,r ^'^ sfaj STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM RECRUITING FOR ESPIONAGE HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS OP THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION PURSUANT TO S. Res. 58 JULY 13, 14, 1955 PART 16 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 59886 WASHINGTON : 1955 Boston Public Library Cuperintendent of Documents JAN 1 8 1956 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HARLEY M. KILGOKE. West Virginia, Chairman JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois PRICE DANIEL, Texas HERMAN WELKER, Idaho JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, Wyoming JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah THOMAS C. HENNINGS, Jr., Missouri HERMAN WELKER, Idaho PRICE DANIEL, Texas JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland J. G. Sourwine, Chief Counsel Richard Arens and Alva C. Carpenter., Associate Counsel Benjamin N. Mandet, Director of Research II CONTENTS Testimony of: Pa ^ e Barnett, Melvin Leslie 1496 Freeman, Ira Henry 1571 Gordon, David Alexander 1489 Heimlich, William Friel 1538 Landman, Amos 1551 Lewis, Charles Saul 1502 Talbert, Ansel 1557 in STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM WEDNESDAY, JULY 13, 1955 United States Senate, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D. O. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 40 a. m., in the Caucus Room, Senate Office Building, Senator James O. Eastland (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present : Senators Eastland and Hennings. Also present: J. G. Sourwine, chief counsel; Alva C. Carpenter, associate counsel; Benjamin Mandel, director of research; Robert McManus, investigations analyst. The Chairman. The committee will come to order. Call the first witness. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, before we call a witness I should like to offer for the record documents which will tie in with testimony previously had. The documents will speak for themselves. I will identify them by saying that the chairman wrote to the Department of Defense requesting release of the exchange of correspondence with respect to a recommendation for disaccreditation of Mr. Grutzner, and the objection to that recommendation by the Defense Department. The documents were furnished the committee first in classified status, and the chairman then requested that they be declassified. That has now been done. And I believe the documents should be made a part of the record with the pertinent correspondence. The Chairman. They will be admitted. (The documents referred to are as follows:) July 8, 1955. Mr. C. Herschel Schooley, Office of Public Information, Department of Defense, Room 2E800, The Pentagon, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Schooley : Thank you very much for forwarding with your letter of July 8, 1955, the documentation of the chronological account contained therein. I should like to request that the letters by General Craigie, General Bush, and General Parks, which you point out continue in confidential status, be declassi- fied for use by the committee, so that they may be inserted in our record. I should be extremely grateful if action on this request could be expedited. Kindest regards and all good wishes. Sincerely, James O. Eastland, Chairman, Internal Security Subcommittee. 1487 1488 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Department of Defense, Office of Puislic Information, Washington, D. C, July 12, 1955. Hon. James O. Eastland, United States Senate. Dear Senator Eastland : Pursuant to your letter request of July 8, the letters by Maj. Gen. L. C. Craigie, United States Air Force; Brig. Gen. K. B. Bush, United States Army ; and Maj. Gen. F. L. Parks, United States Army, which were included in confidential status with my letter of July S, have now been formally declassified for use by the Internal Security Subcommittee, for open use or record publication. We enclose newly photostated copies of the letters concerned in order to pro- vide your committee with the unclassified versions. Sincerely yours, C. Herschel Schooley, Director. Headquarters, Far East Air Forces, APO 925, December 19, 1950. Subject : Security Violation by Press Correspondent. To : Commander in Chief, Far East, APO 500. 1. On December 17, 1950, New York Times' representative in Korea, Charles Grutzner, filed with his publishers an account of the first encounter of USAF F-86 jet aircraft with MIG-15 aircraft. 2. All correspondents in Korea at the base from which the F-86's were operat- ing, including Mr. Grutzner, had been briefed on the security precautions this headquarters had taken concerning the activities of the F-86. It appears that Mr. Grutzner filed his story with a notation "not releasable." However, he did, nevertheless, send the story containing classified information which was published to the world and is now available to our enemy. This public disclosure has lost to the USAF a tactical advantage which may result in the loss of American lives. 3. Other correspondents on the scene respected the security of this information until it had been released. This is the first serious breach of specifically classified information regarding Air Force activities. Unless positive action is taken against this offender, no security can be expected in like cases in the future. 4. It is strongly recommended that Charles Grutzner be no longer accredited as a correspondent and that he be removed from this theater. For the Commanding General : L. C. Craigie, Major General, United States Air Force, Vice Commander (Administration and Plans). Ltr, FEAF, APO 925, FEAF AG NO. 19796. Subject : Security Violation by Press Correspondent, December 19, 1950. AG 095 (19 Dec 50) PIO. [1st indorsement] General Headquarters, Far East Command, APO 500, December 24, 1950. To : The Adjutant General, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C 1. Forwarded herewith is a letter from the Commanding General, Far East Air Forces, recommending the disaccreditation of Mr. Charles Grutzner, of the New York Times, for having deliberately violated the security precautions. 2. This headquarters concurs in the recommendation contained in paragraph 4 of basic communication and believes this is a clear case as stated in para- graph 9b, Special Regulations 360-60-1, 27 April 1949. For the Commander in Chief : F. W. Laskowski, For K. B. Bush, Brigadier General, USA, Adjutant General. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1489 Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Information, Washington 25, D. C, January 10, 1951. Memorandum for : Director, Office of Public Information, Department of Defense. Subject : Recommendation for Disaccreditation of Charles Grutzner. 1. In compliance with provisions of paragraph 9b, Special Regulation 360- 60-1, dated April 27, 1949, the attached correspondence from Major General L. C. Craigie, Vice Commander of the Far East Air Force, and Brig. General K. B. Bush, Adjutant General of the Far East Command, recommending disaccredita- tion of Mr. Charles Grutzner of the New York Times for security violation is forwarded for consideration and appropriate action. 2. Request this office be notified at the earliest convenient date of the dispo- sition of this case in order that we can notify the Far East Command headquar- ters of the determination in this case. Eugene W. Harrison (For F. L. Parks, Major General GSC, Chief of Information.) Department of Defense, Office of Public Information, January 15, 1951. Memorandum for Chief of Information, Department of the Army. Subject : Recommendation for Disaccreditation of Charles Grutzner. Department of Defense does not concur in basic recommendation to revoke accreditation of subject correspondent. This decision has been coordinated with the Department of the Air Force. Clayton Fritchey, Director. Mr. Sourwine. David Gordon is the first witness. Mr. Boudin. May I ask that the television and radio be turned off and the lights turned off? The Chairman. That will be granted. Mr. Boudin. May I ask that no pictures be taken, as I requested before ? The Chairman. Stand up, Mr. Gordon. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Mr. Gordon. I do. TESTIMONY OF DAVID ALEXANDER GORDON, NEW YORK, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD BOUDIN, COUNSEL Mr. Sourwine. Would you give the reporter your full name, please. Mr. Gordon. My name is David Gordon. Mr. Sourwine. Do you have a middle name or initial ? Mr. Gordon. "A." Mr. Sourwine. What does that stand for? Mr. Gordon. Alexander. Mr. Sourwine. Where do you live, sir? Mr. Gordon. I live in New York City. Mr. Sourwine. At what address? Mr. Gordon. 119-502 135th Street. Mr. Sourwine. Where are you employed? Mr. Gordon. At the New York Daily News. Mr. Sourwine. How long have you been there ? Mr. Gordon. Six years. 1490 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Where did you work before that ? Mr. Gordon. Immediately prior ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir. Mr. Gordon. I was a free-lance writer, sir. Mr. Sourwine. And did you have employment before your period of free-lance writing ? Mr. Gordon. Employment ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir. Mr. Gordon. At what time, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. Well, at some time prior to your free-lance period were you employed ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Where? Mr. Gordon. I was employed at the Overseas News Agency. Mr. Sourwine. I am attempting to get your employment chrono- logically in reverse, you might say. Before that where were you employed ? Mr. Gordon. I was employed as a publicity director for the trans- port workers' union. Mr. Sourwine. And before that? Mr. Gordon. I was in the United States Army. Mr. Sourwine. As an enlisted man ? Mr. Gordon. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. Before you went in the Army, where were you employed ? Mr. Gordon. I was employed for 6 or 7 months as a reporter on a seamen's union newspaper. Mr. Sourwine. Before that where were you employed ? Mr. Gordon. I was employed on the Brooklyn Eagle. Mr. Sourwine. How long were you with the Brooklyn Eagle? Mr. Gordon. From 1933 until 1943. Mr. Sourwine. While you were on the Brooklyn Eagle were you a member of the Communist Party ? Mr. Gordon. I am not a Communist and have not been in any way for the past 12 years. The Chairman. Answer his question. Repeat the question, counsel. Mr. Sourwine. While you were employed on the Brooklyn Eagle were you a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of a Communist unit on the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on that ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. When was it that you were employed by the trans- port workers union ? Mr. Gordon. It was in the latter part of 1946. Mr. Sourwine. That was within the last 12 years? Mr. Gordon. I beg your pardon, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. That was within the last 12 years ? Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you at the time you were employed by the transport workers union a member of the Communist Party? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1491 Mr. Sourwine. Was the transport workers union in any way con- nected with the National Maritime Union ? Mr. Gordon. Not as far as I know. Mr. Sourwine. Did you have anything to do with the publication of the Communist Party paper, the Eagle Eye; published at the Brooklyn Eagle? Mr. Gordon - . I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Isn't it a fact that you handled the printing of that paper ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Did you collect money for the Eagle Eye? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a party worker for the Communist Party in Brooklyn, N. Y.? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of the New York Newspaper Guild? Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you hold office in that guild ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you a Communist while you were a member of the New York Newspaper Guild ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a member of the New York cultural division of the Communist Party ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever active in the Young Workers Com- munist League ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever active in the Young Communists League ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever an organizer for the American Fed- eration of Labor? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever teach in labor schools ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a staff member of the Jefferson School of Social Science? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you, sir, know Alvah Bessie ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Boudin. Would you repeat the question, please. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Nat Einhorn ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. 1492 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Victor Weingarten ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Violet Brown ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Lewis ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Hyman Charniak ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Herbert Colin ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Melvin Bamett? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you knoAv David Gordon by any other name? Mr. Gordon. Are you referring to me, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir. Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. What other names do you know David Gordon by? Mr. Gordon. I only know myself under my own name, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You have never used any other name ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Grutzner ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it might tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Bentley ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Adler ? Mr. Gordon. Who was that, sir ? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1493 Mr. Sottrwine. Leonard Acller. Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in- criminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Murray Young? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. I am just asking you in this case if you know him. Do vou know Murray Young ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in- criminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Amos Landman ? Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Monroe Stern ? * Mr. Gordon. No. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Milton Kaufman ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know John Francis Ryan, also known as Jack Ryan ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Kopf ? Mr. Gordon. No. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Ira Henry Freeman ? Mr. Gordon. No. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know he was a Communist? Mr. Boudin. The witness said he didn't know him. Mr. Sourwine. You might know him as a Communist without knowing him. Mr. Gordon. Sir, I don't know him. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Sam Weissman ? Mr. Gordon. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know his former wife, Helen Weissman ? Mr. Gordon. No. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know his present wife ? Mr. Gordon. No. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. That question was only whether you knew her. Mr. Gordon. I stand on my answer. 1494 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Now, sir ; after you were subpenaed to appear before this committee did you discuss the question of that subpena with anyone ? Mr. Gordon. Will you repeat the question, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. After you had been subpenaed to appear before this committee did you discuss the matter of that subpena with any person ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett? Mr. Gordon. Will you repeat that ? Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground it may tend to in- criminate me. Mr. Sourwine. I am only asking you whether you know him. Do you decline to answer that question ? Mr. Gordon. I stand on my previous answer. Mr. Sourwine. How did you happen to select your present at- torney ? Mr. Boudin. Objection. The Chairman. Answer the question. Mr. Gordon. I have seen his name in the newspapers. Mr. Boudin. I move to strike out the answer. The Chairman. That is overruled. Mr. Boudin. Thank you. Excuse me a second. Go right ahead. Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone advise or instruct you to retain your present counsel ? Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you consult with any person or persons known to you to be Communists with respect to your appearance before this committee ? Mr. Boudin. Would you repeat the question ? Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I want to call attention to the fact that after I asked that question the witness started to answer and witness' counsel put his hand over the microphone and asked me to repeat the question. Mr. Boudin. I didn't do anything of the kind. The Chairman. I didn't hear the question. Repeat it. Mr. Sourwine. Will the reporter read it. The reporter read the question. The Chairman. Answer that question. Mr. Gordon. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Gordon, what position do you hold on the news- paper by which you are now employed ? Mr. Gordon. I am a reporter. Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever disclose to your employers the fact that you had been summoned to appear before this committee? Mr. Gordon. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of your demeanor before the committee ? Mr. Boudin. Objection. It is irrelevant. The Chairman. Answer the question. Mr. Gordon. No, sir ; I was not asked. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1495 Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of whether you would claim your privilege under the fifth amendment when you appeared before the committee ? Mr. Gordon. No ; the question was not asked. Mr. Sourwine. I have no further questions of this witness. Mr. Boudin. Excuse me a second, Mr. Sourwine. The Chairman. Call your next witness. Mr. Boudin. The witness wanted to make one correction on his testimony. It is a small matter, but I think the record should be clear, if you will excuse me a second. The Chairman. All right. Mr. Boudin. May I ask that no pictures be taken while the witness is at the table ? I can see the press moving in again. The Chairman. If you desire to make a statement, all right. Mr. Boudin. May the witness consult with me before he makes it? Mr. Gordon. I just wanted to say that on the question of using any other name, the answer is "Yes." Mr. Boudin. In other words, the witness has said that he has never used any other name, has never been known by any other name. The Chairman. You cannot testify for the witness. Mr. Boudin. I thought Mr. Sourwine looked puzzled, I was explaining The Chairman. You cannot testify for the witness. The witness can make a statement. Mr. Boudin. All right. The Chairman. Proceed. Mr. Gordon. The answer is, "Yes,"I had used another name. Mr. Sourwine. Tell us what it is. Mr. Gordon. On the newspaper occasionally we used office bylines, and on one occasion I remember the office, because I had several other stories in the newspaper — this is the News — used another byline as well as my own byline. And as to other times I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, the witness has already testified under oath that he has never used any other name. Is it your testimony now that you did use other names on other occasions than when you used a byline in the newspaper, and that with respect to those occasions you are now claiming your privilege under the fifth amendment? The Chairman. That is the testimony. Mr. Sourwine. You had a party name in the Communist Party, did you not ? Mr. Gordon. I decline to answer on the ground that it may tend to incriminate me. Mr. Sourwine. Did you change your testimony in this case vol- untarily, on your own initiative, or were you told to do so ? Mr. Gordon. Changed voluntarily, sir. The Chairman. Call the next witness. Mr. Sourwine. The next witness is Melvin Barnett. The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that testimony you are about to give the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate of the United States shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? Mr. Barnett. I do. 1496 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM TESTIMONY OF MELVIN LESLIE BARNETT, NEW YORK, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD BOUDIN, COUNSEL Mr. Boudin. May I make the same request, Mr. Chairman, with respect to pictures being taken right now, while I am making the request ? The Chairman. There will be no pictures permitted. You will have to turn the television lights off while we are questioning the witness. Mr. Boudin. May I repeat the request, Mr. Chairman ? The Chairman. A witness has a right under the rules of the com- mittee to make such a request. I ask that you gentlemen obey the rules. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Barnett, will you please give your full name? Mr. Barnett. Melvin L. Barnett. Mr. Sourwine. What does the "L" stand for ? Mr. Barnett. Leslie. Mr. Sourwine. What is your address, sir ? Mr. Barnett. 93 Remson Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Sourwine. Where are you employed ? Mr. Barnett. New York Times. Mr. Sourwine. You are accompanied by counsel? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Would you identify your counsel. Mr. Barnett. Leonard Boudin. Mr. Sourwine. Of the New York Bar ? Mr. Barnett. I think so. Mr. Sourwine. The same counsel who attended the preceding witness ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Barnett, what is your capacity on the New York Times? Mr. Barnett. I am a copy reader, sir. Mr. Sourwine. How long have you had that position ? Mr. Barnett. Two and a quarter years. Mr. Sourwine. What was your job before that ? Mr. Barnett. I was a copy reader for the New York Journal of Commerce. Mr. Sourwine. And how long were you there ? Mr. Barnett. Since February 1946, sir. Mr. Sourwine. And what did you do before that ? Mr. Barnett. Before that I was in the Army. Mr. Sourwine. As an enlisted man ? Mr. Barnett. As an enlisted man. I enlisted. Mr. Sourwine. What did you do in the Army ? Mr. Barnett. I was in the Signal Corps stationed on Okinawa. Mr. Sourwine. And before you were in the Army where were you employed ? Mr. Barnett. Before the Army I was with OWI for about 9 months. Mr. Sourwine. And at what time was that, what year ? Mr. Barnett. 1942. Mr. Sourwine. And who was your superior in OWI ? Mr. Barnett. As I recall, George MacMillan. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1497 Mr. Sourwine. Who employed you for OWI ? Mr. Barxett. OWI — the Office of Emergency Management first. Mr. Sourwixe. Who did you interview in seeking employment with OWI? Mr. Barxett. It was Mr. MacMillairs superior; I forget his name ; he was a gentleman that had had a position with the New York World Telegram and went over as news chief, something like that, for the Information Division of the Office of Emergency Management. Mr. Sourwixe. Who did you give as reference when you applied to OWI for employment ? Mr. Barxett. I don't recall, sir. Mr. Sourwixe. Where were you employed before you went with OWI? Mr. Barxett. The summer of 1941 I was on the Mirror desk for about 3 months. Mr. Sourwixe. And before ? Mr. Barxett. Before that I was with the Brooklyn Eagle from June 1936 to about February 1941. Mr. Sourwixe. And what was your job on the Eagle ? Mr. Barxett. Reporter, rewrite man, and later copy reader. Mr. Sourwixe. While you were employed by the Brooklyn Eagle were you a member of the Communist Party ? Mr. Barxett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwixe. Were you a member of the Communist unit on the Brooklvn Eagle? Mr. Boudix. Excuse me a second. The Chairman. Mr. Attorney, we are going to conduct this inves- tigation by the rules, sir. The rights of the witness and his counsel will be respected by this committee, but counsel may not volunteer. Mr. Boudix. May I confer with, my client ? The Chairaeax. If your client desires to confer with you it may be granted. Mr. Boudix. I will ask him. Mr. Barxett. I so desire. The ( 'hairmax. Go ahead. Mr. Barxett. Will you repeat that question ? Mr. Sourwixe. The question was, Were you a member of the Com- munist unit on the Brooklyn Eagle ?' Mr. Barxett. Since February or March of 1942, sir, I have not been a Communist. As to the time prior to that, I assert nry privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwixe. Did you ever see the paper, the Eagle Eye ? Mr. Barxett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwixe. Did you know that that was the Communist Party paper at the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Barxett. Will you repeat the question, please? Mr. Sourwixe. Did you know that was the Communist Party paper at the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Barxett. Yes. Mr. Sourwixe. That was a well-known fact ; was it not ? Mr. Barxett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwixe. Did you work on that paper, the Eagle Eye ? Mr. Barxett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment. 1498 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Winston Burdett ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment, sir. Mr. Sourwine. When did you work for OWI ? Mr. Barnett. I worked for OWI from February or March 1942 until I enlisted in the Army in about November 1942. Senator Eastland. Were you a member of the Communist Party while you were employed by OWI? Mr. Barnett. No, sir. Senator Eastland. Proceed. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Alvah Bessie ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Victor Weingarten ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Violet Brown ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. She subsequently became Violet Weingarten? Mr. Barnett. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Lewis ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Hyman Charniak ? Mr. Barnett. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Herbert Cohn ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Melvin Barnett ? Mr. Barnett. I am Melvin Barnett. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know yourself by any other name ? Have you ever used any other name ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Didn't you have a Communist Party name? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know David Gordon ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Is that the David Gordon who testified just before you did? Mr. Barnett. That is the David Gordon that I know, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Charles Grutzner? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1499 Mr. Sotjrwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Bentley ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Adler? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Lyle Dowling? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwtne. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Bennett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Murray Young? Mr. Barnett. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Amos Landman? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amend- ment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Milton Kaufman ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know John Francis Ryan, otherwise known as Jack Ryan ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth, amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Gladys Kopf ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Ira Henry Freeman ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Sam Weissman ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Helen Weissman, his former wife ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. I assert my privilege, sir, under the fifth amendment. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know her as a Communist ? 59886— 55— pt. 16 2 1500 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Barnett. I assert ray privilege under the fifth amendment, sir. Mr. Sourwine. How long have you known Charles Grutzner ? Mr. Barnett. Will you repeat the question, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. How long have you known Charles Grutzner ? Mr. Barnett. Since about 1936 or 1937. Mr. Sourwine. You knew him when you were both employed by the Brooklyn Eagle, did you ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know Leonard Boudin? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Barnett. No, sir. Mr. Boudin. I object to the question. It is uncalled for and that is improper on the part of counsel. The Chairman. Overruled. Mr. Boudin. I am not making a motion, Mr. Chairman ; I am ask- ing you to tell counsel not to behave that way. The Chairman. Proceed, Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Sourwine. I might say for the record The Chairman. Proceed. Mr. Boudin. That is improper, by another member of the bar sitting as counsel for the committee The Chairman. Proceed, Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Sourwine. The question was asked for the purpose of showing the witness was capable of some discrimination. Mr. Boudin. I am not interested in testing the witness on names. The Chairman. Proceed. Mr. Sourwine. Did you, sir, after you had received the subpena to appear before this committee, consult with your present employers about that matter ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of your demeanor in your appearance here ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you discuss with them the question of whether you would avail yourself here of your privilege against self-incrimi- nation under the fifth amendment ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about what was said. Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. I told them at this time I would avail myself of my privilege against testifying against myself. Mr. Sourwine. With whom did you discuss this matter ? Mr. Barnett. With Louie Lobie and other executives of the company. Mr. Sourwine. Were you told that if you took the fifth amendment here you would be discharged ? Mr. Barnett. Will you repeat the question, please, sir? Mr. Sourwine. I asked if you were told that if you availed your- self of the fifth amendment before this committee you would be discharged. Mr. Barnett. I was not so told, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you in April fill out a questionnaire or form for your present employer ? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1501 Mr. Barnett. I filled out a form, an information form. Mr. Sourwine. Did you in filling out that form disclose the fact that you had been a former member of the Communist Party? Mr. Barnett. The question seems to me to be a loaded question, sir. Could you put it another way ? Mr. Sourwine. Did you put any answer or statement on that form which would indicate that you had been a former member of the Communist Party ? Mr. Barnett. I put no such statement of the form, sir. There was no specific request for that information. Mr. Sourwine. You are saying that there was no place on the form calling for such information? Mr. Barnett. There was no place on this form that said, "Are you or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?" Mr. Sourwine. Was there anything on the form that asked for organizations that you had belonged to ? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. And did you in that space list the Communist Party? Mr. Barnett. I did not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Was there anything on the form asking about your loyalty to the United States or your possible membership in any organization dedicated to the overthrow of the Government of the United States? Mr. Barnett. As I recall, sir, I am pretty sure there was no such — no such request for that kind of information. It was a biographical form that was to help in assignment and reassignment and some more material and things like that. Mr. Sourwine. All right, sir. I have no more questions of this witness, Mr. Chairman. The Chairman. Now, as I understand it, the New York Times gave you a form that asked questions ; and one of the questions they asked was what organizations you belonged to ; and you did not list the Communist Party. Mr. Barnett. Sir, it was not a personnel form, it was a form — distinct — the thing was entirely voluntary, there was no need to fill it out — it was for biographical purposes. Senator Eastland. I know. I say, the question asked you was, "List the organizations to which you had belonged." Now, your answer was you did not list the Communist Party as one of those organizations. Is that correct? Mr. Barnett. Yes, sir. The Chairman. Call your next witness. Mr. Sourwine. Charles Saul Lewis. The Chairman. Hold up your right hand. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to give the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary of the United States Senate is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ? Mr. Lewis. I do. The Chairman. Proceed. 1502 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM TESTIMONY OF CHARLES SAUL LEWIS, BURLINGTON, VT. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis, I have just had returned to you certain documents which you gave the committee in executive session. Would you tell the reporter your full name, please ? Mr. Lewis. Charles Saul Lewis. Mr. Sourwine. And your address, Mr. Lewis. Mr. Lewis. My address is R. F. D. 1, Burlington, Vt. Mr. Sourwine. Are you employed ? Mr. Lewis. I am, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Where? Mr. Lewis. By Radio Station WCAX and Television Station WCAX-TV, in Burlington, Vt. Mr. Sourwine. And what is your capacity in your employment there ? Mr. Lewis. I am director of public affairs for both stations. Mr. Sourwine. You are appearing here voluntarily ? Mr. Lewis. I am, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You telephoned and wired the chairman of the Internal Security Subcommittee as soon as you knew that this com- mittee was looking for the Charles Saul Lewis who had been em- ployed on the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. And you volunteered to come down and testify? Mr. Lewis. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. And you took the matter up with your employer and he granted you leave for that purpose ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Lewis, how long were you employed on the Brooklyn Eagle? Mr. Lewis. May I refer to some notes I have here ? Mr. Sourwine. Of course. Mr. Lewis. I went to the Brooklyn Eagle February 1929 and left the Brooklyn Eagle in October of 1942. Mr. Sourwine. And what jobs did you hold there? Mr. Lewis. I began as a district reporter. I went into the office on relays; and as Long Island editor — served at various editorial capacities thereafter, among them as editor of a daily — first a weekly and twice-a-week special tabloid supplement of the Brooklyn Eagle, the so-called Nassau Island — I was next the editor. I left the Eagle in the job — in charge of late editions of the paper, which was an afternoon daily. Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mr. Lewis, while you were employed by the Brooklyn Eagle were you a member of the Communist Party ? Mr. Lewis. I was, sir. Mr. Sourwine. During what period of time ? Mr. Lewis. For a period of several months in 1937, 1 Mr. Sourwine. Were you a member of the Communist unit at the Daily Eagle? Mr. Lewis. I was. Mr. Sourwine. How did you come to join that unit? Mr. Lewis. I was recruited by Violet Brown. Mr. Sourwine. What did Violet Brown tell you about it? STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1503 Mr. Lewis. Violet Brown contacted me and gave me a sales talk along the line that as an active member of the Newspaper Guild — and I was — I could be a member of the Communist Party, which she told me was making the actual decisions in the Newspaper Guild. I was curious about the — [after pause] that's all. Mr. Sourwine. Is that the same Violet Brown who subsequently became Violet Weingarten ? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone else assist in recruiting you into the party ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, tell us about the circumstances of your join- ing. Did you attend a particular meeting to become a member? Mr. Lewis. No; I didn't that I recall. I simply — I signed an application form and became a member and went to some meetings. Mr. Sourwine. Did you pay dues ? Mr. Lewis. I paid dues. Mr. Sourwine. Did you have a party card ? Mr. Lewis. My recollection is, yes, I did have a party card. Mr. Sourwine. Who was in charge of that Communist unit at the Daily Eagle of which you were a member ? Mr. Lewis. Nat Einhorn. Mr. Sourwine. Nat Einhorn ? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. What other persons can you remember who were members of that unit ? Mr. Lewis. Gladys Bentley. Mr. Sourwine. Gladys Bentley. Did she have an official position in the unit ? Mr. Lewis. I don't recall, sir, whether she did have an official position in the unit. Mr. Sourwine. What others? Mr. Lewis. Leonard Adler. Lyle Dowling. Jack Ryan. Milton Kaufman. Mr. Sourwine. Now, was Milton Kaufman a member of the Brook- lyn Eagle unit of the Communist Party ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I did know him as a — as, I believe, the leading Communist in the Newspaper Guild. Mr. Sourwine. Now, you say Leonard Adler. Was he a member of the unit at the Daily Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. You say Lyle Dowling. Was he a member of the Communist unit with the Daily Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. Is that the same Lyle Dowling who had held nn executive position at the Eagle? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Victor Weingarten ? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a member of the Communist unit at the Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. I did not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. 1504 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Hyman Cliarniak ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \ Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Herbert Cohn? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Melvin Barnett ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr, Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \ Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know David Gordon? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \ Mr. Lewis. My only recollection about David Gordon in Commu- nist affairs was an occasion when the Communist group — Communist Party gave a party for the Brooklyn Eagle, the members of the News- paper Guild, and on that occasion I recall seeing David Gordon sign- ing an application form for membership in the party. It was up on the wall, and I reached up on the wall, I reached up and took it away and tore it up. Mr. Sourwine. Tore up the application form ? Mr. Lewis. Tore up the application form. Mr. Sourwine. Why did you do that ? Mr. Lewis. Well, there could have been two reasons for it Mr. Sourwine. Well, don't speculate. Tell us why you did it, if you know why you did it. Mr. Lewis. I can't say exactly why I did that. In looking back at it, it appeared the obvious thing to do, in a public place, on a matter of ■ Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Charles Grutzner ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a member of the Communist Party? Mr. Lewis. I have heard he was a member of the Communist Party. I don't recall ever having seen him at a meeting. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Murray Young? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist \ Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Amos Landman ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Monroe Stern ? Mr. Lewis. I knew of Monroe Stern. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know whether he was a Communist? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Air. Sourwine. Did you know John Francis Ryan, also known as Jack Ryan? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Gladys Kopf ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1505 Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her as a Communist? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Ira Henry Freeman? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Sam Weissman ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know him as a Communist ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know his first wife, Helen Weissman ? Mr. Lewis. I believe so. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her as a Communist ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know his second and present wife? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Mrs. Doretta Tarmon ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Will you tell us how you came to leave the Com- munist Party? Mr. Lewis. Well, it was in the middle of the Brooklyn Eagle strike when I received an assignment from Einhorn to go in an automobile with two other people from Brooklyn to Flushing, to Queens, and there point out to one of the people in the car, one of the persons who were in the car who was a brawny individual, point out to him a member of the Brooklyn Eagle stall who had remained in during the strike, and they were there to — he wanted me to point out this mem- ber of the staff who had remained in during the strike, to the brawny individual, who would deliver a beating to him. Mr. Sourwine. Who told you to do this? Mr. Lewis. Nat Einhorn. Mr. Sourwine. Did you do it? Mr. Lewis. I went in the car with — with the two occupants, to Flushing. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know either of the two occupants of the car? Mr. Lewis. No ; I did not. Mr. Sourwine. Can you identify them by name? Mr. Lewis. I am afraid not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Who was the person who was due to get a beating? Mr. Lewis. A man by the name of Flovd Barker. Mr. Sourwine. Go ahead. You went in the car to Flushing. And then what? Mr. Lewis. We went to Flushing to the railroad station and there waited for a train with — a train on which he was expected to get off according to his normal schedule as well as I could remember that. A number of people got off the train. I couldn't go for the deal, and I don't recall whether it was before he got off the train or not, I said to the two people who had driven me to Flushing that he had not gotten off the train and that I would check by telephone to see if he was at his home. I went to a telephone and went through the motions of making a phone call and came out and said that he was safely at home and that the entire deal was off and returned thereafter to Brooklyn. 1506 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Did that incident cause you to leave the party? Mr. Lewis. It did — it was one of the two-part proposition. I was revolted by the Communist violence, and I returned and, when I re- turned to Brooklyn, my wife wanted to know where I had been and I refused to tell her. And I only told her about it a short while ago. We had a very serious discussion and the following day I advised Violet Brown that I was through with the Communist Party and that I had to make a choice between the party and my wife and I chose my wife. Mr. Sourwine. Did you attend any Communist meetings after that ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you turn in your Communist Party card? Mr. Lewis. I don't recall so, sir, I believe I destroyed it. Mr. Sourwine. Now, tell us with which of these persons that you remember as colleagues and fellow workers on the Brooklyn Eagle you have had recent contacts. Mr. Lewis. Well, I have been in close contact and close relationship with two of the people who have been mentioned, and they are Hy- man Charniak and Herb Cohn. I consider them Mr. Sourwine (after interruption) . You say you consider them- Mr. Lewis. I considered them as fine friends and very loyal Ameri- cans. Mr. Sourwine. Did you work with Hyman Charniak ? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. After you left the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Where ? Mr. Lewis. I worked with Charniak over at the — with the office of the United States High Commissioner for Germany. He was on the public relations side. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where he is now ? Mr. Lewis. I understood he was over at Munich working for Radio Free Europe. Mr. Sourwine. And did you work with Herbert Cohn ? Mr. Lewis. While on the Brooklyn Eagle. Mr. Sourwine. And subsequently you did not work with him ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, what has been your association with him since you left the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. Well, as — as good friends. My wife is discriminating about friends, and Herb Cohn had been a very good friend for many, many years and over the years we have been in communication by mail — although I am not too good a correspondent — and have main- tained contact with him. We like him and his wife and children and feel — that he is a fine Mr. Sourwine. Did you have any contact with Mr. Cohn after you had been in contact with this committee ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that. Mr. Lewis. I received a telephone call from Herb Cohn at about 10 o'clock at night on Saturday, July 2, and he asked me whether I had been subpenaed and I said I had not but that I had been in touch with the subcommittee and had offered to testify down here. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1507 He said he had been, he said he was or had been consulting counsel and wanted to see whether I needed any assistance in that direction, did I want a lawyer, and I said no — and that was the sum and sub- stance of the telephone call. Mr. Sourwine. Did he recommend a lawyer to you by name ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, have you had any contact with Nat Eiborn recently ? Mr. Lewis. The last contact that I had with Nat Einhorn was shortly after I returned from overseas. Mr. Sourwine. Tell us about that. Mr. Lewis. That was January of 1953. I returned to the States in December of 1952 and I met Einhorn by chance on a street corner in Brooklyn Heights, N. Y., and he called, "Welcome home," and threw his arms around me and said, "Those things that you did over- seas, the generals made you do them, didn't they ?" And we got into a rather hot argument on it almost immediately. I said nobody made me do anything, I fought communism overseas for exactly the same reason that I was an active guildsman, I don't like to stand by and don't stand by when people are pushed around. The argument went on for, oh, I would say perhaps a minute or two until Einhorn was called away by his wife, who was about 10 feet away — and that was the last time I saw Einhorn. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where Mr. Einhorn is now employed ? Mr. Lewis. Immediately after that encounter I checked around on Einhorn and found that he was connected with the Polish informa- tion service in some capacity or other. I understand now that, from reading the newspapers, that he still has that connection. Mr. Sourwine. Now, Mr. Lewis, after you left the Brooklyn Eagle did you go directly into the Army ? Mr. Lewis. I left the Brooklyn Eagle to go into the Army, sir. I felt strongly about the war. Mr. Sourwine. Were you drafted or did you volunteer? Mr. Lewis. I volunteered, but first my wife had to obtain employ- ment. She went back in teaching after quite a number of years' lay-off and when she obtained a teaching appointment I then went around and tried to get into the Army and finally had to go to the draft board, or rather I went to the draft board and presented a waiver and they accepted that. Mr. Sourwine. Did you serve as an enlisted man ? Mr. Lewis. I served as an enlisted man. Mr. Sourwine. Now, what jobs did you handle in the Army ? Mr Lewis I was sent to Miami Beach, Fla., in the Air Force and took my basic training there and was given a job in the special orders section of the OCS, that is the administrative OCS of the Air Force. I fell out for work of that type in preference to a permanent KP assignment which was coming up and stepped out of ranks when they called for anybody to leave ranks. I worked in the special orders section and was promoted by stages to the rank of radio sergeant and by that time they checked a little closer on my eyes and found that I wouldn't do at all and I was given a disability discharge after 10 months in the Army. Mr. Sourwine. And then what did you do ? 1508 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Lewis. "Well, my wife was ill at the time I got out of the Army so I applied for and obtained a job as a copyreader on the Miami Herald and stayed there a period of time, I think a month or two, and then felt that I still wanted to do something in the war which, was going on. And we left Florida and came north and I applied for a job with the Office of "War Information in New York City. While waiting an appointment I worked for a month or two on the copydesk of the New York Daily News. Mr. Sourwine. Did you obtain employment with OWI ? Mr. Lewis. I did and went to work for the OWI in November of 1943. Mr. Sourwine. Now, I think we can save a little time. You have there, and have referred to, a form which is a form 34 which is filled out in applying for employment with the State Department ; is that correct ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You filled it out February 22, 1951 ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. This is a Mr. Sourwine. And you furnished us that ? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. And it went into the record of our executive session. Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. I would like to ask, Mr. Chairman, that this form go in the record of this hearing at this time. The Chairman. It will be admitted. (The document referred to is as follows:) Department of State APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES Instructions. — Answers to all questions must be typed or printed. All questions must be answered fully. If sufficient space has not been provided for your answer to any .question, complete your answer under item #37 Date of application : February 22, 1951. Position applied for : Chief, Radio Branch. FILE 123 1. Name (last) (first) (middle) (maiden, if any) : Lewis, Charles Saul. 2. Have you ever been known by any other name? Yes. If answer is "Yes," give full details under item #37. 3 («). Permanent address (place from which transportation will be authorized if appointed. Street number and name) : 32 Beaumont Terrace. 3 (&). City, postal zone, State: Springfield, Mass. 4. State of which you are a legal resident : Mass. 5. Present address if different from above: 31 Luisentrasse, Bad Nauheiin, Germany. Present business phone : 7(320. Present home phone : 2S72. 6. Date of birth (month, day, year) : 5 Feb. 1908. 7. Place of birth (city. State, or country) : Germiston, South Africa. 8 (a ) . If born outside U. S. how was citizenship acquired? From father's natu- ralization certificate : 2A 30794 AA-1300. 9. Sex : male. 10. Height : 5 ft. in. 11. Weight: 150 lbs. 12. Marital status : Married. 13. What is the lowest base salary, exclusive of allowances you will accept? $9,450 per annum. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1509 14. What restrictions are there if any on your immediate availability for duty in any part of the world? None. 15." Full name of wife (if wife, maiden name) : Virginia Kathleen Byers. (ft) Date of birth : 4 Nov. 1904. (c) Place of birth : South Bend. Ind. 16. Dependents: Virginia Byers Lewis. Relationship: Wife. Date of birth: 4 Nov. 1904. 17. Which dependents would you wish to accompany you abroad? Wife. IS (a) Father's name: Morris Lewis. (6) Place of birth : Russia, (c) Occu- pation: merchant, (d) Present address: Deceased, (e) If born outside U. S. did father ever obtain U. S. citizenship? Tes. 19 (a) Mother's maiden name: Hilda Ehrlich. (b) Place of birth: Germany, (c) Occupation if any: Housewife, (d) Present address: Deceased, (e) If born outside U. S. did "mother ever obtain U. S. citizenship? Yes. 20 (a) Can you take dictation? No. (6) Are you a stenotypist? No. (c) Can you type by touch system? Yes. (d) Name other office machines you oper- ate : None. 21. Military status : («) If you have been in the Armed Forces or in the merchant marine in what service and branch did you serve? (e. g., U. S. Army: Field Artillery) : Army Air Force. (6) Service or serial number: ASN 32516S66. (c) Date of entry on active duty : 1 Oct. 1942. (d) Rate or rank at time of entry : Private. (e) Date of honorable discharge or separation: 31 July 1943. (/) Rate or rank at time of discharge or separation : Sgt. (g) Present rate or rank if on active duty : None. 22a. What pertinent Federal civil service examinations have you taken? (Give year, title, and grade received) : U 137 Information Specialist, 1941. Rat- ing not known. (b) Do you have a permanent civil service status in the Federal Government? No. (c) If now employed in the Federal Government give present grade and date of last change in grade : FSS-1, October 16, 1949. 23. Have you ever applied for a position under the Department of State or taken an examination for a position under the Department of State? No. 24. Have you ever held a position under a foreign government? (Including service in the armed services of a foreign power) : No. 25. Outline your travel or residence abroad giving dates, purpose, and places (if not while in the Armed Forces give number, date, and place of issuance of American passport) : England, 1-12 July 1945 en route to Germany on OWI assignment ; Germany, 12 July 1945 to present date, assignment to occupation duties; Luxembourg, 12-14 July 1945, inspection of Radio Luxembourg; Poland, 12-16 Feb. 1946, getting Polish radio station off U. S. frequency ; Denmark, 19-25 July 1946, leave; Switzerland, 14-21 August 1947, Swiss radio talks; Brussels, Belgium, March 1948, U. S. observer at preliminary European regional broadcasting conference ; Copenhagen, Denmark, June 194S, member of U. S. delegation at European Broadcasting Conference; London, England, February 1950, member of U. S. delegation at frecpiency conference of Western European nations ; Switzerland-Italy-France, March 1950, leave ; Luxembourg, November 1950, radio conference with officials of Radio Luxembourg ; Athens, Greece, December 1950, frequency conference with Greek radio officials. 26. Foreign languages (name and indicate the extent of your competence, i. e., excellent, good, fair : (a) Language : German, (b) Read : fair, (c) Write: fair, (d) Speak: good, (e) Understand : good. 27. Education : Central High School, Springfield, Mass., 1922-26. Graduated. 28. Employment : Instructions. — (In the spaces provided below describe every position which you have held si>iee you first began to work. Start with present position and work back to the first position which you held. Account, for all periods of unemployment and state reasons of any unemployment indicated.) Use continuation sheet if more space is required Present position Dates of employment (month, year) : From 16 Oct. 1949 to present. Exact title of your present position : Chief, Radio Branch. Salary or earnings : Start- ing, $9,150 per year; present $9,450 per year. 1510 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Place of employment (city, State) : Bad Nauheim and Frankfurt/M, Germany. Name and address of employer : PUB — HICOG : Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 15 U. S. Broadcasting specialists. Name and title of your immediate supervisor : W. J. Convery Egan, Chief, ISD. Reason for desiring to change employment: [Blank]. If currently employed, may we approach present employer? Yes. Description of your work. (See attached position description.) Foreign Service, United States of America position description — position no. pa-63 1. Name : Lewis, Charles Saul. 2. Post : Bad Nauheim, Germany. 3. Organization title : Chief, Radio Branch. 4. Organizational unit : Office of Public Affairs. 5. Status and salary : FSS Class No. 1, base salary per year U. S., $9,150. 6. Organizational subunit : Information Services Division, Radio Branch. 7. Employee certification : I certify that the information given for items 8 and 9 below is an accurate- and complete description of my duties : (a) Signature : C. S. Lewis, (b) Date : 12 September 1950. 8. Kind of work : This position charges the incumbent with serving as the radio broadcasting specialist of the Office of the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany and directing the activities of the Radio Branch, Information Services Division, Office of Public Affairs, in carrying out a broad and varied program of broadcasting operations in Germany. In implementing the radio program with the assistance of his staff, the incum- bent is required to — (a) Formulate policies pertaining to radio broadcasting in Germany gen- erally. This pertains to official U. S. broadcasts and broadcasting facilities to U. S.-authorized German stations and to German stations sponsored by the other occupation powers, their utilization and development. (&) Participate in conferences with other Branch Chiefs of the Division, with the Division Chief and with the Director of the Office of Public Affairs in the formulation of general information policies. Incumbent is a member of the Division Planning Board which determines operating policies, plans overt infor- mation programs and strategy, techniques and devices for democratizing the German people, and review results of these programs in the light of current German reactions and opinions. Incumbent's duties are purely of a policymaking nature upon which the concrete output of the Division in the information field is dependent. (c) Represent the U. S. -sponsored stations in Germany in negotiations and transactions with broadcasting authorities outside Germany, undertaking and developing program exchanges between the U. S.-sponsored stations in Germany with any broadcasting organization of any other nation. (d) Assure, through all possible means and powers of occupation authority, that the U. S.-sponsored German radio stations are maintained as independent public service organizations, free of domination by any governmental, political, religious, economic, or other special interests. (e) Observe and report on the performance of the U. S.-sponsored German stations in accordance with pertinent occupation and German legislation. (f) Assist the U. S.-sponsored German stations in carrying out their obliga- tions in all phases of broadcasting as public service institutions in accordance with pertinent occupation and German legislation. An important part of this function is the encouragement and assistance of the Intendants Council (organi- zation of the Directors of German broadcasting companies in Western Germany, formed by Radio Branch) in its efforts to advance radio broadcasting as a pro- fessional society similar to the National Association of Broadcasters in the U. S. (g) Participate in the assignment of frequencies and determination of the terms on which they may be used by any German-language radio station in the U. S. Area of Control, taking part, as the U. S. broadcasting authority, in inter- divisional, interagency, and international frequency negotiations and confer- ences. Incumbent serves as chairman of an informal European Theater fre- quency board comprising broadcasting authorities of the Office of the U. S. High STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1511 Commissioner for Germany and European Command engaged in the problems of European broadcasting. This group maintains close liaison with a group of broadcasting specialists similarly organized to represent various governmental agencies in Washington for the purpose of formulating and implementing govern- mental policy on broadcasting facilities and operations in the European theater. (h) Serve as U. S. radio advisor in meetings of the Allied High Commission Subcommittee on Information and Cultural Affairs on such matters as pertain to radio broadcasting, and as U. S. delegate in meetings of the Radio Working Party of the Subcommittee on Information and Cultural Affairs. (i) Plan and supervise all overt U. S. broadcasting operations. This comprises the operation of RIAS, the HICOG radio station serving Berlin and the Soviet Zone of Germany, with its studio and transmitter installations in Berlin, at Hof (in Northern Bavaria) and at Bonn; in addition to studios in the HICOG Ber- lin headquarters and in the Division headquarters at Bad Nauheim. Also in- cluded are special overt programs such as semiofficial commentaries broadcast twice weekly and official ECA programs broadcast weekly. (;*) Direct the broadcast of overt and nonovert programs by any station or combination of stations in the U. S. Area of Control. (A;) Provide analysis of Soviet and/or other power's radio propaganda for counterpropaganda, for information and dissemination to other U. S. agencies. (Z) Conduct liaison with the Voice of America for purposes of coordination of programing, policy advice and consultation and policy implementation. (m) Organize the various offices and sections of Radio Branch and select Amer- ican and German staffs for the duties which he delegates. The functions of the Radio Branch fall into two categories commonly termed overt, meaning official or U. S., and nonovert, meaning German and relating to broadcasting activities which have been turned over to German public serv- ice broadcasting organizations. Accordingly, the structure of the Branch has been formed with the two main divisions, Overt Operations and German Opera- tions, and two others which are necessarily more specialized, RIAS and Tech- nical. Overt operations are directed from the Branch offices in Bad Nauheim and Berlin. They are also conducted under Branch supervision at the offices of Field Radio Representatives, assigned to the Land Commissioners, at Bremen, Frank- furt, Stuttgart, and Munich. German operations are directed from the Branch office in Bad Nauheim. Overt Operations includes the Propaganda Analysis Section located in Berlin to carry out its function of analysis of Soviet radio propaganda for immediate counterpropaganda use in overt radio broadcasts both in Western Germany and behind the Iron Curtain in Berlin. German Operations includes the Scrutiny Section at Bad Nauheim and is concerned primarily with the scrutiny of the Western German radio stations' output. 9. Elements of difficulty : A. Guidance : (1) The person responsible for work performed is Mr. W. J. Con- very Egan, Chief, Information Services Division. Instructions frequently are received from Mr. Shepard Stone, Director of the Office of Public Affairs. The work is left largely to incumbent's initiative and judgment. (2) Other guides governing the efficient discharge of duties include basic U. S. policy directives governing the information field, daily information guidances from the Department of State and spot guidances from the Department of State concerned with various aspects of radio broadcasting in Germany. The Chief, Radio Branch, is required to have an extensive background in United States Foreign Policy and its application in the field of radio broadcasting. He must be thoroughly familiar with techniques of propaganda to be able to direct the use of radio instruments in the combatting of Soviet and other unfriendly propa- ganda and in the projection of U. S. aims in a positive manner. B. Public and internal relations: (1) The position requires the incumbent to meet and confer with the following: All U. S. officials in Germany who are responsible for the formation of U. S. information policy ; visiting officials from the U. S. who are either interested in or related with information activity gen- erally or radio broadcasting specifically ; Land Commissioners and HICOG offi- cials in the field on matters pertaining to radio broadcasting ; the representatives of France and the United Kingdom in tripartite discussions on radio broadcasting and other representatives of these countries and other countries engaged in this particular information activity ; the directors of the German broadcasting com- panies in Western Germany and key members of the board of trustees governing the operation of these companies ; representatives of both the German and the American press and radio who from time to time call for information on broad- 1512 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM casting activity ; and with officials of the Public Relations Division, the Education and Cultural Relations Division, and the ECA Information Section, HICOG (2) Meetings are held with the following other members of the ISD staffs: Chief Press and Publications Branch; Chief, Opinion Surveys Branch; Chief, Editorial Projection Branch; Chief, Publishing Operations Branch, and Chief, Motion Picture Branch in the common endeavor to obtain uniform implementa- tion of policy. The Chief, Radio Branch also maintains a close contact with the above-mentioned Branch Chiefs to effect quick action on daily routine problems of coordination. . . . C. Initiative and judgment: The incumbent is required to exercise initiative and judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of the position, obtaining instructions from his superiors in the establishment of new policy. An example of this initiative and judgment is the creation of the American broadcasting station, RIAS, in Berlin, begun in the fall of 1945 upon determination that the Soviets had no intention of relinquishing unilateral control of the important and powerful Berlin radio station and intended to maintain its operation as a Communist propaganda instrument. Development of RIAS to its present stature by stages of expansion rested upon the Branch Chief. Another example of the Branch Chief's initiative and judgment is the creation of German public service broadcasting corporations in Bavaria, Bremen, Hesse, and Wuerttemberg-Baden, considered a major achievement of the U. S. occupation of Germany. This required the planning of organization of these broadcasting institutions and partial relaxing of controls in the first phase, the planning and enactment of necessary German legislation in the second phase and the transfer of the stations to German hands under a new type of supervision in the third phase. Variations of the U. S.-originated formula of German public service broadcasting were adopted in the French and British occupation zones in establishing for the first time free and independent broadcasting in Germany. D. Management responsibility : The responsibility for planning, coordinating, directing, and supervising the work of the Radio Branch staff rests with the Branch Chief. The Radio Branch maintains offices in Bad Nauheim and Berlin, and supervises offices of Field Radio Representatives assigned to the Land Com- missioners' staffs at Bremen, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, and Munich. Key personnel are the Deputy Chief, who is also in charge of German Operations ; the Director, RIAS, who is also Deputy Chief of Branch for Berlin and in charge of Overt Operations, and the Technical Chief, each of whom is responsible directly to the Branch Chief for performance of work in his specified division of the Branch's operations. The Deputy Chief is responsible for the supervision of the German radio stations in the U. S. area of control, Radio Bremen, Radio Frankfurt, Radio Stuttgart, and Radio Munich, and serves as Acting Chief in the absence of the Chief. The Technical Chief is responsible for technical operations both overt and nonovert. The wide range of broadcasting activities covered by the key personnel requires that basic responsibility be delegated to these personnel and review and policy control rest with the Branch Chief. Overt Operations includes the Propa- ganda Analysis Section which maintains monitoring and analysis of Soviet radio propaganda in Germany, issuing a daily report for use by the Branch in counter-propaganda and for the information of interested governmental agencies. German Operations includes the Scrutiny Section which reviews the performance of the German stations on the basis of their broadcasts and issues special reports thereon. The Branch issues separate weekly Broadcast Trend Reports covering the overt and nonovert political performance of the German stations and RIAS. The Deputy Chief supervises the performance of the Field Radio Representatives assigned to the Land Commissioners' offices. Radio Branch maintains a daily six-way telephone conference with RIAS and the Field Radio Representatives for purposes of policy and programming coordination. Radio Branch maintains daily two-way radio conferences with the Voice of America in New York for pur- pose of programming and policy coordination. Radio Branch meetings are held at least monthly with key personnel of the Branch and the Field Radio Repre- sentatives in attendance to maintain the tightest possible coordination and the best possible understanding of the Radio Branch mission. The Branch super- vises the following : U. S. personnel : Edmund Schecter, Deputy Chief Fred G. Taylor, Director Rias and Deputy Chief for Berlin Gordon A. Ewing, Deputy Director and Political Chief, RIAS Political Officer, RIAS (under recruitment) STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1513 Herman Chevalier, Programming Chief, RIAS Production Chief, RIAS (under recruitment) G. R. Longerbeam, Business Manager, RIAS Harold O. Wright, Technical Chief Alexander Hartel, Chief, Propaganda Analysis Section Thomas K. Brown, Chief, Scrutiny Section Administrative Secretary (under recruitment) Also on the staffs of the respective Land Commissioners : Alex Saron, Field Radio Representative for Bremen William Hart, Field Radio Representative for Hesse Ernest Land, Field Radio Representative for Wuerttemberg-Baden Hans Lynd, Field Radio Representative for Wuerttemberg-Baden German personnel supervised include : 700 at RIAS ranging from specialists in various phases of broadcasting, such as programming, production, administrative, engineering depart- mental heads, to clerical help. 10 Research analysts. 5 Secretaries. 1 Chief Clerk. 3 Clerks. 2 Radio Engineers. 1 Studio Technician. 10. Supervisor's statement : (1) Purpose and operating title of the position: Under the general supervi- sion of the Chief, Information Services Division, the Chief, Radio Branch is charged with the overall responsibility of planning and directing HICOG Ger- man-language broadcasting operations in implementation of the vigorous infor- mation and reorientation program, and carrying out such supervision of German broadcasting as may be required by the Office of the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany. (2) Controls over the position: Control over the position of Chief, Radio Branch is exercised by this office insofar as policy and fiscal matters are involved. The day-to-day operations of Radio Branch are carried out by the Branch Chief, with weekly and other required periodic reports. (3) Knowledges, skills, and abilities required by the position: In my opinion, it should take an employee newly assigned to this position three to six months to perform the work satisfactorily, provided he possesses the necessary back- ground and experience. The Chief, Radio Branch must have extensive back- ground in radio broadcasting or journalism and in the utilization of radio broad- casting as a propaganda instrument for the furthering of U. S. foreign policy. He must be thoroughly grounded in U. S. foreign policy and in the objectives of the Department of State in the information field and their applicability to Ger- many. He must have the executive ability to organize and administer large broadcasting operations on his own initiative and judgment. (4) Certification of supervisor: I certify that this description is an accurate and complete description of the duties and responsibilities of the position. W. J. CONVEEY EGAN. Date : 12 September 1950. Dates of employment (month, year) : From 22 Sept. 1946 to 16 Oct. 1949. Exact title of your position : Chief, Radio Branch. Salary or earnings : Start- ing, $ per year ; final, $8,808 per year. Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin and Bad Nauheiin, Germany. Name and address of employer : ISD, OMGUS. Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 13 broadcasting specialists. Name and title of immediate supervisor: Col. G. E. Textor, Director, ISD. Reason for leaving: OMGUS transfer to HICOG. Description of your work : Directing the supervision of German broadcasting in U. S. occupation areas, supervising Military Government radio activities, including the Berlin station RIAS, formulating and directing implementation of policy governing radio broadcasting in Germany, serving as U. S. delegate in negotiations with radio specialists of occupying and other nations. Dates of employment (month, year) : From 1 April 1946 to 22 Sept. 1946. Exact title of your position: Acting Chief, Radio Control Branch. Salary or earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $7,102 per year. 1514 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin, Germany. Name and address of employer : OIC, State Department (assigned to OMGUS). Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 30 radio specialists, operat- ing 5 stations. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Brig. Gen. R. A. McClure, Director, ICD. Reason for leaving: Promotion. Description of your work: As described above. In addition, directing the rehabilitation of German radio with safeguards against its utilization again as the primary propaganda weapon of a central government regime, thus creating a fully democratic radio with instillation of the American doctrines of freedom of expression. Also establishing an American radio station in Berlin to protect U. S. occupation policy. Dates of employment (month, year) : From 12 July 1945 to 1 April 1946. Exact title of your position : Deputy Chief, Radio Control Branch, Salary or earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $5,600 per year. Place of employment (city, state) : Berlin, Germany. Name and address of employer : OWI and OIC, State Department (assigned to PWD, SHEAF, ICD). Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 4 U. S. specialists, 150 Ger- mans. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Gerald Maulsby, Chief, Radio Con- trol Branch. Reason for leaving: Promotion. Description of your work : Deputizing for the radio chief in his absence as described above, and also being responsible for U. S. representation in multi- partite negotiations on both the German national and Berlin Kommandatura levels, thereby assisting in the overall radio policy formulation for the U. S. Zone in Berlin. As Berlin radio chief, organizing a new radio station in Berlin (later known as RIAS) to project U. S. policies. 29. Other positions held for less than 3 months and periods of unemployment. (List — Beginning with most recent.) Duration Position Name and address of employer or reason for unemployment Starting and final salary per annum From — To— July 1941 August 1943 October 1943 September 1941.. September 1943 . Copyreader do Philadelphia Record, Philadel- phia, Pa. Miami Herald, Miami, Fla New York Daily News, New York, N. Y. $3,120 2,600 November 1943- ..do... 3,640 30. Have you ever been discharged or forced to resign for misconduct or un- satisfactory service from any position? No. 31. (a) Have you now or have you ever had any physical defects or disabilities whatsoever? Yes — Nearsighted. (ft) Have you ever been under treatment for a mental or emotional disorder? No. (c) Within the past twelve months, have you frequently used intoxicating beverages to excess? No. (d) Have you ever had tuberculosis? No. (e) Were you ever medically discharged from the Armed Forces? Yes — Nearsighted. Dates of employment (month, year) : From April 1945 to July 1945. Exact title of your position : Assistant Chief, N. Y. Office, Office of War Information. Salary or earnings : Starting, $5,600 per year ; final, $5,600 per year. Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y. Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St., New York, N. Y. Number and kind of employees supervised by you : Upwards of 1,000 informa- tion experts. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Louis G. Cowan, Chief, N. Y. Office. Reason for leaving : Desire for overseas service. Description of your work: Taking on the duties of the chief in his absence, directing OWI output in all media from this headquarters for the European STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1515 operations linked with PWD, SHEAF, and in addition carrying out special projects such as a reorganization of the New York and San Francisco offices (on latter being dispatched to Pacific coast as special representative of Director, OWI), revising OWI policy procedures and serving as policy consultant for the N. Y. office. Dates of employment (month, year) : From June 1944 to April 1945. Exact title of your position: Central control, Shift Chief (Media Specialist). Salary or earnings : Starting, $3,800 per year ; final $5,600 per year. Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y. Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St., New York, N. Y. Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 200 control editors, moni- tors, et al. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Joseph Marx, Chief, Control Office. Reason for leaving : Emergency. Description of your work : In charge of policy for N. Y. office during an 8-hour tour of duty daily, deciding OWI short-range policy for cable-wireless and supervising the various language control desks on the output of U. S. Govern- ment propaganda of the Voice of America. For the last few months, serving as acting chief of the Control Office, being responsible for policy decisions generally. Dates of employment (month, year) : From 23 Nov. 1943 to May 1944. Exact title of your position : News Editor. Salary or earnings : Starting $3,800 per year ; final, $3,800 per year. Place of employment (city, State) : New York, N. Y. Name and address of employer : Office of War Information, 224 W. 57th St., New York, N. Y. Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 75 News Editors, Writers, Clerks. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Theodore Kaghan, Chief, Basic News Division. Reason for leaving : Transfer within OWI. Description of your work: Central desk slot man, supervising editing and selection of news for Basic News Division, Overseas News & Features Bureau, OWI, making primary determination of what news would be used in U. S. Gov- ernment radio and cable-wireless output abroad. Responsible thereby for direct implementation of U. S. policy toward Allied and neutral countries and further- ing aims toward enemy. Dates of employment (month, year) : From Feb. 1929 to Oct. 1942. Exact title of your position : MX editor. Salary or earnings : Starting $1,820 per year ; final $2,600 per year. Place of employment (city, State) : Brooklyn, N. Y. Name and address of employer : Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, N. Y. Number and kind of employees supervised by you : 5-25 editorial and 5-20 mechanical. Name and title of immediate supervisor : Robert Grannis, managing editor. Reason for leaving : Voluntary induction into Army. Description of your work : In charge of late editions of the paper as combina- tion news-telegraph-makeup editor, making all changes necessary for late news breaks to compete with the rest of the N. Y. afternoon dailies. Also held these editorships during period of employment, in addition to serving as reporter and rewrite man : Long Island Editor, Nassau supplement editor, night editor, picture editor, telegraph editor. Remarks: From Feb. 1928 to Feb. 1929, reporter, starting, $1,560 per year; final, $1,560 per year. Rockville Centre, New York. Nassau Daily Review. None. John Greene, City Editor. General reporter covering a Long Island district comprising several com- munities, each with their own political, legislative, educational, etc., systems of municipal government. This district included the municipalities of Valley Stream. 32. (a) Does your financial position permit discharge of all debts incurred? Yes. (b) If now residing abroad have you ever paid a U. S. income tax? Yes. If answer is "Yes" give year and office of last payment. 1948, Brooklyn, N. Y. 5988&— 55— pt. 16 3 1516 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 33. Do you advocate or have you ever advocated, or are you now or have you ever been a member of any political party or organization that advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence? No. If answer is "Yes" give full details under item #37. 34. Have you ever been arrested or detained by civil or military authorities in the United States or in any other country (other than for minor traffic viola- tions where the fine did not exceed $25?) No. 35. List three competent and responsible persons in the United States not re- lated to you by blood or marriage who are particularly qualified to supply definite information regarding your character and ability (do not give names of supervisors listed in answer to questions No. 28 or 29) : Leonard Doob, Yale University, New Haven, Ct, professor. Mrs. Mildred Allen, OIE, Department of State, executive secretary. John Minary, 485 Madison Ave., New York, lawyer-executive. 37. Use this space for completing answers to any of the foregoing questions, numbering answer to correspond with questions. Use extra sheets of paper if necessary. 2. Nickname: Sully (derived from middle name, Saul). 31. Vision corrected with glasses. Received disability discharge from Army since vision without glasses was insufficient for combat or general service. CERTIFICATION False Statement on this Application is Cause for Dismissal. I do solemly affirm that the information contained herein is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Charles S. Lewis, (Name as usually written and which will be used as official signature). Date : Feb. 22, 1951. Mr. Sourwine. Now, just skimming down, from this form, you got your first job in the Office of War Information at what salary? Mr. Lewis. $3,800. Mr. Sourwine. And when was that? Mr. Lewis. November 23, 1943. Mr. Sour wine. And you soon got a salary increase to $5,600, is that right? Mr. Lewis. It was not "soon"— June of 1944. Mr. Sottrwine. Did you have any difficulty getting that increase? Mr. Lewis. Well, yes, of course, the salary increase Mr. Sourwine. You say you got it in June of 1944 ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. To $5,600? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. And then w4iere did you go after that, salary wise ? Mr. Lewis. Well, I stayed at $5,600 for quite a while. Mr. Sourwine. That was while you were assistant chief of the New York office, Office of War Information ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. In that job you took on the duties of the chief in his absence ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You directed the OWI output in all media from this headquarters for the European operation linked with CWB and SHAFE ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. And in addition you carried special projects such as the reorganization of the New York and San Francisco offices? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1517 Mr. Sourwine. You were a special representative of the Director of the OWI to the Pacific coast in connection with the reorganization of the San Francisco office ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. And that was during the period from April 1945 to July 1945 ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, during the prior period from June 1944 to April 1945 you had been central control chief? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. In charge of policy for the New York office during an 8-hour tour of duty daily ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to decide on OTVT short-range policy for cable- wireless? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You supervised the various language control desks on the output of United States Government propaganda of the Voice of America ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. That, of course, is — yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You, during the last few months of that period, that is, February, March, and April of 1945, you served as acting chief of the control office ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Being responsible for policy decisions generally? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, from November 1943 to May 1944 you had been news editor of the New York office of OWI ? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. You had sat in the slot on the central desk there? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You had supervised the selecting and editing of news for the basic news division of the overseas news and features bureau of the OWI? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. It was you who made primary determination of what news would be used in United States cable and wireless output abroad ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You were responsible thereby for direct implemen- tation of United States policy toward Allied and neutral countries and the furthering of our aims toward the enemy ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, after July 1945 you became Deputy Chief of the Radio Control Branch of OWI ; is that right ? Mr. Lewis. Not of OWI, sir. Mr. Sourwine. What was that ? Mr. Lewis. That would have been Information- — Information Serv- ices Division of the Office of Military Government, United States. Mr. Sourwine. You were responsible for United States representa- tion in multipartite negotiations on both the German national and Berlin command regime? Mr. Lewis. For radio broadcasting, sir. 1518 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir ; and you assisted in the overall radio policy formulation for the United States Zone in Germany? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you Berlin radio chief ? Mr. Lewis. I beg pardon, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you Berlin chief ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Was it your job to control the organization of a new radio station in Berlin which later became known as MAS? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you in April 1946 become Acting Chief of the Radio Control Branch ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. That was OIC, State Department, assigned to the Office of Military Government, United States, in Germany ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. In that job did you direct the rehabilitation of Ger- man radio? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to have safeguards against utiliza- tion of German radio as a primary propaganda weapon of the cen- tral regime ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Mr. Sourwine. It was your job to create a free discussion radio with the freedom of expression ? Mr. Lewis. That is right. Mr. Sourwine. You also established a radio station in Berlin to lielp United States occupation policy ; is that correct ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Was that MAS ? Mr. Lewis. In its beginning it was called Drahtfunk; it became MAS, radio in the United States sector. Mr. Sourwine. Now, you subsequently became Chief of the Radio Branch at $8,800 a year? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. That was in September 1946 ? Mr. Lewis. Just a moment, sir. [Referring to documents.] That is right. September Mr. Sourwine. During that period — beg pardon ? Mr. Lewis. Pardon me, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Go ahead. Mr. Lewis. I have a date here — from the 22d of September 1946. Mr. Sourwine. You held that job until the middle of October 1949 ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You were Chief of the Radio Branch ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You directed the supervision of German broadcast- ing in the United States occupation area ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. You supervised military government radio activi- ties — a Berlin station, RIAS ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1519 Mr. Sourwine. Formulated and directed the implementation of policy governing radio broadcasting in Germany? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, after that did you become Chief of the Radio Branch at a still higher salary ? Mr. Lewis (consulting documents). I seem to have run off the form Mr. Sourwine. On October 16, 1919, you became Chief of the Radio Branch at a salary of $9,150 a year and continued in that job with grade promotions until you reached a salary of $9,450 a year at the beginning of 1951 ? Mr. Lewis (consulting documents). You are still ahead of me. That would be approximately correct. I don't have the record from here. Mr. Sourwine. All right, sir. Do you speak any foreign lan- guages, Mr. Lewis? Mr. Lewis. My German Mr. Sourwine. Did you speak any German when you got the job that took you overseas for OWI ? Mr. Lewis. Not very much. Mr. Sourwine. Did you speak any foreign languages when you were in charge of language control ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a foreign correspondent ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you ever a reporter ? Mr. Lewis. A reporter ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes, sir. Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Were you a reporter at any time subsequent to your work on the Brooklyn Eagle ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did the Civil Service Commission make any pro- test with regard to your promotion to control editor paying you $5,600 a year? Mr. Lewis. There was a little bit of difficulty on it because my previous earnings had not been high — and the only answer to that was that — that I had been unfortunately on a low-paid newspaper. Mr. Sourwine. You are talking about the New York Daily News ? Mr. Lewis. I beg your pardon ? Mr. Sourwine. Are you talking about the New York Daily News ? Mr. Lewis. The New York Daily News; what I earned there was approximately what I received as a starting salary. 5lr. Sourwine. Yes. I just wanted to make clear what newspaper, when you were talking about a "low-paid newspaper." Mr. Lewis. Well, on the Brooklyn Eagle during the depression years we had received a number of 10-percent pay cuts from the Brooklyn Eagle, forcing the pay down. Mr. Sourwine. What did you receive in salary on the New York Daily News? Mr. Lewis. I think, sir, $75 a week. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know that the regional director of the second civil-service region had addressed the acting director of per- 1520 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM sonnel of the Office of War Information, December 19, 1944, as follows : Reference is made to your request for the prior approval of the proposed promotion of Mr. Charles S. Lewis from control editor CAF-11, $3,800 per annum, to central control editor CAF-13, $5,600 per annum. According to the information at the disposal of this office Mr. Lewis' experi- ence prior to his appointment to your agency in November 1943 was as a copy reader. There is no indication that his experience was at a level of responsi- bility commensurate with the duties to be performed in the position to which you propose to promote him. Inasmuch as it is the opinion of this office that Mr. Lewis does not meet the recruiting standards of the proposed position the promotion has been disapproved. Mr. Lewis. There was a good deal of argument over that, sir, and the Civil Service Commission was acquainted with the responsibilities of a copy reader and that the responsibilities of a copy reader are not mean. Mr. Sourwine. And you did get the promotion ? Mr. Lewis. I did get the promotion, sir, because I was doing the job. Mr. Sourwine. Did you have any trouble with your subsequent pro- motions to higher salaries ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; not that I know of. Mr. Sourwine. After this first difficulty there wasn't any more after that? Mr. Lewis. Not that I know of, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Who was responsible? Who was responsible for your first promotion, sir, in OWI ? Do you know ? Mr. Lewis. I do not know, sir. Mr. Sourwine. While you were at the OWI in New York, did you know Joe Barnes ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I think Joe Barnes left the OWI by the time I moved from basic — from the news operation to the policy side. Mr. Sourwine. And you didn't know him ? Mr. Lewis. I did not know him. Mr. Sourwine. And he had nothing to do with your promotions at any time? Mr. Lewis. Not that I know, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, when you went from the New York office to San Francisco as special representative of the Director, who was the Director whose special representative you were? Mr. Lewis. Ed Barry was the Director, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Of OWI? Mr. Lewis. Of the Overseas Division of OWI under Elmer Davis. Mr. Sourwine. And it was as his special representative that you went to San Francisco ? Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir; for my particular talents on that particular job. Mr. Sourwine. Well, this form 34 which I read to you from, referring to the reorganization of the San Francisco office said : On the latter being dispatched to the Pacific coast as special representative of Director, OWI. Now, who was the Director of OWI at that time; that is, in 1945, in the spring? Mr. Lewis. That would have been Elmer Davis, I believe. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1521 Mr. Sotjrwine. Well, did you go to San Francisco as personal representative of Elmer Davis, the Director of OWI ? Mr. Lewis. I must have, sir. Those were my orders. Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you get your orders directly from Mr. Davis ? Mr. Lewis. Not personally, sir. They were orders that came to me and empowered me to do a certain job in San Francisco. Mr. Sotjrwine. Now, when you were in San Francisco in charge of this reorganization of the San Francisco office, did you meet Owen Lattimore ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. Wasn't he attached to the San Francisco office of OWI at the time? Mr. Lewis. That I do not know, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. You don't even know whether he had a job with OWI at that time ? Is that right ? Mr. Lewis. I did not know, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you know whether he ever had a job with OWI ? Mr. Lewis. I understand so, sir. I think he was a consultant with OWI. Mr. Sotjrwine. That's your best recollection? Mr. Lewis. That's my best recollection. Mr. Sotjrwine. But you reorganized the San Francisco office with- out having any contact with him? Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. You went out there as special representative for Elmer Davis but you didn't meet Owen Lattimore while you were out there ? Mr. Lewis. Correct, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. Now, sir, under whom in the direct line of control and authority did you serve while you were overseas? I am sure there were some changes in that. Will you just tell us the progression in that? Mr. Lewis. Do you mean, sir, who was Chief of the Eadio Branch when I was Deputy Chief? Mr. Sotjrwine. That would be one instance, yes. Mr. Lewis. That's right. The Chief of the Eadio Branch when I was Deputy Chief was Adrian Murphy. The Chairman. Adrian who, sir? Mr. Lewis. Adrian Murphy, sir. The Chairman. Proceed. Mr. Lewis. And Adrian Murphy returned to the States. His suc- cessor was Gerald Maulsby. Mr. Sotjrwine. Will you spell that? Mr. Lewis. M-a-u-1-s-b-y. Mr. Sotjrwine. Was he the only Chief of the Eadio Branch under whom you served ? Mr. Lewis. That is correct. Then I became Acting Chief of the Eadio Branch and worked directly under Brigadier General McClure. Mr. Sotjrwine. McCloy? Mr. Lewis. McClure. Mr. Sotjrwine. Yes. Mr. Lewis. Eobert McClure. Mr. Sotjrwine. Then? 1522 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Lewis. His successor in that position was Col. Gordon Textor, T-e-x-t-o-r. And Colonel Textor was succeeded in that position by- Ralph Nicholson. Mr. Sourwine. Yes ; and then ? Mr. Lewis. Who in turn was succeeded by Shephard Stone. Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you come under the control in any way of General Howley ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. I was Staff Headquarters and General Howley was Berlin District Military Government Commander. "We had the usual channels and line of command with our Military Government Regulations giving Radio Branch a lateral channel for policy and general assistance to the various district military commanders who had the administrative responsibility for the radio operations. Mr. Sourwine. Did you come under General Clay ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. The Chairman. What position did Colonel Heimlich hold? Mr. Lewis. William Heimlich was Director of RIAS for a period of time, winding up in the fall of 1949. The Chairman. Did you have any trouble, any disagreements, with Colonel Heimlich? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. I had received instructions from my superi- ors to place into effect some urgent economies to cut down on the operation, that is, the cost of the operation of the radio station in Berlin, and Heimlich failed to and refused to carry out the instruc- tions. The Chairman. Colonel Heimlich operated RIAS for a period of 2 years, did he not ? Mr. Lewis. That would be correct, sir. The Chairman. Now, was that under your direction? Was he under you? Mr. Lewis. Well, he was responsible in two directions, to the district commander, which would be then Colonel Howley, and to me for pol- icy. So the actual direction of the station came out of the higher headquarters. As a result of these difficulties we finally did shift the Station RIAS into a direct administrative responsibility of the higher headquarters. That was done in the State Department takeover. The Chairman. Now, there is an instance of another radio trans- mitter for RIAS, that was at the beginning of the blockade, that was shipped into Western Germany. Do you recall that incident? Mr. Lewis. I do, sir. The Chairman. Now, by whose orders was it shipped into Western Germany ? Mr. Lewis. It was shifted — may I give this in my own words, please ? The Chairman. Sure. Mr. Lewis. This is an old chestnut which appeared in print in Common Sense magazine under Heimlich's name some while back. The Chairman. Well, just tell us your side of it, please. Mr. Lewis. The blockade was coming on Berlin and the Soviets bit by bit were tightening their grasp on the city and cutting down the transportation into the city. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1523 At that point, we in military government did not know exactly what was going to occur. There was a possibility, we thought, of hav- ing to give up Berlin and having to leave for the West. We, at that time, did not have much in the form of arms. We had completely demobilized. I made a recommendation which went up to General Clay to fly this transmitter, which was nearing completion in a Berlin factory, to the West so that it would not fall into Russian hands if we would leave the city, and it was on that basis that a secret project was undertaken to fly the transmitter to Western Germany. We did do that and kept it down there. That was a 40-kilowatt transmitter. MAS was operating on 20,000 watts and the 40 kilowatts had been The Chairman. Now, where was the transmitter to be put in use when it got to Western Germany ? Mr. Lewis. It was flown down there for safety so that we would have a piece of equipment. The Chairman. It was not to be put in use ? Mr. Lewis. We did not know what we were going to do with it, other than to take it out of danger. However, we did have the trans- mitter down there and, when the blockade was over, we had an oppor- tunity to purchase a 100,000-watt transmitter for RIAS, which we did ; and so we had a 40-kilowatt transmitter standing by in the West. The Chairman. Now, if this transmitter had stayed in Berlin how much stronger would MAS have been during the blockade ? Mr. Lewis. I don't think it would have been on the air during the blockade. The Chairman. You don't think it would have been on the air ? Mr. Lewis. I don't think so. The Chairman. Yes, sir. Now, do you know Hans Bruno Meyer ? Mr. Lewis. Who, sir ? The Chairman. Hans Bruno Meyer. Mr. Lewis. Meyer? The Chairman. Yes, sir. Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. The Chairman. What position did he have ? Mr. Lewis. Hans Meyer had a position as one of my assistants in Berlin. The Chairman. Do you know where he is now ? Mr. Lewis. I believe he is here in Washington. The Chairman. In Washington ? Mr. Lewis. That's right, sir. The Chairman. Do you know whether he gave any information to the Russians or not ? Mr. Lewis. I don't believe so, sir. I don't see how it would have been possible. The Chaikman. All right. Mr. Sourwine. Did you initially exercise direct control over RIAS, Mr. Lewis, or did you have someone under you who exercised that direct control ? Mr. Lewis. Because I did not have the fluency of language necessary for the job, I ruled myself out of the actual operation and was only 1524 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM in a supervisory capacity. I did have — and it was up to me to obtain the initial staff at the station and to find replacements thereafter. Mr. Sourwine. Who did you initially select as Director of RIAS ? Mr. Lewis. Edmund Schechter. Mr. Sourwine. Would you spell it ? Mr. Lewis. S-c-h-e-c-h-t-e-r. 1 Mr. Sourwine. Was he a German ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; he was born in Vienna, as I understand. Mr. Sourwine. Now, who succeeded him ? Mr. Lewis. Ruth Norden. Mr. Sourwine. N-o-r-d-e-n ? Mr. Lewis. N-o-r-d-e-n. Mr. Sourwine. Was she a German ? Mr. Lewis. Of German origin, I believe. Mr. Sourwine. Why do you say of German origin? Was she naturalized in some other country ? Mr. Lewis. She is an American citizen. Mr. Sourwine. She was an American citizen ? Mr. Lewis. Oh, yes. Mr. Sourwine. Well, that's what I was trying to bring out. Mr. Lewis. Oh, excuse me. Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded her ? Mr. Lewis. Very briefly Milton Prat for about a month or two. Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ? Mr. Lewis. William Heimlich. Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ? Mr. Lewis. Fred G.Taylor. Mr. Sourwine. And who succeeded him ? Mr. Lewis. Gordon Ewing, E-w-i-n-g. Mr. Sourwine. And did Mr. Ewing continue to serve until the end of your period in charge over there ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you select all of those people yourself ? Mr. Lewis. In consultation with the Berlin district authorities, I selected the personnel and made the recommendations for them to take the jobs. We had to have concurrence on that by both parties. Mr. Sourwine. Was that true in the case of Colonel Heimlich? You recommended him for the job ? ' Mr. Lewis. I recommended him for the job. Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you fire any of those people? Mr. Lewis. Did I fire any of them ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes. Mr. Lewis. I recommended the removal of Heimlich. Mr. Sourwine. Why? Mr. Lewis. Because he refused to carry out the instructions for re- organization of RIAS for budgetary reasons. Mr. Sourwine. What instructions ? Mr. Lewis. The instructions were specifically to cut down on the high pay given to certain members of the German staff. Mr. Sourwine. Who ? What members ? Mr. Lewis. There was one that I recall, a Hungarian journalist, who did a nightly 5-minute spot, satirical spot, and also some other writing for the station ; and, in a period of something like 10 months, earned between 50,000 and 60,000 marks. 1 On his application to the State Department (p. 1512) Mr. Lewis spelled the name S-c-h-e-c-t-e-r. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1525 Mr. Sourwine. What was that in American money ? Mr. Lewis. A lot more than is paid here for any commentator. Mr. Sourwine. What was it? Mr. Lewis. Still the equivalent of about 4 marks to the dollar. Mr. Sourwine. If it was 50,000 marks at 4 marks to the dollar, it would be $12,500, wouldn't it? Mr. Lewis. That would be correct. Mr. Sourwine. And that was the rate of exchange of the mark at that time ? Mr. Lewis. That was the rate of exchange of the mark at that time. That's very high pay for radio. Mr. Sourwine. Now, is that the only reason that you recommended the discharge of Colonel Heimlich? Mr. Lewis. Well, that and a number of other reorganization steps for economy purposes which he refused to carry out. Mr. Sourwine. I was asking you about the other reorganization steps and all you had named so far was the high salaries of certain persons, and then you named one person — You didn't name him, as a matter of fact. Suppose you name him now. Mr. Lewis. Well, I will try to. I am sorry, I can't come up with that right now. If I may be per- mitted to obtain that information, I think that information is all available in the State Department. Mr. Sourwine. You don't remember who it was? Mr. Lewis. I remember the individual and I remember the pro- gram ; I can't recall the name. Mr. Sourwine. Now, were there any other persons whose names you remember whom you told Heimlich to cut the salaries of and he wouldn't do it? Mr. Lewis. Yes; there was another. There was a woman singer on the staff there. Mr. Sourwine. And do you recall her name? Mr. Lewis. Her first name was Christine. Her last name cur- rently is Heimlich. Mr. Sourwine. Are there any others? Mr. Lewis. No. There were some others ; I am sorry, I don't have the information available. Mr. Sourwine. Now, you stated Euth Norden was an American citizen. Do you know how she obtained citizenship? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know that she was an American citizen ? Mr. Lewis. I know she wouldn't have been able to work for the Government overseas if she were not an American citizen. Mr. Sourwine. Wasn't she, as a matter of fact, a British subject? Mr. Lewis. Not that I know, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Would she have been able to work overseas for the American Government if she had been a British subject? Mr. Lewis. That's correct, sir. Mr. Sourwine. She was German-born? Mr. Lewis. I believe so. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know her brother, Heinz Norden? Mr. Lewis. I met him, sir. 1526 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Sourwine. Was he employed by MAS ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. At no time? Mr. Lewis. At no time. Mr. Sourwine. Did you know Gus Mathieu, M-a-t-h-i-e-u ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Was he employed by MAS ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you employ him? Mr. Lewis. I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Now, did you know that — did you ever know of charges that Ruth Norden, her brother Heinz, and Gus Mathieu were pro-Communist ? Mr. Lewis. I do recall that Norden had some difficulty of that nature and did have a case that he fought. I think he was suspended and reinstated. As for allegations of procommunism, or pro- Communist attitudes, by Norden and Mathieu, I had heard something to that effect. I dis- counted those rumors. They were never presented in any form of accusation, direct accusation, to my memory. Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever hear the charge that Hans Bruno Meyer was pro-Communist or Communist? Mr. Lewis. I had heard something along that line of exactly the same character, but again nothing of any formal nature. Hans Meyer did come to me in 1949 and tell me that he had been a Communist, a member of the Communist Party, and had broken away from the Communist Party, all during the same period of time that Mayor Renter of Berlin was also. He reported that directly up the line to the State Department. The Chairman. When was that time ? Mr. Lewis. Beg your pardon. When was the time ? The Chairman. When was that time ? Mr. Lewis. When Meyer was a Communist? The Chairman. Yes, sir. Mr. Lewis. He did not say exactly when that time was. He said simply that he was at the time when Mayor Reuter was a Communist, and that would have been, I assume, the early 1930's. I do not know, but Mayor Reuter's record is a public record. The Chairman. Do you know Mr. Meyer's address in Washington? Mr. Lewis. No, I do not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. When did you leave Government employment, Mr. Lewis ? Mr. Lewis. I left December 8, 1952. Did you get that, sir ? Mr. Sourwine. No, I did not; I'm sorry. Mr. Lewis. The effective date of my resignation was December 8, 1952. Mr. Sourwine. Why did you resign, Mr. Lewis ? Mr. Lewis. I was advised that charges, loyalty charges, would be preferred against me. I refused to accept the charges and resigned. My resignation was accepted with prejudice. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know why Mr. Meyer resigned from Gov- ernment employment ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1527 Mr. Sourwine. Did you, at any time during your Government em- ployment, disclose the fact that you had been a member of the Com- munist Party ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. The Chairman. We will take a recess now until 2:15. (Whereupon, at 12 : 30 p. m., the subcommittee recessed until 2 : 15 of the same day.) AFTERNOON SESSION The Chairman. The committee will come to order. By request, I am going to place in the record a letter which I have received from Hon. Arthur Hays Sulzberger, of the New York Times. Dear Senator Eastland : I have just had a report that a New York Times employee, Melvin Barnett, appeared before your committee and refused to answer the questions put to him. I enclose herewith a copy of the letter which I have just signed, advising Mr. Barnett that his employment by the New York Times has ceased. Faithfully yours, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. I also place in the record a copy of the letter from Mr. Sulzberger to Mr. Melvin Barnett. (The letters dated July 13 are as follows :) The New York Times, Washington Bureau, WasJiington, D. C, July 13, 1955. Hon. James O. Eastland, Chairman of the Subcommittee, Senate Internal Security Committee, United States Senate, Washington, D. C. Dear Senator Eastland: I have just had a report that a New York Times employee, Melvin Barnett, appeared before your committee and refused to answer the questions put to him. I enclose herewith a copy of the letter which I have just signed, advising Mr. Barnett that his employment by the New York Times has ceased. Faithfully yours, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. July 13, 1955. Mr. Melvin Barnett, 93Remsen Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Dear Mr. Barnett : I have learned to my regret that at your appearance today before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee you refused to answer ques- tions put to you in connection with your alleged association with the Communist Party. The course of conduct which you have followed since your name was first mentioned in this connection culminating in your action today has caused the Times to lose confidence in you as a member of its news staff. Accordingly, this will serve as notice of termination of your employment. I have requested the auditor to pay any sums that may be due you. Yours truly, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. TESTIMONY OF CHARLES S. LEWIS— Resumed Mr. Sotjrwtne. Mr. Lewis, you will remember that this morning you testified that a story with regard to the removal of the 40,000- watt radio station from West Berlin had been printed in Common Sense. We have been unable to locate this story. Can you tell us when that was printed in Common Sense ? 1528 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Lewis. I do not have the date of it — the date of publication on that. I do know that the publication, sometime after the return of Mr. Heimlich to the States, did create queries to Germany, where I was, for the full story of the incident. Mr. Sourwine. Are you sure it was Common Sense that published this story ? Mr. Lewis. It seemed to me, sir. Mr. Sotjrwine. Did you see the story yourself ? Mr. Lewis. I believe I did, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did anyone tell you that it was published in Com- mon Sense? Mr. Lewis. No, sir, to the best of my recollection it was Common Sense. Mr. Sourwine. Has anyone recalled this to you recently? Mr. Lewis. Oh, no, sir. Mr. Sourwine. I wondered if they had — you did not mention it in executive session. I wondered if it just had come to your mind. Mr. Lewis. We had not got into the aspect of Mr. Heimlich, which, incidentally, if I may be permitted to say, there is absolutely no per- sonal feeling against Mr. Heimlich on my part. Mr. Sourwine. Did I ask you this morning if you knew where Hans Bruno Meyer is now ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. And I answered, I believe, in Washington. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know what he is doing here ? Mr. Lewis. I believe he is a correspondent for some German radio stations — one in particular, I think, is Radio Stuttgart. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know where he lives ? Mr. Lewis. I do not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. How did you learn that Mr. Meyer was living here, sir? Mr. Lewis. I think I received — yes, I did, I received an announce- ment of a wedding — an announcement with a Washington address. Mr. Sourwine. Now, sir, during the time preceding Mr. Heimlich's duration as director of RIAS, did you have anything yourself to do with the control of the programs actually sent out over this station ? Mr. Lewis. Certainly, sir. I was responsible for the policy going through the station, and the station operated under that policy. Mr. Sourwine. Did you deal with actual programs and scripts ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Policy in relation to the planning of particular types of programs, whether we would put a certain type of program on or not. Mr. Sourwine. Did you handle incoming mail to the station, to RIAS? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you see such mail ? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. The incoming mail to the station went to the director of the station. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know anything about the volume of such mail from listeners ? Mr. Lewis. It was considerable. Mr. Sourwine. What do you mean by that? Mr. Lewis. Well, the station did receive a lot of mail from the Soviet zone of Germany, which had been posted in West Berlin, in- formation of one sort or another. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1529 There was, of course, the usual amount of mail that a radio station does receive. And the Germans are prolific writers. Mr. Sourwine. Well, that does not give us any idea. Mr. Lewis. That is rather hard. I beg your pardon ? Mr. Sourwine. Was it hundreds per week or thousands per week or what ? Mr. Lewis. I am sorry. I cannot say exactly how heavy that mail was. Mr. Sourwine. You never checked up on that ? Mr. Lewis. I never did. Mr. Sourwine. Where were your headquarters while you were run- ning EIAS? Mr. Lewis. My headquarters were until — were in Berlin at what was called OMGUS. Mr. Sourwine. That was the Office of the Military Government, United States? Mr. Lewis. That is right, In the Selenburg district of Berlin. The radio station headquarters was in another section — another part of the United States sector of Berlin. Mr. Sourwine. Were those headquarters of OMGUS in what was called the Compound ? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you subsequently move your headquarters to another place? Mr. Lewis. Yes. Mr. Sourwine. Where? Mr. Lewis. Headquarters moved to Bad Nauheim in the spring of 1949, 1 believe. Mr. Sourwine. How far away was that from Berlin ? Mr. Lewis. Overnight by train or a matter of about 2 hours or so by plane. Mr. Sourwine. Do you know how far it was in miles — was it 200, 300? Mr. Lewis. Between 100 or 200 miles. Mr. Sourwine. Referring back to the incident of the 40,000-watt transmitter which, by your orders, was shipped from Berlin to West Germany, to what point was it shipped ? Mr. Lewis. To the Munich region — just where in Munich — I be- lieve a small town outside of Munich. Mr. Sourwine. How long did it remain there ? Mr. Lewis. It remained there for — I believe less than a year — I am not sure exactly how long it remained there. Mr. Sourwine. While it was there was it crated up ? Mr. Lewis. It had been — in its original crates from the factory. Mr. Sourwine. It was protected from the weather ? Mr. Lewis. We did have an incident there where there was some damage from water in the warehouse. Mr. Sourwine. Where was it moved from there? Mr. Lewis. It was moved from there to Hof, in northern Hesse, right on the edge of the Soviet zone of Germany and also the edge of Czechoslovakia. Mr. Sourwine. What was done with it there ? 1530 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Lewis. That was part of a project to establish a multilingual radio broadcasting operation, with the transmitter at Hof and the studios in Offenbach across the river from Frankfurt. Mr. Sourwine. Was it used for that purpose? Mr. Lewis. It was not, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Why not? Mr. Lewis. Because of lack of funds. We had a currency reform in Germany which wiped out the Information Services division's vast mark holdings, upon which we had expected to operate the station. Mr. Sourwine. Was that 40,000-watt transmitter, so far as you know, ever put into use ? Mr. Lewis. Certainly, sir. Mr. Sourwine. When and where ? Mr. Lewis. May I refresh my recollection ? Mr. Sourwine. Of course. Mr. Lewis. On that — I may have something on that here. [Wit- ness looks at documents.] I believe — I do not have the record on the date when that transmit- ter went into operation. It was within 1 month of going on the air when I received the instructions to abandon the project, and that was at the time of the currency control in Germany. I believe that was in the spring of 1949. Mr. Sourwine. Well, then, the transmitter never went on the air ? Mr. Lewis. It did go on the air. I received permission to operate the transmitter as a relay station for MAS. Mr. Sourwine. When was that, approximately ? Mr. Lewis. At that time, sir — as I say, the transmitter was within 1 month of going on the air. We were ready to go on the air at the time I received the order to abandon the project. I argued for and obtained permission to put the transmitter into operation as a relay station, and it went on the air as scheduled. The only part of the project that did not go through was the broadcast. Mr. Sourwine. Approximately 2 years after you sent the trans- mitter out of West Berlin it went on the air as a transmitter of the station located near the Czech border and operating as a relay station for MAS; is that right? Mr. Lewis. No, sir ; approximately 1 year. Mr. Sourwine. It was only 1 year later ? Mr. Lewis. That is what I believe — the blockade was in 1948, and the currency reform, I believe, was 1949. Mr. Sourwine. All right. That is your best recollection ? Mr. Lewis. That is my best recollection. The Chairman. Your best recollection is that it went in operation in 1949? Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. The Chairman. What part of the year, do you recall ? Mr. Lewis. I do not recall. I believe it was spring. The Chairman. I see. Mr. Sourwine. You say that the project was for a bilingual broad- casting station— what languages had you proposed to be used ? Mr. Lewis. Czech, Polish, also English, and that at the outset, and further development beyond that. Mr. Sourwine. This was in 1949 that you proposed this, or 1948 ? Mr. Lewis. 1948. STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM 1531 Mr. Souravine. You had proposed in 1948 a bilingual station ? Mr. Lewis. It must have been the end of 1948. Mr. Souravine. As a matter of fact, did you not reject the proposal for a bilingual radio station ? Mr. Lewis. Never, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever reject proposals for bilingual broad- casts over RIAS ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. What was the difference in your mind ? Mr. Lewis. RIAS was operating in the German service and building an audience in Berlin and Eastern Germany among Germans. I was opposed to putting other languages on the air, for the very simple reason that we would lose, from my point of view, we would lose the German audience. Mr. Souravine. You say it was operating as a German service. Everybody knew that the American Government was running the station ; did they not ? Mr. Lewis. German-language station, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Yes; it was a German-language station, but every- one knew it was an American Government-operated station. Mr. Lewis. That is right, sir. Mr. Souravine. After Mr. Heimlich was made director of RIAS, did you continue to exercise control over the station as his superior ? Mr. Lewis. Yes, sir. Mr. Sourwine. For how long? Throughout his tenure? Mr. Lewis. Throughout his tenure. Mr. Sourwine. Was he at any time ever given complete autonomy with respect to the employees of RIAS operating under him ? Mr. Lewis. I do not recall so, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember persons named Barbour, Shub, and Von Varady, who were employed by Mr. Heimlich ? Mr. Lewis. Yes ; I remember Von Varady, because that incidentally is the name that I could not recall of the man who was doing a 5- minute spot once a day. Mr. Sourwine. Oh, yes. I will question about that. I am glad you brought me back to that. On the question of these three men, whom I just named, Barbour, Shub, and Von \ 7 arady Mr. Lewis. Barbour ? Mr. Sourwine. Yes. Mr. Lewis. Excuse me. Mr. Sourwine. I would like to ask whether you barred them after Mr. Heimlich left. Mr. Lewis. I went up to the station and brought in the new director of the station, installed him in the office, and did conduct a house- cleaning, and in that did not specifically fire Von Varady, but I believe offered him employment at a considerably different rate than he had been receiving. Now, as to Barbour, there was a Barbour as a United States officer on the station on the staff. If that is the person, no, sir, I did not bar him. And the third one? Mr. Sourwine. I asked about Barbour, Shub, and Von Varady. Mr. Lewis. Shub, I do not recall. Mr. Souravine. S-h-u-b. 59886— 55— pt. 16 4 1532 STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF WORLD COMMUNISM Mr. Lewis. Shub — Boris Shub. No, sir ; I did not. I very highly valued his services and wanted him to stay on the job there. Mr. Sourwine. Would he not do it? Mr. Lewis. He wanted ,to come back home. Mr. Sourwine. I see. Did you at any time oppose the dramatiza- tion of the trial of the anti-Communist leaders in Czechoslovakia as a program over MAS? Mr. Lewis. No, sir. Mr. Sourwine. Did you ever reprimand the staff of MAS for planning a counterdemonstration to a Red rally in East Berlin? Mr. Lewis. I did reprimand the United States staff for an incident that occurred at that time.