Pulaski when he was shot down. A negro man named Shade, at 110; Gilbert Shaw, at 80, killed by a tornado, in 1842. Towns. — Monticello, so called from the residence of Thomas Jefferson, is the county site, situated on the waters of Murder creek. The court house is a handsome brick edifice, cost upwards of $12,000. The jail is a plain building. There are in the town, three churches, Methodist, Baptist and Pres- byterian, one county academy for males and one school for fe- males, two hotels, five stores, several mechanical shops, seven or eight lawyers, and four physicians. It is 35 miles W. N. W. of Milledgeville, 125 from Augusta, 28 from Forsyth, 36 from Marion, and 16 from the Indian springs. The citizens of this town are eminently distinguished for intelligence and polite- ness. More than $100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. The fire in 1843 destroyed property valued at $50,000. Hillsborough, 9 miles S. E. of Monticello, has one church, two academies, and one store ; population 100. Named after Mr. Isaac Hill, one of the early settlers of the county. Shady Dale, 8 miles from Monticello, has two churches, one JASPER COUNTY. 351 academy, one tavern, one store. The population are said to be unsurpassed by any, for integrity and industry. Roads, Bridges. — The roads are fair, and the bridges are kept in tolerable order. Early Settlers. — Jeremiah Cox, Richard Carter, Adam Glazier, Sylvanus Walker, Joel Wise, Charles Cargile, Wil- liam Scott, Stokely Morgan, Anthony Dyer, General J. W. Burney, Isaac Hill, Capt. Eli Glover, Major Pearson, Wil- liam Penn, the McClendons, Mr. Cargile, Thomas Broters, James Smith. Eminent Men. — Gen. Adams, Capt. Butts. Antiquities. — On Murder creek are several mounds, in which have been found many articles of pottery. In the S. W. part of the county have been found several excavations, supposed to have been made by De Soto in his search for the precious metals. Miscellaneous Observations. — On the 17th of May, 1847, a portion of the county was visited by a severe hail storm, which wholly destroyed the crops, timber, stock, &c. The hail was as large as a man's fist, and twenty-seven days afterwards a large quantity was brought to Monticello. The following items are from the books of the clerk of the Superior Court of Jasper county: — On Monday, 21st of March, Judge Early presiding, it appeared that 23 names of grand jurors were called. Judge Early decided that no court could be held." Among the first indictments was one for cattle stealing. The first presentment was against a per- son for profane swearing. Nature of Soil, Face of the Country, Productions. — The surface is undulating, rather broken, particularly the east- ern half of the county, on account of the great number of streams. The upper portion is more level. The county, near the Ocmulgee, is hilly and productive. The lower part is aluminous loam, peculiarly adapted to grain and cotton. The other portion is composed of gray soil, adapted to cotton. There is, south of Monticello, an extent of country called the Glades, resembling the flat woods of Elbert. It is rather flat and rocky, covered with thorns and scrub oaks. The productions are the same as in the contiguous counties. 352 JASPER COUNTY. Name. — The county of Jasper received its name in honour of Sergeant Jasper, whose gallant deeds in the war of the Revolution claim the gratitude of every American. It is be- lieved that he was an Irishman by birth, and that he emigrated to America before the Revolution, and settled in one of the middle districts of South Carolina. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in the second South Carolina regiment of infantry, under the command of the brave Col. Moultrie. In the attack which was made upon Fort Moultrie, 28th of June, 1776, Jasper was present, and gave the first proof of his daring courage. In the beginning of the action the flag-staff of the Americans was shot away. Jasper immediately took up the flag and fastened it on a sponge staff'. Taking it into his hand, amidst a galling fire from the ships of the enemy, he de- liberately planted it. An action like this could not escape attention. Gov. Rutledge presented him with a sword, and offered him a commission ; but with a modesty characteristic of him, he declined the latter. Such was the confidence placed in his bravery and enterprise that he received permis- sion from his commander to go and come whenever he thought proper. On one occasion he entered the British lines in dis- guise, and ascertaining their strength, returned to the Ameri- can camp and communicated it to the commander. The recapture of certain prisoners by Jasper, with the aid of his friend Newton, near Savannah, is peculiarly interesting. Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah for trial, he determined to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his compan- ion, at a spring two miles from Savannah, and about 30 yards from the main road, he waited the arrival of the prisoners. When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, and the prisoners in irons, stopped to refresh themselves at this spring, two of the guard only remained with the captives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprung from their hiding place, and seized the guns, and shot down the two sentinels. The re- maining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to recover their guns, by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners were released, and Jasper JASPER COUNTY. 353 and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah river and joined the army at Purys- burg. In the disastrous siege of Savannah the gallant Jasper lost his life. Shortly after the battle of Fort Moultrie, the lady of Colonel' Bernard Elliott presented an elegant pair of colours to the second regiment, to which Jasper was attached. Her address on the occasion concluded thus : " 1 make not the least doubt, under Heaven's protection, you will stand by these colours so long as they wave in the air of liberty." In reply, a promise was made that they should be honourably supported, and never should be tarnished by the second regiment. This engagement was literally fulfilled. Three years after they were planted on the British lines at Savannah. One by Lieutenant Bush, who was immediately shot down. Lieutenant Hume, in the act of planting his, was also shot down ; and Lieut. Gray, in supporting them, received a mortal wound ; and while Jasper was in the act of replacing them, he received a death shot. An officer called to see him, to whom he thus spoke : "I have got my furlough. That sword was presented to me by Governor Rutledge, for my services in the defence of Fort Moultrie ; give it to my father, and tell him that I have worn it with honour. If he should weep, tell him his son died in the hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott that I lost my life sup- porting the colours which she presented to our regiment. If you should ever see Jones, his wife and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of the battle which he fought for them, brought a secret joy to his heart, when it was about to stop its motion for ever." Hon. R. M. Charlton, in his eulogy on Jasper, says : " Who has written his epitaph ? Who has built up his monument? Shame! shame upon us, that we are compelled to exclaim, in the language of the poet : " ' We carved not a line, we raised not a stone. But left him alone in liis glory.' " Sergeant Jasper married Miss Elizabeth Marlow, while he was stationed at Fort Moultrie. They had two children, Wil- liam and Elizabeth, both of whom were educated in Charles- ton. After the death of Sergeant Jasper, his widow married a Mr. Wagner, of Charleston. 354 JONES COUNTY: JONES. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Jasper, and a por- tion of Putnam, on the North ; Baldwin on the East ; Twiggs, and a portion of Wilkinson, on the South ; Bibb and Monroe on the West. Laid out in 1807. It is 21 miles long and 18 wide ; square miles, 378. Rivers, Creeks. — The chief river is the Ocmulgee. The creeks are Cedar, Falling, Walnut, and Line. Post Offices. — Clinton, Blountsville, Larksville, and Tran- quilla. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gives to this county a population of 4,136 whites, and 5,933 blacks: total, 10,069. Amount of State tax for 1848, $4,016 23 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legis- lature. Towns. — Clinton is the seat of justice, named after Gov. Clinton, of New- York ; situated near the centre of the county, 22 miles W. S. W. of Milledgeville, 14 from Macon, 25 from Forsyth, 23 from Monticello, 28 from Irwinton, and 28 from Marion. It has a court-house, jail, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, male and female academies, two taverns, several boarding houses, stores, mechanics' shops, &c. Population, 300. The town is said to be healthy. Incorporated in 1816. Blountsville, a small place 10 miles from Clinton, 16^ from Milledgeville. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is generally hilly and broken. The soil is much worn, although still productive. Productions. — Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, barley, millet, and sugar-cane. Cotton will average 600 lbs. per acre ; corn, two barrels per acre. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is variable. Fever and ague are the most common diseases. Pneumonia sometimes prevails, and is generally fatal. An African, named ; Sam, the property of J. S. Billingslea, at the time of his death "was supposed to have been 130 years old; Mrs. Rachel Amos died at 81 ; Mr. Arthur Harrup at 85. JONES COUNTY. 355 Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous. In the county there are about twenty churches. Education is highly appreciated. Twenty-five schools in the county. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are in good order. Character of the People. — The people are generally moral. Few litigations occur, and seldom cases of a criminal character are brought into court. People generally are well educated. Manufactures, Mills. — One cotton-gin factory in Clinton goes by steam, and employs at least one hundred hands. The profits of this establishment are 820,000 per annum. Massey's cotton-gin factory, 1 1 miles from Clinton, employs thirty hands. Flour-mills 7; saw-mills 8; grist-mills 12. Minerals and Mineral Springs. — There is a chalybeate spring at Antioch meeting-house, and a sulphur spring at Massey's. Iron, quartz, mica, and granite, are the chief minerals. Early Settlers. — William Butler, Samuel Dale, Roger M'Carthy, Robert Cunningham, John R. Gregory. Mounds. — There is a mound eight miles from Clinton, on the road to Milledgeville, and one on Cedar creek, near Blounts- ville. Name. — The Hon. James Jones, after whom this county was called, was born in the State of Maryland, and came to Georgia when very young, under the care of his uncle, the late Colonel Marbury. He received the principal part of his educationC'at the academy in Augusta. At the age of eighteen he was placed in the office of a gentleman eminent in the profession of the law, in the city of Savan- nah. After his clerkship he was admitted to the bar, where his talents were soon discovered ; but shortly afterwards con- necting himself in marriage, he declined the practice and be- came a planter. At the age of twenty-three, the people of Chatham county elected him to the Legislature. In that body he acquitted himself with independence, and was for several years placed first on the list of Chatham's representatives. In 356 JEFFERSON COUNTY. January, 1795, he was at Augusta, where the Legislature was then sitting, the firm opponent of the celebrated Yazoo Act ; but his efforts to defeat it were unsuccessful. But in 1796 he succeeded, with other patriotic men, in passing the law rescind- ing the Yazoo sales. In May, 1798, he was a member of the State Convention which framed the present Constitution, and warmly advocated that part of it which asserts the right of Georgia to the whole of her western territory. In October, 1798, he was elected a representative to Congress by almost an unanimous vote of the people ; losing not more than three hundred votes out of nearly ten thousand. Mr. Jones was one among the most distinguished members of the republican party, and an eloquent speaker. He was op- posed to the administration of Mr. John Adams, and con- tributed much to the casting of the vote of Georgia for Mr. Jefferson. He died at his post at Washington City, on the 12th of January, 1801, having given evidence, that he was Georgia's friend, who would have sacrificed life and fortune to serve her. His remains lie in the Congressional burial ground, by the side of those of his political and personal friend. Gen. James Jackson. His descendants are found in the family of the Hon. William Law, of Savannah, who mar- ried his daughter. There have been several other patriotic men in Georgia of the name of Jones. Among them, the venerable Noble Wim- berly Jones, the friend of Oglethorpe, who survived the Ameri- can Revolution, and lived to an extreme old age ; and his son, the late Judge Jones, who was a distinguished member of the Legislature from Chatham county, a judge of the Superior Court, and senator in Congress. JEFFERSON. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. E. by Richmond, E. by Burke, S. by Emanuel, W. by Washington, and N. W. by Warren. Laid out from Burke and Warren, in 1796. It is 30 miles long, and 23 broad. Square miles, 690. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 357 Rivers, Creeks. — The Ogeechee is the principal stream, the tributaries of which are Rocky Comfort, Duharts, Dry, Big, and Spring creeks. Brushy and Reedy creeks discharge their waters into Briar creek. Post Offices. — Louisville, Reedy Creek, Sylvan Grove, Woodburn, Fenn's Bridge, Spear's, Turn Out. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 8,306, of which 3,535 were whites, and 4,771 blacks. State tax for 1848, $3,289 90 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Religious Sects. — Episcopal and Protestant Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Associate Reformed Presbyte- rians. Education. — Some attention is paid to education. A con- siderable number of adults are unable to read or write. Face of the Country, Nature op the Soil, Value of Land, Productions, Markets. — The county may be called level. The soil is diversified. A large portion of the land was formerly very productive. The lands are divided thus : 1st, the red stiff soil ; 2d, light chocolate ; 3d, sandy. Pro- ductions— cotton, corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. Cotton aver- ages 400 pounds per acre; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bush- els. The different fruits succeed very well. Land is worth $3 per acre. Amount of cotton produced annually 12,000 bales. Savannah and Augusta are the markets. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is mild. The diseases are intermittent and remittent fevers. The in- stances of longevity are, Mr. Aaron Tomlinson, who died at 80 years of age. This gentleman was an officer in the Revo- lution, under General Greene. Mrs. Raiford died at 82 years of age. Dr. John Bouton was 87 when he died. Thomas Was- den was 80. William Lyon, over 88, a soldier of the Re- volution. General Solomon Wood died over 80. He was a captain in the revolutionary war. He distinguished himself by his opposition to the Yazoo law, held many offices in this county, and was highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens. John J. Schley died over 80. Jacob Sodown, a revolutionary sol- dier, was considerably over 80. There are now living, Mr. William Whigam, aged 80 ; Mr. Joseph Price, 79 ; Mr. Wil- liam Paradise, 82. 358 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Towns, &c. — Louisville is the county town, situated on Rocky Comfort creek, 54 miles from Milledgeville, 26 from Saundersville, 25 from Waynesborough, 45 from Augusta, 10 miles from the Central Railroad ,and 110 miles from Savannah. It was once a place of importance. It was made the seat of go- vernment for the State of Georgia, by the Constitution, on thg^^yty 16th of May, 1795, and continued such until 1804, when it was removed to Milledgeville. Since that period it has deteriorated. It has now a court-house, built of the materials which formerly composed the state-house, a jail, church, academy, one tavern, five stores, &c. Population 100. It was in Louisville that the papers connected with the celebrated Yazoo Acts were publicly burnt. About $25,000 worth of goods are annually sold. Pine Hill, a summer retreat, four miles from Louisville. Roads, Bridges. — The roads are tolerably well kept. The bridges are six. Two over Rocky Comfort creek ; two over Big creek ; four over the Ogeechee river ; all of which are generally in good condition. Mineral Springs. — There is a spring near the Warren line called Jefferson Bath, supposed to be impregnated with mineral virtues. Near Louisville is a spring formerly resorted to for its me- dicinal qualities. Character op the People, Amusements. — The people are moral, industrious, and kind. Temperance has produced a great change in the habits of the people. The amusements are chiefly hunting, fishing, and dancing. Mills, &c. — Eight saw-mills ; 13 grist-mills ; 2 flour-mills. One burr stone quarry near the Ogeechee. Original Settlers. — Wm. Hardwick, John Fulton, the family of the Clemmons's, Pattersons, Lawsons, Gambles, Capt. Wm. Haddon, Capt. Patrick Connelly, Andrew Berri- hill, the Shellmans, John Berrien, the Whiteheads, Hamptons, &c. The most of the settlers of this county were from Ire- land, and located themselves three miles below Louisville, at a place which they called Queensborough. Distinguished Men. — Under this head we record the names of Benjamin Whitaker, long the able Speaker of the JEFFERSON COUNTY. 359 House of Representatives, Judge Gamble, and Major John Berrien. The celebrated Patrick Carr, we believe, resided in this county. He was murdered, it is thought, by some of the descendants of the tories. Minerals, Rocks. — There are several localities in which shell marl is found, particularly on Brushy creek. Near Louisville is found burr stone, equal, it is said, to the cele- brated French burr ; nodular oxyde of iron, agate, chalce- dony, hornstone, carnelian. Fossils of great variety and inte- rest are abundantly diffused, such as the Clypeaster, Spantangus, Anunchyles, Turritella, Ammonites, &c. Name. — This county was called after Thomas Jefferson. For nearly a century was this illustrious man engaged in the service of his country ; and probably next to Washington, the people of the United States are more indebted to him than any other man. He was born at Shadwell, in the county of Albemarle, Virginia, April 2, 1743, and educated at the College of William and Mary ; after which he studied law under the cele- brated George Wythe, afterwards Chancellor of the State of Virginia. When his oppressed country demanded his assist- ance, he cheerfully rendered it. With his able pen, he zeal- ously defended the rights of the colonies. In 1774, he published his summary views of the rights of the colonies in America, one of the greatest productions of the day, and which contributed much to open the eyes of his countrymen to the nefarious designs of the British Parliament. In 1775, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and continued until 1777 one of its brightest ornaments. The part which he acted in the Declaration of American Indepen- dence merits particular notice. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee submitted his motion for independence. It was debated until the 10th, when its further consideration was postponed until the 1st of July, and a committee in the interim was appointed to prepare the Declaration. The committee consisted of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson were named as a sub-committee to prepare a draft. This was written by Mr. Jefferson, and submitted to Mr. Adams, who made no alterations. It was then presented 360 JEFFERSON COUNTY. to the whole committee, when FrankHn and others made some alterations. Some portions of it were omitted by Congress, but the spirit and arrangement remained the same as when reported. As a composition, the merit of it belongs to Mr. Jefferson. In 1777 Mr. Jefferson left Congress, and was employed for two years in revising the laws of Virginia. Im- portant statutes were made to conform to the republican senti- ments which the Revolution had introduced ; and by Mr. Jef- ferson's efforts, many wholesome changes were made in laws which militated against religious liberty. In 1779 he was elected Governor of Virginia. In 1781 he published his Notes on Virginia, a work which increased his fame as a philosopher. The work was written at his summer residence. " Whilst Jefferson was confined," says Tucker, " at Poplar Forest, in consequence of a fall from his horse, and was thereby pre- vented from engaging in any active employment, public or private, he occupied himself with answering the queries which Mons. De Marbois, then Secretary of the French Legation to the United States, had submitted to him respecting the physi- cal and political condition of Virginia, which answers were afterwards published by him under the title of Notes of Vir- ginia. When we consider how difficult it is, even in the pre- sent day, to get an accurate knowledge of such details in our country, and how much greater the difficulty must then have been, we are surprised at the extent of the information which a single individual had thus been enabled to acquire, as to the physical features of the State — the course, length, and depth of its rivers; its zoological and botanical productions; its Indian tribes ; its statistics and laws. After the lapse of more than half of a century, by much the larger part of it still gives us the fullest and the most acurate information we possess of the subjects upon which it treats. Some of its physical theories are, indeed, in the rear of modern science ; but they form a small portion of the book, and its general speculations are marked with that boldness, that utter disregard for received opinions which always characterized him ; and the whole is written in a neat, flowing style — always perspicuous, and often peculiarly apt and felicitous." In 1783, Mr. Jefferson was again elected a delegate to Con- JEFFERSON COUNTY. 361 gress from the State of Virginia ; and in 1784, was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary with Franklin, John Adams, Jay, and Laurens, to negotiate treaties with several European pow- ers. In 1785 he was appointed Resident Minister at the Court of France. Whilst in France, he was the object of admira- tion among literary men for his extensive knowledge. On his return to the United States in 1789, Washington appointed him Secretary of State, in which office he continued until De- cember 1793, when he resigned, and lived in retirement for several years. It was at this period that he was unanimously elected President of the American Philosophical Society. To fill a post which had been occupied by Franklin and Ritten- house, was considered by Mr. Jefferson as a great honour ; and whilst he presided over this useful society, employed his best exertions in advancing its objects. In 1797, when John Adams was electe4 President, Mr. Jefferson was chosen Vice-Presi- dent. When the period for another election arrived, he was elected President, to which office he was again elected in 1805. On the 3d of March, 1809, Mr. Jefferson closed his political career, and with the exception of excursions which business required, he resided at Monticello. Here strangers and foreigners repaired to see the Sage of America. Forget- ting the exciting subject of politics, he devoted himself to science. He commenced the University of Virginia by his own private donations. Mr. Jefferson was particularly friendly to Georgia. Whilst Secretary of State, in his correspondence with Hammond, replying to his complaints respecting laws passed in Georgia, he says : " The following are the acts of your catalogue which belong to this head, with such short observa- tions as are necessary to explain them. Beginning at that end of the Union where the war raged the most, we shall meet with the most repugnance to favour. If the conduct of Georgia should appear to have been peculiarly uncomplying, it must be remembered that that State had peculiarly suffered ; that the British army had entirely overran it — had held possession of it for some years ; and that all the inhabitants had been obliged either to abandon their estates and fly their country, or to remain in it under a military government." Mr. Jeffer- son died on the 4th of July, 1826. During his sickness, he 362 LAURENS COUNTY. was conscious that he could not recover. With each of his family he conversed separately, and to his daughter he present- ed a morocco case, which being opened after his decease, was found to contain a request that if any inscription was placed on his tomb, he should be described as the author of the De- claration of Independence, of the statutes of Virginia for re- ligious freedom, and the father of the University. On Monday before he died, he desired to know what was the day of the month, and upon being told that it was the 3d of July, he ex- pressed a wish to see the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara- tion of Independence, His wish was granted. His last words were, " I resign myself to my God, and my daughter to my country." His remains repose at Monticello. A granite obelisk 8 feet high, and a piece of marble, mark the spot where Jefferson lies. The following is the inscription upon his tomb : Here lies buried THOMAS JEFFERSON, Author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statutes of Virginia for religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia. Mr. Jefferson's life has been published, and those who de- sire to become familiar with his history will do well to refer to it. LAURENS. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded on the N. by Wilkinson and Washington, on the E. by Montgomery and Emanuel, on the S. by Montgomery, and on the W. by Pulaski. Laid out in 1807, and portions of it added to Pulaski in 1808-9. It is 32 miles long and 22 wide, containing 704 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Oconee, which flows through the county, is the only stream of any considerable size. The creeks, LAURENS COUNTY. 363 all of M'hich are tributaries of the Ogeechee, are, Deep, Buckeye, Big, Shaddock's, and Pues, on the east side; and White Water, Palmetto, Turkey, Hunger and Hardship, Okeewalkee, and Tickee Hachee creeks on the west. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gives to this county 3,258 whites, and 2,760 blacks; total, 6,018. Amount of State tax returned in 1848, 1^1,757 45. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Dublin, Laurens Hill, Buckeye. Towns, &c. — Dublin, the county seat, is situated half a mile from the Oconee river, 46 miles from Milledgeville, 60 from Macon, and 120 from Savannah. It has a good court-house, several stores, 65 houses, and 180 inhabitants. Colonel David McCormick and Jonathan Sawyer, Esq., were the most active in laying the foundation of this town. The public places are, Thomas Cross Roads, Hampton's Mills, Laurens Hill, Buckeye. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Product per Acre. — The face of the country is rolling, The soil has a clay foundation, with sand and vegetable mould in the pine, and a good mixture of lime with mould and sand in the oak. The great vein of soft shell limestone — which, be- ginning at Cape Hatteras, and running S. W. to the Missis- sippi, passing through this county — will always be a valuable resource to the agriculturist, both in maintaining the original fecundity of the soil and in affording the means of restoration by carbonate of lime or marl, which, in more or less variety, and in quantity inexhaustible, is found in most parts of the county. On all these lands the average product, with the usual cultivation, may be stated in cotton at 500 pounds per acre, corn 12 bushels, wheat 10. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is as plea- sant as any in the United States — average temperature about 70. Vegetation suffers little from the cold. The diseases are bilious fever and fever and ague, confined chiefly to the oak woods. Of the pine region, at the distance of three-fourths of a mile from the swamps, it may with truth be said that no por- tion of the world is more exempt from all those diseases which afflict man. 364 LAURENS COUNTY. The instances of longevity are : Mrs. Elizabeth Hudson, 91 years old at her death; Jonathan Jones, 80; James Darsley, 90. Mills. — Saw-mills 12, grist-mills 20. Original Settlers. — General Blackshear, Colonel McCor- mick, Jonathan Sawyer, Colonel Hampton, the Robinsons, and others. Religious Sects, Education, Character of People. — Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. Education is at a low ebb. Competent instructors are needed. There is an academy at Dublin, besides several district schools. The people are no better or worse than those of other counties, where no efforts have been made to place edu- cation on an enlightened and permanent basis. The popula- tion is nearly stationary, and exhibits no great signs of im- provement. Eminent Men. — General Blackshear resided in this county. At the age of 16 he took up arms in defence of his country. In 1790 he came to Georgia, and defended the lives and pro- perty of the people during the incursions of the Indians on the frontiers. He died in 1817, at the age of 74, leaving behind him the character of a valued citizen, honest man, and brave soldier. The Hon. George M. Troup, so conspicuous in the history of our State, is a resident of this county. Additional Remarks. — The oak and hickory lands consti- tute one-third of the cultivated lands of the county ; the remain- der are, for the greater part, the open pine woods and wire- grass. The wire-grass lands are easily susceptible of improve- ment : a little manure is sufficient to give from ten to twelve bushels of corn, ten to twelve of wheat, and 200 bushels of sweet potatoes. The wire-grass itself is valuable. There is no other known grass in the south, which resists the cold and furnishes food to cattle, sheep, and hogs, and in the spring or early sum- mer, to the table of the farmer the finest butter, rich in flavour and beautiful in colour. It is true that, as the season advances and winter approaches, this grass, like every perennial, be- comes coarser and tougher, and is therefore less relished ; but never so coarse or tough as not to afford aliment sufficient to sustain life. Besides the wire-grass, there is the lightwood. LAURENS COUNTY. 365 the poor man's fuel, and charcoal — a fire kindled in three mi- nutes for warmth, cooking, and for every household purpose. Should the time ever come when steam shall be found to be cheaper for every mechanical operation, upon an extensive scale, than water-power, the pine forests will be invaluable. Every material for building, of excellent quality, and abundant, is furnished by these forests. Tar and turpentine might now be made to great advantage. Such a combination of advan- tages makes this county, as well as others in the same parallel, a garden spot to the poor man, and a wide field to the manu- facturer of cotton and wool, whenever he shall find it his inte- rest to prefer steam to water-power. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sugar-cane, &c. Name. — Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, whose name this county bears, was the son of the Honourable Henry Lau- rens, President of Congress, and was born in 1755, in Charles- ton, S. C. He received his early education in his native city, and in 1773 accompanied his father to Europe, and was placed at one of the best colleges at Geneva. In classical learning, polite literature, mathematics, and philosophy, he be- came a proficient. He was entered a student of law in 1774, but finding that the claims of Great Britain were interfering with the liberties of his country, he became anxious to place himself in the American army ; but his father expressing a wish that he should remain in England until his studies were completed, he continued until he was of age. He returned to Charleston in 1777, joined the army, and was immediately ap- pointed by General Washington his aid-de-camp. He dis- played great gallantry at Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- mouth. After the battle of Monmouth, he attached himself to the army in Rhode Island, and greatly increased his reputation as a military man. In the session of Congress, 1778, this body re- solved, that " John Laurens, Esq., be presented with a continen- tal commission of Lieutenant Colonel, in testimony of the sense which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited services as a volunteer in the American army, and of his brave conduct in several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island, on the 29th of August last." Mr. Laurens, however, declined this honour ; for however desirous of military fame, he was 24 366 LEE COUNTY. unwilling to accept an office which he thought might expose him to the jealousy of older officers. In 1779, the operations of the enemy were directed chiefly against the more southern States ; and as the post of danger was the one he always de- sired, he repaired to South Carolina. At Coosawatchie, defend- ing the pass with a few men against the whole of Provost's army, he was wounded. Garden, in his Revolutionary Anecdotes, says, " he probably was indebted for his life to the gallantry of Capt. Wigg, who gave him his horse to carry him from the field, when incapable of moving, his own being shot under him." He headed the light infantry, and was among the first to mount the British lines at Savannah. In the siege of Charleston he displayed great intrepidity. In 1781 he was sent by Congress on a special mission to France, to ask for a loan of money, and to procure military stores. For his success in this business he was honoured with the thanks of Congress. Upon his return, he immediately rejoin- ed the American army, which was then commencing the siege of Yorktown. The terms of the capitulation were arranged by him, and he received with his own hand the presented sword of Cornwallis. After this he repaired to South Caro- lina, a portion of which was still in the possession of the enemy ; and whilst leading a detachment against a foraging party of the British army, near Combahee, in South Carolina, the 27th of August, 1782, hereceiveda wound which terminated his life. His character is thus given by Allen : " Colonel Laurens, uniting the talents of a great officer with the knowledge of the scholar and engaging manners of the gentleman, was the glory of the army and the idol of his country."* LEE. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded on the 'N. by Sum- ter, on the E. by Dooly, on the W. by Randolph, and on the S. * Ramsey's South Carolina. Allen's Biographical Dictionary. Garden's Revolutionary Anecdotes. LEE COUNTY. 367 by Baker. It is 40 miles in length, and 25 miles in width ; square miles 1000. Lee county constitutes a portion of the territory acquired from the Creek Indians, lying between the Flint and Chatta- hoochee rivers, and west of the Chattahoochee, and was laid off in 1826 ; since which period, portions of it have been added to Muscogee, Marion, Randolph, and Sumter. Towns. — Starkville is the seat of justice, situated nearly in the centre of the county; 130 miles S. W. of Milledgeville, 15 miles N. of Albany, and 25 miles south of Americus. The court- house and jail are inferior buildings, constructed of wood. It has a church of the Baptist denomination, stores, shops, and one hotel. Population, 100. The water is not good. The town was made the county site in 1832, and named after Major Ge- neral John Stark, of revolutionary memory. Palmyra is situated on Kinchafoona creek, 10 miles from Starkville, and 5 from Albany. This was once a flourishing village ; but owing to its proximity to Albany, audits unhealth- iness, it is on the decline. About 10 families reside here. Diseases. — Intermittent and remittent fevers, but they are easily managed. Congestive fever, which sometimes occurs, is more difficult to manage. The western portion of the county is considered healthy for this part of Georgia. Mills. — Eight saw-mills, eight grist-mills, one merchant- mill. Nature of the Soil, Average Products, Value op Land. — The lands in the western part of the county are of an inferior quality, having a reddish, thirsty, sandy soil. The central portion is of a grayish soil, much cut up by shallow ponds. Where it is sufficiently elevated it pi'oduces corn and cotton well. The eastern part is mixed with oak and hickory, not having many tall trees. The central part is pine land. The southern portion is the most fertile, having a large pro- portion of red oak and hickory land, generally supposed to contain lime, but examinations prove that this is a popular er- ror. These lands lie mostly on Fowl Town creek. In the fork of Fowl Town and Kinchafoona creeks there is pine land, equal to any in the world. On Kinchafoona and Muckalee creeks, are many rich plantations of hammock 368 LEE COUNTY. land, and adjoining uplands. Average product of cotton, per acre, is 800 pounds ; corn, 20 bushels per acre ; wheat, 10 bushels. To orchards little attention is paid. The average value of the best lands is f 10 per acre. Original Settlers. — Among the first settlers were Wil- liam Howard, Aaron Jones, Lewis Bond, and John Bullbright. Post Offices. — Starkville, Chenuba, Palmyra, Sumter- ville, Chickasawhatchie. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- lation was 2,370 whites, 2,706 blacks; total, 5,076. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,066 41. One representative to the Legislature. Minerals. — The minerals are burr-stone and various fossils, such as pectens, asplanorbis, spantangus, &c. Caves, Subterranean Streams. — There are a great many small caves and subterranean streams in this county. Roads and Bridges. — These are commonly kept in good order. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, and a few Presbyterians and Episcopalians. Education has not engaged much of public attention. There are some good schools in the county. Rivers and Creeks. — The Flint river forms its eastern boundary. The creeks are, Kinchafoona, Muckalee, Fowl Town, McClendon's, Middle, Chickasawhatchie, Sugar, Moss, Chehaw, Butler's, Chokeefichickee, Muckaloochee, Hiloka, and others. Name. — On the 7th of June, 1776, a member of Congress, from the State of Virginia, moved " that the colonies declare themselves free and independent." That member was Richard Henry Lee, to honour whose eminent services this county was named. He was born January 20, 1732, and received his edu- cation in England. Upon his return home, he spent much of his time in the pursuits of literature. When 25 years old he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and in all the debates of that assembly took a leading part, evincing proof of uncommon powers of mind. To this gentleman has been attributed the credit of originating the plan of corres- ponding committees between the different colonies, a mea- LIBERTY COUNTY. 369 sure which was afterwards found to be so highly useful. In 1774, he was a member of the first general Congress, where he became one among the most prominent men, employing his eloquence and pen in favour of every measure which he re- garded as beneficial to his country. His speech in the Congress of 1776, when he made his celebrated motion for Independence, produced a change in the minds of many who doubted the propriety of taking so firm a stand, and was followed by the appointment of a committee to take the subject under con- sideration, of which Mr. Lee would have been chairman, had not the indisposition of some of his family required his pre- sence at home. The British, knowing the agency which Mr. Lee had in the declaration of his country's independence, made several efforts to secure his person. On two occasions he but barely escaped his enemies. In 1778 he was again elected to Congress. In 1780 he resigned his seat from ill health. Between this period and 1784 he served in the Legislature of Virginia ; and as the commander of the militia in his county, protected it against the enemy. In 1784 he was chosen President of Congress, after which he served his country in various capacities. In 1792 ill health forced him to retire from the cares of public life, and in 1794, June 19, this illustrious man descended to the grave, leaving behind him a character for talents, eloquence, and patriotism, which will be commensurate with the liberties of America. LIBERTY. History of the Settlement, Origix of its Name. — While Georgia was a colony under the trustees, the excellent charac- ter of its lands attracted the attention of a company of persons who had emigrated from Dorchester, New England, and settled on the northeast bank of Ashley river, about 18 miles from Charleston. In 1752 they proposed a settlement in Georgia, and sent three persons to view the lands. On the 16th of May 370 LIBERTY COUNTY. they arrived at Midway, so called from its supposed equal dis- tance from the rivers Ogeechee and Alatamaha. Having exa- mined the country, they returned and made their report. About this period the Council of Georgia granted them 31,950 acres of land. In the beginning of August, 1752, six persons set off by land, and seven more by water, to survey the lands and make settlements, but both parties returned without accom- plishing their objects. " On the 6th of December, 1752, Mr. Benjamin Baker and family, Mr. Samuel Bacon and family, arrived at Midway, and proceeded to form a settlement. Soon after, JMessrs. Parmenus Way, William Baker, John Elliott, John Winn, Edward Sumner, and John Quarterman, arrived and began to settle. Finding a general disposition in the peo- ple to remove, the Rev. Mr. Osgood went into the new settle- ment in March, 1754, and the whole church and society gra- dually collected and settled there."* This settlement formed a considerable part of what, in the early division of Georgia into parishes, was called St. John's parish. In 1777, the pa- rishes of St. James, St. Andrew, and St. John, by an act of the Legislature, were formed into Liberty county ; the spirited determination of her inhabitants at the breaking out of the Revolution to send delegates to Congress before the rest of the province had acquiesced in that measure, having induced the Legislature to change the name of St. John's parish to that of Liberty county. Situation, Boundaries, Extent. — Liberty county extends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, where it takes in the island of St. Catherine's, sixty or seventy miles into the inte- rior, where it is connected with Tattnall county on the west. At this latter point it has a breadth of between thirty and forty miles, but at its eastern extremity it is narrowed to a distance of ten or fifteen miles. It is bounded on the N. by the xMedway river, and partly by the Cannouchee ; and on the S. by the South Newport river, Mcintosh county, and the Alatamaha. Nature of the Soil, Products, Market. — The eastern part is intersected by many large and dense swamps. The surface is level, and the soil is composed mostly of sand and * A short account of the Congregational Church at Midway, Georgia, by John B. Mallard, A. M. LIBERTY COUNTY. 371 clay. In the vicinity of the swamps the clay is very pure and tenacious. The western portion has generally a sandy and barren soil. In many parts the surface is covered over with a very coarse white sand and gravel. The products are cotton, rice, corn, oats ; wheat is cultivated in small quan- tities in the upper part of the county. Many of the planters make their own sugar and syrup, and a small quantity is ex- ported. Cotton may be said to average 100 pounds per acre, corn 15 bushels ; two thousand five hundred bags of cotton are made in a year, and about four or five thousand bushels of rice are annually exported. Savannah is the market. Fifty thousand bushels of rice were exported in 1848. Value of Land, Waste Lands. — The average price of. land is 82 50 per acre. In this county there was at one time a quantity of land lying waste, but of late the quantity has been diminished. Timber Tkees, Fruit Trees. — Several varieties of the oak, pine, palmetto, ash, gum, cypress, magnolia, poplar, maple, and hickory. The orange tree thrives. Apples, peaches, and grapes succeed in the northern part of the county. The late Dr. John M. B. Harden, M. D., in an able article on the soil, climate, and diseases of Liberty county, in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal for October, 1845, gives a catalogue of the different plants found in Liberty county, and observes, " that the Sylva and Flora of this county are unsur- passed by any in the world." Post Offices. — Hinesville, Riceborough, Walthourville. County Town, Villages. — Hinesville is the county town, situated in the northwest part of the countyj 180 miles southeast of Milledgeville, and 40 miles horth of Savannah ; it has a neat court-house, jail, one Metho'dlst church, one aca- demy, and three or four stores. Population about 200. This town was named after C. Hines, Esq., who for several years represented the county in the State Legislature. It is remark- ably healthy. Walthourville is situated in the northwest part of the county, about six or seven miles from Taylor's creek. Popu- lation, 500. It has two flourishing academies, male and female, two churches, and two stores. Distance from Riceborough 10 miles, from Savannah 40 miles. 372 LIBERTY COUNTY. Dorchester is a village lately settled, about five miles from Sunbury, and contains 12 families and an academy. It is a pleasant and healthy place. Riceborough is situated on North Newport river, 31f miles S. S. W. of Savannah, and 28^^ N. of Darien. The stationary population does not exceed 25 whites and as many blacks. It contains three or four stores, and is the principal shipping port of the county. Sunbury is on the S. side of Medway river, on a bold bluff, eight miles E. S. E. of Riceborough. It was built in 1758. Immediately after the Revolution it was quite a flourishing seaport, having about 40 families residing in it, and 12 or 15 square-rigged vessels have been seen in its harbour at one time. Tradition says that the first masonic lodge ever organ- ized in Georgia, held its first meeting under an old oak tree in Sunbury ; and also, that the St. George's Society, now the Union Society of Savannah, held a meeting under the same tree. A piece of this tree is still preserved in the family of the Sheftalls, in Savannah. Sunbury was taken by the British in the war of the Revolution. The remains of the old fort, from which Colonel Mcintosh sent to the British commander the gallant reply, " Come and take it," are still to be seen. The venerable Dr. Mc Whir* resided in Sunbury whilst it was in the height of its prosperity, and kept a school to which pupils resorted from almost every part of Georgia. Sunbury is now a deserted village, inhabited by not more than six or eight families Roads and Bridges. — In no part of Georgia do the citizens pay so much attention to their roads, as in Liberty county. On account of the numerous swamps, there has been an immense amount of labour expended in the construction of bridges and causeways ; the bridges are generally small. The longest bridge is at Riceborough, at the head of the tide navi- gation of North Newport river. Riceborough was formerly known by the name of '■' The Bridge." Population, Taxes, &c. — The census of 1845 gives to this county 1,854 whites, 5,517 blacks; total, 7,871. State tax for 1848, $3,629 41 cts. One representative. * See under head of Eminent Men. LIBERTY COUNTY. 373 Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — Liberty county for many years after its first settlement was very sickly, but for ten or fifteen years past it has proved to be as healthy as any other county with the same population in our State. Dr. Harden, in an article on the climate of Liberty county, remarks : "Many causes have contributed to bring about this state of things. For many years after its first settlement the culture of rice was the chief business of the inhabitants. At present the dry culture system is every where adopted, and nothing but cotton and corn is raised as articles of export. Some of the people early introduced the custom of removing from their plantations during the summer and fall seasons ; but it was not generally adopted until of late. It is now very rare for families to reside on their plantations during the sickly seasons, and in- deed many have entirely abandoned them for healthier loca- tions in the pine lands. But probably a more important cause for the improved health of the county may be found in the change of the habits of the people. The black population is better fed and clothed now than formerly, and the habitations of both white and black are greatly im- proved. The use of intoxicating drinks has been almost en- tirely given up, and less drastic and poisonous medicines are now employed." The most common diseases are fevers, rheumatism, and bowel affections ; two or three cases of goitre have occurred. Many instances of longevity are found among the blacks. Religious Sects, Number of Churches. — The religious sects are the Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists. There are about twelve churches in this county. Education. — The people of Liberty, from their earliest settlement, have paid much attention to the subject of educa- tion. Excellent schools are found in different portions of the county ; and it is believed that a greater number of young men from Liberty county graduate at our colleges, than from any section of Georgia. Indeed, it has become proverbial for furnishing able ministers and instructers. Number of poor children, HI. Educational fund, $96 26. Societies. — The Medway and Newport Library Society was formed in 1752, and has about 700 volumes, kept, we regret 374 LIBERTY COUNTY. to learn, in a very bad state of preservation. The other So- cieties are the " Auxiliary Bible Society," the " Female Edu- cation Society," the " Ladies' Missionary Society," and the " Association for the Religious Instruction of Negroes." An Agricultural Society was organized in 1844, and holds an annual fair on the 1st day of January. Improvement of Lands. — The planters have until lately paid little or no attention to the preservation of their lands ; the practice heretofore being to wear out the virgin soils, and clear new lands. They are beginning, however, to find the advantages of a system of manuring, and other recently intro- duced improvements. On account of the low prices of the Sea Island cotton, some of the planters are reclaiming the old rice fields and swamps. Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is $2,838. Stock in trade, $3,850. Money at interest, 856,573. Eminent Men. — This county claims some eminent men, among whom the following may be named : Dr. Lyman Hall, who was one of the signers of the Declara- tion of American Independence, resided for many years in this county. Major Moses Jones, aid to General Lachlan Mcintosh, was cut in two by a cannon ball, whilst planting the standard of his country on the ramparts at Savannah. Doctors Dunwoody and Axon, were distinguished prac- titioners of medicine. Benjamin Baker, at the age of 23, attended Gen. Oglethorpe in his expedition against St. Augustine. During the Re- volution he suffered many hardships. In 1776, " he was engaged for almost a week in studying and writing for the public, comparing several constitutions of government, and en- deavouring from these to compile one suitable for the province of Georgia." For more than twenty-seven years he was clerk of the Medway church. At his death he left several volumes of manuscripts. Colonels William and John Baker, his sons, were active soldiers in the revolutionary war. General Stewart resided in this county. Dr. McWhir claims Liberty county as his residence. This venerable man was born in Ireland, 1759, and came to Ame- LIBERTY COUNTY. 375 rica in 1783. For ten years he conducted a school in Alex- andria, of which Gen. Washington was a trustee. In 1793 he came to Georgia and established himself in Sunbury, where he conducted a school for several years. He then devoted him- self to the improvement of the moral condition of the people of Liberty, Bryan and Mcintosh counties. Although now nearly 90 years of age, his intei^est in his Master's cause seems undiminished, and his only regret is, that on account of the infirmities of age, he is not able to do more. Dr. McWhir was the founder of the first Presbyterian church or- ganized in Florida. Mr. Audley Maxwell was a member of the fii'st General Assembly in Georgia, which met in Savannah, on the 15th day of January, 1751. Dr. J. M. B. Harden, who died about two years since, was a resident of this county. He was born on the 19th day of January, 1810, in Bryan county. He early discovered a love of, and an aptness for learning ; and after the usual prepara- tion at home, he was sent to a public school in the village of Sunbury. He did not, however, remain here long. When only eleven years of age, he was deprived by death of his father's guardian care. By this providence, the physical, moral, and intellectual care of six orphan children devolved upon his mother, and under whose watchful eye her son completed his scholastic studies. In the autumn of 1826, he was transferred from his maternal home to the office of Dr. William C. Daniell, of Savannah, there to pursue the study of medicine, a profession of his own choice. Dr. Daniell soon estimated his abilities, and gave him proper direc- tions in his course of study. His esteem for his preceptor ripened into friendship, which he cherished all his life. Hav- ing pursued his medical studies with ardour and delight, till the fall of 1828, his preceptor thought him qualified, and recom- mended him to attend a course of medical lectures. For this purpose he visited Charleston, and remained until the close of the lectures in the spring of 1829. After his return home he continued his studies with unabated zeal ; and in the fall of that year Dr. Daniell recommended to him the propriety of ap- plying at once to the Medical Board of Georgia for a license 376 LIBERTY COUNTY. to practice. Being then only nineteen years of age, he hesitated, lest his age should prove a barrier to a success- ful application. After mature reflection, he yielded to the suggestions of his friends, and carried with him from Dr. Daniell letters to several members of the Board, highly com- mendatory of his qualifications ; and after a thorough and sat- isfactory examination, he received a license. On his re- turn, he commenced his professional career in the midst of his relatives and friends, among whom he had grown to manhood. His skill and devotion to his profession soon gained for him the esteem and confidence of the neighbourhood, and his pros- pects were every way flattering. He continued the practice at home but a short time, when he received an invitation from Dr. Raymond Harris, then of Liberty county, an experienced physician, to associate with him in the practice of the profes- sion. Dr. Harden accepted this overture, and in the fall of 1830 removed to Liberty county, and soon entered a wide field of usefulness. Here he remained until December, 1832, when he contracted a marriage with Miss Le Conte, which event fully determined him to fix his permanent abode in that county. In the winter of 1835 and '36, he returned to the Medical College of Charleston, where he received his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and the award from the Faculty of a silver cup, with suitable inscriptions, for his Thesis, written in Latin. He then returned home and resumed his practice with renewed vigour and success. His exposures to the inclemency of the weather in attending on the sick, and his laborious application to his books, sowed the seeds of disease in his constitution, which gradually wasted his physical strength, so that a few years before his death he had abandoned his practice, except under special and peculiar circumstances. He died on the morning of the 16th of February, 1848, under the roof, and in the embrace of his only sister, near Tallahassee, in Florida. In manners, Dr. Harden was kind and conciliating, pos- sessing social feelings, and delighting in the society of his family and friends. He was conscientious and honourable in all his dealings with mankind, and his friendships were sincere and confiding. He was an excellent mathematician, and well versed in LIBERTY COUNTY. 377 ancient and modern history. He was particularly skilled in the sciences allied to his profession, as chemistry and botany, and had made great progress in astronomy, geology, con- chology, zoology, &c. &c. Liberty county claims several other eminent men, but the plan of this work will not allow an extension of the list. Original Settlers. — Benjamin Baker, Samuel Bacon, Parmenus Way, John Stevens, Richard Spencer, Richard Ba- ker, Josiah Osgood, Samuel Way, John Elliott, John Quarter- man, Rev. John Osgood, Sarah Mitchell, John Mitchell, Sam- uel Burnley, Edward Way, Edward Sumner, William Baker, and others. Dr. Stevens, in his History of Georgia, says : " The acces- sion of such a people was an honour to Georgia, and has ever proved one of its richest blessings. The sons of that colony have shown themselves worthy of its sires ; their sires were the moral and intellectual nobility of the Province." Character of the People. — The character of the people generally is upright and virtuous, and they are unsurpassed for the great attention paid to the duties of religion. Miscellaneous Observations. — It may be gratifying to many of our readers to be made acquainted with the history of the Midway church, in this county, and we take pleasure in giving the following abridged account, for which we are indebted to John B. Mallard, Esq. The first house for public worship was erected on Midway Neck, near the plantation of Mr. Thomas Mallard. About 1754 measures were taken to build a new meeting-house. Mr. James Maxwell was employed to saw the lumber, and the Rev. Mr. Osgood, Samuel Burnley, Richard Baker, Ed'vard Sum- ner, and Benjamin Baker, to determine its size and form. It was erected at the Cross Paths, on the north side of the north branch of Newport swamp, 44 feet by 36, with a gallery 18 feet in its story, and pitched roof, hipped at one end, and a small steeple at the other. The steeple was placed west, and the pulpit north. This house was destroyed by fire in 1778, by a body of armed men, under the command of Col. Provost. At the close of the Revolution a coarse building was put up near the place where the old meeting-house stood, 40 feet by 30, with 378 LIBERTY COUNTY. posts in the ground, and the sides filled up with poles. The present meeting-house was built in 1792. The body of the house measures 60 feet by 40. Its gallery is large and com- modious. Near the foot of the pulpit stands a marble font presented to the church by the Rev. Dr. McWhir. There is a large cemetery connected with this church. List of the pastors of the Midway church, from its organ- ization to the present time : Rev. John Osgood, Rev. Moses Allen,* Rev. Abiel Holmes, D. D,, Rev. Cyrus Gildersleeve, Rev Murdock Murphey, Rev. Robert Quarterman, Rev. J. S. R. Axon, Mounds, Minerals, &c. — In many places in the county are to be found mounds, and in, and around them, various instruments for domestic and warlike purposes, such as ar- rows, spear-heads, pottery, &:c. In various places, a few feet below the surface, oyster shells may be found. Marl occurs in many localities, and sometimes it is very rich in carbonate of lime. Beautiful crystals of the sulphate of lime have been found in Bulltown swamp. Petrified wood is dug up at various depths, and on the North Newport and Medway rivers, the stumps and trunks of cypress trees and arrow-heads are found at the depth of four feet. Remarkable Seasons. — On the 15th of August, 1752, oc- curred one of the severest hurricanes ever experienced in the United States, and this county had its share of the calami- ties resulting from it. On the 8th day of September, 1804, another great hurricane occurred. The last great hurricane took place on Wednesday night, the 14th of September, 1844. Dr. Harden says : " It commenced to blow from N. E. about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and gradually increased until pro- bably 1 o'clock at night, when its violence was greatest. The * This gentleman was born in Northampton, Mass., Sept. 14, 1748. About 1777 he was established at Midway. At the reduction of Savannah by the British troops, Mr. Allen was taken prisoner. The Continental officers were sent to Sunbury on parole, but Mr. Allen, who was Chaplain to the Georgia Brigade, was denied this privilege. He was sent on board a prison-ship, and in attempting to recover his liberty by swimming to land, he was drowned. His body was washed on an island, and was found by some of his friends. They requested of the Captain of a British vessel boards to make a coffin, but were refused. LIBERTY COUNTY. 379 wind then suddenly shifted S. E., and soon began to moderate. The rain, or rather mist, that fell had a saltish taste for miles in the interior, evidently being mixed with spray Irom the sea- water. The appearance of desolation that was presented to the eye the next morning was awful in the extreme." Island. — St. Catherine's Island is about 13 miles long and one and a half miles wide. The soil is sandy, and is ca- pable of the highest cultivation by the application of manure. Sea Island cotton, corn, sugar-cane, peas, potatoes, are the pro- ductions. The yield of cotton is from 150 to 200 pounds per acre. Corn 20 to 25 bushels per acre. Potatoes 400 bushels per acre. It is high, dry, and healthy. The island is owned by three gentlemen, who cultivate it with 300 slaves. St. Catherine's Island is celebrated as being formerly the residence of that celebrated half-breed Indian woman, Mary Musgrove, who married the Rev. Mr. Bosomworth. She was styled and recognized by General Oglethorpe as queen of the Creek Nation. She was artful, perfidious, and ambitious, and exerted a despotic sway over the tribe. She asserted claims to the site of Savannah and the surrounding country, and threatened the infant colony with her vengeance, and was ap- peased only by concessions to her of the islands of Ossabaw, St. Catherine's, and Sapelo. Twenty years since, the man- sion in which Bosomworth and his queen resided, was stand- ing. It was singular in its construction and appearance, being wattled with hickory twigs, and plastered within and without with mortar made of lime and sand, and surrounded by spa- cious piazzas. Tradition designates the spot where this extraor- dinary woman was buried. Historical Notices. — Liberty county was the theatre of many important events during the Revolution. We can only name a few. At a meeting held in the city of Savannah to decide whether deputies should be sent to join the de- puties of the other colonies, at the general Congress, it was decided in the negative, and St. John's parish, now Liberty county, dissented from this negative, and resolved, "that if the majority of the other parishes would unite with them, they would send deputies to join the General Com- mittee, and faithfully and religiously abide by and conform to 380 LIBERTY COUNTY. such determination and resolutions as should be entered into and come from thence recommended ;" and the articles of the Continental Association, emanating from that body, were adopt- ed by the people of St. John's. On the 23d of January, the forty-five members of the Provincial Congress entered into a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation asso- ciation. To these proceedings the people of St. John's took exceptions, and their Committee withdrew from the Provincial Congress. On the 9th of February they addressed a letter to the General Committee in Charleston, praying to be received into their association ; but their petition was refused. On the 25th of March, they met and elected Dr. Lyman Hall as a delegate to Congress. At this period the parish of St. John's possessed nearly one-third of the entire wealth of the province, and its inhabitants were remarkable for their upright and independent character. " Alone she stood, a Pharos of Liberty in England's most loyal province, renouncing every fellowship that savoured not of freedom, and refusing every luxury which contributed to ministerial coffers. Proud spot of Georgia's soil !" The decided conduct of the people of St. John's exposed them to great suffering, for the enemy laid waste all before them.* Several engagements occurred in this county. At BuUtown Swamp, Col. John Baker, with a party of mounted militia, fell into an ambuscade, in which he. Captain Coop- er, and William Goulding, were wounded. About one mile and a half south of Midway church, the brave General Scrivenf fell into an ambuscade and was mortally wounded. At Sunbury, and at several other places, the patriots of Liber- ty displayed a courage which would have done honour to any people. The following is taken from McCall's History of Georgia : " On the 4th of June a party of British officers were en- gaged to dine with Mr. Thomas Young, at Belfast, on the river Medway, to celebrate the King's birth day ; Capt. Spen- cer, who commanded an American privateer, got intelligence * See Biograpliy of General Daniel Stewart. f See Biography of General Scriven. LINCOLN COUNTY. 381 of the intended feast, and prepared to surprise them. He pro- ceeded up the river in the evening, and landed with 12 men ; and between 8 and 9 o'clock at night, Spencer entered the house and made Col. Cruger and the party of officers prisoners of war. As Spencer intended to carry off some negroes, he kept his prisoners under a guard until the morning, when he re- ceived their paroles and permitted them to return to Sunbury. Col. Cruger was soon after exchanged for Col. John Mcintosh, who had been taken prisoner at Brier Creek." In the year 1788 the inhabitants suffered much from the depredations of the neighbouring Indians. Several skirmishes took place, in which the Indians were generally worsted. Colonels Stewart and Maxwell, Lieuts. Way, Winn and Jones, and many others, were active soldiers during these trying times. LINCOLN. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by El- bert, N. E. and E. by the Savannah river, S. by Columbia, W. by Wilkes. Laid out from Wilkes, in 1796. It is 22 miles long and 9 miles wide, containing 198 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Savannah river separates the county from South Carolina, Broad river from Elbert, and Little river from Columbia. The creeks are Fishing, Mills, Pistol, Gray's, Lloyd's, Cherokee, Shivers, Soap, Dry Fork, &c. Post Offices. — Lincolnton, Double Branches, Goshen. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- pulation was 7,899; of these 4,383 were whites, and 3,526 blacks. State tax returned for 1848, $2,228 29 cts. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Towns. — Lincolnton is the seat of justice, situated on the waters of Soap creek, in the centre of the county, having a brick court-house, built in 1823 at a cost of $4,000, a jail, one church, common to Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, one academy for children of both sexes, one store, two black- smiths, one wheelwright, four lawyers, two doctors, and two 25 382 LINCOLN COUNTY. or three societies, among which is a division of the Sons of Temperance, and which has wrought marvellous changes in the habits of the people. Lincolnton is distant 90 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 18 from Washington, 36 from Elberton, 22 from Appling, 40 from Edgefield, 37 from Abbeville, 7 from the Savannah river, and 27 from the Georgia Railroad. Popu- lation, 150. Incorporated in 1817. Lisbon, on the south side of Broad river, was laid out as early as 1786. Small place. Goshen, 6 miles N. of Lincolnton, having a church, hotel, school, and several mechanics' shops. Leathersville, 6 miles S. of Lincolnton. Character of the People. — A great change has taken place in the character of the people, the effect we are told of religion and temperance. A few persons are still to be found regardless of morality and order ; but upon the whole the citizens of Lincoln will not suffer by a comparison with those of any section in the State. Climate, Diseases, Longevity, — The climate is healthy, although within the last four or five years there has been much sickness in this county. There are several instances of longevity. Absalom Tankisley, is over 80; Peter Guice, over 80; Mrs. Linville, over 90; Emily Glaze, over 80; Mrs. Betsey Paradise, 85 ; Mrs. Crossin, 81 ; Abraham Booth, a soldier of the Revolution, died at the age of 100; John Matthews died at 84 — was at the battle of Brandy wine ; William Nor- man, also a revolutionary soldier, died at "79 years of age; Mrs. Hill died in this county at the age of 100. Seven of her sons were captured by the Indians, and six of them stoned to death. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Average Product. — The face of the country is hilly, and liable to wash into gullies after a rain. The lands on the Savan- nah and Little rivers and Fishing creek are productive ; dark mulatto soil, adapted to corn ; producing from three to five barrels per acre. The red and gray soils are adapted to cotton ; but .much broken and easily washed. Most of the county is under culture. In addition to cotton and wheat, the land produces peas, tobacco, and potatoes ; cotton averages 500 LINCOLN COUNTY. 383 pounds per acre ; corn two barrels, wheat five bushels. Very little attention is paid to orchards. Market. — Augusta is the market. Between 4 and 5000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Minerals. — A variety of minerals is found in this county. Gold on Mr. John Benson's land, on Fishing creek, two and a half miles from Danburg, and in two or three other places. Novaculite is found on a hill two miles from Lincolnton. It is seen projecting above the surface of the earth through four or five acres of ground, and is therefore probably quite exten- sive. It is found very much inclined, or nearly in a vertical direction. There are several varieties of colour in the same locality. That which is found exposed to the atmosphere is mostly of a yellowish straw-colour, but that which is taken from beneath the surface is mostly of a greenish white.* Ame- thystine quartz, on the plantation of Mr. Hogan, 6 miles from Limestone. Iron ore and granite in every part of the county. Roads. — The market roads are kept in good order ; the others are much neglected. Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills, 8; grist-mills, 12; flour- mills, 2; no large distillery. Religious Sects, Education.- — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- byterians. Universalists, and Roman Catholics. There are six Methodist, seven Baptist, and two Union churches. Some attention is paid to education, but not as much as is necessary. Amusements. — The amusements are few ; pony racing in some sections, dancing and hunting. Mountain. — Graves' mountain, near the line of Wilkes and Lincoln, six miles S. VV. of Lincolnton, 300 feet high. Fine view from the summit. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the Graves', Suttons, Bussys, and Bentleys. Eminent Men. — Col. John Dooly, an officer of the Revo- lution, resided in this county. (See biography of Dooly, page 210.) Thomas W. Murray lived in this county, and repre- senled its interests in the Legislature. Miscellaneous Remarks. — At Lincolnton, at various * Silliman's Journal, vol. xvi. p. 185. 384 LINCOLN COUNTY. times for the last five years, curious sounds, resembling those of distant thunder, have been heard. The noise has been so great as to produce a shaking of the glasses, fences, &c. There is a young gentleman novv^ living in this county, Mr. Sterne Simmons, who is 25 years old and weighs 504 pounds. Name. — Major General Benjamin Lincoln, to commemo- rate whose worth this county was named, deserves a high rank in the fraternity of American heroes. He was born in Hing- ham, Mass., January 23, 1733, in the same house in which he died on the 9th of May, 1810. He was not favoured with a good education; but by reading, compensated in a great mea- sure for this defect. For forty years he followed the occupa- tion of a farmer, although during this period he was honoured with many civil and military offices. Having taken a firm stand in favour of his country, he determined to devote himself to her liberties ; and Washington, knowing his integrity and abi- lity, recommended him to Congress as an excellent officer, and he was appointed by that body a Major General in the conti- nental establishment. He w^as in several engagements with the enemy, in one of which he received a severe wound, which occasioned lameness during the remainder of his life. Wash- ington selected him to take the chief command of the southern department. Upon coming to Charleston, in 1778, he found himself embarrassed by circumstances which would have en- tirely discouraged any man not possessing unconquerable energy. In the attack upon Savannah in 1779, in conjunction with the French, he was repulsed. At the siege of Yorktown he distinguished himself, and his name is to be found among those of the general officers whose services were particularly mentioned. In 1781 he was chosen by Congress Secretary at War, which he resigned, October, 1783. In 1786-7, he was appointed to command a detachment of militia to oppose Shay's insurrection ; and by his prudent measures the insur- rection was suppressed. In 1789, Washington appointed him Collector of the port of Boston, which office he held until within two years of his death. In Lincoln's character strength and softness, the estimable and amiable qualities, were happily blend- ed. His mind was quick and discriminating. As a military commander he was judicious, brave, and indefatigable. From LOWNDES COUNTY. 385 early life he had been a communicant of the church. He was about five feet nine inches in stature ; his face round, his eyes blue, and his complexion light. He wrote essays on va- rious subjects. He was a man of true piety. All his trusts he performed with incorruptible integrity.* LOWNDES. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Irwin, E. by Ware, S. by Hamilton and Madison counties in Florida, and W. by Thomas. Laid off from Irwin, and organized in 1825. Its length from N. to S. is 52 miles, breadth 40, and contains 2080 square miles. KivERs, Creeks. — The rivers are the Allapahaw, Little, and Withlacoochee. Among the creeks are the Allapahoo- chee, Ocopilco, Allapacoochee, Cat, Camp, Mule, &c. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population has been steadily on the increase. The census of 1845, gave this county 4,437 whites, 1,662 blacks; total, 6,099. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,169 91 cents. Sends one representa- tive to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Troupville, Allapahaw, Ocopilco, Piscola, Sharp's Store, Flat Creek. Towns. — Troupville is the seat of justice, immediately in the fork made by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. It has the usual county buildings, three hotels, two churches, four stores, several mechanics' shops, two physicians, and four lawyers. It is distant from Milledgeville 180 miles S. ; 40 from Thomasville ; 75 from Waresborough, and 75 from Irwinville. It is a healthy and pleasant village. Population about 20 families. Made the county site in 1828. Named after George M. Troup. Early Settlers. — Rev. William A. Knight, Benjamin Serman, Bani Boyd, William Smith, and others. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, and a few Presbyterians. There are churches in almost every * Thatcher's Journal. Sullivan's Letters. Sanderson's Lives. 386 LOWNDES COUNTY. neighbourhood. The people have, until within a few years back, been rather unmindful of the great blessings of education, but are now beginning to be more solicitous for the welfare of their children, and schools are springing up in various parts of the county. Number of poor children, 307 ; educational fund, $266 24 cents. Roads, Bridges. — These are generally good. Almost all the roads are natural ones, depending but little upon the labour of the inhabitants for their good qualities. Mills. — 16 saw and grist-mills, 8 grist-mills, 2 rice-mills. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The ge- neral face of the country is level. The land is divided into pine and hammock. Of the former, there are 629,629 acres ; of the latter, 43,000 acres. The whole of the land is produc- tive, and some of the hammock lands produce as well as any land in the State. The southern and western portions con- tain the largest bodies of good land. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Rice, cot- ton, corn, wheat, and indeed almost every thing grows finely in this county. It is supposed the product of cotton per acre stands thus : from 800 to 1,000 pounds of black seed, and from 1,000 to 1,400 pounds of green seed. Corn produces from 15 to 20 bushels per acre. Markets. — The farmers usually carry their produce to Newport and Columbus in Florida, Centreville and the bluffs of Ocmulgee in Georgia. The want of a convenient market is the most serious inconvenience under which the farmers labour. Springs. — The beds of almost all the streams abound in springs, impregnated with various mineral substances, chiefly sulphur. One of these, discovered in the bed of the Withlacoochee, has been turned to account by some of the citizens, and is now a place of considerable resort. Around it a small village has sprung up, containing a store, church, and fine school. The village is called Boston, after the disco- verer of the spring, Thomas M. Boston. Minerals. — The rocks which are found are chiefly sand- stone, limestone, and flint. Miscellaneous Remarks. — Almost every stream of note in this county has some natural curiosity connected with it. LOWNDES COUNTY. 387 Many of the streams disappear and are not seen for miles, when they again make their appearance, and flow as tran- quilly to their destination as if nothing strange or unusual had happened to them. Others present caves in their banks, into which a part of the stream is diverted, and at the entrance you will often find a thriving mill. Among the curiosities of this county may be placed the large open ponds, covering some six square miles, without any tree or stump in them. A portion of the surface of these ponds is covered with beautiful and rare botanical specimens. The streams and ponds abound in fish of various kinds. The woods are filled with game of all sorts. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $9,162. Value of stock in trade, $18,035. Money at interest, $37,434. Antiquities. — Within a few miles of Troupville are the ruins of an old town. Large live oaks grow in front of the ruins in straight rows, and so regular in their distance that it is scarcely probable they are of spontaneous growth. Roads are also discernible. These are wide and straight. Name. — William Jones Lowndes, in honour of whom this county is named, was the youngest child of Rawlins Lowndes, by his second wife, a native of Georgia. His father we be- lieve was born in South Carolina. For talents and integrity Rawlins Lowndes was one of the most distinguished men in South Carolina before, during, and after the Revolution. His son, Wm. J. Lowndes, was born in or about the year 1781, and received his education altogether in Charleston. The first school in which his talents became remarkable, was that under the care of the Rev. Mr. O'Gallaher, a Catholic priest of great learnirjg and liberality. After a while this seminary was ex- tended by a junction with two other schools, one under the Rev. Arthur Buist, a Presbyterian, and the other under the Rev. Henry Purcel, an Episcopalian. In this academy Lowndes was decidedly the best scholar, and the most dis- tinguished for exemplary deportment. At the close of one of the terms, Addison's Play of Cato was performed by the stu- dents with great applause, and Lowndes acted the part of Juba. 388 LOWNDES COUNTY. He studied law in Charleston, and when admitted to the bar, associated himself with the late John S. Cogdell. In the year 1807, when the frigate Chesapeake was attacked by the Leopard, a British 60 gun ship, all Americans were fired with indignation. About this time Mr. Lowndes raised a uniform company, called the Washington Light Infantry, and was elected their first Captain. In 1812 Mr. Lowndes was elected a member of Congress for Charleston District, and soon acquired distinction. He grew up very rapidly ; his figure was tall, his health impaired by study, and his voice feeble. His first speech was not gene- rally heard in the House, but when published, was read and admired. After that it was remarked that the members of both parties in Congress, when he was speaking, would quit their seats and crowd around him, to listen and profit by his strong arguments, urged in the best forensic language. Mr. Lowndes united cordially with the Southern delegates in every motion for carrying on the war with England, with all possi- ble energy, both by sea and land. At the close of the war, when the first bill was brought forward for chartering the Bank of the United States, in January, 1815, he voted against it, believing that it placed too much patronage in the hands of the President. In 1818 he became Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, and so continued until he resigned his seat in Con- gress in 1822, on account of ill health.* He had served ten years in that body, during one of the most eventful eras in A.merican history. Mr. Lowndes's speeches have been pub- lished in most of the newspapers in the United States, and still may be read with interest ; but his official reports, while Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, are consi- dered to be of the highest character and authority. In the winter of 1821, the members of Congress and other influential citizens, began to discuss the relative merits of men who would be suitable candidates for the next Presidency. The Legisla- ture of South Carolina was then in session ; the members of that body felt a lively interest in the result of that election, and in a conclave with the influential citizens who generally visit Columbia upon such occasions, met and nominated Mr. LOWNDES COUNTY. 389 Lowndes, to be supported by them as a candidate for the Pre- sidency. Other States and districts adopted the suggestion ; and in his answer to the communication sent to him, he made the memorable remark, " that the Presidency was an office which no man should either seek or decline ;" a maxim that should ever be in the minds of American statesmen. It was an opinion then expressed by many of the best informed poli- ticians, that had Mr. Lowndes's health enabled him to remain in the United States, he would have been most probably elected President. At that election there were very serious and strong objections made to the other two candidates, but to him none could be offered. Mr. Lowndes had hoped, by re- tirement, to recover his health, but the prostration had gone too far, and his physicians, finding that there was no improve- ment in his health, recommended a sea voyage and change of climate. He accordingly sailed in October, 1822, for Europe ; but his disease was too deeply seated, and he died on the voyage. The newspapers of the day spoke highly of his character. " He was mild and unobtrusive. In modesty, unequalled. Whilst living he would have rebuked the faintest expression of praise. He lived for the happiness of those around him. He was a great man. Wisdom and virtue gave him a moral and political power." Mr. Taylor, of New York, said of him, in his place in the House of Representatives of the United States, " that the highest and best hopes of the country looked to Mr. Lowiades for their fulfilment. The most honourable office in the civilized world, the chief magistracy of this free people, would have been illustrated by his virtues and talents." Mr. Lowndes was remarkably happy from his youth in all his domestic concerns, being always associated with nume- rous friends and affectionate relations. He married early in life the daughter of Thomas Pinckney, who still survives him. He left three children, two sons and a daughter, now the wife of Lieut. J. Rutledge, of the U. S. Navy. For the above sketch of Mr. Lowndes, we are principally indebted to Dr. Joseph Johnson, of Charleston, S. C. 390 LUMPKIN COUNTY. LUMPKIN. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham and Hall, S. by Forsyth, W. by Cherokee and Gilmer. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1838. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gives to this county 8,979 whites, 1,175 blacks; total, 10,154. Amount of taxes paid into the State treasury, for 1848, $1,689 66. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Amicalolah, Auraria, Barrettville, Calhoun, Crossville, Dahlonega, New Bridge, Pleasant Retreat, Me- chanicsburg. Rivers and Creeks. — The rivers are the Etowah, Ches- tatee, Tesnatee ; the creeks are Yellow, Amicalolah, Shoal, Nimble Will, Cain, Yahoola, Town, &c. Mountains.— The Blue Ridge is in the northern part of the county ; Walker's mountain in the eastern part. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Old and New Presbyterians, Universalists, Episcopalians, and Ro- man Catholics. Education has been very much neglected, but recently a new spirit has been awakened on this subject, and efforts are making to introduce schools in every section of the county. According to the Digest of the State for 1848, the number of poor children in this county was 958. The educa- tional fund is $830 85. Original Settlers. — The original settlers were C. J. Thompson, Colonel Riley, Gen. Fields, Lewis Roiston, Mr. Leathers, and J. Blackwell. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of this county is pleasant, but subject to great and sudden changes. Some fever prevails on the water-courses. Lumpkin can show a long list of persons who have attained to a great age, Mrs. Young, now living, is over 100. John J. Williams is over 90 — was in the battle at King's Mountain. Mr. John Hames is over 100; Samuel Evans, 85 ; Mr. Harper, 89 ; John Alex- ander, 84. Mr. Allen died in this county at the age of 115 years ; Mr. Watts died at the age of 90 ; Mr. James Boyd was over 100 years, and his wife, Nancy Boyd, over 94 years. Richard Ledbetter, a revolutionary soldier, at his death was LUMPKIN COUNTY. 391 100 years old ; Mrs. Smith lived to the age of 103 ; Mrs. Sally Bright died at the age of 112. Character, Amusements. — The gold mines have brought together a large number of persons, and consequently the population of this county is composed of a great diversity of character. Many of the operatives in the mines are dis^fpated and regardless of the future. The permanent inhabitants are intelligent and spirited. Fishing, dancing, hunting, and pic- nics, are the favourite amusements. Nature of the Soil, Productions, Average Product, Fruits. — Some fine bodies of land are on the rivers and creeks. The soil is dark and easily cultivated, peculiarly adapted to corn and w^heat, worth $20 per acre. The hickory and oak lands have a mulatto soil, producing corn, wheat, and tobacco, valued at $5 per acre. The ridge lands are valuable only for timber and mining ; value $1 per acre. Average pro- duct of corn per acre, six barrels. The crops of wheat and rye are uncertain. Apples succeed well. Some attention is paid to horticulture. Dr. Singleton has raised oranges and lemons of remarkable size in his garden at Dahlonega. Gold Mines. — Dr. Singleton's mines embrace 2,080 acres in the vicinity of Dahlonega, most of which were originally purchased for farming purposes, but subsequently found to contain gold. Some have been profitable, others would hardly pay the cost of working. On one single branch, known as Stover's Branch, more than 150,000 pennyweights of gold have been found. Some of the branch mines have been worked over, three or four times, and proved a source of profit to the operators. We consider this an appropriate place to give a general account of the gold mines in Cherokee Georgia, for which our thanks are due to Dr. Stevenson, formerly of Canton, a gen- tleman of science, and perfectly familiar with the mining ope- rations. " The first discovery of gold in this State was made on Duke's creek, Habersham county, in 1829. The mass weighed three ounces. After this, discoveries were rapidly made in all directions from Carolina to Alabama, and some of the mines were immensely rich. The gold obtained for the first few years was from the alluvion of the streams ; after which many 392 LUMPKIN COUNTY. diluvial deposits were found, and subsequently many rich veins. The gold in the veins is generally embedded in sul- phuret of iron and quartz, sometimes in quartz alone, and in a few instances in micaceous and talcose slate, the auriferous pyrites being interspersed in minute crystals through the slate. The first mentioned class are common, and abound every where, running parallel with the formation of the country, the general direction of which is N. E. and S. W., corresponding with the Alleghany chain of mountains. These veins are usually enclosed in micaceous or talcose schist, some in chlo- rite and hornblend, rarely in gneiss or granite. In some in- stances the root of the vein is slate, and the floor granite or gneiss. The decomposition of the different strata varies from 50 to 100 feet, and decreases as you near the mountains, where the overlaying rocks terminate and the veins cease to be auriferous. A few veins have been found which traverse the formation in which they are enclosed, and in every instance the gold is found to contain from 15 to 66 per cent, of silver, whereas all parallel veins are alloyed with copper, from -^ to -^\-, and without a trace of silver. Of the former class is the Potosi mine, in Hall county, which runs N. W. by W., is one foot wide (average), and was immensely rich in pockets. The first cropped out and extended about 12 feet deep by 15 laterally, yielding over 10,000 dwts. Some 10 feet from that, another pocket occurred, much richer, the gold being enclosed in felspar with octahedral crystals of quartz radiating from it, without a particle of gold. These veins are evidently of comparatively recent formation. Ore which yields 25 cents per bushel is considered profitable, provided the veins are large enough to furnish abundantly, and there is no extra expense. Where there is much water it requires expensive machinery, and the ore must be rich, and the vein of considerable size, to justify it. Many mines have, and do yet yield much more — from 50 cents to 100 cents per bushel, and a few even more, even reaching to several hundred dollars per bushel. Of such are the Calhoun and Battle Branch veins, and also the celebrated 1052 mine near Dahlonega. These are technically called pocket veins, as the gold is found in limited portions of them, the rest with- out any. The greatest depths yet reached do not exceed 80 ■\ LUMPKIN COUNTY. 393 feet below the water level, nor more than 140 feet below their outcrop ; whereas, in the old world, they have gone more than 2,000 feet. We consequently can form no opinion relative to their productiveness. Generally the mines are abandoned as soon as the water appears ; the operators being men of but little capital, and ignorant of the proper mode of working be- low the water level. Another and more powerful reason is, that, with but few exceptions, the veins become poorer as you descend, and below the w^ater very poor. The mode of work- ing the mine or ores is by amalgamation. The ore is first reduced to powder, either wet or dry, by the action of stamps or pestles, weighing from 100 to 500 pounds; after which it passes through different sized screens or grates, and then through various amalgamating machines, by which the quick- silver is made to take up the particles or dust of gold, forming an amalgam, which is distilled in a retort, saving the quick- silver for further use, and the mass of gold is melted in a cru- cible, into bars or ingots for coining. Its average fineness is 23 carats. From the best information I possess, the amount obtained from 1829 to 1838, was 16,000,000 dwts., and from that time until now, 4,000,000; every year diminishing, not- withstanding the great improvements in machinery and in- creased practical knowledge. I am of the opinion, however, that by introducing the smelting process, as practised in Russia, the mines of Georgia and North Carolina could be made to yield several millions per annum with the same force that now digs but half of a million. Mr. Van Buren, while Presi- dent, was kind enough to send a special despatch to the Em- peror of Russia, at my request, for information on the subject, which only confirmed me in the opinion I had formed. The result of over a hundred trials, made here and at the north, on auriferous pyrites, gave a mean yield of 42 times as much as by the best system of amalgamation extant. This seems ex- travagant, but nevertheless it is true. I speak of sulphurated ores — iron or copper pyrites, in which the gold is in a state of chemical combination, without metallic properties — a salt, on which quicksilver cannot act; and, having no specific gravity, it is impossible to save it ; nor do we get any except such as have been revived by volcanic heat, and aggregated, so as to 394 LUMPKIN COUNTY. give it gravity. I have tried some such ores, which yielded 66 times more than we got by mills. I have known many miners to work over their sand five or six times, and still make a profit. Now, by working by fire, the mines would last longer and pay much larger profits. It certainly would be bet- ter to make $100 per day from three bushels of ore, than from 100 or 200 bushels. It is true, the expense is greater, but the profits may be made to reach fivefold more than they do. See the Russian statistics, and you observe that, previous to the introduction of this system, the government mines yielded but from ten to twelve millions ; and since, with a less number of hands, they yield from 60 to 120 millions." The following are the principal gold mines in Lumpkin county : — Singleton's mines, near Dahlonega, embracing more than 2,000 acres. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, has yielded enor- mously. J. E. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, five miles from Dahlonega, has been a very rich deposit mine, and is not yet exhausted. Cain creek a'nd Yahoola creek are celebrated localities. On the latter is the famous lot, 1052, which once created such a sensation among the gold speculators. In almost every portion of this county gold exists. Evi- dence of its existence meets the eye of the traveller in every direction. Since this was written, several valuable mines have been discovered. A correspondent of the National Intelligencer thus describes the appearance of things in this county. " On approaching Dahlonega, I noticed that the water-courses had all been mutilated with the spade and pickaxe, and that their waters were of a deep yellow ; and, having explored the coun- try since then, I find that such is the condition of all the streams within a circuit of many miles. Large brooks, and even an occasional river, have been turned into a new channel, and thereby deprived of their original beauty. • And, of all the hills in the vicinity of Dahlonega which I have visited, I have not seen one which is not actually riddled with shafts and tunnels." No section of Georgia deserves more attention than the gold region of Lumpkin county. LUMPKIN COUNTY. 395 Towns. — Dahlonega, the capital of this county, is situated 14 miles from the Blue Ridge, on a high hill, commanding a view of Walker's, Mossy Creek, and Yonah mountains. It is 141 miles from Milledgeville, 25 from Gainesville, 30 from Clarkesville, 30 from Gumming, 35 from Blairsville, and 35 from Ellijay. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail of logs. It has eight or ten stores, four groceries, two capital hotels, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, one market-house, one engine-house, one academy, one ma- sonic lodge, one printing office, in which the Dahlonega Watch- man is published, &c. Dahlonega is a thriving place. The amount of goods sold is stated to be $75,000 per annum. The character of the population has undergone a great change within a few years. Religion and morality have warm advocates ; and a more orderly population cannot be named. Gold is often found in the court-house square, particularly af- ter a shower ; and the little boys often pick up pieces of gold, weighing from ^ of a dwt. to one dwt. Population about 1,000. The town was incorporated in 1833, and became the seat of the public buildings in 1835. The U. S. Branch Mint establishment is located in this town. The building is quite large, and cost $70,000, and the machinery $30,000. Dr. Singleton was the first superintendent appointed by General Jackson. The Indian name for Dahlonega was Tau-lau-ne- ca, meaning yellow money. Auraria, alias Nuckollsville, is situated six miles from Dah- lonega, on the road leading to Gainesville. Leather's Ford is situated on the Chestatee river, 11 miles below Dahlonega, inhabited mostly by persons engaged in mi- ning operations. Population about 30. Minerals. — Besides gold, magnetic iron exists in great quantities on the head waters of Amicalolah creek ; native cop- per in Singleton's mines ; small particles of silver are some- times found ; also lead, antimony, cyanite, rubies, asbestos, sulphate of iron, quartz, granite, pyrites, &c. Roads, Bridges. — When the nature of the country is taken into consideration, the roads may be said to be good, al- though there is room for great improvement. There are seven or eight bridges in the county. 396 LUMPKIN COUNTY. Miscellaneous. — The value of town lots is 834,505. Va- lue of stock in trade, $29,360. Money at interest, $12,366. Falls. — Amicalolah Falls are 17 miles west of Dahlonega, near the road leading to Tennessee. The name is said to be a compound of two Cherokee words, " ami,'' signifying water, and " calolah," rolling or tumbling. A writer* in the Orion, vol. ii., page 352, thus describes these falls : " The view from the top does not (as is the case at Tallulah) comprehend the whole extent of all the cascades ; but, on some accounts, is preferred. The range of mountains to the south and west, as it strikes the eye from the summit of the falls, is truly sub- lime ; and the scene is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. The view from the foot embraces, as strictly regards the falls them- selves, much more than the view from above, and is therefore perhaps the better ; both, however, should be obtained, in or- der to form a just conception of the scene ; for here we have a succession of cataracts and cascades, the greatest not ex- ceeding 60 feet, but the torrent in the distance' of 400 yards descending more than as many hundred feet. This creek has its source upon the Blue Ridge, several miles east of the falls; and it winds its way, fringed with wild flowers of the richest dyes, and kissed in autumn by the purple wild grapes, which cluster over its transparent bosom ; and so tranquil and mir- ror-like is its surface, that one will fancy it to be a thing of life, conscious of its proximate fate, rallying all its energies for the startling leap ; and he can scarcely forbear moralizing upon the oft recurring and striking vicissitudes of human life, as illustrated in the brief career of this beautiful streamlet." Name. — This county was named in honour of Wilson Lumpkin. This gentleman is a resident of Athens, Clarke county, Georgia, in the enjoyment of fine health, and devoting himself to the pursuits of agriculture. From memorandums obligingly furnished us by this distinguished gentleman, we are able to furnish the people of Georgia with the follow- ing memoir. Mr. Lumpkin was born in Pittsylvania coun- ty, State of Virginia, on the 14th January, 1783. When he was one year old his father removed to Georgia, and settled * General Hansell, of Marietta. LUMPKIN COUNTY. 397 in that part of the State then known as Wilkes county, now Oglethorpe county. At this period the means of education were very limited, there not being a good grammar-school within twenty miles of his residence; and being unable to send his children from home to be educated, they received no other instruction than that which is acquired in a common country school. When young Lumpkin was fourteen years old, his father held the office of Clerk of the Superior Court of Oglethorpe county, and knowing that many advantages would be enjoyed by his son in an office of this kind, he em- ployed him in copying, writing, &c. This was of incalculable benefit to his son, compensating in no small degree the want of a regular education, and introducing him to many gentle- men of the legal profession. He imbibed a great fondness for reading, and during the time that he continued in this office he devoted all his leisure moments to reading law. A short time after he was twenty-one years of age, he was elected a member of the Legislature for Oglethorpe county, by almost an unanimous vote, and for several years contmued a mem- ber, discharging his duties with zeal and fidelity. He served for several years both as a member of the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States. When he was solicited to become a candidate for the office of Governor of Georgia, he reluctantly consented, and was elected, and at the close of his executive term was re-elected. Mr. Lumpkin has filled many other responsible offices, but the limits fixed to these sketches will not allow us to enumerate all of them. We cannot however consent, in justice to a faithful public servant, to omit the following. In 1823, Mr. Lumpkin was commis- sioned by President Monroe to ascertain and mark the bound- ary line between Georgia and Florida. Under a commission of General Jackson, he was one of the first Commission- ers appointed under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. The records of the country will bear testimony to the ability and justice with which he discharged that delicate and difficult trust. When the Legislature of Georgia created a Board of Public Works, with a view of commencing a systematic course of Internal Improvement, it provided for a Board to 26 \ 398 MACON COUNTY. consist of six members. Of this Board, Mr. Lumpkin was ap- pointed a member. The act also directed that a civil engi- neer should be appointed, to take a general survey of the State, with a view to report upon the expediency of canals and railroads ; and it also directed that a member of the Board should accompany the engineer. Mr. Lumpkin was selected, and in his report he recommended a route, which varied very little from the present location of our railroads. It will be seen from this short sketch, that Mr. Lumpkin has been an active man all his life. To the interest of this State he has devoted much labor. He enjoys better health now than at any period before he was sixty years old, works every day, and reads more than at any former period of his life. He never had a lawsuit or arbitration. He has been a member of the Baptist church for nearly fifty years, and is an active and liberal supporter of many benevolent institu- tions. MACON. Boundaries. — It is bounded N. by Crawford, E. by Hous- toun and a part of Talbot, S. by a portion of Dooly and Sumter, and W. by Marion. Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint* river flows through the county, and has the following tributaries : viz. Beaver, Juni- per, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head, Spring, and Beaver creeks. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the popu- lation as given in the census was 3,324 whites, 1,870 blacks ; total, 5,194. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $1,701 83 Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Lanier, Grangerville, Hamburg, Mar shallsville, Martin's Store, Horse Head, Newson's Mills, Fredonia. Towns, — Lanier is the seat of justice, situated on the * The Indian name of Flint river is Thronateeska. MACON COUNTY. 399 west side of the Flint river, 80 miles from Milledgeville, 22 from Perry, 25 from Knoxville, and 25 from Americus. It has the usual county buildings, two churches, two hotels, three stores, &c. Population about 200. It is a very pretty village. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- try is level. The eastern bank of the Flint river averages from 100 to 200 feet high, for several miles. West of the Flint river, pine land mostly prevails, the greatest part of which is fertile. East of the Flint river, the lands are mixed, generally productive. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, and other products peculiar to this section of Georgia. Education, Religious Denominations. — Education is not neglected, although more attention ought to be paid to it. Number of poor children, 295 ; educational fund, 8255 84. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are gene- rally kept in good order. Character op the People. — This county has an intelli- gent population. Market. — Macon is the market. Rocks, Minerals, Fossils, Mounds. — Marl exists in con- siderable quantities on the plantation of I. E. Helvenstein, Esq., Buck's creek. The banks of the Flint river contain numerous interesting localities, in which are found curious fossils. On the Flint river are several mounds. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $7,825 ; value of stock in trade, $7,704. Money at interest, $18,690. Miscellaneous. — There are several fine hedges of the Che- rokee rose in this county. Col. John Young has his entire plantation enclosed by hedges of this description, and all his cross-fences are of the same. He has now almost eight miles of fence of this kind on his plantation. Col. Young was the first gentleman to introduce these hedges in Macon county, and many are following his example. Name. — The Hon. Nathaniel Macon, whose name this county bears, was one of the few patriots of the American Revo- lution who survived to tell the trials of that day to the present 400 MACON COUNTY. generation. In the memorable year 1776, then not 18 years old, and while a student at Princeton, New Jersey, burning with youthful ardour, and fired with holy enthusiasm in the cause of public liberty, he abandoned his collegiate studies, and performed a short tour of duty in a company of volun- teers ; thus in his youth evincing an attachment to those prin- ciples which in after life he supported with so much firmness, ability, and undeviating consistency. After his return from New Jersey, hearing of the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, in the spring of 1780, he joined the militia troops of his native State, as a common soldier, and continued with them until the provisional articles of peace were signed, in the fall of 1782. During this eventful period, he gave proofs of that in- difference for office and emolument, and that unaffected de- votedness to his country's good, which his future history so conspicuously illustrated. He served in the ranks as a com- mon soldier, and though command, and places of trust and confidence, as well as of relative ease and security, were often tendered him, he invariably declined them ; desiring only to occupy the station, and to share the hardships and perils com- mon to the greatest portion of his fellow soldiers. And al- though in very humble circumstances as to property, he never would charge or consent to receive one cent for such services. He gave his heart and soul to the cause in which he embark- ed. He loved his country, and like a dutiful son gave her in time of need — 'twas all he had — his personal service. And even when that country smiled with prosperity, and, with a munifi- cence deserving all praise, made liberal provision for the soldiers of the Revolution, he declined the proffered bounty. Often has he been heard to say, (disclaiming all imputation upon others,) that no state of fortune could induce him to ac- cept it. In those times, too, were developed those noble traits of Roman character which attracted to him the confidence and esteem of his countrymen ; and becoming generally known throughout the State, they won for him a popularity to which his country is indebted for his long, useful, and illustrious services in the public councils. His countrymen elected him while yet in the army, and scarcely twenty-four years of age, a member of the Legislature, without his solicitation or even MACON COUNTY. 401 knowledge ; and, reluctant to part with his comrades in arms, he was induced only by the persuasions of his commanding officers to accept the station. After serving in that capacity many years, he was chosen, at the age of thirty-two, a member of Congress, in the House of Representatives, and took his seat at the first session of the second Congress, in 1791, which he filled uninterruptedly, under successive elections, till the winter of 1815, when he was chosen by the Legislature a Se- nator in Congress, without his solicitation, and in one sense against his wish ; for his maxim was, " frequent elections and accountability at short intervals." In January, 1816, being then at Washington in the discharge of his duties as a member of the House of Representatives, he resigned his seat in that body, and assumed his new station as Senator. On that oc- casion he declined and rejected double pay for travelling, al- though abundant precedents entitled him to it. The Legis- lature continued to him his honourable distinction and high trust, until November, 1828, when he was induced, by a "sense of duty," springing out of his advanced age and infirmities, to resign, resigning also at the same time his offices as Justice of the Peace, and Trustee of the University of North Carolina, both of which he filled for many years. During his congres- sional career, he was chosen in 1801, at the first session of the seventh Congress, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and continued to preside over the deliberations of that body, until the tenth Congress. The duties of the chair were dis- charged by him with distinguished abilities, and an impar- tiality which secured the esteem and aflfectiorl of his political friends, and won the confidence and admiration of his politi- cal adversaries. Not being able from severe indisposition to attend at the commencement of the tenth Congress, a new in- cumbent was elected to the chair. He was several times elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and the last time chosen to that station he declined its acceptance. The office of Postmaster-General was twice offered him. But office however hio-h, or emolument however great, had no charm for him. His engagement was always to his constituents, and that he was determined to fulfil to the letter. No lure could tempt him to lay it down. His was the ambition that 402 MACON COUNTY. prompted only to virtuous deeds. He sought with great earnestness and untiring industry the path of duty, and fear- lessly pursued it — obliging no one from favour or affection, and yielding nothing to the suggestion of resentment or en- mity. Indeed, there was no passion he would gratify at the expense of duty. In 1835, his fellow-citizens again called him from his cherished retirement, by electing him a member of the Convention, charged with the important duty of revising and reforming the Constitution of his native State, of which body he was chosen President by unanimous suffrage. In •1836, he was chosen an elector of President and Vice-Presi- dent— on the Republican ticket — and at the proper time re- paired to the seat of government, and performed the duty re- quired of him. This was the closing act of Mr. Macon's pub- lic life. Of his political creed it is scarcely necessary to speak. His unconquered consistency — the frank and manly avowal of his opinions on all proper occasions — the prominent and distinguished part it was his lot to act in support of every re- publican administration, sufficiently proclaim it. Suffice it to say, he was a republican of the old school, and possessed, with- out qualification or abatement, the affection and confidence of a Jefferson, a Madison, a Monroe, and a Jackson ; and of the whole host of distinguished statesmen with whom he was a co-labourer in the cause of democracy and free government. His political principles were deep-rooted; he became attached to them from early examination, and was confirmed in their correctness from mature reason and long experience. They were the principles of genuine republicanism ; and to them through life he gave a hearty, consistent, and available sup- port. With them he never compromised ; and the greater the pressure, the more pertinaciously he stood by them. Adopt- ing, to the fullest extent, the doctrine which allowed to man the capacity and the right to self-government, he was a strict constructionist of the Constitution of the United States ; and never would consent, however strongly the law of circum- stances— the common plea of tyrants — might demand it, to exercise doubtful powers. Jealous of federal authority, his most vigilant efforts were directed towards restraining it with- MACON COUNTY. 403 in due limits. A democrat by natm'e as well as education, he was persuaded, that on the popular part of every government depend its real force, its welfare, its security, its permanence, its adaptation to the happiness of the people. Though so long honoured and so many years the depositary of public confidence and public trusts, he had the rare merit of never having solicited any one to vote for him, or even in- timated a wish that he should ; and, though no one ever shared more fully the confidence and esteem of a large circle of warm and influential friends, his is the praise of never having soli- cited the slightest interest for his own preferment. But it was in private life the rare excellences of this gi-eat and good man shone brightest. " To be and not to seem," was his maxim. Disdaining the pride of power — despising hypocrisy, as the lowest and the meanest vice — with an honest simplicity and Roman frankness of manners, he gave to inter- course an ease and freedom which made his society and con- versation sought after by all who knew him. Industry, eco- nomy, and temperance distinguished the character of Mr. Macon, during every portion of his long life, and he was always truly exemplary in the discharge of every social and domestic duty. His love of justice and truth, and his integrity of heart commanded universal confidence, esteem, and respect. In his dress, his manners, his habits, and mode of life, he in- dulged no fondness for superfluities ; but he never denied him- self the use of what was necessary and convenient. The vainness of ostentation and the littleness of pride were alike disgusting to him. His neighbours, even the humblest, visited him without ceremony, and in all their difficulties ap- plied to him for advice and comfort, which he never failed to afibrd in a manner the most acceptable. The society of his neighbourhood, embracing an unusually large circle, seemed as it were to constitute but one family, of which he was the head and the guide ; and the rich stores of his mind were com- mon property. Such was the moral influence which he ex- erted around him, that his example and his precept were allowed the force of law. His heart was the seat of the benevolent affections ; and that he enjoyed, while living, the happiness that attends their constant exercise, was sufliciently attested 404 MADISON COUNTY. by the many, of both sexes and all ages, who attended his interment, with tears and deepest sorrow ; and that he was not wanting in the offices of humanity, was proven by the heart-rending scenes exhibited in the moans and lamentations of his numerous black family, when they were permitted to view, for the last time, his mortal remains. They, indeed, had cause for sorrow. Never had slaves a kinder master. In every thing connected with their health and comfort he made the most liberal and ample provision — in food, raiment, bedding, and dwellings. In their sickness, his attentions to them were those of a kind and tender friend. Nor did he neglect their moral instruction and discipline. He was fond of reading, but his favourite study was man. To this predilection did he owe that consummate knowledge of the human character, and those practical lessons of wisdom, of so much consequence to the conduct of life, which gave him rank among the " wisest and best." He died in Warren county, North Carolina, on the 29th day of June, 1837, in the 79th year of his age.* MADISON. Boundaries, Extent. — Madison is bounded N. by Frank- lin, E. by Elbert, S. by Oglethorpe and a part of Clarke, and W. by Jackson. Laid out from Oglethorpe, Jackson, Frank- lin, and Elbert, in 1811, and additions made to it in 1813, '19, '23, '29, '31. Length 14 miles, breadth 13. Square miles, 182. Rivers, Creeks. — North and south prongs of Broad river. Mill Shoal, Brushy, Holly, Fork, Blue Stone, and Shoal creeks. Post Offices. — Danielsville, Brookline, Madison's Springs. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave to this county 3,615 whites, 1,699 blacks; total, 5,314. Amount of State tax for 1848, $1,498 70 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Town. — Danielsville, named after General Allen Daniel, situated on a high, uneven surface, is the capital. Distant from Milledgeville 87 miles N., 15 from Athens, 23 from Lex- * Furniphcd by the Hon. Mr. Edwards, of North Carolina. MADISON COUNTY. 405 inrfton, 8 from the Madison Springs, 23 from Jefferson, and 20 from Carnesville. This is quite a small village, having a court-house, jail, two stores, mechanics' shops, one Pres- byterian church, and one or two schools. Population 35. Healthy and quiet village. Made the county site in 1812. Incorporated in 1817. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, a few Universalists and Reformed Methodists. In the county are six Baptist churches, two Presbyterian, three Methodist. Education is beginning to be appreciated. Number of poor children 210; educational fund, il82 13 cents. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is pleasant and healthy. Fevers occur on the water-courses. There are several instances of longevity. Mr. James Pittman is 93 ; Mrs. Lettuce Milligan 89, and reads without glasses ; Mr. Stephen Groves is over 98 ; Mr. James Thompson is 80 ; Mr. James Caruth is over 80 ; Mr. James Saunders is 80 ; Capt. Robert L. Tate, 80. Early Settlers. — Samuel Long, Jacob Everhart, Sa- muel Woods, Stephen Groves, and others. Minerals. — Gold on Broad river, eight or nine miles E. of Danielsville. Large quantities of iron ore; and several years ago iron works were in successful operation. Four miles be- low Danielsville, on the south fork of Broad river, granite, quartz, and the minerals of the adjoining counties are found. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people of this county have the reputation of being industrious and fru- gal. Hospitality is one among their most prominent charac- teristics. The amusements are dancing, hunting, fishing, quiltings, and sociables. One or two instances of gander-pull- ing, have occurred within a few years past. Nature of the Soil, Productions, Value of Land. — Good lands are on Blue Stone creek peculiarly adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton. Value about i4| per acre. The lands on the north fork of Broad river are very inferior. On the south fork the lands are productive, valued at about f 8 per acre. The northwest part of the county is poor ; the land hardly worth $1 per acre. The productions are cotton. 406 MADISON COUNTY. corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, sweet potatoes, and Irish pota- toes. Fruits and vegetables do well. AvER.VGE Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn, 2h barrels ; wheat, 5^ bushels. Two thousand bags of cotton are annually produced. Average Price of Grain, Provisions, Labour. — Corn averages 61 ~5 per bushel ; wheat, 75 cents ; butter, 12^ cents per pound ; eggs, 6 cents per dozen ; pork, 4 cents per pound ; bacon, 7 cents ; beef, 2^ ; turkeys, 75 cents per pair ; fowls 20 cents do. ; geese, 50 cents do. ; tallow, 8 cents per pound ; wax, 20 do. Board at hotels, 88 per month. White men hire at f 8 per month ; negro men, at 860 per annum ; negro women, at 845 do. Roads, Bridges, Ferries. — The market roads are kept in good order. There is only one bridge of importance in this county. Ferries, eight. Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 13 ; grist-mills 14 ; flour- mills 3 ; and a number of small distilleries. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is 82,150. Value of stock in trade, 811,000. Money at interest, 844,790. Mineral Springs. — Madison Springs, 23 miles N. W. of Athens. The water is impregnated with iron, and efficacious in the cure of several diseases, and is much resorted to in the summer. Miscellaneous. — Austin Dabney. — In the beginning of the revolutionary conflict, a man by the name of Aycock removed to Wilkes county, having in his possession a mulatto boy who passed for and was treated as his slave. Aycock was not the bravest of men, and when called upon to do mili- tia service manifested much uneasiness, and did his duty so badly, that his Captain consented to exchange him for his mu- latto boy, then eighteen years of age — a stout, hardy youth — upon Aycock's acknowledging that he was the son of a white woman, and consequently free. The boy had been called Austin, to which the Captain added Dabney. Dabney proved himself a good soldier. In many a skirmish with the British and tories, he acted a conspicuous part. He was with Col. Elijah Clarke in the battle of Kettle Creek, and MADISON COUNTY. 407 was severely wounded by a rifle-ball passing through his thigh, by which he was made a cripple for life. He was unable to do further military duty, and was without means to procure due attention to his wound, which threatened his life. In this suffering condition he was taken into the house of Harris, where he was kindly cared for until he recovered. His grati- tude to the good people by whose attention he was restored, was never forgotten. He laboured for Harris and his family more effectually than any slave could have been made to do. After the close of the war, when prosperous times came, Austin Dabney acquired property. In the year 18 — he removed to Madison county, carrying with him his benefactor and family. Here he became noted for his great fondness for horses and the turf, and was seldom without a fine racer. He attended all the races in the neighbouring counties, and betted to the extent of his means. His courteous behaviour and good temper always secured him gentlemen backers. His means were aided by a pension which he received from the United States, on account of his broken thigh. In the distribution of the public lands by lottery among the people of Georgia, the Legislature gave to Dabney a lot of land in the county of Walton. The Hon. Mr. Upson, then a representative from Oglethorpe, was the member who moved the passage of the law. The preamble was as follows : — " Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, passed on the fourteenth day of August, 1780, it is stated that the said Austin Dabney during the Revolution, instead of advantacjinof himself of the terms to withdraw him- self from the American lines and enter with the majority of his colour and fellow-slaves in the service of his Britannic Majesty and his officers and vassals, did voluntarily enrol himself in some one of corps under the command of Colonel Elijah Clarke, and in several actions and engagements behaved against the enemy with a bravery and fortitude which would have honoured a freeman, and in one of which engagements he was severely wounded, and rendered incapable of hard servitude ; and policy and gratitude demand a return for such service and behaviour, from the Commonwealth ; and it was further stated in said act that said Austin should be entitled 408 , MADISON COUNTY. to the annuity allowed by this State to wounded and disabled soldiers ; and the said Austin having petitioned the Legislature for some aid in his declining years ; and this body considering him an object entitled to the attention and gratitude of the State." At the election for members of the Legislature the year after, the county of Madison was distracted by the animosity and strife of an Austin Dabney and an Anti- Austin Dabney party. Many of the people were highly incensed that a mulatto negro should receive a gift of the land which belonged to the freemen of Georgia. Dabney soon after removed to the land given him by the State, and carried with him the family of Harris, and continued to labour for them, and appropriated whatever he made for their support, except what was necessary for his coarse clothing and food. Upon his death, he left them all of his property. The eldest son of his benefactor he sent to Franklin College, and afterwards supported him whilst he studied law with Mr. Upson, in Lexington. When Harris was undergoing his examination, Austin was standing outside of the bar, exhibiting great anxiety in his countenance ; and when Harris was sworn in, he burst into a flood of tears. He understood his situation very well, and never was guilty of impertinence. He was one of the best chroniclers of the events of the war, in Georgia. Judge Dooly thought much of him, for in the war of the Revolution he had served under his father. Col. Dooly. It was Dabney's custom to be at the pub- lic house in Madison, where the Judge stopped during court, and he took much pains in seeing his horse well attended to. He frequently came into the room where the judges and law- yers were assembled on the evening before the court, and seated himself upon a stool or some low place, where he would commence a parley with any one who chose to talk with him. He drew his pension in Savannah, where he went once a year for this purpose. On one occasion he went to Savannah in company with his neighbour, Col. Wyley Pope. They tra- velled together on the most familiar terms, until they arrived in the streets of the town. Then the Colonel observed to Austin that he was a man of sense, and knew that it was not MADISON COUNTY. 409 suitable for him to be seen riding side by side with a coloured man through the streets of Savannah ; to which Austin replied, that he understood that matter very well. Accordingly, when they advanced along the principal street, Austin checked his horse and fell behind. They had not gone very far before Col. Pope passed by Gen. James Jackson's house, who was then Governor of the State. Upon looking back, he saw the Governor run out of the house, seize Austin's hand, shake it as if he had been his long-absent brother, draw him off his horse, and carry him into his house, where he stayed whilst in town, and was treated with marked kindness. Col. Pope used to tell this anecdote with much glee, adding that he felt cha- grined when he ascertained that whilst he passed his time at a public house, unknown and uncared for, Austin was the hon- oured guest of the Governor. Name. — This county receives its name from James Madi- son. This illustrious man was born in Virginia, on the 5th day of March, 1751. About the age of twelve, he was placed under the care of able teachers, and after the usual prepara- tory course, he became a member of Princeton College, where he graduated. Upon his return home he pursued an extensive course of reading, and thus laid the foundation for that emi- nence to which he afterwards attained. At the commence- ment of the difficulties between Great Britain and her colo- nies, he warmly espoused the cause of the latter ; but, owing to ill health, did not join the army. At 25 years of age, Vir- ginia honoured him with a seat in the Legislature. He was also a member of the Council of the State, until his election to Congress in 1779. The journals of this body show that he dis- tinguished himself as an active and leading member. Many of the state papers of this period were composed by Mr. Ma- dison, and are acknowledged to have been the product of a mind well trained. In 1784, '5 and '6, he represented his State in the Legisla- ture. During these periods questions of great importance were discussed in the Virginia Legislature, and in all of these he took a conspicuous part. In the Federal Convention at Philadelphia for framing the Constitution, no member distin- guished himself more than Mr. Madison. The debates of this 410 MARION COUNTY. Convention, were preserved by him. In the interval be- tween the close of the Convention at Philadelphia for fram- ino- the Federal Constitution and the meeting of the State Legislatures to sanction it, that celebrated work, the Federal- ist, was written, and the chief contributions to it, were made by Mr. Madison. He was in Congress in 1789, and remained a member until 1797. In 1801 Mr. Jefferson gave him the office of Secretary of State, which office he held through eight years of Jefferson's Presidency. In this department he estab- lished his reputation as a consummate statesman. "On the com- plicated questions of the conflicting rights of war and peace, colonial commerce, contraband trade, impressment of seamen, search and seizure of ships, and others too numerous to men- tion, Mr. Madison did nof present one view unmarked with a power of research, of argument, and of reasoning, unsur- passed in the annals of diplomatic writing."* In 1809 he was elected President of the United States, and was re-elected for a second term. The history of his administration is the his- tory of the country at a very trying period. Mr. Madison, at the close of his term, had the satisfaction of seeing his coun- try prosperous. At sixty-six years of age he retired from the turmoils of public life, and resided on his estate in Virginia. For twenty years his chief enjoyments were derived from his farm and books. In 1829, although eighty years of age, he was prevailed upon to become a member of the Convention which sat in Richmond to amend the Constitution of the State of Virginia. At the age of eighty-five his mind was bright, his memory retentive, and his conversation highly de- lightful and instructive. He closed his mortal career June 28, 1836. MARION. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded North by Talbot, East by Macon, South by Sumter and Stewart, and West by Musco- gee. Laid off in 1827, from Lee and Muscogee. Length, about 41 miles ; breadth 30 ; square miles, 1,230. Rivers, Creeks. — There are no very large streams in this MARION COUNTY. 411 county. The creeks are the Kinchafoonee, Juniper, Buck, Pine Knot, Uchee or Richland, and White Water. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 6,552; of these 4,701 were whites, and 1,851 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,293 and 31 cents. Post Offices. — Pea Ridge or Buena Vista, Tazewell, Glenalta, Pineville, Trycam, Poindexter. Towns. — Buena Vista, made the county site in 1847, is situated 7 miles southwest from Tazewell, 101 from Milledgeville, 33 from Columbus, 28 from Talbotton, and 26 from Americus. A fine brick court-house is in the progress of erection. It has two large taverns, two churches, four dry goods stores, two groceries, seven lawyers, three physicians, &c. Amount of business done is over $40,000 per annum. Population about 200. It is a healthy village. Tazewell, formerly the county site, is about 25 miles from Flint river. Population about 100. Since the removal of the county buildings, the place has declined. Pineville, a small village in the western corner of the coun- ty, 15 miles from Tazewell. Glenalta is in the northern part ; has a store, doctor's shop, &;c. Poindexter is in the southeast part. Nature of the Soil. — There is a great diversity in the soil. In some parts the land is red and stiff; but the most of it is a loose sandy soil, and very productive. A consider- able portion bordering upon Talbot is poor pine land. Productions. — Cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, peas, and sugar cane. It has been ascertained that ^'om 12 to 1,500 lbs. of sugar can be produced to the acre. Value of Land, Markets, Cotton. — Lands are worth from $3 to $20 per acre. Columbus and Macon are the mar- kets. From 8 to 10,000 bales of cotton are annually pro- duced. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are neglected. Bridges are in good order. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Missionary Baptists are the most numerous. There are a few Anti-Mis- 412 MARION COUNTY. sionary Baptists, Episcopalians, and Presbyterians. In some neighbouriioods there are good schools, and we are happy to hear that the interest in education is constantly increasing. Character of the People, Amusements. — The citizens of this section of the State are orderly and moral. The chief amusement is hunting. Manufactures, Mills. — At Tazewell is a wool-carding establishment, which does a good business ; two merchant- mills ; ten saw-mills ; eight grist-mills. Mounds. — There are several mounds. The most re- markable are on Col. Brown's plantation. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. Some fevers and chills occur on the water-courses in the fall. There are a few persons in the county over 80 years of ' age; George Buchanan and John Mayo were 81 at their death. Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is $7,404. Value of stock in trade, $10,650. Money at interest, $32,475. Name. — General Francis Marion, after whom this county received its name, was born at Winyaw, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1732. It does not appear that he received any thing more than a plain English education. At the age of 16 he went to sea in a small vessel bound for the West Indies. Whilst on the voyage, 'the vessel foundered, and the crew, consisting of six persons, were compelled to take the boat, and after enduring incredible hardships, Ma- rion with three of the crew reached land. This disaster changed his wish to become a seaman, and he spent thirteen years in the cultivation of the soil. In 1761 he volunteered in an expedition against the Cherokees, first under the com- mand of his brother, and afterwards as Lieutenant under Cap- tain Moultrie. During this campaign, he led the forlorn hope at the battle of Elchoee, and displayed on that bloody occa- sion a firmness and skill which laid the foundation of that reputation which he afterwards gained. At the close of the Cherokee war, he resumed his agricultural labours, where he continued until 1775, when he was returned to the Provincial Assembly of South Carolina, as a member from St. John's Berkeley. This body resolved to risk every thing in defence MARION COUNTY. 413 of their rights, and raised three regiments. Marion was ap- pointed Captain in the second regiment. Until the attack upon Fort Moultrie he was engaged in the recruiting service. In the attack made by the British on Sullivan's Island and Savannah, his bravery was the theme of admiration. He was not present at the siege and capture of Charleston, Major Garden, in his Revolutionary Anecdotes, relates the following incident as explanatory of the reasons why Marion was not present with his regiment in the defence of the capital : — " Lieut. Colonel Marion had dined, a few days previously to the siege of Charleston, with a friend in the house next to Roupel's, in Tradd-street. A mistaken idea of hospitality had occasioned his entertainer, according to the universal practice of the day, to turn the key upon his guests, to pre- vent escape until each individual should be gorged to a surfeit with wine. Marion attempting to escape by a window, fell into the street and dislocated his ankle in a shocking manner. This accident saved him from captivity. After he had partially recovered from this injury, he was again in the field, and joined the continental army under Gates, and was despatched by him to watch the motions of the enemy, and furnish intelli- gence. After he had collected a small band of patriots, he rendered various important services by his attacks upon the enemy. In 1780 he was appointed Brigadier General, and in- vested with the command of a military district, the duties of which he continued to perform until the 8th of September, when he commanded the front line of Greene's army in the battle at Eutaw Springs. Congress returned him their thanks for his gal- lant conduct on this occasion. He was in active service until the close of the Revolution, when he returned to his farm. "In the decline of life, in the modest condition of a farmer, Marion seems to have lived among his neighbours very much like the ancient patriarch, surrounded by his flock. He was honoured and beloved by all. His dwelling was the abode of content and cheerful hospitality. He died peaceful and assured on the 27th day of February, 1795, and was buried in St. Stephen's Parish. The marble slab which covers his remains, bears the following inscription : — ' Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General Francis Ma- 27 414 McINTOSH COUNTY. rion, who departed this life on the 27th day of February, 1795, in the 63d year of his age, deeply regretted by his fellow citizens. History will record his worth, and rising generations embalm his memory as one of the most dis- tinguished patriots and heroes of the American Revolution, who elevated his country to honour and independence, and secured to her the blessings of liberty and peace. This tribute of veneration and gratitude is in commemoration of the noble and disinterested virtues of the citizen, and the gallant exploits of the soldier who lived without fear, and died without re- proach.' "* McINTOSH. Boundaries, Extent, — Bounded IN. by Liberty, E. by the Atlantic, S, by Glynn and Wayne, and W. by Liberty and'' Wayne. Laid out from Liberty, in 1793. Medium length, 40 miles ; medium breadth, 16 miles ; 640 square miles. Post Offices. — Darien, South Newport, Fort Barrington. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- lation was 1,261 whites, and 4,369 blacks ; total, 5,630. State tax returned in 1848, 83,124 74. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Rivers, Creeks, — The Alatamaha river is the principal stream. The other streams are Sapelo river, Doctor's and Jones's creeks, &c. Towns, &c. — Darien is the capital, situated on the north bank of the Alatamaha river, 190 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 60 from Savannah, 30 from Riceborough, 38 from Hinesville, and 12 from Brunswick. It has a court-house, jail, five churches, one hotel, one academy, twelve stores, &c. The town is beautifully shaded with live oaks, some of which are over one hundred years of age. The water is good, but the location of the town is unfavourable to health, being surrounded by swamps. Population 250 whites, and 350 blacks. It was formerly a place of much business, but the construction ^ * Sims's Life of Marion. McINTOSH COUNTY. 4X5 of the Central Railroad has taken much of the produce which used to come to Darien. Situated upon a river which fur- nishes inexhaustible supplies of the best pine lumber in the world, and accessible to ships of heavy burthen, nothing is wanted but perseverance to insure prosperity to the town. Immense quantities of lumber and some turpentine are now brought to Darien. It was settled in 1735, by a colony of Scots, mostly from Inverness and its vicinity. Its former name was New Inverness. History speaks highly of the bravery of the people of Darien at Fort Moosa, three miles from St. Augustine, where a severe battle was fought with the Spaniards in 1740. It is recorded that " the most bloody part of all, fell to the unhappy share of our good people of Da- rien, who almost to a man engaged under the command of their leader, John Moore Mcintosh." Fort Barrington, 12 miles N. W. of Darien, on the Ala- tamaha. South Newport is north of Darien. Jonesville is in the northern part of the county. Early Settlers. — Rev. John McLeod, Joseph Burgess, / Mr. McBain, the Mclntoshes, McDonalds, Cuthberts, Clarkes, / McCleans, Mackeys, Palmers, and many others. Nature of the Soil. — The Alatamaha lands are of inex- haustible fertility, producing large quantities of rice and sugar- cane. The pine lands are valuable for their timber. Manufactures, Mills. — Four steam saw-mills. Within a few years past several of the citizens have engaged in the manufacture of turpentine, with considerable success. Islands, — Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Kurd's, Blackbeard, Broughton, Demere, Butler's, Wright's, Patterson's, Little Sapelo, Black, &c. Antiquities. — On the west bank of the south channel of the Alatamaha river, opposite Darien, are the remains of an ancient fort or fortification, embracing about an acre of ground, supposed to be the work of the French or Spaniards. In Darien there is a mound, and another one on the Ridge road. Springs. — Four miles from Darien there is a spring, sup- posed to be impregnated with mineral qualities. At Baisden's Bluff, there is an excellent spring. Roads and Bridges. — These are kept in good repair. 416 McINTOSH COUNTY. Education. — The wealthier classes are highly educated, but generally little interest is felt in the subject of education. Number of poor children, 127; educational fund, $110 12. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm, and unhealthy. The planters are in the habit of retreating, during the summer months, to the pine lands. Numerous instances of longevity are recorded. Mrs. Susannah Ford died in this county at the age of 113 years ; Mr. John Grant, a soldier under Oglethorpe, was nearly 90 at his death ; Mrs. Mary Ann Mcintosh died in 1835, aged 100 years; George White, 81 ; John Calder, 77. Both of these gentlemen were soldiers of the Revolution. Mr. Thomas Spalding, we believe, is the oldest person now living in the county. We cannot permit this opportunity to pass without a tribute to the worth of this distinguished gentleman. Of such a man any country might be proud. He has filled many high offices, and contri- buted much to advance the agriculture and literature of Geor- gia. His residence is on Sapelo Island. Character of the People. — Like all parts of lower Geor- gia, the citizens of Mcintosh are generally intelligent and hospitable. Religious Sects. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and a few Episcopalians. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $43,832. Value of stock in trade, $40,200. Money at inte- rest, $2,850. Name. — This county was named to commemorate the ser- vices of the Mcintosh family. The Mclntoshes were among the earliest settlers of Georgia ; and their name is associated with almost every event in its history, from the arrival of Oglethorpe to the present time. In the war against the Spaniards, in the war of the Revolution, in that of 1812, and in the recent war against Mexico, the Mclntoshes acquired great distinction. Major General Lachlan Mcintosh, a hero of the Revolution, was born at Borlam, not far from Inverness, in Scotland. His fa- ther, John More Mcintosh, with 130 Highlanders, came to Georgia with Oglethorpe, in 1736, and settled upon the Alata- hama, at a place which they called Inverness, now Darien. At this early period, the means of education in Georgia were very limited ; but young Mcintosh, blessed with an intelligent McINTOSH COUNTY. 417 mother, and favoured with the friendship of Oglethorpe, was carefully instructed in the ordinary branches of an English edu- cation, together with mathematics and surveying. For some time he resided in Charleston, clerk in the counting-house of Henry Laurens, Esq., but mercantile pursuits not suiting his views, he returned to Georgia, where he remained until the voice of his country summoned him to arms. Mr. Mcintosh was called from his retirement, to take command of the first re- giment which Georgia organized ; and when afterwards three regiments were raised, he was appointed Brigadier General. Owing to some unpleasant circumstances resulting from his duel with Mr. Button Gwinnett, he was induced to accept of a command in the central army under Washington.* The west- ern frontiers of the country being the scene of great atrocities, committed by the Indians, it was determined to punish them; and Washington, who entertained a high opinion of his justice and military talents, selected Mcintosh to conduct it. With a force of 500 men, he marched to Fort Pitt, and in a short time succeeded in giving repose to the frontiers. In 1779, he received orders to repair to the south, to take command of the Georgia troops at Augusta, and to be in readiness to march to Savannah. In the siege of the latter place he bore an active part, and commanded the 1st and 5th South Carolina regi- ments of militia. After the fall of Savannah, he retreated to Charleston, and was present when that city surrendered lo Ge- neral Clinton, on the 12th of May, 1780. He was kept as a prisoner of war for a long period, and never resumed his com- mand. He remained in Virginia until the close of the war, when he returned to Georgia. He died in Savannah, in 1806, in the 79th year of his age. Lieut. Col. John Mcintosh was also a soldier of the Revo- lution, and did much service. He had command of the Fort at Sunbury, when Col. Fuser, of the British army, demanded its surrender ; to which he returned the memorable answer — "Come and take it." At the battle of Brier creek, he displayed a bravery which will always entitle him to the highest rank as a soldier. With Elbert he stood his ground until nearly every man was killed. Upon surrendering his sword, a British offi- cer attempted to kill him, and he was only saved by the timely * See page 298. 418 McINTOSH COUNTY. interference of Sir ^Eneas Mcintosh, of the British army. In 1814 he was found in the defence of his country. He died in Mcintosh county, November 12, 1826. Col. John S. Mcintosh, who lost his life in the late war with Mexico, was born in Liberty county, on the 19th of June, 1787, and was the fourth son of Col. John Mcintosh, of revolu- tionary memory. He entered the army in 1812, as lieutenant, and was attached to the rifle regiment, in which he performed severe service in Canada, and on our northern frontier. In May, 1814, a detachment of his regiment, under the command of Major Daniel Appling, was ordered to accompany Captain Woolsey, of the navy, in charge of a number of boats, laden with supplies for the vessels of war, then recently built at Sackett's Harbour. After leaving Oswego, they entered Sandy creek, where they were to be landed, and thence conveyed overland to their destination. Sir James Yeo, commanding the lake fleet, ascertaining the particulars, des- patched several gun-boats and cutters to capture these stores, and the escorts. Accordingly, they entered the creek, disem- barked a body of marines and seamen near where Capt. Wool- sey was engaged in landing the stores. The small band of ri- flemen, apprized of the approach of the enemy, concealed them- selves in the woods ; the gun-vessels as they approached fired shot into the bushes, to disperse any enemy that might be there. As soon as the flotilla and troops got sufficiently near, the rifles poured upon them a destructive fire, and in a few mi- nutes the whole were either killed, wounded, or prisoners, not a paan escaping. All the gun-boats fell into their hands. This signal defeat induced the British commander to raise the block- ade immediately, and they disappeared from the harbour. For his gallantry in this action, the Legislature of Georgia compli- mented Mcintosh with a sword. In another conflict with the enemy, in defending the hospitals at Buffalo, he received a se- vere gunshot wound. On his recovery, he married a lady of New- York, and rejoined the army. When hostilities ceased, he was employed in difl^erent parts of the country, and served with General Jackson throughout the Indian war, and for a considerable time commanded the post at Tampa, in Flo- rida, Thence he was removed to Mobile, and afterwards McINTOSH COUNTY. 419 to the command of Fort Mitchell, in Georgia, during the con- troversy with the Federal Government, a situation of great de- licacy for a Georgian ; he contrived, however, in obeying his orders, to give no offence to his native State. He was then employed in the west ; remained some time at Fort Gibson in Arkansas, and was thence transferred to Prairie du Chien ; then to the command of Fort Winnebago in Wisconsin; then to the command of Fort Gratiot in Michigan, and finally to Detroit, from which place he was ordered to Texas. He arrived at Cor- pus Christi in October, 1845, and reported to General Taylor; and on leaving this place for the Rio Grande he commanded a brigade. He was present at the battles of Palo Alto and Re- saca de la Palma, on the 8th and 9th of May. At the former he displayed his usual self-possession in the midst of dangers; and in a charge of lancers, 1500 strong, he threw his thin but gallant regiment into square to receive them, and poured upon them a fire so deadly, that great numbers were slain, and the rest broke and fled in confusion. At daylight on the morning of the 9th, the Mexicans be- ing reinforced by unknown numbers, and our army surrounded by perils, and encumbered by a large train of supplies, a council was called to deliberate whether to return to Point Isabel, to intrench and wait for reinforcements, or to pro- ceed to the relief of Fort Brown. Colonel Mcintosh promptly and energetically advocated the latter measure, and the hazards of another battle. In a few minutes, the little ar- my, with their brave General at their head, was moving forward. The battle of Resaca de la Palma soon ensued, in which Colonel Mcintosh was hopelessly wounded. When charging the Mexican lines, his horse was killed in passing through the chapparal, and a number of Mexicans in am- bush sprung upon him. One plunged a bayonet in his thigh ; another bayonet struck his wrist, passed between the bones of the left arm, which it broke, and came out on the opposite side, a little below the elbow. While defending himself alone against such odds, he received another bayonet in the mouth, which he grasped with his teeth ; the sturdy Mexican thrusting it forward with all his strength, overturned and pinned him to the ground, the bayonet's point passing out at the back of the 420 McINTOSH COUNTY. neck, behind the ear. Supposing him dead, the party ran into the thicket and disappeared. Recovering himself somewhat, Col. Mcintosh moved slowly towards more open ground, and was looking about among the scattered troops for his faithful regiment, which was at that moment hotly engaged with the enemy, when he met Captain Duncan of the artillery, who, in the hurry of the battle, not observing his wounds, asked for support to effect an important movement. The Colonel turned to the Captain, presenting a most terrible sight ; the blood from some of his numerous wounds had clotted on his face, and he answered with difficulty, " I will give you the support you need." Captain Duncan, perceiving his situation, asked, with some emotion, if he could be of any service to him. Colonel Mcintosh replied, " Yes, give me some water and show me my regiment ;" but he was so exhausted from loss of blood that he soon fell. His life was long despaired of; and his only chance for repairing a constitution broken by long and hard service, seemed to be a northern climate, to which he retired as soon as he could travel. Spending a brief period with his friends in Georgia, and remaining a few months with his children in New-York, he again applied for service in Mexico^ while yet his health was too feeble to encounter the perils of war. On his way to the seat of war, he visited Sa- vannah, where he received from the hands of his fellow-citizens a sword, with appropriate devices, for his gallantry. On reach- 'm &c. The second quality embraces what are called the level pine lands, colour inclining to that of red, suitable for wheat, corn and cotton. The third quality embraces a sort of land containing a little of every colour and degree of fertility. Lands of the first quality are worth $7 per acre ; second, $4 ; third, $2. Average Product per Acre. — On lands of the first quality, the average product of cotton per acre is 1,000 lbs. ; corn, 30 bushels. The second quality lands will produce 700 lbs. of cotton per acre, and corn, 20 bushels. Mineral Springs. — Ten miles west of Lumpkin are two or three springs, within a short distance of each other, im- pregnated with sulphur and iron. Minerals. — Iron is found in a few places. Excellent marl, shell rock, and fossils. Manufactures, Mills. — One wool factory ; 20 grist-mills; 15 saw-mills. Towns. — Lumpkin is the seat of justice ; situated in the centre of the county, on the waters of Hodchodkee creek, dis- tant from Milledgeville 160 miles S. W., 36 from Columbus, 35 from Americus, and 22 from Cuthbert. It has the usual county buildings, three hotels, two churches, and two acade- mies, seven stores, five groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, two carriage-makers, one cabinet-maker, two shoe shops, one silversmith, 10 lawyers, four doctors, and one minister. Con- siderable business is done in this place. Population, from 800 to 1,000. Florence is on the Chattahoochee river, 16 miles W. of Lumpkin. Population, 200. This was once a flourishing place ; but from its unhealthiness, it has lost much of its business. * Lannahassee is a prominent place in the eastern part of the county. Roads. — The roads, with few exceptions, are kept in good order. ^' STEWART COUNTY. 523 Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists, Baptists, Pres- byterians, and a few Universalists. The citizens are not indifferent to the subject of education. Good schools are increasing. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $34,295. Value of stock in trade, $42,250. Money at in- terest, $91,616. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is warm. The diseases are such as usually prevail in south-west Georgia. The following cases of longevity have come to our know- ledge: Mr. William Elliott, 90 years old; Mrs, Elliott, 85; ^ Mr. Bush and wife, both 90 ; Z. Elliott, 84 ; Benjamin Smith, 88 ; Robert Melton, 82; Thomas Glenn, 81. Name. — The chronicle of great names connected with the history of Georgia, would be incomplete without that of Gene- ral Daniel Stewart, whose name this county bears. He was born in St. John's parish, now Liberty county, in 1762. It will be remembered, that at an early period the citizens of St. John's parish took a very firm stand in favour of independence. The early, open, and determined resistance of this parish, did not escape the notice of the enemy ; and accordingly it was made to feel the full measure of royal vengeance. " The Bri- tish army laid waste the whole parish of St. John's ; burnt their church at Medway, destroyed almost every dwelling- house, and the crops of rice then in stacks, drove off the ne- groes and horses, carried away the plate belonging to the planters, and trespassed upon the sacred dwellings of the dead." Such proceedings only served to increase the flame of opposi- tion among the patriots of St. John's parish. Many fearless spirits, such as the Bakers, Winns, Maxwells, Screvens, and Joneses, and a host of others, repaired to the standard of their country, resolved " to do or die.'' Among these was Daniel Stewart, who at the age of 15 or 16 years joined the American army. He was frequently in battle under Generals Sumter, Marion, and Col. W. R. Hat'den. At Bocataligo, in South Carolina, he was taken prisoner, and put on board of a prison ship, from which, after suffering the most rigorous treatment, he made his escape. Throughout the whole strug- 524 SUMTER COUNTY. gle for liberty, he continued in active service, enduring suffer- ings, the recital of which would hardly be credited. At the close of the war he retired to his native county, but the Indian depredations on the frontiers called him again to arms. To the protection of the inhabitants of the southern sections of Georgia, none contributed more than did the men under Co- lonel Stewart. Indians in detached bodies were constantly making inroads upon the settlements, carrying off their pro- perty, and often murdering whole families. We have had an opportunity of examining fulj, accounts, written by the actors of these eventful times, of the state of things which then existed in the counties of Liberty and Camden ; and they all award to Col. Stewart the meed of high praise for the measures he adopt- ed to secure the helpless inhabitants against their savage assail- ants. The responsible and dangerous duties devolving upon Colonel Stewart, were performed with a fidelity and perseve- rance which entitle him to the gratitude of his countrymen. He filled many important offices in the gift of the people. The Legislature of Georgia conferred many appointments upon him. He was an elector, and voted for Madison for the Pre- sidency ; and on raising a brigade of cavalry, he w^as elected Brigadier General. In 1791 he was placed upon a committee in the name of the Church and Society at Medway, to present an address to General Washington, who was then on a visit to Georgia. In the war of 1812 he was again in the field as Bri- gadier General of Cavalry, ready, had it been necessary, to meet the foes of his country. In private life he shone most conspicuously. In all the relations of husband, parent, and master, he was affectionate and humane. For many years, he was an exemplary member of the church in Medway. He died at his residence in Liberty county, in the 69th year of his age. SUMTER. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Macon and Marion, E. by Dooly, S. by Lee, and W. by Stewart. Laid out from Lee, in 1831. SUMTER COUNTY. 525 Post Offices, — Americus, Danville, Friendship, Plains of Dura, Pondtown. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 4,926 whites, and 2,515 blacks; total, 7,441. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $2,619 90. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river forms the eastern boun- dary of the county. The Muckalee, Muckaloochee, and Kin- chafoonee, are considerable streams. Spring, Mountain, and Little Sweet Water, are among the largest creeks. Towns. — Americus, the county site, is a pretty and thri- ving town on the waters of Muckalee creek. It contains the usual county buildings, three churches, male and female acade- mies, two hotels, four drygoods stores, one drug-store, three groceries, one tan-yard, two blacksmiths, two shoe and boot shops, nine lawyers, and six physicianss. Population about 450. The town is well shaded with trees of natural growth. Distance from Milledgeville, 165 miles S. W. ; from Flint river, 16 W. ; from Columbus, 59; and from Albany, 40. Made the county site and incorporated in 1832. Danville is 16 miles E. of Americus, on the Flint river. Population, 200. This is an unhealthy place. Pondtown is 12 miles N. of Americus. Population, 150. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil, Produc- tions.— The face of the country is flat. Much of the land is very productive, particularly on the rivers and creeks. Cotton is the principal article cultivated. Corn, wheat, rye, and sugar-cane do well. Markets. — Farmers send their cotton to Macon, Columbus, and Albany. Mills. — Merchant-mill, 1 ; saw-mills, 7 ; grist-mills, 12. Cotton. — Between 8,000 and 9,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. Roads and Bridges. — These are kept in good repair. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — During the summer months it is excessively hot. The climate can hardly be called unhealthy, although there are several localities where sickness prevails. Fevers and chills are the most common diseases. The following are the cases of longevity which 34 526 SUMTER COUNTY. have come to our knowledge. Mr. Wyatt Gates, over 80 ; Mr. A. Godwin, over 80; Mr. R. Satlar, over 80; Daniel Flanigan, 83. Religious Sects, Education. — The religious sects are Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Methodists, Presby- terians, and Universalists. The interest in the subject of edu- cation is daily increasing. In Americus and some other places, there are schools having a high reputation. Number of poor children, 279. Educational fund, $241 95. Character of the People, Amusements. — The inhabit- ants of this county are intelligent, hospitable, and frugal. The forests abound with game, and hunting constitutes one among the chief amusements. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were Mr. L. B. Smith, Mr. J. Tyner, and Mr. W. Brady. Value of Town Lots, &c. — According to the Digest for 1848, the value of town lots is $13,240. Stock in trade, $20,325. Money at interest, $22,231. Name. — The following account of Major General Thomas Sumter, is abridged from a memoir written by William Gil- more Sims, Esq. : Thomas Sumter, after whom this division of the State was named, was born in Virginia, in the year 1734. When a boy, he went as a volunteer against the French and Indians, in the " old French war." Not long after Braddock's defeat he camo^to South Carolina, where he was engaged in active service against the Indians. Known to be a warm friend to the principles of those who were opposed to the usurpations of Great Britain, as early as March, 1776, he was appointed by the Provisional Congress, Lieutenant Colonel of the 2d regiment of riflemen, and was engaged in watching the outbreaks of the disaffected on the frontier, and the hostile red men. After the fall of Charleston, Sumter retired to the swamps of the Santee ; but he soon emerged from his hiding place, went to North Ca- rolina to obtain recruits, and stopped at a place known as the " Gillespie Settlement." Of the Gillespie family were nu- merous brothers, all of whom were famous cock-fighters. They were content with the conflicts of the barn-yard, hav- ing in their possession, amongst other famous fighting birds, a SUMTER COUNTY. 527 blue hen of the game species, whose progeny were particularly distinguished for their martial qualities. Of one of these chick, ens, called Tuck, there is quite a biography. His reputation was extended far and wide, from mountain to mountain. He was never known to refuse a fight, or to lose a battle. At one time Sumter suddenly appeared at the cockpit and surprised the Gillespies at their usual occupations, and in abrupt language called upon them to leave the cockpit, and go with him, where he would teach them how to fight with men. They took him at his word. " Tuck for ever," was the cry of the Gillespies. " He is one of the Blue Hen's chickens." The sobriquet stuck to him always after ; and the eagerness with which he sought his enemies on all occasions amply justified in the opinion of his followers the name of the Game Cock. In raising recruits our hero was successful, and on the 12th of July, 1780, he gave the Gillespies the amusement he had promised them, by suddenly attacking a body of Tories, and completely defeating them. After this affair Sumter had the pleasure of receiving from Governor Rutledge, a commission as a Brigadier in the service of the State, and was ordered to re- cover a certain portion of the country from the power of the enemy. On the 30th of July, 1780, he advanced upon the British post at Rocky Mount ; but for want of artillery, he was compelled to abandon the attack. Hanging Rock next attracted the notice of Sumter. This was garrisoned by a force of 500 men ; and although in the battle fought here he could not be said to have obtained a complete victory, yet it is acknowledged by the enemy, that they got the worst of the battle. About August of the same year, he surprised the British near Carey's fort. Hav- ing taken the fort, stores and troops, he commenced a retreat ; but Tarlton overtook him two days after, at Fishing creek. Burdened with his baggage and his prisoners, 300 in number, his movements were necessarily slower than those of the light armed troops which Tarlton commanded. The camp of Sumter was surprised ; his troops were dispersed, the pri- soners recaptured, and Sumter again a fugitive. Again he made his way into North Carolina, and after raising _a force, he took the field and occupied a post at the Fish Dam ford. 528 SUMTER COUNTY. Here he was attacked by Col. Wemyss ; but so gallantly did Sumter defend his position, that the British fled, leaving their commander in the hands of the Americans. Col. Wemyss had rendered himself very obnoxious to the Americans by his cruelties. In addition to many offences of the same character, a memorandum of the houses and es- tates he was yet to destroy was found upon his person. This was shown to Sumter, but he, with the magnanimity becom- ing a hero, threw the paper into the 'fire, and would permit no injury to be inflicted upon the British ofiicer. After this ac- tion, he crossed Broad river, and being joined by an addi- tional force, he prepared to attempt the British post at Ninety- Six ; but hearing of the approach of Tarlton, he changed his movements, and took up his position at the house of Black- stock, where he was attacked by the British ; but a well directed fire from the Americans forced him to give up the assault. In this engagement 192 of the enemy were left on the field, of whom 92 were slain, and the rest wounded. The loss of the Americans was almost nominal. General Sumter received a ball through the breast near the shoulder, which for a long time rendered him unfit for service. Congress ac- knowledged his services by a vote of thanks. In the early part of 1781, he again took the field, and made a rapid movement towards Fort Granby, and succeeded in destroying its magazines, and the very next day he surprised an escort convoying wagons of stores from Charleston to Cam- den, slew thirteen of the escort, and made sixty-six prisoners. Not long after this he was attacked by Major Fraser, near Cam- den ; but that officer got the worst in the conflict, making off" with the loss of twenty men. Receiving a letter from General Greene, requesting him to do all in his power towards break- ing up the British communication, Sumter was already in the field, sweeping the country lying between the Broad, Sa- luda, and Wateree rivers. On the 10th of May, he took the British post, at Orange- burgh, with its garrison, consisting of 100 men, and all its stores. About this time Gen. Sumter, embroiled in a dispute with Col. Lee, sent his commission to Gen. Greene, whom he thought improperly partial to Lee. This was returned with TALBOT COUNTY. 529 many expressions of kindness and compliment on the part of Gen. Greene ; and Sumter, cheerfully yielding his private grievances to his sense of patriotism, resumed his responsi- bilities ; but in a short time, fatigue and wounds demanded that he should have a respite from toils, and accordingly he repaired to the mountains, for the purpose of recruiting his health ; and when he was able to resume the field, the war was at an end. He survived long after the independence of his country was established. For many years he was a member of Congress, first as a Representative, and afterwards as a Senator. He lived to a mature old age, honoured to the last, and died on the 1st of June, 1832, at his residence, near Brad- ford Springs, South Carolina, in the ninety-eighth year of his ase. TALBOT. Boundaries, Extent. — Talbot county is bounded N. by Meriwether, N. E. by Upson, E. by Crawford, S. by Marion and Macon, and W. by Harris. Laid out in 1827. Length 25 miles, breadth 18 miles. Containing 450 square miles. Post Offices. — Bluff Spring, Talbotton, Carsonville, Centre, Daviston, Pine Hill, Pleasant Hill, Prattsburg, Quito, Holt's Shop, Mount Pleasant. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- pulation was 14,192; of these 8,016 were whites, and 6,176 blacks. State tax for 1848, $5,278 98 cents. Sends two re- presentatives to the Legislature. Rivers, Creeks. — The Flint river is the main stream. The water-courses of less magnitude are Patsiliga, Hachasof- kee, Lazer, Beaver creek, &c. Mountains. — The Oak mountains are in the northern part of the county. Towns. — Talbotton, the seat of justice, is situated on the waters of Lazer Creek. It is a neat town, 93 miles west of Milledgeville, 25 from Greeneville, 23 from Thomaston, 32 from Columbus, and 35 from La Grange. Talbotton was 530 TALBOT COUNTY. incorporated and made the county site in 1828. The situa- tion is high and salubrious. Its pubHc buildings consist of a court-house, jail, Masonic hall, two academies, one for males and one for females ; and three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Episcopal. The court-house is of brick, and is large and well arranged. The Methodist and Baptist churches are large and handsome buildings. The Episcopal church has been re- cently erected. It is a Gothic building, in perfect keeping throughout. It is an ornament to the town, and is perhaps the most perfect piece of Gothic architecture in the State. The population of Talbotton is about 1,500. It has seven or eight good stores. The Collingsworth Institute is within a mile of the town. Mills. — Saw-mills, 15; grist-mills, 25. Religious Sects. — Missionary, Anti-Missionary and Free- will Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians. Education. — Education is rather neglected. Good in- structers are wanted. Number of poor children, 226. Edu- cational fund, $190. Climate ^and Diseases. — The climate is mild. The most common diseases are fevers. The only case of longevity with which we are acquainted is that of Shadrach Ellis, a soldier of the Revolution, who died at the age of 80. Other cases of longevity are doubtless to be found in the county. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is very broken. The soil is various. The brown or mulatto lands prevail, but there is much red and gray ; the latter being porous and subject to washing. Along the margin of the streams there is some alluvium. In the south- ern portion of the county there is much pine land, through which courses several fine mill-streams. Some of the post-oak lands are very fine. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, &:.c., are extensively cultivated. Character of the People. — The people, as a mass, are intelligent and industrious, but are wanting in public spirit. Roads and Bridges. — Some of these are in good order, while others are sadly neglected. Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 531 f 28,904. Value of stock in trade, $29,300. Money at inte- rest, $73,955. Name. — Talbot county received its name in honour of Matthew Talbot. This gentleman came from Virginia in 1785, settled in Wilkes, and afterwards moved to Oglethorpe county. His honesty and firmness made him one of the most popular men in Georgia, and his fellow-citizens gave him many proofs of the confidence which they had in his ability and fidelity to represent their interests. In Wilkes, Mr. Talbot was always the man of the people, and for many years was the faithful representative of that county in the State Legislature. Whilst a resident of Oglethorpe he was elected a delegate to the Convention which framed the present Constitution of the State of Georgia. In 1808, he was elected to the Senatorial branch of the Legislature; and, from 1818 to 1823, was President of the Senate ; and, upon the death of Governor Rabun, was ex- officio Governor. In the various departments in which the par- tiality of his fellow-citizens placed him, he was never known to swerve from his duty. As a member of the Legislature, he in- variably had reference to the good of the State. As President of the Senate, his conduct was marked by dignity and impar- tiality. In private life he was friendly and amiable. His heart was the seat of kindness. He closed his life in Wilkes county on the 17th of September, 1827, in the 60th year of his age. TALIAFERRO. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Oglethorpe and Wilkes on the N., Warren on the E., Hancock on the S., and Greene on the W. Laid out in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Hancock, Greene, and Oglethorpe. It is 16 miles long and 11 wide, containing 176 square miles. Post Offices. — Crawfordville, Raytown. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845 the popu- lation was 5,801, of which 2,130 were whites, 2,671 blacks. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1639 96. Sends one repre- sentative to the Legislature. 532 TALIAFERRO COUNTY. Rivers, Creeks. — Little river, and the North and South Forks of the Ogeechee ; Hardin's, Lick, Powder, and Reedy- creeks. Towns. — Crawfordvilleis the seat of justice, on the Georgia Railroad, 618 feet above the level of tide water, 45 miles JN. E. of Milledgeville, 64 from Augusta, 18 from Greenesborough, 20 from Washington, and 18 from Warrenton, and contains a brick court-house, a jail, two public houses, one academy, one church, four lawyers, four or five physicians, three stores, three or four groceries, and several mechanic shops. Amount of goods sold in a year, $40,000. The water is good. Incor- porated in 1826. Population, 250. Raytown is 7 miles N. E. of Crawfordville. It has two stores, two groceries, one tailor, two blacksmiths, one wagon- maker, and one physician. Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — There are some excellent lands in this county, particularly on Little river, adapted to cotton, wheat, and other grains; worth $10 per acre. The other lands command from $4 to $6 per acre. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are in a good condition. Manufactures, Mills. — One extensive cotton-gin factory in Crawfordville. Three flour-mills ; 3 saw-mills ; 6 grist-mills. Value of Town Lots, &c. — Value of town lots, $8,797. Value of stock in trade, $4,065. Money at interest, $32,959. Religious Sects. — The principal religious societies are the Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the year 1800, several Roman Catholics emigrated from Maryland, and established a church at Locust Grove. The present pastor is the Rev. Peter Wayland. In the county are three Methodist churches, two Baptist, one Roman Catholic, and one Presby- terian. Education. — The citizens have not been regardless of education. Most of the children attend school. Number of poor children, 187. Educational fund, $162 16. Minerals. — Gold, iron, granite, quartz, mica, and gneiss. Sulphuret of iron and magnetic iron ore are found in various places. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 450 pounds per acre ; corn 2 barrels ; wheat 8 bushels. TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 533 About 7,000 bags of cotton are annually raised. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate does not differ from that of the neighbouring counties. The diseases are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. Mr. Richard King, a sol- dier of the Revolution, died in this county at 96 ; Mr. Rich- ard Parker was over 80 ; Mr. Henry Stewart was 90. Mrs. Stewart, 86, and Mrs. Morris, over 80, are both living. Antiquities. — There is a mound six miles west of Craw- fordville. Mineral Spring. — In the upper part of the county there is a spring, which has been analyzed, and found to be possessed of mineral properties. Productions. — Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, peas, &c. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people are well informed and hospitable. The amusements are hunt- ing, fishing, dancing, &c. Eminent Men. — Hon. A. H. Stephens, the able repre- sentative of the Seventh Congressional District of the State of Georgia, is a native of Taliaferro. His residence is at Crawford ville. Name. — The gentleman after whom this portion of the State is called, was Benjamin'Taliaferro, whose ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Virginia, and many of the name are still to be found in the middle and low country of that Slate. The subject of this memoir was the son of Zack Talia- ferro. When a mere youth he joined the Continental army as lieutenant, and very soon obtained a captaincy. In the severe service which the American army had to perform in the Jerseys, he participated with undaunted firmness. At the battle of Princeton, the corps which he commanded forced a British company to surrender. When the captain stepped forward in his elegant uniform, and inquired for the American com- mander, that he might deliver up his sword, Captain Taliaferro felt some hesitation in presenting himself, as he was at that time without shoes or shirt, and his coat much the worse for wear ; but he finally advanced and received the sword of the dashing English captain. At the call of Washington, he vol- unteered to join the Southern army, and after seeing much 534 TATTNALL COUNTY. hard service he was made prisoner at the siege of Charleston. He was discharged on his parole, returned to Virginia, and again mingled among his neighbours. He moved with his family to Georgia, in 1784 or 1785, and soon made himself one among the most useful citizens in the State. He was President of the Senate, Judge of the Superior Court, Trustee of Franklin College, and member of Congress. The Legisla- ture which rescinded the Yazoo Act paid to his integrity the singularly high compliment of electing him Judge, although he was not a lawyer. Col. Taliaferro was stout in person, six feet high, with regular, handsome features. His understand- ing was good, and his conversation agreeable. Army inter- course had given him the manners and information of a gentleman. TATTNALL. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Emanuel ; N. E. by Bulloch ; S. E. by Liberty ; S. W. by Appling ; and N. W., by Montgomery. Laid out from Montgomery in 1801, and portions of it added to Montgomery in 1812. It is 35 miles long, and 34 wide. Square miles, 1190. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ohoopee river flows through the centre of the county. The Alatamaha flows on the south- west part, and the Cannouchee on the northeast. The other streams are Pendleton's and Rocky creeks, emptying into the Ohoopee from the west ; Slaughter, Inman's, Cobb's, and Milligan's creeks, discharge themselves into the Alatamaha. Battle and Thomas creeks flow into the Ohoopee from the north- east ; Wolf, Hound, Dry, Cedar, and Bull creeks, discharge themselves into the Cannouchee. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The population in 1845 was 1,902 whites, and 606 blacks ; total, 2,508. Amount of tax for 1848,8946 67. Sends one member to the Legislature. TATTNALL COUNTY. 535 Post Offices. — Reidsville, Perry's Mills, Surreneys. Towns. — Reidsville, the county site, is situated on a high and sandy hill, about four miles from the Ohoopee. It has the usual county buildings, and a population of 50 inhabitants. From Statesborough it is 40 miles ; from Swainsborough, 45 miles ; from Mount Vernon, 35 miles ; from Hinesville, 40 miles ; from Darien, 70 miles ; from Savannah, 65 miles ; and from Milledgeville, 120 miles. Early Settlers. — Ezekiel Stafford, Ezekiel Clifton, Ben- jamin Stripling, George Payne, John Mobley, Josep_h_Bell, | Stephen Matlock, William Mann, William Hodges, and others. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is healthy. Diseases are almost unknown. There are many persons now residing in the county over 80 years of age; among whom are Ezekiel Clifton, Ezekiel Stafford, Edward Kennedy, Thomas Bourke, and others. Character of the People. — The people are sober, indus- trious, and hospitable. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists. About 30 churches in the county. Education is neglected. Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions, Markets. — In the lower part of the county bordering on Liberty, the land is level. The other part may be called hilly. The soil is light and sandy, with the exception of that on the streams, which is stiff. The productions are the same as those of the adjoining counties. Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre ; corn, 15 bushels ; 1500 bales of cotton annually made. Mar- ket, Savannah. Large quantities of lumber are sent to Darien and Savannah. Value of Land. — The value of land ranges from 50 cents to $1 per acre. Mills. — Saw-mills 15; grist and flour-mills, 23. Expense of Living, Provisions, &cc. — Board, $6 per month ; provisions about the same as in the adjoining counties. Negro men hire for $80, and women for $40 per annum. White labourers get $10 per month. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $464; stock in trade, $4,250; money at interest, $17,727. Name. — General Josiah Tattnall, in honour of whom this 536 TATTNALL COUNTY. county is named, was the son of Colonel Josiah Tattnall, and was born at Bonaventure, below Savannah, a place owned by his grandfather. Colonel Mulryne. Colonel Tattnall had been an officer in the British colonial service, and had received two wounds in the wars of Carolina and Georgia against the In- dians. His military character being high at the commence- ment of the Revolution, he was offered the command of the forces raised for the defence of Savannah. Although opposed to the measures of England, he was also opposed to an appeal to arms, and declined the ofler. He would not take up arms against Georgia, and he left the country (no neutrals being tole- rated), carrying with him to England his son Josiah, thesubject of this memoir, then eleven years old. The father soon re- crossed the Atlantic to Nassau, in New Providence, leaving the son at Eaton school, under the care of an uncle. Here he remained for eighteen months ; after which his uncle placed him on board of a man-of-war ship, to prevent his return to his native Georgia. He was under the patronage of the cap- tain, with assurances of rapid promotion if he behaved well. The ship was bound for India. Neither the glare of power or of profit seduced his affections. A large proportion of the crew were Americans, forced on board. Mutinies occurred, and the generous boy, with the Americans, was turned over from ship to ship. Having procured a little money from his godfather, a gentleman of the name of Elliott, who had lived in Georgia, unknown to parents or uncle, he found his way back to America. Whilst under the British flag, some question arose upon the matters in issue between the two countries, when Tattnall maintained the cause of his native land. A duel was the result, in which he wounded his antagonist. At the age of eighteen he landed, without a shil- ling in his pocket, on the north side of the Savannah river, and travelling alone on foot through the country, arrived at Purys- burgh, where he crossed into Georgia, and then joined the army of General Wayne, at Ebenezer. The war was closing, and no opportunity was presented for drawing his sword in defence of freedom. On the surrender of Savannah he was immediately placed in office. The whole of Chatham at that time constituted but one regiment. He was soon Captain of TATTNALL COUNTY. 537 the White Bluff District, in which was situated Bonaventure, and then very densely inhabited. In 1792 he had command of the Chatham artillery, which is now one of the most respect- able companies in the State. In 1793 he became Colonel of the regiment. In 1800 he was elected Brigadier General of the First Brigade of the First Division. In his military capa- city he rendered important services in 1788 and 1793, in or- ganizing detachments of militia sent from Chatham into the counties of Bryan, Liberty, and Mcintosh, then much harassed by the Creek Indians. In 1787, at the head of a body of light infantry, he was engaged in an expedition under Col. James Gunn, composed of South Carolina and Georgia troops, which destroyed large and well fortified camps of slaves, in open insurrection, on the waters of Abercorn creek. The slaves were led by certain notorious negro brigands, who had acted with the British at the siege of Savannah, and had been particularly active against that portion of the American assail- ing forces commanded by Col, Laurens, and in wliich the brave Jasper received his death-wound. This was the most serious insurrection that ever occurred in Georgia. It had its origin in the year 1786. The negroes had been embodied many months, and were many hundreds in number, were well armed, and so formidable, that after various attempts in both years to subdue them, a body of Catawba Indians, and some pieces of cannon, were in this expedition employed against them. In 1797 and 1798, Col. Tattnall was much engaged, when not in attendance upon the sessions of Congress, in the drill of his regiment, war and invasion by the French being antici- pated. The civil services of this eminent patriot were much more important, He was frequently sent to the Legislature. He served in the year 1796 at Louisville, in the General Assembly that rescinded the Yazoo Act of January, 1795. Against that infamous speculation he was the determined foe, and was the leading member of the Senate, as General James Jackson was of the lower house, who carried through the rescinding act. So sensible was the Legislature of 1796 of his ardent devotion to the interests of Georgia, that they passed an act relieving his brother, John Mulryne Tattnall, 538 TATTNALL COUNTY. from the pains of the confiscation laws, and elected Colonel Tattnall Senator in Congress, to serve out General Jackson's term. It was believed that the speculators, having been de- feated in Georgia, would renew the war against her rights in the Federal Legislature, and Tattnall's talents and influence were called into requisition to defeat them on the floor of the national Senate. His correspondence with the Executive of Georgia shows with what fidelity he discharged his trust on this and on every other matter interesting to the State. In general politics, he was of the republican party. In 1798 he retired for a short period from public life to Bonaventure, extending a refined and elegant hospitality to all who visited him. In November, 1801, he was elected Governor of Geor- gia. In the same year, by the same Legislature, he was made a Brigadier General. As further evidence of his great popularity, and the sense Georgia had of his purity of charac- ter and high public service, the Legislature took off" the name of his father from the confiscation acts, with full liberty to remove into the State with his property, subject to his sole and entire future disposal, and restored him to all the rights of citizenship. Gov. Tattnall had the inexpressible pleasure to sign the act absolving his own father, — the only act, it is believed, ever approved by a Governor of Georgia with words of comment preceding the Executive signature. These were words of gratitude from a public servant to his country, for good rendered to his earthly parent. Nor was this all ; for the same Legislature laid off* the county of Tattnall, and gave it its name. The government, a brigadier generalcy, the par- don of his father, and a county named after hirp, at one and the same session ! In 1802, from extreme ill health, he surrendered the Exe- cutive chair. In October he sent a message to the Legisla- ture, about to meet at Louisville, giving an account of the affairs of the State during his short administration, expressing his sorrow that the rupture of a blood-vessel rendered it im- possible for him to be with them, and that it was necessary for him to withdraw from public life. He assured them that were he blessed with sufficient health, both duty and inclina- tion would forcibly urge him to a continuance in office for TELFAIR COUNTY. 539 the constitutional term. " Indeed, said he, were this not the case, I should be deficient in gratitude to my country for the distinguished marks of favour and confidence I have so fre- quently experienced, v^^hich claim, and I trust I may be per- mitted to say, secure my lasting affection and devotion to her service." Governor Tattnall went without delay to the West Indies, where he died in June, 1804. His dying request was that his body should be removed to his native State. The Hon. Nathaniel Hall, of Nassau, to whom the management of his affairs was committed, complied with his last wishes, and accompanied his remains to Georgia, and deposited them in the burial-ground at Bonaventure. He left two sons. The one, the chivalric Colonel Edward Fenwick Tattnall, who was an officer in the United States army in the war of 1812, and wounded at Point Peter, near St. Mary's, in Georgia, the effects of which he felt during his whole life. This high-minded gentleman afterwards became eminent in the State Legislature and Congress, and dying early in life, was buried by the side of his father. The other, Commander Josiah Tattnall, of the navy, was at the repulse of the British at Craney Island, in the same war, and a volun- teer in the battle of Bladensburgh. Subsequently he was with Decatur at Algiers, and at a later period on the African sta- tion, and very lately, in the war with Mexico, has been dis- tinguished. He was wounded in the wrist by a musket-ball in an engagement with the Mexicans, and before the Castle of San Juan U'Ulloa gained for himself a wreath of imper- ishable fame, as the commander of the Moscheto fleet." * TELFAIR. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Pulaski, N. E. by Montgomery, S. E. by Appling, and S. W. by Irwin. Laid out in 1807. Part added to Montgomery in 1812, 1820, and 1833. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide, containing 414 square miles. * The compiler of this work is indebted to Col. J. W. Jackson, of Sa- vannah, for the above memoir. 540 TELFAIR COUNTY. Rivers, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee and the Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee-Hachee, are the most considerable streams. The creeks are numerous, such as Sugar, Cedar, Alligator, Horse, Turnpike, &c. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 1986 whiles, and 767 blacks; total, 2753. Amount of State tax for 1848, $841 13. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Jacksonville, Copeland, Lumber City, Tem- perance, Ocmulgeeville. Early Settlers. — Charles McKinnon, John Wilcox, Gen, Coffee, Colonel William Ashley, Duncan McRae, Murdock McDuffie, Norman McLeod, and others. Towns. — Jacksonville, the capital, is situated one mile from the Ocmulgee river, 104 miles S. of Milledgeville, 45 from Hawkinsville, 53 from Dublin, and 40 from Mount Vernon. Population, 60. It has the usual county buildings and four stores. Lumber City, 16 miles below Jacksonville, was once in a very flourishing condition. It was built by a northern com- pany. The saw-mills erected by this company, together with their other property, were valued at $500,000, and four years ago all were sold by the sheriff and tax collector for $500. Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The soil is sandy, but productive, particularly on the streams. The swamp lands on the Ocmulgee and the Hammocks are very rich, but subject to overflow. The chief productions are corn, cotton, sugar- cane, wheat, oats, rye. Corn averages 15 bushels per acre ; cotton produces 500 or 600 lbs. per acre. About 800 bales of cotton are annually produced. Many persons are engaged in the lumber business. Farmers send their produce to Sa- vannah. Mills. — Eight grist-mills, three saw-mills. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is generally healthy. Remote from the streams fever is unknown. There are many persons of advanced age now in the county. Daniel Mclnnis, Joseph Williams, and John Wilcox, are over 80 years of age. One among the most remarkable cases of longevity is that of James Thomas, who died in this county on the 10th of April, 1802, in the 134th year of his age. During the greatest TELFAIR COUNTY. 541 part of his life he lived temperate, and his exit was unaccom- panied by pain. He retained his mental faculties to the last. His eyesight was so little impaired that he could read print without the assistance of glasses to the last year of his exist- ence. Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- dists are the most numerous, sects. Education is neglected, although not to the extent that it was formerly. The children of the poor are only provided for by the general poor school fund. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are not in a very good condition. Name. — Edward Telfair, from whom this county derives its name, was born in Scotland, in 1735, on the farm of Toron Head, the ancestral estate of the family, and which has since been sold to the Earl of Selkirk. He received an English education at the grammar school of Kirkcudbright. At the age of 23, he came to America as an agent of a mercantile house, and resided some time in Virginia. He afterwards removed to Halifax, N. C, and subsequently to Georgia, and in 1766 settled in Savannah, and engaged in commercial pursuits. When the storm of the American Revo- lution began to lower, Mr. Telfair was found among the sons of liberty who determined to resist to the last extremity the tyrannical measures of the mother country. At the memor- able meeting of the patriots, held in the city of Savannah, on the 27th of July, 1774, he was placed upon a committee ap- pointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the determination of Georgia to co-operate with the other Colonies in defence of their violated rights. About this time the citizens of Boston were suffering much inconvenience from the effects of the Boston Port Bill ; and their distressed condition had excited a feeling of commiseration throughout the Colonies. The friends of liberty exerted themselves to render every assistance in their power to the inhabitants of Boston. Contributions in money and provisions were sent to them from various sections ; and although Georgia was weak, and incapable of sending much aid, she resolved to do all which her means would allow. Accordingly, a committee was appointed to receive 35 542 TELFAIR COUNTY. subscriptions for the relief of the suffering Bostonians, and Mr. Telfair had the honour of being placed upon this com- mittee. In the memoir of Mr. Habersham, on page 304 of this work, allusion is made to the breaking open of the Magazine, and seizure of the powder, in Savannah. Mr. Telfair was one of the brave band associated with Mr. Habersham in that bold undertaking. A reward was .offered by Governor Wright for the persons who had seized it, and though they were well known to some of the members of his privy council, yet they were not arrested, and the powder soon spoke for itself, to the dread of the British and Tories. When the exigency of the times demanded the appointment of a Council of Safety, such had been the devotion of Mr. Telfair to the cause of freedom that he was honoured with a seat in this illustrious body. Throughout the whole revolutionary struggle he bore a con- spicuous part, and was intrusted by his fellow-citizens with the highest offices. In February, 1778, he was elected by the House of As- sembly of Georgia, one of the delegates to represent the State in the Continental Congress, and took his seat in that body on the 13th of July following, and on the 24th of that month signed the ratification of the articles of confederation. In November of that year, he obtained leave of absence, returned to his seat on the 15th of May, 1780, and continued a member until January, 1783, when his term of office expired. Early in this year he was appointed, by the Governor of Georgia, one of the commissioners to form a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs, which was finally concluded on the 30th of May; 1783, establishing the boundary line between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee nation. In May, 1785, he was re-elected a member of Congress, but did not take his seat. He was Governor of Georgia, from the 9th of January, 1786, to the 9th of January, 1787, and again from the 9th of November, 1790, to the 7th of November, 1793. During General Washington's visit to Georgia, in May, 1791, he was brilliantly entertained by Gov. Telfair, at his family residence, near Augusta, called the Grove; and on the TELFAIR COUNTY. 543 departure of the General, he addressed to him the following letter, which is still preserved in the archives at Milledge- ville : To His Excellency Edward Telfair, Governor of Georgia. Augusta, May 20th, 1791. Sir : — Obeying the impulse of a heartfelt gratitude, I ex- press with particular pleasure my sense of obligations which your Excellency's goodness and the kind regards of your citizens have conferred upon me. I shall always retain a most pleasing remembrance of the polite and hospitable attentions, which 1 have received in my tour through the State of Geor- gia, and during my stay at the residence of your government. The manner in which you are pleased to recognise my public services, and to regard my private felicity, excites my sensibility, and claims my grateful acknowledgment. Your Excellency will do justice to the sentiments which influencp my wishes, by believing, that they are sincerely offered for your personal happiness, and the prosperity of the State over which you preside. George Washington. McCall in his History of Georgia, makes honourable men- tion of Governor Telfair. In Congress he obtained much celebrity by his ability as a financier ; and it is affirmed that the plan adopted by Congress for raising money to carry on the war originated with him. Governor Telfair died at Savannah, 17th Sept., 1807. in the 72nd year of his age. Thomas Telfair, one of his sons, was a member of Con- gress from 1813 to '17. He took a conspicuous part in the de- bates of that Congress, upon protection of domestic industry, and the Tariff for that object. He warmly opposed Mr. Calhoun, and the Protectionists of that day. He was one of the Georgia delegation who voted for increased pay to mem- bers of Congress, and the people of Georgia elected an entirely new delegation to express their disapprobation of that mea- sure. Mr. Telfair's letter to his constituents on that occasion, contains sentiments highly honourable to his manly indepen- dence of character. 544 THOMAS COUNTY. THOMAS. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Irwin on the N., Lowndes on the E., Florida on the S., and Baker and Decatur on the VV. Laid out from Decatur and Irwin, and organized in 1825. Length, 37 miles ; breadth, 25. Square miles, 925. Rivers, Creeks, — The rivers are the Ochlockonee, which rises in Irwin, flows in a southwesterly direction, and empties into the Apallachee bay. The Mickasuckee has its origin in this county, flows southeast, and empties into a lake of the same name in Florida. The Aucilla also rises in this county, flows south, and discharges itself into the bay of Apallachee. The streams of less note are Proctor's, Barnett's, Mule, Bridge, Turkey, Tom's, Walden's, Tired, Ocopilco creeks, &c. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Thomas, in 1845, had a population of 4,150 whites, 3,899 blacks ; total, 8,049. Amount of taxes for 1848, $3,332 81. Entitled to one repre- sentative to the Legislature. Post Offices. — Thomasville, Duncanville, Grooverville, Boston. Towns. — Thomasville is the capital, situated 9 miles E. of the Ochlockonee river, 206 miles S. of Milledgeville, 22 from Florida, 40 from Tallahassee, and 45 from Bainbridge. It con- tains a court-house and jail, two hotels, two churches, six stores, two blacksmiths, one tailor, one saddler, one shoe- maker, one wagon-shop, six lawyers, and three physicians. The hotels are said to be well kept. Population, 500. It is a healthy place, and the citizens have a high character for intel- ligence. Made the county site in 1826. The Fletcher Insti- tute is located at this place. Grooverville, 18 miles S. of Thomasville, is in the southeast corner of the county. Duncansville is 12 miles S. of Thomasville. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. Education receives considerable attention. There are about fifty schools in the county. Num- ber of poor children, 289. Educational fund, $250 65. THOMAS COUNTY. 545 Roads, Bridges. — The roads and bridges are kept in good order. Face of the Country, Nature op the Soil, Produc- tions.— This is a level county. The soil is sandy, but pro- ductive. The lands in the vicinity of Thomasville are very fine. The productions are the same as those of Lowndes. Cotton grows finely. Oranges, figs, and melons, are very superior. Between 10,000 and 12,000 bales of cotton were made in this county the last season. Markets. — St. Mark's, Tallahassee, and Newport. CLiiMATE, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate does not differ materially from that of Lowndes. Bihous fevers occur on the water-courses. Mr. Joseph Anderson died in this county at the age of 100. There are several persons now living, over 80 years of age. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were John Paramore, C. Atkinson, E. Blackshear, N. R. Mitchell, John Hillbryan, &c. Mills. — Saw-mills, 11; grist-mills, 21 ; one wool-carding machine. Mineral Springs. — There are two or three springs, con- taining medicinal properties, in the county. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people of this county have a high reputation for industry and hospi- tahty. Hunting and fishing are the chief amusements. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $26,950. Value of stock in trade, $51,500. Amount of money at interest, S145,185. Name. — This county bears the name of General Jett Thomas, who was born on the 13th of May, 1776, in Culpep- per county, Virginia. His father came to Georgia about 1784, and settled in Oglethorpe county, where he became a promi-~ nent man, being Senator from that part of the State for seve- ral years. His son had no other advantages of an educa- tion, than were to be found in the ordinary schools of the country ; but he was early distinguished for the solidity of his understanding, and his fondness for mechanical pursuits. He learned the trade of a carpenter, which he followed for many years, amassing by it a large fortune. He first resided in 546 THOMAS COUNTY. Oglethorpe, and then in Milledgeville, where he built the State House. He afterwards removed to Athens, and married Miss Susan Cox. He was here engaged to construct the buildings of Franklin College, and whilst thus employed, aided by Dr. Meigs, who gave him the use of his library and afforded him other facilities, he improved himself in some of the higher branches of education. So great was his thirst for knowledge, that after spending the day in the labours of his profession, he would devote the greater part of the night to study. In this manner his mind became stored with useful information. In the war of 1812 he commanded the artillery attached to the army of Gen. Floyd, in his expedition against the Creeks. At the battle of Autossee, he distinguished himself for gal- lantry. In the account which General Floyd gives of this battle, he says : " Capt. Thomas's artillery marched in front of the right column on the road." " Capt. Thomas and his com- pany killed a great many Indians, and deserve particular praise." In the engagement at Camp Defiance he rendered important services, and in the official statements of that affair it is declared " that the steady firmness and incessant fire of Capt. Thomas's artillery and Capt. Adams's riflemen preserved our front line ; both of these suffered greatly." Gen. Thomas possessed the art, in an eminent degree, of animating his men on the field of battle, and perhaps there never was a braver band than that which composed his artillery company. In the heat of one of the battles just mentioned, one of his pieces of artillery had but three men left, and the matchmen were shot down in succession. At this moment, when the Indians seemed deter- mined to take possession of the cannon, when ten men out of thirteen were weltering in their gore, and nothing but inevi- table destruction appeared to await the remaining three, Ezekiel M. Attaway,* with heroic firmness, wrested the tra- versing handspike from the carriage of the gun, exclaiming to his two brave comrades, " With this 1 will defend the piece as long as I can stand — we must not give up the gun, boys — seize the first weapon you can lay your hands upon, and stick * It would give the author great pleasure to insert the name of the county in which this gentleman resides, but this he has been unable to ascer- tain. Of such a citizen, Georgia may well be proud. TROUP COUNTY. ' 547 to your posts until the last." We mention this incident to illustrate the spirit of the men under the command of Capt. Thomas. Soldiers animated by such a leader, are capable of accomplishing any thing. Upon his return to Georgia, after the campaign, he was greeted every where by the plaudits of his countrymen, and the high office of Major General was conferred upon him. Gen. Thomas died on the 6th of Janu- ary, 1817. He had long suffered with cancer in one of his eyes, and although he submitted to several operations, they were not attended by any alleviating effects. A gentleman who was intimate with Gen. Thomas, informs us that he was endowed with extraordinary intellectual strength. He was brought up to habits of industry and self-reliance, which dis- tinguished him through life. His sound judgment, inflexible honesty, and energy of character, insured him success in all his enterprises, private and public. TROUP. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Coweta and Heard ; E. by Meriwether ; S . by Harris ; and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1826, and parts set off to Meri- wether and Harris in 1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It is 28 miles long, and 24 miles wide, and contains 672 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Chattahoochee runs through the county ; and Yellow Jacket, Beach, Maple, Long Cane, Flat Shoal, Wehatkee, and White Water creeks, are its tributaries. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Population in 1845, 8,337 whites, 7,942 blacks ; total, 16,279. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, 86,373 09. Sends two representa- tives to the State Legislature. Post Offices. — La Grange, Antioch, Cane Point, Long Cane, Mountville, Asbury, Troup Factory, Hogansville, Ver- non, West Point. Towns. — La Grange is the seat of justice, situated six miles S. E. of the Chattahoochee river, 130 W. of Milledgeville, 20 548 TROUP COUNTY. from Greeneville, 30 from Newnan, 22 from Hamilton, 42 from Columbus, and 17 from West Point. The lots were sold on the 1st of May, 1828. It has a brick court-house, a jail, a fire-proof clerk's office, three churches, two hotels, ten or twelve stores, physicians, lawyers, mechanics' shops, &c. Business to the amount of $175,000 per annum is done in this town. Popula- tion about 1,500. The schools of La Grange for many years ha^e been the theme of admiration. The school buildings are capacious and neat, provided with libraries and philosophical apparatus. Lectures are regularly delivered, and the principles of science illustrated by experiments. The grounds connected with the institutions are ornamented with trees, and every method is adopted to render school pleasant to the pupil. The town is healthy, and the water excellent. No place in Georgia can boast of a population, from its foundation to the present time, possessing greater merits in point of refinement of man- ners, benevolence of feeling, general intelligence, and moral worth, than La Grange Incorporated in 1828. The country in the immediate vicinity of La Grange is highly improved, presenting numerous beautiful mansions surrounded by grounds ornamented with flowers and trees. Mountville, nine miles from La Grange, on the road to Greeneville, contains one church, two doctors, and several mechanics' shops. Population about 200. Harrisonville, ten miles from La Grange, contains a church, store, grocery, &c. Population about 60. West Point, on both sides of the Chattahoochee, 16 miles from La Grange, has two churches, four or five stores, &c. Population, 200. Long Cane is nine miles west of La Grange. Vernon, on the Chattahoochee, is six miles from La Grange. Education. — In no part of Georgia are the means of education so extensively diffiised. From the earliest settle- ment of the county, the subject of education has occupied the attention- of the citizens. Schools are established in nearly every neighbourhood. Many of the seminaries of learning would do credit to any community. Some of the gentlemen having charge of the education of youth in La Grange, have favoured us with the following statistics . TROUP COUNTY. 549 La Grange High School has two teachers, and 71 pupils. The course of study embraces an extensive reading of the Greek and Latin classics, mathematics, and the various branches of an English education. The school is situated in a beautiful and retired part of La Grange, and is daily advancing in the confidence of the public. La Grange Female Institution was founded in 1845. It is situated in a beautiful oak grove, half a mile from the public square. Incorporated in 1846, and power conferred to award diplomas, medals, and collegiate degrees. It has six instructors, and 140 pupils. La Grange Female Seminary. This institution is situ- ated in a beautiful part of the town. The main edifice is a large building, three stories high, including the basement, affording apartments for lodging, study, lectures, recitation, &c. The institution was established in 1843, by the Rev. John E. Dawson. It is now under the direction of Mr. Mil- ton E. Bacon. It is an individual enterprise. The Board of Instructors consists of eight Professors. The plan of instruc- tion is strictly collegiate. The institution is well supplied with chemical and philosophical apparatus, minerals, library, &c. The number of pupils averages over 100.* Number of poor children in the county, 213. Educational fund, $184 72. Roads and Bridges. — The roads and bridges are kept in a good condition. At West Point there is a bridge over the Chattahoochee, 550 feet in length; cost $16,000. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- ty is broken. The land is generally productive, but some parts much worn. The soil is mostly of the red description, adapted particularly to grains. Value of land, from $6 to $10 per acre. The western portion of the county is peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of wheat. Productions. — Cotton is the principal product. Corn,, wheat, rye, barley, &c., are successfully cultivated. About 15,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. * There is also an excellent school at Brownwood, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Smith, but we were unsuccessful in our efforts to obtain an account of it. 550 TROUP COUNTY. Markets. — Columbus and Griffin. Merchants buy in Charleston and New- York. Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $111,674. Value of stock in trade, $96,675. Money at inte- rest, $237,540. Manufactures, Mills. — Troup factory, ten miles S. E. of La Grange. Capital, $42,000. Owners, Robertson, Leslie & Co. Spindles, 1,600 ; operatives 65, all whites. Yards of osnaburghs made per day, 900 ; bunches of yarn do. 100. The goods are sold principally in the adjoining counties ; and a considerable quantity sent to Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New-Orleans. The orders for the goods amount to double the quantity made. This factory took the first honour for osnaburghs at the Agricultural Fair held at the Stone Mountain, in 1848. Woollen goods will be made this year. Great attention is paid to the character of the operatives, and none are received but those having testimonials of good and industrious habits. The Company are about to erect a building for a church and Sunday school. No ardent spirits are allowed on the premises. There are in the county 10 flour-mills, 14 grist-mills, 11 saw-mills, and 2 wool-carding machines. Minerals. — Granite, and several varieties of rock, fit for building. Near Hogansville, carbonate of iron exists. Some lead has also been found. Beautiful amethystine quartz oc- curs near Dr. Austin's ; and tourmaline of uncommon beauty in several sections. Gold is found near Tavor's mills ; and asbestos and soapstone in several places. Evidence of lime- stone are found on Mr. Greene's farm, four miles from La Grange. Mineral Springs. — There are no springs of great celebrity. Chalybeate springs are numerous. There is one seven miles west of La Grange, and another on Mr. Bacon's lot, in La Grange. Character of the People. — The character of the people is almost without reproach. Men of high standing exert their influence in favour of morality and good order. Few crimes have been committed in the county, and the public records ex- hibit the gratifying fact, that for nearly three years after the TROUP COUNTY. 551 organization of the county, no presentment was made by a grand jm'y for immoral conduct. Religious Sects. — Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Miscellaneous Remarks. — The first court in this county was held at the house of Mr. Weaver, July, 1827 — Judge Colquitt presiding. The first indictment against any citizen of Troup county, was for horse-stealing. The first presentment was for an assault. No execution has taken place in the county since its or- ganization. Early Settlers. — John E. Morgan, James Culverson, W. J. Starling, George H. Traylor, Nicholas Johnson, Silas Tatom, W. C. Mays, James Williamson, Rev. Caleb W. Key, Samuel Reed, John E. Gage, R. H. Lane, Henry Rogers, Wilson Williams, James Amos, Thomas Cameron, General Harralson, General Bailey, John Hill, Daniel Robertson, and Colonel Newsome, and others. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate of Troup is generally favourable to health. On water-courses, as is the case in all parts of Georgia, fevers occur. There are now Hving, George Trash, 80; Mrs. Martha Stevens, 100; John Patterson, 82 ; Elizabeth Gordy, 84 ; Mrs. Gray, 84 : Mrs. Frances Thornton, 102; Elizabeth Thomas, 85: Lyddel Es- tis, 85 ; Mrs. Martin Estis, 81 ; Thomas Smedley over 83 ; Simon Hughs, 80 ; Lodwick Alford, 80. Maiden Amos died at the age of 99 ; Mins Sledge, upwards of 80 ; Mrs. Rallins, 92 ; Mrs. Battle, 90 ; Mr. Potts, over 95 ; Mr. William Tho- mason, a soldier of the Revolution, was 92 at his death ; Jo- seph Johnson was 86 ; a negro man, an African, belonging to the Rev. Mr. Wilson, died a few years ago at the age of 140 ! and Benjamin Hemp at 100. Name. — Colonel George M. Troup, after whom this coun- ty is named, was born at Mcintosh's Bluff, on the Tombigbee, in what was then the territory of Georgia, now Alabama, in September, 1780. After receiving the rudiments of a classical education in Mcintosh county, in his father's house, and after- wards in Savannah, he was sent to Erasmus Hall, a cele- brated Academy conducted by Dr. Peter Wilson, in Flatbush, 552 TROUP COUNTY. Long Island, State of New- York. Thence he went to Prince- ton College, where he graduated honourably. On his return to Savannah, he studied law with Mr. Noel. He early evinced a disposition for public life, provided political advancement might be attained without demagoguism. His talents and honesty gained for him the friendship of General James Jack- son, when Governor, who appointed him his Aid. In 1800, before he was twenty years of age, he was invited by the republicans of Chatham county to represent it in the Legisla- ture. This he declined, because of his minority. In a letter to General Jackson, he exhibits a sound republican feeling, from which, it is confidently asserted, he has not deviated a tittle down to the present day. He says, " I received an invi- tation from the republicans of Chatham to stand a candidate at the late election for representative. Constitutionally un- qualified to take my seat, in a successful event, 1 very reluc- tantly declined. The great crisis at which we have arrived, demands the patriotic exertions of every citizen of this country. The most important salutary benefits are suspended on the issue ; and if the numbers, together with the talents, which the republicans can command, are called into action, we can- not fail of a complete and decisive victory." The crisis was that of 1800 — the contest be ween Adams and Jefferson. In 1801 he yielded to a second application, and was elect- ed a representative. In the Legislature he at once occupied a high position. In 1802 he was again elected, and again in 1803. In 1804, he removed to Bryan county, where he re- sided some years. In 1806, he was elected to Congress. As formerly, he abjured all arts before the people, refusing to solicit their suffrages, but ready to obey their call. This has been the rule of his political life, never to electioneer. He was a member of the House of Representatives until 1815, when he withdrew to private life. His support was given to the ad- ministrations of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, possessed of the confidence of both. As a representative of Georgia, he was distinguished by his opposition to the compromise made by the Federal Legislature with the Yazoo speculators. As a Legislator of the Union, he sustained the war measures which were adopted towards England. He was Chairman of the TROUP COUNTY. 553 Committee on Military Affairs during nearly all the war. Na- turally fervid, he was impassioned in debate ; scrupulously honest, he was listened to with respect ; devoted to his coun- try, he gave to her all his heart and all his mind. During, or about the close of the war, he married a Virginia lady, from whom spring his descendants, a son and two daughters, and his grandchildren, the children of Thomas M. Forman, Esq., lately Mr. Bryan, of Glynn county. The elder children of Mr. Forman by Miss Troup, bear the name of Bryan, and are the great-grandchildren of Jonathan Bryan, illustrious in the annals of our State. In 1816, in opposition to his own wishes for retirement, Col. Troup was elected a Senator in Congress over Dr. Bibb, a very distinguished servant of Georgia, who recently in the Senate had rendered himself unpopular, by supporting " the compensation law." Dr. Bibb's term would have expired on the 3d of March, 1817, but he resigned, and the Legislature, jn addition to the ensuing full term, conferred the vacancy on Colonel Troup. He continued but two years in the Se- nate. In 1830, the State being divided into two great parties, known as the Crawford and Clarke parties, Colonel Troup was induced, by urgent application of his friends, to consent to become a candidate for Governor. General John Clarke was elected by a majority of thirteen votes. Again, in 1821, General Clarke was elected, beating Colonel Troup by a ma- jority of two votes. The writer of this memoir well remem- bers the intense excitement that preceded this election, and the course of Colonel Troup at Milledgeville. His supporters urged him to visit the members, and to canvass for their votes. He refused, alleging truly, that " a candidate for the executive chair should not debase that high office by seeking to influ- ence the legislative votes. He had refused through life to electioneer, and he was too old to do it now." Again, in 1823, he was a candidate, and the election resulted in his elevation to the chief magistracy. His opponent was the Honourable Matthew Talbot. Well was this for Georgia ; for a struggle was approaching, demanding at her helm a man of soundest judgment, and of undaunted heart. For a correct understanding of Governor Troup's difficul- 554 TROUP COUNTY. ties with the General Government, it must be remembered that Georgia had, in 1802, sold to the United States all her lands west of the Chattahoochee, and of a line from that river to Nickajack on the Tennessee. It was solemnly agreed in the articles of cession, that the United States should ex- tinguish, at their own expense, the Indian title to " all the other lands within the State of Georgia, as early as the same could be peaceably attained on reasonable terms." From 1802 down to 1823, although some acquisitions of land had been made, the agreement remained unexecuted. The States of Mis- sissippi and Alabama, which had been erected out of the ceded territory, were filling up with population, (the Indian title there and in Eastern Tennessee being in course of extinction,) and there was cause of apprehension, from a growing senti- ment at the North, believed to be in some considerable degree encouraged by the authorities at Washington, that the Indians, both Creeks and Cherokees, might be, for many years more, fastened upon our domain, if, indeed, not permitted to try upon it the experiment of independent self-government. To ex- tinguish the Indian title to all lands in Georgia, was a matter of compact and duty unfulfilled. Its extinction in other States was matter of National policy. Georgia had, except in time of war and public distress, urged upon the Government the performance of this duty. She had never failed to do hers, in any one particular, to her confederated sisters. A morbid philanthropy, in high and low places, preferred the supposed welfare of the savage, to the undoubted rights of our State, as the same philanthropy, now a wicked fanaticism, has since advocated another race before the happiness and peace of Southern freemen. The Legislature of 1823 required the Governor elect " to use his exertions to obtain from the United States the extin- guishment of the Indian title to all our remaining territory." He immediately opened a correspondence with the Secretary of War, which resulted in a commission to Duncan G. Camp- bell and James Meriwether, two distinguished Georgians, to treat with the Creek Indians. A council was held in Decem- ber, 1824, at Broken Arrow, on the Chattahoochee. Had the authorities of the Creek Nation been left to their own discre- TROUP COUNTY. 555 tion, the success of the Commissioners would have equalled their wishes ; but it was discovered that the Indians had been influenced by the United States sub-agent, Walker, by their interpreter Hambly, by Missionaries, and by Cherokee chiefs, to refuse a cession ; and it was believed that this was done with the connivance of John Crowell, the agent. The nego- tiation altogether failed. It was in evidence that Crowell and his brother had declared " that Georgia should get no land from the Indians while Troup was Governor." Empowered so to do, the same Commissioners met the Creeks in council again at the Indian Springs, on the r2th day of February, 1825, and concluded with them a treaty of that date. But the Indians ceded to the United States, for Georgia, their right to all their lands in Georgia, and also ceded a portion in Alabama, and agreed to remove to the West, before the first day of Septem- ber, 1826. The most perfect justice was done ; they were to receive acre for acre in Western lands, and four hundred thousand dollars in money. The attendance of chiefs was a good one, and much larger than usual when chiefs only are invited. No fairer consideration was ever given for Indian relinquishment. Crowell, the agent, attested the treaty. The next day he set off for Washington, to protest against it ; but Mr. Monroe submitted the treaty to the Senate, by whom it was solemnly ratified. A short time after this, the celebrated chief and warrior. General William Mcintosh, whose whole life had been devoted to Georgia as well as to his own tribe, fell beneath the blows of assassins, when reposing in his own house, on our own soil. The hostile Indians surrounded his home, cowardlike, in the midst of night, fired it, and, as he attempted to leave it, perfo- rated his body with a hundred bullets. He had given his in- fluence in favour of the treaty, and was a friend to Georgia. The Indians who slew him pretended that it was done in exe- cution of some unwritten law of their country, as a punish- ment for the cession of land. Mcintosh, friendly to Georgia, had, on our Governor's application, assented, for his people, to an immediate survey, so as to prepare for white occupation on the first of September, 1826. This brave warrior and the other treaty-making Indians had borne arms for the United 556 TROUP COUNTY. States ; those opposed to the treaty had been hostile in the war with Great Britain in 1812, 13, 14, and 15. So faithful had he been to us, that British blandishments had failed to affect his attachments ; and, as a just reward for his fidelity and bra- very, a brigadier general's commission had, in that war, been sent to him from Washington. Again, in 1817 and 1818, he served under General Andrew Jackson against the Indians' of Florida. The Indians friendly to the treaty were the same who had made previous cessions, against their power to make which no word had been uttered. They were the proprietors and occupants of the ceded lands, and in battle had conquered, in times past, the recusant Indians : those opposed were inha- bitants of the interior country, altogether in Alabama, and little concerned with the question. But a few years before General Jackson had treated the latter as a conquered people, and had prescribed to them their bounds. The Governor convened the Legislature in May, 1825, in extra session, and recommended that the acquired land be sur- veyed. An act was passed accordingly. A strong resolution was adopted, calling upon the President to remove the Indian Agent from office, as the enemy of Georgia, and as faithless to his Government. Mr. John Quincy Adams had become Pre- sident. He refused to remove him, but instituted an inquiry into his conduct, appointing for that purpose " a Clerk of Bureau." He also commissioned Major General Gaines to repair to Georgia, " to suppress the disorders of the Nation and compose its dissensions." These two high functionaries made their appearance in the State, and forthwith evinced an unbecoming partiality for the Agent and for those Indians who were inimical, and manifested a disposition to set at naught, and to trample upon, the rights and dignity of the State of Georgia. She had, unhappily, long been divided into two bit- ter parties, of late years principally upon personal grounds, and " the Major General Commanding" very soon manifested his alliance with that in opposition to the then Chief Magis- trate. The Governor appointed Commissioners, as enjoined by the Legislature, to inquire into the delinquency of the Agent. When attending conferences held by General Gaines with the Indians in Georgia, upon her own soil, they were debarred TROUP COUNTY. 557 from facilities of communication with tiiem, to which, as the representatives of a sovereign State, they were entitled. The " Clerk of Bureau" and " the Major General Commanding" went beyond their allotted duties, and reported against a treaty which had not been submitted to them ; the spotless charac- ters of Campbell and Meriwether were traduced, and the treaty was declared to be " tainted with intrigue and treachery." Mr. Adams determined to re-submit the treaty to Congress, and prohibited the survey ; the Governor determined to hold it as valid, and, in due time, to survey the land ; but he in- formed the President of the United States that the survey should be suspended until the Legislature should again meet. And, referring to General Gaines, assures the President that were he " to send the General to him in chains, he would trans- gress nothing of the public law." He demanded his imme- diate recall, and his arrest, trial, and punishment, under the rules and articles of war, for having, in his correspondence and publications, insulted the Chief Magistrate of Georgia. Such was the law. But, in utter disregard of our Legislature and of our Governor, Crowell was not removed from office ; Gaines was not court-martialled ; and the murderers of Mcin- tosh were not punished ! The ferment in Georgia was now exceedingly high. The State Constitution had undergone alteration, and the first elec- tion of Governor by the people was approaching. The popular Gen. John Clarke was brought out by his party in opposition. The people sustained their intrepid Governor, and on the first Monday in October, gave him again the chair of state by a majority of seven hundred votes. In his message, in Novem- ber, he detailed the events of the summer, and advised a firm adherence to the treaty by the General Assembly. The Legis- lature, although opposed to the Governor in both branches on mere party politics, resolved, that " full faith ought to be placed in the treaty ; that the title of Georgia under it was vested and absolute ; and that the right of entry, immediately on the expiration of the time limited by it, should he insisted on and carried into effect." They again solemnly required the removal of the Agent, which was again rejected. The issue was now made up. In January, 1826, the Governor gave 36 558 TROUP COUNTY. orders for a division of the militia into three classes, and stated therein his belief that "the general officers could not find them- selves indifferent to the crisis in which the country finds itself." Orders w^ere also issued, looking to the filling up of the ranks of the existing volunteer companies, and the forma- tion of new ones. The Federal Government had already as- sembled at Fort Mitchell, on the Chattahoochee, and on the Flint river, a force of four hundred regular troops. A collision might be expected. The peace of the Union was in danger! It was now that divers chiefs of the Creek Indians, certified by Mr. John Crowell, to be " very proper men," were as- sembled in Washington City, where, on the 24th January, 1826, a New Treaty was made, declaring the Old Treaty null and void, but ceding, for Georgia, nearly all the land covered by the old, and extending the time of surrender to the first day of January, 1827. Against this treaty, the Georgia Sena- tors, Berrien and Cobb, voted. It was ratified by the Senate in April. The House of Representatives appropriated the money to carry it into eflfect, and the Georgia Representatives filed their protests. They did their duty to Georgia in both Houses. Particularly effective were the speeches of the Hon. Mr. Berrien and the Hon. Mr. Forsyth in the maintenance, in their respective chambers, of the rights and honour of Geor- gia. The Governor, at home, held the new treaty to be a piece of blank paper. It had prescribed, as he believed, dif- ferent boundaries for Georgia, from those set forth in her con- stitution, and guaranteed them. Lands were taken from Geor- gia and abandoned to the Indians for ever ; and the jurisdiction over the river Chattahoochee, before that time absolute in Georgia, was now divided between Georgia and Alabama. Moreover, to admit it, would be to acknowledge all the ca- lumnies— to confess all the charges made against the com- missioners Campbell and Meriwether, and against the shade of Mcintosh — and to abandon principle for expediency. Standing flat-footed upon the old treaty, the Governor, in July, 1826, ordered certain commissioners to proceed to run the line between Georgia and Alabama, as laid down by the contract of 1802. This was effected before the 1st of Sep- tember. The land was then ready for our surveyors. They TROUP COUNTY. 559 had been appointed in 1825. In July, 1826, the Governor had commanded the District Surveyors to commence opera- tions on the first of September. The vi^ork was done with no resistance from Washington until February, 1827, and none of moment from the Indians. Upon their complaint, the Pre- sident then ordered those surveyors who laboured in that part of the territory left out by the new treaty to be arrested, and caused the Governor to be informed, through Lieut. Vinton of the army, that he would employ " all the means under his control to maintain the faith of the nation," by carrying that treaty into effect. The Governor, without the loss of a day on his part, directed the Attorney and Solicitors General of Georgia " to bring to justice, by indictment or otherwise, the officers or parties concerned" in arresting the surveyors ; and sent ge- neral orders to the Major Generals of the 6th and 7th divisions of militia, " to hold their commands in readiness to repel any hostile invasion of the State." On the same day, he wrote to the Secretary of War, " that he should resist to the utmost, any military attack, which the government of the United States should think proper to make on the territory, the people, or the sovereignty of Georgia." You, said he, from the first decisive act of hostility, " will be considered and treated as a public enemy, and with the less repugnance, because you, to whom we might constitutionally have appealed for our defence against invasion, are yourselves the invaders; and, what is more, the unblushing advocates of the savages whose cause you have adopted. You have referred me for my conduct to the treaty at Washington. In turn I take the liberty to re- fer you to a treaty of prior date, and prior ratification, con- cluded at the Indian Springs, which I have the honour to en- close." Lieutenant Vinton having been instructed, as neces- sary to his personal safety, to preserve a profound secrecy in the execution of his mission, the Governor tells the Secretary, that "he mistakes the character of the people of Georgia. Officers of the General Government engaged in the perform- ance of lawful duties, have only to deport themselves as gen- tlemen to find the same security and protection in Georgia, as under the ^Egis of the government at Washington." The sur- veyors were not arrested, the surveys were completed, and the 560 TROUP COUNTY. entire domain covered by the old treaty was organized, and disposed of by lottery, in 1827. The rights of Georgia were preserved, and her unterrified Chief Magistrate was trium- phant ! One of the counties was called Troup ; and in honour of Mcintosh, and to perpetuate the memory of the Creek peo- ple, another was called Muscogee. Our energetic Governor was pronounced to be a madman by enemies at home and by submissionists abroad ; but his madness had a method in it which was conservative of the liberties of Georgians. Let no man suppose that Governor Troup was hostile to the Union ! His official correspondence and messages, his pre- vious public life, his speeches in Congress, his ardent support of his whole country in the war of 1812, prove the contrary. He has declared, and it is believed, that he would lay down his life for the Union. But for what Union? A Union for spe- cified purposes delegated by the sovereign States ; a Union of limited powers ; and in all other matters one of unlimited re- servation to the States, or to the people ; not a Union of con- solidation, expressly nor by construction. As a State Rights man and a Georgian, he loved Georgia more. To him, next to Providence, we owe the fact, that the habitations of our brethren of Georgia now cover all her beautiful plains, and mountains, and valleys. Had he quailed, the Creeks might yet roam between the Flint and the Chattahoochee ; the Cherokees might still, in our mountain lands, acknowledge the sway of a Ridge and a Ross. The example of Gov. Troup was followed by his successors. The criminal jurisdiction of Georgia was soon extended, by her own authority, over the Cherokees, who, in nine years more, followed the Creeks to the West. All are settled on lands guaranteed to them by the United States, which the United States had a right to guarantee, and •/here, it is hoped a successful experiment will be made to bring them within the compass of civilization and Christianity. During Gov. Troup's administration, the great and good Lafayette visited America. He was a guest of Georgia. Gov. Troup, in 1825, received him on the Bluff" of Savannah. The writer of this memoir heard the address of the Governor to the nation's friend. " Welcome, Lafayette ! General, 'tis little more than ninety years since the founder of this State TROUP COUNTY. 5(jl first set foot upon the bank upon which you stand. Now, four hundred thousand people open their arms to receive you. Thanks to a kind Providence, it called you to the standard of independence in the helplessness of our Revolution. It has preserved you, that in your latter days the glory of a great empire might be reflected back upon you, amid the acclama- tions of millions. The scenes which are to come, will be for you comparatively tranquil and placid. There will be no m.ore of dungeons, no more fears of tyrants. Oh, sir, what a consolation for a man, who has passed through seas of trouble, that the millions of bayonets which guard the blessings we enjoy, stand between you and them ! But enough ! Wel- come, General ! Thrice welcome to the State of Georgia ! " Education, a Court of Errors, internal improvement, and, indeed, all enlightened measures, have had in Governor Troup a warm advocate. The militia claims of Georgia for services in 1792, '93, and '94, were firmly pressed by him, and provided for at Washington. One measure alone which he supported will admit of doubt with posterity. He was the advocate of the land lottery system. He had supported it at the beginning, in 1802, and advised it in 1825; but with recommendations to guard against frauds and speculation, and, from sale of fractions, to make suitable provision for beneficial public objects. He considered the land as the property of the people, and a lottery the speediest method for settling the country and elevating his State. So had long thought all parties in Georgia, so had they always acted. Executive opposition would have been fruitless. On the subject of slave- ry at the south, the Governor saw, in advance, the dangers thickening around us. He informed the Legislature, in 1825, that the feelings of the southern people had been recently out- raged by officious intermeddling with their domestic concerns. He predicted that very soon the Federal Government would lend itself to fanatics, for the destruction of every thing valua- ble to the southern country. One movement of the Congress unresisted by you," said he, " and all is lost. Temporize no longer. Make knoion your resolution ; that this subject shall not be touched by them but at their peril. But for its sacred guaranty by the Constitution, we never would have become 562 TROUP COUNTY. parties to that instrument. If slavery be an evil, it is our own — if it be a sin, we can implore the forgiveness of it. / be- seech you most earnestly, now that it is not too late, to step forth, and, having exhausted the argument, to stand by your arms." He retired from the government in November, 1827, with a popularity equal to that of any former Chief Magistrate. In 1828, he was recalled to the United States Senate. This appointment was accepted by him with unfeigned regret. Ill- health and other circumstances had determined him to live in domestic seclusion. It is not generally known that, when apprised of the legislative intention to send him to Washing- ton, he, to prevent it, hastened from his home in Laurens, to Milledgeville, where he arrived only a few hours after his election. He continued in Congress until 1834, enjoying the respect and veneration of his fellow-citizens of Georgia. In the Senate, his feebleness of health forbade participation in debate. The same cause produced his final resignation. By his more intimate friends Gov. Troup is regarded as the living apos- tle of State Rights, the champion of State Sovereignty. It was under the conviction that these were imperilled, that he de- clared, in 1833, that "he would have been carried on his death- bed to the Capitol, rather than not have given his vote against the Force Bill." His opinions upon topics of public interest are given unreservedly when solicited ; and the ac- knowledged consistency of his life — the admitted integrity of his heart — the soundness of his intellect — give them a weight felt by all. Witness his letter upon State Sovereignty and State Interposition, long regarded in Georgia as a text-book for State Rights men. So also his letters upon the Tariff, the Annexation of Texas, and others. He may not be considered as identified with either of the present parties dividing the * State. He enunciates great principles, and sustains or opposes great measures, leaving his opinions to operate on the public mind according to their merits. He has been a man of sor- rows. He is taciturn, and, hence, is charged with pride ; but no man's heart is more tender, or more benevolent. He is not a professor of the Christian religion, in which, neverthe- less, one who has a right to know, assures the writer that he is TWIGGS COUNTY. 563 a believer. His gubernatorial messages, writings, and procla- mations, prove that he has unaffected respect for the institu- tions and ministers of Christianity. May his life, now extended to near seventy years, be prolonged many more, and may the blessings of a grateful people continue with him unto the grave ! TWIGGS. Boundaries, Extent. — Twiggs county is bounded N. by Jones, E. by Wilkinson, S. by Pulaski, and W. by the Ocmul- gee river and a portion of Bibb. Laid out from Wilkinson in 1809, and a part added to Bibb in 1833. Length, 25 miles, breadth 14. Area 350 square miles. RrvEEs, Creeks. — The Ocmulgee river forms most of the western boundary ; Shell Stone, Crooked, Flat, and Savage creeks empty into the Ocmulgee. There are several streams in the eastern part, among which Big Sandy creek is the prin- cipal. Post Offices. — Marion, Tarversville, Jeffersonville. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 3,752 whites, 4,084 blacks; total, 7,836. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature of the State. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,841 61. Towns.— Marion, named after General Marion, is the capi- tal, situated 36 miles S. W. of Milledgeville, 8 from the Oc- mulgee, 20 from Macon, and 30 from Hartford. It has a court-house, jail, tavern, two stores, &c. Population about 60. Incorporated in 1816. A branch of the Darien Bank was formerly located here. Tarversville is in the S. W. corner of the county. Jeffersonville is 6 miles from Marion, and 22 from Macon. It contains two churches, a fine school, and is considered a heal- thy place. Population, 100. Early Stttlers. — Mr. John Denson, Joel Denson, Wm. Jamerson, Jeremiah Dupree, Benjamin Joiner, Edmund Hod- ges, Mr. Hughs, George Wimberly, and Col. Lawson. 564 TWIGGS COUNTY. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists and Methodists are the prevailing sects. There are good schools in this county, and there is a disposition to encourage the efforts of faithful teachers among a large portion of the com- munity. Number of poor children, 283. Educational fund, $245 43. Markets. — Macon and Savannah. Mills. — Saw-mills, 6 ; grist-mills, 9. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The upper part of the county is broken. The soil is generally gray, although there are some red lands. On Turkey creek and Oc- mulgee river the lands are fertile. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 400 pounds, corn about 12 bushels, wheat 8 bushels. RncKs, Fossils. — Burr stone of good quality is found in this county. The bones of the Zuglodon have been discovered on Mrs. Thorpe's plantation. In various parts interesting fossils abound. The county, like Houstoun, abounds with lime rock Roads and Bridges. — The roads will compare favourably with those of the adjacent counties. The bridges are neglected. Climate, Diseases, Longevity — The climate is unhealthy. The instances of longevity with which we are acquainted are, John Keeth, who died at the age of 90 ; Ephraim Lile and Thomas Taylor, who were nearly 80 at their death. Mr. John Denson died at 90 ; Sarah Denson is now living, aged 80. Character op the People — The citizens of Tvi^iggs are said to be industrious, frugal, and temperate. In morals the people generally have improved. Value op Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $112,320. Stock in trade, $27,692. Money at interest, $80,050. Name. — The details of the life of General John Twiggs, from whom this county received its name, would fill a volume ; but agreeably to the plan we are compelled to observe, in de- scribing the character and services of Georgia's noble sons, we can only refer to some of the most prominent incidents in the history of this gallant soldier. The blessings which are TWIGGS COUNTY. 565 enjoyed under this free government, were purchased at a dear rate, and the memory of those brave men, by w^hose prowess they were obtained, should never be effaced from our minds. General Twiggs is eminently deserving the gratitude of the people of Georgia ; /or never did soldier serve them with more steadiness and fidelity. He was born in Maryland, on the 5th of June, 1750, and came to Georgia some time before the American Revolution, and settled in Burke county. His pa- rents were poor, and were unable to give him any more than a few months' schooling ; after which, he learned the trade of a carpenter. Upon coming to Georgia he followed his trade, and married Miss Ruth Emanuel, sister of the Hon. David Emanuel, a lady of great firmness of character, and who, dur- ing the Revolution in which her companion was soon to figure, endured many sufferings, with a fortitude becoming the wife of an American patriot. After his marriage he removed to Richmond county, and built a mill, near which he resided, until his oppressed country called him to the battle-field. To that call he promptly responded. About the time he joined the army, the Cherokee Indians were giving much trouble to the frontier settlements, and an expedition under Colonel Jack was ordered to proceed against them. Twiggs, as captain of a company, joined this expedition, and by his bravery and skill secured the confidence of Col. Jack. In 1779, when Lieut. Col. Campbell was on his way to Augusta, he detached 400 men against Burke county jail. With the assistance of Col. Few, Twiggs raised an inconsiderable force, and defeated the enemy in two diflferent actions. A short time after the memorable battle at Kettle Creek, Col. Twiggs and Col. John Mcintosh surprised a British post at Herbert's, not far from Augusta, consisting of seventy men, and compelled them to surrender. Between this period and that of the attack upon Savannah by the combined forces of Gen. Lincoln and Count D'Estaing, he was constantly employed in skirmishes with the enemy and cutting off" their supplies. One among the most splendid achievements in which he was engaged, took place in June, 1779, when he was attacked at Butler's plantation, on the Ogeechee river, having only thirty men under his command, by Capt. Muller, of the GOth regi- 566 TWIGGS COUNTY. ment, with sixty grenadiers. Twiggs formed his spirited band so well, that the enemy were totally overcome. The captain was killed, and several other officers, and the remainder taken prisoners. When intelligence of this brilliant affair reached Savannah it produced a great sensation among the British offi- cers. One of them is reported to have said, " that if an angel was to tell him that Capt. Muller, who had served twenty-one years in the King's Guards with his detachment, had been de- feated by an equal number of rebels, he would disbelieve it." Our hero, shortly after this engagement, anxious to inflict pro- per chastisement upon the notorious McGirth, and his party, who were pillaging the property of the citizens, went in pur- suit of these marauders, and overtook them on Buck Head creek ; but unhappily for the cause of humanity, after a short skirmish they made their escape into a swamp, not however without losing a number of their men. On the 12th of Sep- tember, 1779, Colonel Twiggs with his regiment joined Gene- ral Lincoln, at Cherokee Hill, eight miles from Savannah. In the bloody conflict at the latter place he was present, and with Pulaski, Laurens, Mcintosh, Butler, Jones, Jackson, Few, and Baillie, did all that military skill could accomplish, to recover the town from a cruel enemy. Col. Twiggs was favoured with a retentive memory, and long after the drama of the Re- volution closed, he would amuse and interest for hours, the young men who were wont to circle about him, by reciting the incidents of the war. What a privilege must it have been to hear from the lips of the war-worn veteran himself, the re- cital of Pulaski's gallantry, Jasper's daring, and Mcintosh's ardour! What emotions must they have felt when the old sol- dier spoke of the carnage and blood of that siege ! After the unsuccessful enterprise against Savannah, many of the fami- lies of the patriots experienced sufferings of which it is hardly possible to form an idea. Though the family of Col. Twiggs was removed under the protection of a flag, they were actu- ally fired upon by the enemy, and the Colonel himself only escaped by flight. At Gates' defeat at Camden, he was se- verely wounded by a sabre, and left for dead upon the field. After his partial recovery he returned to Georgia, determined not to shrink from the contest for independence. Collecting TWIGGS COUNTY. 567 a body of men, he went in pursuit of his old enemy McGirth, whose depredations upon the defenceless frontiers had created great alarm ; but his knowledge of the country enabled him again to make his escape. At this period, also, he was en- gaged south of Savannah, in checking the operations of the ene- my's scouting parties. At the Fish Dam fords he contributed greatly to the victory gained by the Americans over the Bri- tish, commanded by Major Wemyss ; and a few days after- wards, at Blackstock's house, at the head of his band of Geor- gians, he resisted the furious charge of Tarlton's cavalry. Justice has not been done to the Georgia officers engaged in this battle. We have no desire to lessen the glory of Sumter in this action ; but it is the opinion of many, and of some too who participated in the battle, that the venerable historian of South Carolina, Dr. Ramsey, does not give a proper share of praise to the Georgia officers. Sumter, it is true, commanded at the beginning of the action, but receiving a wound, he was compelled to retire from the field. The command then de- volved upon the oldest Georgia officer, Col. Twiggs, and to this officer, and his associates, Jackson, Chandler, and Clarke, is due much of the glory of the victory. When Brown surrendered to the arms of the Americans at Augusta, Twiggs was present, and shared in all the toils and dangers of that memorable oc- casion. When the Legislature met in Augusta, in 1781, in consideration of the gallant services of Colonel Twiggs, he was appointed a Brigadier General. His attention was now turned to the eastern part of the State, and having advanced with his army as far as Burke county, he learned that large bodies of loyalists and Indians were collecting on the western frontiers ; upon which he retraced his steps to Augusta, for the purpose of concerting a plan of operations to disperse them. During the remainder of the revolutionary conflict he was incessant- ly engaged, and at all times acquitted himself as a patriot soldier. When the war closed he retired, but only for a brief period, to his plantation in Richmond county, for the Indian difficulties called him again from his home. To thwart the designs of the savages, goaded on by unprincipled men, re- quired consummate skill and prudence ; and the government of Georgia, believing that General Twiggs possessed in a high 568 TWIGGS COUNTY. degree these qualifications, invested him with full power to di- rect the plan of operations against the Indians, and which he did with complete success. In October, 1786, a detachment of 1500 men was ordered by Governor Telfair to attend the Commissioners appointed to treat with the Creek Indians, and which was placed under the command of General Twiggs. Previous to this period, he had been a commissioner to nego- tiate treaties with the Indians. At Augusta, on May 31st, 1783, in conjunction with Lyman Hall, Elijah Clarke, W. Few, Ed- ward Telfair, and Samuel Elbert, he made a treaty with the Cherokees, and in November, of the same year, a treaty with the Creeks. In 1785, he concluded a treaty with the Creeks at Galphinton. At Shoulder Bone, in obedience to the orders of Governor Telfair, he attended the Commis- sioners appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Creeks. In 1791 he was promoted to the rank of Major General. In 1794, his former associate in arms, General Elijah Clarke, and his adherents, took possession of the territory on the In- dian side of the Oconee, and General Twiggs received orders to draft 600 men to proceed against him. Clarke, however, abandoned the project before the military force was organized. It will be remembered, that the Legislature of 1795 passed an act for the sale of the Western Territory. An account of that infamous transaction may be found in our sketch of Gene- ral James Jackson, and we allude to it here to have an oppor- tunity of saying that General Twiggs was violently opposed to it, and was one of the principal agents in having the act declared null and void by the Legislature of 1796. In 1800, General Twiggs was honoured by the Legislature with the appointment of a Trustee of Franklin University, and in its prosperity he continued to take a deep interest to the close of his life. This devoted friend to Georgia died on the 29th of March, 1816, aged 65 years. He had always requested that no monument should be placed over his grave. He was five feet ten inches in height, stoutly made, well proportioned, gray eyes, florid complexion. He was affable and hospitable. His house was open to all. To his fellow-soldiers of the Revolu- tion he was much attached ; and his sons can remember when whole nights were consumed by the soldiers of '76, at General UNION COUNTY. 569 Twiggs' residence, in recounting the events of the war. His humanity was exemplary ; and although he had many provo- cations from the British, and the dastard tories, he endeavour- ed to exercise a spirit of forbearance. A notorious tory by the name of Gunn, had actually concerted a plan to kill Gene- ral Twiggs in his own house. This man afterwards came in- to his power. The famous Paddy Carr, who, it is said, had killed more than 100 tories with his own hand, insisted that Gunn should be immediately hung; but General Twiggs, with his characteristic good nature, would permit no injury to be in- flicted upon the poltroon. General Twiggs left five sons and one daughter ; one of his sons. General D. E. Twiggs, now of the United States army, has inherited much of his father's spirit. Posterity will speak of his deeds. Major Levi Twiggs was killed at the storming of Chepultepec. UNION. Boundaries. — This county is bounded N. by North Caro- lina, E. by Rabun and Habersham, S. by Lumpkin, and W. by Gilmer. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. Rivers, Creeks. — The principal streams are the Hiwas- see, Notley, and Tcccoa rivers. The creeks are High Tower, Dooly's, Hemp Town, Cooper's, Brass Town, Mill, &c. Towns. — Blairsville is the seat of justice ; and is situated in the midst of the Blue Ridge. It has a court-house,. and jail ; one school, two hotels, six stores, one tailor, one cabinet- maker, &c. It is distant from the North Carolina line 1 1 miles ; from Milledgeville, 165; from EUijay, 40; from Dahlonega, 35; from Clayton, 45. Provisions are abundant and cheap. The scenery in the vicinity of Blairsville is hardly surpassed by any in the United States. The population are quiet and orderly. The public buildings were located in Blairsville, in 1835. Population, about 150. Amount of goods sold in a year, $20,000, mostly purchased in Augusta and Charleston. Incor- porated in 1847. 570 UNION COUNTY. Climate, Diseases, Instances of Longevity. — The cli- mate is delightful in summer. In winter sudden changes oc- cur, which commonly produce colds, pleurisy, (fee. The dis- ease called " Milk Sick," sometimes prevails upon the head waters of Brass Town and Cythis creeks. Instances of longevity are common. Mrs. Sarah Lloyd is over 85 ; Mrs. Addington, over 80 ; Dicy Queen, 85 ; Mrs. Patterson, over 80 ; John Nickerson, a revolutionary soldier, over 90 ; Samuel Reid, 95 ; Ruther Brown, over 80. Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — This county has some excellent lands, mostly on the bottoms and creeks, adapted to corn and Irish potatoes, worth $10 per acre. There is a description of land called table land, having a growth of nickory and post oak, suited to corn, tobacco and wheat ; value $3 to $5 per acre. Excellent ranges for cattle are to be found in every section of this mountain region. Average product of corn per acre, 20 bushels, wheat 6. No cotton is cultivated. Rye, oats, and Irish potatoes do well. Trees, Orchards. — Mountain birch, spruce, mountain lau- rel, hackberry, black locust, sarvis, maple, white pine, &c. The country being newly settled the inhabitants have not yet paid much attention to orchards. Apples succeed admirably. Minerals. — A more interesting field for the mineralogist cannot be found in the United States than this section of Georgia. It is rich in minerals. Three diamonds have been found in the county. Gold occurs in several places, particularly on Gum Log, Ivy Log, High Tower, Brass Town, and Cosa creeks. The mines on the last named creek have the repu- tation of. being rich, having yielded 100,000 pennyweights of gold since they were operated upon. White and variegated marble is found on Cat creek, and Cut Cane creek, in the western part of the county. Iron is abundant. Silver, it is said, exists in this county. Granite, mica, quartz, alum, and sulphuret of iron, are common. Six miles northwest of Blairsville, on Ivy Log and Brass Town creeks, are quarries of millstone, said to be excellent. Mountains. — The Blue Ridge crosses Union, and its differ- ent peaks are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, Cooper's Creek, Blood, Track Rock, Ball, and Round Top mountains. UNION COUNTY. 571 Valleys. — The valleys are Brass Town, Hiwassee, Cho- estoah, Ivy Log, and Young Cane, most of which have fine lands, cultivated by an industrious and simple class of people. Post Offices. — Blairsville, Ivy Log, Polk, Shady Grove, and Young Cane. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the cen- sus gave Union a population of 5,670 whites, and 142 blacks ; total, 5,812. The amount of taxes for 1848, $878 80 cents. Entitled to one representative. Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti-Mis- sionary Baptists, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, and Bible, Christians. In this region ministers and Sabbath schools are much needed. Education is at a low ebb. Schools are want- ed, and efficient teachers would be encouraged. Number of poor children, 850. Educational fund, $737 20 cents. Remarkable Places. — Track Rock is situated about 7 miles east of Blairsville, in the gap of a mountain, which has received the name of the Enchanted Mountain, at the head waters of the Arquequa and Brass Town creeks. The rock appears to be a species of soapstone, and on it are tracks, sup- posed to have been made by the Indians, such as the tracks of turkeys, deer, cows, horses, bears, men, boys, girls, &c. Dr. Stevenson, of Canton, in Cherokee county, cut out one of these impressions, and wrote a very romantic story about this rock, and the Enchanted Mountain. On the side of this mountain is a rock fort. Bell Creek or Pilot Mountain is situated in the northeast corner of Union county, and appears to be placed upon the summit of a larger mountain. The northwest side of it is 400 yards perpendicular. It is visible for 20 miles around, and re- ceived its present name from the Indians. The top is almost inaccessible. About a mile and a half from Blairsville, on Notley river, a fierce battle occurred between the Cherokees and Creeks, rela- tive to territory claimed by both parties. On Hiwassee river a battle was fought by the Cherokees and Creeks, in which the latter were defeated. At Track Rock, a severe battle is supposed to have been fought. Mineral Springs, Falls. — Mineral springs are to be found 572 UNION COUNTY. near the head waters of the Hiwassee river, but none particu- larly celebrated. On the head waters of the Hiwassee river, are several falls, some of which are 100 feet perpendicular, de- cidedly superior, it is affirmed, to the Toccoa falls. Original Settlers. — Mr. John Butt and his family, the . 'Chastains, Smiths, Turners, Loudermiths, Englands, Burches, if Sanders, and others. Mills, Distilleries, &c. — In the county are 11 saw-mills ; 25 grist-mills, and 1 merchant-mill in process of construction. There are 7 distilleries. Iron works have been erected on Ivy Log creek, 7 miles from Blairsville. Roads, Bridges. — The roads are necessarily rough, being in a mountain region. The citizens are, however, paying at- tention to their roads, and we feel no hesitation in saying, that we have met with worse roads in some of the older coun- ties. There are not many bridges. The one over Notley's creek, a mile and a half from Blairsville, is 80 feet in. length. Character of the People, Amusements. — Hospitality is a peculiar trait in the character of the people. Strangers are always welcome, and treated with marked kindness. The rules of etiquette do not exist, it is true, among these moun- taineers ; but every one is anxious to make the visiter happy. The ladies are artless, and unsophisticated, and seem to take much pleasure in conversing with strangers. The luxuries of cities are unknown in Union. Many of the mountain people never use sugar except upon very special occasions. Hunting, fishing, and dancing are the amusements. Value of Town Lots, &;c. — The value of town lots is $6,490. Value of stock in trade, $7,700. Money at interest $3,913. Name. — The following is said to be the origin of the name of this county. When the question was asked in the Legis- lature, the representative from that region answered " Union, for none but union-men reside in it." — Sherwood's Gazetteer. UPSON COUNTY. 573 UPSON. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by- Pike ; E. by Monroe and Crawford ; S. by Talbot, and W. by Meriwether and Talbot. Laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824. It is 24 miles long, and 16 wide, containing 384 square miles. Post Offices. — Thomaston, Double Bridges, Hootensville, Waymanville. Amount of State Tax. — The amount of State tax for 1848, was i3,357 13. Population, Representation. — According to the last census, Upson had 5,740 whites, and 4,080 blacks ; total, 9,828. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature. Rivers and Creeks. — The principal river is the Flint, into which the following creeks empty, viz.; Big Potato, Lit- tle Potato, Tobler's, Swift, and Turkey. Towns. — Thomaston, a remarkably neat village, is the seat of justice for the county. It has a handsome brick court- house, jail, one excellent tavern, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, one male and one female academy, each averaging fifty pupils, four stores, one family grocery, three tailors, four blacksmiths, two wheelwrights, one tinner, one cabinet-maker, one tannery, two carpenters, one shoe factory, seven attor- neys, five physicians, three ministers, one Odd Fellows' Lodge, one Masonic Lodge, one Division of the Sons of Temperance, one Bible Society, and two Sabbath schools. The people are intelligent, moral, and hospitable. It is situ- ated upon the waters of Potato creek, on the road leading from Columbus to Macon. From Milledgeville it is 75 miles W. S. W ; 16 from the Macon and Western Railroad, 45 from Macon, 27 from Knoxville, and 17 from Zebulon. The Columbus stage passes through Thomaston every day. It was incorporated in 1825. Logtown, nine miles S. E, of Thomaston, is distinguished for the number of its mechanics' shop. Hootensville, is three miles from Fhnt river, and twelve from Thomaston. 37 574 UPSON COUNTY. Double Bridges is 1 1 miles from Thomaston, on the road leading to Columbus. ' Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The face of the country is undulating and broken. The best lands are in the south and southeast parts of the county, on Flint river, Potato, and Tobler's creeks. The soil is of a dark gray colour, peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of cotton and corn. The red lands are adapted to grains particularly. The pine lands are inferior. Value of Land. — The best lands are M^orth f 8 per acre ; red lands, $7 ; chestnut lands, $3 ; pine lands, $2. Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is $26,370. Value of stock in trade, $27,030. Money at inte- rest, $138,109. Capital invested in manufactures, 880,000. Productions, Product per Acre. — Cotton, corn, wheat, and oats are the chief productions. Ten thousand bags of cot- ton are annually produced, twenty-five hundred of which are taken by the factories. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre, corn, 3| barrels, wheat, 10 bushels. Apples and peaches succeed, as well as vegetables of every description. Manufactures, Mills, — The water power in this county is very fine. At the Thomaston factory, there is a succession of natural dams or water-falls, which could be rendered valu- able by a few hours' labour. From various sources we have derived the following statistics of the factories in this county. The Franklin factory and Wayman factory are on Tob- ler's creek, 7 miles S. E. of Thomaston, owned and managed by the same persons. The Franklin factory was first put into operation, April, 1833. Spindles, 1,320. Cards, 16. The Wayman factory was first put into operation in 1841. Spindles, 1,664. Looms, for weaving heavy osnaburgs weigh- ing half a pound per yard, 26. Amount of cotton consumed in both factories per annum, . . 1,100 bales. Number of operatives, . . . 125 Amount paid operatives each month, 900 dollars. Hours of work, per day, . . 12 Bacon used per week, . . . 500 pounds. UPSON COUNTY. 575 Flour used per week . . . 700 pounds. Corn Meal, " .... 20 bushels. Coffee, " ... 50 pounds. Molasses, " .... 20 gallons. Tobacco used' by men, women and children, 20 lbs. per week. No provision is made for the education of the children. The character of the operatives is distinguished by the usual traits that mark the poor, uneducated class of this country. Of the whole population of the village, which amounts to 240, there are not 20 who can either read or write. They are much inferior in moral deportment to the operatives of New England, where the laws make provision for their education, yet their condition is much improved. Nearly all the families residing here, are those who have been driven by necessity to engage their children to work in the mills, whose toil on some worn-out or barren piece of ground w^as not sufficient to sup- ply their wants. Flint river factory, owned by Walker & Grant. Spindles, 1,560 Cards, ..... 16 Looms, ..... 26 Pounds of cotton used per day, . 700 Operatives, .... 50 Thomaston factory, on Potato creek, a mile and a half from Thomaston, owned by Rogers & Turner. Spindles, ..... 1,260 Cards, ..... 16 Looms, ..... 24 Operatives, .... 50 Pounds of cotton used per day, . 700 At this factory the advantages of church and Sunday school instruction are afforded to the operatives. Another factory will soon be erected, as well as a paper- mill. 576 UPSON COUNTY. On Potato creek, ... 5 flour mills. On Tobler's creek ... 3 " Saw-mills, ..... 13 Grist-mills, .... 15 Roads and Bridges. — In dry seasons the roads are in good order ; in wet, they are very bad. The bridges are kept in tolerable repair. Mountains. — The Pine mountains begin on the east side of the Flint river. The highest summits are 800 feet above the Flint river. Among these mountains are some fine springs, and upon the highest summit an Indian burial ground. Character of the People. — No one can visit this sec- tion of country without forming a favourable opinion of the character of its population. The greater part of the people are snug farmers, and few of them are in debt. Education. — Schools of excellent character are in Tho- maston, and other places. Number of poor children, 295. Educational fund, $255 84 cents. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — In some parts of the county fevers and chills prevail. The instances of longe- vity are the following : Mr. Daniel Parker, died at the age of 90 ; Mr. Henry Garland, at 90 ; Mrs. Doles is now living, 90 years old; also Mr. James Walker, 85 years old. Mineral Spring, — The Thundering spring is in the N.W. part of the county, 2 miles from the Flint river, 20 from Thomaston, and 18 from Zebulon. It derives its name from a rumbling noise resembling distant thunder, which formerly proceeded from it, but which is no longer heard. The dis- continuance of the sound is owing, it is supposed, to the num- ber of rocks which have been thrown into it by visiters. The spring is at the base of a hill, and is enclosed by a frame building, to which is attached a convenient dressing-room for bathers. It is 12 feet in diameter ; its depth has never been correctly ascertained. It is said to possess medicinal virtues, in cases of rheumatism and other chronic diseases. Its warm and pleasant temperature renders it a delightful bath at all seasons, and its buoyancy is such, that bathers cannot sink below the arm-pit, the motion of the water having a tendency to throw all light bodies to the surface. The country around UPSON COUNTY. 577 the spring is healthy and romantic. There is an Indian tra- dition connected with this spot not altogether devoid of inte- rest. About 150 yards from the present site of the spring, on the side of the hill, is a large circular excavation in the earth somewhat resembling a lime sink, which the Indians say was the former location of the spring ; but a white man in a drunken frolic having spurred his horse into the spring, its presiding spirit, offended at its pollution, caused the spring to disappear, and it burst forth where it now is, at the base of the hill. Name. — Upson county was named after Stephen Upson, Esq., an eminent lawyer of Lexington, Oglethorpe county. This gentleman was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1785. He graduated at Yale, in 1804, with a high reputation for scholarship. He then studied law at Litchfield, with Judge Reeves. Ill health rendered it necessary for him to remove to a southern cHmate ; and in 1807 he left his native State, and came to Hanover, in Virginia, where he had letters to Colonel Pope. Here he remained a short time, employing him- self in teaching the Colonel's children, and reading law. The Colonel became much attached to Mr. Upson, and did every thing in his power to render his residence with him agreeable ; but finding that the climate of Virginia did not improve his health, Mr. Upson determined to try that of Georgia. The Hon. William H. Crawford, who then resided in Lexington, and to whom Mr. Upson had brought letters from Colonel Pope, immediately perceived that the stranger was a man of no ordinary merits. His modesty, his industry and intelli- gence, prepossessed Mr. Crawford in his favour, and he ac- cordingly received him as a student in his office, and afforded him many facilities, of which Mr. Upson always retained a grateful recollection. He commenced the practice of the law in 1808. His mind and habits were of such a character, that he soon became distinguished in his profession. To his busi- ness he devoted himself without intermission. Company, amusements, every thing was given up, and he seemed to have no thoughts except _ those connected with his profession. Merit like his could not long remain unrewarded. The citi- zens of Oglethorpe were not slow in perceiving, that if perse- 578 UPSON COUNTY. verance, integrity, and legal knowledge, could insure success to any claims which called for the interposition of the Courts, then it would be prudent in them to secure the services of Mr. Upson. Accordingly, business came to him from every quarter. Persons from a distance came to Lexington to con- sult him on legal subjects. Mr. Crawford, having the highest opinion of Mr. Upson's abilities as a lawyer, placed in his hands some important cases. Indeed Mr. Upson possessed in a very high degree the confidence of this eminent man, who was in the habit of freely communicating to him his views on the various subjects which at that time agitated the people of Georgia. When the Hon. Judge Cobb, one of the most celebrated lawyers in Georgia, was elected to Congress in 1816 and 1818, and when he finally removed to Greenesborough, Mr. Upson was left without a rival on the Northern Circuit. All his contemporaries speak of him as possessing a mind enriched with the stores of literature, and a disposition peculiarly amiable and obliging. A gentleman who studied law in his office, says " that his neatness of person and dress was pecu- liar. Dust could not adhere to his clothes." His complexion was fair, and a little florid ; his person tall and straight. He seldom laughed. Strict economy, which was forced upon him in early life by the want of means, never left him, even when he had acquired a large fortune. In 1812, Mr. Upson married Miss Hannah Cummins, youngest daughter of the celebrated Dr. Francis Cummins. Mr. Upson represented Oglethorpe county in the State Legis- lature, from 1820 to the period of his death, which took place August 24, 1824, aged 39 years. At the time of his decease he was justly esteemed at the head of the Georgia bar, and had he lived until the ensuing session of the Legislature he would doubtless have been elected to the United States Senate. In that body he would probably have held a higher grade than any gentleman from Georgia since it was repre- sented by Mr. Crawford. WALTON COUNTY 579 WALTON. Situation, Boundaries. — Walton county lies in the pri- mitive formation. It is bounded on the N. E. by Jackson ; on the E. by Clarke ; on the S. by Morgan ; on the S. W. by Newton ; and on the N. W. by Gwinnett. The average length is 35 miles, and width 18. TowN«. — Monroe is the county site, situated on the ridge dividing the waters of the Ulcofauhachee and Appalachee rivers, at the head of Mountain creek, distant from Milledgeville 66 miles, from Social Circle 10, from Athens 25, from Law- rence ville 18, from Madison 23, from Watkinsville 22, from Covington 18. The town presents a very neat appearance. It contains a brick court-house, jail, two hotels, two churches, seven stores, four groceries, two tailors, four blacksmiths, two wagon makers, one tannery, one harness-maker, two carriage-makers, one painter, two boot and shoe-makers, five lawyers, five doctors, two teachers, and two excellent schools. The town is well shaded. It was made the public site and incorporated in 1821. It is considered healthy, and the water is tolerable. Population, 400. Social Circle was incorporated in 1831, and is inhabited by a kind and enterprising people. It is situated on the Georgia ilailroad, on the highest eminence between Covington and Augusta. It is the depot for the county. Considerable busi- ness is done here, and the amount of goods sold in twelve months has reached $40,000. Population, 200. The com- piler of this work knows of no place in Georgia where one can find a kinder people than those of Social Circle. It has indeed an appropriate name. One of the best dentists in Geor- gia resides in this town. Centreville is G miles west of Social Circle. Broken Arrow is 3 miles north of Centreville. Post Offices. — Monroe, Social Circle, Cut Ofi', Good Hope, and Windsow. Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the cen- sus gave this county 7,761 whites, 4,709 blacks ; total, 12,470. 580 WALTON COUNTY. The amount of State tax returned for 1848 is 12907 52. En- titled to two representatives. Climate, Diseases, Longevitv. — The climate is as healthy as any in middle Georgia. The most prevalent diseases are those of an inflammatory character. The instances of longe- vity are quite numerous. Mr. Carson died at the age of 100 ; Mr. Stark Brown, over 100 ; a negro woman belonging to Mr. William Anderson, died at the advanced age of 116; Tom, belonging to Mr. William Terry, died at 105 — he was a soldier in the Revolution. There are now living Mr. Joseph Herndon, aged 90 ; Mr. Anderson, 89 ; Mrs. Carson, 90 ; Mrs. Harris, 85; Mrs. McMahon, 80; Mrs. Hudson, over 80. A negro named Lot, the property of Mrs. Graves, is now living, aged 90 years. Mills, Distilleries. — Saw-mills 23, grist-mills 23, flour- mills 5. A few small distilleries. Roads and Bridges. — The roads are generally kept in good order. There are six bridges over the Alcovi, and six over the Appalachee. Productions, Average Product per Acre. — Cotton, wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, &c. Average of cotton, per acre, 400 pounds, corn 3 barrels, wheat 5 bushels. Minerals. — There is a gold mine on Hard Labour creek, 9 miles S. W. of Monroe, the property of Capt. J. S. Means, who informs the author, that one and a half pennyweights of gold have been made per day, to the hand. Austin's mines are in the N. E. part ; and Smith's in the N. W. part of the county. There is a granite formation running through the county Irom N. E. to S, W., in some places half a mile wide, and in others two miles. Iron, plumbago, tourmaline, quartz, granite, &c., abound. Market. — Farmers carry their produce to Augusta. Character of the People, Amusements. — Many worthy and intelligent people reside in this county. The inhabitants are industrious and temperate. The amusements are hunting, rifle-shooting, fishing, racing, and dancing. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Pres- byterians, Bible Christians, and a few of other denominations. There are about thirty churches in the county. Considerable WALTON COUNTY. 581 attention is paid to education, and some provision is made for the instruction of poor children. Number of poor chil- dren, 294. Educational fund, $254 97. Nature of the Soil, Value of Land. — The first quality lands are on Alcovi river. Jacks and Hard Labour creeks, mulatto soil, value $5 per acre. The second quality embraces the gray lands, value $4 per acre. The third quality embraces the ridge lands, value $2 per acre. Original Settlers. — R. M. Echolls, Vincent Harralson, John Steel, Elisha Betts, W. T. Colquitt, David Johnson, Zac Phillips, Capt. J. S. Means. Col. Blackburn, Wm. P. Easley, Jesse Arnold. Mineral Springs. — There are no mineral springs of any celebrity in the county. One mile north of Monroe is a spring, said to possess chalybeate properties. Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Appalachee and the Ulcofauhachee. The creeks are Jack's, Cornish, Little Haynes, Bay, Marbury's, Shoals, &c. Remarkable Places. — "The Cowpens" is a place of some notoriety, known formerly as Easley's Cowpens. The first court in Walton was held at this place. It is three miles south of Monroe, and is beautifully situated with a fine spring. Jack's creek is celebrated for a battle fought, 21st of Sept., 1787, between the Indians, commanded by McGilvary, a half breed, and the whites, commanded by Col. Elijah Clarke. The force of the Indinns amounted to 800, the Americans 200. The attack was made on the hill, three miles east of the spot upon which Monroe now stands, by Clarke, in thVee divisions. The battle commenced at 10 o'clock, and continued until sunset. The Indians were defeated. The Americans carried their dead about a mile into a branch, and there buried them among the canes ; from which circumstance the place has since been known by the name of " Dead Man's Branch." Number of Bags of Cotton. — Four thousand bags of cotton are annually produced in this county. Miscellaneous Notice. — R. M. Echolls, President of the Senate, lived in this county. He died in Mexico, and his re- mains were brought to Walton, and buried at his homestead, one mile from Broken Arrow. 582 WALTON COUNTY. Name. — This county was named after George Walton, whose history is full of interest, and affords proof that talents, joined with industry, may overcome all difficulties. Like many illustrious men who have adorned the annals of this and other countries, Mr. Walton owed the distinction to which he attained, to his own efforts. He was born in Frederick coun- ty, Virginia, in 1740, and received no other education except that which he acquired during the intervals of labour. He was apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter ; and such was his thirst for knowledge, that he collected lightwood during the day, by the light of which he would pursue his studies, his master not allowing him the use of a candle. After his ap- prenticeship had expired he removed to Georgia, and com- menced the study of the law in the office of Henry Young, Esq. About the time that he commenced practice, the colo- nies were contending against the tyranny of Great Britain, and Walton did not hesitate to advocate the cause of his in- jured country. In the first call, published in the Georgia Ga- zette, for a meeting of the friends of liberty, to be held at Ton- dee's tavern, 27th July, 1774, JMr. Walton's name first appears in the history of Georgia. At this meeting he acted a conspicuous part, encouraging by his eloquence resistance to the encroach- ments of the mother country. On the 12th of January, 1775, another meeting was held, and with great earnestness he en- deavoured to convince those who doubted the propriety of the measures which the other colonies had adopted, that fur- ther efforts to obtain a redress of grievances were wholly use- less, and that the time had arrived for immediate action. At this period he acquired the reputation of a determined patriot, and upon most of the important committees we find his name. In February, 1776, his talents and patriotism were recognised by the Legislature, by appointing him a delegate to Congress, the duties of which he discharged with great fidelity. Between February and June of this year, he appears to have been in Virginia, exerting himself in behalf of his country. The following letter to Col. Lachlan Mcintosh, dated Williams- burgh, lUh June, 1776, will give an idea of his determined spirit : " The time and place whence this letter is about to be wrote, 1 don't doubt will astonish you ; but know that I have WALTON COUNTY. 583 been persecuted sorely with an inward fever, ever since I left the salubrious plains of Georgia. I can inform you, however, that I am not too late for the great American question. Vir- ginia is with one consent determined never to be reconciled to her cruel parent, and to this end all her preparations and pro- ceedings look forward to the latest posterity. Oh, America! did this happy spirit equally animate all thy sons, the inhabit- ants of all Europe transformed into devils could not hurt thee. They have in this dominion nine regiments of as fine fellows as ever vaunted in the field of Mars, besides a number of row- galleys, and six troops of horse ; but I have not seen any troops equal in point of discipline to the Georgia battalion. May Heaven animate and direct the counsels of that infant State ! Desirous for the success of your recruiting officers, I found it eligible and necessary to wait on the Convention of this colony, as I found it customary to apply for leave to re- cruit men for any service here. Accordingly, I came to this place, and found the Convention sitting, to whom I made ap- plication to recruit 300 men for your battalion, which was readily granted, together with the loan of a sum of money. You may be assured, that the number of men you have order- ed will be «nlisted, and on their march to Georgia in two months." Mr. Walton was six times elected a representative to Congress, and the journals of that body show his high standing. His name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence. When Savannah was taken by the British troops under Col. Campbell, he commanded a battalion on the right of General Howe's army. In this battle he was wound- ed and taken prisoner. He was paroled until he recovered from his wound, and then transferred to Sunbury, as a prisoner of war. In 1779 he was exchanged, and in October, 1779, he was elected Governor of the State of Georgia. Many other important offices were conferred upon him, among which was that of Judge of the Superior Court, the duties of which he dis- charged for fifteen years, and until the day of his death, which took place in Augusta, February 2d, 1801. Mr. Walton, in a letter which he wrote from Congress, complains " that for want of information, the deeds of Georgia are given to others." He seriously contemplated writing the History of Georgia 584 WALKER COUNTY. In the prosperity of the State he took a great interest, and in his charges to the grand jurors, always dilated with consider- able emphasis upon the high destiny which awaited our State. WALKER. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Tennessee ; S. by Chattooga ; E. by Murray ; W. by Dade and Alabama. Laid out from Murray, and organized in 1833. Post Offices. — La Fayette, Medicinal Springs, Chestnut Flat, Ringold, Frick's Gap, Rock Springs, Rossville, Snow Hill, Villanow, Wood's Station, Duck Creek. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The census of 1845 gave to this county 7,023 whites, 1,044 blacks; total, 8,067. State tax returned for 1848, $1,939 82. Entitled to one representative. Rivers, Creeks. — East and West Chicamauga rivers dis- charge their waters into the Tennessee. The craeks are Pea- vine, Rocky, Snake, &c. Mineral Springs, Ponds. — No section is favoured with a greater variety of excellent springs than this county. The me- dicinal springs owned by Rev. Z. Gordon, are among the most celebrated. They are situated at the base of Taylor's Ridge. There are twenty springs within the space of half a mile, pos- sessing different properties ; but the main springs are twelve in number, in a space less than a quarter of an acre. Twr> of them are chalybeate, two sulphur, and two magnesia. The most astonishing cures have been effected by the use of the waters. Among the Indians, the reputation of these springs was very great, and from three to four hundred were annually in the habit of visiting them to partake of their healing virtues. About one mile from the springs, Mr. Gordon has cut down the trees from a beautiful eminence of Taylor's Ridge, and named it Buena Vista, from which the eye feasts itself with the most magnificent views of mountain scenery. On WALKER COUNTY. 585 the east may be seen Lady's Peak, John's Mountain, Mill Creek Mountain, Cohuttah Mountains, Unicoy on the north, Frog Mountain, and Smoky Mountains in North Carolina. On the north and northwest, Cumberland Mountains, Walden's Ridge, Racoon and Great Lookout Mountain — and on the south- west, the Sand Mountains in Alabama. He who desires to study nature, can here do it to the greatest advantage. Mr. Gordon's establishment bids fair to be among the most fashion- able watering places in Geoi'gia. The Red Sulphur Springs, a mile and a half from the Western and Atlantic Railroad, are thus described by a cor- respondent of the Georgia Messenger and Journal, published at Macon : — " Imagine lo yourselves an elevated cove, or basin, in the Blue Ridge, surrounded almost entirely by towering eminences. From the eastern slope, a bold, clear brook comes tumbling into the valley, and passes rapidly westward until it escapes between two abrupt mountain peaks, and dashes for half a mile over rocky barriers, into a branch of the Chicamauga. On the borders of this brook, and in the centre of this basin, which 1 shall designate ' The Vale of Springs,' there is a level spot about two acres in extent, within the limits of which I have counted no less than Jifty -two distinct, bold, and well defined springs. It is not unusual to find these springs pos- sessing entirely different mineral qualities, within a few feet of each other. The waters are strongly mineral — so much so as scarcely to require the trouble of an analysis to discover their distinctive characteristics. We have here the red, the white, and the black sulphur, iron, magnesia, and the salts, in all their various combinations. The deposits from the red sulphur are of the most beautiful bright carmine tinge, and those of the other springs are equally distinctive. On the north side of the valley, there is a large, bold, blue limestone spring, and within less than fifty yards of this, a fountain of the purest freestone water gushes forth. It is almost impossible for the mind to conceive a class of disease, or a condition of the hu- man system, to which some of these waters are not adapted. " All these springs seem to issue either from the mountain side, upon a bed of hard, black slate, or boil up through the 586 WALKER COUNTY. slate. They are perennial; the most severe and continued droughts make no perceptible difference in the quantity of water which they discharge. The layers of slate seem to stand almost perpendicularly, and terminate abrcrptly near the west end of the valley, in a kind of barrier or dam, immediately adjoining which, may be found a formation of beautiful white sandstone. Upon the slate formation in the north side of the valley are found black and variegated marble, and blue limestone in small qnantities. I cannot doubt that the curious and scientific will find much in this ' Vale of Springs' to attract their attention and elicit their investigations. To the seeker after pleasure and of health, they cannot fail to become a favourite resort. The approach from the railroad can be easily made over a level and delightfully shaded road, not more than a mile and three quarters in length. The scenery immediately around the springs is rather of the calm and quiet order, but a walk of half a mile up the mountain side, will afford the visiter a delightful view of a highly picturesque and romantic region, embracing many a mountain height and fer- tile valley. " The location for the buildings is as beautiful and as con- venient as the most tasteful or the most fastidious could de- sire. The country around is protected by its native forests. The atmosphere is pure, dry, and bracing, and entirely free from disease, or from any cause which could produce it. " Immediately in the rear of the springs there are two beautiful mountain peaks, from the summits of which visiters might enjoy an extensive prospect of the surrounding country. To the summit of the eastern peak a carriage road could be constructed at comparatively little expense. They are so convenient to the proposed building site, that the ascent to the top of either would not consume over twenty-five or thirty minutes. The Sand Mountain on the north side, distant about a mile and a half, is well worth a visit, and its summit is destined to be the goal of many a pilgrimage from these springs in future days. It rises probably 1800 feet above the valley — is wholly isolated, nearly circular, and is entirely surrounded by Tiger WALKER COUNTY. 587 creek or its tributaries, which meander through a broad and very fertile valley. The ascent is easy on the south side, where a good road could be made. On all other sides, the brow is surrounded by a perpendicular wall of white sandstone, often 100 feet high. The summit, for nearly 200 acres in ex- tent, is nearly level, and heavily timbered with oak, hickory, pine, and the usual growth of the valleys. The soil is very rich and light, and nearly resembles the alluvial sands on a river bank. On the centre of this plain is another of about 12 acres in extent, and 200 feet high. This is also remarkable for the fertility of its soil, and is crowned with immense forest trees. Here, too, in places, may be seen immense walls of sandstone, which look as if they had for ages been washed by the ocean's surges. On the extreme summit, and near the eastern side, may be seen the ' Giant's Tomb.' It consists of an immense block of ' Pudding Stone,' which rests upon a smaller mass of ' White Sandstone.' 1 have no doubt that, at no very distant day, the enterprising proprietor of the springs will cause a carriage road to be constructed to the summit of this mountain, whither both the gallant and the fair will resort to catch the invigorating mountain breezes, and gaze over the vast expanse of field and forest, of valley and mountain, which will thus be brought within their view. " Taking every thing into consideration, I know of no spot on the wide earth for which nature has done more than for this beautiful ' Vale of Springs.' The waters are indeed 'waters of life' — life -restoring and life-preserving. They were the favourite resorts of the Indians, who upon leaving the country endeavoured to destroy them, by driving plugs of wood into the apertures in the slate. Some of these, in a re- cent examination of the springs, were found to be completely petrified. They cannot fail, with proper accommodations, to attract annually thousands of visiters. Yates Springs, five miles from the Medicinal Springs, gush from a beautiful hill. Crayfish Spring is twelve miles from the Medicinal Springs. Here is water as fine as ever gushed from rock. In depth it is 15 feet, and 200 feet wide. There is a pond in Chattooga Valley, called the Round 588 WALKER COUNTY. Pond. It embraces four or five acres, 48 feet deep in the middle, of a sea-green colour. Distant from La Fayette four miles. Tradition says two Indians were drowned in this pond. There is no visible outlet, and the water never be- comes stagnant. Long Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, famous for excellent fish. Early Settlers. — This county was first settled by per- sons from Tennessee and different parts of Georgia. Mr. Williams and Mr. HarUn were among the first settlers. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — Walker may be put down as a healthy county, although chills and fevers prevail on the waters of Chicamauga. A curious disease, called Milk Sick, prevails in McAlmore's Cove, which embraces 10,000 acres, situated between Pigeon and Lookout mountains. The following account of this disease is taken from Dr. Samuel Henry Dickson's " Practice of Medicine :" — "It is known exclusively in the southern and southwes- tern parts of our Union. The fertile coves, or deep valleys, among the mountains of South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, are subject to this singular malady ; neither the nature nor the cause of which are clearly set forth in the few monographs which have appeared in the journals concerning it. Some attribute it to the ordinary malaria, which before and since the time of McCul- loch has been supposed capable of originating every malady in the long catalogue of nosologists. Others again have ascribed it to some unknown and undiscovered vegetable poison, con- fined in its growth to the spots above alluded to. Others still look upon it, reasoning from analogies of symptoms, upon which they found their opinion, as the efiect of mineral exhalations ; perhaps of lead, antimony, or arsenic. Whatever be the cause which gives rise to it, in the lower classes of animals, it would seem that it never affects directly the human subject. Man is not attacked by the disease unless after eating the flesh of herbivorous animals exposed to receive it, or using the milk or butter obtained from them. Other carnivorous animals are liable to be attacked in the same way if they eat of the dis- eased flesh. The cow and horse are most frequently its vic- tims. It derives its name from the fact, that as occurring in WALKER COUNTY. 589 the human subject, it is most frequently met with as the con- sequence of eating milk rendered poisonous by the diseased condition of the cow from which it was taken. Butter made from such milk is still more acrid, and the flesh of the animal, even when cooked, more strongly poisonous. It is fortunate that the localities in which it resides are capable of being defined accurately. Such places are carefully fenced in from the intrusion of cattle. If animals be kept within their enclo- sures until late in the forenoon, when the dew has entirely exhaled, and driven home again early in the evening, it is said they escape injury, even although allowed to feed within the^ known localities of this poison. It usually affects animals as a chronic disease, and they may not appear in any way to be suf- fering from ill-health ; but it sometimes attacks them with great violence, and rapidly proves fatal. Languor and lassitude are among the earliest symptoms of the attack, soon followed by nausea and vomiting, with great oppression at the epigas- trium, and pain with a sense of heat and burning in the sto- mach. The thirst is great, the skin soon becomes hot and dry, the eyes are red and suffused, and, as some say, a peculiar odour is exhaled from its surface. The pulse is little changed from its ordinary condition ; patients recover slowly and im- perfectly." The instances of longevity, are Mr. Farris, over 90 ; Mrs. Tift, over 92 ; Mrs. Graham, over 80, and others. Religious Sects, Education.' — The principal sects are Baptists of both sorts, Methodists, Presbyterians, Reformed Presbyterians, Bible Christians, Universalists, and a few Ro- man Catholics. There are good schools in this county. The people generally are ambitious to have their children educated. Character of the People, Amusements. — The people are moral and industrious. They are remarkably attached to their home, and consider Walker county as the garden spot of Georgia. The amusements are hunting and fishing. Roads and Bridges. — The roads in the valleys are fair, but generally much cannot be said in favour of the roads. There are two or three bridges over the Chicamauga river. Minerals. — Excellent marble and coal are found on the 38 590 WALKER COUNTY. western limits of the county ; quantities of lead, particularly near Ringold, and almost every mineral found in limestone for- mations. In the vicinity of Gordon's springs, near the Red Sulphur springs, and on Col. Ramsey's plantation, and indeed in almost every section of this county, the geologist will find much to interest him in the fossil remains which he meets with at almost every step. Very recently a bed of gypsum has been discovered near Ringold. Caves. — Walker has many caves. The most remarkable is Wilson's cave, of which the following description is taken from Sears's Wonders of the World : " Upon the representation of the citizens of Lafayette, a small but growing village, in the county of Walker, Georgia, my attention was drawn to a subterranean cavern, five or six miles from the above-named village ; and being rather an ad- mirer of the works of nature, curiosity prompted me, accom- panied by five or six others, to visit it. " The company being met, with lighted torches we entered the cave, through a small aperture, descending a flight of natural stairs almost perpendicularly, some ten or twelve feet. The company having all got down safe, I could not avoid, in an ecstasy of admiration and wonder, exclaiming, " O Lord God Almighty, how wonderful are all thy works !" for we were then shown the grandest and most magnificent room that I have ever beheld, formed on each side with the utmost regu- larity, and ceiled overhead with a perfectly smooth surface ; and being desirous of viewing as minutely as we could, from the amplitude of this anomaly of nature, its various curiosities, we raised a considerable light, and illuminated the room as far as we could by the means we had, when we discovered that an almost infinite number of stalactites had been formed by the almost continual dripping of the water, resembling in size and appearance various animal bodies. " Being somewhat satisfied with our examination of this apartment, with our hearts glowing with wonder, love and praise to the Architect of Nature, we moved slowly and rather pensively along this solitary and hitherto unexplored mansion, through devious wiles of " incognita loca," in quest of new discoveries. WALKER COUNTY. 591 " Having reached the extreme end of this spacious dome, we found that to proceed farther, we had to ascend stupendous and almost inaccessible heights, over craggy precipices and yawn- ing gulfs, to the height of some fifty or sixty feet, when, by the dim light of our tapers, we discovered through a small open- ing another room less spacious, but far more beautiful and picturesque ; — for there appeared to the astonished beholder not only the representation of a part of the animal creation, but a true delineation of a great number of inanimate objects, such as cones, altars, pyramids, tables, candle-stands, with a fac simile of some of nature's choicest productions ; and it really appeared as if she, in her wild and playful moments, had in- tended to mock the curiosities of art. While gazing in dumb astonishment upon this delightful scenery, I was roused from my agreeable re very by a hollow and reverberating sound, produced by one of the company, who being of a bold and adventurous spirit, had gone unobserved into a remote part of the room, and beat with a stick, or something else which he held in his hand, several tabular spars, which echoed through this solitary mansion with almost deafening reverberations, which, by the association of ideas, reminded me in some de- gree of the masticating clangour of the supper bell." Mountains. — Walker is a region of mountains which ge- nerally run from northeast to southwest. Their names are Taylor's Ridge, John's, Pigeon, Lookout, and White Oak mountains. Valleys. — Dogwood valley is between John's mountain and Taylor's ridge. Armucha valley is between John's moun- tain and two ridges of Taylor's mountain. Middle Chica- mauga is between Pea Vine ridge and Taylor's ridge. West Chicamauga is between Lookout and Pigeon mountain. Cray- fish valley is between Pigeon mountain and Crayfish ridge. Markers. — Planters send their produce to Augusta and Macon. Manufactures, Mills. — Although the water power of this county is excellent, the citizens have not yet turned their attention to cotton factories. Twelve months since there were in the county 12 saw-mills and 12 grist-mills ; and the pro- bability is great, that the number has been augmented since 592 WALKER COUNTY. that time. There are three or four excellent flour-mills, of which McCulloch's is the most celebrated. There are six dis- tilleries in the county. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $24,298. Value of stock in trade, $18,844. Money at in- terest, $6,960. Nature of the Soil, Value op Land. — A great diver- sity of soil exists in this county. The first quality is alluvial, on the bottoms of the streams, of a dark chocolate colour, adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes ; average value, $15 per acre. The second quality are the valley lands, gray and dark soil, adapted to corn and cotton ; average value $7 per acre. The third quality are the lands lying between the valleys, called ridge lands; average value $1 per acre. The fourth quahty embrace the mountain lands, worth 25 cents per acre, fit for grazing, and finely timbered. Towns. — Lafayette is the capital, beautifully situated, having a court-house built at the expense of $7,000 ; a jail, two churches. Baptist and Methodist, each having a bell ; two hotels, six stores, four groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, one shoe shop, one saddlery, two cabinet-rnakers, six carpen- ters, two bricklayers, one tanner, six or seven lawyers, three doctors, and one academy. Distant from Milledgeville 210 miles, from Summerville 18, from Chattanooga 24, from the Medicinal Springs 10, from the nearest point on the State road 21 ; from Pigeon mountain 2^, and 12 from the Lookout mountain. It is considered a healthy town. The water is excellent, and the scenery around it, is grand beyond descrip- tion. Several intelligent gentlemen reside in this town, and take much pleasure in showing visiters the curiosities of the country. This place was formerly called Chattooga, but in 1836 the name was changed to that of Lafayette. Ringold is a town of recent date, situated in^ romantic part of the county, and bids fair to be one amor^ the most flourishing towns in Cherokee Georgia. Average Product per Acre. — Cotton averages 800 lbs. per acre, corn 35 bushels, wheat 15, barley 30, and rye 10. Miscellaneous Remarks. — Hicks, Taylor, and Ross, emi- nent Cherokees, once resided in this county. There are apple- WALKER COUNTY. 593 trees, at the plantation formerly owned by Hicks, six feet in circumference, now producing fine fruit. Name. — This division of the State received its name in ho- nour of Major Freeman Walker. He was born on the 25th day of October, 1780, in Charles City county, Virginia. He came to Georgia in 1797, and after a course of study in the Richmond Academy, entered the office of his brother, George Walker, Esq., as a student of law. In 1802 he commenced practice, and by his unwearied attention to his profession, soon became one among the most successful lawyers in the coun- try. In 1807, he was elected a member of the State Legisla- ture, in which body he exhibited the same powers of mind which had distinguished him before the tribunals of justice. For several years after this time, his attention was exclusively devoted to his private affairs. In 1819 he was elected a Sena- tor of the United States. In this august assembly, he did the State which he represented great honour. He assisted in the settlement of the Missouri question, and his speech, which he delivered on that subject, will ever remain a monument of his genius and patriotism. He held many other appointments, such as Mayor of Augusta, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, &c. He died at his residence, Spring Hill, on Butler's creek, Richmond county, September 23d, 1827, in the 47th year of his age. We might add much more in reference to this gentleman, but think our readers will have a better idea of his character from the following epitaph fupon his tomb, written by the Hon. Richard Henry Wilde : Consecrated To the cherished memory and mortal relics of Freeman Walker, nl An able and successful Advocate, a graceful and fluent speaker. His influence as a Statesman, his reputation as an Orator, and his urbanity as a gentleman, were embellished and endeared by social and domestic virtues. Long a distinguished Member of the Bar, 594 WARE COUNTY. Often elected to the Legislature of the State, He at length became one of her Senators in Congress, and retired after two years of honourable service, to resume a profitable profession, which he practised with untiring industry, and unblemished character, until shortly before his death. Generous, Hospitable, and Humane, of cheerful temper and familiar manners, he was idolized by his family, beloved by his friends, and admired by his countrymen. Even party spirit, in his favour, forgot something of its bitterness, and those who differed from the politician, did justice to the man. Born in Virginia, in October, 1780. His brilHant and useful life was terminated by a pulmonary complaint, on the 23d day of September, 1827, in the 47th year of his age. ' WARE. Boundaries, Extent. — Bounded N. by Appling ; E. by Wayne and Camden ; 8. by Florida, and W. by Lowndes and a part of Irwin. Laid out from Irwin, and organized in 1824. Length, 55 miles; breadth, 53. Square miles, 2,915. Rivers, Creeks. — This section of the State is well wa- tered. The head waters of the Suwanee and St.''Mary's are in this county, besides innumerable creeks, among which are the Big Hurricane, Little Hurricane, Hog, Seventeen Mile creek, Indian, Wolf, &c. Post Office. — Waresborough. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, this county had a population of 2,733 whites. WARE COUNTY. 595 and 201 blacks ; total, 2,934. Amount of State tax for 1848, $784 86. Sends one representative to the Legislature. Value of Stock in Trade, (fee. — The value of stock in trade is $2,200. Money at interest, $34,095. Towns. — Waresborough is the capital, situated 163 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 70 from Troupville, and 40 from Holmesviile. It has a court-house, tavern, store, &c. Early Settlers. — The Hargroves, Hilliards, Tomber- lines, and others. Religious Sects, Education. — Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous. Very little interest is taken in the subject of education. Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The coun- ty is flat, and interspersed with numerous swamps. The soil is light and tolerably productive. The salt palmetto abounds. Productions. — Sugar-cane, cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. Black seed cotton grows finely. Cotton averages about 600 pounds per acre. Peaches, melons, figs, and oranges, succeed well. It is a fine country for cattle and hogs. Character of the People. — The citizens are said to be hardy, industrious, and honest. Much good might be done by the organization of temperance societies. Climate. — The climate is warm. Fever and ague prevail in some places. Market. — Centreville, on the St. Mary's river, in Camden county. Roads. — The roads are excellent. Game. — Game is abundant. Bears and wolves are often killed. Swamp. — Okefinocau, formerly called by the Indians E-cun-fi-no-cau, from Ecunnau, earth, and finocau, quivering. The first was the most common among the Creeks, from Ooka, a Choctaw word for water, and finocau, quivering : a little motion will make the mud and water of the swamp quiver ; hence its name. It is about 30 miles long, and 17 broad. Se- veral rivers have their head waters in this swamp. In it are several islands, one of which the Creeks represented to be one among the most blissful spots in the world ; that it was inhab- ited by a peculiar race of Indians, whose women were incompa- rably beautiful ; that this place had been seen by some of their 596 WARE COUNTY. hunters when in pursuit of game, who being lost in inextri- cable swamps and bogs, and on the point of perishing, were unexpectedly relieved by a company of beautiful women, whom they called daughters of the sun, who kindly gave them such provisions as they had, chiefly fruit, oranges, dates, &c., and some corn cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for safety to their own country, as their husbands were fierce men, and cruel to strangers. They also stated, that these hunters had a view of their settlements, situated on the elevated banks of an island or promontory, in a beautiful lake ; but that in their efforts to approach it, they were involved in perpetual laby- rinths, and, like enchanted land, when they imagined they had just gained it, it seemed to fly before them, alternately ap- pearing and disappearing. They resolved, at length, to leave the delusive pursuit and to return, which after a number of inexpressible difficulties they effected. When they reported their adventures to their countrymen, their young warriors were inflamed with a desire to invade and conquer so charm- ing a country ; but ah their attempts proved abortive, never being able again to find that enchanting spot, nor even any road to it.* Name. — Nicholas Ware, whose name this county bears, was the son of Captain Robert Ware, an officer of the Revo- lution, and was born in Virginia, on the 16th of February, 1776. He accompanied his father to Georgia, and was placed in the academy of Dr. Springer. Having completed his edu- cation, he studied law in the city of Augusta, and attended law lectures at Litchfield, in Connecticut. In Augusta, he acquired considerable practice, and was honoured with many appointments by his fellow-citizens. He was particularly ac- tive in promoting the interests of the Richmond Academy, and took a great interest in the cause of literature generally. For several years he was a member of the Legislature, and was always found faithful and independent in the discharge of his duty. He was Senator to Congress from 1821 to 1824. He died in the city of New- York, in September, 1824, whilst Lafayette was landing, amidst the acclamations of the peo- ple. He is represented to have been a man of much industry, great liberality, and unimpeachable honour. We regret that * Bartram's Travels. WARREN COUNTY. 597 it has not been in our power to gather information which would have enabled us to give a more particular account of Mr. Ware. WARREN. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. by Taliaferro and Wilkes; E. by Columbia; S, by Jefferson; and W. by Washington and Hancock. Laid out in 1793, and portions set off to Jefferson in 1796, and in 1825 portions to Taliaferro. Length 26 miles, breadth 16, containing 416 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The north fork of the Ogeechee is on the western boundary of the county. Brier creek rises in this county, runs S.E., and after a course of 100 miles, discharges it- self into the Savannah river. Several creeks have their origin in this county and empty into the Little river, such as Town, William's, and Carson's creeks. Rocky Comfort, Goulden's, Beach Tree, Joes, Deep, and Long creeks, flow south. Post Offices. — Warrenton, Camak, Double Wells, May- field. Population, Taxes, Representation. — The last census gave this county a population of 5,975 whites, 5,493 blacks ; total, 11,468. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,761 45 cents. Entitled to two representatives. Towns. — Warrenton, a pleasant and flourishing town, is the seat of justice. It is situated on the waters of Goulden's creek, nearly in the centre of the county, distant from Milledgeville 45 miles E. N. E., 42 from Augusta, 22 from Sparta, 26 from Wash- ington, and 34 from Louisville. A large amount of business is done here, and it is said that goods can be purchased cheaper than in almost any town in Georgia. The stores are spacious and well stocked with goods. About $125,000 worth of goods are annually sold. The court-house is constructed of brick ; the jail of granite, found near the town. There are two churches, one male and one female academy, five stores, three groceries, one tailor, two shoemakers, one carpenter, one blacksmith, one 598 WARREN COUNTY. milliner, one wagon shop, two hotels, two saddlers, seven lawyers, five physicians, and one minister. The place has the reputation of being healthy. The citizens are intelligent and enterprising. From the Georgia Railroad, there is a branch railroad terminating at Warrenton, three miles and a quarter in length. The town was incorporated in 1810, and made the county site in 1797. Double Wells and Camak, are stations on the Georgia Railroad. Mayfield is on the Ogeechee. Religious Sects, Education. — Baptists, Methodists, Ro- man Catholics, Presbyterians and Protestant Methodists. In •the county are fifteen Baptist and sixteen Methodist churches. The means of education are abundant, and ample provision is made for the instruction of the poor. Number of poor children, 391. Educational fund, $339 10. Mineral Spring. — On Long creek, eight miles from Warrenton is a spring, the waters of which are chalybeate. MiNERALS.^Gold in small quantities has been found in the upper part of the county, and excellent granite and soapstone are abundant. Face of the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The oak and hickory lands are the most fertile, adapted to cotton and corn. About half of the county embraces the oak and hickory uplands, together with those which the farmers denominate mixed land, the peculiar growth of which is pine, with a little oak and hickory interspersed, adapted to cotton and the dif- ferent grains. The gray sandy pine lands produce well for a few years. Average Product per Acre, Value op Land. — Cotton produces 350 pounds per acre, corn 10 bushels, wheat 5. Land is worth upon an average $3 per acre. Climate, Diseases, Lotvgevity. — The climate is mild and healthy. Most of the diseases occur on the water-courses. This county is remarkable for cases of longevity. Eighteen months ago, there were living the following persons : Capt. Hill, - aged 87 years; Mr. John Jones, 85; Mr. G. Berry, over 90; Mr. * D. Newsome, 80 ; Mr. H. Pool, over 85 ; Mr. H. Chalker, 85 ; Mr. J. Burkhalter, 90 ; Mr. Crenshaw, over 80 ; Mrs. Persons, 92 ; Mrs. Bass, 90 ; Mr. Brinkley, 85; Mrs. Hobbes, 100. The WARREN COUNTY. 599 following persons died in this county : Mrs. Peoples, aged 100 ; Mrs. Killebrew, 100 ; Mrs. Heath, 90 ; Mrs. Walker, 93 ; Mrs. Bates, 90 ; Mr. Cason, 96 ; Mr. J. W. Jackson, 100 ; Mr. John Wilson, 92 ; Mr. Charles Sturdevant, 95 ; Mr. Bullock, 90 ; Mr. James Draper, 80. Character of the People. — The people are generally- well informed. Religion and morality are highly esteemed. Manufactures, Mills. — Rock Mills factory on the Ogee- chee. Capital, $25,000. Spindles, . . 600 Operatives, . . 40 Wages of operatives, $7 75 cts. per month. The morals of the operatives are good. Brother's factory. Capital invested, $18,000. Spindles, . . . 1,000 Hands employed, . 30 Merchant-mills, five or six ; saw-mills, 12 ; grist-mills, 10. One wool-carding machine at the Brothers factory, on the Shoals of Ogeechee ; one ditto, at Mayfield ; one ditto, at Deep Creek. Eminent Men. — The Hon. Mr. McDufTee, of South Caro- lina, is a native of Warren county. Name. — Major General Joseph Warren, whose name this county bears, was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1741. He was favoured with the advantages of a liberal education, and graduated with honour at Harvard University, 1759. Directing his attention to medical pursuits, he became one of the* most eminent physicians of his day, but the agitating ques- tions which then occupied the thoughts of his countrymen, diverted his mind from a profession which promised him wealth and reputation. When the news of the passage of the Stamp Act reached Boston, he decided upon his course, which was open and determined resistance to taxation and tyranny. By his pen, and by attending the meetings of his fellow-citi- zens, held to discuss the rights of the colonies, he contributed much to kindle the flame of opposition to the British ministry. His orations on the massacre of the 5th of March, are well- known to breathe the spirit of the true patriot. When the 600 WARREN COUNTY. time arrived for tiie appointment of an orator, for 1775, com- memorative of this massacre, this office was again conferred upon Mr. Warren, at his own request. Some of the British officers, then in Boston, had pledged themselves to take the life of any man who should refer to the massacre on that occasion, and, hearing of this threat, Mr. Warren earnestly de- sired the honour of braving it. The oration was delivered. Unappalled the patriot orator depicted in moving terms the injustice of Great Britain ; and although crowds of British officers were present, no attempt was made to carry their threats into execution. On the evening before the battle of Lexington, Warren received information that the enemy de- signed to seize the military stores at Concord, and immediately adopted measures to spread the information. On the next day, the never to be forgotten 19th of April, Mr. Warren was destined to display gallantry, which has given him a high rank among those who lost their lives in fighting for the liber- ties of their country. Four days previous to the battle of Bunker's or Breed's Hill, he had received his commission of Major General. His friends entreated him not to expose him- self incautiously ; but such was his zeal, that he rushed into the battle with his mi^sket, and received a shot in the head, which immediately killed him. In 1776, his remains were taken from the earth, at Breed's Hill, placed in a coffin, and brought to the Stone Chapel, in Boston, and deposited in a vault under the chapel, by the Freemasons, of which he was Grand Master. A monument also was erected by this ancient fraternity, to his memory, on the battle-field, which has, however, given place to the Bunker Hill Monument. Congress made provision for the maintenance and education of his children. People of Warren ! should necessity ever require you to take up arms in the defence of your country, imitate the example of the man after whom your county is called. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 601 WASHINGTON. Boundaries, Extent. — This county constitutes a portion of territory acquired by a treaty with the Creek Indians, by which all the lands claimed by them east of the Oconee river, were given to the State of Georgia. The country thus ac- quired was divided into two counties, one called Franklin, and the other Washington ; the latter embracing " all the territory from the Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee, south, to Liberty county." It was laid out in 1784. In 1786, a portion of it was added to Greene; in 1793, a part set off to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; in 1811, a part to Laurens ; in 1812, a part to Baldwin ; and in 1826 ia part to Baldwin. It is now bounded on the N. by Hancock ; on the E. by a part of Warren and a part of Jef- ferson ; on the S. by Emanuel and Laurens, and on the W. by Wilkinson and a portion of Baldwin. Length 38 miles; breadth 38 ; containing 1444 square miles. Population, Representation, Taxes. — In 1840, the po- pulation was 10,565; in 1845, 11,272. Sends two representa- tives to the Legislature. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, ^3,772 15. Post Offices. — Saundersville, Curry's Mills, Davisbo- rough, Hebron, Irwin's, Cross Roads, Oconee, Warthen's Store, and Tennille. Face of tue Country, Nature of the Soil, — The face of the country, in some sections, is hilly, and in others level. On Williamson's swamp there are as rich lands as any in Georgia, and which have produced 3,000 pounds of cotton per acre. The lands on Buffalo are excellent. In the vicinity of Saundersville there is a large body of fertile land. The soil generally through this county is mixed with lime, in some parts more-' and in others less. Rivers, Creeks. — The rivers are the Oconee, Ogeechee, and Ohoopee. Tlie creeks are Dyes, Buckeye, Deep, Sand Hill, Lamar's, Keg, Buffalo, Bluff, and others. Character of the People. — Washington county is in- 602 WASHINGTON COUNTY. habited by a generous and high-minded people. Love for their State is a predominant feeling with them. Mineral Spring. — On a branch leading into Williamson's swamp, there is a spring containing mineral properties. Rocks, Minerals. — Fine burr stone is abundant in this county. Near Saundersville are five or six lime-sinks, or caves, as many of them may be properly called, in which fossil teeth, ribs, and shells of endless variety are gathered in almost any quantity. Cypleasters, silicified oyster shells, and coprolites are also abundant. Recently, opal has been discovered in this neighbourhood ; also hornstone, jasper, chalcedony, agate, &c. The compiler of this work has frequently visited the neighbour- hood of Saundersville, and can safely say, that in his judgment, a more interesting geological locality is not to be found in our country. It is very strange that so little should be known of these " medals of creation." Persons have resided near the spot for years, and yet have not had the curiosity to visit these caves. The friends of science have reasons to regret that Sir Charles Lyell, when in Georgia, and who passed within three miles of Saundersville, did not visit this interesting locality. Shells. — The streams of this county abound with rare muscles. Many of them have been collected and sent to Eu- rope and the Northern States, to adorn the cabinets of the cu- rious. The stream near Brantley's mill-pond is rich in these beautiful shells. Religious Sects, Education. — The Methodists and Bap- tists are the most numerous. There are several incorporated academies, but they are not now in operation. The census' of 1840 gives 882 persons over 20 years of age, in this county, who could not read or write. Surely the citizens should endea- vour to adopt some system, by which the means of education can be brought to every man's door. Number of poor children 387. Educational fund, $335 60. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is moderate. In some settlements, particularly on water-courses, fevers and chills prevail. The instances of longevity are the following : William Rachel died at the age of 118 years; Mr. Bedgood at 112 ; Mr. A. Peacock at 85 ; Moses Cox over 80. Original Settlers. — John Stokes, Mr. Saunders, John WASHINGTON COUNTY. 603 and George Galphin, Col. Francis Tennille, Jared, John and Alexander Irwin, John Robinson, David Fluker, John Ruther- ford, James Thomas, Philemon Franklin, and Samuel Sinque- field. Mills. — Two very superior flour-mills, thirteen saw-mills, thirteen grist-mills. Productions.— Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. The soil produces the finest sweet potatoes. Fruits and vegetables succeed very well. Amount of cotton produced in one year, 10,000 bags. Town. — Saundersville, on the ridge between the Oconee and the Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water, is the county town, established in 1796, and incorporated in 1812. It is distant from Milledgeville 28 miles, 135 from Savannah, 26 from Louisville, and 3 from the Central Railroad. Population, 400. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail of wood. There are six dry goods stores, three groceries, one tavern, four blacksmiths, two shoemakers, two carriage-makers, one news- paper, one tanyard, one tailor, one cabinet-maker, eight law- yers, six physicians, one church, one Masonic Lodge, one Odd Fellows' Lodge, and one Division of the Sons of Temperance. About 8100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. Roads, Bridges. — The roads and bridges are generally good. ANTiauiTiEs. — There are the remains of two old forts in this county. One is four miles and a half W. of Saundersville, the other 8 miles S. of Saundersville. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is f 17,975. Value of stock in trade, $26,950. Money at inte- rest, $85,523. Name. — This division of the State was named in honour of GEORGE WASHINGTON. 604 WAYNE COUNTY. WAYNE. Boundaries, Extent. — This county is bounded N. E. by Mcintosh ; E. by Glynn ; S, by Camden, and W. by Ware and AppHng. Wayne is a portion of the territory obtained from the Creeks by the United States Commissioners, in a treaty entered into at or near Fort Wilkinson, on the 16th of June, 1802, and was laid out in 1803, by the Lottery Act, and or- ganized in 1805. It is 33 miles long, and 18 wide, containing 594 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — The Great St. Ilia river runs through the southern part of the county. The Alatamaha washes the north side ; the FinhoUoway flows into the Alatamaha. There are several streams of less importance, such as McMillen's creek, &c. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $4,200. Value of stock in trade, $4;200. Money at interest, $10,130. Population, Taxes, Representation. — According to the census of 1845, the population was 935 whites, and 355 blacks ; total, 1,290 ; being less than any other county. State tax for 1848, $317 92. Sends one representative to the Le- gislature. Post Office — Waynesville. Town. — Waynesville is the seat of justice, situated in the southeast part, one mile from the main road leading from Fort Barrington ferry on the Alatamaha to St. Mary's ; 176 miles from Milledgeville, 20 from Fort Barrington, 45 from St. Ma- ry's, and 22 from Jefiersonton. It has one store, one Baptist church, one academy, and one boarding-house. The courts are held in the academy, and there is no jail. Near the vil- lage there are many beautiful pine hills, with pure water, affording delightful summer residences for the wealthy plant- ers of Glynn. Nature of the Soil, Productions. — The soil is gene- rally poor, barren, pine land. When manured, it will produce . about 20 bushels of corn per acre. The productions are long WAYNE COUNTY. 605 Staple cotton, corn, and sweet potatoes. Sugar-cane grows well, and many families make syrup, and sugar enough for their own consumption. Rice is grown only in small quanti- ties for family use. Cattle, Sheep, Hogs. — Every farmer has a stock of cat- tle and hogs, and depends in some measure upon them for a support. There are a few flocks of sheep, which seem to do well. Manufactures, Mills. — There are no cotton factories, saw-mills, or distilleries in the county, and but few grist-mills. Corn is generally ground by hand-mills. Religious Denominations, Schools. — The religious de- nominations are Baptists and Methodists. There are but few schools. Character of the People. — The county is inhabited by poor but honest farmers. For morality and hospitality they stand high. Climate. — The climate is as healthy as any in Georgia. A resident of the county writes to us thus : " We have no use for doctors." Value of Town Lots, &c. — The Digest of the State for 1848, values the town lots at $4,200. Stock in trade, $4,200. Money at interest, $10,130. Name. — When our children shall ask who were the heroes that stood foremost in the struggle for their country's liberty, the name of the bold and enterprising Major General Anthony Wayne will be pronounced. One who knew him well, says, " that he had a constitutional attachment to the decision of the sword." He was born in Pennsylvania, on the 1st of January, 1745. When a boy, the love of military amusements inter- fered materially with his education, although he was success- ful in his mathematical studies. He left school at the age of eighteen, and became a surveyor. In 1773 he was appointed a representative to the General Assembly, where he took a firm stand against the demands of Great Britain. He had long desired a military command, and the revolutionary war fur- nished him with an opportunity of gratifying his wish. He raised a regiment of volunteers, of which he was elected Colo- nel, and afterwards received the appointment of Colonel from 39 (506 WAYNE COUNTY. Congress. He accompanied General Thompson to Canada, and displayed his military talents at the battle of Three Ri- vers. On the 21st of February he was appointed Brigadier General, and in the following May joined the army of Wash- ington. He shared in the perils and glory of Brandy wine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Stony Point. At the latter place, particularly, he gathered fresh laurels. Washington deemed the recovery of Stony Point an object of great import- ance, and General Wayne was selected to make an attack up- on it. With the choicest troops, through a road traversed by numerous difficult and dangerous defiles and morasses, the in- trepid soldier arrived at the desired point, resolved to accom- plish the object by the bayonet alone. In defiance of every obstacle, and in face of an incessant fire from the enemy, the two columns made the attack, driving every thing before them at the point of the bayonet. Wayne had placed himself at the head of the right division, and receiving a slight wound upon the head, which he conceived to be mortal, he exclaimed, " Carry me forward, and let me die in the fort." By this enter- prise, two flags, two standards, 15 pieces of ordnance, and a large quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the Americans, besides 543 prisoners. Of the Americans, 98 were killed and wounded ; of the enemy, 63 were killed. For his gallantry on' this occasion, he was honoured by Congress with a vote of thanks, and a gold medal. After the capture of Cornwallis, at which he displayed a bravery bordering upon rashness, he was sent to conduct the war in Georgia, and with limited means, successfully prosecuted it against British sol- diers, savages, and tories. When peace was concluded, he retired to private life, but only for a short period, for the In- dians on the Northwestern frontier having for a long time manifested hostility to the United States, it was determined to punish them ; and Washington, knowing the qualifications of General Wayne for such enterprises, gave him the com- mand of the expedition. To those who are familiar with the incidents of that campaign, the manner in which General Wayne conducted it is well known. The hopes of the sa- vages were crushed ; and on the 3d of August, 1795, Wayne concluded a treaty with them. This gallant soldier died the WILKES COUNTY. 607 next year, at Presque Isle, and was buried upon the shores of Lake Superior. In 1809, his remains were removed to his native county in Pennsylvania. The State of Georgia felt that she owed a debt of gratitude to General Wayne, and pre- sented him with a large tract of land, and named this section of the State after him. WILKES. Boundaries, Extent. — This county has Elbert on the N. ; Lincoln on the E. ; Columbia, Warren, and Taliaferro on the S. ; and Taliaferro and Oglethorpe on the W. It formerly in- cluded all the lands north of the Ogeechee, acquired by treaty from the Cherokees and Creeks, at Augusta, 1st of June, 1773. It was laid out in 1777, and a part added to Elbert in 1790, a part to Warren in 1793, a part to Lincoln in 1796, a part to Greene in 1802, a part to Taliaferro in 1825 and 1828. Its length is 23 miles, breadth 17; containing 391 square miles. Rivers, Creeks. — Broad and Little rivers are the chief streams. Rocky, Cedar, Beaver Dam, Upton, and Kettle creeks, discharge themselves into Little river; Dry Fork and Chickasaw into Broad river ; and Fishing and Pistol into the Savannah. Post Offices. — Washington, Aonia, Centreville, Dan- bury, Mallorysville, Pistol Creek, Rehoboth. Population, Taxes, Representation. — Some years ago Wilkes was the most populous county in the State ; but owing to many causes the population has diminished. The census of 1845 gives it 3,771 whites, 7,271 blacks; total, 11,042. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $5,046 73 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature. Towns. — Washington is the county town, situated on the ridge which divides the waters of the Broad and Little rivers, 66 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 53 N. W. of Augusta, 18 from Lincolnton, 31 from Greenesborough, and 18 from the Georgia Railroad. The court-house is a neat building with a steeple, 608 WILKES COUNTY. in which there is a clock said to be equal to any in the State, and which cost $1,100. The jail is a very inferior building; there are four churches, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic, a branch bank of the State of Geor- gia, one printing office, one hotel, eighty-eight dwellings, six stores, a large number of mechanics, seven lawyers, six physicians, a Division of the Sons of Temperance, Masonic Lodges, &c. Population, 1,350. Washington is among the most beautiful towns in the State, and the citizens have the reputation of being intelligent and hospitable. Amount of goods sold annually is over $90,000. Mallorysville is 14 miles N. W. of Washington. It has one church, one academy, one cotton-gin factory, one black- smith, one store, and one tanyard. Danbury is 12 miles from Washington. Face op the Country, Nature of the Soil. — The sur- face of the country is undulating. The soil is various. The lands of the best kind are on Little and Broad rivers, and on the creeks generally, having a red soil, adapted to cotton and the different grains. The light sandy lands produce well for a few years. The soil of Wilkes generally was once very fertile, but has suffered much from injudicious culture. The quantity of worn-out land which we see in travelling through this county, should warn us to avoid the errors of gone-by days. Economy in the management of land is as necessary as in any other business. Value of Land. — Lands of the first quality average $8 per acre, second quality $5, turned out lands are worth $2. Value of Town Lots, &c. — The value of town lots is $48,590. Stock in trade, $42,795. Money at interest, $398,579. Price of Grain, Provisions, Board, Taverns, Labour. Corn Averages $2 50 per barrel. Wheat, (C 0 75 " bushel. Eggs, (C 0 10 " dozen. Beef, (C 0 04^ '• pound. Pork, (( 0 04^ " Bacon, (C 0 10 " " Fowls, (t 0 20 " pair. Turkeys, (C 1 00 " " Geese, (t 1 00 " " Board from $10 to $14 per month. wtLkes county. 609 In Washington is one of the best hotels in Georgia, and travellers will find the landlord ready to accommodate them in superior style. Would not the travelling public be under great obligations to the v^^orthy proprietor of the Washington Hotel, if he would make a tour through Georgia, and deliver lectures on the art of keeping a good tavern ? We know of se- veral places where this kind of knowledge is much wanted. Negro men are hired at $75 per annum ; women at $40. Mineral Spring. — About a mile and a half from Wash- ington is a sulphur spring, formerly much frequented. Minerals. — Granite, quartz, iron, soapstone, and many others which are common to middle Georgia. Productions, Market. — Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, &c., are the chief productions. About 14,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Augusta is the chief market. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — The climate is subject to great changes. In 1826 — 27, the county suffered much from sickness, but since those periods the inhabitants have enjoyed a great share of health. Many instances of longe- vity have occurred. Mrs. Shener died last summer, at the age of 100. There are now living Mrs. Minton, 94 ; Mr. Wm. Jones, 80 ; Mr. John Combs, 80 ; and Mrs. Ray, 90. Mills. — Flour-mills, 4 ; saw-mills, 9 ; grist-mills, 14. Religious Sects, Education. — The Baptists and Metho- dists are the most numerous religious societies in the county. There are a few Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. There are sixteen churches in the county. At a very early period in the settlement of Wilkes, atten- tion was paid to the important subject of education. Excellent schools are in Washington and other places. Character of the People. — The people of this county are generally well informed, industrious, temperate, and reli- gious. During the American Revolution, no part of the State suffered more than Wilkes, and yet the citizens, with few ex- ceptions, devoted themselves to the cause of liberty. It re- ceived the name of the "Hornet's Nest," from the great op- position of the people to the tories. >| Early Settlers. — Jesse Willingham, John Freeman, Holman Freeman, Thomas Gresham, John Pope, and others 610 WILKES COUNTY. whose names appear on the presentments of the grand jury on page 611. Distinguished Persons. — Wilkes has produced a host of men, who would have done honour to any country. Gen. Elijah Clarke, Hon. Matthew Talbot, Rev. Jesse Mercer, Hon. Ben- jamin Taliaferro, Gen. David Meriwether, Hon. Peter Early, Col. John Dooly, Col. Duncan G. Campbell, Dr. Joel Abbot, and if space allowed other illustrious names might be inserted. Gov. Towns is a native of this county. Here is a proper place to introduce the name of Mrs. Hill- house, one among the most extraordinary women of her age. Upon the death of her husband, Mr. David Hillhouse, in 1804, she took charge of his newspaper, called the " Monitor and Impartial Observer," and conducted it for several years. The journal of the House of Representatives was printed in her office, and sent to Louisville, then the seat of government. Remarkable Places. — Kettle creek is famous as the battle ground where Clarke, Dooly and Pickens, distinguished themselves in the war of the Revolution. On the spot where Washington is now located, a fort was built in 1774, and near it the American army encamped, after the engagement at Kettle creek. Miscellaneous Notices. — We have examined the old re- cords in the offices of the clerks of the courts in Wilkes, and made the following extracts for the amusement of our readers. November, 22d, 1786, Superior Court, Wilkes county, held at Washington. On petition of Joseph Wilson, Ordered, that he be per- mitted to take out a license to keep tavern, agreeable to law. Tavern Rates. s. d. For every warm dinner, , . . . • . 16 « breakfast, 10 " " supper, 10 " cold dinner, 10 " " breakfast 0 8 " " supper, 0 8 Lodgings per night, 0 4 For corn or oats per quart, 0 2 For stabling for every horse per night, finding in fodder or hay, , 10 For good pasturing twenty-four hours, . . 0 8 WILKES COUNTY. 611 s. d. Good Jamaica spirits per gill, 0 6 Good West India rum per gill, 0 4 TafFe or northern rum per gill. 0 2 Good Maderia wine per bottle, 4 8 All white wine " . . . . 4 8 Claret and red wine " ... 3 6 Porter " . . . . 1 9 Strong malt beer per quart, 0 4 Good whiskey or brandy per gill, 0 6 Good Geneva " 0 6 The first court held in Wilkes, was on the 25th of August, 1779, at the house of Jacob McClindon, before the Hon. Williams Downs, Benjamin Catchings, and Absalom Bedell, Esquires, assistant judges for the county aforesaid. Henry Manadue appointed clerk ; Joseph Scot Riden, sheriff; and John Dooly appointed to act as attorney for the State. Names of first grand jurors. Stephen Heard, Esq., fore- man, Barnard Heard, Georgg^Walton, Daniel Burnett, Thomas Carter, Bailey, John Glass, Charles Bidingfield, Mi- caiah Williamson, James McLean, Jacob Terington, William R. Aycock, Robert Day, John Gorham, Dionysius Oliver, Holman Freeman, sen., Daniel Colman, Thomas Stroud. At this court the grand jury presented as a grievance, " the running at large of several persons whom they had cause to believe, have acted in conjunction with, and have aided, abetted, and assisted the British, and the avowed enemies of the United States." At this court, nine persons were sentenced to be hung, principally for treason. At the March term of the Superior Court of Wilkes county, held in 1785, the grand jury presented as a grievance " the inattention of the Honourable the Legislature, to the requisitions of the Honourable the Congress of the United States, for laying an impost on goods, wares, and merchandise, imported in this State, or devising some support for the public credit, and pay- ment of that part of the debt, which we may owe to those friend- ly powers who, on the faith of the States, supported us in the Revolution. The requisitions of Congress are founded on equity and justice, nor can we expect reasonably to enjoy the advantages of the Union, unless we contribute to its support. 612 WILKES COUNTY. We therefore apprehend a non-compliance on the part of our State will disgrace us as a people, and ultimately tend to de- stroy our credit at home and abroad." At the opening of the session of the Superior Court, held at Washington, Wilkes county, 7th day of December, 1784, the following charge was delivered by his Honour George Walton, Chief Justice : " I now earnestly recommend it to your observation, in- deed the general principles of taxation form a subject worthy the attention of the several counties, particularly this, in which there is such a prodigious influx of inhabitants, besides the rage which perhaps has taken place in the northern and neighbouring States of removing into this. The superior advantages of the soil and climate and navigation are such, that by population alone, the increase of numbers and agriculture must be con- siderable, and from whence an adequate proportion of the public revenues will be drawn ; in short, every part of govern- ment attracts the notice of thgpatriot and man of sense. Having established it in blood, we are greatly bound to ma- nage it well. It should be a science, and taught in our schools, which are opening in a manner, and upon a foundation the most flattering and most solid. Whenever I approach the middle region of the State, and contemplate around, I feel myself astonished at its immensity. Such is the rapid pro- gress of our settlements at either extremity, that I look for- ward to the time when, under the mild influence of our laws, the whole will be settled and connected, and the roads will be opened from the shores of the Atlantic to the banks of the Mississippi, and inconvenience of distance will one day be re- medied by a line of natural, friendly, and political separation, straight along the summit of the Appalachian hills, with the shores of the waters to the east and west." Name. — This county was named in honour of John Wilkes, who, as a member of the British Parliament, strenuously op- posed the measures which produced the war with America. On the motion in parliament, in 1778, to bind the colonies and people of America, in all cases whatsoever, Mr. Wilkes said, " that he considered the designs of the ministry to be the shortest compendium of slavery ever given. It is the broadest WILKES COUNTY. 613 basis of tyranny. Three millions of people to be taxed at the arbitrary will and pleasure of this house, without a single per- son present to represent them ! If the Americans could tamely submit to this, they would deserve to be slaves." This great friend of liberty was born in England, and completed his studies at the Universit5'' of Leyden. In 1757, he obtained a seat in parliament for the borough of Aylesbury. Through the interest of his friend, Earl Temple, he was appointed Lieut. Colonel of the newly raised county militia, and upon the resignation of Sir Francis Dashwood, he succeeded to the Colonelcy. At the dissolution of the parliament, on the death of George the 2d, he was re-elected for Aylesbury. He first appeared, as a political writer in 1762, by a tract entitled " Ob- servations on the papers relative to the rupture with Spain.' This production gave him considerable fame. In 1762, he commenced a periodical paper called the " North Briton." In the 45th number of this paper, he commented with much acrimony upon the King'^ . speech, for which he was taken into custody and committed to the Tower. Some time after he was brought out by a writ of Habeas Corpus ; and Lord Chief Justice Pratt (Earl of Camden) pronounced his com- mitment illegal, and discharged him. He then established a private press, and reprinted the North Briton. This led to another prosecution and conviction, and he was expelled from the House of Commons. His Essay on Woman was published at this time, which gave so much offence, that he was not only found guilty of a libel, but also of blasphemy. After this he withdrew into France, and returned to England after a change of the ministry had taken place, and offered himself as a can- didate for parliament for Middlesex, and was elected ; but was not allowed to take his seat, owing to his conviction on two libels, and other causes. Being now regarded as the great Martyr of Liberty, he was again re-elected ; but his election was again declared void. Mr. Wilkes then commenced his career of civil honours, being first elected, while yet in prison, alderman of the most considerable ward in London. Whilst in this office he embraced every opportunity of resisting what he considered illegal authority. In 1772, he was chosen one of the sheriffs for London and Middlesex; and in 1774, was 40 614 WILKINSON .COUNTY. elevated to the mayoralty. The duties of this important office were discharged by him with great dignity and fidelity, and secured him so much popularity, that he was once more elected a member of parliament. Here he advocated the cause of injured America. In 1779, he became chamberlain of the city of London, which office he retained to his death. He died in the 73d year of his age, December 26, 1797. WILKINSON. Boundaries. — This county was laid out by the Lottery Act of 1803, organized in 1805, and is bounded by Jones on the N. W., Baldwin on the N., Washington on the E., Lau- rens and Pulaski on the S., and Twiggs on the W, Population, Taxes, Representation. — In 1845, the po- pulation was 5,343 whites, 1,722 Wacks ; total, 7,065. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1,763 36. Sends one representa- tive to the Legislature. Post Offices. — McDonald, Cool Spring, Gordon, Irwin- ton, Emmet, Stephenson, Milton. Rivers, Creeks, Lake. — The Oconee river separates the county from Washington and Baldwin. Commissioners' creek is quite a considerable stream, emptying into the Oconee. The other creeks are Black, Uchee, Buck, Cedar, Big Sandy, and Porter. Black lake is in the eastern part of the county. Towns. — Irwinton is the county town, 21 miles from Mil- ledgeville, three from the Central Railroad, and 23 from Ma- rion. It has a court-house, jail, tavern, two churches, school, two or three stores, one tailor, one blacksmith, and one carpenter. It is situated between Commissioners' and Big Sandy creeks, and was named after Governor Irwin. It was made the coun- ty site in 1811, and incorporated in 1816. Gordon is situated on the Central Railroad, having two stores, one tavern, one blacksmith, and one physician. It is the point from which a daily line of stages leaves for Milledgeville, distance 17 miles. The amount of business done here is quite WILKINSON COUNTY. 615 considerable. More than 7,000 bales of cotton were received from 1st of August, 1848, to June 1st, 1849, principall}'^ from Jones, Baldwin, and Twiggs. McDonald is a station on the Central Railroad, with a store, post-office, &c. Early Settlers. — Among the early settlers were the"] Bioodworths, William Lord, John Lord, Silas Lesley, John/ Brannon, Joel Rivers, D. McCook, Green Meadows^ Washing-/ ton Williams, and John Fi'eeman. i^^'^ Mills. — Eight saw-mills, nine grist-mills. Religious Sects, Education. — Missionary and Anti- Missionary Baptists, Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. Education is neglected. Number of poor children, 248. Edu- cational fund, $215 08. Climate, Diseases, Longevity. — There is nothing M^hich distinguishes the climate. The diseases are the same as those of the adjacent counties. Several instances of longevity have occurred. Robert Rosier, Sen., John Meadows, and William Jenkins, all lived to an advanced age. Mr. Myers died at 80 ; Mr. Bloodworth, over 80. Mrs. Myers is now living, over 80. Face of the Country, Nature of Soil, Productions. — The face of the country is somewhat undulating. The soil is characterized by much variety. On the Oconee river, and on several of the creeks, the lands are productive. The pine lands, of which there is a great quantity, are poor. The pro- ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, and sweet potatoes. This last article grows to great perfection. Value op Land, Average Product per Acre. — Land sells from two to three dollars per acre ; cotton averages about 400 pounds per acre ; corn, eight bushels ; wheat, from six to seven bushels per acre. Value of Town Lots. — The value of town lots is f 10,392. Value of stock in trade, $13,300. Money at inte- rest, $11,553. Minerals. — Rotten limestone abounds. Near Irwinton is a quarry of a soft kind of stone, which, upon exposure to the atmosphere becomes hard. Many of the chimneys in Ir- winton are constructed of this article. 616 WILKINSON COUNTY. Mineral Spring. — There is on the Central RaUroad, four miles below McDonald, a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur. It has been named Cameron's spring, in honour of Mr. Cameron, a gentleman who has been a conductor upon the Central Railroad for ten years, and who has recently retired with a reputation for politeness and attention to his duties, un- surpassed by any railroad officer in the United States. Character of the People. — As far as industry and hos- pitality are concerned, the people of this county acknowledge no superior. The amusements are hunting, fishing, dancing, and horse-racing. Name. — This county was named after Brigadier General Wilkinson, who, in 1816, published a work in three large vo- lumes, entitled " Memoirs of my own Times." It contains many historical incidents of an interesting nature, but entirely too cumbrous for general readers. As a book of reference it is valuable, and we feel much indebted to it for the informa- tion which it gives in regard to the services of this useful and active officer. General James Wilkinson was born in Calvert county, in the State of Maryland. At the age of seventeen years he was sent by his mother to the Medical School at Phi- ladelphia. Soon after his arrival he visited the barracks, where a regiment of soldiers was stationed, and witnessed their pa- rade, which pleased him so much, that from that day his incli- nations took a military turn. He remained in Philadelphia two years, and retired to Maryland and commenced the practice of medicine, and joined a company commanded by a Quaker ; and such was his fondness for military tactics, that notwith- standing his residence was 30 miles from the place of rendez- vous, he was always punctual at parade. Hearing of the bat- tle at Breed's Hill, he abandoned his profession, repaired to the camp before Boston, and joined a rifle corps under the com- mand of Colonel WiUiam Thompson. In March, 1776, Wash- ington gave him a commission as captain in the regiment com- manded by Colonel James Read, of Philadelphia, and which was under marching orders for Canada. In the course of three or four years he was gradually promoted ; and in Octo- ber, 1777, he was honoured with the brevet of Brigadier Gene- ral, which however he resigned ; and shortly afterwards re- WILKINSON COUNTY. 617 ceived the appointment of Clothier General to the army. Af- ter the end of the war he went to Kentucky, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Entering again the -army, he was sta- tioned on the frontiers. For some years he was at the head of the southern department of the army. In the war of 1812 he was variously employed a portion of the time, in making the fortifications of New Orleans, and in directing operations on the northern frontiers. In 1815 he was tried by a court- martial upon several charges, but was acquitted. He died in Mexico, on the 28th of December, 1825. His body was brought to the house of Mr. Poinsett, then Minister from the United States to Mexico, and his interment took place in the parish of St. Miguel. Public opinion has been much divided as to the character of General Wilkinson ; but all agree that he was a gallant soldier of the Revolution, though his conduct after that period appears, in the estimation of some, to be inex- plicable. ADDENDA. JEWS. On page 101, reference is made to the history of the Jews in this State. Since that part of the work was printed, M. M. Noah, Esquire, of New-York, has kindly favoured us with the following additional items : Dr. Samuel Nunez, whose name belonged to a distinguished family in Lisbon, was a physician of eminence, and had an extensive practice, even in times when tlie Jews of that city were under the surveillance of the Inquisition. Jealousy and rivalry, however, caused him to be denounced to that dreadful tribunal, and himself and family were arrested as heretics, and thrown into the dungeons of the Inquisition. At that period the Jews were not permitted openly to follow their religion ; they had no synagogues or places of public worship, but assembled for devotional purposes in each others' houses, and their prayer-books were concealed in the seats of chairs, and opened by springs. It had long been observed that the families never ventured abroad on Friday evenings, being the evening of the Sabbath, and suspicions were awak- ened as to their real faith, although for form sake they all attended mass. The familiars of the Inquisition, who were generally spies, were set to work to dis- cover what their pursuits were on the Sabbath, and detecting them at prayers, seized their Hebrew prayer-books, and threw them all into prison. Doctor Nunez, who was a most popular and skilful man, was physician to the Grand Inquisitor, who was anxious to save him. He did all in his power to alleviate the sufferings of his family ; but one of them, Abby de Lyon, who died in Savannah, carried to her grave the marks of the ropes on her wrists when put to the question. They remained for some time in prison ; but as the me- dical services of Doctor Nunez were very much in demand in Lisbon, the eccle- siastical council, under the advice of the Grand Inquisitor, agreed to set him and family at liberty, on condition that two officials of the Inquisition should re- side constantly in the family, to guard against their relapsing again into Juda- ism. The doctor had a large and elegant mansion on the banks of the Tagus, and being a man of large fortune, he was in the habit ?)f entertaining the prin- cipal families of Lisbon. On a pleasant summer day he invited a party to din- ner ; and among the guests was the Captain of an English brigantine, anchored at some distance in the river. While the company were amusing tliemselves 620 ADDENDA on the lawn, the captain invited the family and part of the company to accom- pany him on board the brigantine, and partake of a lunch prepared for the occa- sion. All the family, together with the spies of the Inquisition, and a 'portion of the guests, repaired on board the vessel ; and while they were below in the cabin, enjoying the hospitality of the captain, the anchor was weighed, the sails unfurled, and the wind being fair, the brigantine shot out of the Tagus, was soon at sea, and carried the whole party to England. It had been pre- viously arranged between the doctor and the captain, who had agreed, for a thousand moidores in gold, to convey the family to England, and who were under the painful necessity of adopting this plan of escape to avoid detection. The ladies had secreted all their diamonds and jewels, which were quilted in their dresses, and the doctor having previously changed all his securities into gold, it was distributed among the gentlemen of the family, and carried around them in leathern belts. His house, plate, furniture, servants, equipage, and even the dinner cooked for the occasion, were all left, and were subsequently seized by the Inquisition and confiscated to the State. On the arrival of Doctor Nunez and family in London, th6 settlement of Georgia, and the fine climate and soil of that country, were the subjects of much speculation. The celebrated John Wesley, and his brother Charles, had re- solved to embrace the occasion of visiting this El Dorado ; and when the ship which conveyed Governor Oglethorpe to that new settlement was about sail- ing, the doctor and his whole family embarked as passengers, not one of whom could speak the English language ; and from them the families have descended, already named in the body of this work After a few years, a number sailed for New- York ; and Zipra Nunez married the Rev. David Machado, Minister of the Hebrew congregation of that city. Major Noah states that he remembers his great-grandmother, Zipra Nunez, as a very remarkable person- age. She died at nearly ninety years of age, and was celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments. She spoke several languages — preserved to the last a beautiful set of teeth, unimpaired, and was observed, whenever the clock struck, to repeat a silent prayer, which had some reference to her impri- sonment in the Inquisition. The whole family were rigid in their attachment to the doctrines of their faith. Two of her brothers, who arrived in the same vessel from London, lie buried in the Jewish cemetery in Chatham Square, New- York ; and from them has sprung a long list of highly respectable descendants in Savannah, Charleston, Philadelphia, and New-York, all of them of the Hebrew persuasion at this day. CONGRESSIONAL TABLES. Names of the Gentlemen from Georgia ivlio signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. Nam£s of those who signed the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the Stales. John Walton, Edward Telfair, Edward Langworthy. Delegates to the Convention which met at Philadelphia in May, 1787, to frame a new Constitution. William Few, Abraliam Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton, William Houstnim, Nathaniel Pendleton. Members of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788. From To From To Baldwin, Abraham 1785, '88 Howley, Richard 1780, '81 Brownson, Nathaniel Bulloch, Archibald 1776, 1775, '78 '76 Jones, Noble Wimberly 5 1775, ( 1781, '76 '83 Clay, Joseph 1778, '80 Langworthy, Edward 1777, '79 Few, William Gibbons, William 5 1780, ( 1785, 1784, '82 '88 '86 Pierce, W. Telfair, Edward 1786, S 1777, ) 1780, '87 '79 '83 Gwinnett, Button Habersham, John 1776, 1785, '77 '86 Walton, George \ 1776, } 1780, '79 '81 Hall, Lyman 1775, '79 Wood, Joseph nil. '79 Houstoun , John 1775, '77 Zubli, John J. 111 6, '76 Houstoun, William 1784, '87 Senators from the Commencement of the Government under the Constitution to the End of the Twenty-ninth Congress, March 3, 1847. From To From To Baldwin, A. . 1799, 1807 Elliott, John 1819, '26 Berrien, J. M. Bibb, W. W. ^ 1825, } 1841, 1813, '29 '47 '16 Few, William, Forsyth, John - 1789, S 1818, I 1829, '93 '19 '34 Bulloch, William B. Cobb, Tliomas W. 1813, 1824, '13 '28 Gunn, .Tames S 1789, ■ } 1791, '90 1801 Colquitt, T. Walter Crawford, William H. 1843, 1807, '49 '13 Jackson, Jumes S 1793, \ 1801, '96 '06 Cuthbert, Alfred 1835, '43 Jones, George 1807, '07 41 622 ADDENDA. King, John P. Lumpkin, Wilson Milledge, John Prince, Oliver H. Tait, Charles Tattnall, Josiah From 1834, 1838, 1806, 1828, 1809, 1796, To '38 '41 '09 '29 '19 '99 Troup, G. M. Walker, Freeman Walker, John Walton, George Ware, Nicholas From To 1816, '18 1829, '34 1819, '21 1790, '91 1795, '96 1821, '24 The present Senators are J. M. Berrien and William C. Dawson. Abbot, Joel Alvord, Julius C. Baldwin, A. Barnett, William Bibb, W. W Black, Edward J. Bryan, Joseph Carnes, Thomas P. Gary, George Clayton, Augustus S. Cleaveland, J. F. Clinch, Duncan L. Chappell, Absalom H. Cobb, Howell Cobb, Howell Cobb, Thomas W. Coffee, John Colquitt, Walter T. Cook, Zadok Cooper, Mark A. Crawford, Joel Cuthbert, A. Cuthbert, John A. Dawson, W. C. Early, Peter Floyd, John "-Forsyth, John Fort, Tomlinson Foster, Thomas S. (nimble, Roger L. Gilmer, George R. Glascock, Thomas Grantland, Seaton Habersham, R. W. Hackctt, T. C. Hall, Boiling Hammond, Samuel Haralson, Hugh A. Representatives. 1817, 1839, 1789, 1812, 1806, S 1839, } 1842, 1803, 1793, 1323, 1831, 1836, 1843, 1843, 1807, 1843, 5 1817, I 1823, 1833, S 1839, } 1842, 1817, J 1839, ) 1842, 1817, S 1814, l 1821, 1819, 1837, 1802, 1827, ^ 1813, } 1823, 1827, S 1829, ( 1841, S 1833, ^ 1841, S 1821, \ 1827, 1836, 1835, 1839, 1848, 1811, 1803, 1843, '25 '42 '99 '15 '14 '41 '45 '06 '95 '27 '35 '39 '45 '45 '12 '21 '24 '37 '41 '43 '19 '41 '43 '21 '17 '27 '21 '42 '07 '29 '18 '27 '29 '35 '43 '35 '43 '23 '29 '39 '39 '43 '17 '05 Haynes, Charles E. \ Holsey, Hopkins Jackson, Jabez Jackson, James Jones, James Jones, Seaborn \ King, Thomas Butler \ Lamar, Henry G. Lumpkin, Wilson \ Lumpkin, Joseph H. Matthews, George Meriwether, Daniel Meriwether, James Meriwether, J. A. Milledge, John } Newnan, Daniel Nisbet, E. A. Owen, Allen T. Owens, George W. Reid, Robert K. Schley, William Smelt, Dennis Spalding, Thomas Stephens, Alexander H. Stiles, William H. Talpferro, Benjamin Tattnall, Edward F. Telfair, Thomas Terrill, William Thompson, Wiley, ~ Toombs, Robert Towns, George W. B. s Troup, George M. Warren, Lott, Wayne, Anthony Wayne, James M. Welborn, M. J. Willis, Francis Wilde, Richard Henry < 1825, '31 1835, '39 1336, '39 1836, '39 1789, '91 1799,1801 1833, '35 1845, '47 1839, '43 1845, 1829, '33 1815, '17 1827, '31 1843, '47 1789, '91 1802, '07 1825, '27 1841, '43 1792, '93 1795, '99 1801, '02 1831, '33 18S9, '42 1848, — 1835, '39 1818, '23 1833, '35 1806, '11 1805, '06 1843, — 1843, '46 1799, 1802 1821, '27 1813. '17 1817, '21 1831, '33 1845, — 1835, '39 1845, '47 1807, '15 1839, '43 1791, '92 1829, '35 1848, — 1791. '93 1824, '25 1827, '35 GENERAL SUMMARY. CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY. 1732 June 9, Charter of Georgia granted, and 21 Trnstees appointed. " July, First meeting of the Trustees lield in London. ." Nov., First ship leaves England with 116 persons for Georgia. 1733 Feb., Colonists arrive in Georgia. " Treaty of amity and commerce made by Oglethorpe with the Indians in Savannah. " Saltzburghers arrive at Ebenezer. " Tomochichi, his queen, and other Indians, accompany Oglethorpe to England, and are pre- sented at court. 1734 Oglethorpe carries to England 8 pounds of raw silk, the first produced in Georgia. " Impiiriation and use of rum and brandies into Georgia forbidden by the Trnstees. " Twenty families of Jews arrive in Savannah. 1735 Augusta laid otf. " Colony of Saltzburghers arrive at Ebenezer. 1736 130 Highlanders arrive.at the Alatamaha and build a town, which they named New Inverness, now Darien. " John and Charles Wesley arrive in Savannah. 1737 Oglethorpe appointed General of the forces in Georgia and South Carolina. " George Whitfield arrives in Georgia. 1738 Gen. Oglethorpe meets the chiefs of four Creek towns at Coweta, afterwards Fort Mitchell. 1739 Tomochichi dies, and is buried with military honours. " 'War declared by England against Spain. 1740 Col. Palmer and his force surprised and defeated near St. Augustine. " Whitfield's orphan house erected near Savannah. 1742 Battle at Bloody Marsh, St. Simon's Island, in which Gen. Oglethorpe obtains a complete vic- tory over the Spaniards. 1743 Christ Church in Savannah erected. " Gen. Oglethorpe leaves Georgia, and Capt. Horton has charge of the colony. " Col. Wm. Stephens made President of Georgia. % 1744 Gen. Oglethorpe marries in England. " Charles Harris and James Habersham establish the first commercial house in Georgia. 1747 Colony much excited by the claims of Bosomworth and his Indian wife Mary. 1749 Slaves allowed by the Trustees to be brought into Georgia. 1750 Number of persons in Georgia 1500. " Uniou Society of Savannah founded. 1751 First Colonial Assembly held. '■ Rev. Jonathan Copp sent as a missionary to Angnsta. " Quaker settlement, west of .liugusta, abandoned. 1752 Trnstees resign their charter, and the province formed into a royal goyernment. " 31,950 acres of land granted to emigrants from Dorchester, S. C, and settlement made at Med way. 1754 Capt. John Reynolds appointed Governor of Georgia. 17.55 First legislature, consisting of three branches, held. " Gov. Reynolds lays out Ilardwick in what is now Bryan county, and recommends that it be made the capital of Georgia. " 400 papists arrive in Georgia. 1756 E.\ ports from Georgia amount to $74,484 44. 1757 10.50 pounds of silk received in Savannah, the product of Georgia. " Henry Ellis appointed Governor. 1758 Province divided into eight parishes. " Very warm. Thermometer stood at 102 in the shade. I7.59 Dispute between Bosomworth and colony settled. 1700 Jame^ Wright appointed Governor. 1703 First newspaper published in Georgia, called the Georgia Gazette. . 17fi5 Four additional parishes laid off. 1708 Dr. Franklin appointed agent for Georgia. 1770 Legislature of Georgia express their sentiments in regard to the conduct of the mother country. 1771 Gov. Wright embarks for England. " James Habersham acts as Governor. 1772 E.xports from Georgia, in 217 vessels, amonnt to £121,077 sterling. 1773 June 1, Txeaty at Augusta by Sir James Wright and John Stewart with the Cherokecs and Creeks. " Gov. Wright returns to Georgia. " William Bartrani, the celebrated botanist, makes a tour through Georgia. 1774 Inhabitants of the province invited to meet in Savannah, to consider what measures ought to be adopted in regard to the arbitrary acts of the British government. 1775 Dr. Lyman Hall elected to Congress by the inhabitants of St. John's parish. " Powder magazine broke open in Savannah by the sons of liberty. " Liberty meeting held at Tondee's tavern in Savannah. " Nov. 25, Snow fell eighteen inches deep. 624 GENERAL SUMMARY. 1776 Col. John Baker marches to St. Mary's to dislodge a band of loyahsts, but is unsuccessful, owing chiefly to the treachery of two of his men, Daniel and James McGirth. " July 4, Congress proclaim the independence of the colonies. " Aug., First celebration uf American Independence in Georgia. 1777 Archibald Bulloch, first republican Governor, dies. " Constitution formed, for the future government of the State, in Savannah. " Duel between Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh and Buttun Gwinnett, in which the latter is killed. " Two thousand acres of land offered by the legislature to all persons who would manufacture bar iron. 1778 Confiscation acts passed. " Unsuccessful expedition against Florida, conducted by Gen. Howe. " Battle at Medway. ..Gen. Screven killed. Savannah taken by the British. 1779 Sunbury taken. ^ " Gen. Ash defeated at Brier Creek. " Unsuccessful attack upon Savannah by the combined forces of Count de Estaing and Gen. Lincoln. 1780 Small-po.x makes its appearance in Georgia. " First siege of Augusta. 1781 Augusta taken. 1782 Emanuel, Davis, and Lewis, members of the Executive Council, taken prisoners by the tories. 1783 Treaty with theCherokees at Augusta. " Formal surrender of Savannah to Col. James Jackson, after having been 3 years 6 months and 13 days in possessinn of the enemy. 1784 Franklin and VViisidngton counties laid out. 1785 Nov. 28, Treaty at Hopewell. " University incorporated. " 20,000 acres of land granted to Count de Estaing. 1786 Seat of government ordered to be removed to Louisville. " Treaty at Shoulder Bone. " Major-General Greene dies. 1787 Convention between Georgia and South Carolina held at Beaufort. 1789 Second Constitution of the State formed at Augusta. 1790 Aug. 7, Treaty at New-York. 1791 Washington visits Georgia. " First bridge erected over Savannah river, by Wade Hampton. 1795 Yazoo act passed. 1796 Yazoo Fresh. " Yazoo act declared to be unconstitutional, corrupt, and ordered to be rescinded and expunged. " Destructive fire in Savannah " June 29, Treaty at Colerain. 1802 Treaty at Fort VVilkin>on. 1803 Legislature appoint commissioners to lay off Milledgeville, 1804 Tremendous hurricane. 1805 Noble W. Jones, a jiatriot of the revolution, dies. 1807 Milledgeville becomes the seat of government. 1808 First alleviating law passed. 1809 Duelling prohibited. 1813 Battle of Taladega. 1815 Value of property of the State of Georgia, as settled by the board of Assessors, 57,746,771 16. " Bank of the State uf Georgia incorporated. 1816 Bank of the United States chartered. 1817 Very wet. Yellow Fever in Savannah. 1818 Remarkable drought. 1819 Monroe visits Georgia. " Steam Ship Savannah arrives in Savannah. 1820 Large Fire in Savannah, 403 buildings destroyed. Loss $4,000,000. 1822 Destructive hurricane. 1823 The town of Macon commenced. 1825 General Lafayette visits Georgia. 1829 Large fires in .Augusta. " May, Large Meteor fell in Forsyth, Monroe Co., Georgia. 1830 June 1st, Mercury down to GOO. 1832 Anti tarilf Convention meets at Milledgeville, 134 delegates present. " Medical College of Georgia goes into oj)eration. 1833 Centennial Celebratipn at Savannah of the settlement of the State. 18.55 Feb. 8th, Coldest weather ever known in Georgia. 1836 Central Railroad commenced. 1837 May 29. Violent hail-storm in Wilkes. Hail lay for twelve days in some places. The oldest citizens never saw any thing like it. 1839 Georgia Female College opened " Sept 5, Yellow Fever in .\ugusta. 1840 May, Great rains ; ."Vugusta and Hamburgh inundated. 1847 May 17th, A portion ol Jasper County visited by a tremendous hail storm. 1849 April l.'ith. Snow and severe frost, by which great damage was done to the crops in Georgia, as well as in other sections of the U. S. " Small-pox makes its appearance in Cass County, Georgia. CATALOGUE OF THE FAUNA AND ELOEA OP THE STATE OF GEORGIA. PEEPARED FOR THIS WORK BY EMINENT NATURALISTS. COMPKISING MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES, INSECTS, CRUSTACEA, SHELLS, AND PLANTS. FAUNA AND FLORA. MAMMALIA. OR ANIMALS WHICH SUCKLE THEIR YOUNG. The following catalogue of the mammiferous animals of Georgia, was prepared by the Rev. Dr. Bachman, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gen- tleman well known as an accomplished zoologist. Ursus Americanus Pall. Procton lotor L. Mephitis chinga Tied. MUSTELA erminea Lin. PUTORITJS vison Lin. LUTRA Canadensis Sab. . Cakis lupus Lin. Canis lupus Lin (variety ater) VULPES Virginianus Schr. VULPES fulvus Desm. Felis discolor Schr. Lynx rufus Guld. . MOLOSSUS' Carolinensis Geoff. CARNIVORA. . Black bear. . Racoon. . Skunk. . Ermine weasel, northern parts. . American mink. . Otter. • . Common gray wolf. . Black wolf. . Gray fox. . Red fox, few in the mountains. . Cougar, Panther, Glynn and Wayne co. . Common wild cat. CHEIROPTERA. . Carolina molossus, southern Geo r { ; MAMMALIA. Vespertilio subulatus Say. monticola Bach. Virginianus Bach. Carolinensis Geoff. nigrescens Bach noctivagans Lee. . Ntcticeus noveboracensis Lin. pruinosus Say. crepuscularis Lee. Plecotus macrotis Lee. SOREX brevicaudis Say. Carolinensis Bach , cinereus Bach. longirostris Bach. CONDYLURA cristata Lin. SCALOPS aquaticus Lin. breweri Bach. SciUKUS capistratus Bosc. . Carolinensis Gm. . cinereus Lin. Tamias listeri Ray. . Pteromts volucelia Gm. Arctomys monax Li7i. . Meriones Atnericanus Penn. Arvicola pinetorum Lee. Pseudostoma pinetorum Raff. SiGMODON hispidum Say and Ord. Neotoma floridana Say and Ord. Castor fiber Lin. Fiber zibethicus Lin. Mus decumanus Lin. , rattus Lin. . humilis Bach. musculus Lin. Mountain bat. Virginia bat. Carolina bat. Black bat. . New-York bat. , Hoary bat. . Long-eared bat. INSECTIVORA. . Short-tailed shrew. . Carolina shrew. . Ash-coloured shrew. . Long-nosed shrew. . Star-nosed mole, mountains. . Common shrew mole, mountains. . Brewer's shrew mole. RODENTIA. . Fox squirrel. . Gray squirrel. . Cat squirrel, mountains. . Ground squirrel. • Flying squirrel. , . Ground hog, wood-chuck, northern parts. , American jumping mouse. . Pine mouse. . Salamander, sandy tracts . . Cotton rat. . Florida rat. . Variety Americanus, rare, near Milledge- ville and Macon. . Muskrat, upper Georgia. . Norway rat. . Black rat . Little harvest mouse. . Common house mouse. MAMMALIA. Mus aureolus Bach. leucopus Raf. Le Contii Bach. oryzivora Bach. Lepus ' syivaticus Bach. palustris Bach. aquaticus Bach. Cervus Virginianus Lin. Delphdtos phocoena Lin. globiceps Cuv. DiDELPHIS Virginianus Pen. . Orange-coloured mouse. . American white-footed mouse. . Le Conte's mouse. . Rice mouse, southern parts. . American gray rabbit. . Marsh rabbit, southern Georgia. . Swamp rabbit, Coweta county. RUMINANTIA. . Common deer. CETACEA. . Porpoise. . Black porpoise. MARSUPIALIA. . Opossum. NOTE. (') There are two species of molossus described by William Cooper, of New- York, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, both from Georgia, and both very common : Molossus cynocephaius ; fuliginosus. BIRDS. In presenting the following Catalogue of Birds to the public, it is proper to remark, that many kinds are migratory, and consequently are found among us only at certain seasons of the year. The Catalogue is intended to include all the species of birds, which an industrious ornithologist might procure within the limits of our State. J. J. Audubon has described 508 species of birds inhabiting the United States and their territories ; and it will be seen, by reference to our Catalogue, that 273 species are found in the State of Georgia. Indeed, our Fauna is peculiarly rich and interesting in this department, whether we regard the number of species, or the many kinds remarkable for beauty and splendour of plumage. Every effort has been made to render the list as complete and as accurate as possible. Doubtless there are some species of birds inhabiting our State, which have escaped the vigilance of naturalists ; but they must be very limited in number. My grateful acknowledgments are due to the Rev. John Bachman, D. D., of Charleston, S. C, the well-known Naturalist; and to my brother, Joseph Le Conte, M. D., of Macon, Georgia, for important assistance in enabling me to determine the habitat of several species concerning which there was con- siderable doubt. I am under peculiar obligations to the former gentleman for the valuable information he furnished, particularly in relation to the water- birds. Athens, Georgia, May, 1849. Catalogue of Birds inhabiting the State of Georgia, arranged according to Auduhon^s " Birds of America," Octavo Edition, in 7 vols. Fam. l.—VULTURINiE. Cathartes ■ aura, red-headed turkey buzzard. • atraliis, carrion crow, or black- headed buzzard. Fam. 2.— FALCONINJG. BUTEO borealis, (') red-tailed hawk. BuTEO linealiis, red-shouldered hawk. Pen nsijl va nicu s, broad- wi nged hawk. Haliaetus ' leucocephalus, bald eagle. Pandion . haliaetus, fish hawk. BIRDS. Elanus dispar, black^houldered hawk. ICTINIA plumbea, Mississippi kite.* Nauclerus furcatus, swallow-tailed hawk. Faxco peregrinus, duck hawk. Columbariiis, pigeon hawk. , sparveriui, sparrow hawk. ASTUR ' Cooperi, Cooper's hawk. * fuscus, sharp-shinned hawk. Circus I cjjaneus, marsh hawk. Fam. 3.— STRINGING. SURNIA nyciea, snowy owl. Strix Americana, barn owl. Syrnium nebulosum, hooting owl. Otus vulgaris, long-eared owl. brachyotus, short-eared owl. BtXBO Virginianus, great homed owl. asio, (') common screech owl. Fam. 4.— CAPRIMULGINiE. Caprimxjxgus CaroZmensts, chuck-will's widow. vociferus, whip-poor-will. Chordeiles / Virginianus, night-hawk. Fam. 5— CYPSELIN^. Ch^tura pelasgia, chimney swallow. Fam. 6.— HIRUNDINtE. HiRUNDO purpurea, martin. ' bicnlor, white-bellied swallow. fulva, clitr swallow. ruslica, barn swallow. riparia, bank swallow. serripennis, rough-winged swal- low. Fam. 7. MUSCICAPTN.^. MUSCICAPA dominicensis, pipiry flycatcher. lyrannus, king bird or, beebird. crinila, great-crested flycatcher. Cooperi, olive-sided flycatcher. MUSCICAPA acadica, green-crested flycatcher. fusca, pewee flycatcher. virens, wood pewee. ruticilla, American redstart. CxTLICrVORA ccerulea, blue-gray flycatcher. Fam. 8.— SYLVICOLIN^. Myiodioctes milratus, hooded flycatching-war- bler. formosus, (^) Kentucky fly- catcliing-warbler. Stlvicola coronata, yellow-rump wood-war- bler. - striata, black-poll wood-warbler. pensilis, yellow-throated wood- warbler. icterocephala, chesnut-sided wood- warbler. pinus, pine-creeping wood-war- bler. virens, black-throated green wood- warbler. carulea, csrulean wood-warbler. BlackburnicE , Blackburnian wood- warbler. ccstiva, yellow-poll wood-warbler. petechia, yellow-red-poll wood- warbler. Americana, blue yellow-backed wood-warbler. Canadensis, black-throated blue wood-warbler. maculosa, black-and-yellow wood- warbler. " discolor, prairie warbler. Trichas Marilandica, Maryland yellow- throat. Helinaia Sivainsonii, Swainson's swamp- warbler. verniivura, worm-eating swanip- warbler. protonotarius, prothonotary swamp-warbler. chrysoptera, golden-winged swamp-warbler. Bachmanii, Bachman's swamp- warbler. solitaria, blue-winged yellow swanip-warbler. celata, orange-crowned swamp- warbler. 8 BIRDS. Mniotilta varia, black and white creeping- warbler. Fam. 9.— CERTHIANiE. Certhia familiaris, brown tree-creeper. Troglodytks Ludovicianus, great Carolina wren. Bewickii, Bewick's wren. Americanus, wood wren. ccdon, house wren. hyemalis, winter wren. palusiris, marsh wren. brevirostris, short-billed marsh wren. Fam. 10.— PARINiE. Parus bicolor, crested titmouse. Carolinensis, Carolina titmouse. Fam. 11.— SYLVIANiE. ■'Regulus satrapa, golden- crested kinglet. calendula, ruby-crowned kinglet. SlALIA Wilso7iii, common blue bird. Fam. 12.— TURDIN^. Orpheus . polygloltus, mocking-bird. - Carolinensis, cat-bird. rvfus, brown thrush. TURDUS migratorius, common robin. mustelinus, wood-thrush. Wilsonii, tawny-thrush. soliiarius, hermit-thrush. Fam. 13.— MOTACILLIN^. Seiurus aurocapillus, golden-crowned wood-wagtails. noveboracensis, aquatic wood- wagtails. Anthus •Ludovicianus, American wagtail. Fam. 14.— FRINGILLINiE. Emberiza Americana, black-throated bunt- ing. graminea, grass bunting. Savanna, Savannah bunting. passerina, yellow-winged bunt- ing. Emberiza Henslowi, Henslow's bunting. pusilla, field bunting. socialis, chipping bunting. NlFH^A hyemalis, common snow-bird. Spiza Ciris, nonpareil, or painted bunt- ing. cyanea, indigo bird. Ammodramus * mariiimus, seaside finch. — '^ Macgillivrayi Macgillivray's shore-finch. ' caudacutus, sharp-tailed shore- finch. palustris, swamp-sparrow. Peuc^a Bachmanii, Bachman's pinewood finch. LiNARIA pinus, pine linnet. Carduelis trislis, American goldfinch or yel- low-bird. Fringill\ iliaca, foxcoloured Anchor swamp sparrow. melodia, songfinch or fence spar- row. Pennsyhanica, white-throated finch. leucophrys, white-crowned finch. PiFILO „ eryihropliihalmus, bullfinch or towhe bunting. Erythrospiza purpurea, purple finch. LoxiA curvirostra, common crossbill. PlTYLUS * cardinalis, common red-bird COCCOBORUS caruleus, blue song-grosbeak. Ludovicianus, rose-breasted gros- beak. Pyranga ' (Estiva, summer red-bird, or fire bird. rubra, scarlet tanaffer. Fam. 15.— AGELAIN^. DOLICHONYX oryzivora, May bird, or bob-o-link. MOLOTHRUS pecoris, cowpen bird. BIRDS. Agelaixts ■ pJuBniceus, red-winged blackbird. Icterus Baltimorus, Baltimore oriole. ' spurius, orchard oriole. vulgaris, common troupial. QUISCALUS ■ major, great jackdaw. versicolor, small jackdaw. ferrugineus, rusty jackdaw. Fam. 16.~STURNTN^. Sturnella Liidoviciaruc, common meadow lark. Fam. 17.— CORVINE. CORVUS corax, raven. Americanus, common crow. • ossifragus, fish crow. Garrulus crislalus, common bluejay. Fam. 19.— LANIIN^. Lanius Ludovicianus common logger- head. Fam. 18.— VIREONEN^. ViKEO flavifrons, yellow-throated green- let. solitarius, solitary greenlet. ■ Tioveboracensis, white-eyed green- let. - olivaceus, red-eyed greenlet. Fam. 20.— PIPRIN^. Icteria viridis, yellow- breasted chat. Fam. 21.— AMPELINiE. BOMBYCILLA Carolinensis, waxwing, or cedar bird. Fam. 22.— SITTING. SiTTA Carolinensis, white-breasted nut- hatch. Canadensis, red-bellied nuthatch. pusilla, brown-headed nuthatch. Fam. 23.— TROCHILIN^. Tbochilus colubris, common humming-bird. Fam. 24— ALCEDINiE. Alcedo " Alcyon, kingfisher. Fam. 25.— PICINiE. Pious principalis, ivory-billed wood- pecker. pileatus, pileated woodpecker, or log-cock. villosus, hairy woodpecker. pubescens, downy woodpecker. querulus, red-cockaded wood- pecker. varius, yellow-bellied wood- pecker. Carolinus, red-bellied wood- pecker. erythrocephalus, red-headed wood- pecker. auratus, golden-winged wood- pecker, or yellow hammer. Le Contei, (*) he Conte's three- toed. Fam. 26.— CUCULIN^. COCCYZUS Americanus, cuckoo, or rain- crow. ' erythrophihalmus, black-billed cuckoo. Fam. 27.— PSITTACIN^. Centurus Carolinensis, (*) paroquet. Fam. 28— COLUMBINiE. COLUMBA passerina, ground-dove. EcTOPISTES migraloria, wild pigeon. Carolinesis, turtle-dove. Fam. 29.— PAVONINE. Meleagris gallopavo, wild turkey. Fam. 30.— PERDICIN^. Ortix Virginiana, common partridge. Fam. 31.— TETRAONINiE. Tetrao umbellus, (*)rufFed grouse. 10 BIRDS. Fam. 32.— RALONiE. Gallinula martinica, purple gallinule. cTiloropus, common gallinule. FULICA Americana, American coot. Ortygometra Carolinus, sora rail. noveboracensis, yellow-breasted rail. Rallus elegans, freshwater marsh hen. crepitans, saltwater marsh hen. Virginianus, Virginian rail. Fam. 33.— GRUINiE. Grus Americana, C) sandhill, or whooping crane. Fam. 34— CHARADRIIN^. Charadrius • Helvelicus, black-bellied plover. marmoratus, American golden plover. . vociferus, kildeer plover. 'Wilsonius, Wilson's plover. ' semipalmatus, ring plover. • melodus, piping plover. Strepsilas interpres, turnstone. H-EMATOPUS pallialus, American oyster- catcher. Fam. 35.— SCOLOPACIN.E. Tringa Barlramia, Bartramian sandpiper. islandica, red-breasted sandpiper. pectoralis, pectoral sandpiper. alpina, red-backed sandpiper. subarquata, curlew sandpiper. Himantopus, long-legged sand- piper. Schinzii, Schinz's sandpiper. semipalmata, semipalmated sand- piper. pusilla, little sandpiper. arenaria, sanderling sandpiper. TOTANUS . macularius, peetweet, or spotted sandpiper. snlilarius, solitary sandpiper. flavipes, yellow-shank tatler, or snipe. vociferus, tell-tale tatler, or clou-clou. ToTANUS semipalmatus, stone curlew. LiMOSA ^ fedoa, great marbled godwit. Hudsonica, Hudsonian godwit. SCOLOPAX Wilsonii, common snipe. iVoi-e5orace7iS'is,red-breasted snipe. MiCROPTERA Americana, woodcock. Recurvirostra Americana, American avocet. Himantopus nigricollis, black-necked stilt. NUMENIUS ■> longirostris, long-billed, or Span- ish curlew. Hudsonicus, Hudsonian curlew. borealis, Esquimaux curlew. Fam. 36.— TANTALINiE. Ibis alba, white curlew ibis. Tantalus loeulator, wood ibis or garnet. Platalea ajaja, roseate spoonbill, or pink curlew. Fam. 37.— ARDEIN^. Ardea Nycticorax, qua bird. violacea, night heron. ■ lenliginosa, bittern, or sky-gazer. exilis, least bittern. * virescens, green heron, or skyou. ' Herodias, great blue heron. " Egretta, great white heron. cccrulea, small blue heron, Ludoviciana, Louisiana heron. " Candidissima, small white heron. Fam. 38.— ANATINiE. ^ Phcenicopterus ruber, American flamingo. Anser ~ Canadensis, Canada goose. albifrons, white-fronted goose. , hyperboreus, snow goose. Cygnus Buccinator, trumpeter swan. Americanus, American swan. Anas Boschas, Mallard, or English duck. obscura, dusky duck, slrepera, gadwall duck. BIRDS. 11 Anas Americana, American widgeon. 'acuta, pintail duck. ' sponsa, wood or summer duck. ' Carolinensis, green-winged teal. ' discors, blue-winged teal. clypeaia, shoveller duck. FXJLIGOLA valisneriana, canvass-back duck. Ferina, red-headed duck. ' Marila, scaup duck. mariloides, smaller scaup duck. rujitorqiies, ring-necked duck. rubida, ruddy duck. fusca, velvet duck. Americnjia, American scoter duck. clangula, golden-eyed duck. • albeola, white teal, or bufFel-head- ed duck. glacialis, long-tailed duck. Fam, 39.— MERGING. Mergus ' serrator, red-breasted merganser. cucullatiis, shagpoll, or hooded merganser. Fam. 40.— PELECANIN^. Phalacrocorax 'Floridanus, Florida cormorant. Plotus anhinga, snake bird, or plotus. Pelecanus Americanus, white pelican. Tachypetes aquilus, frigate pelican. fuscus, brown pelican. This Catalogue embraces 1 SULA bassana, common gannet. fusca, booby gannet. Fam. 41.— LARINJE. Rhynchops . nigra, black skimmer. Sterna cayana, cayenne tern. anglica, marsh, or gull-billed tern. • hirundo, common tern. nigra, black tern. minula, least tern. Larus Bonapartii, Bonaparte's gull. . alricilla, black-headed, or laugh- ing gull. argenlatus,h.erx'mg, or silvery gull. marinus, great black-backed gull. Fam. 42.— PROCELLARIN^. PUFFINUS cinereus, wandering shearwater. obscurus, dusky shearwater. Thalassidroma Wilsonii, mother Carey's chicken. Fam. 43.— COLYMBIN^. COLYMBUS glacialis, great northern diver. arclicus, black-throated diver. se.pLcntrionalis, red-throated diver PODICEFS cristatus, crested grebe. cornutus, horned grebe. Carulinensis, conunon diver or grebe. 10 Genera, and 273 Species. NOTES. (') BuTEO LiNEATDS. AuduboH is probably correct in the opinion that this hawk is identical with the B. hyemalis of Wilson, Bonaparte and Nuttall ; age makes considerable diflerenoe in the plumage. (2) Bubo Asio. Many ornithologists believe that Audubon has confounded two distinct species under this name. According to him the Stiix (or Bubo) ncvvia, oi gray owl of Wilson and others, is nothing more than the adult of the Z>. Asio, or red owl of the same writers. The specific identity of the two birds which Wilson had described as distinct under the above names, was first publicly maintained by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. In this opinion the French ornithologist is supported by Audubon and Dr. Bachman. On the contrary, the observations of Dr. Ezra Michener of New Garden, Chester county, Pennsylvania, published in the eighth volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, seem to indicate that they are specifically distinct. He observes that the red owls rear 12 BIRDS. young of the same colour ; and that the gray owls likewise have young which are gray, and mottled from the very nest. I have seen a specimen, having all the ap- pearances of a very young bird, which was gray and mottled instead of red. Ad- ditional observations must be made, before this question can be decided. (^) Mtiodioctes formosus. Several specimens of this beautiful warbler were procured in Cass county, Georgia, during the summer of 1847, by my brother, Jo- seph Le Conte, M. D. of Macon., Dr. Bachman has never found it in South Caro- lina. (4) Pious Le Contei. This is a new species of woodpecker, discovered by my young friend Wm. L. Jones, M. D., of Athens, who procured a single specimen in Liberty County, during the Spring of 1847. It is described and figured by him, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New- York, for Sept. 1848. (vol. 4. No. 12. Sept. 1848 ; p. 489-90.) It is named in honour of Joseph Le Conte, M. D., of Macon, Georgia. The species is tolerably well characterized, although it would be desirable, as suggested by its discoverer, to have it established by further speci- mens. The absence of the first toe may possibly be the result of an arrest of de- velopment ; but, it is proper to remark, that if the deficiency arose from this cause, the laws of monstrosity render it probable that any other than the first toe would have been more likely to be absent. Besides, it is well known that there are two other species of three-toed woodpeckers found in the United States. The speci- men is deposited in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia. (*) Centurus Carolinensis. It is a remarkable fact that our paroquets are very rapidly diminishing in number. Along our maritime districts, where 15 or 20 years ago they were plentiful, scarcely any are now to be found ; and it is prob- able, that in a short time they will entirely disappear from our State. (*) Tetrao umbellus. This bird is not uncommon in the mountainous dis- tricts of Georgia. (7) Grus Americana. Contrary to the opinion of many Naturalists, Audubon and Bachman maintain, that the white crane (G. Americana) and the brown crane, (G. Canadensis) are identical ; the latter, being only the young of the former. The fact that young birds usually associate together, together with the circumstance that many birds breed long before they have attained their full plumage, may, in a measure, serve to remove the difficulty of explaining on the assumption of an identity of species, why it is that the white and brown cranes are seldom, if ever, found associated. But it appears to me that additional observations are required to clear up this difficulty. Many individuals who have resided 40 or 50 years on our pine barrens near the sea-coast, and who have observed the habits of the crane, have informed me that they have never seen a white bird. It is true, that the ob- servations of Audubon and Bachman prove conclusively, that the young of the white crane, like those of most white birds, are dark coloured ; but this is far from being sufficient to establish an identity of species ; for it is possible that the young of the brown bird never becomes while. The only method of deciding the ques- tion is, to procure a specimen of the young of the brown crane, (as it is unques- tionable that birds of this colour do breed,) and to keep it for several years. EEPTILES. The compiler of this work returns his thanks to Dr. Holbrook, of Charles- ton, South Carolina, for the following catalogue of the reptiles of the State of Georgia. CHELONIA. Tkstudo polyphemus Davd, . Gopher. CiSTUDA Carolina JEdw. . . . Box cooter. KiNOSTERNON Pennsylvanicum Edic. . . Mud cooter. SxERNOTH-aERUS odoratus Bosc. . Musk cooter. Emys serrata Brong. . Yellow belly terrapin reticulata Bosc. . Chicken terrapin. picta Schn. . . Checkered terrapin. guttata Schn. . Speckled terrapin. terrapin Schoepf. . . Salt-water terrapin. concinna Lee. Chelonura serpentina Lin. . Alligator cooter. Trionyx ferox Schn. . , Soft shelled turtle. Chelonia mydas Lin. . . Green turtle. caretta Lin. . Loggerhead turtle. Sphargis coriacea Lin, . Leather-backed turtle SAURIA. Alligator Mississipiensis Dand. . Alligator. Anolius Carolinensis Cuv. . . Green lizard. Tropidolepis undulatus Bosc. . Brown lizard. Ameiva sexlineata Lin. . Six-striped lizard. Plestiodon erythrocephalus Gil. . Scorpion. SciNCUS quinquelineatus Lin. . Five-striped lizard. fasciatus Lin. . Blue-tailed lizard. 14 REPTILES. Ltgosoma laterale Say . Ground lizard. Ophiosaurus ventralis Ijin. Coluber constrictor Lin. . gnttatus Lin. punctatus Lin. AUeghaniensis Holb. quadrivittatus Holb. CORONELLA getula Lin. . doliata Lin. Helicops erythrogrammus Daud. abacurus Holb. Brachyorrhos KvM. amoenus Say. Calamaria elapsoidea Holh. striatula Lin. RfflNOSTOMA coccinea Blum. PiTYOPHIS melanoleucus Davd. PsAMMOPHis Boie. flagelliformis Cat. Leftophis Bell. asstivus Lin. sauritus Lin. Tropidonotus KvM. fasciatus Lin. erythrogaster Shaw. taxispilotus Holb. rigldus Say. sirtalis Lin. . ordinatus Lin. Heterodon p. de B. simus Lin. niger Cat. platyrhinos Lat. Elaps Schn. fulvius Lin. . Trigonocephalus Oppel. piscivorous. Lac. contortrix Lin. Crotalopiiokus Gray. miliarius Lin. Crotalus Lin. durissus Lin, adamanteus P. de B. OPHIDIA. . Glass snake. . Black snake. . Corn snake. . Chicken snake. . Chain snake. Scarlet snake. Pine snake. Coach-whip snake. Green snake. Ribbon snake. Copperbelly. Striped snake. Grass snake. Black viper. Hognose viper. Bead snake. Water mockeson. Copperhead. Ground rattlesnake. Banded rattlesnake. Water rattlesnake. Rana Lin, pipiens Lat. Rana Lin. clamitans Bosc. halecina Kalm, Cystignathus Wagl. omatus Holh. nigritus Lee. SCAPHIOPUS Holb. solitarius Holb. Htlodes Fitz. gryllus Lee. ocularis Holb. Hyla Laur. viridis Laiir. squirella Bosc. femoral is Daud. delitescens Lee. BUFO lentiginosus Shaw. erythronotUR Holb. quercicus Holb. . americaniis Lee. . Engystoma Fitz. carolinense Holb. Salamandra Laur.* . guttolineata Holb. salmonea Storer. rubra Daud. glutinosa Green. erythronota Green. quadrimaculata Holb. bilineata Green. symmetrica Harl. quadridigitata Holb. melanostica L. Gibbes. venenosa Bart. fasciata Green. talpoidea Holb. Triton Laur. dorsalis Harl. niger Green. Amphiuma, Gard. means Gard. Siren Lin. lacertina Lin. intermedia Lee. striata Lee. REPTILES. BATRACHIA. . Bullfrog. 15 Treefrog. Oak frog. Common toad. i Spring lizard. . Congo snake. . Mud eel. » The Salamanders are generally known as soft-skinned, or smooth-skinned lizards. FISH. To Dr. HoLBROOK, of Charleston, South Carolina, who has acquired great celebrity in this department of natural science, the compiler of this work is indebted for the following catalogue of the fish of the State of Georgia. Labrax Cuv. lineatus Block. rufus Mitch. Serranus erythrogaster Dek. acutirostris Cuv. fascicularis Cuv. morio Cuv. . Centropristis Cuv. nigricans Cuv. trifurca Cuv. Grystes Cuv. salmoides Cuv. Centrarchus Cuv. sparoides Cuv. irideus Cuv. gulosus Cuv. viridis Vol. . hexacanthus Val. POMOTIS Cuv. vulgaris Cuv. Ravenelii Val. Holbrooki Val. gibbosus Val. Brtttus Val. punctatus Cuv. reticulatus Val. unicolor Val. Holocentrum Art. longipinne Cuv. Uranoscofus Lin. anoplos Cuv. Prionotus Lac. Carol] nus Cuv. tribulus Cuv. Dacttlopterus Lac. volitans Lin. ACANTHOPTERYGII. . Rockfish. Grouper. Blackfish. Trout, fresh-water. Mawmouth. Flying fish. FISH. 17 ScoRp^NA Lin. bufo Cuv. Otolithus Cuv. re|ralis Schn. Carolinensis Cuv. Leiostomus Cuv. obliquus Mitch. xanthurus Cuv. . Yellow-tail. CoRviNA Cuv. ocellata Lin. . Bass. argyroleuca Mitch. Umbrina Cuv. alburiius Lin. . . Whiting. coroides Cuv. H^MULON Cuv. formosum Lin. chrysopteron Lin. arcuatum Cuv. POGONIAS Lac. chromis Lin. . . Drum. fasciatus Lac. . Young Drum. MicROPOGON Cuv. undulatus Cuv. . Croker. costatus Mitch. LOBOTES Cuv. surinamensis Bloch. Pristipoma Cuv. rodo Cuv. Sargus Cuv. ovis Mitch. . Sheepshead. rhomboides Lin. Pagrus Cuv. argyrops Lin. .. Porgey. Gerres Cuv. aprion Cuv. PiMELEPTERUS Loc. boscii Lac. Ephifpus Cuv. faber Bloch. . . Angel-fish. gigas Park. HOLACANTHUS Loc. ciliaris Lac. Scomber Cuv. colias Gm. . Spanish Mackerel, vernalis Mitch. . Spring Mackerel. grex Mitch. Pelamys Cuv. sarda Bloch. Cybium Cuv. maculatum Mitch. Liciua Cuv. • Carolina Dek. Elacates Cuv. atlantica Cuv. Caranx Cuv. defensor Dek. punctatus Cuv. 18 FISH. Seriola Cuv. Boscii Cuv. fasciata Cuv. cosmopolita Cuv. Rhombus Lac. longipinnis Miich. Pteraclis Cuv. Carolinus Cuv. Trichiurus Lin. lepturus Lin. Trachinotus Cuv. pampanus Cuv. argenteus Cuv. Vomer Cuv. Brownii Cuv. Temnodon Cuv. saltator Lin. Lampugus Cuv. punctulatus Cuv. Argyrius Lac. vomer Lin, CORTPHAENA Lin. Sueuii Cuv. ACANTHURUS Lac. phlebotomus Cuv. c^ruleus Cuv, Atherina LtJi. menidia Lin. notata Mitch. Carolina Cuv, MuGiL Lin, albula Lin, . petrosus Cuv. lineatus Mitch. Pliimieri Cuv. Blennius Cuv. geminatus Wood. punctatus Wood. Chasmodes Cuv. novemlineatus Wood. Boscianus Cuv. Pholis Fleiu. Carolinus Cuv. Globius Lin. alepidotus Bosc. Chironectes Cuv, laevigatus Cuv, Batrachus Schn, tau Lin. Malthea Cuv. nasuta Cuv. vesportilio Cuv. XiRICHTHYS Cuv. lineatus Lin. Tautoga Mitch. Americana Bloch. Rudder-fish. Pompeynose. Skipjack. Silver-fish. Mullet. Toad-fish. Tautosf. FISH. 19 Cat-fish, fresh-water. Sucker. Minnows. MALACOPTERYGII ABDOMINALES. Galeicthts Citv. marinus Mitch. . . . Cat-fish, salt-water. Arius Cuv. Milberti Cuv. PiMELODUS Cuv. catus Lin. lemniscatus Les. Catostomus Les. Suceti Lac. oblongus Mitch. Cyprinodon Lac. variegatus Lac. Leuciscus Klein. » Americanus Lac. ") gardoneus Val. vandoisiilus Val rotengulus Val. Hydrarryra Lac. fasciata Schn. Lebias Cuv. ellipsoides Les. ExocjETUs Lin. fureatus Mitch. HemiramphusCuu. species not determined Fistularls. Lac. serrata Bloch. Alosa Ctiv. prjestabilis Dek. . . . Shad. Amia Li7i. calva Lin. . . . Mud-fish BUTYRINUS Com. vulpes Lin. Lepisosteus Lin. . . . Gar-fish. osseus Lin. Flying-fish. Plaice. Flounder. MALACOPTERYGII SUBBRACHIATI. Platessa Cuv. oblonga Mitch. specie.s not determined AcHiRUs Lac. mollis Mitch. ECHINEIS Liji. species not determined Li7i. Sucking-fish. MALACOPTERYGII APODES. MURAENA Lin. species not determined, species not determined. Salt-water Eel. Fresh-water Eel. LOPHOBRANCHIATI. Syngnathus Lin. species not determined. HirrocAMPUs Cuv. , species not determined. Sea-horse. 20 FISH. Tetraodon Lin. laevigatus Lin. turgidus Mitch. DiODON Lin. maculostriatus Mitch. hilosus Mitch. Baiistes Cuv. species not determined. AciPENSER Lin. species not detennined. Ztgaena Cuv. malleus Val. Pristis Lath. antiquorum Lin. Squatina Dum. Dumerilii Les. Selache Cuv. maximus Lin. Lamna Cuv. punctata Raja Lin. eglantiera Bosc. Desmarestia Les. Teygon Adan. sabina Les. . Cephaloptera vampyrus Mitch. Aetobatis M. <^ H. guttata Shaw. Petromtzon Lin. species not determined PLECTOGNATHI. STURIONES. . Sturgeon. PLAGIOSTOMI. . Hammerhead shark. . Saw-fish. . Sharks. . Skate. , Sting-ray. . Devil-fish. CYCLOSTOMI. . Lamprey. CEUSTACEA. Professor Gibbes of the Charleston College, South Carolina, has kindly furnished the following Ust of the Crustacea of the State of Georgia. Leptopodia Leach. calcarata Say. LiBiNiA Leach. canaliculata Say. dubia M. Ed. MiTHRAX Leach. hispidus Herhst. Crtftopodia M. Ed. granulata L. Gibbes. Panopeus M. Ed. Herbstii M. Ed. limosus Say. PSEUDOCARCINUS M. Ed. mercenaria Say. Platycarcinus Lat. Sayi Gould. PiLTJMNUS Leach. aculeatus Say. Platyonichus Lai. ocellatus Herbst. LuPA Leach. dicantha Lat. . cribraria Lam. Sayi L. Gibbes. Pinnotheres Lai. ostreum Say. . maculatum Say. OcYPODA Fab. arenaria Cat. . Gelasimus Lat. vocaiis Lin. DEC APOD A. OXYRHINCHA. . Spider Crab. CYCLOMETOPA. Stone Crab. . Sand Crab. . Sea Crab. CATOMETOPA. . Oyster Crab. . Sand or Land Crab. . Fiddler. 22 CRUSTACEA. Sesarma Say. cinerea Bosc. ) 'reticulata Say. ^ Plagtjsia Laf. squamosa Herhst. Calappa Fah. marmorata Fah. Hepatus Lat. decorus Herbst. GuAiA M. Ed. punctata Brown. Albunea Fah. symnista Fab. HiPPA Fah. emerita Lin. Manolepis Say. spinitarsus Say. Pagurus Fah. villatus Bosc. ^ hollicaris Say. > longi carpus Say. ) Porcellana Lam. pilosa M. Ed. macrocheles L. Gibbes. ocellata L. Gibhes. Callianassa Leach. major Say. Gebia Leach. affinis Say. Astacus Fab. Bartoni Fab. ) Blandingii /iforZ. \ Alpheus Fah. heterochelis Say. PONTONIA Lat. occidentalis L. Gibbes. HiPPOLYTE Leach. Caroliniana Gibbes. Paljemon Fab. vulgaris Say. Peneus Fah. sctiferus Lin. i caramote Rond. \ Square-back Fiddlers. OXYSTOMA. . Spotted Crab, ANOMOURA. Soldier Crabs, or Hermit Crabs. MACROURA. Cray-fish. Hard-backs. Shrimps. Squilla Fah. scabricauda Lat. empusa Say. neglecta L. Gibbes. diibia M. Ed. STOMAPODA. CRUSTACEA. 23 AMPHIPODA. Orchestia Leach. longicornis Say. Amphithoe Leach. dentata Say. not determined. Gammarus Fab. miicronatus Say. fasciatus Say. Beach Fleas. Caprella Lam. equilibra Say. geometrica Say. IroTiEA Fab. caeca Say. AsELLus Geof. communis Say. lineatus Say. Lygia Fab. Gaudichaudii M. Ed. Oniscus Lin. not determined. Armadillo Branat. pilularis Say. Sph^roma Lai. quadridentatum Say. Nes^a Leach. caudata Say. Nerocila Leach. variabilis L. Gibbes. Daphnla Mull. angulata Say. Cythere Lat. bifasciata Say. Cyclops Mull. naviculus Say. LiEMODIPODA. ISOPHODA. . Wiiarf Louse. Pill Bugs. Fish Louse. CLADOCERA. OSTRAPODA. COPEPODA. Nymphum Fab. Carolinense Leach. ARANEIFORMIA. Llmulus Mull. polyphemus Lin. XIPHOSURA. . Kins Crab» 24 CRUSTACEA. CIRRIPEDES. Anatifa Brug. dentata Brug. striata Brug. Balanus. eburneus Gould. not determined. CoNOPEA Say. elongata Say. CoRONULA Lam. dentulata Say. AcASTA Leach. Montagui Leach. COLEOPTEEOUS INSECTS. The foltewing catalogue of Ooleopterons Insects is by no means to be considered as complete. Entomology has been too little studied in this country to render any thing of the kind possible. It, however, may give some idea of what was known in the science when it was drawn up. As for the other classes of Insects, they have been so entirely neglected that it cannot be said any thing is known about them. JOHN LE CONTE. CICINDELTD^. Megacephala Carol iniana. Virginica. Cicindela unipunctata. rugifrons Dg. unicolor Dej. sexgiittata. splendida Hentz. vulgaris Jay, repanda Dej. hirticollis Say. blanda Dej. dorsalis Say. trifasciata Fab. punctulata. . abdominalis. CARABID^. Casnonia Pennsylvanica. Leptotrachilus dorsalis.| GaJerita janus. Le Contei Dg. Diaphorus Le Contei Dej. Cymindis elegans L. C limbata Dej. fuscata Dej. platycollis Say. pice us Dg. Calleida viridipennis Say. fulgida Dej. decora. smaragdina Dej. Plochionus timidus Hentz. vittatus L. C Lebia pulchella Dej. fuscata Dej. axillaris Dej. nigripennis Dej. ornata Say, scapularis Dej. Lebia vittata. collaris Dej. maculicornis L. C. affinis Dej. smaragdula Dej. viridis Say. floricola Harris. Coptodera signata Dej. aerata Knock. notata L. C. Aptinus Americanus Dej. Brachinus alternans Dg. strenuus L. C. Deyrollii Ferte. quadripennis Dej. lateralis Dej. patruclis Dej. Le Contei Dej. viridipennis D^. viridis L. C. cephalotes Dg. cordicollis Dej. Helluo Clairvillei Escher. praeustus Dej. laticornis Dej. nigripennis Dg. Aplochile pygrncea Dej. Scarites Ephialtes L. C. substriatus Haldeman. subterraneus. affinis L. C. Passimachus morio L. C. assimiiis L. C. rugosiis L. C. sublcBvis Beauo. subsidcatus Sat/ marginatus. Dyschirius crenatus Dej. sphaericollis Say. Clivina dentipes Dg. 26 INSECTS. Clivina bipustnlata. convexa L. C. impressifrons L. C. Americana Dg. striato-piinctata Dej. rufescens Dej. Morio monilicornis Calathus distinguendus L. C. Pristodactyla corvina L. C. Anchomenus corvinus Dej. extensicollis Say. decorus Say. Agonum octopunctatum. moerens Dej. morosum Dej. striato-pimctatum Dej. aeruginosum Dej. \ luctuosum Dej. decipiens L. C. limbatum Say. Poecilue chalcites Say. lucublandus Say. Argutor lucidulus Dej. erratic us Dej. femoralis Kirby. agilis Dej. velox Dej. celeris Dej. laticollis Chaudoir. minor Chaudoir. Omaseus tartaricus Say. scrutator L. C. stygicus Say. corvinus Dej. morosus Dej. Platysma unicolor Say. ebeninum Dej. submarginatum Say. lachrymosum Newman. obscurum Say. Steropus Brevoorti L. C. tenebricosus Dej. morio Dej. Broscus obsoletus Say. latipennis L. C. Albux striata Dg. Amara pallipes Kirhy. basilaris Say. musculis Say. chalcea L. C. Agonoderus lineola. pallipes. infuscatus. Gynandropus elongatus L. C. Selenophorus impressus Dej. iripennis Say. varicolor L. C. Selenophorus pedicularius Dej. Beauvoisii Dej. — ovalis Dej. ellipticus Dej. granarius Dej. pulicarius Dej. Pangus caliginosus. Anisodactylus carbonarius Say. agricola Say. nigrita Dej. Baltimorensis Say. discoideus Dej. laetus Dej. merula Germar. rusticus Say. Harpalus bicolor. compar L. C. Pennsylvanicus Degeer. nigerrimus Dej. Argestes nitidulus Chaudoir. Stenolophus ochropezus Say. dissimilis Dej. fuliginosus Dej. misellus. Geobsenus elongatulus Dej. Acupalpus longulus Dej. testaceus Dej. difficilis Dej. micros Dej. Tetragonoderus Le Contei Dg. Badister micans L. C. Panagaeus fasciatus. DicBelus violaceus Dej. oblongus L. C. cyaneus Dej. chalybeus Dej. quadratus Dej. ovalis L. C. obscurus L. C. dilatatus Dej. carinatus Dej. alternans Dej. furvus Melth. simplex Dej. OOdes picipes L. C. amaroides Dej. Americanus Dej. exaratus Dej. Chlsenius erythropus Germar. fuscicornis De . rufipes Dej. Le Contei Dg. sericeus Foster. solitarius Say. patruelis Dej. cobaltinus Kluy. cqngener L. C. INSECTS. 27 Chlaenins nemoralis Say. tricolor De;. SBstivus Say. vicinus Dej. tomentosus Say. emarginatus Jay. pusillus Say. Carabus serratus Say. carinatus De/. Calospma scrutator. Sayi Dej. calidum. Omophron labiatum. Elaphrus ruscarius. Notiophilus porrectus Say. semistriatus Say. Bembidium Isevigatum Say. epphipiatum Say. xanthopus Dej. proximum Say. inornatum Say. flavicaudum Say. HYDROCANTHARI. Cybister fimbriolatus Say. Ditiscus fasciventris. Thermonectes incisus Dej. Graphoderus zonatus. Hydaticus fulvicoUis Dej. Ilybius confusus Dej. Coptotomus ihterrogatus. Agabus Eeruginosus Dej. Matus elongatus. Laccophilus maculosus Knock. Americanus Dej. Haliplus fasciatus Aitle. Americanus Dej. maculatus Jay. Celina angustata Dg. Cyclous vittatus Germar. emarginatus Say. Gyrinus analis Kirhy. PIIILHYDRIDA. Heteroceras Americanus Dej. Hydrochus scabratus Dej. Berosus exaratus Dej. Hydrophilus triangularis Say. glaber. morbillosus Dej. xanthopus Dej. lateralis. striolatus Dej. Philhydrus cinctus Dej. nigrita Say. Laccobius griseus. Phalacrus pennicillatus Say. Phalacrus testaceus Say. pallipes Say. piceus Sturm. minutissimus Sturm. pusillus. Corylophus marginicollis Dej. Scaphidium Americanum Dej. 4-notatum Dej. concolor. Scapliisoma convexum Say. NECROPHAGA. Necrophorus mediatus. lunatus. marginatus. velutinus. Necrodes surinamensis. Silpha Americana, marginalis. inaequalis. Colobicus Americanus Dej. Nitidula 6-maculata Say. interrupta Dej. undulata Say. rufa Say. ochroleuca Dej. curvipes Dej. bipustulatus. 8-maculata Say. Strongylus striatopunctatus Dej. fuscipennis Dej. brachypterus Dej. Campta ustulata Dej. przBusta Dej. Carpophilus atratus Dej. Cercus conicus. spissicornis. Ips obtusa Say. immaculata Harris. 4-signata Dej. rufipennis Dej. lurida Dej. livida Dej. scutellaris Dej. unicolor Jay. marginella Dej. Trogosita virescens. ^ violacea. cylindrica Dej. brevicollis Dej. caraboides. corticalis Knock. depressa Dej. punctata Dej. Bothrideres costatus Dej. geminatus Dej. Xylophterus crebricollis Dej. 28 INSECTS. Xylopterus exaratus Dej. bimpressus Dej. Colydium Americanum Dy. nigripinne Dej. Episcapha fasciata. Mycotretus 4-punctatus. Engis Americana Dej. Bitoma variegata Dej. sulcicollis Dej. Synchita rugosa Dej. niinuta Dej. Cryptophagus Americanus Dej. Antherophagns pallens. Adelina complanata Dej. Nemicelus marginipennis Dej. LaBmophlceus 2-notalus Dej. testaceus. minutissimus Dej. Brontes flavipes. dubius. Catogenus rufus Dej. Rhysodes exaratus. sculptilis Newman. Mycetophagus pictus. affinis Dej. multipunctatus Dej. Triphyllus bicinctus Dej. castaneus Dej. Sphindus testaceus Dej. Sylvanus bispinosus Dej. Americanus Dy. lyctoides Dej. Corticaria cavicollis Dej. picta Dej. Dermestes lardarius. dissector Kirby. vulpinus. elongatus Dg. Attageniis megatoma. Anthrenus pimpinella. museovum. hajmorrhoidalis Dej. murinus Dej. punctatus Dej. hirtellus Dej. erythrocerus Dej. BRACHELYTRA. Falagria dissecta Er. venustnla Er. Homolota trimaculata Er. lividipennis Er. Aleochara fuscipes Er. Gyrophaena corruscula. socia. Tachyporus acaudus Say. jocosus Say. Tachinus fimbriatus Gruv. fumipennis Say. Bolitobius dimidiatus Er. Xantholinus emmesus Er. obsidianus Mels. cephalus Say. obscurus Say. Staphylinus villosus Grav. cingulatus Grav. maculosus Grav. erythropennis Mann. vulpinus Harris. paganus Dej. tomentosus Er. cinnamopterus Grav. Belonuchus formosus Grav. Ocypus ater Er. Philonthus cyanipennis Fabr. hepaticus Er. inquietus Er. debilis Er. thoracicus Er. Cryptobium badium. Carolinum. Lathrobium puncticolle Kirby. Paederus littorarius Fabr. Pinophilus picipes Grav. latipes Grav. flavipes Er. Stenus Juno. flavicornis. Bledius emarginatus. Oxytelus incolumis Er. insignitus. Apocellus sphaericollis Say. Anthophagus csesus Er. Ctenistes carinatus Say. CLAVICORNES. Symplocaria puberula Harris. Hololepta aequalis Say. lucida Dej. platysma. Platysoma Carolinum Payk. depressum Payk. parallelum Say. cylindricum Payk. coarctatum L. C. attenuatum L. C. Hister stygicus Dej. Harrisii Kirby. foedatus L. C decisus L. C. abbreviatus Fabr. spretus L. C. laevipes Germar. biplagiatus Dg. INSECTS. 29 Hister indistinctus Say. depiirator Say. Americanus Payk. sedecemstriatus Say. exaratus Dej. subrotundus Knock. vernus Say. Epierus nigrellus Say. minor L. C. Tribalus Americanus L. C. Paromalus pumilio Erich. aeqiialis Say. bistriatus Erich. seminulum Erich. Saprinus Pennsylvanicus Payk. assimilis Payk. conformis Dej. minutus L. C. impressus L. C. palmatus Say. patruclis Dej. fraternus Say. sphaeroides Dej. granarius L. C. imperfectus L. C. deletus L. C. Plegaderus transversus Say. pusilla Payk. Onthophilus nodatus L. C. pluricostatus L. C. Abraeus aciculatus L. C. exiguus Erich. fimetarius L. C. LAMELLICORNES. Lucanus elaphus. dama Fair. Dorcas parallelus Knoch. Passalus cornutus Fahr. Geotrupes Blackbumii Fabr. splendidus Fabr. exaratus Dej. consentaneus Dej. retusus McLeay. Hybosorus Carolinus Zirmm. Bolbocerus Le Contei Dej. farctus Fahr. concinnus Fabr. Lazarus Fabr. filicornis Fabr. Hyboma gibbosa Fahr. Coprobius chalcites Dej. volvens Fabr. ebenus Say. anthracinus Dg. viridulus Dej. cuprascens Dej. Chaeridium capistratum Fabr. Copris monachus Dej. Carolina Fabr. anaglypticus Knoch. Ammon Fabr. Phanaeus carnifex Fabr. nigro-cyaneus McLeay. Tityrus Dej. Onthophagus latebrosus Fahr. furcicollis. concinnus Dej. Janus Fahr. Pennsylvanicus. tuberculatus Zirmm. Aphodius laevigatus Dej. oblongus Say. femoralis Say. anachoreta Fabr. tenellus Say. 4-tuberculatus Fabr. pallid us Dej. testaceus Dej. corvinus Dej. Euparia castanea. Oxyomus strigatus Say. stercorator Fabr. cylindrus Dej. cinerascens Dej. Psammodius aegialioides Dej. iEgialia Americana Dej. Acanthocerus globosus Say. splendidus Say. Trox Carolinus Dej. suberosus Fabr. porcatus Knoch. muricatus Dej. tuberculatus Oliv. capillaris Say. sordidus Dej. erinaceus Dej. echinatus Dej. flavicornis Dej. Phileurus taurus Dej. castaneus Hald. Scarabaeus Tityus Fahr. Anta3US Fahr. satyrus Fabr. relictus Say. variolosus Dej. obesus D^j. Chalipus geminatus Fahr. Cyclocephala villosula Dej. pygmzea Dej. Pelidnota punctata ^reoda lanlgera Fahr. Anomala striatula Dej. annulata Dej. 30 INSECTS. Anomala pinicola Melsh. cinctella Dg. varians Fabr. obscura Dg. nigritnia DeJ. ruficornis Dej. Anisofilia pygmsea Fabr. Aucylonycha briinnea Dej. fervens Gybo. diffinis Def'. ilicis Knock. serrata. hirsuta Say. neglecta Dej. fallax. Chlsenobia fastidita Dej. Schizonycha vestita Dej. nigritnia Dej. moesta Say. congener Dej. ambigua Dej. Dichelonycha litigiosa Dej. Macrodactylus polyphagus Mela. Omolophia sericea III. Camptorhina vespertina Say. Hoplia oblonga Dej. Trichius piger Fabr. lunulatus Fabr. viridulus Fabr. delta Fabr. Valgus canaliculatus Fabr. seticollis Bunuv. Cetonia fulgida Fabr. barbata Say. areata Fabr. sepulchralis Fahr. STERN0XES. Acmaeodera pulchella Fabr. flavosignata Dej. ornata Fabr. tubulus Fabr. Chalcophora Virginiensis Hei-bst. Dicerca corrosa Dej. coryphaea Dej. Buprestis rufipes Fabr. linoata Fabr. maculipennis Dej. decora Fabr. Melanophila luteosignata Dj. umbellatarum Kirby. Chrysobothris dentipcs Geom. femorata Fabr. cribraria Dej. sobrina Dej. hybernata Fabr. azurea Dej. Anthaxia quercata Fabr. cuneiformis Dej. viridicornis Say. Agrilus fuscipennis Dej. cupricollis Dej. ruficollis Fabr. difficilis Dej. fallax Say. acutipennis Dej. nigricans Dej. bilineatus Say. egenus Dej. polita Say. Brachys alboguttata Dej. acuducta Kirby. tesselata Fabr. fucata Dej. Eeruginosa Dej. Lius Americanus Dej. punctatus Dej. Drapetes americanus Dej. rubricollis Dej. Galba luridus. Dicrepidiiis picicornis Dej. Monocrepidius lobatns Say. vespertinus Fabr. scutellaris Dej. oblitiis Dej. Cratonychus paganus Dej. communis Scluo. cinereus Say. Americanus Harris. gregarius Dej. insipiens Say. xanthopus Dg. Perothops muscidus Say. Agrypnus marmoratus Fabr. ornaticollis Dej. asperatus Dej. ravidus Dej. curtus Dej. Alaus oculatus Fabr. myops Fabr. Athens anguinus Dej. corticinus Dej. sulcicollis Dej. eques Dej. anachoreta Dej. gilvipennis Dej. glabricollis. Campylus apiculatus Hald. diversus Dej. perplexus Dej. stigma Herbsl. misellus Dej. Limonius quercinus Say. semiaeneus D(j. INSECTS. Si Cardiophorus laevicollis Dej. areolatus Say. Aphanobius infuscatus Dg. torrid us Dej. Ampedus sanguinipennis Say. luridipennis Dej. higubris Dej. sellatus Dej. verticinus Dej. # collaris Dtj. flavescens. despectus Dej. Oophorus cingulatus Dej. dorsalis Say. bland us Dej. delicatulus Dej. Ludius hypocrita Dej. Dolopius umbraticus. silaceus. MALACODERMI. Cebrio bicolor Fahr. Sandalus niger Knock. Ptilodactyla elaterina. III. flabellata Dej. E lodes collaris Dej. padi. discoidea Say. pulchella Dej. Pyractomena flavocincta Dej. angustata Dej. Pygolampis consanguinea Dej. contempta Dej. Lampjrris brevicornis Dej. Photurus lineaticollis. versicolor, congener. Ellychnia corrusca Fahr. neglecta Dej. nigricans Say. miniita Dej. Lychnurus laticornis. Phengodes pluinosa Fahr. Lygistopterus substriatus. Charactes reticulatus Fahr. mystacinus. discrepans Newman. Dyctiopterus aurora. humeralis. confiisus. canal iculatus Say. marginicollis. pygmajus. difficilis. Calliantha bisignata Dej. bimacuhita Fahr. marginata Fahr. Calliantha Philadelpliica Dej. Podabrus Pennsylvanicus D^. diadema Fahr. longicollis Dej. Teiephorus lineola Fabr. puella. longula. congener. Silis bridentata Say. Malthinus nigriceps. abdominalis. fasciatus. Americanus. Malachius 4-maculatns circumscriptus Say. discicollis Dej. rufifrons Dtj. erythroderus Dej. cinctus Say. melanopterus Dej. pusillus Say. aculeatus Dej. Dasytes basalis. exaratus. Opilus rufescens. Priocera bicolor. Clerus cribripennis Dej. Thanasimus sphegeus Fahr. dubius Fahr. rufulus Dej. thoracicus Oliv. Hydnocera humeralis Dej. verticalis »Sa;/- lineaticollis Uej. Corynetes rufipes Fabr. violaceus Fahr. Enoplium occulatum Say. marginatum Say. pilosum Forster. damicorne Fabr. Monophylla terminalis Say. Mezium bicolor Dej. Dorcatonsa glabratum Dej, Anobium notatum Say. hirtum. Americanum Dej. paniceum. Cupes capitata. concolor Westwood. Hylurgus Americanus. ater. angustatus. Hylesinus nebulosus. Bostrichus-plni Say. abietis. parvulus. IcBvigratus. 32 INSECTS. Bostrichus pulicarius. Apate bicornis. basalis. sordida. subdentata. Platypus bidentatiis. productus. simplex. Cis alni. punctatus. Scydmsenus clavipes, brevicornis. HETEROMERA. Notoxus monodon. bicolor Say. Anthicus cinctus Say. bilobus Z?p/. floralis, vicinus Dej. corvinus. Scotodes miirinus Dej. Ichthydion murinum Dej. Pyrochroa coUaris Dej. Statyra megatoma Dej. Mordella 8-punctata Fabr. angularis Dg. affinis Dej. pubescens Fabr. pruinosa Dej. tesselata D/j. fuscata Dej. nigerriina McLeay. scutellaris Fabr. oblonga Dej. holosericea Dej. corticina Dej. lurida D.j. picta Dej. fuscipennis Dg. Ripiphorus nigripes Dej. riibidus Dej, zonatus De;. affinis Dej. Cantharis senea McLeay. Epicauta lineata. vittata. strigosa. atrata. maculata Say. lurida. murina. Nemognatha calceata. Nacerdes notata. Asclera lateralis Melsh. signaticollis. costipennis. Asclera notoxoides. thoracica. Englenes signata Dej. dorsal is Melsh. Hallomenus luridus. Scraptia pallipes Melsh. Americana, pusilla. Mycetochares frat^na Say. Cistela rufula. hirta Dj. affinis Dej. Allecula Americana. tibialis. Penthe obliquata. funerea. Helops micans. politus Say. Epitragus tomentosus. puberulus. Diaperis Hydni. Platydema ellipticum. flavipes. erythrocerum. rufum Melsh, Neomeda cyanea Dej. viridipennis. Bolitophagus cornutus Fabr. corticola Say. Uloma culinaris scarabaeoides Beauv. rubens Germar. minor Dej. Centronipus reflexus Say. Tenebrio molitor Fabr. badius Say. depressus Dej. Boros unicolor Say. Upis eribrata Dj. ceramboides Fabr. Iphthinus saperdoides Bosc. striato-punctatus Dej. tenebrosus Dej. femoratus Dej. Stenochia coracina Dej. Aneedus minutus. Crypticus Americanns. Blapstinus aeneus Dej, Opatrum notum Say. Polypleurus geminatus. Eustrophus 4-maculatus Dej. bicolor. niger Melsh. CURCULIONID^. Bruchus Pisi. scutellaris. INSECTS. 33 Bruchus distinguendus. erythrocerus. varicornis. biplagiatus. cruentatus. hibii?ci. Pachymerus concinnus. Caryoborus arthriticus. Spermophagus roH^iae. Ischnncerus macrocerus. Anlhribus coronatus. Cratoparis liinatus Fahr. lugubris OUv. ambiguus Dej. pagan us Chevcolat. Brachy tarsus parvuhis DeJ. pumiliis De;. Attelabus nigripes DpJ. analis llliger. bipustulatus Fabr. Rhyncites bicolor Fahr. subceneus De^. hirtus Fahr. concolor DeJ. collaris Fabr. mutabilis Dej. Pterocolus ovatus Fabr. Brachystylus acutus Say. Apion gagatinum DeJ. corvinum D.y. Carolinianum Zirn. Tachygonus Le Contei Dej. Arrhenodes maxillosus OUv. Graphorhinus albonotatus DeJ. Cyphus modestus King. Pachnseus opalus Busc. Tanymecus canescens DpJ. Pandeleteius paupercnlus DeJ. Listroderes puncticollis DrJ. distinguendus DeJ. Hylobius picivorus Germar. brevirostris DJ. Ptochus tessellatus DeJ. Trachyplilseus crinitus Dej. Agraphus leucophlaeus Dej. Lixus concavus Say. nubilus Dej. Halipus squammosus DeJ. Eudocinus inscriptus McLeay. Americanus Dej. Pissodes nemorensis Germar. Thamnophilus ruiipennis DeJ. perforatus DeJ. Dorytomus Americanus Dej. Anthonomus tesselatus Dej. tuberculatus DeJ. bisignatus DeJ. Anthonomus snturalis Dej. pygmaeus DeJ. Balaninus similaris Dej. Bagoas suturalis Dej. Lamosaccus plagiatus Fabr. Madarus undulatus Say. Baris tristis DeJ. viduus DeJ. nigrocyaneus DeJ. exilis Dej. anthracinus Dej. pusillus DeJ. cylindrirostris DeJ, Centrinus militaris Dej. holosericeus DeJ. oblonginsculns Dej. bispinosus DeJ. nigritulus Dej. Cryptorhyncus luctuosus. minutissimus. Botrobatys troglodytes. Analcis punctatus DeJ. aereus Dej. cribratus Dej. Chalcodermus aeneus DeJ. Ceutorhyncus tessellatus DeJ. perplexus DrJ. nigrita DeJ. nodicollis Dej. Campylirhyncus rubinigosus DeJ. Mononychus vulpecules Fabr. Coptorus pumilus DeJ. Calandra Le Contei Dej. cribraria Fabr. cariosa OUv. pertinax OUv. sobrina Dej. oblita Dej. confusa Dej. nubila Say. patruelis Dej. retusa DeJ. gagatina DeJ. parvula. diffinis DeJ. soniida DeJ. callosa OUv. flexnosa Sclidnh. contracta Dej. assiuiilis Dej. oryza; Fabr. Cossouus crenatus Dej. angustatus Dej. LOXGICORNES. Parandra 4-collis. Asemum moestum. 34 INSECTS. Mallodon spinibarbe. simplicicolle. cilipes Say. Orthosoma cylindricum. Derobrachus brevicollis. Prionus brevicornis. pocularis. imbricornis. laevigatus Harris. Purpuricenus humeralis. Callichroma splendida Dej. Eriphus rubens. Eburia distincta DeJ. 4-geminata Say. Cerasphorus garganicus. 4-spinosus. Elaphidion Marylandicum. mucronatum Say. villosum. pusillura. Callidium Andreae. janthinum. amoenum Say. variabile. Smodicum cucujiforme Say. Clytus fulmiiians. decorus. flexuuosus. campestris. aculeatus Dej. scutellaris Oliv. vespoides. Ibidion dimidiaticorne. Ancylocera rugicollis. Molorchus bimaculatus Say. iEgomorphus decipiens. Astyonomus nodosus. Amniscus perplexus. marginellus. cinereus. Alcydion femorale. Exocentrus humilis. exiguus. Dcsmiphora tomentosa. Ataxia sordida. Monohammus scutellatus Say. dentator. tessellatus. pulverulentus HaJd. tomentosus Ziegler. Oncideres rubiginosus. Tetraopus cordifer. tornator. Dorcaschema leptocera. nigrcans. Hippopsis lineolata. Saperda lateralis. Oberea ruficollis Fabr. tripunctata Fabr. perspicillata. gracilis Fabr. Phytoecia femoralis. Amphyonycha marginata. Distenia undata Fabr. Desmocerus cyaneus Fabr. Rhagium lineatuiu. Toxotus dentipenriis. Strangalia angustata Dej. 6-notata. bicolor. emaciata Newman. Stenura velutina Fabr. zebrata Fabr. fugax lunata. Leptura vagans Oliv. semivittata Kirby. nigrella Say. pubera Jay. proteus Kirby. Trigonarthis atrata. PHYTOPHAGA. Donacia 4-collis Say. hirticollis Kirby. confluenta Say. metallica Say. Orsodachna vittata Say. Lema trilineata Oliv. 6-punctata Oliv. solani Fabr. cornuta Fabr. maculicollis Dej. brunneicollis Dej. ephippium Dej. Hemisphcerota erythrocera Germ. Chelimorpha cribraria. Deloyala vicina. trabeata. clavata. purpurata. Coptocycla lucidula. bisignata. aurichalcea. bivittata Say. Anoplitis bicolor OUv. scapularis Oliv. notata Oliv. scutellaris Oliv. nigrita Oliv. Uroplata quadrata Fabr. pallida Say. Octotoma plicatula Fabr. INSECTS. 35 Microrhopala \'ittata Fahr. excavata Oliv. GraUeruca Baccharidis Fabr. Canadensis Kirby. bivittata DeJ. Pennsylvanica Dej. infuscata Dej. cribrata De^. calceata Dej. consentanea Z>e;'. notulata Fabr. Ceratoma caminea Fabr. Diabrotica vittata Fabr. 12-punctata Fabr. CEdionychys petaurista Fabr. thoracica Fabr. discicoUis DeJ. abdominalis Oliv. cocinna Fabr. circumdata DeJ. quercata Fabr. modesta De^'. suturalis Fabr. notulata Dg. Graptodera oleracea Fabr. laevicollis DeJ. inedita DeJ. consentanea Dej. Strabala scutellata De;. Disonycha Caroliniana Fabr. trivittata Dej. glabrata Fabr. uniguttata Say. rubiginosa Dg. eppbippiiim DeJ. coilaris Fabr. flavicoUis De/. collata Fabr. Sistena oblonga DeJ. striolala Schimh. frontalis Fabr. Crepidodera nana Say. fuscula Dg. Phyllotreta bipustulata Fabr. Aphthona fulva Dej. Teinodactyla flavescens Dej. pallida DeJ. Balanomorpha hsemorhordalis DeJ. Podagrica viridipennis Dej. Blepharida meticulosa Oliv. Polygramma lO-lineata Dej. Zygogramma pulcherrima DeJ. pulchra Fabr. elegans Oliv. Calligrapha Philadelphica Fabr. exclamationis Fabr. Chrysomela cribraria Dej. Lina interrupta Fabr. scripta Fabr. Gastrophysa polygoni Fabr. janthina DeJ. Colaspis favosa Say. viridis Fair. costipennis Dej. Btrigosa DeJ. livens Bosc. Calcophana picipes Oliv. ferrugata Dej. Noda similis Dej. intermedia Dej. viridescens Dej. tristis Oliv. humilis Dej. orbicularis Dej. litigiosa DeJ. Metachroma quercata Fabr. pubescens Dej. sobrina DeJ. pallida Say. interrupta Say, minuta Dg. 4-notata Say. gilvipes Dej. atterrima Oliv. canella Fabr. Typophorus viridicollis Dej. ineditus Dej. Chrysochus auratus Fabr. Heteraspis juvencus Dej. pumilus Dej. Glyptoscelis hirtus Oliv. Myochrous denticollis Say. Pachnephorus variegatus Dej. Chlamys plicata Fabr. affinis King. gibber Fabr. tuberculata Klug. dispar DeJ. foveolata Knock. Megalostomus domlnicana Fabr. Babria 4-notata Oliv. Anomoia obsita Fabr. Pachybrachis decoratus DeJ. viduatus Fabr. M-nigrum DeJ. ornaticollis DeJ. lividus Fabr. carbonarius Dej. femoratus Oliv. sobrinus DeJ. punctatus DeJ. Cryptocephalus 5-maculatus Dej. aulicus DeJ. ornatus Fabr. 36 INSECTS. Cryptocephalus venustus Oliv. incertus Oliv. congestus Fabr. guttatus Dej. tessellatus Dej. rugicollis Dej. lineolatus De^. detritus Oliv. distinctus Dej. notatus Fabr. 4-verrucatus Dg. 5-vittatus Dej. 4-lineatus Dej. pumilus Dej. aeneus Dej. Monachus saponatus Fabr. ater Knock, auritus Dej. Triplax festiva Dej. thoracica Say. melanoptera Dej. affinis Dtj. biguttata Say. pulchra Say. erythrocephala Dej. angulata Say. Janessa thoracica Oliv. Languria filiformis Def. signaticollis Dej, collaris Dej. PSEUDOTRIMERA. Anisosticta litigiosa D/j. Coccinella 9-notata Fabr. pullata Jay. immaculata Fabr. Brachyachantha dentipes Fabr. bis-5-pustiilata Fabr. bis-3-pustulata Fabr. flavifrons Dej. Hyperaspis marginicollis Dej. cruentata Dej. Chilochorus triverrucatus Dej. normatus Say. marginipennis Dej. Epilachna borealis Fabr. Scymnus flavipes Illiger. terminatus Dej. Epipocus punctatus Dy. Ephebus vestitus Say. Endomychus bigultatus Say. Lycoperdina lineata Oliv. glabrata Dej. CATALOGUE EECENT SHELLS OF GEOEGIA. CoRONULA testudinaria Lam. Backs of Turtle. Balanus ovularis Lam. St. Simon's Island. geniculatus Say. " " Sea-shore. Anatifa IebvIs Lam. " " " dentata • Teredo navalis Lam. " " " Pholas costata Lin. " " " cuneiformis Say. " " " oblongata Say. " " " Canop^a elongata Say. " " " Gastroch^na modiolina Lin. " " " SoLEN centralis Say. " " " ensis Lin. " " " viridis Say. « " SoLEcuRTUs caribjBUS Blain. " " " Mta acuta Say. « « " LuTRARiA canaliculata Say. " " " lineata Say. " " " Very rare. Mactra fragiiis. " " " lateralis Say. « oblonga Say. " " " similis Say. " Amphidesma equalis Say. " " " orbiculata Say. " " " punctata Say. " " " radiata Say. " " " transversa Say. " " " CoRBULA contracta Say. " " " Saxicava distorta Say. " " " Petricola pholadifirmis Lam. " " " dactyl lis Say. " " " PsAMMOBiA fusca Say. " " " Sanguinolaria rugosa Lam. " '• " 38 SHELLS. Tellina alternata Say. brevifrons Say. flexuosa Say. iris Say. mera Say. polita Say. tenuis Say. LuciNA divaricata Lam. DoNAX variabilis Say. Cyclas partumeia Say. Cyrena Carolinensis Say. Cytherea occulata Say. concentrica Lam. Venus mercenaria Lin. elevata Say. notata Say. praeparca Say. Cardium muricatutn Lin. ventricosum Lam. Arca incongrua Say. pexata Say. ponderosa Say. transversa Say. zebra Say. Unio alatus Say. aratus (new) Conrad. albo-marginatus Lea. Blandingianus Lea. Boykinianns Lea. clavus Lam. complanatus Lam. congareus Lea. conradicus Lea. contrarius (new) Conrad. crocatus Lea. Cumberlandicus Lea. declivis Say. Dariensis Lea. Whiteanus Lea. dolabriformis Lea. dromas Lea. Duttonianus Lea. exiguus Lea. folliculatus Lea. Geddingsianus Lea. Georgianus Lea. Hopetonensis Lea. icterinus Conrad. incrapatus Lea. iris Lea. irroratus Lea. Le Contianus Lea. lanceolatus Lea. limatulus (new) Conrad. lineatus Lea. lienosus Lea. St. Simon's Island, sea-shore. Alatamaha River. Brackish marsh, St. Simon's Island. St. Simon's Island. (( (( " « Salt marsh. " " Sea-shore. Etowah River. Flint. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Etowah. Savannah. a Etowah. Savannah. Etowah. Ogeechee. Alatamaha. Cannouchee. Alatamaha. Tennessee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Stump Creek. Alatamaha. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Etowah. Tennessee. Cannouchee. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Etowah. SHELLS. 39 Unio lugubris Lea. raodioliformis Lea. Masoni Conrad. niger Raf. nasutus Say. nucleopsis (new) Conrad. obesus Lpo. obtusus Lea. ochraceus (var.) Say. Ogeecheensis (new) Conr. oratus (new) Conrad. patulus Lea. paulus Lea. productus Conrad. pusillus Lea. radiatus Lea. Ravellianus Lea. Roanokensis Lea. Rosaceus (new) Conrad. Sayii Lea. securiformis (new) Conrad. Shepardianus Lea. spinosus Lea. splendidus Lea. stagnalis (uew) Conrad. subangulatus Lea. subinflatus Conrad. strigosus Lea. striatus Lea. stegarius (var.) Raf. teres Raf. taniatus Conrad. tortivus Lea. Vaughanianus Lea. verrucosus Barnes. Anodonta Couperiana Lea. gibbosa Lea. incerta Lea. implicata Say. Alasmodonta arcula Lea. Etowensis Conrad. Raveneliana Lea. MomoLA plicatula Lam. Mytilus cubitus Say. hamatus Say. leucophaeitus Say. Pinna seminuda Lam. muricata Lin. AvicuLA hirudo Say. Lima glacialis Lam. OsTREA virginiana Lister. semi-cylindrica Say. Anomia electrica Lin. Crepidula convexa Say. depressa Say. Alatamaha and Savannah. Savannah. Etowah. Ogeechee. Etowah. Alatamaha. Flint and Chattahoochee. Flint. Ogeechee. " and Flint. Tennessee. Alatamaha. Savannah. Ogeechee. Savannah. Etowah. Alatamaha. Savannah. Flint. Alatamaha. (( " and Savannah. Ogeechee. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. u Etowah. Flint. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Tennessee. Alatamaha. Savannah. Alatamaha. Etowah. St. Simon's Island. Coast. 40 SHELLS. Crepidula fornicata Say. intorta Say. plana Say. BuLLiNA canaiiculata Say. Helix albolabris Say. alternata Say. appressa Say. arborea Say. auriculata Say. avara Ferr. chersina Say. concava Say. elevata Say. fallax Say. gularis Say. hirsuta Say. indentata Say. inflecta Say. inornata Say. interna Say. lineata Say. labyrinthica Say. minuscula Binney. Mobiliana Lea. major Say. obstricta Say. perspectiva Say. suppressa Say. spinosa Lea. septemvalva Say. thyroidus Say. tridentata Say. Helicina orbiculata Say. Pupa contracta Say. exigua Say. ovata Say. pentodon var curvidens Say procera Gould. Glandina truncata Say. SucciNEA campestris Say. inflata Lea. ovalis Say. Auricula bidentata Say. (melampus bidentatus) Planorbis lontus Say. Physa gyrina Say. heterostropha Say. Lymnea columella Say. Melania Boykineana Lea. catenoides Lea. calatiira (new) Conrad. crebricostata Lea. ebenum Lea. impressa Lea. Le Contiana Lea. nebulosa (new) Conrad. St. Simon's Island. Coast. St. Simon's Island. Sea shore. Greene county. Decatur co. Shell Bluff, and Walker co. Greene county. Lee and Greene counties. Greene county. Wayne and Decatur counties. Glynn, and Greene counties. Lee, Burke, and Walker counties. N. W. counties. Decatur, Glynn, and Wayne counties. Glynn and Greene counties. Shell Bluff. Wayne, Decatur, and Greene counties. Glynn and Greene counties. Glynn and Burke counties. Greene county. Wayne and Decatur counties. Lee, Greene, and Walker counties. Burke county. Greene county. Glynn county. Glynn and Lee counties. Burke county. Glynn county. Greene county. Glynn and Greene counties. Greene county. Glynn county. St. Simon's Island. Alatamaha river. Glynn county. N. W. counties. Flint river. Etowah river. N. W. counties. SHELLS. 41 Melania ocosensis Lea. perangulata (new) Conrad. percarinata (new) Conrad. regularis Lea. symmetrica Conrad. sordida Lea. lo fusiformis Lea. Paludina decisa Say. Georgiana Lea. vivipera Lam. Amnicola tenuipes Hald. Ampullaria Hopetonensis Lea. (depressa Saij.) Natica duplicata Say. heros Say. pusilla Say. SiGARETUs perspectivus Say. macnlatus Say. Ianthina communis Lam. ScALARiA clathrus Say. miiltistriata Say. lineata Say. Turbo irroratus Say. TuRRiTELLA altemata Say. Pyramis striatula Couthoy. (Menotigma of Gray) Fasciolaria distans Lam. ttilipa Lam. Fusus cinereus Say. Pyrula canaliculata Lam. carica Lam. perversa Say. pa py rati a Say. spirata Say. Ranella caudata Say. DoLiuM galea Lam. BucciNUM (Nassa) acutum Say. lunatum Say. obsoletum Say. trivittatum Say. unicinctum Say. vibex Say. Terebra Petittii Kiener. CoLOMBELLA avara Say. mercatoria Say. Oliva conoidalis Lam. litterata Lam. mutica Say. zonalis Say. Splrula Peronii Lam. Etowah river. N. W. counties. N. W. counties. Etowah river. Tennessee river. Glynn and Greene counties. St. Simon's Island. Sea-shore. On oysters. Sea-shore. Salt marsh. Sea-shore. 70 genera. 246 species. FLORA. Catalogue of the Flora in Georgia, Arranged according to the Linnean and Natural System. \ LINNEAN SYSTEM. | NATURAL SYSTEM Genera. Species. Class. Order. Class. Order. ACALYPHA Virginica MonoBcia Monadelphia Exog. Euphorbiaceae « Caroliniana '« " <' " Acer rubrum Octandria Monogynia " AceracejB « dasycarpum " K " " » sarbatum " " " " " saccharinum (( " " " « nigrum negundo « « " « ACERATIS longifolia Pentandria Digynia " CorymbiferesB Achillea millefolium Syngenesia Poly-Superflua " Amaranlaceae ACHTRANTHES « repens Ficoidea Pentandria Monogynia ** <( « vermicularius " " " Corymbiferae ACMELLA repens Syngenesia Superflua " Chenopodeae ACNIDA cannabina ruscocarpa DicBcea Pentandria « « ACONITUM uncinatum Polyandria Pentagynia " Ranunculacea ACORIJS calamus Hexandria Monogynia Endog. Aroideae ACTAEA alba Polyandria " E.\og. iRanunculacea ACTINOMERIS helianthoides Syngenesia Poly-frustranea " jCorymbiferae " squarrosa " " " " Adonis Autumnalis Polyandria Polygynia c< Ranunculacea ^SCHTOMENE hispida Diadelphia Decaiidria " [Leguniinosae « viscidula " " " •' .(ESCULUS pavia discolor flava macrostachya Eleptandria Monogynia « Hippocastana « " hybrida " " « u ASAVE Virginica Hexandria " Endog Bromeliaceae Agrimonia eupatoria parviflora incisa [cosandria Digynia Exog. Rosaceae Agrostis arachnoides Triandria " Endog. Gramineae « sericea " " " " « irichopodes " " " " 46 FLORA. Species. canadense Virginicum arifolium variegata phytolaccoidea quadrifolia connivens incarnata tomentosa obovata obtusifolia amplexicaulis purpuraseens laurifolia pau|)ercula parviflora verticillata cinerea angustifolia tuberosa crux andresB humillum hypericoides amplexicaule mlcrosepalum parviflora triloba grandiflora pygmaea solidaginoides conyzoides tortifolius hyssopifolius flexuosns paludosus grandiflorus exilis subulatus foliolosus sparsiflorus tenuifolius dumosus ericoides racemosus multiflorus squarrosus concolor reticulatus Novae Anglae cyaneus virgatus Carolinianus surculosus puniceus junceus divergens tradescanti discoideus versicolor laevigatus amplexicaulis LINNEAN SYSTEM. Gynandria Pentandria Digynia Class. Order. Decandria Polyandria Polyandria ti (f Syngenesia Di-Pentagynia Polygynla Superflua Class. Exog. NATURAL SYSTEM. Order. Exog. Aristolochiae Asclepiadeae IlypericaceaE Anonaceae Corymbiferffi FLORA. 47 LINNEAN SYSTEM. NATURAL SYSTEM. Genera. Species. Class. 1 Order. Class. Order. Aster undulatus diversifolius Syngenesia Superflua Exog. Corymbiferse « scaber « " " tt " paniculatus " « " " " cordifolius " " « " Asparagus officinalis Hexandria Monogynia Asparagi Astragalus glaber obcordatus canadensis Diadelphia Decandria "' Papilionaceae Atriplex patula Monoecia Triandria « Chenopodeae « Augustifolia " « " " <( laciniata It " « " fj arenaria " K '« " Atropa physaloidea Pentandria Monogynia tt Solaneae AULAIANTHUS ciliatus rufus Triandria Digynia Endog Gramineae Avena spicata " " " " « Pennsylvanica K " " tt Azalea calendulacea canescens bicolor nudiflora viscosa Pentandria Monogynia Exog. Ericeae Baccharis angustifolia halimifolia sessiliflora Syngenesia Superflua '« Corymbiferae Baldwina uniflora multiflora " Frustranea „ " Baptisia perfoliata lanceolala tinctoria Decandria Monogynia « it « Papilionaceae tt " Australis " tt « " ti villosa alba bracteata " " "' l Batschia gmelini canescens Pentandria « " Boragineae Bejaria racemosa Polyandria " «' Ericeae Berchemia volubilis Pentandria " « Rhamnaceae Berberis canadensis Hexandria " '< Berberidaceae Betula nigra lenta Monoecia Polyandria " Amentaceae Bidens chrysanthemoides cornuta pilosa Syngenesia Frustranea >< " Corymbiferae « Frondosa bipinnata " " " *' Bignonia capreolata radicans Didynamia Angiospermia „ Bignoniaceae Bletia verecunda aphylla Gynandria Monandria « Orchideae BCEHMERIA cylindrica lateriflora Monoecia Triandria „ Urticaceae Bcerhaavia erecta Triandria Monogynia << !*Jyctagineae BOLTONIA asteroides glastifolia Syngenesia Superflua tt Corynibiferoe BORKHAUSIA Caroliniana « jEqualis tt ^omposifae BoRYA jorulosa Dioecia Diandria " ^mpetreae Brasenia jeltata Polyandria Polygynia i << Cabombaceae Briza eragrostis Triandria Digynia ]}ndog. Gramineae Bryonia Boyklnii .1 Exog. Cucurbitaceae 48 FLORA LINNEAN SYSTEM. 1 NATURAL SYSTEM. Genera. Species. Class. Order. Class. Order. Bromus ciliatus purgans Triandria Digynia Endog Graminese Brickellia cordifolia Syngenesia ^qualis Cinarocephalae Brunnichia cinhosa Decandria Trigynia PolygoncEB BUCHNEKA Americana Didynamia Angiospermia Exog. Scrophularinae BUMELIA lycioides reclinata ten ax lanuginosa * Pentandria Monogynia (( Sapoteae BUPHATHALMUM frutescens augustifolium Syngenesia Superflua ! " Corymbiferae BURMANIA capitata cserulea Triandria Monogynia Endog. Burmanniae Caeomba Caroliniana Hexandria " Exog. Cabombaceae. Cacalia ovata artriplicifolia lanceolata Syngenesia .lEqualis " Corymbiferae Cactus opuntia Icosandria Monogynia " Cactaceae Cakile maritima Tetradyn'a Siliculosa " Cruci ferae Caladium glaucinn Monaecia Polyandria Endog. Aroideae Calamagrostis Americana Triandria Digynia « Gramineae Calamintha grandiflora Didynamia Gymnospermia Exog. Labiateae Callicarpa Americana Tetrandria Monogynia Verbenaceae Callitriche heterophylla Monandria " " Callitnchineae Calopogon pulchellus Gynandria Monandria Orchideae Caltha Ficarioides Polyandria Polygynia « Ranuiiculaceae Cardamine Virginica Tetradyn'a Siliquosa « Cruciferae « spathulata " " " " Calycanthits floridus Icosandria Polygynia " Calycanthaceae inodorus " " " " Isevigatus " « " glaucus " " (, " Campanula amplexicaulis acuminata divarieata erinoides Pentandria Monogynia Campanulaceae Canna flaccida Monandria " Endog Marantaceae Cafrifolium sempervireus flavum gratum Pentandria " Exog. Caprifoliaceae parviflorum " « « " Carex sterilis fraseri willdenowii squarrosa MonoRcia Triandria Endog. Cyperaceae cephalophora " " " " bromoides " " (( " retroflexa rosea " „ " Muhlenbergii " " « « stipata spnrganoides multiflora « '- t< « lagopodoioides " " " " scoparia foena '.' " „ t< festucacea scirpoides caespitosa crinita acuta " . " « ti FLORA. 49 LINNEAN SYSTEM. NATURAL SYSTEM. Genera. Species. Class. Order. Monogynia Class. Order. Carex triceps Moncecia Endog Cyperaceae " liirsuta " " " " « buxbaumii " " " " " varia " " " << << marginata " " " •' « vestita " " " " « tentaculata " « « " « (C « lupulina gigantea folliculata zaiuhophysa plantaginea castanea anceps conoidea tetanica laxiflora granularis fiexuosa niiliacea hystericina t( « (C It «' pseudocyperus " " " " glaucescens " " " " crinita " " iC " acuta " " «' « trichocarpa " " « " lacustris " " a " pellita " " " " riparia " " " " buUata (( tt « " Caepinus Americana « Polyandria Exog. Amentaceae Carya sulcata alba tomentosa tt " " (C amara " r. NATURAL SYSTEM. Geneka. Species. Class. Order. Class. Order. Clematis Baldwinii Polyandria Polygynia Exog. Ranunclaceae Cleome pentaphylla Tetradyn'a Siliquosa Clethra alnifolia Decandria Monogynia " Ericeae gynia { tt Cornaceae 52 FLORA. LINNEAN SYSTEM. NATURAL SYSTEM. Genera. Species. Class. Order. Class. Order. CORNUS stricta asperifolia sericea Tetrandria Monygnia Exog. Cornaceae « florida " " « •1 CORALLOKHIZA multiflora odontorhiza Gynandria Monandria „ Orchideas " iiyemalis " (C (C " CORONOPUS didyma Ruellii Tetradyn'a Siliculosa „ Cruciferae CORYDALIS aurea Diadelphia Hexandria " Fumariaceae CORYLUS Americana MoncEcia Polyandria >' Amentaceae « rostrata " " " a Cranichis multiflora Gynandria Monandria Endog. Orchideee Crantzia iineata Exog. Umbelliferae Crat^gus Crus-Galli Icosandria Di-Pentagynia Rosaceae ^ « coccinea (( " u " « viridis « " 11 " ct populifolia « (C " " (r punctata " " « " (C arborescens " " " " (C apiifolia " " « " It cordata " " " " f( spathulata " " « " t< aestivalis " « It " II flava lucida „ " " ., n eliptica " " " " «t parvifolia " (( •< " Ckotalaria sagittalis parviflora ovalis Diadelphia Decandria " Papilionaceae Croton maritimum argyranthemum Moncecia Monadelphia " Euphorbiaceae (C glandulosum " " « " » ellipticum " " it " Crotonopsis Linearis " Triandria <« " CRYPTOT.ffiNIA Canadensis « UmbelliferEB CUCURBITA lagenaria " Monadelphia « Cucurbitaceae CUPHJEA viscosissima Icosandria Di-Pentagynia « Lytliraceae CUPRESSUS disticha thyoides MoncEcia Monadelphia It Conifereae CUSCUTA Americana Tetrandria Tetragynia It Convolvulaceae Cynoglossum Virginicum Pentandria Monogyuia " Boragineae Cynodon dactylon Triandria Digyina Endog. Graniineae Cyperus articulatus fasciculatus " Monogynia " Cyperaceae « poaeformis « It '•■ It kyllingioides " ti " (( Antumnalis " " " f( compressus " « • <( « vegetus " i( " " virens " '' " It mariscoides '■ " " II flavescens " " " It gracilis " " " It It hydra repens " << It tenuiflorus " <( " It strigosus it " " ft sessilifolium " It " It tt truncatum album '!. „ ** l( parviflorum " " " " FLORA. 55 LINNEAN SYSTEM. NATURAL SYSTEM. Genera. Species. Class. Order. Class. Order. EUPATORIUM scabridum rotundifolium verbenaefolium Pentandria It jEqualis Exog. Corymbiferae pubescens cuneifolium perfoliatum ceanothifolium '•' « « '■ " ageratoides " " " " aromaticum " " " « serotinum incarnatum " " " « coelestinum " « u « ternifolium " " '< ■ purpureura maculatum verticillatum :; " " " Euphorbia cyathophora graminifolia hypericifolia maculata depressa cordifolia polygonifolia ipecacuanha pubentissima Moncecia Monadelphia " Euphorbiaceae " helioscopia " " " " " corollata angustifolia paniculata " " "' Fagus sylvatica " Polyandria " Amentaceas Fedia radiata Triandria Monogynia « Festuca tenella polystachya myurus parviflora duriuscula '' Digynia Endog. Gramineae „ grandiflora unioloides „ „ ^^ :; « nutans " ti ,< « Fothergilla alnifolia Icosandria Di-Pentagynia Exog. Hamamelacea? Fragaria Virginiana " Polygynia " Rosaceaj Frasera Walteri Tetrandria Monogynia « GentianeEE Fdirena squarrosa scirpoidea Triandria „ Endog. Cyperaceae Fraxinus epiptera acuminata Dioecia Diandria Exog. Oleaceae « Caroliniana " « ,{ li <( platycarpa pubescens triptera " '< " " Fttmaria ofl^icinalis Diadelphia Octandria « " " « nudiflorum ^%,