LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

Ex

Libris

BEATRIX
JONES

juANDSCAPg

REEF POINT GARDENS
LIBRARY

The Gift of Beatrix Farrand

to the General Library
University of California, Berkeley

73.

THE STUDENT'S FLOEA

OF THE

BRITISH ISLANDS.

THE STUDENT'S FLORA

BY

SIR J. D. \HOOKER, K.C.S.I., C.B.,

M.T. ; D.C.L. OXON. ; LL.D. CANTAB., GLOTT., ET DUEL.; F.R.S., L.S., AND G.S,J
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

THIRD EDITION

ITonbon :
MACMILLAN & CO.

1884.

[The Plight of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved.]

LONDON :

R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYL«R,

BREAD STREET HILL.

Add to lib.

tANDSCAPB

PREFACE.

THE object of this work is to supply students and field-botanists with a
fuller account of the Flowering Plants and Vascular Cryptogams of the
British Islands than the manuals hitherto in use aim at giving.

For the plants regarded as composing the British Flora proper, I have
mainly followed the London Catalogue of British Plants, 7th ed., 1874 ;
being fully satisfied that I should thus best serve the interests of British
Botany. The difficult task of determining which of the many doubtfully
indigenous or naturalized plants should be regarded as British by adoption
or otherwise has in the successive editions of this Catalogue been settled
by the two botanists most competent to form an opinion by many years
of research and by matured judgment — Messrs. H. C. Watson and J.
Boswell. It is true, I may think that some of the Species they have
introduced have less claims than some they have rejected, but this
applies to very few cases indeed.

The Ordinal, Generic, and Specific characters are to a great extent
original, and drawn from living or dried specimens or both. After work-
ing them out, I have consulted the usual British and Continental Floras,
and collated the descriptions throughout with Mr. Boswell's (an author
usually quoted by his earlier name of Syme) edition of English Botany,
of the descriptions in which work I cannot speak in terms of too high
praise. By this method of re-description, whilst I believe I have avoided
some errors of my predecessors, I have no doubt made others of my own ;
such creep into all endeavours to describe most or all of the organs of

163

vi PREFACE.

many Species : and if I have made many such blunders, a part may be
attributable to the fact that various Genera were described amidst constant
interruptions, and all under pressure of official duties.

The terminology employed is as simple as is attainable with a due regard
to precision of language. In the choice of terms I have followed Oliver's
Lessons in Elementary Botany ; usually avoiding such as are used in
single Orders only, or are of special signification in single Orders or
Genera. For modifications of the fruit the choice of terms presents great
difficulty ; and I have therefore very much confined myself to such as are
required to avoid periphrasis, as capsule, drupe, berry, utricle, follicle,
pod, &c. (about which there is no ambiguity), and to achene for the dry
indehiscent 1-seeded carpels of apocarpous fruits. For Grasses, Compositae,
&c., the term fruit is itself sufficiently explicit, its nature being ex-
plained in the Ordinal description. The term nutlet for the parts of the
fruit of Boraglnece and Labiates I have borrowed from Asa Gray.

The Keys to the Genera are naturally arranged, but in Umbclliferce
I have added an artificial key, as being useful for the determination of a
Genus before the whole Order has been studied. I have given no keys
to the Species, preferring curt diagnoses which embrace the more im-
portant characters of the plant ; finding, moreover, from experience, that
such keys promote very superficial habits among students.

For the areas and elevations inhabited by the plants of the British Isles
I am mainly indebted to Mr. "Watson's admirable works. The areas
occupied more or less continuously by the Species are here defined by the
counties, which thus indicate their limits. Where the words " northwards "
and " southwards " are used it implies that the plant ranges to Shetland in
the former case, and to both Cornwall and Kent in the latter. In this
Edition I have in all cases mentioned Ireland when the Species inhabits
;that country ; and when rare or local in Ireland, its limits are taken from
the Cybele Hibernica of More and Moore, a standard work. I have in
like manner definitely ^mentioned the Channel Islands. I have ,been
urged by very competent botanists to include the Faroe Islands, as really
more British geographically than are the Channel Islands ; but, if I did
so, Iceland should also be included, and on the whole I have thought it

PREFACE. vii

best to retain the old limits of the British Flora. The extra-British dis-
tributions I worked out myself for most of the British plants, making
large use of Nyman's Sylloge (ed. 2).

Of the altitudes, I have chosen the highest the species attains, and
indicated the region where this is attained ; when no elevation is given,
the Species is not known to ascend to 1,000 feet, and may be assumed to
be a "low-ground" plant. To the doubtfully indigenous Species I have
often added Watson's opinion as to whether they are " aliens," "colo-
nists," or " denizens," &c. It may be well to repeat here his definitions
of these terms, premising that by " native " is meant that the Species
has not been introduced by human agency : — *

"A denizen is a Species suspected to have been introduced by man, and
which maintains its habitat. A colonist is one found only in ground
adapted by man for its growth and continuous maintenance. An alien has
presumably been introduced by human agency."

The estimates of the numbers of Genera in the Orders, and of Species
in the Genera, are taken from the Genera Plantarum ; they serve to indi-
cate to the student the relative extent of these groups. The indications
of their affinities and properties are necessarily extremely brief. The ety-
mologies of the generic names I have endeavoured to reduce to really
useful limits. Only such English names as are pretty well known are
given, and for these I have in many cases been guided by Dr. Alexander
Prior's Popular Names of British Plants, a very good book.

In the First and Second Editions I recorded my obligations to Professor
Oliver, Mr. Baker, Professor Dickson, Mr. G. Griffiths, and the Rev. E. J.
Linton, for valuable observations and suggestions ; to Mr. Baker especially
for aid in classifying the critical forms of Eulus, Rosa, and Hieracium.

In this, the Third Edition, I have introduced many improvements in the
classification and characters of the Orders, Genera, and Tribes, adopted in

* The vagueness of these definitions is unavoidable ; and their correct application
in many cases is exceedingly difficult. Few who have not gone into the^subject have
an idea of how many plants would disappear from our Flora were the soil left undis-
turbed by man and the lower animals which he rears. I think it probable that both
the Shepherd' s-Purse and the common form of the Dandelion would be amongst the
lirst to be suppressed.

viii PREFACE.

Bentham's and my Genera Plantarum. I have also made changes in the limits
of the Species of certain Genera, and of their subordinate forms, in which
matter I have often had regard to suggestions and materials laid before me
by Mr. Baker (who has again revised the sheets as they passed through
the press), and Mr. Nicholson ; and for the first forty-one Orders to notes
made for me by Mr. Ball, F.R.S. These last have a special value, due to
Mr. Ball's critical knowledge of so many European Floras, and his excel-
lent judgment. I have further profited by the last edition (8th) of Pro-
fessor Babington's accurate and critical Manual, and have collated the
whole with the second edition of Ny man's Sylloge Floras Europcece, and of
Newbould's and Baker's edition of Watson's Cybele. To Mr. Arthur
Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon, I am indebted for revising the Genus
Potamogeton, and for notes upon Carices.

The collation of the British Flora with Nyman's Sylloge has not been
satisfactory throughout, because of the wide divergence of the views there
upheld regarding the Species of such Genera as Rubus, Rosa, &c. , from
those held by English botanists. This is doubtless due to the fact that
characters which are constant and strong in one country beeome vague
and even evanescent in others ; insomuch that I am led from examination
and study to believe that, in respect of the subdivision of the European forms
of such Genera into Species, • Sub-species, and Varieties, the materials in
Britain may give one result, those in France another, in Scandinavia a
third, and in Germany a fourth.

I am disposed to think that the term Sub-species (which represents a
stage of evolution between Species and Variety) should be given to many
forms considered by some as Species and as Varieties by others ; and that
this would facilitate the better understanding especially of the larger
critical Genera. The various forms of fruticose RuU, for example, whether
all treated as Species, or all as Varieties, present to me a mere chaos ;
whereas, when treated as Sub-species and Varieties, however imperfectly,
they fall into comprehensible groups, whose cross affinities may thus be
more clearly enunciated.

Lastly, I have ventured to introduce into this Edition, under the de-
scription of the flowers of various Genera, characters concerned in the process

PREFACE. ix

of fertilization, — as, whether wind-fertilized (anemophilous), insect-fertil-
ized (entomophilous), or self-fertilized ; also whether honey is secreted
in the flower ; and whether the stamens and stigma ripen together (homo-
gamous), or the anthers first (proterandrous), or the stigma first (protero-
gynous). For most of the information under these heads I am indebted
especially to the observations of Hermann Miiller, supplemented by those
of Sir John Lubbock and Mr. Alfred Bennett. Our knowledge of these
subjects is incomplete and rudimentary : any student may add to it ; but
great caution is required, for \ suspect that individual Species are subject
to considerable variation in these respects.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,
June 1, 1884.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS

(ADAPTED TO THE BRITISH GENERA).

THE arrangement of Dicotyledons here adopted adheres very closely
to the Jussieuan as modified by De Candolle, which, notwithstanding its
many defects (inseparable from a linear arrangement), is, I think, as good
as any of those subsequently proposed,* and has the great advantage of
being that most generally adopted in the Universities and Schools of
Great Britain and America, and in systematic works everywhere. Its
great defect is the necessity of an Apetalous division, embracing a hetero-
geneous mass of Orders, which are incapable of being naturally grouped.
Some of these are obviously allied to Polypetalous or Monopetalous
Orders, but cannot be placed in contiguity with them without interfering
with their other and closer alliances ; some again present cross affinities with
two or more distant Orders ; and the greater proportion have no recog-
nized near affinities. Under these circumstances, and seeing how much
the retention of the Apetalous division facilitates the often difficult task
of finding the Natural Order of a plant, it appears to be premature to
depart from the Jussieuan system.

SUB-KINGDOM I. Phsenogamous or Flowering plants. Plants
provided with stamens, and ovules which after fertilization become seeds
containing an embryo.

CLASS I. Dicotyledonous or Exogenous plants. Stem with bark,
pith, and interposed wood ; when perennial increasing in diameter annu-
ally by a layer of wood added to the outside of the old wood, and another
of bark added to the inside of the old bark. Leaves with usually netted

* Of these the principal are : that of Brongniart, adopted in the Paris Schools ; of
Endlicher, in many of the German Schools ; of Fries, by various botanists in Scandi-
navia ; and of Lindley ("The Vegetable Kingdom "), which has been partially followed
in England and Ind.a alone.

xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

veins. Flowers with the organs mostly in fours or fives. Embryo with
opposite or whorled cotyledons.

SUB-CLASS I. Angiospermous Dicotyledons. Flowers usually pro-
vided with a distinct perianth. Ovules contained in closed carpels, through
the tissues of which the pollen-tube passes to effect fertilization. Embryo
with 2 cotyledons

DIVISION I. Polypet' alse.

Flowers with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous). Petals free. — See
also the exceptional Monopetalce.

Exceptions. Flowers wanting either calyx or corolla occur in : 1 KANUNCU-
LACE;E ; 6 CRUCIFERJS (5 Cardamine, 16 Senebiera, and 17 Lepidium)}
9 VTOLACEJE (apetalous forms of Viola)', 12 CARYOPHYLLES (8 Arenaria
§ Cherleria, 9 Sayina) ; 26 ROSACES (8 Alchemilla, 10 Poterium) ; 27
SAXIFRAGES (2 Chrysospleniuvi) ; 30 HALORAGE.E ; 31 LYTHRACE.E (2
Peplis) ; 32 ONAGRARIE^E (2 Ludwigia).

Petals more or less connate or coherent occur in: 5 FUMARIACEYE ; 10

POTLYGALE.E ; 13 PORTULACE.E ; 13* TAMARISCINE2E ; 16 MALVACEAE ; 20

ILICINE^E; 28 CRASSULACE^E (2 Cotyledon} ; 33 CUCURBITACE.B.

SUB-DIVISION I. Thalamiflo'rse. Stamens inserted on the receptacle
(hypogynous), free from the catyx, or on a disk that teTminates the pedicel.
Ovary superior.

Exceptions. Stamens apparently perigynous or epigynous in 3 NYMPH.EACE^:
(1 Nymphcea) and in some 12 CARYOPHYLLE^E.

* Ovary apocarpous, carpels 1 or more ; ovules sutural or basal. (See also
16 Malvaceae and 19 Geraniacese.)

1. RANUNCITLACE^B. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens indefinite ;
anthers basifixed, opening by slits. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs with
alternate leaves (except Clematis), (p. 1.)

2. BERBERIDE^}. Flowers regular, 3-merous. Stamens definite, opposite
the petals ; anthers basifixed, opening by recurved valves. Seeds albumi-
nous.— Shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers often showy, (p. 14.)

** Ovary syncarpous, \-celled (except 3 Nymph seacese), or %-celled by a
membranous septum ; ovules parietal, rarely basal.

3. NVMPH^EACE^E. Flowers regular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers
basifixed. Ovary many-celled ; ovules scattered over the walls of the
cells ; stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Water-herbs ; flowers showy,
(p. 15.)

4. PAPAVERACE.E. Flowers regular, 2-merous. Stamens indefinite ;
anthers basifixed. Ovules parietal or on the surfaces of partial dissepi-
ments ; style 1 or stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; juice
milky; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 16.)

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xiii

5. FUMARIACE.E. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 6
in 2 bundles. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules many parietal, or 1 (by suppression)
basal ; style 1 or 0. Seeds albuminous. — Weak herbs with exstipulate
alternate leaves ; flowers usually small, (p. 19.)

6. CRUCIFER.E. Flowers usually regular;. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens
usually 6, 4 longer than the others. 0mrt/l-2-celled, of 2 carpels ; ovules
parietal ; style 1 or 0. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs; leaves exstipulate,
alternate ; flowers usually small and ebracteate. (p. 22.)

7. PiESEDACE^E. Flowers irregular. Sepals and petals 4-7 each.
Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels, at length open
at the top ; ovules parietal ; stigma sessile. Seeds exalbuminous. —
Herbs ; leaves alternate, stipules glandular or 0 ; flowers small, greenish,
(p. 44.)

8. ClSTINEJB. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5. Stamens in-
definite. Ovary 1-celled, of 3 carpels ; ovules parietal ; styles 3. Seeds
albuminous. — Shrubs ; leaves usually stipulate ; flowers yellow or red,
showy ; petals fugaceous. (p. 45.)

9. VIOLACE^E. Flowers irregular. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each.
Ovary 1-celled ; ovules parietal ; style 1. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal.
Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers often
showy, (p. 47.)

11. FRANKENIACEJE. Flowers regular. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4-6
each. Ovary 1-celled, of 2-5 carpels; ovules parietal ; style 1. — A littoral
herb ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers small, (p. 51.)

*** Ovary syncarpous, \-celled ; placenta free-central or basal.

12. CARYOPHYLLE^. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4 or 5 each.
Stamens 8 or 10. Ovules many ; styles 2-5. Seeds albuminous ; embryo
curved. — Herbs ; leaves opposite, stipulate or not ; flowers usually small
and pink or white, (p. 52.)

13. PORTULACE^}. Flowers regular. Sepals 2. Petals 4 or more.
Stamens 3 or more. Ovules 2 or more ; style 1, 2-3-fid. Seeds albuminous ;
embryo curved. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire ; flowers
small, (p. 69.)

13*. TAMARISCINE^. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4-5 each.
Stamens 4 or more. Ovules^ 2 or more ; styles 3-4. — Shrubs ; leaves
minute, exstipulate ; flowers small, (p. 70.)

*** Ovary syncarpous, 2- or more-celled ; placentas axile.

10. POLYGALE^E. Flowers irregular. Inner sepals petal oid. Petals
adnate to the staminal sheath. Stamens 8 ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary
2-celled, 2-ovuled ; style 1. — Herbs ; leaves alternate or subopposite,
exstipulate ; flowers small, usually blue. (p. 50.)

14. ELATINE^E. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 3-4 each. Stamens
3-4 or twice as many, free. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5. Seeds ribbed ;
albumen scanty or 0. — Water-herbs ; leaves opposite, stipulate ; flowers
minute, (p. 71.)

xiv SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

15. HYPERICINEJE. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5 each. Sta-
mens many, united in bundles. Chary more or less completely 3-5-celled,
cells many-ovuled ; styles 3 -5. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs or shrubs;
leaves opposite, often gland-dotted, exstipulate ; flowers often showy,
yellow, (p. 71.)

16. MALVACEAE. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, valvate, persistent. Petals
5, twisted in bud, adnate to the staminal tube. Stamens monadelphous ;
anthers 1-celled. Ovary many-celled, cells 1-ovuled (in British genera).
Albumen scanty or 0 ; embryo crumpled. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves
alternate, stipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 74.)

17. TILIACE^. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, valvate, deciduous. Petals 5.
Stamens indefinite ; anthers 2-celled. 0mri/2-10-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ;
style 1. Seeds albuminous. — Trees; leaves alternate, stipulate; flowers
not showy, (p. 76.)

18. LINE^. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, convolute in
bud. Stamens usually 4-5. Ovary 3-5- (-10-) celled, cells 1-2-ovuled ;
styles 3-5. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate,
narrow, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 77. )

19. GERANIACE^E. Flowers regular or not. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5,
imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 3-5-lobed and -celled ; cells
1 -many-ovuled ; styles 1 or more. Albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons
plaited or convolute. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, usually stipu-
late ; flowers often showy, (p. 79. )

20. ILICINE^B. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, often con-
nate, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 3-5-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled.
Seeds albuminous. — Shrubs ; leaves evergreen, alternate, exstipulate ;
flowers small, (p. 85.)

21. EMPETRACE.E. Flowers regular, dioecious. Sepals 3. Petals 3,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-9-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Seeds
albuminous. — Small shrubs ; leaves evergreen, alternate, exstipulate ;
flowers inconspicuous, (p. 86. )

SUB-DIVISION II. Calyciflorae. Stamens inserted on the calyx or disk
(perigyuous or epigynous). — See also the exceptional Thalamiflorce.

Exceptions. Stamens hypogynous in 27 SAXIFRAGES (3 Pdrnassia), and in 29
DROSERACE^B ; epipetalous in some 28 CRASSULACEJE ; almost hypogynous
in some 25 LEGUMINOS^J.

* Ovary superior (except some 26 Eosacese and 27 Saxifragese). Stamens
periyynous.

22. CELA8TRINE&. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed, and petals 4-5,
both imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5-
celled, cells with 2 erect ovules. Seeds arillate ; cotyledons foliaceous. —
Trees or shrubs ; leaves various ; flowers small, (p. 87.) .

23. RHAMNE^E. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed, valvate in bud.
Petals 4-5, minute. Stamens 1 opposite each petal, inserted on the calyx-
tube at the edge of the disk. Ovary 3-celled ; ovule 1, erect in each cell.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xv

— Shrubs ; leaves alternate or opposite, stipules small ; flowers inconspi-
cuous, (p. 87.)

24. SAPINDACE^E, Tribe ACERINE^E. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-9-lobed,
and petals 4-9, both imbricate in bud. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the disk.
Ovary 2-lobed and -celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a samara ; cotyledons
plaited. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite ; flowers rather small, green.
(p. 88.)

25. LEGTJMINOSJL Flowers irregular, papilionaceous. Stamens 10,
subhypogynous or inserted on the calyx-tube, all or 9 of them combined.
Ovary of 1 carpel. Fruit a legume. Albumen 0. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves
usually alternate compound and stipulate, (p. 89.)

26. ROSACES. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5- (rarely 8-9-) lobed, im-
bricate or valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 (rarely 8-9 or 0), imbricate in bud.
Stamens usually indefinite, inserted on the calyx- tube or disk, incurved in
bud. Ovary ot 1 or more free or connate 1- or more-ovuled carpels. Fruit
various. Albumen 0. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves usually alternate, stipu-
late ; flowers often showy, (p. 113.)

27. SAXIFRAGES. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5,
rarely 0, imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Carpels fewer than the
petals, usually 2 connate ; placentas axile, rarely parietal. Fruit various.
Seeds albuminous. — Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, stipu-
late or not ; flowers small, (p. 138. )

28. CRASSULACEJE. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-1 2-lobed. Petals 4-12.
Stamens twice as many as the petals (except 1 Tillcea). Carpels follicular,
usually 5, separate. — Herbs ; leaves succulent, exstipulate ; flowers small.
(p. 145.)

29. DROSERACEJE. Flowers regular Sepals and petals 5, imbricate in
bud. Stamens as many, hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovules many, parietal. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. — Glandular
herbs ; leaves radical ; flowers small, white or pink. (p. 149.)

31. LYTHRACE^B. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 3-6, valvate in bud.
Petals 3-6, crumpled in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 2-6-celled, cells
many-ovuled. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs ; leaves
opposite or whoiied, quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers often showy,
(p. 153.)

** Ovary inferior. Stamens epigynous.

30. HALORAGES. Floivers usually a petalous and 1- sexual. Calyx-lobes
2-4, valvate in bud, or 0. Stamens 1 or more, definite. Ovary 1-4-celled,
cells 1-ovuled. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, often marsh or aquatic ; leaves
opposite alternate or whorled, exstipulate ; flowers very inconspicuous,
(p. 151.)

32. ONAGRARIE^I. Flowers usually regular. Calyx-lobes 2 or 4, valvate
n bud. Petals 2 or 4, twisted in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 1-4-
elled, cells 1-many-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous. — Herbs ; leaves oppo-
ite or alternate, exstipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 155.)

xvi SYNOPSIS OF TEE NATURAL ORDERS.

33. CUCURBITACE^:. Flowers regular, 1 -sexual. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit a
berry. Seeds exalbuniinous. — Herbs with tendrils; leaves alternate,
exstipulate ; flowers showy or not. (p. 160.)

34. UMBELLIFEE.^:. Flowers usually regular. Calyx-lobes 5 or 0.
Petals 5. Stamens 5, incurved in bud. Ovary 2-cellcd ; styles 2 ;
ovules solitary. Fruit of 2 separable indehiscent dry carpels. Seeds
albuminous. — Herbs; leaves alternate; flowers usually umbelled, small.
(p. 161.)

35. ARALIACE^E. Flowers of Umbelliferce, but shrubs or trees ; ovary
of often more than 2 carpels. Fruit of inseparable usually fleshy carpels .
— Leaves alternate ; flowers usually green, (p. 186.)

36. CORNACEJB. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 4-5 or 0. Petals 4-5.
Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; style simple. Drupe
1-2-celled. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; leaves opposite ;
flowers usually small, (p. 187.)

DIVISION II. Monopet'alse or Gamopet'alse.

Flowers with both calyx and corolla (dichlamydeous). Petals more or
less connate into a 2- or more-lobed corolla. — See also various rnonopetalous
genera under the exceptional PolypetaloB.

Exceptions. Petals free in 43 ERICACE^ (11 Pyrola and 12 Monotropa) and
45 PLUMBAGINE^E. Corolla absent in 47 OLEACEJS (2 Fraadnus), and 46

PltlMTJLACEJG (4 Glaux).

1. Ovary inferior. — See also 46 PRIMTTLACE^E (8 Samolus).
* Stamens epipetalous ; see also 42 CAMPANULACE^: (1 Lobelia).

37. CAPRIFOLIACE^S. Flowers regular or not. Corolla-lobes valvate
or imbricate in bud. Ovary 1-5-celled, cells 1- or more-ovuled. Seeds
albuminous. — Shrubs, rarely herbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers
usually showy, (p. 188.)

38. RUBIACE^, Tribe STELLATE. Flowers regular. Corolla-lobes
valvate in bud. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Seeds albuminous. —
Herbs ; leaves whorled or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers small or minute,
(p. 191.)

39. YALERIANE^E. Flowers irregular. Corolla-lobes imbricate. Stamens
1-3 or 5, free. Ovary 1 -3-celled, one cell 1-ovuled ; ovule pendulous.
Seeds exalbuniinous. — Herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers small, (p. 196.)

40. DIPSACE.E. Flowers regular or not, in involucrate heads. Corolla-
lobes imbricate. Stamens 4. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. Seeds
albuminous.— Herbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers small, (p. 198.)

41. COMPOSITE. Flowers in involucrate heads. Corolla-lobes valvate.
Stamens 4-5 ; anthers usually connate. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule 1, erect.
Seeds exalbuniinous. — Herbs, rarely shrubs ; leaves various, exstipulate ;
flowers small or minute, (p. 200).

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, xvii

** Stamens inserted on the top of the ovary.

42. CAMPANULACE^E Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens 5, separate
or connate. Ovary 2-8-celled, cells many-ovuled. — Herbs ; juice milky ;
leaves alternate, exstipulate ; flowers usually showy, (p. 243.)

43. ERICACEAE, Suborder VACCINIE^J. Flowers regular. Stamens 8
or 10. Ovary 4-5-celled.— Small shrubs ; leaves alternate, exstipulate.
(p. 249.)

2. Ovary superior. Stamens epipetalous (hypogynous in 43 ERICACEAE,
47 OLEINE.E (2 Fraxinus), 54 PLANTAGINE^ (2 Littorella), and 45

* Corolla regular. Stamens 8 or 10, rarely 5 or 6 ; anthers usually opening
by pores. Ovary 4-6-celled.

43. ERICACEAE, Suborder ERICE^B. Leafy shrubs or trees, rarely herbs,
(p. 248.)

44. MOWOTBOPEJB. Leafless parasitic herbs, (p. 257.)

** Corolla regular. Stamens 4-5, opposite the corolla-lobes. Ovary I-celled ;
placenta central.

45. PLTTMBAGINE.E. Styles or style-arms 5. Utricle 1 -seeded. — Mari-
time, rarely alpine, scapigerous herbs ; flowers small, (p. 257.)

46. PRIMIJLACE^E. Style 1. Stigma capitate. Capsule 5-10-valved or
circumsciss, many-seeded. — Herbs; flowers often showy, (p. 260.)

*** Corolla regular. Stamens 2, 4, or 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite (except Menj'anthes).

47. OLEACEJS. Calyx 4-fid or 0. Corolla 4-lobed or 0. Stamens 2.
Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-3-ovuled. Fruit a drupe or samara. — Trees or
shrubs; leaves opposite, exstipulate. (p. 267.)

48. APOCYNACE^J. Calyx 4-5 fid. Corolla 4-5-lobed, twisted in bud.
Stamens 4-5 ; anthers basifixed. Carpels 2, free below. Fruit of 2
follicles. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite, quite entire ; flowers often showy,
(p. 268.)

49. GENTIANE^. Calyx 4-8-fid. Corolla 4-8-lobed, twisted in bud.
Stamens 4-8 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules many, parietal.
Fruit usually capsular. — Herbs ; leaves opposite, quite entire (alternate,
3-foliolate in Menyanthes) ; flowers often showy, (p. 269.)

•**-* Corolla regular or subregular. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the corolla-
lobes. Ovary 2-4:-celled. Leaves alternate or radical.

50. POLEMONIACE^B. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed, twisted in bud.
Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-fid. Fruit capsular. — Herbs ; leaves
pinnate, exstipulate; flowers showy, (p. 274.)

51. BORAGINE^;. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla 5-lobed, im-
bricate in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled 2-ovuled carpels.

i riii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Fruit of 4 nutlets. — Hispid or scabrid herbs ; leaves alternate, quite entire,
exstipulate ; flowers often showy, (p. 275. )

52. CONVOLVITLACE.E. Sepals 5. Corolla 5-lobed, plaited and twisted
in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; stigmas 2-fid or styles
2. — Herbs ; leaves alternate, simple (0 in Cuscuta) ; flowers often showy,
(p. 283.)

53. SOLANACE^B. Calyx 5-fid. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate, plaited or
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, often cohering. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules
many, axile. Fruit a capsule or berry. — Herbs ; leaves alternate or in
pairs, exstipulate; flowers small or large, (p. 286.)

54. PLANTAGINE.E. Sepals 4. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, imbricate in
bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers pendulous. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style and stigma
filiform. Capsule 1-4-celled. — Herbs ; leaves alternate or radical ; flowers
inconspicuous. (Littorella is altogether anomalous. ) (p. 288.)

*****

Corolla irregular, rarely subregular. Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5. Ovary
1-2-celled, cells many ovuled. Leaves opposite or alternate. (See also 53
Solanacese.)

55. SCROPHULARINE^. Calyx 4-5-merous. Corolla often 2-lipped,
4-5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 2 or 5. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules
many, axile. — Herbs ; leaves various ; flowers often showy, (p. 290.)

56. OKOBANCHACE^E. Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate. Corolla gaping.
Sfamem 4, didynamous. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules many, parietal. — Herbs,
with alternate scales instead of leaves ; flowers rather large, brown or
coloured, (p. 308.)

57. LENTIBULARINEJS. Calyx 2-5-partite. Corolla 2-labiate. Stamens
2. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Marsh or water-plants ; flowers
rather large for the plant, (p. 310.)

****** Qoroiia iTTegular. Stamens 2 or 4. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled.
— Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate.

58. VERBENACE^I. Calyx cleft or toothed. Corolla tubular, often
2-lipped. Stamens 4. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit
a drupe, berry, or of 1-4 nutlets. — Flowers small or showy, (p. 313.)

59. LABIATE. Calyx 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Corolla usually 2-lipped.
Stamens 2 or 4, didynamous. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled 2-ovuled carpels.
Fruit of 1-4 1- seeded nutlets. — Flowers in opposite cymes forming false
whorls, (p. 313.)

DIVISION III. Incomplete.
(Monochlamydese and Achlamydese.)

Corolla and often calyx absent. — (Petals present in some 60 Illcce'braccce.
For- various apetalous genera see Exceptions to the Polypetalce and Mono-
petaloe.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xix

* Flowers not in catkins. Perianth single, inferior (0 in Euphorbia).

60. ILLECEBRACE.E. Flowers 2-sexual. Calyx herbaceous or coriaceous,
persistent round the fruit. Stamens perigynous, opposite the sepals.
Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-3 ; ovules 1-2. Utricle 1-seeded. Albumen
floury, embryo various. — Herbs ; leaves opposite, stipulate (except Scler-
anthus) ; flowers minute, (p. 333. )

61. CHENOPODIACE^. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Calyx 3-5 -lobed, herbaceous,
persistent round the fruit. Stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals. Ovary
1-celled ; ovule amphitropous. Utricle 1-seeded, indehiscent. Albumen
floury or fleshy ; embryo annular or spiral. — Herbs ; leaves opposite or
alternate, exstipulate, or stems leafless and jointed ; flowers green, incon-
spicuous, (p. 335.)

62. POLYGONACE^B. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Sepals 3-6, green or
coloured. Stamens 5-8, perigynous or hypogynous. Fruit usually
enclosed in the sepals. Ovules erect, orthotropous. Albumen floury ;
embryo curved. — Herbs; leaves alternate; stipules sheathing; flowers
small, (p. 343.)

64. THYMEL^ACE^:. Flowers 2-sexual. Calyx tubular ; lobes 4-5.
Stamens definite, inserted in the tube. Ovules pendulous, anatropous.
Albumen 0 or scanty ; embryo straight. — Shrubs ; leaves quite entire,
exstipulate ; bark tenacious ; flowers conspicuous, sweet-scented, (p.
353.)

65. EL^AGNACE.E. Calyx, in male fl. 3-4-sepalous ; in female or 2-
sexual fl. tubular. Stamens 4-8 at the base of the sepals in the male fl.
Ovule erect, anatropous. Albumen 0 or scanty ; embryo straight. —
Shrubs with silvery scales ; leaves quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers in-
conspicuous, (p. 354.)

68. EUPHORBIACE^]. Flowers 1-sexual. Calyx 0 or sepals 2 or more.
Male : Stamens 1 or more ; anthers didymous. Female Ovary
2- 3 -lobed and -celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, anatropons ;
styles 2-3. Albumen copious, fleshy. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves various ;
inflorescence often of many stamens and 1 pistil collected in a small calyx-
like involucre, (p. 356.)

69. URTICACE^E. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth of male 3-8-lobed or
-partite ; of female tubular, or 3-5 -cleft, or a scale. Stamens opposite the
perianth-lobes. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 1-2 or 0 ; ovule solitary, pendu-
lous and anatropous, or erect and orthotropous. Albumen fleshy or 0. —
Herbs or shrubs ; leaves various, stipulate ; flowers minute, green,
(p. 361.)

73. CERATOPHYLLE^E. Flowers 1-sexual. Perianth 8-12-partite, seg-
ments subulate. — Male, of many anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; style subulate,
persistent ; ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous. Albumen 0. — A sub-
merged herb, with whorled multifid leaves ; flowers very inconspicuous,
(p. 378.)

** Flowers not in catkins. Perianth single, superior.

66. LORAKTHACE^B. Calyx 4-cleft, valvate in bud. Stamens one

xx SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

adnate to each calyx-lobe. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule I, adnate to the ovary.
Seed erect, radicle superior ; albumen fleshy. — Parasitic shrubs ; leaves
quite entire, exstipulate ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 354.)

67. SANTALACE.E. Calyx 3-5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens one ad-
nate to each calyx-lobe. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules several, pendulous from
a free central placenta. Albumen fleshy ; radicle superior. — Shrubs or
herbs, often root-parasites ; leaves usually alternate, quite entire, exstipu-
late ; flowers inconspicuous, (p. 355.)

63. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. Calyx 3-lobed, or 1-2-lipped, valvate in bud.
Stamens 6-12, epigynous or gynandrous. Ovary 4-6-celled ; ovules many.
Albumen fleshy ; embryo minute. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate,
exstipulate. (p. 351.)

*** Floivers 1-sexual ; males in catkins, females in spikes or catkins.
Perianth present or absent.

70. MYRICACE.E. Flowers of both sexes in the axils of imbricating bracts ;
perianth 0. — Male of 2-16 stamens ; anthers basifixed, bursting outwards.
— Female : Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2, filiform ; ovule 1, basal, orthotro-
pous. Fruit a drupe. Albumen 0. — A glandular shrub ; leaves alternate,
exstipulate ; flowers very inconspicuous, (p. 364.)

71. CUTULIFEILE. Flowers mono-dioecious. Males<in catkins. Sepals
0 or 5 or more. Stamens 5-20. — Females, sessile in an involucre of free or
connate bracts. Calyx superior, 5-6-toothed or 0. Ovary 2- 3-celled ;
styles 2-3 ; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, dry, indehiscent.
Albumen 0. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers small,
green, (p. 364.)

72. SALICINE.E. Flowers dioecious, without perianth, both sexes in
catkins. — Male : Stamens 1 or more. — Female : Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas
2; ovules many, parietal, anatropous. Capsule 2-valved. Albumen 0. —
Trees, leaves alternate, stipulate, (p. 369.)

SUB-CLASS II. Gymnospermous Dicotyledons. Perianth usually
0. Ovules not contained in close carpels, fertilized by the direct applica-
tion of the pollen. Embryo with often whorled cotyledons.

74. CONIFERS. Perianth 0. Male flowers of 2-S-celled anthers,
usually forming a deciduous catkin. Female fl. of one or more naked
ovules (ovaries of some) on the scales of a cone or head, or of a solitary
ovule (Taxus). Albumen fleshy; embryo straight, — Trees or shrubs;
leaves alternate opposite or fascicled ; flowers very inconspicuous,
(p. 379.)

CLASS II. Monocotyledonous or Endogenous plants. Stem with
the wood forming longitudinal bundles irregularly disposed in the stem,
not in concentric layers, and having no defined central pith. Leaves with
usually parallel veins. Flowers with the organs mostly in threes or fours,
never in fives. Embryo with a single cotyledon ; first formed leaves alter-
nate ; radicle not branching, but throwing out adventitious roots.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xxi

Exceptions. Leaves net- veined in 79 DIOSCOBE^;, 80 LIUACE^E (1 Paris'), and
84 AROIDBJE (1 Arum). Flowers 4-merous in 86NAiADACE2E,and2-3-merous
in 89 GRAMINEJE.

1. MICROSPERMEJS. Perianth 2-seriate, coloured. Ovary inferior, syn-
carpous, 1- rarely 3-6-celled, placentas 3 parietal. Seeds minute, exalbu-
minous.

75. HYDROCHARIDE^. Flowers regular, 1-sexual. Perianth 6-partite,
outer segments herbaceous, inner petaloid (except in Elodea). Stamens
3 or more. Ovary 1- or 3-6-celled. Fruit a berry. — Water plants ; leaves
erect or floating, flowers usually conspicuous, (p. 381.)

76. ORCHIDE.E. Flowers irregular, 2-sexual. Stamens 1 or 2, adnate
to the style. Ovary 1- celled. Fruit capsular. — Herbs of various habit,
(p. 383.)

2. EPIGYNE.E. Perianth 2-seriate, coloured (except Dioscoreae). Ovary
inferior, syncarpous, 3-celled. Seeds large, albuminous.

77. TRIBES. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth 6-partite, petaloid. Stamens

3. separate ; anthers bursting outwards. Ovary 3 -culled. Capsule 3-
valved. — Herbs ; roots tuberous, or irootstock creeping ;* leaves narrow ;
flowers usually handsome, (p. 395.)

78. AMARYLLIDE^E. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth 6-partite, petaloid.
Stamens 6, separate ; anthers bursting inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule
3-valved. — Herbs; leaves narrow ; flowers usually handsome, (p. 398.)

79. DIOSCOREJE. Flowers 1-sexual. Perianth small, 6-partite, herba-
ceous. Stamens 6 ; anthers bursting inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Berry
few-seeded.— Climbing herbs ; leaves broad, with netted veins ; flowers
inconspicuous, (p. 400.)

3. CoRONARiEvE. Perianth 2-seriate, usually coloured. Ovary superior,
syncarpous. Seeds albuminous.

80. LILIACE,E. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth usually 6-cleft or
of 6 segments, petaloid. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-segments.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit various. — Herbs (except Ruscus) of various habit ;
flowers usually showy, (p. 401.)

81. JuNCEjE. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth of 6 green or brown seg-
ments. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1-3-celled with 3 basilar, or many
parietal or axile ovules. Capsule 3-valved. — Rushy herbs ; leaves very
narrow; flowers brown, small, (p. 413.)

82. ERIOCAULONE.E. Flowers monoacious, in involucrate heads. Pe-
rianth membranous or scarious ; outer of 2-3 sepals ; inner 3-lobed
or of 3 scales. Stamens 2-3 on the inner perianth-segments. Ovary
2-3-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous in each cell. Capsule 2-3-valved. — Usually
seapigerous, cellular, marsh or water herbs ; flowers small, dull-coloured,
(p. 420.)

xxii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

4. NUDIFLORJE. Perianth 0, or rudimentary. Ovary superior, syncarpous,
or monocarpellary.

83. TYPHACE^S. Flowers monoacious, in catkins or heads. Perianth 0,
or of scales or hairs. Stamens many; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-2-
celled ; style persistent ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a drupe or utricle. —
Erect marsh or water plants ; leaves linear ; flowers small or minute, in
conspicuous spiked heads, (p. 421.)

84. AROIDEJE. Flowers sessile on a spadix, enclosed in a spathe when
young, 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or of scale-like sepals. Stamens few or
many. Ovary 1- or more- celled. Berry few- or many-seeded. Albumen
mealy. — Herbs ; leaves various, often broad, net-veined ; flowers with
often conspicuous spathes or spadixes. (p. 423.)

85. LEMNACE^J. Minute floating cellular green fronds. Flowers em-
bedded in slits or cavities of the frond, most minute, 1-3 in a spathe.
Stamens 1-2. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-7-ovuled. — Fronds covering ponds ;
flowers very rare and inconspicuous, (p. 424. )

5. APOCARPE.E. Perianth coloured and 2-seriate, or green 1-seriate, or
imperfect, or 0. Ovary superior, apocarpous or monocarpellary. Seeds
exalbuminous, cotyledonary end usually contracted hooked or coiled,
rarely straight.

86. ALISMACE^E. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth 6-partite, inner
segments or all petaloid. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels many. Fruit of
many achenes ; albumen 0 ; radicle very large. — Marsh or water herbs ;
flowers usually conspicuous, (p. 426.)

87. NAI ADAGES. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth of 4 valvate sepals,
or imperfect, or 0. Stamens as many as the sepals, or fewer. Carpels 1-4,
1-ovuled. Albumen 0 ; radicle very large. — Marsh or water plants ;
flowers inconspicuous, green, (p. 428.)

6. GLTJMACE^. Perianth 0, or of bristles or very minute scales.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; styles or stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous,
embryo small. Flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of imbricating
bracts (glumes).

88. CYPERACE^. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0 or of bristles, rarely
of scales. Stamens 1-3 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1,
stigmas 2-3 papillose ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous.
Embryo at the base of the albumen. — Stem usually solid, 3-gonous ; leaves
often grass-like, but with entire sheaths, (p. 439.)

89. GRAMINE.E. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth usually of 2 very
minute scales. Stamens usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled,
stigmas 1-2, hairy or feathery. Fruit terete, or grooved on one side.
Embryo on one side of the base of the albumen. — Stem cylindrical, usually
hollow, except at the joints ; leaves with sheaths split to the base.
(p. 466.)

S YNOPSIS OF THE NA TURAL . ORDERS. xxiii

SlJB-KlXGDOM II. Cryptogams, or Acotyledons, or Flowerless

plants. Plants not provided with stamens and ovules as in Phsenogams.
Seeds represented by minute spores which contain no embryo.

» CLASS I. Aero gens. Plants with a distinct stem.

SUB-CLASS Vasculares. Stem with vascular tissue. Spores con-
tained in a spore case (sporangium), and developing a prothallus in
germination.

* Spores of one kind.

90. FILICES. Sporangia usually very minute, situated on the margin or
under surface of the leaf (frond) } rarely larger, in separate spikes or
panicles. — Fronds usually circinate in vernation, (p. 507.)

91. EQUISETACE^E. Sporangia 2-valved, on the under side of peltate
scales that are arranged in terminal cones. Spores with 4 filiform clubbed
appendages rolled round them. — Stems erect from a creeping rootstock,
cylindric, hollow, grooved, septate, simple or with whoiied branches and
with toothed sheaths at the joints, (p. 521.)

92. LYCOPODIACE,E. Sporangia not very minute, situated in the axils
of the leaves, or of the scales of a cone. — Fronds usually circinate in
vernation, (p. 523.)

* Spores of two kinds.

93. SELAGINELLACE^B. Sporangia not very minute, situated in the axils
of the scales of a cone or at the bases of subulate leaves. Spores of 2
kinds ; the larger developing a prothallus within its coat ; the smaller
containing antherozoids. Decumbent or prostrate plants with small
imbricating leaves of 2 forms ; or stemless water plants with subulate
leaves, (p. 525.)

94. MARSILEACEJE. Sporangia (membranous sacs) very minute, enclosed
in the cells of a globose receptacle near the base of the frond. Spores of
2 kinds ; the larger developing a prothallus ; the smaller containing
antherozoids. — Marsh or water plants, rarer on dry soils, (p. 526.)

tart's Jfkra 0f % $ritis{[ f

CLASS I. DICOTYLE'DONES.

SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPER'IkLE.

ORDER I. RANUNCULA'CE^E.

HERBS rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate, opposite in Clematis ;
stipules 0, or adriate to the petiole. Flowers regular or irregular, 1-2-
sexual. Sepals 5 or more, rarely 2-4, deciduous, often petaloid, usually
imbricate in bud. Petals 0, or 5 or more, rarely 3, imbricate in bud, often
minute or deformed. Stamens many, hypogynous ; anthers basifixed,
dehiscence subdorsal. Disk 0. Carpels many, rarely 1, usually free,
1 -celled ; stigma simple ; ovules 1 or more on the ventral suture, anatro-
pous, erect with a ventral or pendulous with a dorsal raphe. Fruit of
1 -seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles. Seed small, albumen copious ;
embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Abundant in temp, and cold regions ; genera
30; species 503. — AFFINITIES. With Berberidece and Papaveracece ; analo-
gies with Alismacece and Rosacece. — PROPERTIES. Usually acrid. — EXCEP-
TIONAL FORMS (British). Stem woody in Clematis ; flowers polygamous
in Thalietrum ; sepals persistent, carpels connate in Helleborus ; stamens
few in Myosurus ; follicle sometimes solitary in Delphinium ; berry
solitary, and stigma dilated in Actcea.

TRIBE I. CIiEMATI'DEJE, Sepals valvate. Shrubs with opposite leaves .

1. Clematis

TRIBE II. ANEMO'NE-ffi. Sepals imbricate. Achenes with 1 pendulous
seed.

Involucre 0. Sepals 4-5, petaloid. Petals 0 2. Thalietrum.

Involucre of 3 leaves. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals 0 3. Anemone.

Involucre 0. Sepals 5-8, petaloid. Petals 5-16, conspicuous 3* Adonic.

Involucre 0. Sepals 5, spurred. Petals small, tubular 4. Myosurus.

TRIBE III. RANUN'CUIiEJE. Sepals imbricate. Achenes with 1 ascend-
ing seed , 5. Ranunculus.

TRIBE IV. HEL.L.EBO RE-ffi. Sepals imbricate. Follicles many-seeded,
except in Actcea.

2 RANUNCULACE^S. [CLEMATIS.

* Flowers regular. Follicles many-seeded,

Sepals petaloid. Petals 0 \ 6. Caltha.

Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, entire 7. Trollius.

Sepals herbaceous, persistent. Petals small, 2-lipped 8. Helleborus.

Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 2-lipped 8*. Eranthis.

Sepals 5-6, petaloid. Petals large, spurred 9. Aquilegia.

** Flowers irregular. Follicles many-seeded.

Sepals many, the dorsal spurred 9*. Delphinium.

Sepals many, the dorsal arched and hooded 10. Aconitum.

*** Flowers nearly regular. Fruit a berry 11. Actaja.

1. CliE'MATIS, L. TRAVELLER'S JOY.

Usually climbing under-shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually compound,
exstipulate ; petiole often twining. Inflorescence axillary or terminal ;
flowers proterandrous, honeyless. Sepals usually 4, petaloid, imbricate or
valvate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous.
Flfait a head of sessile or stalked achenes, with long bearded styles. —
DISTRIB. All temp, climates, rarer in the tropics ; species 100. — ETYM.
K\r)fiarls9 the Greek name for this or a plant of similar habit.

C. Vital'ba, L. ; leaflets 3-5 remote. Old Man's Beard.
Hedges and thickets, from Stafford and Denbigh southd. ; most common on
chalky soil ; not a native of Scotland or (?) Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — A
climbing under-shrub. Leaflets 2-3 in., ovate-cordate, entire toothed or
lobed ; petiole persistent when twining. Flowers 1 in. diam., odorous,
greenish-white. Sepals 4, pubescent. Achenes hairy; awns 1 in,, feathery.
— DISTRIB. Europe, from Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. THALIC'TRUM, L. MEADOW-RUE.

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves compound, stipulate. Flowers panicled
or racemed, often polygamous, honeyless, proterogynous, anemophilous.
Sepals 4-5, petaloid, imbricate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens many. Car-
pels few or many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a small head of sessile or
stalked achenes ; style persistent or deciduous. — DISTRIB. Temp, and
colder regions of the N. hemisphere ; species 50. — ETYM. Probably the
Thalictrum of Pliny.

1. T, alpi'num, L. ; raceme simple, flowers few drooping, anthers
linear apiculate.

Alpine and sub-alpine bogs from Shetland to York and Carnarvon ; rare in
Ireland ; ascends to 4,000 ft. ; fl. July-Aug.— Stem 4-10 in., wiry, simple,
often stoloniferous. Leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets £ to J in., suborbicular,
glaucous beneath, obtusely lobulate. Raceme drooping, then erect ; pedicels
recurved in fruit. Sepals 4, purplish. Stamens 8-20, pendulous. Achenes
2-3. stipitate, curved, ribbed.— DISTRIB. N. and Arctic Europe, N. and W.
Asia to Himalaya, N. America.

2. T. mi'nus, L. ; stem more or less striate, panicle lax, flowers
drooping, anthers apiculate, fruit erect.

THALICTRUM.] tiANUNCULACEAl. 3

Dry places from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 1,800ft. in the Lake District ;
Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem f-4 ft., stout, rigid, often zigzag, striate
throughout or towards the nodes only, usually furrowed when dry. Leaves
triangular, 3-4-pinnate ; leaflets variable, £-1 in., acutely -or obtusely lobed,
sometimes stipellate ; stipules adnate to the petiole, auricles spreading or
reflexed. Sepals 4, yellow-green. Achenes 3-5, sessile, elliptic-oblong,
straight or gibbous. S-10-ribbed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland.

T. MI'NUS proper ; often glaucous and glandular ; stem 6-18 in., usually naked
at the base. — YAR. dunense, Dumort. (maritimum, Ed. 2) ; branches of broad
panicle spreading. Sandy coasts, Orkney to Norfolk and S. Wales. — VAR.
T. monta'num, Wallr. (calca'reum, Jord.} ; branches of deltoid panicle
erecto-patent. Dry hills, Argyll to Somerset. — The Cambridge var. saxa'tile,
Bab. of ma! jus seems rather referable here.

Sub-sp. MA'JUS, Sm. (not Jacq.) ; stem 2-4 ft., more leafy below, leaflets usually
much larger. From Perth southd. ; most common in the north, in copses,
&c. ; Ireland. The vars. T. Ko'chii, Fries, with spreading stipules and
ovoid achenes, and T. flexuo'sum, Eeichb. (? of Bernhardi), with reflexed
stipules and larger gibbous achenes, are with difficulty distinguishable.

3. T. fla'vum, L. ; stem furrowed, panicle compound, flowers erect
crowded, anthers not apiculate.
Wet places, from Fife and Argyll southd., rare in Scotland; local in

Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Eootstock yellow, creeping, stoloniferous. Stem

2-4 ft., stout. Leaves 3-nately 2-3-pinnate; leaflets 1-1J in., 3-lobed.

Panicle sub-corymbose or pyramidal ; flowers pale yellow, often umbelled.

Sepals small. Anthers bright yellow. Achenes 6-10, small, dark, 8-ribbed.

— DISTRIB, Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.
YAR. sphcerocar'pum, Lej. ; panicle usually contracted, achenes broadly oblong.

— YAR. ripa'rium, Jord. ; panicle usually lax, achenes oblong. — YAR. T.

Moriso'nii, Gmel. ; panicle usually interrupted, fascicles of flowers small,

achenes narrow oblong.

3. ANEMO'NE, L.

Perennial very acrid herbs. Leaves radical, lobed or divided. Flowers
on 1- or more-fld. scapes, rarely yellow ; invol. leaves 3-partite. Sepals
4-20, petaloid, imbricate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens many, outer some-
times imperfect or petaloid. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a
head of sessile achenes, with naked or bearded styles. — DISTRIB. Cold
and temp, regions ; species 70. — ETYM. £j/e/*os, the wind, of obscure
application.

1. A. Pulsatil'la, L. ; sepals 6 erect silky, outer stamens reduced to
glands, achenes with long feathery styles. Pasque-flower.
Chalk downs and limestone pastures ; York to Norfolk, Essex, and Gloucester ;
fl. May- June. — Silky, 4-10 in. Rootstock stout, woody. Leaves maturing
after flowering, 3-pinnatifid, segments linear ; involucral sessile, divided to
the base into long linear segments. Flower 1^ in., solitary, proterandrous,
inclined in bud, dull purple ; peduncle lengthening after flowering. Im-
perfect stamens honeyed. Styles of silky achenes 1§ in.— DISTRIB. Europe
N. Asia to Dahuria.

B2

4 RANUNCULACEJE. [ANEMONE.

2. A. nemoro'sa, L. ; sepals 6 (rarely 5-9) oblong glabrous spreading,

stamens all perfect, achenes with short straight styles. Wood Anemone.

Woods and copses fron Sutherland southd. ; ascends to - 2,800 ft. in the

Highlands; Ireland; fl. April-May. — Nearly glabrous, slender. Eootstock

horizontal, woody. Scape 4-8 in. Leaves few, usually remote from the

scape, petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets narrow, subsessile, cut lobed or

§innatifid; involucral like the radical, petioled. Flower solitary, 1-1| in.
iarn., homogainoiis, honeyleFS. Sepals oblong, white, rarely purple.
Achenes downy, as long as the style. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), "W. Siberia,
N. America.

3*. ADO'NIS, L. PHEASANT'S-EYE.

Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves much divided. Sepals 5-8, peta-
loid, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-16, yellow or red, eglandular. Carpels
many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a spike or head of many achenes ;
style short, persistent. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe and Asia ; species 3-4.
— ETYM. classical.

A. AUTUMNA'LIS, X. ; annual, flowers globose, petals broad concave.
Naturalized in Suffolk, and S. counties, sporadic elsewhere, and in Scotland
and Ireland; (alien or colonist, Wats.)-, fl. May-Sept. — Stem 8-10 in.,
erect, branched, very leafy. Leaves decompound ; segments small, linear.
Sepals greenish. Petals scarlet, with a dark basal spot, suberect, rather
longer than the sepals. Head of reticulated achenes sometimes elongate. —
DISTEIB. Europe, "W". Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America.

A. MYOSU'RUS, L. MOUSE-TAIL.

Small annual herbs. Leaves narrow, all radical. Scapes 1-fld. Sepals
5, rarely 6-7, with a small basal spur. Petals 5, rarely 6-7, or 0, small,
narrow, tubular. Stamens few. Carpels many ; ovule 1, pendulous.
Fruit a long spike of densely packed achenes ; style short, persistent. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, S. America, Australasia ; species 2. — ETYM.
IJLVS and ovpd., mouse-tail.

M. min'imus, L. ; spike slender, style very short.

Cornfields, &c., from Northumberland to Kent and Devon ; Channel Islands ;
fl. April-June.— Glabrous, 2-6 in. Leaves erect, many, linear, rather fleshy.
Scapes many, slender. Flowers minute, yellow-green, proterandrous.. Sepals
5, narrow-oblong ; spur appressed to the scape. P.etals 5 ; limb short,
ligulate. Spike of achenes 1-3 in. ; receptacle filiform ; achenes attached
ventrally, minute, keeled, back mucronate.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia,
N. Africa ; introd. in America, &c.

5. RANUN'CUIiUS, L. BUTTERCUP, OROWFOOT.

Annual or perennial usually acrid herbs. Leaves entire lobed or com-
pound ; stipules membranous or 0. Flowers usually panicled, white or
yellow (the British species). Sepals 3-5, caducous. Petals usually 5, rarely
0, glandular near or above the base. Stamens many. Carpels many ; style
short ; ovule 1, ascending. Fruit a head or spike of apiculate or beaked

RANUNCULI: s.] RANUNCULACE^E. 5

achenes. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species about 160. — ETYM. ranay
a frog.

SECTION 1. Batra'chium. Water- or marsh-plants. Leaves often sub-
merged and multifid ; stipules membranous. Peduncles usually leaf-
opposed, 1-fld. Flowers proterandrous. Petals white ; gland naked,
yellow, basal. Achenes transversely wrinkled.

The following is an attempt to group naturally the British BatrachianTfa wimcwfo',
after a protracted study of the large collection at Kew (Herb. Kew, H. C.
Watson, Borrer, Bot. Exch. Club, G. Nicholson, &c.). The result accords
in a measure with the early views of H. C. Watson (Suppl. to Cybele, 1860 ;
and Companion to ditto, 1868). Opinions vary as to whether the 8 forms
or even segregates of them should be ranked as one or more species, sub-
species, or varieties ; I regard them as approximately equivalent to the
species I have retained under Rubus, Rosa, &c. Of the characters attributed
to these and their subordinate forms by critical authors, I find some variable,
others valueless, and still others deceptive ; such especially as concern the
tapering,' &c., of the peduncle, the comparative length of stamens and petals,
number of stamens, and especially the forms of the receptacle, achenes, and
stigma.

* Aquatic. Floating leaves usually present; submerged numerous, multifid.
Petals 5-9-nerved. Receptacle hispid.

1. R. heterophyl'lus, Fries ; segments of submerged leaves spreading in
all directions, peduncles hardly exceeding the leaves, flowers ^-1 in.
diam., petals broadly obovate, stamens numerous. JR. aqua'tilis, Sm.

Streams and ponds from Orkney southd., ascending to 1,050 ft. in Scot-
land; Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. May-June. — Floating leaves (rarely 0),
|-1| in. diam., from orbicular to reniform, 3-5-lobed or -partite or 3-foliolate ;
basal sinus broad or narrow, segments broadly cuneate, toothed, lobulate, or
laciniate ; stipules broad, rounded. Petals much longer than the sepals.
Stamens longer than the pistil. Achenes glabrous or hairy or hispid ; stigma
short, obtuse. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. America, N. Asia. — R. hetero-
phyl'lus proper; segments of submerged leaves collapsing into a tassel
when removed from the water, flowers about § in. diam., achenes usually
glabrous. — R.pelta'tus, Fries (R. foribun'dus, Bab., R. trunc'atus, Dumort.),
has segments of submerged leaves more rigid, flowers |-1 in. diam., petals
broader, achenes usually hairy or hispid. — R.jissifo'lius, Schrank, is a form
with laciniate leaf-lobes (Loch Maben, &c.). — R. penicilla'tus, Dumort. (R.
pseudo-Jluitans, Bab.), is a remarkable form with the habit, long robust
stem and long leaves and peduncles, and large flowers of Jluitans, but the
hirsute receptacle of heterophyl'lus ; it forms the passage between the two.
From Derby and Warwick, to Wilts and Surrey ; Ireland. — R. triphyl'los,
Wallr., from Guernsey, an imperfectly known plant, may be a form of
heterophyl'lus.

2. Rf mari'nus, Fries ; segments of shortly petioled submerged leaves
spreading all round, peduncles much longer than the leaves, flowers £-f
in. diam., petals narrowly obovate, stamens few or many. It. c

var. Symei, Hook, and Arn.

6 RANUNCULACE^. [RANUNCULUS.

Brackish waters near the sea, from Caithness southd. ; Ireland ; fl. June-
Sept. — Floating leaves reniform or broader than long, basal sinus broad,
3-lobed or -partite, segments sessile or petiolulate, cuneate, crenate or lobed ;
submerged not collapsing when removed from the water ; stipules broad,
rounded. Petals not touching, much longer than the sepals. Stamens
shorter or longer than the pistil. A chenes very many, small, glabrous or
hairy ; stigma usually hooked. — BISTRIB. W. Europe.

The R. mari'nus proper (i.e. of Fries) has no floating leaves (like R.
salsugino'sus, Hiern), and few stamens. — R. confu'sus, Godr., is characterized
by its more slender tapering peduncles, stamens many exceeding the
pistil, ovoid-conic receptacles and |-ovate compressed achenes narrowed
upwards, and R. Bauddtii, Godr., as having stout pedicels, stamens many
not exceeding the pistil, long conic receptacles and ^-obovate achenes with
inflated tops: — characters which I cannot verify as constant in either case.

** Aquatic. Floating leaves rarely present ; submerged numerous , multifid.
Petals 5-9-nerved. Receptacles glabrous or hairy.

3. R. flu'itans, LainTc. ; stems long robust, submerged leaves with few
long narrow rigid tassel-like segments, peduncles much longer than the
leaves, flowers J-l in, diam., petals broadly obovate, receptacle
glabrous, achenes . few large turgid. R. peucedanifo'lius, Schrank.
Rivers and running streams from the Clyde southd.; Ireland; fl. June-

Aug. — Stem several feet long and usually stout. Leaves 3-9-in. long, long
petioled, black, forming flaccid or rather rigid tassels ; floating leaves very
rare, 3-lobed or -partite or -foliolate, segments sometimes petiolulate ;
stipules broad, rounded. Peduncles very long and robust. Petals often
more than 5, and 2-seriate. Stamens many, short or long. Achenes com-
pressed, glabrous ; stigma short, thick. — DISTRIB. Europe. — R. Ba'chii,
Wirtg., is a small form, more slender, with subsessile more divided leaves
and narrower petals.

4. R. trichophyllus, Chaix ; submerged leaves usually subsessile,
black and rigid, not collapsing when removed from the water, peduncles
stout, shorter than the leaves, flowers ^-J in. diam., petals small
narrow distant, receptacle glabrous, achenes few. R. pantothrix, Brot.

Water-fennel.

Still waters from Orkney southd.; Ireland; fl. May-June. — Floating
leaves, if present, 3-lobed, -partite, or sometimes 3-foliolate, submerged ;
2-3-chotomously multifid; stipules large, rounded. Peduncles about
equalling the leaves, or shorter, not tapering. Stamens few, longer than the
pistil. A chenes glabrous or hairy ; stigma short, thick. — DISTRIB. Europe,
W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. — R. Droue'tii, F. Schultz, has paler,
more flaccid submerged leaves, the mid segment of the floating ones when
present often deflexed.— R. radians, Rev., and R. Godronii^nen.^ and R. diver-
sifolius, H. Wats., are forms with floating leaves. — VAR. confervoides is a
depauperated northern form from Rescobie Loch in Forfarshire, which is
the original R. aquatilis of Linnseus's Flora Lapponica. It is probably not
rare in the north.

5. R. circina'tus, S-ibth. ; floating leaves 0, submerged small sessile
orbicular, segments in one plane rigid, peduncles much longer than the

RANUNCULUS.] RANUNCULACE^. 7

leaves, flowers f in. diam., petals broadly obovate, receptacle hispid,
achenes glabrate or hispid acute. R. diva'ricatus, Schrank.
Still and slowly-flowing water from Forfar southd., not common ; Ireland ;
fl. June-Aug.— Much the most distinct species of this section, very uniform
in size, habit, and character. Leaves ^-| in. diam. ; stipules wholly adnate,
like leaf -sheaths. Peduncles tapering. Petals twice as long as the sepals,
many-veined. Stamens many, longer than the pistil. Achenes compressed ;
style slender deciduous. — DISTRIB. Europe (local), N. America.

*** Marsh- or mud-plants, creeping, rarely floating. Submerged leaves 0 (very
rare in R. tripartitus). Petals 3-5-nerved. Receptacle glabrous or nearly so.

6. R. triparti'tus, DO. ; leaves ^-orbicular or reniform 3-lobed or
partite, segments cuneate spreading, tips crenate, submerged when present
very few arid flaccid, peduncles shorter than the leaves, flowers \ in.
diam ., petals narrow, achenes few glabrous. R. inter me' dius, Hiern.
Marshes and ditches in S. and W. England ; fl. May-July. — Stem aerial, or

floating with emerged tips. Leaves ^-f in. diam. ; stipules broad, upper
rounded free. Peduncles equalling the leaves or shorter. Petals 3-nerved,
about twice as long as the calyx, pinkish. Stamens few, longer than the
pistil. Receptacle slightly hairy. A chenes turgid ; style slender, deciduous.
— DISTRIB. W. Europe. — With difficulty distinguished from forms of
heterophyl'lus.

7. R. Lenorman'di, Schultz ; leaves all reniform or orbicular, lobes
shallow, bases contracted, peduncles equalling the petioles, flowers
|-| in. diam., petals remote oblong, receptacles glabrous, achenes many
glabrous.

Marshes and ditches from the Clyde southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in York-
shire ; S. Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Stem stout, branched, 2-8 in. long.
Leaves ^-1 in. diam., often opposite, rounded and more crenate than R.
hederaceuSj never spotted ; stipules large, broad. Petals 5-nerved, twice as
long as the calyx. Stamens few, about equalling the pistil. Achenes with
deciduous subterminal slender styles. — DISTRIB. N.W. Europe.

8. R. hedera'ceus, L. ; leaves reniform angularly 5-7-lobed, lobes
broadest at base, peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, flowers
£-g in. diam., petals very narrow, distant, receptacle glabrous, achenes
few obtuse. Ivy -leaved Crowfoot.

Shallow ponds and ditches from Shetland southd., ascends to 2,200 ft. in
Wales; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Habit of E. Lenorman'di.
Leaves 5-!^ in. diam., usually opposite, with a §-lunar black patch, lobes
broader than long, rarely notched ; stipules various. Petals 3-nerved,
sometimes hardly exceeding the calyx. Stamens few, about equalling the
pistil. Achenes small. — DISTRIB. W. Europe. — R. homoiophyl'lus, Tenore
( R. cceno'sus, Guss.), is a floating form.
SECTION 2. Hecato'nia. Perennial, rarely annual. Leaves mostly

radical, stipules obscure or 0. Stems 2- or more-flowered. Sepals 5.

Petals 5, yellow. Achenes not tubercled (granulate in JK. ophioglopsi-

folius}.

8 RANUNCULACE^S. [RANUNCULUS.

* Leaves all undivided. Gland of petals with a small scale.

9. R. Lin gua, L. ; perennial, erect, leaves sessile J-amplexicaul
lanceolate entire or toothed, achenes pitted, style broad. Great
Spear-wort.

Marshes and ditches, from Aberdeen southd. ; local in Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous. Root densely fibrous. Stem 2-3 ft., hollow ; lower
nodes rooting. Leaves 6-10 in. f-1 in. broad, veins parallel and reticulated.
Flowers 2 in. diam., handsome, sub-panicled. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe,
N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya.

10. R. Flam'mula, L. ; perennial, suberect creeping or ascending,
leaves petioled linear- or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire, achenes minutely
pitted, style minute subulate. Lesser Spear-wort.

Wet places ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands
fl. June-Aug. — Yery variable, glabrous or slightly hairy, 4-12 in. Lowest
leaves petioled, ovate, upper more lanceolate and sessile. Flowers yellow,
rarely f-in. diam., proterandrous. Head of achenes small.— DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia, Africa, and America.

K. FLAM'MULA proper ; prostrate or erect, internodes straight, style of achenes
short obtuse.

Sub-sp. R. REP'TANS, L. ; creeping, very slender, internodes arching, style of
minute achenes subcylindric, style recurved. Sandy shores of Loch Leven.
(N.W. Europe, Canada.)

11. R. ophioglossifo'lius, Villars ; annual, erect, lower leaves long-
petioled broadly ovate or cordate, petals scarcely longer than the sepals,
achenes small hairy minutely granulate, style minute.

Marshes, S. Hants; Jersey (extinct); fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous or slightly
hairy upwards. Root fibrous. Stem 6-10 in. or more, slender, decumbent
at the base, branched, hollow, furrowed. Peduncles furrowed. Flowei-s
many, | in. diam.— DISTRIB, W. and S. Europe.

** Radical leaves divided, upper cauline entire. Gland of petals without a scale.

12. R. auri'comus, L. ; perennial, leaves orbicular 3-lobed or -partite,
segments of lower obtuse cuneate cut, of upper linear spreading, sepals
spreading pubescent, head of downy achenes globose. Goldielocks.
Woods and copses, from Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the

Highlands; S. and W. Ireland rare; Jersey ; fl. April-May.— Erect, 6-10 in.,
branched, slender, glabrous or slightly hairy upwards. Root fibrous. Radicaf,
leaves long-petioled. Peduncles not furrowed, pubescent. Flowers ^ in.
diam., seldom regular. Petals larger than the downy sepals, bright yellow,
often imperfect (var. depaupera'ta}. Achenes on tubercles of the receptacle,
compressed; style slender, subulate, curved. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya. — Not acrid.

13. R. scelera'tus, L. ; annual, erect, leaves glabrous 3-lobed or
-partite, segments of lower lobed obtuse, of upper linear subentire, sepals
reflexed hairy, head of small glabrous achenes oblong.

Ditches, &c., from Boss southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept.
— Root fibrous. Stem 8-24 in., subcorymbose above, hollow. Leaves variable

RANUNCULUS.] RANUNCULACE^E. 9

in lobing, upper a little hairy. Flowers % in. diam., proterogynous. Achenes
many, small, faces a little wrinkled, dorsal edge furrowed ; style minute. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N. India to Bengal ; introd. in America,
&c. — Very acrid.

*** Perennials. Radical leaves divided, upper cauline entire. Glands of petals
with a small scale.

14. R. a'cris, L. ; hairy, erect, without runners, leaves 3-7-partite,
segments of lower cuneate deeply cut and lobed, peduncles not furrowed,
sepals spreading pubescent, receptacle glabrous, achenes compressed
margined glabrous, style hooked.

Meadows, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to nearly 4,000 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-Sept. — Rootstock straight. Stem 8 in.-
3 ft. Leaves usually all petioled, orbicular or 5-angled in outline, uppermost
sessile. Flowers 1 in. diam., proterandrous, spreading. — DISTEIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia; introd. in America.

VAR. R. vulya'tus, Jord. ; rootstock creeping horizontal or slightly inclined.

VAR. R. Boraa'nus, Jord. ; stern glabrous below, leaf-segments very narrow.

VAR. R. tomophyl'lus, Jord.; rootstock nearly erect, leaf -segments very narrow.

15. R. re'pens, L. ; hairy, stem decumbent below with long runners,
leaves 3-foliolate or 3-nately pinnatisect, segments cuneate lobed and
toothed, peduncles furrowed, sepals spreading hairy, receptacle slightly
hairy, achenes compressed margined glabrous, style hooked.

Waste ground from Sutherland southd. ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug. — Rootstock stout, short.
Stem 8 in.-2 ft. Leaves petioled, triangular or ovate ; segments variable,
middle usually longest. Flowers 1 in. diam. Petals generally suberect. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in America.

16. R. bulbo'sus, L. ; erect, hairy, stem swollen at the base without
runners, leaves 3-foliolate or ternatisect, segments lobed, peduncles
furrowed, sepals reflexed and receptacle hairy, achenes compressed
margined glabrous, style short hooked.

Meadows, &c., from. Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-July. — Stem 6-12 in., base often
as big as a walnut, sometimes corymbose above. Leaves variable in form
and lobing. Flowers | to 1 in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, N. Africa ;
introd. in America.

17. R. cheer opliyl'lus, L. ; erect, silkily hairy, stem swollen at the
base with tuberous offsets, leaves (of young plant entire) 3-foliolate
or ternatisect, peduncles not furrowed, sepals spreading, receptacle
glabrous, hairy head of compressed glabrous acute dotted achenes
cylindric-oblong.

Jersey, St. Aubin's Bay ; fl. May. — Root-fires stout. Stem 6-12 in., usually
simple, slender, l-fld.,neck clothed with dry matted fibres. Leaves of young
plant orbicular or broadly cuneate, toothed or lobed ; later formed leaves
very variable in lobing or cutting. Flowers |-1| in. diam., bright yellow,
proterandrous. Achenes very numerous, small, simply acute. — DISTRIB.
France, Mediterranean region to Syria.

10 RANUNCULACE^. [RANUNCULUS.

SECTION 3. Echinel'la. Annual, rarely biennial. Leaves radical and
cauline, divided ; stipules inconspicuous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, yellow.
Achenes tubercled or spinose, compressed, margin thickened.

18. R. hirsu'tus, Curtis; erect, leaves 3-lobed or -partite, segments
obtuse cut, peduncles furrowed, sepals reflexed hairy, petals with a scale
over the gland, receptacle hairy, achenes tubercled towards the margin,
style straight. R. Philono'tis, Ehrht.

Damp ground from Argyll and Forfar southd. ; rare in Scotland ; not in Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Hairy. Stems many, 6-18 in. Leaves
variable in lobing. Flowers about 1 in. diam., peduncles with spreading or
reflexed hairs. Achenes broad, much flattened. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia,
N. Africa. — The earlier names of R. par'vulus, L., and R. Sardo'us, Crantz, are
superseded for being too inappropriate.

19. R. arven'sis, L. ; erect, lowest leaves obovate or cuneate toothed,
upper 3-partite or -foliolate, segments narrow cut, peduncles not furrowed,
sepals spreading, petals gland with a scale, receptacle hairy, achenes
usually covered with hooked spines, style stout hooked.

Cornfields, from Perth southwd. ; in Ireland near Dublin only ; (a colonist,
Wats.} ; fl. May-July. — Nearly glabrous. Stem 6-24 in., solitary. Leaves
variable. Flowers | in. diam., pale. Petals suberect. Achenes few, large.
— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia to India, N. Africa.

20. R. parviflo'rus, L. ; slender, decumbent, leaves orbicular or
reniform 3-lobed, segments toothed, peduncles furrowed, sepals reflexed,
petals 3-5 small oblong, gland with an obscure scale, receptacle glabrous,
achenes faced with hooked tubercles, style short nearly straight.

Dry banks, &c., from Durham southwd.; Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl.
May-Aug. — Hairy. Stems and branches spreading, 6-8 in. Leaves divided
to the middle or less, lowest often entire, uppermost more deeply cut into
linear lobes. Peduncles leaf-opposed or in the forks. Flowers §— |in.diam.
Achenes small. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southwd., W. Asia,
N. Africa ; introd. in America.

SECTION 4. Fica'ria, DO. (gen.). Perennial. Leaves opposite, chiefly
radical, entire. Sepals 3-5. Petals 8-12, yellow ; gland with a scale.
Achenes small, not beaked.

21. R. Fica'ria, L. ; leaves cordate obtusely angled or crenate,
achenes globose smooth, style minute. Pilewort or Lesser Celandine.
Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in Wales ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Glabrous. Root-fibres, stout,
cylindric. Stem short, decumbent, branched at the base. Leaves variable ;
petiole stout with a base dilated. Peduncles stout, axillary, 1-fld. Flowers
about 1 in. diam., bright yellow, sometimes apetalous, proterandrous. Head
of achenes globose ; Cotyledon solitary (one suppressed). — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), W. Asia, and N. Africa.

VAR. diver'gens, F. Schultz; lobes of lowest leaves not overlapping at the
base, lowest sheaths narrow. — VAR. incum'bens, F. Schultz ; lobes of lowest
leaves overlapping at the base, lowest sheaths amplexicaul.

CALTHA.] RANUNCULACEdS. 11

6. CAI/THA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Herbs with stout creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, cordate.
Flowers terminal, few, white or yellow, honeyed. Seioals 5 or more,
petaloid, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Petals 0. Carpels many, sessile ;
ovules numerous, 2-seriate. Follicles numerous, many-seeded. Seeds
many, with a prominent raphe and thickened funicle. — DISTRIB. N. and
S. temp, and cold regions ; species 5-6. — ETYM. Ka\a6os, a cup.

1. C. palus'tris, L. ; stem not rooting at the nodes, leaves orbicular-
reniform crenate-toothed.

Marshes and ditch-banks, 1ST. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,400 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; fl. March-May. — A coarse, glabrous, dark green, showy,
very variable plant. Rootstock short, horizontal. Stem 8 in.-3 ft., suberect,
prostrate, or procumbent and rooting from all the nodes. Leaves f-2 in.
diam., base deeply 2-lobed, sinus narrow. Stipules very.large, membranous,
glairy, quite entire in bud and enclosing the young leaf. Flowers 1-2 in.
diam., golden yellow. /Sepals unequal, obovate or oblong. Follicles ^-£ in.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

YAR. (7. vulya'ris, Schott; stem ascending, flowers many l|-2 in. diam., sepals
contiguous, follicles spreading, beak short. — YAR. C. Gueranye'rii, Boreau;
stem ascending, flowers many smaller, sepals remote when expanded,
follicles spreading, beak longer. Probably C. ripa'ria, Don, and the origin
of the double-flowered Caltlia of gardens. — YAR. mi'nor, Syme ; stem pro-
cumbent, flower solitary £-1 in. diam., sepals remote, follicles erect, beak
short. Mountainous places.

2. C. radi'cans, Forster ; rooting at the nodes, radical leaves deltoid
obscurely 5-angled acutely toothed, base truncate orreniform.

Forfarshire, very rare ; fl. May-June. — This is a very remarkable species,
or perhaps form of C. palus'tris, differing from all other forms of the
latter in the deltoid sharply-toothed leaves and rooting nodes of the
branches. It is said by Nyman to have been found by Th. Fries in E. Finland.

7. TROli'LIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER.

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or cut.
Flowers large, yellow or lilac. Sepals 5-15, petaloid, imbricate in bud.
Petals 5-15, small, narrow, claw very short, blade with a glandular pit
at the base. Stamens very many. Carpels 5 or more, sessile ; ovules
many, 2-seriate. Follicles 5 or more. Seeds many, angled, testa
coriaceous. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and arctic ; species 9. — ETYM. Trol, a
globe, in old German.

T. europse'us, L. ; flower globose, petals equalling the stamens.
Subalpine pastures and copses, from E. Cornwall, Worcester, and Wales to
Shetland, ascending to 3,300 ft.; N. of Ireland very rare ; fl. June-Aug. —
Glabrous. Rootstock short, crowned with rigid fibres. Stem 6-24 in., simple,
leafy. Radical leaves petioled, suborbicular, 5-partite, segments cuneate
lobed and cleft; cauline smaller, sessile. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam., pale yellow,
homogamous. Sepals orbicular, concave. Petals oblong. Stamens short.

12 EANUNCULAGE^E. [TuoLLius.

Follicles transversely wrinkled, keeled, beaked. Seeds black, dotted. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus.

8. KELLEB'ORUS, L. HELLEBORE, BEAR'S-FOOT.

Coarse perennial herbs. Leaves palmately pedately or digitately lobed,
upper bract-like. Flowers corymbose, proterogyrious. Sepals 5, large,
petaloid or herbaceous, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals small, tubular,
2-lipped, honeyed. Stamens many. Carpels separate, or cohering below.
Follicles dehiscing at the top. Seeds many, oblong, funicle thickened,
testa crustaceous shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia ; species
10. — ETYM. eAAe/3o/?os, the Greek name.

1. H. foe'tidus, L. ; stem many-fld. perennial, leaves pedate, sepals

erect. Stinking Hellebore, Setter-wort.

Chalk-pastures and thickets S. and E. of England, rare, naturalized elsewhere ;
(a denizen, Wats.} ; fl. Feb.-March. — Glabrous below, glandular-pubescent
above. Stem 1-2 ft., leafless, scarred below. Lower leaves petioled, leaflets
5-7, nearly as in H. viridis, but the outer segments recurved, upper with
large sheaths. Flowers drooping, 1 in. diam. Sepals truncate, green,
bordered with dull-purple. Petals shorter than the stamens. Follicles 3,
wrinkled, glandular, style subulate. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium
southd. — Plant foetid and cathartic.

2c H. vir'idis, L. ; stem few-fld. annual, radical leaves digitate, cauline

sessile, sepals spreading. Bears-foot.

Woods, hedges, &c., chiefly on chalk in the S. and E. of England, naturalized
elsewhere ; (a denizen, Wats.} ; fl. March- April. — Glabrous, dark-green, 1-1§
ft. Radical leaves fully developed after flowering ; leaflets 5-7, narrow,
serrate, lateral cleft. Flowers inclined, 1^-2 in. diam. Sepals green, oblong.
Petals 9-12, minute, shorter than the stamens, curved. Follicles 3 ; style
straight, subulate. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., but not well
established N. of the Mediterranean region, Ball.

8*. ER AN' THIS, Salisbury. WINTER ACONITE.

Low herbs. Eootstoclc stout, creeping. Radical leaves palmate ; cauline
whorled and involucriform. Flower solitary, pale yellow. Sepals 5-8,
narrow, petaloid, deciduous, imbricate. Petals small, clawed, 2-lipped.
Stamens many. Carpels 5-6, stipitate. Follicles separate. Seeds many,
ovoid or globose, testa smooth crustaceous. — DISTRIB. Europe, 1ST. Asia ;
species 2. — ETYM. cap, spring, and &vdvs, flower.

E. HYEMA'LIS, Salisb. ; sepals 6-8 oblong.

In plantations, parks, &c., naturalized ; fl. Jan.-March. — Stem 4-6 in. Radical
leaves orbicular, 3-5-partite, segments obtusely lobed ; petiole long. Invo-
lucre of 2 sessile lobed bracts. Flower cup-shaped, 1-1| in. diam. Petals
shorter than the stamens. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium southd.

9. AQUILE'GIA, L. COLUMBINE.

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves 2-3-nately divided. Flowers panicled or
solitary, handsome, proterandrous. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid. Petals 5,

AQUILEGIA.] RANUNGULACE^. 13

concave, spurred behind, spur honeyed. Stamens many, inner imperfect.
Carpels 5, many-ovuled. Follicles 5. Seeds many, testa crustaceous
smooth or granulated. — DISTEIB. 1ST. temp, zone ; species 5-6. — ETYM.
aquila, an eagle, from the form of the petals.

A. vulga'ris, L. ; spur hooked, follicles cylindric hairy.
Woods and thickets, England and Ireland, often naturalized, ascending to
1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-July.— jRoo^io^stout/blackish. Stem 1-2 ft.,
slender. Radical leaves fascicled, petiole long, 2-3-ternately divided, seg-
ments stalked, lobed, glaucous, glabrous or hairy beneath. Flowers l|-2 in.
diam., loosely corymbose, drooping, blue or dull purple white (or red in
garden varieties). Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Petals oblong; spur curved,
involute at the tip. Stamens declinate, rising and dehiscing successively ;
inner reduced to broad wrinkled white filaments, — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the W. Himalaya.

9*. DELPHIN'IUM, L. LARKSPUR.

Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed or cut.
Flowers racemed or panicled, bracteate. Sepals 5, separate, or cohering
below, dorsal spurred behind. Petals 2-4, small, 2 dorsal with spurs
within the sepaline spur, 2 lateral spurless or 0. Stamens many.
Follicles 1-5. Seeds many, testa coriaceous wrinkled or plaited.
— DISTRIB. N". temp, zone ; species about 40. — ETYM. SeA^uV, a dolphin,
from the form of the flower.

D. AJA'CIS, Reichb. (not L.} ; racemes long, lower bracts lobed, follicles

solitary pubescent. D. Consol'ida, Brit. Fl. (not L.).

Cornfields, naturalized in Cambridgeshire, sporadic elsewhere ; (alien or
colonist, Wats.) ; fl. June-July. — Annual, pubescent. Stem 10-18 in.,
slender, sparingly branched. Leaves cut into many narrow linear lobes, lower
petioled, upper sessile. Flower 1 in. diam., blue, white or pink. Sepals
spathulate-oblong, spur J in. Petals 2. Follicles £ in., cylindric ; style
short. Seeds continuously plaited all round. — DISTRIB. Central and S.
Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in U. States. — D. Consol'ida, L., which has been
occasionally found in England, has glabrous follicles, short racemes, and
seeds with interrupted ridges.

IO. ACONI'TUM, L. MONKSHOOD, WOLFSBANE.

Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, palmately-lobed or cut.
Flowers panicled or racemed, bracteate, proterandrous. Sepals 5 ; dorsal
large, arched, hooded ; anterior narrowest. Petals 2-5, small ; 2 dorsal
with long claws, hooded at the tip, covered by the sepaline hood ; 3 lateral
small or 0. Follicles 3-5. Seeds many, testa spongy rugose. — DISTRIB.
Mountains of the N. hemisphere. — ETYM. classical.

A. Napel'lus, L. ; leaf-lobes pinnatifid, raceme simple dense-fld.
Shady places near streams, in Wales, Hereford, Somerset, Dorset, and Den-
bigh, naturalized elsewhere ; (a denizen ? Wats.)', fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock
fusiform, black. Stem 1-2 ft., erect slightly pubescent. Leaves palmately

14 RANUNCULACE^. [ACONITUM.

5-7-partite, upper often sessile ; petiole dilated at the base. Flowers brac-
teolate, 1-1| in. diam., dark blue ; pedicels erect, pubescent. Upper sepal
at first concealing the others, then thrown back. Spurs of upper petals
conical, deflexed. Filaments dilated below; anthers greenish-black.
Follicles 3-5, sub-cylindric, beaked.— DJSTRIB. Europe, N. and ~YV. Asia to
the Himalaya.— A deadly acrid poison.

11. ACT2E'A, L. BANE-BERRY, HERB CHRISTOPHER.

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, 3-nately compound ; stipules
adnate. Flowers small, in short crowded racemes. Sepals 3-5, rather
unequal, petaloid. Petals 4-10, small, spathulate, or 0. Carpel 1, many-
ovuled ; stigma sessile, dilated. Berry many-seeded. Seeds depressed,
testa crustaceous smooth. — DISTRIB. Colder regions of the N". hemi-
sphere ; species 1 or 3. — ETYM. d/crrf, the Elder, from a fancied likeness.

A. spica'ta, L. ; raceme simple, fruiting pedicels slender.
Copses on limestone, Yorks. and Westmorel., ascending to 1,000 ft. ; fl. May.
— Rootstock stout, black. Stem 1-2 ft., perennial, simple or sparingly
branched. Radical leaves with long petioles, 2-3-ternately-pinnate ; leaf-
lets 1-3 in., ovate, acuminate, lobed and serrate, glabrous ; auricles short,
rounded. Racemes 1-2 in., solitary or few, oblong ; peduncle and pedicels
pubescent. Flowers 5 in. diam., white. /Sepals obtuse, caducous. Petals
minute or 0. Filaments dilated above; anther ceils dehiscing in front.
Berries ^ in. long, ovoid, nearly black, on spreading pedicels. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and Arctic Europe, Asia, and N. America (a red-berried var.). -
Nauseous, poisonous.

ORDER II. BERBERl'DE-ffl.

Herbs or shrubs ; buds scaly. Leaves alternate, simple or compound,
usually exstipulate. Inflorescence various ; flowers often globose. Sepals
petaloid. Petals hypogynous, numerous, distinct, multiples of 2, 3, or 4,
never of 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens one opposite each petal ; anthers
opening by 2 ascending lids or valves. Carpel 1, 1 -celled ; stigma usually
peltate ; ovules 2 or more, basal or on the ventral suture, anatropous,
raphe ventral. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds albuminous ; embryo
various. — DISTRIB. Most cool regions, except Australia and S. Africa ;
genera 20, species. 100. — AFFINITIES ^with Ranunculaceoe and Menisper-
macece ; analogy in anther with Laurinece and in the 3 -nary floral whorls
with Monocotyledons. — PROPERTIES. Astringent, and yield a yellow dye.
Berries of Berberis acid and eatable.

1. BER'BERIS, L. BARBERRY.

Spiny shrubs, wood yellow. Leaves spinous- toothed, jointed on the
very short petiole, often reduced to 3-7-nd. spines. Flowers racemed
solitary or fascicled, yellow, globose. Sepals 8-9, outer minute, imbricate.
Petals~Q, in 2 series, with. 2 basal honeyed glands. Stamens 6. Ovules

BERBERIS.] BERBERIDE^. 15

few, basal, erect. Berry 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong, testa crustaceous ;
embryo straight. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, sub-trop. Asia, temp.
S. America ; species 50. — ETYM. Arabic.

B. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves obovate spinous-serrate, stigma sessile.
Copses and hedges from Caithness southd., naturalized only in Scotland
and Ireland ; fl. May-June. — An acid shrub, 4-6 ft. Leaves on the annual
shoots 1-1| in., alternate, shortly petioled on the woody shoots ; reduced to
3-7-forked (rarely simple) spines jointed on to a very short sheath, and
bearing fascicles of leaves (reduced branches) in their axils. Flowers ^-^
in. diam., in terminal pendulous racemes, pale yellow, proterandrous ; bracts
short, triangular. Stamens irritable, springing forward when touched at the
base. Berry J in. long, oblong, compressed, slightly curved, orange-red ;
stigma broad, black. -— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in
IT. States.

ORDER III. NYMPH-ffiA'CE-ffi.

Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves usually floating, often peltate, margins
involute in vernation. Scapes 1-fld. naked. Floral whorls all free
and hypogynous, or adnate to a fleshy disk that envelops the carpels.
Sepals 3-6. Petals 3-5, or more. Stainens many. Carpels 3 or more in
one whorl, free, or adnate with the disk into a many-celled ovary ; styles
as many as carpels, stigma peltate or decurrent ; ovules parietal, anatro-
pous or orthotropous. Fruit a berry, or carpels separate and indehiscent.
Seeds naked or arilled, albumen floury or 0 ; embryo enclosed in the
enlarged amniotic sac. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; genera 8 ; species
30-40. — AFFINITIES. With Papaveracece, but not close. — PROPERTIES
unimportant.

1. NU'PHAR, Smith. YELLOW WATER-LILY, BRANDY-BOTTLE.
Flowers yellow, globose. Sepals 5-6, concave. Petals many, small,
hypogynous. Stamens many, inserted beneath the disk ; filaments short,
flattened. Carpels many, together forming a many-celled ovary ; stigma
peltate, rayed ; ovules many. Berry ovoid, of separable carpels, ripening
above water. Seeds small, not arilled. — DISTRIB. 1ST. temp, hemisphere ;
species 3-4. — ETYM. Arabic naufar.

1. N. lu'teum, Sm. ; leaves orbicular, base deeply 2-lobed, lobes

usually contiguous, anthers linear, stigma 10-30 rayed.

Still waters from the Hebrides and Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft.
in Yorkshire ; Ireland; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock creeping in mud ; bud ter-
minal. Submerged leaves membranous, waved ; floating coriaceous ; petiole
obtusely 3-gonous at the top. Flowers fragrant, odour alcoholic. Petals
18-20, obovate-cuneate, thickly coriaceous, with a sub-terminal glandular
pore, honeyed beneath. Berry beaked.— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia,
N. America. — Rootstock abounds in tannic acid,

N. lu'teum, proper-, flower 2-3 in. diam., stigma generally entire 13-30-rayed.
— YAR. N. intermedium, Ledeb. ; flower 1^ in. diam., stigma waved at the
margin 10-14-rayed.— Chartner's Lough, Northumb., and E. Perth.

16 NYMPH^ACE^. [NUPHAR.

2. N. pu'milum, Smith ; leaves oblong deeply 2-lobed at the base,
lobes at length spreading, anthers oblong, stigma lobed at the margin, rays
8-10 reaching the margin.
Small lakes in Scotland, Argyll to Elgin, rare ; Salop ; fl. June-Aug. — Very

similar to N. lu'teum, differing in the smaller more orbicular petals, and

shorter anthers. Petiole 2-edged. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Central Europe,

N. Asia.

2. NYMPH^I'A, L. WHITE WATER-LILY.

Flowers expanded, white blue or red. Sepals 4, adnate to the base ot
the disk. Petals in many series, inner successively transformed into
stamens, adnate to the sides of the disk. Carpels many, their bases and
the filaments sunk in the fleshy disk, and with it forming a many-celled
ovary, crowned by the connate radiating stigmas ; ovules many, anatro-
pous. Fruit a spongy berry, ripening under water. Seeds buried in pulp,
aril fleshy. — DISTRIB. Most temp, and trop. regions, except N. Zealand
and the Pacific Isles ; species 20. — ETYM. dedicated by the Greeks to the
nymphs.

N. al'ba, L. ; leaves floating orbicular base cordate quite entire.
Lakes and ponds, from Shetland southd., ascending to 1,000 ft. in the Lake
District ; Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Eootstock stout, fleshy ; buds terminal.
Leaves 5-10 in. diam., deeply 2-lobed at the base ; lobes contiguous ; petiole
very long. Flowers white. Sepals linear-oblong, back green. Petals ob-
long, obtuse, with no glandular pore. Fruit globose ; stigmatic rays 15-20.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to Kashmir, N.
America.

ORDER IV. PAPAVERA'CEJE.

Annual or perennial herbs ; juice milky or coloured. Leaves radical or
alternate, exstipulate. Flowers regular, usually nodding in bud, enve-
lopes and stamens caducous. Sepals 2, concave. Petals 4, crumpled.
Stamens very many, hypogynous, filaments slender : anthers erect, in-
sertion basal, bursting laterally. Ovary 1-celled, or 2-4-celled by
prolonged placentas ; style short or 0, stigmas radiating in connate pairs
opposite the placentas, or separate and alternating with these ; ovules in
many rows, anatropous, parietal. Capsule dehiscing by pores or valves.
Seeds many, small, albumen oily and fleshy ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB.
N. temp, zone chiefly; genera 17; species 65. — AFFINITIES. With
Fumaria'cece and Cruciferce. — PROPERTIES. Narcotic, emetic, purgative,
or acridly poisonous.

* Capsule dehiscing by pores or very small valves.

Stigmas 4 or more, subsessile, forming a radiating disk 1. Papaver.

Stigmas 4-5, deflexed on a conical clavate style 2. Meconopsis.

** Capsule dehiscing to, or nearly to, the base by valves.

Ovary 1-celled. Seeds crested. Flower yellow 3. Chelidonium •

Ovary more or less completely 2-celled. Flower yellow 4. Glaucium.

Ovary 1-celled. Seeds not crested. Flower violet 4*. Rcemeria-

P APAVEH.] PAPA VEUA CE^. 1 7

1. PAPA'VER, L. POPPY.

Annual erect herbs ; juica milky. Leaves lobed or cut. Flowers lonpr-
peduncled honeyless, proterandrous. Ovary 1-celled ; style short or 0,
stigmas opposite the placentas united into a flat or pyramidal sessile or
stalked 4-20-rayed disk ; placentas prominent. Capsule short, opening
by very small valves under the lobes of the persistent stigma. Seeds
small, pitted. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, one S. African and
one Australian ; species 12. — ETYM. obscure.

1. P. hy'bridum, L. ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid sparingly hispid, fila-
ments dilated upwards, capsule globose sessile bristly, stigma convex,
rays 4-8.

Dry fields and waste places from Durham and Carnarvon southd.; rare in
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.}; fl. May-July. — Stem 10-18 in.,
sparingly branched. Leaves with acute or awned lobes. Flower 1-2 in.
diam., scarlet with a black disk. Capsule \ in. ; stigmatic rays reaching or
exceeding the edge of the disk. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to
the Himalaya.

2. P. Argemo'ne, L. ; leaves 2-pinnatiud, filaments dilated upwards,
capsule clavate usually hispid, stigma convex, rays 4-6.

Waste dry places from Ross, southd. ; rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a
colonist, Wats.} ; fl. May-July. — Habit. &c., of P. hyl'ridiim, but weaker,
flowers smaller and paler, petals narrower, and capsule very different.
The smallest British species. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd.
in America.

3. P. du'bium, L. ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, filaments filiform, capsule
sessile obovoid glabrous, stigma 6-12-rayed.

Waste places N. to Shetland ; Ireland; Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.}; fl.

May-July. — Habit of suc?eediug species. Hairs of peduncles appressed.

Pairs of petals unequal. — DISTRTB. Europe, N. Asia, N.W. India ; introd. in

America.
P. DU'BIUM proper; sap white, leaf-lobes shorter, capsule narrowing from

just below the stigma to the base, lobes of stigmatis disk spreading. /-*.

Lamottei, Bor. Abundant.
Sub-sp. P. LECOQ'II, Limotte ; sap yellow on exposure, leaf-lobes longer,

capsule broadest at ^ below the stigma, lobes of stigmatic disk deflexed.

England, Scotland, Ireland, rare.

4. P. Rhce'as, L. ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifidj filaments filiform, capsule
subglobose glabrous, stigma convex with overlapping lobes, rays 8-12.

Cornfields and waste places ; rare N. of the Tay ; Irela id ; Channel Islands ; (a
colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem branched, hispid. Leaf lobes ascend-
ing, with a bristle at the tip. Peduncles with spreading or approved (P.
strigo'sum, Boenn.) hairs. Flowers 3-4 in. diam. scarlet; pairs of petals
unequal. Capsule stipitate.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India.
• — A form entirely intermediate between P. dubium and P. Rhceas has been
found in Surrey by Mr. G. Nicholson.

C

18 PAPAVERACSJB. [PAPAVER.

P. SOMNIF'EIIUM, L. ; glaucous, glabrous or hispid, leaves amplexicaul

siuuate-lobed or toothed, flowers large white or blue -purple, filaments

slightly dilated upwards, capsule ovoid or globose stipitate. Opium Poppy.

Cornfields and waste places, sporadic ; established in Kent, Syme ; fl. July-

Aug. — Variable in hispidity, in the shape of the capsule, colour of the

flower, and black or white seeds.— DISTRLB. Europe, W. Africa, ail Asia.

2. MECONOP'SIS, Viguier. WELSH POPPY.

Perennial herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves entire pinnate or pinnatifidly
lobed. Flowers solitary or racemed, not honeyed, homogamous. Ovary
1-celled ; style distinct, stigmas 4 or more opposite the projecting placen-
tas dilated or club-shaped. Capsule ovoid or elongate, with short valves
below the persistent style. Seeds small, testa rugose. — DISTRIB. Moun-
tain N. temp, regions ; species 9. — ETYM. ^KUV, a poppy, and fyis,
resemblance.

M. cam'brica, Vig. ; leaves pinnate, lobes pinnatifid.

Moist glens, Cornwall to Somerset, York, AVestmoreland(?), Wales (ascending
about 2,000 ft.) ; Ireland ; naturalized in Scotland ; fl. June. — Nearly glab-
rous. Rootstock stout, branched, tufted ; roots thick. Stem 1-2 ft., woolly
at the base. Leaves petioled, pale green ; segments distinct or decurrent,
ovate-lanceolate, lobed and toothed. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., pale yellow,
peduncles long. Sepals hairy. Petals orbicular. Style short, stigma capi-
tate, 4-6-rayed. Capsule 4-6-valved, ribbed. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from
Ireland to the Pyrenees.

3. CHEIiIDO'NIUM, L. CELANDINE.

Erect, branched, perennial herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves much divided.
Flowers yellow. Ovary 1 -celled ; style dilated at the top, with two adnate
stigmas opposite the slender placentas. Capsule linear ; valves thin,
separating upwards from the persistent placentas a,ud style. Seeds with
a shining testa and crested raphe. — DISTIUB. Europe to Japan ; species 2.
— ETYM. doubtful.

C. ma'jus, L. ; leaves 1-2 pinnate, flowers small.

'Waste places and hedgerows from Inverness southd., probably naturalized,
elsewhere an escape ; Ireland ; Channel Islds. ; (a denizen, Wats.) ; fl. May-
Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft., brittle, sparingly hairy, leafy. Leaves membranous,
glabrous beneath ; segments 1-2 in., ovate, toothed, lobed or laciuiate (C.
lacinia'tum, DC.) ; petiole dilated at the base. Flowers f-1 in. diam., in
loose few-fld, umbels, yellow; pedicels slender; bracts whorled. Capsule
1^ in., readily dehiscing, valves torulose. — DISIRIB. Europe (Arctic),
W. Asia to Persia ; introd. in N. America.

4. GLAU'CIUM, Tourn. HOKNED POPPY.

Glaucous herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves lobed or cut. Flowers large,
yellow or purple. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled ; style short or 0, with 2
deflexed stigmas opposite the placentas which meet in the axis of the
ovary ; ovules very many. Capsule long, narrow, 2-valved almost to the

GL AUCIUM. ] PAPA VERA CEsE. 19

base. Seeds many, sunk in the spongy septum, testa pitted. — DISTRIB.

Chiefly Mediterranean ; species 5-6. The dissepiment (formed by the

placentas as in Cruciferce) is sometimes incomplete. — ET\M. ^XCLVKLOV, from

the blue hue of some species.

G. lu'teum, Scop.^; leaves J-amplexicanl, capsule -tubercled.

Sandy sea-shores Shetland ; and from the Forth and Clyde southd. ; Ire-
land; Channel Lslds. ; fl. June-Oct.— G-laucous, sub-hispid, annual, some-
times perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., branched, erect or ascending. Radical leaves
2-piunatifid, rough with stout hairs ; lobes pointing various v/ays. Floicer-
2-4 in. diam., golden yellow : peduncles short, glabrous. Petals in opposite
dissimilar pairs. Pod curved, a foot long, glabrous ; stigmatic lobes spread-
ing.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in U. Slates.

4*. RGEME'RIA, DC,

Annual herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves much cut. Flowers lowg-
peduncled, violet. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovary 1 -celled ; stigma sessile,
lobes 2-4 deflexed opposite as many slender placentas ; ovules many.
Capsule linear, 2-4-valved nearly to the base. /Seeefo many, testa rough. — •
DISTRIB. Cornfield plants of Europe and W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM.
J. F. Rcemer, a German botanist.

R. HYB'RIDA, JDC. ; leaves 3-pinnatifid, capsule 3-valved. Glau'cium
viola'ccum, Juss.
Dry soil, Cambridge and Norfolk; (a colonist, Wats.); fl. May-June.

— Habit of Papaver Argemone, glabrous or slightly hairy. Stem erect.

Leaves 1- or 2-pinnatifid, segments tipped by a bristle. Flower 2-^3 "in.

diam., violet-purple with a black disk. Sepals hairy. Capsule 2-3 in.

cylindric, hispid above.— DI^TRIB. Central and S. Europe,

ORDER V. FUMARiA'CE-ffi.

Annual or perennial herbs; juice watery. Leaves usually div'ded.
Flowers racemose. Sepals 2, small, scale-like, deciduous. Petals 4, in
2 usually very dissimilar pairs ; 2 outer larger lateral, but becoming an-
tero-posterior by a ^-twist of the pedicel, one or both gibbous or spurred ;
two inner smaller, erect, often coherent at the tips. Stamens (in the
British species) 6, in 2 bundles opposite the 2 outer petals ; anther of
central stamen in each bundle 2-celled, of lateral 1 -celled. Ovary 1-celled ;
style long or short, stigma obtuse or lobed ; ovules 2 or more, amphi-
tropous ; placentas parietal. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule, or an
indehiscent 1 -seeded nut. Seeds albuminous, raphe sometimes appen-
daged ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm N. hemisphere, and
S. Africa ; genera 7 ; species 100 — AFFINITIES. Between Pa-paver a' cecc and
Crucif'eroB. — PROPERTIES. Astringent, acrid, and reputed diaphoretic.

1. FUMA'RIA, L. FUMITORY.

Annual, rarely perennial herbs, usually branched, often climbing.
Leaves much divided ; segments very narrow. Flowers small, in terminal

c 2

20 FUMARIACEJE. [FUMARIA.

or leaf-opposed racemes honeyed, homogamous. Petals 4, erect, con-
niving ; the posterior gibbous or spurred at the base, the anterior flat ; 2
inner narrow, cohering by their tips, winged or keeled at the back.
Filament of the stamen opposite the gibbous petal usually spurred at the
base. Ovary globose ; style filiform, stigma entire or shortly lobed ;
ovules 2, on 2 placentas. Fruit 1 -seeded, indehiscent, globose. — DISTIL IB.
Europe, Asia, following cultivation ; species 6. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. F. capreola'ta, L. ; climbing by the twisting petioles, leaf-segments
flat, sepals ovate toothed below at least as broad and J-§ as long as the
corolla-tube, lower petal gradually dilated at the tip, pedicels longer than
the bracts, fruit globose contracted into a neck at the base not retuse.
Fields and waste places from Orkney southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islcls. >

(a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. May-S-spt. — Stems 1-2 ft. or more, branched. Leave*
2-pinnate ; segments broad. Racemes lax-fld., not much elongated in fruit.
Flowers ^-§ in. — DISTRIB. Europe,. N. Africa. W. Asia.

F. CAPREOLA'TA proper ; sepals- denticulate §-| as long as the corolla-
tube, petals cream-coloured often coloured after fertilization, fruit longer
than broad with 2 deep pits at the top, neck narrower than the dilated top
of the recurved pedicel. F. pallidijlo'ra, Jord. — From Roxburgh southd. ;
Co. Down.

YAR. F. Bora'i, Jord. ; sepals smaller, petals redder, fruiting pedicels not
re3urved. — Common.

Sub-sp. F. CONFU'SA, Jord. ; sepals § as long and nearly as broad as the
corolla-tube, petals pink tipped with purple, fruit subrugose when dry a
little longer than broad with 2 broad shallow pits at the top, neck broader
than the dilated top of the erecto-patent pedicel. F. ayra'ria, Mitten. —
From Perth southd.

Sub-sp. F. MURA'US, Sonder ; flowers smaller and laxer, sepals as in cow fu? set,
petals pink tipped with purple, fruit finely rugosa when dry with 2 incon-
spicuous pits at the top, neck narrower than the dilated top of the erecto-
patent pedicel. — England chiefly, rare ; Stirling ; Belfast.

2. F. officinalis, L. ; diffuse, leaf-segments flat, sepals ovate-lanceolate
J as long and \ as broad as the corolla-tube, lower petal abruptly dilated
at the tip, pedicel ascending longer than the bracts, fruit depressed-sphe-
rical rugose when dry top with a large shallow pit.

Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 feet in N. England ; Ireland ;
Channel Islds. ; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. May-Sept. — Smaller than F. caprco-
la'ta, leaves more divided, flowers smaller and raceme much eloDgated after
flowering. Flowers dark or pale rose-purple. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia ; introd. in U. States.

3. F. densiflo'ra, DC. ; diffuse, leaf-segments narrow, sepals broadly
ovate toothed \ as long as and broader than the corolla-tube, lower petal
abruptly dilated at the tip, pedicels erecto-patent about as long as the
bracts, fruit globose rugose when dry top with 2 shallow pits. F. micrari-
thi, Lagasca.

Waste places, from Elgin southd. ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. May-Sept. —
Habit of F. officina'lis, but weaker, leaf-segments smaller and narrower, flat

FUMARIA.] FUMARIACEsE. 21

or slightly channelled, racemes short, much elongated after flowering,
flowers smaller ^-| in. pale, bracts coloured. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia to India.

4. F. parviflo'ra, Lamk. ; diffuse, leaf-segments narrow, sepals minute
toothed TV-fc as long and not \ as broad as the corolla-tube, lower petal
abruptly dilated at the tip, pedicels erecto-patent equal to or exceeding
the bracts, fruit globose rugose when dry top with 2 pits. F. tenuisec'ta,
Syme.

Waste places, &c., from Mid. Scotland southd. ; (a colonist, Wats.)] fl. June-
Sept. — Best distinguished by habit, by the narrow leaf-segments, small pale
flowers and minute sepals. — DifcTRiB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia
to India.

F. PABVIFLO'RA proper ; leaf-segments channelled, racemes dense, sepals tri-
angular-ovate § as long and | as broad as the corolla-tube, pedicels equalling
the bracts, fruit pointed.- From Perth southd., rare.

Sub-sp. F. VAILLAN'TII, Loisel. ; leaf-segments flat, racemes lax, sepals lanceo-
late i1* as long and ^ as broad as the corolla-tube, pedicels exceeding the
bracts, fruit rounded at the top. —Yorkshire and S-E. England.

2. CORYD ALIS, DO.

Erect herbs with a tuberous rootstock, or weak and diffuse, or slender
and climbing by tendrils. Leaves much divided, alternate or subopposite.
Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed. Floral characters of Fumaria, but
ovules numerous, and fruit an inflated 2-valved capsule. Seeds small,
raphe often crested. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Mediterranean and Himalayan,
a few N. American and S. African; species 70. — ETYM. Greek for a
Fumaria.

1. C. clavicula'ta, DO. ; annual, branched, climbing by branched

tendrils terminating the petioles, racemes leaf-opposed.

Copses, banks, and thatched roofs from Koss southd. ; ascends to near 1,000
ft. ; N\E. Ireland ; fl. June-Aug.— Stems 1-3 ft., brittle, slender. Leaves
glaucous, pinnate, pinna 3- or digitately 5-foliolate ; segments small, ovate
or oblong. Pedicels very short ; bracts cuspidate. Flowers J in., straw-
coloured ; spur very short. Pods J in., linear-oblong. Testa shining, granu-
late.— DISTRIB. "W". Europe, from Denmark to Spain.

C. LU'TEA, DO. ; perennial, branched, diffuse, root fibrous, leaves 2-3-
ternately pinnate, racemes leaf-opposed, flowers subsecund yellow.
Old walls ; an escape from cultivation ; fl. May-Aug. — Rootstock branched.
Stem 6-12 in. ; angular. Leaves long petioled, leaflets oblong-ovate or ob-
ovate, entire or lobed. Pedicels long ; bracts lanceolate, erose. Flowers |-f
in. ; spur short, thick, incurved. Pods oblong, compressed, acuminate ; style
deciduous. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium southd.

C. SOI/IDA, Hook. ; perennial, rootstock tuberous, stem simple, leaves
2-3-ternately pinnate, raceme terminal, flowers purple. 0. bulbo'sa, DC.
Banks and cultivated ground, naturalized in England ; fl. April-May.— Very

glaucous. Rootstock I in. diam. and upwards. Stem 6-10 in., stout, with

22 FUMARIACEJ5. [CORYDALIS.

one or two oblong scales below, and a few leaves about the middle. Leaves
with stout petioles ; leaflets broad. Flowers 1 in. ; bracts lobe;l, leafy ; spur
longer than the rest of the corolla. Pods narrow, lanceolate ; style persis-
tent. Cotyledons connate. — DISTRTB. Europe, from Denmark southd.

ORDER VI. CRUClF'ER.ffi.

Serbs. Leaves radical or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers racemed.
Sepals 4," 2 lateral (opposite the placentas) often larger and saccate at th^
base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4, placed crosswise, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 6 (rarely 1, 2, or 4), in 2 series, hypogynous ; 2 outer opposite the
lateral sepals ; 4 inner longer, in pairs opposite the other sepals. Disk
honeyed, glands 2, 4, or 6, opposite the sepals. Ovary 2-celled by a ver-
ticil prolongation of the placentas, or 1 -celled, or with superimposed cells ;
style short or 0, stigma simple or 2-lobed, lobes opposite the placentas ;
ovules 2-seriate on 2 parietal placentas-,- rarely solitary and erect, amphi-
tropous or campylotropous, micropyle superior. Fruit a long or short
2-celled and 2-valved capsule (pod) ; valves deciduous, leaving the seeds on
the persistent placentas (replum), rarely in dehiscent, or of superposed
l-sef:ded joints. Seeds small, albumen 0 ; cotyledons large, plano-convex
or longitudinally folded, foliaceous in germination, radicle turned up on
the back of one cotyledon (incumbent), or facing their edges (decumbent). —
DISTRIB. All temp, and cold regions, but chiefly of the Old World ; genera
172 ; species 1,200. — AFFINITIES. Between Fumariacece and Capparidecc.
—PROPERTIES. All are nitrogenous and contain sulphur, are pungent,
stimulant, anti-scorbutic, often acrid. Seeds oily. Testa of cress and
others mucilaginous when moistened, owing to the swelling and bursting
of superficial cells.

A. Pods elongate (much longer than broad] , dehiscing throughout their length,
fiat or turgid, not compressed at right angles to the septum. (Pods sometimes
short in Nasturtium, the tip sometimes indehiscent in Brassica. See Draba
t»B.

TRIBE I. ARABIDE7E, Seeds. 1-seriate (or 2-seriate in Arabis and
Nasturtium) ; radicle accumbent. (.Flowers white, yellow or lilac.)

* Stigmas erect or decurrent on the style 1 . Mat thiola.

*"* Stigma small, simple, terminal.

Lateral sepals saccate. Hairs forked 1*. Cheiranthus.

Pods terete, valves turgid. Seeds minute, 2-seriate 2. Nasturtium.

Pods 4-angled. Seeds oblong 3 . Barbarea.

Pods flat, valves not elastic 1 -nerved 4. Arabis.

Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle filiform 5. Cardamine.

Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle dilated 6. Dentaria .

TRIBE II. SISYMBRIE'-ffi. Seeds usually 1-seriate; radicle incumbent,
straight, plano-convex. (Flowers white, yellow or lilac.)

Glabrous or hairs spreading, stigma obtuse 7. Sisymbrium.

Hairs oppressed 2-3-f urcate, stigma obtuse 8. Erysi mum .

Hairs spreading, stigmas decurrent on the style 8*. Hespems.

MATTHIOLA.] CRUCIFER^. 23

TRIBE III. BRASSICE'JE, Seeds 1-2-seriate ; radicle incumbent, longi-
tudinally folded or very concave. (Flowers yellow.)

Pods terete or angled. Seeds 1 -seriate 9. Brassica.

Pods compressed. Seeds 2-seriate, compressed 10. Diplotaxis.

B. Pods short (not or not much longer than broad), dehiscing through their whole

length, broad, flat or turgid, not compressed at right angles to the septum.

(Flowers white or yellow.) (Pod sometimes long in Draba ; see Nasturtium

in A.)
TRIBE IY. ALYSSINE'-ffi. Seeds 2-seriate ; radicle accumbent.

Petals entire. Pods oblong, flat, many-seeded 11 . Draba.

Petals 2-cleft. Pods oblong, flat or turgid .; 12. Erophila.

Petals entire. Pods circular, few-seeded 12*. A lyssum.

Petals entire. Pods inflated, many-seeded 13. Cochiearia.

TRIBE Y. CAMEXiINE'.ffi. Seeds 2-seriate ; radicle incumbent.

Tall herb, cauline leaves sessile auricled ...13*. Camelina.

Small scapigerous water-herb. Leaves subulate 14. Subularia.

C. Pods short, dehiscing throughout their length, much compressed at right angle*

to the septum, which is hence very narrow. (Pod indehiscent in Senebiera.)

TRIBE VI. LEPIDINE'./E. Cotyledons straight incurved or longitudinally
folded, radicle incumbent. (Flowers white.)

Pods dehiscent, many-seeded 15. Capsella.

Pods didymous, indehiscent, 2-seeded , 16. Senebiera.

Pods dehiscent, 2-4-seeded 17. Lepidium.

TRIBE VII. THLASPIDE'JE, Cotyledons straight, radicle accumbent.
Pods on horizontal pedicels. (Flowers white.)

Pods notched. Petals equal. Filaments without scales ..18. Thlaspi.

Pods ovate. Petals very unequal. Filaments without scales ...19. Iberis.
Pods oblong. Petals unequal. Filaments with basal scales... 20. Teesdalia.
Pods oblong. Petals equal. Filaments without scales 21. Hutchiusia.

D. Pods indehiscent or with very short valves which cover a few of the seeds only.
TRIBE VIII. ISATIDE'-ffi. Pods indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded ...22. Isatis

TRIBE IX. CAKII*INE'.ffi. Pods transversely 2-jointed, lower joint inde-
hiscent seedless or not, or 2-valved and 2- or more-seeded; upper joint
indehiscent, 1-2-celled. (Affinity with Bras sic ea.)

Lower joint slender, seedless; upper globose, 1-seeded 23. Crambe.

Lower joint 2-edged, 1-celled ; upper eusiform, 1-seeded 24. Cakile.

TRIBE X. RAPHANE'-ffi. Pods elongate, 1-celled, many-seeded, or indehis-
cent, or jointed, the 1 -seeded joints indehiscent 25. Kaphanus.

1. MATTHI'OLA, Br. STOCK.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby, downy with stellate hairs. Leaves entire or
sinuate. Floivers large. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals
with long claws. Pods elongate, terete or compressed ; septum thick, often
2-3-nerved ; stigmatic lobes erect, conniving, often thickened or horned at

24 CRU0IFER&. [MATTHIOLA.

the back. Seeds 1-seriate, compressed, winged, or margined ; radicle
accumbent. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, one is S. African ;
species 30. — ETYM. After Mattwli, an Italian physician.

1. M. inca'na, Br. ; shrubby, erect, hoary, leaves oblong-lanceolate
entire, pod eglandular. Queen Stock.

Sea-cliff s eastward of Hastings (now extinct), I. of "Wight; (a denizen, Wats.}
fl. May-June. — Stem 1-2 ft., branched. Leaves rarely obscurely toothed.
Raceme 1-2 in. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., purple to violet. Pods 2-4 in., \ in.
broad ; seeds orbicular, winged. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, Canaries, Levant.

2. M. sinua'ta, Br. ; herbaceous, diffuse, woolly or downy, leaves linear-
obovate or -oblong, lower sinuate-toothed, pod niuricate and glandular.
Shores of Wales, Cornwall (extinct?), Devon; S.E. and S. AY. Ireland ; Channel

Isles; fl. May-Aug.— Stem 1-2 ft., branched above. Root-leaves petioled.
Raceme 1-3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., pale lilac, fragrant at night. Pod A
3-4 in., | in. broad ; seeds winged. — DISTMB. W. Europe, N. Africa, Levant.
— Taste alkaline.

1*. CHEIRAN'THUS, L. WALLFLOWER.

Herbs or under-shrubs, pubescent with appressed 2-partite hairs. Leaves
entire or toothed. Flowers l&Yge, racemed, yellow or purple. Sepals erect,
lateral saccate at the base. Petals with long claws. Pods elongate, com-
pressed or 4-angled ; valves 1 -nerved, flat or convex ; stigma capitate or
with 2 spreading lobes. Seeds 1-seriate, compressed ; radicle accumbent.
— DISTRIB. N. temp, and cold regions ; species 12. — ETYM. doubtful.

C. CHEI'RI, L. • leaves lanceolate acute entire.

Old walls ; (an alien, Wats.) ; fl. May-June. — Perennial. Stem shrubby below,
branched, angled. Leaves 2-3 in. Flowers about 1 in. diam., fragrant,
orange-yellow (in cultivation red, purple or brown). Pods 1-2^ in., 4-angled ;
stigma subsessile; seeds shortly winged above. — DISTRIB. Central and
N. Europe.

2. NASTUR'TIUM, Br.

Branched, terrestrial or aquatic glabrous herbs ; hairs if present usually
simple. Leaves entire lobed or cut. Flowers small, usually yellow, some-
times bracteate. Sepals short, equal, spreading. Petals slightly clawed,
or 0. Stamens 1-6. Pods short or long, often curved, terete, pedicels
patent and curved ; valves not rigid, convex, obscurely 1 -nerved ; style
short or long, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 2-seriate, small, turgid ;
radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and warmer regions; species
about 20. — ETYM. Nasi tortium, from the bitterness distorting the face. —
United with Cochlearia by C. Armoracia (Horse-radish) and others.

1. N. officina'le, Br. ; aquatic, leaves pinnate, leaflets subcordate
sinuate-toothed, petals white twice as long as the sepals, pods linear.
Watercress.
Watercourses, N. to Shetland; ascends above 1,000 feet in N". England;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Oet. — Perennial, glabrous, green or olive-

NASTURTIUM.] CRUGIFER^E. 25

brown. Stem 2-4 ft., rooting, often floating, fistular. Leafets 3-6 pair.
Racemes short, flowers ^-^ in. diam. Disk-glands 4. Pods J in., deflexed or
horizontal, longer than the pedicels ; valves beaded ; seeds suborbicular,
compressed. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America
and the colonies, and choking some rivers of N. Zealand.

N. ojjicina'le proper ; decumbent, terminal leaflet broadest and largest. — VAR.
siifo'lium, Keichb. ; erect, tall, leaflets subequal, terminal oblong. — VAR.
microphyl'lum is a starved terrestial state with small leaflets.

2. N. sylves'tre, Br. ; rootstock creeping, leaves deeply pinnatifid,
leaflets many lanceolate more or less cut nearly equal, petals yellow twice
as long as the sepals, pod linear.

Moist waste places from the Tay southd., rare in the north ; S. Ireland, rare ;
Chaonel Islands ; fl. June-August. — Stem angular, flexuous. Leaves very
variable. Racemes short ; flowers J in. diam. Disk-glands 6. Pods ^-J in.,
curved, pedicel very slender longer or shorter than the pod ; seeds minut0,
hardly 2-seriate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp, and subtrop. Asia ;
introd. in America.

3. N. palus'tre, DC. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes few broad
unequally cut, terminal of the lower leaves very large, petals yellow
equalling the sepals or shorter, pods linear-oblong turgid. N. terres'tre, Sm.
Damp places from the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ; fl. June-Oct. — Stem 1-2

ft., erect or inclined. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, terminal leaflet some-
times 6 in. Flower | in. diam. Disk-ylands 4. Pods equalling or exceed-
ing their pedicels ; style very short ; seeds angular. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa, temp, and cold Asia and America.

4. N. amphib ium, Br. ; rootstock short stoloniferous, leaves entire
toothed or pinnatifid, petals twice as long as the sepals, pods oblong
shorter than their pedicels. Armora'cia, Kcch.

Wet places, York to Somerset and Kent ; Ireland ; Channel Islds. ; fl. June-
Sept. — Stem 2-4 ft., erect. Leaves pinnated when submerged, base often
|-ainplexicaul. Flowers 5 in. diam. Disk-ylands 4. Pods ^ in., pedicels
spreading or deflexed ; style slender ; stigma large, capitate ; seeds small,
oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia.

3. BARB ARE A, Br. WlNTER-CRESS.

Erect, glabrous, biennials. Stem angular. Leaves entire lobed or
pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, sometimes bracteate. Sepals suberect, equal.
Petals clawed. Disk-glands 6. Pods linear, elongate, compressed, 4-angled,
acuminate ; valves keeled or ribbed ; style short, stigma capitate or 2-lobed.
Seeds 1 -seriate, oblong, not margined ; radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB.
Temp, regions ; species about 6.— ETYM. Dedicated to St. Barbara. — The
straight stiff pods, keeled valves, and 1-seriate seeds, separate this from
Nasturtium.

1. B. vulga'ris, Br. ; leaves toothed or pinnatifid at the base, pods
short acuminate, pedicels spreading, style distinct.
Hedgebanks, wat3r-sides, from the Clyde and Aberdeen southd. ; Ireland ;

Channel Islds.; fl. May— Aug. — Stem rigid, erect, simple or sparingly branched

2-3 GRUCIFERM. [BARBAREA.

Lower leave? pinnate, rarely piunat'fid, terminal leaflet usually largest,
cordate ; upper subentire or pinnatifid with amplexicaul auricled bases.
Flowers small, bright yellow. Pod* f-1 in., broader than their slender
pedicels; style ^j-J iu.--DiSTRiB. Europe (Arctic), temp. Asia, Himalaya
to 17,0 10 ft., S. Africa, Australia, and N. America.

B. VULGA'RIS proper ; raceme about as long as broad, petals twice as long as' the
sepals, pods in a dense raceme 3-6 times as long as their pedicels, erect
rarely spreading, seeds 1| times as long as broad. — Common. VAR. arcua'ta,
Beichb. ; raceme elongate, petals rather more than twice the length of the
sepals, pods in a lax raceme arched and spreading when young 5-8 times as
long as their pedicels, seeds more than twice as long as broad. — Bare,
Loughgall, Armagh.

Sub-sp. B. STRIC'TA, Andrz. ; upper leaves entire, terminal lobe of lower
oblong, flowers smaller, pods in a dense narrow raceme with erect pedicels.
B.parmJU/ra, Friss. — Chester, York, S.E. counties.

S'ib-sp. B. INTEBME'DIA, Boreau ; leaf-segments many, petals twice as long as
the sepals, pods in a dense raceme erect 4-6 times as long as their pedicels,
seeds nearly as long as broad. — Cultivated fields, rare. — Intermediate
between B. stric'ta and pr a' cox.

B. PR^'COX, Br. ; leaves pinnatifid, segments narrow, petals 3 times as
long as the sepals, pods long and distant scarcely thicker than their very
stout short pedicels, style very short. American Cress.
Roadsides, &c., a garden escape; (an alien, Wats^)\ fl. April-Oct. — Very
similar to B. vulya'ris, of which I suspect it is a cultivated form. Seeds J
longer than broad, twice as large and more ellipsoid than in B. vulya'ris. —
DISTRIB. All Europe ; introd. in U. States. — An excellent salad.

4, AR'ABIS, L. ROCK-CRESS.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or with forked or stellate hairs.
Radical leaves spathulate ; cauline sessile. Flowers usually white. Sepals
short, equal, or the lateral saccate at base. Petals entire, usually clawed.
Pods linear, compressed ; valves flat, keeled, veined or ribbed ; stigma
simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 1- rarely sub-2-seriate, compressed, often mar-
gined or winged ; radicle acciimbent. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species
60. — ETYM. From Arabia, -the native country of various species. — Differs
from Cardami'ne in the more keeled less elastic pod-valves.

1. A. petrse'a, Lamk. ; leaves petioled radical lyrate-pinnatifid,
cauline subsntire, petals spreading broadly clawed, pods spreading. A.
his'pida, L. fil ; Cardami'ne has tula' ta, Sm.

Alps of Wales and S3otland, ascending above 4,000 ft. ; Grlenade Mt., Leitrim ;
fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous or hairy, perennial. Stem 3-6 in., branched below.
Leaf-segments short. Flowers corymbose, white or purplish. Pods §-1 in. ;
valves 3-nerved ; seeds hardly winged. — DISTRIB. Alpine and Arctic
Europe, N. Asia and N. America.

2. A. stric'ta, Huds. ; hispid, radical leaves subpetiolate small obtuse
sinuate-lobed'vcauline few ^-amplexicaul, petals narrow cuneate suberect,
pods suberect.

ARABIS.] CRUCIFERJE. 27

Rocks, N. Somerset and "\V. Gloucester, very rare ; fl. March-May. — Perennial.
/Stems 5-10 in., ascending or erect. Radical Leaves ciliate, hairs forked and
simple ; lobes oblong or triangular, pointing upwards. Flowers rather large,
cream-3oloured. Pod* 1 in., 3-6 times as long as their pedicels ; valves
1 -nerved ; style short ; seeds oblong, slightly winged above. — DISTRIB.
E'-irope, from Spain to Hungary. — Habit of Sisymb. Thalia' na.

3. A. hirsu'ta, Br. ; hispid, stem leafy, radical leaves subpetiolate
toothed, cauliue sessile or ^-amplexicaul, petals spreading white, pods
many slender erect. A. sagitta'ta, DC. ; Turri'tis hirsu'ta, L.

Dry places, ascending to 2,700 ft. in Scotland ; locaHn Ireland ; Channel Islds. ;
fl. June-Aug. — Biennial or perennial. Stems 1-2 ft., many, slender. Leaves
lf-3 in., obtuse or acute. Flowers small. Pods H-2 in., very many, much
narrower than in A. ciliata ; style short; seed-s distant, very narrowly
winged all round. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia to the Himalaya, N.
America. — VAR. glabra'ta, Syme ; stem and leaves glabrous or ciliated. —
Great Aran Is , W. Ireland, and Eastbourne, Sussex.

Sub-sp. A. CILIA'TA, Br. ; glabrous or ciliate, cauline leaves sessile, base
rounded, pods fewer broader, seeds closer. — Rocky shores, S. Wales, "W.
Ireland.

4. A. perfolia'ta, Lamfc. ; nearty glabrous, glaucous, radical leaves
obovate sinuate or lobed, cauline amplexicaul entire auricled, petals erect
pale }Tellow, pods many crowded slender erect, seeds sub-2-seriate.
Turri'tis gla'bra, L.

Dry ro?ky places, local, from Perth southd.; Ireland, Antrim only ; fl. May-
July. — Annual or biennial. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, with few spreading hairs
about the early withering root-leaves, &c. Pods 1-2 in. ; pedicel slender ;
style very short; seeds minute, oblong, angled, not winged. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), temp. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

A. TURIU'TA, L. j stellately pubescent, leaves remotely toothed, radical
petioled entire, cauline narrow oblong amplexicaul, flowers bracteate,
petals obovate-lanceolate spreading, pods large long secund decurved.
Naturalized on castle walls, Cleish, Kinross-shire, &c. ; fl. May-July, — Peren-
nial. Stem 1-2 ft., rather robust, leafy. Radical leaves on barren branches
of the rootstock. Flowers pale yellow. Pods 3-6 in. ; valves thick, veined ;
seeds oblong, winged. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe.

5. CARDAMI'NE, L. BlTTEH-CHESS.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually glabrous. Leaves usually pinnate.
Flowers white cream-coloured or purple. Sepals equal at the base.
Petals clawed, rarely 0. Pods elongate, linear, compressed ; valves flat,
indistinctly nerved, elastic ; stigma small. Seeds compressed, not mar-
gined, funicle filiform ; radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold
regions, rarely tropical ; species 50. — ETYM. /cap5a//oi>, a kind of cress.

1. C. hirsu'ta, L. ; radical leaves pinnate, leaflets broad petioled
auricles 0, cauline narrower, petals small erect oblong-lanceolate, anthers
yellow, pods erect.

OR UCIFEILE. [CARD AMINE.

Moist places, N. to Shetland ; ascending to 3,000 ft. in Scotland ; Ireland ;

Channel Islds. ; fl. April-Sept. — Yery variable, glabrous or hairy, 6 in.-2 ft.,

erect or diffuse. Lcaf-cts 3-(3 pairs, angled or sublobate. Flowers ^ in.

diam., white. Pods about 1 in., slender, torulose. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and

cold zones ; in S. temp, the perennial varieties are very numerous and

and puzzling.
C. HIRSU'TA proper ; annual, radical leaves rosulate, pedicels erect, stamens

usually 4, style short stout. — Open ground.
Sub-sp. C. FLEXUO'SA, Withering ; perennial or biennial, radical leaves few,

leaflets lobed, pedicels spreading, stamens usually 6, style slender elongate.

C. sylvat'ica, Link.— Shaded places.

2. C. praten'sis, L. ; leaves all pinnate, leaflets of radical petioled
suborbicular, of cauline narrow subsessile, petals large spreading obovate,
anthers yellow, pods erect oil slender pedicels, style short stout. Lady's
Smock, Cuckoo-flower.

Moist meadow?, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,200 ft. in Scotland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islds. ; fl. April-June. — Rootstock short, stout, sometimes stoloni-
feroiiF. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaflets of radical leaves ;]H| in. ; of cauline usually
much longer, almost entire. Flower |-f in. diam., lilac or almost white.
Pods 1-1J in ; pedicel |-1 in. — DI^TRIB. N. temp, and Arctic regions,
Abyssinia, Himalaya, Chili. — A similar plant occurs in Tasmania. — VAR. C.'.
denta'ta, Schult. ; taller, stronger, radical leaves erect or suberect, leaflets
fewer larger angled toothed. — VAR. Haynea'na,Welw. ; habit of C. hirsu'ta,
leaflets many small round linear or lanceolate, flowers small white, petals
narrower. Thames near Mortlake.

3. C. ama'ra, L. ; leaves pinnate, radical leaflets suborbicular, cauline
narrow or deeply toothed, petals large obovate spreading, anthers purple,
pods erect on slender pedicels, style slender. Bitter cress.
River-sides, &c., scarce ; from Aberdeen southd., ascending to 1,000 ft. in

Yorkshire; N.E. Ireland; fl. April-June. — Rootstock slender, stoloniferous.
Stem 1-2 ft,, ascending, glabrous or hairy. Leaves all alternate. Flowers
| in. diam., creamy white. Pods 1-1| in. ; pedicel |-| in. ; style slender,
stigma minute.— DISTRIB. N. Europe and Asia to the Himalaya.

4. C. impa tiens, L. ; leaves pinnate, petiole with stipuliform fringed
auricles, leaflets all narrow deeply cut, petals linear-obovitte or 0, anthers
yellow, pods erect on short slender pedicels, style slender.

Shady copses, &c., local ; from Westmoreland and York (ascends to 1,000 ft.)
southd.; casual in Ireland; fl. May-Aug. — Rootstock spindle-shaped. Stem
1-2 ft., stout, erect, very leafy, glabrous. Leaflets many, petioled. Flowers
\ in. diam., often panicled, white. Pods J-l in., very slender ; pedicel J in.
DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia to the Himalaya. —The stipuliform auricles,
reflexed on the stem, are anomalous structures.

6. DENTA'RIA, L. CORAL-ROOT.

Herbs with creeping, scaly rootstocks. Radical leaves few or 0 ; cauline
often opposite or 3-nately whorled. Flowers large, purple. S^als erect,
equal at the base. Petals clawed. Pods narrow-lanceolate ; valves flat,

DENFARIA.] CRUCIFERJE. 29

nearly nerveless, elastic ; septum membranous. /SMsl-ser'ate, compressed,
not margined, funicle dilated ; radical accumbent, stalked. — DLSTRIB
N. temp, regions ; species about 20. — ETYM. dens, from the scaly root-stock.
— Differs from Cardamine chiefly in habit, and the funicles.

1. D. bulbif'era, L. ; lower leaves pinnate, upper simple entire.
Woods arid copses, rare ; Stafford to Kent and S-issex; a doubtful native of
Scotland ; fl. April-June. — Rootstock annual or biennial, white. Stem 1-2
ft., simple, leafless below. Leaflets 1-2 in., in few pairs, oMong, entire,
or serrate ciliate ; uppermost confluent at the base ; upper bulbiferous.
Flowers |-| in. diam., white or lilac; pedi -el slender. Pods erect, rarely
ripening. — DISTRTB. Throughout Europe, rare in W. Asia.

7. SISYM'BRIUM, L. HEDGE-MUSTARD.

Annual or biennial herbs ; hairs simple. Radical leaves spreading ;
cauline alternate, often auricled. Flowers loosely racemed, usually yellow,
often bracteate. Sepals short or long. Petals often narrow and long-
clawed. Pods narrow-linear, terete or 4-6-angled or compressed ; valves
flat or convex, often 3-nerved ; septum membranous, nerveless or 2-nerved;
stigma simple 2-lobed or cup-shaped. Seeds many, 1-seriate, not mar-
gined ; radicle usually incumbent.— DISTEIB. N. temp, and cold regions ;
rare in Southern ; species 80. — ETYM. doubtful. — Differs from Brassica
only in the flat ^cotyledons, and united to Arabis by S. Thaliana. Pods
of 4 types : — 1. S. Thaliana, Irio, and Sophia ; 2. S. officinale ; 8. 8.
polyceratium ; 4. S. Alliaria.

1. S. Thalia'na, Hook.-, leaves toothed pubescent, flowers white, pods
spreading or ascending obscurely 4-angIed. Thale-cress.

Dry soils, from Orkney southd., ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorks. ; Ireland ;
Channel Isld.s. ; fl. May-S^pt.- — Annual. Stem 6-10 in., slender, nearly leaf-
less. Radical leaves rosulate, oblong, petioled ; cauHne narrow, sessile, all
entire or toothed. Flowers ^ in. diam. ; pedicel slender. Pods ^-f in.,
slender, curved ; seeds minute ; radicle rarely accumbent. — DISTKIB.
Europe (Arctic), to the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in N". America.

2. S. Ir'io, L. ; leaves runcinate-toothed or pinnatifid glabrous, flowers
yellow, pods terete slender suberect, London Rocket.

A\7'aste places, Berwick, Dublin ; Channel Islds.; sporadic elsewhere ; (a denizen,
Wats.) ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., branched. Radi-
cal leaves petioled ; lobes irregularly toothed, terminal large often hastate.
Flowers^ in. diam. Pods Ij in., very many, glabrous, erect, strict; valves
bea led, 3-nerved ; style 0 ; seeds oblong. — DisfniB. Central and S. Euroj e,
N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — Called " London Rocket " because it
sprang up after the Fire of 1666.

3. S. Sophi'a, L. ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid glabrous or downy, segments
narrowly linear, flowers yellow, pods slender terete ascending curved,
p3dicels very slender. Flixweed,

Waste places from Caithness southd., rarer in S-otlaud and Ireland; a
colonist? fl. June-Aug. — Annual. Stem 1-3 ft,, branched above ; branches

30 CRUCIFERJE. [SISYMBRIUM.

leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., finely divided ; lobes spreading. Flowers f in. diam.
Pods 1 in., in long racemes ; valves beaded, 3-ribbed ; style very short. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Asia to Himalaya, N. and S.
America.

4. S. officina'le, Scop. ; leaves runcinate-toothed or -lobed hairy, flowers
yellow, pods in a leafless raceme subulate terete ap^ressed to the stem.
Hedge-musta/rd.

Hedgebanks and waste places from Orkney southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islas.,
fl. June- July.— Stem 1-2 ft., terete, erect, with spreading or reflexed hairs ;
branches horizontal. Leaves variously cut or lobed, with a tendency to a
large terminal lobe. Flowers T\T in. diam., homogamous. Pods \ in.,
tapered from the base into the almost pungent style ; pedicel short, thick.
— DISTRIB. Europe, "W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in the
U. States.

5. S. Allia'ria, Scop. ; leaves all petioled deltoid or reniform-cordate
coarsely toothed or creiiate hairy beneath, pods stout long 4-angled, pedicels
short stout. Erysimumt L. ; Alliariaofficinalis, Andiz. Garlic- mustard,
Sauce alone. Jack by the hedge.

Hedgebanks, &c., from Ross southd. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in England ;
rarer in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islds. ; fl. May- June. — Annual or
rarely biennial, glabrous or with a few scattered simple hairs, rank scented.
Stem 2-3 ft., decumbent at the base, then flexuous, erect, simple or sparingly
branched. Radical leaves often 3 in, diam,, with long slender petioles,
smaUer and more reniform than the cauline, which are cuneate at the base.
Flowersbin.diaxn., white ; homogamous. Pods 2| in., linear, slightly curved,
rigid, subacute ; valves keeled ; style very short, stigma truncate ; seeds
oblong. — DLSTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp, and W. Asia to the Himalaya.

S. POLYCERA'TIUM, L. ; prostrate, leaves runcinate-pinuatifid glabrous,
flowers yellow, pods 1-3 in the axils of leafy bracts cyliudiic curved
spreading.

Koadside paths, Bury St. Edmunds, introduced by Dr. Goodenough ; ballast-
heaps, Fife; fl. July-Aug. — Annual, glabrous, very leafy. Leaves often
reduced to the large triangular coarsely toothed terminal lobe. Flower
smal1, yellow. Pods f in., in short leafy racemes, broad at the base, on very
short thick pedicels; valves 3-nerved, very convex, beaded, obtuse ; style
evident, short, thick, stigma obtuse. — DISTRIB. Mediterranean to the
Caucasus.

8. ERYS'IMUM, L. TREACLE-MUSTARD.

Annual biennial or peremiial hoary herbs ; hairs appressed, forked.
Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers yellow, often fragrant. Sepals erect,
equal or the lateral gibbous at the base. Petals clawed. Pods narrow,
compressed, 4-angled or terete ; valves linear, often keeled ; rcpluni
usually prominent ; septum membranous or corky ; stigma 2-lobed or
entire. Seeds many, 1 -seriate, oblong, not winged or winged at the tip ;
radicle incumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold N. hemisphere ; species
about 70. — ETYM. e'pt-co, to draw blisters. — Xear Sisymbrium, but cauline

ERYSIMUM.] CRUC1FERJE. 31

leaves never auricled, and hairs 2-3-pavtite ; differs from CJieiranthus in
the cotyledons, and generally in the stigma.

E. cheiranthoi des, L. ; leaves lanceolate, pods short suberect.
Waste places from Mid. England southd., a casual north of it ; rare in Ire-
land; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-Aug. — Annual. Stem 1-2 ft., erect leafy
rigid terete. Leaves 3-4 in., subsessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, narrowed at the base, obscurely toothed. Flowers 5 in. diam. Pods
1 in., straight; pedicel spreading; valves strongly keeled, acute; style
very short stout, stigma truncate ; seeds oblong, smooth, very strong-tasted.
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, 1ST. America.

8*. HES'PERIS, L. DAME'S VIOLET.

Erect, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers
large, handsome. Sepals erect, lateral gibbous at the base. Petals clawed.
Pods elongate, terete or 4-angled ; valves flattish, keeled, 3-nerved ; septum
membranous ; stigmatic lobes suberect. Seeds many, margined or not ;
cotyledons incumbent. — DISTBIB. Europe and temp. Asia ; species 20. —
ETYM.4'<77repos, from some species being odorous in the evening. — Very near
Matthiola and Cheiranthus, differing chiefly in the stigmas and embryo.

H. MATBONA'LIS, L. ; pubescent, leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate.
Meadows, plantations, &c., rarely even naturalized; fl. May-July. — Perennial,
hairs simple or branched. Stems 2-3 ft., erect, stout, leafy. Leaves 2-5 in.,
shortly pitioled or sessile, finely irregularly toothed or serrate. Flowers
| in. diam., white or lilac, odorous in the evening, proterandrous ; pedicel
\ in., spreading. Pods 2-4 in., slender, cylindric, constricted here and there
between the remote seeds ; pedicel ascending; valves much narrowed at the
tip ; style stout ; seeds linear-oblong. — DifeTfiiB. Europe, temp. Asia.

9. BRAS'SICA, L. CABBAGE, &c.

Herbs of various habit. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, often large. Floiuers
in corymbs or racemes, white or yellow, rather large. Sepals erect or
spreading, equal or the lateral saccate at the base. Pods elongate, nearly
terete, with sometimes an indehiscent 1 -seeded beak ; valves convex, often
3-nerved, the lateral nerves flexuous ; septum membranous or spongy ;
stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong orsubglobose ; radicle
incumbent, cotyledons concave or conduplicate. — DISTBIB. Temp. Europe,
Asia, and N. Africa ; species 100. — ETYAT. The Latin name.

SECTION 1. Bras sica proper. Sepals erect.

1. B. olera'cee, L. ; rootstock stout branched leafy at the top, leaves
obovate lobed or sinuate below glaucous glabrous, upper sessile oblong
dilated at the base, flowering racemes elongate, beak of pod seedless, valves
keeled and nerved. Wild Cabbage.

Sea-cliffs, S.\V. of England and Wales; Channel Islds. ; (a denizen?
Wats.} ; fl. May-Aug. —Stem 1-2 ft., biennial or perennial, very stout, tortu-
ous, usually decumbent, scarred. Lower leaves often 1-1| ft. Flowers 1 in.

32 CRUCIFEH^. [BiiASSiCA.

diam., pale yellow, homogamous. Pods 2-3 in., spreading, slightly com-
pressed ; beak short, subulate ; seeds globose. — DISTRIB. W. and S. coasts
of Europe. Cultivated forms are aceph'ala (scotch kail, cow cabbage,
borecole) ; bulla'ta and gemmifera (brussels sprouts and savoys) ; capita'ta
(red and white cabbage) ; Caulora'pa (cole rabi) ; Botrtftis (cauliflower and
broccoli).

2. B. campes'tris, L. ; erect, lower leaves lyrate-pinnate hispid,
upper oblong or lanceolate amplexicaul and auricled, flowering racemes
corymbiform, beak of pod seedless, valves 1 -nerved. B. polymorpha,
Syme.

Weeds of cultivated ground; a colon:st? Watson ; fl. June-Sept.

Mr. Dyer considers that only two primary forms of this species are to be
found in cultivation or as escapes in Britain ; excluding B. Na'pus and its
forms (of which none of the leaves are hispid) as being almost exclusively
Continental. He assumes that Var. oleifera is the Linnean type, described
as a troublesome weed in Sweden, which may be a starved state of the turnip
escaped from cultivation. Mr. Watson, on the other hand, considers B.
Ra'pa, campes'tris and No! -pus as all British, and affirms that the latter is
wrongly described as glabrous. B. Na'pus, L. (?) being the rape ; B. Ruta-
ba'f/a, L.. the swede ; and B. Ra'pa, L , the turnip, with 3 varieties sati'va,
sylves'tris, and Brifftfsii.

B. CAMPES'TRTS proper (Linn. Herb.) ; leaves glaucous, flowers pale orange. —
VAR. oleifera, DC. ; root slender spindle-3haped — (yields rape and colza). —
VAR. Na'po-brassica, DC.; root tuberous, neck elongated. B. Rutala'ya,
DC. — ( swedidi turnip).

Sub-sp. B, KA'PA, L. ; leaves not gaucous, flowers smaller bright yellow.
VAR. rapifera, Ko?h; root tuberous (turnip). — VAR. campes'tris, Ko3h;
root spindle-shaped. --VAR. sylves'tris, Lond. Cat. (navew.) B. Briyy'sii,
Wats., is an annual form from Cornwall.

3. B. monen'siS; Hurls. ; leaves petioled deeply pinnatifid, segments
toothed, upper linear, beak of pod 1-3-seeded, valves 3-nervcd.
Sea-shores on the west from Skye to S. Wales ; Channel Islands : fl. May-June. —

Rootstock usually stout, woody, perennial. Stem 6-24 in., erect or decumbent.

Radical leaves with short broad-toothed segments. Flowers §-| in. diim.,

pale yellow. Pods 1|-2| in., spreading; beak thick; sseds globose, dark,

punctate. — DISTRIB. Shores, W. and S Europe, N. Africa. (Subalpine in

Pyrenees.)
B. MONEN"'SIS proper; glabrous, stem nearly simple, leaves chiefly radical.

S. Wales to Skye ; inland at Merthyr Tydfll, S. Wales.
Sub-sp. B. CHEIRAN'THUS, Villars ; hispid, stem branched leafy. Cornwall;

Channel Islands ; introduced elsewhere.

SECTION 2. Sina'pis, L. (Gen.). Sepals spreading.

* Pods erect, appressed to the stem; valre 1-nerved ; cells few-seeded.

4. B. ni'gra, Koch ; stem-leaves petioled linear-lanceolate entire or
toothed glabrous, pods subulate 4-angled glabrous, beak short seedless.
Black. Mustard.

Hedges and waste places, from Northumberland southd., common as an
escape, wild on sea-cliffs (Syme) ; not wild in Scotland ; S. of Ireland ;

BRASSICA.] CRUCIFER^. 33

Channel Islands ; (a native ? Wats.} ; fl. June-Sept. — Annual. Stem 2-3 ft.
rigid, branched, more or less hispid. Leaves 4-8 in., lower lyrate, terminal
lobe much the longest. Flowers f-| in. diam., bright yellow. Pod J-| in.,
subulate, beak slender; valves keeled, torulo?e; pedicel short, stout, erect ;
cells 3-5-seeded ; seeds oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to
the Himalaya; introd. in U. States.

5. B. adpres'sa, Boiss. ; uppermost stem-leaves linear or lanceolate
quite entire hispid, pods subcylindric, beak clavate ribbed J as long as
the valves often 1 -seeded. Sina'pis inca'na, L. Erucastrum inca'num,
Koch.

Sandy fields, Jersey and Alderney ; casual in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Habit
of B. ni'gra, but more branched ; pod ^ in. ; valves linear ; beak 8-ribbed ;
seeds fewer, flattened. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Belgium southd.

** Pods spreading ; valves 3-nerved ; cells few- or many-seeded.

6. B. Sina'pis, Visiani; hispid, upper leaves toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid,
pods linear angular longer than the elongate compressed rarely 1-seeded
beak. B. Sinapis'trum, Boiss. Sina'pis arven'sis, L. Charlock.
Cornfields, N. to Shetland ; ascending to 1.200 ft. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

fl. May- Aug. — Annual. Stems 1-2 ft., usually branched. Flowers |-J in.,
diam., subcorymbose, bright yellow, homogamous. Pods l|-2 in. ; pedicel
slender, spreading ; beak deciduous, straight, almost rigid, as broad as the
hispid torulose valves ; seeds subcompressed, dark brown. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in America.

7. B. al'ba, Boiss. ; hispid with reflexed hairs, upper leaves pinnatifid,
pods short beaded few-seeded, valves equalling the broad sometimes 1-
seeded beak. Sinapis, L. White Mustard.

Cultivated ground, &c., from Eoss southd. ; Mid. Ireland rare ; Channel
Islands; (a colonist, Wats.); fl. June-July. — Annual. Stem 1-3 ft., erect,
furrowed ; branches ascending. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate ;
segments cut and lobed. Flowers \ in. diam., yellow. Pods 2 in., hispid ;
valve strongly ribbed, concave ; beak ensiform, persistent, ribbed, often
curved ; cells 1-3-seeded ; seeds subglobose, pale. — DISTRIB.' Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in the U. States. —
Cult, as a salad.

1O. DIPLOTAX'IS, DC. ROCKET.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnatind. Flowers yellow. Sepals
spreading, equal. Pod narrow, elongate, compressed ; valves 1-nerved ;
septum membranous ; style stout or slender, stigma simple. Seeds many,
sub-2-seriate, compressed ; cotyledons as in Brassica. — DISTRIB. Temp.
Europe, Asia, and 1ST. Africa; species 20. — ETYM. b*nr\6os and ra£is, from
the 2-seriate seeds. — Differs from .Brassica in the flat pods, membranous
valves, minute compressed 2-seriate seeds, and the flowers varying to pink
or purplish, which is never the case in Brassica.

1. D. mura'lis, DC. ; stem hispid leafy at the base, leaves sinuate or
pinnatind, scapes slender ascending, pods suberect linear. Sisym'brium,

L. Bras' sica brevi'pes, Syme.

34 CRUCIFER^E. [Dii'LOTAXis.

Roadsides and waste places, from Roxburgh southd. ; E. Ireland ; Channel
Isands ; (a denizen, Wats!) ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — A small herb. Leaves usually
long-petioled. Scapes 6-8 in., few -leaved. Flowers ^ in. diam., yellow;
pedicels as long as the expanded flowers, petals 2-3 times as long as the
sepals abruptly obovate, style not narrowed below. Pods 1-2 in., slender,
narrowed above and below; valves flat, almost nerveless; style stout,
straight, cylindric.— DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Belgium southd., N.
Africa.

VAR. Babinyto'niit Syme ; biennial or perennial, stem-leaves several. — S. of
England, common ; E. of Ireland, very rare ; a denizen, Watson.

2. D. tenuifo'lia, DO. ; stem branched leafy, leaves pinnatifid, lobes
long narrow, pods suberect linear on very long slender pedicels. Sisym'-
brium, L. ; Sina'pis, Sm. ; Bras'sica, Boiss.

Waste places from the Cheviots southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a denizen,
Wats.) ; fl. June-Sept. — Bushy, glabrous or hispid, glaucous, foetid. Root-
stock woody; branches 1-3 ft. Leaves 3-5 in.; lobes distant, very unequal.
Flowers £ in. diam., yellow. Pods §-J in., distant, linear, narrowed at
both ends ; valves flat ; style stout, straight, cylindric. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Asia.

11. DRA'BA, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Herbs, usually small, rarely annual, hoary with stellate down. Leaves
entire ; radical rosulate ; cauline sessile or 0. Flowers small, racemose or
corymbose, white or yellow. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals
shortly clawed, entire. Pods oblong or linear, compressed ; valves flattish,
rarely ribbed ; septum membranous ; stigma simple. Seeds 2-seriate, com-
pressed ; funicle filiform ; radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp. Arctic and
Alpine regions, chiefly of N. hemisphere, and Andes ; a prominent feature
in N. Polar regions ; species 80, all very variable. — ETYM. SpajS?? , acrid,
in allusion to the taste.

1. D. aizoi'des,Z. ; leaves rigid ciliate, scape leafless, petals yellow.
Walls and rocks, Pennard Castle, Glamorgan ; (a native ? Wats.) ; fl. March-
May. — Perennial, densely tufted. Leaves £ in., rosulate, glabrous, shining,
keeled, margins and tip white cartilaginous ciliate. Scape 1-5 in., rigid.
Racemes short, slightly lengthened in fruit. Flowers J in. diam., protero-
gynous. Petals hardly notched. Pods oblong, acute, glabrous ; style half
its length ; cells 10-12-seeded. — DISTRIB. Mountains of Central and S.
Europe, W.Asia.

2. D. rupes'tris, Br. ; erect, small, leaves oblong-lauceolate hairy,
scape-leaf 1 or 0, petals white, pods small straight oblong hairy, pedicels
straight erecto-patent.

Alpine rocks, alt. 3-4,000 ft., rare and local ; Ben Lawers, Cairngorm, Ben-
hope ; Benbulben in Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock slender. Leaves |-J
in., ciliate, rarely toothed. Scapes one or more, 1-2 in., slender, flexuous ;
their leaf sessile, stellately pubescent. Flowers % in. diam., few, white.
Pods J in., oblong, obtuse ; stigma subsessile. — DISTRIB. Arctic regions.

DIIABA.] CRUCIFER^. 35

3. D. inca'na, L. ; erect, stellately hispid, often branched, leaves
oblong cauline amplexicaul, petals white, pods linear or oblong-lanceolate
usually twisted, pedicels erecto-patent. D. confu'sa, and D. contor'ta,
Ehrh.

Alpine rocks, N. England, Wales, Scotland ; ascends above 3,000 ft. ; mountains
and maritime sandhills of W. Ireland; fl. June-July. — Rootstock often
woody and long. Stem 6-14 in. Radical leaves short, £-1 in., densely
rosulate, usually much toothed ; cauline many, suberect. Racemes much
elongated after flowering, many-fld. Flowers as in D. rupestris. Pods £-|
in., variable in length breadth and twisting, glabrous or hairy, obtuse or
subacute ; pedicel short ; stigma subsessile ; seeds many.— DISTBIB. Alpine
and Arctic Europe, Asia, and N. and S. America. — Yery variable ; small
specimens with few stem-leaves resemble D. rupestris.

4. D. mura'lis, L. ; suberect or prostrate, slender, branched, stellately
hispid, stem-leaves broadly ovate or cordate obtuse coarsely toothed, petals
minute white, pods linear-oblong horizontal, pedicels spreading.
Limestone rocks and walls in W. England ; from Yorks. (ascending to 1,200 ft.)

to Somerset ; introd. in Scotland and N.W. Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Root-
stock annual or biennial, slender. Stem 1-2 ft., flexuous. Radical leaves
small, f-1 in., obovate ; cauline few, distant, broader. Flowers § in. diam.
Racemes short, fruiting long. Pods ^ in., flat, obtuse, on pedicels longer
than themselves; style 0 ; seeds 10-12, minute. — DISTEIB. Europe, temp.
Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa.

12. EROPH'ILA, DC. YERNAL WHITLOW-GRASS.

Small annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves entire, spreading. Scapes
slender, leafless. Flotvers few, small, white. Sepals spreading, equal at
the base. Petals obovate, 2-lobed or 2-partite. Pods oblong, compressed ;
valves 1-nerved, membranous, flat or convex ; septum membranous. Seeds
2-seriate, very many and minute ; funicle capillary ; radicle accumbent. —
DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, and 1ST. India ; species 2-3. — ETYM. cap and
$zAo>, from flowering in spring.

E. vulga'ris, DC. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed. Dra'ba
ver'na, L.
Abundant on walls, paths, &c., N. to Orkney ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.

March-June. — Subglabrous or delicately pubescent. Leaves f-1 in., all

radical, rosulate. Scapes 1-16 in., flexuous. Flowers §—j in. diam., homo-

gamous. Pods f— J in., on spreading pedicels. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp.

Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa ; N. America (perhaps introd.). — Seventy

forms have been cultivated by M. Jordan as specific, with more or less

constancy.
E. VULGA'RIS proper ; pods compressed obovate-oblong twice or more as long

as broad, cells 20-40-seeded.— Ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire.
Sub-sp. E. BRACHYCAR'PA, Jord. ; pods compressed orbicular-oblong 1-1J as

long as broad, cells 12-20-seeded. — From Fife southd., scarce.
Sub-sp. E. INFLA'TA, Wats.} pods turgid ovoid-oblong twice as long as broad,

cells 20-40-seeded. — D. verna /3 Hook.- Alpine rocks, Ben Lawers and Glen

Shee, alt. 2,200-3,000 ft.; fl. June-July.

D 2

36 CRUCIFER^. [ALYSSUM.

12*. ALTS' SUM, L.-

Herbs or small shrubs, often covered with stellate down. Leaves
scattered or crowded, entire. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals
short, equal. Petals short, entire or 2-fid. Filaments sometimes toothed
or appendaged. Pods short, very various in form ; valves flat, concave or
convex; septum entire or perforate ; stigma simple. Seeds 3.-\Q ; radicle
accumbent. — DISTRIB. N". and W. Asia and N. Africa; species 80-90. —
ETYM. obscure. — A polymorphous genus, almost every organ varying ;
hence 10 genera have been made out of it.

A. CALYCI'NUM, L, ; pubescent with appressed stellate hairs, leaves
linear-spathulate, sepals persistent, petals yellow, pods suborbicular.
Cultivated fields, rare and sporadic in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; (an

alien, Wats.} ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual, hoary. Stem branched at the base ;

branches 3-8 in., rigid, ascending. Leaves J-f in., few, scattered, obtuse.

Flowers small ; filaments with 2 teeth at the base. Fruiting racemes elongate.

Pods T^ in. diam., very numerous, on short stiff spreading pedicels, nearly

orbicular, turgid with broad thin flat margins, notched at the tip ; style very

short; seeds 1-2 in each cell, narrowly winged. — DISTRIB. Central and

S. Europe, W. Asia.

A. MARIT'IMUM, L. ; pubescent with appressed 2-partite hairs, leaves
linear, sepals deciduous, petals obovate white, pods obovoid-orbicular.
Koni'ga, Br. ; Lobula'ria, Desv. ; Gly'ce, Lindl.
Waste places near the sea ; in England and the Channel Islands ; (a denizen,

Wats.) ; fl. June-Sept. — Annual or perennial. Rootstock prostrate. Stem

4-10 in., ascending, leafy. Leaves 1-lf in., TV-f ,'in. broad, subacute.

Flowers small, odorous ; filaments all simple. Pods ^ in. without a border ;

pedicel slender, spreading; valves convex, 1 -nerved ; cells 1-seeded; style

slender. — DISTRIB. Maritime S. Europe and W. Asia.

13. COCHLEA'RIA, L. SCURVY-GRASS.

Perennial herbs. Leaves entire or pinnate. Flowers small, white. Sepals
short, equal, spreading. Petals shortly clawed. Pods sessile or shortly
stalked, oblong or globose ; valves turgid, reticulate ; septum often im-
perfect ; stigma simple or capitate. Seeds few or many, 2-seriate, not
margined, tubercled ; cotyledons accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp, and Arctic
regions, chiefly littoral or Alpine; species 25. — ETYM. cochlear, from the
spoon-like leaves. — The native British species form a well defined group of
variable littoral plants, confined to N.W. Europe and the Arctic regions ;
but some exotics have the habit of Nasturtium.

* Valves with a dorsal nerve.

1. C. officina'lis, L. ; radical leaves cordate, pods sub globose, valves

reticulate, style very short. C. polymor'pha, Syme.

Sea-shores and high mountains, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
May-Aug. — Stems many, 4-10 in., glabrous, fleshy, ascending from the
perennial rarely biennial rootstock. Flowers J-^ in. diam. Pods §-^

COCHLEARIA.] CRUCIFFM^. 37

in. diam., cells 4-6-seeded. — DISTEIB. N.W. Europe, Polar regions. — A

valuable antiscorbutic.
C. OFFICINA'LIS proper ; radical leaves deeply cordate orbicular or reniform,

cauline amplexicaul angled toothed or lobed, pods nearly globose. VAR.

littora'lis, Lond. Cat. — Muddy sea-shore.
Sub-sp. C. ALPI'NA, Wats. ; radical and cauline leaves as in officina'lis, pods

rhomboid-oblong narrowed at both ends. C. yrcenlan'dica, Sm. — Mountains,

ascending to near 4,000 ft.
Sub-sp. C. DAN'ICA, L. ; radical leaves deltoid lobed, lower cauline similar

petioled, upper amplexicaul also lobed, petals smaller, and pods as in alpi'na.

— Sandy and muddy shores, rarer in Scotland and Ireland.

2. C. ang'lica, L. ; radical leaves oblong-rhomboid or ovate not cordate
entire lobed or angled, cauline ^-amplexicaul, pods oblong or obovoid
inflated much constricted at the sutures, valves reticulate, style slender.
Muddy shores in England and "W. Scotland ; rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. May-July. — Much larger than C. officinalis, branches 10-18 in., but con-
nected with it by intermediates. Leaves more fleshy, narrower, and pod
very different, sometimes § in., style longer, seeds larger. — DISTRIB. Cf.
C. ojficinalis.

C. ANGLICA proper (VAR. yem'ina, Hort) ; radical leaves narrowed below, pod
obovoid large much constricted at the suture. — Var. Hor'tii, Syme ; radical
leaves rounded at the base, pod smaller ellipsoid.

** Valves with no dorsal nerve. ARMORA'CIA, Kupp.

C. ARMORA'CIA, L. ; leaves linear-oblong obtuse deeply regularly crenate,

radical long-petioled, cauline narrower sessile, racemes panicled, pods

(immature) obovoid on long slender pedicels. ' Horse-radisli.

Ditches, corners of fields, &c. ; (an alien or denizen (?) Wats.} ; fl. May- June.

— Rootstock stout, long, cylindric. Leaves 8-12 in., radical 3-5 in. broad, on

petioles 1 ft., waved with many spreading reticulate nerves, cordate cuneate

or unequal at the base ; cauline many, 4-8 in., ^-1 in. broad, more serrate

than toothed. Flowers § in. diam. Pods never ripening in this country ;

style slender ; stigma large, capitate ; seeds described as 8-12 in a cell,

smooth. — DISTRIB. Origin unknown ; possibly a cultivated form of C.

macrocar'pa, W. and K., a native of Hungary.

13*. CAMELI'NA, Crantz. GOLD OF PLEASUKE.

Annual, erect herbs. Leaves almost entire, cauline auricled. Flowers
small, yellow. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals spathnlate. Pods
obovoid ; valves turgid, keeled at the back, produced upwards along the
base of the style ; margin flat ; septum membranous ; stigma simple.
Seeds 2-seriate, not margined ; funicle slender, adnate at the base to the
septum ; radicle incumbent. — DISTBJB. Europe and temp. Asia ; species
5-10 (all vars. of one ?). — ETYM. xafjLa'i and ^'wov, dwarf flax.

C. SATI'VA, Crantz ; radical leaves petioled, cauline oblong-lanceolate.
Flax-fields, sporadic ; fl. June-July. — Stems 2-3 ft., branched above, slender.
Radical leaves soon withering; cauline 1-3 in., obtuse; auricles pointed,
entire or lobtilate. Flowers § in. diam. Petals erect. Pods 5-^ in,, on

38 CRUCIFER^. [CAMELINA.

slender spreading pedicels, obovoid, margins tbin ; seeds few, oblong, puno
tulate. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe, and temp. Asia.— Seeds used for
soap-makers' oil, oil-cake, and for feeding poultry.

14. SUBULA'RIA, L. AWL-WORT.

A small submerged perennial scapigerous herb. Leaves all radical and
subulate. Flowers small, white. Sepals spreading, equal. Petals small.
Pods shortly stalked, oblong or nearly globose ; valves convex, ribbed ;
septum membranous ; stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, 2-seriate ; radicle
incurved, narrowed into the incumbent radicle, and owing to their
lengthened bases being turned up a transverse section of the embryo shows
a radicle with apparently 3 cotyledons. — DISTRIB. Arctic, N. Europe,
N. Asia, N.E. U. States. — ETYM. subula, from theawZ-like leaves.

S. aquat'ica, L. ; leaves cellular, scape naked few-flowered.
Gravelly bottoms of subalpine lakes in N. "Wales, Cumberland, and N. to
Sutherland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Roots of densely
tufted matted white fibres from a small stock. Leaves 1-3 in., fascicled,
terete, gradually tapering upwards. Scapes 1-3 in. Flowers ^ in. diam.,
submerged. Pods small, fin.; pedicel short, ascending ; seeds pale brown
punctulate.

15. CAPSEL'liA, Mcench. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

Annual herbs. Radical leaves entire or lobed. Flowers small, white,
pedicels slender. Segals spreading, equal. Pods much laterally compressed,
oblong or obcuneate or obcordate ; valves boat-shaped, keeled ; septum
membranous ; stigma sessile. Seeds many, minute ; radicle incumbent.
— DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 6. — ETYM. Diminutive Capsula.
—Petals tend to be transformed into stamens.

C. Bur'sa-Pasto'ris, Mcench ; pod triangular or obcordate.
A weed in all situations, ascending to 1,200 ft. ; fl. March-Nov. — Glabrous or
hairy, hairs branched. Root long, tapering. Stems 6-16 in., branched.
Leaves rosulate, pinnatifid, rarely entire, end lobe triangular, cauline ;
auricled. Flowers ^ in. diam., homogamous. Pods J-J in.; pedicel slender ;
style short ; valves smooth ; seeds many, oblong, punctate. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and Arctic Europe, N. Africa and Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in
all temp, climates.

16. SENEBIE'RA, DC. WART-CRESS.

Annual or biennial, branched, prostrate herbs. Leaves entire or cut.
Flowers in short leaf-opposed racemes, minute, white, sometimes apetalous.
Sepals short, spreading. Stamens 2 or 6, or 4 when the shorter are absent.
Pods small, didymous, indehiscent, laterally compressed ; lobes subglobose,
rugose or crested ; style short or 0. Seeds 1 in each cell ; cotyledons
induplicate, gradually narrowed into the incumbent radicle. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and warm regions; species 6. — ETYM. J. Senebier, a Genevese
physiologist. — Rapidly spreading weeds in the colonies, &c. Embryo in
some species cyclical.

SENEBIERA.] CRUCIFER^. 39

1. S. did'yma, Per soon ; lobes of fruit separating wrinkled, style minute.
Coro'nopus, Sm.

Waste ground from Fife southd., and spreading ; S. and W. Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; a colonist ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual or biennial, slightly hairy,
diffuse, creeping, branched and leafy. Leaves finely cut, 1-2-pinnatifid ;
lobes small, obovate, spreading. Flowers very minute, in leaf-opposed
racemes, with a solitary one on the internode below, usually apetalous and
diandrous. Pods ^ in. broad, pedicels spreading, separating into 2 indehis-
cent hard lobes ; seeds reniform, punctate-striate. — DISTRIB. Temp. S.
America ; a colonist elsewhere.

2. S. Coro'nopus, Poiret ; lobes of fruit not separating deeply
wrinkled, the wrinkles forming a crest, style subulate. Coro'nopus Ruel'lii,
Allioni.

Waste ground from Caithness southd. ; rare in Scotland ; local in Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Habit,Nfcc., of S. did'yma, but glabrous, less
branched ; foliage larger, less divided ; petals and stamens usually perfect ;
pods twice the size, abruptly narrowed into the subulate style, lobes connate ;
pedicels very short, thick, and seeds twice as large. Surface of pod variable
as to sculpturing. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.Africa, W. Asia; introd. in the
U. States.

17. LEPID'IUM, L. CRESS.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, various in habit. Leaves entire
or much divided. Flowers small, white, often apetalous. Sepals short,
equal. Petals short or 0. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Pods oblong ovate obovate
or obcordate, much laterally compressed ; valves usually keeled, winged
or not ; septum narrow ; stigma notched. Seeds 1 in each cell, rarely 2,
pendulous from the septum ; radicle incumbent, rarely accumbent. —
DISTRIB. Temp. 'and warmer regions ; species 60-80. — ETYM. \eiri8iov, from
the scale-like form of the pods. — Stamens sometimes deformed. Cotyledons
3-partite in the common Cress (L. sativum, L. )

SECTION 1. Nasturtias'trum, Gren. and Godr. Pods much compressed,
entire or notched ; valves keeled, not winged ; style minute.

1. Ii. latifo'lium, L. ; perennial, erect, radical leaves long-petioled
oblong serrate, pod ovoid entire. Dittander.

Salt marshes, N.E. England, and from Wales round to Norfolk; introd. in
Fife and Berwick ; S. of Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous,
rather glaucous. Eootstock elongate, stoloniferous. Stem 2-4 ft., much
branched, leafy. Radical leaves often 1 ft. ; cauline narrower, upper sessile.
Flowers minute, in short densely panicled bracteate corymbs. Pod T^ in. ;
pedicel short ; valves not winged. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, W. Asia.

2. L. rudera'le, L. ; annual, erect or prostrate, lower leaves 2-piuna-
tifid, pod orbicular-oblong notched.

Waste places chiefly near the sea, rare and doubtfully native in Scotland ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Radical leaves much divided, segments narrow ; upper cauline linear, entire.

40 CRUCIFER^. [LEPIDIUM.

Flowers minute, usually apetalous and diandrous, in terminal and lateral
corymbs. Pods T^~rV *n-> ^a^ > pedicel slender," diverging ; valves keeled,
almost winged at the top; seeds compressed.— DISTKIB. Europe, N.W.
Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in U. States.

SECTION 2. Le'pia, DC. Pod ovoid or oblong, much compressed,
notched ; valves broadly winged ; style short.

3. L. campes'tre, Br. ; cauline leaves auricled toothed, anthers yellow,

pods concave papillose. Pepperwort.

Fields and roadsides, from Lanaik and Elgin southd.; rare in Scotland and
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug. — Glabrous or pubescent, annual or
biennial. Stem 6-18 in., erect, simple or branched. Radical leaves pinnati-
fid or entire, cauline oblong-lanceolate. Flowers -^ in. diam. Pods J in.,
in spreading racemes, broadly ovate, shorter than the spreading pedicels ;
papillae scale-like when dry; seeds oblong, curved. — DISTEIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India ; introd. in U. States.

L. CAMPES'TRE proper ; stem simple below branched above, anthers yellow,
pod papillose, style not longer than the notch. — Common in dry places.

Sub-sp. L. SMITH'II, Hook.-, branched from the base, anthers violet, pod nearly
smooth, style longer than the notch, seeds smaller. L. hirtum, Sm., in part.
Fields and banks ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Ireland ; Channel Islands (AY.
Europe only). Yar. alatostyla, pod not notched, produced into the style.
Hants.

SECTION 3. Carda'ria, DC. Pod deltoid-cordate, constricted between
the valves ; valves hardly keeled, not winged ; style distinct.

L. DRA'BA, L. ; stem flexuous leafy, leaves oblong amplexicaul toothed.
Fields, banks, and railway cuttings in Mid. and S. England ; Channel Islands ;
rare and sporadic ; (an alien, Wats.) ; fl. May-June. — Perennial, hoary or
downy. Stem 1-3 ft., branched above. Leaves 1-3 in., auricles converging,
lower petioled. Racemes short, panicled. Flowers J in. diam., white. Pods
£ in. broad, deltoid with rounded angles, on slender spreading pedicels ;
\alves slightly papillose, one often smaller or imperfect, enclosing the seed
when dehiscing. — DIST.RIB. S.E. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States.

18. THliAS'Pl, L. PENNY CRESS.

Annual or perennial, glabrous, often glaucous herbs. Leaves quite entire
or toothed, radical rosulate, cauline auricled. Flowers white or rose-
coloured. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals obovate. Pods short,
laterally compressed, broader upwards, notched ; valves keeled or winged.
Seeds few or many, not margined ; radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB. Temp.,
Alpine, and Arctic N. hemisphere, rare in South ; species 30. — ETYM.
The old Greek name of the genus.

1. T. arven'se, L. ; annual, cauline leaves sagittate sinuate-toothed,
pods large orbicular deeply notched, valves broadly winged all round, cells
5 -8 -seeded. Mithridate Mustard, Penny Cress.

THLASPI.] CRTJCIFERJE. 41

Fields, &c., rather common ; rarer in Scotland ; E. Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. May-July. — Stem 1-2 ft., usually
simple, slender, erect. Radical leaves petioled, cauline with prominent
auricles. Flowers J in. diam., white, homogarnous. Pods in long racemes
J-| in. diam., flat, pedicels slender spreading, marginal nerve delicate, lobes
sometimes overlapping at the tip ; style very short ; seeds dark, oblong,
ridged and punctate. — DISTRIB. Europe to N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to
N.W. India ; introd. in U. States.

2. T. perfolia'tum, L. ; annual, cauline leaves cordate with converging
auricles, pods small obcordate, valves winged above, cells 4-6 -seeded.

On limestone ; Oxford (extinct), E. Gloster ; fl. April-May. — Paniculately
branched ; branches 4-6 in., ascending, flexuous. Leaves |r-l in. broad ;
radical spathulate, petioled. Flowers ^ in. diam., white. Pods £ in., and
pedicels horizontal ; valves turgid, wings short, marginal nerve stout, style
very short; seeds pale. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, 1ST. Africa, N. and
W. Asia.

3. T. alpes'tre, L. ; perennial or biennial, cauline leaves sagittate,
pods obcordate retuse, valves winged above, cells 4-8-seeded.
Mountain districts, England, Wales and Scotland, ascending to 2,500 ft. in

Forfarshire; fl. June- Aug. — Stem 6-10 in. Radical leaves long-petioled,
obovate, entire ; cauline \ in. Flowers^ in. diam. Racemes of pods variable.
Pod J in., curved upwards, on spreading pedicels, longer than in the pre-
ceding species, and more narrowed at the base ; marginal nerve obscure ;
seeds red-brown. — DISTKIB. Europe, Himalaya. — I do not find that authen-
tically named specimens of the following varieties altogether tally with the
characters assigned to them. — Yar. T. sylves'tre, Jord. ; notch of pod shallow,
style as long as its lobes. — Teesdale ; Allen river, Northumbd.; Glen Isla
and Glen Shee, Scotland. — Var. T. occita'num, Jord. ; notch of pod shallow,
style slender longer than its lobes, radicle at times incumbent (Syme). —
Limestone rocks, Settle, Yorkshire ; Llanrwst, N. Wales. — Yar. T. vi'rens,
Jord. ; notch of pod minute, style slender much exceeding it. T. alpes'tre,
Sm. — Limestone rocks, Matlock.

19. IBE'RIS, L. CANDY-TUFT.

Low, glabrous, branched, leafy herbs, often shrubby below. Leaves
entire or pinnatind, often fleshy. Flowers corymbose, all or the outer only
with the 2 outer petals radiating. Sepals equal at the base. Petals white
or lilac, the two outer much the longest. Filaments without appendages.
Pods broad, much compressed, orbicular or ovate, tip entire or notched ;
valves keeled or winge(J ; septum very narrow, of two lamellae ; stigma
notched. Seeds 1 in each cell, not margined ; radicle accumbent, hori-
zontal, or ascending. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; species
about 20. — ETYM. Iberia (Spain), where many species grow.

I. ama'ra, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pods suborbicular.
Cornfields and cultivated ground, on a dry soil, chiefly in the centre and E. of
England, rare in Scotland ; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual.
Stem 6-9 in., erect, corymbosely branched, ribbed, the ribs minutely downy.

42 CRUCIFERJE. [!BERIS.

Leaves 1-3 in., sessile, scattered, sparingly toothed or pinnatifid, often
minutely ciliate. Flowers J-J in. diam., white or purplish. Pods in short
racemes, £ in. broad, flat ; pedicels horizontal ; notch triangular ; valves
narrowly winged, wings acute above ; style exceeding the wings. — DISTRIB.
W. Europe, from Belgium southd. — Yery bitter.

20. TEESDA'LIA, Br.

Small, annual, glabrous, scapigerous herbs. Leaves rosulate, pinnatifid.
Flowers minute, white. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal,
or 2 outer larger, with a basal pouch. Stamens 4 or 6, with a scale at the
base of each filament. Pods broadly obovate or orbicular, notched or
2-lobed ; valves boat-shaped, slightly winged ; cells 2-seeded ; stigma
simple. Seeds 2 in each cell ; radicle accumbent. — DISTRIB. S. and W.
Europe and W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. Robert Teesdale, a Yorkshire
botanist.

T. xmdicau'lis; Br. ; two outer petals twice as long as the others. T.

Iberis, DC.

Sandy and gravelly places ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorks. ; local in Scot-
land ; Channel Islands; fl. April-June. — Stems 4-18 in., usually many,
slender, ascending. Radical leaves 1-2 in., numerous, lobes broad, spreading.
Flowers T^ in. diam., hoinogamous, corymbose then racemose. Pods
% in., in racemes 2-9 in ; pedicels short, slender, spreading ; style very short.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

21. HUTCHIN'SIA, Br.

A small, annual herb. Leaves rosulate, pinnatifid. Flowers minute,
corymbose. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals small, equal. Fila-
ments without scales at the base. Pods broadly oblong, obtuse, much
compressed ; valves keeled ; septum narrow ; stigma sessile. Seeds 2 in
each cell, compressed, not margined ; funicle slender ; radicle accumbent.
—DISTRIB. Europe, 1ST. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India. — ETYM. Miss
Hutchim, a zealous Irish botanist.

1. H. petrse'a, Br. ; sepals about equalling the petals.
Limestone rocks W. of England and Wales, from Dumfries and Yorkshire
(ascending to 1,500 ft.) to Somerset ; naturalized in Eltham churchyard,
where planted by Dillenius ? and in Mathew cemetery, Cork ; fl. March-
May.— Glabrous or sparingly hairy, slender, much branched from the base,
2-5 in. Radical leaves f-1 in., lobes spreading, obovate, almost petioled ;
cauline shorter, pinnatifid. Pods ^—^ in., on horizontal pedicels, in a short
raceme; style distinct; seeds pale.

22. ISA'TIS, L. WoAD.

Tall, erect, annual or biennial branched herbs. Cauline leaves sagittate.
Flowers yellow, pedicels slender, deflexed in fruit. Sepals equal at the
base. Petals equal. Pods indehiscent, 1 -eel led, oblong obovate or orbicular,
thickened in the middle ; wing or margin very broad ; stigma sessile.
Seed pendulous from the top of the cell ; radicle incumbent. — DISTRIB.

ISATIS.] CRUCIFER^?. 43

Temp. Europe, Asia, and N. Africa ; species 25-30. — ETYM. The Greek
name of the genus.

I. tincto'ria, L. ; pods obovate-oblong, tip rounded, wing thick.
Wild on cliffs by the Severn,Tewkesbury ; naturalized near Guildford ; sporadic
elsewhere ; (an alien, Wats.} ; fl. July-Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous or nearly
so. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, erect, branched above. Radical leaves obloug-obo-
vate or lanceolate ; petiole long ; cauline 3-5 in., sessile. Flowers % in.
diam., in crowded panicled corymbs. Pods \ in. in short racemes, pendulous,
glabrous, brown when ripe ; stigma sessile in a minute notch ; seed linear-
oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia. — The ancient Britons stained them-
selves with it ; later, the Saxons imported it ; it js still cultivated in
Lincolnshire.

23. CRAM'BE, L. SEA-KALE.

Perennial herbs with stout branching stems. Leaves usually broad.
Flowers white, in long corymbose racemes. Sepals spreading, equal.
Longer filaments often with a tooth on the outside. Pods indehiscent,
2-jointed ; lower joint slender, seedless, forming a pedicel to the upper,
which is globose 1 -celled and 1-seeded ; stigma sessile. Seed globose,
pendulous from a basal funicle ; radicle incumbent, conduplicate. — DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Asia ; species 16. — ETYM. The Greek name of the plant.

C. marit'ima, L. ; leaves broad waved toothed or pinnatifid.
Sandy and shingly sea-coasts, rare, from Fife and Isla southd. ; N. and "W".
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug.— Rootstock as thick as the thumb,
fleshy, burrowing ; branches 1-2 ft., spreading. Leaves 6-10 in., fleshy,
petioled, broadly ovate-cordate oblong or orbicular, glabrous and glaucous ;
upper few and small. Corymbs much branched. Flowers § in. diam.,
white ; longer filaments toothed near the tip externally. Pods £ in., on
slender ascending pedicels 1 in. — DISTRIB. Coasts from Finland to the Bay
of Biscay and the Black Sea. — Formerly eaten wild, cultivated for about
200 years in England, whence it was introduced to the Continent.

24. CAKI'LE, Gcertn. SEA ROCKET.

Annual, large, fleshy, branched herbs. Leaves entire or pinnatifid.
Flowers white or purplish. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base. Pods
indehiscent 2-jointed ; joints angled, 1-celled, upper deciduous com-
pressed, seed basal ; lower cuneate, 2-edged, seed pendulous ; stigma
sessile. Radicle accumbent, sometimes oblique. — DISTRIB. Sea-shores
of Europe and N. America ; species 2. — ETYM. An Arabic word.

C. marit'ima, Scop. ; suberect or decumbent, leaves entire or lobed.
Sandy and shingly shores, N. to Shetland, abundant ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June-July. — Annual ; rather succulent ; branches 1-2 ft., zigzag, ascend-
ing. Leaves 2-3 in., fleshy. Flowers § in. diam., corymbose ; pedicel stout.
Pods on short thick pedicels loosely racemed, ribbed when dry; lower
joint | in., broader upwards ; upper £ in., base truncate. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, Iceland. — C. america'na, which is perhaps identical, extends
from the Canadian Lakes to the W. Indies.

44 CRUCIFERJE. [CAKILE.

25. RAPH'ANUS, L. RADISH.

Annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves lyrate. Flowers in long
racemes, white or yellow, purple-veined. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at
the base. Pods elongate, indehiscent, or separating into several super-
imposed 1-seeded joints, terete or moniliform, coriaceous or corky ; style
or beak of the pod slender ; stigma notched. Seeds pendulous, globose ;
cotyledons conduplicate or much folded. — DISTRIB. Europe and temp.
Asia ; species 6. — ETYM. Rapa, the Latin name.

1. R. Raphanis'trum, L. ; leaf- segments usually few and remote, pod
subulate not much constricted at the 4-8 faintly-ribbed joints, beak as
long as the 2 or 3 last joints. Wild Radish or White Charlock .

Cornfields, N. to Shetland : Ireland ; Channel Islands ; ascends to 1,000 feet;
(a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. May-Sept. — Annual, stout, 1-2 ft., erect or spread-
ing, hairy or hispid. Leaves 4-10 in., coarsely toothed or serrate, terminal
lobe largest. Flowers^ in. diam., white or straw-coloured, homogamous.
Pods 1-3 in., dehiscing at the base above the first segment, which is seedless
and very small ; beak |?-f in., subulate, flattened. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India; introd. in America.

2, R. marit'imus, Sm. ; leaf-segments.many approximate horizontal or
reversed, alternate often smaller, pod deeply constricted at the 2-4 strongly
ribbed joints, beak slender subulate.

Sandy and rocky shores from the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Aug. — Very near R. Raphanis'trum, and perhaps the wild form of
that plant, but biennial, more hispid, leaves with more numerous and closer
set lobes; flowers smaller, darker yellow, rarely white; pod with fe\ver
joints, deeper intervals between these, stronger ribs, and a beak as long as
the upper joint.— DISTHIB. W. Europe, from Holland to Spain.

ORDER YII. RESEDA'CEJE.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or
pinnatisect ; stipules 0, or minute and glandular. Flowers racemed or
spiked, bracteate. Calyx persistent, 4-7-partite, often it regular, imbricate
in bud. Petals 4-7, hypogynous, entire or lobed, equal or the posticous
larger, open in bud. Disk hypogynous, conspicuous. Stamens usually
many, inserted on the disk, equal or unequal, free or connate. Ovary of 2- 6
connate carpels, lobed at the top, open between the stigmatiferous lobes ;
ovules usually many, on 2-6 parietal placentas, amphitropous or campylo-
tropous. Fruit usually a coriaceous capsule, open at the top. Seeds many,
reniform, exalbuminous ; embryo curved or folded, radicle incumbent.
— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. and S. Africa ; genera 6 ; species 20.
— AFFINITIES. Closely allied to Cappari'dece. — PROPERTIES, unimportant.

RESEDA.] RESEDACE^E. 45

i. RESE'DA, L. MIGNONETTE.

Herbs. Leaves entire lobed or pinnatifid ; stipules glandular. Flowers
racemed. Calyx irregular. Petals .unequal, 2-multifid, the posticous
with a membranous appendage on its face. Disk broad, honeyed, dilated
behind. Stamens 10-40. — DISTEIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species
26. — ETYM. resedo, being a supposed sedative.

1. R. Lu'teola, L. ; leaves linear-lanceolate undivided, sepals 4,
stigmas 3. Dyer's weed, Weld.

Waste dry places, from Ross southd. ; rarer in Scotland ; common in Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous, 2-3 ft., annual or biennial,
branched. Racemes long, spike-like. Flowers yellow-green. Petals 3-5, if
5 upper 3-4 cleft, two lateral 3-cleft, t\vo lower entire. Disk large, crenate.
Stamens 20-24, Capsule short, 3-lobed ; seeds subglobose, black. — DISTBIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia introd. in U. States. — Yields a yellow dye.

2. R. lu'tea, L. ; leaves 2-3-fid or pinnate or bipinnatifid, lobes few
distant linear obtuse, sepals and petals 6 very unequal, stigmas usually 3.
Waste places in England ; very rare, and native ? Scotland and Ireland ;

Channel Islands; fl. June-Aug. — Biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., branched, ribbed,
papillose. Leaves very various in lobing. Racemes dense-flowered, conical ;
flowers pale yellow. Sepals linear, upper smaller. Upper petals with a 2-
lobed claw and 3-fid limb, lateral 2-fid, lower entire. Stamens 16-20,
deflexed. Capsule |-f in., oblong, 3-toothed ; seeds obovoid, black. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

R. AI/BA, L. ; leaves pinnate undulate glaucous, sepals 5-6, petals 5-6
all 3-fid, stigmas usually 4. R. suffruticulo'sa, L., and R. fruticulo' sa, L.
R. HooJce'ri, Guss.
Waste places, chiefly near the sea, an outcast ; fl. June-Aug. — I follow Ben-

tham in taking the name of al'ba for this, which most authors agree in

considering the same with fruticulo'sa and suffruticulo'sa. Flowers white.

Stamens 12-14. Seeds reniform, rough. — DISTRIB. S. Europe and N. Africa.

— The true R. alba is more often 6-merous than is fruticulo'sa.

ORDER VIII.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, entire ; stipules foliaceous,
small, or 0. Flowers terminal and solitary, or in scorpoid cymes, not
honeyed. Sepals 3-5, imbricate, 2 outer (bracts of some) small or 0 ;
3 inner often convolute in bud. Petals 5, rarely 3 or 0, fugacious, con-
volute in bud. Stamens many, rarely few, hypogynous, free. Ovary
1-celled, or divided by parietal septa ; style simple, stigmas 3 ; ovules 2
or more, on parietal placentas, orthotropous, funicle slender. Capsule
3-5 valved ; valves placentiferous. Seeds with mealy or firm albumen,
testa crnstaceous often mucilaginous ; embryo usually curved and excentric.
— DISTRIB. Europe, X. Africa, and W. Asia ;^ rare in N. America;

46 CISTINE^E. [HELIANTHEMUM.

genera 4 ; species 60. — AFFINITIES. With Bixinew and Capparidece. —
PROPERTIES. A resinous balsam (Ladanum) is yielded by Cisti.

1. HELIAN'THEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.

Herbs or under-shrubs. Petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few, diverging
when irritated. Ovary many-ovuled ; style jointed at the base, stigma
capitate or 3-lobed. Embryo hooked, folded or circumflex. — DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Asia, and N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM. ?J\ios and
aisOe/Aois, sun-flower. — Various species are dimorphic, some flowers having
no petals and few stamens.

SECTION 1. Helian'themum proper. Style elongate, bent upwards.
Funicle thickened. Embryo with the radicle bent upwards parallel to the
cotyledons.

1. H. vulga're, Gwrtn. ; shrubby, leaves opposite stipulate hairy
above downy beneath, margins flat, pedicels bracteate. H. surreia'num,
Mill, (a garden variety) ; Cis'tus tomenlo'sus, Sm.

Dry soils, abundant, from Ross southd., rare in W. Scotland and Cornwall,
ascends to 2,000 ft. ; fl. July-Sept. — Branches 3-10 in., procumbent. Leaves
oblong, variable. Flowers f-lj in. diam., yellow, homogamous ; bracts
narrow. Sepals subglabrous, inner apiculate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. H. polifo'lium, Pers. ; shrubby, leaves opposite hoary and downy
on both surfaces stipulate, margins recurved, pedicels bracteate.

Stony places, very rare, Brean Down Somerset, Babbicombe near Torquay ;
fl. May-July. — Habit of H. vulga're, but more shrubby, leaves with recurved
and even re volute margins, and flowers white. Sepals tomentose, inner
obtuse. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa.

SECTION 2. Tubera'ria. Style straight or 0. Funicle thickened.
Embryo annular.

3. H. gutta'tum, Miller ; annual, erect, hoary and hairy, lower leaves
opposite exstipulate, upper alternate stipulate.

Stony places, Anglesea, very rare ; S. and W. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
June- Aug.— Stem 6-12 in., 2-3-chotomously branched. Leaves 1-2 in.,
linear- or obovate- or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers ^-| in. diam., yellow with
a red spot at the base of the cuneate petals. Capsule smooth. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

H. GUTTA'TUM proper ; pedicels ebracteate. — Cork, Jersey, Alderney.

Sub-sp. H. BEEWE'RI, Planch. ; pedicels bracteate.— Holyhead and Anglesea.

SECTION 3. Pseudo-cis'tus. Style sigmoid. Funicle not thickened.
Embryo sigmoid.

4. H. ca'num, Dunal ; shrubby, hoary, leaves opposite exstipulate,
pedicels usually bracteate. Cis'tus marifo'liuv, Sm., and C. angli'cus, L.
Dry banks, rocks, &c.,in W. England, from Westmoreland to Glamorgan, and

in Teesdale, ascending to 1,800 ft.; fl. May-July.— Woody, procumbent,

HELIANTHEMUM.] CISTINE^. 47

much branched, 6-8 in. Leaves |-| in., ovate or oblong. Flowers J-j in.
diam., few, yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia.
H. ca'num proper ; leaves hoary on both surfaces hairy above, sepals pubes-
cent and patently hairy.— VAR. H. mnea'le, Pers. ; leaves hoary beneath nearly
glabrous above, sepals hoary and shortly hairy on the ribs and margins.—
W. Ireland, Aran is.

ORDER IX. VIOLA'CEJE.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate, entire or pinnatisect,
margins involute in vernation, stipulate. Flowers axillary, regular
or irregular, solitary or eymose, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, persistent, equal
or unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, equal or unequal, hypogynous,
imbricate or contorted in bud. Disk 0. Stamens 5, filaments short,
broad, lower with honeyed spurs ; connectives broad, often connate, pro-
duced bej^ond the cells. Ovary sessile, 1 -celled ; style simple, stigma
entire cup-shaped or lobed ; ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas, anatro-
pous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds many, small,
funicle short, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. regions ; genera 21, species 240. — AFFINITIES with
Bixinece, Passiflorcce, and Frankeniacece. — PROPERTIES. Emetic and
laxative.

1. vi'OLA, L. VIOLET, PANSY, HEARTSEASE.

Low herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate. Flowers on
1- rarely 2-fld. peduncles. Sepals subequal, produced at the base. Petals
erect or spreading ; lower largest, spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers
connate, connectives of the 2 lower often spurred at the base. Style
swollen above, tip straight or oblique, stigma obtuse or cup-shaped.
Capsule 3-valved ; valves elastic. Seeds ovoid or globose. — DISTRIB. All
temp, regions ; species 100. — ETYM. The old Latin name. — Flowers often
cleistogamous (except in sect. Melanium), the large-petalled appear early
and often yield no seed ; the small-petalled or apetalous appear late, and
are prolific.

SECTION 1. Nomin'ium. Stipules not leafy. Upper petals directed
forwards. Stigma oblique. — Apetalous autumnal flowers chiefly fertile.

* Stem very short. Leaves enlarging after flowering. Sepals obtuse.

1. V. palus'tris, L. ; nearly glabrous, rootstock subterranean creeping,
leaves reniform-cordate, style straight, stigma obliquely truncate, fruiting
peduncle erect.

Swamps and bogs, N. to the Shetlands, ascends to 4,000 ft., rarer in S. Eng-
land ; Ireland; fl. April- July.— Rootstock white, scaly; runners short,
leafless. Leaves slightly crenate ; stipules glandular. Flowers | in. diam.,
white or lilac, scentless ; spur short, obtuse. Lateral petals almost glabrous.
Anther-spurs short. — DISTI*IB. Temp, and Arctic Europe, Asia, and
America.

48 VIOLACE^l. [VIOLA.

2. V. odora'ta, L. ; slightly hairy or downy, runners very long, leaves
broadly cordate, spur nearly straight, style hooked, stigma oblique,
fruiting peduncle decurved. Sweet Violet.

Banks and copses, wild in E. and S. England ; and perhaps E. Ireland ; natural-
ized as far N. as Forfar; Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Rootstock short,
scarred. Leaves deeply cordate at the base, sinus closed ; stipules glandular ;
petiole with deflexed hairs. Jfracts at or about the middle of the peduncle.
Flowers fragrant, blue, white, or red-purple ; lateral petals with or without
a tuft of hairs ; spur short, obtuse. Anther-spurs linear-oblong. Capsule
pubescent ; peduncle recurved. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and AY.
Asia to the Himalaya. The following are probably hybrids with V. hir'ta.

V. permix'ta, Jord. ; runners not rooting, flowers pale scentless. — V. sepin'cola,
Jord. ; more hairy, runners rooting, flowers dark scentless.

3. V. hir'ta, L. ; pubescent, rootstock very short, runners short or 0,
leaves subtriangular-cordate, spur hooked, style hooked, stigma oblique.
Dry soils, local, from Forfar southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorks. ; Ireland ;

fl. April- June. — Very near V. odora'ta, but more tufted and hairy, leaves
narrower and more triangular, with deeper crenatures and shallower sinus ;
hairs of petiole more spreading ; bracts lower on the peduncle ; spur long
and hooked ; flowers inodorous or faintly scented ; anther spurs lanceolate.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and AY. Asia to N.AY. India.

V. calca'rea, Bab. : is a dwarf starved form with petals narrower. Gog-
magog Hills and Portland.

** Stem evident. Leaves not enlarging after flowering. Sepals acute or acuminate.

4. V. cani'na, L. ; glabrous, main stem elongate and flowering, leaves
ovate-cordate or oblong-lanceolate, stipules small narrow toothed and
ciliate, fruiting peduncle erect. Dog-violet.

Pastures and banks from Caithness southd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl.
April-Aug. — Very variable in size, habit, and colour of flower, glabrous or
nearly so. Leaves long-petioled, crenate-serrate, from £ in., broadly ovate
deeply cordate, to oblong-lanceolate and 3 in. JBracts at or above the
middle of the peduncle, subulate or lanceolate, toothed or serrate. Flower
%- 1| in. diam., blue, lilac, grey or white. Sepals narrow, acuminate. Style
clavate, hooked ; stigma oblique. Capsule oblong, 3-gonons. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. and AY. Asia to the Himalaya, N. Africa, N. America.

V. CANI'NA proper ; rootstock short, runners 0, leaves narrow ovate-cordate,
spur obtuse, anther-spurs 5 times as long as broad. V. flavicor'nis, Sm.
V. pu'mila, Hook and Arn.

Sub-sp. V. LAC'TEA. Sm. ; very slender, rootstock short, runners 0, leaves
ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or cuneate, petals narrow grey, spur very
short, capsule subglobose. — Heaths, York to Cornwall, AY. Europe.

Sub-sp. V. PERSICLEFO'LIA, Eoth ; rootstock long with runners, leaves oblong-
lanceolate base truncate, upper narrower, petals pale lilac or white, spur
very short, capsule 3-gonous. V. stagnina, Kit. — Bogs, E. of England, Galway;
extends to Siberia.

5. V. sylvat'ica, Fries ; glabrous, flowers on axillary branches from a
radical rosette, leaves broadly ovate-cordate, stipules lanceolate acute

VIOLA.] VIOLACE^. 49

fimbriate or toothed, fruiting peduncle erect, capsule glabrous. V.
cani'na, Sin. Wood Violet.

Copses and woods, from the Shetlands southd. ; ascends to 3,000ft. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. March-July. — Rootstock very short. Leaves in a rosette,
which however is often deficient, when it is with difficulty distinguished
from V. cani'na, from which I doubt its permanent distinctness. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America.

V. SYLVAT'ICA proper ; rootstock short, spur short broad compressed
furrowed, usually pale, base of sepals much produced in fruit. V. Riwnia'na,
Keichb.

Sub-sp. V. REICHENBACHIA'NA, Bor. ; flowers smaller paler, spur longer, fruit-
ing sepals hardly produced. (Flowers earlier.)

6. V. arena'ria, DC. ; small, tufted, pubescent, leaves orbicular- ovate
obtuse, flowers on short axillary branches from a compact rosette, stipules
small fimbriate, spur short, capsule oblong pubescent.

Upper Teesdale, alt. 2,000 ft., and Westmoreland, very rare ; fl. May-June. —
VYhole plant about 2-6 in. diam., compact, hoary-pubescent. Leaves much
rounder than in V. sylvat'ica and cani'na. tSejjals lanceolate, acute, bases
produced square in fruit. Petals broad, pale blue ; spur short. — Europe
(excl. Greece), Siberia, Labrador.

SECTION 2. Mela'nium. Stipules leafy. Upper petals erect. Stigma
capitate, hollow, with a pencil of hairs on each side. — No dimorphic
flowers.

7. V. tri'color, L. ; leaves long-petioled ovate-oblong or lanceolate
crenate, stipules pinnatind, sepals with large auricles, style short straight,
stigma capitate excavated. Heartsease, Pansy.

Pastures, banks and waste places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. May-Sept. — Very variable. Stem 4-18 in., branched, erect or ascending,
angular, flexuous. Leaves 1-1^ in., ly rate, coarsely and remotely crenatc-
serrate ; stipules ^-| in. broad, very large ; lobes spreading like a fan,
linear or oblong, obtuse, lateral smaller, middle sometimes leafy. Bract*
minute, high up on the peduncle. Flowers 5— lj in. diam.; petals purple
whitish or golden yellow, sometimes parti-coloured, very variable in size,
sometimes 0.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to
Siberia and N.W. India. — Sub-sp. lu'tea and Curtis' ii are confined to AY. and
Central Europe. V. tri'color proper and arven'sis are naturalized in
America.

V. TRI'COLOR proper ; rootstock 0, stem elongate branched, petals spreading
usually longer than the sepals pale yellow or lilac, lip of stigma developed,
capsule ovoid. — Cultivated ground ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the
Highlands.

Sub-sp. V. ARVEN'SIS, Murr. • rootstock 0, stem elongate branched, petals
erect usually shorter than the sepals or 0 white or yellowish, capsule globcse.
— Cultivated ground ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Scotland and Yorkshire.

Sub-sp. V. CURTIS'II, Forst. ; rootstock branched stoloniferous tufted, petals
spreading rather longer than the sepals blue purple or yellow, capsule
3-gonous. V. sabulo'sa, Boreau. VARS. Mackai'i, Syme'i and Forste'ri are

E

50 VIOLAGE^. . [ViOLA.

hardly distinguishable forms. — Sandy shores from the Clyde to Cornwall ;
Ireland.

Sub-sp. Y. LU'TEA, Huds. ; rootstock branched, branches slender with short
stems and underground runners, mid lobe of stipules entire, petals spread-
ing much longer than the sepals blue purple (var. amce'na) or yellow, capsule
oblong 3 gonous. V. grandiflo'ra, Huds. ed. 2. — Hilly districts from Mid.
England and Wales to Koss ; ascends to 2,800 ft.

ORDER X. POLYGALEJE.

Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate or subopposite,
simple, exstipulate. Flowers irregular. Sepals imbricate in bud ; 2 inner
larger, petaloid, winglike. Petals 3-5, hypogynous, 2 outer (lateral) separate
or united with the hooded lower one into a tube split at the base behind ;
2 inner equal to the outer, or smaller or 0. Stamens 8, filaments connate
in a split sheath which is usually adnate to the petals ; anthers 1- rarely
2-celled, opening by pores, rarely by valves. Disk small. Ovary free,
2-celled ; style simple, curved, stigma various ; ovules 1 in each cell,
pendulous, anatropous, raphe ventral. Seeds pendulous, testa often hairy,
atillate, albumen fleshy or 0 ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB. Temp, and
trop. regions ; genera 15 ; species 400. — AFFINITIES, distant with Sapin-
dacece,^ Violacew, and Pittosporece. — PROPERTIES. Bitter, emetic, purgative,
and diuretic.

1. POLYG'ALA, L. MlLKWORT.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite or whorled.
Flowers in terminal or lateral racemes or spikes ; pedicels bracteate and
2-bracteola,te. Petals combined below with the staminal sheath, which
has reversedj hairs within, and a viscid gland at the mouth. Stamens 8 ;
anthers 1 -2-celled, opening by transverse pores. Stigma spatlmlate.
Capsule compressed, loculicidal at the margins. Seeds usually downy ;
aril very variable, 2-auricled. DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions ;
species 200- — ETYM. it6\vs and yd\a, being supposed to increase the milk
in cows. Flowers in some cleistogamous.

1. P. vulga'ris, L. ; stems many leafy, leaves scattered lower oblong

upper lanceolate, lateral nerves of inner sepals anastomosing copiously,

central nearly simple.

Heaths and meadows, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-
Aug. — A small wiry perennial, 2-10 in., glabrous or very rarely pubescent.
Eootstock short. Leaves J-1J in., rather coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers
%-% in., white, pink, blue, lilac, or purple. Sepals purplish in flower, green
in fruit, inner elliptic-obovate. Capsule % in. diarn., obcordate or nearly
orbicular and notched. Aril with nearly equal lobes. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, and W. Asia.

P. VULGA'RIS proper, stems ascending, branches straight, leaves all linear or
lanceolate, racemes many-fid., bract as long as the flowering pedicel, pedicels

POLYGALA.] POLYGALEJ3. 51

sepals petals and capsules not ciliate, large sepals oblong-obovate broader
than the capsule. Common ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. ia the Highlands. —
VAR. grandifo'ra, Bab.; upper leaves large, inner sepals oblong acute,,
flowers large dark blue. Benbulben, Sligo.

Sub-sp. P. OXYP'TERA, Reichb.; branches flexuous, leaves linear,, inner sepals
cuneate below shorter and narrower than the capsule, pedicels &c. glabrous,
—Sandy shores, limestones and chalky soils, from Perth southd. ; local.

Sub-sp. P. DEPRKS'SA, Wend. ; stems flexuous, leaves somewhat opposite and
distichous, lower oblong spathulate, racemes fewer-flowered, bract shorter
than the flowering pedicel. P. serpylla'cea, Weihe.-- Common on heaths. —
VAR. P. cilia 'ta, Lebel ; branches prostrate tortuous, inner sepals broader
than the capsule, pedicels bracts sepals and capsule ciliate. Gogmagog
Hills.

2. P. calca'rea, F. Schultz ; branches many rooting and proliferous
umbellately spreading from the root, radical leaves rosulate, cauline
oblong, inner sepals longer and broader than the obcordate capsule, central
nerve branching above the middle. P. ama'ra, Don, not L.

I>ry soil and rocks, S. and S.E. of England ^Wiltshire to Kent, and Gloucester
to Berks ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Perhaps only a sub-species of
P. vulga'ris, approaching .sub-sp. depres'sa, but the habit is entirely different,
and the nerves of the sepals scarcely anastomose. — DISTRIB. Central and S.
Europe.

3. P. ama'ra, L. ; leaves rosulate spathulate, flowering branches
axillary, inner sepals narrower than the capsule, nerves simple or slightly
branched free, capsule orbicular notched.

Very rare, margins of rills, in Teesdale, alt. 1,800 ft.; Wye Down, Kent; fl.
June-July. — Much smaller in all its parts than P. vulga'ris or calca'rea, and
readily distinguished by this character and the narrow inner sepals. The
Teesdale form (P. uliyino'sa, Fries) is rather more fleshy and has rosy
flowers ; the Kent form (P. austri'aca, Crantz) is blue flowered. I find no
difference between their capsules. It is certainly the P. ama'ra of Linn.
Herb. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) from Sweden southd.

ORDER XI. FRANKENIA'CEJE.

Perennial rarely annual herbs or small shrubs, with jointed branches.
Leaves small, opposite, exstipulate. Flowers small, regular, solitary, in
the forks of the branches. Calyx tubular, persistent ; lobes 4-6, in-
duplicate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, claw with
an adnate scale. /Stamens 4 or more, separate or connate at the base ;
anthers versatile. Disk 0. Ovary free, sessile, 1-celled ; style slender,
stigma 2-5-lobed ; ovules many, in 2 series, on 2-5 parietal placentas,
amphitropous \vith the micropyle below ; funicle slender. Capsule en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 3-5-valved. Seeds oblong, raphe linear,
testa crustaceous, albumen mealy ; embryo axile, straight. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and warm regions, chiefly littoral ; species about 12. — AFFINITIES
with Caryophyl'lece and Tamariscine'ce. — PROPERTIES none.

E 2

52 FRANKENIACEJE. [FRANKENIA.

1 FRANKE'NIA, L. SEA-HEATH.

Characters of the Order. — ETYM. J. Franken, a Swedish botanist.
P. Ise'vis, L. ; stem pubescent, leaves with revolute margins.
Salt marshes on S.E. coasts of England, Yarmouth to Kent ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, procumbent; branches wiry. Leaves ^-J in.,
fascicled or whorled, oblong but linear from the reflexed margins, glabrous,
ciliate at the base. Flowers small, rose-coloured, dichogamous. Capsule
3-gonous.— DISTRIB. W. Europe and Africa to the Cape, W. Asia to India,
in salt plains.

ORDER XII. CARYOPHYL'LE-ffl.

Herbs, sometimes woody below, nodes thickened. Leaves opposite,
bases usually connate, entire ; stipules 0, or small and scarious. In-
florescence definite, centrifugal. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, imbricate in
bud. Petals 4-5 (rarely 0), hypogynotis, rarely perigynous, imbri-
cate or contorted in bud. Stamens 8-10, rarely fewer, inserted with the,
petals. Disk annular or elongated, or of inter-staminal glands. Ovary
free, 1-celled, or 3-5-celled at the base ; styles 2-5, free or connate, stig-
matose on the inner surface ; ovules 2 or more, funicles slender basal
often connate, amphitropal, micropyle inferior or transverse. Fruit cap-
sular. Seeds many, small, albumen floury, rarely fleshy ; embryo cylindric,
usually curved or annular, radicle incumbent. — DISTRIB. Cosmopolitan,
but chiefly Arctic, Alpine European, and W. Asiatic ; genera 35, species
800. — AFFINITIES with Illecebra'cece, Portula'cew, and Chenopodia'cece. —
PROPERTIES unimportant.

TRIBE I. SILE NE.ZE. Stipules 0. Calyx 4-5-lobed or toothed. Disk
elongated, bearing the petals and stamens. Styles free.

* Hilum on the face of the peltate seed. Embryo straight 1. Dianthus.

** Hilum lateral. Embryo annular.

Styles 2. Capsule 4-valved «....«..-. 1*. Saponaria.

Styles 3. Capsule 6- rarely 3-valved 2. Silene.

Styles 4-5.

Petals appendiculate 3. Ly chni s.

Petals exappendiculate 4. Githago.

TRIBE II. ALSINE-ffi. /Sepals separate. Disk small. Styles free.
* Stipules 0.

Capsule cylindric, 6-valved. Petals jagged. Styles 3 5. Holosteum.

Capsule cylindric, 8-10-valved. Petals notched (rarely entire).6. Cerastium.

Capsule globose, 6-10-valved ; styles 3-5. Petals 2-fid 7. SteUaria.

Capsule 3- 4- 6- or 10-valved. Styles 3-4. Petals entire 8. Arenaria.

Capsule 4-5-valved. Styles 4-5. Petals entire or 0 9. Sagina.

** Stipules scarious.

Styles and valves of capsule 5 10. Spergula.

Styles and valves of capsule 3 11. Spergularia.

TRIBE III. POIiYCAR'PE-ffi . Stipules scarious. Sepals separate. Disk small.
Petals small. Stamens 5 or fewer. Styles connate at base. ..11*. Polycarpon.

DIANTHUS.] CARYOPHYLLE^. 53

1. DIAN'THUS, L. PINK and CARNATION.

Tufted herbs, often shrubby at the base. Leaves narrow, grass- like.
Flowers solitary, panicled or fascicled, dichogamous, proterandrous. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed, striate, with imbricating bracts at the base. Petals 5,
entire or cut, claw long. Stamens 10, emerging and dehiscing 5 at a time.
Disk elongated. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 2. Uapmle 4-valved at the top.
Seeds discoid, imbricate upon the columnar placenta, hilum ventral ;
embryo straight. — DISTBIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N.W. America, N. and
S. Africa ; species about 70. — ETYM. supposed to be Aids and Mas, flower
of Jupiter.

* Flowers fascicled.

1. D. Arme'ria, L. ; fascicles of flowers in loose cymes, bracts lanceo-
late downy as long as the calyx, tips subulate. Deptford Pink.

Fields and dry banks from Forfar to Cornwall and Kent ; (a doubtful native,
Wats.} ; fl. July-Aug.— Annual. Stems 1-2 ft., few, strict, erect. Leaves
1-2 in., linear, lower obtuse, upper acute. Calyx-tube 2-3 in. cyliodric,
many-nerved. Flowers ^ in. diam. Petals distant, narrow, red with dark
dots, toothed. — DISTRLB. Europe, "W. Asia; introd. in the U. States.

2. D. pro'lifer, L. ; fascicles of flowers capitate, bracts ovate mem-
branous as long as the calyx-tube, inner obtuse. Tunica prolifer, Hall.

Gravelly pastures from Perth southd. ; often a casual ; Channel Islands ; fl.
June-Oct. — Annual. Stems few, 6-18 in., sometimes branched above.
Leaves short, linear-lanceolate, margins scabrid. Heads f in., many-fld.,
bracts dry brown. Flowers J-| in. diam., opening one by one, all but the
uppermost 2-bracteate. Calyx very narrow, faintly ribbed. Petals con-
tiguous, purplish-red, obovate, notched. Capsule ovoid, rupturing the calyx.
— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in the §U. States, usually placed in
Tunica.

** Flowers solitary or loosely cymose.

3. D. deltoi'des, L. ; leaves narrow-lanceolate downy and subscabrous,
lower obtuse, flowers solitary, bracts ovate acuminate half as long as the
calyx-tube, petals toothed. Maiden Pink.

Fields and banks, dry soil, from Inverness and Argyll to Devon and Kent ;
fl. June-Sept. — Perennial, much branched ; branches slender, 1 ft.
Leaves of barren shoots ligulate. Flowers £ in. diam., rarely 2 together,
inodorous. Calyx glabrous, strongly ribbed. Petals distant, obovate, rosy,
spotted with white. Capsule cylindric. — DISTRIB. Europe.

D. deltoi'des proper; faintly glaucous, bracts generally 2, flowers rosy. — VAR.
D. alau'cus, L. ; very glaucous, bracts usually 4, flowers white. — Edinburgh,
Croydon.

4. D. cse'sius, Sm. ; leaves scabrous at the margin, flowers usually
solitary, bracts orbicular mucronate 4 times shorter than the calyx- tube,
petals jagged and bearded. Cheddar Pink.

Limestone rocks, Cheddar ; fl. June-July.— Perennial, glaucous. Eootstock
woody, branched. Stems 4-10 in., many. Leaves of barren shoots linear,
obtuse, upper ones of the flowering stems acute. Bracts membranous.

54 CARYOPHYLLEJE. [DIANTHUS.

Flower 1 in. diam., fragrant. Petals contiguous, obovate, rosy, teeth f-£
the length of the blade. Calyx-tube faintly-ribbed. — DISTRIB. Belgium
southd. to Lombardy and Hungary.

D. CARYOPHYI/LTJS, L. ; leaves grooved above, margins smooth, cymes
loosely panicled, bracts obovate mucronate 3-4 times shorter than the
calyx- tube, petals toothed and crenate. Wild Carnation, Clove Pink.
Old castle walls, &c., naturalized ; fl. July-Aug.— Perennial, glabrous, glau-
cous, stout, much branched and leafy below, 18-24 in. Leaves 4-6 in.,
recurved. Bracts membranous, tips herbaceous. Flower 1^ in. diam.,
fragrant. Calyx cylindric, faintly ribbed. Petals obovate, rosy, teeth |-J
the length of the blade. Capsule ovoid.— DISTRIB. Belgium and France to
Italy, Hungary, and Greece. — Flowers dimorphic on the same individual ;
stamens in one form much longer than in the other. The origin of the
garden carnation.

D. PLUMA'RIUS, L. ; leaves all acute 1 -nerved, margins scabrous, cymes
loosely panicled, bracts 4 rhomboid cuspidate equalling J of the calyx-
tube, petals fimbriate. Wild Pink.

Naturalized on old walls in England and "Wales ; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial,
tufted, branched, 1 ft. Flowers as in D. Caryophyllus, but smaller, rose-
purple, segments of petals §-J as long as the blade. — DISTRIB. Mid.
Europe from Austria to Lombardy, and Mid. Russia. — The origin of the
garden pinks.

1*. SAPONA'RIA, L. SOAPWORT, FULLER'S HERB.

Annual or perennial herbs. Radical leaves spathulate, canline narrower.
Flowers in panicled or fascicled cymes, white, lilac, red or yellow, honeyed,
proterandrous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, ebracteate.
Petals 5, clawed, entire or notched. Stamens 1 0. Disk small. Styles 2.
Capsule oblong, 2-celled at the base, 4-valved at the top. Seeds reniform,
tubercled, hilum marginal ; embryo annular.— DISTRIB. Europe and
temp. Asia ; species 30. — ETYM. Sapo, the plant having been used as a

SOap.

S. OFFICINA^LIS, L. ; glabrous, glaucous, leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Hedges, roadsides, and fields, naturalized before Gerard's time ; (a denizen,
Wats.} ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Rootstock white, creeping, fleshy, stoloniferous.
Stem 1-3 ft., straight, ascending. Leaves 2-4 in., 3-ribbed. Cymes in panicled
corymbs. Flowers I in. diam. Petals obcordate, lilac or white. Capsule
ovoid, on a stout pedicel, enclosed in the fusiform calyx-tube.— DISTRIB.
Europe, "W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. — A decoction is very saponaceous.
Flowers often double. — S. hyb'rida, L., is a var. with connate upper leaves
and monopetalous corolla. — VXR. pubefula, Syme, is another with the upper
part of the stem and calyx pubescent. Near Hightown, Lancashire.

2. SILE'NE, L. CATCHFLY.

Habit of Saponaria. Calyx inflated, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5 ;
claw narrow ; blade entire or divided, with usually 2 scales at its base.

SILENE.] CAEYOPHYLLEJE. 55

Stamens 10, the 5 petaline sometimes adnate to the claw. Disk columnar.
Ovary 1-3-celled below the middle ; styles 3, rarely 2-5, opposite the
sepals ; ovules many. Capsule 6- rarely 3-valved at the top. Seeds with a
marginal hilum ; embryo annular or ^-annular. — DISTRIB. N. temp,
hemisphere; species 800. — ETYM. <ria\ovt salivat from the viscidity of
some species.

* Calyx bladdery, nerves reticulate. Capsule incompletely septate.

1. S- Cucu'balus, Wibel. ; erect, panicle many-fld., bracts scarious,
petals deeply cloven, scales obscure. S. injla'ta, Sm. Cucu'balus Behen,
L. Bladder Campion, White bottle.

Roadsides and waste places, N. to Caithness ; ascends to nearly 1,000 ft. in
Yorkshire; Ireland; fl. June-Aug. — Perennial, branched, 2-3 ft., glaucous,
glabrous or downy (VAR. puber'ula}. Leaves 1-3 in., variable, ovate,
obovate or oblong. Flowers f in. diam., drooping, white, proterandrous,
trimorphous (male, fern., and hermaphr.). Capsule globose, top conical. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to JN.W. India;
introd. in the U. States.

2. S. xnarit'ima, With.', diffuse, flowers 1-4, bracts herbaceous, petals
shortly cleft, segments broad with two scales at the base.

Sea-shores, N. to Shetland ; rare by Alpine streams ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in
the Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Aug. — Very nearly
allied to S. Cucu'balus. — DISTRIB. Shores of Europe (Arctic), from Italy
to the Canaries, Norway and Finland.

** Calyx cylindric, strongly many-ribbed, closing tightly over the capsule at the
top. Capsule incompletely septate.

3. S. con'ica, L. ; erect, hairy and glandular, dichotomously branched,
flowers many erect.

Pastures and sandy heaths, local ; Kent, Norfolk, Suffolk, Haddington and
Forfar ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Annual, 6-12 in. Leaves linear,
upper acute and ribbed. Calyx § in., ampulliform, 30-ribbed, intruded at the
base ; teeth subulate. Petals small, rosy or purple, cleft, with 2 scales at
the base of the blade ; gynophore very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Siberia, W. Asia to India.

*** Calyx with broad nerves. Capsule incompletely septate.

4. S. gal'lica, L. ; hairy and viscid, lower leaves spathulate, flowers
in leafy racemose cymes, catyx-teeth setaceous, petals and scales small
entire or slightly 2-fid.

Gravelly places from Moray southd., not rare, probably often an escape ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Annual, 1-2 ft., erect or diffusely
branched. Leaves variable. Calyx % in., membranous with green pubescent
ribs. Capsule ovoid on a usually deflexed pedicel. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, Siberia, N. and W. Asia to India.

S. gal'lica proper ; flowers white or pink, petals large 2-fid. — VAR. £.* quin-
quevul'nera, L. ; petals entire white with a red spot. — VAR. S. ang'lica, L. ;
branches spreading, petals small white often jagged.

56 CARYOPHYLLE^. [SiLENE.

5. S. acau'lis, L. ; densely tnfted, leaves small linear- subulate close
set, flowers usually dioecious shortly peduncled solitary erect, calyx tubular
teeth obtuse, petals and scales notched. Moss Campion.

Alpine rocks; ascends to 4,300 ft. ; Donegal only in Ireland; fl. June-Aug. —
Perennial, glabrous, forming bright green, moss-like cushions. Leaves %-%
in., channelled above, keeled below, ciliate. Flowers pink, rarely white,
f in. diam., peduncles lengthening after flowering. Calyx faintly nerved ;
teeth with scarious margins. Capsule exserted, subsylindric, 6-toothed. —
DISTRIB. Alps of Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; all Arctic regions.

6. S. Oti'tes, L. ; flowering stems erect simple few-leaved viscid,
radical leaves narrow-spathulate, cymes panicled, flowers small sub-
dioecious erect whoiied, calyx teeth obtuse, petals linear without scales.
Sandy fields and roadsides of the E. Counties, local ; fl. June- Aug. — Eootstock

woody, branched. Stem 1-3 ft. Radical leaves |-3 in., many, slender,
puberulous. Panicle narrow, interrupted, flowers $ in. diam., many, sub-
erect., pale yellow-green ; bracts membranous. Calyx obovoid, membranous.
Petals entire. Stamens and styles much exserted. Capsule ovoid, rupturing
the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to Persia.

7. S. nu tans, L. ; pubescent, stem above and calyx viscid, radical
Iraves oblong-lanceolate, cauline linear, flowers in panicled or subracemed
cymes drooping, calyx teeth acute, petals 2-partite, scales lanceolate. S.
paradoxa, Sm., not L. Nottingham Catchfly.

Dry places and walls, fromrForfar southd., local ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-
July. — Rootstock woody, branched. Stems 2-3 ft. Radical leaves 2-5 in.,
tufted, petioled ; cauline small, narrow, sessile. Flowers dimorphic, honey-
less, proterandous, opening and fragrant for 3 nights, 5 stamens ripening
on each of the two first nights, the styles protruding on the third. Calyx
§ in., tubular, swollen in the middle, membranous, nerves purple. Petals
white or pink ; segments diverging, narrow, incurved. Capsule erect,
exceeding and rupturing the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia,
Dahuria, Canaries.

**** Calyx cylindric or ovoid, IQ-nerved. Capsule without septa*

8. S. noctiflo'ra, L. ; softly pubescent, viscid above, leaves all oblong-
lanceolate acute the lower petioled, flowers few, calyx-tube long, teeth
slender, petals 2-fid, scales truncate.

Sandy fields, on the E. chiefly ; Forfar to Cornwall ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
a colonist ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual, 1-2 ft., erect, simple or dichotomons.
Leaves 3-4 in., ^— 1J in. broad. Flowers erect, open at night, fragrant.
Calyx 1 in., narrow in flower ; nerves green. Petals rosy within, yellow
outside, segments incurved by day. Capsule as long as, and often ruptur-
ing, the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe. Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in U. States.
—Regarded by A. de Candolle as a Siberian and Caucasian plant of very
ancient naturalization in W. Europe.

3. LYCH'NIS, L. CAMPION.

Characters of SiUnc, but styles 5. Sepals not foliaceous. Petals with
a simple or 2-fid scale at the base of the blade. Styles and carpels opposite

LYCHNIS.] CARYOPHYLLE^. 57

the sepals. — DISTPJB. N. temp, hemisphere ; species 30. — ETYM. Ai'x^os,
from uaz flame-like flowers of some species. — Styles rarely 3-4, when the
species may be referred with equal justice to Silene.

* Petals Deleft. Capsule 5-toothed, without septa.

1. Ii. Flos-cucu'li, L. ; flowers in loose dichotomous cymes, petals
4-cleft. Ragged Robin.

Moist meadows, copses, &c., N. to Shetlands ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands. ; fl. May- June. — Glabrous. Root-
stock slender. Stem 1-2 ft., roughish above. Radical leaves petioled, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, cauline narrow. Flowers drooping, pedicels slender,
honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx § in., veins purple ; teeth acuminate. Petals
rosy, rarely white, segments linear ; scales long, 2-fid. Capsule broadly
ovoid, very shortly pedicelled. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia.

** Petals notched or 2-Jid. Capsule 5-toothed, with incomplete septa.

2. Ii. Visca'ria, L. ; stem viscid at the nodes, petals notched.

Trap rocks local ; N. Wales ; Mid. and S. Scotland ; fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous,
stout, 6-10 in. Rootstock perennial, woody. Radical leaves 3-5 in., very
narrow-lanceolate; petiole downy at1 the margin^. Cymes very contracted,
panicled, few-flowered. Flowers almost sessile. Calyx J in., membranous,
purple, dilated upwards ; teeth short, acute. Petals obovate, red^purple ;
scales short. Capsule broadly ovoid ; pedicel slender, § as long as the
capsule. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain and Greece) to the Caucasus,
Siberia.

3. Ii. alpi'na, L. ; tufted, not viscid, cymes compact, petals 2-lobed.
Alpine moors and ravines ; Cumberland, Lancashire, and Clova Mts., ascend-
ing to 3,200 ft. ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous 4-8 in. Rootstock short, much
branched. Leaves 1-2 in., crowded, narrow, linear-lanceolate. Flowers
nearly § in. diam., shortly pedicelled, proterandrous; bracts red. Calyx
nerves faint, teeth rounded. Petals rosy. Capsule ovoid, pedicel half its
length. — DISTRIB. Alps, Pyrenees, and Arctic regions.

*** Petals 2-partite. Capsule W-toothed, septa 0. Flowers suldicecious.

4. L. diur'na, Sibth. ; calyx reddish teeth triangular acute, petals red,
capsule subglobose, teeth recurved. L. dioi'ca a, L. Red Campion.
Damp copses and hedgebanks, N. to Shetlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

fl. June-July. — Softly hairy, rarely quite glabrous, viscid above. Rootstock
slender, branched. Radical leaves 3-6 in., obovate, petioled ; cauline narrower.
Flowering stem 1-3 ft., erect. Flowers in loose dichotomous cymes. Calyx
% in., subcylindric, reddish, rarely green. Petals red, rarely white, lobes
oblong ; scales lanceolate. Capsule mouth wide ; pedicel very short. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus, Siberia to Baikal, Greenland.

5. Ii. vesperti'na, Sibth. ; calyx greenish, teeth elongate, petals
white, capsule conical, teeth short linear-lanceolate erect. L. dioi'ca /3, L. ;
L. al'ba, Mill, (the earliest name). White Campion.

58 CAEYOPHYLLE^. [LYCHNIS.

Fields, hedgerows, &c., to Orkneys ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept.
— Very similar to L. diur'na. Flowers rarely reddish, open and fragrant iu
the evening.— DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia; introd. in
U. States.

4. GITHA'GO, Desfontaines. CORN-COCKLE.

Characters of Lychnis, but calyx coriaceous with foliaceous teeth, and
entire petals without scales at the base of the blade. Flowers honeyed,
proterandrous. Styles and carpels opposite the petals. — DISTEIB. Europe,
Siberia, W. Asia to Persia ; introd. in U. States, species 1. — ETYM.
obscure.

G. seg'etum, Desf. ; flowers solitary, calyx woolly segments much
longer than the petals. Agrostemi'ma, Git/ia'go, L.
Cornfields N. to the Orkneys 5 Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.) ;

fl. June-Aug. — Annual ; clothed with dense white hairs. Stems 1-2 ft.

Leaves 2-5 in., linear-lanceolate. Flowers l|-2 in. diam. ; pedicels long.

Calyx 1—1^ in., cylindric-ovoid, ribs strong. Petals pale purple, limb obo-

vate. Capsule ovoid. — Cosson regards this as a quasi-cultivated form, of

which the type is the Anatolian A. yra'cilis, Boiss.

5. HOLOS'TEUM, L.

Annual herbs, viscid and glandular. Leaves narrow. Flowers in ter-
minal umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, toothed or notched. Sta-
mens 3-5, rarely 10. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3, rarely 4 or 5 ; ovules
many. Capsule^ subcylindric, with twice as many short terminal valves
as there are styles. Seeds peltate, concavo-convex, rough ; embryo
horseshoe-shaped. — DISTEJB. Europe, W, Asia ; species 3. — ETYM.
doubtful.

H. umbella'tum, L. ; lower leaves petioled elliptic-oblong.
Old walls and thatched roofs, very rare, Norwich, Eye, and Bury ; (a denizen
or native ? Wats.} ; fl. April-May. — Stem 4-8 in., very slender, branched at
the base. Radical leaves §-1 in. ; cauline very few, sessile, ovate or linear.
Flowers few, erect ; pedicels § in., deflexed after flowering, erect after fruit-
ing; bracts small, membranous. Sepals white, edges scarious, obtuse. Petals
| in., a little longer than the sepals, white or pale pink. Stamens and styles
often 3 each. Capsule twice as long as the sepals. Seeds black. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W, Asia to N.W. India.

6. CERAS'TIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Pubescent rarely glabrous herbs, the hairs articulate, some glandular,
others not. Leaves small. Flowers white, in terminal dichotomous cymes,
proterandrous. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, rarely 0, notched
or 2-fid, rarely quite entire or deeply cut. Disk of 5 honeyed glands.
Stamens 10, 5, or fewer. Ovary 1-celled ; styles usually 3, when 5,
opposite the sepals ; ovules many. Capsules cylindric, often incurved,
with twice as many short terminal valves as styles. Seeds compressed,

CERASTIUM.] CARYOPHYLLE^. 59

often tubercled ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold regions ;
species 40. — ETYM. /ce/ms, from the horn-like capsule.

SECTION 1. Moench'ia, Ehrh. (gen.). Sepals acuminate, longer than
the entire petals.

1. C. quart ernel'lum, Fenzl ; glabrous, glaucous, stamens 4. Moe-nch'ia
erec'ta, Ehrh.

Gravelly pastures, &c., from the Cheviot* southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Wales ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Annual. Stems 2-6 in.,
dichotomously branched from the base ; branches slender, stiff. Leaves I
in., radical sublanceolate ; cauliue few, shorter, broader. Flowers few ; pedi-
cels long, erect, stiff. Sepals 4, ^ in. ; margins broad, membranous, white.
Petals 4, shorter than the sepals, oblong. Styles 4, short. Capsule subcylin-
dric, as long as the sepals, 8-toothed. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland
to Hungary, N. Africa ; introd. in the U. States.

SECTION 2. Ceras tium proper. Petals notched 2-fid, or erose.

* Annual rarely perennial, hairy and viscid except ]C. triviale. Sepals 4-5, about
as long as the petals. (Perhaps all sub-species of one.)

2. C. tetran'drum, Curtis ; sepals viscid, pedicels usually erect when
fruiting 2-3 times as long as the capsule, bracts herbaceous, sepals 4 rarely
5 lanceolate, glandular margins narrowly membranous, capsule straight.
C. atrovi'rens, Bab.

Sandy and waste places usually near the sea, N. to the Shetlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. April-Oct. — Stem 4-12 in. dichotomously branched
from the base. Radical leaves obovate-lanceolate, cauline usually broader
upwards. Cymes leafy. Flowers J in. diam. Petals notched, veins branched.
Capsule scarcely longer than the sepals. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Sweden
to Spain and eastwards to Hungary.

VAR. C. pu'milum, Curtis ; branching from above the middle, upper bracts
with narrow membranous margins, petals notched, veins branched, fruiting
pedicel short curved, capsule curved. C. ylutino'sum, Fries. — Dry banks,
rare, Worcester to Devon, Surrey.

3. C. semi dec an' drum, L. ; pedicels a little exceeding the sepals
deflexed between flowering and fruiting, bracts half-membranous, sepals
usually 5 glandular acute margins broadly membranous, capsule slightly
curved.

Walls and banks, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1»000 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Stem 1-10 in., erect or decumbent, some-
times nearly glabrous, branched from the base. Leaves as in C. tetrandrum.
Cymes few- or many-fld. Petals erose, with simple veins, shorter than the
sepals. Stamens 4-5, or 10. Capsule exserted. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa. — The earliest to flower.

4. C. glomera'tum, Thuillier ; fruiting pedicels suberect shorter than
the sepals, bracts all herbaceous, sepals acute with few glands and narrow
membranous margins, petals as long as the sepals 2-fid rarely 0, capsule
twice as long as the sepals curved. C. vulga'turrij L., and visco'sum, L.,
in part.

60 CARYOPUYLLE^. [CERASTITTM.

Dry places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. April-Sept. — Habit of the preceding but usually larger, less glandular
and cymes more fascicled, at first subcapitate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland ; introd. in U. States.

5. C. trivia'le, Link ; pedicels longer than the sepals reflexed between
flowering and fruiting, primary bracts wholly herbaceous, margins of
secondary sometimes membranous, sepals obtuse margins broad membranous,
petals 2-fid, capsule twice as long as the sepals curved. C. vised sum, L., of
Sm. and Hook, and Arn. C. vulgatum, Fries.

"Waste places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,600 ft. in Scotland; Ireland;
Channel Islands; fl. April-Aug. — Similar to C. glomera'tum, but usually
perennial, often with leafy barren shoots and lax cymes. Flower xpToter&ii-
drous. — DISTRIB. Europe from the Arctic circle southd., N. and W. Asia,
the Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in U. States.

C. trivia'le proper ; perennial, decandrous, hairs not glandular, sepals pubes-
cent.— YAH. C. holosteoi'des, Fries ; stem sparingly pubescent, leaves dark
smooth shining, flowers large. Tidal rivers, Newcastle, "VVigton, Perth.
— VAR. pent&ndrum; annual, pentandrous, capsule shorter, sepals as in
trivia'le. Sea-shores. — VAR. alpestre, Lond. Cat. (alpinum, Koch) ; dwarf,
flowers much larger. Scotch Mts.

** Perennial, downy or woolly. Petals 5, twice as long as the sepals, 2-Jid.

6. C. arven'se, L. ; stems hairy all round, leaves linear-lanceolate,
bracts and sepals subacute, margins and tip membranous, seeds acutely
tubercled.

Sandy fields and waste places, from Inverness southd. ; rarer in Scotland ;
local in Ireland ; fl. April-Aug. — Branches 6-10 in., tufted, ascending.
Leaves crowded on the basal shoots. Cymes many-fld. Sepals oblong-lanceo-
late, glandular. Capsule inclined, a little longer than the sepals, pedicel
erect. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to the
Himalaya, N. America, Fuegia, Chili.

VAR. pubes'cens, Syrne ; leaves soft and pubescent, cymes 3-10- flowered.—
VAB. A ndrew'sii, Syme ; leaves rigid glabrescent, midrib strong beneath,
flowers subsolitary.

7. C. alpi'nuin, L. ; stems hairy all round, leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate obtuse pubescent, bracts herbaceous obtuse, sepals obtuse with a
membranous margin, seeds tubercled.

Alpine and subalpine rocks, Westmoreland, Wales, and Scotland ; ascends to
near 4,000 ft. ; fl. June— Aug. — Habit of C. arvense, but leaves much broader,
flowers fewer and much larger, f-1 in. diam., and capsule almost twice as
long as the sepals on a spreading pedicel. — DISTRIB. Mountains of Europe,
N. America, and all Arctic regions.

C. alpi'num proper; villous, cymes 1-several-fld., sepals faintly margined,
seeds small subacutely tubercled. — VAR. Smith'ii ; loosely tufted, less hairy
and glandular, leaves broader, flowers subsolitary, seeds larger obtusely
tubercled. C. latifo'lium^ Sm. not L. C. lana'tum, Lamk. — VAR. Edmond-
stone'i, Wats, (niyres' cens, Syme) ; deep green, leaves broader. Unst, in
Shetland. — The true C. latifo'lium, L., of the Alps, with globose capsules
and inflated testa, is not British.

CEBASTIUM.] CARYOPHYLLE^. 61

8. C. tri'gynum, Villars ; stem with alternating hairy lines, leaves
small narrow oblong-lanceolate glabrous, cymes 1-3-fld., bracts glandular
or glabrous, margins broadly membranous. Siella'ria cerastoi'des, L.
Alpine and subalpine rills, rare^ Mid. Scotland and Ireland ; ascends to 3,700
ft. ; fl. July-Aug. — A smaller and more delicate species than the two pre-
ceding alpine ones, nearly glabrous. Leaves J-| in., distant, obtuse, often
recurved. Flowers ^ in. diam., homogamous ; pedicels very slender. Sepals
linear-oblong, spreading, 1-nerved. Petals deeply 2-fid. Styles usually 3.
Capsule longer than the sepals.— DISTRIB. Alps of Europe, N. and W.
Asia to the Himalaya^ Arctic regions. — Intermediate between Cerastium
and Stellaria.

7. STELDA'RIA, L. STITCHWORT.

Slender, usually glabrous herbs. Leaves Harrow or broad. Flowers in
dichotomous cymes, white, small, honeyed, proterandrous. Sepals &,
rarely 4. Petals 5, rarely 4, 2-fid or 2-partite. Stamens 10 (rarely 8 5 or
3) more or less perigynous, rising and dehiscing in 2 sets. Disk annular
elongating, or of 5 inters taminal glands. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3, or 5
and opposite the petals, ovules many. Capsule short, splitting below the
middle into as many simple or 2-fid valves as there are styles. Seeds
compressed^ granulate ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold
regions ; species 70. — ETYM. Stella, from the star-like flowers.

SECTION 1. Mala'chium, Fries (gen.). Sepals free to the base. Styles
5, rarely 3. Capsule with 5 2-fid valves.

1. S* aquat'ica, Scopoli ; steins diffuse decumbent angular slightly
glandular above, leaves ovate^cordate. Cerastium aquaticum, L.

Borders of ditches, streams, &c., from Yorksouthd, j fl. July-Aug. — Perennial.
Stem 1-3 ft., brittle, branched, trailing over bushes. Leaves 1-1J in., mem-
branous, lower shortly petioled, acute, sometimes ciliate. Flowers % in.
diam., axillary. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in fruit. Petals white, lobes
diverging. ^ Capsule 1 in., ovoid, a little longer than the sepals ; pedicel
deflexed, tip curved. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

SECTION 2. Stella'ria proper. Sepals free to the base. Stamens sub-
perigynous. Styles 3. Capsule with 6 entire valves.

2. S. nem'orum, L. ; stem ascending glabrous or hairy all round, leaves
ovate acuminate, lower subcordate long-petioled, upper cauline sessile,
cymes lax, petals longer than the sepals.

Shady places from Dumbarton and Moray to S. "Wales and Hereford ;
ascends to 2,700 ft. ; Channel Islands ? fl. May- Aug. — Glabrous or
pilose with jointed hairs and slightly glandular. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, terete,
brittle, shining. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous, ciliate. Flowers ^-f in. diam. ;
pedicels very slender. Sepals lanceolate, obtuse, margins scarlous. Capsi.de
ovoid, as long as the sepals ; pedicels spreading or reflexed. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), excl. Greece and Turkey.

62 CARYOPHYLLE^S. [STELLARIA.

3. S. me'dia, Vill. ; stem procumbent with a line of hairs, leaves ovate
acuminate, lower petioled, upper sessile, cymes many-flowered, petals
shorter than the glandular sepals sometimes 0. Chickweed.

Cultivated and waste ground, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl . March-Oct. — One of the commonest and most variable
of plants, 6-18 in., easily recognized by the line of hairs on the stem and
branches. Stamens 3, 5, or 10. — DISTRIB. All Arctic and N. temp, regions ;
naturalized elsewhere.

S. ME'DIA proper; pedicels pubescent, sepals hairy, petals 5, variable or 0,
stamens 5 (3 in S. Borcea'na, Jord., and Als.pal'lida, Dum.) (10 in S. neglec'ta,
Weihe), seeds obtusely tubercled

Sub-sp. S. TJMBRO'SA, Opitz. ; more erect, leaves more acuminate, pedicels
glabrous, sepals lanceolate glabrous with raised points, seeds acutely tuber-
cled. S. Elizabe'thce, Schultz.— From Perth southd.

4. S. Holos'tea, L. ; stem suberect 4-angled, angles rough, leaves ses-
sile connate lanceolate acuminate ciliate, petals twice as long as the almost
nerveless sepals.

Copsas, hedgerows, &c., from Caithness southd.; ascend3 to 1,900ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Perennial. Stem
1-2 ft., decumbent at the base, brittle at the nodes, hairy above. Leaves
1-4 in., rigid. Flowers |r-f in. diam., white, pedicels slender. Capsule
globose. — DISTRIB. Europe, "W. Asia. — Flowers sometimes double ; petals
occasionally laciniate.

SECTION 3. Lar'brea, St. Hilaire (gen.). Sepals united at the base
into a conical tube. Stamens very perigynous. Styles 3. Capsule 6-valved.

5. S. palus'tris, Ehrh. ; glaucous, glabrous, stem suberect 4-angled,
leaves very narrow sessile margins even, peduncles very long axillary,
petals longer than the 3-nerved sepals. S. glau'ca, With.

Marshy places, not uncommon from the Clyde and Forth to Surrey and Dorset ;
rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Perennial. Stems 1-2 ft.,
very slender. Leaves 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong. Flowers
|-| in. diam., few, distant. Bracts membranous. Sepals lanceolate, acute,
margins broadly scarious. Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals ; pedicel
spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, "W. Asia to the Himalaya, Green-
land.

6. S. gramin'ea, L. ; glabrous, stem suberect 4-angled, leaves very
narrow sessile ciliate, cymes branched, petals equalling the 3-nerved
sepals.

Dry pastures, hedgebanks, fee., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorks. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug. — Perennial, not glaucous Stem
1-3 ft. Leaves as in S. glauca, but ciliate. Flowers §— f in. diam., many.
Bracts scarious, ciliate. Pedicels reflexed after flowering, then spreading.
Sepals acute. Capsule ovoid, nodding, a little longer than the sepals. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalaya. — S. scapig'era,
Willd., said to be found by Don in Perth and Inverness-shire, is a cultivated
abnormal form, with short stems, imbricate leaves, long erect solitary
peduncles, and small flowers.

STELLARIA.] CARYOPHYLLEJE. 63

7. S. uligino'sa, Murr. ; glaucous, nearly glabrous, stern 4-angled,
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cymes few-fld., petals shorter than the
acuminate sepals.

Wet places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May- July.— Perennial, 3-18 in., erect or diffuse, vari-
able in size, habit, and breadth of leaves, 1- or more-fld., glabrous, or with a
few hairs at the bases of the leaves, which are narrowed at both ends, and
callous at the tip. Bracts scarious. Flowers J in. diam. Tube of calyx
funnel-shaped. Capsule ovoid. Seeds minute. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

8. ARENA'RIA, L. SANDWORT.

Annual or perennial herbs, often tufted. Leaves broad or narrow.
Flowers white or pink, in dichotomous cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire
or slightly notched, rarely 0. Stamens 10, rarely 5, inserted on the disk.
Disk annular, or of inter-staminal honeyed glands. Ovary 1-celled ; styles
3-4 ; ovules many, rarely few. Capsule short, with as many entire or 2-fid
valves as there are styles. Seeds compressed, smooth or tubercled ;
embryo annular. — DISTRIB. all temp, and cold regions ; species 130. —
ETYM. Arena, from many growing in sand.

SECTION 1. Alsi'ne, Wahl. (gen.). Flowers hermaphrodite. Disk annu-
lar. Capsule with 3-4 entire valves. Seeds many, funicle not swollen or
appendaged. — Leaves linear-setaceous in all the British species.

1. A. ver'na, L. ; densely tufted, leaves crowded subulate,1? flowering

branches slender4few-fld., oblong petals and capsule rather longer than the

lanceolate sepals.

Dry rocks, pastures and banks, N. to Shetland, local; ascends to 2,500 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland; fl. May- July. — Perennial, bright green, sparingly
hairy and glandular. Rootstock woody; branches 2-4 in., densely tufted,
forming a green cushion. Leaves |-J in., 3-nerved. Bracts acute, margins
scarious. Flowering branches strict. Flowers ^ in. diam., white, proteran-
drous ; pedicels slender, glandular. Petals oblong, hardly longer than the
sepals. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N". Africa, N. America.

A. ver'na, proper; leaves apiculate, lower not appressed. — YAE. Gerar'di,
Wahlb. ; leaves not apiculate, lower appressed.— Cornwall.

• 2. A. hir'ta, Wormsk. ; densely tufted, leaves crowded subulate obtuse,

peduncles pubescent 1 -flowered, petals lanceolate and capsule shorter than

the acute 3-nerved sepals. A. rubel'la, Hook.

Rocky tops of Breadalbane Mts. and Ben Hope, alt. 2,500 to 4,OCO ft., very
rare; fl. July-Aug. — General character of A. vema, of which it may be an
Arctic sub-species, but of laxer habit, smaller in all its parts, yellow-green
and purplish ; leaves more flaccid and obtuse ; flowers usually solitary ;
petals shorter; styles commonly 4; seeds smaller and more orbicular. —
DISTRIB. Arctic regions.

3. A. uligino'sa, Schleich. ; stems loosely tufted ascending, peduncles
filiform 1 3-flowered, leaves subulate semiterete obtuse nerveless, petals

64 CARYOPHYLLE^. [ARENARIA.

oblong as long as the ovate acute 3-iierved sepals. Spw'gula stric'ta,
Swartz ; Alsi'ne stric'ta, Wahl.

Banks of a rill, Widdy-bank Fell, Teesdale, alt. 1,800 ft. ; fl. June-July.—
Perennial, glabrous, 2-3 in., very slender, habit of Sayina. Leaves J-| in.,
curved, upper pairs few and distant. Peduncles 1-2 in. Flowers Jin. cliam.,
white. Capsule ovoid. Seeds reniform, rugose on the disk. — DISTRIB. "VV.
Europe (Arctic), Lapland to Italy, Greenland.

4. A. tenuifo'lia, L. ; erect, very slender, leaves subulate acute 3-5-
nerved, cymes many-fid., petals oblong half as long as the lanceolate
3-nerved sepals, capsule 3-valved equalling the sepals or longer.

Sandy fields and waste places from York southd., chieny in the E. counties ;

Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual, 2-8 in., simple or branched.

Leaves crowded below, upper pairs remote. Flowers ^ in. diam., white. —

DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to India.
Aitenuifo'lia proper; glabrous, stamens 10, capsule equalling the sepals. —

VAR. A. lax' a, Jord. ; calyx glandular, stamens 5, capsules longer than the

sepals. Great ,Wilbraham. — VAR. hyb'ridd, Vill. (A. wsco'sa, Schreb.) ;

peduncles and sepals glandular, stamens 8-10, capsule broader at the base.

Thetfdrd.

SECTION 2, Arena'ria proper. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disk annular.
Capsule with 3 2-fid valves. Seeds many.— Leaves broad in all the British
species.

5. A. triner'via, L. ; diffuse, pubescent, leaves petioled ovate acute
3-5-nerved ciliate, flowers solitary or cymose, sepals obscurely 3-ribbed,
seeds smoothed arilled. MceJirin'gia, Clairv.

Moist copses, hedgebanks, &c , N. to Ross ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
May- July. — Annual, branched, flaccid ; branches 4-18 in. Leaves |-1 in.
Flowers J in. diam., rarely 5-androus, proterogynous ; pedicels long, slender.
Sepals lanceolate, longer than the obovate-lanceolate petals, middle nerve
hairy. Capsule sitbglobcse, shorter than the sepals. — DISTRLB. Europe
(Arctic), Canaries, Siberia, W. Asia; Greenland.

6. A. serpyllifo'lia, L. ; decumbent or suberect, pubescent, leaves sub-
sessile ovate acuminate 1-3-nerved ciliate, cymes many-flowered, bracts
foliaceous, sepals with 3-5 hairy ribs.

Wall-tops, &c., N. to Orkneys, ascends to 2,000 ft. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June- Aug. — Annual, very variable in habit, grey-green, branched, hairs
recurved on the stem and peduncles. Leaves J-J in., shortly petioled,
rather rigid. Flowers £ in. diam. Sepals with narrow margins, longer than
the petals. Seeds rough, shining, not arilled. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in the U. States.

A. serpyllifo'lia proper (A. spJKerocar'pa, Tenore) ; rigid, sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, capsule ovoid, its pedicel ascending. — VAR. ylutino'sa, Koch ; shorter,
stouter, more glandular, capsule more swollen below. Isle of Wight. — VAR.
A. leptocla'dos, Guss. ; weak, sepals lanceolate, capsule narrower, its pedicel
spreading.

ARENARIA. ] CAR YOPHYLLE^!. 6 5

7. A. cilia ta, L. ; procumbent or ascending, leaves oblong-spathulate
obtuse 1 -nerved, flowers subsolitary, bracts foliaceous, sepals oblong-lanceo-
late with 3 hairy ribs much shorter than the petals.

Ireland, Orkney and Shetlands; fl. June- July .—Perennial, dark green, hairs

reflexed. Stems 3-6 in., numerous, matted, tips ascending. Leaves J-f in.,

petioled. Flowers nearly | in. diani. Sepals subacute, margins membranous.

Petals spathulate. Capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals. Seeds not arilled.

— DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, E. to Crete.
A. CILTA'TA proper ; pubescent, leaves ciliate, ribs of sepals hairy. — Sligo

Mountains, alt. 1,000-1,700 ft.
Sub-sp. A. NORVE'GICA, Gunn.; almost glabrous, leaves denser shorter

broader more fleshy, peduncles shorter, ribs of sepals glabrous.— Shetlands

and Orkney.

SECTION 3. Ammode'nia, Gfmel. (gen.). Flowers polygamous. Disk
glandular, 10-lobed. Capsule fleshy, usually 3-valved. Seeds 1-2 > large.
Honcke'nya, Ehrh.

8. A. peploi'des, L. ; creeping, ^ fleshy, leaves ovate acute recurved,
flowers 1-3 together axillary subsessile, sepals obtuse. Sea Purslane.
Sandy and pebbly shores, N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl.

May- Aug.— Perennial, dark green, glabrous. Rootstock creeping ; branches
4-8 in., ascending. Leaves £-J in., decussate, margins cartilaginous.
Flowers J in. in diam., pedicels compressed. Sepals with membranous
margins. Petals of male fl. as long as the sepals, of female shorter,
Stamens 10, the alternate shorter. Styles 3-5. Capsule globose. Seeds
obovoid, concavo-convex. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from the Arctic regions to
Spain, Arctic America. — Used as a pickle in Yorkshire.

SECTION 4. Cherle'ria, L. (gen.). Flowers polygamous. Sepals united
at the base. Petals 0 or minute. Disk with 5 large glands. Seeds few,
minute, smooth.

9. A. Cherle'ri, Benth. ; densely tufted, leaves closely imbricate linear-
subulate 3-gonous, flowers solitary, sepals obtuse. Alsine Cherleri, Fenzl.
Cherleria sedoides, L. Cyphel.

Lofty Scotch mountains, alt. 2,500-3,000 ft. ; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial, form-
ing mossy, yellow-green cushions 6-12 in. diam., with a very long tap root.
Leaves £-£ in., obtuse, ciliate, grooved above. Flowers sessile, proterandrous.
Sepals 3-nerved, margins membranous. Petals 0, or in the male fl. subu-
late. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the sepals. — DISTRIB. Alps of Central
and S. Europe, Pyrenees.

9. SAGI'NA, L. PEARL-WORT.

Very small, tufted, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves subulate, connate
at the base. Flowers small, solitary, pedicelled, proterandrous. Sepals
4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, sometimes minute or 0. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10.
Ovary 1-celled ; styles 4-5, opposite the sepals ; ovules many. Capsule
4-5-valved to the base. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold N. and S. hemispheres ;
species 8. — ETTM. doubtful.

F

66 CARYOPHYLLE^. [SAGINA.

* Flowers 4- rarely 5-merous. Petals minute.

1. S. apet'ala, L. ; annual, primary and lateral shoots all flowering,
radical leaves sub-rosulate, petals minute or 0.

Dry banks, wall tops, &c. ; fl. May- Aug. — A slender, wiry herb, 4-10 in.

Leaves TVJ in- Flowery T\j in. diam., green, pedicels capillary. — DISTRIB.

Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; doubtfully indigenous in the U. States.
S. APET'ALA proper ; branches ascending, leaves ciliate at the base mucronate,

pedicels erect, sepals at length spreading obtuse exceeding the capsule. —

From Perth and Forfar southd. ; rare in Scotland; Ireland; Channel

Islands.
Sub-sp. S. CILIA'TA, Fries ; decumbent, glandular-pubescent, leaves "more or

less ciliate mucronate, sepals always appressed to the capsule 2 outer

mucronate. S. ambigua, Lloyd. — From Aberdeen southd., Ireland and

Channel Islands ; rather rare.
Sub-sp. S. MARIT'IMA, Don ; decumbent or ascending, glabrous, leaves obtuse

or apiculate, sepals suberect in fruit broad obtuse. — S. marit'ima proper ;

ascending, slender, internodes long, capsule about equal to the sepals.

Sandy sea-shores, N. to Shetland, Ireland and Channel Islands. — VAB.

S. deb'ilis, JOrd. ; decumbent, slender, internodes long, capsule a little

shorter than the sepals. — VAB. S. den'sa, Jord. ; tufted, slender, internodes

short, capsule as in deb'ilis. Christchurch, Hants, and Wisbeach.— VAB.

alpi'na, Synie ; ascending, stoutish, internodes short, capsule shorter than

the sepals. Top of Ben Nevis, Don.

2. S. procum'bens, L. ; perennial, stems many, primary shoot flower-
less, lateral slender with fascicled branchlets usually procumbent and
rooting, petals very small.

Waste places, paths, banks, &c. ; ascends to 3,800 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Branches 1-8 in. Leaves glabrous
or ciliate (var. spino'sa, Bab.), obtuse, mucronate, longer than in 8. apet'ala.
Flowers usually solitary, sometimes 5-merous. Sepals spreading in fruit.
Styles recurved during flowering. Capsule a little longer than the sepals,
pedicels erect or curved at the tip. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland, N. America, Fuegia.

** Flowers 5- rarely k-merous. Petals as long as the sepals or longer.
(Perennial, with a leafy jlowerless central stem, many lateral jlowering
branches, minute subulate leaves, and slender erect 1-Jlowered pedicels.
SPERGELLA, Reichb.)

3. S. Iiinnse'i, Presl ; glabrous, leaves mucronate, petals longer than
the glabrous obtuse sepals, capsule 5-valved almost twice as long as tho
usually appressed sepals.

Alps of Perth and Forfar to Sutherland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. ; fl. June- Aug. —
Distinguishable from the 5-merous forms of S. procum'bens only by the
longer white petals, erect styles, and usually longer capsules with appressed
sepals. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Siberia, N. America.

S. LINNJE'I proper ; branches many prostrate rooting, pedicels curved erect in
fruit. S. saxat'ilis, Winim. \Sper' gula saginoi'des, Sm.

Sub-sp. S. NIVA'LIS, Fries; densely . tufted, leaves broader, pedicels always
erect, petals shorter.— Ben Lawers, Skye, and Clova Mountains.

SAGINA.] CARYOPHYLLEsE." 67

4. S. subula'ta, Presl ; tufted, more or less glandular and hairy,
leaves narrowed to the awned tip, petals as long as the lanceolate obtuse
subglandular sepals, pedicels long curved after flowering then erect, capsule
rather longer than the appressed sepals. Sper'gula, Swartz.

Heaths, dry pastures, &c. ; ascending to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; N. and
W. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — DISTRIB. Mid. and "W. Europe,
N. America (doubtfully indigenous, Gray}.

5. S. nodo'sa, E. Mey. ; glabrous or glandular, leaf-buds many in the
axils of the subulate acute leaves, peduncles short always erect 1-2-flowered,
petals and capsules much longer than the oblong obtuse sepals. Sper'gula, L.
Knotted Spurrey.

Moist heaths and sandy places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorks. ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Much the largest and largest-
flowered species of the genus. Branches 4-10 in., decumbent, curved, wiry,

rooting at the nodes. Radical leaves | in., cauline, usually f-J in. Flowers
J in. diam., proterandrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

10. SPER'GULA, L. SPURREY.

Annual herbs, with forked or fascicled branches. Leaves opposite, with
abbreviated leaf-buds in their axils, whence the foliage appears whorled ;
stipules small, scarious. Flowers white, in peduncled cymes. Sepals 5.
Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 5, opposite the
petals ; ovules many. Capsule with 5 entire valves. Seeds compressed,
margined or winged ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Weeds of cultivation in
temp, regions ; species 2-3. — ETYM. spar go, from scattering its seeds.

S. arven'sis, L. ; leaves linear-subulate semiterete rather fleshy.

Cornfields, &c., N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands; ascends to 1,000
ft. ; fl. June-Aug. — More or less pubescent and glandular. /Stems 5-18 in.,
branched from the root, geniculate. Leaves §-!§ in., in distant pairs,
grooved beneath. Flowers £-|j in. diam., in terminal subumbellate cymes ;
peduncles slender, spreading or reflexed. Sepals ovate, obtuse, rather
shorter than the white petals. Capsule sub-globose.— DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa, "W". Asia to N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

S. arverisis proper (S. vulga'ris, Bcenn.) ; seeds papillose, wing narrow or 0. —
VAX. S. sati'va, Bcenn. ; more viscid, seeds smooth or punctulate, winged.

11. SPERGULA'RIA, Persoon. SANDWORT-SPURREY.

Diffuse herbs, with the foliage and inflorescence of Spergula. Stipules
membranous connate and surrounding the leaf-bases. Sepals 5. Petals
5, rarely 0, entire, white or red. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 3.
Capsule 3-valved. Seeds compressed, often winged ; embryo annular or
hooked. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions ; often littoral ; species 3-4.
— ETYM. a derivative from Sper'gula.

The species are very variable, and may be regarded as sub-species of one.

F 2

68 CARYOPHYLLEjfi. [SPERGULARIA.

1. S. ru'bra, Pers. ; annual or biennial, leaves linear flat acute, stipules
cleft, capsule equalling the calyx, seeds plano-convex tubercled, margins
thickened not winged. Arenaria ru'bra, L. Lepig'onum ru'brum, Fr.
Gravelly and sandy soils, from Koss southd. ; rare in Ireland; Channel

Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Pubescent and glandular above. Stem much
branched from the base ; branches 4-12 in., spreading, prostrate. Leaves
£— § in. Stipules connate, silvery, torn. Flowers J in. diam., solitary or in
subracemose cymes; pedicels short, spreading or reflexed, erect in fruit.
Petals rosy, shorter than the obtuse lanceolate sepals. Stamens 5 or 10. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, N. and "W". Asia to India, America,
Australia.

2. S. sali'na, Presl ; annual or biennial, leaves ^-cylindric acumi-
nate, stipules entire short, capsule longer than the calyx, seeds orbicular
plano-concave smooth or papillar, margin thickened winged or not. Lepig'-
onum sali'num, Kindb.

Muddy and rocky places by the sea, N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel
Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — More or less pubescent and glandular. Branches
stout from a small rootstock, compressed. Stipules dark, deltoid. Pedicels
equalling or longer than the capsule. Petals shorter than the calyx, rose.
Capsule J in. Seeds pale brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N.
and S. Africa, N. America.

S. sali'na proper; seeds smooth, pedicels equalling the bracts. — VAR. L.
me'dium. Fries ; pedicels shorter than the leaf -like bracts, seeds nearly
smooth. — VAR. L. neglec'tum, Kindb. ; glandular above, upper pedicels
longer than the scarious bracts, seeds papillose.

3. S. me'dia, Pers. ; perennial, usually glabrous, leaves J-cylindric
subacute, stipules usually entire, pedicels long, capsule twice as long as
the calyx or less, seeds orbicular, smooth, margins thickened and broadly-
winged. S. mari'na, Leb. Arenaria marginata, DC. Lepig'onum sali'-
num, Wahl.

Muddy salt marshes, from Orkney southd. ; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock woody ;
branches stout, compressed. Leaves fleshy, stipules broad. Flowers § in.
diam. Petals pale, as long as the sepals. Capsule ^ in. (the largest of
the genus).— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. and S. Africa, America,
Australia.

4. S. mpes'tris, Lebel ; perennial, glandular-pubescent, leaves J-cylin-
dric fleshy acute, stipules subentire, capsule equalling the calyx, seeds
pyriform compressed, margin thickened not winged. Lepig'onum rupes'tre,
Kindb. Suppl. L. rupic'ola, Kindb. (Bab.).

Kocky places near the sea, from Koss southd., not common ; fl. June-Aug. —
Habit and size of S. me'dia, but glandular, with very different seeds.—
DISTRIB. France, Spain, Italy, and probably elsewhere in N. and S. temp,
regions.

12. POLYCAR'PON, L.

Annual herbs. Leaves flat, opposite or whorled ; stipules scarious.
Flowers small, in crowded bracteate cymes. Sepals 5, keeled, entire.

POLYCARPON.] CARYOPHYLLE^E. 69

Petals 5, small. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 1 -celled ; style short, 3-fid ; ovules
many. Capsule 3-valved. — DISTRIB. Various warm and temp, regions ;
species 6. — ETYM. ir6\vs and Kapiros, from the abundant capsules.

P. tetraphyl'lum, L. ; lower leaves in whorls of 4, flowers 3-androus.
Channel Islands, Cornwall, Devon and Dorset, in sandy and waste places ; fl.
June-July. — Stems 3-6 in., prostrate. Leaves % in., obovate, upper opposite.
Flowers f in. diam.— DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Africa, &c.

ORDER XIII. PORTULA'CE-ffi.

Herbs, rarely small shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire ;
stipules scarious. Inflorescence various. Sepals 2, imbricate in bud. Petals
4 or more, distinct or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or
more, free or adnate to the petals, filaments filiform. Disk small or 0.
Ovary usually free, 1 -celled ; style simple or 3-fid, branches stigmatose all
over ; ovules 2 or more, on long often connate basal funicles, amphitropal,
ascending, micropyle inferior or transverse. Capsule dehiscing transversely
or 2-3-valved.i Seeds 1 or more, compressed, hilum marginal ; embryo
terete, hooked or annular and coiled round the mealy albumen. — DISTRIB.
Cosmopolitan, but chiefly American ; genera 15 ; species 125. — AFFINITIES.
Close to Caryophyllece, Ficoidece, and Molluginece. — PROPERTIES. Purslane
is a good salad and a potherb.

Petals united at the base. Stamens 3 1. Montia.

Petals distinct. Stamens 5 1*. Claytonia.

l. MON'TIA, L. BLINKS.

A small, annual, glabrous herb. Leaves usually opposite. Flowers
minute, solitary or few and shortly cymose, white. Petals 5, hypogynous,
connate at the base. Disk small, hypogynous. Stamens hypogynous,
usually 3, opposite and attached to the base of the petals. Ovary free ;
styles short, 3-fid ; ovules 3. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seeds 1-3, com-
pressed ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temperate Arctic and cold
regions. — ETYM. J. de Monti, an Italian botanist.

M. fonta'na, L. ; leaves spathulate, flowers drooping then erect.
Brooks and marshes, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Pale-green, 1-5 in., usually

flaccid, branched, tufted. Leaves J-J in., sub-opposite. Flowers ^ in.

diam. Bracts scarious. Petals a little longer than the obtuse sepals.

Capsule obovoid. Seeds shining.
VAR. M. mi' nor, Gmel. ; stem short, cymes terminal and axillary, tubercles of

seed conical. — YAB. M. rivula'ris, Gmel. ; stem elongate flaccid, cymes all

axillary, tubercles of seeds flattened.

I*. CLAYTO'NIA, L.

Glabrous succulent herbs. Radical leaves petioled, cauline alternate and
opposite, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal cymes. Petals 5. Stamens 5,

70 PORTULACE^. [CLAYTONIA.

opposite and adnate to the bases of the petals. Ovary free ; style entire or
3 -fid at the tip ; ovules few. Capsule membranous, 3-valved. — DISTRIB.
America, N.W. Asia, Australia ; species 20. — ETYM. Dr. J. J. Clayton,
an American botanist.

1. C. PERFOLIA'TA, Don ; radical leaves rhomboid, cauline 2 connate.

A garden escape, rapidly becoming naturalized in many'places ; fl. May- July.
— Annual, tufted, fleshy, 6-12 in. Cauline leaves connate into a suborbicular
blade. Flowers small, white. — DISTRIB. N.W. America.

2. C. ALSINOI'DES, Sims ; radical leaves ovate acuminate, cauline sessile
orbicular.

A garden escape, rapidly becoming naturalized near Glasgow and elsewhere ;
fl. May-July. — Annual. Flowers more numerous and much larger than in
C. perfoliata, and petals chiefly bifid. — DISTRIB. N."W. America.

ORDER XIII*. TAMARISCI'KE^.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves very small, often scale-like, imbricate,
amplexicaul, exstipulate. Inflorescence of solitary or panicled axillary
spikes. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rarely 4, distinct
or connate below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10 inserted on
the disk, distinct or connate below ; anthers versatile. Disk hypogynous
or slightly perigynous, 10-glandular. Ovary free, 1- or imperfectly 2-5-
celled ; styles 2-5, distinct or connate, or 2-5 sessile stigmas ; ovules 2 or
more, basal, erect, anatropous, raphe ventral, micropyle inferior. Capsule
2 5-valved. Seeds erect, usually more or less comose or winged, albumen
fleshy farinaceous or 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat. — DISTRIB. Cold,
temp, and hot regions, often in sandy or saline places ; genera 5 ; species
40. — AFFINITIES. With CaryopJiyllece, Portulacece, and Franlceniacecz. —
PROPERTIES. 3 Tamarix yields manna and galls, and its ashes soda.

TAM'ARIX, L. TAMARISK.

Sepals 4-5, distinct. Petals 4-5, distinct or connate at the base. Stamens

4, 5, 8, or 10. Ovary narrowed upwards ; styles 3-4, short, thick ; ovules
many. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds many, with a lateral and terminal pencil
of hairs, albumen 0 ; embryo ovoid. — DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species 20.
— ETYM. The Tamaris, a river of Spain, where Tamarisk abounds.

T. GAL'LICA, L. ; glabrous, disk acutely 5-angled. T. anglica, "Webb.

5. and E, coasts of England, and Channel Islands, planted ; fl. July-Sept. —
An evergreen shrub or small tree, 5-10 ft. Branchlets excessively slender
and feathery. Leaves on the branchlets extremely minute, closely imbricate,
triangular, auricled, keeled ; on the older wood much larger, | in., subulate.
Flowers § in. diam., white or pink, in catkin-like obtuse spikes 1 in.
Sepals lanceolate. Petals persistent. Anthers apiculate. Capsule
3-gonous. — DISTRIB. Shores of Atlantic and Mediterranean, W. Asia to
N.W. India.

ELATINE.] ELATINE^. 71

ORDER XIV. ELAT'lNE-ffi.

Herbs, often minute, or under-shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorl ed,
entire or serrate, stipulate. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or cymose.
Sepals and petals each 2-5, distinct, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2-5, or
twice as many, hypogynous, distinct ; anthers versatile. Ovary free, cells
and styles 2-5 ; stigmas capitate ; ovules many, on the inner angles of the
cells, anatropous, raphe lateral or ventral. Capsule septicidal ; valves
flat* concave or inflexed, separating from the axis and septa. Seeds
straight or curved, raphe on the concave side, testa often rugose, albumen
scanty or 0 ; embryo cylindric, straight or curved, cotyledons small. —
DISTRIB. Scattered over the globe ; genera 2 ; species 20. — AFFINITIES.
"With Caryophyllece and Hypericinece. — PROPERTIES. Supposed to be
acrid.

1. ELAT'lNE, L. WATERWORT.

Very small, submerged, creeping, glabrous herbs. Leaves spathulate.
Flowers minute, axillary. Sepals 2-4, membranous. Petals 2-4. Ovary
globose. Capsule membranous ; septa evanescent after bursting, or ad-
hering to the axis. Seeds cylindric, straight or curved, ridged and pitted.
— DISTRIB. Temp, and sub-trop. regions ; species 6. — ETYM. obscure.

1. E. hexan'dra, DC. ; flowers pedicelled 3-merous, capsule turbinate,
seeds 8-12 in each cell straight ascending. E. tripet'ala, Sm.

Margins of ponds and lakes, rare, from Perth to Surrey and Cornwall (not in E.
counties), ascends to 1,617 ft. in the Highlands ; N. and W. Ireland ; fl. July-
Sept. Stems 1-3 in., matted, flaccid, rooting at the nodes. Leaves §-J in.,
spathulate. Flowers ^s in. diam., alternate, axillary. Sepals unequal.
Petals pink, longer than the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Norway,
southd. to Spain, Lombardy, and Hungary, Azores.

2. E. Hydropi'per, L. ; flowers sessile 4-merous, capsules subglobose,
seeds 4 in each cell hooked pendulous.

Muddy ponds, very rare ; Surrey, Worcester, and Anglesea ; Lough Neagh,
and Lagan Canal, Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Very similar to E. hexan'dra.
— DISTHIB. Europe to S. Russia (excl. Spain, Greece, Turkey, and
Denmark).

ORDER XV. HYPERICl'NE-ffi.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, often covered with pellucid
glands, entire or glandular-toothed, exstipulate. I 'lowers terminal, cymose,
rarely axillary. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricate in bud. Petals as many,
hpyogynous, usually twisted in bud. Stamens many, rarely few, more or
less connate in bundles ; anthers versatile. Disk obscure or of intersta-
minal glands. Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 1- or 3-5-celled ; styles as many,
filiform, stigmas terminal ; ovules few or many, on parietal or axile
placentas, anatropous, raphe lateral or superior. Fruit a septicidal capsule,

72 HYPERICINEJZ. [HYPERICUM.

rarely a berry. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo straight or curved, — DISTRIB.
Temp, and mountains of warm regions ; genera 8 ; species 210. — AFFINI-
TIES. Close with G-uttiferce and Ternstrcemiacece, less close with Elatinece.
PROPERTIES. Drastic purgatives, astringents, and tonics.

1. HYPER'ICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S WORT.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves sessile, often gland-dotted.
Flowers cymose, yellow, not honeyed, homogamous. Sepals 5. Petals 5,
generally very oblique. Ovary 1 -celled with 3 or 5 parietal, or 3-5-celled
with axile placentas ; styles distinct or connate ; ovules many in the
cells, rarely few. Capsule (rarely a berry) septicidal, placentas adhering
to the edges of the valves or to the axis. Seeds oblong ; embryo
straight or incurved. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species 160. — ETYM.
obscure.

SECTION 1. Sepals *5, unequal. Petals deciduous. Stamens connate in
5 bundles at the very base only, without intervening glands. Ovary
incompletely 3- or 5-celled.

1. H. Androsse'mum, L. ; shrubby, leaves sessile ovate or oblong,
cymes corymbose few-fld., petals very oblique, styles 3 recurved. Tutsan.
Thickets, from Eoss southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. —

Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft., compressed, 4-angled. Leaves 1-3 in., obtuse
or acute, glands very minute close. Flowers |f-f in. diam. Sepals obtuse,
glandular, but not on the margins, about as long as the petals and stamens.
JBerry globose, black, incompletely 3-celled. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Asia.

H. CALYCI'NTJM, L. ; shrubby, leaves sessile oblong obtuse, flowers sub-
solitary shortly pedicelled, styles 5 straight.
Hedges and thickets, in various places, naturalized ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous,

extensively creeping. Stem 10-16 in., subsimple, compressed, 4-angled.

Leaves 2-4 in., coriaceous, glands rather large scattered. Flowers 3-4 in.

diam. Outer sepals orbicular, half as long as the petals. Capsule ovoid,

5-celled towards the base. — DISTRIB. S.E. Europe.

SECTION 2. Sepals 5, connate at the base. Petals persistent. Stamens
connate in 3 bundles at the very base only, without intervening glands.
Ovary completely 3-celled. Capsule septicidal.

* Margins of sepals entire or toothed, eglandular.

2. H. per for a' turn, L. ; stem erect 2-ridged, leaves linear or oblong
obtuse, glands and veins pellucid, reticulations opaque, sepals glandular,
styles as long as the capsule.

Copses and hedgebanks, N. to Sutherland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorks. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept.— Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft.,
branched above, slender, strict, light brown. Leaves f-1 in. Cymes
corymbose, many-flowered. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals acute, entire, or
slightly serrate in a narrow-leaved var. (angustifolium, Bab.). Petals much

HYPERICUM.] HYPERICINE^. 73

longer. Capsule transversely wrinkled; carpels 2-vittate.— DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in U.
States.

3. H. quadran'gulum, L. (in part), Fries ; stem erect 4-ridged, leaves
ovate oblong or orbicular glands few or 0, upper ^-amplexicaul, veins and
reticulations pellucid, sepals glandular, styles as long as the capsules.
Copses and moist places, from Perth and Argyll southd. ; Ireland ; Channel

Islands ; fl. July-Sept.— Habit of H. perfora'tum. Flowers 1 in. diam.,
homogamous. Sepals erect or recurved, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or
acute, sometimes minutely toothed. Petals broad, glandular. ^ Carpels
multivittate.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.
H. quadrariyulum proper (H. du'bium, Leers) ; leaves broad, sepals oblong
obtuse entire. — Var. H. macula'tum, Bab. ; leaves and denticulate sepals
narrower.

4. H. undula'tum, Schousb. ; stem erect narrowly 4-winged, leaves
oblong glands copious and reticulations pellucid, sepals lanceolate glandular,
styles half as long as the capsule. H. bce'ticum, Boiss.

Bogs, Devon and Cornwall ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft., slender-
Leaves with strong nerves beneath. Cymes lax-fid. Flowers § in. diam.
Sepals usually finely acuminate. Petals narrow, one half tinged red.
Carpels multivittate. — DISTRIB. Spain, Portugal, Azores.

5. H. tetrap'terum, Fries; stem erect narrowly 4-winged, leaves
broadly ovate or oblong glands and reticulations pellucid, sepals lanceolate
acuminate eglandular, styles shorter than the capsule. H. quadran' gulum,
L. in part and Sm.

Moist places, from Eoss southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. —
Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves sometimes cordate. Cymes dense-fld.
Flowers §-§ in. diam. Sepals usually finely acuminate. Carpels multivittate.
— DISTRIB. Europe, from Sweden southd., N. Africa, Syria.

6. H. humifu'sum, L. ; stems many procumbent with 2 raised lines,
leaves oblong with pellucid glands, margins often revolute with black
glands, cymes forked, sepals unequal.

Koadsides, commons, &c. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorks. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, glabrous. Branches 4-10 in., very many,
compressed, curving upwards, leafy. Leaves J-§ in. Flowers ^— | in. diam.,
homogamous. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Denmark southd. (excl. Turkey),
Canaries, Azores.

** Margins of sepals with glandular teeth.

7. H. linarifo'lium, Vtihl ; stems ascending subterete, leaves linear
obtuse, margins revolute, sepals lanceolate acute.

Rocky banks, Cornwall and Devon ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stems
6-15 in., many from the roots, leafy. Leaves §-1 in. Cymes few-flowered.
Flowers % in. diam. Petals twice as long as the sepals, with black marginal
glands. Stamens few. Styles short. — DISTRIB. S.W. Europe, Canaries. —
A hybrid growing with this, and intermediate between it and H,kurnifu'sym
(H. decum'bens, Peterm.), occurs in Jersey.

74 HYPERICINE^. [HYPERICTJM.

8. H. pul'chrum, L. ; glabrous, stems 'erect slender terete branched
above, leaves with pellucid glands cordate very obtuse, upper shorter,
sepals small oblong.

Dry copses, heaths, and commons, N. to Shetland ; ascending to 2,200 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Very elegant.
Stems 1-2 ft., flexuous. Cymes panicled, many-fld. Leaves \ in. Flowers
f-f in. diam. Petals twice as long as the sepals, yellow tinged with red,
margins with black glands. Anthers red. Styles short. — DISTRIB. "W.
Europe from Norway southd. and E. to Russia.

9. H. hirsu'tum, L. ; finely pubescent, stem erect terete subsimple,
leaves with pellucid glands very shortly petioled ovate or oblong obtuse,
sepals linear-oblong subacute.

Copses, &c., from Ross southd. ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Yorks. ; very rare in
Ireland; fl. July- Aug. — Rather stout, 1-3 'ft., leafy; pubescence curly.
Leaves 1-2 in., without marginal glands. Cymes panicled. Flowers f in.
diam., pale yellow, homogamous. Petals twice as long as the sepals. —
DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia.

10. H. monta'num, L. ; almost glabrous, stems ascending terete, leaves
with marginal black glands sessile oblong obtuse, upper cordate-ovate or
linear oblong puberulous beneath, sepals lanceolate acute.

Copses in gravelly or chalky soil, England, Ayrshire, and N.E. Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; ascends to 700 ft. in Surrey ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft.,
rigid, very slender, often leafless above. Leaves 1-2 in., membranous.
Cymes few and dense-fld. ; bracts glandular, toothed. Flowers ^-§ in.
diam., pale yellow, fragrant. Petals eglandular or nearly so, twice as long
as the sepals.— DISTRIB. Europe to the Caucasus, N. Africa.

SECTION 3. Sepals nearly equal. Petals not oblique, persistent. Sta-
mens 15, connate ^ way up in 3 stalked bundles which alternate with 2-fid
hypogynous scales. Ovary incompletely 3-celled.

11. H. elo'des, Huds. ; villous, leaves orbicular or oblong-cordate.
Bogs, ditches, and wet moors, S. of England, W. of Scotland, from Argyll

southd. ; all Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug.— Stems 3-18 in., many,
creeping, terete. Leaves §-1 in., |-amplexicaul, pellucid glands small.
Cymes irregular, often spuriously axillary, 3-chotomus ; bracts small, deltoid,
gland-serrated. Flowers % in. diam., pale-yellow, homogamous. Sepals
glabrous, oblong, obtuse, with red glandular serratures.— DISTRIB. W.
Europe, from Holland to Spain and Italy ; Azores.

ORDER XVI. MALVA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, hairs often stellate. Leaves alternate, 3- or more-
nerved at the base ; stipules deciduous. Inflorescence various ; bracteoles
when present often connate and with their stipules forming an epicalyx.
Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Petals 5, adnate at the base to the staminal

ALTMA.] MALVAOE& 75

column, twisted in bud, often oblique. Stamens many, filaments com-
bined into a tube ; anthers reniform annular or twisted, 1 -celled, bursting
outwards. Disk small. Carpels many, whorled, distinct or connate ;
styles distinct or connate, stigmatose on the inner face or top ; ovules 1
or more on the inner angles of the carpels, usually horizontal or ascending.
Fruit usually of many dry indehiscent or 2-valved loculicidal crustaceous
or coriaceous 1- or more-seeded carpels. Seeds often woolly, albumen little
or 0 ; embryo curved, cotyledons usually thin folded or plaited. — DISTEIB.
All regions but very cold ones ; genera 60 ; species 700. — AFFINITIES.
"With Sterculia'cece, Tilia'cece, and Euphorbia' cece. — PROPERTIES. Mucila-
ginous ; the bark yields textiles, and cotton is the covering of the seeds
of Grossypium.

Bracteoles 6-9, connate at the base 1. Althaea.

Bracteoles 3, distinct, inserted on the calyx 2. Malva.

Bracteoles 3, connate at the base 3. Lavatera.

l. AiiTHJE'A, L. MARSH-MALLOW.

Herbs, hairy or tomentose. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers axillary
or racemose. Calyx 5-fid ; epicalyx 6-9-fid. Staminal cohtmn long, fila-
ments distinct at its top only. Ovary many-celled ; styles filiform, inner
surface stigmatose ; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit a whorl of indehiscent
1-seeded carpels. Seed ascending. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions ;
species 12. — ETYM. &A0o>, from its healing properties.

1. A. oflficina'lis, L. ; softly pubescent, cymes axillary shorter than
the leaves. Marsh-mallow, Gfuimauve.

Marshes near the sea, local ; from the Clyde southd.; Ireland; fl. Aug.-Sept.
— Perennial. Stem 2-3 ft., subsimple. Leaves 2-3 in. broad, shortly
petioled, ovate-cordate or suborbicular, thick, entire or 3-5-lobed, toothed.
Flowers 1-2 in. diam., rosy. Sepals ovate. — DISTRIB. Europe from
Denmark southd., N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

2. A. hirsu'ta, L. ; hispid, peduncles 1-fld. longer than the leaves.
Woods and fields in N. Somerset (wild) ; naturalized in W. Kent and Herts ;

fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial. Stems 6-18 in., many, ascending,
slender. Leaves long-petioled, reniform, acutely 5-lobed, crenate, upper
3-partite. Flowers 1 in. diam., rose-purple. Sepals lanceolate. — DISTRIB.
Europe from Belgium southd., W. Asia.

2. MAL'VA, L. MALLOW.

Hirsute or glabrous herbs. Leaves angled, lobed or cut. Flowers axil-
lary, honeyed. Calyx 5-fid, 3-bracteolate. Staminal column long, fila-
ments distinct at its top only. Ovary many-celled ; styles stigmatose on
the inner surface. Fruit a whorl of indehiscent 1-seeded carpels separating
from a short conical axis. Seed ascending, albumen scantly mucilaginous.
— DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia and N. Africa, and as weeds of cultivation
in other regions ; species 16. — ETYM. ^aAax7?* in allusion to its emollient
properties.

76 MALVAVEJE. [MALTA.

1. M. sylves'tris, L. ; erect, hairy, stems many ascending, leaves
3-7-lobed crenate-serrate, peduncles spreading, carpels glabrous reticulate.
Waste places from Eoss southd., rare (if native, Watson] in Scotland ; Ire-
land; Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial or biennial, 2-3 ft.
Leaves 2-3 in. diam., lobes shallow acute. Flowers 1-1J in. diam.,
irregularly fascicled, pale purple or blue, dichogamous, proterandrous ;
pedicels slender. — DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia ; introd.
in U. States.

2. M. rotundifo'lia, L. ; pubescent, stems many decumbent, leaves
reniform obscurely lobed crenate, peduncles decurved, carpels pubescent
smooth margins rounded.

Waste places from Aberdeen southd. ; rarer in Scotland and Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial. Stems 6 in.-2 ft. Leaves |-1§ in.
diam., often serrate. Flowers f-1 in. diam., fascicled, pale lilac or whitish,
homogamous. — DISTEIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India;
introd. in U. States.

3. M. moscha'ta, L. ; hairy, erect, leaves 5-7-partite, segments pin-
natifid, peduncles erect in fruit, carpels smooth, back rounded hispid.
Meadows, &c., in dry soil ; from the Clyde southd. ; rare in Ireland ; Channel

Islands]; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial. Stem 2-3 ft., often purple- spotted.
Leaves 1-3 in. diam., long-petioled. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., rosy rarely
white. — DISTEIB. Europe, eastward to Lithuania ; introd. in the U.
States.

3. LAVATE'RA, L. TREE-MALLOW.

Tall, hirsute or tomentose herbs or shrubs. Leaves angled or lobed.
Flowers axillary. Calyx 5-fid ; epicalyx 3-fid. Staminal column long,
filaments distinct at its top only. Ovary many- celled ; styles filiform, as
many as the cells, inner surface stigmatose ; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit
a depressed whorl of indehiscent 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the axis,
Seed ascending. — DISTEIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa, and 1 Australian ;
species 18. — ETYM. The brothers Lavater, Swiss physicians.

It. arbo'rea, L. ; leaves suborbicular 5-9-lobed plaited crenate.
Maritime rocks, from the Clyde southd. ; rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Sept. — Biennial, softly pubescent. Stem 3-6 ft., very stout, erect.
Leaves long-petioled ; lobes broad, short, upper more entire. Peduncles
crowded, axillary, 1-fld., shorter than the petioles. Flowers 1J in.
diam., purple, glossy. Epicalyx with 3 very large ovate lobes. Sepals
deltoid. Carpels wrinkled.— DISTKIB. Coasts of Europe eastwards to
Greece.

ORDER XVII. TlLlA'CE-ffl.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed, stipu-
late. Flowers cymose, honeyed, proterandrous ; cymes usually corymbose
or panicled. Sepals 5, distinct or connate below, valvate in bud. PetaL

TILIA.] TILIACE^. 77

5 or fewer or 0, aestivation various. Stamens many, inserted on the disk,
filaments filiform distinct or connate in bundles ; anthers 2-celled, opening
by pores or valves. Disk tumid. Ovary free, 2-10-celled ; styles entire
or divided, or stigma sessile ; ovules 1 or more, in the inner angle of the
cells, anatropous, usually pendulous, raphe ventral. Fruit 1-1 2-celled,
dry or baccate, indehiscent or loculicidal. Seeds various, albumen fleshy ;
embryo straight, cotyledons foliaceous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ;
genera 40 ; species 330. — AFFINITIES with Sterculia' cece and Malva'cece. —
PROPERTIES. Usually mucilaginous, liber of many species yields fibre.

1. TIL'IA, L. LIME-TREE or LINDEN.

Trees with simple or stellate hairs. Leaves oblique, cordate, serrate.
Cymes axillary or terminal ; peduncle with a leafy decurrent bract. Sepals
5. Petals 5, with often a scale at the base. Stamens many, filaments
distinct or connate in bundles at the base. Ovary 5-celled ; style simple,
stigma 5-toothed. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds as-
cending ; cotyledons broad, crumpled with involute margins. — DISTRIB.
Europe, "N. Asia, N. America ; species 8. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

1. T. parvifo'lia, EJirh.; glabrous, leaves glaucous and pubescent in
the axils of the nerves beneath, fruit crustaceous pubescent.

Woods, from Cumberland southd.; (a doubtful native, Wats.'); indigenous,
Borrer ; fl. July-Aug. — A small tree. Leaves lf-2J in. diam., ovate-cordate,
acuminate, finely serrate, glabrous beneath, upper obscurely lobed. Flowers
J in. diam. Fruit about J in. diam., globose or ellipsoid, faintly ribbed.
— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece and Turkey) and Siberia.

2. T. platyphyl'los, Scop. ; twigs pilose, leaves downy beneath, fruit
obovate globose with 3-5 prominent ribs when ripe. T. grandifolia,
Ehrh. Large-leaved Lime.

Woods, Hereford, Radnor, and W. York ; indigenous ( Wats.} ; fl. June-July.
— A tree 70-90 ft. high, differing very little in foliage and floral characters
from T. parmfo'lia. — DISTRIB. Europe from Denmark southd.

T. VULGA'RIS, Hayne ; glabrous, leaves pubescent in the axils of the
nerves beneath, fruit woody pubescent not ribbed when ripe. T. inter-
me'dia, DC. Common Lime.
Plantations, not indigenous ; fl. June-July.— DISTRIB. Europe, Caucasus.

ORDER XVIII. LIN EJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, entire,
sometimes stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, distinct or con-
nate, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, imbricate or twisted in
bud. Stamens 4-5 with alternating staminodes, or 10 with the filaments
inserted on a hypogynous ring ; anthers versatile. Disk 0~or of 5 honeyed
glands. Ovary free, 3-5 -celled ; styles 3-5, stigmas terminal ; ovules

78 L1NEJE. [LiNUM.

1-2 in each cell, pendulous, raphe ventral. Capsule septicidally splitting
into 2-valved cocci. Seeds compressed, albumen fleshy ; embryo long,
cotyledons plano-convex. — DISTRIB. All regions ; genera 14 ; species
135. — AFFINITIES, slight with Malva'cece and Gerania'cece ; more close with
MalpigMa'cece and Ternstrcemia'cece. — PKOPERTIES. Mucilaginous, oily,
diuretic ; seeds occasionally purgative ; bark fibrous (as in flax).

Sepals 5, quite entire 1. Linum.

Sepals 4, 2-4-toothed 2. Kadiola.

1. LI'NUM, L. FLAX.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, narrow, quite
entire ; stipules 0 or glandular. Flowers in dichotomous panicled race-
mose or fascicled cymes. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, distinct or connate
below, fugacious. Stamens 5, hypogynous, connate at the base, alternating
with 5 minute staminodes. Disk of 5 glands opposite the petals. Ovary
5-celled, cells sometimes divided into 2 ; styles 5 ; ovules 2 in each prin-
cipal cell. Cocci 5, 1- or partially 2-celled, 2-seeded. A Ibiomen scanty ;
embryo straight. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions; species 80. —
ETYM. The classical name.

1. I*, cathar'ticum, L. ; annual, small, leaves opposite, upper alter-
nate, buds nodding, petals distinct. Purging Flax.

Heaths and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous, glaucous, 2-10 in.,
very slender. Leaves linear-oblong. Flowers |-J in. diam., white, homo-
gamous. Petals oblong, acute or obtuse. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
Canaries, W. Asia to Persia.

2. Ii. peren'ne, L. ; perennial, leaves alternate narrow linear-lanceolate
acute, sepals obovate obtuse glabrous 3-5-nerved, petals distinct.

Chalky soils, very rare, from Durham to Essex ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous,
Stems many, 1-2 ft., wiry, very slender. Leaves |-| in. Cymes few-
flowered, racemose. Flowers 1 in. diam., bright blue, dimorphous (long-
styled and short-styled). Sepals obovate, 3 inner broader, quite entire. —
DISTBIB. Mid. and S. Europe, to India.

3. Ii. angustifo'lium, Huds. ; annual or perennial, leaves alternate
narrow linear-lanceolate, outer sepals ovate acuminate, inner ciliate
3-nerved.

From Lancashire southd. ; Ireland rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. —
Glabrous, glaucous. Stems 1-2 ft. ; branches few, divaricate. Leaves as in
L. peren'ne, but fewer and smaller. Cymes few-flowered. Flowers |-£ in.,
pale lilac-blue. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, to W. Asia, N. Africa.

L. TJSITATIS'SIMUM, L. ', annual, leaves alternate linear-lanceolate, sepals
ovate acuminate ciliate 3-nerved, petals crenulate. Common Flax.
An escape of flax-fields ; fl. June-July. — Larger than any of the preceding.

Stem corymbosely branched above. Cymes broad, many-flowered. — DISTRIB.

Wherever flax is cultivated for oil or fibre.

RADIOLA.] LINEJ8. 79

2. RADl'OLA, Gmelin. ALL-SEED. FLAX-SEED.
" A minute annual, with filiform repeatedly-forked branches. Leaves
opposite, exstipulate. lowers in corymbose cymes. Sepals 4, 2-4-toothed.
Petals 4, fugacious. Stamens 4, scarcely connate ; staminodes minute or
0. Disk glands inconspicuous. Ovary 4-celled ; cells divided into 2 ;
styles 4 ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule of 4 nearly 2-celled 2-seeded
divisible cocci. Seeds exalbuminous. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Central), N.
Africa. — ETYM. radius, from the rayed ramification.

R. linoi'des, Gmel. ; leaves ovate acute 3 -5 -nerved. R. Millegra'na,
Sm.
Gravelly and sandy damp places, uncommon, from the Orkneys to Cornwall ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug.— Stem 1-4 in. Leaves TVi in.,

sessile, rather succulent. Flowers axillary and in the forks, most minute ;

peduncles short, erect. Sepals connate below, as long as the oblong

petals;

ORDER XIX. GERANIA'CEJE.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually stipulate.
Inflorescence various ; flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 5 or fewer,
imbricate or valvate in bud. Petals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually
5 in irregular flowers, and 10 in the regular, some often deformed. Disk
inconspicuous or glandular. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled, produced up-
wards into a styliferous beak, or with one or more terminal styles ; ovules
1-2 or many in each cell, anatropous, pendulous, raphe ventral. Fruit
septicidal or loculicidal, or separating into cocci. Seeds small, albumen
scanty or 0 ; embryo various. — DISTRIB. Temp, and Trop. rarely Arctic
regions ; genera 10 ; species 750. — AFFINITIES. With Eutacece and Linece.
— PROPERTIES. Tribe Geraniece are often astringent, aromatic, and abound
in volatile oil. Oxalideoe abound in oxalic acid, and some have eatable
tubers.

TRIBE I. GERANIE -?E. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Stamens
alternating with glands. Capsule beaked, of several 1-seeded awned
cocci, that separate elastically from the beak.

Stamens 10, all antheriferous 1. Geranium.

Stamens 5, staminodes 5 2. Erodium.

TRIBE II. OXALIDE'/E. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Glands 0.

Capsule loculicidal ; cells 2- or more-seeded 3. Oxalis.

TRIBE III. BALSAMI'NEJE. Flowers [irregular. Sepals coloured,
posticous spurred. Stamens 5. Glands 0. Capsule loculicidal; cells 2-
or more-seeded 4. Impatiens.

1. GERA'NIUM, L. CRANE'S-BILL.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, nodes swollen. Leaves opposite or alternate,
usually cut or lobed, stipulate. Flowers regular, on 1-2-fld. axillary
peduncles. Sepals and petals 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 10, ripening

80 GERANIACEjfi. [GERANIUM.

in 2 sets, rarely 5, hypogynous, honeyed. Disk of 5 glands opposite the
sepals. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, with, a long beak terminated by 5 stig-
mas ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit of 5 dehiscent 1-seeded
carpels, which terminate upwards in slender tails, and usually separate
elastically from the styliferous and placentiferous axis. Seeds oblong,
albumen scanty or 0 ; cotyledons plicate or convolute ; radicle incumbent.
DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species 100. — ETYM. ytpavos, a crane, from
the form of the fruit. — The garden Geraniums are Pelargonia, having irre-
gular flowers, a spurred sepal, perigynous petals, no glands, and few declinate
stamens.

* Perennial. Peduncles I-Jlowered. Sepals spreading.

1. G. sanguin'eum, L. ; hairy, leaves orbicular 5-7-partite, segments
narrow 3-5-fid to the middle, carpels hairy, seeds wrinkled and dotted.
Dry rocks and sandy shores, from Koss southd. ; ascends above 1,000 ft. in the

Highlands ; local in Ireland ; fl. July- August. — Rootstock stout, truncate.
Stems 1-2 ft., geniculate ; hairs spreading. Leaves 1-2 in. diani., segments
linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute ; stipules ovate, acute.
Flowers 1-1| in. diam., crimson or pink, proterandrous ; peduncles very long,
2-bracteate in the middle. Sepals oblong, obtuse, awned. Claw of petals
bearded.— DISTEIB. Europe, W. Asia.

G. sanguirieum proper; suberect, hairs scattered. — VAE. G. prostra'tum,
Cav. ; stems shorter decumbent, hairs more copious, flowers pinkish.
G. lancas'triense. With. Sands, Walney Island, Lancashire.

** Perennial. Stem erect. Peduncles 2-Jlowered. Sepals spreading.

2. G. sylvat'icum, L. ; erect, pilose and glandular above, leaves
orbicular deeply 7-lobed, lobes cut and serrate, sepals awned, petals
notched, carpels smooth hairy, pedicels erect, seeds minutely reticulate.
Copses and moist meadows from Stafford and Carnarvon to Caithness ; ascends

to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; very rare in Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Root-
stock truncate, creeping. Stem 1-3 ft., branched above. Leaves 3-5 in.
diam., radical long-petioled, cauline sessile ; stipules ovate. Flowers f-f in.
diam., blue-purple or rose-coloured, cymose at the ends of the branches,
gynodicecious, proterandrous. Claw o£ petals bearded. Filaments filiform,
ciliate. — DISTEIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia.

3. G. praten'se, L. ; erect, pubescent, hairs reflexed, leaves orbicular
7-9 partite, lobes laciniate coarsely serrate, sepals awned, petals notched,
carpels smoth glandular-hairy, pedicels deflexed, seeds minutely reticulate.
Moist meadows, &c., from Aberdeen and Isla southd. ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in

the Highlands ; N.E. Ireland, very rare ; fl. June-Sept.— Rootstock truncate.
Stem 3-4 ft., branched above. Leaves 3-6 in. diam., all petioled, radical
very long-petioled ; stipules subulate-lanceolate. Flowers many, 1J in.
diam., proterandrous. Sepals with very long awns. Claw of petals
bearded. Filaments glabrous, cuneate at the base. — DISTEIB. Europe
(Arctic), Siberia.

4. G. perenne, Huds. ; erect or ascending, hairy, leaves reniform 7-9-
lobed, lobes cuneate 3-fid crenate, sepals mucronate, petals 2-lobed, carpels
keeled pubescent, pedicels deflexed, seeds smooth. G. pyrena'icum, L.

GERANIUM.] GEEANIACE^. 81

Meadows, from Perth southd., possibly native in S.W. England and Wales ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; (a denizen, Wats.}; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock
fusiform. Stems 1-2 ft., many, decumbent below. Leaves 3 in. broad,
radical very long-petioled ; lobes contiguous ; stipules ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers \ in. diam., bright red-purple, proterandrous. Sepals small, oblong.
Claw of petals densely bearded. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to
India.

G. PH^E'IIM, L. ; erect, laxly hairy and glandular above, leaves orbicular
or reniform 5-7-lobed. lobes cut and serrate, sepals mucronate, petals
waved, carpels hairy wrinkled above, pedicels deflexed, seeds smooth.
Woods near parks and gardens, naturalized : fl. May-June. — Rootstock trun-
cate. Stems 1-2 ft., many. Leaves 3-5 in. broad, radical very long-petioled ;
stipules lanceolate. Flowers £ in. diam., dusky purple, proterandrous.
Sepals oblong, shortly-owned. — DISTRIB. Central and W. Europe.

*** Annual or biennial. Stems ascending or decumbent. Peduncles 2-Jlowered.
Sepals spreading.

5. G. xnol'le, L. ; softly hairy, leaves orbicular 7-9-lobed, lobes con-
tiguous, sepals mucronate generally shorter than the notched petals, claw
of petals bearded, carpels persistent wrinkled keeled glabrous, seeds
smooth.

Pastures and waste places, N. to the Shetlands ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Branches 8-12 in. Leaves
1-2 in. diam., lobes broadly irregularly lobed or crenate at the tip, radical
long-petioled ; stipules ovate. Peduncles axillary. Flowers ^-| in. diam.,
rose-purple or pink, homogamous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

6. G. rotundifo'lium, L. ; laxly hairy, leaves as in Gf. molle, sepals
mucronate generally shorter than the entire petals, claw of petals naked,
carpels keeled not wrinkled hairy, seeds pitted.

Hedges and waste places, rare, from S. Wales and Norfolk southd. ; local in
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June to July. — Branches 6-12 in., slender,
geniculate. Leaves f-1 in. broad ; stipules ovate-lanceolate. Flowers ^-^
in. diam., pale pink. Petals narrow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia,
W. Asia to India.

7. G. pusil'lum, L. ; softly pubescent, leaves as in G. molle but deeper
lobed, sepals acute equalling the notched petals, claw of petals subciliate,
carpels persistent keeled not wrinkled pubescent, seeds smooth.
Hedgebanks and waste places, from Aberdeen and Isla southd. ; rare in

Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Branches 6-18 in. ;
stipules ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles axillary. Flowers ^— | in. diam., many,
pale rose-colour, homogamous. Perfect stamens often only 5. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in America.

8. G. columbi'num, L. ; nearly glabrous, leaves 5-7-partite, lobes
distant pinnatifid, segments narrow, sepals large acuminate long-awn ed
equalling the entire petals, claw of petals ciliate, carpels not wrinkled
keeled glabrous, seeds pitted.

82 GERANIACE^. [GERANIUM.

Dry copses and pastures, from Forfar and Ayr southd. ; rare in Scotland and
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Branches 8-24 in., slender, hairs
reflexed. Leaves f-lj in. broad, long-petioled ; stipules ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers J-f in. diam., few, rose-purple, homogamous ; peduncles and
pedicels very long and slender. Calyx angular. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, Siberia.

9. G. dissec'tum, L. ; hairy and subglandular, leaves as in Gr. colum-
binum, peduncles very short, sepals long-awned, petals short obovate
notched, carpels not wrinkled or keeled hairy, seeds pitted. Dove's-foot.

Hedges and waste places, from the Orkneys'southd. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft.
in Yorks. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Similar to G. colum-
binum, but petioles and peduncles very much shorter, and calyx and capsules
quite different. Stipules ovate, long-acuminate. Flowers J-| in. diam.,
axillary, bright red. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N~ America.

**** Annual or biennial. Stems ascending or decumbent. Peduncles 2-Jlowered.
Sepals erect in flower, conniving in fruit.

10. G. Robertia'num, L. ; glabrous or slightly hairy, leaves 5-foliolate,
leaflets 1-2-pinnatifid, sepals long-awned, petals entire narrow, carpels
wrinkled keeled, seeds smooth. Herb-Robert.

"Waste places and hedgebanks, from Orkney southd. ; ascends to near 2,000 ft.
in Yorks. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Plant foetid, reddish.
Branches 6-18 in., brittle, leafy. Leaves 1-3 in. broad; petiole ^-1 ft.;
stipules ovate. Flowers^ in. diam.. streaked with dark and light red, some-
times white, homogamous. Calyx angular. Claw of petals glabrous.
Carpels attached by silky hairs to the axis. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia to N.W. India.

G. Robertianum proper ; glandular, hairy, blade of petal about as long as the
claw, carpels with deciduous hairs. — YAK. G. purpu'reum, VilL (G. Lebe'lii,
Bor., G. modes'tum, Jord.), is a small flowered maritime state with more
fleshy leaves more divided. S. of England.

11. G. lu'cidum, L. ; glabrous, shining, bright red, branches above
with 2 lines of hairs, leaves orbicular 5-lobed, sepals long-awned shorter
than the petals, carpels wrinkled keeled glabrous or nearly so, seeds
smooth.

Hedgerows, old walls, &c., from Orkney southd., local ; Ireland ; fl. May-Aug.

— Branches 6-18 in., succulent, brittle. Leaves f-l| in. broad, lobes short

obtusely lobulate at the top ; petiole l-2f in. ; stipules ovate, acute.

Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers J-^ in. diam., rose-coloured.

Calyx pyramidal, wrinkled. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpels separating

wholly from the axis. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, "W. Asia to

N.W. Himalaya.
YAH. G. Rai'i, Lindl., is a maritime form with shaggy stem and calyx, more

succulent leaves and wrinkled fruit.

2. ERO'DIUM, L'HerUier. STORK's-BlLL.

Herbs with swollen nodes. Leaves alternate, or, if opposite unequal,
stipulate. Flowers regular, solitary or umbellate (contracted cymes) on

ERODIUM.] GERANIACE^E. 83

axillary peduncles, proterandrous. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogy-
nous, imbricate, 2 upper sometimes deficient. Stamens 5, alternating with
scale-like staminodes. Disk of 5 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary,
fruit and seed as in Geranium, but tails of carpels spirally twisted and
usually silky on the inner surface. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp.
Asia ; rare in S. Africa and Australia ; species 50. — ETYM. epcofoos, a
heron, from the form of the fruit.

1. E. cicuta'rium, L'Herit. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid,
segments narrow cut, peduncles few- or many-fid., filaments entire.
Waste places, most frequent by the sea; ascends to 1.200 ft. iu N. Wales ;

Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. —Annual or biennial ; laxly hairy
and glandular. Stems at first short, then elongating to 6-24 in., prostrate
or decumbent. Leaves 6-18 in., oblong ; stipules lanceolate. Peduncles
longer than the leaves, strict. Flowers §-| in. diam., umbelled, rosy or
white. Sepals hairy. Petals rather unequal, two often with a red spot,
entire. Carpels hairy with an eglandular subapical pit and usually a shallow
curved furrow below the pit ; pedicel reflexed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Siberia, W. Asia to N.W . India.

E. cicuta'rium proper (var. vulgata, Syme, E. pimpinellafolium, Cav., E.
commix'tum, Jord.) ; pinnules short, lobes obtuse or subacute, petals hardly
longer than the sepals which have spreading often glandular hairs. — VAR.
E. ch&rophyl'lum, Cav., pinnules with longer more acute lobes, petals twice
as long as the eglandular sepals which have appressed hairs.

2. E. moscha'tum, L'Herit. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets deeply sharply
irregularly serrate, antheriferous filaments toothed at the base.

Waste places, &c., from Worcester and Pembroke to Cornwall and Dorset ;

local in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Larger than E. cicuta-

rumi, covered with spreading hairs, smelling strongly of musk. Stem 2 ft.,
• stout; stipules broidly ovate, obtuse. Flowers pale rose-purple. Carpels

hairy with a glandular subapical pit subtended by a deep curved furrow.—

DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

3. E. marit'imnm, L'Herit. ; leaves simple oblong or ovate-cordate,
margin lobulate, lobes crenate, peduncles 1-2-fld., filaments entire.
Sandy and gravelly places chiefly near the sea, from Wigton southd. ; all round

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Small, hairy, annual or biennial.
Stems 6-16 in.,, decumbent. Leaves £-J in., petiole longer; stipules ovate.
Flowers | in. diarn., pale pink. Petals sometimes 0. Carpels hairy with a
deep subapical eglandular pit subtended by a straight deep furrow. —
DISTRIB. W. Europe, from France to Italy.

3, OX'ALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL.

Acid herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, com-
pound, usually 3-foliolate. Flowers on axillary 1- or more-flowered
peduncles, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, twisted in bud.
Sta-mem 10, distinct or connate at the base. Disk 0. Ovary 5-lobed,
5-celled ; styles 5, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1 or more in each cell.

G 2

84 GERANIACE^l. [OXALIS.

Capsule loculicidal, valves adhering by the septa to the axis. Seeds with
an elastic dehiscent fleshy coat, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo
straight. — DISTRIB. 3 or 4 species widely dispersed, the rest S. African
and S. American ; species 220. — ETYM. o£us, acid. — Leaflets pendulous at
night, sensitive to light.

O. Acetosel'la, L. ; stemless, leaves all radical 3-foliolate, stipules

broad membranous, scape 1 -flowered. Wood-sorrel.

Moist shady places, N. to Orkneys ; ascends to near 4,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April- Aug. — Glabrous or hairy. Root-
stock creeping, scaly. Petioles 3-6 in. ; leaflets obcordate, ^-f in., often
purple beneath. Scape axillary, slender, 2-bracteate about the middle.
Flower |-f in. diam., dimorphic, larger |-| in. diam. ; smaller cleistogamous.
Sepals oblong. Petals obovate, white veined with purple, rarely rose-purple,
erose, cohering above the claw. Capsule erect, 5-gonal ; cells 2-3-seeded.
Seeds ribbed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), 1ST. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the
Himalaya, N. America.

0. CORNICULA'TA, L. ; pubescent, stems branched procumbent without
runners, leaves all cauline 3-foliolate, stipules adnate, peduncles axillary
2-3-flowered, fruiting pedicels deflexed, capsules downy.
Waste shady places, local, possibly indigenous in S.W. England, not north of
it ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Very variable in size and habit ;
annual or biennial. Stems 6-16 in. Leaves as in O. Acetosella. Flowers ^
in. diam., sub umbellate, very long-peduncled, yellow. Seeds transversely
ribbed. — DISTRIB. Ubiquitous, except in very cold regions.

0. STRIC'TA, L. ; subglabrous, stem erect with copious runners at the
base, leaves as in 0. corniculata but often whorled and stipules minute,
peduncles 2-8-flowered, capsules glabrous, fruiting pedicels spreading.
A weed in Cheshire and south of it, local, not indigenous ; casual in Ireland ;

fl. June-Sept. — Similar to and distribution of O. cornicuUita, of which it is

perhaps a sub-species.

4. IMPA'TIENS, L. BALSAM.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipules 0 or
glandular. Flowers irregular, resupinate, on 1- or more-flowered axillary
peduncles. Sepals 3, rarely 5, petaloid, imbricate ; 2 anterior (if present)
minute ; 2 lateral small, flat ; posterior large, produced into a hollow spur.
Petals 3 ; anterior external in bud, large ; lateral 2-lobed, each formed by
a connate lateral and posterior petal. Stamens 5, filaments short broad ;
anthers cohering. Disk 0. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; stigma sessile,
5-toothed ; ovules many in each cell, 1-seriate. Capsule loculicidal, valves
5 elastic separating from the placentas and then twisting. Seeds smooth
or villous, albumen 0 ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB. Mountains of trop.
Asia and Africa ; rare in temp. Europe, N. America, N. Asia, and S. Africa ;
species 135. — ETYM. The Latin name, from the ripe capsules bursting
when touched. — The anterior lateral sepals occur in a few Indian species.
Cleistogamous flowers occur in /. noli-me-tangere and /. fulva.

IMPATIBNS.] GERANIACEJE. 85

I. noli-me-tan'gere, L. ; glabrous, leaves oblong obtuse crenate-
serrate, peduncles 1-3-flowered, posterior sepal funnel-shaped gradually
contracted into a slender spur with an entire tip. Yellow Balsam.
Moist mountainous situations, probably wild in N. Wales and Westmoreland ;
an escape elsewhere; and in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual. succulent, 1-2 ft.,
nodes thickened. Leaves 2-4 in., alternate, membranous ; petiole half as long,
slender. Flowers l^ in., drooping, pale-yellow dotted with red, proterandrous.
— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia.

I. FUL'VA, Nuttall; habit and characters of/, noli-me-tangere, but leaves
acute, serratures more shallow, flowers orange, posterior sepal saccate
suddenly contracted into an upcurved spur with a notched tip.
Naturalized on river-banks in Surrey, the Clyde, and other places ; fl. June-

Aug. — A North American plant, naturalized within the last 50 years, and

spreading rapidly.

I. PARVIFLO'RA, DO. ; leaves elliptic-ovate acuminate serrate, peduncles
erect 3-10-flowered, posterior sepal contracted into a short straight spur.
A garden escape, naturalized in several places ; fl. July-Nov. — An annual weed,

with very small yellow flowers (none cleistogamic). — DISTRIB. Siberia.

ORDER XX. ILICI NE^s OR AQUIFOLIA'CEJE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, often evergreen ; stipules
minute or 0. Flowers small, in axillary cymes, often polygamous. Calyx
3-6 parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, distinct or connate
at the base, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous,
free or adnate to the petals, filaments subulate ; anthers oblong. Disk 0.
Ovary free, 3- or more-celled ; style 0 or short, stigmas terminal ; ovules
1, or 2 and collateral in each cell, pendulous, raphe dorsal ; funicle often
cupular. Drupe with 3 or -more 1-seeded distinct or connate stones.
Seed with a membranous testa, fleshy albumen, and minute straight
embryo. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions, absent from N.W. America ;
genera 3 ; species 150. — AFFINITIES. Differing from Olacinece only in
the several-celled ovary. — PROPERTIES. Antiseptic and astringent.
Holly berries are purgative and emetic ; bark yields bird-lime. "Mate "
or " Paraguay tea " is the leaf of Ilex paraguayensis.

1. I LEX, L. HOLLY.

Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate ; petals connate at the
base or distinct. Stamens 4, adhering to the base of the corolla. Ovary
4-6-celled ; stigmas free or confluent. Drupe globose, with 4 stones or a
4-5-celled stone. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions, abundant in S.
America, rare in Africa and Australia ; species 145. — ETYM. doubtful.

I. Aquifo Hum, L. ; glabrous, shining, leaves ovate spinescent.

86 ILICINE^E. [ILEX.

Copses and woods, from Caithness southd., often planted ; ascends to 1,000 ft.-
in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — A shrub or
small tree, 10-40 ft., young shoots puberulous ; bark ashy, smooth. Leaves
glossy, 2-3 in., acute or acuminate, with waved spinous cartilaginous
margins., those on the upper branches often entire. Cymes umbellate, shortly
peduncled, many-fld. Flowers J in. diani., white, often subdicecious. Sepals
ovate, puberulous. Petals obovate, concave. Stiymas 4, sessile. Drupe
scarlet, rarely yellow ; stones 4, bony, furrowed. — DISTRIB. Europe from
S. Norway to Turkey and the Caucasus; W. Asia,

ORDER XXI. EMPETRA'CEJE.

Heath-like shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers small, soli-
tary or clustered, axillary or terminal, regular, polygamous, bracteolate or
not. Sepals (or bracts) 2-3, distinct, coriaceous, or thin, imbricate in bud.
Petals (or sepals) 2-3, hypogynous, distinct, persistent. Stamens 3-4,
alternate with the petals, hypogynous ; filaments long, filiform, persistent ;
anthers deciduous, 2-celled ; pollen compound. Ovary globose, 3-9-celled ;
styles short, stigmas subulate or dilated ; ovule 1, ascending from the
inner angle of each cell, anatropous. Drupe depressed-globose, with
2-9 bony 1-seeded connate or distinct stones. Seed erect, 3-gonous, testa
very thin, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, slender, axile, cotyledons
short, radicle inferior. — DISTRIB. N. ternp. and Arctic zones, Chili and
Fuegia ; genera 3 ; species 4. — AFFINITIES. Very close to Ilicinece
(Decaisne) ; reduced Ericaceae (A. Gray) ; with Euphorbiacece (A. DC.,
&c.). — PROPERTIES unimportant.

1. EMPE'TRUM, L. CROWBERRY.

"Flowers bracteolate. Sepals and petals 3 each,, quite entire. Ovary
6-9-celled ; stigmas 6-9, dilated. Drupe fleshy ; stones free. — DISTRIB. of
the Order ; species 1. — ETYM. eV TreVpo*/, from growing in stony places.

E. ni'grum, L. ; leaves linear-oblong margins so recurved as to meet
over the midrib.

Moors, &c., Shetland to Devon and Somerset (Sussex, extinct) ; ascends
to 4,000 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. April-June.— Glabrous, tufted ; branches 6-18 in.,
slender, wiry, spreading and trailing. Leaves J-§ in., crowded, obtuse,
reddish in age, sides minutely scabrid, the recurved portion concealing the
pubescent under-surface, and forming a tube closed at both ends. Flowers

. minute, sessile. Sepals rounded, concave. Petals scarious, subspathulate,
pink, reflexed. Filaments very long; anthers red. Drupe |-f in., black
(often purple in N. America, red in S. America), eatable. — The structure of
the leaf is very curious.

CELASTRINE^B.] EHAMNE^. 87

ORDER XXII. CELASTRI'NEJE.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinous or climbing. Leaves opposite and
alternate, simple, stipulate or not. Flowers small, cymose. Calyx small,
4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 4-6, short, imbricate in
bud. Stamens 4-6, inserted on the flat tumid or lobed disk, filaments
subulate honeyed. Ovary sessile, 3-5-celled ; style entire or 3-5-fid,
stigmas terminal ; ovules 2 in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous, raphe
ventral. Fruit various, dehiscent or not. Seeds erect, usually arillate
(the aril produced from the exostome, an arillode], albumen fleshy or 0 ;
cotyledons large, foliaceous. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; genera 40 ;
species 400. — AFFINITIES. With Ampelidece, Sapindacece, llieinece, and
Ehamnece. — PROPERTIES. Purgative and emetic.

1. EUON'YMUS,£. SPINDLE-TREE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, persistent ; stipules caducous.

Flowers small, in axillary cymes, proterandrous. Calyx 4-6 -fid. Petals

and stamens 4-6, inserted on a broad, fleshy, 4-6-lobed disk. Ovary

confluent with the disk, 3-5-celled ; style short, stigma 3-5-lobed.

Capsule 3-5-lobed and celled, angled or winged, loculicidal, cells 1-2-

seeded. Seeds with a complete arillode, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight.

DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, and 1ST. America ; species 40. — ETYM.

Euonyme, mother of the Furies, the fruit being reputed poisonous.

E. europse'us, L. ; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate serrulate.

Copses and hedges, &c., from Eoxburgh southd. ; rare in Scotland ; local in

Ireland ; fl. May-June. — A glabrous foetid shrub or tree, 5-20 ft. ; bark grey,

smooth, twigs 4-angled green. Leaves 1-4 in., acute or acuminate ; petiole

short. Cymes dichotomous, 5-10-fld. ; peduncles 1-2 in. Flowers f in. diam.,

greenish white, polygamous. Capsule % in. deeply 4-lobed, pale crimson ;

arillode orange. — DISTHIB. Europe to the Caucasus, N. Africa, W. Siberia.

— Wood hard and tough, used for fine gunpowder, spindles, &c.

ORDER XXIII. RHAM'NEJE.

Trees or shrubs, often spiny, erect or climbing. Leaves simple, alter-
nate or opposite, often 3-5-nerved ; stipules small. Flowers small, some-
times unisexual, green or yellow. Calyx-tube coriaceous ; lobes 4-5,
triangular, valvate in bud. Petals 4, 5, or 0, inserted on the throat of
the calyx, minute, usually clawed, hooded. Stamens 4-5, inserted with
and opposite the petals which often enclose them, filaments subulate ;
anthers small, versatile. Disk large, annular, cupular or coating the
calyx-tube. Ovary 3-celled, sessile or sunk in the disk, free or adnate
to the calyx-tube ; styles short, simple or 3-lobed, stigmas terminal ;
ovules 1 in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous, raphe usually ventral. Fruit
various, free or girt with the calyx-tube. Seeds compressed, sometimes
arillate, albumen fleshy or 0 ; embryo large, often green, cotyledons plano-
convex.— DISTRIB. Chiefly in warm and temp, regions ; genera 37 ; species

88 RHAMNE^E. [RHAMNUS.

430. — AFFINITIES. "With Celastrinece, and certain Eupliorbiacece. — PRO-
PERTIES. Purgative. Rhamnus yields a green dye.

1. RHAM'NUS, L. BUCKTHORN.

Leaves alternate, deciduous. Flowers in small axillary cymos, often
unisexual. Calyx-tube urceolate. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens 4 or 5, very
short. Disk coating the calyx-tube, honeyed. Ovary adnate below with
the calyx-tube, 3-4-celled ; style 3-4-fid, stigmas obtuse. Drupe girt with
the calyx-tube ; stones 2-4. Seeds obovoid, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons
flat or with recurved margins ; radicle short. — Temp, and trop. regions,
none Australian ; species 60. — ETYM. The Greek name, from the branched
habit. (Position of raphe variable, dorsal lateral or ventral.)

1. R. cathar'ticus, L. • branchlets spinous, leaves ovate acutely serrate,
nerves divergent, flowers 4-merous dioecious.

Woods and thickets from Westmoreland southd., chiefly on chalk, perhaps
not wild N. of Durham ; rare in Ireland ; fl. May-July. — A rigid shrub, 5-10
ft., much branched ; bark blackish. Leaves 1-2 in., fascicled at the ends of
the shoots, subopposite lower down, shortly petioled, young downy beneath ;
stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers ^ in. diam., solitary or fascicled in the
axils of the fascicles of leaves on the previous year's wood, yellow-green,
proterandrous ; pedicel very short. Calyx of the male campanulate, female
cupular, lobes acute. Style 4- rarely 2- or 5-cleft. Drupe Jin. diam., globose,
black ; stones 4, obovoid, grooved at the back. Seed curved like a horse-
shoe; embryo obcordate, similarly curved. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Siberia ; cult, for hedges in the U. States.

2. R. Fran'gula, L. ; unarmed, leaves obovate quite entire, nerves
parallel, flowers 5-merous bisexual. Berry -bearing Alder.

Woods and thickets, common in England ; Ayr and Moray in Scotland ; very
rare in Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Shrub 5-10 ft. ; branches slender. Leaves
alternate, stipules subulate. Flowers ^ in. diam., few, axillary, greenish-
white, pedicels ^ in. Calyx campanulate. Style entire. Drupe ^ in. diam.,
globose, black when ripe ; stones compressed, broadly obovoid. Seed of the
Fame form. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.— Drupes cathartic, when *
unripe used to dye green. The Black Dogwood of gunpowder-makers.

ORDER XXIY. SAPINDACEJE.

Tribe ACERI'NE^:.

Trees ; juice often sugary, sometimes milky. Leaves opposite, simple
or pinnate, deciduous. Flowers racemed or corymbose, often polygamous,
regular ; the lower or earlier in the raceme generally male, the terminal
2-sexual. Calyx 5- rarely 4-12-parted, deciduous, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many or 0, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, rarely indefinite,
inserted on the annular, thick, lobed disk. Ovary laterally compressed,

ACER.] SAPINDACEJE. 89

2- rarely 3-4-lobed and -celled ; styles 2, filiform, stigmatose on the inner
surface ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached by a broad base, superposed or
collateral. Fruit of 2, rarely 3 or 4 spreading samaras. Seed ascending,
compressed, testa membranous, inner coat fleshy ; cotyledons plaited,
radicle long. — DISTEIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America, Java, the Hima-
laya, and Japan ; genera 3 ; species 50. — AFFINITIES. Allied to Celas-
trinece. — The Tribe Aceri'nece differs from the others of this great tropical
Order chiefly in the opposite leav^ and stamens inserted on (not within)
the disk. — PROPERTIES. Several American maples yield sugar.

i. A'CER, L. MAPLE.

Leaves simple, entire or lobed. Disk annular. — DISTRIB. of the Tribe.
— ETYM. The Latin name.

A. campes'tre, L. ; leaves reniform obtusely 5-lobed entire lobulate
or crenate, corymbs erect, wings of fruit horizontal. Common or Small-
leaved Maple.

Thickets and hedgerows, from Durham southd. ; naturalized in Scotland ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-June.— Small tree 10-20 ft., with
spreading branches; bark rough, fissured; wood beautiful, fine-grained.
Leaves 2-4 in. diam., pubescent when young; petiole 1-1§ in., slender.
Corymbs 1-2 in. Flowers J in. diam., green, shortly pedicelled. Sepals
linear-oblong. Petals similar, but narrower ; wings of fruit linear-oblong,
slightly curved, each ^ in. long. — DISTRIB. Europe, from Denmark southd.,
N.and W.Asia.

A. PSEUBOPLAT'ANUS, L. ; leaves 5-angled, 5-lobed, lobes crenate-serrate,
racemes elongate pendulous, wings of fruit divergent. Great Maple,
Sycamore, Plane of Scotland.

Plantations, &c. ; fl. May-June. — An umbrageous tree, 40-60 ft. Bark smooth,
outer layer deciduous. Leaves 4-8 in. diam., glaucous beneath, lobes acute
or acuminate. Flowers as in A. campestre, but pedicels shorter, and stamens
longer. Ovary villous. Samaras 1^ in,, scimitar shaped. — DISTRIB. Mid.
Europe and W. Asia. — Sap sugary. "Wood much used for turnery, &c.

ORDER XXT. LEGUMlNO'S-ffi.

Sub-order PAPILIONA'CE^;.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, 3- or more-foliolate, rarely simple ;
stipules usually present ; leaflets often s-tipellate. Inflorescence various.
Floiuers irregular, proterandrous. Calyx of 5 connate sepals, often 2-lipped,
Petals 5, very unequal, distinct or 2 or more adherent by their claws to the
staminal tube, imbricate in bud ; upper (standard) broad, often reflexed, ex-
terior in bud ; 2 lateral (wings) parallel, enclosing and sometimes adhering
to the 2 lower (keel), which are interior in bud, and distinct, or connate by
their lower edges. Stamens 10, perigynous, filaments united into a sheath,

90

or the upper one distinct, equal or the alternate longer ; anthers usually
versatile. Disk lining the base of the calyx- tube. Ovary of one 1 -celled
carpel, included in the staminal sheath ; style incurved, stigma simple,
oblique or terminal ; ovules 2 or more, 1-2-seriate on the ventral suture,
campylotropous or anatropous. Fruit a dry pod (legume) dehiscent along
one or both sutures or not at all, continuous or septate internally. Seeds
with a coriaceous testa, and simple or dilated funicle, albumen 0 ; cotyle-
dons plano-convex, radicle incurved, incumbent. — DlSTRlB. Chiefly N.
temp, but found all over the globe ; few in New Zealand ; genera 295 ;
species 4,700. — AFFINITIES. Principally with Rosacece. — PROPERTIES too
numerous to mention here.

The Tribal characters here given apply to British Genera to the exclusion
of many exotic ones.

SERIES 1. Leaves 1- or %-foliolate, without tendrils.

TRIBE I. GENIS'TE-ffl. Shrubs. Leaves 0 or 1-foliolate or digitately 3-
foliolate ; leaflets quite entire. Filaments all united. Pod 2-valved.

Calyx shortly 2-lipped, lips deeply toothed 1. Genista.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped, coloured 2. Ulex.

Calyx shortly 2-lipped, lips minutely toothed 3. Cytisus.

TRIBE II. TRIFO'LIE-flS. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately rarely

digitately 3-foliolate ; veins generally ending in teeth. Upper filament

usually separate.

Filaments all united 4. Ononis.

Upper filament separate.

Kacemes short. Pod longer than calyx, curved, dehiscent... 5. Trigonella.

Racemes short. Pod usually spiral 6. Medicago.

Kacemes long. Pods short, indehiscent. Keel petals free...?. Melilotus.

Flowers capitate. Pod short, 1-4-seeded. Keel petals adnate.

8. Trifolium.

SERIES 2. Leaves 5- or multi-foliolate, with a terminal leaflet.
TRIBE III. IiO'TE-flE. Herbs or shrubs. Upper filament separate or not ;
alternate filaments often dilated. Pod 2-valved, without a longitudinal
septum.

Calyx inflated, including the pod 9. Anthyllis.

Calyx not inflated, pod exserted dehiscent 10. Lotus.

TRIBE IV. GALEGE-flE (sub-tribe ASTRAGALE'JE). Herbs or shrubs.
Upper filament separate. Pod 2-valved, turgid or flat, with a longitu-
dinal septum.

Keel obtuse 11. Astragalus.

Keel beaked or with an incurved tip 12. Oxyfcropis.

TRIBE V. HEDYSAR'E-JE. Herbs or shrubs. Upper filament separate.
Pod indehiscent, of 1 or many 1-seeded joints.

Pod cylindric, many- jointed 13. Ornithopus.

Pod flat, of many curved 1-seeded joints 14. Hippocrepis.

Pod flat, hard, 1-seeded 15. Onobrychis.

GENISTA.] LEGUMINOS^. 91

SERIES 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate (or leaflets 0) ; petiole ending in
a tendril or point.

TRIBE VI. VIG'IE-ffi. Herbs. Leaves pinnate ; petiole ending in a tendril
or point. Leaflets often toothed. Upper filament separate. Pod 2-valved.

Style filiform, hairy below or all round 16. Yicia.

Style flattened, hairy on the upper margin only 17. Lathyrus.

1. GENISTA, L.

Shrubs, sometimes spinous. Leaves 1-foliolate in British species ; stipules
minute or 0. Flowers racemed, yellow, rarely white, bracteate. Calyx
shortly 2-lipped ; upper lip deeply 2 -fid, lower shorter 3-toothed. Wings
oblong, gibbous at the base, adnate to the staminal tube, deflexed after
flowering. Keel petals separating and not resilient after deflection. Fila-
ments all united, tube entire ; anthers alternately short and versatile, and
long and basifixed. Style incurved, stigma oblique ; ovules 2 or more. Pod
2-valved or indehiscent, 1 -celled. — DISTRIB. Europe, "W. Asia, N. Africa ;
species 70. — ETYM. obscure.

1. G. tincto'ria, L. ; unarmed, leaflet oblong or lanceolate nearly
glabrous, racemes slender, keel and pod glabrous. Dyers' Greenweed.
Meadows and fields, from Wigton and Berwick southd. ; Ireland ; fl. July-
Sept. — Stem 1-2 ft., branched, rigid, striate. Leaflets §-1 in., appressed,
ciliate ; stipules minute, subulate. Flowers \ in., yellow, not honeyed.
Stamens, 4 outer ripen first, then 5th, followed by 5 inner. Calyx deciduous
above the base, teeth acuminate. Pod .1-1 3 in., compressed, 5-10-seeded,
— DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. and W. Asia; introd. in N.
America. — Yields a yellow dye.

G. tinctoria proper (VAR. glabra, Syme) ; glabrous, branches erect or ascend-
ing.— VAR. kumifu'sa, Syme ; branches decumbent hairy, as are the pedicels
calyx and pod. Kynance Cove, Lizard district.

2. G. pilo'sa, L. ; unarmed, leaflet obovate-lanceolate obtuse complicate
recurved silky beneath, racemes short leafy, keel and pod pubescent.
Gravelly heaths, rare and local, Suffolk and S. "Wales to Cornwall and Kent ;

fl. May-Sept. — Stem much branched, curved, prostrate, tortuous, woody.
Leafets^m., very shortly petioled ; stipules .ovate, obtuse. Flowers I? in.,
yellow. Calyx with 2 upper lobes lanceolate, and 3 lower subulate. Pod
§ in., deciduous, flat, valves bulging over the seeds. — DISTRIB. From Goth-
land southd. to Greece and Tauria.

3. G. an'glica, L. ; glabrous, spinous, leaflet ovate oblong or lanceolate,
racemes short leafy, keel and pod glabrous. Needle Furze.

Heaths and moist moors, from Eoss southd. ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in the High-
lands ; fl. May-June. — Branches 1-2 ft., slender, spreading, curved ; spines
|-1 in., slender, recurved, simple, rarely branched. Leaflets TV-3 in.;
stipules obsolete. Flowers | in., yellow, shortly pedicelled. Calyx persistent ;
teeth short, triangular. Pod f in., deciduous, inflated, acuminate at both
ends.— DISTRIB. "W. Europe, from Denmark to France, Germany, and
Italy.

92 LEGUMINOSsE. [ULEX.

2. U'liEX, L. FURZE, WHIN, GORSE.

Densely spinous shrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate in seedling plants, in mature
spinescent or reduced to small scales, exstipulate. Flowers yellow, axillary ;
bracts small. Calyx membranous, coloured, 2-partite, upper lobe 2- lower
minutely 3-toothed. Petals shortly clawed ; keel-petals and wingjs obtuse.
Stamens as in Genista. Style smooth, stigma capitate ; ovules many.
Pod 2-valved, 1 -celled.— DISTRIB. W. Europe to Italy, N.W. Africa ;
species 12. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. U. eiiropse'us, L. ; bracts large ovate lax, calyx hairs spreading,
teeth minute, wings longer than the keel.

Heaths, &c., N. to Shetland ; rarer in the North ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in
Wales; Channel Islands; fl. Feb.-March, and Aug.-Sept.— Bush 2-5 ft.,
rounded ; spines 1-2 in., straight. Leaves small ; leaflets hairy ; spines
sometimes furnished with minute 1-foliolate leaves. Flowers fin., borne on
the spines, bright yellow, odorous. Calyx yellow, hairs black. Pod £ in.,
black, covered with brown hairs, dotted. — DISTRIB. Denmark to Italy,
Canaries and Azores.

U. europce'us proper; branches spreading, spines furrowed rigid. — VAR. U.
stric'tus, Mackay ; branches erect compact, spines soft 4-gonous. Lord
Londonderry's park, Down. Irish Furze.

2. U. na'nus; Forster ; bracts minute, calyx with appressed pubescence,
teeth lanceolate, wings longer or shorter than the keel.

Heaths and commons, from Ayr and Northuuibd. southd. ; Ireland ; fl. July-

Nov. — Much smaller than U. europceus. Stems 1-3 ft. Spines |-1| iu.

Flowers ^ in., more racemose. Pods persist till next season. — DISTRIB.

Belgium and France.
U. NA'NTJS proper ; branches procumbent drooping, primary spines weak short.

— Chiefly in S. England ; not in Ireland; Channel Islands. (S.E. France).
Sub-sp. U. GAI/LII, Planch. ; branches ascending, primary spines rigid. —

Heaths and downs in the West, common ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Ireland.

(S.W. France).

3. CYT'ISUS, L. BROOM.

Shrubs, rarely spinous. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or 0. Stipules minute.
Flowers yellow, purple, or white, not honeyed. Calyx 2-lipped ; upper
lip minutely 2- lower 3-toothed. IVings oblong, and keel obtuse, deflexed
(as in Genista) after flowering, their claws free. Stamens as in Genista.
Style incurved or coiled, smooth* stigma terminal ; ovules many. Pod
flat, elongate, 2-valved, many-seeded, somewhat septate. Seeds with a
tumid funicle. — DISTRIB* Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. — ETYM. obscure.

1. C. scoparius, Link ; branchlets and obovate leaflets silky. Spar-

tium, L. Sarothamnus, Koch.

Heaths, commons, &c., from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Shrubby, 2-6 ft.,
hairy ; branches green, angular, furrowed. Leaves shortly petioled ; leaflets

CYTISUS.] LEGUMINOS^. 93

1-3, i-| in. Flowers 1 in., bright yellow, rarely white, pedicels short.
Style spiral. Pod 1-2 in., black ; valves twisted after dehiscence. — A pro-
strate variety is found at Kynance Cove. — DISTRIB. From Gothland S.,
excl. Greece and Turkey, N. Asia, Canaries, Azores. — Twigs diuretic, and
used for tanning. Seeds a substitute for coffee.

A. ONO'NIS, L. BEST-HARROW.

Herbs or small shrubs, with often viscid hairs. Leaves pinnately
foliolate, nerves ending in teeth ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers
pink, white or yellow, not honeyed ; bracts minute or 0, upper leaves
bracteseform ; peduncles sometimes spinescent. Standard broad ; wings
oblong ; keel incurved, pointed, not adnate to the staniinal tube, return-
ing to position after deflection. Filaments all connate, 5 or all dilated
above ; anthers uniform, or the alternate smaller. Style incurved, smooth,
stigma terminal ; ovules 2 or many. Pod turgid or terete, 1 -celled,
2-valved. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 60. — ETYM.
The Greek name for the genus.

1. O. spino'sa, L. ; suffruticose, hirsute, usually spiny, pod obliquely
ovate or oblong 1-4-seeded.

Dry pastures, fields, and sandy shores, N. to Sutherland ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — A very variable undershrub, 1-2 ft., much branched,
villous or thinly hairy and glandular, hairs on the branches in 2 lines or all
round. Leaves often 1-foliolate, leaflets J-f in. Flmcers sessile or shortly
pedicelled, solitary or in leafy racemes, § in. long, or less, pink, proteran-
drous. Standard streaked with red. Pod ^ in. long. Seeds granulate. —
DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa. — The two sub-species present no
constant characters, and authors are greatly at variance with respect to the
names they should bear. Wilkomin and Lange appear to have devoted
most time and study to them. They adopt the Linnean names for the
two principal forms (as does Boissier for the erect form), and they describe
a third intermediate one for O. arveii'-sis, L., to. which they refer O.
spino'sa a, L., O. iner'mis /8, Huds,, and O. procur'rens, Wallr., as syno-
nyms. It differs from re pens in the shorter standard and pods, and is
foetid and viscidly hirsute.

O. SPINOSA proper; erect, spinous, not foetid, without stolons, hairs on
branches usually bifarious, leaflets If near-oblong, pod usually equalling the
calyx. O. spinosa a, L., O. campestris, Koch and Ziz. — From Forfar and
Dumbarton southd. ; not in Ireland.

Sub-sp. O. RE'PENS, L. ; viscidly villous, prostrate or ascending, stoloiiiferous,
rarely spinous, leaflets ovate or obovate, flowers larger, pod usually shorter
than the calyx. O. iner'mis /3, Huds. O. pr0cum'bens /8, marit'ima, Gren.
andGodr. — Dry pastures and sandy shores, common. — YAK. horrida, Lange,
is a maritime spinous form.

2. O. reclina'ta, L. ; annual, spreading, viscid and hairy, pod cylin-
dric oblong renexed.

Sea-cliffs, Devon, Wigton ; Alderney ; fl. June-July. — Stem 2-3 in. Leaflets
J-| in., acutely toothed ; stipules large, |-ovate. Pedicels slender, jointed
beneath the flower. Flower f in., rosy. Pod | in., glandular and hairy
us long as the calyx or longer. — DISTRIB. "W. France, Spain, Italy, Greece.

94 LEGfUMINOS^S. [TRIGONELLA.

5. TRIGONEL'LA, L. FENUGREEK.

Herbs, often strongly scented. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; nerves
terminating in teeth ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers solitary,
capitate, or in dense racemes, white, yellow, or blue. Calyx tubular, teeth
subequal. Petals very persistent ; wings longer than the keel, the claws
of both free from the staminal tube. Filaments not dilated, upper distinct
or nearly so ; anthers uniform. Style glabrous, stigma terminal ; ovules
many. Pod various in form, dehiscent in the British species, longer than
the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. and S. Africa, Australia ;
species 50. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

T. ornithopodioi'des, DC. ; glabrous, prostrate, very slender, leaflets
obcordate, keel nearly as long as the wings. Trifolium, L. Falcatula,
Brot. Aporan'thus Trif olios' trum, Bromfield.

Sandy heaths and gravelly places, local, from Fife and Renfrew southd. ; E.
Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual or biennial,
branching from the base; branches 2-8 in., slender. Leaflets §-§• in.,
toothed, strongly nerved ; petiole |-1 in. ; stipules large, ovate, long-
acuminate. Peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles, axillary, 1-3-
flowered. Flowers % in. , very shortly pedicelled, white and pink. Pod J-|
in., linear-oblong, slightly curved, obtuse, partially dehiscent, 6-8-seeded.—
DISTRIB. "W. Europe from Denmark to Portugal and Italy. — An anomalous
species, on account of the length of the keel ; habit of Trifolium sui-
ter raneum.

6. MEDICA'GO, L. MEDICK.

Herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, nerves ending in teeth ; stipules
adnate to the petiole. Flowers small, yellow or violet, honeyed ; bracts
small or 0. Calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal. Keel obtuse, shorter than the
oblong .wings, not adnate to the stamens, spreading and exposing the
anthers. Filaments not dilated, upper distinct ; anthers uniform. Style
subulate, glabrous, stigma subcapitate ; ovules few or many. Pod spirally
curved or coiled, very rarely falcate, often spiny, rarely dehiscent, 1 -more-
seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, IS". Africa ; species 40. — ETYM. The
Greek name.

* Perennial. Pod dehiscent, falcate, annular, or coiled into an open helix,
smooth, many-seeded ; marginal nerve 0.

1. M. falca'ta, L. ; erect or decumbent, pod linear compressed falcate

or annular downy.

Gravel banks and waste sandy places in the E. counties; fl. June-July. — Stems
6-24 in., diffuse. Leaflets J-* in., narrowly linear, or obovate oblong, toothed,
notched and mucronate at the tip ; stipules large, subulate. Flowers fin.,
shortly pedicelled, in contracted racemes. Pod \ in.— DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Asia, India.

M. sylves'tris, Fries ; with flowers yellow then dark green, and pod semicircular
or annular, is probably a hybrid, Nyman. — E. counties.

MEDICAGO.] LEGUMINOS^. 95

M. SATI'VA, L. ; erect, pod with. 2-3 coils downy. Purple Hedick,

Lucerne.

Hedges and fields, not indigenous ; fl. May-July. — Stem 1-2 ft., fistular,
branched. Leaflets narrowly ohovate-oblong, toothed, tip notched and
apiculate. Flowers J-J in., in a short dense raceme, yellow blue or purple ;
peduncles longer than the leaves, pedicels very short. Pod 5 in. diam. —
DISTRIB. E. Mediterranean region ; naturalized elsewhere.

** Annual or biennial. Pod indehiscent, reniform, tip coiled, smooth, \-seeded ;
marginal nerve 0.

2. M. lupuli'na, L. ; procumbent, flowers in ovoid heads, pod reticulate.
Black Medick.

Waste places and fields, N. to Shetlands ; ascends in Derby to 1,200 ft.; Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Pubescent or glabrous, Stems 6-24 in.,
much branched. Leaflets f— § in., obovate, toothed, apiculate ; petiole very
short; stipules ^-cordate. Flowers ^ in., peduncles longer than the petioles ;
pedicels very short. Pods J-| in., black. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
temp. Asia, India; naturalized elsewhere.

*** Annual. Pod indehiscent, coiled into a closed helix, many-seeded, bordered
with spines or tubercles, marginal nerve strong. (Stems prostrate. Leajlets
toothed. Peduncles few-fowered. Flowers yellow; calyx-teeth subulate,
incurved.}

3. M. denticula'ta, Willd. ; nearly glabrous, stipules laciniate, pod
flat deeply reticulate with 2 or 3 coils and a double row of spines.

E. and S. counties from York and Norfolk to Cornwall, casual elsewhere; (a
denizen? Wats.); Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug.— Stem 6-24 in.,
furrowed. Leajlets J— 1 in. Flowers £ in., umbelled, yellow; pedicels very
short. Pod \ in. diam.— DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia,
India; introd. in N. America.

M. denticula'ta proper ; spines subulate half the diameter of the pod. — YAR.
M . apicula'ta,-~\\\\\(i. ; spines of pod very short.— YAR. M. lappa'cea, Larak. ;
spines longer than the semi-diameter of the subglobose pod. Bedford.

4. M. macula'ta, Sibth. ; nearly glabrous, stipules ^-cordate toothed,
pod subglobose faintly reticulate with 3-5 coils and a double row of long
curved spines.

Pastures and hedgebanks, f rom Northumberland southd.; S. Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. May-Aug — Stems 1-2 ft., numerous. Leajlets J-l in., obovate
obcordate or cuneate, with often a black central spot ; stipules herbaceous ;
petiole hairy. Flowers & in., yellow. Pod \ in. broad ; margin with 4 ridges.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, AT. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

5. M. min'ima, Desr. ; downy, stipules |-cordate faintly toothed, pod
subglobose faintly reticulate with 4 or 5 coils and a double-row of close-set
hooked spines.

Sandy fields, rare ; E. counties, Norfolk to Kent ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-
July. — Stems 6—10 in., very many, rigid, prostrate. Leaflets ^— | in., from
narrowly to very broadly obovate. Flowers % in. Pod ^ in. diam., margin
keeled. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, AT. Asia, Kashmir.

96 LEGUMINOS^. [MELILOTUS.

7. MELIIiO'TUSj Tournefort. MELILOT.

Annual or biennial, fragrant herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, nerves
ending in teeth ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers in axillary
racemes, small, drooping, yellow or white, honeyed; bracts minute or 0.
Calyx-teeth 5, nearly equal. Petals very deciduous ; standard oblong ; keel
shorter than the wings, obtuse, not adnate to the stamens, resilient after
depression. Filaments not dilated upwards, the upper distinct, or only so
above the middle ; anthers uniform. Style filiform, stigma terminal ;
ovules few. Pod short, straight, thick, hardly dehiscent. Seeds 1 or few.
— Warm and temp, regions of the Old World ; species 10. — ETYM. mel
and lotus, from the honeyed smell.

1. M. altis'sima, Thuill. ; erect, petals nearly equal, pod ovoid com-
pressed acuminate reticulate hairy. M. officina'lis, Willd.

Fields, &c., from Perth southd. ; Ireland very rare ; (a denizen, Wats.}; fl. June-
Aug. — Annual or perennial. Stem 2-8 ft., much branched. Leaflets §-1 J
in., obovate- or linear-oblong, toothed; stipules subulate, very slender.
Racemes 3-4 in. Flowers J in., secund, deep yellow, pedicels short. Corolla
more than twice as long as the calyx. Pod black when ripe, 1-2-seeded. —
DISTKIB. Europe, E. and W. Asia, Tibet ; introd. in N. America.

2. M. al'ba, Desr. ; standard longer than the wings or keel, pod ovoid
acute reticulate, glabrous. M.vulgcMris9Wi]l^. M. leucantha, Koch. White
Melilot.

Waste places, not rare, from Elgin southd. ; Ireland ; (an alien or colonist ?
Wats.}; fl. July- Aug. —Very similar to M. altissima, but more slender;
flowers smaller, white, in long racemes ; pod more ovoid and glabrous, also
black when ripe.— DISTRIB. Europe, E. and W. Asia, India; introd. in
N. America.

M. OFFICINA'LIS, Desr. ; standard longer than the keel as long as the
wings, pod ovoid obtuse mucronate transversely ribbed rugose glabrous.
M. arven'sis, Wallr.
Waste places, not indigenous, chiefly in the E. counties ; Ireland ; fl June-

Ang.- Habit, &c., of the preceding. Flowers pale-yellow or white. Pod

olive-brown when ripe. -DISTHIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,

India.

8. TRIFO'LIUM, L. TREFOIL, CLOVER.

Herbs, usually low. Leaves digitately, rarely pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers capitate or spiked, rarely solitary,
red, purple, or white, rarely yellow, honeyed ; bracts small or 0, sometimes
forming a toothed involucre. Calyx-teeth 5, subequal. Petals persistent ;
wing longer than the keel, the claws of both aduate to the staminal tube ;
keel petals resilient after depression, but exposing the stamens. Upper
stamen distinct ; filaments all or 5 with dilated tips ; anthers uniform.
Style filiform, stigma oblique or dorsal ; ovules few. Pod small, indehis-
cent, or with the top falling off, rarely 2-valved, 1-4-seeded, nearly enclosed

TRIFOLIUM.] LWUMINOSM. 97

in the calyx.— DISTRIB. K temp, regions, rare in S. ; species 150.— ETYM.
in allusion to the 3 leaflets.

SECTION 1. Heads axillary. Fertile flowers few. Calyx enclosing the
1 -seeded pod, whi^h at length splits ; its throat naked. Petals caducous.
Pods burrowing in the earth when ripening, then covered by the reflexed
deformed calyces of the other flowers.

1. T. subterra'neum, L. ; very hairy, stipules broadly ovate acute,
calyx-teeth setaceous as long as the tube, deformed calyces slender with
5 rigid palmate lobes.

Gravelly and sandy pastures, from Chester southd. ; Wicklow ; Channel Islands ;
fl. May- June .—Annual ; covered with spreading soft hairs. Stems £-2 ft.,
very many, prostrate. Leaflets % in., broadly obcordate. Heads of f overs
| in. diam., lengthening after flowering. Flowers cream-coloured (cleisto-
gamous occur). Pod orbicular, compressed. Seeds shining.— DISTRIB. From
Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. India.

SECTION 2. Heads many-fld., rarely axillary, globose or oblong ; pedicels
ebracteate. Calyx not inflated ; throat with a ring of hairs cr callous con-
striction (obscure in T. Bocconi) ; teeth ciliate, equal or the lower longest.
Petals usually persistent. Pod sessile, 1 -seeded.

* Heads cylindric or oblong during or after flowering.

2. T. arven'se, L. ; softly hairy, leaflets narrow obovate-oblong longer
than the petiole, stipules with very long setaceous points, heads terminal
peduncled cylindric soft, calyx-teeth persistent longer than the corolla
plumose. Hare's-foot Trefoil.

Dry pastures and fields, from Isla and Ross southd. ; local in Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual. Stems many, ascending or snberect.
Leaflets ^-J in. Heads ^-1 in., dense. Flowers minute, white or pale pink.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia ; introd. in America.

3. T. Bocco'ni, Sam ; pubescent, leaflets obovate. stipules ovate with
setaceous points, heads axillary and terminal cylindric sessile, calyx
glabrous teeth straight erect spinescent rather shorter than the petals.
Dry places, "W. Cornwall, very rare ; (a native? Wats.); fl. July. — .Annual

Stems 2-4 in. (10-12 in. in cultivation). Leaves shortly petioled; leaflets
3-f in., glabrous above, variable in breadth. Heads |-| in. Flowers white.
Calyx with a very obscure ring in the throat. Pod enclosed in the (not
ventricose) calyx. — DISTRIB. Mediterranean region.

T. INCARNA'TUM, L. ; pubescent or villous, leaflets broadly obovate $<*
or obcordate, stipules obtuse, heads peduncled terminal ovoid or cylindric, °<
calyx hairy teeth shorter than the corolla spreading in fruit. Crimson
Clover.
Cultivated in England; Channel Islands; fl. June- July. —Annual. Very

variable in size and pubescence. Stems rather slender. Leaves shortly

petioled ; leaflets f-H in. Heads 1-2 in. Flowers f in. Calyx ribs strong.

— DISTRIB. S. and "W". Europe.

II

98 LEGUMINOS^. [TRIFOLIUM.

T. incarnatum proper; stem villous with spreading hairs, flowers scarlet.
Naturalized only. — VAB. T. Molinerii, Balbis ; hairs of stem appressed, heads
shorter, calyx-teeth glabrous at the tips, flowers pale white or rose. — Lizard
Point and Kynance Cove, amongst short grass. Probably the original form,
of which incarnatum is the cultivated state.

** Heads ovoid or c/lobose.

4. T. ochroleu'cum, L. ; softly pubescent, leaflets obovate or oblong,
heads terminal globose at length ovoid, peduncles short subtended by
opposite leaves, calyx- teeth spinescent spreading and recurved in fruit,
lowest much longest.

Dry pastures, local; E. counties, Norfolk and Bedford to Essex; Channel
Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial. Stems ascending, 6-18 in. Leaflets |-1
in., tip entire or notched ; stipules lanceolate, adnate to the middle. Heads
£-1 in. broad. Flowers pale yellow, brown when old. Calyx ribbed, half as
long as the corolla. Pod s.triate, opening by the conical top falling away. —
DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., W. Asia.

5. T. praten'se, L. ; more or less pubescent, leaflets oblong, stipules
membranous free portion appressed to the petiole, heads terminal sessile
globose at length ovoid subtended by opposite leaves with much-dilated
stipules, calyx- teeth slender setaceous erect or spreading in fruit, the lowest
longest, lied or Purple Glover.

Pastures, roadsides, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,900 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Annual or perennial. Stems
6-24 in., solid or fistular, robust or slender. Leaflets f-2 in., often with a
white spot or lunate band, finely toothed ; stipules often 1-1^ in., with long
setaceous points. Heads J-l| in. diam., pink purple or dirty white. Flowers
proterandrous. Calyx strongly nerved, throat with a 2-lipped contraction ;
teeth not exceeding the corolla, very slender, unequal. Pod opening by the
top falling oft7. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,
India; introd. in N. America. — Cultivated for fodder ; also wild in, a small
form with a shorter corolla (var. parviflora, Bab.).

6. T. me'diumj Huds. ; slightly hairy, leaflets oblong obtuse or acute,
stipules herbaceous free portion spreading, heads terminal subglobose shortly
peduncled subtended by opposite leaves, calyx- teeth setaceous spreading
in fruit, lowest a little longest. Meadow Clover.

Pastures, meadows, &c., from Ross southd.; ascending to 1,300 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial. Stems straggling, flexuous.
Leaflets 1-2 in., rather rigid almost quite entire, ciliate. Heads 1-1J? in.
diam. Flowers f in., rose-purple, proterandrous. Calyx-throat with a ring
of hairs, tube 10-nerved, glabrous ; teeth reaching half-way up the corolla.
Pod dehiscing longitudinally. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia;
introd. in N. America.

7. T. marit'imum, Huds. ; pubescent, leaflets narrowly obovate-
oblong obtuse or acute, stipules herbaceous free portion linear-subulate
spreading, heads terminal ovoid very shortly peduncled subtended by
opposite leaves, calyx-teeth short triangular-subulate spreading and her-
baceous in fruit, 4 upper shorter than the tube.

TRIFOLIUM.] LEGUMINOSJS. 99

Salt marshes and meadows, from Gloster and Lincoln to Somerset ; Ireland ; fl .
June-Aug. — Annual. Stems 6-18 in., rigid, decumbent or ascending. Leaflets
^-§ in., almost quite entire. Heads | in., terminal, elongating in fruit.
Calyx with a 2-lipped contraction in the throat ; tube ribbed ; teeth reaching
half-way up the corolla. Pod 2-valved. — DISTBIB. "W. and S. Europe,
Holland to Spain, Greece and N. Africa.

8. T. stria'tum, L. ; softly hairy, leaflets obovate, stipules membranous
free portion broadly triangular tip recurved, heads terminal and axillary
ovoid sessile, calyx ventricose, teeth short spinescent triangular-subulate
1 -nerved spreading in fruit.

Dry pastures, from Forfar southd. ; rarer in Scotland ; very rare in Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. June- July. — Annual. Stems 4-12 in., spreading, pro-
strate or ascending. Leaflets |-| in., almost quite entire, petiole 2 in. ; stipules
of the leaves under the heads very much dilated. Heads J-| in., dense,
broadest at the base. Flowers \ in. rosy. Calyx-tube ovoid, ribbed, mouth
contracted; teeth shorter than the corolla. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd.,
N. Africa, Caucasus. — YAK. erecta, Leight., is an erect luxuriant form.

9. T. sca'brum, L. ; pubescent, leaflets narrowly or broadly obovate,
stipules rather rigid, free portion short triangular-subulate, heads terminal
and axillary ovoid sessile, calyx-tube ribbed, teeth, triangular spinescent
1 -nerved erect in flower lengthening spreading rigid and recurved in fruit.
Sandy and stony pastures, &c., in England; E. Scotland, from Forfar southd. ;

E. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Annual. Stems 4-10 in., rigid,
stout, prostrate, zigzag. Leaves very shortly petioled ; leaflets £-| in., rigid,
strongly nerved, toothed. Heads |-§ in. long, broadest in the middle.
Flowers minute, white. Calyx-tube purplish ; teeth equalling the corolla.
Pod minute. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., W. Asia, N. Africa.

SECTION 3. Heads many-fld., usually axillary, rarefy both axillary and
terminal; pedicels distinct, short or long, bracteate. Calyx not inflated ;
throat naked ; teeth equal or the upper longest. Pod 2-4-seeded (or 1-seeded
through imperfection).

10. T. glomera'tum, L. ; glabrous, leaflets obovate acute or obcordate,
stipules ovate with long points, heads axillary and terminal globose sessile,
calyx-teeth short ovate 1-uerved spinescent reticulated spreading in fruit.
Gravelly and sandy pastures, &c.,rare ; Norfolk and Kent to Cornwall; Wick-
low ; Channel Islands; fl. June.— Annual. Stems 6-12 in., prostrate, spread-
ing, slender. Leaflets £-3 in., nerves fine but ending in strong teeth. Heads
£ in. diam., distant. Flowers blue-purple, subsessile. Calyx-teeth nearly
equal, shorter than the corolla, contracted at the base. Standard persistent,
scarious, striate. — DISTRIB. "W. France, Spain, and Mediterranean region .

11. T. suff oca' turn, L. ; glabrous, petioles very long, leaflets obcordate,
stipules ovate acuminate, heads sessile ovoid, calyx campauulate, teeth not
spinescent recurved in fruit exceeding the corolla.

100 LEGUMINOS^E. [TRIFOLIUM.

faint petiole 1-3 in. Heads J in. diam., often confluent, axillary and ter-
minal. Flowers minute, whitish. Standard persistent, scariotis. Calyx
msmbranous ; teeth herbaceous, lanceolate, as long as the tube. — DISTRIB.
Mid. Europe and Mediterranean region.

12. T. stric'tum, L. ; glabrous, petioles very short, leaflets linear-
lanceolate, stipules broadly ovate acute toothed, heads peduncled globose,
calyx-tube campanulate, teeth subulate spinescent sub-equal spreading in
fruit.

Lizard Rocks, very rare ; Jersey ; fl. June-July.— Annual. Stems 2-6 in., few,
ascending. Leaflets ^—1 in., toothed ; nerves slender. Heads ^-g- in. broad,
terminal and axillary ; peduncle \-\ in., strict. Flowers ^ in., rose-purple.
Corolla longer than the calyx. Pod obliquely orbicular, compressed, beaked,
dorsal suture much thickened, 1-2-seeded. — DISTRIB. W. France and Spain
to Greece, N. Africa.

T. HY'BRIDUM, L. ; almost glabrous, leaflets obovate or oblong, stipules
oblong tips triangular, heads axillary peduncled globose, pedicels elongate
at length reflexed, flowers drooping, calyx-tube campanulate gibbous,
teeth subulate nearly equal unaltered in fruit. Alsike Clover.
Fields, &c., introduced with clover (the var. eleyans only) ; fl. June-Aug.—

Perennial. Stems 2-10 in., flexuous. Petioles long ; leaflets \-\-\ in., toothed.

Stipules herbaceous, nerves green. Heads f-1 in. diam., depressed (from

the dropping flowers) ; peduncles 2-4 in. Flowers ^ in., white or rosy.

Calyx white, teeth green. Standard twice as long as the calyx, striate,

folded over the 2-seeded pod. — DISTRTB. Europe, 1ST. Africa, "W. Asia.
T. hy'bridum proper; stem stout fistular, stipules few-nerved. — VAR. T.

el'egans, Savi ; stem weak decumbent solid, leaves more sharply toothed,

stipules with several nerves, heads small.

13. T. re'pens, L. • glabrous, leaflets obovate or obcordate, stipules
lanceolate a/cuminate, heads all axillary very long-peduncled globose,
pedicels at length reflexed, calyx-tube campanulate gibbous, teeth triangular
unaltered in fruit. White or Dutch Clover.

Meadows and pastures, N. to Shetlands; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-October. — Perennial. Stems 1-18 in.,
creeping. Leaflets ^-1 in., toothed, with often a white semilunar band
towards the base ; nerves slender ; petiole 2-4 in. Heads ^-1J in. diam. ;
peduncle 3-6 in. Flowers nearly f in., white or rosy. Standard persistent,
brown, covering: the pod, much longer than the calyx. Pod elongate, 4-6-
seeded. — A Scilly Is. variety (Townsen'dii) has dark rose-r>urple flowers. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, N. America.

SECTION 4. Heads many-fld., axillary; pedicels short, bracteate. Calyx
2-lipped, becoming inflated above, membranous, reticulated ; throat naked ;
teeth equal, the upper pair lengthening. Corolla withering, standard
deciduous. Pod sessile, 1-2-seeded.

14. T. fragif'erum, L. ; glabrous, leaflets obovate or obcordate, stipules
oblong- triangular with a long point, heads dense-flowered long-peduncled

TRIFOLIUM.] LEGUMINOS^. 101

globose, outer bracts lanceolate as long as the cahTx, calyx-tube downy
above striate vesicular, 2 upper teeth enlarged and deflexed in fruit.
Meadows and ditches, from Fife southd. ; local in Scotland and Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial. Stems 6-12 in., creeping
Heads |-f in. diam. Flowers 5 in., rose-purple. Pod ovoid, compressed,
reticulate, 1-2-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. India.
— Habit when flowering of T. repens, but the large bracts and fruit are
widely different.

SECTION 5. -ZTeacfemany-fld., axillary, globose, long-peduncled ; pedicels
short or 0, bracteate. Flowers at length pendulous. Calyx not inflated ;
throat naked ; teeth equal or upper shorter. Corolla yellow ; standard
persistent, enlarged and bent down over the fruit. Pod stalked, 1- rarely
2-seeded. — Leaves pinnately or palmately 3- rarely 5-foliolate.

15. T. procum'bens, L. ; stems pubescent, leaves more or less pinnately
3-foliolate, leaflets obovate or obcordate, heads many and dense-fld.,
standard broad slightly convex arching but not folded over the pods. T.
agra'rium, Huds. Hop Trefoil.

Pastures, roadsides, &c., from Eoss southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual. Stems 6-18 in., central
erect, lateral decumbent. Leaflets J-j in., toothed ; petiole J-f in., slender ;
stipules |-ovate, tip triangular, acute. Heads $-§ in. diam. Flowers pale
yellow, upper pedicelled. Calyx campanulate, upper teeth triangular, very
short ; lower longer, lanceolate. Standard J in., brown, shining. Pod
obovoid ; style hooked. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia ;
introd. in N. America. — This is the T. procum'bens of Linn. Herb. (Syme).

16. T. du'bium, Sibth. ; nearly glabrous, leaves pinnately -.3-foliolate,
leaflets narrow-obovate or obcordate, heads dense-flowered, pedicels very
short, standard narrow keeled folded over the pod. T. procum'bens, L. (in
part), Huds. T. minus, Sm.

Pastures, roadsides, &c., from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual. Stems 10-20 in.,
straggling, slender. Leajiets truncate or notched, finely toothed ; petiole
very short, slender; upper part of stipules ovate, acuminate. Heads 4-20-
fld., much smaller than in T. procumbens ; peduncle long, very slender.

. Flowers yellow, small, turning dark brown. Calyx and pod much as in T.
procum'bens. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America. — This
is the T.filiforme of various authors.

17. T. filifor'me, L. ; sparsely hairy, leaflets obcordate or obovate,
heads axillary, peduncles slender, flowers few subracemose, pedicels as
long as the calyx-tube spreading or reflexed, standard keeled folded
over the pod.

Dry pastures often near the sea, rare, from Eoxburgh southd. ; doubtfully N. of
it; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Annual. Stems 4-8 in., very
slender, prostrate. Leaves pinnately or . digitately 3-foliolate ; upper part
of stipules ovate, acute. Leaflets £-| in., toothed at the tip. Heads very
small, 2-6-fld. ; peduncle capillary. Flowers yellow. Calyx and pod much
as in the two last species. — DISTRIB. Europe to the Caucasus.

102 LEGUMINOS^. [ANTHYLLIS.

9. ANTHYL'LIS, L. KlDNEY- VETCH.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with a terminal leaflet ; stipules small
or 0. Flowers in capitate cymes, sometimes involucrate, yellow white or
red-purple ; bracts various orO. Calyx inflated, mouth oblique 5-toothed.
Petals with long claws, those of the 4 lower adnate to the staminal tube ;
standard aurieled at the base ; keel incurved, gibbous on each side, resilient
after deflection with the anthers retracted. Filaments all united, or the
upper distinct ; anthers uniform. Style smooth, stigma terminal ; ovules
2 or more. Pod enclosed in the calyx, obliquely ovoid, dehiscent or not,
1-3-seeded.— DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, N. Africa; species 20. — ETYM.
The old Greek name.

A. Vulnera'ria, L. ; silky, stems herbaceous, leaflets 2-6 pairs.

Dry rocky banks, N. to Shetlands, rather local ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Juiie-Aug. — Rootstock woody,
short, branched. Stems 6-16 in., many, leafy, herbaceous, suberect. Radical
leaves 2-4 in., pinnate, unequal ; leaflets |-1| in., narrow-oblong. Heads
J-l^ in. diam., in pairs, rarely solitary, or with small accessory ones, the
pairs peduncled, but each sessile ; involucre of subsessile linear appressed
or spreading leaflets. Flowers f-f in., usually yellow, but variable in colour,
proterandrous. Calyx membranous, longer than the petals ; teeth minute,
ovate, acute, mouth contracted. Pod very small, acute, glabrous, reticulated,
partially dehiscent, 1-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, "W.
Asia.

A. Vulnera'ria proper; involucral leaves short, flowers yellow. — YAR. A.
Dille'nii, Schult. ; involucral leaves nearly as long as the cream coloured
flowers with red tips. Sussex to Cornwall and Wales.

10. LO'TUS, L. BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL.

Herbs or under-shrubs. Leaves pinnately or palmately 4-5-foliolate ;
stipules minute or 0. Flowers in capitate or umbellate axillary peduncled
cymes, yellow red or white, proterandrous ; bracts 3-foliolate. Calyx 2-
lipped, or with 5-subequal teeth. Petals free from the staminal tube ;
keel incurved or inflexed, beaked, gibbous on each side, resilient after de-
flection. Alternate filaments dilated upwards, upper distinct ; anthers
uniform. Ovary sessile ; style inflexed, glabrous, stigma terminal or
lateral ; ovules many. Pod elongate, cylindric, 2-valved, septate between
the seeds. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, temp. Asia, America,
Australia ; species 50. — ETYM. unknown.

1. I*, cornicula'tus, L. ; perennial, decumbent, heads 5-10-fld., ped-
uncles very long, calyx-teeth erect in bud, 2 upper triangular converging
with an obtuse sinus.

Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetlands ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Variable in habit and
stature. Rootstock short, woody, branched, not or scarcely stoloniferous.
Stems 4-16 in., tufted at the base. Leaves very shortly petioled ; leaflets
^-| in.; stipules ovate or lanceolate. Heads ^-1| in. cliam., depressed.

LOTUS.] LEGUHINOSJE. 103

Flowers |-| in., very shortly pedicelled. Petals twice as long as the calyx,
bright yellow, often streaked with crimson, often greenish or purple-bro^n
when dry. Pod f-lj in. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W.
Asia, India.

L. CORNICUIA'TUS proper; almost glabrous, stem short, leaflets membranous
obovate obtuse or subacute. — VAB. L. crassifo'lii:s, Pers. ; almost glabrous,
leaflets fleshy. Chiefly maritime. — VAR. lillo'sa ; covered with spreading
hairs. Kent, Devon, Saudgate.

Sub-sp. L. TEN'UIS, Waldst. and Kit. ; stem filiform, leaflets generally linear-
lanceolate acuminate, stipules narrower, flowers fewer and smaller. L.
tenuifo'lius, Reichb., L. decum'bens, Forst. — Damp soils, not common, from
Forfar southd. ; veryjrare in Ireland.

2. Ii. uligino'sus, Schk. ; perennial, erect or ascending, heads 5-12-
fld., peduncles very long, calyx-teeth spreading in bud, 2 upper triangular
or subulate diverging with an acute sinus. L. ma'jor, Sin., not of
Scop.

Moist meadows, &c., from Isla and Banff southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Yorkshire; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug.— Glabrous or hairy.
Rootstock elongate, stoloniferous, branched at intervals. Stems 6-24 in.
Leaflets |-1 in., obliquely obovate. Flowers proterandrous, and pcds much
as in L. cornicula'tus. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.— The L.
ma'jor of Scopoli, with lanceolate leaflets and bracts, and which grows in
dry places, is probably a var. of L. comicida'tus.

3. L. his'pidus, Desf. ; annual, procumbent, laxly villous, peduncles
longer than the leaves 3-4-fld., pcds J-j by TV in. more than twice as
long as the calyx subtorulose.

Dry banks by the sea, from Hants to Cornwall, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July-Aug. — Stems slender, 6-36 in. Leaflets |-|in., elliptic or oblanceolate
acute ; stipules ^-cordate. Flowers \ in. Calyx-teeth subulate, straight in
bud. Standard obovate. Seeds subreniform. — DISTRIB. S.W. France,
Spain, Portugal, Italy.

4. L. angustis'simus, L. ; annual, procumbent, laxly villous, ped-
uncles shorter than the leaves 1-2-fld., pods f-1 by TV in. four times
as long as the calyx, torulose. L. dcflcx'us, Sol. ; L. diffusus, Sm.

Dry banks by the sea, from Kent to Cornwall, very rare ; Channel Islands; fl.
July-Aug. — Stems very slender, 6-12 in. Leaflets f-f in., elliptic, otovate
or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse ; stipules ovate-lanceolate. Flowers § in.
Calyx-teeth subulate, straight in bud. Standard elliptic. Seeds globose. —
DISTRIB. of hispidus, and E. to Hungary and W. Asia.

11. ASTRAG'ALUS, L. MlLK- VETCH.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet, rarely 3-folio-
late ; leaflets entire ; stipules distinct or connate, free or actuate to the
petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes ; bracts small. Calyx
tubular ; teeth 5, subequal. Petals usually narrow with long claws ; keel
obtuse. Upper filament distinct ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile cr

104: LEGUMINOSJR. [ASTRAGALUS.

stalked ; style filiform, beardless, stigma terminal ; ovules many. Pod
2-valved, often longitudinally 2-celled by the inflexion of the suture next
to the keel — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold regions ; most abundant in Asia ;
absent from S. Africa and Australia ; species 500. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. A. glycyphyl'los, L. ; glabrous, stipules free, flowers racemed,
peduncles much shorter than the leaves, pods suberect exserted elongate
many-seeded.

Fields and copses, from Ross southd. ; fl. June-Sept. — Eootstock short, stout.
Stems 2-3 ft., prostrate, stout, zigzag. Leaves 4-6 in. ; leaflets |-1 J in.,
broadly oblong, obtuse, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath ; stipules 1
in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, lower auricled. Racemes 1-2 in., compact,
ovoid ; bracts subulate, longer than the short pedicels. Flowers | in.,
creamy white. Calyx campanulate, half as long as the corolla. Pod 1-1 J
in., linear, terete, curved, acuminate, 2-celled, pale. Seeds many, pale,
compressed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia.

2. A. hypogiot'tis, L. ; hairy, stipules connate, flowers spiked, ped-
uncles usually much longer than the leaves, pods very short ovoid sub-
erect included 2-seeded. A. danicus, Retz.

Gravelly and chalky soil, from Sutherland to Essex and Wilts ; Isle of Arad,
Ireland ; fl. June-July.— Clothed with soft white hairs mixed with black
above. Rootstock very slender, straggling, branching. Stems 2-6 in., slender,
ascending. Leaves 2-4 in., leaflets £-| in., many, oblong or linear-oblong,
obtuse. Spikes 1 in., ovoid ; peduncle stout. Flowers §-f in., blue-purple.
Calyx with black hairs, longer than the bracts. Pod shortly stipitate, —
DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

3. A. alpi'nus, L. ; decumbent, hairy, stipules free, flowers shortly
racemose or subcapitate, peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, pods
oblong pendulous exserted few-seeded. Phaca astragali' na, DC.
Aberdeen and Forfar, very rare; alt. 2,400-2,600 ft.; fl. July.— Perennial,

more slender than A. hypoylottis ; leaves very similar; peduncles shorter;
flowers horizontal or drooping, pale blue tipped with purple ; calyx shorter.
Pod ^ in., 1-celled, stalk longer than the calyx, hence wholly exserted,
covered with black hairs. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia,
W. Tibet, N. America.

12. OXY'TROPIS, DC.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets quite
entire ; stipules free or adnate to the petiole. Flowers in axillary spikes
or racemes, purple white or pale yellow ; bracts membranous. Calyx
tubular, teeth subequal. Petals with long claws ; keel erect, with a
straight or recurved tooth at the tip. Upper filament free ; anthers uni-
form. Ovary sessile or stalked ; style beardless, stigma minute ; ovules
many. Pod longitudinally more or less 2-celled by the inflexion of the
suture next the standard. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp, and cold Asia, and
N. America ; species 100. — ETYM. o£vs and Tp6iri.s, from the sharp keel.

OXYTROPIS.] LEGUMINOS^E. 105

Habit, &c., ofAstraga'lus; distinguished by the mucronate keel, and septum
of the pod never produced from the dorsal suture.

1. O. iiralexi'siSj DC. ; silky, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, peduncles longer
than the leaves, flowers pale purple. 0. Halleri, Bunge.

Dry and rocky pastures, from Wigton and Fife to Caithness ; ascends to 2,OCO
ft. ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock stout, woody ; branches very short. Leaves
2-4 in. ; leaflets J-§ in., many, membranous, close-set ; stipules lanceolate.
Heads 6-10-fld. ; peduncle stout, erect; bracts leafy, shorter than the calyx.
Flowers f in., pale ; keel tipped with dark purple. Calyx-tube oblong,
hairy and slightly glandular, cylindric ; teeth short, subulate. Pod about
1 in., sessile, erect, ovoid, tumid, bursting the calyx, hairy, many-seeded,
beak curved. — DISTRIB. Arctic and sub- Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.
— I cannot distinguish the Uralian plant from the Scotch, and that found
all round the N. temp, and Arctic zones, except by its rather larger size.
Boissier has but the one name for the Russian and Alpine plants.

2. O. campes'tris, DC. ; softly hairy, leaflets linear-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, flowering peduncles shorter than the leaves, flowers pale yellow.
Alpine rocks, Clova Mts. ; alt. 2,000 ft. ; fl. June-July. — Habit of O. uralen'sis,

but larger ; leaves 4-6 in. ; leaflets usually longer, sometimes 1 in., narrower,
more obtuse ; peduncles lengthening after flowering to 8 in. Flowers 5 in.,
yellow tinged with purple. Pod |-§ in., sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, hairy,
half 2-celled, beak curved. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Siberia,
N. America.

13. ORNITH'OPUS, L. BIRD'S-FOOT.

Slender, hairy herbs. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets
small ; stipules membranous. Flowers minute, in long peduncled heads
or umbels, pink white or yellow. Calyx-lobes equal or 2 upper connate.
Keel obtuse, sometimes very short. Alternate filaments dilated upwards,
the upper free ; anthers uniform. Style inflexed, stigma capitate ; ovules
many. Pod curved, slender, indehiscent, breaking up into many short
1 -seeded joints. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. — ETYM. opvis
and TTOUS, from the fruits resembling birds' claws.

1. O. perpusil'lus, L. ; bracts pinnate, flowers white, pod much con-
stricted between the seeds.

Sandy and gravelly places from Moray and Dumbarton southd.; E. Ireland,
very rare; Channel Islands; fl. May-July. — Annual, grey-green, hairy
above. Stems 6-18 in., many, prostrate, filiform, leafy, sparingly branched.
Leaves 1-2 in., upper sessile ; leaflets |-| in., 6-14 pair, close-set, oblong or
linear-oblong, the lowest pair recurved when at the base of the petiole ;
stipules minute. Peduncles axillary, slender, strict, longer or shorter than
the leaves. Heads 3-6-fld. Flowers % in., veined with red; pedicels very
short. Calyx-tube subcampanulate ; teeth short. Pod |-1 in., 7-9-jointed,
beaked, glabrous or pubescent, reticulated. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

2. O. ebractea'tus, Brot. ; bracts 0, flowers yellow, pod slightly
constricted between the seeds. Arthrolo'bium ebracteatum, DC.

106 LEGUMINOSJS. [ORNITHOPUS.

Sandy places, Scilly and Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Annual, glaucous,
nearly glabrous. Stems 6-18 in., filiform, ascending. Leaves 1-4 in., all
petioled ; leaflets J-^ in., oblong, distant. Heads 2-5-flowered ; peduncles
as long as the leaves. Flowers J in., bright yellow with red veins. Pod
f-1 in., very slender, beaked, 10-1 4- jointed, granulate. — DISTRIB. W.
Mediterranean region, Canaries, Azores.

14. HIPPOCRE'PIS, L. HORSESHOE VETCH.

Diffuse, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets
many, quite entire ; stipules small or 0. Flowers yellow, nodding, honeyed.
Calyx with 2 upper teeth connate. Petals long-clawed ; keel incurved,
beaked, resilient after deflection. Style inflexed, subulate, stigma minute ;
ovules many. Alternate filaments slightly dilated, upper free ; anthers
uniform. Pod flat, curved, upper margin deeply notched opposite each
seed, breaking up into 3-6 horseshoe-like joints. Seeds curved. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa. W. Asia ; species 12. — ETYM. '/TTTTOS and xprivtst from
the shape of the joints of the pod.

H. como'sa, L. ; leaflets 4-8 pair oblong-obovate.

Rocky and stony pastures in England, Ayr, and Kincardine ; ascends to
1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-Aug. — Nearly glabrous. Rootstock branched.
Stems 6-18 in., very many, branched, ascending. Leaves 2-6 in.; leaflets
j-| in. Heads 6-10-flowered ; peduncle curved, slender, longer than the
leaves. Flowers £-| in., shortly pedicelled, yellow. Calyx-tube short,
broad. Petals at length reflexed. Pod 1-1| in., falcate, granulate, —
DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, N. Africa.

15. ONO'BRYCHIS, Tournefort. SAIN-FOIN.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets quite
entire ; stipules scarious. Flowers purple red or white, in axillary spikes
or racemes, honeyed. Calyx-lobes subulate. Wings short ; keel obliquely
truncate, as long as or longer than the standard, resilient after deflection.
Upper filament distinct at the base ; anthers uniform. Style inflexed, stigma
minute. Pod compressed, indehiscent, not jointed, often spiny winged or
crested, 1-2-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia and Africa ; species
50. — ETYM. obscure.

O. satiVa, LamJc. ; pod tubercled on the lower margin.
Dry fields and pastures, indigenous ? in mid and S.E. England, usually a relic
of cultivation ; fl. June-Aug. — A perennial herb, 1-2 ft., pubescent with
appressed hairs. Eootstock woody, branched. Stems ascending, stout, tough,
leafy. Leaves 3-6 in. ; leaflets |-| in., obovate, or linear-oblong, apiculate,
very shortly petioled ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous. Racemes
ovoid, compact ; peduncle slender, erect ; bracts subulate. Flowers ^ in.,
bright rosy-red, veins darker ; wings very short. Calyx short, woolly, teeth
subulate. Pods |-| in., obliquely semicircular in outline, strongly reticulate,
pubescent, 1-seeded. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, N. Asia.

VICIA.] LEGUMINOSJE. 107

16. VIC'IA, L. VETCH, TARE.

Climbing or diffuse herbs.. Stems terete, angled, or ridged. Leaves
abruptly pinnate ; petiole usually ending in a simple or branched tendril ;
leaflets many, entire or toothed at the tip ; stipules ^-sagittate.
Flowers blue purple or yellow, axillary, racemed, honeyed. Calyx-teeth
subequal or the lower longer. Wings adnate to the keel, which is resilient
after deflection. Staminal tube abruptly truncate ; filaments filiform,
upper more or less Jree ; anthers uniform. Style inflexed, cylindric or
flattened, glabrous or downy all round, or bearded below the terminal
stigma; ovules usually many. Pod compressed, 2-valved. Seeds globose,
with a small aril. — DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere, and S. America ;
species 100. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

SECTION 1. ErVum, Z* (gen.). Annuals. Leaflets few. Flowers few.
Calyx equal at the base. Style equally pubescent all round.

1. V. tetrasper'ma, Mcencli ; leaflets 3-6 pair, peduncles 1-2-fld., pod
shortly stipitate glabrous 3-8-seeded.

Hedges, cornfields, &c., from Lanark and Forfar southd. ; hardly indigenous
in Scotland ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Almost
glabrous. Steins 1-2 ft., filiform. Leaflets variable, ^-1 in., usually trun-
cate, narrow ; tendrils once or twice forked ; lower stipules 2-fid, upper
entire toothed on the base at one side. Peduncles f-lj in., produced
beyond the flowers; pedicels slender, curved. Flowers J in., pale blue.
Calyx-tube short, upper teeth shortest. Pod ^-f in., linear oblong. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, India; introd. in N. America.

Y. TETRAsrER'M A proper ; leaflets 4-6 obtuse mucronate, peduncles as long as
the leaves 1-2-flowered, pod 3-4-seeded.

Sub-sp. V. GRAC'ILIS, Loisel. ; leaflets 3-4 pair acuminate, peduncles longer
than the leaves 1-4-flowered, pod longer 5-8-seeded. — From Warwick and
Cambridge to Kent and Devon; (a native or colonist, Wats.).

2. V. hirsu'ta, Koch; leaflets 6-8 pair obtuse mucronate, peduncles
1-6-fld. pod sessile hairy 2-seeded. Common Tare.

Hedges and waste places, from Caithness southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. May- Aug. — Habit of V. tetrasper'ma, lou.i hairy; leaflets smaller, more
numerous ; stipules often 4-lobed ; pedicels straighter ; flowers smaller,
and pods much shorter, sessile, hairy and 2-seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia, N.W. India; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Crac'ca. Perennials. Lea/lets many. Flowers very many.
Calyx-tube gibbous at the base, teeth very unequal. Style equally pubes-
cent all round. Pod rather short, stalked, 3-many-seeded.

3. V. Crac'ca, L. ; tendrils branched, stipules nearly entire, flowers
bright blue.

Hedges, fields, and waste places, N. to Shetlands ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in

the Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Aug. — Pubescent or

slightly silky. Rootstock creeping. Stems 2-6 ft., angled, scandent or

diffuse. Leaves 1-4 in., sessile; leaflets f-1 in., linear-oblong, acute or

108 LEGUH1NOSJS. [ViciA.

mucronate. Racemes dense, 10-30-flowered, unilateral ; peduncle longer
than the leaves, pedicels short. Flowers § in., drooping, proterandrous.
Calyx-tube short. Pod |-1 in., obliquely truncate, beaked, many-seeded. —
, DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, Greenland,
N. America.

4* V. Or'obus, DC. ; tendrils 0, stipules slightly toothed, flowers
white tinged with purple. Or'obus sylvat'icus, L. Bitter Vetch.
Western wooded and rocky districts, from Skye and Forfar to Hants and
Cornwall ; Ireland, very rare ; fl. June-Sept. — Sparingly pubescent. Stem
1-2 ft., erect, stout, leafless or with reduced leaves below. Leaves 2-3 in.,
sessile ; leaflets f-1^ in., linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, or obtuse
and mucronate ; petiole produced beyond the leaflets. Racemes loose, 6-
20-flowered, unilateral ; peduncle as long as or longer than the leaves ;
pedicels much shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers ^ in. Pods oblong-
lauceolate, 1 in., acute at both ends, glabrous, 3-5-seeded. — DISTRIIJ.
Norway, Denmark, S. France, B-ivaria.

5. V. sylvat'ica, L. ; tendrils much branched, lower stipules lunate
toothed, flowers white with blue veins. Wood Vetch.

Rocky woods, local, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to near 1,700 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June- July. — Glabrous. Eootstock creeping. Stems
2-4 ft., usually trailing. Leaves 2-4 in., sessile; leaflets ^-1 in., oblong,
obtuse, mucronate, membranous ; stipules with spreading teeth. Racemes
laxly 6-18-flowered, unilateral ; peduncle as long as or longer than the
leaves; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx-tube. Flowers £ in. Pods
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, slightly curved, 3-4-seedcd. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.

SECTION 3. Vic'ia proper. Annual, rarely perennial. Leaflets many.
Flmcers few, sessile, or on very short pedicels. Ktyle villous below the
stigma on the outer side.

* Leaflets many. Calyx gibbous at the base.

6. V. se'pium, L. ; perennial, flowers racemose, calyx-teeth unequal
shorter than the tube, pod stalked linear glabrous.

Hedges, copses, &c., N. to Orkney ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Slightly hairy. Rootstock creeping, stolon-
iferous. Stem 2-3 ft., climbing or trailing. Leaves 2-5 in. ; leaflets in 6-8
pairs, smaller upwards, lowest |-1 in., ovate, acute obtuse or truncate,
mucronate, membranous ; stipules ^-sagittate. Racemes J-J in., 2-6 fld.,
subsessile ; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers |-§ in., dull pale
purple. Pod linear, 1 in., beaked, black, 6-10-seeded. Seed with a linear
hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Kashmir.

7. V. lu'tea, L. ; annual, flowers solitary sessile, upper calyx-teeth
shorter lower longer than the tube, pod shortly stalked hairy.

Kocky and pebbly places, rare and local, from Ayr and Forfar southd. ; Channel
Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Sparingly hairy. Rootstock short. Stems 6-18 in.,
tufted, prostrate. Leaves 1-2 in. ; leaflets J-| in., 5-7 pairs, linear-oblong,
obtuse, mucronate ; stipules small, ovate, acute, lower f-hastate. Flowers

VICIA.] LEGUM1N08& 109

rarely in pairs, suberect, pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers £-1
in., narrow, pale yellow. Pod 1-1| in., hairy, narrow, oblong, acuminate at
both ends, beaked 4-8-seeded. Seeds with a short hilum. — DISTRIB, From
Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

V. HY'BRIDA, L., formerly found on Glastonbury Tor, which differs in the
larger truncate and retuse leaflets and hairy standard, has long been extinct
It is a native of "W. France, Spain, and the Mediterranean. — V. I^EVTGA'TA,
Sm., is another extinct closely allied plant, formerly found on the Weymouth
Beach, and differs in being glabrous and having pale blue or whitish flowers
A solitary specimen in Smith's Herbarium is all that is known of it.

V. SATI'VA, L. ; annual, leaflets obovate or oblong truncate or re-
tuse, flowers 1-2 axillary subsessile, calyx-teeth nearly equal as long as the
tube, pod 2-3 in. sessile. Common Vetch.

Hedges and roadsides, a casual; ascends to upwards of 1,600 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Annual, sparsely hairy. Stems
many, trailing or climbing, stout or slender. Leaflets variable, in 5-6 pairs,
£-f in., jL-l in. broad. Stipules ^-hastate, toothed or entire, often with a
dark blotch. Flowers f in., pale purple. Pods linear, 4-10-seeded, slightly
hairy. Seeds subglobose, £ in. diam., variable in colour, smooth ; hilum
linear. — DISTRIB. Mediterranean region ; cultivated in Europe, Asia, and
America.

8. V. angustifo'lia, Roth ; annual, leaflets of upper leaves linear
or oblong acute or obtuse, calyx- teeth nearly equal as long as the tube,
pods 1-2 in.

Dry places, from Aberdeen and the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

fl. May-July. — An excessively variable plant, of which V. sati'va is probably

the cultivated form, differing in the much smaller flowers, pods, and seeds ;

stem robust or slender, 6-18 in. long; leaflets J-1J in.; seeds only f in.

diam.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia. — The following

varieties run into one another and into V. sati'va.
V. angustifo'lia proper (F". cuiyustifo'lia, Forst., V. segeta'lis, Thuill.) ; stout,

upper leaves with oblong leaflets, flowers usually 2-nate, pods 1J-2 in.

bursting the calyx. — YAR. V. JEtobar'tii, Forst. ( V. anyustifo'lia, Sm.); slender,

upper leaves with linear leaflets, flowers subsolitary, -pod 1-1| in., not

bursting the calyx.

** Leaflets few. Calyx not gibbous at the base.

9. V. lathyroi'des, L. ; annual, flowers solitary sessile, calyx-teeth
equal nearly as long as the tube, pod sessile glabrous.

Dry pastures and roadsides, local from Boss southd. ; Ireland, very rare ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May- June. — Hairy. Stem 6-8 in., spreading, slender.
Leaves^-], in.; leaflets J— ^ in., 2-3 pair, linear-oblong or obovate, acute
obtuse or notched ; tendrils simple or 0. Flowers |-^ in., lilac. Calyx
funnel-shaped ; teeth subulate. Pods |-1 in., linear, tapering at both
ends, beaked, 8-12 seeded. Seeds obtusely angled, granulate ; hilum very
short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

10. V. bithyn'ica, L. ; perennial, peduncles 1- rarely 2-3-fld., pedicels
as long as the calyx, calyx-teeth unequal subulate, pod shortly stalked
reticulate hairy.

110 LEGUMINOS^E. [ViciA.

Bushy places, local, from Flint and York to Kent and Devon ; fl. May-June.
— Stems 1-2 ft., many from the root, glabrous, except at the tips, trailing
or climbing, flexuous. Leaves 1^-2 in., exclusive of the tendril ; leaflets
variable, §-2| in., f-^ in. broad, obtuse and mucronate or acute or
acuminate ; stipules large ; tendrils elongate, branched. Peduncles |-3 in.,
and pedicels hairy. Flowers £ in., pale purple, wings paler. Calyx
hairy, teeth longer than the tube, very slender. Pod the largest of the
British species, 1| in. by § in. broad, abruptly beaked, 4-6-seeded. Seeds
large, globose, speckled, £ in. diam., dark-brown. — DISTRIB. W. and S.
Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa.

Syme distinguishes 2 vars. ; latifoflia, with leaflets ovate or oblong, stipules
all toothed ; and angustifo'lia, with leaflets linear acuminate, and upper
stipules sparingly toothed.

17. LATH'YRUS, L. EVERLASTING PEA.

Herbs with the habit of Vic'ia, but fewer leaflets, petals broader, stami-
nal tube obliquely truncate, and the style flattened and longitudinally
bearded on its inner face. — DISTRIB. of Vic'ia; species 100. — ETYM., An
old Greek name.

SECTION 1. Aph'aca. Annual. Stipules leaf-like. Leaves reduced to
tendrils. Calyx-tube equal at the base, shorter than the teeth.

1. Ii. Aph'aca, L. ; stipules ovate-hastate acute or obtuse, peduncles
elongate 1-fld., flowers erect.

Cornfields, &c., from "Warwick and Norfolk to Kent and Devon southd. ; (a
colonist, Wats.) ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft. trailing. Leaflets
chiefly seen on seedlings, then oblong, when developed on older plants
linear |-| in. ; stipules ^-1 in. broad, quite entire, striated with nerves.
Peduncles slender, stout and 2-3 in. in fruit ; pedicels J in., with a
minute bract at the base. Flowers \ in., pale yellow. Calyx-lobes green,
linear, nearly as long as the corolla. Pod 1-1 \ in., \ in. broad, ascending,
slightly falcate, beaked, reticulate, 6-8-seeded. — DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, India.

SECTION 2. Nisso'lia. Annual. Stipules minute, setaceous ; tendrils 0.
Petioles leaf -like (phyllodes). Calyx rather gibbous at the base.

2. L. Nisso'lia, L. ; phyllodes grass-like, peduncles very slender
1-fld., flowers erect.

Grassy bushy places from Cheshire southd., and as an escape north of it ; fl.
May-June. — Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft., ascending, very slender. Phyllodes
3-6 in., quite entire ; nerves many, parallel. Peduncles 1-4 in., pedicels as
long as the calyx, bracts obsolete. Flowers \ in., crimson. Calyx-teeth
lanceolate, lower teeth longest. Pod 1-2 in., very slender, slightly com-
pressed, glabrous. Seeds granulate. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., W.
Asia, N. Africa.

SECTION 3. Iiath'yrus proper. Petioles all with leaflets and tendrils.
Calyx gibbous at the base.

LATHYRUS.] LEGUMINOS^E. Ill

* Leaflets one pair. Flowering peduncles longer titan the leaves.

3. Ii. hirsu'tus, L. ; stem winged, leaflets linear-lanceolate, stipules
small ^-sagittate, peduncles 1-3 fld., calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate longer
than the tube, pods tubercled densely silky, seeds papillose.

Fields, York, Kent, Surrey, and Essex, very rare; (a colonist, Wats.}] fl.
June- July .— Annual, almost glabrous except the pod. Stems 2-4 ft.,
angled and 2-winged, wings herbaceous T^ in. broad. Leaves scattered ;
petiole J-| in. ; tendrils stout, branched ; leaflets 1-2| in., nerves parallel ;
stipules with long subulate auricles. Peduncles 2-3 in. ; flowers distant,
pedicel as long as the calyx, hairy ; bracts minute, subulate. Flowers % in. ;
standard crimson, keel and wings paler. Calyx-tube short, obconic. Pod
l|-2 in., f in. broad, stipitate, dilated upwards, 8-10-seeded. — DISTBIB.
From Belgium southd., "W. Asia, N. Africa.

4. Ii. praten'sis, L. ; stem acutely angled, leaflets lanceolate, stipules
very large lanceolate sagittate, peduncles 3-12-ftd., calyx-teeth subulate
as long as the tube, pod glabrous or hairy, seeds smooth.

Hedges, copses, and meadows, N". to Shetland ; ascends to near 1,600 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or
slightly hairy, Rootstock creeping. Stems 1-2 ft. ; trailing or climbing.
Leaflets |-1 in., nerves indistinct ; stipules with spreading subulate auricles ;
petiole |-J in. ; tendrils short. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; pedicels
as long as the calyx -tube, hairy ; bracts setaceous. Flowers ^— f in., race-
mose, bright yellow. Pod 1-1 1 in., sessile, linear, acuminate, many-seeded.
— DISTRIB, Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya ; introd. in
N. America.

L. TUBERO'SUS, Z. ; stem angled, leaflets obovate, stipules large |-sagit-
tate, peduncles 2-5 -fld., calyx- teeth triangular as long as the tube, pod
glabrous.

Cornfields, Essex ; (a denizen, Wats.) ; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous. Rootstock
creeping, rootlets with small tubers. Stem 2-4 ft., climbing and trailing.
Leaflets 1-1J in., nerves diverging ; petiole and tendrils stout. Peduncles
very long ; pedicels longer than the calyx ; bracts subulate. Flowers £ in.,
racemose, crimson. Calyx-tube broad. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N.
Africa. — Root tubers edible.

5. L. sylves'tris, L. j stem winged, leaflets large ensiform, stipules
falcate ^-sagittate, peduncles 3-10-fld., calyx-teeth triangular, tipper
shorter than the tube, pod glabrous, seeds faintly remotely tubercled.
Kooky thickets, local, often an escape, from Mull and Forfar southd. ; fl.

June- Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous. Rootstock creeping. Stem 3-6 ft., wings
herbaceous. Leaflets 4-6 in., J-| in. broad ; nerves parallel ; stipules large,
falcate, with long lanceolate auricles; petiole winged or not; tendrils
slender, branched. Peduncles 4-6 in. ; pedicels longer than the calyx ; bracts
filiform. Flowers §-£ in., racemed ; standard rosy ; wings purplish. ' Calyx-
tube broad, short. Pod 2-3 in., sessile, narrowly winged above, 10-14-seeded.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Caucasus, N. Africa. — Very near the Ever-
lasting Pea, which occurs here and there as an escape.

112 LEGUMINOS^E. [LATHYRUP.

** Leaflets 2 or more pairs. Flowering peduncles longer or shorter than the

leaves.

6. Ii. palus'tris, L. ; stem winged, leaflets 2-3 pair sword-shaped, sti-
pules lanceolate ^-sagittate, peduncles usually longer than the leaves 2-6-
fld., pod compressed glabrous.

Boggy meadows and copses, from York and Carnarvon to Somerset and
Suffolk, local ; Ireland, very rare ; fl. June-Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous.
Rootstock creeping. Stems 2-4 ft., climbing or trailing, wings herbaceous.
Leaflets 2-3 pair, 2-3 in., nerves parallel ; tendrils rather short, branched ;
stipules £ in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube ;
bracts minute. Flowers |-| in., pale blue-purple. Calyx-ti(~be short. Pod
l|-2 in., stipitate, reticulate, 6-8-seeded. Seeds smooth. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia, N. America.

7. Ii. marit'imus, Bigelow ; stem angled, leaflets 3-5 pair oblong,
stipules ovate ^-hastate, peduncles usually shorter than the leaves 5-10-
fld., pod turgid glabrous. Pisum marit'imum, L.

Pebbly beaches on the E. coast, local; from Shetland to Kent and Dorset;
Kerry ; fl. June-Aug. — Glaucous, glabrous. Rootstock long, stout, black.
Stems 1-3 ft., creeping at the base, prostrate. Leaflets 1-2 in., alternate or
subopposite, nerved, upper gradually smaller ; petiole 2-4 in. ; tendrils
short ; stipules nearly 1 in. Peduncles stout ; pedicels shorter than the
calyx ; bracts minute. Flowers §-f in., purple, fading to blue. Pod 1^-2
in., reflexed, straight, 6-8-seeded. Seeds smooth. — DISTRIB. Arctic and N.
Europe, Asia, and America.

L. marit'imus proper ; leaflets broadly oblong obtuse. — VAR. acutifo'lia,
Bab. ; slender, straggling, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute. Shetlauds and
Orkneys.

SECTION 4. Or'obus, L. ; (gen.). Perennial. Petiole ending in a short
point without tendrils. Calyx gibbous at the base.

8. L. macrorrlii'zus, Winim. ; stem winged, leaflets 2-4 pairs, stipules
J-sagittate usually toothed below.

Copses, &c., N. to Shetlands, ascends to 2,100 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous or very slightly hairy. Rootstock creeping and
forming tubers. Leaflets 1-2 in., f-lj in. broad, nerves parallel in the nar-
row forms, diverging in the broad ; petiole ^-1J in. ; stipules J in., rarely
quite entire, very variable. Peduncles slender, equalling or exceeding the
leaves, 2-6-fld. ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; bracts minute. Flmuers
|-f in., lurid crimson, fading to green or blue. Calyx-teeth triangular,
shorter than the tube, upper very short. Pod subcylindric. Seeds globose.
— DISTRIB. Europe.

L. macrorrhi'zus proper ; leaflets elliptic-oblong acute or obtuse. Or'obus
tubero'sus, L. — VAR. 0. tenuifo'lius, Both ; leaflets sword-shaped or narrow-
linear.

9. Ii. ni'ger, Wimm. ; stem angled, leaflets 3-6 pairs oblong-lanceolate
acute or mucronate, stipules linear-lanceolate acute.

Subalpine Scotch valleys; Den of Airly, Killiecrankie, Moy House; ascends
to 1,200 ft.; (native? Wats.); fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous, black when dry.

LATHYRUS.] LEGUMINOS^. 113

Rootstock short. Stems 1-2 ft., erect, branched, stout or slender. Leaflets
f-lf in., nerves diverging ; petiole 1-2 in. ; stipules £-J in. Peduncles
shorter or longer than the leaves, 2-8-fld. ; pedicels about as long as the
calyx; bracts filiform or 0. Flowers | in., livid-purple fading to blue. Calyx-
teeth very short, triangular. Pods 2 in., narrow, turgid, rugose, acuminate
at both ends, 6-8-seeded, subseptate. Seeds compressed, obtusely angled.
— DISTRIB. Europe, Caucasus.

ORDER XXVI. ROSA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or
compound, stipulate. Inflorescence various. Flowers regular. Calyx
superior or inferior ; lobes 5, the 5th next the axis, imbricate in bud.
Petals 5, rarely 0, perigynous, often orbicular and concave, claws very
short or 0, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Stamens many, rarely 1 or few,
inserted with the petals or on the disk, 1-maiiy-seiiate, incurved in bud ;
anthers small, usually didymous. Disk lining the calyx-tube. Carpels 1
or more, distinct or connate, free or adnate to the calyx-tube ; styles as
many, distinct or connate, terminal ventral or basal, stigma simple rarely
feathery ordecurrent ; ovules 1, or 2 collateral in each carpel, rarely more,
anatropous. Fruit various, a pome, or of one or many drupes aclienes or
follicles, rarely a berry or capsule. Seeds ascending or pendulous, alba-
men scanty or 0 ; cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short. — DISTRIB.
Ubiquitous; genera 71 ; species 1,000. — AFFINITIES with Leguminosce and
Saxifragece. — PROPERTIES astringent in Potentillece and Rosece. Prunece
and Pomece yield hydrocyanic and malic acids.

SERIES 1. Ripe carpels not enclosed within the calyx-tube.
TRIBE I. PRU'NEJE. Calyx deciduous. Carpel 1; ovules 2, pendulous.
Fruit a drupe \. Primus .

TRIBE II. SPIRJE'JE, Calyx persistent, ebracteolate. Carpels 5 or more ;
ovules 2 or more in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit a follicle... 2. Spiraea.

TRIBE III. RU'BEJE. Calyx persistent, ebracteolate. Carpels many ; ovules
2 in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit of many small drupes 3. Rubus.

TRIBE IY. POTENTH/LE.ffi. Calyx persistent, bracteolate. Carpels 4 or
more] ovule 1 in each carpel, ascending. Fruit of 4 or more achenes.

* Style elongating aft erf. owe ring.

Leaves simple. Scape 1-fld. Styles of achenes feathery 4. Dryas.

Leaves pinnate. Stem several-fld 5. Geum.

** Style not elongating after jlowering .

Leaves 3-foliolate. Achenes on a large fleshy receptacle 6. Fragaria.

Leaves 3-many-foliolate. Achenes on a small dry receptacle...?. Potentilla.

I

114 ROSACES. [PRUNUS.

SERIES 2. Ripe carpels enclosed within the calyx-tube.

TRIBE Y. POTERIE'-ffi. Petals 4, 5, or 0. Carpels 1-3; ovules 1 in each
carpel, erect or pendulous. Fruit of 1-3 achenes enclosed in the small
dry calyx- tube.

Calyx 4-5-lobed, with 4-5 adnate bracts. Petals 0 8. Alcherailla.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 12-20 9. Agrimonia.

Calyx of 4 petaloid lobes. Petals 0. Stamens 4-30 10. Poterium.

TRIBE VI. RO'SE-flE, Petals 4-5. Carpels many ; ovules 1 in each carpel,
pendulous. Fruit of many achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube.

11. Rosa.

TRIBE VII. PO'ME-ffi. Petals 5. Carpels 1-5 ; ovules 2 collateral in each
carpel, erect or ascending. Fruit fleshy, 1- 2- or 5-celled.

Fruit 2-5-celled,. cells with cartilaginous walls 12. Pyrus.

Fruit a drupe with 1-5 included stones 13. Cratsegus.

Fruit a drupe with 3-5 §-exserted stones 14. Cotoneaster.

1. PRUNUS, L. PLUM AND CHERRY.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, glandular-serrulate ; petiole
2-glandular. Flowers white or red, solitary corymbose or racemed, honeyed.
Calyx inferior, deciduous in fruit ; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens
15-20, perigynous, filaments free. Carpels 1 ; style terminal ; ovules
2, collateral, pendulous. Drupe with an indehiscent or 2-valved, 1-seeded,
smooth, or rugged stone. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen
scanty or 0. — DlSTBlB. N. temp, regions, rare in the tropics ; species 80.
— ETYM. The old Latin name.

SECTION 1. Pru'nus proper. Leaves convolute in bud. Flowers solitary
or fascicled, appearing with the leaves or before them. Drupe glaucous.

1. P. commu'nis, Huds. ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate pubescent

beneath when young, petals obovate-oblong, flesh of drupe adhering to the

stone.

Copses, hedges, &c., ascending to 1,300 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. March-April. — A small, rigid, much-branched shrub, 3-8 ft. ;
branches usually spinescent ; wood very hard and tough. Leaves petioled,
£-2 in., variable in breadth, actiteness, and length of petiole. Flowers white,
shortly pedicelled, proterogynous. Petals variable in breadth. Drupe globose.
— DISTRIB. The Sloe is confined to Europe, the Bullace extends to N.
Africa, and the Himalaya,

P. COMMUNIS proper ; bark black, branches divaricate all spinescent, leaves
finely serrulate at length glabrous beneath, flowers §-f in. diam. preceding
the leaves, pedicels solitary or in pairs glabrous, petals obovate, drupe \ in.
diam. black erect very austere. P. spinosa, L. — From Sutherland southd.
Sloe, Blackthorn.

Sub-sp. P. INSITI'TIA, L. ; bark brown, branches straight a few spinescent,
leaves larger broader more obtusely serrate pubescent beneath, peduncles
downy, petals broader, drupe f-1 in. diam. globose drooping black or
yellow. —From Lanark southd., but doubtfully indigenous in many habitats
Bullace.

PIUJNUS.] ROSACES. 115

Sub-sp. P. DOMES'TICA, L. ; bark brown, branches straight unarmed, leaves
pubescent on the ribs beneath, peduncles glabrous, drupe 1-1J in. diam.,
black. — Not indigenous, except in W. Asia. Wild Plum.

SECTION 2. Cer'asus. Leaves conduplicate in bud. Flowers solitary
or fascicled, appearing with the leaves or after them.

2. P. Cer'asus, L. ; leaves spreading oblong-obovate or elliptic crenate-
serrate glabrous, petiole short, corolla cup-shaped, petals firm suberect
obovate, fruit acid. Wild Cherry ; Dwarf Cherry.

Copses, &c., from York southd., wild or well established; rare in Ireland?
Channel Islands ; fl. May. — A bush or small tree with copious suckers ; bark
red ; branches slender, pendulous. Leaves dark blue-green. Flowers homoga-
mous ; buds with scarious outer scales and leafy inner ones. Calyx-tube not
constricted, lobes crenate. Petals notched. Fruit red, juice not staining.
— Origin of the Morello, Duke, and Kentish cherries. — DISTRIB. Europe
to W. Himalaya, Azores, Canaries.

3. P. Avi'um, L. ; leaves drooping oblong-obovate acutely serrate pu-
bescent beneath, petiole long, corolla open, petals flaccid almost obcordate,
fruit sweet or bitter. Gean.

Copses and woods from Caithness southd., probably wild only in the S. ;
Ireland ; fl. May. — A tree without suckers, branches short, stout, rigid
ascending. Leaves large, pendulous, pale green. Flowers homogamous;
buds with none of the scales leafy. Calyx-tube constricted at the top,
lobes quite entire. Fruit with staining juice. — Origin of the Geans, Hearts,
and Bigaroon cherries. — DISTRIB. Europe to "W". Himalaya.

SECTION 3. Laurocer'asus. Leaves conduplicate in bud. Flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves.

4. P. Padus, L. ; leaves elliptic or obovate acutely doubly serrate.
Bird Cherry.

Copses and woods, from Caithness to S. "Wales and Leicester ; ascends to 1,500
ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; fl. May. — A tree, 10-20 ft. Leaves 2-4 in., un--
equally cordate at the base, axils of the nerves pubescent; stipules linear-
subulate, glandular-serrate. Racemes 3-5 in., from short lateral buds,
lax-fld. Flowers J-£ in. diam., white, erect, then pendulous, proterogy-
nous ; pedicels | in., erect in fruit ; bracts deciduous, linear. Calyx-lobes
obtuse, glandular-serrate. Petals erose. Drupe % in., ovoid, black, bitter ;
stone globose, rugose. — DISTJRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W.
Asia, Himalaya.

2. SPIRJE'A, L.

Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound ;
stipules free or adnate to the petiole, rarely 0. Flowers in axillary or
terminal cymes, white or red. Calyx inferior, persistent ; lobes 4-5, im-
bricate or valvate in bud. Petals 4-5. Stamens 20-60, filaments free or
connate below. Disk fleshy, often hairy. Carpels 5 or more, free or con-
nate below ; styles subterminal ; ovules 2 or more, pendulous. Follicles

I 2

116 ROSACE^E. [SriiiasA.

5 or more, few-seeded. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold regions of the N.
hemisphere ; species 50. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. S. Ulma'ria, L. ; herbaceous, leafy, leaves interruptedly pinnate
serrate white and downy beneath, terminal segments large acutely lobed,
cymes corymbose very compound, carpels glabrous twisted 2-ovuled.
Meadow-sweet, Queen of the Meadows.

Meadows and water-sides, N. to Shetlands ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Eootstock short. Stems
2-4 ft., erect, furrowed. Radical leaves 1-2 ft. ; terminal leaflets 1-3 in. ;
lateral entire, alternate very small ; stipules leafy, |-ovate, toothed. Cymes
2-6 in. diam., pubescent. Flowers ^-J in. diam., white, proterandrous, not
honeyed. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Carpels 5-9, twisted together into an
almost horizontal plane. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Asia Minor, N. Asia.

2. S. Filipen'dula, L. ; herbaceous, leaves interruptedly pinnate gla-
brous, leaflets sessile deeply cut serrate, cymes panicled, carpels pubescent
straight 2-ovuled. Dropwort.

Dry pastures, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; W.
Ireland; fl. June-July — Rootstock short; root-fibres interruptedly tuberous.
Stetn 2-3 ft., erect, grooved, with few small leaves. Leaves 4-10 in.,
chiefly radical; leaflets f-| in., very many, almost pinnatifid, sessile by a
broad base, alternate very small, terminal 3-lobed; stipules of cauline leaves
toothed. Cymes loose; peduncles slender. Flowers J-J in. diam., white or
rosy outside, homogamous, not honeyed. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Carpels 6-12,
erect. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia.

S. SALICIFO'LTA, L. ; shrubby, leaves oblong- lanceolate serrate glabrous,
stipules 0, cymes terminal racemose, carpels glabrous many-ovuled.
Plantations, not indigenous ; fl. July- Aug. — Stems 3-5 ft., stoloniferous.

Leaves 2-3 in., equally or unequally serrate. Cymes dense, subcylindric.

Flowers rosy or pink. Carpels 5.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.

America.

3. RU'BUS, L. BRAMBLE, RASPBERRY, &c.

Creeping herbs or sarmentose shrubs, almost always prickly. Leaves
alternate, simple or compound ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers in
terminal and axillary corymbose panicles, rarely solitary, white or red.
Calyx inferior, tube broad ; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many.
Disk coating the calyx-tube. Carpels many, distinct, on a convex recep-
tacle ; style subterrninal ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Drupes many,
1 -seeded, crowded upon a dry or spongy conical receptacle. Seed pendu-
lous.— DISTRIB. Abundant in the N. hemisphere, few in the Southern ;
species 100. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

* Stem herbaceous or nearly so.

1. R. Chamgesno'rus, L. ; stem erect unarmed 1 -flowered, leaves few
suborbicular-corclate obtusely 5-7-lobed, flowers dioecious. Cloudberry.

RUBUS.] ROSACEsE. 117

Peaty alpine and subalpine moors, from Derby and Wales northd. ; ascends
to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands; N. Ireland, very rare; fl. June-July. — Pubes-
cent. Eootstock creeping, branched. Stem 4-8 in., simple, sheathed below
by obtuse leafless stipules. Leaves 1-3 in. diam., petioled, crenate, plaited,
rugose ; stipules ovate, obtuse. Flowers 1 in. diam., white. Sepals oblong,
obtuse, unequal, villous. Petals oblong. Fruit \ in., orange-yellow ; drupes
few, large, persistent, stone smooth. — DISTRIB. N. Europe (Arctic), Siberia,
N. America. — Berry very grateful, fresh or preserved.

2. R. saxat'ilis, L. ; barren stems procumbent unarmed or with
scattered bristles, flowering shorter erect, leaves 3-foliolate.

Stony banks of subalpine rivulets, copses, &c., from Cornwall, Devon, S.
Wales, and Gloster to Sutherland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; fl. June-July. — Softly pubescent. Eootstock creeping, stoloniferous.
Stems simple, with leafless obtuse stipules below ; leafing 2-3 ft., flowering
6-18 in. Leaves few ; leaflets 1-3 in., green, membranous, lateral shortly
petioled, rhomboid-ovate, obscurely lobed, sharply doubly toothed ; stipules
linear. Flowers § in. diam., few, white ; peduncles terminal, very short.
Calyx-lobes ovate. Petals very small, linear-obovate. Drupes 2-3, globose,
scarlet, persistent, stone reticulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya.

** Stem shrubby, with many suckers. Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate^

3. Rf Idse'us, L. ; prickles of the stem straight slender, of the flower-
ing shoots curved, leaflets ovate or elliptic acuminate white and hoary
beneath, flowers drooping, petals short, drupes deciduous. Raspberry.
Woods, from the Orkneys southd. ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands;

fl. June-Aug. — Eootstock short. Stems 3-5 ft., erect, biennial, terete, pruin-
ose. Leaves variable ; leaflets 3-5 in., acutely irregularly serrate ; stipules
adnate half-way, subulate. Cymes J in. diam., few-fld., axillary and ter-
minal, white. Flowers honeyed, homogamous. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceo-
late, tips long. Petals linear-obovate. Drupes many, red or yellow, hoary,
stone pitted. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.— j?.
Lees'ii, Bab., is a reduced state with crowded shorter leaflets. Westmoreland,
Warwick, Oxford, Devon, and Somerset.

** Stem shrubby, without suckers. Leaves S-l-foliolate, rarely pinnate*

4. R. frutico'sus, L. ; stem prickly, flowers in panicled or racemed
corymbs or fascicles. Blackberry, Bramble.

Copses, hedges, &c. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem glabrous or with prickles bristles and
gland-tipped hairs in various proportions, best marked on the flowerless
shoots, which are suberect, or arched and rooting from a callus at the tip,
thus giving rise to new individuals. Leaves usually pinnately 3-5-foliolate,
subpersistent, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets petioled, overlapping or not,
obovate or rhomboid-ovate, coarsely irregularly serrate or toothed, convex,
dark green above, paler, often glaucous beneath. Flowers white or pink,
homogamous, in terminal racemes, the lateral branches corymbose or elon-
gate. Drupes black or red-purple. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

113 ROSACES. [RUBUS.

For the following arrangement of the British forms of R. frutico'sus I am
indebted to Mr. J. G. Baker.

a Stems with scattered uniform prickles, quite glabrous, i.e. without bristles
or gland-tipped hairs.

ub-sp. R. SUBEREC'TUS, Anders, ; barren shoots suberect, tips not rooting,
leaflets large membranous bright green glabrous or slightly hairy beneath,
sepals green with distinct white edges, drupes numerous claret-coloured or
black. R. umbro'sus, Lees. R. fastiyia'tus, W. and N. — Copses, England,
Scotland, and Ireland, especially in the north. One of the best-marked
forms. — R. plica'tus, W. and N., has larger and more hooked prickles. R.
fis'sus, LindJ., has copious small prickles, leaflets more hairy beneath, sepals
sometimes appressed to the fruit. R, affi'nis,W. and N. (lentigino'sus, Lees,
a form), is a connecting link with sub-sp. rhamnifo'lius* VAR. R. hemi-
ste'mon, Miill. ; has subracemose inflorescence, very hairy rachis and calyx
appressed to the fruit.

Sub-sp. R. RHAMNIFO'UTJS, W. and TV.; barren stem arched angular tips
rooting not glaucous, leaflets often large cordate and reflexed more finely
toothed than in the two following, sometimes white and tomentose beneath,
sepals not distinctly white edged, fruit large black juicy. — From Mid. Scot-
land, southd. ; Ireland. — R. cordifolius,W. and N., has leaflets larger, rounder,
more coarsely toothed, terminal more cordate. — R. incurra'tus, Bab., differs
in the broad basal prickles, leaflets more sharply toothed with incurved
waved margins, more hairy beneath, and more densely hairy white calyx. —
R. imbrica'tus, Hort, is intermediate between corylifo'lius and cordifo'lius ;
11. Grabow'skii,~We'ihv, and R. Coleman'ni, Bloxam,are intermediate between
this sub-sp. and Kceh'leri. R. macrophyl'lus var. ylabra'ta, Bab., belongs here.
R. ramo'sus, Blox., has fewer prickles, broadly ovate convex shining leaflets
that do not overlap, a larger laxer panicle and pink petals.

Sub-sp. R. LINDLEIA'NUS, Lees ; barren stems arching glabrous, leaflets not
imbricate terminal obovate or oblong cuspidate, panicle very open compound
with patent hairy corymbose branches and many deflexed unequal prickles.
R. nitidus, Bell Salter, not W. and N.— Common in Britain, unknown on
the Continent.

Sub-sp. R. COTCYLIFO'LIUS, Sm. ; barren stem between arched and prostrate not
glaucous tip rooting, leaflets 5 membranous hazel-like imbricate, sepals
densely tomentose all over the back, drupes few large. R. sublus'tris, Lees,
R.purpu'reus, Bab. — From the Clyde southd. — The type has terete stems and
many small slender prickles. — R. Balfouria'nus, Blox., and althceifo'lius, Bab.,
not Host, have sepals appressed to the fruit ; the former approaches cce'sius by
its corymbose inflorescence. R. latifo'lius, Bab., is a rare form intermediate
between this sub-sp. and the last. R. Wahlber'yii,A-rr\i. (conjun'yens, Bab.),
is a form with more angular barren stems and larger prickles.

Sub-sp. R. CJE'SIUS, L. ; stem prostrate glaucous, prickles more unequal
setaceous, leaflets usually 3 green on both surfaces, sepals appressed, densely
tomentose all over the back, drupes few large glaucous. — Hedges and
thickets from Perth southd. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland.
— Dewberry. — Often a well-marked form from its glaucous character. R.
ten'uis, Bell Salter, ulmifo'lius, interme'dius, and his'pidus are indistinguish-
able forms; R.pseudc-idce'us, Lej., is probably a hybrid with R. Idcc'us.

RUBUS.] ROSACES. 119

/3 Steins ivith scattered uniform prickles, pubescent or hairy, but with few or no
aland-tipped hairs or bristles, barren ones arching and rooting at the tip.

Sub-sp. E. DIS'COLOR, W. and N. ; stem with appressed stellate hairs, prickles
strong, leaflets small most persistent of any, bright green above, densely
tomentose and white beneath, flowers pink, sepals always reflexed, drupes
small with little flesh. E. abrup'tus, Lindl. — The most common form
except in Scotland (chiefly S. and Mid. Europe.) — R. thyrsoi'deus, Wimm.,
has stem stronger and more arching, flowers white, leaflets larger less
white beneath, pubescence of stem and leaves looser. — VAR. pubi'gera, Bab.,
connects this with leucosta'chys.

Sub-sp. R. LEUCOSTA'CHYS, Sm. ; stem angular between arching and prostrate
with copious spreading hairs and sometimes a few glandular hairs rachis of
panicle densely villous, leaflets finely toothed densely pubescent often white
beneath, ter. unal one roundish with a point, panicle thyrsoid compound,
sepals reflexed, petals often deep red. R. vesti'tus,^Weihe ; R. Leightonia'nus,
Bab. — Common from Berwick southd. ; Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. VILLICATJ'US, Weihe ; stem angular with copious spreading hairs
but no glandular ones, rachis of panicle densely villous, leaflets finely
toothed densely pubescent often white beneath, terminal roundish with a
point, panicle thyrsoid compound, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. carpini-
fo'lius, Bab. not Blox. ; R. pampino'sus, Lees. R. vulga'ris, W. and N., con-
nects villicau'lis with Rad'ula by R. adsci'tus, Genev., and R. dera'sus, Miill.
— Common, N. to Sutherland ; Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. SALT'ERI, Bab. ; stem angular arching with no glandular hairs, spread-
ing hairs few aud deciduous, leaflets coarsely and irregularly toothed shortly
grey-pubescent or finally subglabrous beneath, terminal roundish pointed
often cordate, panicle thyrsoid compound, rachis finely pubescent with
copious strong red prickles, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. calva'tus, Blox. —
From York southd.; Ireland. — Connects this group with rliamnifo'lius.

Sub-sp. R. UMBRO'SUS, Arrh. ; stem angular, hairs few and deciduous none
glandular, leaflets sometimes 7 finely toothed finely grey-pubescent beneath,
terminal roundish or obovate pointed, panicle thyrsoid compound, rachis
finely pubescent, sepals reflexed, petals pale. R. macrophyl'lus, var.
umbro'sa, Bab.; R. carpinifo'lius, of many English writers, not Weihe. — R.
hirtifo'lius, Miill., is an allied form unknown to me. — Common, from the
Clyde southd.

Sub-sp. R. MACROPHYL'LUS, Weihe ; stem angular with a few spreading hairs
aud no glandular ones, leaflets coarsely and irregularly toothed finely grey-
pubescent beneath, terminal obovate or obovate-oblong pointed, panicle
thyrsoid compound, rachis finely pubescent, sepals reflexed, petals pale. 7?.
Schlechtendahl'ii, Weihe ; R. amplifica'ttis, Lees. — From Aberdeen southd. ;
Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. MUCRONTJLA'TUS, Boreau; stems between arching and prostrate with
a few spreading and often a few glandular hairs, leaflets shortly grey-
pubescent beneath, terminal roundish abruptly pointed, panicle sparse often
subsimple, rachis densely villous, its prickles few and weak, sepals reflexed,
petals pale. R. mucrona'tus, Blox. not Scringe.— Local, from the Clyde
southd.; Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. SPREXGE'LII, Weihe ; stem weak wide-trailing terete with a few
spreading and often a few glandular hairs, leaflets coarsely toothed finely
and shortly grey-pubescent or finally subglabrous beneath, often only three

120 ROSACES. [RuBUS.

on the fully developed leaves, terminal obovate pointed, panicle broad
sparse often subsimple, rachis finely pubescent with few prickles, sepals
ascending often leaf-pointed, petals pink. R. Borre'ri, Bell Salter; E.
rubicolor, Blox. — A well-marked but local form from York to Hants.

y Stems with copious bristles and glandular hairs, prickles unequal, often
very numerous.

f Leaves of the barren shoot 5-foliolate.

Sub-sp.

R. DTJMETO'BUM, Weihe ; stem between arching and trailing sub-
cylindric sometimes pruinose, bristles few or many, hairs 0 or few on the
barren shoots, generally fewer on the rachis of the panicle than in all the
following, leaflets broad finely grey-pubescent or subglabrous beneath,
lateral pairs much imbricated, toothing open but not long, terminal subor-
bicular, sepals reflexed or ascending not leaf-pointed, petals broad, drupes
few large. It. nemoro'sus of many, scarcely of Hayne. — The glandular
representative of corylifo'lius in fruit, leaves, and prolonged flowering. E.
tubercula'tus, Bab., is a variety with subequal prickles, appressed sepals, few
bristles and glandular hairs. E. diver sifo'lius, Lindl., has more copious and
irregular prickles and sepals mostly reflexed. R. emersisty'lus, Mull. (E.
JBriygs'ii, Blox.), is near diver sifo'lius, but stems more hairy, leaflets round,
and calyx appressed to the fruit. E. concin'nus, Baker, has subequal
prickles, smaller and less coarsely toothed leaflets and reflexed sepals. —
Common in hedges, England and Ireland ; very variable.

Sub-sp. K. RAD'ULA, Weihe ; stem arching angular, prickles strong subequal,
bristles hairs and glands of barren stem copious, leaflets not imbricated
grey or often white-pubescent beneath, toothing moderately fine in the
typical form, terminal leaflet obovate, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed,
petals broad. — E. ru'dis, Weihe, is a variety with stronger prickles and
leaflets deeply and very irregularly toothed. E. Leighto'ni, Lees, denticula'tus,
Bab., mutabilis, Genev., and obli'quus, Wirtg., are closely allied. — Common
in hedges, from Fife southd. ; Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. BLOXA'MII, Lees ; stem arching angular, prickles smaller than in
the preceding, subequal, hairs bristles and glands moderately numerous,
leaflets not imbricated moderately coarsely toothed green finely-pubescent
beneath, terminal suborbicularoften cordate, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed,
petals broad. — E. sca'ber, Weihe (jBabinyto'mi, Bell Salter), is an allied form
with stronger prickles and the panicle often very large and lax with patent
branches. E. fusco-a'ter, Weihe, is a rare form connecting this with
villicauflis. — Local, from Durham southd.

Sub-sp. R. KCEHI/EJRI, Weihe ; stem trailing nearly terete, prickles very
numerous irregular strongly hooked, bristles numerous, glandular and simple
hairs few, leaflets not imbricate pubescence thin grey, toothing moderately
coarse, terminal orbicular, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed, petals broad. —
E. cavatifo'lius, Miill., is a subglabrous form with few hairs and bristles,
leaflets not tomentose hairy on the veins beneath terminal cordate, panicle
abrupt with short thick terminal peduncles. JR. infes'tus, Weihe, is a variety
with an arching stem, prickles and bristles much less dense. — From the
Clyde southd. ; Ireland.

BUBUS.] ROSACES. 121

Sub-sp. K. HYS'TRIX, Weihe ; stem arching angular, prickles weak subeqnal,
bristles glandular and simple hairs moderately numerous, leaflets not imbri-
cate green thinly pubescent or finely glabrous beneath, terminal obovate,
toothing fine, sepals ascending remarkably leaf-pointed, petals broad. — R.
Lejeu'nii, Weihe, is a variety with a large lax panicle with patent branches.
R. rosa'ceus, Weihe, is a trailing variety with more irregular prickles and
narrow petals. — Local, from Northumberland southd. ; Ireland.

Sub-sp. E. PAI/LIDUS, Weihe; stem angular wide-trailing, prickles small
copious very unequal, bristles simple and glandular hairs copious, leaflets
not imbricate finely toothed densely grey or sometimes white-pubescent
beneath, terminal obovate, sepals reflexed not leaf -pointed, petals narrow.
— R. humifu'sus, Weihe, and It. folio'sus, Weihe, are varieties with the leaves
prolonged into the panicle. R. hirtus, Weihe (ficscus, Lees), and Reuteri,
Merc., are closely allied forms. R. prce'ruptorum, Boul. (R. pygma'us, Bab.,
not Weihe, and var. Men'kii, Bab.), is a form between pal'lidus and Blox' ami.
— Common in woods, from Perth and the Clyde southd., local ; Ireland.

ft Leaves of barren shoot 3-foliolate.

Sub-sp. R. GLANDTJLO'SUS, Bdl. ; stem subterete trailing, prickles small
straight weak, bristles simple and glandular hairs copious, leaves green
thinly pubescent beneath, panicle thyrsoid compound, bristles of rachis
very fine and copious, sepals ascending leaf-pointed densely bristly on
the back, petals narrow. — R. Bellar'di, Weihe (R. denta'tus, Blox.), is a
variety with less prickly rachis and sepals and membranous leaves green
and nearly glabrous beneath. R. rotundifo'lius, Blox., has prickles stronger,
leaves more hairy beneath, sepals less distinctly leaf-pointed. R. Purchasii,
Blox., is an obscure plant of this affinity. — Local, from Aberdeen southd.;
Ireland.

Sub-sp. R. SALTU'UM, Focke ; stem trailing terete, prickles small very unequal,
bristles glandular and simple hairs much fewer than in the last, leaves
densely shortly pubescent often white beneath, panicle compound, rachis
very wavy, sepals reflexed not leaf-pointed, petals narrow. R. Gunthe'ri,
Weihe. — Local.

Sub-sp. K. PYRAMIDA'LIS, Bab. ; stem trailing clothed as in the last, leaves
green thinly hairy beneath, panicle subracemose, rachis straight, sepals
ascending leaf -pointed, petals narrow. — Wales, Worcester, and Devonshire.

4. DRY'AS, L.

Prostrate, tufted, scapigerous shrubs. Leaves simple, white beneath ;
stipules adnate to the petiole. Floicers solitary, large white, or yellow,
cindro-dioeeeons, proterandrous or subproterogynous. Calyx inferior, per-
sistent ; lobes 8-9, valvate in bud. Petals 8-9. Stamens many, crowded.
Disk concave, hairy. Carpels many, sunk in the calyx-tube ; style ter-
minal ; ovule 1, ascending. Achenes many ; styles slender, feathery. —
DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine regions of N. temp, zone ; species 2 or 3. —
ETYM. Spvds, from the oak-like foliage.

D. octopet'ala, L. ; leaves oblong-ovate coarsely crenate-serrate. D.
depressa, Bab.

122 ROSACES. [DBYAS.

Stony, chiefly limestone and mountain districts, local, from Carnarvon and
Stafford to Orkney, ascends to 2,700 ft. ; descending to sea-level in N. and
W. Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Stem tortuous, much branched. Leaves ^-1 in.,

glandular hairs, obtuse or subacute. Petals oblong. Achenes hispid ; awn
1-2 in. — DISTRIB. of the genus.

5. GE'UM, L. A YENS.

Erect perennial herbs. Radical leaves crowded, pinnate ; terminal
leaflet very large ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers solitary or
corymbose, white yellow or red, honeyed. Calyx inferior, persistent, with
5 bracteoles above its base ; lobes 5, imbricate or valvate in bud. Petals
5. Stamens crowded. Disk smooth or grooved. Carpels manv, recep-
tacle short or long ; styles filiform, straight or bent ; ovule 1, ascending.
Achenes many, on a dry receptacle, ending in filiform straight or bent
styles which are often hooked at the tip. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temp,
and cold regions ; species 30. — ETYM. yevoo, from the aromatic roots.

1. G. urba'num, L. ; flowers erect, head of achenes sessile, awn with
a short glabrous hook at the tip, calyx-lobes reflexed in fruit.

Borders of copses, hedgebanks, &c., from Caithness southd., ascends to near
1,700 ft. in the Lake district; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Ang. —
Softly hairy. Stem 1-3 ft. Radical leaves long-petioled, interruptedly pin-
nate ; terminal leaflet 2-3 in. broad, suborbicular, obscurely lobed. crenate ;
lateral J-| in., oblong, sessile; cauline leaves variable; stipules foliaceous,
lobed and toothed. Flowers ^-f in. diam., yellow, proterogynous ; peduncle
slender. Petals obovate, spreading, as long as the acute calyx-lobes.
A chenes hispid, spreading; awn | in. ; receptacle hispid. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

2. G. riva'le, L. ; flowers drooping, head of achenes stalked, awn
jointed and hairy beyond the middle, calyx-lobes appressed in fruit.

By streams, in copses, &c., from Devon and Sussex to Orkney ; ascends to
2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. May- July.- Stem 1-lf ft., lower
part with soft reflexed hairs, very pubescent above. Leaves very variable,
much as in G. urba'num, but the segments are often numerous, the lateral
larger, and all more toothed; stipules small. Flowers 1-1| in. diam.,
proterogynous, sometimes submonoacious. Calyx-segments red-brown,
acuminate, pubescent. Petals yellow, obcordate. Achenes more or less
hispid. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. and S. America,
Australasia.

G. intermedium, Ehrh., is a hybrid; flowers sometimes erect, petals of G.
urba'num but deeper coloured, calyx intermediate, not reflexed in fruit,
fruit usually sessile. — Damp woods, not uncommon (often with riva'le,
seldom with urba'num, Syme). Bell Salter produced this hybrid artificially,
and it proved fertile.

FRAGARIA.] ROSACES. 123

6. FRAGA'RIA, L. STRAWBERRY.

Perennial scapigerous herbs, with runners. Leaves 3-foliolate (in Britain),
pinnate or 1 -folio] ate ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers white or
yellow, honeyed, proterogynous, often polygamous. Calyx inferior,
persistent, 5-bracteolate ; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Petals 5. Stamens
many, persistent. Carpels many, distinct, receptacle convex ; styles
ventral, persistent ; ovule 1, ascending. Achenes many, minute, on the
surface of the enlarged fleshy receptacle. — DISTRIB. 1ST. temp, regions,
Andes, Sandwich Islands, Bourbon ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. The Latin
name for the fragrant fruit.

F. ves'ca, L. ; leaflets usually sessile, pedicels with silky appressed

hairs, flowers hermaphrodite. Wild Strawberry.

Shady places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 2,OCO ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-May. — Silky and hairy. Rootstock
short or long, woody, with a terminal tuft of leaves. Radical leaves peti-
oled ; leaflets 1-2 in., obliquely ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed or serrate,
plaited, lateral sometimes cleft; stipules scarious. Scapes 1-6 in., axillary.
Flowers ^— | in. diam., in irregular cymes, inclined, white ; bract at the base
of the cyme leafy, at the pedicel smaller stipuliform ; bracteoles ovate,
smaller than the acute calyx-lobes. Petals obovate. Receptacle of fruit
obovoid or globose, red or white, covered to the base with achenes, calyx-
lobes spreading. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N.
America.

F. ELA'TIOR, Ehrh. ; much larger than F. vesca, leaflets often shortly
stalked, pedicels with spreading hairs, flowers sub-1 -sexual.
A garden escape; fl. April-May. — The Haut-bois strawberry, whose origin

is probably F. ves'ca ; the base of receptacle is without achenes.

7. POTENTII/LA, L. ClNQUEFOIL.

Perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves compound ; stipules adnate to
the petiole. Flowers white or yellow, rarely red, solitary or in corymbose
cymes, honeyed. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-7- rarely 4-bracteolate ;
lobes as many, valvate in bud. Petals as many. Stamens many, rarely
few and definite. Disk annular or coating the calyx-tube. Carpels many,
rarely 1 or few, on a dry convex or concave receptacle ; style persistent or
deciduous, ventral or basal ; ovule 1, pendulous. Achenes many, recep-
tacle dry. — DISTRTB. N. temp, and Arctic regions, 2 are southern ; species
120. — ETYM. Potens, from the powerful medicinal effects attributed to
some.

SECTION 1. Trichothal'amus, Lehm. (gen.). Shrubby. Petals 5, orbi-
cular, yellow. Achenes many, hairy, on a very hispid receptacle.

1. P. frutico'sa, L. ; silky, leaves subdigitately-pinnate.
Rooky banks by rivers, local ; York, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland
N. Clare, Galway ; fl. June-July.— A mu^h-brauched, leafy shrub, 2-4 ft. ;

124 ROSACE^E. [POTENTILLA.

bark flaking. Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; leaflets 3-5, g-f in. ; margins
entire, revolute; stipules entire. Flowers 1-1| in., few, in terminal sub-
corymbose cymes, golden yellow, sub-1-sexual, homogamous; bracteoles
lanceolate, longer than the ovate calyx-segments. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid.
Europe, Alps (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. — In Tees-
dale the flowers appear to be functionally 1 -sexual ; the sexes differ in
appearance.

SECTION 2. Co'marum, L. (gen.). Petals 5, small, purple-brown.
Stamens many. Achenes many, glabrous, on a conical dry spongy dowuy
receptacle.

2. P. Co'marum, Nestl. ; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate. Co'marum
palustra, L.

Bogs and marshes, ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. June-July. — Sparingly hairy. Rootstock long, woody; roots
fibrous. Stems i-lg ft., ascending, purple-brown. Leaves 2-4 in. ; leaflets
lJj-2 in., narrow-oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, pale beneath ; stipules
large, membranous, free portion often cut. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam., few.
Bracteoles smaller than the ovate-lanceolate acuminate sepals, purplish.
Petals much smaller, dark purplish-brown. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Asia, N. America. —Rootstock powerfully astringent, and yields a
yellow dye.

SECTION 3. Sibbald'ia, L. (gen.). Petals 5-7. Stamens 4-10.
Achenes 4-10, glabrous, on a concave pubescent receptacle.

3. P. Sib'baldi, Hall. f. ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate truncate
tip 3-6 -toothed. P. procum'bens, Clairv. ; Sibbald'ia procum'bens, L.
Stony places on the Scotch alps, from Peebles north to Shetland ; alt. 1,500-

4,000 ft. ; fl. July. — More or less hairy and glaucous. Rootstock woody,
depressed, branches leafy at the tip. Leaves 1-3 in. ; leaflets ^-1 in.
Flowering stems 3-5 in., axillary, ascending, leafy. Flowers J in. diam.,
few, in terminal close cymes. Petals small, narrow, orange-yellow, or 0.
Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute ; bracteoles linear. — DISTRIB. Alpine and
Arctic Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

SECTION 4. Potentil'la proper. Petals 5, rarely 4, orbicular or obcor-
date, usually yellow or white. Stamens many. Achencs many, on a
concave glabrous or hairy receptacle.

* Flowering stems annual, from below the crown of the perennial rootstock.

4. P. Tormentil'la, Scop. ; stem slender rarely rooting, leaves 3-
rarely 5-foliolate, flowers usually cymose, petals usually 4 yellow, acheues
reticulate.

Heaths, copses, dry pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept. — Slightly hairy.
Rootstock stout, almost tuberous. Stems 6-10 in., slender, leafy, clothed
with curly hairs. Leaves subsessile ; radical petioled, leaflets £-£ in., obovate-
cuneate, tip 3-4-toothed or -lobed ; cauline subsessile, leaflets much narrower;
stipules foliaceous, cut. Flowers |-| in. diam., yellow, homogamous. Calyx-

POTENTILLA.] ROSACES. 1 25

lobes ovate; bracteoles linear, as long. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W.

Siberia, Azores. — Kootstock strongly astringent, used for tanning.
P. TORMENTII/LA proper ; erect or suberect, cauline leaves sessile 3-foliolate,

flowers cymose. Tormentilla erecta, L. ; T. officinaflis, Curt.
Sub-sp. P. PROGUM'SEXS, Sibth ; procumbent, cauline leaves 3-5-foliolate often

petioled, flowers few or solitary. P. nemora'lis, Nestl.; Tormentil'la rep'tans, L.

5. P. rep'tans, L. ; stem slender creeping and rooting, leaves digitately
5- rarely 3-foliolate long-petioled, flowers solitary on slender axillary ped-
uncles, petals 5 yellow, achenes granulate.

Meadows, waysides, and pastures, from Banff and Cantire southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Very variable in size and pubescence ;
usually larger than P. Tormentil'la^ and having besides the above characters
bracteoles as broad as the sepals. Flowers |-1 in. diam., homogamous. —
DISTRIB. Europe, from Gothland southd., N. and "W. Asia, Himalaya,
Canaries, Azores.

P. mixta, Nolte, is a supposed hybrid with P. Tormentil'la.

6. P. ver'na, L. ; stem prostrate, leaves digitately 5 -7-foliolate, leaflets
obovate or cuiieate truncate deeply crenate or lobulate towards the tip,
flowers several yellow, achenes smooth glabrous.

Hilly rocky places, local ; from Forfar to Cambridge and Somerset ; fl. April-
June. — More or less hairy. Rootstock woody, branched, tufted. Radical
leaves 2-3 in. ; stipules with narrow subulate tips ; leaflets |-| in., green on
both surfaces; terminal tooth short; cauline 1-3-foliolate, their stipules
ovate-lanceolate. Flowers few, Jin. diam., homogamous.— DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), Siberia, W. Asia, Himalaya.

7. P. salisburgen'sis, ffaenke ; stem ascending, leaves digitately 5-7-
foliolate, leaflets obovate or cuiieate deeply crenate or serrate usually above
the middle, flowers several yellow, achenes smooth glabrous. P. alpes'tris,
Hall. f. ; P. au'rca, Sm. not L. ; 7*. macula! ta, Pourr.

Kooky alpine ledges, local, from Aberdeen and Argyll to York and Wales ;
ascends to 2,700 feet in the Highlands ; fl. June-July.— Probably a large
form of P. ver'na, with ascending stems, 4-10 in., larger less truncate
leaflets (but not constantly so), and flowers 1 in. diain. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Greenland, Labrador. — The name P. macula'ta is
coeval with Salisbury en' sis. I have taken the latter because the spotted-
petalled form (which occurs on Ben Lawers) is a scarce one.

8. P. anseri'na, L. ; stoloniferous, silky, leaves interruptedly pinnate,
leaflets many deeply serrate or pinnatifid, the alternate minute, flowers
solitary yellow, achenes glabrous smooth. Silver Weed.

Roadsides and damp pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug.— Eootstock slender, branched.
Stems 0. Leaves 2-5 in., silvery beneath, stoloniferous from their axils ;
leaflets J-2 in., alternate, close-set, sessile, obovate oblong, obtuse, serratures
tipped with silky hairs ; stipules calyptriform, enclosing the buds. Flowers
|-f in. diam., on solitary axillary slender peduncles, homogamous ; bracteoles

126 ROSACES. [POTENTILLA.

often serrate. — DISTRIB. Arctic and N. and S. temp, regions, Himalaya.—
Rootstock eaten in times of scarcity in the Hebrides.

9. P. Fragarias'trum, Ehrh. ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate,
flowers white, achenes hairy below reticulate. Fraga'ria ster'ilis, L.
Waysides, woods, and banks, N. to Caithness; ascends to 2,100 ft. in Wales;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Similar to Frayaria ves'ca, but has
no runners, nerves of leaflets not sunk above, and fruit very different. — More
or less hairy or silky. Rootstock stout, woody, branched, depressed. Leaves
2-6 in., tufted ; petiole with spreading hairs ; leaflets |-1 in., coarsely
crenate towards the tip, very hairy beneath. Flowering stems 1-6 in.,
axillary, slender, naked or 1-2-leavecl, 1-3-fld. Flowers ^ in. diam.
Receptacle with very long hairs. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

f* Flowering stems annual, terminating the branches of the perennial rootstock.
Receptacle hairy.

10. P. rupes'tris, L. ; leaves pinnate, radical 5- cauline 3-foliolate,
flowers white.

Rocks, Craig Breidden, Montgomery ; fl. May-June. — Hairy, especially below.
Rootstock woody, branched. Stems 1-2 ft., erect, branched above. Radical
leaves 3-6 in., petiole very slender; leaflets f-1 in., unequal at the base,
oblong or obliquely obovate, irregularly crenate ; cauline few, subsessile.
Flowers few, f-1 in. diam. Achenes smooth, glabrous. — DISTRIB. From
Gothland southd., N. and W. Asia, Kashmir.

11. P. argen'tea,o L. ; leaves digitately 5-foliolate, leaflets cuneate
much cut white beneath, flowers yellow.

Dry pastures and roadsides; from Elgin and E. Scotland southd., local;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — More or less covered, especially the leaves
beneath, with white appressed wool. Rootstock short, woody. Stems 6-18
in., slender, suberect or decumbent, branched, leafy ; branches divaricating.
Leaves petioled, upper most sessile ; leaflets |-1| in., narrowly cuneate,
^-pinnatifid upwards, margins recurved. Flowers ^-| in. diam., subcorym-
bose. Achenes smooth, glabrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and "W.
Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

*** Root annual.
P. NORVE'GICA, L. ; hirsute, leaves palmately 3-foliolate, leaflets oblan-

ceolate coarsely-toothed, flowers yellow.

Middlesex, Hertford, York ; naturalized and apparently rapidly spreading ;
fl. July. — Stem stout, simple below, erect; 8-10 in. ; rarely branched above,
rarely at the base and decumbent. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., petiole slender,
leaflets 1-2 in., serrate nearly to the base. Flowers in crowded terminal
cymes, \ in. diam. Petals stouter than the calyx, obovate. Achenes rugose,
— DISTRIB. Europe, temp, and Arctic Asia and America. — Though usually
annual, specimens from the Kolyma river in Siberia have a perennial
rootstock.

8. ALCHEMIL LA, L. LADY'S MANTLE.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves orbicular, lobed or deeply divided ;
stipules sheathing and adnate to the petiole. Flowers minute, in scorpioid

ALCHEMILLA.] ROSACES. 127

cymes, honeyed. Calyx urceolate, persistent, 4-5-bracteolate ; lobes
4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the mouth
of the calyx. Disk coating the calyx-tube, its thickened margin all
but closing the mouth. Carpels 1-5, basal in the calyx-tube ; styles basal
or ventral ; ovule 1, basal. Aclienes 1-4, enclosed in the membranous
calyx- tube. — DISTUIB. Europe, India, and America, but chiefly Andean ;
species 30. — ETYM. Arabic.

SECTION 1. Aph'anes, L. (gen.). Annual. Cymes leaf-opposed, dense.
Bracteoles minute or 0. Antlieriferous stamens 1-2.

1. A. arven'sis, LamJc. ; leaves cuneate or fan-shaped 3-lobed, lobes
cut. Aplianes, L.

Fields and waste places in dry soil, N. to Shetland; ascends tol,6COft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland, Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Hairy, much
branched from the base ; branches 2-8 in., erect or prostrate. Leaves
J— 2 in., narrowed into the short petiole, lobes cuneate ; stipules palmately
cut. Flowers hidden by the stipules. Calyx usually 4-cleft. Aclienes 1-3. —
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "YV. Asia; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Alchemil'la proper. Perennial. Cymes corymbose or
panicled. Bracteoles conspicuous. Antlieriferous stamens usually 4.

2. A. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves reniform plaited 6-9-lobed green beneath.
Moist pastures and streams, N. to Shetland (absent in Kent) ; ascends to

3,600 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — More
or less hairy. Rootstock black, stout, short. Stem 6-18 in., ascending.
Radical leaves 2-6 in. diam., lobes serrate, petiole 6-18 in., cauline smaller ;
stipules connate, toothed. Cymes irregularly racemed or panicled. Flowers
•| in. diam., yellow-green, proterandrous, rarely perfect ; pedicel short.
Achenes 1 or 2, glandular. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and AY. Asia,
Kashmir, Greenland, Labrador.— Kootstock astringent and edible. — A,
monta'na, Willd. (A. hybrida, Pers.), is a dwarf mountain form with leaves
and petioles very pubescent or silky.

3. A. alpi'na, L. ; leaves 5-7 -partite or -foliolate silvery beneath.
Mountain streams and rocks, York to Shetland and Ireland, alt. 400-4,000 ft. ;

fl. June-Aug. — More or less clothed with silky hairs, except the upper
surface of the leaves. Rootstock slender, branched. Stems 3-9 in., ascending,
slender. Leaves on slender petioles, upper 1-2 in. diam., sessile, orbicular-
reniform ; leaflets f-lg: in., narrow oblong, sharply toothed at the tip ;
stipules connate, cleft. Cymes interruptedly spiked and panicled. Flowers
& in. diam., yellow-green ; pedicels short, hairy. Achenes minutely glandular.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Greenland.

A. conjunc'ta, Bab. (A. aryentea, Don), is a sport with subpeltate leaves, the
leaflets connate below the middle, found in Forfar and Arran, Faroe Isles,
France and Switzerland.

9. AGRIMO'NIA, L. AGRIMONY.

Slender perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets serrate ; stipules
partially adnate to the petiole. Flowers small, yellow, in terminal spike-

128 ROSACES. [AGBIMONIA.

like racemes, not honeyed ; pedicels bracteate at the base, 2-bracteolate.
Calyx inferior, persistent ; tube turbinate, spinous, month contracted ;
lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10 or more, inserted at the
mouth of the calyx. Disk lining the calyx- tube, its margin thickened.
Carpels 2, included in the calyx-tube ; styles exserted, stigma 2-lobed ;
ovule pendulous. Fruit, pendulous, of 1 or 2 achenes enclosed in the
hardened spinous calyx. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, and S. America ;
species 8. — ETYM. obscure.

A. Eupato'ria, L. ; leaves^ interruptedly pinnate, spines of calyx

hooked.

Hedgebanks, copses, and borders of fields ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Hairy or villous, erect, leafy, l|-3 ft., rarely
branched. Rootstock woody, short. Leaves 3-7 in. ; leaflets 3-10 pairs,
larger upwards, largest 1-3 in., sessile, oblong or lanceolate, deeply coarsely
serrate ; smaller J-| in., obovate or cuneate, 3-5-lcbed ; stipules foliaceous,
^-lunate. Racemes lengthening and pedicels recurved in fruit; bracts 3-ficl ;
bracteoles close to the calyx, flowers ^ in. diam., homogamous. Calyx-tube
£ in., woody in fruit, spines many around the thickened mouth ; lobes
conniving, triangular, acute.- — DISTETB. N, temp, regions, Himalaya, N/and
S. Africa, N. America. — Eootstock astringent, and yields a yellow dye. "

A. EUPATO'RIA proper ; calyx-tube obconic deeply furrowed fruiting, lower
spines spreading. — From Sutherland southd.

Sub-sp. A. ODOTIA'TA, Mill. ; more branched, resinous-scented, racemes denser,
flowers larger, calyx-tube campanulate scarcely furrowed, lower spines
spreading or reflexed. — From the Clyde and Perth southd., local ; very rare
in "Ireland.

10. POTE'RIUM, L.

Erect perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets petioled ; stipules
adnate to the sheathing petiole. Flowers small, in dense long-peduncled
centrifugal heads or spikes, bracteate, 2-bracteolate, often polygamous,
anemophilous. Calyx tube turbinate, mouth contracted ; lobes 4, petioled,
deciduous, imbricate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens 4 or more, inserted at
the mouth of the calyx, filaments slender ; anthers pendulous. Disk lining
the calyx-tube and closing its mouth. Carpels 1-3, enclosed in the calyx-
tube ; styles filiform, stigmas penicillate ; ovule 1, pendulous. Achenes
solitary, enclosed in the hardened 4-angled often winged or muricate
calyx-tube. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 20. — ETYM. obscure.

1. P. Sanguisor'ba, L. ; upper flowers female, lower male or 2-sexual,
stamens 20-30 much exserted, fruiting calyx 4- winged reticulate but not
pitted between the wings, edges of reticulation smooth. Salad Burnet.

Dry pastures; ascending to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire; E. Scotland only from
Perth to Berwick, local; rare in Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug.
— Glabrous or nearly so. Rootstock stout. Stem 6-18 in., ascending,
slender, much branched. Radical leaves 4-10 in. ; leaflets 5-10 pair, j— f in.,
broadly oblong, coarsely serrate ; stipules leafy. Flower-heads §-§ in., on
long peduncles, shortly oblong, purplish. Calyx-lobes & in., oblong; wings

POTERIUM.] ROSACES. 129

thin; bracteolesciliate. Stigmas exserted. Achene&ark, striate. — DISTEIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W", Asia, Himalaya.

P. MURIOA'TUM, Spach ; flower-heads and flowers as in P. Sanguisor'ba,
but fruiting calyx with thick entire or toothed wings pitted and reticu-
lated between the wings, ridges muricate and toothed.

Cultivated ground in Mid. and S. England; (an alien or colonist, Wats.}; fl.
July. — Chiefly distinguished from P. Sanyuisor'ba by the larger fruit and
calyx. — DISTJIIB. Mid. Europe and Mediterranean region.

2. P. officina le, Hook. f. ; flowers 2-sexual, stamens 4 not longer than
the calyx-lobes, fruiting calyx 4-winged smooth between the wings.
Sanguisor'ba officinal Us, L. Great Burnet.

Damp meadows, from Ayr and Selkirk southd. ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in
Yorkshire ; W. and N. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Very
similar to P. Sanguisorba, but rootstock horizontal, stem erect, leaflets
fewer, longer, less deeply serrate, usually cordate at the base, and flower-
heads often cylindric and 1-1J in. long. Flowerst honeyed, homogamous. —
DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.

11. RO'SA, L. ROSE.

Erect, sarmentose or climbing prickly shrubs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets
serrate ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers terminal, solitary or
corymbose, white yellow or red, rarely bracteate, not honeyed, homogamous.
Calyx-tube persistent, globose ovoid or pitcher-shaped, mouth contracted ;
lobes imbricate in bud. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted on the
disk. Disk coating the calyx-tube, its thickened margin all but closing
the mouth, silky. Carpels many, rarely few, sunk in the calyx-tube ;
styles subterminal, distinct or connate above, stigma thickened ; ovule 1,
pendulous. AcTienes coriaceous or bony, enclosed in the fleshy or coriaceous
calyx-tube. — DISTEIB. N. temp, regions, rare in America ; Abyssinia,
India, Mexico ; species about 30. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

The following account of the British roses is condensed from Mr. Baker's
monograph (Linn. Journ. xi. 197), and revised by himself, most of the
species being regarded as sub-species. As with the fruticose Rubi, all the
so-called species are connected by intermediates ; but whereas, in the Rubi,
the 4 or 5 most distinct British forms are connected by so many links that
various botanists regard them as forms of one species ; in Rosa, the five
most distinct British forms are connected by so few (comparatively)
intermediates, that no botanical authority has reduced them to one species.

1. R. spinosis'sima, L. ; small, erect, bushy, prickles crowded very
unequal nearly straight passing into stiff bristles and glandular hairs,
leaves not or slightly glandular, sepals more or less persistent, fruit short,
disk small or 0. Scotch Rose, Burnet Rose.

Open places especially sandy sea shores, from Caithness southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; ascends to 1,700ft. in Scotland; fl. May- June.— Shrub
1-4 ft., much branched. Leaves small, eglandular ; leaflets 7-9, singly or

K

130 ROSACES. [RosA.

doubly serrate, usually broad. Flowers 1-1| in. diam., rarely 3 or more
together, white or pink. Calyx-tube usually glabrous ; limb simple, egland-
ular. Styles free. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia,
Himalaya.

2. R. villo'sa, L. ; bush large, branches erect or elongate and arching,
prickles uniform scattered slender nearly straight, leaflets very hairy eglan<~"
ular or nearly so beneath, sepals more or less persistent densely glandular,
fruit globose or turbinate densely prickly rarely naked.

Hedges and thickets, N. to Shetland; Ireland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in York-
shire; fl. June-July. — Chiefly distinguished from R. spinosissima by its
larger size, equal prickles, fewer very downy leaflets which are more con-
stantly doubly serrate, and the more glandular fruit ; and from R. canina by
the straight prickles, and globose glandular fruit. — DLSTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
W. Asia.

It. VILLO'SA proper ; branches arching, sepals copiously pinnate quite per-
sistent, corolla often ciliateand glandular, fruit ripening early, disk obscure.
R. pomif'erctj Herrm.— Stafford and Gloster ; not indigenous, common in
gardens.

Sub-sp. R. MOL'LIS, Sm. ; branches erect, leaflets softly pubescent, sepals
sparingly pinnate quite persistent, fruit ripening early, disk obscure. R. mol-
lis'sima, Willd. R. heterophyl'la, "Woods. — From Orkney southd. ; Ireland ;
extends into Arctic Europe. — YAR. cceru'lea, Baker, has glands and bristles
few on the petiole, calyx-tube glandular, fruit broad glabrous, peduncle
naked or with few bristles. — R.pseu'do-rubigino'sa, Lej., has leaflets nearly
glabrous above, glandular beneath, petiole and calyx-tube densely bristly.

Sub-sp. R. TOMENTO'SA, Sm. ; branches long (6-10) ft., arching, prickles
sometimes curved, leaflets pubescent, sepals copiously pinnate not quite
persistent, fruit not ripening early, disk distinct. — Common, N. to Shetland ;
Ireland. — R. subglobo'sa, Sm. (R. Sherrar'di, Davies); R. farino'sa, Rau. ;
R. scabrius' cula, Sm. ; R. sylves'tris, Woods (R. Jundzillia'na, Baker ; R.
britan'nica, Deseg.) ; and R. obova'ta. Baker, are forms differing in pubes-
cence and amount of glands on the leaves petioles peduncles calyx-tube
and sepals, amount of double serration of the leaflets, number of flowers in
a cluster, and of prickles, their length, strength, and curvature. — VAR.
Woodsiana, H. and J. Groves, is a form allied to scabriuscula, but smaller,
more compact, with erect persistent sepals.— Wimbledon Common.

3. R. involu'ta, Sm. 5 small, erect, branches short, prickles crowded
gradually passing into bristles, leaflets doubly serrate glabrous or pu-
bescent and glandular beneath, flowers 1-3, peduncles bristly, sepals per-
sistent densely glandular on the back, fruit erect subglobose red, disk
inconspicuous.

Banks and hedges, from Orkney southd. ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Inter-
mediate between R. spinosissima and villosa, but nearest the latter;
excessively variable. Branches sometimes arching ; prickles scarcely
curved. Leaflets with very open often compound teeth ; petiole and
stipules densely glandular and ciliate. Peduncle densely bristly. Sepals
leafy. Petals white or pink. Fruit sparingly produced, colouring late. —
— DISTRIB. Belgium, Switzerland (very rare).

ROSA.] .ROSACES. 131

7?. involu'ta proper (var. Smith'ii, Baker) ; dwarf, mature leaflets glabrous
above hairy and eglandular beneath, serratures close sharp ; flowers soli-
tary, calyx-tube densely acicular, sepals simple. — VAR. E. Sabi'ni, Woods ;
prickles ^ in. straight, leaflets with copious compound serratures thinly
pubescent above, petioles and peduncles densely hairy glandular and bristly,
calyx -tube subglobose more or less setose, sepals pinnate, fruit subglobose.
R.gra'cilis, Woods; R. niva'lis, Don ; R. corona'ta, Crep. The most common
form. — YAB. R. Donia'na, Woods; small, leaflets more densely hairy, flowers
solitary, sepals hardly pinnate, calyx-tube and fruit densely prickly. Dry
places. Approaches R. mollis'sima. — VAR. graciles'cens, Baker ; robust,
leaflets thinly hairy on both surfaces eglandular beneath much toothed,
terminal 1-1^ in., flowers 3-6, calyx-tube glabrous ellipsoid. Antrim. —
VAR. Robcrtso'ni, Baker ; sepals of Sabi'ni, but teeth of leaflets sharper and
less compound, upper surface glabrous when mature, calyx-tube sometimes
naked. Newcastle, Yorkshire, Antrim. — VAR. Nicholso'ni, Crep. ; densely
setose, leaflets broadly ovate glabrous above, glandular beneath with hairy
nerves, teeth very compound glandular. — VAR. laviya'ta, Baker ; leaflets of
Sabi'ni, petiole villous and glandular rarelyLbristly, peduncle and calyx-tube
glabrous, sepals simple eglandular, fruit depressed globose. Yorkshire,
Antrim, and Derry. — VAR. Moor'ei, Baker ; prickles very stout | in., leaflets
densely glandular beneath, petiole peduncle and calyx-tube densely setose
and glandular, the larger prickles curved, sepals slightly pinnate. Derry.
Approaches R. rubigino'sa.—'VAR. occidenta'lis, Baker; near Wilso'ni, but
leaflets smaller and petioles and peduncles glandular and bristly, calyx-tube
globose. Ireland, locality unknown. — VAR. R. Wilso'ni, Borrer ; tinged with
purple, prickles as in Sabi'ni, leaflets often cordate terminal large glabrous
above, ribs thinly hairy and subeglandular beneath, serratures simple, calyx-
tube almost glabrous, sepals nearly simple, fruit subovoid. Menai Straits,
Derry. Approaches R. rubel'la.

4. R. rubigino'sa, L. ; bush small, branches erect or arching, prickles
stout at the base scattered hooked with often glandular hairs and bristles
intermixed, leaflets densely glandular aromatic glabrous or thinly hairy,
ilowers 1-3, sepals subpersisteht, fruit globose ovoid or oblong.
Best distinguished by its suberect habit and copious glandular pubescence,
which gives out the strong sweetbriar odour ; this, however, becomes fainter
in the forms that pass into R. canina and R. mllosa. — Europe, N. and W.
Asia to N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

R. RUBIGINO'SA proper ; very sweet-scented, erect, branches compact, prickles
with a few bristles and glandular hairs intermixed, peduncles densely
bristly, leaflets glabrous above, pubescent beneath, sepals densely glandular
pinnate, fruit globose. R, Eylante'ria, Woods. Chalk hills, S. of England,
native ? ; probably not indigenous in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands,
Sweetbriar. — VAR. R. permix'ta, Deseg. ; leaves and styles glabrous, sepals
deciduous, fruit ovoid. Box-hill. Approaches micran'tJia. — R. syliic'ola,
Deseg. and Rip., is less scented, prickles more slender, leaflets hairy and
less glandular beneath, styles hairy, fruit ovoid. N. Yorkshire.

and 1-2 leaflets, styles glabrous, fruit urceolate scarlet, disk evident.

K 2

132 ROSACES. [RosA.

Midway between rubiyino'sa and cani'na. From Roxburgh southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands. — VAR. Briyys'ii, Baker ; large and luxuriant, leaflets larger
less glandular beneath, peduncles and fruit naked, sepals more pinnate
eglandular on the back. Plymouth. — R. Hys'trix, Leman, is small, leaflets
narrow glabrous, calyx-tube glabrous, peduncle densely aciculate. Box-hill,
Oxfordshire, Bristol.

Sub-sp. R. AGRESTIS, Savi ; laxer in habit than rubiyinosa, prickles with a few
bristles and glandular hairs intermixed, leaflets small narrowed to both
ends glabrous but densely glandular beneath, peduncle and ovoid fruit
naked, sepals subpersistent, disk moderate, styles pubescent. JR. se'pium,
Thuill. Surrey, Sussex ; Ireland. — VAR. R. JBilliet'ii, Puget (R. se'pium,
Borrer) ; differs only by its leaves rather hairy beneath, and rounded at the
base. Warwickshire. — R. inodo'ra, Fries. (R. pulverulen'ta, Lindl. not M.
Bieb.),is much taller, flowers If in. diam., leaflets larger rounded at the base,
sepals more copiously pinnate, fruit ovoid. England, local. — VAR. crypto-
po'da, Baker ; differs from the last principally by its very short peduncles
and round fruit. West Yorkshire.

5. R. hiber'nica, Sm. ; small, erect, branches short, prickles rather
crowded gradually passing into bristles, leaflets simply-serrate glabrous or
pubescent beneath wholly eglandular, peduncles naked, sepals persistent
naked on the back, fruit erect globose naked, disk moderate.

From Sutherland southd.; Ireland; ascends to 1,000 ft. ; fl. June-July. —
Intermediate between spinosis' sima and cani'na, most like the latter ;
(a hybrid, Christ.). Branches sometimes arching ; prickles stout, curved.
Leaflets with rarely cut serratures, glaucous green above, nerves beneath
thinly hairy ; petiole pubescent ; stipules nearly naked on the back, auricles
gland-ciliated. Flowers sometimes 12. Peduncles and broad calyx- tube
always naked. Sepals leafy. Petals pale pink. Fruits in October.
— DISTRIB. France; very rare on the Continent.

R. liibernica proper (yla'bra. Baker); leaflets glabrous, serratures sharper,
peduncle naked. Resembles R. cani'na. — VAR. cordifo'lia, Bakor ; prickles
more slender and denser, leaflets almost glabrous beneath, terminal
1^ in., serratures more open and obtuse, peduncle bristly and glandular.
Northumberland .

6. R. cani'na, L. ; bush large, branches long arching, prickles scattered
uniform stout broad hooked base thickened, leaflets eglandular (except
rarely the midrib and veins beneath) glabrous or thinly hairy acute very
sharply toothed, peduncle usually naked, sepals usually naked rcflexod
pinnate, styles free or nearly so hirsute, fruit ovoid urceolate orsubglobo.se,
•mouth of disk conspicuous. Dog Rose.

Thickets, hedges, &c., N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1 ,350 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Of the above characters, most disappear
in one or other of the following 29 varieties, which Mr. Baker has system-
atized with great care. In its common form, this is the largest and freest
growing of British roses, and may be distinguished from spinosis' sima by the
hooked prickles and habit, from villosa by being more glabrous, from rubiyi-
nosa by being eglandular, and from arven'sis by the free styles. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.

EISA.] ROSACES. 183

SERIES 1. ECRISTA'TJE. Leaves eglandular beneath. Sepals refiexed after
the petals fall, deciduous before the fruit (which ripens late) colours.

* Leaves glabrous on both surfaces. Peduncles not bristly.

R. lutetia'na, Lemau ; 10-12 ft., leaflets about 7 green or glaucous, terminal
obovate, serratures simple, flowers 1-4 pink 2 in. diam., sepals naked.
Abundant. — VAR. E. surculo'sa, Woods ; robust, flowers 10-30, leaflets flat
rounded at the base, teeth open. — VAR. E. splm'rica, Gren. ; like lutetia'na,
but leaflets broader, petioles pubescent, fruit globose § in. diam., styles
villous. — VAR. E. sentico'sa, Ach. ; slender, flexuous, leaflets 1 in., teeth
acute, fruit small globose. — VAR. E. duma'lis, Bechst. (R. sarmenta'cea,$m. ;
glaucophyl'la, Winch) ; petioles glandular, stipules and sepals more densely
gland-ciliated, leaflets doubly-serrate. Very common. — VAR. E. biserra'ta,
Merat ; quite like duma'lis, but serratures more open and very compound,
petioles very glandular. — E. vina'cea, Baker, has leaflets and bracts narrow
acute, and fruit oblong.

** Leaves glabrous above, hairy on the nerves beneath. Peduncles not bristly.

E. urb'ica, Leman (R. colli'na^ Woods ; Forsteri, Sm. ; platypkyl'la, Ran.) ;
like lutetia'na, but leaves hairy beneath and petioles pubescent, scarcely
glandular. — VAR. R.frondo'sa,Stev. (R. dumeto'rum, Woods) ; leaflets smaller
flatter ovate-oblong more rounded at the base, fruit sm aller globose. —
VAR. arvat'ica, Baker ; like urb'ica, but leaves doubly-serrate, fruit ovoid.
Common in the N. of England.

*** Leaves more or less hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles not bristly.

R. dumeto'rum, Thuill. (R. uncinel'la, Bess.) ; leaflets green terminal often
large simply-serrate thinly hairy above, softly beneath, fruit large ovoid,
styles villous. — VAR, pruino'sa, Baker (R. cces'ia, Borr.) ; leaflets glaucous
doubly-serrate, petioles glandular. VAR. /?. inca'na, Woods (/?. canes' cens,
Baker) ; leaflets very glaucous above densely pubescent beneath with few
inconspicuous glands doubly-serrate, fruit large oblong. — VAR. E. tomentel'la,
Leman ; flexuous, leaflets short green above very hairy beneath doubly
serrate, petioles prickly, peduncles very short, flowers small white, fruit
small short. — R. inodo'ra, Hook. Fl. Lond. (R. obtusifo'lia, Desv.), is like
tomentel'la, but the leaflets are simply serrate.

** Peduncles more or less bristly and glandular.

R. andevaaen'sis, Bast., is lutetia'na with bristly peduncles. S. of England,
rarer in the N. and Scotland. — V&R.verticillacan'tha, Merat, is dumalis with
ditto. Not uncommon. — VAR. R. colli'na, Jacq. (R. Kosincia'na, Bess., E.
asperna'ta, Deseg.), is urb'ica with ditto. Surrey and Devonshire. — VAR.
R. ccesia, Sm., is near colli'na, but leaflets grey-green, stipules and bracts
pubescent on the back. Argyll, Northumberland, Leicester. — VAR.
concin'na, Baker ; prickles much hooked, leaflets very small simply serrate,
petioles not setose pubescent, ovary small, styles short thinly hairy.
Devonshire. — VAR. decip'iens, Dumort. ; like tomentel'la, but for the bristly
peduncles, more glandular midrib, pubescent and glandular petiole, and
sepals densely glandular not fully reflexed. Northumberland, Chester,
Leicester.

134 ROSACES. [RosA.

SERIES 2. SUBCEISTA'TM. Leaves eglandular beneath. Sepals ascending
after the petals fall, not deciduous till after the fruit (which ripens early)
colours. — VARS. R. scleropliylla, Scheutz, and R. monticola, Rap., include
various forms of this.

R. Reute'ri, Godet (R. nu'da, Woods ; Crepinia'na, Deseg.) ; near lutetia'na but
prickles more slender, peduncles short almost concealed by the bracts,
leaflets glaucous, bracts stipules and branches turning red. N. England,
common. — YAR. subcrista'ta, Baker; like duma'lis, with characters of
8ubcri$ta't<s. N. of England and Scotland. — YAR. Hailstone'i, Baker ; leaves
as in subcrista'ta, fruit later, styles less villous, sepals sooner deciduous,
prickles passing into unequal bristles. Yorkshire. — YAR. R. implex'a, Greri. ;
like urb'ica, but fruit of this series. Yorkshire. — YAR. R. coriifo'lia, Fries
(R. Iractes'ccns, Woods) ; like dumeto'rum, but fruit of this series, peduncles
very short bracts large. From Yorkshire northward. — YAR. Watso'ni,

glandular. N. of England •<

foliage of tomentel'la, but fruit of this series. Northumberland. — YAR.

Orovesiij Baker, connects Subcrista'tce with. I?, hiber'nica.

SERIES 3. SUBRUBIGINO'SM. Leaflets glandular beneath on the midrib
and principal nerves only (not on the surface, as in R. rubiyino'sa).

R. Borre'ri, Woods (R. dumeto'rum, Engl. Bot.) ; prickles stout much hooked,
leaflets flat doubly-serrate glabrous above, glands obscure, stipules and bracts
densely gland-ciliate, backs of these and sepals naked, flowers many,
peduncles bristly, calyx-tube ovoid naked, sepals at length spreading or
reflexed deciduous on the fruit changing colour. Yorkshire to Sussex. —
YAR. R. Bake'ri, Deseg.; prickles less hooked, leaflets obovate double-
serrate, flowers 3-4, peduncles very short, back of sepals bracts and stipules
thinly glandular, sepals at length ascending not deciduous till the naked
oblong fruit has changed colour. N. Yorkshire. — YAR. R. maryina'ta,Wal\T.
(R. Iftoadaa'fta, Ripart) ; branches purple, prickles more slender less hooked,
leaflets altogether glabrous, glaucous above, pale beneath, veins prominent
glandular, flowers 3-4, sepals and fruit much as in R. Bake'ri. Arran on
the Clyde, N. Yorkshire, N. Wales, Derry.

7. R. arven'sis, ffuds. ; bush large, branches long arching or trailing,
prickles uniform stout strongly hooked, leaflets eglandular glabrous or
slightly pubescent, flowers 1-6, sepals deciduous, styles glabrous connate
into an exserted column, fruit ripening late, disk much thickened.
Hedges and thickets ; England and Ireland ; fl. June-July.— A low trailing
plant in its usual form, with the foliage and hooked prickles of R. cani'na.
Leaflets glabrous and shining above, rarely downy. Flowers rarely solitary,
generally white, scent faint or 0. Fruit naked ; achenes sessile or stalked.
— DISTRIB. W. and Mid. Europe, from Belgium southd.

R. ARVEN'SIS proper ; bush 2-3 ft., branches trailing purple glaucous, prickles
often very large, leaflets quite glabrous glaucous beneath, flowers white
throat yellow, calyx purple, sepals naked on the back short broad reflexed
after flowering deciduous not much pinnate, fruit subglobose small, styles
glabrous as long as the stamens. R. re'pens, Scop. —Common in S. of

ROSA.] R08AOEJB, 135

England, rare to the N. and in Scotland. — VAR. R. bibractea'ta, Bast., shoots
stronger more arching, leaflets large more acute, fruit obovoid, peduncles
thinly glandular. (Easily mistaken for stylo'sa.)

Sub-sp. K. STYLO'SA, Bast. ; bush tall, rarely low, leaflets pubescent beneath,
peduncles elongate more or less bristly and glandular, sepals reflexed much
pinnate, styles as long as or shorter than the stamens. — Connects arven'sis
\vith cani'na. — R. stylo 'sa proper ; leaflets oblong acute rounded at the base
hairy all over beneath, petioles and peduncles with a few glands and bristles,
flowers 3-6 white, styles protruded, disk very prominent. Sussex. — VAB.
R. sys'tyla. Bast. (R. collina, Engl. Bot., not Jacq. R. leucochroa, Desv.), like
stylo'sa but flowers usually pink, leaflets hairy only on the nerves beneath,
and petioles less hairy. Mid. and S. England. — VAR. opa'ca. Baker ; leaflets
still more hairy beneath rounded at the base, peduncle shorter naked, flower
white 1 in. diam., styles scarcely protruded. Kent. — VAR. gallicoi'des,
Baker ; habit and leaflets of sys'tyla, but prickles of stem mixed with copious
glands and bristles, leaflets almost doubly-serrate, flowers white, fruit narrow,
styles as long as stamens. Warwick. — VAR. Monso'nia, Lindl. ; low, erect,
flowers red very large, styles scarcely protruded, fruit subglobose orange-
red. Hereford. — VAR. R. fastiyia'ta, Bast.; flowers pink, styles not pro-
truded.

12. PY'RUS, L. PEAK, APPLE, SERVICE, &c.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, simple or pinnate ; stipules deci-
duous. Floivers white or pink, in terminal cymes or corymbs, honeyed ;
bracts subulate. Calyx-tube urceolate ; lobes 5, superior, reflexed, per-
sistent or deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens many, filaments sometimes con-
nate at the base. Disk annular, or coating the calyx-tube. Carpels 2-5,
connate and adnate to the calyx-tube ; styles distinct or connate below,
stigmas truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit (a pome) fleshy,
2-5-celled ; endocarp cartilaginous or bony often 2-valved, cells 1-2-
seeded. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and cold regions; species 40. — ETYM. The
old Latin name.

SECTION 1. Py'rus proper. Fruit large 5-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded ;
endocarp cartilaginous. Flowers umbellate or in simple cymes. Styles 5.

1. P. commu'nis, L. ; cymes simple, styles distinct to the base, fruit

pyriform. Wild Pear.

Woods and thickets, from Yorkshire southd., a relict of gardens ? ; (a denizen ?
Wats.) ; fl. April-May. A shrub or small tree, 20-40 ft. ; branchlets more
or less spinescent and pendulous. Leaves 1-1§ in., fascicled on the last
year's wood, alternate on the shoots, oblong-ovate, acute, obtusely serrate,
more or less pubescent or flocculent below when young, those of the young
tree often lobed; petiole slender. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam., white, proterogynous.
Fruit 1-2 in. long. — DISTRIB. E.Europe to W. Asia, Himalaya.

P. commu'nis proper (P. Pyras'ter, L.) ; leaves shortly acuminate pubescent
below when young, base of fruit obconic. — VAR. P. Ach'ras, Gsertn. ; leaves
broader acute or cuspidate flocculent on both surfaces when young, fruit
rounded at the base. Rarer. — VAR. P. corda'ta, Desv. (Briyy'sii, Syme) ;
leaves ovate base rounded, fruit very small globose or pyriform. Cornwall.

136 ROSACES. [PYRUS.

2. P. Ma'lus, L. ; peduncles umbellate, style connate below, fruit
subglobose indented at the base. Wild or Crab-apple.

Copses and hedges, from Perth and the Clyde southd. ; often a relict of
gardens ; wild in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May. — A shrub or small
tree ; branches spreading. Leaves 1-2 in., oblong rounded acuminate or
cuspidate at the tip, glabrous or downy beneath when young. Flowers few,
1-1|? in. diam., pink and white, proterogynous. Calyx-segments woolly.
Fruit 1 in. diam., yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, Himalaya.

P. Mains proper (P. acer'ba, DC.) ; young leaves and tube of calyx glabrous,
pedicels slender glabrous or nearly so, fruit drooping. — VAR. mi'tis ; young
leaves tube of calyx and stout pedicels pubescent, fruit erect.

SECTION 2. Sor'bus, L. (gen,). Fruit small, 2-5-celled ; cells 1-2-
seeded ; endocarp brittle. Flowers in compound corymbose cymes. Styles 2-5.

3. P. tormina'lis, EhrJi. ; leaves 6-10-lobed serrate glabrous when
mature on both surfaces. Wild Service.

Woods and hedges, local, from Lancashire southd. ; fl. April-May. — A small
tree, branchlets and young leaves beneath pubescent. Leaves 2-4 in.,
oblong-ovate or cordate ; lobes triangular, serrate, acuminate. Flower*
\ in. diam., many, white. Carpels usually 2. Fruit ^ in., pyriform or sub-
globose, greenish-brown, dotted, 2-celled. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia,
N. Africa. — Fruit sold in country markets.

4. P. A'ria, Sm. ; leaves simple or pinnatifid rarely pinnate at the base,
deeply lobed white and flocculent beneath. White Beam.

Copses and borders of forests, from Sutherland to Kent and Devon, local ;
ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. May-June. — A bush or small tree,
4-40 ft. Leaves 2-6 in., very variable, glabrous above, plaited, coarsely
irregularly serrate lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers ^ in. diam., in lax corymbs,
white. Fruit \ in. diam., 'subglobose, dotted red, usually 3-celled. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

P. A'RIA proper ; leaves broad ovate or oblong crenate-serrate lobulate or
hardly lobed beyond the middle, permanently snow-white beneath, nerves
8-13 very prominent on each side, fruit § in. diam., scarlet. — Mid. England
southd., Ireland. P. rupicola, Syme, has nerves fewer, fruit smaller.

Sub-sp. P. IATIFOLIA, Syme ; leaves from ovate-oblong to suborbicular more
or less lobed grey-tomentose beneath, lobes deltoid serrate acuminate,
nerves 5-9 on each side less prominent beneath. Sorbus latifo'lia, Pers. P.
scan'dica,J$sib. — Considered by foreign authors to be a hybrid between A'ria
and tormina' 'Us ; but it is found in Cornwall (Briggs) wlLiereA'ria is not known.

Sub-sp. P. SCAN'DICA, Syme; leaves less coriaceous oblong deeply lobed or
pinnatifid glabrous above loosely grey-tomentose beneath, lobes oblong or
rounded. Soy^bus scaridica, Fries. Arran.

P. hyb'rida, L. (P. pinnatiflda, Sm. in part, Sorbus ferinica, Fries), of Arran,
which resembles P. scan'dica, but with the leaves pinnatifid towards the base,
is a supposed hybrid between A'ria and Aucupa'ria, of which latter it has
the sweet-scented flower and other characters.

5. P. Aucupa'ria, Gcertn. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets serrate glabrous
beneath when old or nearly so, fruit globose. Mountain Ash, Roivan-
tree.

PYRUS.] ROSACES. 137

Woods aud hillsides ; ascends to 2,600 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. May-
June.— Tree 10-40 ft. Leaves 5-8 in.; leaflets 6-8 pair, 1-1| in., linear-
oblong, subacute, pale beneath and hairy along the midrib and nerves.
Cymes 4-6 in. diam., compound, corymbose, dense-flowered. Flowers ^ in.
diam., cream-white, proterogyuous ; pedicel and calyx villous. Fruit £in.
diam., globose, scarlet, flesh yellow ; endocarp usually 3-celled, almost woody.
— DISTRIB. Europe, Madeira, 1ST. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America (a
form).

SECTION 3. Mes'pilus, L. (gen.). Fruit large ; endocarp bony, 5-
celled ; cells 1-seeded. Flowers solitary. Styles 5.

P. GERMAN'ICA, L. (Mespilus) ; leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate entire

or serrulate. Medlar.

Hedges and thickets, Mid. and S. England, Channel Islands, naturalized ;
fl. May-June. — A small much-branched spinous tree. Leaves subacute,
pubescent beneath. Flowers 1J in. diam., white ; peduncle ^ in. Calyx
woolly, lobes with dilated foliaceous tips. Fruit ^-1 in. diam., globose,
with a large depressed area at the top, and persistent calyx-lobes. — DISTBIB.
Greece, Asia Minor, Persia.

13. CRAT-ffi'GUS, L. HAWTHORN, WHITETHORN.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves simple lobed or piunafcind ;
stipules deciduous. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes, white or red,
honeyed, proterogynous ; bracts caducous. Calyx-tube urceolate or eam-
panulate ; mouth contracted ; lobes 5, superior. Petals 5, inserted at the
mouth of the calyx. Stamens many. Carpels 1-5, adnate to the calyx-
tube ; styles short, stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit
ovoid or globose, with a bony 1-5-celled stone, or with 5 bony 1- rarely
2-seeded stones. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, chiefly American, extend-
ing into New Granada ; species about 50.- — ETYM. npxros, from the strong
wood.

C. Oxyacan tha, L. ; spinescent, leaves deeply pinnatifid.

Forests and hedges, N. to Shetland, often only where planted ; ascending to
1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. May-June. — A small
round-headed tree, 10-20 ft., much branched. Leaves 1-2 in., very variable,
cuneate, shortly petioled, lobes cut or crenate ; stipules leafy, ^-sagittate,
toothed. Cymes corymbose, many-flowered. Flowers f in. diam., white ;
pedicel and calyx glabrous or pubescent. Anthers pinkish-brown. Carpels
1-2 very rarely 3. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, usually scarlet, rarely yellow
or black. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd.
in N. America.

C. OXYACAN'THA proper ; peduncle and calyx-tube glabrous, carpels 2-3. C.
oxyacanthoides, Thuill.

Sub-sp. C. MONOG'YXA, Jacq. ; leaves more deeply lobed or pinnatifid, peduncle
and calyx-lobes pubescent, flowers and fruit smaller (appearing later), carpel
solitary.

138 ROSACE^E. [COTONEASTER.

14. COTONEAS'TER, Lindl.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves coriaceous, often downy ; stipules deci-
duous. Floivers solitary or in few-fld. cymes, small white or pink, some-
times polygamous. Calyx-tube tur Innate or campanulate ; lobes 5,
superior, short, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted at the
mouth of the calyx. Carpels 2-5, adnate wholly or by their backs only
to the calyx- tube ; styles 2-5, distinct, stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each
cell, erect. Fruit small, with 2-5 bony 1 -seeded stones. — DISTRIB.
Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa, Mexico ; species 15. — ETYM. The Latin
name.

C. vulga'ris, Lindl. ; leaves broadly elliptic- oblong densely pubescent

beneath, cymes lateral few-fld.

Great Orme's Head, on limestone cliffs, very rare ; fl, May-June. — A small
erect shrub ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves f-lf in., rounded or acute at the
tip; petiole very short; stipules scarious. Flowers ^ in. diam., pink;
pedicels short, decurved, pubescent ; bracts minute. Calyx turbinate, lobes
obtuse, margins woolly. Petals small, persistent. Styles about 3. Fruit
J in. diam., globose, shining, red. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya.

ORDER XXVII. SAXIFRAGES.

Tribes SAXIFRAG'E^E proper and RIBESI'E^E.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite ; stipules 0, or adnate to
the often dilated petiole. Calyx free or more or less adnate to the ovary,
5- rarely 4-lobed, valvate or imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rarely 4 or 0,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 5 or 10, rarely 4 or 8, perigynous ; anthers
dorsally inserted, connective frequently glandular at the back. Disk
various. Carpels 2 or more, usually connate into a 2- rarely a 1 -celled
ovary; styles distinct or combined, stigmas capitellate ; ovules many, 2-
seriate, placentas attached to the inner angles of the carpels. Fruit a
1-3-celled berry or capsule, or of 2 or more follicles, many-seeded. Seeds
small, albumen copious fleshy or horny ; embryo minute, terete or clavate.
— DISTRIB. (of the British tribes). 1ST. temp, and Arctic regions ; a few
occur on the Andes and in the S. temp, zone ; genera 20 ; species 300. —
AFFINITIES. So close to Rosacece and Crassulaeece as to be scarcely separ-
able ; also allied to LythracecB, Rhizophorece and Droseracecs. — PROPERTIES
unimportant.

TRIBE I. SAXIFRAG'EJE proper. Herbs. Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary
1-3-celled. Petals 5. /Stamens 10. Fruit capsular.

Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2 1. Saxifraga.

Petals 0. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2. ..2. Chrysosplenium.
Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 3-4 3. Parnassia.

TRIBE II. RIBESI'EJE. Shrubs. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a berry.

4. Kites.

SAXIFRAGA.] . SAXIFRAGES. 139

1. SAXIF'RAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves various, radical and cauline ;
petiole sheathing. Flowers cymose, white or yellow, rarely red or purple,
honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx-tube free or partially adnate to the ovary ;
lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens 10, rarely 5, incurving and an-
thers opening in succession. Ovary superior or partially inferior, 2-lobed,
2-celled ; styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved between the beaks, many-
seeded. Seeds small, smooth or rough. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic
zones, Andes ; species 160. — ETYM. Saxum and frango, from some
species rooting into rocks and breaking them up.

SECTION 1. Porphyr'ion, Tausch. Perennial. Stems trailing, leafy.
Leaves opposite, small, with a pore at the tip, ciliate. Flowers solitary,
subsessile. Sepal-s erect in fruit.

1. S. oppositifo lia, L. ; tufted, leaves small 4-farious ovate-oblong.
Alpine rocks, from N. Wales and Yorkshire to Shetland ; ascends to near 4,000

ft. in the Highlands ; N.W. and N. Ireland ; fl. April-May.— Glabrous, dark
green, depressed. Stems 6-8 in., creeping. Leaves J in., 4-fariously
imbricate, thickened and obtuse at the tip, ciliate with stout bristles.
Flowers \ in. diam., sessile on short annual shoots, campanulate. Sepals
obtuse, connate to the middle. Petals obovate, bright purple. Capsule
free, f in. ; beaks diverging, subulate.— DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe,
Asia (to W. Tibet) and America.

SECTION 2. Micran'thes, Haw. (gen.). Perennial, stemless, scapigerous.
Radical leaves petioled. Cymes dense-fid. Sepals adnate to the base of
the carpels. Petals white.

2. S. niva'lis, L. ; leaves broadly spathulate crenate-dentate.

High alps, alts. 2,000-4,300 ft , of Snowdon, the Lake district, and the
Highlands ; Sligo ; fl. July-Aug. — Glandular-hairy on the leaf-margins,
scape, bracts and pedicels, elsewhere glabrous. Rootstock small. Leaves
f-1 in. diam., subcoriaceous, red beneath; j>etiole 1-2 in. Scape 3-6 in.,

simple. Flowers J in. diam., white, in capitate 4-12-]
Bracts linear. Calyx-lobes connate, purplish. Capsule with short divergent
beaks. — DISTKIB. Arctic Europe, Silesia, N. Asia, N. America.

SECTION 3. Hydat'ica and Arabidi'a, Tausch. Perennial, scapige-
rous. Stem short or 0. Cymes lax-fid. Sepals almost free, reflexed.
Petals white with 2 purple dots above the base.

3. S. stella'ris, L. ; stemless, leaves rosnlate subsessile cuneate-lanceo-
late usually coarsely toothed, scape leafless, filaments subulate.

Alpine and subalpine rills, from N. Wales and York to Caithness ; ascends
to 4,300 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous or sparsely hairy. Rootstock

140 SAXIFRAGES. [SAXIFRAGA.

Capsule with suberect slender beaks. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe,
N. Asia, N. America.

4. S. umbro'sa, L. ; leaves orbicular obovate or broadly ovate nar-
rowed into the stout petiole coarsely crenate or toothed. St. Patrick's
Cabbage, London Pride.

W. and S.W. Ireland ; ascends to 3,400 ft. ; naturalized elsewhere ; fl,
June-July. — Glabrous or laxly hairy. Leaves l|-2 in. diam., rosulate,
coriaceous ; petiole |-1 in., flattened. Scape 6-12 in., leafless. Cyme
panicled, bracts linear. Flowers ^ in. diam., white, sometimes spotted with
red. Sepals reddish. Filaments slightly dilated upwards; anthers red.
Capsule with short, divergent beaks. — DISTRIB. N. Spain, Portugal,
Corsica. — S. puncta'ta, Haw., with loosely rosulate orbicular crenate-serrate
leaves, and 8. serratifo'lia, Mackay, with sharply toothed ascending obovate
leaves, are slight varieties.— & hirsu'ta, L. (S. gra'cilis, Mackay MSS.)
is a more hairy form with sharply toothed leaves rounded or obtuse at the
base. — S. el'egans, Mackay, with acutely toothed leaves abruptly narrowed
into the very short petiole is probably a hybrid with S. Geum (Ball.).

5. S. Ge'um, L. ; leaves orbicular or reniform crenate or toothed, base
cordate, petiole slender.

Mountains of Kerry and Cork; ascends to about 2,000ft.; fl. June. — Very
similar in habit and floral character to 8. umbro'sa, and as variable in hairi-
ness, but distinguished by the leaf base. I doubt its being more than a
sub-species. — DISTRIB. N. Spain, Pyrenees.

SECTION 4. Hir'culus, Haw. (gen.). Perennial. Stem leafy. Leaves alter-
nate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire or toothed. Sepals free or J-adnate
to the ovary, spreading or reflexed. Petals yellow.

6. S. Hir'culus, L. ; stem subsimple erect leafy stoloniferous, flowers
subsolitary, sepals free reflexed, capsule superior.

Bogs and wet moors, rare and local ; Chester (formerly), Perth to York
(ascending to 2,100 ft.) ; Ireland, local ; fl. Aug. — Pubescent above, 4-8 in.,
branched from the base. Radical leaves |-1| in., rosulate, petioled, lance-
olate or spathulate ; cauliue linear, sometimes faintly serrulate. Flowers
^-f in. diam. Sepals ciliate. Petals obovate dotted red at the base, where
there are 2 tubercles. Capsule with short divergent beaks. — DISTRIB.
Alpine N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

7. S. aizoi'des, L. ; stems tufted decumbent leafy much branched,
leaves linear-oblong crowded below, scattered on the flowering stems,
sepals erect connate adnate below to the ovary.

Stony mountain rills, from York to Orkney ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; not in Wales ; fl. June-July. — Often forming bright
green cushions afoot across ; branches 3-8 in. Leaves ^-2 in., spreading, lower
reflexed, often ciliate (S. autumna'lis, L.) ; on the flowering stem narrower,
strongly ciliate. Flowers 1-10, \ in. diam., orange or golden yellow, dotted
red. Calyx-tube obconic. Petals narrowly obovate-spathulate, distant.
Ovary orange, depressed. Capsule with erecto-patent, subulate beaks. — >
DISTBIB. Alpine N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia. N. America.

SAXIFKAGA.] SAXIFRAGES. 141

SECTION 5. Nephrophyl'lum, Gaud. Annual or perennial. Leaves
chiefly radical, broad, palmately lobed. Sepals suberect, more or less
connate and adnate to the ovary. Petals white. — Hairs articulate.

8. S. tridactyli'tes, L. ; annual, stem erect many-flowered glandular-
hairy, leaves cuneate 3-5-fid, uppermost entire, petiole broad, calyx-lobes
short erect obtuse.

Wall-tops and dry places, E. Scotland, from Caithness to Cornwall and Kent ;
ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-
June.— Stem 2-6 in.; simple or branched above. Radical leaves f-1 in.,
rosulate ; segments linear-oblong, outer cleft. Cyme subracemose ; bracts
subopposite, pedicels slender. Flowers f in. diam., erect, white. Calyx-
tube oblong. Petals small. Capsule inferior; beaks short divergent. —
DISTRIB. Europe. N. Africa, N, and W. Asia.

9. S. rivular'is, L. ; perennial, stems decumbent rooting 1-3-flowered,
leaves reniform palmately 5-lobed, petiole slender, calyx-lobes acute.
Alpine wet rocks and streams, alt. 3,000-3,600 ft., Ben Lawers, Braemar, Ben

Nevis; fl. July- Aug. — Tufted, slender, succulent, 1-4 in., slightly glandular-
hairy. Leaves ^— 1 in. diam., lobes entire ; petiole as long as the stems.
Flowers 1-2, J in. diam., erect, white ; bracts leafy, opposite, usually un-
divided. Calyx-tube | as long as the lobes, hemispherical. Petals distant,
small, obovate-oblong. Capsule with short divergent beaks. — DISTRIB.
Scandinavia, Arctic Europe, Asia, and America.

10. S. granula'ta, L. ; glandular-pubescent, stem erect bulbiferous at
the base branched and many-flowered above, leaves petioled reniform pal-
mately lobulate, cauline sessile, calyx-lobes erect obtuse.

Sandy banks and meadows, from Elgin to Somerset and Kent ; ascends to
1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; rare in Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Gregarious. Bulbs
as large as a pea, brown. Stem 6-18 in. Radical leaves f— 1J in. diam.,
petiole slender ; cauline deeper and more acutely cut. Flowers 1 in. diam.,
campanulate, inclined or drooping, white. Petals large, obovate. Calyx-
lobes as long as the tube. Stigmas large, reniform. Capsule with slender
beaks. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia, Himalaya.

11. S. cer'nua, L. ; perennial, stem erect simple 1-3 -fld., leaves
petioled reniform palmately deeply crenate or lobulate, cauline sessile with
axillary scarlet buds, calyx-lobes erect obtuse.

Schistose rocks, Ben Lawers, alt. 4,000 ft. ; fl. July. — Sparingly glandular-
hairy, 2-6 in., leafy. Rootstock with scaly buds at its top. Radical leaves
|-| in. diam., often tinged red ; cauline more deeply lobed. Flowers £-$
in. diam., campanulate, drooping, white, rarely produced in Britain.
Calyx-tube very short. Petals large, obovate. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine
Europe, N. Asia, America, Himalaya. — Probably a form of S. granula'ta.

SECTION 6. Bactyloi'des, TauscTi. Perennial, tufted, with many
flowerless leafy shoots (except S. ccespito'sa). Leaves alternate, palmately -
partite or -lobed. Sepals connate at the base and adnate to the ovary,
suberect. Flowers white. — Hair articulate, glandular.

142 SAXIFRAGES. [SAXIFBAGA.

12. S. hypnoi'des, L. ; barren shoots elongate, leaves 3-5-cleft, lobes
divergent acute, those of the shoots often entire, calyx-tube short obconic
or hemispheric, lobes usually spreading.

Hilly subalpine districts, from N. Somerset and Glamorgan to Caithness ;
Ireland ; fl. May-July. — Often forming large cushions, glabrous or glandular-
hairy. Leaves lax or dense, with the broad compressed petiole J-l in. ;
lobes entire, or the lateral cleft, flat or channelled, Flowering-shoots
3-8 in., stout or slender, leafy or nearly naked, their leaves simple, linear,
or broad and more or less lobed like the radical. Flowers |-1 in. diam.,
few or many, campanulate, white. Sepals rarely connate above the middle,
oblong linear or ovate, obtuse or acute. Capsule not concealed in the
calyx-tube, beaks sub-erect. — I have repeatedly studied the forms of
S. hypnoi'des and its allies, and always with the result that the passage
from hypnoi'des proper to caspito'sa is undefinable. Mr. Baker's exposition
of the sequence of the forms (Seeman's Journ. Bot. viii. 280) very well
expresses their relationship, and is here followed.

S. hypnoi'des proper (S. leptophyl'la) ; tufts large loose, barren shoots long with
linear entire acute leaves, axils usually bulbiferous (var. gemmi'fera, Syme),
sepals lanceolate acute. N. England, chiefly on calcareous soil. (W. Europe,
from Belgium to Spain.) — VAR. S. sponhem'ica, Gmel. (S. palma'ta, Lej., S.
Icete-vi'rens, D. Don, S. elonyel'la and platypet' ala, &m.9S.condensa'tat Gmel.
S. quinquefida, tri'fda, hir'ta, and la'vis. Haw., S. affi'nis, Mack.) ; tufts
closer, large, barren shoots long, their leaves with 3-5 acute lobes, sepals
lanceolate acute. Wales, N" England, Scotland, Ireland. (Faroe Islands.) —
VAR. S. decip'iens, Ehrh. ; tufts still closer, barren shoots Icng, their leaves
with 3-5 acute lobes, sepals oblong-lanceolate snbacute. Carnarvon and
Tralee. (Iceland, Greenland, Germany, Switzerland.) — VAR. S. Sternler'yii,
Willd. ('S. palma'ta, Sm., *S'. hiber'nica, Haw.) ; robust, barren shoots rather
long, their leaves with 3-5 obtuse lobes, sepals oblong-ovate obtuse. 'Ireland
(Arctic regions, Scandinavia to Austria and Switzerland, N. America.) —
VAR. S. ccespito'sa, L. (S. grcenlan' dica, L., S. incur vifo'lia, Sm.) ; densely
tufted, barren shoots not longer than the flowering, leaves cuneate
3-5-lobed, lobes subparallel, calyx-lobes short erect obtuse. Highest
peaks of Welsh, Scotch, and Irish mountains, very rare. (Faroe Islands,
Scandinavia, Arctic regions, N. America.)

2. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM, L. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Small, succulent, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or oppo-
site, exstipulate. Flowers minute, green or yellow, in axillary or terminal
cymes. Calyx-tube urceolate or obconic, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 4-5,
obtuse, imbricate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted on the
margin of an epigynous disk, filaments short. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled,
2-lobed at the top ; styles short, recurved ; ovules many, placentas 2
parietal. Capsule ^-superior, 2-lobed, membranous, opening at the top
by a cruciate mouth. Seeds oblong or compressed. — DISTBIB. N. temp,
and Arctic regions, temp. S. America ; species 15. — ETYM. XPV5^S an(*
OTTA^V, golden spleen, of doubtful application.

1. C. alternifo'liuxn, L. ; stem simple erect, leaves alternate.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM.] SAXIFRAGES. 143

Banks of streams and wet places, from Argyll and Elgin to Kent and Devon ;
ascends to near 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. April-June. — Perennial. Stems 2-4 in., tufted, glabrous above, clothed
below with soft white hairs. Radical leaves f-2 in. diam., long-petioled,
reniform, crenate ; cauline few. Flowers £ in. diam., 4-merous, yellow, in
compact leafy cymes, homogamous. Calyx-lobes obtuse, spreading. Capsule
almost inferior, beaks short. Seeds smooth. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. and "W". Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

2. C. oppositifo'lium, L. ; stem creeping below, leaves opposite.
Marshy and shady places, from Orkney to Cornwall and Kent ; ascends to
3,300ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July.— Size
and general habit of C. alternifo'lium, but stem more leafy, branched,
creeping and rooting at the base ; leaves f-1 in. diam., nearly orbicular,
suddenly contracted into a short broad petiole; cauline many. Flowers
proterogynous. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

3. PARNAS'SIA, L. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

Slender, simple, glabrous, erect, perennial herbs. Leaves chiefly radical,
quite entire, exstipulate. Flower solitary, large, yellow or white. Calyx-
tube short, free or adnate to the base of the ovary ; lobes 5, imbricate,
persistent. Petals 5, thickish, persistent. Stamens 5, hypogynous or
perigynous, alternating with 5 large scales. Ovary superior or ^-inferior,
1 -celled ; style short or 0, stigmas 3-4 opposite the parietal placentas ;
ovules many. Capsule membranous, loculicidally 3-4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds small, testa lax, albumen scanty. — DISTRIB. Arctic and
temp, regions from S. India northwards ; species 12.

P. palus'tris, L. ; leaves ovate-cordate, stamens hypogynous.
Wet moors and bogs, from Dorset and Surrey to Shetland ; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Glabrous. Radical
leaves 1-2 in., ovate cordate ; petiole slender 2-3 in. Stem slender, angular,
twisted, with one sessile leaf about the middle. Flower |-1 in. diam.,
honeyed, proterandrous. Sepals nearly free, obtuse. Petals coriaceous,
with strong veins. Stamens incurving and anthers ripening iu succession.
Scales obovate, fringed with a comb of capitellate filaments, and with
2 glands on the surface facing the ovary. Ovary ovoid, superior ; stigmas 4.
—DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to W. Tibet, N. America.

4. RI BBS, L. CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY.

Shrubs, often glandular and spinous, buds scaly. Leaves alternate,
entire or lobed, plaited or convolute in bud ; stipules 0, or adnate to the
petiole. Flowers solitary or racemose, white red yellow or green, often
unisexual, honeyed ; pedicels bracteate (often minutely), 2-3-bracteolate.
Calyx-limb tubular or campanulate, 4-5-fid, imbricate or subvalvate in
bud. Petals small and stamens 4-5, inserted in the throat of the calyx.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; styles 2 ; ovules few or many, on 2 slender
parietal placentas. Berry ellipsoid or globose, 1-celled, few- or many-

144 SAXIFRAGES. [RIBES.

seeded. Seeds horizontal, testa with a gelatinous coat, raphe free, albu-
men adhering to the testa ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions
and Andes of S. America ; species 56. — ETYM, Ribs, in Danish.

SECTION 1. Grossula'ria. Branches spinous. Leaves plaited in bud.
Peduncles 1-3-fld.

1. R. Grossula'ria, L. ; leaves orbicular 3-5-lobed. Gooseberry.
Copses in various counties ; indigenous only in N. England, where it ascends

to 1,000 ft. ; fl. April-May. — A small spreading shrub with 1-3 spines under
the leaf -buds. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., fascicled on short lateral branches,
lobes irregularly crenate. Flowers J in., greenish, drooping, proteranderous ;
peduncle short, pubescent, 1-3-bracteate about the middle. Calyx-lobes
reflexed, purplish, throat and stamens bearded. Petals white, erect, minute.
Fruit |-1 in. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. Himalaya.
E. Uva-crispa, L., the small form with glabrous fruit, is that found wild in
Europe most commonly.

SECTION 2. Ribe'sia. Branches not spinous. Leaves plaited in bud.
Racemes many-fld.

2. R. alpi'num, L. ; dioecious, leaves deeply 3-5-lobed coarsely serrate
almost glabrous and shining beneath, racemes glandular erect in flower and
fruit, bracts exceeding the pedicels.

Woods in the N. of England, probably indigenous ; not so in Scotland ; fl.
April-May. — A small all but glabrous bush ; branches slender. Leaves l|-2
in. diam., broadly ovate, lobes usually 3 acute cut and serrate, slender petiole
and both surfaces sparingly hairy. Racemes glandular-pubescent; male
2-2| in., 20-30-flowered ; female shorter, 8-10-flowered. Flowers % in.
diam., yellowish, females greener ; bracts linear. Petals much shorter than
the calyx-lobes. /Styles very short, cleft. Fruit \ in. diam., globose, scarlet,
insipid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America.

3. R. ru'brum, L. ; leaves 3-5-angled and -lobed, base cordate, lobes
triangular crenate, racemes eglandular drooping in fruit, bracts shorter
than the pedicels. Wild Currant.

Woods and thickets ; indigenous in N. England and the Highlands ; ascends to
1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. April-May. — Leaves 2-4 iu. diam., glabrous or
pubescent above, usually tomentose beneath ; petiole pubescent or setose.
Racemes 1-3 in., many-flowered, pubescent or glabrous, never glandular;
bracts ovate. Flowers \ in. diam., homogamous. Calyx glabrous, limb flat.
Petals minute. Fruit J iu. diam., red, acid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W.
Asia, N.W. Himalaya, N. America.

R. ru'brum proper (R. sylves'tre, Reichb.) ; leaves hairy above tomentose
beneath, raceme pubescent usually suberect in flower and drooping in fruit,
flowers purplish, filaments very short, fruit contracted at the top, pedicels
equalling or exceeding the fruit. Vars. Smithia'na and Bromfieldia'nd,
Syme. R. petrf^um, Sm. not Wulfen. — VAR. R. spica'tum, Robson, leaves
hairy above when young and tomentose beneath, racemes erect in flower
and fruit. Yorkshire and Skye. — VAR. sati'va, Reichb., the cultivated

EIBES.] SAXIFRAGES. 145

form, has leaves glabrous on both surfaces when mature, racemes glabrous
always drooping, flowers green, fruit globose.

4. R. ni'grum, L. ; leaves angled 5-7-lobed glandular-dotted beneath,

lobes triangular acute serrate, racemes drooping lax-flowered tomentose

eglandular, bracts minute, pedicels long. Black Currant.

Woods, &c., from Mid. Scotland southd., often a garden escape, but apparently

wild in the Lake district and Yorkshire ; fl. April-May. — A stout erect bush,

smelling strongly when bruised. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., similar to those of

11. rubrum, but rather deeply lobed ; petiole slender, pubescent. Eacemcs

slender, few-flowered. Flowers |-^ in. diam. ; pedicel J in. Calyx carn-

panulate, glandular. Petals minute. Berry f in. diam., globose, black. —

DISTHIB, Europe, N. and W. Asia, W. Himalaya.

ORDER XXVIII. CRASSUIiA'CE-ffi.

Herbs or shrubs, usually succulent. Leaves opposite or alternate, ex-
stipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, bracteate or not. Sepals
3-5, rarely 10-12 or more, distinct or connate. Petah as many, distinct
or connate, imbricate in bud. Stamens perigynous or subhypogynous, as
many as the petals, or twice as many, when those opposite the petals are
adnate to their bases ; anthers dorsally fixed. Hypogynous scales opposite
each carpel, rarely 0. Carpels 3-5, rarely more, 1 -celled, distinct, rarely
connate ; styles short or long, stigma small ; ovules many, rarely few,
attached to the ventral suture, ascending or pendulous. Fruit of 3 or more
1 -celled 2- or more-seeded follicles. Seeds oblong, minute, albumen fleshy ;
embryo terete. — DISTRIB. Arctic, temp, and warm regions, chiefly S.
African ; genera 14 ; species 400. — AFFINITIES. Separable from Saxifrageoe
by habit and the hypogynous scales. — PROPERTIES. Astringent roots,
acrid foliage, emetic and purgative qualities ; tartaric and malic acids
occur.

Leaves opposite. Petals 3-5 free. Stamens 3-5 1. Tillsea.

Leaves alternate. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 10 2. Cotyledon.

Leaves alternate. Petals usually 5, free. Stamens usually 10.... 3. Sedum.
Leaves alternate. Petals 6-20. Stamens 12-40 3*. Sempervi'vum.

1. TILInffi'A, L.

Small or minute subsucculent heibs. Leaves opposite, quite entire.
Flowers minute, axillary, solitary or cymose, white or reddish. Calyx 3-5-
lobed or -parted. Petals 3-5, distinct or connate at the very base. Scales
3-5, linear, or 0. Carpels 3-5 ; styles short ; ovules 1 or more. Follicles
few 'or many-seeded. — DISTRIB. Ubiquitous ; species 20. — ETYM. M. A.
Tilli, an early Italian botanist.

T. musco'sa, L. ; leaves oblong, flower solitary subsessile 3-merous.

L

146 CRASSULACE^:.

Sany heaths, rare, Norfolk to Hants and Devon ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-
July. — Annual. Stem 1-2 in., tufted, decumbent, glabrous, reddish ;
branches slender, leafy and flowering throughout. Leaves thick, concave,
obtuse or apiculate. Flowers rarely 4-merous. Sepals ovate, acuminate,
green. Petals smaller, subulate, white. Scales 0. Follicles constricted,
2-seeded. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland southd., N. Africa.

2. COTYLE'DON, L. PENNYWORT, NAVELWORT.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate rarely opposite, sometimes pel-
tate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube
urceolate or cylindric, terete or 5-angled ; lobes 5, small, twisted in bud.
Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Scales 5, linear- oblong or
4-angular. Carpels 5 ; styles filiform ; ovules many. Follicles many-
seeded. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, all Africa, temp. Asia, Mexico;
species 60. — ETYM. Korv\rj, from the cwjo-like leaf of some species.

C. Umbili'cus, L. ; leaves peltate orbicular crenate, raceme long.
Hocks and walls, especially on the W. coasts from Argyll to Kent and Corn-
wall ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Wales ; (absent from the E. counties) ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous, succulent. Rootstock tuberous.
Stem 6-18 in., simple, stout, terete. Radical leaves 1-3 in. diam/j petioled,
depressed in the centre ; cauline spathulate, upper cuneate. Raceme con-
tinued almost throughout the stem, sometimes leafy (var. folio' so) ; bracts
minute; pedicel short, slender. Flowers close-set, drooping, green. Corolla
cylindric, shortly 4-5-lobed. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube, included.
— DISTRIB. From France southd., W. Asia, N. and trop. Africa.

3. SE'DUM, L. ORPINE, STONECROP.

Succulent herbs, erect or prostrate. Leaves alternate rarely opposite or
whorled. Flowers cymose, rarely axillary and solitary, sometimes dioecious,
honeyed. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10. Scales
4-5, entire or notched. Carpels 4-5, distinct or connate at the base ;
styles short ; ovules many. Follicles many- or few-seeded. — DISTRTB.
N. temp, and cold regions, rare in America ; species 1-20. — ETYM. sedeo,
from the squatting habit of the species.

SECTION 1. Tele'phium. Rootstock stout, perennial. Stems annual.
Leaves broad, flat or concave.

1. S. Rhodi'ola, DC. ; leaves alternate sessile, flowers 4-merous
1 dicecious. Rhodi'ola ro'sea, L. Rose-root.

Moist alpine and subalpine rocks, from S. Wales and York to Shetland ;
ascends to near 4,000 ft. in the Highlands ; maritime rocks in Scotland ;
Ireland ; fl. May-Aug.— Rootstock 2-3 in., as thick as the thumb, branched,
woody, cylindric, scent of roses ; buds scaly. Stems 6-18 in., fleshy. Leaves
1-1§ in., glaucous, larger and more crowded upwards, obovate-oblong or
lanceolate, acute, toothed at the tip. Cymes compact, corymbose. Flowers
% in. diam., yellow or purplish. Sepals narrow. Petals linear, smaller or 0

SEDTTM.] CRASSULACE^. 147

in the female flower. Scales notched. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe
(Arctic), Himalaya, N. America.

2. S. Tele'phium, L. ; leaves subsessile, flower 5-merous hermaphro-
dite. Orpine.

Stony hedgebanks and copses, &c., from Perth southd., local, often a garden
escape; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; Derry only in Ireland ; fl. July-
Aug. — Eootstock short, stout ; roots many, elongate, tuberous. Stems 6-24
in., stout, green or spotted red. Leaves 1-3 in., rarely opposite below, ovate
or oblong, obtuse, flat or concave, obtusely toothed or serrate. Cymes dense,
corymbose. Flowers § in. diam., rosy white or speckled, proterandous.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Petals twice as long, lanceolate. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

S. Tele'phium proper ; upper leaves sessile rounded at the base, carpels furrowed
at the back. S. purpuras'cens, Koch. — YAR. S. Faba'ria, Koch ; more slender,
upper leaves all cuneate at the base, carpels not furrowed. Very local.

SECTION 2. Cepse'a. Annual or biennial. Stem simple. Leaves sub •
cylindric.

3. S. villo'sum, L. ; glandular-pubescent, leaves sessile J-cylindric.
Bogs and marshes in hilly districts from York and Westmoreland to Argyll

and Elgin ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. June-July. — Biennial.
Stem with a tuft of leaves the first year, lengthening in the second, then
slender, 3-6 in., and flowering. Leaves J-J in., scattered, linear, obtuse.
Cyme few-fld., subscorpioid. Flowers 1 in. diam., white or purplish. Sepals
ovate, obtuse. Petals broad, acute. — DISTRTB. Europe (Arctic), Norway to
Italy and Hungary, Greenland.

SECTION 3. Se'dum proper. Perennial. Stems branched, with many
flowerless leafy prostrate or ascending shoots. Leaves subcylindric or j-
cylindric.

* Flowers wliite

4. S. al'bum, L. ; glabrous or slightly glandular, leaves alternate
subcylindric oblong contracted at the base, petals oblong-lanceolate.
Malvern Hills and Somerset, indigenous (Syme) ; a garden escape from Forfar

southd. ; (an alien, Wats.} ; fl. July- Aug. — Flowerless stems prostrate ;
flowering erect, 6-10 in. Leaves J-| in., obtuse, bright green. Cyme corym-
bose, glabrous. Flowers £-$• in. diam,, proterandrous. Petals twice as large
as the green sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. Africa.
S. al'bum proper (S. teretifo'litim, Haw.) ; leaves flattened above, sepals and
petals obtuse. — YAR. S. micran'thum, Bast. ; leaves flattened on both surfaces,
sepals rounder, petals more acute. — Naturalized in Sussex, Ireland, &c.

5. S. ang'licum, Huds. ; glabrous, leaves alternate ovoid-oblong
gibbous at the base below, petals lanceolate acuminate keeled.

Rocks and banks N. to Shetland, chiefly by the sea ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in
N. Wales ; Ireland ; fl. June-Aug.— Tufts matted, glaucous green or reddish.
Flowering stems 1-2 in., ascending, leafy. Leaves ^-^ in., crowded, tumid at
the base. Cymes short, scorpioid. Flowers J in. diam., few, crowded at the

L 2

148 CRASSULACE^E. [SEDUM.

top of the flowering stem, white or pink. Sepals obtuse, short. Carpels
pink. — DISTRIB. W. Europe.

5. DASYrHYi/LUM, L. ; glandular-pubescent, glaucous, leaves on the
flowerless shoots mostly opposite subglobose or shortly ovoid, equal at the
base below.

Old walls, &c., naturalized, rare ; fl. June-July. — Loosely tufted, very glaucous
and pink, much branched. Flowerless stems short, with rosulate leaves ;
flowering 2 in., flexuous, slender. Leaves f-£ in. Cyme forked, few-fld.
Flowers % in. diam. Petals often streaked with pink. — DISTRIB. W. and S.
Europe, N. Africa. .

** Flowers yellow.

6. S. a'cre, L. ; glabrous, leaves densely imbricate alternate erect terete
ovoid-oblong obtuse, sepals slightly gibbous at the base, petals lanceolate
acuminate. Biting Stoneorop, Wall-pepper.

Rocks, walls, and sandy places, especially near the sea; ascends to 1,500 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July.— Tufts or cushions
3-10 in. diam. Steins 3-5 in. Leaves £-J iu., obscurely 6-seriate, broadest
at the base, the gibbosity in coutact with the stem. Flowers -g- in. diam.,
subsessile, few, golden-yellow, proterandrous. Sepals obtuse, not half as
long as the petals. Anthers yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa,
"W. Siberia. — Taste acrid ; is a vesicant, emetic and cathartic.

S. SEXANGULA'RE, L. ; glabrous, leaves cylindric spreading obtuse
gibbous at the base, sepals not gibbous at the base.

Old walls in the E. of England, not indigenous ; fl. July. — Stems loosely
tufted, flowerless with crowded leaves in about 6 rows ; flowering 3-6 in.,
laxer, spreading or recurved with leaves J in. ; basal gibbosity of the leaf
acute, in contact with the stem. Cyme 1-2 in. diam., corymbose. Flowers
% in. diam., subsessile, yellow. Sepals obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute. —
DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe.

7. S. rupes'tre, Hud*. ; glabrous, leaves linear-lanceolate acute
flattened gibbous at the base, sepals oblong not gibbous at the base.

Rocks, S.W. England and Wales, rare ; Ireland ; Channel Islands (natural-
ized) ; fl. June-July. — Stems stout, loosely tufted, green or tinged with
pink ; flowerless with closely rosulate leaves ; flowering 6-10 in., with sub-
erect scattered leaves. Leaves £-1 in., acute or acuminate, the gibbosity
close to the stem. Cymes 3-4 in. diam., branches scorpioid. Flowers f in.
diam., pedicelled, golden-yellow. Sepals obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute.
Anthers yellow. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.

S. RUPES'TRE proper; glaucous, cyme rather flat-topped. S. el'eyans, Lej. ;
S. pruina'tum, Brot. — VATJ. ma'jor ; stout, 6-12 in., leaves f-1 in., cyme 3-5
in. diam. Cheddar Cliffs. — VAR. mi 'nor ; smaller and more slender.
Bristol, Shropshire, Wales, indigenous ; elsewhere in England an escape.

Sub-sp. S. FORSTERIA'NUM, Sm.\ more slender, cymes rather round topped
sometimes capitate. Varieties ylauces'cens and vires'cens, represent shades
of colour in two forms. Wet rocks ; Somerset, Gloster, Salop, Wales.

SEDUM.] CRASSULACE^. 149

8. S. reflex'um, L. ; glabrous, leaves crowded cylindric-subulate

spreading and reflexed, flowers pedicelled, sepals not gibbous at the base.

S. rupestre, L. (Nyman).

On rocks and housetops in England, Wales, and Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. —
Very similar to S. rupes'tre, but usually much larger, the leaves are in about
6 series, and almost cylindric with subulate tips ; the flowers are usually
bracteate, often 6-merous. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe.

S. reflex' urn proper ; leaves green, those of the flowering shoots reflexed,
flowers bright yellow. The common garden form, not indigenous. — YAR.
S. albes'cens, Haw. (S. glau'cum, Sm.) ; smaller, leaves glaucous, those of
the flowering stems not reflexed, flowers pale yellow. Indigenous ; Milden-
hall, Suffolk ; Babbicombe, Devon.

3*. SEMPERV1'VUM9L. HOUSE-LEEK.

Succulent herbs or undershrubs. Radical leaves densely restate, axils
stoloniferous ; cauline alternate. Flowers in corymbose or panicled cymes.
Calyx 6-multi-fid or -partite. Petals as man}^ distinct or connate and
adnate to the alternate filaments below, narrow, acute. Stamens usually
twice as many, the alternate sometimes deformed or transformed into
carpels. Scales simple, distinct or connate in pairs, 2-fid or fimbriate,
rarely 0. Carpels as many as petals, free or connate and adnate with the
calyx-tube ; styles filiform ; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded. —
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, especially Madeira and Canaries, W. Asia,
Himalaya ; species 40. — ETYM. semper and vivo, from their retention of
vitality.

S. TECTO'RUM, L. ; perennial, glandular-pubescent above, leaves ciliate.
Tops of walls and houses, not indigenous ; fl. June-July. — Flowerless shoots
2-4 in. diam., in globose tufts ; flowering-stems 1-2 ft., erect, stout, with
scattered leaves. Leaves 1-2 in., very fleshy, oblong or obovate-lanceolate,
mucronate, edged with purple, tips flat. Cyme 2-5 in. diam., branches
scorpioid. Flowers f-1 in. diam., dull red-purple. Sepals 12, narrow, acute.
Petals lanceolate, ciliate. Stamens 12, with as many imperfect or trans-
formed into carpels. Scales minute.- — DTSTRIB. Europe, W. Asia.

ORDER XXIX. DROSERACE^E.

Perennial glandular herbs, rarely shrubby below. Leaves radical and
rosulate, or cauiine and alternate, circinate in bud, stipulate. Inflorescence
various, often circinate cymes. Sepals 4-8, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Petals 4-8, hypogynous or perigynous, distinct or connate at the base,
imbricate, persistent. Stamens 4-20, inserted with "the petals, rarely
adnate to them ; anthers versatile or basifixed, bursting outwards. Disk
0, or obscure. Ovary free, 1-5-celled ; styles 1-5, simple or divided,
stigmas simple or multifid ; ovules many, anatropous. Capsule 1-5-celled,
loculicidally 2-5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, albumen fleshy, testa

150 DROSERACEJS. [DROSERA.

often lax ; embryo axile, straight. — DISTRIB. Sandy or marshy places ;
most common in temp. Australia ; genera 6 ; species 110. — AFFINITIES.
Close to Saxifragece. — PROPERTIES. Yield a deep red-purple dye. For
their carnivorous properties, see Darwin On Insectivorous Plants.

1. DROS'ERA, L. SUNDEW.

Slender glandular herbs. Leaves alternate or rosulate ; stipules scarious,
adnate to the petiole, or 0. Flowers in scorpioid revolute cymes, rarely
solitary. Sepals and petals 4-6 or 8. Stamens as many, hypogynous or
perigynous. Ovary free, ovoid or globose, 1-celled ; styles 2-5, distinct
or connate below ; ovules in many series, on 2-5 parietal placentas.
Capsule oblong, 2-5-valved. Seeds minute, testa usually lax; embryo
large or small. — DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species 100. — ETYM. Spocrtpos,
from the dew-like glands.

1. D. rotundifo'lia, L. ; leaves horizontal orbicular or broadly obovate,
petiole hairy, testa loose reticulate.

Spongy bogs and heaths, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,300 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July— Aug. — Rootstock slender. Stem very
short. Leaves §-| in. diam., rosulate, margin glandular, nearly glabrous
above ; petiole 1-1| in., gradually dilated at the sheathing base. Scapes 3-
6 in., in the centre of the rosette ; bracts subulate ; pedicels short.
Flowers £ in. diam., many, in 2 series, white, usually 6-merous, homo-
gamous. Petals a little longer than the sepals. Styles 2-fid, incurved,
segments clavate. Capsule acute, exceeding the sepals. Seeds elongate. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. America.

2. D. interme'dia, Hayne ; leaves erect obovate or oblong- spathulate,
petiole glabrous, testa close granulate. D. longifo'lia, L. in part.

Bogs and moist heaths, from Caithness to Sussex and Cornwall ; local in
Scotland ; Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Stem short, leafy. Leaves gradually con-
tracted into the petiole, together 1-2 in. Scapes 2-4 in., from the base of
the rosette, curved at the base. Flowers much as in D. rotundifo'lia,
usually 5-8-merous. Capsule pyriform, equalling the sepals. Seeds ovoid.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), "W. Asia, America from Canada to Brazil.

3. D. anglica* Huds. ; leaves suberect linear- spathulate, petiole
glabrous, testa loosely reticulate. D. longifolia, L. in part.

Wet moors, from Orkney to Devon, Dorset, and Suffolk ; ascends to 1,700 ft.
in the Highlands ; rare in S. England ; Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Very
similar to D. interme'dia, but larger. Leaves $ in. broad ; petiole 2-4 in.
Scapes 4-8 in., from the centre of the rosette. Flowers § in. diam., 5-8-
merous.. Capsule obovoid, longer than the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Asia, America. — D. obova'ta, Mert. and Koch, with broader leaves, styles
often notched, capsule half as long as the sepals, seeds imperfect, is
probably a hybrid with D. rotundifo'lia. — Scotch moors.

HIPPURIS.] HALORAGE^. 151

ORDER XXX. HALORA'GE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, often marsh, or aquatic, with much-reduced or imper-
fect perianths. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled, exstipulate. Flowers
often minute and 1-sexual. Calyx superior ; lobes 2, 4, or 0, valvate or
slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 1-8, epigynous in the 2-sexual flowers,
filaments usually short ; anthers (except in Callitriche) long, 4-angled,
basifixed, slits lateral. Disk small or 0. Ovary inferior, mostly of 2 or
4 connate (rarely of 1) carpels ; styles or stigmas as many as the carpels,
2 in Callitriclie ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit
2-4-celled, indehiscent, or of 1-4 small 1-seeded drupes. Seed pendulous,
testa membranous, albumen fleshy ; embryo cylindric,. axile, or minute.
DISTRIB. Widely dispersed ; genera 9 ; species 80. — AFFINITIES. Obscure,
probably near Saxtfragece and Ehizophorcce. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

Leaves all whorled, entire. Petals 0 1. Hippuris.

Leaves all or lower whorled, much cut. Petals 2-4 2. Myriophyllum.

Leaves all opposite, quite entire. Perianth 0 3. Callitriche.

1. HIPPU'RIS, L. MARE'S-TAIL.

Glabrous, aquatic herbs. Stems stout, erect, simple, leafy. Leaves
whorled, narrow, quite entire. Flowers minute, solitary, sessile, axillary,
sometimes 1-sexual. Calyx-tube subglobose, limb entire. Petals 0.
Stamen 1. Ovary 1 -celled ; style subulate, stigmatose throughout its
length. Drupe ovoid, stone crustaceous. Seed oblong, albumen scanty.
— DISTRIB. Arctic and temp. N, hemisphere, Chili, Fuegia ; species 1 or
2. — ETYM. 'linros and oi>pd, horsetail.

H. vulg-a'ris, L. ; leaves 6-10 in a whorl linear acute.

Margins of lakes, ponds, &c., from Shetland to Kent and Cornwall, local ; fl.
June-July. — Rootstock submerged, stout, creeping. Stem 6-24 in., terete,
very many-jointed, as thick as a goose-quill or less ; rarely floating flaccid
and flowerless. Leaves |-1J in., close-set, tips withered. Flmvers green,
sessile. Anthers red. Drupe minute, smooth, green. — DISTKIB. Of the
genus.

2. MYRIOPHYL'LUM, L. WATER MlLFOIL.

Glabrous marsh or aquatic herbs ; branches often floating. Leaves
opposite alternate or whorled. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or spiked,
anemophilous ; upper male, lower female, intermediate often 2-sexual. —
MALE fl. Calyx 4- rarely 2-lobed or 0. Petals 2 or 4, concave. Stamens
2, 4, or 8. — FEM. fl. Calyx-tube 4 -grooved ; lobes 4. minute or 0. Petals
minute or 0. Ovary 4- rarely 2-celled ; styles 4, very short, plumose.
Drupe deeply 2-4-lobed. Seeds oblong; albumen copious. — DISTRIB.
Ubiquitous ; species 15. — ETYM. pvpios and <pv\\oj>, from the finely-divided
leaves.

152 HALORAGE^. [MYRIOPHYLLUM.

1. M. verticilla'tum, L. ; spike erect in bud, floral leaves all whorled
in about fives pinnatifid or pectinate all longer than the flowers, upper
axils usually flowerless.

Ditches and ponds, from Cumberland to Kent and Somerset ; Ireland, rare ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Stems floating, leafy.
Leaves 1-2 in., in close-set whorls; segments distant, capillary, collapsing
when removed from the water. Spike elongate. Flowers white. Anthers
linear. Fruit subglobose, green, carpels rounded on the back. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, N. America.

YAH. M. pectina'tum, DC., has very short floral leaves.

2. M. alterniflo'rum, DO. ; spike curved at the tip in bud, female
floral leaves whorled in threes or fours pectinate longer than the flowers,
male opposite or alternate entire or serrate shorter than the flowers.
Ponds and ditches, from Shetland to Cornwall and Sussex ; ascends to 1,200 ft.

in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Habit of M .
spicatum, but more slender and flowers fewer, and inhabits lakes in
hilly and upland districts. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Arctic
America.

3. M, s pic a' turn, L. ; spike erect in bud, floral leaves all whorled in
about fours pectinate shorter than the flowers.

Ponds and ditches, from Orkney to Devon and Kent ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June— Aug. — The small floral leaves, giving the
inflorescence a more spicate appearance than M. verticillatum, is its best
character; the fruit also is less globose. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, N. America.

3. CALLIT'RICHE, L. WATER STAR-WORT.

Slender glabrous marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves opposite, quite entire,
upper often rosulate. Flowers unisexual, minute, solitary, axillary. —
MALE fl. Perianth 0. Stamen 1, subtended by two caducous bracts, fila-
ments slender; anther-cells confluent above. — FEMALE fl. Bracts 2 or 0.
Ovary sessile or shortly peduncled, 4-lobed longitudinally, 4-celled ; styles
2, slender, stigmatose all over. Fruit compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, lobes
angled margined or winged at the back, at length separating, indehiscent.
— DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, waters ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. Ka\6s and 0pi£,
from the elegance of its capillary ramification. — I have followed Hegel-
maier's limitation of the British forms of this very variable genus. Its
affinities are very doubtful.

1. C. ver'na, L. ; leaves not dilated at the base, flowers bracteate,

carpels slightly keeled connate for about half their breadth.

Ponds, ditches and sluggish streams, from Shetland southd. ; ascends to

2r200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-Oct.—

Very variable in size and habit, covered with scattered stellate hairs or

scales. Stems 3-12 in., submerged, terete, sparingly branched. Leaves

f-1 in., submerged linear; floating rosulate, obovate, notched, 3-nerved.

Flowers, male and female often in opposite axils. Bracts white, deciduous,

CALLITRICIIF,.] HALORAGEJ3. 153

incurved. Filaments very slender. Furrow on the carpels shallow, not

extending to the base of the lobes. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold climates

(Arctic).
C. VERNA proper ; fruit sessile, carpels turgid sharply keeled sinus shallow,

styles erect or spreading, pollen ellipsoid. C. verna'lis, Kuetz. ; C. aqua'tica,

Sm.
Sub-sp. C. PLATYCAR'PA, Kuetz. ; fruit subsessile, carpels large flattish sharply

keeled sinus deep, styles at length reflexed persistent, pollen subglobose.

C. stagnalis. Scop., is a terrestrial form. — Ascends to 1,500 ft. in Derby.
Sub-sp. C. HAMULA'TA, Kuetz. ; fruit subsessile, carpels flattish shortly broadly

keeled sinus shallow, styles long at length reflexed deciduous, pollen

subglobose.

Sub-sp. C. OBTUSAN'GULA, Leg. ; leaves obovate, fruit subsessile, styles spread-
ing, carpels turgid obtusely trigonous at the back. — C. Lachii, Warren MSS.,

has almost linear upper leaves and longer styles ; it is intermediate between

obtusan'yula and hamula'ta (Warren).
Sub-sp. C. PEDUNCULA'TA, DC. ; leaves always linear, fruit peduncled or

sessile, carpels flattish shortly sharply keeled, styles long at length reflexed

deciduous, pollen subglobose. — Flowers earlier.

2. C. autumna'lis, L. ; leaves all submerged dilated at the base, bracts
0, carpels keeled or winged connate towards the axis only.

Lakes, rare and local, Orkneys to Devon ; Ireland ; fl. June-Oct. — Stem
brittle and leaves without stellate hairs. Leaves J-| in., all linear, trun-
cate, dark green. Fruit much larger than in C. ver'na.— DISTRIB. N. and
Mid. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. America.

C. autumna'lis proper ; fruit nearly sessile, winged. — VAR. C. truncata, Guss.
fruit shortly pedicelled, keeled.

ORDER XXXI. LYTHRA'RIE2E.

Herbs, shrubs (or trees), branches usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite or
whorled, quite entire, exstipulate. Floivers regular or irregular. Calyx
inferior, tubular or campanulate, persistent ; lobes 3-6, valvate in bud,
alternating with as many teeth. Petals 3-6 rarely 0, inserted in the
calyx- tube, crumpled in bud. Stamens usually definite, inserted in
the calyx-tube, equal or unequal, inflexed in bud ; anthers versatile,
often recurved. Disk annular, unilateral, or 0. Ovary 2-6-celled ;
style straight or flexuous, stigma capitate ; ovules many, on the inner
angles of the cells, anatropous, horizontal or erect. Capsule enclosed in
the calyx-tube, 2-6-celled, or 1-celled by the septa vanishing ; placentas
usually forming a central seed-bearing column. Seeds various, albumen
scanty or 0 ; cotyledons oblong or orbicular, 2-auricled. — DISTRIB. Chiefly
trop. ; genera 30 ; species 250. — AFFINITIES. With Onagrariece, Myr-
tacece, and Haloragece — PROPERTIES. Astringent, acrid, and vesicatory.
Pomegranate bark is astringent.

Calyx tubular. Petals exceeding the calyx-teeth 1, Ly thrum.

Calyx campanulate. Petals minute or 0 2. Peplis.

154 LYTHRARlE^l. [LYTHRUM.

1. LY'THRUM, L. LOOSESTEIFE.

Herbs or shrubs, branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, whorled or alter-
nate, quite entire. Flowers axillary, red or purple, honeyed. Calyx-tube
cylindric, straight ; teeth and ribs 8-12. Petals 4-6, sometimes unequal
or 0. Stamens 8-12, 1-2-seriate in the calyx-tube, filaments filiform oiten
declinate. Ovary sessile, 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma obtuse ; ovules
very many. Capsule 1-2-celled, septicidally 2-valved or bursting irregularly.
Seeds plano-convex or angular. — DISTIUB. Temp, and trop. regions ;
species 12. — ETYM. \vdpov, gore, from the blood-red flowers.

1. L. Salica'ria, L. ; leaves opposite or whorled lanceolate cordate at
the base, flowers whorled 3-morphic, stamens 12.

River-banks and ditches, &c., from Argyll and Perth southd. ; Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous and pubescent. Rootstock creeping.
Stem 2-5 ft., branched, 4^6-angled or winged. Leaves 2-5 in., often 3-4 in a
whorl, acute. Cymes glomerate, in terminal spiked racemes. Flowers f-1
in. diam., red-purple, homogamous; bracts smaller 0. Calyx-tube ^ in.,
12-ribbed, outer-teeth lanceolate longer than the inner. Petals narrow-
oblong, wrinkled. Capsule ovoid.— DISTRIB. Temp. N. regions (Arctic),
Australia. — Flowers trimorphic in respect of length of style and of filaments
and of size of pollen in 3 sets of individuals. Of those growing by the
Thames at Kew, the long-styled is glabrous, slender, with small narrow
leaves, and bright flowers ; that with very short styles is a larger, coarser,
very pubescent plant, with dull purple flowers. — The 3 forms have — 1, Long
style, medium stamens, medium yellow pollen. — 2. Long style, short
stamens, small yellow pollen.— 3. Medium style, long stamens, large
green pollen. — 4. Medium style, short stamens, small yellow pollen. —
5. Short style, long stamens, large green pollen.— 6. Short style, medium
stamens, medium yellow pollen. — These admit of 9 modes of cross-fertili-
zation.

2. L. hyssopifo lia, L. ; leaves chiefly alternate linear-lanceolate,
flowers solitary homomorphic, stamens about 6.

Moist places, often inundated, very local, Northampt., Cambridge, Norfolk,
Herts, Cornwall ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous, annual. Stem
|--1| ft., prostrate or ascending. Leaves |-1 in., sessile, cimeate at the base,
very narrow. Flowers small, pink. Calyx 2-bracteolate ; teeth subulate,
subequal. Petals oblong. Capsule cylindric. — DISTRIB. From Hanover,
southd., N. and S. Africa, N.and W. Asia, India, America.

2. PEP' III S; L. WATER-PURSLANE.

Small weak annual herbs. Leaves alternate and opposite, quite entire.
Flowers minute, axillary, subsessile, 2-bracteolate. Calyx cainpanulate,
6-lobed, with as many alternate spreading teeth. Petals 6, in the throat
of the calyx, fugacious, or 0. Stamens 6 or 12, in the middle of the calyx-
tube. Ovary subglobose, membranous, 2-celled ; style short, stigma capi-
tate ; ovules very many, placentas on the septum semicylindric. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved, or bursting irregularly, many-seeded. Seeds minute,

PEPLIS.] LYTHRARIE^. 155

plano-convex. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia ; species 3. —
ETYM. ireirXiov, the old name for Portulaca transferred.

P. Por'tula, L. ; leaves obovate obtuse, flowers solitary.
Moist places, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous, branched, tufted.
Stems 3-8 in., 4-angled, creeping, fragile. Leaves |-1 in. opposite, short-
petioled. Flowers very minute, in almost all the leaf -axils, purplish.
Calyx 12-ribbed, hemispheric ; teeth triangular. Petals minute or 0.
Stamens 6 or 12. Capsule globose.— DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa.

ORDER XXXII. ONAGRA'RIEJE.

Herbs (rarely shrubs or trees). Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers regular. Calyx superior ; lobes 2-4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-4,
rarely 0, perigynous, fugacious, twisted in bud. Stamens 1-8, 1-2-seriate,
sometimes declinate ; anthers oblong. Disk epigynous and coating the
calyx-tube. Ovary 4- (rarely 1-6-) celled ; style filiform, stigma entire or
4-lobed ; ovules 1 or more in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous or
ascending, anatropous. Fruit a drupe, berry, or capsule. Seeds 1 or
more, smooth papillose or hairy, albumen 0 or very scanty ; embryo ovoid,
cotyledons plano-convex. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions, rarer in tropical ;
genera 22 ; species 300. — AFFINITIES. With Lythracece and. Melastomacece.
PROPERTIES unimportant.

Petals 4, pink or purple. Stamens 8 1. Epilobium.

Petals short or 0. Stamens 4 2. Ludwigia.

Petals 4, yellow. Stamens 8 2*. (Enothera.

Petals 2, white. Stamens 2 3. Circsea.

1. EPIIiO'BIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Herbs or under-shrubs, stolons creeping. Leaves alternate or opposite.
Flowers solitary, axillary, or in terminal leafy spikes, pink or purple, rarely
yellow. Calyx-tube long, slender ; limb 4-partite, deciduous. Petals 4,
usually 2-lobed. Stamens 8, the alternate shorter. Ovary 4-celled ; style
filiform, stigma obliquely clavate or 4-lobed ; ovules many, 2-seriate,
ascending. Capsule elongate, 4-celled, loculicidally 4-valved ; valves
separating from a 4- winged seed-bearing axis. Seeds broadest above, tipped
with a long pencil of hairs, minutely tubercled. — DISTRIB. Arctic, temp,
and cold regions, abundant in New Zealand ; species 50. — ETYM. M and
\6&iov, from the position of the corolla, &c., on the pod.
Hybrids abound in this genus ; the following are proved or suspected :

lanceolatum with obscurum ; parviflorum with montanum ; obscurum with

parviflorum and palustre ; palustre with alsinefolium; and parvijlorum with

tetrayonum. Many others occur on the Continent.

SECTION 1. Chamsene'rion. Corolla irregular, rotate. Calyx-lobes
free to the base, spreading. Stamens declinate.

158 ONAGRARIEsE. [EPILOBITTM.

1. E. angustifo'lium, L. ; stem tall simple, leaves lanceolate. Rose-
bay or French Willow.

Banks and copses from Shetland to Devon and Kent ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous, inflo-
rescence pubescent. Stem 2-4 ft., erect, terete. Leaves 3-6 in., petioled,
alternate, obscurely toothed, glaucous beneath. Racemes elongate. Flowers
1 in. diam., bracteate, dark rose-purple, honeyed, proterandrous. Petals
obovate-spathulate, 2 lower smaller. Style bent down, stigmas 4, erect then
revolute. Capsule 2-4 in. Seeds obovoid. — DISTRIB. Temp, and Arctic
Europe, N. and "W. Asia to the Himalaya, and America.

K. br achy car' pum, Leight., with stem 4-6 ft., buds very oblique, capsules
1-1§ in., is the cultivated form, sometimes found as an escape.

SECTION 2. Lysima'chion. Flowers regular, corolla campanulate or
funnel-shaped. Calyx-lobes connate at the base. Stamens erect.

* Stem terete. Stigma A-cleft, lobes erect or resolute.

2. E. hirsu'tum, L. ; glandular-pubescent and hirsute, leaves opposite
oblong-lanceolate J-amplexicaul serrulate, buds erect. Codlins-and-cream.

Sides of ditches and rivers, from Sutherland southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Derby ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Odorous. Stolons sub-
terranean, thick, fleshy, scaly, leafless. Stems 3-5 ft., terete with raised
lines from the leaf-bases. Leaves 3-5 in., teeth incurved. Flowers very
many, J-| in. diam., rose-purple, homogamous. Petals broad, notched.
Filaments bearded at the base. Stigma-lobes revolute. Capsule 2-3 in.—
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N.
America.

3. E. parviflo'rum, Sclireb. ; villous pubescent or glabrate, leaves
mostly alternate sessile lanceolate obscurely toothed, buds erect.

Ditches and river-banks, from Ross and the Hebrides southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Stolons autumnal, with subsessile rosulate
leaves. Stem 1-3 ft., terete, branched above. Leaves 1-2 in., linear or
oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base. Flowers £ in. diam., many, rose-
purple, honeyed, homogamous. Stigma-lobes short, not revolute. Capsule
l|-2 in., nearly glabrous or pubescent. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Himalaya.

It. rivula're^ "VYahl., is an almost glabrous variety ; and E. interme' dium, Herat,
has most or all the leaves alternate.

4. E. montanum, L. ; stem glabrous or pubescent, leaves mostly
opposite glabrous oblong-ovate acute toothed, buds drooping.

Shady banks, walls and cottage roofs, from Shetland southd. ; ascends to near
1,700 ft. in the Lake district; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- July. —
Stolons autumnal, subterranean and fleshy, or subaerial with suberect
rosulate leaves. Stem 6-24 in., erect, slender. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes
petioled, or whorled in threes. Flowers |— ^ in. diam., pale purple, homo-
gamous. Stigma-lobes short, not revolute. Capsule 2-3§ in., finely pubescent.
• — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

EPILOBIUM.] ONAGRAFJE^. 157

5. E. lance ola' turn, Sebast. and Maur. ; finely pubescent, leaves mostly
alternate petioled oblong-lanceolate toothedj buds inclined.

Roadsides and stony places by streams, from Surrey to Cornwall, Monmouth,
Gloster ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Get. — Stolons autumnal, with spreadiDg
rosulate leaves. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, branched, terete, pubescent, hairs short
recurved. Leaves 1^-3 in., lowest opposite, petiole terminating in obscure
decurrent lines on the stem. Flowers J in. diam., many, pale rose. Stit/ma-
lobes short, spreading. Capsule 2-3 in., finely pubescent. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., and eastd. to Asia Minor.

** Stem often more or less 2-4:-angled, or with 2-4 raised lines. Stigma oblique
clcwate.

6. E. ro'seum, Schreb. ; pubescent above, stem with 2 or 4 raised lines,
leaves petioled mostly alternate ovate-oblong narrowed above and below
toothed glabrous, buds inclined acuminate.

Copses and moist places, Edinburgh to Kent and Cornwall, local ; rare in the
north ; ? Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Stolons autumnal, with loosely rosulate
leaves. Stem 1-2| ft., erect, brittle, much branched. Leaves 1|-2| in.
Flowers many, J in", diam., rose-red. Capsule 2-3 in., pubescent. — DlSTEIB.
Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N.W. America.

7. E. tetrago'num, L. ; pubescent above, stem usually with 2 or 4 raised
lines, leaves sessile oblong- or ovate- or linear-lanceolate toothed, buds
erect acute.

Wet places, from the Orkneys southd. ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft., erect, branched,

rather tough, obtusely angled or with 2 or 4 raised lines or almost terete.

Leaves 1-3 in., narrow, lower or all below the branches opposite, rarely

slightly petioled, base decurrent. Flowers J— ^ in., erect, rose- lilac. Pods

2-4 in. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and S. temp, zones, Himalaya.
E. TETRAGO'NUM proper ; stolons autumnal with rosulate leaves, leaves

linear-oblong or -lanceolate shining above, capsule 2-4 in. slightly

incurved.
Sub.-sp. E. OBSCu'-RiJM, Schreb.9, stolons sestival with few distant pairs of

opposite leaves, leaves ovate-lanceolate not shining above, capsule 1-2 in.

suberect or rather spreading. E. viryatum, Gren. and Godr. — The most

common form ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Derby.

8. E. palus'tre, L. ; finely pubescent above, stem terete without raised
lines, leaves subsessile mostly opposite lanceolate from a cuneate base,
buds nodding obtuse, seeds fusiform, testa produced at the tip.

Bogs and ditches, from Shetland southd. ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Stolons sestival, sub-
terranean, filiform, scaly, bearing in autumn scaly buds. Stem 6-24 in., with
often two lines of pubescence. Leaves 1|-2| in., almost all opposite, flaccid,
spreadiog, scarcely toothed, tip narrowed but obtuse. Flowers horizontal,
| in. diam., rose-lilac. Capsule 2-2^ in., pubescent. Seeds much narrower
than in all preceding species, with a distinctly produced testa. — DISTRIB.
N. temp, and Arctic zones, Himalaya. — VAE. lif/ula'ta, Baker, with leaves
lanceolate faintly toothed, and seeds shorter, is a hybrid with obscurum.

158 ONAGEAEIEJE. [EPILOBIUM.

9. E. alsinefo'lium, Vill. ; almost glabrous, stems tufted ascending
with 2-4 obscure pubescent lines, leaves usually opposite subsessile ovate
or ovate-lanceolate acuminate toothed glabrous shining, buds drooping
obtuse, seeds narrow clavate, testa produced at the tip.

Spongy banks of rills, &c., in alpine and subalpiue districts, Wales, and from
Westmoreland and Durham to Shetland ; ascends to near 2,900 ft. ; fl. July. —
Stolons sestival, subterranean, filiform, scaly, bearing in autumn a scaly bud.
Stem 4-12 in., flexuous, subsucculent. Leaves 1-2 in., as of E. monta'num,
flaccid, bright green. Flowers \ in. diam., few, bright rose-purple. Capsule
l|-2 in., almost glabrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia to
Himalaya, America.

10. E. alpi'num, L. ; small, slightly pubescent, stem with 2 pubescent
lines, leaves opposite elliptic-oblong obtuse entire or toothed, buds obtuse
and flowers pendulous, seeds narrow -obovoid, testa not produced.

Alpine rills, from Durham and Cumberland to Sutherland ; ascends to near
4,000 ft. ; fl. July. — Stolons sestival, rosulate, or elongate (E. anagalli-
difo'lium, Lamk.). Stem usually ascending, 3-9 in., slender, simple, often
curved. Leaves §-§ in., few, shortly petioled. Flowers 1-3, ^-f in. diam.,
bright or pale rose-purple. Capsule 1-1J in., almost glabrous. — DISTRIB.
Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

2. LUDWIG'IA, L.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, quite entire. Flowers usually axillary solitary and sessile ; peduncles
2-bracteate. Calyx-tube cylindric or angled or turbinate ; lobes 3-5, per-
sistent- Petals 3-5 or 0, and stamens (3-5) inserted under the margin of
an epigynous disk. Ovary 4-5-celled ; style short, stigma 3-5-lobed ;
ovules many, in many series, on prominent axile placentas. Capsule
septicidal or dehiscing by terminal pores, or irregularly rupturing longi-
tudinally. Seeds minute. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions, chiefly of
N. America ; species 20. — ETYM. C. G. Ludwig, a Leipsic botanist.

L. palus'tris, Elliot; leaves all opposite ovate or elliptic. Is-

nar'dia, L.

Boggy pools, very rare, Sussex and Hants ; Jersey ; fl. June-July.— Glabrous,
perennial. Stem 6-10 in., rooting at the nodes, procumbent or floating,
4-angled, branched. Leaves |-1 in., petioled, acute, shining. Flowers
4-merous, minute, axillary, sessile, green ; bracts subulate. Calyx-tube § in.,
oblong, truncate, with 4 green ribs ; lobes triangular, acute. Petals 0 (or
small and red in American specimens). Style short, stigma large capitate.
Seeds angular. — DISTRIB, From Hamburg southd., S. Africa, W. Asia,
N. America.

2*. (ENOTHE'RA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary or
in leafy spikes or racemes, large, yellow red or purple, honeyed. Calyx-
tube elongate, 4-angled ; limb cylindric, 4-lobed, deciduous. Petals 4.

(ENOTHERA.] ONAGRARIE^E. 159

Stamens 8 ; anthers usually long. Ovary 4-celled ; style filiform, stigma
capitate entire or 4-lobed ; ovules many, 1-2-seriate, horizontal or ascend-
ing. Capsule 4- rarely 1-celled, splitting from the top downwards into
4 septiferous valves, usually leaving the seeds on the axis, sometimes
indehiscent. Seeds many or few, sometimes appendaged. — DISTRIB.
Temp. N. and S. America, rarely tropical ; one Tasmanian ; species 100.
— ETYM. obscure.

(E. BIEN'NIS, L. ; erect, leaves ovate-lanceolate, capsule oblong

subcylindric.

A garden escape in several places; fl. July-Sept. — Annual or biennial,
pubescent or hairy, 2-3 ft. Leaves 3-6 in., remotely toothed ; petiole short,
midrib stout white. Flowers 3-3| in. diam., subspicate, sessile, golden
yellow. Calyx-lobes much longer than the ovary. Petals obcordate.
Capsule 1-2 in., narrowed upwards, obtusely 4-ribbed. — DISTRIB. N.
America.

(E. ODORA'TA, Jacq. ; erect, leaves linear-lanceolate waved, capsule
elongate cylindric.
Coasts of Somerset and Cornwall ; a garden escape ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial.

Stem 1-2 ft., usually purplish, branched, clothed with spreading hairs. Leave*

3-6 in., lower nearly flat, nerves green or purple. Flowers yellow, 3-4 in.

diam., fragrant. Capsule 2 in., pubescent. — DISTRIB. Patagonia.

3. CIRCJE'A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Slender erect herbs, with creeping rootstocks. Stem simple. Leaves
opposite, petioled, toothed. Flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral
peduncled racemes, honeyed. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb 2-parted, reflexed,
deciduous. Petals obcordate and stamens 2, inserted under the margin
of an epigynous disk. Ovary 1-2-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate
2-lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, ascending, placentas axile. Fruit ovoid
or pyriform, 1-2-celled, indehiscent, covered with hooked bristles, cells
1 -seeded. Seeds oblong, attached by the middle. — DISTRIB. Europe,
temp. Asia, and N. America ; species 2 or 3. — ETYM. Circe, the
enchantress.

1. C. lutetia'na, L. ; glandular-pubescent, leaves ovate faintly toothed
not shining, fruit broadly obovoid 2-seeded.

Damp woods, from Argyll and Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft., erect or
ascending, terete, subsimple ; nodes swollen. Leaves 1-3 in., petiole almost
as long, covered with translucent dots, rounded truncate or cordate at the
base. Flowers § in. diam. in lax erect terminal racemes, white or pink,
proterandrous ; pedicels § in., slender, jointed at the base, patent, reflexed
in fruit ; bracts usually 0. Disk tumid. Fruit § in. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America.

2. C. alpi'na, L. ; smaller, less hairy, leaves shining more deeply
toothed, ovary less hispid, fruit 1 -seeded.

160 ONAGRARIEJE.

Hilly districts from Gloster, N. Wales and Stafford to Sutherland ; ascends
to 1,300 ft. in the Lake district ; Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Usually a well-
marked plant ; comparatively stouter, 6-8 in. ; leaves with longer and winged
petiole ; pedicels with minute subulate bracts, but supposed hybrids or inter-
mediates are designated as (7. lutetia'na, var. intermefdia, and C. intermedia,
Ehrh., according to their affinities with one or the other parent. — DISTRIB. as
C. lutetia'na, omitting N. Africa, and extending to within the Arctic circle
and to mountains of South India.

ORDER XXXIII. CUCURBITA'CE^E.

Tribe CUCUMERI'NE^;.

Prostrate or climbing, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
exstipulate. Tendrils lateral, simple or divided. Flowers usually cymose,
unisexual. Calyx superior, lobes 5, valvate in bud. Petals 5, inserted on
the calyx-limb, distinct or connate below, valvate or induplicate in bud.
Stamens 3 ; filaments and anthers distinct or connate, the latter adnate to
the filaments, bursting outwards, one 1-celled, two 2-celled, cells straight
curved or flexuous. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; placentas 3, fleshy, project-
ing to and confluent in the axis of the ovary and thence reflexed to its
walls ; style simple or divided, stigmas various ; ovules 2-seriate, parietal,
horizontal, anatropous. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds usually
flattened, testa coriaceous or crustaceous, albumen 0, embryo flattened,
cotyledons plano-convex or foliaceous, radicle short. — DISTRIB. Of the
Tribe, chiefly Indian and African ; genera 50 ; species 360. — AFFINITIES.
"With Passiflorece. — The above Tribe comprises the mass of the Order. —
PROPERTIES. Purgative and bitter, but many yield by cultivation esculent
fruits.

1. BRYO'NIA, L. BRYONY.

Slender climbing perennial herbs. Leaves 3-5-angled or -lobed. — MALE
fl. in racemed corymbose or fascicled cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate,
5-toothed. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-partite. Filaments 3, rarely 5 ;
anthers distinct or slightly cohering, cells flexuous. — FEMALE fl. solitary
or crowded, calyx and corolla of the male. Ovary ovoid or globose ; style
slender, 3-fid, stigmas simple or 2-lobed. Berry spherical, many or few-
seeded. Seeds tumid or compressed. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; species
12. — ETYM. j8pw«, to shoot, from the rapid growth of the shoots.

B. dioi'ca, L. ; hispid, dioecious, leaves palmately 5-lobed.
Hedges and thickets in England, rare in the North ; Channel Islands ; fl.
May-Sept — Rootstock of very large fleshy tubers; juice nauseous, milky.
Stems many, annular, slender, angled ; tendrils simple. Leaves 3-5 in.
diam., petioled, suborbicular, cordate, lobes sinuate. Cymes of male corym-
bose, 3-8-fld. ; of fern, umbelled. Corolla |-| in. diam., hairy, greenish.
Ovary smooth, stigmas 2-cleft. Berry % in. diam., red, 3-6-seeded. — DIS-
TRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, W. Asia. — Boot acrid and
cathartic.

UMBELLIFERJE. 161

ORDER XXXIY, UM BELLI F'ER-ffi.

Herbs ; internodes usually fistular. Leaves alternate, pinnately or
3-nately compound, rarely simple ; petiole dilated at the base. Inflorescence
of usually simple or compound umbels, with an involucre of whoiied bracts
at the base of the primary rays, and of bracteoles at the secondary ; rarely
capitate. Flowers small, usually honeyed and proterandrous, all 2-sexual
and similar, or outer in each umbel male with large unequal petals and
long stamens, inner female or 2-sexual. Calyx superior ; limb 0 or
5-toothed. Petals 5, epigynous, usually obovate or obcordate, tip often
inflexed, imbricate induplicate or valvate in bud, white, rarely pink yellow
or blue. Stamens 5, at the base of the disk, filaments incurved ; anthers
versatile. Disk epigynous, usually of 2 lobes confluent with the bases of
the styles. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, erect or recurved, stigmas obtuse ;
ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous, raphe ventral. Fruit of 2
indehiscent, dorsally or laterally compressed carpels, separated by a com-
missure ; carpels each 5- or 9-ridged, adnate to or pendulous from an entire
or split slender axis (carpophore) ; pericarp often traversed by oil-canals
(mttoe). Seed pendulous*, usually adherent to the pericarp, testa membra-
nous, albumen copious dense ; embryo minute, next the hilum, cotyledons
ovate-oblong or linear, often very unequal. — DISTRIB. Chiefly N. Europe,
N". and W. Asia, and N. Africa ; genera 152 ; species 1,300. — AFFINITIES,
Intimate with Araliacece and Cornece. — PROPERTIES. 1. Poisonous, acrid,
watery sap in Conium, Cicuta, (Enanthe. 2. Esculent in Angelica,
Samphire, Parsley, Celery, &c. 3. Sugar and starch abound in Carrot,
Parsnip, Pig-nut. 4. Milky foetid gum-resins in stems of Asafcetida,
Gfalbanum, &c. 5. Essential oils in the fruit of Anise, Dill, Caraivay,
Coriander, and Cummin. — The ridges are normally 9 on each carpel ; viz.
5 primary, of which 2 are lateral next the commissure, 1 dorsal, 2 inter-
mediate ; and 4 secondary, alternating with these. The vittse occur
between the ridges, rarely in them ; normally there are 6 in each carpel,
4 between the primary ridges and 2 on the commissural face.

SERIES 1. HETEEOSCIA'DIE^E. Umbels simple, or very irregularly compound,
or flowers capitate. Vittce 0 or obscure. See 35. Caucalis.

TRIBE I. HYDROCOT'YLE-ZE. Fruit laterally much compressed, com-
missure narrow 1. Hydrocotyle.

TRIBE II. S A-NIC'UI/EJE. Fruit subterete, or dorsally compressed ; com-
missure broad.

Leaves spinous. Umbels densely capitate 2. Eryngium.

Leaves palmate. Bracts very large 2*. Astrantia

Leaves palmate. Fruit with hooked spines 3. Sanicula.

SERIES 2. HAPLOZYG'IEJE. Umbels compound. Ridyes subequal or primary

the most conspicuous (except in 22*. Coriandrum}. Vittce usually obvious,
TRIBE III. AMMI'NE.ffi. Fruit laterally compressed ; commissure narrow.
Section 1. Smyrn'iese. Fruit short, ovoid or didymous ; ridyes not winged.
Seed grooved ventrally.

Yittse solitary in the furrows ; ridges slender 4. Physosperraum.

M

162 UMBELLIFER^.

Vittse several. Disk-lobes depressed ; riclges elevated 5. Conium.

Viltse several. Disk-lobes conical : 6. Smyrnium.

Section 2. Ammi'nese proper. Fruit as in 1, but seed flat ventrally.

* Petals entire, tip acute or shortly inflexed. Vittse 1-2.

Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. 7. Bupleurum.

Leaves compound. Flowers white, dioecious 8. Triuia.

Leaves compound. Flowers white, 2-sexual ' 9. Apium.

** Petals 2-lobed, tip long inflexed. Vittse solitary in the furrows.

Calyx- teeth obsolete. Vittse as long as the fruit 10. Carum.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Vittse very short 11. Sison.

Calyx-teeth ovate, acute. Vittse long 12. Cicuta.

*** Petals as in * ; but vittse several in each furrow (except in JEgopodium}.

Calyx^-teeth acute. Leaves pinnate 13. Sium.

C ilyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves 2-ternate. Vittse 0 14. JEgopodium.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves various. Vittse many 15. Pimpinella.

Section 3, Scandici'nege. Fruit elongate. Seed grooved ventrally.

* Vittse many in each furrow, often faint 16. Conopoclium.

*'* Vittse 0, or 1 in each furrow.

Fruit f-1 in.; ridges almost winged 17. Myrrhis.

Fruit 1-3 in. ; ridges prominent 18. Scandix.

Fruit J in.; ridges vanishing upwards 19. Chserophyllum.

Fruit J-J in.; ridges 0 or obscure .20. Anthriscus.

TRIBE IV. SESEIiI'NE/E. Fruit globose or ovoid, not laterally compressed ;
commissure broad ; lateral ridges distinct (except in 22*. Coriandrum) ,
rarely winged, if so wings of opposite carpels not in contact.

/Sub-tribe 1. Seseli'neee proper. Fruit subterete ; ridges not thickened or corky.

Calyx-teeth small. Petals white, notched 21. Seseli.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, entire 22. Fceniculum.

Sub-tribe 2. Corian'drese. Fruit globose ; ridges low, secondary broadest.

22*. Coriandrum. ,

Sub-tribe 3. Cacliry'dese. Fruit subterete ; primary ridges acute ; outer coat
of pericarp lax 23. Crithmum.

Sub-tribe 4. CEnan'tlieae. Fruit subterete; primary ridges thick, lateral
forming a corky rim round the carpel.

Bracteoles whorled 24. GEnanthe.

Bracteoles unilateral 25. ^Ethusa.

Sub-tribe 5. Sclmltz'iese, Fruit subterete; lateral ridges thickened or
winged 26. Silaus.

Sub-tribe 6. Seli'nese. Fruit dor sally compressed; primary ridges broad,
thick.

Seed concave ventrally; vittse several 27. Meum.

Seed almost flat ventrally ; vittae many or obscure 28. Ligusticum.

Seed biconvex; vittse solitary in the dorsal furrows 29. Selinum.

UMBELLIFER^E. 163

Sub-tribe 7. Angel'iceae. Fruit much dorsally compressed ; lateral ridges
broadly winged ; wings of opposite carpels not appressed 30. Angelica.

TRIBE Y. PEUCEDA'NE-ffi. Fruit much dorsally compressed; lateral
ridges broadly winged, wings of opposite carpels appressed (face to
face) ; other ridges filiform. Styles short, stout.

Wings with thin margins ; vittse as long as the fruit 31. Peucedanum.

Wings with thin margins; vittse club-shaped 32. Heracleum.

Wings with thick margins 33. Tordylium.

SERIES 3. DIPLOZ YG'IE J3. Umbels compound (sometimes simple in Caucalis} ;

secondary ridges more, distinct than the primary (see also 22*. Coriandrum),

spinous in the British genera.

Bracts pinnatifid or laciniate. Seed flat in front 34. Daucus.

Bracts entire or 0. Seed grooved in front 35. Caucalis.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA.

I. Leaves undivided.

Creeping. Leaves peltate ...1. Hydrocotyle.

Erect. Leaves linear 7. Bupleurum.

II. Leaves palmate, or simply 3-nately divided,.

Umbels subglobose. Fruit prickly. Leaves palmate.... 3. Sanicula.

Umbels in dense heads. Fruit scaly. Leaves spiny 2. Eryngium.

Umbels many-rayed. Leaves 3-foliolate ....31. Peucedanum (Imperatoria).
Bracts large, coloured. Leaves palmate 2*. Astrantia.

III. Leaves simply pinnate, rarely compound at the base.
a. Fruit dorsally much compressed, winged.

Border of wings very thick. Petals pink 33. Tordylium.

Border of wings not thickened. Petals white 32. Heracleum .

/3 Fruit not much compressed, terete or didymous.

* Fruit spiny. Seed grooved ventrally 35. Caucalis.

** Fruit glabrous. Seed flat or nearly so ventrally.

f Petals entire.

Carpophore 2-partite 10. Carum.

Carpophore entire or 2-fid 9. Apium.

ft Petals notched or 2-lobed.

Kiclges of fruit slender ; vittse clavate, solitary, short 11. Sison.

Ridges of fruit prominent ; vittse several, long 15. Pirnpinella.

Ridges of fruit slender ; vittse several, long 13. Sium.

IV. Leaves 2-3-pinnate or 2-3-ternate.

A. Fruit terete or angled, not much dorsally compressed or flattened.

* Seed grooved ventrally, or with involute margins.

M 2

164 UMBELLIFER^.

f Fruit muricate or prickly

Ridges of fruit elevated, with strong spines 35. Caucalis.

Ridges obscure 20. Anthriscus.

ft Fruit smooth, glabrous, rarely pubescent.

J Fruit short, ovoid, subalobose, or didymous.

Flowers white. Ridges filiform ; vittse solitary 4. Physospermum.

Flowers white. Ridges thick, waved ; vittse several 5. Coniura.

Flowers yellow. Ridges stout, even ; vittse several 6. Smyrnium.

H Fruit narrow, but not beaked. Flowers white.

Ridges slender ; vittse numerous 16. Conopodium.

Ridges obtuse ; vittse solitary 19. Chserophyllum.

Primary ridges winged ; vittse 2-3 27. Meum.

J}} Fruit narrow, beaked. Flowers white.

Beak short; ridges sharp 17. Myrrhis.

Beak long ; ridges obtuse 18. Scandix.

Beak moderate ; ridges obscure 20. Anthriscus.

** Seed flat ventrally or nearly so. (Fruit short in all.)
t Petals white, entire, with an incurved point.

Ridges slender; vittse 1-3. Carpophore entire or 2-fid 9. Apium.

Ridges stout, sharp ; vittse numerous 23. Crithmum.

tt Petals yellow, entire or with an incurved point.

Ridges slender; carpophore 2-partite 10. Carom.

Dioecious. Vittse within the stout ridges 8. Trinia.

Bracteoles 0. Vittse solitary 22. Fceniculum.

Bracteoles many. Vittse many 26. Silaus.

ttt Petals white, obcordate, notched or 2-lobed.
IF Calyx-teeth distinct..

Fruit didymous ; ridges depressed ; vittse solitary 12. Cicuta.

Fruit subterete ; ridges depressed ; vittse 1-2 21. Seseli.

Fruit globose ; ridges obscure ; vittse 0 22*. Coriandrum.

Fruit subterete ; ridges stout; vittse solitary 24. (Enanthe.

Hf Calyx-teeth obscure or 0.

Fruit covered with hooked bristles 34. Dauctis.

Bracts and bracteoles linear 10. Carum.

Bracteoles 0. Ridges slender ; vittse 0 ; styles slender 14. JEgopodium.

Bracts and bracteoles unilateral, deflexed 25. ^Ethusa.

Bracts few or 0, bracteoles many. Ridges almost winged. ..28. Ligusticum.

B. Fruit much dorsally compressed, broadly winged.

* Lateral wings of the opposite carpels closely contiguous.

Petals white, notched. Wings thin, vittse club-shaped 32. Heracleum.

Petals v?.riou Wings thin, vittse long 31. Peucedanum (proper).

Petals white. Wings with a thickened border 33. Tordylium.

HYDROCOTYLE.] UMBELLIFER^E. 165

** Lateral wings of opposite carpels with a space between them.

Bracts deciduous. Fruit large 30. Angelica.

Bracts 0. Fruit small 29. Selinum.

1. HYDROCOT'YIjE, L. WHITE-ROT, PENNY- WORT.

Small perennial herbs, often creeping. Leaves entire, lobed, or 3-5-
foliolate. Umbels usually simple ; bracts few or 0. Calyx-teeth 5 or obso-
lete. Petals not inflexed, valvate or imbricate in bud. Fruit much later-
ally compressed ; commissure narrow, carpophore undivided 2-fid or 0 \
carpels nearly orbicular, with 1-5 ridges on each side ; vittse 0 or slender ;
styles filiform, on the flattened disk. — DISTRIB. Tom p. and trop. ; species
70. — ETYM. vSwp and KorvKi], from the cupped peltate leaf.

Hn vulga'ris, L. ; leaves orbicular peltate crenate, petiole hairy.
Marshes, bogs, &c., from Shetland southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the Lake
district; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-Aug.— Stem filiform, white,
creeping, rarely floating. Leaves |-2 in. diam., 1 or more at the nodes ;
petiole 2-6 in. Umbels axillary, shortly peduncled. Flowers small, capitate,
pinkish-green; bracts minute, triangular, concave. Fruit ^ in. diam.;
carpels covered with resinous points, with 2 ridges on each face. — DISTUID.
Europe, "W". Asia, N. Africa.

2. ERYN'GIUM, L. ERYNGO.

Rigid, branched, often glaucous, perennial herbs. Leaves spinous-toothed,
lobed or cut. Flowers sessile, in very dense bracteolat-e -heads, surrounded
at the base by a whorl of rigid bracts. Calyx-tube scaly ; teeth rigid,
acute, longer than the petals. Petals narrow, deeply notched, point long
inflexed. Disk concave, crenulate. Fruit ovoid ; commissure broad,
carpophore 0 ; carpels J-terete, primary ridges obscure 1-vittate ; styles
filiform, slender, erect. Seeds flat or subconcave ventrally. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and sub-trop. regions, chiefly S. American ; species 100. — ETYM.
uncertain. — Very slender vittae often occur in the endocarp.

E. marit'imum, L. ; very glaucous, radical leaves suborbioular

3-lobed spinous, caulirie palmate. Sea Holly.

Sandy shores, from Aberdeen and Argyll southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Aug. — Ro'itstock creeping, stolouiferous. Stems 1-2 ft., stout, 3-
chotomously branched. Radical leaves 2-5 in. diam., margins cartilaginous.
Heads about 3 together, •§-! in. diam., at length ovoid. Primary involucre
of 3 bracts ; partial of 5-7 ovate spinous-serrate bracts ; bracteoles 3-fid,
equalling the flowers. Flcwers § in. diam., bluish-white. — DISTRIB. Shorts
of Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas. — Roots formerly candied as a
sweetmeat.

E. CAMPES'TRE, L. ; pale green, radical leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate,
cauline 2-pinnatifld.
Reported wild in Kent, and formerly in Suffolk ; supposed to be introduced

at Plymouth, Weston-super-Mare, the Tyne, Waterford, &c. ; Channel

1G:6 UMBELLIFEE^. [EKYNGIUM.

Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Erect, 1-2 ft., less glaucous and more branched
than E. maritimum. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd. ; N. Africa, Cau-
casus, W. Siberia.

2*. ASTRANTIA, L.

Erect herbs. Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves palmately lobed or cut.
Umbels simple or irregularly compound ; bracts many, radiating, often
coloured ; flowers polygamous, males on shorter pedicels. Calyx-limb
campanulate ; teeth exceeding the petals, with long points. Petals
notched ; point long, inflexed. Disk cup-shaped. Fruit ovoid or oblong,
nearly terete ; commissure broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels dorsally com-
pressed, primary ridges equal, with plaited wrinkled or toothed inflated
ribs,, furrows 1-vittate ; styles filiform. — DISTUIB. Europe, W. Asia ;
species 4 or 5. — ETYM. ftorrpov, from the star-like umbels.

A. MA'JOR, L. ; leaves with 3-7 ovate-lanceolate serrate lobes.
Naturalized in woods. Ludlow and Malvern ; fl. June-July. — Stem 1-2 ft.
Radical leaves 3-4 in. diam., acute, serratures bristle-pointed ; petiole 4-10
in. tracts |-| in., ovate-lanceolate, reticulate, white beneath, above dark
green tinged with pink, serrulate. Flowers white or pink ; pedicels filiform.
Fruit | in. ; styles spreading.— DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, W. Asia.

3. SANIC'ULA, L. SANICLE.

Slender, erect, perennial herbs. Rootstock stout, short, creeping. Leaves
palmately cut. Umbels small, subglobose, irregularly compound ; bracts
leafy ; bracteoles few ; flowrers polygamous. Calyx-teeth as long as
the petals, subherbaceous, pungent. Petals minute, deeply notched,
point long inftexed. Disk dilated. Fruit ovoid ; covered with hooked
prickles ; commissure rather broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels ^-terete, ridges
inconspicuous, furrows 1-vittate ; styles filiform. Seed flat ventrally. —
DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 10. — ETYM. sano, to heal.

S. europge'a, L. ; fertile flowers subsessile, males pedicelled.
Copses, &c., from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in N. England ; Ire-
land ; fl. June-July.— Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft., simple, almost leafless.
Radical leaves 1-3 in. diam., long petioled, suborbicular, 3-5-lobed or -par-
tite; lobes cuneate, cut, acutely serrate. Umbel ^-f in. diam., irregular,
rays few ; bracts 2-5, unequal, simple or pinnatifid, serrate. Flowers pink
or white, outer male, central few proterandrous. Fruit % in. ; styles spreading.
— DISTRIB. Europe, Himalaya and S. India, N. and trop. Africa.

4. PHYSOSPER'MUM, Cusson. BLADDER-SEED.

Erect, perennial herbs ; root fusiform. Leaves 3-nately compound,
segments cuneate. Umbels compound ; bracts and bracteoles few, linear ;
flowers white. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals with a long inflexed point.
Disk-lobes conical. Fruit didymous, bladdery, broader than long ; com-
missure narrow, carpophore simple ; carpels terete, smooth, primary ridges
slender, furrows 1-vittate. /Seed loose, concave ventrally. — DISTRIB

PIIYSOSPERMUM.] UMBELLIFER^. 167

Europe, W. Asia ; species 2 or 3. — ETYM. tyixra and oW^a, from the
bladdery fruits.

P. cornubien'se, DC. ; branches panicled, umbels long-peduncled.
Thickets, S. Devon'and Cornwall ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous except the puberu-
lous margins and ribs of the leaf. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, striate, Radical leaves
long-petioled, flat, 2-3-ternate ; segments |-| in., deeply laciniate, long
petioled. Umbel-rays 10-20, 1-3 in., suberect, furrowed. — Regarded by
Nyman and others as a sab-species of the S. European and Oriental P.
aquileyifolium, Koch. — DISTKIB. S. of France and Spain eastward.

5. CONI'UJYE, L. HEMLOCK.

Tall, glabrous, biennial herbs. Leaves pinnately compound. Umbels
compound, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles many, small ; flowers white,
polygamous. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals obtuse, or the tip shortly inflexed.
Disk depressed. Fruit broadly ovoid, laterally compressed ; commissure
constricted, carpophore undivided ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges pro-
minent obtuse, lateral distinct ; vittte many, slender, irregular ; styles
short, reflexed. Seed deeply grooved ventrally. — DISTKIB. Europe, Asia,
N. Africa ; species 2. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

C. macula'tum, L. ; stem spotted, leaf-segments pinnatifid.
Banks, roadsides, &c., from Orkney southd. ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Foetid. Stem 2-5 ft.,
stout, leafy, furrowed, purple-spotted, paniculately branched above. Leaves
large, deltoid, finely 2-pinnate ; segments ^ in., ovate oblong or deltoid,
flaccid, lower petioled, ultimate serrate. Umbels terminal and axillary,
shortly peduncled ; bracts reflexed, short, unilateral ; rays 10-20, |-1 in. ;
first open flowers small male, later larger female. Fruit £ in., greenish-
brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and AY. Asia; introd. in N.
America.

6. SMYRN'IUM, L. ALEXANDERS.

Stout, erect, glabrous, biennial or perennial herbs. Radical leaves
3-nately compound, segments broad. Umbels compound ; bracts and
bracteoles few or 0 ; flowers yellow, polygamous. Calyx-teeth minute or 0.
Petals with a short inflexed point. Disk-lobes c'onical or depressed. Fruit
ovoid, laterally compressed or didymous ; commissure much constricted,
carpophore 2-partite ; carpels subterete or angular, with 3 prominent ribs ;
vittse many ; styles short, recurved. Seed deeply grooved ventrally.
— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 6 or 7. — ETYM. The old
Greek name.

S. Olusa'trtim, L. ; cauline leaves petioled 3-foliolate serrate.
Waste places, especially near the sea and amongst ruins, from Aberdeen and
the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; a doubtful native ; fl. April-
June. — Shining. Root stout, biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., solid, furrowed, panicled,
branches often opposite. Petioles large, sheathing, margins hairy. Leaflets
l|-2 in., broadly obovate or ovate, obtusely serrate or lobed. Umbels lateral

168 UMBELLIFER^. [SMYRNIUM.

and terminal, subglobose ; rays few or many, long or short. Fruit % in.,
dark brown ; ridges variab'e in prominence and number ; outer coat of the
pericarp often loose ; vittse adhering to the inner. — DISTRIB. From Holland
southd., native only in Mediterranean region, Ball. — Formerly cultivated as
a pot-herb.

7. BUPLEU'RUM, L. HARE's-EAR.

Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, quite
entire. Umbels compound, many-rayed, or irregular and few-rayed ; bracts
and bracteoles many and leafy, or few and small, or 0 ; flowers yellow,
sessile or pedicelled. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals hooded, with an inflexed
point. Disk-lobes tumid or dilated. Fruit laterally compressed ; com-
missure broad, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges promi-
nent or winged or 0 ; vittae 0 or 1 or more in the furrows, continuous
or interrupted ; styles short, reflexed. Seed subterete, flat concave or
deeply grooved ventral ly. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. and S. Africa,
N.W. America ; species 60. — ETYM. obscure.

1. B. ro.tundifo'lium, L. ; annual, stem fistular, leaves perforate.
Chalky fields, rare, E. and S. counties, from York to Kent and Somerset ;

fl. June-July. — Glaucous. Stem 8-18 in., simple or branched above, terete.
Leaves l-2|in., lower oblong, upper suborbicular api dilate; nerves radiating.
Bracts 0 ; bracteoles 3-5, ovate, leafy, longer than the many short rays,
connate at the base, suberect in fruit. Fruit broad, | in. ; vittse 0 ; ridges
slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

2. B. falca'tum, L. ; perennial, stem erect slender fistular, leaves
oblong-lanceolate, nerves many parallel, upper broader J-amplexicaul.
Hedgerows and fields, Snrrey and Essex ; a doubtful native; fl. Aug. — Root-
stock branched. Stems lf-4 ft., simple or branched above. Radical leaves
1-3 in., acute ; petiole ^-amplexicaul ; cauline recurved. Umbels very small ;
bracts 2-5, short, unequal ; bracteoles 4-5, oblong, awned. Flowers minute.
Fruit % in., narrow ; ridges prominent ; vittse in threes. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., W. Asia to India and Japan.

3. B. tenuis'simum, L. ; annual, stem solid, leaves linear-lanceolate
acuminate 3-nerved, bracts- subulate.

"Waste places and salt marshes, local, from Durham to Devon and Kent ;
fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 6-18 in., erect or procumbent, flexuous, ribbed. Leaves
|f— 1 in., rigid, lowest slightly dilated upwards. Umbels axillary, very small,
racemed or subspicate along the branches ; bracts 3-5, unequal ; bracteoles
similar. Fruit broad, minute, granulate; ridges prominent; vittse 0. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

4. B. arista' turn, Bartl. ; annual, stem short solid, leaves ensiform
pungent 3-5-nerved, bracts oblong awned. B. Odontites, Sm. not of L.
Sandy and rocky banks, Devon, very rare, E. Sussex ; Channel Islands ;

fl. July. — Stem 2-8 in., rigid, simple, or forked ; branches stout, divaricate,
ribbed. Leaves ^-1 in. lowest sometimes petioled. Bracts 3-5, concealing

BUPLEURUM.] UMBELLIFEE^J. 169

julate ; margins scarious. Fruit
vittse solitary. — DISTRIB. From

the umbels, rigid ; nerves strongly reticulate ; margins scarious. Fruit
minute, oblong ; ridges slender, smooth; vit
France southd. and eastd.

8. TRIN'IA, Hoffmann. HONEWORT.

Glabrous, branched herbs. Leaves pinnately compound. Umbels com-
pound, few-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles 1, 2, or 0 ; flowers white, usually
dioecious, males with narrower petals. Calyx-teeth 0 or small. Petals
acute or with an intiexed point. Disk-lobes conical or depressed ; margins
undulate. Fruit broadly ovoid, laterally compressed or didymous ; com-
missure narrow, carpophore 2- partite ; carpels sub terete or 5-angled,
primary ridges subequal, thick, smooth rugose or plaited, with a large
vitta in each. Seed terete. — DISTIUB. S. Europe and temp. Asia ; species
8. — ETYM. Dr. Tvimus, a Russian botanist.

T. vulga'ris, DC. ; glabrous, bracts 0 or solitary, ridges smooth.

Pwipinella dioica, Sm. P. glauea, L., in part.

Limestone rocks, rare; S. Devon, N. Somerset; fl. May-June. — Glaucous.
Root fusiform, biennial, fibrous at the top. Stem 3-6 in., branched from
the base, solid, stout, deeply grooved; branches divaricate. Leaves spread-
ing, petiole and linear segments very slender. Male umbels depressed ;
female irregular, rays longer ; bract 3-?left or 0 ; bracteoles 2-3, linear.
flowers minute. Fruit y1^ in., ovoid; styles slender; segments of carpo-
phore flattened. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. to Greece.

9. A'PIUM, L. (and Heloscia! dium, Koch). CELERY.

Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or 3-nately com-
pound. Umbels compound, often leaf-opposed, or in the forks ; bracts few
or 0 ; bracteoles many or 0 ; flowers white. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals entire,
acute, or with a short incurved point. Disk-lobes depressed or conical,
margins entire. Fruit broadly ovoid, laterally compressed ; commissure
constricted, carpophore simple ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges equal
prominent obtuse ; vittse solitary in the furrows. Seed subterete. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and subtrop ; species 14. — ETYM. obscure.

SECTION 1. A'pium proper. Bracteoles 0. Petals much incurved.

1. A. grave'olens, L. • leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. Wild Celery.
Marshy places, chiefly by the sea, from Perth and Argyll southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Rank-scented. Hoot fusiform, biennial.
Stem 2 ft., erect, stout, grooved. Leaves 6-18 in. ; leaflets |-1| in., cuneate
obovate or rhomboid, lower petioled, cut or lobed. Umbels shortly pedun-
cled or sessile. Flowers greenish-white. Fruit T*? in., roundish ; styles
short, recurved, divergent. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N .W.
India.

SECTION 2. Heloscia'dium, Koch (gen.). Bracteoles many. Pct-aU
nearly straight. — Aquatic or subaquatic.

170 UMBELLIFERJE. [APIUM.

2. A. nodiflo'rum, Reichb. ; prostrate or creeping, leaves pinnate or
3-foliolate, leaflets slightly lobed serrate.

Marshy places, from Isla, the Clyde, and Fife southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial. Stems 1-3 ft., slender. Leaflets ^-1|
in., very variable, sessile, oblong, crenate serrate or lobulate. Umbels leaf-
opposed, sessile or shortly peduncled ; rays unequal ; bracts usually 0 ; brac-
teoles many, oblong, scarious. Flowers small. Fruit T]| in. ; styles short,
divergent. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd,, "W. and N. Asia, N. Africa.

A. nodiflo'rum proper; stem decumbent, flowering branches rooting at the
base only, peduncles short, bracts 0 or 1-2. — YAR. H. re'pens, Koch (Slum
re'pens, Sm.) ; smaller, creeping, leaflets sharply toothed, peduncles long,
bracts 2-3 unequal unilateral. Eather rare.— YAR. ochrea'tum,DG. ; dwarf,
creeping, leaflets small obtuse, peduncles \-\ in., bracts 1-3 lanceolate.
Barnes, Surrey.

3. A. iimnda'tum, Reichb. ; decumbent or floating, submerged leaves
2-3-pinnate, leaflets capillary rarely linear, floating leaves pinnate, lower
leaflets deeply 3jcleft.

Wet places, local, from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire »
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-July. — Perennial, flaccid, small, strag-
gling. Stem 4-10 in., stout, flexuous. Leaflets of upper leaves ^ in., cuueate,
cut or lobed. Umbels very small, leaf-opposed, peduncles short, rays 2-4
unequal; bracts 0 ; bracteoles 4-6, lanceolate. 3-nerved. Flowers minute.
Petals incurved. Fruit T\> in., subsessile, elliptic-oblong; styles recurved.
— DISTRIB. From Gothland southd. (excl. Greece).

1O. CA'RUM, L. CARAWAY.

Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound.
Umbels compound, few- or many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles more
numerous or 0. Flowers white or yellow, 2-sexual or polygamous. Calyx-
teeth minute or 0, sometimes unequal. Petals with an inflexed point and
usually very deep notch ; of the male flowers often irregular. Disk-lobes
conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, often hispid, laterally compressed, hardly
constricted at the commissure, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled, primary
ridges obtuse equal, lateral close to the commissure ; vitta? 1 (rarely 2) in
the furrows. Seeds -^-terete. — DISTKIB. Temp, and subtrop. ; species 50.
— ETYM. The old Latin name.

SECTION 1. Ca'rum proper. Root fusiform or fibrous. Leaves 1-2-
pinnate. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals white, deeply notched.

1. C. verticillartum, Koch ; root of fascicled fibres, leaves linear pin-
nate, leaflets sessile short whorled palmately multifid, segments capillary.
Meadows in the W. counties, from Argyll to Devon and Cornwall, local ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Root-fibres 1-2 in., thickened
downwards. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, striate. Radical leaves 6-12 in., sub-
cylindric ; leaflets curved upwards, capillary-multifid. Umbels regular,
flat-topped; rays 1-2 in., peduncles slender; bracts and bracteoles many,
slender, short, reflexed. Flowers white or pink. Fruit ovoid; ridges

CARUM.] UMBELLIFERuE. 171

strong ; vittse large ; styles recurved. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Holland
southd.

C. CAR/UI, L. ; root fusiform, leaves narrow triangular- or linear-
oblong 2-pinnate, leaflets cut to the base into linear lobes, bracts 1 or 0,
bracteoles 0. Caraway.

Waste places, naturalized; fl. June-July. — Stem 10-24 in., slender, branched,
striate, fistular. Leaves 6-10 in. ; pinnules opposite, segments acuminate.
Umbels rather irregular, peduncles slender. Flowers white, outer larger
irregular. Fruit oblong, ridges short ; vittee conspicuous ; styles spreading.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

SECTION 2. Petroseli'num, Ho/m. (gen.). Root fusiform. Leaves
pinnate or 2-3-pinnate. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals white or yellowish,
scarcely notched. (Intermediate between Apium and Carum. }

2. C. sege'tum, Benth. ; leaves pinnate, flowers white. Corn Parsley.

Hedgebanks and waste places, local, from York southd. ; fl. Aug,-Sept. —
Glabrous, annual. — Stem 2-3 ft., erect, branched, terete, striate, solid.
Leaves 4-6 in., oblong ; leaflets |-1| in., subsessile, lobed or piuuatifid, seg-
ments crenate. Umbels small, irregular, rays very unequal, outer ^-1 in. ;
bracts and bracteoles 3-5, linear or subulate. Flowers minute. Fruit % in.,
ovoid ; styles very short, erect. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, from Holland to
Portugal.

C. PETROSELI'NUM, Benth. ; leaves 3-pinnate, flowers yellow. Petroseli-
num sativum, Hoff'm. Common Parsley.

Yfaste places ; a garden escape; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous, shining, biennial.
Stem 1-2 ft., erect, much-branched, terete, striate, solid. Leaves deltoid ;
leaflets many, |-1 in., close-set, broadly ovate, 3-cleft ; segments cuneate,
creuate, of upper leaves few narrow. Umbels regular, flat-topped; rays
many, 1-2 in. ; bracts 2-3, often divided ; bracteoles many. Flowers minute.
Fruit JQ in>? ovoid, green ; styles slender, reflexed.— DISTRIB. Only known
as a cultivated plant or an escape.

SECTION 3. Bu'nium, L. (gen.). Root a solitary tuber. Leaves 2-3-
pinnate. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals white, deeply notched.

3. C. Bulbocas'taimm, Koch; leaves broadly triangular 3-pinnate,
primary segments petioled, leaflets cut into few slender lobes. Bulbocasta-
nwnLinnceij Schur.

Chalky fields, rare, Herts, Bucks, Bedford, Cambridge ; fl. June-July. — Root
globose, as. large as a chestnut, black. Stem erect, striate, much-branched,
and petioles flexuous at the base. Leaves 4-6 in., pinnules |-§ in., tips
callous. Umbels, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles small, narrow ; pedun-
cles stout, grooved, angular. Flowers white, outer rather larger. Fruit
nearly J in.; ridges stout; vittae compressed; styles short, recurved. —
DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N, Africa, Himalaya, Siberia.— Pigs feed
on the tubers in Hertfordshire, &c.

172 UMBELLIFERJE. [Sisox.

11. SI SON, L.

Characters of Ca'rum, but vittse very short, often obscure, occupying
only the upper half of the fruit. — DISTEIB. West Europe, Italy, and the
East ; 2 species. — ETYM. unknown.

S. Amo'xnuin, L. ; leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate below, upper smaller

3-lobed toothed or entire.

Moist places, hedgebanks, &c., from York and Chester southd., rare in 1ST.
England; (a native? Wats.)] Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Biennial,
glabrous, nauseous-smelling. Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, branched,
slender, leafy, solid. Leaves 6-12 in., deltoid-oblong, leaflets 1-3 in., shortly
petioled, linear-oblong or ovate, base cuneate. Umbels terminal and axillary,
compound ; rays few, slender, unequal ; bracts and bracteoles 2-4, short,
subulate, rarely 0. Flowers minute, white. Petals broadly obcordate, notch
deep, point long inflexed. Fruit ovoid or subglobose ; ridges strong ; vittre
very short, narrowed upwards ; styles short, recurved ; disk-lobes thick
depressed. -DISTRIB. of the genus. -Closely resembles Ca'rum seye'tum.

12. CICU'TA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK, COWBANE.

Tall, perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound. Um-
bels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many, small ;
flowers white. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals with an inflexed point. Di*k-
lobes depressed, entire. Fruit orbicular or broadly ovoid, constricted at
the commissure, didymous, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels slightly com-
pressed, primary ridges thick broad flat ; vittse solitary in the furrows.
Seeds slightly convex ventrally. — DISTRIB. Marshes of the N. hemisphere ;
species 3. — ETYM. A Latin name of the Hemlock.

C. viro'sa, L. ; root fibrous, leaflets lanceolate doubly serrate.
Watery places, from Dumbarton and Forfar to Suffolk and Somerset ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock short, stout, hollow, septate.
Stem 2-4 ft., stout, leafy, furrowed. Leaves large, deltoid, 2-3-piunate ;
petiole stout ; leaflets 2-4 in., oblique. Umbels terminal and leaf-opposed,
3-5 in. Ldiam., long-peduncled, flat-topped, rays long slender; bracts 0;
bracteoles many, short, slender. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth ovate. Fruit
TV in. broad, broader than long ; styles slender, recurved. — DISTRIB.
N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya.

13. SI'UM, L. WATER-PARSNIP.

Glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets toothed. Umbels compound,
terminal or lateral ; bracts and bracteoles many ; flowers white. Calyx-
teeth acute. Petals with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes thick, conical or
depressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally compressed or constricted at
the commissure, carpophore undivided ; carpels 5-angled, primary ridges
equal prominent obtuse or thickened, lateral next the commissure ; vittae
many, in the furrows. Seed subterete. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions,
S. Africa; species 4. — ETYM. unknown.

SIUM.] UHBELLIFER^. 173

1. S. latifo'lium, L. ; leaflets regularly serrate, umbels terminal.

Watery places, from Stirling and Ayr to Kent and Devon ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock short, stolouiferous. Stem 5-6 ft., erect,
stout, fistular, grooved, branched above. Leaves large ; leaflets 4-6, 2-6 in.,
sessile, linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; submerged sometimes pinnatifid. Um-
bels large, flat-topped, rays many ; bracts and bracteoles often foliaceous,
large. Flowers small, outer rather larger. Fruit | in., broadly ovoid, ridges
prominent; styles rather slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.W. Asia, N.W.
America.

2. S. angustifo'lium, L. ; leaflets of radical leaves regularly of stem-
leaves very irregularly serrate, umbels leaf-opposed. S. erectum, Huds.

Wet places, from Elgin southd. ; AVigton only in W. Scotland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. summer.— Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous, leafing at
the nodes. Stem 1-3 ft., leafy. Leaves 4-8 in.; leaflets of lower leaves
5-10, 1-2 in., sessile, ovate-oblong; of cauline leaves fewer, smaller. Umbels
with few and unequal rays ; bracts irregularly cut. Fruit shorter than in
S. latifolium, with more immersed vittas and conical disk-lobes.— DISTRIB.
Europe.—^, erectum, Huds., is a rather earlier name, but less appropriate.

14. .ffiGOPO'DlUM, L. GOAT-, GOUT-, or BISHOP'S-WEED.

Stem stout, glabrous. Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets
broad. Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles few or 0 ;
flowers white. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals broad, unequal, point inflexed.
Disk-lobes tumid ; styles slender, reilexed. Fruit ovoid, laterally com-
pressed, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5 -angled, primary ridges slender equal
distant; vittse 0. Seed subterete.— DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, W.
Asia. — ETYM. cu£ and TTOVS, from the likeness of the leaf to a goat's foot.

.ffi. Podagra'ria, L. ; leaves deltoid. Herb Gerard.

Waste places near buildings or gardens, from Elgin southd. ; Ireland; Channel
Islands ; a doubtful native ; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous. Rootstock white,
pungent, aromatic. Stem 1-2 ft., fistular, grooved, branched above. Leaves
4-5 in., uppermost opposite; leaflets sessile, obliquely lanceolate or ovate-
acuminate, irregularly serrate. Umbels terminal. Flowers small. Fruit
^ in., narrow-ovoid.

15. PIMPINEL'LA, L. BURNET-SAXIFRAGE.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves pinnate or 3-nately compound.
Umbels compound ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles few or 0 ; flowers white or yellow.
Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals deeply notched, point long inflexed. " Disk-
lobes thick, conical. Fruit ovoid or oblong, laterally compressed, con-
stricted at the broad commissure, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels 5-angled,
primary ridges equal slender ; vittae many in the furrows ; styles short
or long. Seed subterete, nearly flat ventrally, usually free from* the peri-
carp.— DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, S. Africa, S. America; species 70. —
ETYM. bipennula, from the 2-pinnate leaves.

174 UMBELLIFER^. [PIMPINELLA.

1. P. Saxif'raga, L. ; stem terete, radical leaves pinnate, leaflets sub-
orbicular, cauline 2-pinnate.

Dry pastures from Sutherland southd. ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July. — Perennial, glabrous or pubescent.
Rootstock slender, hot, acrid. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, furrowed, branched.
Leaflets 4-8 pair, very variable, serrate lobed or almost pinnatifid or finely
cut (P. dissecta, Eetz.) ; lobes of cauline much narrower. Umbels flat-
topped. Flowers small, white. Fruit fin., glabrous, broadly ovoid ; styles
short, reflexed.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

2. P. major, Huds. ; stem angular, leaves all pinnate, leaflets of radical
ovate subcordate, of cauline narrower. P. mag'na, L.

Bushy waste places, local, from Perth southd. (E. Scotland only) ; rare iti
Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Much larger than P. Saxifraga, but similar, 3-4 ft. ;
leaflets often 1-2 in., membranous and broad ; styles longer and more
slender ; outer flowers 2-sexual, inner male. — DISTRIB. Chiefly W. and
Mid. Europe, Caucasus.

16. CONOPO'DIUM, Koch. EABTH-NUT, PlG-NUT/

Glabrous or hairy herbs. Rootstock tuberous. Leaves 3-nately divided.
Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles 0 or membranous ;
flowers white, polygamous, outer sometimes radiating. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Petals of outer flowers often irregular, 2-fid, with an inflexed point. Disk-
lobes conical or depressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, often shortly beaked ;
commissure constricted, carpophore 2-fid ; carpels subterete, primary
ridges slender ; vittse several pin the furrows, often obscure or inter-
rupted. Seed deeply groved ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
temp. Asia ; species 8. — ETYM. K&VOS and TTOUS, from the conical disk-
lobes.

C. denuda'tum, Koch; leaf-lobes linear, bracts and bracteoles 0.

Jjunium flexuosum, With. B. denudatum, DC. Carum flexuosum,

Fries.

"Woods and fields, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. summer.—
Glabrous. Rootstock size of a chestnut, brown. Stem 2-3 ft., slender,
terete, flexuous. Leaves 3-ternate, broadly deltoid ; petiole slender ; seg-
ments pinnatifid, the central lobes largest. Umbels terminal, drooping when
young, 6-10-rayed. Flowers small. Fruit ± in., narrow-ovoid, ridges
obscure ; styles short, erect.— DISTRIB. W. Europe. — Very similar to Carum
Bulbocastanum.

17. MYR'RHIS, Scop* CICELY.

Perennial, tomentose herbs. Leaves decompound. Umbels compound,
many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many, membranous ; flowers
white, polygamous. Calyx-teeth minute or 0. Petals with a very short
inflexed point. Disk-lobes tumid. Fruit much elongate, beaked", com-
missure broad, carpophore 2-fid ; back of carpels very convex, primary
ridges equal, hollow, often rough, prominent ; vittaj in the furrows

MYRRHIS.] UMBELLIFER^. 175

solitary, slender, or 0. Seed concave or deeply grooved ventrally. —
DISTRIB. Mts. of Europe and temp. S. America ; species 2. — ETYM.
The old Greek name.

M. odora'ta, Scop. ; leaves whitish, beneath, bracteoles lanceolate.
Pastures, usually near houses, from S. Wales and Lincoln to Caithness ;
ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ; not indigenous in Ireland ; (a denizen or
alien, Wats.) ; fl. May-June.— Sparingly and finely hairy. Root fleshy,
fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., leafy, terete, fistular, grooved, branched above.
Leaves deltoid, 3-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, lobes serrate ; sheaths large.
Umbels terminal; bracteoles membranous, awned. Flowers small, outer
only fertile, latest male only. Fruit f-1 in., linear, dark brown, ridges
often scabrid; styles very slender, diverging. — DISTRIB. From France
southd. and eastd. to Caucasus. — Aromatic and stimulant ; once cultivated
as a pot-herb, still used in salads in Italy.

18. SCAN'DIX, L. SHEPHERD'S NEEDLE.

Annuals. Leaves pinnately decompound ; segments small. Umbels
simple or compound ; bracts 1 or 0 ; bracteoles entire or cut ; flowers
white, polygamous, outer often radiating. Calyx-teeth minute or 0.
Petals often unequal, point short inflexed or 0. Disk dilated, undulated.
Fruit slender, subcylindric, produced into a long beak, carpophore un-
divided or 2 -fid ; carpels subterete, primary ridges broad or filiform,
secondary 0 ; vittte solitary in the furrows, often obscure. Seed deeply
furrowed ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, • temp. Asia; species 8
or 10. — ETYM. The Greek name for a Chervil.

S. Pecten-Ven'eris, L. ; fruit ciliate rough dorsally compressed.
A cornfield weed from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-Sept. — Branched
from the base, pubescent with spreading hairs, branches 6-18 in., rarely more.
Leaves oblong, 2-3-pinnate, segments very slender. Umbels terminal and
lateral ; rays 1-2 ; bracteoles many, green, sometimes leafy at the point.
Flowers very irregular. Fruit 1-3 in., very slender, scabrid ; styles very
short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India.

19. CHJEROPHYL'LUM, L. CHERVIL.

Herbs, often hairy. Leaves pinnately, rarely 3-nately decompound.
Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts 1-2 or 0 ; bracteoles many ;
flowers white, rarely yellow, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth subulate
or 0. Petals with a long or short inflexed point. Disk-lobes small. Fruit
oblong or linear, not beaked, laterally compressed, commissure con-
stricted, carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels subterete, primary ridges
equal obtuse ; vitta3 solitary in the furrows. Seed deeply grooved ventrally.
— DISTEIB. N. temp, regions, species 30. — ETYM. xa'lPM an(i <^AAoi/, from
the agreeable odour of the leaf.

C. tem'ulum, L. ; stem swollen below the nodes purple-spotted,
fruit glabrous, bracteoles reflexed. C. temulentum, Sm.

176 UMBELLIFERsE. [CMROPHYLLUM.

Fields and waste places from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in York-
shire ; rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Perennial, laxly
hairy. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, solid, grooved, leafy, bran3hed. Leaves deltoid,
2-pinnate, petioles and peduncles very slender ; leaflets ovate, membranous,
pinnatifid, crenate. Umbels lateral, drooping when young ; rays unequal,
slender ; bracteoles small, oblong-Ian ceol vte. flowers small, white, fruit
% in., ovoid, narrowed upward, not beaked ; styles very short, spreading. —
DISTRIB. Europe, Caucasus, N. Africa.

2O. ANTHRIS'CUS, Ho/m. BEAKED-PARSLEY.

Annual or biennial, hairy herbs. Leaves deltoid, pinnately or 3-nately
decompound. Umbels compound ; nodding when young ; bracts 1, 2, or 0 ;
bracteoles many, entire ; flowers white, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth
minute or 0. Petal* with an inflexed point. Disk-lobes conical or de-
pressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, shortly beaked, commissure constricted,
carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels -sub- or -|-terete, primary ridges
confined to the smooth or rough upper part ; vittae very slender, solitary
in the furrows, or 0. Seed deeply grooved ventrally. — DISTRIB. 'Temp.
Europe, Asia, N. Africa, N.W. America; species 10. ETYM. diminutive
of avdripos, small-flowering.

1. A. vulga'ris, Pers. ; stem glabrous, umbels peduncled leaf-opposed,
fruit muricate. Scandix Anthriscus, L. ; ChcerophyllumAnthriscus, Lamk.
Hedgebanks and roadsides, N. to Shetland ; rather rare in Ireland ; Channel

Islands; fl. May-June.— Sparingly hairy. Stem 2-3 ft., branched, leafy,
fistular, swollen below the nodes. Leaves 3-pinnate ; leaflets ovate, pin-
natifid ; segments short, obtuse. Umbels of unequal rays ; bracts 0 ;
bracteoles short, oblong. Flowers minute. Fruit •§• in., ovoid, muricate,
beak short glabrous, pedicel with a ring of hairs at the tip ; styles very
short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, "W. Asia. — Formerly cultivated
as a pot-herb.

2. A. sylves'tris, Hoffin. \ stem hairy below, umbels peduncled ter-
minal, fruit glabrous. Cheer ophyllum sylvestre, L.

Hedgebanks and woods, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-
June. — Hairy. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, leafy, fistular, furrowed. Leaves
2-3-pirmate ; leaflets pinnatifid, ovate, coarsely serrate. Bracts 0 ; bracteoles
oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, green, spreading or reflexed, often pink. Flowers
white. Fruit J-J in. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Caucasus, N. Asia,
N. Africa.

A. CEREFO'LIUM, Hoffin. ; stem hairy above the nodes, umbels sessile
lateral and leaf-opposed, fruit glabrous. Scandix, L. ; Chcerophyllum,
sativum, Gsertn. Chervil.
Waste places, rare ; always an escape from cultivation ; fl. May-July. — Habit

of A. vulffaris, but stouter, leaflets broader and flowers larger. Fruit |in.,

very narrow. — DISTRIB. E. Europe, W. Siberia, W. Asia,.— Hoot reputed

poisonous.

SESELL] UMBELLIFER^E. Ill

21. SES'EIiI, L.

Biennial or perennial, erect, branched herbs. Leaves 2- 3 -pinnate or
decompound. Umbels compound ; bracts many, few, or 0 ; bracteoles
many, entire ; flowers white. Calyx-teeth prominent or minute. Petals
notched, point long inflexed. Disk depressed or conic, undulate or
crenate. Styles very short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, subterete, commissure
broad, carpophore 2 -partite ; carpels dorsally compressed, primary ridges
prominent ; vittse 1 rarely 2 in the furrows. Seed flat ventrally. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. Africa, Australia ; species 40. — ETYM. A
Greek name.

S. Libano'tis, Kocli ; glabrous or slightly pubescent, leaves 2-pinnate,
leaflets pinnatifid. Athamanta, L. ; Libanotis montana, All.
Chalk hills, Sussex, Herts, and Cambridge ; fl. July- Aug. —Rootstock perennial,
crowned with fibres. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, erect, furrowed, solid, sparingly
branched. Leaflets sessile, variable, ovate ; petiole short. Umbels rounded
in flower ; rays many, pubescent ; bracts and bracteoles many, subequal,
subulate, ciliate, reflexed. Flowers small; calyx-teeth subulate, deciduous.
Fruit TV in., broadly ovoid, pubescent; styles slender, recurved. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), excl. Spain, Greece, and Turkey; W. Asia.

22. FCENIC'UIiUM, Adanson. FENNEL.

Tall, glabrous, biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnately decom-
pound, segments slender. Umbels compound ; bracts and bracteoles 0 ;
flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals with a short obtuse point. Disk-
lobes large, conical, entire. Styles short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, subterete,
commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels J- terete, primary ridges
stout ; vittss solitary in the furrows. Seed furrowed, flat or subconcave
ventrally. — DISTHIB. S. Europe, E. Asia, N. Africa ; species 4. — ETYM.
The old Latin name.

F. officina'le, All. ; leaves shortly petioled, segments slender. F,
vulgare, Gsertn.
Sea-cliffs, perhaps native from N. Wales and Norfolk to Cornwall and Kent,

not N. of it, nor in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial.

Stem 2-3 ft., terete, striate, polished, almost solid. Leaves much divided ;

segments very many, linear. Umbels large, glaucous; rays very many.

Flowers small. Fruit jr-J in. long, ovoid. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.

N. Africa, "W. Asia to India.

22*. CORIAN'DRUM, L. CORIANDER.

An annual, slender, branched, glabrous herb. Leaves pinnately decom -
pound. Umbels compound ; rays few ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles few, filiform ;
flowers white or pink, outer often irregular. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals
2-lobed, point inflexed. Disk-lobes conical. Fruit subglobose or ovoid,
carpophore 2-fid ; carpels ^-terete, ridges depressed slender, secondary
broadest ; vittse obscure, solitary under each secondary ridge. Seed globose,
dorsally compressed, top and base incurved. — DISTRIB. S. Europe, 'N.
Africa, "W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. K6pis, from the bug-like smell.

178 UMBELLIFER^. [CORIANDRUM.

C. SATI'VUM, L. ; leaflets of lower leaves ovate lobed and crenate.
"Waste places in S. and E. of England ; an escape from cultivation ; fl. June. —
Stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect, fistular. Leaves membranous, lowest 1-2- upper
2-3-pinnate with narrow leaflets. Umbel peduncled, rays 5-10 ; bracteoles
short, linear, acute. Flowers small, very irregular. Fruit f in. diam., sub-
globose ; carpels cohering ; styles slender, flexuous. — DISTRIB. S.E. Europe,
W. Asia. — Three carpels and styles occur. Foetid of bugs.

23. CRITH'MUM, L. SAMPHIRE.

A fleshy, glabrous, much-branched herb, woody at the base. Leaves
3-nately compound ; segments quite entire. Umbels compound, many-
rayed ; bracts and bracteoles many, short. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals minute,
broad, fugacious, point long inflexed. Disk-lobes thick, depressed or
subconic. Fruit ovoid-oblong, terete, commissure broad, carpophore
2-partite, outer layer corky loose ; carpels ^-terete, primary ridges thick,
acute; vittse many ; styles short. Seed flat ventrally. — DISTRIB. Coasts
of N. Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas. — ETYM. obscure.

C. marit'imum, L. ; leaflets linear lax fleshy.

Maritime rocks from Ayr southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug.
Stem 6-10 in., ascending, flexuous, solid, striate. Leaves deltoid ; leaflets
few, 1-2 in., terete, subulate or subfusiform ; petiole short, sheaths long
adnate membranous. Umbels flat-topped ; peduncle stout fleshy ; bracts
and bracteoles acute, spreading; flowers small, white. Fruit J in., oblong,
dark green or purplish. — Yields the well-known pickled condiment.

24. CENAN'THE, L. WATER DROPWORT,

Glabrous herbs, often aquatic. Roots fibrous or tuberous. Leaves 1-2-3-
pinnate, rarely reduced to a fistular petiole. Umbels compound ; bracts
or bracteoles many few or 0 ; flowers white, often polygamous and outer
rayed. Calyx-teeth acute. Petals notched or 2-lobed, point long inflexed.
Disk-lobes conical. Fruit ovoid cylindric or globose, commissure
broad, carpophore 0 ; carpels J- terete, 2 lateral primary ridges grooved
or much thickened, sometimes obscure ; vittse solitary in each furrow.
Seed flat or convex ventrally. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, S. Africa,
Australia ; species 20. — ETYM. olvos and &vOos, from the vinous scent of
the flowers.

* Root-fibres many, fleshy. Umbels terminal or terminal and lateral, peduncled ;
outer flowers of each partial umbel often irregular and male.

1. CE. fistulo'sa, L. ; leaves pinnate, stem and petioles terete swollen
fistular, fruit narrow obconic angular.

itches and marshes from Ayr and Berwick southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Roots burrowing deep. Stem 2-3 ft., stoloniferous,
and with whorls of slender root-fibres below, thin-walled, nodes constricted.
Leaves long-petioled ; segments few, narrow, distant. Peduncles stout
fistular ; rays short, few ; bracts 0 ; partial umbels f in. diam., spherical in

(ENANTHE.] UMBELLlFERsE. 179

- fruit. Fruits £ in., crowded, angular ; styles long, erect, spinescent; carpels
cohering; pedicel not thickened at the top. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia.

2. CE. pimpinel'loides, L. ; root-fibres usually tuberous beyond the
middle, leaves 2-pinnate, segments broad short entire or acutely cut, fruit
cylindric grooved and ribbed.

Meadows and banks, rare ; Worcester and Essex to Sussex and Cornwall ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Root-fibres slender, their tuber f in. or less.
Stem 1-3 ft., erect, furrowed. Lower leaves with broad small segments,
upper with few long ones, or reduced to petioles. Umbels 6-12-rayed, flat-
topped ; bracts 1-8; partial umbels crowded; bracteoks subulate. Fruit
T\y-^in.; pedicel short, stout, top much thickened; styles erect, ligid. —
DISTRIB. Europe from Belgium southd., N. Africa, Asia Minor.

3. CE. Lachenalii, Cfmel. ; root-fibres usually cylindric, leaves 2-
pinnate, segments obtusely-lobed, fruit oblong. CE. pimpinelloides, Sin.
Marshes fresh and salt, from Argyll and Haddington southd. ; Ireland ;

fl. July-Sept. — Very similar to CE. pimpindloides, but root-fibres never
tuberous ; root-leaves soon withering ; partial umbels not crowded ; fruit
J-Q in., much broader, rounded at the top ; styles shorter and slender ;
pedicel very short, not thickened at the top.— DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd., E. to the Caspian.

4. CE. peucedanifo'lia, Pott. ; root-fibres usually fusiform, leaves
2-pinnate, segments cut into narrow acute lobes, fruit subcylindrie
thickened at the base. (E. silaifo'lia, S3^me, not Bieb. ; CE. Smithii^&taffD,
Moist meadows and ditches, from Notts, Worcester, and Norfolk to Dorset

and Kent ; fl. June-July. — Very near CE. pimpinelloides, but larger, stouter ;
root-fibres rarely tuberous in the middle ; rays fewer, longer, stouter in
fruit ; partial umbels not crowded ; styles short, erect, rigid. — DISTRIB.

5. Europe to the Caspian.

5. CE. croca'ta, L. ; root-fibres large fusiform, leaves large deltoid
3-4-pinnate, segments cuneate 2-3-lobed, fruit narrow oblong subcylindric.
Marshes and ditches, from Ross southd. ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July.

— Root-fibres as thick as the thumb, juice yellow or colourless. Stem 2-5 ft.,
stout, branched, grooved, fistular. Petioles large, sheathing throughout.
Umbels many, rays long ; bracts and bracteoles 0 or many. Fruit £-J in. ;
styles erect, rigid ; top of pedicel not thickened. — DISTRIB. From France
to Spain and Italy. — Poisonous, often mistaken for celery.

'* Aquatics. Root simple, fusiform, with many slender fibres. Umbels lateral
or leaf-opposed, subsessile. Flowers all 2-sexual.

6. CE. Phellan'drium, Lamk. ; erect floating or ascending, leaves 2-3-
pinnate finely-cut, segments pinnatifid, fruit terete narrow-oblong or ovoid
twice or thrice as long as the styles. Phcllandrium aquaticum, L.
Ponds and ditches, from Haddington southd. ; rare in Scotland ; Ireland ;

Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem 1-4 ft., very stout. Leaves sometimes
submerged with capillary segments ; emersed with broad small obtuse seg-
ments. Umbels 7-10-rayed ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles many ; outer flowers

N 2

180 UMBELLIFER^E. [(ENAXTHE.

slightly irregular. Fruit variable, f-^ in. ; styles slender, flexuous ; pedicel
not thickened at the top. — DISTRIB. Europe, to the Caspian, Siberia.

GE. PHELLAN'DRIUM proper ; erect, leaves 3-pinnate, segments of submerged
leaves capillary, fruit twice as long as its styles.

Sub-sp. CE. FLTJVIAT'ILIS, Golem. ; ascending, leaves 2-pinnate, segments of sub-
merged leaves obcuueate, fruit three times as long as its styles.— S. half of
England ; Kildare Canal, Ireland.

25. -ffiTHU'SA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

An annual, leafy, glabrous herb. Leaves 3-nately pinnate. Umbels
compound, terminal and leaf-opposed ; bracts 1 or 0 ; bracteoles 1-5, de-
flexed, on the outer side of the umbel ; flowers white, outer often rayed.
Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals notched, point inflexed. Disk-lobes broad, de-
pressed. Fruit broadly ovoid, subterete, carpophore slender 2 -partite ;
carpels dorsally compressed, primary ridges very thick keeled, or the
lateral narrowly winged ; vittae in the furrows solitary ; styles very short.
Seed flattish ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia; introd. in N , America.
— ETYM. aWw, because of its supposed burning qualities.

-ffi. Cyna'pium, L. ; leaves deltoid, leaflets pinnatifid.
A weed in cultivated grounds, from Elgin and the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. 3uly-A.ug.—Root fusiform. Stem 1-2 ft., corymbosely
branched, terete, striate, fistular. Leaves 6 in. ; segments f-1 in., mem-
branous, cuneate at the base, lobes acute ; petiole slender. Umbels small ;
rays spreading, irregular ; bracteoles 3-5, slender. Flowers irregular, small.
Fruit Tao in., green.— Odour nauseous.

26. SILA'US, Besser. PEPPER SAXIFRAGE.

Perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnately decompound ; segments
slender. Umbels compound ; bracts 1, 2, or 0 ; bracteoles many, small ;
flowers yellowish. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals with an incurved tip, base
broad truncate. Disk-lobes depressed, crenate. Fruit ovoid or oblong,
subterete, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels ^-terete,
ridges obtusely winged, vittse obscure ; styles short, recurved. Seed
flattish ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia ; species 2. — >ETYM. un-
known.

S. praten'sis, Besser ; leaflets linear-lanceolate entire or 3-lobed.
Meadows and commons, from Fife to Kent and Devon ; E. Scotland only ;
Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Sept.— Rootstock elongate. Stem 1-3 ft., angular,
grooved, solid, leafless above. Leaves 1-3-pinnate ; leaflets few, J-f in.
Umbel-rays 1-2 in., few or many, incurved ; bracteoles short, margins
scarious. Flowers small. Fruit % in., dark brown.— DISTRIB. Finland to
Hungary.

27. ME'UM, Jacquin. MEU, BALD-MONEY, SPIGNEL.

A perennial, glabrous, very aromatic^ tufted herb. Leaves mostly
radical, pinnately decompound ; segments setaceous, densely crowded.

MEUM.] UMBELLIFER^E. 181

Umbels compound ; bracts linear, 1-3, or 0 ; bracteoles 4-8, small ;
flowers white or purplish. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals acute, narrowed
to the base, sometimes with a short inflexed point. Dirk-lobes depressed,
margins entire. Fruit ovoid-oblong, subterete, commissure broad, carpo-
phore 2-partite ; carpels J-terete, primary ridges acute ; vittae many ;
styles very short. Seeds concave ventrally. — DISTRIB. Mts. of W. Europe.
— ETYM. Perhaps the Greek /xeW.

M. athamant icum, Jaeq. ; stem subsimple, leaves oblong.
Alpine pastures, from Wales and York to Aberdeen and Argyll ; ascends to
near 1,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock elongate, crowned
with fibres. Stem 6-18 in. Leaf-segments multifid, spreading in all direc-
tions ; petiole as long as the blade. Umbels many-rayed ; bracts few ;
bracteoles membranous, subunilateral ; some flowers often male only. Fruit
brown, | in. — Eootstock eaten in Scotland.

28. HGUS'TICUM, L. LoVAGE.

Perennial, glabrous herbs. Leaves 1-3-ternately pinnate. Umbels com-
pound, many-rayed ; bracts many, few, or 0 ; bracteoles many ; flowers
white pink or yellow. Calyx-lobes small or 0. Petals notched, point
long inflexed. Disk-lobes conical, thick. Fruit ovoid or oblong, sub-
terete or dorsally compressed, commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ;
primary ridges prominent, acute or winged, lateral often broadest ; vittse
many, slender, or obscure. Seed flat, or sub-concave ventrally. — Dis-
TIIIB. N. temp, regions ; species 20. — ETYM. Liguria, where a species
abounds.

L. scot'icum, L. ; leaves 2-ternatelypin#frte. Haloscias, Fries.
Rocky coasts, local, Northumberland and all Scotland to Shetland ; N. Ireland ;
fl. July. — Dark green, shining. RootstocJc stout, branched. Stem 1-3 ft.,
erect, sparingly branched, grooved, terete, fistular. Leaflets 1-3 in., ovate-
or orbicular-cordate, 3-lobed or -partite, crenate. Umbel-rays 8-12, 1-2 in. ;
bracts few, and bracteoles linear-subulate. Flowers white or pink, nearly
regular. Fruit ^ in., brown; ridges winged; styles short, recurved. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), from Denmark northd.. N. Asia, N. America. —
Leaves eaten as a pot-herb, root aromatic and pungent.

29. SELI'NUM, L.

Perennial herbs. Leaves pinnatcly decompound. Umbels compound,
rays many ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles many, small ; flowers white or
yellowish. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Pcfafe 2-lobed, point inflexed. Disk-lobes
entire, conical or depressed. Fruit ovoid or oblong or rounded, commis-
sure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels ^-terete, primary ridges winged,
lateral broadly ; vittae 1 to each dorsal furrow ; styles short or long.
Seed biconvex. — DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere and S. Africa ; species
about 25. — ETYM. o-eX^vn, from the moora-shaped carpels.

S. carvifo'lium, L. ; nearly glabrous, stem angled furrowed, leaves ?-
pinnate, leaflets ovate lower pirmatifid, segments lanceolate. Milk Parsley.

182 UMBELLIFER^. [SELINUM.

Moist copses, &c., N. Lincoln and Cambridge, very rare; fl. July- Aug. —
Rootstock short. Stem 2-4 ft., ridges almost winged. Leaves 6-12 in.,
leaflets §-f in., with thickened margins ; petiole long, very slender. Umbels
puberulous, flat-topped ; rays 10-20 ; bracts 0, or very few subulate ;
bracteoles subulate. Petals white. Styles slender, recurved. Fruit % in.
long, lateral winged ridges spreading. — DISTRIB. From Norway southd.,
and eastd. to Kussia.

30. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA.

Tall perennial herbs. Leaves ternately 2-pinnate, segments large.
Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles usually many,
small ; flowers white or purplish. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals with a
short inflexed point. Disk-lobes depressed. Fruit ovoid, dorsally compressed,
commissure broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels broad, flat, lateral primary
ridges with broad membranous wings, dorsal and intermediate elevated ;
vittffi 1-2 in the furrows. Seed dorsally compressed, flat or subconcave
ventrally. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and sub-Arctic regions ; species 18. —
ETYM. Angelicas, from its properties.

A. sylves'tris, L. ; leaflets petioled obliquely oblong- ovate serrate.

Damp copses and banks of streams, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous, except
the pubescent umbels. Stem 1-5 ft., stout, fistular, striate, green or purple.
Leaves 1-2 ft., deltoid ; leaflets 1-2 in. ; sheaths large. • Umbels large ; rays
very many, 1-3 in.; bracts 0, or 1-2, deciduous; bracteoles few, subulate,
persistent; flowers white or purple, nearly regular. Fruit ^-^ in. ; stales
slender, reflexed. — DISTBIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia,— Aromatic
and bitter.

31. PEUCED'ANUM, L. HOG'S-FENNEL.

Perennial, rarely annual. Leaves pinnately or 3-nately compound.
Umbels compound, many-rayed ; bracts many, few, or 0 ; bracteoles many
or 0 ; flowers white, yellow, or pink, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth 0
or small. Petals with an inflexed, often 2- fid point. Disk-lobes small ;
often expanded, undulate. Fruit ovoid, oblong or suborbicular, much
dorsally compressed, commissure very broad ; carpels flattish, lateral
primary ridges of each forming flat contiguous wings, dorsal and inter-
mediate filiform ; vittse 1-3 in each furrow. Seed nearly flat. — DISTHIB.
Trop. and temp, regions ; species 100. — ETYM. obscure.

SECTION 1. Peuced'airam proper. Perennial. Bracts few or many,
bracteoles many. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with narrow wings.

1. P. ofiScina'le, L. ; leaves 3-ternately pinnate, segments long and

narrow, bracts few deciduous; flowers yellow. Sulphur-wort.

Salt marshes, very rare. Kent, Essex ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. —

Glabrous. Stem 2-3 ft., terete, solid, furrowed. Leaves oblong ; segments

1-4 in., flaccid. Umbels on spreading subopposite branches ; rays many,

2-4 in., spreading; bracteoles short, filiform. Flowers minute, central

PEUCEDANUM.] UMBELLIFERJE. 183

imperfect, pedicels slender. Fruit f in. ; wings narrow ; styles stout,
recurved.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., Siberia.— Root yields a
stimulant resin ; odour of sulphur.

2. P. palus'tre, Moench ; leaves 3-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments
narrow, bracts many persistent, flowers white. Milk Parsley.
Marshes, local, from York, Lincoln, E. counties, Somerset ; fl. July-Aug.—
Glabrous ; juice milky. Stem 3-5 ft., terete, fistular, grooved. Leaves
|-1 in., deltoid ; leaflets petioled, lanceolate. Umbels 1-2 in. ; rays many,
stout, scabrid ; bract deflexed. Flowers minute. Fruit % in., broadly ob-
long; wings narrow, thick ; styles very short.— DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.
— Hoot yields a yellow foetid gum-resin.

SECTION 2. Imperato'ria, L. (gen.). Perennial. Bracts 0 ; bracteoles
many. Calyx-teeth 0. Fruit with broad wings.

P. OSTRU'THIUM, Koch ; leaves 1-2-ternate, leaflets ovate or suborbicular
inciso-serrate, base unequal, flowers white. Master-wort.
Moist meadows, rare, N. England and Scotland, naturalized ; fl. July-Aug. —

Glabrous. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, terete, fistular, furrowed. Leaves deltoid ;

leaflets few, 1-4 in., large, often confluent ; petiole very long. Umbels large,

many-rayed. Fruit % in. ; wings very broad ; styles short. — DISTRIB. Mid.

Europe. — Formerly cultivated as a pot-herb and medicine.

SECTION 3. Pastina'ca, L. (gen.). Bracts and bracteoles 0. Calyx-
teeth 0. fruit with rather narrow wings.

3. P. sati'vum, Benth. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile ovate inciso-
serrate, flowers bright yellow. Wild Parsnip.
Roadsides and waste places, from Durham and Lancaster southd. ; an escape

in Scotland; native? Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual

or biennial, pubescent. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, angled, furrowed, fistular.

Leaves shining ; leaflets 2-5 pair, 1-3 in. Umbel-rays many, stout, long.

Flowers small. Fruit ^ in., broadly oblong ; styles very short. — DISTRIB.

Europe, Siberia; introd. in N. America. — Cultivated since the time of

the Romans.

32. HERAC'LEUM, Z. COW-PARSNIP, HoGWEED.

Biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes gigantic. Leaves 1-3-pinnate ;
segments broad, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, many-rayed : bracts
few many or 0 ; flowers often polygamous and outer rayed, white pink or
yellowish. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals often unequal, the larger or
all notched or 2-lobed, point inflexed. Disk-lobes depressed or conical.
Fruit orbicular obovate or oblong, much dorsally compiessed, commissure
very broad, carpophore 2-partite ; carpels flat, lateral primary ridges
expanded into flat contiguous membranous wings, dorsal or intermediate
slender ; vittee 1 in each furrow, short, thickened downwards. Seed
flattened. — DISTEIB. Europe, N. and trop. Africa, temp. Asia, N.
America ; species 50. — ETYM. The god Hercules.

184 UMBELLIPEKdB. [HERACLEUM.

H. Sphondyllum, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets few large lobed.
Moist woods and meadows, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Rough, hairs spread-
ing, close or scattered. Stem very stout, 3-6 ft., fistular, grooved, branched
above. Learns 1-3 ft. ; segments 2-6 in., variable in size lobing and toothing,
sometimes narrow and pinnatifid (H. angustifolium, Sm.), terminal confluent ;
sheath of petiole broad. Umbel-rays §-11? in., many, stout ; flowers large,
outer very irregular ; petals very broad deeply obcordate, white or pink.
Fruit ^-J in., orbicular or obovoid, retuse ; styles short. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. Asia. — Stem eatable.

33. TORDYL'IUM, L.

Annual, hairy or woolly herbs. Leaves simple or pinnate. Umbels
compound ; rays many, or few and unequal ; bracts and bracteoles linear,
small or 0 ; flowers white or purplish, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth
subulate and unequal or 0. Petals with an incurved point, the larger or
all 2-lobed. DisfcfLa,t and undulate, or coni> al. Fruit orbicular or oblong,
much dorsally compressed ; lateral primary ridges ap pressed, broad,
thickened, dorsal and intermediate slender ; vittse 1-3 in each furrow.
Seed flattened. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia; species 12. —
ETYM. The old Greek name.

T. maximum, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair pinnatifid.
Hedge-banks, Essex, Middlesex, Oxford, and Bucks; (an alien or denizen,
Wats.} ; fl. June to July. — Hispid with short hairs, reflexed on the stem.
Stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect, deeply grooved, fistular. Leaflets J-l in., oblong
or lanceolate, more or less cut and toothed ; petiole with a small sheath.
Umbels small ; rays 6-8, stout, short, hispid ; bracts and bracteoles as many,
stiff, short. Flowers small, white or pink, subsessile. Fruit broadly-oblong,
hispid, thickened margin glabrous; styles short, stiff, erect. — DISTRIB.
From Belgium southd.

34. DAU'CUS, L. CARROT.

Annual or biennial, hispid herbs. Leaves pinnately decompound, seg-
ments small. Umbels compound ; rays many, outer arching over the
inner, or few and irregular ; bracts and bracteoles many or 0, entire or cut ;
flowers white, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth slender or 0. Petals notched,
point inflexed, often unequal. Disk-lobes depressed or conical. Fruit
ovoid or oblong, carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels convex, secondary
ridges more prominent than the primary, all, or the secondary only, with
rows of spines ; vittse solitary under each secondary ridge. Seed flattish
ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; species 20. — ETYM.
The old Greek name.

D. Caro'ta, L. ; leaves 3-pinnate, leaflets ovate cut.

Fields, road-sides, and sea-shores; fl. June-Aug. — Hispid. Stem 1-2 ft.,
branched, solid, furrowed. Leaflets very many, small. Umbels peduncle^,
rays 1-2 in. ; bracts usually pinnatifid ; bracteoles lanceolate. Flowers

CAUCUS.] UMBELLIFERsE. 185

white, central purplish. Fruit § in., broadly oblong ; styles short, stout,

straight. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India ; introd. in

N. America.
D. CARO'TA proper ; erect, branches above spreading, leaf -segments narrow

subdistant, umbels concave, spines of the fruit distinct usually hooked at

the tip. — Common N. to Shetland.
Sub-sp. D. GUM'MIFER, Lamk. ; branches spreading from the base, leaf -segments

broader closer, umbels convex, spines of fruit dilated and connate at the

base. D. marit'imus, With. — Shores from Wigton southd. ; Ireland

Channel Islands.

35. CAU'CALIS, L.

Annual, hispid herbs. Leaves 1-3-pinnate. Umbels simple or compound,
terminal or leaf-opposed, usually of few rays, sometimes capitate ; bracts
few or 0 ; bracteoles more numerous ; flowers white or purplish, polygam-
ous, outer often rayed. Calyx-teeth acute or 0. Petals often unequal, the
larger notched, point inflexed. Disk-lobes thick, conical. Fruit ovoid or
oblong, commissure constricted, carpophore undivided or 2-fid ; carpels
subterete, ridges with 1 or 2 series of spines ; vittse solitary in each
secondary ridge. Seed deeply grooved ventrally. — DISTRIB. Europe, IST.
Africa, temp. Asia ; species 18. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

SECTION 1. Cau' calls proper. Secondary ridges very prominent, with
1 row of spreading spines. Bur-Parsley.

1. C. daucoi/des, L. ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, segments oblong pinnatifid.
Chalky fields on the E. and S. coasts, from Durham to Kent and Somerset ;

Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.}; fl. July. — Stem 6-18 in., erect,
nodes hispid, angular, grooved, solid ; branches spreading. Leaves 3-4 in.,
segments small. Umbel-rays 2-5 ; bracts few or 0 ; bracteoles linear. Male
flowers (outer) white or pink, pedicelled, female subsessile. Fruit §-^ in.,
oblong; spines hooked, of the secondary ridges longest; styles short,
stout, erect. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd , N. Africa, W. Asia,
Himalaya.

SECTION 2. Turge'nia, lloffm. (gen.). Secondary ridges with 2-3 rows
of spreading spines.

C. LATIFO'LIA, L. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets few subpinnatifid.
Cornfields, very rare, Cambridge to Gloster, Herts, S. Wales, Somerset ; fl.
July. — Hispid. Stem 6-18 in., simple, terete, striate, fistular. Leajlels
narrow-oblong, lobes J-f in. Umbel-rays 2-4, stout ; bracts broadly lanceo-
late, membranous. Flowers much as in C. daucoi'des, pink. Fruit £— J in.,
broad ; spines long, nearly equal, rough ; styles short, stout, erect. —
DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

SECTION 3. Tori'lis, L. (gen.). Fruit covered between the primary
ridges with spreading or appressed bristles. Hedge Parsley.

2. C. Anthris'cus, Huds. ; leaves 1-3-pinnate, leaflets broad, umbels
terminal compound, bracts 4- 6, spines of fruit incurved not hooked.

186 UMBELLIFER^. [CAUCALIS.

Hedges and waste places, N. to Caithness; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Yorks. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Hispid more or less. Stem erect,
branched, solid, striate, hairs reflexed. Leaflets many, close set, |-| in.,
pinnatifid or lobed. Umbels 5-12-rayed; bracts small, subulate. Flowers
minute, white or pink, outer pedicelled fertile. Fruit | in., ovoid ; styles
short, straight. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to N.W. India.

3. C. arven'sis, Huds. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets lax narrow, umbels
terminal compound^ bracts 0 or 1, spines of fruit spreading hooked. C.
helvetica, Jacq. ; G. infesta, Curt.

Fields and waste places, from York and N. Wales southd. ; (a colonist,
Wats.}-, fl. July-Sept.— Hispid. Stem 6-10 in., much branched, often
from the base, angled, solid, leafy. Leaflets pinnatifid, or cut and serrate,
oblong. Umbel-rays 2-8, short; bracteoles linear or setaceous. Flowers
white or pink, irregular, outer fertile. Fruit oblong, covered with spines ;
styles rather slender.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa.

4. C. nodo'sa, Scop. ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets very small, umbels
leaf-opposed simple, spines of fruit spreading hooked and barbed.

Dry banks, from Banff southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. —
Hispid. Stem 6-18 in., often prostrate, slender, flexuous, angled, solid.
Leaflets pinnatifid. Umbels shortly peduncled, subglobose; pedicels very
short, stout; bracts 0. Flowers small, regular, pink; female subsessile.
Fruit £-£ in., ovoid, inner of each umbel tubercled, outer with one or both
carpels furnished with hooked spines ; styles very short. — DISTRIB. From
Denmark southd., W. Africa, W. Asia to India.

[ORDER XXXY.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees ; pubescence often stellate. Leaves
alternate, simple or compound ; stipules adnate to the petiole or 0. Flowers
regular, umbellate or capitate. Calyx-limb superior, very short, entire
toothed or lobed. Petals 5, often coriaceous, very deciduous, valvate or
slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, filaments in flexed ; anthers didy-
mous, versatile. Disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or more-celled ; styles or
stigmas as many as the cells ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous,
raphe ventral, integuments confluent with the nucleus. Lrupe or berry
with 1 or more 1-seeded cells. Seed pendulous, testa menbranous, albu-
men dense fleshy; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; genera
31 : species 340. — AFFINITIES. Close with Cornece and Umbelliferce. —
PROPERTIES unimportant.

1. HED ERA, L. IVY.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, exstipulate. Umbels
panicled ; bracts minute or 0 ; pedicels not jointed ; flowers polygamous.
Calyx-limb -entire or 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Disk tumid.
Ovary 5-celled ; styles short, connate, stigmas terminal. Berry subglobose,

HEDERA.] AEALIACEJE. 187

cells with a parchment-like endocarp closely investing the ovoid seed.
Albumen lobulate. — DISTEIB. Temp, regions of the Old World ; species
2. — ETYM. unknown.

H. He'lix, L. ; shrubby, climbing by adhesive rootlets.
Rocks, woods, and walls ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. Oct.-Nov.— Trunk 4-10 in. diam., trailing and flowerless, or
ascending and flowering at the terminal free branches. Leaves very vari-
able, 1-3 in. broad, cordate ; lobes 5, deep or shallow, acute or obtuse ; those
of flowering branches ovate or lanceolate. Umbels subracemose, subglobose,
clothed with stellate hairs; bracts small, concave; peduncles §-1 in.
Flowers yellow-green, J in. diam., proterandrous ; calyx-teeth deltoid ;
petals triangular ovate. Berry black, rarely yellow, globose, \ in. diam. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia to the Himalaya and Japan. — The
small sylvestral form, with longer leaf-lobes and often pale nerves, never
flowers. The so-called Irish Ivy (H. canarien'sis, Willd.), with broad
rather fleshy leaves and 8-rayed stellate hairs, is a doubtful native of
Ireland. — VAR. Hodgen'sii, another doubtful native Irish form, has deeply
5-7-lobed leaves and 12-15 rayed scale-like hairs.

ORDER XXXVI. CORNA'CEJE.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers small, regular, in terminal or axillary cymes umbels or heads,
sometimes involucrate. Calyx-limb superior, small or 0, open or valvate
in bud. Petals 4-5, at the base of the disk, valvate or imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals, free ; anthers adnate or versatile.
Disk epigynous, annular. Ovary 1-4-celled ; style 1, stigma simple or
lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatropous ; integuments
confluent with the nucleus. Drupe, with a 1-4-celled stone, or 1-4 stones.
Seed oblong, testa membranous, albumen copious fleshy ; embryo minute
or elongate. — DISTRIB. Chiefly N. temp, regions; genera 12 ; species
76. — AFFINITIES. Close to Caprifoliacece and Araliacece. — PROPERTIES
unimportant.

1. COR'NUS, L. CORNEL, DOGWOOD.

Herbs, trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers
small, in dichotomous cymes or involucrate umbels or heads, white or
yellow, honeyed. Calyx-teeth 4, minute. Petals 4, valvate in bud.
Stamens 4. Disk tumid or obsolete. Ovary 2 -celled ; stigma capitate or
truncate. Drupe ovoid or oblong, areolate at the top, stone 2-celled.
Cotyledons foliaceous. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and subtrop. regions; species
25. — ETYM. cormi, from the horny hardness of the wood.

l.C. sanguin'ea, L. • shrubby, cymes corymbose ebracteate. Dogwoood,
Dogberry, Prickiuood.

188 CORNACE^:. [CoRNUS.

Copses and hedges from Westmoreland southd. ; ascends to 1,050 ft. in
Derby ; Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Pubescent, 6-8 ft.,
branchlets and leaves red in autumn. Leaves 2-3 in., petioled, ovate, or
ovate-oblong, acute ; lateral nerves sub-basal. Cymes terminal, peduncled,
subglobose, dense-flowered. Flowers § in. diam., cream-white, homogamous.
Berm/ small, black. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya. —
"Wood used for skewers, formerly for arrows ; and by gunpowder makers.
Berries yield an oil used in France for soapmaking.

2. C. sue'cica, L. ; herbaceous, umbels involucrate.

Alpine moors, Yorkshire to Sutherland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. ; fl. July-Aug. —
Puberulous with appressed hairs. Rootstock slender, creeping. Stem 6-8
in., erect, forked at the top, 4-angled, scaly beneath. Leaves \-\ in., sessile.
in few pairs, oblong or ovate, acute, 5-7-nerved, glaucous beneath. Umbel
in the fork, peduncled ; bracts 4, ^ in., white, ovate, acute. Flowers minute,
purplish. Drupe ^ in. diam., red. — DISTRIB. N. and Arctic Europe, Asia,
N. America.

ORDER XXXVII. CAPRIFOLIA'CEfE.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, ternately
cut or pinnate, usually exstipulate. Flowers cymose. Calyx-limb superior,
3-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla regular or irregular, sometimes 2-lipped ;
lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10, inserted on the corolla-
tube, equal or unequal ; anthers versatile. Disk epigynous, glandular or
0. Ovary 1-6-celled ; style simple or 3-6-lobed or 0, stigmas capitate ;
ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell, or many from its inner
angle, or solitary in one cell and several in others, anatropous, integuments
confluent with the nucleus. Fruit a berry or drupe, rarely capsular, 1- or
many-seeded. Seeds small, testa usually membranous, albumen copious
fleshy ; embryo minute, ovoid, rarely large and terete. — DISTRIB. Temp,
and sub-trop. regions of the N. hemisphere ; rare in the south, absent from
trop. and S. Africa ; genera 14 ; species 200. — AFFINITIES. With Corneas
and RiibiaceoB. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

TRIBE I. SAMBU'CEJE. Corolla usually rotate, regular. Ovary-cells 1-
ovuled ; style short, 2-3-partite, or stigma sessile.

Shrubs. Leaves simple 1. Viburnum.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves pinnate 2. Sambucus.

Herbs. Leaves 3-nately compound 3. Adoxa.

TRIBE II. LONICE'RE-ffi. Corolla tubular or campanulate. Ovary-cells
1- or many-ovulecl ; style slender.

Ovary 2-3-celled, cells with several ovules 4. Lonicera.

Ovary 3-celled, 1 cell one-ovuled, 2 cells rnany-ovuled 5. Liunaea.

1. VIBUR'NUM, L.

Shrubs or trees ; branches opposite. Leaves simple ; stipules 0 or small.
Flowers in terminal or axillary corymbs or panicles, white or pink, jointed

YIBURNUM.] CAPRIFOLIACE^. 189

on the pedicel, 1-2-bracteolate ; outer sometimes male or neuter, with larger
petals. Calyx-tube turbinate or ovoid ; limb 5-toothed. Corolla rotate,
tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Disk 0. Ovary 1-3-celled ;
style conical, 3-fid, or stigmas 3 sessile ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous.
Drupe dry or fleshy, terete or compressed, 1- or 3-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds
compressed ; embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Temp, and subtrop. regions of
the N. hemisphere, Andes. — ETYM. unknown.

1. V. Lanta'na, L. ; scurfily pubescent, leaves broadly oblong-cordate
serrulate exstipulate, flowers all perfect. Wayfaring tree.

Dry copses and hedges, from York southd. ; naturalized elsewhere ; Channel
Islands; fl. May-June. — Shrubby, 6-20 ft.; pubescence stellate. Leaves
2-4 in., rugose, obtuse. Cymes flat-topped, rays stout. Flowers | in. diam.,
white, 2-bracteolate. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens shortly
exserted. Drupe flattened, ^ in., black. Seeds grooved ventrally. — DISTRIB.
From Belgium southd., N. and W. Asia, N. Africa. — Bark acrid.

2. V. Op'ulus, L. ; subglabrous, leaves 3-lobed stipulate, outer flowers
larger neuter. Guelder-rose.

Copses and hedges, from Caithness southd. ; rare in Scotland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Shrubby, 6-8 ft., buds scaly ; branches
slender, lenticellate. Leaves 2-3 in., young downy ; lobes unequal, serrate ;
s'ipules linear, glandular, adnate to the petiole. Cymes 2-4 in. diam., sub-
globose. Flowers honeyed, homogamous, outer corollas | iu. diam., white,
rotate ; inner J in. diam., cream-white, campanulate. Drupe f in., sub-
globose, red, translucent. Seeds compressed, keeled on the faces. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and "W. Asia, N. America.

2. SAMBU'CUS, L. ELDER.

Large herbs, shrubs, or trees ; branches stout, pith thick. Leaves pin-
nate. Flowers small, in umbellate corymbs or panicles, jointed on the
pedicel, bracteolate. Calyx-limb 3-5 -toothed. Corolla rotate or campa-
nulate, 3-5-partite. Stamens 5. Disk convex. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style
short, 3-5-partite, or stigmas 3-5 sessile ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendu-
lous. Drupe with 3-5 cartilaginous cells. Seeds compressed ; embryo
long. — DISTBIB. All temp, regions (S. Africa excepted) and trop.
mountains ; species 10-12. — ETYM. o-a^vKrj, being formerly used for
musical instruments.

1. S. Eb'ulus, L. ; herbaceous, stipules leafy serrate, cymes 3-rayed
corymbose compact. Dwarf Elder, Dane-wort.

"Waste places, local, from Caithness southd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; (a
denizen, Wats.) ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous. Rootstock creeping.. Stems 2-4
ft., many, stout, ribbed and grooved. Leaflets 4-6 in., 4-6 pair, oblong-
lanceolate, serrate. Cyme 3-4 in. diam. Corolla broadly campanulate,
white tipped with pink. Filaments crumpled. Berry small, globose, black.
— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, Himalaya, N. Africa. — Plant foetid, emetic,
and purgative. Supposed to have been introduced by the Danes.

2. S. ni'gra, L. ; a tree, stipules small or 0, cymes 5-rayed. Elder.

190 CAPRIFOLIACEsE. [SAMBUCUS.

Hedges and thickets from Ross southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Yorkshire ;
(a denizen in Scotland, Wats.} ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Trunk
often as thick as the thigh ; bark corky ; buds scaly ; branchlets angular,
lenticellate. Leaflets 2-4 pair, 1-3 in., ovate oblong or lanceolate, rarely
orbicular (var. rotundifolia, Bromf.), serrate. Cymes 4-6 in. diara., flat-
topped. Corolla J in. diam., white, rotate, lobes rounded. Filaments
slender. Berry small, globose, black, rarely green. — DISTRIB. Europe,
W. Asia, N. Africa. — Berries used for wine; flowers for perfumes. The
" Cut-leaved Elder,'' a laciniate-leaved variety, occurs as a garden escape.

3. AD OX' A, L. MOSCHATEL.

A small glabrous succulent herb. Rootstock creeping ; buds scaly ; stem
simple, 2-leaved. Leaves ternately cut. Flowers small, honeyed, green,
in a 5-fld. peduncled head, terminal 4- lateral 5-merous. Calyx-tube hemi-
spheric ; limb ^-superior, 2-3-lobed. Corolla rotate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens
8-10, on the corolla-tube, in pairs alternating with its lobes ; anthers pel-
tate, 1 -celled. Disk 0. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style short, 3-5-partite,
stigmas terminal ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Drupe girt by
the calyx-teeth, with 4-5 compressed cartilaginous cells. Seeds obovate ;
embryo minute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America. —
ETYM. a and 5o|a, in allusion to its insignificance. — Each pair of stamens
is perhaps one, with separate anther-cells.

A. Moschatelli'na, L. ; leaflets broadly triangular-ovate.
Damp hedgebanks and tree-roots, rather local, from Koss southd. ; ascends
3,300 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland; fl. April-May.— Stems 6-8 in.,4-angled.
Radical leaves 1-2-ternate, leaflets ^-J in., irregularly 3-lobed ; petiole
slender, dilated at the base ; cauline 3-foliolate. Head |-| in. diam., sub-
4-angular, yellow-green. Corolla J in. diam. Fruit succulent, green. —
Odour musky. A Kashmir variety has 5-6-merous flowers.

4. LONICE'RA, L. HONEYSUCKLE.

Erect, prostrate, or climbing shrubs, with scaly buds. Leaves opposite,
entire, exstipulate, of the young shoots sometimes lobed. Flowers in
peduncled cymes or heads, often connate in pairs by the ovaries, and sub-
tended by connate bracteoles. Calyx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; teeth 5,
often unequal. Corolla tubular, funnel- or bell-shaped ; tube equal or
gibbous at the base, honeyed ; limb oblique or 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens
5. Disk tumid. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules
many in the inner angle of each cell. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled ; cells
few-seeded, septa sometimes wanting. Seeds ovoid or oblong, testa crusta-
eeous. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions of the N. hemisphere ; species
80. — ETYM. A. Lonicer, a German botanist.

Ii. Pericly'menum, L. ; twining, leaves ovate or oblong upper ses-
sile, flower-heads terminal peduncled. Woodbine or Honeysuckle.
Hedges and copses, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Durham ; Ireland ;

Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem

LONICERA.] CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 191

10-20 ft. Leaves 1-3 in., lower shortly petioled, upper sessile, glaucous
beneath. Bracts small. Calyx-teeth persistent. Corolla 1-lf in., glandular-
pubescent, dirty red outside, yellow within. Berries globose, crimson. —
DISTRIB. W. Europe.

L. CAPRIFO'LIUM, L. ; twining, upper leaves connate by very broad

bases, flower-heads terminal sessile.

Copses in Cambridge and Oxford; naturalized; fl. May-June. — Glabrous.
Leaves glaucous beneath ; lower petioled, broadly ovate or oblong ; upper
oblong or triangular. Bracts leafy, very large, connate. Calyx-limb short,
persistent. Corolla as in L. Pericly'menum. Berries globose, scarlet. —
DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, W. Asia.

L. XYLOS'TEUM, L. ; leaves petioled, flowers axillary in pairs.
Copses, Sussex, Hertfordshire, &c. ; naturalized; fl. May-June. — Pubescent.
Stem suberect. Leaves 2-3 in., shortly petioled, ovate or obovate. Pedun-
cles shorter than the leaves, 2-fld. ; bracts 2, linear ; bracteoles minute.
Flowers sessile, ovaries connate. Calyx-limb deciduous. Corolla \ in.,
pubescent, yellow. Berries small, crimson. — DISTJXIB. Europe, N. Asia.

5. LINN-ffi'A, Gronov.

A very slender, creeping, evergreen shrub ; branches ascending, ending
in a slender, erect, 2-fld. peduncle. Leaves opposite, exstiptilate. Flowers
nodding, on slender 2-bracteolate pedicels, honeyed. Calyx-tube ovoid ;
lobes 5, narrow, deciduous. Corolla subcampanulate ; lobes 5, subequal.
Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the corolla, 2 longer than the others.
Disk obsolete. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules
many in one- cell, solitary in the others, pendulous. Fruit subglobose,
3-celled, one cell 1-seeded, the others seedless. Seed oblong ; embryo
cylindric. — DISTRIB. Lapland to N. Italy, cold and Arctic Asia und N.
America. — ETYM. Linnseus.

Ii. borea'lis, Gronov. ; leaves broadly ovate obtuse crenate.
Fir forests and plantations, York to Ross ; chiefly in Mid. and E. Scotland,
ascends to 2,400 ft. ; fl. July. — Almost glabrous, except the glandular
inflorescence. Stems 3-16 in., filiform. Leaves in distant pairs, ^-f in.,
petioled, rarely obovate or orbicular, coriaceous. Peduncles erect, filiform,
2-bracteate at the top. Corolla % in., pink, sweet-scented. Fruit very
small.— Fruit very rare ; I have taken Wahlenberg's description of it.

ORDER XXXVIII. RUBIA'CEJE.

Tribe STELLA'T^E.

Slender herbs, sometimes woody below ; steins 4 -angled. Leaves and
foliaceous stipules together forming whorls, entire. Flowers very small, in
axillary or terminal subsessile or peduncled cymes ; pedicels jointed with
the flower. Calyx-limb superior, annular or 4-6- toothed or 0. Corolla

192 ItVBIACEJS. [RUBIA.

rotate, bell- or funnel-shaped ; lobes 3-5, valvate in bud. Stamens 3-5,
inserted on the corolla-tube, filaments usually short ; anthers didymous.
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, stigmas terminal ; ovules solitary in each cell,
attached to the septum, pendulous, amphitropous, integuments confluent
with the nucleus. Fruit didymous, of 2 plano-convex or globose indehis-
cent 1-seeded lobes. Seed ascending, plano-convex, testa membranous ad-
nate to the pericarp, albumen horny ; embryo axile, cotyledons foliaceous,
radicle terete. — This tribe is the N. temp, representative of the enormous
Order Rubiaceoe. — DISTRIB. All cold and temp, regions ; genera 7 ; species
about 300. — AFFINITIES. With Caprifoliacece and Falerianece. — PROPER-
TIES unimportant. Rubia yields Madder.

Calyx-limb entire or obsolete.

Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Fruit fleshy 1. Eubia.

Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Fruit dry 2. Galium.

Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit dry 3. Asperula

Calyx-limb 4-6-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit dry 4. Sherardia.

l. RU'BIA, L. MADDER.

Perennial herbs, often woody below. Cymes axillary and terminal. Calyx-
limb 0, or annular. Corolla bell-shaped or rotate, 5-lobed. Styles 2,
short, connate at the base, stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous or globose,
succulent. — DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, regions ; species about 50. — ETYM.
rubcr, from the red dye.

R. peregri'na, L. ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl elliptic or oblong.
Eocks and copses, chiefly near the sea, Wales, Hereford, and from Cornwall
to Kent; E. and S. Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Evergreen,
shining, 1-2 ft., glabrous except for the recurved prickles on the angles of
stem, midrib, and margins of the leaves. Leaves 1-3 in. Cymes panicled,
longer than the leaves. Corolla yellowish, ^ in. diam., lobes spreading.
Stamens short. Fruit small, black, globose and 1-celled, or didymous. —
DISTEIB. W. Europe, N.W. Africa,

2. GA'lilUM, L. BEDSTRAW.

Annual or perennial herbs. Flowers minute, in axillary or terminal
cymes, honeyed. Calyx-limb annular. Corolla rotate, 4- rarely 5-lobed.
Stamens 4. Styles 2, short, connate at the base ; stigmas capitate. Fruit
didymous, dry, often hispid or tubercled. — DISTRIB. Chiefly temp,
climates ; species about 150. — ETYM. yd\a, from some species being used
to curdle milk.

* Perennial. Flowers yellow. Fruit glabrous, smooth.
1. G. ve'rum, L. ; leaves in whorls of 8-12. Lady's Bedstraw.
S mdy banks, shores, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Pubescent, black when
dry ; rootstock stoloniferous. Stems many, 1-3 ft., erect or ascending,
4-angled. Leaves J-l in., linear, deflexed, rough above, mucronate, margin

GALIUM.] RUBIAGE^. 193

recurved. Cymes very compound, axillary and terminal, leafy; flowers
2-3exual, proterandrous. Fruit small, black. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia,
Himalaya, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America. — Flowers used to curdle milk.
— A hybrid (var. ochroleucum, Syme) with G. Mollugo occurs at Deal. It is
greenish when dry, and has pale yellow flowers.

2. G. Crucia'ta, Scopoli ; leaves 4 in a whorl elliptic hairy above and
beneath. G-. cruciatum, With. Valantia Cruciata, L. Grosswort.
Copses and hedges, from Elgin and the mid-Hebrides southd. ; Ireland, very

rare ; fl. April-June. — Rootstock creeping. Stems 6 in.-2 ft., slender, de-
cumbent, branched at the base. Leaves ^-1 in., 3-nerved. Cymes axillary,
few-fld., peduncles short; flowers | in. diam., outer male. Fruit globose,
pedicel recurved. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., Siberia, AY. Asia.
** Perennial* Cymes both axillary and terminal. Flowers white. Fruit
glabrous, smooth granulate or rough, very minute.

3. G. palus'tre, L. ; steins lax rough prickly, leaves 4-6 in a whorl
obtuse, cymes diffuse, fruit smooth, pedicels divaricate.

Marshes and ditches, N. to Sutherland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug.— Glabrous except the reflexed
prickles of the leaf-margins, black when dry, very variable. Rootstock
creeping. Stems 6 in.-3 ft., flaccid, decumbent or ascending, branched
throughout. Leaves |-1 in., shining, oblong linear or lanceolate-oblong.
Cymes corymbose, longer than the leaves. Corolla-lobes acute. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, Persia, Greenland.

G. palus'tre proper ; stem smooth, leaves short and narrow, branches of
cyme patent or reflexed after flowering, corolla and fruit smaller. — VAR.
G. elonga'tum, Presl ; stem thick, branches of cyme not reflexed after
flowering, corolla £ in. diam., fruit fa in. diam. — VAR. G. \Vitherin'giit$ni. ;
stem rough with recurved bristles, leaves linear recurved, cyme narrow, its
branches short.

4. G. uligino'sum, L. ; stem rough prickly, leaves 6-8 in a whorl
aristate, cymes small few-fld., fruit granular, pedicels erect.

Marshes and ditches, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,600ft. inNorthumbd.
Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Habit and appearance
of G. palus'tre, L., but green when dry; leaves 6-8 in a whorl (rarely 4),
always narrower, more rigid, mucronate ; angles of stem more bristly ;
panicle narrower and fruit smaller. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic),
N. Asia.

5. G. saxat'ile, L. ; tufted, stem prostrate smooth, leaves usually 6 in
a whorl mucronate, cymes small, fruit rough, pedicels erecto -patent.
Rocks, heaths, &c., N. to Sutherland ; ascends to 3,700 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous, black when dry. Stems
4-6 in., with many barren shoots, flowering shoots ascending, internodes
very short. Leaves |-| in., obovate or linear-obovate. Cymes compact,
pauicled. Corolla-lobes subacute. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, Iceland to N. Italy,
W. Siberia.

6. G. sylves'tre, Pott. ; diffuse, stem smooth glabrous or pubescent
below, leaves 6-8 in a whorl narrow ciliate aristate, cymes much longer
than the leaves, fruit rough, pedicels spreading.

o

194 RUBIACEA?. [GALIUM.

Dry rocky hills and pastures, local from Orkney and Forfar to Somerset and
Dorset; absent from W. Scotland, Wales, and E. England; ascends to
2,400 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland; fl. July-Aug. — Yery similar to G.saxatile,
but less tufted, more erect and rigid ; leaves narrower, stiffer, awned. —
DISTRIB. Mid. and W. Europe, Iceland to Spain and Servia.

G. sylvestre proper (G. montanum, Yill. ; G. pusillam, Sm. not L.) ; stem strict
glabrous acutely 4-gonous, leaves suddenly acuminate, margins slightly
revolute, cymes lax-fld. — YAR. G. nitid'ulum, Thuill. (G. commutatum^Jjab.
not Jord.) ; stem glabrous or hairy below obtusely 4-gonous, leaves narrower,
margin strongly revolute, cymes rather compact.

7. G. Mollu'go, L. ; stem flaccid glabrous or hairy, leaves 6-8 in a
whorl, cymes horizontal, corolla-lobes with slender tips.

Hedges and copses, from Perth and Lanark southd.; ascends to 1,000 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Pale when
dry. Stem 1-4 ft.r erect or decumbent, angles hairy or scabrid. Leaves
variable, margins with erect or reversed bristles. Cymes large, panicled,
many-fld. Fruit TV in. diam., black, shagreened. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, N. Africa.

G. MOLLTJ'G oproper (G. ela'tum, Thuill., G. sca'brum, With., G. insu'bricum,
Gaud.) ; decumbent, branches divaricate, leaves obovate-lanceolate, cymes
with spreading branches. — YAR. £ake'rit Syme, has linear leaves and few-
fld. cymes.

Sub-sp. G. EREC'TUM, Huds. (G. aristatum, Sm. not L.) : suberect. leaves linear
or lanceolate, cyme with slender ascending branches. — York to Kent and
Dorset ; Ireland ; Channel Islands.

*** Perennial. Flowers white. Fruit hispid with hooked hairs.

8. G. borea'le, L. ; stem erect, leaves 4 in a whorl lanceolate, cymes
axillary and terminal many-fld.

Moist rocks in mountain districts, from York and Brecon N. to Shetland ;
ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous or
pubescent ; blackish when dry. Rootstock creeping. Stems 1-2 ft., tufted,
rigid, sparingly branched above. Leaves ^-l^in.,3-nerved. Cymes panicled ;
branches suberect ; bracts ovate. Flowers j in. diam. Fruit y^- in. diam.
— DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

'* Annual. Flowers white or greenish. Fruit often large, usually hispid or
tuber ded. Angles of stem and margins of leaves prickly.

9. G. Apari'ne, L. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, cymes axillary 3-9-flowered,
pedicels divaricate, fruit large, usually hispid. Goose-grazs, Cleavers.
Hedges and waste places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stem 1-5 ft., weak, straggling,
often forming matted masses, very rough. Leaves f-2 in., narrow-lanceola.te,
usually hispid all over. Fruit purplish. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia to India, temp. N. and S. America.

G. APARI'NE proper ; cymes usually 3-flowered, flowers white, fruit tubercled,
tubsrcles crowned by hooked bristles.

Sub-sp. G. YAILLAN'TII, DC. ; cymes 3-9-flowered, flowers very minute
greenish, fruit hispid with hooked bristles. — Saffron Walden, in fields.

GALIUM.] RUBIACE^S. 195

10. G. tricor'ne, With. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, cymes axillary 3-9-
flowered, fruit large granulate pedicels recurved.

Cultivated fields on chalky soil, from Cumberland southd. ; (a colonist,
Wats.}; fl.June-Oot. — Habit and appearance of G. Apari'ne, but leaves
narrower at the tip and the fruiting pedicels very peculiar. — DISTRIB.
From Holland southd., N. Africa, India.

11. G. ang'licum, Huds. ; leaves about 6 in a whorl, cymes axillary
and terminal panicled few-fld., fruit minute tubercled.

Walls and sandy places, S.E. England, from Norfolk to Kent, and Cambridge
to Sussex ; fl. June-July. — Stem diffuse, branched, 6-12 in., without barren
shoots. Leaves J-| in., narrow, mucronate, finally reflexed, margins rough
with prickles that point forwards. Flowers greenish- white. — DISTRIB. From
Holland southd., Canaries to Persia.

3. ASPER'U&A, L.

Herbs or small shrubs. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, smalJ,
honeyed. Calyx-limb 4-toothed, deciduous or 0. Corolla funnel- or bell-
shaped, 4-fid. Stamens 4. Styles 2, more or less connate, stigmas capitate.
Fruit dry or rather fleshy. — DlSTEIB. Temp, regions ; species 50 ? — ETYM.
asper, from the rough hairs of many.

1. A. odora'ta, L. ; upper whorls 7-9- lower 2-6-leaved. Wood-ruff.
Shaded hedgebanks, copse?, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Scot-
land ; Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. May- June.— Almost glabrous, odoriferous
in drying, shining. Eootstock perennial, creeping, often stoloniferous. Stems
6-18 in., subsimple, hairy beneath the nodes. Leaves 1-1| in., oblong-
lanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate. Cymes subterminal, subumbellate. Corolla
\_ in. diam., tube as long as the limb, white, lobes obtuse. Fruit small,
hispid with hooked hairs. — DiSTitiB. Europe, excl. Spain and Portugal,
N. and W. Asia.

2. A. cynan'chica L. ; leaves 4 in a whorl. Squinancy-wort.

Dry banks, lo"al, from York and Westmoreland southd. ; S. and W. Ireland ;
fl. June-July. — Glabrous or nearly so, tufted ; branches 6-10 in., ascending,
Leaves £-1 in , close set, 2 of each whorl much smaller than the others,
narrow-linear, mucronate, rigid, recurved, not ciliate. Ci/mcs lax-fld.
Corolla % in. diam., pink and papillose outside, white inside. Fruit minute,
papillose. — DISTRIB. Holland to N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

4. SHERAR'DIA, Dillen. FIELD-MADDER.

Annual or biennial. Flowers small, blue or pink, in terminal involu-
crate heads, honeyed. Calyx-limb 4-6-toothed, persistent. Corolla fun-
nel-shaped, tube slender ; limb 4-fid. Stamens 4, filaments slender. Style
2-fid, stigmas capitate. Fruit didyrnous, dry, crowned with the enlarged
calyx-limb, separating into 2 plano-convex lobes. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Asia, Canaries to Persia. — ETYM. James Sherard, an eminent botanist.

S. arven'sis, L. ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lower often opposite.

o 2

19.6 ETJBIACEJE. [SHERARDIA.

Fields and waste places, N.to Caithness ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-
Oct.— Hispid. Stems 6-18 in., prostrate, spreading from the root. Leaves
. 4-6 in a whorl, J-f in., oblong-lanceolate, aristate. Corolla lilac, §in. diam.
Fruit minute, hispid, crowned by the erect ciliate calyx-teeth.

ORDER XXXIX. VALERIA'NEJE.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Floiuers small,
usually irregular, in dichotomous cymes. Calyx-limb superior, lobed, or
a feathery pappus involute in bud. Corolla funnel-shaped, base equal
gibbous or spurred ; lobes 3-5, unequal, obtuse, imbricate in bud. Disk
small. Stamens\-S or 5, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, filaments
slender, anthers exserted, versatile. Ovary-cells 3, 2 empty or suppressed,
1 with a solitary pendulous anatropous ovule ; style filiform, stigma ob-
tuse or 2-3-lobed. , Fruit small, in dehiscent ; 1 cell fertile, 2 small empty
suppressed or confluent. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen 0 ;
embryo straight, cotyledons oblong, radicle cylindric.— •- DISTRIB. Temp.
N. zone, Andes, one S. African ; genera 9 ; species 250. — AFFINITIES.
Close with Dipsacece and Composite. — PROPERTIES. Aromatic, antispas-
modic, sometimes stimulant.

Calyx pappose. Corolla-tube equal or gibbous. Stamens 8...1. Yaleriana.

Calyx pappose. Corolla-tube spurred. Stamen 1 1*. Centranthus.

Calyx toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube obconic 2. Yalerianella.

1. VALERIA'NA, L. VALERIAN.

Perennial, rarely annual, herbs. Radical leaves crowded ; cauline oppo-
site or whorled, entire or phmatifid. Flowers in corymbose capitate or
panicled cymes, 1- or 2-sexual, bracteolate, honeyed. Calyx-limb annular,
cranulate, developing a feathery deciduous pappus. Corolla-tube equal or
gibbous at the base ; lobes 5, rarely 3-4, unequal. Stamens 3. Stigma
capitate. Fruit compressed, ribbed, membranous, 1 -celled, 1-seeded. —
DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, N. and S. America. — ETYM. valere, from
its powerful medicinal properties ; species about 130.

1. V. dioi'ca, L. ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, flowers tetramorphous.

"Wet meadows and bogs, local, from Fife and Ayr southd. ; ascends to 2,000
ft. in Northumberland ; fl. May-June. — Glabrous, nodes and leaf-margins
ciliate. Eootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 6-18 in., ascending. Leaves
|-1 in., radical long-petioled, ovate or spathulate ; cauline with a large
terminal lobe and narrow lateral segments. Cymes terminal, corymbose ;
flowers £ in. diam., pinkish ; females denser, darker ; bracts linear. Fruit
small. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, Himalaya.

The forms of flowers are : — 1. <$ , corolla large, pistil 0 ; 2. $ , corolla smaller,
pistil rudimentary ; 3. ? , corolla smaller still, anthers rudimentary ; 4. 9 ,
corolla smallest, anthers 6.

VALERIAS.] VALERIANEJE. 197

2. V. officina'lis, L. ; leaves all pinnate, flowers homomorphous. Cat's

Valerian, All-heal.

Wet meadows and banks of streams, N. to Orkney ; ascends to near 2,500 ft.
in the Lake district ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous
or hairy below, foetid. Eootstock short, stoloniferous. Leaves, radical, long-
petioled, soon withering; cauline 2-5 in., sessile ; leaflets §-2in., lanceolate,
entire or serrate. Cymes terminal and axillary, corymbose. Flowers
proterandrous. Corolla % in., pale pink. Fruit small, narrow, ovoid. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.— Kootstock an
antispasmodic.

F". officina'lis proper ( V. Mika'ni, Wats.) ; leaflets 6-10 pairs, toothed on one
side. — VAR. V. sambucifo'lia, Mikan ; leaflets, 4-6 pairs, toothed all round.
Very local.

Y. PYKENA'ICA, L. ; leaves very large cordate deeply toothed.
Naturalized in plantations ; fl. June- July. — A large coarse herb. Stem 2-4 ft.
Leaves often a foot in diam., upper with a few basal leaflets. Flowers much
as in V. officinalis. — DISTRIB. S. France, Spain.

1*. CENTRAN'THUS, DC. SPUE-VALERIAN.

Perennial, glabrous, leafy herbs. Flowers in terminal unilateral panicled
cymes, bracteolate, red or white, proterandrous. Calyx-limb annular,
crenulate, developing into a feathery deciduous pappus. Corolla-tube
compressed, elongate, with a longitudinal septum, spurred at the base ;
lobes 5, unequal. Stamen 1. Stigma capitate. Fruit membranous,
1-celled, 1-seed.ed.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species about
10. — ETYM. Ktvrpov and &vGos, from the spurred corolla.

C. RU'BER, DC. ; lower leaves lanceolate, upper triangular ovate.
Old walls and chalk-pits, naturalized, S. England ; Ireland ; rarer northd. ; fl.
June-Sept. — Stem woody below; branches 2-3 ft., erect, terete, fistular.
Leaves 2-4 in., thick ; lower 2-3 in., petioled, lanceolate or oblanceolate ;
upper sessile, entire or base toothed. Cymes long; flowers dense, secund.
Corolla § in., red or white ; spur slender. Fruit J in., rough, narrow ovoid,
compressed. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. VALERIANEL'liA, Tournef.

Small annuals, dichotomously branched. Flowers solitary or cymose in
the forks of the branches, small, bracteate. Calyx-limb toothed lobed or
0. Corolla funnel-shaped, regular, not spurred ; lobes 5, obtuse. Stamens
3. Stigma simple or 3-fid. Fruit compressed, unequal-sided, grooved,
spuriously 2-3-celled,t.:l -seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. -Africa, W. Asia,
K. America; species about 50. — ETYM. Diminutive of Valeriana.

1. V. olito'ria, Mcench ; cymes capitate, bracts leafy toothed, fertile
cell of fruit corky on the back, empty ones contiguous or confluent, calyx-
limb 0. Valeriana Locusta, L. in part. Lamb's Lettuce.
Cornfields and hedgebanks, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

(native ? Wats.) ; fl. April-June.— Glabrous, flaccid, brittle, 6-12 in. Leaves

198 VALERIANEJE. [VALERIANELLA.

1-3 in., linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, quite entire or toothed, cauline
§-amplexicaul. Flowers minute, pale lilac; bracts linear, ciliate. Fruit
minute, glabrous or hairy. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd.
into N. America. — An excellent salad.

V. CARINA'TA, Loisel. ; cymes capitate, fruit oblong boat-shaped, fertile
cell not corky, empty cells contiguous inflated, calyx-limb indistinct.
Corn Salad.
Cultivated ground, &c. ; naturalized ; from Yorkshire southd. ; Co. Down ;

Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Probably a variety of F. olitoria, which

it resembles in all characters, save those of the fruit given above. — DISTRIB.

From Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. V. Auric'ula, DO. ; cymes lax, fruit broadly ovoid turgid narrowly
grooved in front, fertile cell not corky, empty cells contiguous inflated,
calyx with one large unilateral lobe. V. rimo'sa, Bast, (oldest name); V.
denta'ta, DC. F/tridenta'ta, Reichb. not Stev.

Cornfields, rare, from Fife southd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; (a colonist,
Wats.} ; fl. June-Aug. — Very similar in size, habit, and foliage to F. olitoria,
but more slender.— DISTRIB. From Holland southd., W. Asia.

3. V. denta'ta, Poll. ; cymes lax, fruit narrow-ovoid slightly compressed,
fertile cell not corky, empty cells remote slender on one side of the fruit,
calyx small oblique 3- 4 r toothed, V. Morisonii, DC.

Cornfields, &c., from Moray and Lanark southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
(a colonist, Wats.); fl. June-Aug. — Habit, &c., of V. Auric'ula. Flovwrs
flesh-coloured Fruit glabrous, or hispid (V. mix'ta, Dufr.), — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd., N. Africa, N.W. India.

4. V, eriocarpa, Desv.; cymes crowded, fruit ovoid, hairy or glabrous,
fertile cell not corky, empty cells remote slender, calyx large campanulate
obliquely truncate reticulate toothed.

Fields, Worcester, Dorset, Cornwall; fl. June-July. — Habit of V. dentata,
differing chiefly in the calyx. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., Canaries.

ORDER XL.

Perennial or biennial herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, exstipu-
late. Flowers small, capitate ; outer bracts involucriform ; inner 0 or
beneath the flowers ; floral bracts forming an involucel embracing the
calyx-tube. Calyx-limb superior, cup-shaped, entire lobed or ciliate.
Corolla funnel-shaped or cylindric, often curved ; lobes 4-5, obtuse, im-
bricate in bud, the larger or anterior overlapping. Stamens 4, inserted on
the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform, often unequal, incurved in bud ;
anthers exserted, versatile. Orary 1-celled ; style filiform, stigma
oblique or notched, ovule solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell,
anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in the involucel, often crowned
by the calyx-limb. Seed pendulous, testa membranous, albumen fleshy ;

DIPSACUS.] D1PSACEJE. 199

embryo axile, straight, cotyledons broad flat, radicle short. — DISTKIF.
Chiefly Oriental ; genera 5 ; species 125. — AFFINITIES. With Composite.
— PROPERTIES unimportant.

Floral bracts spinescent, exserted, covering the head 1. Dipsacus-

Floral bracts concealed, scale-like or 0 2. Scabiosa

I. DIP'SACUS, Tournef. TEASEL.

Erect, biennial, hairy or spinulose herbs, stems angular. Leaves usually
connate, toothed or cut. Heads oblong or cyliiidric ; receptacle columnar ;
invol. bracts many, rigid, spreading ; floral bracts exserted, spinescent ;
involucel 4-angled. Flowers proterandrous. Calyx-limb discoid or cupu-
lar, lobulate. Corolla-tube slightly dilated upwards ; lobes 4, short,
unequal. Stamens 4. Stigma dilated, obliquely decurved. — DISTRIB.
Europe, "W. Asia; species 12. — ETYM. obscure.

1. D. sylves'tris, L. ; leaves sessile simple obovate-lanceolate, heads
oblong, invol. bracts upcurved. Wild Teasel.

Copses and hedges from Perth and Dumbarton southcl. ; Ireland? ; Channel
Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Glabrous. Stem 3-4 ft., stout, rigid, ribs prickly.
Leaves radical on the first year only, spreading; cauline 6-8 in., oblong-
lanceolate, entire or crenate, midrib prickly. Heads 2-3 in. ; bracts linear,
rigid, longer than the head ; floral bracts very long, rigid, subulate, strict,
ciliate ; involucel pubescent. Calyx-limb deciduous. Corolla purplish. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., Canaries to Persia. — D. Fullo'num, L.
(Fuller's Teasel), known by its hooked bracts, is probably a form of this
plant only known in cultivation.

2. D. pilo'sus* L. ; leaves petioled with usually a pair of basal leaflets,
heads subglobose hairy, invol. bracts deflexed.

Moist hedges and banks, local, York to Devon and Kent ; fl. Aug.-Sept. —
More or less hairy. Stem 2-4 ft., slender ; ribs with soft short hair-pointed
prickles. Leaves, radical petioled, hairy, crenate; cauline 6-12 in., oblong,
creuate-serrate. Heads f-1 in. diam., drooping in bud; bracts many,
shorter than the head, linear, toothed and ciliate ; floral bracts obovate.
with long cuspidate ciliate points; involucel calyx-tube and corolla white,
very hairy. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, Caucasus.

2. SCABIO'SA, L.

Perennial herbs. Leaves entire cr pinnatifid. Heads hemispheric or
depressed ; invol. bracts 1-2-seriate ; receptacle hemispheric or columnar,
hairy or with scaly floral bracts ; outer flowers often larger and rayed.
Involucel tubular, 4-8-angled, truncate, or 4-5-lobed. Flowers honeyed,
proterandrous. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, with 4-16 rigid bristles or teeth.
Corolla curved, oblique or 2-lipped ; lobes 4-5, obtuse. Stamens 4. Stig-
ma capitellate, notched. — DISTKIB. Europe, W. Asia, all Africa ; species
about 80. — ETYM. scabies, from its use in skin-diseases.

200 DIPSACE^. [ScABiosA.

SUB-GEN. I. Scabiosa proper. Receptacle elongate, bracts scaly.
Involucel 8-furrowed. Calyx-bristles 4-5, persistent.

1. S. succi'sa, L. ; leaves entire, involucral bracts shorter than the
4-lobed subequal corollas. Devil' s-bit- Scabious.

Pastures and open places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 feet in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Oct. — Rootstock short, abruptly
truncate. Stem 1-2 ft., branched above. Leaves glabrous or hairy ; radical
oblong or obovate, petioled ; cauline few, toothed. Heads §-l| in. diam.,
some $ only; peduncle with appressed hairs ; invol. bracts lanceolate, floral
linear-spathulate. Flowers blue-purple or white ; involucel villous, with
4 ovate teeth. Calyx-bristles 4, rigid. Corolla hairy, tube curved.
Anthers red-brown, opening in succession. Fruit oblong. — DISTEIB. N. and
Mid. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. Africa.

2. S. Golumba'ria, L. ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, invol. bracts longer
than the 5-lobed corollas, outer corollas larger very irregular.

Dry pastures and banks, from Perth southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorks. ;
absent in W. Scotland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock tufted,
often woody. Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched above, hairy. Leaves glab-
rous or pubescent, very variable ; radical narrow, petioled, entire or divided ;
cauline segments often cut. Heads 1-1| in. diam. ; peduncle slender ; invol.
bracts 1-seriate, slender, floral linear-spathulate. Flowers lilac or blue-
purple ; involucel subcampanulate, white, membranous, many-nerved.
Calyx-bristles 5, rigid, rough. Corolla pubescent, of inner flowers regular,
of outer rayed. Anthers yellow. Fruit narrow-obovoid, shortly beaked.—
DISTHIB. Europe, Mediterranean region.

SUB-GEN. II. Knau'tia, Coulter (gen.). Receptacle hemispheric, hairy.
Involucel 4-furrowed. Calyx-bristles 8-16, deciduous.

3. S. arven'sis, L. ; invol. bracts shorter than the usually 4-lobed
corollas, of which the outer are much larger and 2-lipped.

Dry banks and fields, N. to Orkney ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept.
— Rootstock stout. Stem 2-5 ft., stout, very hairy, usually branched above.
Leaves variable, hairy ; radical oblong-lanceolate, entire serrate or crenate ;
cauline toothed lobed or pinnatifid. Heads 1-1^ in. diam., depressed ;
peduncle long, stout; invol. bracts broad, leafy, 2-seriate. Flowers pale
lilac or blue, sometimes 9 , with imperfect anthers ; involucels villous,
obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla hairy, inner redder, outer larger radiating.
Anthers yellow. Fruit ovoid, beaked ; calyx-limb deciduous. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), Caucasus, Siberia, N. Africa.

OllDER XLI. COMPOS'lT.ffi.

Herbs (most British species). Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled,
stipules 0. Inflorescence a centripetal head of many small flowers sessile
on the dilated top of the peduncle (receptacle], enclosed in an involucre of

COMPOSITE. 201

whorled bracts ; floral bracts 0, or reduced to palese scales or bristles on
the receptacle. Flowers usually proterandrous and honeyed ; all tubular
(head discoid), or the outer, or all, ligulate (head rayed), 2-sexual, or the
inner 2-sexual or male, the outer female or neuter. Calyx-limb superior,
of hairs (pappus) or scales, or 0. Corolla of 2 forms : 1st, tubular, or cam-
panulate, 4 -5-lobed, lobes valvate with marginal nerves ; 2ndly, ligulate,
lobes elongate and connate into a strap-shaped or elliptic ligule. Disk
epigynous. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla- tube, filaments usually
free ; anthers basi-fixed, usually connate ; connective produced upwards ;
cells simple or tailed at the base ; pollen subglobose, rough. Ovary 1-
celled ; style 2-fid, arms (sometimes connate) linear, naked or pubescent
or tipped by pubescent cones, margins stigmatic ; ovule solitary, basal,
erect, anatropous. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed erect, testa membranous,
albumen 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short. —
AFFINITIES. Close with Dipsacece, Valerianece, and Lobeliacece. — DISTRIB.
All regions; genera 768; species 10,000. — PROPERTIES. Too numerous
to mention here.

SERIES 1. TUBULIFLO'RJE. Flowers all tubular or the outer only ligulate.
Juice watery .

TRIBE I. EUPATO'RIE-ffi. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers all tubular,
2-sexual. Anther-cells not tailed. Style-arms slender, f -terete, papillose,
stigmatic lines not continued to the base 1. Eupatorium.

TRIBE II. ASTEROI'DEJE. Leaves alternate. Ray-flowers female or
neuter, ligulate, rarely all tubular ; style-arras linear, obtuse, glab-
rous, stigmatic lines confluent. Disk-foivers 2-sexual ; anther-cells not
tailed ; style-arms linear, glabrous, tipped with a pubescent cone. Pappus-
hairs or scales rigid or 0.

Ray-flowers purple, 1-seriate, or 0. Pappus rigid 2. Aster.

Ray-flowers in 2 or more series. Pappus-hairs rigid 3. Erigeron.

Ray-flowers white or pink. Pappus 0 4. Bellis.

Ray-flowers yellow. Pappus hairs rigid or 0 5. Solidago.

TRIBE III. INULOI'DE-ffi. Leaves alternate. Ray-flowers ligulate, yellow,
orO; disk -flowers tubular; anther-cells with slender tails. Style-arms
and pappus as in Asteroidece.

* Ray-flowers ligulate. Pappus scabrid.

Pappus simple 6. Inula.

Pappus with an outer row of short scales 7. Pulicaria.

** Ray-flowers slender, tubular. Pappus silky.

Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle flat, naked 8. Gnaphalium.

Heads almost dioecious. Pappus of male clavate 9. Antennaria.

Heads 2-sexual. Receptacle conical ; scales few 10. Filago.

TRIBE IV. HELIANTHOI'DE-ffi. Leaves opposite. Ray-flowers 0 or
ligulate, yellow, female or neuter. Disk-foicers 2-sexual/

Pappus of 2-5 barbed bristles 11. Bidens.

Pappus of broad ciliate seal es 11*. Galinsoga.

202 COMPOSITE.

TRIBE Y. ANTHE'MIDS^B. Leaves alternate. Ray-fowers ligulate, or
tubular and very slender. Anther-cells not taiJed. Style-arms linear with
truncate papillose or penicillate tips ; stigmatic margins confluent below.
Pappus 0 or minute.

'Outer fowers ligulate, white, or 0. Receptacle with scales or bristles.

Ligule oblong. Fruit terete or angled 12. Anthemis.

Ligule broad, short. Fruit compressed, winged 13. Achillea.

Flowers all tubular and compressed 14. Diotis.

Outer fowers ligulate, white or yellow. Receptacle naked.

Receptacle conic, often elongating 15. Matricaria.

Receptacle flat or convex 16. Chrysanthemum.

Flowers all tubular. Receptacle usually naked.

Invol. bracts many-seriate. Eecept. broad 17. Tanacetum.

Invol. bracts few-seriate. Recept. narrow 18. Artemisia.

TRIBE VI. SENECION'IDE-ffi. Leaves alternate. Flowers all yellow,
tubular and 2-sexual, or outer ligulate. Receptacle naked. Anther-cells
without tails. Style-arms connate, or free and obtuse, or tipped with
short cones (as in Asteroidea). Pappus-hairs usually very soft (rigid in
Doronicum).

* Style-arms of disk-Jlowers connate.

Heads racemose ; outer flowers tubular 19. Petasites.

Heads solitary ; outer flowers ligulate 20. Tussilago.

** Style-arms of disk-fowers free.

Invol. bracts in many series 20*. Dorrmicum.

Invol. bracts in one series 21. Senecio.

TRIBE VII. CYNA'RE/E. Leaves alternate, usually spinous-toothed. Invo-
lucre often globose, bracts spinous. Flowers all tubular, 2-sexual, or the
outer female or neuter (dioecious in Serratula and some Cardui), tube
slender, ventricose above, lobes very narrow. Anthers much exserted ;
connective elongate, stiff. Style-arms usually combined into a pubescent
2-fid cylinder, with a ring of hairs or swelling at their base.
Anther-cells tailed.

Outer bracts hooked 22. Arctium.

Outer bracts spinous, inner spreading 23. Carlina.

Bracts all unarmed 24. Saussurea.

Anther-cells not tailed or scarcely so.

Pappus short unequal or 0 25. Centaurea

Pappus-hairs long.

Bracts unarmed 26. Serratula.

Bracts spinescent.

Filaments free. Fruit not angled. Pappus rough 27- Carduus.

Filaments free. Fruit not angled. Pappus feathery 28. Cnicus.

Filaments free. Fruit 4-angled, rugose 29. Onopordon.

Filaments connate. Fruit terete, rugose 30. Silybum.

Eu PATORIUM . ] COMPOSITE. 203

SERIES 2. LIGULIFLO'E^E. Flowers all ligulate. Juice milky.

TRIBE VIII. CICHORIA'CEJE. Leaves alternate. Style cylindric, pubescent
above ; arras linear, ^-terete, obtuse, pubescent at the back ; stigmatic
lines not confluent.

1. Pappus of small scales or 0.

Pappus of scales. Flowers blue 31. Cichoriurn,

Fruit obpyraruidal crowned with a ring ; pappus 0 32. Arnoseris,

Fruit obtuse. Pappus 0 33. Lapsana.

2. Fruit contracted, at both ends. Leafy herbs without wool or stellate hairs.

Pappus simple or feathery.

Pappus-hairs feathery 34. Picris.

Pappus-hairs simple 35. Crepis .

3. Fruit truncate; pappus-hairs rough, brown. Scapigerous or leafy herbs

with stellate hairs 36. Hieracium.

4. Fruit contracted below, beaked above; pappus-hairs simple or feathery.

Scapigerous herbs.

Eeceptacle paleaceous. Pappus-hairs feathery 37. Hypochaeris.

Receptacle naked. Pappus-hairs feathery 38. Leontodon.

Eeceptacle naked. Pappus-hairs simple ....39. Taraxacum.

5. Fruit usually narrowed below and beaked above ; pappus-hairs copious,

simple. Leafy glabrous or hispid herbs.

Fruit more or less beaked, ribs smooth 40. Lactuca.

Fruit not beaked, ribs rough or smooth 41. Sonchus.

6. Fruit slender, curved, beak long ; pappus-hairs feathery below, tips naked.

InvoL-bracts connate below 42. Tragopogon .

1. EUPATOR'IUM, L. HEMP AGRIMONY.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually opposite. Heads few-fld., white
or purplish, in terminal corymbs ; invol. bracts imbricate, 2-3-seriate ;
receptacle flat, naked. Flowers all tubular, 2-sexual, 5-fid. Anther-
cells without tails. Style-arms long, exserted, cylindric, obtuse, grooved
in front, pubescent all over. Fruit angular or striate ; pappus-hairs
1-seriate, hairy or scabrous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly American, rarer in the
Old World ; species about 400. — ETYM. The classical name.

E. cannabi'num, L. ; leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate serrate.
Eiver banks and moist places from Sutherland southd., uncommon in Scot-
land; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Pubescent, perennial,
woody below. Stem 2-4 ft., subsimple, terete ; branches short. Leaves
opposite, radical petiolecl, oblanceolate ; cauline subsessile ; leaflets 2-4 in.
Heads in dense terminal 5-6-fld. corymbs, whitish or pale purple; invol.
bracts about 10, J in., scarious, linear-oblong, obtuse, outer shorter. Flowers
5-6, longer than the involucre. Pappus white, scabrous. Fruit angled, and
corollas covered with resinous points. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya, N. Africa. — Leaves reputed tonic.

204 COMPOSITE. [AsTBK.

2. AS'TER, L.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, quite entire or toothed.
Heads solitary or many, usually radiate ; disk yellow, ray white blue or
purple ; invol. bracts many-seriate, herbaceous or leafy ; receptacle flat,
pitted, edges of the pits toothed. Ray-fl, 1 -seriate, ligulate, female ; disk-
fl. tubular, 5-toothed, 2 -sexual. Anther-cells simple. Style-arms of the
ray-fl. linear with thickened margins, of the disk-fl. short tipped with
papillose cones. Fruit compressed ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, persistent,
scabrid, unequal. — DISTBIB. Most temp, and cold regions, chiefly
American ; species about 150. — ETYM. from the star-like flowers.

1. A. Tripo'liuxn, L. ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate.

Salt marshes, N. to Sutherland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept.—
Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 ft., erect, sparingly branched, stout. Leaves 3-5
in., scattered, fleshy, slightly toothed or not, faintly 3-nerved, upper linear.
Heads J-§ in., corymbose, campanulate ; peduncle slender, bracts small;
invol. bracts few, oblong, obtuse, appressed. Ray-fl. whitish or purple,
many few or 0 (var. discoideus). Fruit hairy; pappus dirty white. —
DISTRIB. Sea coasts and salt regions of Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.
A bad substitute for Samphire.

2. A. Linosy'ris, Bernli. ; leaves linear quite entire. Chrysoco'ma
Linosy'ris, L. ; Linostfris vulga'ris, Cass. Goldielocks.

Limestone rocks, N. Somerset, S. Devon, Carnarvon ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Glabrous.
Stems \-\-\ in., base woody, ribbed, simple, wiry, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., very
narrow, acute, rather thick, gradually narrowed from beyond the middle to
the base, dotted, 1-nerved. Heads ^-f in. diam., in terminal, dense, hemi-
spheric corymbs ; peduncle slender, bracteate ; involucre gummy, puberulous ;
bracts subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Pappus 2-seriate, reddish.
— DISTRIB. From the Baltic southd., N. Africa, Caucasus, Asia Minor.

3. ERIG'ERON, L. FLEABANE.

Characters of Aster, but ray-flowers many-seriate ; fruit narrower. —
DISTRIB. Temp, and cold regions ; species about 80. — ETYM. ijpLyepwv,
the name given to groundsel, from its hairy down.

1. E. alpi'num, L. ; leaves radical, scape with 1 or few broad heads,
ligules much longer than the reddish pappus. E. umflorus, Sm. not L.

Alpine rocks, Breadalbane and Clova Mts. ; ascends to 3,000 ft. ; fl. July-Aug.
— Perennial, hispid, hairy. Rootstock short. Radical leaves spreading,
oblong-lanceolate ; caulkie few, linear-oblong. Scapes solitary or few, 6-8
in. Heads 1-3, £ in. diam.; peduncle stout, eglandular ; invol. bracts
almost villous, subulate-lanceolate. Ray-fl. very many, purple, ligule very
slender ; disk-fl. yellow. Fruit hispid. — DISTRIB. Alps and Arctic regions
of Europe, Asia, N. America, S. Chili, Fuegia.

2. E. a'cre, L. ; stem leafy branched above, heads J-j in. diam.

panicled, ligules scarcely longer than the reddish pappus.

ERIGERON.] COMPOSITE. 205

Dry banks, &c., in England ; sandy coasts of Forfar ; E. and S. Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Annual or biennial, hispid. Stem 1-2 ft.,
panicled above. Leaves quite entire ; radical 2-3 in., obov ate -lanceolate ;
cauline linear-oblong, obtuse, |-amplexicaul. Heads axillary and terminal ;
peduncle slender, naked or bracteate ; invol. bracts narrow-linear, hispid.
Ray-fl. narrow, pale purple ; disk pale yellow. Fruit hispid. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), temp, and N. Asia, N. America.

E. CANADEN'SE, L. ; stem leafy branched above, heads \ in. diam.

panicled, -ligules white scarcely longer than the white pappus.

Waste places in England; introd. from America; common near London ; fl.
Aug.-Sept. — Annual, sparingly hairy or glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft.,corymbosely
branched. Leaves all linear- or oblong-lanceolate, quite entire or sparingly
toothed. Heads very many, small, peduncle slender. Invol. bracts slender,
green with scarious margins, glabrous. Ray-fl. sometimes faintly purple ;
disk pale yellow. — DISTRIB. Most temp, and warm countries.

4. BEL'LIS, L. DAISY.

Small herbs. Leaves usually all radical, petioled, toothed. Heads
solitary, disk yellow, ray white or pink ; involucre campanulate, bracts
1-2-seriate, herbaceous ; receptacle conical, papillose. Ray-fl. many,
1 -seriate, female, ligulate ; style- arms linear, obtuse, margins thickened.
Disk-fl. tubular, 2-sexual, 4-5-toothed ; anther-cells simple ; style-arms
short, thick, tipped by papillose cones. Fruit compressed, obovate,
subhispid ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. America ;
species 7 or 8. — ETYM. bellus, from its pretty appearance.

B. peren'nis, L. ; perennial, stemless, leaves obovate-spathulate.
Pastures and meadows, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. all the year. — Glabrous or hairy.
Eootstock short, fibres stout. Leaves 1-3 in., fleshy, obtuse or rounded at
the crenate tip, midrib broad. Scape 2-5 in. Head ^-1 in. diam.; invol.
bracts green, obtuse, often tipped with black. Ray-fl. white or pink, disk
bright yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, except N. Russia and Greece, Asia
Minor.

5. SOLIDA'GO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Herbs, often shrubby below. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads
usually in branched scorpioid cymes, yellow, rayed ; involucre oblong,
bracts many-seriate, appressed ; receptacle naked, smooth or pitted.
Ray-fl. 1-seriate, ligulate, female or 0 ; style-arms slender, linear, obtuse.
Disk-fl. tubular, 2-sexual, 5-fid ; anther-cells simple ; style-arms ^-terete,
tipped with papillose cones. Fruit many-ribbed ; pappus-hairs 1-2-
seriate, scabrid. — DISTRIB. Arctic and N. temp, regions, chiefly N.
American ; species about 80. — ETYM. obscure,

S. Virgau'rea, L. ; leaves linear- or lanceolate-oblong.
Thickets, rocky banks, &c. ; ascends to 2,800 feet in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock stout. Stem erect, sparingly

206 COMPOSITE. [SOLIDAGO.

branched, 4-24 in., glabrous or pubescent with curled hairs. Leaves 1-4 in.,
obscurely toothed, obtuse or acute. Heads crowded, J in., shortly pedun-
cled, golden yellow ; invol. bracts linear, acute, glabrous, green, margins
scarious. Ray-jl. 10-12, spreading ; disk-Jl. 10-20. Fruit pubescent ; pappus
white. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.
/S. Viryau'rea proper ; tall, leaves all oblong-obovate quite entire. — VAR. anyus-
tifo'lia, Gaud. ; tall, leaves oblong-lanceolate upper narrower often serrate.
— VAR. S. cam'brica, Huds. ; short, leaves broader ciliate, cyme simple,
heads larger. Usually in mountainous situations.

6. I'NUIiA, Z.

Rather rigid herbs. Leaves alternate, erect, entire or toothed. Heads
panicled corymbose or solitary, rayed, yellow ; involucre campanulate,
bracts in many series, herbaceous, outer often leafy ; receptacle flat,
naked. JRay-fl. female or neuter, 1-seriate, ligulate ; style-arms slender,
obtuse. Disk-Jl, tubular, 2-sexual ; anther-cells tailed ; style-arms short.
Fruit terete or angled ; pappus-hairs 1-seriate, scabrid, or outer row short.
— DISTRIB. Europe, temp, and subtrop. Asia ; species about 56. — ETYM.
The old Latin name.

* Pappus without an outer series of short bristles or scales.

1. I. Cony'za, DG. ; pubescent, leaves ovate-lanceolate, corymbs
branched, fruit terete subglabrous. Oonyza squarrosa, L. Ploughman's
Spikenard.

Copses and dry banks, from York and Westmoreland southd. ; Channel
Islands; fl. July-Sept.— Biennial. Stem 2-5 ft., erect. Leaves 3-5 in.,
downy beneath, lower petioled. upper subsessile. Heads § in. ; invol. bracts
very unequal, linear-oblong, outer slightly recurved obtuse, inner accunii-
nate ; ligule inconspicuous. Fruit sparsely hairy ; pappus shining, reddish.
— DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., W. Asia.

2. I. crithmoi'des, L. ; glabrous, leaves linear fleshy, heads few in
simple corymbs, fruit terete silky. Golden Samphire.

Maritime marshes and rocks, from Essex, Gloster, and Wales to Kent and
Cornwall ; Wigton and Kirkcudbright in Scotland ; S. and E. Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug.— Perennial, glabrous, yellow-green. Stem
6-18 in., stout, rarely branched, very leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., sessile, gradually
narrowed to the base, entire or shortly 2-4-lobed. Heads 1 in. diarn., on long
bracteate peduncles ; invol. bracts linear lanceolate ; lignle short. Pappus-
hairs rigid, unequal, dirty white. — DISTRIB. W. coasts from Belgium
southd., N. Africa.

3. I. salici'na, L. : leaves linear-oblong toothed and ciliate, upper
sessile auricled, heads solitary, fruit terete glabrous.

Shores of Lough Derg, Gal way ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous or slightly
hairy. Stem 12-18 in., leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., rigid, lower obovate-lauceo-
late, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath with reticulate nerves. Heads

INULA.] COMPOSITE. 207

1| in. diam. ; invol. bracts linear-oblong, ciliate, outer leafy reflexed ;
ligules slender. Pappus dirty white.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia.

4. I. Hele'nium, L. ; tall, stout, downy, Leaves large toothed, heads
very large, invol. bracts leafy, fruit 4-augled glabrous. Elecampane.
Copses and meadows, from Boss southd. and in Ireland, local, and usually natu-
ralized ; wild in Yorkshire (Baker] ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Root-
stock large, succulent. Stem 2-5 ft., very stout, branched. Leaves velvety
beneath; radical 1-1| ft., oblong-lanceolate, long petioled ; cauline sessile,
auricled, ovate-cordate, acute. Heads 3 in. diam. ; peduncle long, stout,
naked ; invol. bracts broadly ovate, velvety ; ligules long, slender. Pappus
pale reddish. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., Siberia ; (doubtful if
native W. of Russia) ; introd. in N. America. — Formerly cultivated as an
aromatic and tonic; roots tock still used candied.

7. PULICA'RIA, Gcertn.

Characters of Inula, but pappus with an outer row of short scales. —
DISTRIB. Species 24, European and Asiatic. — ETYM. Pulex, from being
obnoxious to jlcas.

1. P. dysenter'ica, Gcertn. ; woolly or cottony, leaves oblong-cordate
^-amplexicaul, ligules long, scales of pappus connate toothed.

Moist places, from Isla and Haddington southd., rare in Scotland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl, July-Sept. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem
branched above, very leafy. Leaves 1|-2| in., irregularly waved and
toothed. Heads 1 in. diam., few, terminal ; peduncle naked, and involucre
densely woolly ; invol. bracts setaceous ; ray very slender. Fruit silky ;
pappus-hairs few, unequal, dirty white. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd.,
N. Africa, Himalaya. — Bitter, formerly used in dysentery.

2. P. vulga'risy- Gcertn. ; pubescent, leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate,
ligules very short, scales of pappus free. Inula Pulicaria, L.

Moist sandy places, rare, from Montgomery and Norfolk to Cornwall and
Kent; Channel Islands ; fl. Ang.-Sept. — Annual, slightly glandular. Stem
6-8 in., irregularly much branched, leafy. Leaves 1-1| in., obscurely
toothed, auricles small. Heads -|— § in. diam., subsolitary, terminal ; peduncle
short, stout ; invol. bracts subulate, glandular-pubescent ; ligules erect.
Fruit terete, silky ; pappus-hairs few, unequal, dirty white. — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

8. GNAPHA'LIUM, Z. ClJD-WEED.

Herbs, sometimes woody below, usually tomentose or woolly. Leaves
radical, or radical and cauline. Heads small, usualty in terminal or
axillary fascicled cymes or corymbs ; invol. bracts appressed, scarious, as
long as the flowers ; receptacle flat, naked. Outer fl. female, inl or more
series, very slender ; style-arms slender, tips truncate, papillose. Disk-fl.
2-sexual, limb dilated 5-lobed ; anther-cells tailed ; style-arms short.
Fruit terete or compressed ; pappus-hairs 1 senate, very slender. — DISTPJB.

208 COMPOSITE. [GNAPHALITJM.

Temp, and subtrop. regions ; species about 100. — ETYM. yvdtyaXtov, from
their woolly habit.

* Stem leafy. Female flowers in many series. Fruit terete.

1. G. luteo-al'bum, L. ; annual, stems simple, heads very glistening
in dense ebracteate corymbs.

Light soils ; sporadic in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July-Aug. — Densely cottony. Stems many, 6-12 in., decumbent below,
leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, ^-amplexicaul, margin
sinuate. Heads J in. diam., pale yellow ; invol. scales hyaline. Fruit
papillose. — DISTRIB. All warm countries.

2. G. sylvat'icum, L. ; perennial, stems simple, heads in leafy racemes
or spikes, or in alternate fascicles along the spikes.

Woods, pastures, and copses ; N. to Shetland ; fl. July-Sept. — White,
cottony. Rootstock woody. Stems 2-12 in. Leaves 1-3 in., narrowly linear
or obovate-lanceolate, acute 1-nerved ; petiole not |-amplexicaul. Heads
subcylindric, J in. ; invol. bracts unequal, yellow or red- brown above, obtuse,
outer cottony. Fruit puberulous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W.
Asia, N. America.

G. SYLVAT'ICUM proper; leaves narrow usually woolly beneath only, spike
elongate, pappus white or brown. G. rectum, Sm. — N. to Shetland ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands.

Sub-sp. NORVEG'ICUM, Gunn. ; leaves broader, woolly on both surfaces, floral
suddenly smaller, spike short, invol. bracts very dark, fruit longer, pappus
white. G. sylvat'icum, Sm. — Perth, Forfar and Aberdeen; ascends to
1,600 ft,

3. G. uligino'stim, L. ; annual, stems diffuse, heads terminal.
Damp places, especially in light soils, N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,000 ft. in

Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Cottony above, rarely glabrate.
Stems 2-6 in., usually many, erect from the decumbent base. Leaves narrow,
gradually dilated upwards, acute or obtuse; petiole not amplexicaul. Heads
f in. long, sessile, clustered, subtended by long linear leaves ; invol. bracts
narrow, subacute, pale brown. Fruit very minute. — DISTRTB. Europe
(Arctic), Siberia, N. America. — G. pilula're, Wahl., is a var. with papillose
fruit, found at Toft in Cambridgeshire.

** Leaves chiefly radical. Female flowers in one series. Fruit compressed.

4. G. supi'num, L. ; perennial, tufted, scapes with 1 or few heads.
Alpine and subalpine rocks, from Stirling and Argyll to Orkney; ascends to

near 4,300 ft. ; fl. July-Aug. — Dwarf ; tufts 1-6 in. diam., covered with
cottony appressed wool ; roots fibrous, dark brown. Leaves \-\ in., linear-
lanceolate, subacute. Scapes §-3 in., slender, with few linear leaves. Heads
1-3, |r in. diam., sessile ; invol. bracts scarious, brown above, woolly, outer
obtuse, inner acute. Fruit pubescent; pappus white.— DISTEIB. Alpine
and Arctic Europe, N. America, Asia Minor.

9. ANTENN'ARIA, Brown.

Characters of Gfnaphalium, but heads dioecious or nearly so. Flowers
all tubular ; female filiform, 5-toothed ; style slender, funnel-shaped j

ANTENNARIA. ] COMPOSITE. 209

male tubular, limb dilated above ; anthers partly exserted, cells tailed ;
style undivided. Fruit nearly terete ; pappus-hairs 1-seriate, of female
flowers filiform, of males thickened upwards and serrate. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and Arctic Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; species about 10. —
ETYM. From the likeness of the male pappus to the antennae, of a
•butterfly.

A, dioi'ea, Br. ; herbaceous, densely tufted, leaves spathulate, heads in
simple corymbs. Oafs-foot.

Heaths and sandy pastures, from Cornwall and Devon in the west and
Suffolk on the east to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Scotland ; Ireland ;
fl. June-Aug. — Perennial. Barren shoots many. Leaves chiefly radical,
^-1^ in., apiculate, silky beneath. Flowering stems 2-8 in., slender, cottony,
with many linear bracts. Heads 2-S, crowded; male subglobose, J in.
diam., outer in vol. bracts scarious cottony, inner longer with a white or
pink radiating obtuse ligule, stamens exserted ; female twice as large, invol.
scales more numerous, shorter than the flowers. Fruit papillose ; pappus-
hairs silky. — DISTRIB. Of the genus.

A. hyperbo'rea, Don, is a var. with leaves broader cottony above. — Skye.

A. MARGARITA'CEA, Br. ; half shrubby, corymb compound.
Naturalized in S. Wales and Scotland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug.—
Perennial, stoloniferous. Stem 2-3 ft., leafy, stout, and leaves beneath and
corymb densely clothed with white or buff cottony tomentum. Leave*
3-5 in., narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, ^-amplexicaul, glabrous above.
Heads § in. diam., of male fl. globose; female more campanulate ; invol.
bracts oblong, brown below, white and radiating above. — DISTRIB. N.
America.

10. FILA'GO, L.

Slender, annual, cottony herbs. Leaves alternate, quite entire. Heads
in axillary and terminal clusters ; invol. bracts imbricate, often superposed
in series, scarious, acuminate, woolly ; receptacle elongate, slender, with
scales under the outer flowers. Outer fl. in 1 or more series, female,
outermost usually concealed in the concave inner invol. bracts ; corolla
very slender ; style -arms slender. Disk-fl. numerous, 2 -sexual or male ;
corolla-limb dilated, 4-5-ioothed ; anther-cells tailed ; style-arms short.
Fruit terete, papillose ; pappus-hairs of the central florets very slender, in
1 or more series, of the marginal often 0. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
"W. Asia ; species 8. — ETYM. filum, from the cottony hairs.

1. F. german'ica, L. ; leaves linear-oblong acute waved, heads 20 or
more in terminal spherical clusters, invol. bracts in many opposite series
not spreading acuminate and mucronate.

Dry pastures and banks, from Koss and Dumbarton sonthd. ; rare in Scotland ;
common in Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 6-18 in., stiff,
erect or ascending, dichotomously branched, flower-heads in the forks ;
branches ascending, leafy. Leaves §-1 in. Heads \ in. broad ; invol. bracts
glistening, subulate-lanceolate, longer than the flowers, pale reddish-brown ;

P

210 COMPOSITE. [FiLAGO.

female flowers in several series. Fruit compressed, papillose. — DISTRIB.
FronivGothland southd., N. and W. Asia, India; introd. in N. America.
germanica proper (F. canes'cens, Jord.) ; heads obscurely 5-angled leafless,
invol. bracts folded longitudinally, tips yellowish. — VAR. F. apicula'ta,
G. B. Sm. (F. lutes'cens, Jord.) ; taller, leaves broader, heads acutely
5-angled, invol. bracts purplish boat-shaped, tips reddish. Chiefly E. counties,
from S.W. York to Hants, "Worcester, and Surrey. — VAR. F. spathula'ta,
Presl (F. Jussai, Coss.) ; stem short, leaves spathulate, heads 5-angled sub-
tended by acute leaves, invol. bracts boat-shaped, tips pale. S.E. England,
from Lincoln to Dorset and Kent.

2. P. min'ima, Fries ; leaves small lanceolate, heads 3-6 in terminal
and axillary clusters longer than the subtending leaves, invol. bracts in
1-2 series at length spreading. F. monta'na, DC. not L.

Dry places, rather local, from Boss southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
June-Sept. — Slender, erect, 6-12 in., dichotomous. Leaves \ in., erect.
Heads \ in., woolly, sessile ; invol. bracts very gibbous and concave at the
base, lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous, tips discoloured ; female fl. in 1—2 series.
Fruit terete, papillose. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia.

3. F. gal'lica, L. ; leaves slender subulate, heads 2-6 in axillary clusters
shorter than the subtending leaves, invol. bracts in 1-2 series subacute at
length spreading.

Sandy fields, local, Essex, Herts, Bucks, Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ;
fl. July-Sept. — Very slender, much dichotomously branched. Leaves §-|
in., |-amplexicaul. Heads % in., sessile, woolly ; invol. scales very gibbous,
concave at the base ; tips scarious and discoloured. Fruit slightly compressed,
papillose. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd. to N. Africa.

11. BI'DENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Annual herbs, usually glabrous. -Leaves opposite, entire or divided,
or upper alternate. Heads solitary or corymbose, rarely rayed, yellow ;
invol. bracts 2-3-seriate, outer often leafy ; receptacle flatfish, with a
scale under each flower. Ray-fl., if present, in 1 series, ligulate, neuter.
Dislc-fl. campanulate above, 5-toothed ; anther-cells simple ; style-arms
linear, tipped by papillose cones. Fruit compressed, ribbed, ribs often
aculeate ; pappus of 2-5 rigid barbed bristles. — DISTRTB. Temp, and trop.
regions; species about 50. — ETYM. From the 2 stiff pappus-bristles of
some species.

1. B. cer'nua, L. ; leaves sessile undivided, heads drooping.
Watery places, from Elgin atid Dumbarton southd. ; Ireland; fl. July-Oct. —
Glabrous, or slightly hispid above. Stem, 1-2 ft., stout, succulent, terete,
branched above, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., in connate pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate. Heads 1-1J in. diam. ; peduncle ebracteate ; outer invol.
bracts leafy, spreading or reflexed ; inner shorter, broadlj'-oblong, obtuse,
streaked with black. Ray-f. few, short, broad or 0. Frmt narrovv-obovoid,
ribs and pappus-bristles usually 4, barbed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W.
Asia to India, N. America. — The rayed form is rare, and found in England
only.

BIDENS.] COMPOSITE. 211

2. B. triparti'ta, L. ; leaves petioled simple or 3-cleft, heads suberect.
Watery places from Isla and Elgin southd. ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl.
July-Sept. — Habit of B. cernua, but more slender ; leaves often 3-partite ;
heads smaller; outer invol. bracts narrower, inner acute, and pappus-
bristles 2 shorter. — A Thames form (Putney) has broader heads, more
numerous florets and 3-4 pappus-bristles.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, W. Asia to India, N. America.

11*. GALINSO'GA, Ruiz and Pawn.

Annual trichotomously branched herbs. Leaves opposite, triple- nerved,
serrate. Floioer-heads small, yellow, rayed ; invol. bracts 1-seriate, margins
scarious ; receptacle conical, with lanceolate scales under each flower.
Ray-fl. female ; tube short, pubescent ; ligule very broad, short, 3-fid ;
style-arms linear, obtuse. Disk-fl. tubular, 2-sexual, 5-toothed ; anthers
short, with a short terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Fruit hispid ;
pappus of 1 series of ciliate scales. — DISTRIB. S. America ; species 5. —
ETYM. M. de Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.

G. PARVIFLO'RA, Cav, ; leaves ovate obtusely-serrate ciliate.
Cultivated fields and roadsides; chiefly in Surrey and Middlesex; introd. from
Peru ; fl. July-Oct. — More or less pubescent. Stem 1-2 ft., slender. Leaves
1-2 in., shortly petioled. Heads in dichotomous cymes, ^-j in. diam.;
peduncle ebracteate, glandular ; involucre hemispherical ; bracts unequal
oblong, ciliate. Ray-fl. 4-6. Fruit obovoid, compressed, black; pappus
scales 10-15, narrow-oblong. — DISTHIB. Trop. S. America.

12. AN'THEMIS, L.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby below, strong-scented. Leaves alternate,
2-pinnatifid. Head* solitary, yellow, with (rarely without) a broad white
ray ; invol. bracts imbricate, in few series ; receptacle flat or conic ; scales
membranous, slender. Ray-fl. 1-seriate, ligulate, female or neuter ; style-
arms short, edges thickened, tips obtuse papillose. Disk-fl. tubular,
2-sexual, 5-toothed ; anther-cells not tailed ; style-arms as in the female.
Fruit subterete, grooved or striate, crowned with a tumid disk ; pappus 0,
or a short membrane. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species
about 60. —ETYM. The old Greek name.

1. A. arven'sis, L. ; annual, scales of receptacle mucronate longer than
the flattened disk-fl., ray-fl. female white. Corn Chamomile.
Fields and waste places, local, from Caithness southd. ; S. and E. Ireland ;
Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-Aug. — Pubescent or hoary.
Stem 1-2 ft., usually erect from a decumbent base, branched. Leaf-segments
|-J in., linear, acute, not dotted. Heads 1-1^ in. broad ; peduncle rather
long, slightly swollen upwards ; invol. bracts scarious, pale, obtuse, inner
lacerate. Fruit glabrous, subequally ribbed all round, truncate ; disk
broad, crenulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; iiitrod. in N,
America.

p 2

212 COMPOSITE. [ANTHEM LS.

A . an'glica, Spr. (.A. maritima. Sm. not L.), is a maritime form, formerly found
in Durham, with leaves fleshy pinnatifid, pinnules deeply serrate, and
receptacle flat.

2. A. Cot'ula, L. ; annual, erect, scales of receptacle setaceous shorter
than the flattened disk-fl., ray-fl. usually neuter white. Stinking May-
weed.

Cultivated fields, from Dumbarton and Fife southd. ; rare in the N. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.}; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or hairy,
foetid. Stem 8-18 in., corymbosely branched. Leaves glandular-dotted,
segments very narrow. Heads as in A.arven'sis, but peduncles more slender
and invol. bracts narrower at the tip. Fruit faintly ribbed, more strongly
on the back. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, W. India ; introd. in N.
America. — Acrid, emetic ; a troublesome weed ; foliage blisters the hand.

• 3. A. no'bilis, L. ; perennial, scales of receptacle lanceolate obtuse,
ray-fl. female white, disk-fl. cylindric. Chamomile.
Pastures and dry soils, in England, 'not indigenous in Scotland; Ireland;

Channel Islands ; fl, July-Sept. — Woolly or pubescent, aromatic. Branches

spreading from the root, leafy. Leaf -segments linear. Heads 1-1 J in. diam..

few ; peduncle long, slender ; invol. bracts pubescent, scarious. Ray-fl.

sometimes 0. Fruit obovoid, terete; disk very small, concealed by the

inflated base of the corolla. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, N. Africa. — Tonic and

febrifuge.

13. ACHIIiLE'A, L.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or divided. Heads corymbose,
ray white, yellow, or purple ; inner or all invol. bracts oblong, margins
sometimes discoloured and scarious. Receptacle narrow, covered with
chaffy scales. Ray-fl. female ; ligule broad, short. Disk-fl. tubular, 2-
sexual, compressed, 5-toothed ; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit oblong,
compressed, margined ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ;
species about 80. — ETYM. Mythical.

1. A. Ptar'mica, L. ; leaves linear serrulate, heads few. Sneeze-wort.
Meadows and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous or pubescent. Rootstock creeping
extensively. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, rigid, ribbed, sparingly branched. Leaves
2—3 in., sessile, scattered, teeth cartilaginous. Heads corymbose, ^ in. diam.,
hemispheric ; peduncle ebracteate ; receptacle convex ; invol. bracts pubes-
cent, rigid, outer lanceolate acute margins purple, inner oblong obtuse.
Ray-fl. 8-12 ; ligule reflexed, broad, as long as the involucre ; disk-fl.

freenish- white. Fruit glabrous, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia Minor,
iberia ; introd. in N. America. — Rootstock pungent, a sialogogue.

2. A. Millefo'lium, L. ; leaves 3-pinnatifid. Yarrow, Milfoil.
Pastures, N. to Shetland, ascends to 4,000 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland;

Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Glabrous, pubescent or woolly. Rootstock
extensively creeping, stoloniferous. Stem |-1§ in., erect, furrowed, usually
simple, leafy. Leaves 2-6 in., linear-oblong, radical petioled ; leaflets and

ACHILLEA.] COMPOSITE. 213

liuear*acute segments very close-placed. Pleads many, ^ in. diam., corym-
bose, ovoid; peduncle short, stout, ebracteate ; invol. bracts oblong, obtuse,
rigid, brown-edged. Ray-fl. many, white pink or purple ; ligule orbicular,
shorter than the involucre, reilexed ; disk-JJ. white or yellowish. Fruit
glabrous, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N and "W. Asia, Himalaya,
N. America. — A reputed astringent.

14-. DIO'TIS, Desf. COTTON-WEED.

An erect, perennial herb, densely clothed with felted white grey or buff
wool. Leaves alternate, oblong. Heads subglobose, discoid, yellow ;
involucre campanulate, bracts oblong ; receptacle flattish, scaly. Flowers
all tubular and 2-sexual, much compressed, 5-toothed, corky, with 2 wings
produced downwards over the ovary as persistent spurs ; anther-cells not
tailed. Fruit angular, crowned by the corolla-base ; pappus 0. — ETY'M.
Sis and ovs, from the ear-like corolla-lobes.

D. marit'ima, Cass. ; stems very many, leaves sessile obtuse.
Sandy shores, E. Suffolk, Essex, Kent to Cornwall, Anglesea (extinct in most);
Kerry, Wexford, "Waterford ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Eootstock
creeping, woody. Stems 6-12 in., stout, ascending, branched above. Leaves
^ in., entire or toothed. Heads ^ in. diam., in small dense terminal corymbs ;
scales of receptacle oblong, acuminate, tips woolly. Fruit curved, smooth,
glabrous, 5-ribbed. — DISTRIB. Shores of the Mediterranean, Canaries.

15- MATRICA'RIA, L.

Annual, rarely perennial, branched herbs. Leaves alternate, much
divided ; lobes narrow. Heads yellow, ray white or 0 ; invol. bracts in
few series, nearly equal ; receptacle broad, flat or conical, elongate after
flowering, naked. Ray-fl. 1 -seriate, ligulate, female, or 0. Disk-fl.
tubular, 2-sexual, 4-5 -toothed ; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit ribbed or
angled on the ventral face, not winged ; disk large ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and S. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 70. — ETYM. Formerly
used in uterine affections.

1. M. Chamomil'la, L. ; aromatic, leaves 2-pinnatifid, segments very
narrow, invol. bracts without dark edges, fruit 5-ribbed ventrally only.

Wild Chamomile.

Cultivated ground, from Cumberland southd. ; sporadic in Scotland and Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Habit and appearance of glabrous
forms of Arithemis arverisis and of the following, with the scent, &c., of A.
nobilis, but fainter. Stem much branched. Heads |-| in. diam., corym-
bose, ligules reflexed after flowering or 0. Fruit small, grey ; ribs slender,
white ; disk oblique. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia to N.W. India. —
A tonic.

2. M. inodo'ra, L. ; inodorous, leaves 2-pinnatifid, segments very
narrow, invol. bracts edged with brown, fruit with 3 thick ribs on the
ventral face and 2 pits on the dorsal above. Pyrethrum, Gsertn.

214 COMPOSITE. [MATRICARIA.

Fields, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,200 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. June-Oct.— Glabrous, very similar to M. Chamomil'la^
but not aromatic, leaf -segments usually large and more slender; heads
larger, 2 in. diam. ; ligules narrower, not reflexed till long after flowering ;
receptacle much less conical. Disk of fruit entire or 4-toothed. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.

M. inodo'ra proper ; annual or biennial, stem erect, barren shoots 0, leaf-lobes
slender. — VAR. salina, Bab. ; maritime, leaf-segments short fleshy, close-
set, obtuse convex. — YAR. M. marit'ima, L. ; maritime, more succulent,
. perennial, stem ascending, barren shoots 0, heads fewer, receptacle narrower,
spaces between the ribs of the fruit narrower.

16. CHRYSAN'THEMUM, L.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or radical, toothed or cut. Heads
solitary or corymbose, ray yellow or white ; involucre campanulate ;
bracts imbricate, margins scarious ; receptacle flat or convex, naked.
Ray-fl. 1 -seriate, ligulate, female. Disk-fl. tubular, 2-sexual, terete or
compressed, 4-5-toothed ; anther-cells simple. Fruit of the ray-fl. ribbed
or winged, of the disk-fl. compressed ; pappus 0 or a membranous ring. —
DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species about 80. — ETYM. xpvcr^s
and &v6e/jLov, from the golden flowers.

1. C. seg'etum, L. ; annual, ray-fl. golden yellow, invol. bracts very
broad with broad scarious margins. Corn Marigold.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a
colonist, Wats.) ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous, glaucous. Stem 1-1 1 ft., erect,
sparingly branched. Leaves petioled, obovate, toothed and lo"bed, lower
pinnatifid, upper oblong ^-amplexicaul. Heads 2 in. diam. ; peduncle stout,
thickened upwards Liyules with retuse or lobed tips. Fruifi of the
rays ribbed and narrowly 2-winged, of the disk not winged. — DISTRIB,
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. C. Leucan'thexmim, L. ; perennial, ray-fl. white, invol. bracts
narrow with dark purple margins. Ox-eye Daisy.

Meadows and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in Wales ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous or slightly hairy. Stem
1-2 ft., erect, simple or branched. Leaves obtusely cut or subpinnatifid ;
lower spathulate, petioled ; upper oblong or lyrate with pinnatifid ^-amplexi-
caul bases. Heads 2 in. diam. ; peduncle slender. Liyules notched at the
tip. Fruit* all terete, equally ribbed, of the ray with a small crown. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. and "VV. Asia ; introd. in N. America.
— A sport with bilabiate ray-fl. occurs (Dickson).

3. C. Parthe'nium, Pers. ; perennial, ray-fl. short white, invol. bracts
broad ribbed downy. Matrica'ria, L. ; Pyre' thrum, Sm. Fever -few.
Hedgebanks, &c., N. to Caithness ; Channel Islands ; probably naturalized only ;

(a denizen, Wats.} ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, pubescent and branched above.
1-2 ft. Heads many, f-f in. diam. ; invol. bracts with a scarious border.
Receptacle hemispheric. Ligules short, broad. Disk of fruit cup-shaped,
membranous. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, introduced elsewhere. — Tonic
and bitter.

TANACETUM.] COMPOSITE. 215

17. TANACE'TUM, L. TANSY.

Herbs, often shrubby below, strong-scented. Leaves alternate, usually
much divided. Heads solitary or corymbose, subglobose, discoid, yellow ;
invol. bracts many-seriate, edges scarious ; receptacle convex, naked.
Outer fl. 1-seriate, female, tubular, 3-4-toothed. Disk-fl. tubular, male,
4-5-toothed ; anther cells not tailed. Fruit 3-5-angled, disk large ;
pappus 0, or an irregular membrane. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.^and S. Africa,
temp, and cold Asia, N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM. doubtful.

T. vulga're, L. ; leaves 1 -2-pinnatifid, segments inciso-serrate.

Waste places, from Shetland southd., and in Ireland and Channel Islands ;
probably naturalized only ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Perennial, glabrous or pubescent,
Stem 2-3 ft., grooved and angled, leafy. Leaves 2-5 in., oblong, gland-dotted,
upper ^-amplexicaul, lower petioled. Heads many, § in. diarn., corymbose,
dull yellow ; peduncle stout, ebracteate ; invol. bracts coriaceous, appressed,
outer acute shorter, inner obtuse, edges narrow scarious. Outer Ji. exceed-
ing the involucre, rarely 0, obliquely truncate. Fruit obovoid, 5-rib-
bed ; disk membranous, lobed.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N.W.
America ; iutrod. in the U. States. — Bitter, tonic, vermifuge and febrifuge.

18. ARTEMISIA, L.

Herbs, often shrubby below, bitter or aromatic. Leaves alternate, often
much cut. Heads small, racemed or panicled, discoid, yellow or purplish ;
invol. bracts few- seriate, margins scarious ; receptacle very narrow, flat or
convex, naked hairy or fimbriate. Flowers few, all tubular, anemophilous ;
outer female with 3- toothed corollas ; the rest male or 2-sexual with 5-
toothed minute corollas ; anther-cells not tailed. Fruit obovoid or oblong,
disk minute ; pappus 0. — DISTRIB. N.temp. zone ; species about ]50. —
ETYM. 'Apre^s, the Greek Diana.

1. A. campes'tris, L. ; leaves nearly glabrous, segments very slender,
heads drooping glabrous, outer flowers only fertile.
S indy heaths, Norfolk and Suffolk ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Perennial, not aromatic.

subsessile, ovoid ; receptacle glabrous. Ray-corollas dilated below. — DISTRIB.
Europe, temp. Asia.

2. A. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves broad white woolly beneath, segments
broad acuminate, heads erect woolly, flowers all fertile. Mugwort.
Hedgebanks, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland :
Channel Inlands; fl. July-Sept.— Perennial, aromatic. Stem 2-4 ft., erect,
reddish, angled, grooved, branched. Leaves 2-3 by 1-2 in., glabrous above,
margins recurved; petiole with pinnatifid auricles. Heads in crowded,
panicled, short, erect, woolly spikes, ovoid, reddish-yellow ; receptacle
glabrous. Ray-corollas slender, cylindric. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia to India and China.— Formerly used to flavour
drinks.

216 COMPOSITE. [ARTEMISIA.

3. A. Absin'thium, L. ; leaves silky on both surfaces, segments oblong
obtuse, heads drooping silky, outer flowers only fertile. Wormwood.

Waste places, local, from Shetland southd. ; ascends (cultivated) to 2,200 ft.
in Northumbd. ; rare in N. and W. Scotland ; Ireland, native ? ; Channel
Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Perennial, very aromatic, silkily pubescent. Stems
1-3 ft., ascending, grooved and angled. Leaves 1-2 in., dotted, 2-3-pin-
natifid ; segments many, spreading. Heads hemispheric, subsessile, in
panicled leafy racemes, yellow ; receptacle hairy. Ray-corollas dilated
below.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.
— Aromatic, vermifuge, and used to flavour drinks.

4. A. marit'ima, L. ; leaves white and woolly beneath, segments linear
obtuse, heads erect or drooping cottony, flowers all fertile.

Salt marshes and ditches, rare in Scotland, from Wigton and Aberdeen southd. ;
N.E. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Woolly or hoary, scarcely
aromatic. Rootstock woody, branched, Stem 10-18 in., ascending. Leave*
1-2 in., 2-pinnatifid ; segments many, very narrow, spreading. Head*
crowded in short erect panicled spikes, reddish, narrow oblong ; receptacle
glabrous. — DISTRIB. Coasts of Europe and salt tracts of Asia, India. —
A. gallica, Willd., is not distinguishable as a well-marked variety, either by
its more compact habit or erect heads.

19. PETASI'TES, Tournef. BUTTER-BUR.

Perennial herbs. Leaves produced after the flowers, large, broad. Heads
purplish or white, subdioecious, in a spiciform panicle terminating an erect
bracteate scape ; male heads with a few fern. ; ray-fl., female with a few
males in the disk ; in vol. bracts sub- 2 seriate, outer few, small ; recep-
tacle flat, naked. MALE fl. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 -cleft ; anther-cells
simple ; style stout (arms connate), ovoid or clavate, papillose, terminated
by 2 short small cones. FEMALE fl. Corolla filiform, mouth oblique,
minutely toothed ; style much exserted, arms short. Fruit cylindric,
glabrous ; pappus of female copious, hairs soft slender (of male scanty).
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Arctic America ; species about 12. — ETYM.
ir€To<ros, an umbrella, from the size of the foliage.

P. vulga'ris, Desf. ; leaves reniform or orbicular-cordate irregularly

toothed. Tussilago Petasites, L., and T. hybrida, L.

Wet meadows and roadsides, N. to Shetland, but local ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in
Northumbd. ; Ireland ; fl. March-May. — Rootstock extensively creeping,
fleshy, stout. Leaves 3 in.-3 ft. diam., white or cobwebby beneath, young
above also ; petiole long, stout. Stem 4-18 in., stout, purplish below ; sheaths
ending in small leaves. Panicle cylindric, 3-10 in., female longest, elongating
after flowering ; pedicels slender, shortest in the male ; bracts on pedicels
subulate. Male heads f , female \ in. Fruit striate ; pappus white.— DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

20. TUSSlliA'GO> Tournef. COLTSFOOT.

A scapigerous herb, rootstock creeping. Leaves large, produced after
the flowers. Heads yellow, solitary, many-fid. ; invol. bracts 1-seriate,

TUSSILAGO.] COMPOSITE. 217

with a few outer shorter ones ; receptacle flat, naked. Ray-fl. female,
multi-seriate, ligulate, narrow ; disk-fl. male, campanulate, 5-toothed.
Anthers without tails. Style clavate (arms connate), papillose, with 2
very small cones. Fruit of the ray subcylindric ; pappus-hairs very
slender, multi-seriate, rough ; of the disk imperfect, pappus 1-seriate. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd.
in N. America. — ETYM. tussis, from its use as a cough medicine.

T. Far'fara, L. ; leaves broadly cordate angled or lobed toothed.
Damp heavy soils, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. March- April.— Rootstock stout ; stolons many,
burrowing. Leaves 3-10 in. broad, cobwebby above, densely tomentose and
white beneath. Scapes 1 or more, 4-10 in., tomentose, with rnany oblong
appressed scales. Head 1-1 1 in. diam., bright yellow, drooping in bud.
Pappus soft, snow-white. — Leaves used for cigar-making and smoked in
cases of asthma. Wool made into tinder.

2O*. DORONI'CUM, L. LEOPARD'S-BANE.

Herbs, 'rootstocks creeping or tuberous. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline
alternate, amplexicaul. Heads solitary or corymbose, rayed, yellow ;
invol. bracts in few series, linear, acuminate, nearly equal ; receptacle
conical, naked or pubescent. Ray-fl, ligulate, usually female only ; style-
arms truncate, tip penicillate. Disk-fl. dilated above, 5-toothed ; anther-
cells not tailed ; style-arms obtuse. Fruit oblong-turbinate, furrowed ;

>appus-hairs of the ray 0 or 1-3, of the disk in many series. — DISTRIB.

Europe, N .Asia, Mts. of India ; species 10. — ETYM. doubtful.

D. PARDALIAN'CHES, L. ; radical leaves ovate-cordate, heads usually 3-5.

Naturalized in plantations ; fl. May-July. — Pubescent and hairy. Rootstock
creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 2-3 ft. Radical leaves 2-5 in., loug-petioled,
rounded at the tip ; lower cauline ovate with dilated amplexicaul petioles,
upper sessile. Heads l|-2 in. diam., long-peduncled ; invol. bracts long,
subulate-lanceolate, glandular ; receptacle pubescent. Fruit black, ribbed,
of the ray glabrous without pappus, of the disk hairy with white pappus. —
DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe.— Keputed poisonous.

D. PLANTAGIN'EIJM, L. ; radical leaves ovate, heads usually solitary.
Naturalized in plantations ; fl. June- July. — Habit of the preceding, but more
slender and glabrous ; leaves narrower, not cordate, usually narrowed into
the petiole, repand-toothed, 3-5-ribbed, uppermost oblong. — DISTRIB.
~VV. Europe, from Belgium southd.

21. SENECIO, L.

Herbs (the British species). Leaves alternate. Heads solitary or co-
rymbose, usually yellow ; invol. bracts 1-seriate with sometimes a few
smaller at the base, narrow, appressed, herbaceous, tip usually discoloured ;
receptacle naked. Ray-fl. 1-seriate, female, or 0 ; style-arms truncate,
tips penicillate. Disk-fl. tubular, 2-sexual, 5-toothed ; anther-cells not

pa]
En

218 COMPOSITE. [SENECIO.

tailed ; style-arms obtuse. Fruit terete or angled, furrowed ; pappus-hairs
in many series, soft, slender, equal in length, caducous. — All temp, and
cold climates ; species about 500. — ETYM. senex, from the hoary pappus.

SECTION 1. Sene'cio proper. Involucre with a few (or 0) small
bracts at the base.

* Leaves pinnatifid or ^-pinnatifid ; except S. aquaticus.

1. S. vulga'ris, L. ; annual, eglandular, heads few drooping, outer
in vol. bracts many, ligules usually 0. Groundsel.

Waste places, N. to Shetland, ascending to 1,600 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. all the year. — Glabrous or cottony. Stem 6-15 in.,
often branched from the base, succulent. Leaves piimatifid, irregularly
coarsely toothed. Heads % in., cylindric, conical after flowering; outer
invol. bracts dark, ovate-subulate. Fruit ribbed, silky.— DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Africa ; introd. in all cool climates. — VAB. radia'ta, Koch ;
has ray-flowers with short ligules. Channel Islands.

2. S. sylvat'icus, L. ; annual, glandular-pubescent, heads many
spreading narrow, outer invol. bracts few or 0, ligules short, fruit silky.
Dry banks and pastures, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Foatid. Stem |-3 ft., erect,
leafy. Leaves as in S. vulyaris, but more deeply cut. Heads f in.,
cylindric ; peduncle slender. Fruit faintly ' ribbed. — DISTRIB. Europe,
Siberia. — S. lividus, Sin. not L., is a form with larger auricles to the upper
leaves.

3. S. visco'sus, L. ; annual, viscid, heads few erect broad, outer invol.
bracts few green | as long as the inner, fruit glabrous.

Waste dry ground, local, from Banff and Dumbarton to Kent and Sussex ;
Wales (not in W. or Midland counties) ; very rare in Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. —
Foetid. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, rigid, grooved and angled, flexuous, branched.
Leaves broad, sub-2-pinnatifid. Heads campanulate, nearly £ in. long and
^ in. diam. Fruit slender, ribbed. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia Minor.

4. S. Jacobse'a, L. ; perennial, tall, erect, almost glabrous, heads in
a dense corymb, fruit of ray ribbed glabrous of disk hairy. Ragivort.
Roadsides and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous or slightly cottony.
Stem 1-4 ft., stout, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid or sub-2-pinnatifid, lobed and
toothed, terminal lobe large or small, upper leaves auricled, sessile; lower
petioled. Heads f-1 in. diarn., bright, yellow, campanulate ; outer invol.
bracts few, small, subulate ; peduncle slender, bracteate. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. and W. Asia to India. — S.fosculo'sus, Jord., a var. without ray, rarely
occurs.

5. S. erucifo'lius, L. ; perennial, tall, erect, cottony or pubescent,
heads corymbose, fruits all ribbed hairy. S. tenrnfo'lius, Jacq.
Roadsides and banks from Berwick and Lanark southd. ; E. Ireland ; Channel

Islands; fl. July- Aug.— Habit of S. Jacoba'a, but more pubescent with

SENECIO.] COMPOSITE. 219

curled hairs, especially above ; rcotstock shortly creeping ; leaves simply
piunatifid, lobes narrower ; heads larger, and pappus dirty- white. — DISTRLB.
From Gothland southd., N. and W. Asia.

6. S. aquat'icus, Huds. ; biennial, tall, erect, rarely glabrous, heads
in a very lax corymb, fruits all ribbed glabrous.

Sides of rivers, ditches, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the Lake
district; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Like S. Jacobce'a, but
usually of laxer growth, with longer petioles, and larger heads. Radical
leaves very variable, ovate or oblong, irregularly toothed, undivided or lobed,
base auricled or pinnatifid, often purple beneath ; upper irregularly lyrate-
pinnatifid. Heads 1-1J in. diam. ; peduncle sleuder. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, Siberia. — S. barbareafo'lius, Krock. (S. errat'icus, Bert. ; Bab.
Prim. fl. Sarn.), is a form with pinnatifid leaves.

S. SQUAL'IDUS, L. ; annual or biennial, glabrous, stem short flexuous
leafy, heads in a very lax corymb, fruits all ribbed silky.
Naturalized on old walls, &c., Oxford, Bideford, Warwick, Cork ; fl. June-
Get. — Stem 8 — 12 in., rather stout. Leaves irregularly lyrate-pinnatifid,
lobes long or short, toothed lobulate or subentire, upper auricled and
|-amplexicaul. Heads £ in. broad ; involucre broadly cainpanulate, bracts
narrower than in the other species of this section ; outer numerous, small,
all usually dark-tipped. — DISTRIB. S. Europe.

** Leaves undivided, toothed.
S. SARACEN'ICTJS, L. ; leaves glabrous or nearly so, ray-fl. few.

Naturalized by river-sides and in moist meadows, from Aberdeen southd.
and in Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem
3-5 ft., erect, stout, leafy. Leaves 5-8 in., linear-oblong, acute, sessile, lower
shortly petioled, lowest auricled and |-amplexicaul. Heads § in. diam.,
many, in lax puberulous corymbs ; peduncle short, bracteate ; involucre
broadly campanulate, outer bracts subulate, inner narrowly linear oblong,
tipped with brown. Fruit glabrous. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd.,
Siberia. — Used as a styptic by Irish peasants.

7. S. paludo'sus, L. ; leaves cottony beneath, ray-fl. very many.

Fens of Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge (very rare) ; Channel
Islands; fl. June-July. — Rootstock short. Stems 3-6 ft., stout, erect,
branched at the top, glabrous or slightly cottony, leafy. Leaves 3-6 in.,
sessile, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Heads 1 in. diam., in
lax spreading simple or compound corymbs ; peduncle long, bracteate ;
involucre broadly campanulate, outer bracts long subulate, inner obtuse.
Fruit glabrous. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., Siberia.

SECTION 2. Cinera'ria, L. (gen.). Outer invol. brads 0. Ray-fl.
spreading.

8. S. palus'tris, DC. ; tall, erect, leafly, pubescent or villous, stem
hollow, leaves sessile, heads many, fruit ribbed glabrous.

220 COMPOSITE. [SENEOIO:

Fens of tlie Eastern counties, very rare ; fl. June-July. — Biennial. Stem 2-3 ft.,
stout, ribbed, unbranched. Leaves 3-5 in., ^-amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed, acute or obtuse. Heads £-1 in. diam.,pale yellow, crowded
in compound corymbs, broadly campanulate, short, as is the peduncle,
villous with crisped hairs ; invol. bracts many, slender. Ray-Ji. short. —
DISTEIB. From Gothland to France and Austria, N. Asia, N. America
(Arctic).

9. S. campes'tris, DO. ; scapigerous, pubescent and cottony, leaves
petioled, heads lew, fruit ribbed silky. Cineraria integrifolia, With.

Dry banks and chalk clowns, York, Lincoln, and from Cambridge to Gloster,
and Sussex to Dorset ; fl. May-June. Rootstock short, fibres thick. Radical
leaves 1-2 in., spreading, coriaceous, shortly petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire
or sinuate-toothed, pubescent under the cottony hairs. Scape 4-12 in.,
stout or slender; bracts narrow, long, appressed. Heads 1 in. diam., pale
yellow ; peduncle stout, erect, bracteate at the base ; involucre broadly
campanulate ; bracts narrow obtuse. Ray-fl. as long as the bracts. — DISTKIB.
Europe (Arctic) to France and Italy, N. Asia, N. America.

YAR. marifima, Syme (S. spathulafo'lius, B.ib. not DC.), is a tall form with
broadly-toothed leaves. Maritime rocks, Am;lesea ; Mickle fell, Yorkshire.

22. ARC'TIUM, L. BURDOCK.

Stout, erect, branching, biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, the lower very
large. Heads solitary racemed or corymbose, not rayed, purple or white ;
involucre globose ; bracts very many, imbricate, coriaceous, appressed below,
with long, stiff, spreading, hooked tips ; receptacle flat ; scales rigid, subu-
late. Corolla-tube narrow, limb campanulate ; lobes 5, slender. Filaments
papillose ; anthers with a long terminal appendage, cells with subulate
tails. Style-arms connate, pubescent below, obtuse. Fruit large, oblong
or obovoid, laterally compressed, transversely wrinkled, base areolate ;
pappus-hairs multi-seriate, short, free, filiform, scabrid. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. and W. Asia ; introd. into N. America ; species 6 or 7. — ETYM. &PKTOS,
a bear, from its coarse appearance.

A. Lap'pa, L. ; leaves ovate-cordate entire or sinuate-toothed.

Waste places; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous or cottony, 2-4 ft., very variable.
Leaves often 1 ft., glabrous above, usually densely cottony beneath. Heads
f-1^ in. diam., webbed or not; peduncle very stout; invol. bracts slender,
angled, rigid, spreading. Corolla and stamens purple, styles white. Fruit
compressed, angled, ribbed, grey mottled with black. — Young stalks formerly
eaten boiled, and as salad. — The following forms present no constant
characters.

A. LAP'PA proper; petioles hollow, heads sub-corymbose hemispherical gla-
brous all green, corolla-tube longer than the limb. A. ma' jus, Schkuhr.
From York and Lancaster southd., Channel Islands.— VAT*, subtcmentosa,
Lange (A. tomento'sum, Bab.), has more spherical and webbed heads.

Sub-sp. A. MI'NUS, Schkuhr ; heads subracemose more ovoid glabrous or
cottony, inner invol. bracts purplish, corolla-tube as long as the limb.
Advances North to Skye. — VAR. mi'nus proper; root-leaves coarsely

ARCTITIM.] COMPOSITE. 22]

toothed, petioles hollow, heads |-f in. diam., subsessile cottony. Common.
— YAR. A. intermedium, Lange (A. pulens\ Bab.); root-leaves crenate,
petioles with a slender tube, heads arachnoid, lower ones f-1 in. diam.,
of the raceme peduncled purple. — YAR. A . nemoro'sum, Lej ; root-leaves
narrower coarsely crenate, crenatures apiculate, heads subsessile globose.

23. CARiii'NA, L. CARLINE-THLSTLE.

Rigid, spinous herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Outer invol. bracts leafy,
spinous- toothed, spreading ; inner longer, narrower, scarious, coloured,
shining ; receptacle flat, deeply pitted, edges of the pits bristly. Corollas
all tubular, glabrous, erect ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Filaments
glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells with short plumose
tails. Style-arms connate into a pubescent cone. Fruit oblong, terete,
silky with 2-fid hairs ; pappus-hairs 1 -seriate, feathery, connate in threes or
fours at the base. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, -W. Asia ; species
about 14. — ETYM. After Charlemagne, who used it medicinally.

C. vulga'ris, L. ; heads 2 or more, invol. bracts ciliate.
Dry fields and pastures, from Elgin and Arran southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft.
in Northumbld. ; local in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Juue-Oct. — Biennial,
hoary, root tapering. Stem 6-18 in., stout, simple or branched above, purple,
Radical leaves 3-5 in., spreading, lanceolate, spinous, cottony beneath;
cauline many, shorter, |-amplexicaul. Heads £-lf in. diam, ; outer bracts
cottony, spreading ; middle purplish; inner ^ in., narrow, rigid, acute, yellow,
spreading, erect when moist. Bristles of receptacle ri^id. yellow, longer
than the soft pappus. Flowers purple. Fruit brown.— DISTRIB. Europe
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

24. SAUSSU'REA, DO.

Herbs. Leaves entire or divided. Heads corymbose, purple or violet ;
invol. bracts multi-seriate, imbricate, obtuse or acute ; receptacle flat,
covered with chaffy scales. Corollas all tubular, ventricose above, 5-fid.
Filaments glabrous ; anthers terminated by a long acute appendage, cells
with ciliate tails. Style-arms connate below, pubescent, With a ring of
hairs at the base. Fruit glabrous ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, outer filiform,
rough, usually persistent ; inner feathery, connate at the base, deciduous.
— DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species about 60. — ETYM. De Saussure,
the Swiss philosopher.

S. alpi'na, DC. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed cottony beneath.
Alpine rocks, N. Wales, Lake district, Dumfries ; Highlands, N. to Shetland ;
ascends to 4,000 ft. ; W. Donegal ; fl. August.— Rootstock short, stoloniferous.
Stem 6-8 in., stout, erect, leafy, simple, cottony. Leaves, lower petioled, 4-
7 in., acuminate ; upper smaller, sessile. Heads 2-3 in., in dense corymbs ;
involucre ovoid ; bracts oblong, obtuse, woolly, inner longer. Flowers ex-
serted, purple ; anthers bluish. Fruit brown, ribbed ; pappus dirty white.
— DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), N. Russia, Alps of Mid. Europe, N. Asia,
N. America (a form).

222 COMPOSITE. [CENTAUREA.

25. CENTAURE'A, L.

Herbs of various habit. Leaves entire or cut, often spinous-toothed.
Involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts appressed, imbricate, entire and scarious,
or spinous, or dilated fringed or toothed ; receptacle flattish, bristly.
Corollas all tubular, oblique or 2-lipped, ventricose above ; outer usually
larger, neuter, inner 2-sexual ; lobes 5, slender. Filaments glandular ;
anthers with a long terminal coriaceous appendage, cells tailed or not.
Fruit compressed, basal areole oblique, top broad ; pappus-hairs short,
slender, scabrid, usually in many series, inner smaller often scaly, rarely
0. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa, America ; species 320. — ETYM.
Mythical.

SECTION 1. Ja'cea. Invol. bracts with a dilated broad appendage.

1. C. ni'gra, L. ; leaves hispidulous lanceolate entire or distantly lobed,
peduncles leafy, pappus-scales short unequal or 0. Knapweed.
Meadows and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Northumbld. ;

Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial. Stem f-3 ft., slender,
grooved, simple or branched. Leaves scattered, variable, lower petioled,
uppermost quite entire. Heads 1-1| in. diam. ; in vol. appendage very
variable, pale or dark brown, orbicular, pectinate on the margin or to the
axis. Flowers purple, outer often larger. Fruit grey. — DISTRIB. W.
Europe ; iutrod. in N. America.

C. ni'yra proper ; peduncles thickened, appendages of bracts dark brown
deeply pectinate. — VAR. C. decip'iens, Thuill. (C. nigres'cens, Bab.) ; pedun-
cles slender, appendages paler, less deeply pectinate, spines much shorter,
pappus 0. — S. counties.

SECTION 2. Cy'anus. Invol. bracts not appendaged, their upper part
and margins scarious and pectinate or ciliate.

2. C. Scabio'sa, L. ; erect, leaves deeply pinnatifid segments entire or
lobed, peduncles glabrous, involucre globose, bracts with brown pectinate
tip and margins, pappus as long as the fruit. Hard-heads.

Dry pastures and waste places, from Sutherland southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock woody. Stem 2-3 ft., grooved, sparingly
branched, clothed with soft hairs. Leaves 4-10 in., almost pinnate, seg-
ments obovate. Heads 1^-2 in. diam., rayed ; invol. bracts with a broad
brown tip which is decurrent on the sides of the bracts ; flowers bright
purple. Fruit grey, pubescent. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia to
Persia.

3. C. Cy'anus, L. ; erect, leaves narrow entire or lobes few spreading,
peduncles cottony, involucre ovoid, margins of bracts deeply toothed
scarious, pappus shorter than the fruit. Bluebottle, Cornflower.

Cornfields, from Caithness southd. ; ascending to 1,000 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-Sept. — Annual or
biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., slender, grooved, sparingly branched. Leaves 2-4
in., variable, sessile, acute, lower f-1 in., upper ^ in. broad. Heads |-1 in.
diam., cobwebby ; teeth of bracts triangular, spreading, of outer white, of

CENTATJREA.] COMPOSITE. 223

inner brown and white ; bristles of receptacle silvery Flowers of ray few,
large, bright blue ; of disk smaller, purplish. Fruit grey, silky ; pappus
dirty white. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Siberia, N.W. India; introd.
in N. America.

4. C. paniculata, L. ; erect, paniculately branched, woolly, leaves
bipinnatifid, lobes linear, upper narrow, entire, involucre ovoid, bracts
spiny- toothed or ciliate apiculate, pappus of very short scale-like
bristles.

Jersey ; fl. July. — Biennial, dwarf or tall. Stem and branches slender, acutely
angled. Leaves 1-3 in., lobes acute. Heads §-1 in. long ; involucre ovoid. ; teeth
of deeply striate bracts often flexuous. Flowers purple. Fruit white, silvery,
glabrous.— DISTRIB. S. Europe.

SECTION 3. Serid'ia. Invol. bracts tipped by spreading reflexed spines.

5. C. asp'era, L. ; ascending, leaves linear-oblong entire toothed or
lyrate, peduncles leafy, involucre globose, bracts tipped with 5 palmately
spreading reflexed spines, pappus shorter than the fruit. C. Isnardi, L.

Vazon Bay, Guernsey, very rare ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial. Stem 1-2 ft.,
slender ; branches spreading, sparsely pubescent, tips cottony. Leaves very
variable, lower sessile or petioled, lanceolate or oblong. Heads 1 in. diam. ;
bracts coriaceous, yellow-brown, spines TV~| in. ; bristles of receptacle white.
Fruit grey, pubescent: pappus white. — DISTRIB. "W. and S. Europe to
Italy.

SECTION 4. Calci'trapa. Invol. bracts ending in a long strong spine.

6. C. Calci'trapa, L. ; rigid, diffusely branched from beneath the heads,
leaves pinnatifid, lobes recurved aristate, spines of bracts long spreading,
with a few smaller basal, pappus 0. Star-thistle.

Dry waste places, rare, from Norfolk and S. Wales to Cornwall and Kent ;
Channel Islands; probably a denizen; fl. July-Sept. — Biennial, 1-2 ft.,
cottony or glabrous, branches leafy, spreading, stout. Leaves 1-3 in., often
interruptedly pinnatifid, lobes distant, slender. Heads lateral and sessile, or
terminating leafy branches, % in. diam. ; spines as long, yellow and chan-
nelled above. Flowers rose-purple. Fruit white or mottled brown. —
DISTRIB. From Holland southd., N. Africa, N.W. India; introd. in N.
America.

C. SOLSTITIA'LIS, L. ; erect, branched, cottony, stem winged, lower
leaves lyrate, upper linear entire decurrent, spines of upper bracts long
spreading with a few smaller ones at the base, pappus soft.

Fields in E. and S. England, rare; introd. with lucern, &c. ; fl. July-Sept.
— Annual, much branched, 1-2 ft. Stem rigid, branches twiggy, terminated
by peduncled heads. Leaves very variable. Heads globose, % in. diam.,
spines as long, not channelled, those of the outer bracts very small. Flowers
yellow. Fruit white ; pappus copious, white, as long as the fruit. — DISTKIB.
Mediterranean region (naturalized in all warm climates.)

224 COMPOSITE. [SERRATULA.

26. SERRAT'ULA, L. SAW-WORT.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, radical simple, cauline usually
pinnatitid. Heads solitary, corymbose, sometimes dioecious, purple or
white ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, outer shorter, inner more or less
scarious at the tip ; receptacle scaly. Corollas regular, tubular, limb ven-
tricose ; lobes 5, narrow, oblique. Filaments papillose ; anther-cells simple
or shortly tailed. Style tumid or papillose or with a ring of hairs at the
tip ; arms free or connate. Fruit oblong, compressed, glabrous, smooth ;
pappus-hairs many-seriate, rigid, scabrid, coloured, outer shorter, deci-
duous.— DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM.
serrula, from the serrate foliage.

S. tincto'ria, L. ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, lobes distant serrate.
Copses, &c., from Dumfries and Northumbd. southcl. ; ascends to 1,000 fc. :
Channel Islands ; fl. Aug. — Glabrous or nearly so. Stem 2-3 ft., slender,
erect, grooved, leafy, corymbosely branched. Leaves 5-9 in., rarely entire :
lobes linear-oblong, acute or acuminate; cauline sessile. Heads |-§ in. ,
corymbose, or subsessile (S. montic'ola, Boreau), cylindric-ovoid, subdioecious,
female largest ; invol. bracts ciliate, rigid, striate ; outer oblong or ovate,
acute; inner linear-oblong, purplish. Flowers red-purple; male with blue
anthers and contiguous style-arms; female with white anthers and
spreading style-arms. Fruit grey, glabrous ; pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Siberia.

27. CAR'DUUS, L. THISTLE.

Erect herbs. Leaves usually spinous-toothed. Heads sometimes dio3-
cious ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts many, imbricated, appressed,
narrow, rigid, acuminate or spinous- tipped ; receptacle deeply pitted,
covered with bristles. Corollas all tubular, red or purple, rarely white,
tube short, ventricose above, oblique ; lobes 5, narrow, long. Filaments
free or connate, hairy or glandular ; anthers terminated by a linear appen-
dage, cells usually with toothed tails. Style- arms connate into a cylin-
drical 2-fid pubescent column, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit
oblcng, compressed or terete, glabrous ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, fili-
form, scabrid, connate at the base, deciduous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Europe
and W. Asia ; species about 30. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. C. nu'tans, L. ; wings of stem interrupted, head large solitary hemi-
spheric drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate, outer spreading and
reflexed. Musk-thistle.
Waste places, from Skye and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorks. ;

indigenous in Scotland and Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. —

Biennial, rarely branched, more or less cottony. Stem 1-3 ft., grooved ;

wings sinuous, very spiny. Leave* 6-12 in., variable, waved, entire or 1-2-
. pinnatifid. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; peduncle slender, and involucre cottony ;

outer bracts f in., green, spinous tip long. Flowers crimson. Fruit pale
•- brown, glabrous, granulate.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, JST. and W. Asia,

Himalaya; introd. in N. America.

CABDUUS.] COMPOSITE. 225

2. C. cris'pus, L. ; wings of stem continuous, heads small erect
fascicled, peduncles leafy, involucre webbed, bracts erect very slender.

Hedgebanks and waste places, from Eoss southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Derby; indigenous (?) in Scotland; S. Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-
Aug. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, cottony or pubescent above ;
branches ascending; wings narrow, waved. Leaves variable, cottony
beneath, usually pinnatifid ; lobes broad, lobulate. Heads variable, J-§ in.
diam. ; involucre ovoid, bracts subulate webbed. Flowers purple or white.
Fruit pale, shining, furrowed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.W.
Himalaya. — A hybrid with nu'tans occurs.

C. cris'pus proper ; leaves downy beneath, heads small, crowded subglobose,
bracts with a slender spine. — VAR. C. polyan'thenws, Koch ; leaves pubescent
on the nerves beneath, heads small crowded ovoid. — VAR. C. acanthoi'des,
L. ; leaves broader, heads fewer much larger, bracts with a stout spine,
fruit with an 'angled crown.

3. C. pycnocepli'alus, Jacq. ; wings of stem continuous, heads small
fascicled, involucre glabrous narrow, bracts broadly subulate-lanceolate
with recurved spines.

Sindy places, especially on the coast, from Forfar southd. ; rare in W. Scot-
land; common in Ireland; Channel Islands. — Annual or biennial, erect,
]-4 ft., branched, hoary. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid; lobes broad,
sinuate-toothed. Heads f-1 in., sessile ; invol. bracts few. Flowers pale
purple. Fruit grey, shining, minutely pitted, not furrowed. — DISTRIB.
Europe, from Denmark southd. ; N. Africa. — C. tenuiflo'rus, Curt., is hardly
distinguished from C. pycnoceph'alus by its broader-winged stem, usually
more numerous and smaller heads, and outer invol. bracts with a narrow
scarious border.

28. CNICUS, L.

Characters of Carduus, but often subdicecious and pappus feathery. —
DISTRIB. Chiefly European and Oriental; species 150. — ETYM. KVJJKOS,
the Greek name for a thistle.

* Upper surface of leaves scabrid.

1. C. lance ola' tus, Ho/m. ; stem winged, leaves pinnatifid, heads
fascicled, involucre ovoid cottony, bracts lanceolate spreading. Spear-
thistle.

Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. July -Oct. — Stout, erect, annual or biennial, 2-5 ft. Leaves
£-1 ft., obovate-lanceolate, setose above, cottony beneath ; lobes few, large,
2-fid, toothed, with long stout spines. Heads f-l| in. diam., few, erect ;
peduncle short ; invol. bracts very many, subulate, midrib strong, spines
long. Flowers purple. Fruit striped, smooth, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, Siberia ; introd. in America.

2. C. erioph'orus, Ho/m. ; stem not winged, leaves pinnate, heads
very large woolly, involucre globose, bracts ciliate, spines slender recurved.

Q

226 COMPOSITE. [Cxicus.

Waste dry places, local, from Durham to Somerset and Kent ; fl. July-Sept. —
Tall, stout, handsome, woolly, biennial, 3-5 ft., branched above. Leaves
1-2 ft., copiously setose above and cottony beneath ; lobes distant, slender,
•• usually 2-partite, the divisions spreading up and down, margins ciliate and
spinous. Heads 2-3 in. diam.; invol. bracts very many. Flowers pale
purple ; anthers blue. Fruit shining, smooth, mottled. — DISTRIB. From
Holland southd. — Young parts eatable as salad, and cooked.

** Upper surface of leaves hairy or pubescent,
t Stem branched, very leafy or 0. Leaves harsh, rigidly spinous.

3. C. acau'lis, Hoffm. ; stem usually very short, leaves piimatind,
segments 3-4-lobed, heads sessile or on naked peduncles, involucre ovoid
glabrous, bracts appressed ciliate mucronate.

Gravelly and chalky pastures from York -to Devon and Kent ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, glabrous or pilose, stemless with one
subsessile head, or with a leafy branched stemr8-18 in., and several peduncled
heads (C. du'bius, Willd., possibly a hybrid with arven'sis}. Leaves sessile or
petioled, oblong-lanceolate, rigid, very spinous. Heads 1-2 in. ; involucre
ovoid in flower, campanulate in fruit ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, mucronate,
inner very long linear. Flowers crimson. Fruit smooth, glabrous, brown ;
pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. and W. Asia.
— A troublesome weed in pastures.

4. C. arven'sis, Hoffm. ; erect, subdioecious, rootstock creeping, leaves
pinnatifid, : heads many, male involucre subglobose, female ovoid, outer
bracts with short spreading spines, inner acuminate.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, very spinous, 2-4 ft. ;
male and female plants in separate large patches. Stem angled and
grooved, more or less cottony, rarely glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
lower petioled, upper slightly decurrent, sinuate lobed or pinnatifid, setose
or spinous. Heads |f— 1 in. diam., corymbose; peduncle short; involucre
|r-§ in., bracts appressed, ciliate, tips rigid spiiious ; inner obtuse, tips
toothed. Flowers dingy purple. Fruit smooth, shining ; pappus dirty white.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, India, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America.
— The commonest pest of agriculture. A hybrid occurs between this and
C. acaulis.

C. ARVEN'SIS proper; stem flexuous, leaves pinnatifid very spinous, upper
^-amplexicaul. VAR. horridus, Koch.

Sub-sp. C. SETO'SUS, Bess. ; stem less branched strict, leaves sessile oblong-
lanceolate obtuse sinuate-lobed or subpinnatifid, margins setose. — Orkney,
Fife, &c. , casual in Ireland ; very rare, always introduced ?

5. C. palus'tris, Hoffm. ; stem winged, leaves decurrent pinnatifid, lobes
2-3-fid, segments acuminate spinescent, heads in leafy clusters, involucre
cottony, bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner acuminate.
\Yet meadows, ditches, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Biennial, soft, stout, erect,
2-4 ft. branched, very spinous. Leaves very decurrent, hairy on both
surfaces; lobes narrow. Heads \ in. diam.; involucre § in., ovoid, bracts

Cxicus.] COMPOSITE. 227

ft Stem usually simple, not winged. Leaves soft, spines few. Heads 1 or few.

6. C. praten'sis, Willd. ; cottony, stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves
lanceolate sinuate-toothed or subpinnatifid, heads usually solitary, involucre
hemispherical. Cir'sium ang'licum, Lamk.

Wet meadows, rare, from York (ascending to 1,200 ft.) and N. "Wales southd. ;
Ireland ; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial. Stem 10-18 in., terete, cottony. Leaves
few, 6-10 in,, lower long-petioled, lobes angled not deep or long; upper
§-amplexicaul, auricled. Heads 1-1^ in., peduncled ; involucre cottony ;
bracts appressed, outer mucronate, inner slender purple acuminate. Flowers
dark purple. Fruit pale, slender, smooth ; pappus dirty white. — DISTRIB.
Holland, Spain, France. — (7. Woodwards'ii, Wats., is, according to Syme,
probably a hybrid with acau'lis. Wilts, Glamorgan.

7. C, tubero'sus, Hoffm. ; not stoloniferous, root of fusiform tubers,
leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobes remote narrow 2- 4 -cleft, heads 1-3, involucre
ovoid depressed at the base.

Meadows, Boyton, Wilts, and near Swindon ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Very closely
allied to C. pratensis, and regarded by Naegeli as a var. of it.— DISTRIB.
France, Germany, and southd.

8. C. heterophyl'lus, Willd. ; stoloniferous, roots fibrous, leaves
lanceolate serrulate ciliate white beneath, upper entire or pinnatifid, heads
few large intruded at the base. Melancholy Thistle.

Subalpine pastures and rivulets, from. Caithness to S. Wales, Stafford, and
Derby; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands; fl. July-Sept.— Rootstock
creeping. Stem 2-3 ft., white, cottony, furrowed. Leaves soft, radical long-
petioled, 8-18 in. ; upper often ovate, |-amplexicaul, base cordate. Heads
l|-2 in. diam. ; involucre ovoid, bracts finely pubescent, appressed, outer
mucronate, inner linear. Flowers red-purple. Fruit smooth, small, brown ;
pappus-hairs brownish. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. America.
— C. Carolo'rum, Jenner, is a hybrid with C. palus'tris.

29. ONOPOR'DON, L. COTTON THISTLE.

Tall, erect, branched herbs. Stems broadly winged. Leaves alternate,
decurrent, spinous-toothed. Heads large ; involucre subglobose ; bracts
very many, imbricate, coriaceous, spinescent ; receptacle fleshy, pitted,
edges of the pits membranous toothed. Corollas all tubular, veiitricose
above, purple, rarely white ; lobes 5, long, slender. Filaments nearly
glabrous ; anthers with a terminal appendage, cells shortly tailed. Style-
arms connate into a 2-fid cylinder, with a ring of hairs at the base. Fruit
obovoid, compressed, 4-ribbed, rugose ; pappus-hairs many-seriate, filiform
or flattened, barbed or toothed, connate at the base. — DTSTEIB. S. Europe,
W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 12.— ETYM. The old Greek name.

O. Acan'tMum L. ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid woolly.

Q 2

228 COMPOSITE. [ONOPORDON.

Waste dry places, from Fife southd. ; Channel Islands; (an alien or denizen,
Wats.} ; fl. July-Sept. — A stout, hoary or cottony biennial, 2-5 ft. Stem
spinous-winged to the top. Leaves decurrent, toothed and strongly spinous.
Head l|-2 in. diam.; involucre much contracted at the mouth, very cob-
webby f bracts subulate, spinescent, recurved, green. Flowers pale purple.
Fruit ^ in., mottled grey ; pappus-hairs white. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia ;
introd. in N. America.

3O. SILYBUM, Gcertn. MILK-THISTLE.

A spinous glabrous shining herb. Characters of Carduus, but filaments
glabrous and connate into a sheath. — ETYM. cri\\v$ov, a white spotted
thistle.

S. >MARIA'NUM, Gcertn. ; leaves sinuate or pimiatifid, nerves white.

Waste places near gardens, &c., not indigenous ; fl. July-Sept. — Erect, annual
or biennial. Stem 1-4 ft., grooved, not winged. Leaves large, spines stout.
Heads globose, 1-2 in. diam. ; invol. bracts coriaceous, closely appressed,
very broad, each with one very stout recurved terminal subulate spine |-|
in., and several shorter ones at its base, outermost merely spinous-toothed,
mucronate ; receptacle fleshy, hairy, not pitted. Flowers rose-purple.
Fruit J in., oblong, transversely wrinkled, black or grey ; pappus white. —
DISTRIB. From Holland southd., but indigenous only in the Mediter-
ranean region and East.— Stems formerly eaten.

31. CICHOR'IUM, L. CHICORY.

Perennial herbs, with spreading branches ; juice milky. Leaves radical
and alternate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads axillary ; involucre cylindric ;
bracts in 2 series, inner erect connate at the base, outer shorter appressed ;
receptacle flatfish, naked, pitted or bristly. Corollas all ligulate, blue or
yellow ; anther-cells not tailed ; upper part of style and its slender arms
hairy. Fruits crowded on the indurated receptacle, firmly embraced by
the rigid invol. bracts, smooth, obovoid or turbinate, not beaked ; pappus
in 1-2 series of short obtuse scales. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 3.
— ETYM. An old Greek name.

C. In'tybus, L. ; lower leaves runcinate, heads usually in pairs.

Waste places, roadsides, &c., throughout England ; rare, if native, in Scotland
and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Oct. — Rather hispid. Root fleshy,
tapering. Stem 1-3 ft., angled and grooved; branches straight, rigid.
Leaves glandular-ciliate, oblong-lanceolate, upper ovate-cordate amplexicaul.
Heads many, 1-1 J in. diam.; peduncle thickened in the middle; invol.
bracts herbaceous, outer linear-lanceolate gland-dilate. Flowers bright
blue, rarely white ; ligule rather broad, truncate, 5-toothed. Fruit angled,
pale, mottled. — DISTRTB. Europe, N.Africa, Siberia, N.W. India ; introd.
in N. America. — The origin of the cultivated Chicory ; the roots are boiled
and eaten, or dried and used as Coffee,

ARNOSERIS.] COMPOSITE. 229

32. ARNOS'ERIS, Gcertn. LAMB'S or SWINE'S SUCCORY.

A small, annual, scapigerous herb ; juice milky. Leaves all radical.
Heads few, small ; peduncles clavate, fistular ; invol. bracts in 1 series,
many, after flowering arching over the fruit ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted.
Corollas all ligulate, yellow ; anther cells not tailed ; upper part of style
and its short obtuse arms hairy. Fruit obpyramidal, furrowed and ribbed,
not beaked, crowned by a coriaceous angular ring. — DISTRIB. Europe to
Mid. Eussia. — ETYM. kpvos, a lamb, and acpis, succory.

A. pusil'la, Gcertn.', leaves obovate-spathulate or -lanceolate toothed.
Dry pastures and fields, on the E. side of the Island, from Elgin to Dorset
and Kent, local ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous or slightly
hairy. Leaves 2-4 in., narrow. Scapes 4-12 in., many, slender, rigid,
sparingly branched above. Heads campanulate, § in., inclined in bud ;
invol. bracts herbaceous, puberulous, linear-lanceolate, tips contracted
obtuse. Fruit pale brown, rugose between the ribs.

33. LAP SANA, L. NIPPLEWORT.

Slender, erect, annual, branched herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate,
petioled, lower lyrate, upper toothed or entire. Heads small ; invol. bracts
few, 1 -seriate, erect, outermost small ; receptacle flat, naked, dotted.
Corollas all ligulate, yellow ; anther- cells not tailed ; tip of style and its
linear obtuse arms hairy. Fruit slightly compressed, curved, striate, not
beaked ; pappus 0. DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 4. —
ETYM. An old Latin name.

Ii. commu'nis, L. ; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, upper-entire.
Waste and cultivated ground, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem 1-2 ft., paniculately branched ,
hairs spreading. Leaves contracted into the petiole, membranous, terminal
lobe very large, sinuate-toothed, lateral small. Heads many, j- in. ; peduncle
short, slender, naked ; invol. bracts 8-10, linear, rigid, keeled, green, glan-
dular or glabrous, tip contracted obtuse. Fruit pale. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N.Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya; introd. in N.America. —
Formerly eaten as a salad.

34. PI'CRIS, L.

Erect, branched, hispid herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, entire
or sinuate-toothed. Heads solitary or corymbose, yellow ; invol. bracts
many, unequal, outer spreading ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted. FL all
ligulate ; anther-cells shortly tailed ; upper part of style and its slender
obtuse arms hairy. Fruit curved, grooved, transversely rugose, beaked
or not ; pappus-hairs 2-seriate, deciduous, featheiy, outer fewer slender,
inner broader at the base. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, Australasia ;
species about 24. — ETYM. irixpos, from its bitterness.

* Outer invol. bracts narrow ; fruit not beaked.
1. P. hieracioi'des, L. ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, upper |-arnplexicaul.

230 COMPOSITE. [PiCEis.

Waste places in a stiff soil, from Koxburgh southd. ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Sept. — Hispid with stiff straight curled or hooked hairs. Stem 2-3 ft., stout,
corymbosely branched. Leaves 4-12 in., narrow, lower petioled, upper sessile.
Heads 1 in. diam., corymbose, or subumbellate (P. arva'lis,3ord.} ; peduncles
bracteate ; involucre subcampanulate ; outer bracts short, clothed with black
hairs, fruit red-brown, angled ; pappus snow-white. — DISTRIB. Europe,
Asia, Australasia.

** Outer invol. bracts cordate, fruit beaked. HELMINTHIA, Juss.

2. P. echioi'des, L. ; lower leaves sinuate-toothed, upper cordate.

Ox tongue.

Waste places in stiff soil, from Durham southd. ; Haddington to Berwick in
Scotland ; E. Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands; fl. June-Oct.— Stout, erect, 2-3
ft., branched, hispid and setose, hairs with tumid bases. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, radical petioled, upper amplexicaul. Heads 1 in. diam. ; peduncles
stout, stiff, rather swollen, diverging, naked ; involucre hemispheric ; outer
bracts foliaceous, inner acuminate, Liyules short. Fruit red-brown, long,
curved; pappus snow-white. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., N. Africa.

35. CRE'PIS, L. HAWK'S-BEARD.

Branched herbs ; juice milky. Leaves chiefly radical. Heads panicled
or corymbose, small ; in vol. bracts many, linear, equal, with a few smaller
at their base ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted, margins of the pits hairy or
toothed. Corollas all ligulate, yellow or purplish ; anther-cells not tailed ;
style-arms slender and upper part of style hairy. Fruit terete, striate,
beak long short or 0 ; pappus-hairs in many series, slender, simple, white,
silky, brown in C. paludo'sa. — DISTRIB. N. hemisphere, rare in the
tropics ; species about 130. — ETYM. The classical name.

SUB-GEN. 1. Cre'pis proper. Peduncles slender; buds erect. Fruit
not beaked. Pappus white, silky.

1. C. vi'rens, L. ; glabrous below, lower leaves toothed mncinate or
lyrate, upper linear sagittate, inner bracts glabrous within as long as the
pappus. C. t-cctorum, Sm. not L.

Waste and cultivated ground, cottage roofs, &c., from Caithness southd.
ascends to 1,350 ft. in Derby; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept. —
Annual, very variable. Stems 1 or more, 1-3 ft., furrowed, much branched ;
inflorescence usually glandular-hairy. Leaves often pinnatisect with narrow
acute or obtuse lobes, petioled. Heads J-f in. diam., campanulate ; outer
bracts subulate, inner linear. Fruit red-brown, ribs 10 or more, smooth. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., Canaries.

2. C. bien'nis, L. ; hispid, leaves all runcinate-lyrate, upper simple
sessile, inner bracts pubescent within shorter than the pappus.

Dry pastures, &c., in E. and Midland counties, from York to Kent and
Sussex ; Aberdeen ; Dublin ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Biennial.
Ftem 1-4 ft., stout, channelled, ribbed. Leaves 6-13 in., lobes very irregular.
Heads f-1 in. diam.; involucre campanulate, bracts glabrous externally.

CEEPIB.] COMPOSITE. 231

outer spreading. Fruit $ in., red-brown ; ribs close set, prominent, rough.—
DISTBIB. Europe.— Kesembles C. taraxacifolia.

3. C. hieracioi'des, Waldst. and Kit. ; glabrous or hairy, lower leaves
oblong-spathulate, upper linear-oblong |-amplexicaul, bracts with gland-
tipped hairs. C. succiscefo'lia, Tauseh. ; Hiera'cium mol'le, Sm.
Mountain woods, from York to Dumbarton and Banff ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in

Northumbd. ; fl. July-Aug. — Slender, perennial, variable in pubescence.
Leaves 2-4 in., obtuse, entire or sinuate- toothed. Heads f-1 in. diam..
few ; involucre subcylindric, outer bracts appressed short about as long as
the pappus. Fruit contracted at the base and tip ; ribs many, smooth. —
DISTRIB. Mid. Europe to the Caucasus.

SUB-GEN. 2. Barkhau'sia, Moe-ncJi (gen.). Peduncles slender or
thickened upwards. Fruit beaked, many-ribbed, minutely hispid.

4. C. foe'tida, L. ; hispid, stem branched from below, leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, peduncles bracteate incurved thickened upwards, buds drooping,
in vol. bracts tomentose inner hardening and enclosing the outer fruits.

Chalky and gravelly banks, rare, from Cambridge and Norfolk to Sussex
and Kent ; fl. June-July. — Annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., terete, faintly
furrowed, usually with many ascending corymbose branches. Heads £ in.
diam., bright yellow; peduncles long; invol. bracts often setose and
glandular, outer erect or spreading. Fruit yellow-brown, beak of outer
shorter than the bracts, of inner longer. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.,
Himalaya, N. Africa.

5. C. taraxacifo'lia, Thuill. ; hispid, stem branched above, leaves
runcinate-piimatifid, peduncles very slender not thickened, buds erect,
inner invol. bracts not enclosing the outer fruits.

Dry banks and chalky pastures, local, from Yorkshire to Cornwall and Kent ;
Carnarvon ; fl. June-July.— Habit and foliage of C. biennis, biennial. Stem
1-2 ft., ribbed and furrowed. Heads £-1 in. diam.; involucre cylindric-
campanulate, often glandular as well as tomentcse, outer bracts spreading,
not hardening. Flowers yellow, outer striped with brown on the back.
Fruits yellow-brown, all long-beaked and very slender. — DISTRIB. AY.
Europe from Belgium southd., N. Africa.

C. SETO'SA, Holler fil. ; hispid, lower leaves sinuate-toothed or runcinate-
pinnatifid, upper amplexicaul, peduncles slender not thickened, buds erect,
invol. bracts prickly, inner not enclosing the outer fruits.
A casual in clover fields ; fl. Aug. — Biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect, branched
from the base, angled and furrowed, leafy. Leaves very variable. Peduncles
rigid, deeply grooved. Heads | in. diam., campanulate ; involucre contracted
in fruit; bracts very rigid, slender, keeled, outer subulate spreading, inner
linear shorter than the pappus, hardening. Fruits all slender with long
beaks. — DISTEIB. Mid. and S. Europe.

SUB-GEN. 3. Ara'cium, Monn. (gen.). Peduncles very slender ; buds
erect. Fruit slender, not beaked, many-ribbed, quite smooth. Pappus
of dirty-white fragile hairs.

232 COMPOSITE. [CiiEPis.

6. Ca paludo'sa, Mcench ; radical leaves obovate-lancsolate, petiole
slender, cauline sessile amplexicaul auricled. Hieracium paludosum, L.

Moist mountain meadows, copses, &c.,from S.Wales and Salop to Caithness;
ascends to 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; N. Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial ;
glabrous, inflorescence covered with black glandular hairs. Stem 1-3 ft.,
slender, furrowed. Leaves membranous, runcinate-toothed, long-acuminate ;
radical 3-5 in.; cauline contracted in the lower third. Heads few, §-1 in.
diam., corymbose ; bracts of peduncles minute, subulate with toothed
bases ; ligules yellow ; styles livid. Fruit cylindric, strongly ribbed,
obscurely contracted at the top, pale. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W.
Siberia.— A Crepis with the pappus of Hieracium.

36. HIERACIUM, L. HAWKWEED.

Perennial herbs, often covered with glandular or stellate hairs ; juice
milky. Leaves radical and cauline, alternate. Heads solitary corymbose
or panicled ; invol. bracts many, imbricate, unequal ; receptacle flattish,
naked, pitted, margins of the pits toothed or hairy or fimbriate. Corollas
all ligulate, yellow, rarely orange ; anther-cells not tailed ; style-arms
slender, and upper part of style hairy. Fruit angled or striate, not beaked ;
pappus-hairs 1 -seriate, simple, rigid, unequal, tawny or brownish, brittle,
often girt with a short crenulate ring. — DISTBIB. N. temp, and Arctic
regions ; species about 150. — ETYM. <e/>o£, a haivk.

In the following attempt to classify the British Hieracia, I have been guided
by Mr. Baker. I believe that there are no characters whereby the 9 forms,
from alpinum to borcale inclusive, can be more than approximately denned ;
of these 9 Bentham makes 4, Nyman 21, and Backhouse, followed by
Babington (having regard to a considerable amount of constancy under
cultivation), makes 30, of which only 16 bear the same name in Nyman.
Variable as the genus is, the sequence of its forms is so natural as to have
been recognised by all botanists. This sequence represents to a considerable
extent the spread of the forms in altitude and area in the British Isles.

SECTION 1. Piloselloi'dea. Rootstock stoloniferous. Stem scape-
like. Invol. scales irregularly imbricate. Ligules glabrous. Fruit minute,
furrowed, crowned with a crenate disk ; pappus-hairs slender, equal.

1. H. Pilosel'la, L. ; stolons long, scape leafless, heads solitary, invol.
bracts acute, ligules pale yellow, styles yellow. Mouse-ear Hawkweed.

Banks, wall- tops, &c., N. to Orkney ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in Yorks. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug. — Villous with long soft hairs. Stolons
creeping. Leaves 2-4 in., oblong-lanceolate or obovate-spathulate, stellately
downy beneath. Scapes 2-10 in., with 1-3 leaves or 0. Heads f-1 in.
diam. ; involucre subcampanulate and top of scape stellately downy and
with glandular hairs ; ligule often striped with brown on the back. Fruit
JQ in., dark. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

H. Peleteria'num, Mer. (H. pUosis'simum, Fries), is a more densely silky form,
with stolons shorter, heads larger.

HIERACIUM.] COMPOSITE. 233

H. AURANTI'ACUM, L. ; rootstock creeping, stolons short or 0, heads
corymbose, invol. bracts obtuse, ligules orange, styles brown.
Naturalized in copses in the N. of England and Scotland ; fl. June-July. — A
larger plant than H. Pilosella ; leaves not pubescent beneath ; flowers
orange-red. — DISTRIB. Scandinavia, Pyrenees to the Carpathians.

SECTION 2. Pulmona'rea. Stolons 0. Rootstoclc forming in autumn
buds which in the following year develop rosettes of persistent leaves and
a naked or 1 -few-leaved scape. Invol. bracts irregularly imbricate. Ligules
hairy at the back and tip, or tip only. Fruit short, furrowed, without a
crenate disk ; pappus-hairs rigid, unequal.

2. H. alpi'num, L. ; green, not glaucous, softly hairy and shaggy, scape
4-10 in. with 1-2 small leaves or 0, invol. bracts softly silky, outer lax or
spreading, ligules hairy on the back or tip.

Alps, N. Wales, Westmoreland to Sutherland, alt. 2,000-4,000 ft., rare ; fl.
July-Aug. — Heads 1-1J in. diam., bright or pale yellow. — DISTRIB. N. and
Arctic zones, Alps of Mid. and S. Europe, exclusive of Pyrenees. — The
following varieties appear to be very local.

H. alpi'num proper (H. melanocephralum,T&uscb..) ; leaves lanceolate or spathit-
late nearly glabrous above, head solitary, iuvol. hemispheric, hairs black,
bracts all acute, outer lax, style yellow. Forfar, Aberdeen. — VAR. //.
holoseric'eum, Backh. (//. alpi'num, Eiigl. Bot.) ; leaves spathulate or
lanceolate obtuse entire hairy on both surfaces, heads solitary, invol.
turbinate, hairs long white, outer bracts broad obtuse, inner acute appress-
ed, style yellow. Scotland and Cumberland. — VAR. H. exim'ium, Backh. ;
(//. mllosum, Eugl. Bot.) ; taller, 6-15 in., leaves lanceolate hairy on
both surfaces, heads 1 or few, invol. truncate below, hairs black, bracts
many slender acute, style yellow or livid. H. tenellum, Lond. Cat., is a
slender form of this. Scotland. — VAR. H. calendulijio'rum, Backh. ; stem
simple or branched, leaves broadly obovate obtuse toothed, primordial
orbicular, invol. rounded at the base, hairs silky black, bracts acute, style
livid. Scotland. The handsomest form, indicating a passage to H.
niyrescens.

3. H. nigres'cens, Willd. ; more or less covered with scattered soft
hairs, scape 6-18 in. with 1-2 small leaves or 0, involucre villous, hairs
black glandular, outer bracts lax, ligules glabrous or nearly so.

Alps, York to Sutherland ; ascends to 4,500 ft. ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Intermediate
between H. alpinum and Lawsoni in size, altitudinal distribution and area.
Usually larger and more slender than alpinum, with broader, narrower,
coarsely toothed leaves, much shorter soft hairs, and blacker bristles and
glands on the involucre ; heads as large.

H. nigres'cens proper (//. pulmona'rium, Sm.) ; leaves with large irregular
teeth, cauliue few, involucre dark green ovoid at the base, bracts rather
broad outer obtuse tips woolly, flowers deep yellow, style dark. Scotland. —
VAR. H. yracilen'tum, Backh. ; green, root-leaves lanceolate, canline few
large, involucre ventricose black with soft hairs and glands, bracts broad
woolly at the tips, ligules nearly glabrous on the back, styles livid. Scotland.
Very near alpinum indeed. — VAR. H. ylolo'sum, Backh. ; glaucous or green,

234 COMPOSITE. [HIERACIUM.

radical leaves ovate, cauline few small bract-like or 0, buds globose, heads
large, involucre rounded at the base at last spherical, bracts appressed,
styles yellow. Scotland.— YAR. H. ckrysan'thum, Backh. ( H. atratum, Bab.) ;
green, radical leaves ovate sharply coarsely toothed long-petioled, cauline
minute narrow petioled, involucre rounded at the base, hairs and glandular
hairs short, bracts many, styles yellow or faintly livid. (H. microcepludum,
Lond.Cat., is a small-headed form.) Frequent in Scotland, rare in Cumber-
land.— YAR. H. senes'cens, Backh. ; green, radical leaves lanceolate evenly
toothed, cauline linear-lanceolate petioled, heads 2 or more, involucre ovoid
at the base, bracts woolly at the tip incurved in bud, styles yellow. Scot-
land.— YAR. H. lingula'tum, Backh. (H. saxifrayum, Bab. ; H. divarica'tum,
Don) ; green, 15-24 in., radical leaves few toothed coarsely hairy above,
petiole short, cauline few sessile, heads several, involucre "broad, base at
length truncate, dark with hairs, bracts straight in bud, styles livid.
S cotland.

4. H. ang'licum, Fries; glaucous green, stem 1-2 ft. more or less
leafy slightly hairy or glabrous below, radical leaves ovate-lanceolate,
petioles shaggy, cauline oblong or ovate broad sessile amplexicaul, heads
1-5, 1-1| in. diam., ligules many, styles livid. If. Lawso'ni, Sm. in part,
not Yillars.

Mountain districts, York to Orkney ; ascends to 2,700 ft. ; Ireland ; fl, July-
Aug. — A handsome species, best characterised by its size, ovate-lanceolate
leaves, shaggy petioles, several (rarely 1) large bright-coloured heads, and
livid styles. — DISTRIB. Pyrenees.

H. ANG'LICUM proper (H. cerinthoi'des, Backh. not L. ; H. decipiens, Syme) ;
petioles long shaggy winged, cauline leaves 1-2 ovate, heads 2-5, involu-
cre ventricose rounded at the base, bracts slender, ligules hairy at the tip
(b. amplexicau'le and c. acutifo'lium of Lond. Cat. are forms of this).

Sub-sp. FRICUM, Fries (H. Lapeyrou'sii, Bab. not Frcel.) ; more robust and
leafy, radical leaves in a less marked rosette or scattered, petioles shorter,
cauline broadly ovate not contracted above the base, involucre truncate at
the base constricted after flowering, ligules glabrous. This, which is con-
fined to Britain and Ireland, bears much the same relation in foliage to
Lawso'ni that tridenta'tum does to vulc/a'tum.

5. H. muro'rum, L. ; green or glaucous, stem 1-2 ft. glabrous or hairy
below, primordial leaves suborbicular, radical in a distinct rosette ovate
acute cordate or rounded at the base entire or toothed, cauline 0 or very
few, heads 2-6 f-1 in. diam., peduncles floccose and covered with scattered
simple and gland-tipped hairs.

Woods, heaths, walls and rocks. N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. ; Ireland ;
fl. July-Sept. — The commonest Hieracium of Britain except Pilosel'la and
sylvat'icum, and best distinguished from H. any'licum by the smaller heads
and less robust habit ; and from H. niyres'cens by its large size and less
villous or hairy stem and involucres ; but there is every transition between
these and the following.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.W. Asia, Himalaya,
N. America. — I can make nothing of the following sub-species and varieties,
which are adopted from Backhouse's monograph.

HIERACITJM.] COMPOSITE. 235

H. MUR</RrM proper ; green, radical leaves toothed slightly hairy, petioles
slender, cauline often large and petioled, heads many small, peduncles
short, involucre rather ventricose more or less villous with black and gland-
tipped hairs, styles livid or yellow. The common form. — VAR. //. nit'idum,
Backh. ; radical leaves dark green lanceolate coarsely toothed, involucre
more ventricose, style yellow. Aberdeen and Argyll. The passage to H.
niyres'cens.

Sub-sp. H. CESIUM, Fries (H. muro'rmn, Sm.) ; dull glaucous green, radical
leaves coriaceous usually narrowed to a toothed base glabrous above, cauline
0 or very small and sessile, heads few large, involucre subglobose almost
glandless and less hairy hoary with stellate down, ligules bright yellow glab-
rous, styles livid. English, Welsh, and Scotch Mts. The passage to H.
sylvat'icum. — VAR. H. flocculo'sum, Backh. (H. stellig'ertim, Backh. not
Frcel.) ; ashy-green, stem floccose throughout rather leafy, radical leaves
more or less toothed narrowed into long petioles stellately downy on both
surfaces, cauline large |-amplexicaul, involucre ovoid hoary with whitish
hairs, bracts acuminate. Clova Mts. — VAR. H. obtusifo'lium, Backh. ; yellow
green, stem 1-leaved, petioles densely villous, peduncles spreading, involucre
ventricose truncate at the base, ligules hairy at the tips. Clova Mts.

Sub-sp. H. PAI/LIDUM, Fines ; very glaucous, radical leaves ovate or lanceolate
conspicuously fringed with long hairs, cauline sessile or the lower petioled,
heads 2-6, involucre ventricose base ovoid constricted above with few simple
or gland-tipped hairs, bracts appressed acute, styles yellow. England,
S?otland,and Ireland. Very near H. any'licum. — VAR. H. cineras'cens, Jord.
(H. lasiophyl'lum, Bab.) ; still more hairy and glaucous, stem hairy fragile,
peduncles and involucres more densely setose and hoary. — VAR. H. aryen'-
teum, Fries ; very glaucous, almost glabrous, stem fragile fistular and sub-
entire radical leaves almost glabrous, cauline sessile or the lower petioled,
peduncles long rigid and small involucres with scattered hairs. — VAR. H.
Gibso'ni, Backh. (H. hypochceroi'des, Gibs.) ; stem wiry often forked, radical
leaves broadly ovate, base obtuse spotted with purple, teeth small, petioles
slender short, peduncles rigid floccose and setose, invol. bracts short broad
obtuse margins downy, styles yellow. Yorkshire and Ireland on mountain
limestone. — VAR. H. ayyreya'tum, Backh. ; radical leaves broader obtuse
toothed below glabrous or hairy beneath and ciliate, cauline subsessile,
peduncles erect crowded umbellate and narrow turbinate involucres densely
floccose, bracts obtuse. Aberdeen and Forfar alps.

6. H. sylvat'icum, Sm. ; green or glaucous, stem 1-3 ft. nearly gla-
brous below, primordial leaves lanceolate, radical petioled distinctly alter-
nate lanceolate sharply toothed or subpinnatifid, teeth pointing forwards,
cauline 2-8, heads f-1 in. diam. panicled or corymbose and peduncles
"floccose and with simple and gland-tipped hairs rarely naked, ligules
glabrous, styles livid.

Banks and copses, from Ross southd. ; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ;
rare in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept.— Best distinguished from H. muro'rum by the
narrower leaves less crowded in a rosette, and more leafy stem ; but some
vars. of muro'rum, as c&'sium and nit'idumy show this foliage. The most leafy
states, asc/oth'icum and tridentct'tum, show a passage to lorea'le and croca'tum.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N. America.

236 COMPOSITE. [HiEiiACiuM.

H. SYLVAT'ICUM proper (//. vulga'tum, Fries; H. macula'tum, Sm.) ; green or
glaucous, stem 1-1^ ft. hardly leafy, radical leaves petioled in a persistent
loose rosette toothed in the middle or nearly entire often spotted, cauline
petioled upper sessile, heads many, peduncles straight, involucre cylindric
in bud floccose and with gland-tipped hairs, bracts equal alternate subacute.
Very common. — YAR. cine'reum, Backh. ; ashy green or glaucous, stem
branched, radical leaves few, cauline subentire, heads nearly glabrous, bracts
broad more obtuse. Orme's Head. — YAR. rubes'cens, Backh. ; green, stem
robust purplish, leaves ovate, cauline 1-2, heads few large, bracts broad
subacuminate. Settle, Yorkshire. — H. nemoro'sum is a leafy form passing
into tridenta'tum ; monta'num 1 do not know ; macroc eph'alum is a large-
headed alpine form.

Sub-sp. H, GOTH'ICUM, Fries ; dark green, stem 2-4 ft. rigid slender leafy
simple or branched above, radical leaves withering in summer shortly
petioled, cauline ovate or lanceolate acute toothed in the middle, upper
sessile, heads small few, involucre subglobose dark green glabrous or nearly
so, bracts imbricate broad obtuse, ligules glabrous, styles yellow or with
livid hairs. — Subalpine districts, N. Wales, York to Aberdeen ; Ireland. —
Yery distinct at first sight, but intermediates occur with H. sylvat'icum, as
also with borea'le. — YAR. latifo'lium, Backh., is a Clova Mt. plant with more
numerous and broader leaves.

Sub-sp. H. TRIDENTA'TUM, Fries; green, stem 2-5 ft. rigid leafy subcorym-
bosely branched, radical leaves 0 or withering in summer obtuse, cauline
ovate or lanceolate sparingly toothed in the middle acute rounded at the
base, branches and peduncles slender leafless, involucre constricted in the
middle after flowering. — Hilly districts, York to Devon and Kent ; N.
Wales. — Forms the passage to the Accipitri'na group.

Sub-sp. H. DEWA'RI, Syrne ; bright green, stem 1-3 ft. sparingly leafy corym-

bosely branched, lower leaves elliptic petiole winged, cauline ovate-lanceolate

J-amplexicaul, heads few loosely panicled and peduncles sparingly hairy and

setose, involucre cylindric from a conic base, bracts dark green obtuse, outer

few short appressed, inner with pale margins. — Scotland.

SECTION 3. Accipitri'na. Stolons 0. Rootstock forming in autumn

buds which develop in the following year early withering radical leaves

and an erect very leafy stem. Invol. bracts imbricate in 2 or many series.

Ligules glabrous or tip minutely hairy. Fruit short, furrowed, without a

crenate disk ; pappus-hairs rigid, unequal.

7. H. prenanthoi'des, Villars ; stem 2-3 ft., leaves oblong or linear-
oblong reticulate and glaucous beneath denticulate, lower petioles am-
plexicaul, upper cordate and auricled, heads in branched leafy corymbose
panicles usually thickly clothed with black gland-tipped hairs, peduncles
short floccose, ligules hairy at the tip, styles dark or yellowish. H. denti-
cula'tum, Sm.

Subalpine regions, York to Orkney ; ascends to 2,400 ft. ; Wicklow in Ireland ;
fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem rigid, hairy or glabrous, leafy, often much branched.
Leaves ciliate, hairy on both surfaces. Peduncles spreading, short, hoary.
Heads § in. diaih. ; involucre cyliudric in bud; bracts few, outer short. —
DISTRTB. Europe (Arctic and Alpine), Siberia, Himalaya.
Of H. strict turn. Fries, I have seen no British specimens; Fries' specimen
differs from prenanthoi'des chiefly in the larger heads.

HIERACIUM.] COMPOSITE. 237

8. H. umbella'tum, L. ; stem 1-2 ft. wiry hairy or shaggy below,
leaves sessile narrowly linear or oblong-lanceolate base narrowed toothed,
heads subumbellate, and peduncles stellately downy but hairless, bracts
many tips recurved, ligules glabrous, styles yellow.

Thickets, &c., in dry and rocky places, from Koxburgh and Dumfries to Corn-
wall and Kent ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorks.; local in Ireland; Channel
Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Usually very distinct, from its short stem, wiry
habit, many narrow leaves, large subumbellate glabrous heads and recurved
bracts, but varieties pass into croca'tum. Leaves generally uniform, teeth
distant, reticulate, stellately downy beneath. Involucre ovoid or sub-
cylindric, dark or pale ; peduncles slender, rigid. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, N. America (H . canaden'se, Fries).

YAH. Jttifo'lium, Backh. ; stem leafy throughout, leaves very narrow margins
revolute quite entire. Lough Neagh.

9. H. croca'tum, Fries ; stem 2-4 ft., glabrous or hairy, leaves lanceo-
late or oblong sessile base rounded narrowed or truncate toothed or entire
often glaucous beneath, heads and peduncles downy glabrous or hairy,
bracts appressed obtuse, ligules glabrous, style livid or yellow, pappus
almost white or discoloured.

Mountain districts, from Wales and York to Orkney ; ascends to 1,200 ft. ;
Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Sept.— Intermediate between umbella'tum and borea'le.
— H.jurdnum, Fries (H. Borre'ri, Syme), a plant from Selkirk ? with evident
root leaves and few broad stem leaves, seems intermediate between this and
sylvat'icum. Syme refers it to prenanthoi'des, but to me it appears quite
different. — DISTRIB. Arctic, Mts. of N. and Mid. Europe, Himalaya.

H. CBOCA'TUM proper ; leaves sessile base rounded lower narrowed below,
nerves obscure, heads simple subcorymbose, base broad, invol. bracts usually
glabrous, H. inuloi'des, Tausch. — Mountain districts.

Sub-sp. H. CORYMBO'SUM, Fries ; more robust, branches spreading or ascending,
leaves ovate irregularly toothed hairy above glaucous and loosely reticulate
beneath, heads many paniclecl, involucre ultimately truncate sparsely
hairy, pappus tawny. H. riy'idum, Backh. not Fries. — York to Orkney ;
Antrim. — Leaves of H. borea'le, but upper amplexicaul more glaucous and
nerved.

10. H. borea'le, Fries ; stem 2-4 ft. very hairy below stellately downy
above, leaves broad at the base ovate or oA^ate-lanceolate toothed lower
petioled upper broader sessile, heads many in leafy panicles or corymbs,
peduncles fioccose, involucre ovoid dark nearly glabrous, bracts .broad ob-
tuse, ligules glabrous, style livid. H. sabau'dum, Sm. ; H. heterophyl'lum,
Bladon.

Hedgebanks, copses, &c., Skye, and from Banff and Dumbarton southd. ;
rarer in Scotland ; Ireland ; fl. Aug.-Oct.—Stem often reddish, leafy through-
out. Leaves with teeth pointing forwards, lowest with villous petioles.
Heads |-1 in. diam.— DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, rare in Scandinavia.—
Allied to yoth'icnm, but without radical leaves, heads smaller, invol. bracts
more numerous.

238 COMPOSITE. [HYPOCIKERIS.

37. HYPOCHCE'RIS, L. CAl's-EAR.

Annual or perennial scapigerous herbs ; juice milky. Leaves radical,
pinnatifid. Heads on simple or dichotomously branched scapes ; invol.
bracts in many series, imbricate ; receptacle flat, with narrow membranous
scales. Corollas all ligulate ; anther- cells shortly tailed ; upper part of
style and its short obtuse arms hairy. Fruit striate, scabrous, beak of
the outer very short or 0, of the inner long, slender ; pappus of one row
of feathery hairs with usually an outer row of short, stiff bristles, — Dis-
TKIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 30. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. H. gla'bra, L. ; annual, leaves narrowly ob ovate -oblong toothed or
sinuate, scapes many branched, involucre as long as the flowers, outer
pappus short.

Dry fields, &c., from the Clyde and Elgin to Devon and Kent ; rare in Scot-
t land ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Almost glabrous. Leaves spreading,
2-4 in., rarely pinnatifid, obtuse or subacute. Scapes several, 6-12 in.,
slender or stout, naked or with 1-2 scale-like leaves ; peduncles erect.
- Heads ^— § in., yellow, cylindric ; involucre subcylindric ; bracts very un-
equal, few, green, linear, acute. Fruit red-brown ; pappus dirty white,
longer than the involucre. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd, N. Africa,
W. Asia.

H. gla'lra proper ; marginal fruits not beaked. — VAR. H. Balbis'ii, Lois. ; all
the fruits beaked. — Kent, Shropshire, Channel Islands.

2. H. radica'ta, L. ; perennial, leaves narrowly obovate-oblong sinuate-
or runcinate-pinnatifid, scapes many branched, involucre shorter than the
flowers, outer pappus short.

Meadows, waste places, &c., 1ST. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Hispid, rarely glabrous.
Leaves many, 3-10 in., hispid on both surfaces. Scapes 6-18 in., stout ;
peduncles with small scale-like leaves. Heads 1-1^ in. diam., yellow ; in-
volucre subcampanulate ; bracts many, green, attenuated to the tip, often
strongly ciliate on the margin and back. Fruits red-brown, all beaked,
strongly muricate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

3. H. macula'ta, L. ; perennial, leaves obovate-spathulate sinuate-
toothed, scapes 1 or few, involucre shorter than the flowers ciliate with
curly hairs, outer pappus 0. Achyropti orus macula' tus, Scop.

Chalk and limestone pastures, rare, Westmoreland, N. Wales, Cornwall, Cam-
bridge, Suffolk, Essex ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Hispid. Leaves
sessile, 1-4 in., often spotted above. Scape stout, glabrous above, rarely
forked, with 1-2 scale-like leaves. Heads 1 in. diam., yellow ; involucre
broadly campanulate ; .bracts many, slender. Fruits all beaked ; faintly
muricate ; pappus white.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia.

38. LEON'TODON, L. HAWKBIT.

Perennial, scapigerous herbs ; juice milky. Leaves all radical, obovate,
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifld. Heads on simple or branched scapes,

LEONTODON.] COMPOSITE. 239

yellow ; invol. bracts many, in several series, outer smaller ; receptacle
flat, naked. Flowers all ligulate ; anther- cells not tailed ; style-arms
linear ' obtuse, and upper parts of style hairy. Fruit terete, grooved,
transversely rugose ; beak short ; pappus-hairs rigid, 1-2-seriate, slightly
dilated at the base, outer simple and rough, or the outer of toothed scales
and the inner of one series of feathery hairs. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ;
species about 25. — ETYM. \eW and oSous, from the toothed leaves.

SECTION 1. Pappus of outer flowers of toothed scales, of inner of
feathery hairs. Buds drooping.

1. Ii. hir'tus, L. ; leaves hispid oblong or lanceolate. Hedyp'nois, Sm.
Thrin'cia, Roth.

Gravelly pastures, &c., from Durham southd. ; Edinburgh to Eoxburgh only in
Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — A hispid biennial ;
hairs often forked. Leaves 3-6 in., long-petioled. Scapes very many, 4-8
in. Heads |-| in. diam. ; involucre campanulate ; bracts lanceolate, sub-
acute, keeled, glabrous, edges and back hispid or ciliate. Fruit 1 in., closely
grooved and minutely muricate, outer stouter curved almost smooth ;
pappus white. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd.

SECTION 2. Pappus of all the flowers 2-seriate, slender ; outer short,
scabrid ; inner longer, base dilated, feathery. Buds drooping.

2. L. his'pidus, L. ; leaves hispid oblong-lanceolate. Hedyp'nois, Sm.
Apar'gia, Willd.

Meadows, &c., on dry soil, from Isla and Forfar southd. ; ascends to near
2,000 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept.— A
hispid biennial ; rootstock truncate ; hairs often forked. Leaves 3-5 in.
Scapes 6-18 in., few, slender, swollen at the top. Heads H in. diam. ; invo-
lucre obconic ; bracts linear lanceolate, tips woolly, obtuse. Fruit slender,
ribs very muricate above ; pappus brownish-white. — DISTEIB. Europe.

SECTION 3. Pappus of all the flowers 1-seriate, feathery, base dilated.
Buds erect. Oporin'ia, Don.

3. I*, autumna'lis, L. ; leaves glabrous lanceolate. Apa/rgm, "Willd.
Pastures and waste places, 1ST. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept.— Glabrous below ; hispid
above ; rootstock truncate. Leaves 4-10 in., variable, entire or pinnatifid.
Scape ascending, usually solitary, branched, rarely simple, bracteate ;
peduncles swollen above. Heads §-l|? in. diam., involucre obconic or cam-
panulate ; bracts glabrous, hispid, or in subalpine districts clothed with black
hairs (L. praterisis, Koch.; Apar'gia Tarax'aci,JIornem.), outer subulate,
inner linear obtuse. Fruit very slender, ribbed, slightly muricate ; pappus
brownish-white.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Greenland
introcl. in N. America.

39. TAR AX' A CUM, Juss. DANDELION.

Perennial, scapigerous herbs ; juice milky. Leaves all radical, entire
or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, scapes fistular leafless ; invol. bracts

240 COMPOSITE. [TARAXACUM.

imbricate ; inner equal, erect ; outer often recurved ; receptacle flat, naked,
pitted. Corollas all ligulate, yellow ; anther- cells not tailed ; style-arms
slender and upper part of style pubescent. Fruit compressed, ribbed,
muricate above the middle, abruptly beaked ; pappus-hairs in many series,
simple, white. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold climates ; species about
6. — ETYM. rapao-o-co, from its alterative effects.

T. officina'le, Web. • leaves toothed sinuate or runcinate-pinnatifid.
Leon'todon Tarax'acum, L.

Meadows and waste places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. March-Oct. — Glabrous, or cottony at the crown and involucre. Root
long, stout, black. Leaves oblong-obovate or spathnlate, lobes usually
toothed. Scapes 1 or more, ascending or erect. Head ^-2 in. broad, bud
erect; involucre campanulate, outer bracts more or less recurved, inner
erect. Corollas bright yellow, outer often brown on the back. Fruit brown,
with a beak of equal length. — DISTRIB. Arctic and N. and S. temp,
regions. — A well-known medicine.

T. ojficina'le proper ( T. Dens-leo'nis, Desf.) ; leaves bright green runcinate-pin-
natifid, outer bracts recurved, fruit pale. The common form in cultivated
ground ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands. — VAR. T. en/throsper'mum,
Andrz. ; leaves dull green often glaucous runcinate-pinnatifid, outer bracts
spreading, inner appendiculate below the tip, fruit dark brown. Dry places.
— YAR. T. laviya'tum, DC. ; leaves dull green pinnatifid, outer bracts erect
broader, inner appendiculate or gibbous below the tip, pale. Sandy places.
— VAR. T. palus'tre, DC. ; leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, lobes broad,
outer bracts ovate spreading or erect, inner simple at the tip, fruit pale. —
Moist moorlands ; ascends to 4,000 ft. in the Highlands.

40. LACTU'CA, L. LETTUCE.

Erect, annual or perennial, leafy, branched herbs ; juice milky. Leaves
alternate, upper often sagittate. Heads corymbose, small, few-fld. ; in-
volucre narrow, cylindric ; bracts few, in several series ; receptacle flat,
naked. Corollas all ligulate, yellow, purple or blue ; anther-cells shortly
tailed ; style-arms slender and upper part of style hairy. Fruit flattened
terete or angled, beak short or long slender ; pappus of many soft, slender,
silvery, fugacious hairs. — DISTRIB. N . temp, regions, S. Africa ; species
about 60. — ETYM. The classical name.

* Leaves with the keel usually bristly. Beak as long as the bordered fruit.
1. L. viro'sa, L. ; sparsely scabrous, leaves spreading, radical obovate-

oblong sinuate- toothed, cauline amplexicaul with deflexed auricles, branches

of panicle long spreading, fruit black.

Hedgebanks and waste places, from Perth and Ayr southd. ; rare in Scotland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Erect, 3-6 ft., prickly, glaucous, biennial.
Leaves 6-18 in., radical petioled, often spotted with black ; cauline oblong,
hardly narrowed at the base. Heads |-| in., pale yellow, in slender panicles,
subsecund ; peduncles slender, bracteate ; involucre narrow, conical ; bracts
few, green, tips red. Fruit with a thick cellular wing and ribbed faces. —

LACTUCA.] COMPOSITE. 241

DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Siberia. — Juice foetid
acrid, narcotic, used as an opiate.

2. Ii. Seari'ola, L. ; rather scabrous below, leaves suberect, radical ob-
ovate-oblong sinuate- toothed or runcinate, upper sagittate amplexicaul,
auricles acute spreading, branches of panicle long spreading, fruit grey.
Waste places, rare, Worcester, Norfolk, Cambridge, Essex, Kent, and Surrey ;

(native ? Wats.) ; fl. July-Aug. — Closely allied to L. viro'sa, but prickly
only towards the base ; branches more erect ; leaves usually more run-
cinate ; heads smaller ; fruit narrower. — ^ DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia,
Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. — Apparently the origin of the garden
lettuce.

3. L. salig'na, L. ; almost glabrous, leaves entire or runcinate acute,
cauline hastate amplexicaul, auricles spreading acute, uppermost narrow
entire, branches of panicle very short erect, fruit grey.

Waste grounds, Suffolk and Hunts to Sussex and Kent, especially near the
sea, rare ; fl. July-Aug. — More slender than the preceding", much less bristly,
with the flowers often fascicled on short erect branches, subspicate. —
DISTRIB. From Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

** Leaves not bristly. Beak shorter than the terete or k-yonous fruit, or 0.

4. L. mura'lis, Fresen. ; glabrous, leaves broad lyrate-pinnatifid, upper
amplexicaul auricled, flowers yellow, fruit terete. Prenanthes muralis, L.
Old walls and rocky copses, in England, rare ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Yorks. ;

Perth and Stirling in Scotland ; Wicklow and Louth in Ireland ; fl. June-
Aug. — Tall, slender, annual or biennial, 1-3 ft. Leaves membranous,
glaucous beneath, narrow ; radical with a winged petiole ; lobes few toothed,
terminal large 3-angular sinuate-lobed. Branches of panicle slender diverg-
ing. Heads § in., yellow ; peduncles slender, bracteate ; invol. bracts few,
linear, green and purplish. Fruit black, ribbed and rnuricate.— DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Asia.

5. Ii. alpi'na, Benth. ; nearly glabrous, leaves sagittate lyrate or run-
cinate toothed, terminal lobe very large deltoid, flowers blue, fruit 4-
gonous. Sonchus, L. ; S. coeruleus, Sin. ; Mulgedium, Less.

Alpine rocks, Forfar, Aberdeen, alt. 2,000-3,000 ft. ; fl. Aug.— Glabrous except
the glandular-pilose inflorescence. Stem 3-4 ft., simple, stout, succulent,
grooved. Leaves 4-8 in. broad, membranous, narrowed into |-amplexicaul
auricled winged petioles ; upper broadly ovate or triangular-cordate, acute,
shortly petioled. Heads 1 in. diam., pale blue, in erect simple or branched
racemes; peduncles ascending, bracteate; involucre subcylindric, bracts
linear. Fruit slightly compressed. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe,
W. Siberia.

41. SON'CHUS, L. SOWTHISTLE.

Annual or perennial, often succulent brittle herbs ; juice milky. Leaves
alternate, toothed or phmatifid. Heads corymbose or subumbellate, in-
volucre conical after flowering, scales in many series, imbricate ; receptacle

li

242 COMPOSITE.

flat, naked, pitted. Corollas all ligulate, yellow ; anther-cells shortly
tailed ; style-arms slender, and upper part of style hairy. Fruit truncate,
much compressed, grooved, ribbed, usually transversely rugose ; pappus-
hairs in many series, simple, silky. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temp, regions ;
species about 24. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. S. arven'sis, L. ; rootstock creeping stoloniferous, leaves sharply
toothed, lower runcinate, upper oblong-lanceolate ^-amplexicaul, auricles
obtuse, inflorescence usually glandular-hispid. Corn Sowthistle,
Cultivated fields, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 ft., fistular, angled, simple
or branched. Leaves very variable, margins waved, almost spinous ; glau-
cous beneath. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; involucre broadly campanulate. Fruit
light-brown. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, temp. Asia, India ;
introd. in America. — A robust form (glabra, Lond. Cat.) occurs with
eglandular inflorescence.

2. S. palus'tris, L. ; rootstock branched, leaves minutely toothed,
lower runcinate with few segments, upper entire sessile sagittate, auricles
acute, inflorescence glandular-hispid.

Marshes in England, very rare, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts, Kent and
Essex, now all but extinct ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem 5-9 ft., strict, stout,
fistular, angled, leafy. Leaves long-acuminate, lower very large and long,
often reduced to one sagittate blade and a broad winged petiole, very
glaucous beneath. Heads £-1 in. diam,, pale yellow, subumbellate ; peduncle
stout, very hispid and glandular. Fruit 4-ribbed, pale. — DISTRIB. From
Denmark southd.

3. S. olera'ceus, L. ; annual, leaves lanceolate J-amplexicaul sharply
toothed entire or pinnatifid, auricles rounded, inflorescence subumbellate
glabrous rarely glandular.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Stem 2-3 ft., erect, usually

branched, tubular, grooved. Leaves sessile or petioled, glaucous beneath,

usually much lobed, often spinous-toothed. Heads crowded, f-1 in. diam. ;

peduncle sometimes cottony. Fruit pale brown. — DISTRIB Europe, N.

and \V. Asia, India, N. Africa, S. Australia, N. Zealand; introd. in

America.
S. OLETCA'CEUS proper ; auricles hastate, fruit ribbed and transversely

wrinkled.
Sub-sp. S. AS'PF/R, Hoffm. ; leaves waved spinous, auricles suborbicular

deflexed and recurved, fruit ribbed but not transversely wrinkled.

42. TRAGOPO'GON, L.

Erect, usually simple glabrous herbs, with biennial or perennial tap-
roots, juice milky. Leaves alternate, entire, amplexicaul. Heads solitary ;
invol. bracts 1-seriate, usually exceeding the flowers, narrow, nearly equal,
connate at the base ; receptacle convex, naked or fimbriate. Corollas all
ligulate, yellow or purple ; anther-cells tailed, upper part of style hairy,
arms slender obtuse. Fruit slender, muricate, beak long ; pappus-hairs

TRAGOPOGON.] COMPOSITE. 243

in many series, rigid, feathery witli naked tips, the hairs of the bristles
horizontal and interlacing. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ;
species about 30. — ETYM. rpdyos and Truycuv, goat's beard.

T. praten'sis, L. ; leaf-sheaths much dilated, stem scarcely thickened

upwards, flowers yellow. Goafs beard.

Meadows, pastures, and waste places, from Lanark and Caithness southd. ;
rare in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous or
slightly cottony on the involucre, glaucous. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, erect,
simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves flexuous, slender, gradually
contracted upwards from above the dilated sheath, tip linear ; radical with
shorter sheaths, keeled, channelled above, midrib tubular. Heads f-2 in.
diam., yellow; involucre obconic, bracts about 8, 2-seriate, flat, often
streaked with brown. Fruit variable in roughness ; beak about as long
as the body. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya. — Eoot edible.
Flowers close at noon.

T. praten'sis proper ; flowers as long as the invol. bracts. — VAR. T. mi'nor,
Fries; flowers ^ as long as the invol. bracts. The most common form. —
VAR. grandifo'ra, Syme; flowers much longer than the invol. bracts.
Kent and Surrey, rare.

T. PORRIFO'LIITS, L. ; leaf-sheaths slightly dilated, peduncle much
thickened upwards, flowers purple. Salsify.
Wet meadows, rare and local, nowhere wild ; fl. May-June. — Habit and chief

characters of T. pratensis, but usually larger, with more muricate fruits ;

ligule as long as or shorter (var. parvi. flora, Bosw.) than the invol. bracts.—

DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, N. and W. Asia/ — Occasionally cultivated.

ORDER XLII. CAMPANULA'CE-ffi (including IiOBElilA'CEJtiB).

Herbs, rarely shrubs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
Calyx-limb 5-cleft, \ or wholly superior. Flowers honeyed, proterandrous.
Corolla epigynous, usually persistent, tube entire or cleft posteriorly ;
limb regular or oblique or 2-labiate, 5-lobed, valvate or induplicate in bud.
Stamens 5, epigynous or epipetalous : anthers conniving round the style,
basifixed, equal or unequal, naked or tipped with a pencil of hairs. Ovary
2-8-celled ; style simple, tipped with a ring of hairs or clothed with
deciduous hairs ; stigmas 2-8, hairy on the back, coherent till protruded
beyond the anthers, then spreading ; ovules many, horizontal, anatropous,
placentas axile, fleshy. Fruit a berry or capsule, 2- or more-celled, many-
seeded. Seeds minute, testa usually pitted, albumen fleshy ; embryo
subcylindric. — DISTRIB. All regions, most abundant in temp, climates ;
genera 53 ; species 1,000. — AFFINITIES. With Goodeniacece and Cichoracece.
— PROPERTIES. Acrid and often poisonous, diuretic.

SUB-ORDER I. Lobeli ese. Corolla irregular. Anthers cohering in a tube.

1. Lobelia,
R 2

244 CAMPANULACEJE; [LOBELIA.

SUB-ORDER II. Campanule'se. Corolla regular. Anthers usually free.
Capsule dehiscing within the calyx-lobes.

Corolla 5-partite, segments narrow. Flowers capitate 2. Jasione.

Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; lobes broad 3. "Wahlenbergia.

Capsule dehiscing at the sides, below the calyx-lobes.

Corolla 5-partite, segments narrow. Flowers capitate 4. Phytetima.

Corolla 5* toothed or lobed. Ovary short, broad 5. Campanula.

Corolla rotate or campanula-te. Ovary long, narrow 6. Specularia.

1. LOBE LI A. L.

Perennial herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid or
obconic, limb 5-fid. Corolla very irregular ; tube split at the back ; lirnb
2-labiate, 2 upper lobes smaller erect or recurved, 3 lower pendulous.
Stamens 5, epipetalous ; anthers connate, all, or the 2 lower only, bearded
at the tip. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style filiform, included, girt with a ring of
hairs, stigmas 2 broad spreading. Capsule 2-3-celled, top exserted and
loculicidally 2-3-valved. Testa pitted. — DISTRIB. All but very cold
regions ; species about 200. — ETYM. Mathias Lobel, a Flemish botanist.

1. Ii. Dortman'na, L. ; leaves all radical submerged subcylindrical
2-fistular, scape slender cylindric fistular, flowers drooping.

Gravelly mountain lake-bottoms, ascending to 1,650ft.; Wales, Shropshire,
and from Westmoreland to Shetland; Ireland; fl. July- Aug. — Itootstock short,
stoloniferous ; root-fibres white, cellular. Leaves 2-3 in., linear, obtuse,
recurved. Scape 1-2 ft., bracteate near the base; raceme lax, emersed.
Flowers f-1 in., pedicelled ; bracts short, oblong, obtuse. Calyx obconic,
terete ; lobes short, obtuse. Corolla, pale lilac ; lobes linear obtuse, upper
erect, lower longer. Anthers included. Capsule clavate, inclined. — DISTRLB.
N. Europe from France to Mid. Russia, N. America.

2. L. u'rens, L. ; stem leafy, leaves obovate or oblong-spathulate obtuse
sinuate-toothed, upper linear decurrent, flowers erect or spreading.
Heaths, Dorsetshire and Cornwall; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Glabrous or pnbe-

rulous. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, slender, angular. Leaves 2-3 in., subsessile,
teeth callous. Racemes 4-8 in., pedicels very short ; bracts lanceolate,
exceeding the 5-angled narrow obconic calyx. Flowers § in. Calyx-lobes
subequal, subulate, shorter than the tube. Corolla blue or purple ; lobes
subequal, lanceolate, acute. Capsule erect. — DISTRIB. W. France, Spain,
Madeira. — Acrid and pungent.

2. JASI'ONE, L. SHEEP'S-BIT.

Annual or perennial herbs. Radical leaves usually rosulate ; cauline
narrow, alternate. Flowers small, in terminal centripetal heads ; invo-
lucre of many bracts. Calyx-tube short, limb 5-fid. Corolla regular,
5 -cleft to the base. Stamens 5, epigynous ; anthers subconnate, tips free.
Ovary 2-celled ; style clavate, with 10 hairy ridges, stigmas 2 short.
Capsule 2-valved at the top. Seeds minute, testa shining— DISTJRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; species about 10.— ETYM. doubtful.

JASIONE.] CAMPANULACEJE. 245

J. monta'na, L. ; hispidly pubescent, leaves obovate-oblong.
Heathy pastures and light soils, from Kincardine and the Clyde southd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept.— Habit of Scabiosa. Annual, or
biennial (var. littoralis). Stem 6-18 in., branched from the base. Leaves
|-1 in., radical petioled; cauline linear -oblong, obtuse, waved or crenate,
ciliate. Peduncles long, slender, naked. Heads 1-6, |-f in. diam., hemi-
spheric ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the lilac-blue flowers. Calyx-tube
turbinate ; lobes subulate. Corolla-lobes at first coherent, persistent. Capsule
small, subglobose. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

3. WAHLENBER'GIA, Schrad.

Characters of Campanula, but capsule dehiscing within the calyx-lobes.
— DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions ; species 80. — ETYM. G. Wahlen-
berg, Professor of Botany, Upsala.

W. hedera'cea, ReicJib. ; glabrous, very slender, creeping, leaves all
petioled orbicular or cordate angled or obscurely lobed, peduncles 1-fld.
leaf-opposed, corolla cylindric cainpanulate, lobes short. Campanula, L.
Bogs and damp woods, in the W. and S. counties, from York to Kent and

Cornwall ; Argyll to Ayr only in Scotland ; S. and E. Ireland ; Channel

Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Stems filiform. Leaves ^— \ in.

diam., membranous, subacutely 5-angled or -lobed, upper often opposite ;

petiole slender, dilated upwards. Peduncles much longer than the petioles.

Calyx-tube shortly turbinate ; lobes triangular-subulate, erect. Corolla

§ in., pale blue ; lobes obtuse, recurved. Capsule subglobose, membranous.

— DISTRIB. W. Europe, from France to Spain.

4. PHYTEU'MA, L.

Perennial herbs. Radical leaves petioled, cauline usually narrow, sessile.
Flowers in dense spikes or heads ; involucre of several bracts. Calyx
ovoid or obconic ; limb superior, 5-fid. Corolla curved in bud, 5-cleft,
segments linear, tardily opening, sometimes at length free. Stamens 5,
epigynous, filaments linear dilated at the base ; anthers free. Ovary 2-3-
celled ; style filiform, hairy above, stigmas 2-3 short filiform. Capsule
ovoid, dehiscing below the middle by longitudinal valves. Seeds many,
ovoid or compressed ; embryo straight, cotyledons divaricating. — DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Asia ; species about 30.— ETYM. obscure.

1. P. orbicula're, L. ; glabrous or slightly hairy, heads globose in
flower oblong in fruit, stigmas usually 3.

Chalk downs, from Kent to Surrey and "Wilts, local ; fl. July-Aug.— Rootstock
tuberous below. Stems 6-18 in., several, erect or ascending. Radical leaves
1-2 in., long-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rarely cordate, crenate :
cauline few, smaller upwards. Heads §-l| in. diam. ; bracts short, oblong,
acute. Flowers deep blue. Calyx-tube short ; lobes triangular. Corolla-lobes
at length free to the base. 'Capsule short, 2-3-celled.— DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., S. Kussia.

2. P. spica'tum, L. ; glabrous, heads oblong or cylindric in flower
elongate in fruit, styles very long, stigmas 2.

246 CAMPANULACEJE. [PHYTEUMA.

Woods and thickets, E. Sussex ; (native? Wats.)', fl. May-June. — Taller and
more robust than P. orbicula're ; stem 2-3 ft., ribbed. Radical leaves cordate
at the base, ovate or oblong ; cauline'spreading and recurved. Heads 1-4
in., yellowish. Capsule usually 2-eelled. — DISTRIB. Europe to S. Kussia. —
Formerly cultivated and the root eaten.

5. CAMPAN'ULA, L.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Radical leaves usually petioled, cauline
alternate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white blue or lilac. Calyx-tube
ovoid or subglobose ; limb 5-fid, lobes flat or folded at the sinus. Corolla
campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, epigynous, filaments short,
bases broad dilated ; anthers linear, free. Ovary-cells 3-5, opposite the
sepals ; style clavate, with rows of deciduous hairs opposite the anther-
cells, stigmas 3-5 filiform. Capsule ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-celled, cells
dehiscing below the calyx-limb by pores or valves. Seeds usually flattened.
— DISTRIB. All temp, and most trop. climates ; species about 230. —
ETYM. campanula, from the foZZ-shaped corolla.

* Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually nearly entire. Terminal
flower of the raceme opening first.

1. C. rotundifo'lia, L. ; glabrous, stem angled slender, cauline leaves
lanceolate, upper narrow linear quite entire acute, flowers solitary or
racemed drooping, corolla campanulate, lobes short recurved. Hare-bell.

Pastures, heaths, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Rootstock slender.
Stem f-2 ft., ascending, simple or branched, sparingly leafy. Primordial
leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, crenate. Pedicels slender ; bracts
minute or 0 ; buds erect. Calyx-lobes erect, subulate. Corolla ^-1 in., blue,
sometimes white, lobes subacute. Capsule subglobose, valves basal. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America. — VAR. lancifolia,
Koch (montana, Syme), has broader cauline leaves and subsolitary flowers ;
and VAR. speciosa, More, from W. Ireland, is a beautiful form with much
larger flowers and shorter calyx-lobes.

2. C. Rapun'culus, L. ; hispid or glabrous, stem angled, cauline leaves
oblong- or obovate-lanceolate obscurely toothed, flowers panicled erect,
calyx-lobes very long subulate, corolla broadly campanulate 5-lobed almost
to the middle, lobes recurved. Rampion.

Gravelly roadsides and hedgebanks, from Fife southd., but rare and doubtfully
wild ; fl. July— Aug. — Biennial ; root fleshy. Stem 2-3 ft., simple or branched.
Leaves 1-3 in., variable, sessile ; primordial broadly ovate, long-petioled.
Pedicels slender. Calyx-lobes 1 in. after flowering. Corolla f in., red purple
or blue. Capsule short, erect, valves close under the calyx-lobes.— DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd. (excl. Greece), N. Africa, W. Siberia.

3. C. pat'ula, L. ; scabrid, stem slender angled, cauline leaves linear
or lanceolate, flowers subcorymbose erect, calyx-lobes linear, corolla broadly
campanulate 5-lobed to the middle, lobes spreading.

CAMPANULA.] CAMPANULAGEJE. 247

Copses and hedges, in the "W. and S. counties, rare, from York to Somerset
and Kent ; fl. July-Sept. — Variable in duration ; root slender. Stem 1-3 ft.,
branched above. Radical leaves obovate or oblong, petioled, obscurely
crenate, cauline subsinuate. Pedicels long, slender. Calyx-tube obconic,
lobes very variable in width. Corolla!.— tyui, diam., purple. Capsule erect,
obconic, valves close under the calyx-lobes. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece,
Turkey), W. Siberia.

C. PEHSICIFO'LIA, L. ; glabrous, stem terete, leaves coriaceous, cauline
linear-oblong obtuse finely serrate, flowers few racemed, calyx-lobes
triangular-lanceolate, corolla-tube hemispheric, lobes short erect.
Naturalized in woods, Banff, York; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial. Rootstock
creeping, branched, stoloniferous. Leaves 1-3 in., radical sessile, spathulatt-
lanceolate, nerves obscure. Pedicels stout, 2-bracteate at the base. Calyx-
tube small, subglobose ; lobes broader than in C. patula and coriaceous.
Corolla 1 in. diam., blue, sometimes white. Capsule erect, ovoid, pores large
under the calyx-lobes.— DISTHIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,

** Stem-leaves ovate, toothed or serrate.

4. C. latifo'lia, L. ; pubescent, stem tall stout furrowed, cauline leaves
oblong-ovate, lower-petioled, upper sessile obtusely serrate, flowers large,
lower bracts large leafy.

Copses and woods, from Banff and Isla to N. "Wales, Gloucester, and Surrey ;
ascends to 1,200 ft. in York ; absent on S. coast ; fl. July-Aug. Rootstock
stout, woody. Stem 3-4 ft. Radical leaves long-petioled, triangular-cordate,
hispidly pubescent beneath. Raceme very leafy ; flowers many, erect or in-
clined. Calyx-tube broad, short, 5-ribbed; lobes large, ovate-lanceolate.
Corolla blue or white, lobes suberect acuminate. Capsule short, valves basal.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

C. KAPUNCULOI'DES, L. ; puberulous, stem tall nearly terete, cauline
leaves ovate, lower petioled, upper sessile obtusely serrate, flowers large,
bracts all small linear.

Fields, &c., from Aberdeen southd. to Dorset and Hants, naturalized ;
rare and local ; casual in Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping ;
stolons subterranean. Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender, usually simple. Radical
leaves cordate. Racemes long, simple, secund ; flowers drooping ; pedicels
slender, short. Calyx-tube obconic, 5-ribbed ; lobes short, reflexed, linear or
ovate. Corolla bright blue, lobes recurved. Capsule subglobose, valves
basal.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia.— The lowest flower opens first.

5. C. Trache'lium, L. ; hispid, stem tall angled, leaves all petioled
ovate-lanceolate from a broad base irregularly coarsely obtusely serrate,
bracts leafy.

Woods and copses in dry soil, from Lanark and Fife to Cornwall and Kent ;
Kilkenny, Ireland ; fl. Sept -Oct. —Rootstock short, stout. Stem 1-3 ft.,
hairs reversed. Leaves' doubly serrate; radical long-petioled, cordate;

cauline gradually attenuated from the base, acute. Racemes pauicled,
peduncles short ; bracteoles lanceolate ; flowers 1 or many, erect or inclined.
Calyx-tube hispid, very short and broad ; lobes ovate-lanceolate. Corolla

243 CAMPANULACEJE. [CAMPANULA.

fj— £ in., blue-purple, broadly campanulate ; lobes suberect, acute. Capsule
drooping, valves basal. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. — The upper-
most flower in each raceme opens first.

6. C. glomera'ta, L. ; pubescent, stem short terete leafy, leaves crenate,
radical very long-petioled oblong- or ovate-cordate, cauline sessile ovate
^-amplexicaul, flowers erect in leafy heads or irregularly spiked.
Chalky and dry pastures, from Forfar to Somerset and Kent ; rare in the W.
counties, and in Ireland ; fl. Sept.-Oct. — Rootstock short, stout. Stem 6-18
in., slender. Cauline leaves |-| in. Flowers bright blue, mostly in a ter-
minal head with a few axillary buds below it. Calyx-tube short, obconic,
5-ribbed ; lobes ovate. Corolla ^-f in., lobes recurved, acute. Capsule
short, valves basal. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W. Asia. — The central
flower opens first.

6. SPECUIiA'RIA, Heist.

Characters of Campanula, but ovary and capsule very long and slender.
— DISTRIB. Temp. Europe and Asia, N. and S. America ; species 8. —
ETYM. Speculum, a mirror, from the form of the corolla-limb.

S. hy'brida, DC. ; annual, hispid or puberulous, leaves oblong waved,
flowers axillary subsessile, calyx-lobes exceeding the corolla.
Cornfields and dry soils, from Durham to Cornwall and Kent, chiefly in the
E. counties; introduced in Scotland ; (a colonist, Wats,); fl. June-Sept. —
Stem 6-10 in., erect or decumbent, simple or branched from the base, angled.
Leaves small ; radical with broad petioles, ovate or spathulate ; cauline ses-
sile, obtuse. Calyx-tube longer than the floral leaves, sharply angled ; lobes
linear-oblong, subfoliaceous. Corolla rotate, blue inside, lilac outside, cleft
to near the middle ; lobes acute. Capsule 1-1| in., angled. Seeds polished,
ovoid. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., N. Africa.

ORDER XLIII. ERICACEAE.

Shrubs, rarely herbs or trees, mostly evergreen. Leaves alternate
opposite or whorled, simple, often articulate with the stem, exstipulate.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Calyx superior or inferior, 4-5-fid or -partite.
Corolla hypogynous or epigynous, campanulate, 4-5- toothed or -lobed,
rarely of 5 petals ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10,
hypogynous or epigynous ; anthers 1-2-celled, cells obtuse or with tubular
tips, opening by terminal pores or slits, often with basal or dorsal awns.
Disk annular and lobed or of glands or scales. Ovary 4-5-celled ; style
terminal, stigma small simple or 4-5-lobed ; ovules many in each cell,
rarely few or solitary, pendulous. Fruit 3-5-celled, a berry or 3-5-valved
capsule ; cells many- rarely 1 -seeded. Seeds small, testa reticulate,
albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, clavate. — DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, and
cold climates ; genera about 87 ; species about 1,300. — AFFINITIES. With
•Epacridece. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

VACCINIUM.] ERICACE^. 249

SUB-ORDER I. Vaccinie'se, Suds clothed with scales. Stamens epigynous.

Ovary inferior.
Corolla campanulate, urceolate, or rotate 1. Vaccinium.

SUB-ORDER II. Eri'cese. Suds naked or scaly. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary
superior.

TRIBE I. ARBUTE'-ffi. Suds naked. Leaves usually broad. Corolla
deciduous. Fruit a berry or drupe.

Ovary-cells many-ovuled 2. Arbutus.

Ovary-cells 1-ovuled 3. Arctostaphylos.

TRIBE II. ANDROMEDS'-ffi. Shrubs. Suds clothed with scales.
Leaves usually broad. Corolla deciduous. Capsule loculicidal.

4. Andromeda.

TRIBE III. ERICI'NE-ffi, Suds naked. Leaves small. Flowers 4-merous.
Corolla persistent. Anthers cohering in bud.

Corolla 4-fid. Capsule loculicidal, cells many-seeded 5. Erica.

Corolla 4-partite. Capsule septicidal, cells few-seeded 6. Calluua.

TRIBE IV. RHODORE/E. Suds clothed with scales. Leaves usually
broad. Flowers 4-5-merous. Corolla deciduous. Capsule septicidal.

Corolla urceolate. Anthers 8, opening by pores 7. Dabeocia.

Corolla urceolate. Anthers 10, opening by pores 8. Phyllodoce.

Corolla campanulate. Anthers 5, opening by slits 9. Loiseleuria.

TRIBE Y. PYROIiE'-ffi. Herbs. Suds scaly. Leaves chiefly radical.
Petals 5, free or connate, concave. Capsule loculicidal. Testa produced
at both ends far beyond the nucleus 10. Pyrola.

1. VACCIN'IUM, L.

Shrubs ; buds clothed with usually persistent scales. Leaves alternate,
often evergreen. Flowers solitary or racemose, white or red, drooping,
honeyed. Calyx-tube, short ;: limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla epigynous, globose
or campanulate, 4-5-fid. Stamens 8-10, epigynous ; anther-cells with
tubular tips, awned or not. Ovary 4-5-celled ; style filiform, stigma
obtuse ; placentas prominent, many-ovuled. Serry 4-5-celled, areolate.
Seeds angled, testa reticulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp, and subtrop.
Asia and America ; species about 100. — ETYM. obscure.

* Corolla globose or campanulate.
1. V. Myrtil'lTas/;£. ; erect, glabrous, branches angular, leaves deciduous

ovate serrate, peduncles 1-fld., anthers with dorsal awns. Whortleberry,

Bilberry, Slaeberry.

Woods, copses, and heaths, N. to Shetland (except Suffolk and Cambridge),
chiefly in hilly districts ; ascends to 4,000 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. April-June.—
Rootstock creeping. Stems many, 6-24 in., rigid. Leaves J-l in., nerves
reticulate, young rosy. Peduncles J in. , naked. Calyx-tube turbinate ;
lobes 5, short. Corolla J in. diam., globose, rosy tinged with green. Serry

250 ERICACEAE. [VACOINIUM.

§ in. diam., dark blue, glaucous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W.
Asia, N.W. America. — Berries used for preserves, &c.

2. V. uligino'sum, L. ; procumbent, glabrous, branches terete ascend-
ing, leaves deciduous oblong or obovate quite entire glaucous beneath,
peduncles 1-fld., anthers with dorsal awns.

Mountain bogs and copses, from Westmoreland and Durham to Shetland ;
ascends to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May-June. — Stems 6-10 in., woody,
rigid, naked below. Leaves ^-1 in., coriaceous, obtuse or acute, veins reti-
culate beneath. Peduncles 1-3 together, ^ in. Calyx-tube hemispheric ;
lobes 4-5, broad, obtuse. Corolla % in., pale pink, subglobose. Berry
smaller than in F. Myrtillus, of the same colour. — DISTJRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. and "W. Asia, JST. America.

3. V. Vitis-Idse'a, L. ; procumbent, branches pubescent, leaves ever-
green obovate dotted beneath, margins revolute, racemes short terminal
drooping, anthers awnl ess. Cowberry.

Woods and heaths, chiefly in mountain districts, from Devon, S. Wales, and
Notts to Shetland (absent in S.E. half of England) ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Stems wiry, tortuous, branched
and naked below ; branches 6-18 in., trailing or ascending. Leaves ^-1 j in.,
glossy green above (like box), bifauious, very coriaceous, margins thickened
entire or obtusely serrulate, pale beneath ; nerves not reticulate. Flowers
crowded ; pedicels 2-braeteolate. Calyx-tube hemispheric ; lobes 4, broadly
ovate, ciliolate. Corolla campanulate. Berry J in. diam.. globose, red,
acid. — DiSTitiB. Europe (Arctic), N". Asia, N. America.

** Corolla rotate.

4. V. Oxycoccos, L. ; creeping, leaves evergreen ovate-oblong, base
cordate, margins strongly recurved. Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. Cranberry.
Peat bogs, usually amongst Sphagnum, from Somerset and Sussex to Shetland,

local; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland; fl. Jnne-Aug. —
Stems puberulous. Leaves £-J in., scattered, spreading, shortly petioled,
deep green above with a median channel, glaucous beneath with reticulate
nerves. Peduncles 1-3, 1 in., capillary, erect, puberulous. Flowers § in.
diam., red. Calyx-limb minute. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Stamens
exserted, filaments pubescent purple; anthers yellow. Berry | in. diam.,
globose, dark red. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Turkey), N. Asia and
America. — The berries are an excellent antiscorbutic.

2. AR'BUTUS, L.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, evergreen. Flowers in terminal panicled
racemes, bracteate, white or pale red. Sefials 5. Corolla hypogynous,
globose or subcampanulate ; lobes 5, reflexed. Stamens 10, on the base of
the corolla, filaments short dilated below ; anthers deflexed, ovoid, open-
ing by 2 pores, awns 2 reflexed. Disk annular. Ovary 5-celled ; style
simple, stigma obtuse ; ovules many, placentas pendulous from the upper
angles of the cells. Berry globose, granulate ; cells 5, 4-5-seeded. Seeds
angled, testa coriaceous. — DISTEIB. N. temp, regions; species about 10.
— ETYM. The old Latin name.

AEBUTUS.] ERIC ACE JB. 251

A. Une'do, L. ; leaves obovate- or oblong-lanceolate acute doubly-
serrate, panicles drooping many-fld. Strawberry-tree.
Woods at Killarney, Muckross, and Bantry ; fl. Sept.-Oct. — A small rounded

inueh-brauched evergreen tree, 8-10 ft. ; bark rough ; branchlets and petioles

hairy and glandular. Leaves 2-3 in., petioled. Panicles glabrous, lax;

pedicels short; bracts deciduous. Sepals short, rounded. Corolla % in.,

creamy. Berry § in. diam., orange-scarlet, subglobose, muricate. — DISTRIB.

S. France, Spain, Mediterranean region. — Berries eatable when perfectly

ripe ; made into a wine in Corsica.

3. ARCTOSTAPH'YIiOS, Adanson. BEARBERRY.

Characters of Arbutus, but cells of ovary 5-10, 1-ovuled ; disk of 3
fleshy scales ; and fruit a drupe with 5-10 stones. — DISTRIB. of Arbutus,
but more abundant in America ; species about 15. — ETYM. apKros and
<rTa<£uA/j, the fruit being a food of bears.

1. A. alpi'na, Spreng. ; branches depressed, leaves deciduous obovate or
spathulate crenate-serrate above the middle, nerves netted, drupe black.
Dry barren Scotch Mts., rare, from Forfar, Perth, and Inverness to Shetland ;

ascends to 2,700 ft. ; fl. May-July. — Forms woody patches ; branches stout,
leafy, interlaced ; bark scaly. Leaves ^-1^ in. ; petiole short, wrinkled above,
ciliate. Flowers 2-3, appearing with the young leaves, shortly pedicelled ;
bracts ciliate. Calyx minute. Corolla 5 in. broad, white'; lobes 4-5, pubescent
within. Filaments subulate ; anthers brown, awns very short. Berry J in.
diam. — DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), Mts. of Mid. Europe, cold and
Arctic Asia and America.

2. A. Uva-ur'si, Spreng. ; branches trailing, leaves evergreen obovate
or spathulate quite entire very coriaceous, drupe red.

Heathy rocky places from York and Derby to Shetland ; ascends to near 3,000
ft. in the Highlands; N.W. Ireland; fl. May-June. — Forms depressed trail-
ing masses ; branches 1-2 ft., stout, woody, young puberulous ; bark dark,
scaling. Leaves §-1 in., petiole and margin finely woolly, deep green, nerves
reticulate on both surfaces. Racemes crowded, very short, few-fid. ; scales
and bracteoles persistent, ciliate ; pedicels very short. Sepals short, broad.
Corolla § in., pink, urceolate ; teeth 4-5, hairy within. Anthers with long
awns. Berry £ in. diam. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe (excl. Greece,
Turkey), Siberia, N. America.

4. ANDROM'EDA, L.

A small shrub ; buds clothed with scales. Leaves alternate, evergreen.
Flowers in sub terminal umbels, white or pink. Sepals 4. Corolla hypo-
gynous, globose ; limb 5-fid, reflexed. Stamens 10, hypogynous, included,
filaments bearded ; anthers obtuse, dorsally 2-awned. Ovary 5-celled ;
style simple, stigma obtuse or dilated ; placentas many-ovuled, pendulous.
Capsule, subglobose, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds attached to a central
column, small, testa hard, smooth, raphe thickened. — DISTRIB. Arctic
and Alpine Europe (excl. Greece, Turkey), Siberia, N, America. — ETYM.
Mythical.

252 ERICACEAE. [ANDKOMEDA.

A. polifo'lia, L. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate glabrous shining.
Peat bogs, Wales, N. Somerset, "W. Norfolk, and from Hunts and Salop to
Perth; local in Ireland; fl. May-Ang. — Stems long, ascending, rooting at
the base ; branches 6-12 in., suberect, twiggy ; bark, smooth, brown. Leaves
shortly petioled, §-lf in., acute, thickly coriaceous, glaucous beneath,
margins strongly recurved. Racemes short. Flowers drooping ; pedicels
f-1 in., slender, red. Sepals small, obtuse. Corolla J in., purplish ; lobes
5, revolute. Filaments bearded; anthers short. Capsule erect, 5-lobed.
Seeds turned in all directions, ovoid.

5, ERI'CA, L. HEATH.

Rigid, much-branched, evergreen shrubs. Leaves whorled, rarely alter-
nate or scattered, narrow, rigid. Flowers usually nodding; pedicels 2-3-
bracteate. Sepals 4. Corolla hypogynous, ovoid globose campanulate or
tubular, 4-lobed, persistent, honeyed. Stamens 8, inserted on the disk ;
anther-cells awned or not, opening by pores or slits. Ovary 4-celled ;
styles filiform, stigma capitate dilated 4-lobed ; ovules many. Capsule 4-
celled, loculicidally 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds attached to a central
column, ovoid or compressed, testa smooth or reticulate. — DLSTRIB.
Europe, N. Asia, 1ST. Africa, abundant in S. Africa ; species about 400. —
ETYM. Classical.

1. E, Tet'ralix, L. ; pubescent and sometimes glandular, leaves 4 in a
whorl ciliate, flowers subumbellate, corolla regular ovoid, anthers included
with subulate awns. Cross-leaved Heath.

Heaths, abundant, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Sometimes almost woolly;
glandular hairs stiff or slender or 0. Stems 12-18 in., wiry; branches
slender. Leaves £-J in., in close or distant whorls, spreading, linear,
obtuse, rarely glabrous ; margins revolute to the midrib. Flowers drooping,
homogamous ; pedicels short, bracteolate in the middle. Sepals oblong-
lanceolate. Corolla, § in., mouth scarcely oblique, rose-red, upper side
darkest. Ovary usually woolly and with gland-tipped hairs. — DISTRIB. N.
and W. Europe to Kussia.

E. TET'JRALIX proper ; pubescent and usually glandular, irregularly branched,
leaves linear-oblong pubescent above, ovary pubescent.

Sub-sp. E. MACKAYI, Hook. (E. Mackaiana, Bab.) ; nearly glabrous, more
corymbosely branched, leaves ovate-oblong glabrate, flowers laxly urn belled,
ovary glabrous. — Galway. (Spain.)

2. E, cine'rea, L. ; glabrous, leaves 3 in a whorl, flowers whorled,
corolla ovoid mouth regular, anthers included with toothed appendages at
the base. .

Heaths and commons, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Stems 1-2 ft., much-branched ;
branches slender, ultimate pubescent. Leaves ^-J in., irregularly whorled,
with short leafy branches in the axils, linear, acute, margins revolute.
Flowers drooping or horizontal, homogamous ; pedicels short, puberulous ;
bracteoles under the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Corolla 5— | in.?

ERICA.] ERICACEAE. 253

crimson-purple. Ovary glabrous. — DISTRIB. W. Europe to Germany and
N. Italy.

3. E. cilia'ris, L. ; ciliate and glandular, leaves 3-4 in a whorl, flowers
in unilateral racemes, corolla ovoid, anthers included awnless.

Sandy heaths, Cornwall, Dorset ; fl. June-Sept. — Stem 12-18 in., slender ;
branches many, erect, pubesjent, flowering elongate. Leave* § in., close set,
subsessile, ovate, pulDescent above, beneath glaucous with minute scales,
margins recurved. Flowers inclined; pedicels very short, bracteolate in the
middle. Sepals ovate, pubescent and ciliate. Corolla g-| in., curved,
crimson, mouth small oblique. Style exserted. Ovary glabrous. — DISTRIB.
W. France, Spain, Portugal. — A hybrid with Tetralix (E. ciliaris, var.
Watsoni, Benth.) occurs in Cornwall and Dorset.

4. E, va'gans, L. • glabrous, leaves 3-4 in a whorl, flowers long-pedi-
celled in dense axillary racemes, corolla campanulate, anthers exserted
awnless. Cornish Heath.

Heaths in W. Cornwall ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 1-3 ft., stout, woody ; branches
stiff, erect, fascicled, densely leafy. Leaves | in., linear, recurved, margins
reflexed over the midrib. Flowers erect ; pedicels slender, bracteolate about
the middle. Sepals ovate, ciliolate. Corolla fe in., pink; lobes short.
Ovary glabrous. — DISTRIB. W. France, Spain, Portugal.

5. E, mediterra'nea, L. ; stem erect, leaves 4 rarely 3 in a whorl, flowers
in dense racemes, corolla subcampanulate, anthers ^-exserted awnless. E.
medtterra'nea, var. hiber'nica, Hook. , E. hiber'nica, Syine.

Boggy heaths, Mayo and Galway ; fl. April-May. — Bushy, 2-5 ft., glabrous.
Leaves J-§ in., crowded, shortly petioled, linear, margins revolute to the
midrib and connate to the under-surface. Racemes terminal and axillary ;
pedicels solitary or in pairs, short, 2-bracteolate in the middle. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate. Corolla pink, cylindric-campanulate, lobes broad. Anthers 2-fid
at the tip. — DISTUIB. S.W. France, Spain.

6. CALLU'NA, Salisb. LlNG.

A much-branched, gregarious shrub. Leaves minute, decussate, imbricate
(whence the branches appear tetragonal). Flowers on axillary peduncles
with 2 pairs of opposite bracts under the calyx, honeyed, hoinogamous.
Sepals 4, scarious, coloured. Corolla shorter than the sepals, hypogynous,
4-partite, persistent. Stamens 8, inserted on the disk ; anthers awned,
slits short lateral. Ovary 4-celled ; stigma dilated ; ovules 2, pendulous
from the top of each cell, Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved, septa
attached to the axis. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, attached to the central
column. — DISTUIB. Europe (Arctic), (excl. Greece, Turkey,) W. Siberia,
Azores, Greenland, N. America (very rare). — ETYM. jcoAAtW, the twigs
being used for sweeping.

C. vulga'ris, Salisb. ; leaves 3-gonous gibbous at the base.
Heaths and moors, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept.— Stem 1-2 ft., woody, inclined;

254 ERICACEAE. [CALLUNA,

branches elongate. Leaves ^ in., linear-oblong, glabrous (E. glabrata,
Seem.) or ciliate or pubescent or hoary (var. incana). Flowers very many;
pedicels very short; outer bracts leaf-like, inner scarious. Sepals ^ in.,
concave, obtuse, rose-purple or white, shining. Corolla-lobes triangular.
Anthers short, dorsally fixed, 2-fid. Style exserted. Ovary pubescent.

7. DABEO'CIA, D. Don. ST. DABEOC'S HEATH.

A small shrub ; buds scaly. Leaves alternate, evergreen. Flowers ter-
minal, racemose. Sepals 4. Corolla hypogynous, urceolate ; lobes 4, re-
flexed. Stamens 8, hypogynous, included ; anthers obtuse, cells opening
by pores, avvnless. Ovary 4-celled ; style simple, stigma dilated ; ovules
many. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved, axis persistent. Seeds
small, testa smooth or pitted. — DISTRIB. Ireland, W, France, Spain.
Portugal, Azores. — ETYM. St. Dabeoc.

D. polifo'lia, Don ; leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse ciliate.
Boggy heaths, Connemara and Mayo ; fl. Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft., decumbent ;
bark flaking; branches slender, erect, hairy and glandular. Leaves §-| in.,
shortly petioled, margins recurved, bright green, glossy above, white and
woolly beneath. Raceme terminal, lax, 5-10-fld., glandular ; flowers droop-
ing ; pedicels stout, curved ; bracts leafy. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, ciliate.
Corolla § in., crimson purple or white, lobes short. Filaments flat ; anthers
sagittate, 2-fid, purple. Ovary villous and glandular.

8. PHYLLODO'CE, Salisb.

Small glandular shrubs ; buds scaly. Leaves evergreen, scattered. Flowers
solitary or umbelled. Sepals 5. Corolla urceolate or campanulate, 5-fid.
Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments slender ; anthers truncate, opening by
pores, awnless. Ovary 5-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate. Capsule
5-celled, septicidally 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds shining. — DISTRIB.
Arctic regions ; species 3. — ETYM, Mythological.

P. cseru'lea, Bab. ; leaves shortly petioled crowded spreading linear
obtuse denticulate glabrous. P. taxifolia, Salisb. ; Menziesia, Wahlb.
Heathy moors, Sow of Atholl, Perthshire, alt. 2.400 ft., extremely rare ; fl.
June. — Short, depressed, much branched, woody ; branches 5-10 in., tuber-
cled. Leaves £-^ in., rigidly coriaceous, glossy and channelled above,
margins reflexed to the puberulous midrib. Flowers few, drooping, in
terminal umbellate corymbs ; pedicels |-1J in. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
glandular-pubescent. Corolla J in., lilac, urceolate. Anthers purple. Ovary
glandular-pubescent. — DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic), Mts. of W. France,
Pyrenees, N. Asia, N. America.

9. LOISELEU'RIA, Desvaux.

A small, glabrous, depressed, branching, rigid, evergreen shrub ; buds
scaly. Leaves small, opposite, quite entire, margins revolute. Flowers
on terminal 1-fld. peduncles, pink, small. Sepals 5. Corolla hypogynous,

LOISELEURIA.] ERICACE^. 255

broadly campanulate, 5-fid. Stamens 5, hypogynous, slightly adnate to
the corolla ; anthers short, included, slits lateral. Ovary subglobose, 2-3-
celled ; style short, straight, stigma capitate ; ovules many. Capsule 2-3-
celled, septicidally 2-3-valved, valves 2-fid. Seeds several, ovoid, testa
thick pitted. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia, America. — ETYM.
Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, a French botanist.

Ii. procum'bens, Desv. ; leaves rigidly coriaceous recurved linear-
oblong obtuse. Azalea, L.

Scotch Alps, alt. 1,500-3,600 ft., from Ben Lomond to Shetland; fl. May-June.
— Forms flat patches with interlaced rigid woody branches. Leaves §-£ in.,
crowded, petioled, deep green, glossy, deeply channelled above, beneath
densely pubescent, midrib very stout. Flowers usually 2-3, inclined, sub-
corymbose, proterogynous ; peduncle red, |-| in., stout, ebracteolate, Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, red. Corolla £ in. diam., pink; lobes obtuse. Capsule
minute.

1O. PY'ROLA, Tournef. WINTER-GREEN.

Biennial or perennial herbs ; rootstock slender, creeping ; stems short,
almost woody ; buds scaly. Leaves chiefly radical, broad petioled, ever-
green. Flowers secund, racemose, rarely solitary, white pink or yellowish,
nodding ; scapes bracteate ; pedicels bracteolate at the base. Sepals 5.
Corolla globose, rarely spreading, of five free or subconnate orbicular
petals. Stamens 10, in pairs opposite the petals, hypogynous, erect or
declinate, filaments subulate, tip incurved ; anther-cells opening by ter-
minal pores. Ovary 5 -celled ; style erect or declinate, stigma capitate
5-lobed or -cleft ; ovules many. Capsule globose, 5-celled, loculicidally
5-valved ; valves septiferous, usually with tomentose edges ; axis bearing
the seeds on fungous placentas. Seeds very minute, elongate, testa pro-
duced loose. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species about 15. — ETYM. Pyrus,
from a supposed similarity in the foliage to that of the pear.

SUB-GEN. 1. Py'rola proper. Flowers racemose. Petals 5, free,
incurved. Anther-cells short, obtuse. Stigmatic lobes short. Valves of
capsule cohering by fibres.

1. P. mi'nor, Sw. ; leaves orbicular-ovate obscurely crenate, stamens
erect as long as the short straight style, stigma-rays large.

"Woods and heaths, from Sutherland to Kent and Devon ; ascends to 1,500 ft.
in the Highlands; Ireland, rare; fl. June-Aug. — Stem 1-3 in., ascending.
Leaves usually in a rosette, but sometimes alternate, coriaceous, 1-1-| in.,
blade contracted into the longer petiole. Scape 8-12 in., slender. Raceme
short, bracteoles subulate-lanceolate. Flowers J in. diam., drooping, globose,
white tinged with rose. Stamens very short. Style without a ring below
the stigma, not lengthening in fruit. Capsule drooping. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic) (excl. Turkey), N. America.

2. P. me'dia, Sw. ; leaves orbicular-ovate crenate, stamens erect shorter
than the straight or slightly decurved style, stigma-lobes minute erect.

256 ERICACEAE. [PYROLA.

Woods and heaths, local, from "Warwick and Worcester to Shetland ; ascends
to 1,800 ft. in the Highlands; N. and W. Ireland ; fl. July- Aug.— Very like
P. minor, but larger and stouter; leaves broader, sometimes orbicular and
1| in. diarn., and bracts larger. Flowers § in. diam. Style with a ring round
the base of the stigma. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece, Turkey).

3. P. rotundifo'lia, L. ; leaves orbicular-obovate, stamens ascending
shorter than the long decurved style, stigma-lobes minute erect.

Moist woods and copses, rare, E. Kent, and from Norfolk and Salop to Aberdeen
and Inverness ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in Scotland ; Westmeath in Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands; fl. July-Sept. —Habit and stature of P. minor, but petioles all
longer and very slender ; raceme usually longer ; bracts larger, spreading ; •
flowers § in. diam,, pure white; style with a ring below the stigma. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece, Turkey), N. Asia, Himalaya, N.
America.

P. rotundifo'lia proper ; bracts on the scape few, pedicels a little longer than
the lanceolate sepals. — VAR. arena' via, Koch (P. maritima, Kenyon) ;
leaves smaller, bracts many on the scape, pedicels as long as the ovate sepals.
Sand-hills, Lancashire. (Belgium.)

4. P. secun'da, L. ; leaves ovate acute serrate, raceme, secuiid, stamens
incurved shorter than the long ascending style, stigma broad lobed.

Rocky mountain woods, rare, Monmouth, York to Eoss ; ascends to 2,400 ft. ;
NJB. Ireland; fl. July.— Stem straggling, branches 1-4 in., ascending.
Leaves 1-1^ in., rosulate or alternate, rather thin, reticulate, petioles shorter.
Scape slender, 2-5 in., with 1-5 bracts. Racemes 1-2 in., bracteoles linear-
oblong. Flowers horizontal, | in. diam. Sepals obtuse, erose. Petals
concave, greenish-white. Style without a ring below the stigma, elongate
in fruit. Capsule drooping. — DISTUIB. Europe (Arctic), N". and W. Asia,
N. America.

SUB-GEN. 2. Mone'ses, Salisb. (gen.). Flowers solitary. Petals
slightly adherent at the base, spreading. Anther-cells with tubular tips.
Stigmatic lobes long. Valves of capsule free.

5. P. uniflo'ra, L. ; scape 1-bracteate at the top, leaves orbicular
spathulate sinuate-serrate. Moneses yrandiftora, Salisb.

Woods chiefly of pine, in the N. Highlands, from Perth and Aberdeen to
Sutherland; fl. June-July. — Stem i-2 in., leafy. Leaves f-1 in., alternate,
narrowed into a short petiole, rather membranous. Flowers f in. diam.,
nodding, then erect. /Sepals broad, obtuse, ciliate. Petals almost flat,
white, spreading. Filaments curved. Style without -a ring. Capsule erect ;
style and elongate stigmas persistent.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl.
Greece, Turkey), Siberia, N. America.

HYPOPITHYS.] tlONOTROPSJS. 257

ORDER XLIV. MONO'TROPEJS.

Leafless simple erect brown or red root-parasites or saprophytes. Stem
scaly, upper often passing into bracts. Flowers solitary spicate or race-
mose. Sepals or bracts 2-6, erect, deciduous. Petals 3-6, rarely connate,
erect or spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous, fila-
ments free or connate below ; anthers various. Ovary 4-6-lobed, 1- or
4-6-celled ; style simple, stigma capitate peltate lobed or funnel-shaped ;
ovules numerous, minute, naked ; placentas thick, parietal or in the inner
angles of the cells. Capsule membranous, 4-6-lobed, 4-6-celled. Seeds
minute, testa lax reticulate rarely coriaceous ; embryo minute, in fleshy
albumen. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions. — AFFINITIES. Close with Ericefe.
— PROPERTIES 0.

l. HYPOPl'THYS, Scop. BIRD'S-NEST,

Flowers racemose, upper 5-6-merous, the rest 4-merous. Petals saccate
at the base. Stamens 8-10 ; anther-cells confluent, valves very unequal.
Disk of 8 or 10 recurved glands. Ovary 4-5"-celled, 8-10-furrowed ; style
columnar, stigma discoid ; placentas fleshy, filling the cells. Capsule
locnlicidally 5-valved. Testa loose, reticulate, produced at both ends. —
DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. i/Vb and TTI'TVS, from
growing in pine woods.

H. multiflo'ra, Scop. ; flowers racemose, sepals and petals erose

obtuse. Monot'ropa Hypopi'thys, L.

Woods near roots of fir and beech, from Aberdeen and Inverness to Kent and
Somerset ; Mid. Ireland, very rare ; fl. July- Aug. — A glabrous or pubescent
saprophyte, feeding on decayed vegetable matter. Stem 6-12 in., stout,
fleshy, cream-white. Scales oblong. Raceme drooping till after fertilization,
then erect. Flowers \ in., many, drooping ; pedicels short, erect in fruit ;
bracts scale-like. Sepals irregularly disposed. Filaments incurved, the
alternate longer. Style short. Fruit ovoid or globose.- — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic) (excl. Turkey), N. Asia, N. America.

ORDER XLV. PLUMBAGIN'E^I.

Herbs, often maritime, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or radical, ex-
stipulate. Floivers regular, 2-sexual ; bracts and bracteoles usually 3.
Calyx inferior, tubular ; limb 5-cleft, plaited, often scarious and coloured.
Petals 5, hypogynous, claws long free or cohering, twisted in bud, or
corolla monopetalous imbricate. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes,
epipetalous or hypogynous, filaments filiform ; anther-cells bursting in-
wards. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; styles 5, rarely 3-4, distinct or cohering,
stigmas capillary or linear ; ovule solitary, anatropous, suspended from a
basal funicle. FruU enclosed in the calyx-tube, membranous, bursting
irregularly or 5-valved. Seed pendulous, albumen scanty floury ; embryo
straight, cotyledons flat, radicle cylindric superior. — DISTRIB. All

258 PLUMBA&INE^J. [AKMERIA.

regions ; genera 10 ; species about 200. — AFFINITIES. Nearest toPrimu-
lacece, but distant. — PROPERTIES. Astringent, unimportant.

Flowers in a bracteate head 1. Armeria.

Flowers in panicled unilateral cymes 2. Statice.

1.. ARME'RIA, Willd. THRIFT, SEA-PINK.

Perennial herbs. Leaves all radical, very narrow. Flowers pedicelled,
fascicled in small bracteate cymes, which are collected into a dense hemi-
spheric head ; involucre (formed of the connate downward prolongation of
the bases of the outer bracts) tubular, scarious, sheathing the top of the
scape downwards. Calyx funnel-shaped, scarious. Petals cohering at the
very base, persistent and covering the utricle. Filaments inserted on the
petals, base dilated. Ovary obovoid. ; stigma capillary, papillose. Utricle
with 5 hard bosses at the top, dehiscing transversely or irregularly below.
— DISTRIB. Alpine, Arctic and maritime N. temp, regions, Chili ; species
30. — ETYM. The monkish Latin Flos Armerice, applied to a Pink.

1. A. vnlga'ris, Willd. ; pubescent or ciliate, leaves linear 1-3-nerved.
A* marit'ima, Willd. ; A. pubes'cens, Link ; A. pubig'era, £ scotfica, Boils-
sier ; A. durius'cula, Bab. ; Statice Arme'ria, L.

Rocky and stony sea-shores and on lofty mountains, N. to Shetland ; ascends to
3,800 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-Oct.— Root-
stock woody, branched. Leaves densely fascicled, 1-6 in., YV"TV in. broad, ob-
tuse or acute, covered with impressed points on both surfaces, broader in
the alpine form (var. glanifo'lia, Syme). Scape 3-12 in., hairs spreading or
reflexed; heads §-1 in. diam.; involucre ^-1 in., lacerate, outer bracts
shorter than the head, ovate, acute or produced into long brown or green
points ; inner oblong, obtuse, scarious ; pedicel |-J in., equalling the calyx.
Calyx decurrent on the pedicel, with 5 pubescent ribs, lobes cuspidate.
Petals | in., rose-pink or white, limb obovate. Utricle exceeding the calyx-
tube. — DISTBIB. Europe (Arctic), Asia, N. America, Chili.

2. A. plantagin'ea, Willd. ; glabrous, leaves narrow-lanceolate usually
3-5-nerved, calyx-lobes awned.

Sandy banks, &c., Jersey ; fl. June-Aug.— More rigid, stouter and larger than
A. vulga'ris ; leaves yV~i in- broad, narrowed into long points, margins car-
tilaginous and undulate when dry ; scapes taller ; involucre longer and less
deeply cut ; outer bracts with usually a long herbaceous point exceeding the
head ; flowers darker, on shorter pedicels.— DISTBIB. Mid. and S. Europe.
— Syme describes a probable hybrid with A. vulga'ris, as growing with
them.

2. STAT'ICE, L. SEA LAVENDER.

Perennial herbs. Leaves all radical. Flowers shortly pedicelled, in 1-
or more-fld. 3-bracteate cymes, which are alternately distichously or
secundly arranged in branched panicles. Calyx obconic ; limb scarious,
5-lobed. Petals free or united at the very base. Filaments inserted on
the petals. Ovary obovoid or oblong ; styles free or connate at the base,

STATIOE.] PLUMBAQINE^E. 259

stigmas capillary papillose. Fruit as in Armeria. — DISTPJB. Chiefly
saline districts and shores of temp, seas, most common in W. Asia ; species
50-60. — ETYM. The Greek name for some astringent herb.

* Leaves pinnately-nerved. Calyx-lobes with intermediate teeth.
1. S. Iiimo'nium, L. ; leaves usually long-petioled 1-ribbed, scape

branched above, branches nearly all flowering.

Muddy shores, from Fife and Dumfries to Kent and Devon ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Nov. — Glabrous. Kootstock stout, woody, creeping,
branched. Leaves 2-4 in., oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, variable in breadth,
often mucronate ; petiole usually slender. Scapes many, 6-18 in., angular,
corymbosely branched. Spikelets 2-3-fld., J in., alternate, erect, secund ;
outer bracts herbaceous margins scarious, intermediate scarious, inner
scarious and green at the back. Calyx purplish-green ; lobes triangular-
ovate, often jagged, much enlarged after flowering. Corolla % in., blue-purple.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. America.

S. LiMo'NruM proper ; inner bract about twice as long as the intermediate.
Absent from Ireland. — VAB. S. Be'hen, Drejer ; spikelets on corymbose
compact or spreading or recurved branches. — VAB. 8. serot'ina, Keichb. ;
spikelets in pyramidal panicles with flexuous spreading branches, spikelets
rather lax short. S. coast.

Sub-sp. S. BABIFLOBA, Drejer ; spikelets lax on distant erect or incurved
branches, inner bract once to once and a half as long as the intermediate.
S. bahusierisis, Fries.

** Leaves 1-3-nerved. Calyx-lobes without intermediate teeth.
2. S. auriculsefo'lia, Vcihl ; leaves shortly petioled 3-nerved at the
base, scape branched from about the middle, branches nearly all flowering,
calyx-lobes obtuse. S. spathula'ta, Hook, not Desf.

Sea-shores, from Lincoln on the B. and Wigton on the W. to Cornwall and
Kent ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. —Glabrous. Rootstock
short, stout, branched. Leaves 1-4 in., often mucronate. Scapes 4-10 in.,
paniculately branched ; spikelets unilateral, often imbricate ; bracts often
coloured, inner twice as long as the intermediate ; flowers as in 8. Limo'nium.
Calyx-limb white. Corolla blue-purple. — DISTBIB. Coasts of France, Spain,
and the Mediterranean. — Boissier (who has examined VahPs plant) refers
this (in Herb. Hook.} to auricul(efo'lia,a,nd in DC. Prodr. he refers the latter
to his oxyle'pis.

S. auriculfffo'lia proper (S. occidenta'lis,'L\oyd ; S. binervo'sa, G. E. Sm.) ; leaves
obovate-lanceolate, branches of panicle ascending, lower sometimes flower-
less, spikelets slender erect or ascending. — VAB. intermedia, Syme ; leaves
obovate-lanceolate, branches of panicle ascending usually all flowering,
spikelets stout spreading or ascending. — VAB. S. Dodar'tii, Gir. ; leaves
spathulate, branches of panicle short spreading often in pairs all flowering,
spikelets crowded stout spreading. Portland.

3. S. bellidifo'lia, Gouan ; leaves shortly petioled 1-ribbed, scape
branched from near the base, branches flexuous most of them flowerless,
calyx-lobes mucronate. S. cas'pia, Willd. ; ? /?. reticula'ta, L.

<3 9

o A

260 PLUMB AQ1NE&. [STATICE.

Salt marshes, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge ; fl. July- Aug. — Glabrous, except
the scaberulous panicle. Rootstock much branched. Leaves |-1| in., few,
obtuse. Scape 4-8 in., rather slender, excessively branched; branches
spreading, recurved ; spikelets unilateral, usually fascicled at the ends of
the branehlets ; bracts with broad scarious margins, inner ^ longer than the
intermediate ; flowers much smaller than in -8. Limo'nium, ^ in., pale lilac.
— DISTRIB. Atlantic, Mediterr., and Black Seas, E. Asia. — The commonest
Mediterranean species, I doubt not the Limo'nium reticula'tum of Ray, and if
so it is the S. reticula'ta of Linnaeus, founded on a Maltese plant.

ORDER XLVI. PRIMULA'CE^E.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves radical or cauline, exstipulate.
Flowers 2-sexual,, regular. Calyx inferior, superior in Samolus, 5- (rarely
4-9-) cleft. Corolla usually hypogynous (0 in Glaux), rotate bell- or
funnel-shaped, 5- (rarely 4-9-) cleft. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube
opposite its lobes, with sometimes alternating staminodes (hypogynous in
Glaux), filaments usually short ; anthers bursting inwards by slits, rarely
by terminal pores. Ovary 1-celled ; style simple, stigma undivided ;
ovules many, amphitropous rarely anatropous, placenta free-central.
Capsule 1-celled, dehiscing by simple or 2-fid valves or transversely.
Seeds sunk in cavities of the placenta, testa thin, hilum usually ventral,
albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo terete parallel to the hilum. — DISTRIB.
N. temp., Arctic and mountain regions, Chili and Fuegia ; genera 21 ;
species about 250. — AFFINITIES. With Myrsinece, and Plumbaginece. —
PROPERTIES unimportant.

TRIBE I. PRIMULE'JE. Ovary superior. Capsule valvular. Hilum
ventral.

Leaves radical. Corolla-lobes incurved or spreading 1. Primula.

Leaves radical. Corolla-lobes reflexed 1*. Cyclamen.

Leaves cauline. Calyx 5-partrte. Corolla yellow 2. Lysimachia.

Leaves cauline. Calyx 5-9-partite. Corolla white 3. Trientalis.

Leaves cauline. Calyx campanulate, coloured. Corolla 0 4. Glaux.

TRIBE II. ANAGAL'IiIDE/E. Ovary superior. Capsule opening trans-
versely. Hilum ventral.

Calyx 4-partite. Filaments glabrous 5. Centunculus.

Calyx 5-partite. Filaments villous 6. Anagallis.

TRIBE III. HOTTO'NIE/E. Ovary superior; ovules anatropous. Capsule
valvular. Hilum basal 7. Hottonia.

TRIBE IY. SAMOLE'^E. Ovary inferior ; ovules anatropous. Capsule
valvular. Hilum basal 8. Samolus.

PRIMULA.] PRIMULACE^. 261

1. PRI'MULA, Z.

Scapigerous, perennial herbs. Flowers in involucrate umbels, white
yellow rose, or purple, honeyed. Calyx 5-toothed or -fid. Corolla funnel-
or salver-shaped, throat naked or with 5 swellings ; lobes 5, incurved or
spreading. Stamens 5, included. Ovary ovoid or globose ; style filiform,
stigma capitate; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved at the
top, many-seeded, valves simple or 2-fid. Seeds plano-convex, peltate.
— DISTEIB. Of the Order ; species about 80. — ETYM. primus, from flower-
ing early. —Flowers usually dimorphic, having long styles with anthers
deep in the tube, or the reverse.

* Leaves not mealy beneath, ivrinkled and toothed. Calyx-tube 5-angled.

1. P. vulga'ris, Huds. ; leaves and umbels subsessile, flowers spreading
or suberect, calyx- teeth acuminate, corolla pale yellow, limb flat, throat
contracted with thickened folds. P. acau'lis, L. Primrose.

Copses, pastures, and hedgebanks, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May. — Rootstock stout.
Leaves 3-6 in., obovate-spathulate, beneath and inflorescence softly hairy.
Umbels so sessile that the pedicels resemble scapes, which are about as long
as the leaves; bracts linear. Calyx ^-f in., a little inflated, 5-angled.
Corolla 1-1^ in., rarely white lilac or purplish, greenish when dry ; lobes
orbicular, notched. Capsule as long as the calyx-tube, ovoid, on prostrate
pedicels. — DISTHIB. Europe, except the N.E. ; N. Africa. — Varies in the
inflorescence being sessile (P. acau'lis, Jacq.) or a peduncled umbel (vars.
caules'cens and interme'dia], if these be not hybrids, as suggested by Baker
(see P. ve'ris). The origin of the Polyanthus. — Kootstock emetic.

2. P. ela'tior, Jacq. ; petioles winged, umbels peduncled, flowers hori-
zontal or drooping, calyx-teeth acuminate, corolla pale yellow, limb
concave, throat open without folds. Oxlip.

Copses and meadows in Bedford, Suffolk, Cambridge, Essex ; fl. April-May. —
Intermediate between P. vulyaris and veris, differing from the former in the
less inflated calyx, shorter pedicels, inodorous flowers, and capsule longer
than the calyx-tube ; it heuce resembles hybrids between P. veris and offici-
nalis, but differs from those by the more villous calyx, paler flowers, and
absence of folds at the mouth of the corolla. — DISTJRIB. From Gothland
southd. (excl. Greece, Turkey), Siberia.

3. P. ve'ris, L. ; petioles winged, umbels peduncled, flowers drooping,
calyx-teeth obtuse, corolla buff-yellow funnel-shaped, limb much cupped,
throat opened with obscure folds. P. officina'lis, Jacq. Cowslip, Paigle.
Meadows, pastures, and hedgebanks, from Caithness southd. ; rare in Scotland ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Northumbd. ; fl. April-
May. — Besides the characters given above, P. ve'ris differs from P. ela'tior in
the short and often glandular pubescence of the shorter pedicels and
calyx ; odorous flowers ; much smaller corolla-limb ; and capsule much
shorter than the calyx-tube ; corolla rarely scarlet or orange-brown. —
DISTEIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ?— Hybrids with P. vulga'ris include
P. ela'tior of older English botanists, probably P. ve'ris, /8 ela'tior, L., and P.
variabilis, Goupil, often taken for the Oxlip.

262 PRIMULACE^. [PRIMULA.

*"* Leaves very mealy beneath, not wrinkled. Calyx-tube terete.

4. P. farino'sa, L. ; calyx-lobes longer than its tube a little shorter
than the corolla-tube, corolla-lobes lilac distant, capsule cylindric-oblong
twice as long as the calyx. Bird's-eye Primrose.

Bogs and meadows from York and Lancashire to the border ; Peebles (ascends
to 1,800 ft.) ; fl. June-July. — Leaves 1^—2 in., obovate-spathulate, variable
in breadth, crenulate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous above, meal below white
or sulphur-coloured. Scape stout, 2-8 in., rarely 0. Flowers erect or
spreading, crowded, dimorphic ; bracts small, saccate at the base. Calyx-
tube oblong-obovoid, mealy ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla ^— | in.
diam. ; lobes flat, wedge-shaped, 2-fid ; mouth yellow, contracted, with
rounded folds. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Tibet, Greenland,
N. U. States.

5. P. sc~ot'ica, Hook. ; calyx-lobes equalling its tube much shorter than
the corolla-tube, corolla-lobes blue-purple contiguous, capsule shortly
oblong scarcely exceeding the calyx.

Pastures in Orkney, Caithness, and Sutherland ; fl. June-Sept. — Perhaps only
a sub-species of P.famnosa, but smaller ; bracts less saccate ; leaves broader
in proportion, calyx shorter and flowers homomorphie.— DISTRIB. Lapland
(Arctic), Norway and Sweden.

l*. CYC'LAMEN, Tournef. SOWBREAD.

Herbs with large tuberous rootstocks. Leaves all radical, petioled,
broad. Scapes 1-fld., erect, naked, coiled spirally when fruiting. Flowers
nodding, white, pink, or lilac. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube short,
throat thickened ; lobes 5, large, reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted at the
base of the corolla, included ; anthers cuspidate. Ovary globose ; style
short, stigma simple ; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved,
many-seeded, valves reflexed. Seeds subglobose, angled, peltate ; embryo
with one cotyledon. — DISTRIB. S. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; species 8.
— ETYM. KVK\OS, from the spiral peduncle.

C. HEDER^FO'LIUM, Willd. in part ; tuber fibrous all over, leaves and
flowers autumnal. C. europceum, Sm. not L. ; C. neapolita'num, Tenore.
Hedgebanks and copses in Kent, Sussex ; (a denizen, Wats.) ; fl. Sept. —
Tuber 1-3 in. diam., turnip-shaped. Leaves appearing after the flowers,
ovate-cordate, crenulate, 5-9-angled, dark green with a whitish mottled
border, often purple beneath. Scapes 4-8 in. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Corolla-lobes 1 in., pink, red at the base, or white (vax.ficariifolium,
Syme). Fruit % in. diam. — DISTRIB. Central and S. Europe. — Koot acrid
and purgative.

2. LYSIMA'CHIA, L. LOOSE-STRIFE.

Erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves alternate opposite or whorled, quite
entire, sometimes glandular-dotted. Floivers axillary or terminal, solitary
raceined or spiked, yellow (British sp.). Calyx 5-6-partite. Corolla
rotate ; segments 5-6, spreading or conniving. Stamens 5-6, inserted on

LYSIMACHIA.] PEIMULACE^. 263

the corolla-throat. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, persistent, stigma
obtuse ; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule subglobose, 5-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds plano-convex, peltate. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone, S. Africa,
Australia; species 60. — ETYM. obscure.

SECTION 1. Lysimas'trum, Duby. Flowers axillary, solitary or in
terminal panicled cymes. Corolla-lobes without alternating teeth. Stamens
included. Seeds margined.

1. L. vulga'ris, L. ; erect, pubescent, leaves opposite and whorled
ovate-lanceolate punctate, cymes panicled, filaments connate below.
River-banks, &c., from Mull and Aberdeen southd. ; rare in Scotland ; local in

Ireland; fl. July-Aug.— Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 2-4 ft.
Leaves 2-4 in., sessile, with black glands, glabrous or pubescent beneath.
Cymes panicled in the upper axils; bracts linear. Flowers dimorphic.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, ciliate, margins red. Corolla f in., subcampanulate,
deep yellow with orange dots inside ; lobes ovate, not ciliate. Capsule
globose. Seeds 3-gonous, rough. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N.
Asia, with a closely allied Australian representative.

2. I*, nem'orum, L. ; procumbent, leaves opposite shortly petioled
ovate acute, peduncles slender solitary axillary 1-fld., sepals linear-subulate,
filaments free eglandular. Yellow Pimpernel.

Copses, hedgebanks, &c., from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- July. — Glabrous, shining,
eglandular. Stems slender, 3-12 in. Leaves 1-2 in. Peduncles capillary,
curved, as long as the leaves or longer. Corolla rotate, |-§ in. diam. ; lobes
spreading, not ciliate. Filaments very slender, glabrous. Capsule small,
globose. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Eussia, Greece).

3. L. Nummula'ria, L. ; prostrate, leaves opposite ovate-cordate or
orbicular obtuse, peduncles axillary 1 -flowered, sepals broad, filaments
connate at the base glandular. Creeping Jenny, Moneywort.

Moist shaded places, from York and Durham to Devon and Kent (never seed-
ing, native ?) ; not native in Scotland or Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Glabrous,
shining. Stems 1-2 ft., rather stout, pendulous. Leaves |-1| in., shortly
petioled, gland-dotted. Peduncles stout, about equalling the leaves, solitary,
rarely in pairs. Flowers homogamous. Sepals ovate-cordate, acute,
Corolla | in. diam., cup-shaped; lobes obtuse, ciliate and glandular.—
DISTRIB. Europe.

SECTION 2. Naumbur'gia, Mwnch (gen.). Flowers in dense axillary
racemes. ' Corolla-lobes with minute alternating teeth. Stamens and
slender style exserted. Seeds scarcely margined.

4. L. thyrsiflo'ra, L. ; erect, leaves opposite sessile lanceolate.
Marshes and canal-banks, local, from Dumbarton and Forfar to York, Lan-
caster and Notts ; fl, June-July. — Glabrous or nearly so. Rootstock creep-
ing, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, simple. Leaves rarely whorled,
lower small, upper 2-3 in., covered with black dots. Racemes £-1^ in.,
from the lower axils, cylindric, peduncles long, suberect; pedicels £ in., as

264 PRIMULACE^E. [LYSIMACHIA.

long as the calyx ; bracts and calyx-lobes linear, dotted. Flowers protero-
gynous. Corolla J in., campanulate, lobes 5-6, narrow, dotted. Filaments
connate at the very base. Capsule ovoid. — DISTJRIB. Europe N. of the
Alps, N. Asia, N. America.

3. TRIENTA'liIS, L. CHICKWEED WlNTER-GREEN.

Erect, simple, glabrous herbs ; rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves in
one whorl of 5-6, with a few small alternate scales beneath the whorl.
Flowers white, ebracteate, solitary on slender peduncles. Calyx 5-9-par-
tite. Corolla rotate, 5-9-partite. Stamens 5-9, filaments filiform. Ovary
globose ; style filiform, stigma obtuse ; ovules few, amphitropous. Capsule
globose, 1 -celled, few-seeded, valves 5 re volute. Seeds flattened, peltate,
crowded, cohering by the membranous epidermis of the testa. — DISTRIB.
A European and a N. American species. — ETYM. doubtful.

T. europse'a, L. ; leaves obovate or obovate-lanceolate.
Subalpine woods, from York to Shetland, local ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the
Highlands ; fl. June-July. — Stem wiry, slender, 4-8 in., leafy at the top.
Leaves 1J-2| in., shining, rigid, obtuse or acute, narrowed into short petioles.
Flowers erect, few, honeyless, proterogynous. Peduncles 1-3 in., filiform.
Sepals linear-subulate. Corolla J-£ in. diam. ; lobes ovate, acute. Capsule
size of a pea ; valves very deciduous. Seeds hexagonal, testa grey-white
punctate. — DISTJRIB. Europe (Arctic) N. of the Alps, N. Asia.

4. GIiAUX, Tournef. SEA MILKWORT.

A small succulent glabrous herb ; rootstock creeping, stoloniferous.
Leaves decussate. Flowers small, axillary, sessile, white or pink. Calyx
5-partite, coloured. Corolla 0. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with
the calyx-lobes. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, stigma obtuse ; ovules
few, amphitropous. Capsule globose, 5-valved, few-seeded. Seeds peltate.
— DiSTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Tibet, N. America. — ETYM.
7Aau/cJs, of a sea-green colour*

G. marit'ima, L. ; glabrous, leaves 4-farious sessile quite entire.
Sea-shores and estuaries, N. to Shetland ; salt districts of Worcester and
Stafford ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stem 6-10 in., pro-
cumbent, rarely suberect. Leaves J-J in., linear- or obovate- or ovate-oblong.
Flowers suberect. Calyx J-J in., campanulate, margins of the obtuse lobes
scarious. Anthers subexserted. Capsule small, globose, cuspidate. Seeds
plano-convex, testa rough.

5. CENTUN'CULUS, L. BASTARD PIMPERNEL.

Very small annual herbs. Leaves subopposite or alternate. Flowers
minute, solitary, axillary, subsessile, ebracteate, white or pink. Calyx
4-5-partite. Corolla short, urceolate, persistent ; limb 4-5-partite.
Stamens 4-5, on the corolla- throat, exserted, filaments flattened. Ovary
subglobose ; style filiform, stigma obtuse ; ovules many, amphitropous.

CENTUNCULUS.] PRIMULAGE^E. 265

Capsule globose, bursting transversely, many-seeded. Seeds peltate. —
DISTEIB. Europe, Asia, America ; species 3.— ETYM. doubtful.

C. minimus, L. ; glabrous, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Wet turfy and sandy places, local, from Inverness and Elgin southd. ; rare in
Ireland ; fl. June-Oct.— Stem 1-3 in., branched from below. Leaves TV-£ in.,
very shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers numerous, white
or pink, homogamous. Sepals lanceolate, longer than the erect usually
4-lobed corolla. Filaments naked. Capsule mucronate. Seeds 3-gonous,
testa areolate. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece, Turkey), Azores, Siberia,
Andes, Brazil, Australia.

6. AN AG ALL IS, Tournef. PIMPERNEL.

Slender annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire.
Flowers on axillary 1-fid. peduncles, ebracteate, red or blue, rarely white.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, 5-partite. Stamens 5,
on the base of the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform, villous. Ovary globose ;
style simple, stigma obtuse ; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule globose,
bursting transversely, many-seeded. Seeds plano-convex, peltate. — Dis-
TIIIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa, S. America ; species 12. — ETYM.
The Greek name.

1. A. arven'sis, L. ; annual, erect or procumbent, leaves sessile ovate
or lanceolate dotted beneath, sepals almost equalling the rotate corolla.
Poor Man's Weather-glass, Scarlet Pimpernel.

Fields and waste places, Elgin southd., rare or absent in "VV. Scotland ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. ;May-Oct. — Glabrous,
glandular-dotted. Stem 6-18 in., branched from the base, 4-angled ; branches
ascending. Leaves \-\\ in., rarely in whorls of 3-4, sometimes cordate, acute.
Peduncles 1-2 in., slender, erect in flower, decurved in fruit. Flowers
homogamous. Sepals narrow, acuminate. Corolla j-J in. diarn., opening in
clear weather, lobes often ciliate. Capsule size of a small pea. Seeds
3-gonous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India; introd. in
many countries.

A. arven'sis proper (A. phoenic'ea, Lamk.) ; corolla scarlet rarely pink, or
white with a purple eye (vax.pal'lida), lobes usually glandular-ciliate. — VAR.
A. caruflea, Schreb. ; more erect, corolla bright blue, lobes rarely ciliate.
Rare.

2. A. tenel'la, L. ; perennial, creeping, leaves shortly petioled broadly
ovate or orbicular not dotted, sepals much shorter than the funnel-shaped
corolla. Bog Pimpernel.

Marshes and wet meadows, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July- Aug. —Glabrous, rather succulent. Stems 3-4 in., 4-angled. Leaves
f-J in. bifarious, opposite or subopposite. Peduncles 1-2 in., rather stout.
Sepals linear-subulate. Corolla ^ in. diam., rosy with dark veins. Filaments
united at the base. Capsule very small. Seeds as in A. arven'sis. — DISTRIB.
From Belgium southd., E Siberia, N. Africa, temp. S. Africa.

266 PRIMULACE^. [HoxiONiA.

7. HOTTO'NIA, L. WATER VlOLET.

Floating herbs. Leaves submerged, imperfectly whorled, pectinate and
multifid. Flowers racemose, dimorphic, white or lilac, honeyed ; pedicels
whorled. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, throat thickened ;
limb 5-partite, fringed at the base. Stamens 5, included. Ovary globose ;
style filiform, persistent, stigma obtuse ; ovules many, anatropous.
Capsule 5-valved ; valves cohering at the top, many-seeded. Seeds angled,
hilum basilar. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.W. Asia, N. America; species 2. —
ETYM. Pierre Hotton, an early Leyden professor of botany.

H. palus'tris, L. ; sepals subacute equalling the corolla tube.

Ponds and marshes, local, from Durham and Westmoreland to Somerset and
Kent ; Co. Down in Ireland ; fl. May- June. — Perennial, pale green, glabrous,
except the slightly glandular-hairy inflorescence. Branches as thick as a
goosequill, succulent, leafy, 6-10 in., radiating from the base of the scape,
floating and rooting ; joints not inflated. Leaves 1-2 in., segments slender,
linear, acute. Scape 1-2 ft., stout, erect. Whorls 4-8-fld. ; pedicels f-1^
in., decurved in fruit; bracts linear. Flowers dimorphic, some cleistoga-
mous. Calyx-lobes % in., linear. Corolla f in. diam., lilac with a yellow eye ;
lobes obtuse. Capsule the size of a small pea. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl.
Spain, Greece, Turkey), W. Siberia.

8. SA'MOLUS, Tournef. BROOK-WEED.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or mostly radical. Flowers
in terminal racemes or corymbs, white ; pedicels bracteate. Calyx J-
superior, limb 5-fid. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-partite. Stamens
5, on the tube or throat of the corolla, alternating with staminodes,
filaments very short. Ovary subglobose ; style short, stigma obtuse or
capitate ; ovules many, anatropous. Capsule J-inferior, ovoid, 5-valved
above the calyx- tube, many-seeded. Seeds angular, hilum basilar. —
DISTRIB. Temp, climates ; species about 8. — ETYM. obscure.

S. Valeran'di, L. ; leaves obovate or spathulate obtuse or apiculate,
quite entire, radical rosulate.

Wet ground and ditches, often near the sea, from Skye and Elgin southd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous, rather shining. Root-
stock short. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, with prostrate or ascending sometimes
rooting branches from the base. Leaves 1-4 in., cauline alternate. Racemes
^-| in., erect ; pedicels ascending ; bracts adnate to above their middle,
small, lanceolate. Calyx-tube hemispherical ; lobes deltoid, acute. Corolla
§ in. diam., lobes short, obtuse. Stamens included. Capsule J in. diam.,
globose. Seeds rough. — DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere, Himalaya.

LIGUSTRUM.] OLE ACE ^. 267

ORDER XLVII. OLEA'CEJE.

Shrubs or trees ; branches opposite ; buds scaly. Leaves opposite,
simple, or impari-pinnate, exstipulate. Flowers in 3-chotomous cymes,
small, white or greenish, 1-2-sexual ; pedicels opposite, 2-bracteolate.
Calyx inferior, 4-lobed or 0. Corolla hypogynous, regular, 4-partite,
deciduous, rarely 0, or of 4 free petals, Valvate in bud. Stamens 2, epipe-
talous or hypogynous. Disk 0. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple or 0, stigma
entire or 2-fid ; ovules 2 collateral in each cell, rarely 3 pendulous from
the septum, anatropous. Fruit 1-2-celled, cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seed
pendulous, testa sometimes winged, albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo
straight, cotyledons flat thin. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions, chiefly
northern ; genera 18 ; species 280. — AFFINITIES. With Jasminece. —
PROPERTIES. Olea europcea yields oil in its drupe, a bitter bark, and hard
durable wood. The flowers of 0. fragrans used to scent China tea. Manna
is the produce of several Ashes. Ash bark is cathartic.

Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Fruit a berry 1. Ligustrum.

Corolla 0 (in the Brit, sp.) Fruit a samara 2 Fraxinus.

1. IiIGUS'TRUM, Tournef. PRIVET.

Shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves often evergreen, quite entire. Flowers
in terminal thyrsoid cymes, honeyed, homogamous. Calyx shortly tubular,
4 -toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens 2, rarely
3, included in the corolla-tube. Ovary ovoid ; stigma 2-fid lobes obtuse ;
ovules 2 in each cell. Berry globose, 2-celled, cells 1-2-seeded, flesh oily.
Seeds ovoid or angled, albumen hard ; cotyledons ovate-lanceolate. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, especially Japan ; species about 25. — ETYM.
ligare, to bind, from a use of the twigs.

JL. vulga're, L. ; shrubby, leaves oblong-lanceolate quite entire.
Thickets in England, from Forfar and Lanark southd. ; (naturalized except in
chalk districts and coast cliffs, Wats.} ; wild in S. Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June-July. — A glabrous bush, 4-10 ft., almost evergreen ; branches
slender, bark smooth. Leaves 1-2 in., shortly petioled, acute. Panicles
1-3 in. Corolla £-| in. Berry \ in. diam., globose, purple-black. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa. — Berries yield a rose-dye and a bland oil used for cooking
in Germany.

2. FRAX'INUS, Tournef. ASH.

Deciduous trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, leaflets opposite with an
odd one, toothed or serrate. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 4-fid
or 0. Petals 0, or 4 connate at the base. Stamens 2, hypogynous. Ovary
oblong ; stigma subsessile 2-fid ; ovules 2-3 in each cell. Fruit a com-
pressed 1-2-celled samara, winged at the tip, cells 1 -seeded. Seed com-
pressed, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons broad. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; species about 30. — ETYM. doubtful.

F. excel'sior, L. ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate serrate, perianth 0.

288 OLEACE^. [FRAXINUS,

Woods and hedges, N. to Shetland, but generally planted ; ascends to 1,350 ft.
in Yorkshire; Ireland, Channel Islands; fl. April-May.— IWe 50-80 ft.;
bark pale ; branchlets stout ; buds large, black. Leaflets 1-3 in., 4-7 pair.
Flowers small, polygamous, in dense small axillary panicles. Stamens purple-
black. Samaras 1J? in., in large drooping panicles, pedicelled, linear oblong,
notched at the tip, nucleus oblong ribbed. Seed f in. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa. — Wood excellent. — F. heterophyl'la, Vahl, is a 1-foliolate state.

ORDER XLVIII. APOCYNA'CEJE.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing ; juice milky. Leaves
opposite, rarely whoiied, quite entire ; stipules 0 or rudimentary. Flowers
regular, solitary or cymose. Calyx 4-5-fid. Corolla hypogynous, funnel-
or salver-shaped ; throat naked or with scales ; lobes usually oblique,
contorted in bud. Stamens 4-5, on the tube or throat of the corolla,
filaments very short ; anthers basifixed, free, or connate and adhering to
the stigma, cells sometimes obliterated below ; pollen granular. Disk
0 or annular. Ovary of 2 free or connate carpels ; style short, dilated,
stigma entire or 2-fid often constricted in the middle ; ovules many,
placentas marginal. Fruit of 2 many-seeded follicles, or a berry or drupe.
Seeds compressed, sometimes winged, hilum basilar or lateral, with often
a pencil of silky hairs at the hilar (rarely at the other) end, albumen fleshy
or hard or 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat thin. — DISTRIB. Chiefly
trop. ; genera 103 ; species 900. — AFFINITIES. With Asclepiadece, and
ftubiacece. — PROPERTIES. Usually poisonous, drastic purgatives, or
febrifuges.

1*. VIN'CA, L. PERIWINKLE.

Perennial herbs or slender decumbent undershrubs. Leaves evergreen.
Flowers solitary, white blue or purple. Calyx 5-partite, lobes acuminate,
glandular at the base inside. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube hairy inside ;
throat thickened, angled ; lobes 5, oblique. Stamens 5, filaments short ;
anthers inflexed, tipped with a bearded membrane ; pollen glutinous. Disk
of 2 glands alternating with the carpels. Ovary of 2 carpels ; style
terminated by a cup-shaped reflexed membrane, within which is the short
conical entire or 2-lobed stigma. Follicles 2, slender, terete, many-seeded.
Seeds subcylindric, testa black tuberculate, hilum lateral, albumen fleshy ;
embryo axile. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Africa ; species about 10. —
ETYM. vincere, from a use of the stems in binding.

V. mi'nor, L. ; flowerless-stems prostrate rooting, leaves elliptic-ovate
margins glabrous, calyx-lobes glabrous § the length of the corolla-tube.
Woods, copses, and hedgebanks, from Mull and Elgin southd. ; (a denizen,

Wats.}] not indigenous in Scotland, 'Ireland, or the Channel Islands; fl.

April-May. — Stems 1-2 ft. trailing, tough, flowering ones short erect.

Leaves 1-1| in., very shortly petioled. Flowers 1 in. diam.; peduncles not

VINCA.] APOCYNACE^. 269

as long. Corolla blue-purple. Fruit rarely found. — DISTRIB. From
Denmark southd. (excl. Greece), "W. Asia.

V. MA'JOR, L. ; flowerless-stems prostrate not rooting, leaves ovate or
cordate at the base ciliate, calyx-lobes ciliate equalling the corolla-tube.
Copses and hedges, naturalized ; fl. April-May. — Much larger in all its parts
than V. mi'nor ; flower less-stems not tough, rooting at the tip only ; flower-
ing erect in flower, elongating afterwards. — DISTEIB. Mid. and S. Europe,
N. Africa.

ORDER XLIX. GENTIA'NE.ffi.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire, rarely whorled
(alternate and 3-foliolate in Menyanthcs, alternate and floating in Limnan-
themum] ; exstipulate. Flowers regular, solitary, or in 2-3-chotomous
cymes. Calyx inferior, 4-8-toothed or lobed ; lobes twisted or valvate in
bud. Corolla hypogynous, often persistent, rotate campanulate or funnel-
shaped ; throat naked fimbriate or scaly ; lobes 4-8, usually contorted in
bud. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the corolla-tube, filaments filiform ; anthers
introrse, often extrorse during flowering. Ovary 1-2-celled ; style simple
or 0, stigma 2-fid or 2-lamellar ; ovules many, 1- or more-seriate on 2
opposite placentas, horizontal, anatropous. Capsule 1- or incompletely
2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, rarely indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds
minute, testa reticulate, albumen copious fleshy ; embryo minute, cotyle-
dons small. — DISTRIB. Cold and temp, regions ; genera 50 ; species 520.
— AFFINITIES. Close with Apocyna'cece. — PROPERTIES. Bitter and tonic.

TRIBE I. CHIRONIEJE. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes twisted. Style
slender.

Corolla rotate. Stamens 6-8. Leaves perforate 1. Chlora.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigma peltate 2. Microcala.

Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lamellate. ' 3. Cicendia.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted 4. Erythrsea.

TRIBE II. SWERTIE^E. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes twisted. Style short.
Corolla-tube subclavate. Anthers straight. Stigmas 2 5. Gentiana.

TRIBE III. MENYAN'THEJE. Leaves alternate. Corolla induplicate.

Leaves 3-foliolate 6. Menyanthes.

Leaves orbicular, floating 7. Limnanthemum.

l. CHLO'RA, L. YELLOW-WORT, YELLOW CENTAURY.

Annual or biennial, erect, glaucous herbs. Leaves broadly connate at
the base. Flowers yellow, in 3-chotomous cymes. Calyx 6-8 -partite.
Corolla rotate, persistent, 6-8-partite. Stamens 6-8, inserted on the throat
of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled ; style 2 fid, deciduous, stigmas oblong
obtuse. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, sunk
in the placentas. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, ~W. Asia; species 2. —
ETYM. x*wW yellow.

270 GENTIANEJE. [CHLOKA.

C. perfolia'ta, L. ; radical leaves obovate-spathulate, cauline ovate.
Chalk or clay banks and pastures from Westmoreland and Durham southd. ;
Ireland ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous. Stems 1 or more from the root, 6-18 in. ,
terete. Radical leaves 1-2 in., rosulate, obtuse ; cauline smaller, broadly
ovate, acute. Flowers \— Jin. diam., many, proterogynous. Sepals slender,
lanceolate-subulate. Corolla-lobes bright yellow, oblong, obtuse ; tube
finally ruptured by the capsule. Stigma 2-fid.— DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. MICROCA'LA, Link et Hoflm.

Small branched annuals. Leaves oblong or filiform. Flowers small,
yellow or pink, in 3-chotomous cymes or fascicled. Calyx tubular, 4-lobed.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube short, throat naked, lobes 4. Stamens 4,
inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1 - celled ; style deciduous, stigma
capitellate ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule 1- or almost
2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, immersed in the placenta.
— DISTRIB. S. Europe, N. America ; species 2. — ETYM. piKpos and waAos,
small and pretty.

M. filifor'mis, Link ; leaves subulate, calyx campanulate, teeth deltoid
acute, corolla-lobes obtuse equalling the tube, fix'acum, Sm. ; Cicen'dia,
Reichb.

Sandy bays, rare, Pembroke and Cornwall to Sussex ; Killarney and Cork in
Ireland ; fl. Jnly-Oct.— Glabrous. Stem 4-8 in., angled, simple or sparingly
branched above, very slender, branches suberect. Leaves ^-J in. Flower*
yellow ; pedicels stout, very long, |-2| in. Capsule ovoid, £ in. — DISTRTB.
From Denmark southd. (excl. Eussia), Azores.

3. CICEN'DIA, Adans.

A small branched annual ; branches divaricate. Leaves linear. Flowers
small, in the forks, pedicelled. Calyx 4-partite, segments narrow. Corolla-
tube cylindric, lobes spreading. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla- tube ;
anthers short, straight. Ovary 1- celled ; style filiform, stigma 2-lamel-
late. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; placentas intruded. Seeds
minute. — DISTRIB. S.W. France, Spain, Italy. — ETYM. doubtful.

C. pusil'la, Griseb. ; calyx-lobes subulate, corolla-lobes mucronate ^ as

long as the tube.

Sandy commons, Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept.— Smaller and more slender
thaTiMicroca'lajilifor'mis. Stems several. Leaves ^ in. Flowers sometimes
5-merous, pink ; peduncles slender. Calyx-lobes erect. Capsule fusiform.

4. ERYTHR.ffi'A, Pers. CENTAURY.

Annuals. Stems erect, angular. Leaves connate. Flowers small, pink
white or yellow, in terminal 3-chotomous cymes, not honeyed. Calyx
4-5-partite. Corolla funnel-shaped, persistent ; tube cylindric, throat
naked ; lobes 4-5. Stamens 4-5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers spirally

ERYTHMA.] GENTIANS^. 271

twisted, exserted. Ovary almost 2-celled ; style deciduous, stigmas 2-
lamellate ; ovules many. Capsule linear 1- or almost 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds minute. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 15.
ETYM. epvQpos, from the red flowers.

E. Centau'rium, Pers. ; radical leaves ovate or oblong- spathulate.

Dry pastures and sandy coasts, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June-Sept. — Erect, glabrous, 6-18 in., usually branched above. Radical
leaves J-2 in., upper sometimes linear. Flowers £-| in. diam., many, red
or pink (heterostyled with dimorphic pollen, H. Mutter}. Calyx-lcbes
linear-subulate. Corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse or subacute. Capsule slender.
— DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. Africa ; introd. in N. America.

I am quite unable to follow critical authors in their endeavours to limit the
British forms of this variable plant. Of these Babington makes 5 and
Nyman 7 species. Regarding those of the former author as sub-species,
they are the following. (The comparative length of calyx and corolla-tube
must be observed on the expansion of the flower.)

E. CENTAU'RIUM proper; branched above, leaves 3-7-nerved, leaves oblong
upper acute, cymes lax or compact, flowers subsessile, corolla-tube about
twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate. — VAR. capita'ta, Koch (E. latifo'lia,
Engl. Bot.), is a stunted var. with capitate flowers. Pastures.

Sub-sp. E. LATIFO'LIA, Sm. ; stem shorter subsimple, leaves broad lowest
rounded 5-7-nerved, flowers in subcapitate cymes, corolla-tube about
equalling the calyx, lobes lanceolate.— Shores near Liverpool.

Sub-sp. E. LITTORA'LIS, Fries ; stem or stems simple, leaves ovate-oblong
obtuse, radical crowded spathulate, cymes dense-fld., corolla-tube equalling
the calyx, lobes oblong obtuse. E. chlorides. Gen. and Godr.— Sandy shores,
N. to Shetland. — This is referred to linarifo'lia, Pers., by Nyman, who further
puts chloo'des with littora'lis, Sm., Engl. FL, into confer 'ta, Pers.

Sub-sp. E. PULCHEL'LA, Fries ; stem simple or branched tetraquetrous, leaves
oblong-lanceolate radical few, cymes lax-fld., flowers all pedicelled, corolla-
tube longer than the calyx, lobes oblong obtuse. -Sandy ground, from
Dumfries and Haddington southd. — VAR. E.tenuijlo'ra, Link, from the I. of
Wight, has a long corymbose inflorescence. It is referred to latifo'lia, Sm.,
by Nyman.

Sub-sp. E. CAPITA'TA, Willd.; stem short, leaves oblong or subspathulate
obtuse, radical rosulate 3-5-nerved, cymes dense-fld. sessile, corolla-tube
equalling the calyx, top not constricted, not elongating, lobes oblong obtuse,
stamens inserted at the base of the tube, capsule ^ protruded. — Downs,
I. of Wight and Eastbourne. — The insertion of the stamens being anomalous
in the Order, suggests this being a heteroclite form of E. Centau'rium.
It has been found in Norway and Prussia. It is omitted in Nyman.

5. GENTIA'NA, L. GENTIAN.

Herbs of various habit. Learns opposite. Flowers solitary, or in ter-
minal cymes. Calyx 4-5-fid or -partite, or spathaceous. Corolla 4-5-lobed,
angles sometimes folded and produced, throat naked bearded or with five
scales. Stamens 4-5, inserted within the corolla-tube, included. Disk
annular. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2, persistent, recurved ; ovules many.

272 GENTIANE^. [GENTIANA.

Capsule septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Steels immersed in the broad
membranous placentas. — DISTBIB. Temp, and alpine regions, rare in
Arctic ; species about 180. — ETYM. The classical name.

1. G. campes'tris, L. ; annual, calyx ebracteate 4-partite, lobes very
unequal, corolla-tube subcylindric, throat ciKate.

Moist pastures, especially in the N., from Shetland southd. ; ascends to
2,400 ft. in the Highlands ;. Ireland ; fl. July-Oct.— Stem 4-12 in., simple
below. Radical leaves obovate-spathulate ; cauline ovate-oblong or lanceo-
late, acute, 3-7-nerved. Flowers 1 in., cymosely panicled, pedicelled, sub-
proterogynous. Calyx-tube short ; outer lobes oblong-ovate, acuminate,
inner narrower. Corolla pale lilac, rarely white ; lobes oblong acute.
Capsule subsessile.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Turkey), "VY. Siberia.

2. G. Amarel'la, L. ; annual, calyx ebracteate 5-lobed, corolla-tube
subcylindric, throat ciliate. Felwort.

Dry pastures, from Shetland southd. ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in Yorkshire ;

Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Habit and stature of G. campes'tris, but calyx less

deeply divided, lobes 5, much smaller, subulate-lanceolate. — DISTRIB.

Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.
G. AMAREL'LA proper ; calyx-lobes subequal from half as long to as long as

the corolla-tube. — YAR. prce'cox, Raf. (G. uligino'sa, Willd.), is an early

flowering state with 4-merous flowers and unequal calyx-lobes.
Sub-sp. G. GERMAN'ICA, Willd. ; larger, stouter, flowers larger, calyx-lobes

unequal, 2 broader and more acute, much shorter than the corolla-tube. —

York, Pembroke, Herts, Berks, Surrey, Hants.

3. G. Pneumonan'the, L. ; perennial, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal,
corolla narrow-campanulate, throat naked.

Moist heaths, from Cumberland to Dorset, and from York and Norfolk to
Surrey and Anglesea, local ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Rootstock short. Stems 1-2 ft.,
few, slender, scaly below, simple or nearly so, leafy above. Leaves 1-1| in.,
linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-3-nerved. Flowers 1-2 in., few, axillary and ter-
minal, shortly pedicelled, proterandrous ; bracts 2, long, linear. Calyx-tube
obconic ; lobes linear, obtuse. Corolla bright blue within. Capsule stipitate.
— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Turkey), N. Asia, N. America (a form).

4. G. ver'na, L. ; perennial, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal, corolla
salver-shaped, throat with a 2-fid scale between each lobe.

"VYet subalpine limestone rocks of Westmoreland, York, Durham ; ascends to
2,400 ft. ; Mayo, Galway, Clare ; fl. May-June.— Tufted, stoloniferous.
Radical leaves rosulate, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, 1-nerved ;
cauline few, smaller, oblong. Stem 1-2 in., curved or ascending. Flowers
1 in. diam., solitary, sessile ; bracts foliaceous. Calyx-tube large, 5-winged ;
lobes acute. Corolla bright blue ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Capsule subsessile. —
DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Turkey), N. and "W. Asia.

5. G. niva'lis, L. ; annual, calyx 2-bracteate, lobes 5 equal, corolla
funnel-shaped, throat with a 2-fid scale between each lobe.
Breadalbane and Clova Mts., from 2,400-3,300 ft., very rare ;: fl. Aug.-Sept.—

Stem slender, 2-8 in., simple or branched. Radical leaves £-f in., few,

GENTIANA.] GENTIANS^. 273

obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; cauline smaller, in distant pairs, all 3-5-
nerved. Flowers |-f in., solitary or few, shortly pedicelled; bracts small,
oblong. Calyx narrow-cam panulate, 5-angled and ribbed ; lobes subulate.
Corolla | in. diam., blue; lobes ovate, obtuse. Capsule subsessile. —
DISTRIB. Arctic, and Mts. of N. and Mid. Europe, Arctic America.

6. MENYAN'THES, Tournef. BUCK- OR BOG-BEAN.

Perennial scapigerous marsh herbs. RootstocJc creeping. Leaves alter-
nate, 3-foliolate, petiole sheathing. Flowers racemose, dimorphous. Calyx
5-partite. Corolla fleshy, funnel-shaped, deciduous, limb 5-partite, disk
fimbriate, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-
tube. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary 1-celled ; style filiform,
persistent, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules uniseriate on 2 parietal placentas.
Capsule globose, 1-celled, obscurely loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds small, testa polished. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.W.
India, N. America ; species 2. — ETYM. obscure.

M. trifolia'ta, L. ; leaflets subsessile oblong or obovate.
Marshy and spongy bogs, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,800 ft. in the Lake
district ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- July. — Rootstocks stout, matted.
Leaflets 1^-3 in., obtuse, quite entire, ultimate nerves with free tips within
the larger areoles ; petiole 3-7 in., sheath long narrow. Scape longer than
the petioles, many-fld. Flowers § in. diam., white or pink ; pedicels J— |
in., stiff, spreading; bracts broad, short, obtuse. Sepals oblong, obtuse.
Corolla-lobes recurved, subacute. Stamens reddish. Capsule apiculate. —
Bitter, reputed tonic and febrifuge ; used to add bitterness to beer ; root-
stock full of starch, hence eaten.

7. LIMNAN'THEMUM, S. P. Gmel.

Perennial water-herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, floating, peltate
or cordate. Flowers yellow in sessile umbels that terminate short axillary
branches, dimorphous. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate, membranous,
deciduous ; segments 5-8, erose, with 5-8 fimbriate scales at the base,
margins broadly inflexed in bud. Stamens 5-8, inserted on the corolla-
tube. Disk of 5-8 hypogynous glands. Ovary 1-celled ; style persistent,
stigmas 2 simple or lobed ; ovules many, placentas 2 parietal. Fruit
bursting irregularly, few- or many-seeded. Seeds small, testa smooth or
muricate. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species about 12. — ETYM.
Aijuj>r/, a pool, and &v8os, a flower.

I*, peltatum, Gmel. ; leaves opposite on the flowering-stems. L.

nymphceoi'des, Link. Villars'ia nymphceoi'des, Vent.

Still waters, rare, from Norfolk and Oxford to Sussex ; naturalized further
north, and in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping, with
alternate leaves. Flowering-stems floating ; their branches short, in the axils
of opposite leaves Leaves all petioled, orbicular, base deeply cordate, quite
entire, green, shining, purple-spotted above, opaque purplish and studded
with glands beneath ; petioles of radical leaves long, slender, not sheathing ;
of floating leaves shorter, stout, sheathing. Peduncles 1-3 in., crowded

T

274 GENTIANE^E. [LIMNANTHEUM.

Flowers 1 in. diam., subumbellate, opening one at a time. Sepals linear-
oblong, obtuse. Corolla bright yellow ; lobes erose or fimbriate. Fruit
flagon-shaped, green. Seeds few, compressed, winged, ciliate.— DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd., N. and "W. Asia, N.W. India.

ORDER L. POUBMONIA'CBJE.

Annual or perennial herbs (rarely shrubs). Leaves alternate, or the
lower opposite, entire or divided, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal di-
chotomous cymes, usually blue or white. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, im-
bricate in bud. Corolla subperigynous, regular or nearly so, 5-partite ;
lobes contorted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube, usually
unequal ; anthers 2-celled ; pollen snbglobose, reticulate. Disk fleshy.
Ovary 3-celled ; style simple, stigmas 3 linear revolute ; ovules 1 or more,
attached to the inner angle of each cell, amphitropous. Capsule 3-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved ; valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 1-
or many-seeded. Seeds angled or plano-convex, testa spongy sometimes
winged, hilum ventral, albumen fleshy ; embryo axile, cotyledons sub-
foliaceous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Arctic and temp., especially W. American ;
genera 8 ; species about 150. — AFFINITIES. With Convolvulacece. —
PROPERTIES unimportant

1. POLEMO'NIUM, L. JACOB'S LADDER.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Flowers corymbose, usually
ebracteate. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla rotate ; lobes 5, obovate.
Stamens decimate, inserted on the corolla- throat, filaments dilated and
hairy at the base. D'isk cup-shaped, crenate. Ovary ovoid ; style filiform,
stigma 3-fid ; ovules many in each cell, 2-seriate. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled,
many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds ovoid, angled, with a short
wing or 0, testa thick, abounding in spiral vessels. DISTRIB. N. temp,
and Arctic regions ; species about 8. — ETYM. obscure.

P. cseru'leum, L. ; leaflets 6-12 pairs subsessile. Greek Valerian.
Copses and streams, apparently indigenous from Stafford and Derby to the
Cheviots, doubtfully elsewhere ; an escape in Scotland and Ireland ; fl.
June- July —Rootstock short, creeping. Stems 1-3 ft., glabrous or pubes-
cent and glandular above, angular, f.stular, leafy. Leaves 4-18 in. ; petiole
very slender, winged; leaflets |-1| in., quite entire, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute. Flowers many, drooping, |-1 in. diam., blue or white,
proterandrous. Calyx campanulate ; lobes oblong, acute. Corolla-lobes
spreading, subacute. Capsule erect, included in the calyx. Seeds com-
pressed, angular ; testa ribbed and rugose, shortly winged. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. of Alps to Russia, N. Asia, N.W. Himalaya, N. America.

275

ORDER LI. BORAGINE^E.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually hispid scabrid or pilose. Stems terete.
Leaves alternate, quite entire or sinuate; nerves usually strong, very pro-
minent beneath ; exstipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, bracteate or
not, in simple forked spiked or racemed often scorpioid cymes, rarely axil-
lary. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed or -partite, valvate in bud. Corolla hy-
pogynous, rotate tubular campanulate or salver-shaped ; throat often
closed by hairs or hollow folds opposite the 5 lobes, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat, filaments usually short ;
anthers 2-celled, often subulate. Disk 0, or confluent with a tumid recep-
tacle. Ovary of 2 2-lobed 2-celled carpels connate at the very base ; style
simple, arising from the base of the carpels, stigma simple or 2-fid ; ovules
solitary in each cell, suspended, anatropous or ^-anatropous. Fruit of 4
indehiscent 1 -seeded nutlets, inserted on the receptacle,, which is conti-
nuous with the base of the style. Seed straight or curved ; hirum basal or
ventral, often concave with thickened margins, testa membranous, albu-
men 0 or scanty and fleshy ; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons folia-
ceous, radicle superior. — DISTRIB. All climates, abundant in S. Europe
and K Asia ; genera 68 ; species 1,200. — AFFINITIES. With Verbenacece,
Lttbiatce,. and Convolvulacece. — PROPERTIES. Mucilaginous and emollient ;
often abounding in alkalies. Roots yield purple or brown dyes. — The
above character does not include the tropical sub-order Heliotropece, chiefly
distinguished by the obscurely lobed ovary.

TRIBB I. ECHIE7E. Gorolla irregular; throat usually naked. Nutlets in-
serted by flat bases^on the flat receptacle.. Stamens exserted. ..1. Echium.

TRIBE II. ANCHU'SETE. Corolla regular; throat closed with scales. Nut-
lets inserted by broad cup-shaped bases on the flat receptacle.

Corolla rotate. Anthers exserted, conniving in a cone 1*. Sorago.

Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers included 2. Symphytum.

Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included 3 . Anchusa .

TRIBE III. LITHOSPER'MEJE. Gorolla regular;, throat naked or closed
by scales. Nutlets inserted by small flat bases to the flat receptacle.

Calyx-tube 0. Stamens included. Nutlets stony 4. Lithospermum.

Calyx-tube short. Stamens protruding. Nutlets fleshy 5. Mertensia.

Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth.

6. Pulmonaria.
Calyx-tube long. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets smooth 7. Myosotis.

TIUBE IV. CYNOGIiOS^SE-ffi. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed
with scales. Nutlets inserted by broad ventral surfaces on an elevated
receptacle.

Calyx-lobes leafy. Nutlets granulate , ...,...,..7*. Asperugo.

Calyx-lobes not leafy. Nutlets with hooked bristles 8. Cynoglossum.

T 2

276 BORAGINE.E. [EcniuM.

1. E'CHIUM, Tournef. BtJGLO.ss.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby, usually large, stout, hispid or scabrous with
tuberous-based hairs. Leaves entire. Flowers white red purple or blue,
in spiked or panicled racemes, honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla-tube cylindric or funnel-shaped; throat dilated; limb unequally
5-lobed. Filaments unequal, adnate to the corolla below, exserted. Style
filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, ovoid or turbinate, wrinkled, scabrid,
bases flat, receptacle flat. — DISTRTB. Chiefly S. Europe and Oriental;
species 20. — ETYM. %XLS> a vipert of disputed application.

1. E. vulgare, L. ; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong base rounded,
cymes short, calyx exceeding the corolla-tube, 4 stamens protruded, 5th
included. E. italicum, Huds. not L. Viper's Bugloss.

Waste ground on light soils from Sutherland southd. ; (an alien or colonist in
Scotland, Wats.} ; S.E. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Root fusi-
form, annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., erect or ascending below, stout,
leafy. Radical leaves petioled, 4-8 in. ; cauline sessile, acute, rounded at
the base. Cymes 1 in. or more, recurved, lengthening in fruit, panicled ;
bracts and sepals linear. Corolla £ iu., red-purple in bud, then bright blue,
rarely white. Nutlets angular, rugose. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, AY.
Siberia ; introd. in N. America.

2. E. plantagin'eum, L. ; cauline leaves linear-oblong cordate at the
base, calyx much shorter than the corolla-tube, cymes elongate, stamens
slightly protruded. E. viola'ceum, Hook, and Am., not of L.
Cornwall; Jersey; fl. June-Aug. — Root fusiform, annual or biennial. Stem

1-3 ft., erect or ascending, diffusely branched. Leaves, radical 4-6 in., lanceo-
late, petioled ; cauline spreading, obtuse, sometimes dilated at the base.
Cymes 4-6 in., spreading, curved. Sepals subulate-lanceolate. Corolla 1 in.,
dark blue-purple, Nutlets as iu E. vulgare. — DISTRIB. W. France,
Mediterranean region.

1*. BORA' GO, Tournef. BORAGE.

Annual or perennial herbs, hispid with tuberous-based hairs. Flowers
in lax forked cymes, bracteate, blue, honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx 5-
partite. Corolla rotate, throat closed by notched scales, lobes acute.
Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla, filaments stout, concave, with an
obtuse tooth ; anthers elongate, nmeronate, conniving, exserted. Style
filiform, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, rugose, base truncate concave, re-
ceptacle flat fleshy. — DISTRIB. S. Europe, N. Africa ; species 3. — ETYM.
doubtful.

B. OFFICINA'LIS, L. ; stem eruct stout, sepals linear comiivent.
Waste ground, near habitations, England, Channel Islands ; an alien or escape ;
fl. June- July. — Root annual or biennial. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, succulent,
leafy, branched. Leaves waved or sinuate-toothed, subacute ; radical 4-6
in., ovate-lanceolate, petiole broad, winged ; cauliue sessile or contracted
towards the anricled base, upper oblong. Cymes axillary and terminal, few-

BORAGO,] BORAGINE^E. 277

fid., branched; pedicel 1-1| in., decurved ; bracts linear or lanceolate.
Sepals subulate-lanceolate. Corolla f in. diam., bright blue ; lobes triangular-
ovate. Anthers purple-black, spurred at the back. Nutlets £ in. — DISTRIB.
Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa ; introd. in America, — Used as a cordial, but
has no sensible properties.

2. SYM'PHYTUM, Tournef. COMFREY.

Perennial coarse hispid herbs ; roots tuberous or fascicled. Leaves, radical
petioled, cauline sessile or decurrent, upper often opposite. Flowers in
terminal forked cymes, drooping, bracteate, white blue purple or yellow,
honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx 5-partite or -toothed. Corolla tubular,
dilated above the middle, shortly 5-toothed, throat closed by elongato
ciliate scales. Stamens 5, on the middle of the corolla, filaments slender ;
anthers long, included. Style slender, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid,
smooth, base broad excavated, receptacle Hat. — DISTRIB. Europe, "W.
Asia ; species 16. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. S. offieina'le, L. ; stem broadly winged above, leaves decurrent.

Kiver-banks and watery places, from Caithness southd. ; (a denizen in N.
Britain, Wats.)', Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May- June. — Hispid and
hairy. Rootstock branched ; roots fleshy, fibrous. Stem 1-3 ft., stout,
angular, branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, radical 4-8 in. ; petiole long,
winged ; cauline shortly petioled. Cymes scorpioid ; pedicels J-J in. Sepals
small, narrow-lanceolate. Corolla £ in., yellow, red or purple. Nutlets |
in., shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Siberia; an escape in the U. States. —
An old styptic ; young leaves sometimes cooked and eaten.

S. officina'le proper ; corolla ochreous. — YAE. S. pa'tens, Sibth. ; rougher,
corolla purple.

2. S. tubero'sum, L. ; stem hardly winged, leaves scarcely decurrent.
Copses in wet places, N. "Wales, Stafford, and Bedford, to Isla and Elgin; fl.

June-July. — Hairy, not hispid, often glandular. Rootstock short, horizontal ;
root-fibres slender. Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender, leafy. Radical leaves much
as in S. offidnale in form, but longer petioled. Flowers rather smaller,
ochreous. — DISTBLB. Mid. Europe from France to Turkey.

3. ANCHU'SA, L. ALKANET.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually villous and hispid. Flowers in
scorpioid cymes, drooping, usually bracteate, blue or purple, rarely white
or yellow, honeyed. Calyx 5-fid or -partite. Corolla-tube straight or
curved, throat closed by hairs or scales ; limb oblique or spreading, 5-
partite. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, rugose or granulate, base broad
deeply concave, receptacle flat, — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia; species 30.
— ETYM. doubtful.

SECTION 1. Lycop'sis, L. (gen.). Corolla-tube curved, equalling or
exceeding the oblique limb. Nutlets with the ring equal at the base.

A. arven sis, Bicb. ; hispid, with tuberous-based bristles. Bugloss.

278 BORAGINE^. [ANCHUSA.

Corn-fields and waste places in light soils, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft.
in the Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-July. — Annual;
root fusiform. Stem simple below, f-lj ft., angular, rather slender. Leaves,
radical 1-4 in., petioled, obovate-lanceolate ; cauline linear-oblong, sessile,
acute, margin waved and toothed, upper ^-amplexicaul. Cymes 4-5 in.,
terminal, simple or forked, short, at length elongate, drooping, recurved ;
bracts leafy ; flowers subsessile. Sepals ^ in., narrow. Corolla J in. diam.,
bright blue, scales white. Nutlets small, reticulate. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. and W. Asia to N.W. India; introd. in the U. States.— A. de Candolle
regards it as indigenous only in S. Europe.

SECTION 2. Anchu'sa proper. Corolla-tube straight, equalling or ex-
ceeding the limb. Nutlets with the basal ring not produced.

A. OFFICINA'LLS, L. ; densely softly hispid, leaves narrow-lanceolate.
Ballast hills, rare, Northumberland, Glasgow ; (an alien, Wats.} ; fl. June-
July. — Root stout, biennial. Stem 1-2 ft., angled, simple or branched.
Leaves, radical 3-6 in., gradually narrowed into long winged petioles ;
cauline sessile, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, uppermost |-amplexicaul.
Cymes forked or in pairs, 1-2 in., lengthening to 4-6 in. ; bracts and sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers subsessile. Flowers homogamous. Corolla ^ in.
diam., violet-blue, scales white papillose. Nutlets small, brown. — DISTRIB.
Europe, "W. Asia.

SECTION 3. Caryolo'pha, Fisch. et Traut. (gen.). Corolla-tube straight,
shorter than the limb. Nutlets with the ring produced towards the style.

A. SEMPERVI'RENS, L. ; hispidly hairy, leaves ovate acute.
Hedges and waste places from Caithness southd., rare ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; (an alien, Wats.)- fl. May-June. — Root stout, perennial. Stem
1-2 ft., simple. Leaves, radical 8-12 in., oblong-ovate, long-petioled ;
cauline ovate, shorter petioled. Cymes in axillary pairs, very hispid, sub-
capitate, long-peduncled, 2-bracteate, not lengthening much ; peduncles 2-3
in., spreading, very slender ; bracts i|-l in., ovate-lanceolate ; flowers shortly
pedicelled. Sepals linear. Corolla § in. diam.. bright blue, scales white.
Nutlets small, reticulate. — DISTRIB. From Belgium and Spain to Lombardy.

4.. r-ITHOSPER'MUM, Tournef. GROMWELL.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, hispid or hairy. Flowers in
bracteate cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla funnel- or salver -shaped, throat
naked or with 5 tumid folds ; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers oblong, in-
cluded in the corolla-tube. Style simple, stigma capitate obscurely lobed.
Nutlets bony or stony, smooth or rugose, base truncate, receptacle flat. —
DISTRIB. Europe, temp, Asia and America ; species about 40. — ETYM.
\tdos and (TTrepjua, from the stony nutlf.ts.

1. L. officina'le, L. ; perennial, stems man)7 all erect branched and

flowering, leaves |-amplexicaul narrow-lanceolate, nutlets smooth white.

Copses, hedgebanks, &c., from Ross southd.; Ireland; fl. June- July. —

Rootstock stout, woody. Stem 1-3 ft., rough with the tuberous bases of the

stiff hairs, very leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., pubescent above, strigose beneath.

LITHOSPERMUM.] BORAGINE& 279

Cymes capitate, small, strigose, on short leafy axillary branches ; bracts
longer than the calyx ; flowers subsessile. Sepals equalling the corolla.
Corolla % in. diam., yellow-white. Nutlets 1-2, narrowed upwards, shining.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

2. !•. arven'se, L. ; annual, stems solitary erect branched, leaves sessile
l-amplexicaul linear-oblong, nutlets grey shining wrinkled.

Cornfields and waste places from Eoss southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. May-June. — Root tapering. Stem 10-16 in., stout, flexuous, shortly
hispid. Leaves, radical obovate-lanceolate, petioled ; cauline 2-3 in., obtuse.
Cymes short, terminal ; bracts large, leafy ; pedicels very short. Flowers
honeyed, homomorphous. Sepals narrow-linear, almost equalling the corolla.
Corolla ^ in., cream-white. Nutlets narrowed upwards. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India ; introd. in the U. States.— Yields
a red dye.

3. Ii. purpu'reo-cseru'leum, L. ; perennial, barren steins creeping,
flowering erect, leaves subsessile narrow-lanceolate, nutlets white smooth.
Copses on limestone and chalk, very rare, Wales, Devon to Kent ; fl. June-
July. — Eootstock creeping, woody, slender. Stems 1 ft., scabrid, flowering
1-2 ft., leafy, rigid, simple or branched. Leaves 1^-3 in., rather softly
strigose. Cymes terminal, few-fld. ; bracts large, leafy ; pedicels very short.
Sepals very slender, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla £ in., bright
blue-purple. Nutlets 1-2, nearly globose, shining. — DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd.

5. MERTEN'SIA, Roth.

Perennial herbs. Leaves usually obovate, lower petioled, upper sessile.
Flowers in terminal cymes, blue-purple, dimorphic. Calyx 5-fid or -par-
tite. Corolla-tube cylindric, limb campanulate, 5-fid or -partite, throat
naked or with 5 transverse folds. Stamens 5, towards the top of the
corolla- tube. Style filiform, lengthened after flowering, stigma obtuse.
Nutlets 4, rather fleshy, smooth or rough, base contracted, receptacle
small 2-4-lobed. — DISTRIB. N. and Arctic Europe, Asia, and America ;
species 15.— ETYM. Prof. F. C. Mertens, a German botanist.

M. marit'ima, Don ; glabrous, glaucous, leaves ovate or obovate.
Sea-shores, Wales and Berwick to Shetland ; Ireland ; fl. May-June.— Suc-
culent. Rootstock fleshy, stoloniferous. Stems 1-2 ft., decumbent, leafy,
much branched. Leaves 2-farious, 1-3 in., lower petioled, upper sessile,
with prominent callous points when dry. Cymes dichotomous, with 2
opposite leafy bracts at the base ; pedicels short, decurved in fruit. Calyx
angular in fruit ; lobes ovate. Corolla J in. diam., 5-lobed to the middle,
pink then blue, throat with 5 folds. Nutlets flattened, large, fleshy, outer
coat becoming inflated and papery, back rounded. — DISTRIB. Lapland to
Denmark, N. and Arctic shores of Asia and America.

6. PULMONA'RIA, Tournef. LUNGWORT.

Perennial herbs ; rootstock creeping, usually terminating in sterile
branches. Flowering -stems simple. Cymes terminal. Flowers often

280 BORAQINEJE. [PULMONARIA.

polygamous or dimorphic, purple, white or pink in bud, honeyed.
Calyx 5-angled at the base, 5-fid, after flowering campanulate, lobes erect.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 pencils of hairs between the stamens.
Stamens 5, included. Stigma subglobose, 2-lipped. Nutlets 4, turbinate,
smooth, base truncate, receptacle flat. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia ;
species 4. — ETYM. pulmo, from its former use in lung complaints.

P. angustifo'lia, L. ; leaves narrow-lanceolate cauline sessile.

Copses, &c., on clay soil, very rare ; Hants, Dorset ; fl. April-June. — EootstocJc
short, stout; root-fibres fleshy. Stem 1-1J? ft., hairy, hardly hispid, brittle.
Leaves, radical 6-10 in., petioled, often spotted with pale green ; cauline
sessile, much smaller, more oblong, acute, ^-amplexicaul. Cymes short, much
incurved, bracts leafy ; pedicels rather slender. Flowers dimorphous, the
short-styled with larger flowers, a smaller ovary and less honey. Calyx-lobes
lanceolate, ^ in., enlarging in fruit. Corolla £ in., pink, then bright blue.
Nutlets smooth, black. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain, Greece, Turkey).
P. OFFICINA'LIS, L. ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.

Woods and copses, S. Scotland and England, rare, naturalized. — Habit, &c. of
P. anyustifo'lia, but the leaves very different, and always blotched with pale
green, and flowers pale purple. — DISTRIB. Europe.

7. MYOSO'TIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS.

Annual or perennial strigose herbs. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline
sessile, linear-oblong. Cymes terminal, scorpioid ; flowers small, bracteate
or not. Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, throat
closed by 5 short notched scales ; limb 5-fid, lobes contorted in bud.
Anthers included, connective slightly produced. Style short, stigma
capitate. Nutlets 4, minute, usually highly polished, compressed or 3-
gonous, base small, receptacle small. — DISTUIB. N. and S. temp, regions,
most common in Europe and Australia ; species about 30. — ETYM. juus and
o5s, from the leaves resembling a mouse's ear.

SECTION 1. Perennial. Hairs of stem appressed or spreading. Pedicels
slender, longer than the calyx. Calyx campanulate, strigose with straight
appressed hairs only.

1. M. palus'tris. With. ; hairs scanty spreading rarely appressed,
corolla J-J in. diam., style nearly equalling the calyx. Forget-me-not.
Wet places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. --Ligh*
green, rather shining. EootstocJc creeping; stolons creeping, with small
leaves. Stem 1-2 ft., erect or ascending, rather stout, flexuous. Leaves
1-3 in., linear-oblong or narrowly spathulate, obtuse, shining ; upper sessile
or shortly decurrent. Cymes variable, flowering pedicels j£~| in. Corolla
sky-blue, disk yellow, lobes retuse. Nutlets small, black, bordered, hard
keeled in front.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia; introd. in N.
America.

M. PALTJS'TRIS proper ; stolons subterranean, calyx-lobes triangular shorter than
the corolla-tube. Lowlands,N.to Orkney, rarer Scotland. —

MYOSOTIS.] BORAGINEJE. 281

Keich. ; more erect with more copious appressed hairs, leaves sessile, flowers
smaller.

Sub-sp. M. RE'PEXS, D. Don ; stolons above ground, calyx-lobes lanceolate ex-
ceeding the corolla tube, — More northern and upland, ascends to 2,200 ft. in
Yorkshire, Channel Islands to Shetland.

2. M. csespitosa, Sclmltz ; hairs appressed, calyx-lobes triangular
nearly as long as the tube, corolla £ in. diam., style much shorter than the
calyx. — M. lingula'ta, Lehm.

Wet places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug.— Light green, tufted, rather shining. Root-
stock short, without stolons. Stem 6-18 in., much branched from the base,
branches slender. Leaves, radical spathulate-oblong, polished ; cauline 1-2|
in., linear-oblong, tip rounded, narrowed to the sessile base. Cymes usually
long and slender, pedicels J-^ in. Sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse. Corolla
sky-blue, disk yellow. Nutlet* black, short, broad, bordered, not keeled in
front. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya,
1ST. America. — This and the preceding are the only species with bright green
shining foliage.

SECTION 2. Hairs of stem spreading. Calyx with spreading and hooked
hairs.

* Lower leaves petioled. Pedicels usually much longer than the calyx.

3. M. sylvat'ica, Hoffm. ; perennial, stolons 0, calyx campanulate cleft
| of the way with few straight and many incurved or hooked hairs, closed
in fruit, corolla | in. diam. flat.

Dry woods, &c., from Forfar and Dumfries to Kent, Hants, and Wales;
ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Biennial
or perennial. Rootstock 0 or short. Stem |-2 ft., branched from the base,
erect or the lateral branches ascending. Leaves 1^-2^ in., acute or apiculate,
hairs spreading. Cymes very lax in fruit ; pedicels about twice as long as
the calyx. Flowers homomorphous, odorous in the evening ; corolla bright
blue, tube very short. Nutlets bordered, keeled at the tip in front. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Canaries, N. and W. Asia.

M. SYLVAT'ICA proper ; leaves long-petioled subacute, calyx base rounded,
tube with hooked hairs, nutlets brown.

Sub-sp. M. ALPES'TRIS, Schmidt ; leaves subsessile, calyx with many straight
and few incurved or hooked hairs, open in fruit, base acute, corolla
^ in. diam. flat, fruiting pedicels shorter, nutlets black. M. rupic'ola, Srn.
—Moist rocks, Ben Lawers, alt. nearly 4,000 ft. ; Teesdale, alt. 2,400 ft. ;
Westmoreland.

4. M. arven'sis, Hoffm. ; annual or biennial, calyx shortly campanulate
cleft | way or lower with few appressed and many spreading hooked hairs,
closed in fruit, corolla £ in. diam. usually concave. M. mterme'dia, Link.
Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug.— Closely allied to M. syliat'ica,
but pedicels usually much longer, slender, and flowers very small and paler
blue. Nutlets brown, bordered, keeled in front.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to India, native of N. U. States.

282 BOUAQ1NEJS. [MYOSOTIS.

M. arven'sis proper; annual, corolla-limb concave. — VAR. utnbro'sa, Bab. ;
biennia], corolla larger, limb natter. Shaded places.

** Lower leaves subsessile. Pedicels usually shorter than the calyx.

5. M. colli'na, Hoffm. ; annual, calyx shortly campanulate cleft | way
with many spreading hooked and few straight hairs, open in fruit,
corolla \ in. diam. usually concave bright blue, tube short.

Field banks and waste grounds, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; E. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- July. — Stems 3-12 in.,
usually branched from the base. Leaves |-1 in., linear-oblong, obtuse or
apiculate, strigose. Cymes very long and slender in fruit, often exceeding
the leafy part of the stem. Style not half as long as the calyx. Nutlets
turgid, brown, scarcely bordered. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.
M. Mitte'ni is a variety with the flowers pale, and the lower in the cyme
bracteate.

6. M. versic'olor, Reichb. ; annual, calyx shortly campanulate cleft J
way with many spreading hooked and few straight hairs, closed in fruit,
corolla TV in. diam. usually concave yellow then dull blue, tube long.

Waste grounds, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Nbrthumbd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Stems 3-12 in., usually much branched
from the base. Leaves §-1 in., linear-oblong, subacute, strigose. Cymes
elongate ; flowers not secund, lowest sometimes bracteate. Flowers homo-
gamous ; corolla-tube elongating till the anthers reach the stigma. Style
nearly as long as the calyx. Nutlets black, bordered. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, W. Asia ; in trod, in the U. States.

7*. ASPERUGO, Tourncf. MADWORT (MADDERWORT).

An annual hispid procumbent herb. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline
alternate subopposite or whorled. Cymes axillary, 1-3-fld. ; flowers on
short recurved pedicels, small, blue. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, with alter-
nating teeth ; lobes leafy, spreading, veined, enlarged after flowering, and
forming a compressed 2-lipped laciniate covering to the fruit. Corolla
funnel-shaped, throat closed by scales ; lobes 5, rounded. Stamens included.
Stigma subcapitate. Nutlets laterally compressed, subacute, tubercled,
attached by the edge to an elevated receptacle. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
W. Asia to N.W. India. — ETYM. asper, from the rough leaves.

A. PROCUM'BENS, L. ; stem prickly, leaves linear- oblong.

Waste places, rare and casual, from Sutherland to Kent; fl. May-July. —
Stem 1-2 ft., stout or slender, soft, simple or branched, sharply ridged,
prickles scattered short hooked. Leaves 2-5 in., lower petioled, uppermost
sessile, variable in form, obtuse or acute, thin, hispid. Corolla £ in. diam.,
blue-purple. Fruitiny-calyx f in. broad; lips unequal, fan-shaped, pal-
mately lobed ; pedicels very short, decurved. Receptacle of nutlets with
2 membranous scales formed of the detached cuticle of the calyx.

CYNOGLOSSUM.] BORAGINE^. 283

8. CYNOGLOS'SUM, Tournef. HOUND'S-TONGUE.

Coarse hispid villous or silky biennials. Flowers small, blue purple or
white, in forked cymes, usually ebracteate. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
funnel-shaped, mouth closed by prominent scales ; lobes obtuse. Stamens
included. Style rigid, persistent, stigma entire or notched. Nutlets 4,
depressed or convex, covered with hooked or barbed bristles, peltately
attached to a thickened conical receptacle. — DLSTRIB. Temp, and trop.
regions, especially Asiatic ; species about 60. — ETYM. /ciW and y\wo-aa,
dog's tongue, from the texture of the leaf surface.

1. C. officina'le, L. ; hoary with soft rather appressed hairs, nutlets
with a thickened border.

Fields and waste places, not common, E. Scotland, from Forfar to Kent and
Cornwall ; S.E. Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Root fleshy,
tapering. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, erect, branched, leafy. Leaves radical, 8-10
in., long-pet ioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; cauline sessile, linear-oblong
or lanceolate, obtuse, base rounded or cordate. Cymes lengthening to 6-10
in. ; pedicels recurved, stout, lower often bracteate. Sepals oblong, obtuse,
enlarged to y in. in fruit. Corolla § in. diam.. dull red-purple. Nutlets j
in., face flat ovate with short hooked spines ; border thickened.— DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia ; introd. in U. States. — Narcotic and
astringent ; smells like mice.

2. C. monta'num, LamJc. ; scabrid with short spreading hairs, nutlets
without a thickened border. G. sylvat'icum, Hsenke.

Copses and waste places in Mid. and E. England, rare, from Salop and Norfolk
to Kent and Surrey; Dublin; fl. May-July. — Habit, &c., of C. ojficina'le,
but greener, more slender, with linear sepals § in. long in fruit, bluer
corollas, and the marginal spines of the nuts largest. — DISTRIB. From
France and Germany southd. (excl. Greece).

ORDER LIT. CONVOLVULA'CE-ffi.

Herbs or shrubs, usually twining (rarely trees) ; juice often milky.
Leaves alternate, 0 in Cuscuta, exstipulate. Flowers in axillary or ter-
minal racemes, cymes, or heads, rarely solitary, often large, of all colours.
Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, regular, tubular bell- or funnel-
shaped ; limb 5-lobed or -angled, plaited induplicate or imbricate in bud.
Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla- tube, filaments often unequal and
dilated at the base ; anthers sagittate, basifixed, often twisted after
flowering. Ovary 2-4- (rarely 1-) celled ; style slender, 2-4-fid, stigmas
capitate linear or lamellar ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, erect from its base,
4 in the 1 -celled ovaries. Capsule 1-4-celled, 2-4.-valved, or bursting
transversely at the base. Seeds basal, erect ; testa coriaceous or mem-
branous, often villous, albumen scanty mucilaginous (fleshy in Cuscuta) ;
embryo curved, cotyledons broad thin folded, radicle short (embryo spiral

284 CONVOLVULACE^E. [CONVOLVULUS.

and undivided in Cuscuta}. — DIST .Chiefly trop. ; genera 32 ; species
about 800. — AFFINITIES. With Boraginece and Hydrophyllacece. — PRO-
PERTIES. Often purgative ; some (Batatas] yield esculent roots.

SUB-ORDER I. Convolvulese, Leafy. Corolla plaited in bud. Albumen
scanty. Cotyledons foliaceous 1. Convolvulus.

SUB-ORDER II. Cuscu'tese (Presl, Order). Leafless parasites. Corolla
imbricate in bud. Albumen copious, fleshy. Embryo filiform spiral.

2. Cuscuta.

1. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED.

Slender, often perennial twining herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate,
often cordate or sagittate. Flowers axillary, solitary or corymbose, white
pink purple or blue, bracteate or ebracteate, honeyed. Sepals 5. Corolla,
funnel- or bell-shaped, limb 5-angled, plaited and twisted in bud. Stamens
5, inserted at the bottom of the corolla- tube, filaments dilated at the base.
Ovary 2 -celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2 oblong or linear ; ovules 2.
Capsule 2-celled, the dissepiment sometimes imperfect. Seeds 2 in each
cell, erect, testa hard. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species about
160. — ETYM. convolve, to entwine.

SUB-GEN. 1. Convol'vulus proper. Brads small, placed low on the
peduncle. Stigmas slender.

1. C. arvensis, L. ; leaves hastate or sagittate entire or sinuate.
Small Bindweed.

Fields and waste places, N. to Caithness ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ; local
in Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or pubes-
cent. Rootstock slender, extensively creeping underground. Stems many,
6-24 in., trailing or twining, slender. Leaves 1-3 in , very variable, apicu-
late, lobes acute. Flowers 1 in. diam., white or pink, proterandrous,
odorous ; peduncle 1-4-fld. ; pedicels 4-gonous, recurved iu fruit ; bracts 2,
small, linear. Sepals unequal, broadly oblong, obtuse. Capsule 2-cellecl,
globose, apiculate. Seeds 4, obtusely 3-gonous, muricate. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India. — A pest to agriculture.

SUB-GEN. 2. Calyste'gia, Br. (gen.). Bracts 2, large, enclosing the
calyx. Stigmas broad.

2. C. se'pium, L. ; stem twining, leaves hastate or sagittate.
Hedges and "thickets, from Berwick and the Clyde southd.; ascends to 1,200

ft. in Derby; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug.— Glabrous, rarely
pubescent. Rootstock tuberous, creeping. Stems twining, 3-5 ft., slender.
Leaves 3-5 in., membranous, entire, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate, lobes
rounded or angled. Flowers 2 in. diam., white or pale pink, inodorous, open
in rain, closed at night ; peduncle solitary, 1-fld., 4-gonous ; bracts ovate-
cordate or triangular. Sepals subequal, ovate-lanceolate. Capsule § in.
diam., globose, apiculate, 1-celled above, 2-celled below. Seeds smooth,
obtusely 3-gonous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. Africa, temp. N. and
S. America, Australasia. — Eootstock purgative.

CONVOLVULUS.] CONVOLVULACEJE. 285

3. C. Soldanel'la, L. ; stem procumbent, leaves orbicular or reniform.
Sandy sea-shores from Isla and Forfar southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June- Aug.— Glabrous. Rootstock slender, running extensively. Stems
6-12 in., slender, rarely twining. Leaves |-1| in. diam., fleshy, usually
much broader than long, lobes rounded; petiole 1-3 in., suddenly dilating
at the tip. Flowers 1-1| in. diam., pale purple or pink ; peduncle solitary,
1-fld., 4-quetrous ; bracts ^-f in., broadly oblong, obtuse, shorter than
the similar or retuse unequal sepals. Capsule large, incompletely 2-celled.
Seeds ^ in. diam., obtusely 3-gonous, smooth, black. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, S. temp, regions.

2. CUS'CUTA, Tournef. DODDER.

Slender, twining, leafless, pink yellow or white, annual parasites.
Flowers in bracteate heads (in British species), rarely spiked. Calyx 4-5-
fid. Corolla urceolatc, persistent ; limb 4-5-fid ; tube naked, or with a
ring of scales below the stamens. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-
tube. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, free or connate, stigmas acute or capitate ;
ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Capsule 2-celled, circurnsciss at the base,
cells 2-seeded. Seeds angled ; embryo filiform, undivided, spirally coiled
' round the fleshy albumen, radicle thickened — DiSTEIB. Temp, and trop.
regions ; species about 80. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. C. europse'a, L. ; sepals erect obtuse, tips spreading, corolla twice
as long ventricose above, scales short or 0, stamens included.

On nettles, vetches, &c., from York to Sussex and Devon, rare; fl. July-Sept.
— Stems as thick as twine, reddish or yellow. Flower-heads |-| in. diam.,
tinged with red. Sepals fleshy at the base only. Corolla-lobes about as
long as the tube, obtuse, spreading. Scales appressed to the corolla-tube,
remote, 2-fid. Styles included. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.

2. C. Epi'thymum, Murr. ; sepals suberect acute shorter than the,
cylindric corolla- tube, scales converging toothed, stamens exserted.

On furze, thyme, ling, &c., from Ayr southd. ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Get. — Stems filiform, very slender, reddish. Heads f-£ in. diam., variable
in colour. Corolla-lobes spreading. Scales large, contiguous. Styles exserted.
— DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.— C. Trifo'lii, Bab.,
is a variety with shorter distant scales, found sporadically in clover fields.

C. EPI'LINUM, ' Weihe ; sepals acute appressed to the equally long in-
flated corolla-tube, scales small distant toothed, stamens included.
Sporadic on flax in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — About

as large and stout as C. europa'a, but usually paler and nfbre succulent.

Sepals fleshy, triangular-ovate. Corolla-lobes obtuse. Scales incurved as in

C. Epi'thymum, but smaller, distant, often 2-fid. Styles short, included. —

DISTRIB. Europe.

286 SOLANAC'E^. [HYOSCYAMTJS,

ORDER LIU. SOLAN A'CE2£.

Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees). Leaves alternate, or in pairs, or sub-
opposite, simple lobed or pinnatisect, exstipulate. iVowers regular, on 1-
or more-fld. supra- axillary or axillary ebracteate cymes. Calyx inferior,
5-fid, usually persistent, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogynons,
rotate campanulate or salver-shaped ; lobes 5, imbricate plicate or indupli-
cate-valvate in bud. Stamens 5, rarely unequal, inserted on the corolla-
tube, short ; anthers connivent or cohering by their tips, opening inwards
by slits or terminal pores. Disk annular. Ovary 2- or incompletely
4-oelled ; style simple, stigma simple or lobed ; ovules many, amphi-
tropous, placentas on the septum. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry.
Seeds small, usually compressed, reniform, hilum ventral or lateral, testa
thick, albumen fleshy ; embryo terete, straight or curved, in- or out-side
the albumen, radicle next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ; genera
t>6 ; species about 1,250. — AFFINITIES. With Convolvulacew and Scro-
phularinece. — PROPERTIES. Narcotic and excitant, or tonic and bitter,
pungent or stimulant.

Corolla subcampanulate. Capsule 2-celled 1. Hyoscyamus,

Corolla rotate, anthers with pores. Berry 2-celled 2 . Solanum .

Corolla subcampanulate, anthers with slits. Berry 2-celled 3. Atropa.

l.. HYOSCY'AMUS, Tournef. HENBANE.

Annual or biennial, heavy-scented herbs, often viscid. Leaves toothed o
sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, or in bracteate scorpioid cymes,
honeyed. Calyx urceolate, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular, bell- or funnel-
shaped ; lobes 5, unequal, obtuse, plaited in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at
the base of the corolla-tube, declinate ; anthers with slits. Ovary 2-celled ;
style simple, stigma capitate ; ovules many. Capsule hidden in the calyx-
tube, constricted in the middle, 2-celled, membranous, circumsciss at the
crown, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, punctate. — DISTRIB. Warm and.
temp. Europe, Africa, and Asia ; species about 9. — ETYM. obscure.

H. niger, L. ; pubescent, leaves angled toothed or subpinnatifid.
Sandy waste places, from Forfar and Dumbarton southd.; not native in
Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;.fl. June- Aug. — Foetid and viscid ; hairs
pale, soft, glandular. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, branching, terete. Radical leaves
6-8 in., petioled, ovate ; cauline oblong, amplexicaul, witH few large lobes
or teeth. Flowers 2-seriate, subsessile. Calyx-tube ovoid; limb subcyrin-
dric, 5-toothed. Corolla 1-1 J in. diam., lurid yellow, veined with purple
(or not, H. gal'lidus, Kits.) ; lobes broad, subequal. Anthers purple. Calyx-
tube globose in fruit, £ in. diam., veined. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N.
and W. Asia, India. — Anodyne and antispasmodic.

2. SOLA'NUM, Tournef. NIGHTSHADE.

Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees). Leaves scattered or in pairs, entire or
divided. Flowers solitary fascicled or cymose, white or blue, honeyless,

SOLANUM.] SOLANACEsE. 287

homogamous. Calyx 5-10-fid. Corolla rotate ; lobes 5-10, plaited in
bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-throat, exserted ; filaments very
short ; anthers conniving, or connate, pores terminal. Ovary 2- rarely
3-4-celled ; style simple, stigma obtuse ; ovules many. Berry 2- rarely
4-celled, many seeded. Seeds reniform. — DISTRIB. An immense tropical
genus : species probably 700. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. S. Dulcama'ra, L. ; perennial, stem flexuous, leaves ovate-cordate
or 3-5-partite, cymes panicled leaf-opposed or lateral. Bitter-siueet.
Hedges and copses from Isla and Ross southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous, pubescent, or tomentose. Rootstock extensively
creeping. Stem 4-6 ft., trailing. Leaves 1-3 in., acuminate, cordate, or
upper hastate, or with 2 auricles or petioled pinnules at the base. Flowers
many, drooping, homogamous ; pedicels slender. Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse.
Corolla | in. diam., purple or white, lobes re volute. Anthers yellow, cohering
in a cone. Ber^\ in., ovoid, mucronate, red, rarely yellow-green. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India ; introd. in N. America.
YAR. mari'num, Bab. ; stem prostrate branched, leaves fleshy. S. coast.

2. S. ni'grum, L. ; annual, stem erect angled usually tubercled, leaves
rhomboid-ovate narrowed into the petiole, cymes umbellate lateral.

Waste places from Wigton and Northumbd. southd. ; casual in Scotland and
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Oct. — Glabrous or pubescent. Stem
6-24 in., rarely more. Leaves 1-3 in., sinuate or toothed. Flowers few,
drooping, homogamous; pedicels slender. Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse.
Corolla ^-§ in. diam., white ; lobes ciliate, recurved. Berries § in. diam.,
globose, black yellow or red.— DISTRIB. All temp, and trop. regions.

S. ni'grum proper ; hairs usually upcurved, leaves sinuate, berry black. — YAR.
S. minia'tum, Bernh. ; hairs usually straight, leaves toothed, berry scarlet.
Kent, Channel Islands. — YAR. S* luteo-virescens, Gmel. ; berry bright green.
Mortlake.

3. AT'ROPA, L. DWALE.

A branched herb. Leaves scattered or in pairs, quite entire. Flowers
solitary or few, peduncled, lurid violet or greenish. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla campanulate, regular ; lobes 5, plaited in bud. Stamens 5, inserted
at the bottom of the corolla-tube, filaments filiform ; anthers with slits.
Ovary 2-celled ; style simple, stigma peltate ; ovules many. Berry 2-
celled, subtended by the spreading calyx, many-seeded. Seeds reniform,
minutely pitted. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa; introd.
in N. America. — ETYM. "Arpo-rros, one of the Fates.

A. Belladon'na, L. ; leaves ovate acuminate. Deadly Nightshade.
Waste places, probably indigenous on chalk and limestone ; oftenest natura-
lized near ruins, from Westmoreland southd. ; near houses in Scotland ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Glabrous or pubescent and
glandular. Rootstock stout, fleshy, stoloniferous. Stem 2-3 ft., stout. Leaves
usually in unequal pairs, larger 3-8 in., contracted into the petiole. Flowers
axillary supra-axillary and from the forks, drooping ; peduncles ^— 1 in.,

288 SOLANACEJB. [ATROPA.

slender. Sepals J— f in., broadly ovate. Corolla 1 in., greenish-purple ;
lobes subeqtial, spreading, obtuse. Filaments subequal, tip incurved ;
anthers pale, included. Berry spheroidal, obscurely 2-lobed. — A sedative,
poisonous in overdoses.

ORDER LIY. PLANTAGINE'JE.

Annual or perennial scapigerous herbs. Leaves usually all radical with
parallel ribs, rarely cauline and opposite or alternate. Scapes axillary.
Flowers small, green, usually spiked, regular bisexual (1 -sexual in Litto-
rella). Sepals 4, persistent, imbricate in bud. Corolla hypogynous,
salver-shaped, scarious ; lobes 4, spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens
4, inserted on the corolla- tube (hypogynous in Littorella), filaments capil-
lary, inflexed in bud, pendulous in flower, persistent ; anthers large,
versatile, deciduous. Ovary free, 2-4-celled (1-celled 'and 1-ovuled in
Littorella) ; style filiform, with 2 lines of stigmatic hairs ; ovules solitary and
basal, or many peltately attached to the septum. Fruit a 1-4-celled, 1-
or more-seeded, membranous circumsciss capsule (bony and indehiscent in
Littorella}, seed-bearing septum free. Seeds usually peltate, albumen
fleshy ; embryo transverse, cylindric, cotyledons oblong or linear, radicle
nferior. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; genera 3 ; species about 50. —
AFFINITIES. Doubtful ; probably reduced form of Scrophularinece. — •
PROPERTIES. Mucilaginous.

Terrestrial. Flowers spiked, 2-sexual 1 . Plantago.

Aquatic. Flowers few, 1-sexual ....2. Littorella.

1. PLANTA'GO, L. PLANTAIN, RIB-GRASS.

Flowers 2-sexual, in terminal spikes or heads, anemophilous, usually
proterogynous. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Ovary
2-4-celled. Capsule circumsciss. Seeds with a mucilaginous testa. —
DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species about 48. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

1. P. ma'jor, L. ; leaves petioled oblong or ovate-oblong toothed 3-7-
ribbed, scape short not furrowed, spike very long, sepals free, capsule 2-
celled 8-16-seeded, seeds flat in front.
Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Northumbd. ;

fl. May— Sept. — Glabrous or hairy. Rootstock stout, truncate. Leaves 2-5 in.,

petiole broad, short, teeth very irregular. Scape about as long as the leaves ;

spike slender, longer than the scape ; bracts equalling the calyx, oblong-ovate,

concave, obtuse, glabrous^. Sepals £ in., obtusely keeled, margins scarious.

Corolla-tube glabrous. Filaments short ; anthers purple. Seeds black, rough.

— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W.Asia, Himalaya; introd. in N.

America. —Seeds used for feeding cage-birds.
VAR. P. interim' dia, OHlib., is a dwarf very downy form with ascending

PLANTAGO.] PLANTAGINE^E. 289

2. P. me'dia, L. ; leaves subsessile elliptic-oblong toothed 5-9-ribbed,
scape not furrowed, spike short, sepals free, capsule 2-celled 2-seeded,
seeds flat in front.

Roadsides and waste places, usually on a dry soil, from Aberdeen and Ayr
southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Northuinbd. ; introduced ? in Scotland and
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Pubescent. Rootstock tapering.
Leaves 6-10 in., very variable. Scape 6-12 in. ; spike 1-3 in. ; bracts often
purple, concave, obtuse, edges silvery, shorter than the glabrous unkeeled
sepals. Corolla-tube glabrous. Filaments long; anthers whitish. Seeds
brown, rough. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and N.W. Asia, Himalaya.
— Dimorphic: (1) scape long, corolla-lobes spreading acute, filaments white;
(2) scape shorter, corolla-lobes rounded, filaments red, stigma shorter.
Delpino.

3. P. lanceola'ta, L. ; leaves petioled lanceolate entire or toothed
3-6-ribbed, scape deeply furrowed, spike short, 2 anterior sepals often
connate, capsule 2-celled 2-seeded, seeds concave in front. Ribwort.
Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Oct.— Glabrous or pubescent.
Rootstock tapering, crown woolly. Leaves 1-12 in., very variable. Scape as
long ; spik| |-3 in., ovoid globose or cylindric ; bracts acuminate. Sepals
hairy at the tip. 2 dorsal keeled. Corolla longer than the calyx, glabrous.
Stamens long, all white. Seeds black, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. — Leaves used
for dressing sores in Scotland. Trimorphic, gynodicecious : (1) scape tall,
anthers broad white (anemophilous) ; (2) scape shorter ; (3) dwarf (entomo-
philous). Delpino.

P. lanceola'ta proper ; bracts and sepals blackish at the tips. — VAR. P. Tim-
ba'li, Jord. ; bracts and sepals with broad silvery margins. Fields of clover,
&c., not indigenous.

4. P, marit'ima, L. ; leaves narrow linear fleshy faintly 3-5-ribbed,
scape not furrowed, spike short or long, 2 dorsal sepals connate, capsule
2-celled 2-seeded, seeds flat in front.

Salt marshes, N. to Shetland; mountain streams, in York and Perth ; ascends
to 1,800 ft. ; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or hairy (b. hirsu'ta, Lond Cat.). Root-
stock woody, branched, crown woolly. Leaves 1-12 in., §-| in. diam., very
variable, sometimes narrowly lanceolate, quite entire or remotely toothed.
Scapes as long as or longer than the leaves ; spikes J-3 in. ; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, flowers homomorphous. Sepals nearly glabrous, 2 dorsal with
a toothed keel, margins narrowly scarious. Corolla-tube pubescent. Stamens
pale yellow. Seeds brown, faintly winged at one or both ends. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

5. P. Coro'nopus, L. ; leaves narrow linear 1 -ribbed toothed or 1-2-
pinnatifid, scape not furrowed, spike short or long, 2 dorsal sepals with
a winged scarious keel, capsule 3-4-celled 3-4-seeded, seeds flat in front.
Sandy and gravelly places, N". to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; most

common near the sea ; fl. June- Aug. — Annual or biennial, usually pubescent
with long hairs. Leaves 1-12 in., very variable. Scapes usually ascending

u

290 PLANTAGINE^, [PLANTAGO.

equalling or exceeding the leaves ; spikes J-6 in. ; bracts ovate, long acumi-
nate, much exceeding the obtuse sepals. Corolla-tube pubescent. Stamens
pale yellow. Seeds pale brown.— DISTRLB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. LlTTOREIi'liA,, L. SHORE-WEED.

A creeping aquatic perennial herb. Leaves all radical, J-cylindric.
Scapes short, few-fld. ; flowers monoecious. MALE fl. solitary. Sepals
4. Corolla-tube cylindric, lobes 4. Stamens 4, hypogynous. Ovary rudi-
mentary. FEMALE fl. usually 2 at the base of the male scape. Sepals
3-4, unequal. Corolla urceolate, mouth 3 -4- toothed. Stamens 0. Ovary
flagon-shaped, 1 -celled ; style very long, rigid ; ovule 1 rarely 2, erect,
campylotropous, flanked by a column of placental tissue. Fruit bony.
Seed erect, testa membranous. — DISTEIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Turkey,
Greece), Azores. — ETYM. littus, from growing near shores.

Ii. lacus'tris, L. ; leaves fleshy lacunose internally.

Sandy or gravelly edges of lakes and ponds, N. to Sbetland ; ascends to 1,600
ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug. — Glabrous or
puberulous, often forming a submerged matted turf. Eootstock creeping,
white, stoloniferous. Leaves 1-4 in., linear- subulate, sheathing at the base.
MALE fl. Scape axillary, much shorter than the leaves, 1-2-bracteate below
the middle, papillose. Sepals \ in., obtuse, green, edges scarious. Stamens
long ; anthers very large, pale. FEMALE fl. subsessile, enclosed in lanceolate
bracts.

ORDER LY. SCROPHULARI'NEJE.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves, lower opposite or whorled, upper alternate,
rarely all opposite or alternate and stipulate. Inflorescence various, flowers
usually irregular, peduncles 2-bracteate at the forks. Calyx inferior,
usually persistent, 5-merous. Corolla hypogynous ; lobes 4-5, imbricate
or subvalvate in bud. Stamens 4, rarely 2 or 5, inserted on the corolla-
tube, with or without a rudimentary fifth ; anthers 1- or 2-celled. Disk
annular glandular or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple, stigma
capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules many, very rarely 2 in each cell, anatropous
or amphitropous, placentas axile. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, rarely a
berry, dehiscence various. Seeds small, testa various, hilum lateral or
ventral, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, rarely curved, radicle next the
hilum or lateral. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera 157 ; species about 1,900.
AFFINITIES. With Orobanehece and Solanece. — PROPERTIES, A few are
purgative, or emetic, or intensely bitter, or very poisonous.

SUB-ORDER I. Antirrlii'mclese. Corolla with the posticous (upper) lobes
external in bud.

TRIBE I. VERBAS'CE.ffi, Leaves alternate. Inflorescence centripetal.
Corolla rotate. Stamens 5, declinate, unequal 1 . Yerbascum .

VERBASCUM.] SCROPHULARINE^. 291

TRIBE II. ANTIRRHINE'-ffi. Lower leaves or all opposite or whorled.
- Inflorescence centripetal. Corolla personate, tube saccate or spurred.
Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule opening by pores.

Corolla spurred at the base 2, Linaria.

Corolla saccate at the base 3. Antirrhinum.

TRIBE III. CHELONE7E, Inflorescence composite. Corolla not spurred
or saccate. Stamens 4. Stiyma notched. Capsule 2-4-valved.

4. Scrophularia.

TRIBE IY. GRATIOLE'-ffi. Inflorescence centripetal. Corolla not spurred
or saccate. Stiyma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-valved 4*. Mimulus.

SUB-ORDER II. RMnan'thidese. Corolla with the posticous (upper) lobes
never exterior in bud.

TRIBE V. SIBTHORPIE'JE. Flowers axillary. Leaves alternate. Corolla
short, subregular. Stamens 4, nearly equal Stiyma entire.

Leaves fascicled, linear. Anthers 1-celled 5. Limosella.

Leaves alternate, orbicular. Anthers sagittate, 2-celled 6. Sibthorpia.

TRIBE YI. DIGITAIiE'.ffi. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves alternate,
lower petioled. Stamens 2 or 4. Stiyma 2-lobed 7. Digitalis.

TRIBE YII. VERONICE'-ffi. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves opposite.
Corolla almost regular. Stamens 2, diverging. Stiyma capitate.

8. Yeronica.

TRIBE YIII. EUPHRASIE'-ffi. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves usually

opposite. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, converging, Stiyma unequally

2-fid.
Leaves opposite. Seeds many, small, not winged.

Upper corolla-lip entire or notched 9. Bartsia.

Upper corolla-lip with 2 spreading or reflexed lobes 10. Euphrasia.

Leaves opposite. Seeds few, compressed, winged 11. Ehinanthus.

Leaves alternate. Seeds many, small, not winged 12. Pedicularis.

Leaves opposite. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, not winged. ...13. Melampyrum.
Leafless parasite 14. Lathroea.

1 VERBAS'CUM, L. MULLEIN.

Tall, erect, usually biennial, tomentose or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate.
Floicers in simple or compound racemes, red, yellow, or purple, rarely
white, honey scanty. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate ; segments 5, nearly
equal. Stamens 5, 3 posterior or all the filaments bearded ; anther- cells
confluent. Stigma undivided or 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds pitted. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Europe and "W". Asia ;
species about 100. — ETYM. A corruption of Barbascum, the Latin name.

The following hybrids occur ; their names indicate their parentage : Thapso-
Lychnitis, Tliapso-niyrum, nigro-pulverulcntum, niyro-Lychnitis.

1. V. Thap'sus, L. ; densely woolly, eglandnlar, stem terete simple, leaves
very decurrent, flowers in a dense simple woolly spike.

u2

292 SOROPHULARINE^. [VERBASCUM.

Waste dry places, local, from Argyll and Elgin southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; often an escape ; a denizen in Scotland ; fl. June-Aug. — Stem 2-3
ft., stout. Radical leaves 6-18 in., obovate-lanceolate, entire or crena.te ;
cauline oblong, acute, upper acuminate. Spike 6-10 in. ; bracts longer
than the flowers. Corolla f—1 in. diam., woolly externally. Filaments with
white hairs ; anthers of long stamens slightly decurreut. Seeds ribbed. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. —
Wool formerly used for lamp-wicks.

2. V. Lychni'tis, L. ; stem angled, leaves stellately-pubescent, racemes
panicled narrow, flowers small whitish, hairs of filaments white.

Waste places, Denbigh, and from Herts and Stafford to Worcester, and
Kent to Somerset ; a doubtful native ; fl. July- Aug. — Stem 2-3 ft. Radical
leaves 4-10 in., petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, coarsely crenate, greea
above, white beneath ; cauline sessile, ovate, acuminate. :"* Racemes erect,
many-fld. Flowers § in. diam., several to each bract. Calyx small, very
woolly. Anthers not decurrent. Style slender. Capsule small, ovoid. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., W. Asia ; iutrod. in N. America.

3. V. pulverulen'tum, Fill. ; mealy, stem terete, leaves stellately-
pubescent, racemes panicled pyramidal, flowers yellow, hairs of filaments
white.

Waste places Norfolk and Suffolk ; (native ? Wats.) ; fl. July.— Habit of V.
Lychni'tis, but leaves much broader, sesssile, with small creuatures and more
matted with woolly hairs ; cauline cordate. Flowers |-| in. diam., several
to each bract, bright yellow. Sepals small, lanceolate. Anthers not de-
current. Capsule small, ovoid.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. (excl.
Greece, Russia).

4. V. ni'grum, L. ; stem angular, leaves stellately pubescent, racemes
nearly simple, flowers yellow, hairs of filaments purple.

Waste" places, fields, &c., from Notts, Derby, and Carnarvon southd., but
often an escape ; fl. June-Oct. — Stem 2-3 ft., whole plant covered with long
hairs, not so matted as in the former species. Radical leaves petioled,
sometimes 1 ft., ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, often cordate, crenate ;
cauline, except the upper, petioled, ovate-cordate, hardly white beneath.
Raceme 1-1| ft., slender, erect. Flowers f-f in. diam., many to each bract,
pedicelled. Sepals small, lanceolate, tomentose. Anthers not decurrent. —
DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia. — An Alderney var. (tomento1 sum, Bab.), has
more woolly leaves beneath, and smaller flowers.

5. V. Blatta'ria, L. ; nearly glabrous, stem sub angular, branches of
panicle slender glandular, flowers yellow, hairs of filaments purple.

Waste places, rare, from Norfolk and Stafford southd. ; S. and W. Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; a denizen or alien ; fl. June-Oct. — Stem 8 in. to 4 ft.,
rather slender, simple or branched. Radical leaves 4-10 in., oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, crenate lobulate or subpinnatifid ; cauline small, sessile, ovate,
or oblong, acute or acuminate, sometimes cordate, irregularly toothed or
subcrenate. Flowers f-1^ in. diam., bright yellow, rarely cream-coloured,
lax or dense; lower bracts leafy; peduncles |-1 in. Sepals oblong, often

VEBBASCUM.] SCROPHULARINEJB. 293

large. Anthers of long stamens decurrent. Capsule nearly globose. —

DISTRIB. Prom Holland southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ;

introd. in N. America.
V. BLATTA'RIA proper ; upper leaves not decurrent, racemes lax-fld., pedicels

solitary slender longer (often much) than the calyx. — Native (?) of S.W.

England, probably introd. elsewhere.
Sup-sp. Y. VIRGA'TUM, With. ; more glandular, upper leaves shortly dec urreut,

racemes dense- fld., pedicels more fascicled shorter than the calyx.

2. IiINA'RIA, Tournef. TOAD-FLAX.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Lower leaves opposite whorl ed or alternate.
Flowers in bracteate racemes or spikes, or axillary aud solitary. Calyx
5-partite. Corolla personate, tube spurred ; upper lip erect, mid-lobe of
lower smallest ; palate sometimes closing the throat. Stamens 4 fertile,
5th 0 or rudimentary ; anthers oblong. Stigma notched or 2-lobed. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose ; cells subequal, dehiscing by simple or toothed
pores. Seeds angled or rugose, sometimes discoid and winged. — DIS-
TRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 130. — ETYM. linum, flax, which some
species resemble.

SECTION 1. Cymbala'ria, Chav. Trailing and creeping. Peduncles
axillary, 1-fld. Spur short ; palate not projecting. Capsule dehiscing by
small 3-fid valves.

L. CYMBALA'RIA, Mill. ; glabrous, leaves petioled subsucculent broadly
reniform irregularly 3-7-angled or -lobed. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax.
Old walls, from Perth southd. ; Ireland ; an alien ; fl. May-Sept. — Perennial-
Branches 6-24 in., slender. Leaves |-| in. diam. ; lobes acute. Flowers
§ in., blue-purple or white, homogamous ; peduncles slender. Sepals linear-
lanceolate. Palate yellow, closing the throat. Capsule small, globose.
Seeds wingless, testa wrinkled. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd. (excl.
Turkey). — Eaten as a salad in S. Europe.

SECTION 2. Elatinoi'des, Chav. Diffuse. Peduncles axillary, 1-
fld. Spur as long as the corolla ; palate projecting. Capsule dehiscing
by pores which are furnished with deciduous valves.

1. !•. spu'ria, Mill. ; hairy or villous and glandular, leaves shortly
petioled ovate or orbicular entire or obtusely toothed. Male FLuellen.
Sandy and chalky cornfields, from Norfolk, Lincoln, and S. Wales southd. ;

Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. July-Get. — Annual. Stem4-l& in.,
erect ; branches many, prostrate, slender. Leaves §-1 in., opposite or
alternate, rarely cordate, acute or apiculate. Peduncles longer than the
leaves. Sepals oblong or ovate-cordate. Corolla ^ in., yellow, throat
purplish above ; spur at right angles to the tube. Fifth stamen a small
scale. Capsule subglobose. Seeds with broad deep pits. — DISTRIB. From
Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia; introd. in N. America.

2. L. Elat'ine, Mill. ; hairy or villous and slightly glandular, leaves
shortly petioled, cauline alternate broadly hastate acute.

294 SCROPHULARINE^E. [LixARiA.

Sandy and gravelly cornfields, from N. Wales and York southd. ; Ireland,
rare ; Channel Islands ; (a native or colonist, Wats.) ; fl. July-Oct. — Annual.
Branches 6-30 in., many from a very short stem, prostrate, very slender.
Leaves, radical and lower opposite, ovate ; cauline 5— 1 ia., sometimes toothed
towards the very acute basal lobes. Peduncles capillary, longer than the
leaves, curved at the top. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Corolla £-~^ in., yellow ;
upper lip purple within. Copsule globose. Seeds much as in L. spu'ria. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, Himalaya; introd.
in N. America.

SECTION 3. Linarias'trum, CJiav. Flowers racemed. Spur long or
short ; palate prominent. Capsule 4-10-valved at the top.

3. Ii. vulga'ris, Mill. ; perennial, erect, almost glabrous, glaucous,
leaves linear or lanceolate, sepals ovate or lanceolate shorter than the»spur
or capsule,, corolla yellow.

Waste ground, from Elgin and the Clyde southd., rare in Scotland and
Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. July-Oct.— Rootstock creeping. Stem 1-2 ft.,
stout or slender, leafy. Leaves 1-3 in., often whorled. Raceme dense-fld. ;
pedicels variable ; bracts linear. Corolla f-1 in. ; spur parallel to and as
long as the tube, acute. Capsule broadly oblong. Seeds scabrous, winged.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia ; introd. in N. America. — A reputed
purgative and diuretic. — A Peloria form occurs with regular flowers, 5
spurs and corolla-lobes, and 5 stamens.

L. vulga'ris proper ; leaves obscurely 3-nerved, raceme glandular-pubescent,
sepals ovate-lanceolate. — VAR. latifo'liay Bab. (L. specio'sa, Ten.) ; leaves
3-nerved, raceme glabrous, bracts fbliaceous, sepals lanceolate, corolla 1^ in.
—Isle of Wight, Kent.

4. L. Pelisseria'na, Mill. ; annual, erect, glabrous, leaves linear,
sepals subulate shorter than the slender spur longer than the capsule, corolla
purple.

Jersey ; fl. June- July. — Small, 6-10 in., with short barren stolons at the base.
Leaves on the stolons oblong, J-| in., opposite and whorled in threes,
cauline j in., scattered, linear, obtuse. Raceme short, few-fld. ; bracts
longer than the pedicels. Corolla § in. ; spur parallel to the tube, acute.
Capsule broad, 2-lobed. Seeds flat, winged, tubercled on one face, wing
fimbriate.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., W. Asia.

5. L. re'pens, Ait. ; perennial, creeping, glabrous, sepals lanceolate as
long as the spur shorter than the capsule, corolla violet. L.'stria'ta, DC.
Waste places, from Westmoreland and Mid. Wales southd., rare ; naturalized

north of this ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Eoot-
stock slender, creeping. Stems 1-3 ft., many, very slender, branched, leafy.
Leaves §-l| in., whorled or scattered, linear-lanceolate. Racemes elongating ;
bracts very small. Corolla \ in. ; spur almost parallel to the tube, obtuse.
Capsule broad, compressed. Seeds angled, wrinkled transversely. — DISTRIB.
W. Europe.— L. se'pium, Allman, is a hybrid with L. vulya'ris.

SECTION 4. Chsenorrhi num, DO. Flowers axillary or racemed. Spur
short ; palate depressed ; upper lip horizontal.

LINAEIA.] SCROPHULARINE^. 295

6. Ii. mi'nor, Desf. ', leaves alternate linear oblong or lanceolate.
Cornfields in chalky and sandy soils, from Lanark and Berwick southd , local ;
Ireland, very rare; Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. May-Oct. —
Annual, glandular-pubescent. Stem 6-18 in., slender ; branches ascending.
Leaves |-1 in. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves. Sepals linear-
oblong. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, J in., pale purple ;. lower lip
whitish ; palate yellow ; spur short. Capsule gibbous at the base, cells
subequal, opening by ragged pores. Seeds truncate, furrowed* — DISTKIB.
Europe, N. Africa.

3. ANTIRRHI'NUM, Tournef. SNAPDRAGON.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire, rarely lobed, lower opposite,
upper alternate. Flowers solitary and axillary, or racemose and bracteate.
Calyx 5 -partite. Corolla personate, tube saccate, compressed ; upper lip
erect ; lower spreading, mid-lobe smallest ; palate broad, bearded, closing
the throat. Stamens 4 fertile, 5th rudimentary or 0 ; anther-cells oblong.
Stigma shortly 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, upper cell bursting by one pore,
lower by 2 many-toothed pores, rarely globose with. 1 pore to each cell.
Seeds minute, oblong, truncate, rugose or pitted. — DISTBIB. Europe, W.
Asia ; species 25. — ETYM. dj/ri'and piv, from the snout-like, flower.

A. Oron'tium, L. ; low, annual or biennial, leaves linear-lanceolate,
raceme leafy or flowers axillary, sepals longer than the corolla.
Cornfields, from Cumberland southd. ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands;
(a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. July— Oct. — Glabrous below, usually glandular-pubes-
cent above. Stem 6-18 in., much branched from the base. Leaves 1-2 in.,
sessile, sometimes ciliate. JSracts leafy ; pedicels short, erect. Sepals ^-1
in., very narrow, spreading. Corolla J-§ in., rose-purple. Capsule § in.,
pubescent. Seeds compressed, one face concave, the other 1-ribbed, margin
thickened.— DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,
N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

A, MA' jus, L. ; tall, perennial, leaves lanceolate oblong or linear, raceme

bracteate glandular-pubescent, sepals short.

Old walls ; an alien ; fl. July-Sept. — Erect, branched, shrubby and glabrous
below, above glandular-pubescent. Leaves 1-3 in., very variable. Racemes
dense-fld. ; bracts ovate, acuminate ; pedicels erect. Sepals unequal, very
obtuse. Corolla 1§ in., purple, white, yellow, or crimson ; palate yellow,
spur hairy within. Capsule % in., glandular. Seeds ribbed, muricate.—
DISTRIB. From Holland southd. ; introd. in N. America. — Seeds yield oil in
Russia. Leaves, &c., bitter and stimulant.

4. SCROPHULA'RIA, Tournef. FlG-wOKT.

Herbs, often foetid. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, entire or
divided, often with pellucid dots. Floivers in panicled thrysoid cymes,
greenish-purple or yellow ; peduncles glandular-pubescent. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla-tube oblong or ventricose ; lobes short, 4 upper erect, lowest spread-
ing. Stamens 4, declinate, 5th usually a scale ; anther-cells adnate to

296 SCROPHULARINE^. [SCROPHTJLARIA.

the filaments, confluent, bursting transversely. Disk oblique. Stigma
notched. Capsule acute, septicidally 2-valved ; valves entire or 2-fid.
Seeds ovoid, rugose. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa, rare in
America ; species about 120. — ETYM. In reference to its former use in
Scrofula.

SECTION 1. Scrophula'ria proper. Sepals obtuse. Corolla purplish,
throat not contracted, upper lobes longer than the lateral. Stamens 4,
included, 5th reduced to a scale on the upper lip.

1. S. nodo'sa, L. ; glabrous below, stem acutely 4-angled, leaves ovate
or triangular-cordate acutely doubly-serrate, border of sepals narrow.
Shady places, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,500 ft, in Yorkshire ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Oct. — Rootstock tuberous, nodose. Stem
1-3 ft., simple. Leaves 2-4 in., shortly petioled, acute or acuminate, nerves
strong, basal teeth largest. Cymes lax ; bracts linear, acute, lower leafy ;
pedicels erect, slender, glandular at the base. Flowers J in., green or
brownish, proterogynous ; scale notched. Capsule broadly ovoid, acumi-
nate. Seeds rugose, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W. Asia, N.
America.

2. S. aquat'ica, L. ; glabrous below, stem 4- winged, leaves oblong-
lanceolate obtuse or acute doubly crenate-toothed, petiole winged, border
of sepals broad.

Ditches, edges of ponds, &c., from Berwick southd.; Ireland; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock stout, creeping. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves
3-8 in., petiole winged and lobed or leaves pinnatisect below, lower cordate
at the base, glabrous or pubescent, teeth largest upwards. Panicles large,
erect ; cymes opposite, dichotomous ; lower bracts small, linear. Flowers
proterogynous. Corolla J-| in., greenish below, brown above, rarely white ;
upper lip 2-iicl, scale broad. Capsule small, ovoid or subglobose pointed. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

Sub-sp. S. AQUATICA proper; cymes lax, many-fld., leaves - crenate, scale
reniform. S. JBalbis'ii, Hornem. — VAR. S. cinerea, Dum., has an entire
scale.

Sub-sp. S. TJMBROSA, Dum. ; cymes contracted few-fld., leaves more toothedj
scale 2-lobed. S. Ehrhar'ti, Stevens.

3. S. Scorodo'nia, L. ; glandular-pubescent, stem obscurely 4-angled,
leaves ovate or triangular-ovate doubly crenate, petiole not winged, border
of sepals broad.

Shaded places, Cornwall, S. Devon ; Kerry ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug.
— Rootstock creeping. Stem 2-4 ft., simple. Leaves 1^-4 in., coarsely
crenate-serrate, usually deeply cordate, much wrinkled. Cymes corymbose,
in long lax panicles ; bracts leafy ; pedicels slender. Corolla | in., dull
purple; upper lip 2-partite ; scale broad, entire or notched. Capsule sub-
globose or ovoid, acuminate. — DISTRIB. Belgium, W. France, S. Europe,
N. Africa.

SECTION 2. Ceraman'the, Reiclib. Sepals linear-oblong, subacute.
Corolla yellow, throat contracted ; lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, ex-
serted ; 5th absent.

SOEOPHULARIA.] SCROPHULARINEdS. 297

S. V'ERNA'LIS, L. ; glandular-hairy, stem obscurely 4-angled, leaves
broadly ovate or deltoid, petiole not winged, sepals not bordered.
Waste places, very local ; a denizen ; fl. April- June. —Pale green, flaccid,
Rootstock creeping. Stems l|-4 ft. Leaves 2-3 in., deeply double-crenate
or tabulate. Cymes subumbellate, on axillary peduncles arranged in a
terminal leafy panicle; pedicels short or slender; bracts and bracteoles
leafy. Corolla urceolate. Capsule broadly ovoid, acuminate. — DISTEIB.
Europe (excl. Spain, Greece).

A*. MIM'ULUS, L.

Erect or decumbent herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary.
Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corcilla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or
reflexed, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed ; petals usually with 2 swell-
ings ; lobes flat, rounded. Stamens 4 ; anther-cells subcontinent. Stigma
with 2 equal lamellae. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, valves separating
from a seed-bearing column, many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong. —
DISTIIIB. American, a few Australian and New Zealand ; species 40. —
ETYM. /u/ic£, an ape, from the form of the corolla.

M. LU'TEUS, L. ; suberect, leaves ovate-oblong coarsely toothed.
Eiver-sides, &c., ascending to 1,000 ft,, from Skye southd.; Ireland ; natural-
ized from N. America ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous, or glandular-pubescent.
Stems §-3 ft., with many prostrate barren shoots, stout, hollow, terete.
Leaves |-3| in., 6-9-nerved ; lower petioled with often a few lobes on the
petiole ; upper sessile. Flowers 1-2 in., yellow ; peduncles slender, exceed-
ing the leaves. Calyx-teeth short, upper longest. Stiymatic plates sensitive,
closing when touched on inner surface. Capsule enclosed in the inflated
calyx, ovoid, compressed.

5. LIMOSEL LA, L. MUDWORT.

Small, tufted, creeping, glabrous, annual, aquatic herbs. Leaves narrow,
fascicled, rarely alternate, petiole dilated at the base. Flowers minute,
ebracteate, axillary, solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla
subcampanulate, tube short, limb 5 -fid. Stamens 4 ; anther-cells confluent.
Style short, stigma clavate. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, valves entire,
septum incomplete. Seeds grooved and transversely rugose. — DISTEIB.
Temp, and cold regions ; species 5-6. — ETYM. limus, mud.

Ii. aquat'ica, L. ; leaves narrow oblong-lanceolate or spathulate.
Edges of ponds from Forfar and Ayr to Somerset and Sussex ; ascends to
1,500 ft. in Yorks. ; fl. July-Sept.— Rootstock filiform. Leaves 1-2 in.,
tufted ; petiole long. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit.
Corolla y1^ in., pink or white. Capsule globose.

6. SIBTHOR'PIA, L.

Slender, creeping, hairy herbs. Leaves petioled, alternate or fascicled,
reniform, tabulate. Flowers yellow or pink, very small, axillary, solitary,
ebracteate. Calyx 4-8 -fid. Corolla subrotate, 5-8-fid. Stamens as many

298 SCROPHULARINE^E. [SiBTHOBPIA.

as the corolla -lobes or one fewer ; anthers sagittate, cells contiguous at the
top, not confluent. Stigma capitate. Capsule membranous, compressed,
loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds dorsally convex, ventral face flat or concave,
hilum ventral. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. andW. trop. Africa, Andes ; species
6. — ETYM. Dr. Sibthorp, an Oxford Professor of Botany.

S. europse'a, L. ; leaves 7-9-lobed, calyx 5-lobed, stamens 4.

Moist shady banks, rare; S. "Wales, Sussex to Cornwall; Channel and
Scilly Islands ; Kerry ; fl. July-Oct. — Hairs flaccid, jointed. Stem 6-14
in., filiform, creeping. Leaves |-£ in. diam., membranous ; lobes broad,
rounded, or retuse. Flowers minute ;. peduncle short. Calyx-lobes lanceo-
late. Corolla pink, 5-lobed, two smaller Lobes yellowish* Capsule very small.
— DISTRIB. W. France, Spain, Portugal.

7. DIGIT A' LIS, Tourn. FOXGLOVE.

Tall, biennial or perennial herbs. Lower leaves crowded, petioled ; upper
alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes, purple orange yellow or white,
spotted inside, honeyed, proterandrous ; throat bearded. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla decimate, tube campanulate or ventricose, constricted above the
base ; upper lobe short, spreading, notched or 2 -fid ; lower longer, hori-
zontal. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers in pairs, cells at first parallel con-
tiguous, then divaricate. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule septicidally 2-valved,
valves entire with inflexed margins, separating from the seed-bearing
column. Seeds minute, oblong, angled. — DISTRIB. Europe. 1ST. Africa,
"VV. Asia ; species 18. — ETYM. digitus, & finger.

D. purpu'rea, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate crenate.

Copses, banks, &c., ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Glandular-pubescent and hoary. Stems
2-4 ft., stout, erect, rarely branched. Leaves 6-12 in., rugose above, radical
petioled; upper cauline sessile. Eaceme 1-2 ft., elongate, secund, dense-
fld. ; bracts leafy ; pedicels short. Flowers pendulous. Calyx-lobes oblong-
lanceolate. Corolla 1|-2| in., speckled with purple collated rarely white
spots ; lobes ciliate. Capsule ovoid, exceeding the calyx. Seeds alveolate.
— DISTRIB. W. Europe.— A well-known sedative drug.

8. VERON'ICA, Tourn. SPEEDWELL.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves lower or all opposite, rarely whorled. Flowers
in axillary or terminal racemes, rarely solitary, usually blue, never yellow.
Calyx 4-, rarely 5-partite. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; limb 4-,
rarely 5-fid, spreading, lateral lobes usually narrower. Stamens 2, inserted
on the corolla-tube at the sides of the upper lobe, exserted ; anther-cells
diverging or parallel, tips confluent. Stigma subcapitate. Capsule com-
pressed or turgid, septi- or loculieidal. Seeds ovoid or orbicular, peltate
smooth or rugulose. — DISTRIB. North temp, regions, Australia, New
Zealand, Chili ; species about 160. — ETYM. obscure.

VERONICA.] SCROPHULARINE^E. 299

SECTION 1. Omphalo'spora. Annual. Peduncles 1-fld., solitary, axil-
lary in alternate leaf-like bracts. Seeds cup-shaped, or deeply grooved on
one side.

1. V. agres'tis, L. ; prostrate, slightly hairy and glandular, leaves
petioled ovate-cordate coarsely serrate, sepals ovate or oblong, cells of the
capsule compressed 2-lobed 4-10 seeded.

"Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. April-Sept. — Branches 4-8 in., slender. Leaves f-j
in., obtuse ; floral similar, about as long as the decurved pedicels. Flowers
honeyed, homogamous. Sepals J in., ciliate, 3-nerved, when in fruit \ in. and
unequal. Corolla ^-J in. diam., shorter or longer than the sepals. Capsule
f in. diam., hairy or ciliate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya ; iutrod. in N. America.

Y. AGRES'TIS proper ; leaves £-§ in., serratures regular not deep, sepals linear-
oblong, corolla pale-blue or white, seeds 4-5 in each cell.

Sub-sp. Y. POLI'TA, Fries ; leaves f-J in. broader, serratures deeper and rather
irregular, sepals ovate subacute, corolla bright blue, seeds 8-10 in each cell.

2. V. Buxbau'mii, Ten. ; prostrate, hairy, eglandular, leaves shortly
petioled oblong or ovate-cordate coarsely serrate, sepals lanceolate subacute
spreading in fruit, cells of the capsule diverging compressed 2-lobed 5-8-
seeded. V. persica, Poir. (the oldest name).

Fields from Caithness and the Clyde southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in North-
umbd. ; Ireland ; (a colonist since 1825, Wats.) ; fl. April-Sept. — Branches
6-12 in., tips often ascending. Leaves J-l§ in., obtuse, petiole variable ;
floral similar, shorter than the decurved pedicels. Sepals usually large,
ciliate, 5-7-ribbed and reticulate in fruit. Corolla ^ in. diam., bright blue.
Capsule ^ in. diam., reticulate, glandular-pubescent. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., N. Africa, "W. Asia, Himalaya ; iutrod. in N. America.

3. V. hedersefo'lia, L. ; prostrate, pubescent, leaves petioled very
broadly-ovate 5-7-lobed, sepals cordate ciliate exceeding the corolla, cells
of the biglobose capsule 1-2-seeded.

Cultivated ground, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-
Aug. — Branches 6-18 in. Leaves £-§ in. broad, lobes rounded,
petiole dilated upwards ; floral similar, about equalling the decurved or
straight peduncles. Flowers appearing in succession as the branch
lengthens, homogamous. Sepals acuminate, membranous. Corolla % in.
diam., pale blue. Seeds large, rugose, with a small deep pit on the inner
face. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, Himalaya; iutrod. in N.
America.

SECTION 2. Veronicas'trum. Leaves all opposite, or floral alternate.
Flowers in terminal racemes. Capsules flat, valves adhering to the axis.
Seeds plano-convex, biconvex, or flattened.

4. V. triphyl'los, L. ; annual, suberect, glandular-pnbescent, leaves
small, upper incised, lower petioled, sepals linear-oblong, cells of the
obcordate capsule many-seeded.

300 SCROPHULARINE^. [VERONICA.

Sandy fields, Norfolk and Suffolk, York ; fl. May-June. — Stem 3-8 in., rigid,
brandies few. Leaves J-| in., long and broad, palmately 3-7-lobed ; lobes
entire, obtuse, oblong or linear ; floral subdigitate. Flowers few, subrace-
mose ; bracts 3-5-partite ; peduncles slender, ascending. Sepals subequal,
obtuse. Corolla ^ in. diam., dark blue. Capsule ^ in. diam., as broad as
long, deeply-lobed, glandular. Seeds rugose. — DISTRIB. From Gothland
southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India.

5. V. arven'sis, L. ; annual, erect or ascending, pubescent, leaves
ovate-cordate irregularly crenate-serrate, bracts alternate, pedicels short,
capsule obcordate, seeds 6-7 in each cell nearly flat.

Dry sandy, &c., places, N". to Shetland ; ascends to near 2,000ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Get. — 'Branches 4-18 in., stiff, 2-fariously
pubescent, often very long and simple. Leaves ^-f in., lower petioled,
serratures few obtuse. Bracts often in dense leafy cyliudric racemes, linear
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or obscurely lobed, exceeding the
flowers. Sepals, narrow, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla minute, pale blue with a
white eye. Style very short. Capsule |-^ in. broad, glandular, shorter
than the sepals. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ;
introd in N. America.

VAR. eocim'ia, Towns. ( ? var. perpusil'la, Bromf.), from Hants, is prostrate,
tufted, with shorter leaves bracts and sepals.

6. V. ver'na, L. ; annual, erect, glandular-pubescent, leaves lobed or
piimatifid, bracts lanceolate entire, pedicels short, capsule deeply obcordate,
seeds 6-7 in each cell flat.

Sandy fields, Norfolk and Suffolk; fl. May- June. — Habit of V. arven'sis,
but always small, 2-4 in., densely leafy and more glandular-pubescent ;
flowers always much crowded ; capsule and seeds much the same in both. —
DISTRIB. Europe. N. and "W. Asia, N.W. India.

7. V. serpyllifo'lia, L. ; perennial, ascending, stem glandular-pubes-
cent, leaves subentire, racemes many-flowered, pedicels short erect, style
as long as the didymous flat capsule, seeds plano-convex minute.

Fields, moist waste places, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Much branched
from the base ; branches 3-10 in. Leaves |-f in., sessile, ovate-rot undate
or oblong, obtuse, subcoriaceous. Raceme 1-4 in. ; bracts alternate, quite
entire, lower leaf-like, upper narrow. Flowers proterogynous or homo-
gamous. Sepals oblong-obovate, obtuse, ciliate, shorter than the corolla.
Corolla J in. diam., white or lilac. Capsule shorter than the sepals,
glabrous. —DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Hima-
laya, N. America. — V. humifu'sa, Dicks., is an alpine variety, decumbent,
rooting at the nodes, with leaves entire, flowers few, corolla blue, capsule
glandular-pubescent. Ascends to 3,700 ft. in the Highlands.

8. V. alpi'na, L. ; perennial, erect, glandular-pubescent above, leaves
ovate entire or serrulate, raceme corymbose few-fld., bracts alternate,
pedicels short erect, capsule obovate notched, seeds plano-convex.

VERONICA.] SCROPHULARINE^. 301

Springs and rills, highest Scotch Alps, rare, from 1,600 to 3,700 ft. ; fl. July-
Aug. — Resembles V. serpyllifo'lia, but more erect ; leaves rather larger ;
flowers fewer, in a denser raceme ; sepals narrower, subacute, half as long as
the obscurely notched capsule ; corolla dark blue ; style short, and seeds
larger. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia, America.

9. V. saxat'ilis, L. ; perennial, decumbent, subglabrous, lower leaves
obovate, upper oblong, raceme subcorymbose few-fld., bracts subopposite,
pedicel long erect, style long, capsule oblong, seeds nearly flat.
Highest Scotch Alps, alt. 1,600-3,000 ft., rare ; fl. July-Sept.— Stem woody ;

branches many 2-4 in., ascending, with leafy barren shoots. Leaves J-Jin.,
coriaceous, teeth very few or 0. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than
the capsule. Flowers \ in. diam., bright blue, very beautiful, honeyed,
homogamous; pedicels f-f in., stiff. Style short, slender. Capsule J in.,
exceeding the sepals.— DISTRIB. Arctic, N. and Alpine Europe, Greenland.

SECTION 3. Chamse'drys. Perennial. Brandies diffuse, ascending.
Leaves all opposite. Racemes axillary. Capsule flat, notched or 2-lobed,
valves adhering to the axis. Seeds plano-convex or turgid.

10. V. officina'lis, L. ; glandular-pubescent or subglabrous, stem hairy
all round, leaves shortly petioled obovate-oblong or orbicular serrate,
pedicels very short, capsule triangular or obcordate truncate or retuse.

Banks and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Decumbent ; branches
2-18 in., ascending. Leaves J-l in., contracted into the petiole, sharply or
obtusely serrate. Racemes slender, many-fld. ; pedicels erect; bracts lan-
ceolate or subspathulate, obtuse. Sepals linear-oblong. Corolla ^ in. diam.,
pale blue or lilac. Style very long. Capsule ^ in., much longer than the
sepals. Seeds nearly flat.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya
N. U. States. — Leaves bitter and astringent.

V. kirsu'ta, Hopkirk ( V. saliy'na, D. Don.), is a very hairy small variety with
leaves narrower smaller, capsule seedless entire at the tip. Ayrshire.

11. V. Chamse'drys, L. ; hairy, stem pubescent on opposite sides,
leaves subsessile ovate-cordate deeply serrate, pedicels slender, raceme long
lax, capsule obcordate shorter than the calyx.

Copses, pastures, banks, &c., N". to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- June.— Branches 8-24 in., slender,
ascending. Leaves §-l| in. Raceme with its slender peduncle 2-5 in. ;
bracts linear, much shorter than the pedicels. Flowers honeyed, homo-
gamous. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla J-| in. diam., bright blue.
Capsule broader than long, pubescent and ciliate. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), Siberia ; introd. in N. America.

12. V. monta'na, L. ; hairy, stem pubescent all round, leaves petioled
ovate-cordate serrate, pedicels slender, racemes short lax, capsule orbicular
longer than the calyx glabrous, margin subcrenulate ciliate.

Moist woods from Skye and Banff southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; fl. June-Sept.— Habit of V. Chama'diys, but sepals much broader

302 SCROPHULARINE^E. [VERONICA.

corolla not | in. diara., paler blue ; capsule glabrous except the margins ;
and foliage darker (though not black) in drying. — DISTRIB. From Gothland
southd. (excl. Greece, Turkey), N. Africa, W. Siberia.

13. V. scutella'ta, L, ; suberect, leaves sessile linear-lanceolate
faintly toothed, recemes subopposite, pedicels slender deflexed in fruit.
Bogs, edges of ditches, &c^ N. to Shetland, not very common ; ascends to

2,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Glabrous,
rarely hairy (var. pubes'cens\ stoloniferous. Stem^6-24: in., slender, brittle,
decumbent and rooting below, .sparingly branched. Leaves 1-2 in., |-am-
plexicaul. Racemes many ; peduncles filiform, usually as long as the leaves ;
pedicels secund, spreading; bracts small. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute.
Corolla ^ in. diam., white or pinkish. Capsule ^ in. diam., broader than
long, deeply 2-lobed, margins ciliate.— D.ISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. and W« Asia, N. America.

SECTION 4. Beccabun'ga. Perennial. Leaves opposite, serrate. Raeemes
axillary, opposite, many-fld. Capsule flat, loculicidal ; valves 2-fid, falling
away from the seed-bearing axis.

14. V. Beccabun'ga, L. ; procumbent, glabrous, succulent, leaves
petioled oblong obtuse serrate, capsule orbicular notched. Broaklime.
Margins of brooks, ditches, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the

Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Stem hollow, rooting
below; branches 1-2 ft., spreading. Leaves 1-2 in., sometimes obovate.
Racemes 2-4 in. ; bracts narrow, usually shorter than the pedicels. Flowers
honeyed. Sepals small, ovate-oblong, subacute, glabrous. Corolla | in.
diam., bright blue or pink. Capsule turgid, a little exceeding the sepals.
Seeds minute, biconvex. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya.— A reputed antiscorbutic.

15. V. Anagal'lis, L. ; erect, glabrous, stout, succulent, stoloniferous,
leaves sessile J-amplexicaul ova,te- or oblong-lanceolate serrate, capsule
orbicular notched.

Watery places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,05.0 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., simple or
sparingly branched. Leaves 2-5 in., subacute, sometimes auricled at the
base, teeth small. Racemes ascending, 4-10 in., elongating in fruit ; bracts
lanceolate, about equalling the pedicels. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, subacute,
glabrous or glandular. Corolla jU^L in. diam., pale lilac or white. Style
moderate. Capsule shorter than sepals, rather turgid. Seeds as in V. Bec-
cabun'ga.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N.
America.

SECTION 5. Pseudo-Iiysima'chia. Perennial. Leaves opposite or
whorled. Racemes terminal. Corolla-tube cylindric. Capsule slightly
compressed, valves adhering to the axis. Seeds plano-convex.

16. V, spica'ta, L. ; pubescent, leaves oblong, spike dense.

Chalky pastures, Cambridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk, and limestone rocks in the
W. of England and Wales ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Stem 6-18

VERONICA.] SCROPHULAEINE^J. 303

in., stout, erect from a decumbent base, leafy. Leaves 1-lf in., coriaceous,
sessile or petioled ; lower ovate, obtuse, narrowed below, crenate-serrate.
Spike If -3 in. ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the obtuse ciliate sepals.
Corolla | in. diam., bright blue, tube as long as broad, throat bearded ; lobes
narrow, acute. Stamens very long; anthers large, purple. Style long.
Capsule equalling the sepals, ovoid, pubescent. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Asia.

F". spica'ta proper ; leaves subsessile narrow-oblong or oblong-lanceolate
serrated above the middle. E. counties, very rare.— VAJR. F. hyb'rida, L. ;
larger, stouter, leaves petioled broader serrate throughout. W. counties,
from Wales and Westmoreland to Bristol.

9. BART'SIA, L.

Erect herbs, parasitic on roots. Leaves opposite or upper alternate,
crenate or serrate. Flowers in bracteate spikes ; bracts leafy. Calyx
tubular or campanulate, 4-fid. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; upper lip
arched, entire or notched, its sides not reflexed ; lower as long or shorter,
tip 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous, hidden by the upper lip ; anther-cells
mucronate. Stigma obtuse, or 2-lobed, posticous lobe very small. Cap-
sule ovoid or oblong, compressed, loculicidally 2-valved, septa and pla-
centas persistent. Seeds transversely o.void. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ;
species 60. — ETYM. John Barlsch, a Prussian botanist.

SECTION 1. B art's! a proper. Capsule ovoid, acuminate. Seedsmany,
large, ribbed or winged on the back ; hilum lateral.

1. B. alpi'na, L. ; perennial, glandular-pubescent, leaves sessile ovate
obtusely serrate, upper cordate amplexicaul.

Subalpine meadows and wet banks, York, Durham, Westmoreland ; Mts. of
Perth, Inverness, and Ross ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in Scotland ; fl. June-
Aug. — Black when dry. Rootstock woody. Stem 4-8 in., erect, simple,
terete, leafy. Leaves f-§ in., rather coriaceous, obtuse. Spikes short, t'ew-
fld. ; bracts purplish. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate. Flowers proterogynous.
Corolla i|-£ in., dull blue-purple, glandular, lips small. Anthers exserted,
bearded. Capsule longer than the sepals. — DISTEIB. Europe (Arctic), from
Gothland northd., Alps, Greenland, Labrador.

SECTION 2. Eufra'gia, Griseb. (gen.). Capsule oblong, acute. Seeds
very minute, faintly granulate ; hilum basal.

2. B. visco'sa, L. ; annual, viscid, leaves sessile ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late coarsely serrate.

Meadows, &c., S. England, Sussex to Cornwall ; Wales ; Chester to Argyll ;
W. Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct.— Stem 6-18 in., terete, usually
simple, often flowering throughout much of its length. Leaves |-1§ in.,
rather scabrid, nerves prominent beneath. Calyx-tube curved ; lobes trian-
gular-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla £ in., yellow, glandular; tower lip

304 SCROPHULARINE^E. [BARTSIA.

large. Anthers yellow, slightly bearded Capsule pubescent, shorter than
the calyx. — DISTRLB. W. Europe, N.W. Africa, "W. Asia.

SECTION 3. Odonti'tes, Persoon (gen.) Capsule ovate or oblong,
compressed, obtuse. Seeds strongly ribbed, pendulous ; hilum basal.

3. B. Odonti'tes, Huds. ; annual, pubescent, leaves linear-lanceolate
distantly serrate. Enplira'sia Odonti'tes, L. Odonti'tcs rubra, Pers.
Fields and waste places, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem 6-18 in., erect or ascending,
wiry, 4-gonous, paniculately branched ; branches opposite, terminating in
slender leafy racemes. Leaves J-2 in., sessile, very variable. Spikes sub-
secund ; lower bracts leafy, upper narrower. Flowers proterogynous,
honeyed. Calyx campanulate ; lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube.
Corolla | in., pink, pubescent; upper lip long, entire. Anthers usually
exserted, yellow, almost glabrous. Style moderate. Capsule | in., rather
exceeding the calyx. Seeds narrow-oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, IS". Asia, N.
Africa, Himalaya. — Often placed in Euphrasia, and with reason.
YAR. O. ver'na, Keichb. ; branches ascending, leaves rounded at the base
bracts longer than the flowers, calyx-teeth equalling the tube. — YAR. O.
seroti'na, Reichb. (Euphra'sia rotunda'ta. Ball) ; branches flexuous upcurved,
leaves narrow at the base, bracts shorter than the flowers, calyx-teeth
equalling the tube. — YAR. 0. diver'yens, Jord. ; much branched, branches
widely spreading.

10. EUPHRA'SIA, Tournef. EYEBRIGHT.

Annual or perennial herbs, parasitic on roots. Leaves opposite, toothed
or cut. Flowers in dense secund or interrupted bracteate spikes, white
yellow or purple. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-fid. Corolla tubular,
2-lipped ; upper lip concave, lobes 2, broad spreading ; lower spreading
3-fid. Stamens hidden by the upper lip ; anthers-cohering by hairs, cells
mucronate. Stigma dilated, obtuse. Capsule oblong compressed, loculi-
cidally 2-valved. Seeds few or many, pendulous, oblong or fusiform,
furrowed. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions ; species 20. — ETYM. tvcppaivct,, to
gladden, in allusion to its former use as an eye-medicine.

E. officinalis, L. ; annual, lower leaves crenate, upper cut.

Meadows, heaths, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,600 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Glabrous or glandular-pubescent.
Stem 1-10 in., erect, wiry, usually with many opposite branches. Leaves
jt-| in., sessile, ovate or lanceolate. Spikes terminal; bracts leafy; flowers
minute. Flowers dimorphous, larger proterogynous, smaller proterandrous.
Calyx about equalling the bracts, tube ribbed; lobes acute. Corolla |-| in.,
white or lilac, purple veined ; mid-lobe of lower lip yellow. Anthers brown,
pubescent, one cell spurred. Capsule included or exserted. Seeds very
variable in form and colour. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America. — Of this plant there are a multitude of forms.

E. ojficina'lis proper; bracts triangular-ovate base broad, lower corolla-lip
equalling or exceeding the tube. — YAR. E. grac'ilis, Fries ; more slender,
bracts broader, base narrowed, lower corolla-lip shorter than the tube. —

EUPHRASIA.] SCROPHULARINE^. 305

VAR. marifima; capsule much longer than the calyx. Shores of
Shetland.

11. RHINAN'THUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Annual erect herbs, black when dry, parasitic on roots. Leaves opposite,
narrow, serrate. Flowers in secund spikes, yellow spotted with violet,
honeyed; bracts broad, cuspidate-toothed. Calyx ventiicose, compressed,
4-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, tube subeylindric ; upper lip obtuse, com-
pressed, entire, with a toothed appendage on each side the tip ; lower
shorter, lobes 3 spreading. Stamens 4, hidden by the upper lip ; anthers
cohering by hairs, not spurred. Style filiform, tip inflexed, stigma sub-
capitate. Capsule orbicular, compressed, loculicidally 2-valved ; valves
membranous, entire, bearing the placentas in the middle. Seeds suborbi-
cular, compressed, hilum lateral ; embryo small. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia, N. America ; species 2-3. — ETYM. piV, the nose, and
&v6os, flower, in allusion to the form of the corolla.

R. Crista-gal'li, L. ; erect, leaves deeply crenate-serrate.

Damp pastures and wet places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- July .—Glabrous or glandular
pubescent. Stem 6-18 in., simple or with opposite branches, 4-gonous.
Leaves distant, 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute.
Bracts longer than the calyx, ovate, taper-pointed. Flowers dimorphic as
in Euphrasia. Calyx J-| in., mouth small, teeth triangular. Corolla |-1 in.,
yellow; lobes of upper lip blue. Anthers bluish. Capsule included in the
bladdery calyx-tube. Seeds with a broad or narrow wing. — DISTRIB. Of the
genus.

R. CRISTA-GAI/LI proper ; stem subsimple, bracts green, spikes few- and lax-
fid., corolla-tube hardly exceeding the calyx, lobes of upper lip short roundish.
E, mi'nor, Ehrh. Meadows and pastures.

Sub-sp. E. MA'JOR, Ehrh. ; taller, much branched, bracts yellowish, spikes
many and dense-fld., corolla larger tube exceeding the calyx, lobes of upper
lip oblong, seed-wing broad (var. platyp'tera, Fr.) or narrow (stenop'tera,
Fr.), or 0 and seed ribbed (ap'tera, Fr., R. Reichenbach'ii, Drej.). Fields,
sporadic, not in Ireland or Channel Islands.

12. PEDICULA'RIS, Tournef. LOUSEWORT.

Herbs, black when dry ; parasitic on roots. Leaves alternate whorled or
opposite, toothed or pinnatisect. Flowers in bracteate spikes or racemes,
white red purple or yellow, honeyed. Calyx tubular or campanulate, split
anteriorly ; teeth 2-5, unequal, entire lobed or crested. Corolla 2-lipped,
tube cylindric or throat dilated ; upper lip compressed, entire or notched,
or with 2 teeth below the tip ; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, concealed by
the upper lip, filaments or the 2 posterior only hairy ; anthers cohering
by hairs, cells obtuse. Capsule compressed, loculicidally 2-valved, seeds
few, in its lower part. Seeds ovoid, testa firm or lax rugose or smooth ;
embryo short or long. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions ; species 120. — ETYM.
pediculus, being supposed to encourage lice in sheep.

306 SCROPHULARINE^E. [PEDICULARIS.

1. P. palus'tris, L. ; stem erect branched above, calyx ovoid compressed
hairy ribbed, lobes subequal crenate.

Bogs and marshes, N. to Shetland, ascends to 1,800 ft. in the Highlands; Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Sept. — Annual, glabrous or sparingly hairy.
Stem 6-18 in., stout. Leaves 1-3 in., linear-oblong, pinnate ; segments oblong,
obtuse, crenate or pinnatifid, ultimate rounded. Bracts leafy. Calyx |-§
in., reddish green, ventricose in fruit. Corolla 1 in., dull pink ; upper lip
obtuse 3-toothed, lower broad. Capsule exceeding the calyx, curved. —
DISTBIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Spain, Greece), N. Asia.

2. P. sylvat'ica, L. ; stem branched at the base, branches spreading,
calyx oblong angled glabrous, lobes unequal foliaceous crenate.

Copses, heaths, and damp meadows, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-July. — Perennial, glabrous.
Stems many, 3-10 in., decumbent and ascending from a very short rootstock,
leafy. Leaves and bracts much as in P. palus'tris, but segments acute.
Spike lax-fld. Calyx f in., 5-lobed, upper lobe entire, the rest foliaceous.
Corolla 1 in., rose-cold., tube slender, upper lip 2-toothed. Capsule longer
than the calyx, obliquely truncate.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece,
Turkey).

13. MELAMPY'RUM, Tournef. COW-WHEAT.

Erect, branched, annual herbs, black when dry, parasitic on roots.
Leaves opposite, cauline narrow entire. Flowers axillary and solitary or
in leafy spikes, honeyed. Calyx tubular or campamilate ; teeth 4, acu-
minate". Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, dilated above ; upper lip short,
compressed, truncate, margins recurved ; lower shorter, 3-lobed, palate
prominent. Stamens 4, under the upper lip, anthers oblong, cohering by
hairs, cells mucronate. Disk hypogynous, anticous. Stigma small, ob-
tuse ; ovules 2, collateral near the base of each cell, one subsessile erect,
the other stalked fixed laterally. Capsule compressed, ovate, oblique or
falcate, loculicidally 2-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds oblong, testa smooth,
hilum thickened ; embryo small. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia ; species
6. — ETYM. ^Xas and irvp6s, Hack wheat.

1. M. praten'se, L. ; flowers axillary secund, bracts entire or toothed,
corolla much longer than the calyx, lips closed, lower straight. .
Copses, heaths, and pastures, N. to Orkney; ascending to 3,000 ft. in the High-,
lands ; Ireland ; fl. June-Sept.— Glabrous or pubescent, very variable. Stem
6-24 in., terete, wiry ; branches spreading. Leaves f-3 in., ciliate, linear-
or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or very shortly petioled, quite entire. Bracts
ciliate, often toothed laciniate or pinnatifid, sometimes hastate. Calyx-teeth
lanceolate ascending. Corolla pale yellow, horizontal, tube straight. Capsule
ovoid, deflexed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Spain, Italy, Greece
Turkey), Siberia.

M. praten'se proper ; leaves linear-lanceolate acute, bracts toothed or pin-
natifid tips slender. — YAK. latifo'lia ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a
broad base, bracts deeply toothed, the upper with short tips. Chalk, &c.
districts, Oxford, Monmouth, I. of Wight. — VAR. M. monta'num, JoLnst. ;

MELAMPYRUM.] SCEOPHULARINE^. 307

leaves linear -lanceolate, bracts entire tips long slender. — VAR. ericeto'rum,
D. Oliv. ; hispid, leaves linear-lanceolate, bracts toothed.

2. M. sylvat'icum, L. ; flowers axillary secund, bracts quite entire,
corolla not much exceeding the calyx, lips not closed, lower denexed.
Subalpine woods, rare, from York to Caithness ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the

Highlands ; N.E. Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Aug. — Similar in habit and foliage
to 3f. praten'se, but flowers suberect; calyx-teeth spreading; corolla smaller,
shorter, deep yellow rarely pale (var. pallidijlo'ra], its tube curved, and
capsule not denexed. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), Siberia.

3. M. arven'se, L. ; flowers spiked, bracts straight broad pinnatifid,
corolla-tube longer than the long slender calyx-teeth, lips closed.

Cornfields, very local, Norfolk to Essex, Herts, I. of Wight ; (casual or a
colonist, Wats.}; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 1-2 ft., obtusely 4-gonous, stout,
erect, branched, scabemlous. Leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate, quite entire or the
upper toothed at the base. Spike 3-4 in.^ stout, obscurely 4-gonous ; bracts
leafy, f-1 in., rose purple. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, subulate. Corolla £
in., erect, tube curved, puberulous, rosy, throat yellow, lips dark pink.
Capsule shorter than the calyx, ovoid, cells 1-seeded. Seeds oblong, like
black wheat-grains. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia.

4. M. crista'tum, L. ; flowers densely spiked, bracts ovate-cordate
acuminate recurved finely pectinate, corolla-tube much longer than the
unequal acute calyx- teeth, lips closed.

Copses and fields in the E. counties, rare, from Hants to Norfolk, and Suffolk
to Bedford; (a colonist? Wats.}; fl. Sept.-Oct.— Puberulous. Stem 6-1 S
in., rigid, erect, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 2-4 in., spreading, narrow
linear-lanceolate. Spike l|-2 in., oblong, obtuse, acutely 4-angled with
hollow faces ; bracts densely imbricate, cordate, purple, teeth very slender,
margins folded enclosing the calyx. Calyx-tube short, teeth very unequal,
upper long subulate. Corolla % iu., tube bent, yellow tipped with purple.
Capsule exceeding the calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

14. IiATHR-ffi'A; L. TOOTHWOIIT.

Fleshy root-parasites. Flowers 2-seriate in a secund raceme, bracteate.
Calyx campanulate, regular, 4-fid. Corolla gaping, upper lip arched en-
tire, lower smaller 3-toothed. Stamens 4, anther-cells spreading at the
base. Disk glandular, broad, anticous. Ovary 1-celled, placentas broad sub-
confluent in pairs, stigma large capitate 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-
seeded. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; species 3. —
ETYM. \a6pcuos, hidden, from its locality.

!•. squama'ria, L. ; raceme decurved in bud, flowers subsessile.
On roots chiefly of hazel in shady places, from Perth and Inverness southd. ;
Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Perennial, white or purplish, glabrous or pilose,
fleshy, black when dry. Itootstock branched, scaly, rootlets attached by
tubercular bases to the rootlets of the plant it preys upon. Stems 4-10 in.,
stout, scaly. Raceme 4-6 in.; bracts like the scales, broadly oblong.

x 2

308 SCROPHULA RINEJE. [LATHRJEA .

Flowers J in. Calyx 2-lipped, lobes broad subacute, shorter than the dull
purple arched corolla, which has small erect lobes. Anthers coherent,
pubescent. Style exserted, decurvecl, stigma purple. Capsule ovoid. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

ORDER LVI. OROBAN'CHEJE.

Leafless brownish root-parasites. RootstocTc often tuberous, naked or
scaly. Stem usually stout, solitary, scaly. Flowers in lax or dense spikes
or racemes. Sepals 4-5, inferior, free or connate. Corolla hypogynous,
irregular, tube curved ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip arched, lower 3-fid ;
throat with 2 villous folds. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the
corolla- tube ; anthers 2-celled, cells spurred at the base, opening by lateral
slits or basal pores. Disk unilateral, or 0. Ovary 1-celled, of 2 carpels ;
style simple, curved at the tip, stigma capitate 2-lobed ; ovules many,
rarely few, anatropous, placentas 2 pairs free or confluent parietal. Cap-
sule 1-celled, 2-valved, few- or many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa thick
pitted or tubercled, albumen fleshy ; embryo ovoid, undivided or 2-fid. —
DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; chiefly S. Europe and E. Asia ; genera
11 ; species 150. — AFFINITIES. With Scrophularinece, and Cyrtandraccce,
and possibly parasitic forms of these.— PROPERTIES. Astringent and
bitter.

See Lathraa in Scrophularinese.

1. OROBAN'CHE, L. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers usually glandular-pubescent, 1-3-bracteate. Sepals 4, usually
connate in pairs, with sometimes a small 5th. Corolla gaping ; upper
lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included, filaments
flattened below ; anther-cells spreading. Disk glandular or 0. Ovary
ovoid ; style usually glandular, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule imperfectly
2-valved, many-seeded ; valves cohering at the base and usually at the
top -also. — DISTRIB. Of the Order; species about 100. — ETYM. tipo&os, a
vetch, and &yx*W) to strangle^ from its parasitic habit.

SECTION 1. Ospro'leon proper. Stem usually quite simple. Flowers
1-bracteate, ebracteolate. Calyx-segments 2, 2-fid, rarely entire. Capsule
with the valves coherent above.

1. O. ma'jor, L. ; brown, sepals 1-3-nerved nearly as long as the corolla-
tube, upper lip entire, mid-lobe of lower lip longer than the lateral, fila-
ments glabrous below glandular above, stigma yellow. 0. Ra'pum, Thuill.
On roots of shrubby Papilionacea, from Dumfries southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Stem stout, 1-2 ft. Spike rather dense-fld. ; bracts
equalling or exceeding the corolla. Sepals entire or 2-fid. Corolla 1 in.,
yellow and purplish, subcampanulate, curved, lobes small, waved, scarcely

OKOBANCHE.] OROBANCHE^. 309

toothed ; upper lip arched, scarcely notched. — DISTRIB. From Holland
southd. .(excl. Greece, Turkey), N. Africa. — Reichenbach figures the lobes of
lower lip as small and equal, and flower as red-brown. I take this to be O.
ma'jor of Linna3us, who states that it is parasitic especially on Leyuminosa,
and quotes for it the Rapum genista of Lobel. There are no specimens in
Linn. Herb.

2. O. ela'tior, Suit. ; yellow, sepals 2-fid 2-3-nerved as long as the
corolla-tube, lobes of lip subequal acute, filaments glandular below gla-
brous above, stigma yellow.

Parasitic on Centaur ea Scabiosa, chiefly in the E. counties from York and
Durham to Sussex and Somerset, rare ; S. "Wales ; fl. June-Aug. — Habit of
O. major, of which it is probably a sub-species ; but bracts shorter than
the corolla, which is narrower, more compressed above, the lobes more
toothed, and the upper lip deeply notched, with inflexed margins. — DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd., Caucasus, Siberia.

3. O. caryophylla'cea, Sm. ; brown, sepals 2-fid several-nerved shorter
than the corolla-tube, lobes of lower lip subequal waved and toothed,
filaments hairy below glandular above, stigma purple. 0. Gal'ii, Duby.
On Galia, Rubi, &c., Kent ; fl. June.— Stem 6-12 in., stout. Spike lax-fld. ;

bracts shorter than the corolla. Corolla 1 in., tube broad, curved ; lobes
large, reddish-brown or purplish, spreading ; under lip arched, notched. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd. (excl. Greece), N. and W. Asia.

4. O. ru'bra, Sm. ; red, sepals entire 1-nerved subulate longer than
the corolla-tube, lips toothed crisped, of mid-lobe lower longest, fila-
ments subpilose below, glandular above, stigma pale red. 0. Epithy'-
mum, DC.

On Thymus, chiefly on the W. coast ; "W. Ross to Cornwall ; Ireland ; fl. June-
Aug.—Stem 4-8 in. Spike lax-fld. Flowers odorous. Corolla •§-£ in.,
equalling or shorter than the bracts, dull red ; tube broad, curved ; lobes
small ; upper lip arched, almost entire. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.,
W. Asia.

5. O. mi'nor, Butt. ; yellow-brown or purplish, slender, sepals 1- or
more-nerved with long slender points, corolla-tube contracted in the
middle, filaments more or less hairy below, stigma subglobose.

On various plants in many counties, from the Border southd. ; Ireland
(one sub-sp.) ; fl. June-Oct. — Stem |-2 ft., rather slender. Spike elongate,
many-fld., lax or dense. Flowers |-£ in. — DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

O. MI'NOR proper ; bracts equalling or exceeding the corolla whose tube is
gently curved, limb white or yellowish, lobes of upper lip spreading, of
lower nearly equal toothed and waved, stigmas purple. — On clover.

Sub-sp. O. AMETHYS'TEA, Thuill. '9 corolla much curved in the lower third,
upper two-thirds nearly straight, mid-lobe of lower lip much the largest.
O. Eryn'yii, Duby. — Cornwall to Kent ; Channel Islands.

Sub-sp. O. PI'CRIDIS, F. Schultz ; very pale, bracts about equalling the flowers,
sepals entire or 2-cleft exceeding the slightly-curved corolla- tube 1-nerved,

310 OROBANCHE^E. [OROBANCHE.

upper lip retuse, tip inflexed, lobes of lower lip toothed nearly equal,
stigma purple. — On Picris, Cambridge, Kent, Surrey, Hants, Tenby.
Sub-sp. O. HED'ER^E, Duly, spike more lax, sepal si-nerved, stigma yellowish.
O. barbata, Bng. Bot. Suppl., not Poir. — On Ivy, Wales, G-loster, Kent to
Cornwall; Ireland; Channel Islands.

SECTION 2. Trionychon. Stem simple or branched. Flowers bracteate
and 2-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, 4-5-lobed. Capsule with the valves
free above.

6. O. cseru'lea, Till. ; blue-purple, stem simple, calyx-lobes 4 lanceo-
late, corolla-tube • curved, lobes of both lips acute, filaments almost
glabrous, suture of anthers glabrous, stigma white.

Herts and Norfolk, and Hants to Cornwall, local ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-
Oct. — Stem 6-12 in,, slender, tough, not tumid below. Spikes usually
dense; bracts lanceolate. Corolla-tube |-1 in., curved, upper lip 2-lobed,
lobes pale blue with darker veins.— DISTRTB. From Holland southd., W.
Asia.

Sub-sp. O. ARENA'RIA, Bork., found in Alderney, is distinguishable from
0. ccBru'lea by the hairy anthers.

ORDER LVII. LENTIBULARI NEZE.

Scapigerous herbs, chiefly aquatic or marsh. Leaves radical, crowded or
whorled, undivided or multifid, exstipulate. Flowers solitary racemed or
corymbose, irregular, bracteate. Calyx free, persistent, 2-labiate or 5-par-
tite. Corolla hypogynous, deciduous, personate or 2-lipped, tube short ;
upper lip short 2-fid, lower entire or 3-fid ; palate convex. Stamens 2,
opposite the lateral sepals, hypogynous or inserted on the corolla- tube,
filaments short arching ; anthers adnate, 1-celled, transversely 2-valved.
Disk 0. Ovary free, 1-celled ; style short, thick, stigma 2-lipped, upper
lip short, lower dilated ; ovules many, anatropous, placenta free basal
globose. Capsule 2-valved or bursting irregularly, many-seeded. Seeds
minute, oblong or peltate, placenta spongy, testa striate or pitted some-
times hairy, albumen 0 ; embryo straight, sometimes undivided. —
DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, and cold regions ; genera 4 ; species about 180. —
AFFINITIES. With Scrophularinece. — PROPERTIES unimportant. ;

Terrestrial. Stamens on the base of the corolla-tnbe 1. Pinguicula.

Aquatic. Stamens on the base of the lip of the corolla 2. Utricularia.

1. PINGUl'CUIiA, Tournef. BUTTERWORT.

Perennial, succulent, simple herbs. Leaves rosulate, quite entire, mar-
gins incurved ; surface cellular, insectivorous. Scapes axillary, ebracteate,
1-fld. Flowers yellow, white, or purple, inclined. Calyx unequally 5-par-
tite. Corolla ringent. Stamens hypogynous, filaments stout ascending ;

PINGUICULA.] LENTIBULARINE^. 811

anthers terminal. Ovary subglobose. Capsule erect, 2-4-valved. Seeds
oblong, testa rugose. — DISTRJB. N. temp, regions, Fuegia ; species 20.
— ETYM. pinguis, from the greasy texture.

1. P, vulga'ris, L. ; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong obtuse, corolla violet,
lips very unequal, spur slender about equalling the lower lip.

Wet bogs, &c., Shetland to Hants and Devon ; rare in S. England ; ascends
to near 3,000 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-
July . — Glabrous, except the glandular top of the scape and calyx. Leaves
1-3 in., appressed to the ground, oblong, obtuse, succulent ; petiole broad,
very short. Scapes several, 4-6 in., purplish. Calyx-lobes very variable.
Corolla §-1 in. ; lower lip much longer and broader than the upper ; seg-
ments broad, obtuse; spur straight or incurved, variable in length.
Stamens 2 anterior, and sometimes 2 imperfect lateral. Capsule ovoid or
subglobose. Cotyledon solitary. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.
America. — Leaves insectivorous, used to curdle milk in Lapland.

P. VULGA'RIS proper; calyx-lobes ovate sometimes subacute, corolla § in., lobes
of lower lip not overlapping, spur entire at the tip, capsule ovoid subacute.

Sub-sp. P. GRANDIFLO'RA, Lamk. ; larger, leaves broader, calyx-lobes more
oblong, tip rounded, corolla 1 in., lobes of lower lip very broad overlapping,
Bpur often 2-fid, capsule subglobose. — Bogs, Cork and Kerry; (Penzance,
introduced).— DISTRIB. W. France, Alps, Pyrenees, Spain, Portugal. — The
Irish is an extreme form ; Alpine and Pyrenean intermediates are numerous.

2. P. lusitan'ica, L. ; calyx-lobes suborbicular, corolla lilac, lips
nearly equal, throat yellow, spur short stout conical incurved.

Bogs, S.W. England, local, from Hants to Cornwall; 'W. Scotland, Orkney to
Wigton; Ireland, ascending to 1,500 ft. in Mayo ; fl. June-Oct.— Glabrous.
Leaves £-§ in., oblong, shortly petiolecl, thin, succulent, obtuse. Scapes
very slender. Corolla % in. ; lips nearly equal, lower pouched from
without, lobes short broad; spur very broad, obtuse. Capsule globose.
Cotyledons 2. — DISTRIB. "VY. France, Spain, Portugal.

3. P. alpi'na, L. ; calyx-lobes broadly ovate obtuse, corolla white,
lips unequal, throat yellow, spur very short conical.

Bogs, Skye, Koss ; fl. May-June. — Similar to P. lusitanica, but larger, scapes
shorter ; corolla ^ in., throat hairy ; lower lip longer than the upper ; spur
broader and more obtuse; capsule ovoid, acute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. of
the Alps (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya, Greenland, Fuegia.

2. UTRICULA'RIA, L.

Aquatic or terrestrial herbs, often floating and propagated by hyber-
nacula. Leaves (of Brit, species) floating, multifid ; segments very slender,
furnished with minute pitchers, which entrap animalcules. Flowers soli-
tary spiked or racenied, naked or bracteate. Calyx 2-partite, lobes subequal.
Corolla personate, palate protruded. Stamens inserted on the upper lip of
the corolla, filaments incurved ; anthers subterminal, free or coherent,
simple or constricted in the>middle. Style short, stigma unequally 2-lobed.
Capsule globose, bursting irregularly. Seeds oblong or peltate, striate,

312 LENTIBULAEINE^E. [UTRICULAMA.

pitted or witli capitate or glochidiate hairs. — DISTHIB. Widely dispersed ;
species 150. — ETYM. utriculus, from the bladder-like pitchers.

1. U. vulga'ris, L. ; leaves spreading pinnately multifid, pitchers at
the bases of and upon the leaf-segments, upper corolla-lip exceeding the
palate or not, spur conic.

Pools and ditches, N. to Shetland, not common; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Stems 6-18 in.,
leafy. Leaves f-1 in., broadly ovate ; segments very slender, obtuse, re-
motely toothed with tufts of cilia at the sinus ; pitchers §-J in., shortly
stalked. Scape 4-8 in., 2-8-fld. ; pedicels 2-3 times as long as the calyx,
reflexed after flowering. Corolla ^-f in., yellow, upper lip broad short,
palate prominent; spur appressed to the under lip, honeyed. Anthers
cohering. Stigma irritable. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, N.
America.

U. VULGA'RIS proper ; stem and scapes stout, upper corolla-lip about equalling
the palate, spur obtuse.

Sub-sp. U. NEGLEC'TA, Lehm. ; stem and scapes slender, leaves smaller more
remote, upper corolla-lip exceeding the palate, spur conic ascending acute. —
Pools, rare, Essex, Gloster, Surrey, Kent, Hants ; fl. June-Aug. — Stems
capillary, 6-8 in. Leaves rather remote, nearly orbicular, segments subu-
late, quite entire, ciliate here and there ; pitchers very shortly stalked.
Scape very slender ; pedicels many times longer than the corolla, ascending
in fruit. Corolla pale yellow. Anthers conniving. — DISTRIB. W. Europe.

2. U. interme'dia, Hayne ; leaves distichous dichotomously multifid,
pitchers on leafless branches, upper corolla-lip far exceeding the palate,
spur conic acute.

Pools and ditches, rare, Dorset, Hants, Norfolk, Westmoreland to Suther-
land; Ireland; fl. July-Sept. — Stems slender, 4-8 in. Leaves close-set,
J-| in. broad, orbicular ; segments subulate, distantly ciliate ; pitchers |-|
in." long, on slender stalks. Scape rather stout, 3-4-fld. ; pedicels equalling
or much exceeding the calyx. Corolla ^ in., pale yellow ; upper lip twice
as long as the prominent palate ; lower broad, flat ; spur appressed to the
under lip. Anthers free. — DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps, N. Asia,
N. America.

3. U. mi'nor, L. ; leaves dichotomously multifid, pitchers on the leaf-
axils, spur minute obtuse.

Pools and ditches, from Orkney southd. ; Ireland; fl. June-Sept. — Stems
capillary, 3-10 in. Leaves lax, §-| in. broad, orbicular ; segments subulate,
quite entire; pitchers T^ in., on slender stalks. Scapes 2-6 in., 2-6-fld.;
pedicels 2-3 times as long as the calyx, decurved in fruit. Corolla f in.,
pale yellow; upper lip as long as the incoDspicuous curved palate, lower
lip broadly ovate. Anthers free. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain, Greece,
Turkey), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

Flowerless specimens of U. IJrem'ii, Heer, have been found in Nairn and
Moray. It differs from U. mi'nor in its more robust habit and orbicular lip.

VERBENA.] VEEBENACE^. 313

ORDER LVIII. VERBENA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate.
Flowers cymose, irregular, bracteate. Calyx inferior, tubular, cleft or
toothed, persistent, imbricate in bud. Corolla hypogynous, tubular,
usually 2-lipped, imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 4, didynamous,
inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style
simple, terminal, stigma simple or 2-fid ; ovules solitary or 2 collateral in
each cell, erect and anatropous or ascending and |-anatropous. Fruit a
2- or 4-celled berry, or a drupe with 2-4 1-2-celled stones, or of 4 nutlets.
Seeds ascending, exalbuminous ; cotyledons foliaceous, radicle inferior. —
DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ; genera 59 ; species 700. — AFFINITIES. With
Boraginece and Labiatce. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

1. VERBE'NA, L. VERVAIN.

Herbs or undershrubs. Stem 4-gonous. Leaves opposite or 3-nate,
simple pinnatifid or 3-partite. Flowers bracteate, in terminal spikes or
racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salver-
shaped ; tube straight or curved, villous within ; limb oblique, 2-lipped,
5-fid. Stamens 4, 2 or all perfect, included. Disk annular. Ovary 4-
celled ; style slender, 2-lobed, one lobe stigmatic ; ovules solitary in each
cell, erect. Fruit of 4 ribbed nutlets. — DISTRIB. Almost wholly American ;
species 80. — ETYM. Classical, obscure,

V. officina'lis, L. ; leaves opposite, flowers spiked.

Dry waste ground, local, from Northumbd. southd.; Ireland, local ; Channel
Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, hispidly pubescent. Rootstock woody.
Stems 1-2 ft., rigid, branched above. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid or 3-partite,
lobes acute or obtuse, upper narrower. Spikes dense-fld., afterwards
elongating ; bracts ovate, acute, ^ as long as the calyx, which is ^ as long as
the corolla-tube. Corolla lilac, limb £ in. diam. Nutlets truncate, granu-
late.— DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, Himalaya;
introd. in N. America. — An object of much superstition amongst the
ancients.

ORDER LIX. LABIA'T-ffi.

Glandular herbs or shrubs ; branches 4-angled, opposite or whorled.
Leaves opposite or wrhorled, entire or divided, exstipulate. Flowers
solitary or in axillary opposite centrifugal often crowded (falsely whorled)
cymes, irregular, 2-bracteate and bracteolate, proterandrous. Calyx in-
ferior, persistent, 5-cleft, ribbed. Corolla hypogynous, deciduous, 5-merous,
2-lipped, imbricate in bud, upper lip outermost. Stamens inserted on the
corolla-tube, perfect usually 4, 5th and sometimes 2 lateral imperfect or
0, anthers polymorphous. Disk annular. Ovary of 2 connate deeply
2-lobed carpels, hence 4-partite, 4-celled ; style from between the lobes,

314 LABIATE.

slender, stigma simple or 2-fid ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect, anatro-
pous. Fruit of 1-4 1 -seeded nutlets. Seed erect or ascending, testa
thin, albumen 0 ; embryo straight, rarely curved, cotyledons fleshy, radicle
next the hilum. — DISTRIB. All warm and temp, regions, rare in Arctic
and alpine ; genera 136 ; species about 2,600. — AFFINITIES. With Bora-
ginece and Verbenacece. — PROPERTIES. Stimulant, fragrant, aromatic.

TRIBE I. SATUREINE'JE. Corolla-lobes flat or margins recurved. Stamens
2-4, remote, spreading or conniving under the upper lip, 2 upper shorter
or 0; anther-cells contiguous or confluent. Nutlets free, smooth, or
nearly so.

* Corolla subregular. Stamens spreading ; anthers 2-celled.

Perfect stamens 4 .-. 1. Mentha.

Perfect stamens 2 2. Lycopus.

** Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, distant.

Erect, leaves broad. Calyx equally 5-toothed 3. Origanum.

Procumbent, leaves small. Calyx 2-lipped 4. Thymus.

*** Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, conniving under the upper lip.

Corolla-tube straight; upper lip flat 5. Calamintha.

Corolla-tube curved, ascending ; upper lip concave 5*. Melissa.

TRIBE II. MONARDE'.ffi. Stamens 2, erect or ascending ; anthers 1-celled,

or if 2-celled cells remote. Nutlets free, smooth, or nearly so.
Calyx 2-lipped 6. Salvia.

TRIBE III. NEPETE'JE. Stamens 4, 2 upper longer, ascending or diverging ;

anther-cells 2, parallel or nearly so. Nutlets smooth or tubercled.
Upper lip of corolla truncate 7. Nepeta.

TRIBE IV. STACHYDE'J-E. Stamens 4, parallel, 2 upper shorter, ascend-
ing under the concave upper lip or included in the tube. Nutlets free,
smooth or tubercled.

* Calyx 2-lipped, not inflated, lips closing over the fruit.

Filaments 2-fid, anthers all 2-celled 8. Bnmella.

Filaments simple, 2 lower anthers 1-celled 9. Scutellaria.

**Calyx inflated or 2-lipped. Anthers exserted 10. Melittis.

***Calyx tubular. Anthers included 11. Marrubium.

**** Calyx 5-toothed, subcampanulate, equal or oblique.

Calyx 5-toothed. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets obtuse 12. Stachys.

Calyx-teeth 5, spinous. Anthers ciliate. Nutlets compressed ..13. Graleopsis.
Calyx-teeth 5, spinous. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets 3-quetrous, truncate.

13*. Leonurus.

Calyx 5-nerved. Anthers hairy. Nutlets 3-quetrous, truncate... 14. Lamium.
Calyx-limb spreading; teeth broad. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets obtuse.

15. Ballota.

MENTHA.] LABIATE. 315

TRIBE Y. AJUGOIDE'JE. Stamens 4, parallel, ascending, exserted, 2 upper
shorter. Nutlets connate, base oblique, reticulate and rugose.

Calyx tubular, 5~toothed. Upper corolla-lip 2-partite .'...16. Teucriura.

Calyx ovoid, 5-cleft. Upper corolla-lip entire or notched 17. Ajuga.

1. MEN'THA, L. MINT.

Strong-scented perennial herbs ; rootstock stoloniferous, creeping.
Whorls many-fld., axillary, or forming terminal spikes; bracts subulate
or foliaceous ; bracteoles small or 0 ; flowers small. Calyx campanulate
or tubular, 5-toothed ; throat naked or villous. Corolla-tube short, limb
campanulate 4-lobed ; lobes subequal, upper broader. Stamens 4, equal,
erect, distant, glabrous ; anther-cells parallel. Style shortly 2-tid. Nut-
lets dry, smooth. — DISTRIB. X. temp, regions ; species about 25. — ETYM.
The old Greek name. — Species often variable, hybridizing and difficult to
discriminate.

* Whorls in terminal spikes ; bracts minute. Throat of calyx glabrous,
t Leaves all sessile, or the lower only petioled.

1. M. sylves'tris, L. ; leaves broadly or narrowly oblong-obovate or
lanceolate subacute serrate smooth above hoary beneath, spike continuous,
calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla hairy glabrous within. Horse-mint.

Moist waste places, rare, from Forfar and the Clyde southd. ; Ireland
? native ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Stem 2-3 ft., robust, tomentose with white hairs.
Leaves 1-3 in., f-2 in. broad, rounded or cordate at the base. Spikes 1-3
in., 3— I? in. broad, dense ; bracts lanceolate ; bracteoles subulate ; pedicels
hairy. Corolla lilac, about | in. ;diam. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N.
and W. Asia, N.W. India.

M. sylves'tris proper ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, base rounded, slightly
hairy above hoary beneath, spikes slender. — YAR. M. nemoro'sa, "Willd. ;
leaves broadly oblong acute, base rounded, slightly hairy above tomentose
beneath, spike stouter. — YAR. M. mollis'sima, Bock., leaves broadly ovate
acute, base subcordate, finely serrate hoary above felted beneath, spikes
stout. Rare. — YAR. M. alopecuroi'des, Hull (veluti'na, Bab.) ; leaves broad
large coarsely serrate, base subcordate, somewhat wrinkled above very hairy
beneath, spikes short stout, bracts broader. Kent, Essex, Norfolk, Perth,
rare ; (an escape ? Wats.}. The transition to M. rotundifo'lia.

2. M. rotundifo'lia, L. ; leaves broadly ovate-oblong very obtuse
crenate much wrinkled above shaggy or deeply tomentose beneath, spikes
interrupted, calyx hairy teeth subulate, corolla hairy glabrous within.
Wet places, from Forfar and the Clyde southd. ; (indigenous only in S. England,

Wats.} ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Habit of M. sylves'tris,
but usually much branched. Leaves often densely woolly beneath. Spikes
dense, cylindric. Flowers white or pink. — DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd., N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia.— An escape in N. America.

M. VIE/IDIS, L. ; glabrous or nearly so, leaves oblong-lanceolate sub-
acute serrate smooth above, spikes slender, corolla wholly glabrous.
Spear-mint.

316 LABIATE. [MENTHA.

Wet places, naturalized in England and Scotland, rare ; possibly indigenous
in W. York ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Probably a cultivated form of M. sylves'tris,
easily distinguished by its pungent smell. — DISTRIB. Cultivated for culi-
nary purposes. — YAH. cris'pa is a garden form with crisped foliage.

ft Leaves petioled.

3. M. piperi'ta, Huds. ; glabrous, leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate
acute serrate upper smaller, spikes cylindric interrupted below, pedicels
and flowers glabrous or very sparingly hispid. Peppermint.

Damp places, from the Clyde and Forfar to Sussex and Cornwall ; Ireland ;
(a doubtful native, Wats.} ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Usually smaller and more
slender than the preceding. Leaves 1-4 in., acute or obtuse at the base,
coarsely serrate, smooth above, rarely sparingly hairy on the nerves beneath
uppermost sometimes bracteiform. Calyx often red. — DISTRIB. Europe ;
in trod, in America. Nowhere indigenous, Nyman. — Probably a garden
form of M. aquatica, Bentham.

Two forms occur : M. officina'lis, Hull ; leaves acute or rounded at the base,
spikes elongate, and M. vulga'ris, Sole; leaves rounded or subcordate at the
base, spikes shorter.

4. M. aquat'ica, L. ; usually softly hairy, leaves ovate-oblong or
cordate, upper bracteiform, spikes oblong continuous or interrupted below,
pedicels and flowers usually hairy or villous.

Biver-sides, marshes, N. to Orkney, &c., ascends to 1,500 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept, — Very common and variable ;
some forms are with difficulty distinguished from M. sati'va. Stem 1-5 ft.
Leaves 1-3 in. Spikes |-1 in. diarn., long or short, usually stout. Flowers
lilac or purplish. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate-subulate. Calyx-teeth
slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and "W". Asia ; introd. in America.

M. AQUAT'ICA proper ; leaves ovate rounded or subcordate at the base serrate
more or less hairy on both surfaces, spikes axillary and terminal ovoid or
subglobose, calyx-teeth ^-f the length of the tube. M. hirsuta, L.
Common. — M. hirsu'ta proper ; leaves tomentose on both surfaces, calyx
pedicels and corolla hairy. VAR. M. subgla'bra, Baker ; leaves narrower
glabrous except on the nerves beneath, calyx pedicels and corolla hairy. —
VAR. M. citra'ta, Ehrh. (Beryamot Mint} ; leaves glabrous on both surfaces,
calyx pedicels and corolla glabrous. Staffordshire, Wales, &c., rare.

Sub-sp. M. PTJBES'CENS, Willd. ; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate pubescent
above tomentose or woolly beneath sharply serrate, spikes cylindric stout
dense, calyx-teeth § the length of the tube. Mid. and S. England only. —
VAR. M. palus'tris, Sole ; leaves ovate-oblong tomentose above woolly
beneath. — YAR. M. hirci'na, Hull; leaves ovate-oblong green and sub-
glabrous above hairy beneath.

** Whorls in axillary clusters, shorter than the leaves ; bracts foliaceous.
Throat of calyx glabrous.

5. M. sati'va, L. ; leaves petioled ovate- or oblong-lanceolate acutely
serrate, upper smaller, bracteoles usually shorter than the flowers acumi-
nate calyx-teeth lanceolate acuminate J-f the length of the tube.

Wet waste places, from Argyll and Elgin southd. ; Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. —
Probably a form of M. aquat'ica, distinguished by the inflorescence alone. —

MENTHA.] LABIATE. 317

DISTRIB. Europe, Canaries ; introd. in N. America. — The forms here
enumerated are not constant ; I have taken their diagnosis from Baker's
and Syme's works.

M. SATI'VA proper (b. riva'lis, Lond. Cat.) ; green, 2-3 ft., leaves hairy on both .
surfaces, pedicels calyx and corolla hairy. Common in England, rare in
Scotland and Ireland. — VAR. 1, hairy, whorls all separate, bracts all folia-
ceous, upper sometimes flowerless. — VAR. M. paludo'sa, Sole ; hairy, upper
whorls collected into a spike with smaller bracts. The passage to M. aquat'ica.
— VAR. subyla'bra. Baker ; almost glabrous, whorls all separate, bracts all
foliaceous.

Sub-sp. M. RTJ'BRA, Sm. ; stem 3-5 ft., and nerves of leaves purple, leaves
glabrous or sparingly hairy, calyx hairy, pedicels and corolla glabrous. Not
uncommon in England, rare in Scotland and Ireland.

Sub-sp. M. GRAC'ILIS, 8m. ; slender, green, leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous or
sparingly hairy, whorls all separate, bracts all smaller and narrower than
the leaves, bracteoles equalling and exceeding the flowers, calyx ciliate,
pedicels and corolla glabrous. — VAR. yrac'ilis proper, stem hairy below,
lower bracts shortly petioled 5-6 times as long as the rather remote whorls.
"Wiltshire (gathered by Sole only). — VA.n.cardifaca, Baker; nearly glabrous,
bracts sessile 2-4 times as long as the crowded whorls. From Middlesex
N. to the Tyne ; often cultivated ; smells of Basil.

Sub-sp. M. PRATEN'SIS, Sole ; leaves drooping rounded at both ends finely
serrate hairy above, glabrous except on the close-set nerves beneath, whorls
in the upper leaves only all separate, calyx-teeth ciliate, pedicels and corolla
glabrous. New Forest, gathered by Sole only in 1789.

Sub-sp. M. GENTI'LIS, L. ; leaves spreading ovate acute serrate slightly hairy
above and on the (few) nerves especially beneath, bracts all leaf-like upper-
most flowerless, pedicels and corolla glabrous, calyx-teeth ciliate. Common
in England, rare in Scotland. — VAR. genti'lis proper ; stem hairy, leaves
rather coriaceous most hairy beneath, calyx-teeth densely hairy. — VAR. M.
Wirtgenia'na, F. Schultz (a hybrid, Nyman}\ stem subglabrous, leaves
slightly hairy above, but on the nerves only beneath, calyx-teeth sparingly
hairy . — VAR. M. Paulia'na, F. Schultz ; stem subglabrous, leaves as in
Wirtgenia'na, calyx-teeth densely hairy (a var. of arven'sis, Nyman).

6. M. arven'sis, L. ; leaves petioled ovate- or oblong-lanceolate

obtusely serrate, upper smaller, bracteoles shorter than the flowers acute,

calyx hairy, teeth triangular, corolla hairy without and within.

Cultivated fields and waste places, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the

Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Usually a low

branched plant, 1-2 ft., very variable, chiefly distinguished from M. sati'va

by the short calyx-teeth. Flowers honeyed, dimorphous, larger 2-sexual,

smaller males. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ;

introd. in N. America. — The following are inconstant varieties.

M. arverisis proper ; stem short, hairs dense reflexed, leaves smooth hairy all

over, calyx very hairy. — M. nummula'ria, Schreb. ; stem long, hairs few,

leaves and calyx sparingly hairy. — M. agres'tis, Sole ; stem long hairy,

* leaves coarsely serrate broad often cordate wrinkled and calyx very hairy,

bracts smaller upwards. — M. pra'cox, Sole ; stem stout erect slightly hairy,

leaves smooth sparingly hairy, bracts much smaller upwards, calyx-teeth

longer. Approaches M. sati'va. — M. Allio'nii, Bor. ; stem tall slightly hairy

318 LABIATE. [MENTHA,

above nearly glabrous below, leaves smooth thinly hairy, bracts uniform,
calyx-teeth very short. — M, parietaricefo'lia, Beck. ; subglabrous, stem long,
leaves smooth serrated towards the tip, bracts smaller upwards, calyx -teeth
short.

*** Whorls axillary, distant, none towards the ends of the branches. Calyx

2-lipped ; throat closed with hairs.
7. M. Pule'gium, L. ; leaves small shortly petioled ovate or oblong

subserrate, calyx-teeth ciliate> corolla hairy without glabrous within.

Penny-royal.

Pools, wet heaths, &c., from Ayr and Berwick southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Glabrous or more or less tomento^e. Stems 4-10
in., prostrate or erect (var. erec'ta), much branched, very leafy. Leaves J-f
in., spreading and recurved, base acute. Whorls all separate ; bracts folia-
ceous, upper sessile flowerless ; bracteoles 0, or obovate and shorter than
the flowers. Flowers proterogynous. Calyx and pedicels pubescent or
hispid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia. — Formerly much
used medicinally.

2. IiYC'OPUS, Tournef. GIPSY-WORT.

Marsh herbs. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Whorls axillary, dense,
many-fld. ; bracts foliaceous ; bracteoles minute. Flowers small, sessile
honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx campanulate, equal, 4-5-toothed ; throat
naked. Corolla short, campanulate, equal, 4-5-fid. Stamens, 2 upper
imperfect, with capitate anthers or 0 ; 2 lower fertile, distant, anther-cells
parallel. Style 2-lid, lobes flattened. Nutlets dry, smooth, truncate,
narrowed below, margins thickened. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions ; species
probably 2 with many varieties. — ETYM. XVKOS and TTOVS, wolf's foot, of
doubtful application.

Ii. europse'us, L. ; stem acutely 4-angled, calyx-teeth 5 subulate.
Ditches and river-banks from Ross southd. ; rarer in Scotland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept. — Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Root-
stock creeping or stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., tough. Leaves subsessile,
elliptic-oblong, coarsely serrate or pinnatifid. Whorls many ; bracts
smaller upwards ; flowers sessile. Corolla § in., bluish-white, dotted with
purple, hairy within.— DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia, India,
N. America, Australia.

3. ORIG'ANUM, Tournef. MARJORAM.

Aromatic herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers
crowded, in corymbose cymes, honeyed ; bracts large, imbricating. Calyx
subcampanulate, 10-]3-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-lipped, upper lip entire or
3-toothed, lower 2-toothed truncate or 0. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped ; upper
lip notched or 2-fid ; lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, ascending, distant ;
anther-cells distinct, spreading. Style-lobes acute. Nutlets dry, smooth.
— DISTRIB. Temp. N. regions ; species about 20. — ETYM. opos and ydvos,
from affecting hilly localities.

ORIGANUM.] LABIATE. 319

O. vulga're, L. ; erect, corymbosely branched, leaves broadly ovate.
Dry copses and hedgebanks, &c., from Caithness southd.; Scotland, rare;
ascends to 1,300 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland, local ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Sept. — More or less pubescent, bifariously on the branches. Rootstock
short, stoloniferous. Stems many, 1-3 ft., stout. Leaves f-1 in., shortly
petioled, rhombic-ovate, lower early withering, entire or obtusely serrate.
Cymes J-l in., ovoid, 4-gonous ; bracts J in., green or purple, ovate, acute,
longer than the calyx. Flowers proterandrous, dimorphic, larger 2-sexual,
purple, stamens long, smaller female paler. Calyx yellow-dotted, teeth
short; throat closed with hairs. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N. America. — Aromatic, bitter, and
balsamic. — O. megasta'chyum, Link, is a large state with 4-gonous spikes.

4. THY'MUS, L. THYME.

Small shrubs, often hairy, much branched, very aromatic. Leaves
small, quite entire ; margins often revolute. Whorls few-fld., in lax or
dense spikes ; bracts minute ; flowers purple, rarely white, honeyed,
proterandrous. Calyx ovoid, 10-13-nerved, 2-Kpped, upper lip 3-toothed,
lower 2-fid ; throat villous. Corolla-tube naked within, obscurely 2-lipped ;
upper lip straight, flattish, notched ; lower 3-fid. Stamens 4, usually
exserted, straight, distant, the lower longer ; anther-cells parallel or
diverging. Style-lobes subequal, subulate. Nutlets nearly smooth. —
DISTKIB. Temp. Old World ; species 40. — ETYM. The Greek name.

T. Serpyl'lum, L. ; prostrate, leaves green flat quite entire.

Hills and dry grassy places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Glabrous or hairy, hairs
often reflexed and in lines on the stems. Rootstock woody. Stems decum-
bent. Leaves |-| in., shortly petioled, ovate or obovate-lauceolafce, obtuse.
Whorls capitate ; bracts foliaceous ; pedicels very short; flowers dimorphic,
males large, bisexual smaller. Calyx purplish, teeth ciliate. Corolla ^-f
in., rose-purple. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and "W. Asia, Himalaya,
Greenland ; introd. in N, America.

T. SERPYL'LUM proper; flowering-branches ascending from trailing shoots
that are barren at the tip, leaves often obovate, whorls in one head, upper
lip of corolla oblong. — Commonest form in mountain districts.

Sub-sp. T. CHAM^E'DRYS, Fries; flowering- and barren-branches ascending
from the crown of the rootstock, leaves usually ovate, whorls in many
axillary heads, upper lip of corolla short and broad.

5. CALAMIN'THA, Mcench.

Herbs or shrubs. Whorls dense and axillary or loose and panicled ;
flowers purple white or yellow. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, upper
lip 3-toothed, lower 2-fid ; throat naked or villous. Corolla-tube straight ;
throat naked, often inflated ; upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, upper sometimes
imperfect ; anther-cells parallel or diverging. Style-lobes equal, or the

320 LABIATE. [CALAMINTHA.

lower larger. Nutlets smooth. — DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere ; species
about 40. — ETYM. Ka\6s and pivQa, beautiful mint. n

SUB-GEN. 1. Calamin'tlia proper. Whorls many, compound, lax,
lower many-fld. ; bracts minute. Calyx-tube straight. Corolla with
mid-lobe of lower lip notched.

1. C. officina'lis, Mwnch; perennial, leaves ovate, cymes secund.
Calamint.

Waste places in dry soil from Westmoreland southd.; Ireland; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Sapt. — Hairy. Rootstock more or less creeping, stoloni-
ferous. Stem 1-3 ft., erect or decumbent below ; branches usually long,
straggling and ascending. Leaves crenate-toothed, very variable in size and
depth of serratures but pretty uniform in shape, almost glabrous or downy
or nearly woolly. Cymes more or less unilateral, peduncles and pedicels
variable.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Asia; introd.
in N. America.

C. OFFICINA'LIS proper ; branches long ascending, leaves 1-1| in. crenate-serrate
green beneath, cymes few-fld., calyx bent on the pedicel 2-lipped, teeth
with long bristles, upper triangular, lower subulate much longer, hairs of
throat included, corolla § in., mid-lobe of lower lip longest. C. menthafo'lia,
Host. — Yar. Brigy'sii, Syme ; larger, more hispid, peduncles of lower whorls
equalling or exceeding the pedicel of the central flower. — Devonshire.

Sub-sp. C. NEP'ETA, Clairv. ; branches short erect, leaves usually f-1 in.,
subentire pale beneath, cymes about 10-fld., calyx erect on the pedicel,
teeth nearly equal, upper triangular recurved, lower subulate, hairs of
throat prominent, corolla § in., mid-lobe of lower lip broad truncate. —
York to Kent.

Snb-sp. 0. SYLVAT'ICA, Bromf. ; branches 0 or long ascending, leaves 1-3 in.,
deeply crenate-serrate, cymes loose, flowers large, calyx bent on the pedicel
2-lipped ciliate, 3 upper teeth abruptly recurved, 2 lower twice as long
incurved, hairs of throat concealed in the tube, corolla f-1 in., mid-lobe of
lower lip about equalling the 'lateral. — Chalk banks, I. of Wight, Hants,
Devon.— This is the true C. officina'lis, Mosnch, according to Nyman.

SUB-GEN. 2. Clinopo'dium, L. (gen.). Whorls few, compound,
dense-fld., surrounded by many linear bracteoles. Calyx-tube slightly
curved. Corolla with mid-lobe of lower lip notched.

2. C. Clinopo'dium, Benth. ; perennial, softly hairy, leaves ovate
obscurely toothed. Clinopo'dium vulga're, L. Wild Basil.

Copses and rocky places, Banff and Eenfrew, southd. ; rare in Scotland and
Ireland ; ascends to 1,050 ft. in Derby ; fl. July-Sept.— Rootstock woody,
stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, flexuous, subsimple. Leaves remote, 1-2
in., subacute. Whorls terminal and axillary, f-1 in. diam., depressed ; bracts
equalling the calyx1; pedicels slender ; flowers crowded. Calyx §-§• in., striate,
bristly. Corolla f-1 in., purple, hairy ; lips subequal. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, Canada; introd. in the U. States.

SUB-GEN. 3. A'cinos, Mcench (gen.). Whorls many, simple, lower
5-6-fld. ; bracteoles few, minute. Calyx-tube curved. Corolla with the
mid-lobe of the lower lip almost entire.

CALAMINTHA.] LABIATE. 321

3. C. A'cinos, Clairv. ; annual or biennial, branched, leaves petioled
ovate acuminate. Thy'mus A'cinos, L. Basil Thyme.
Banks and fields, on dry soil, from Elgin and Inverness southd. ; rare, in-
digenous? in Scotland; N.E. Ireland, very rare; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Aug. — More or less pubescent. Stem 3-6 in., ascending, slender, leafy.
Leaves |-| in., narrowed into the petiole, variable in breadth, entire or
slightly serrate. Bracts leafy ; bracteoles shorter than the pedicels. Calyx
bent on the pedicel ; tube much enlarged below in fruit ; throat closed with
hairs ; 3 upper teeth recurved. Corolla f in., blue-purple, spotted white and
darker purple.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

5*. MELI&SA, Tournef. BALM.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby. Whorls few-fld., axillary, secund ; bracts
few, subfoliaceous ; flowers white or yellowish. Calyx coriaceous, curved,
subcampanulate, ribs 13, 5 very strong, 2-lipped ; upper lip flattish,
3-toothed, lower 2-fid. Corolla-tube ascending, more or less recurved ;
throat dilated, naked ; upper lip concave, notched ; lower 3-fid, lobes
flat. Stamens 4, converging under the upper lip ; anther-cells at length
spreading. Style-lobes subequal, subulate. Nutlets smooth. — DISTRIB.
Europe, "W. Asia, Himalaya ; species 4. — ETYM. ^Xivo-a, from bees
affecting the plant. — Genus hardly differing from Calamintha.

M. OFFICINA'LIS, L. ; leaves ovate crenate- toothed, flowers white.
Naturalized in the S. of England ; fl. July-Aug. — More or less hairy. Root-
stock short. Stems 1-2 ft., many, erect. Leaves 1-3 in., petioled, wrinkled
above. Whorls shortly stalked ; bracteoles small, oblong. Calyx-teeth,
upper deltoid recurved with setaceous points ; lower longer, slender, straight.
Corolla | in., white or spotted with rose. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe,
W. Asia ; a garden escape in N. America.

6. SAL'VIA, L. SAGE.

Herbs or shrubs. WhorU usually racemed or spiked ; bracts leafy
or small. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 2-lipped, upper lip entire or
3-toothed, lower 2-fid ; throat naked. Corolla-tube naked or with a ring
of hairs or smooth processes inside ; upper lip erect, entire or notched ;
lower 3-lobed, mid-lobe entire or notched, lateral spreading. Stamens 2,
filaments short jointed on the long slender arched connective which bears
at one end a perfect anther-cell, at the other a rudimentary one. Disk
forming a large gland anteriorly. Style ascending, 2-fid, lobes subulate
or dilated. Nutlets 3-quetrous, usually shining. — DISTRIB. All temp,
and trop. regions ; species about 450. — ETYM. salvo, from the healing
properties of Sage.

1. S. Verbena'ca, L. ; stem leafy, corolla J in. glabrous inside.
Clary.
Dry pastures and waste places, E. Scotland from JRoss southd. ; all England ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Subglabrous below, glandular-

Y

322 LABIATES. [SALVIA.

hairy above. Eootstock woody. Stem 1-2 ft., erect. Leaves 2-4 in., wrinkled,
radical petioled, oblong, obtuse, irregularly crenate or serrate ; upper cauline
sessile, oblong or deltoid-ovate. Whorls 6-fld., in long bracteate spikes ;
bracts ovate-cordate. Calyx campanulate, upper lip with recurved edges
and minute spinescent teeth, lower teeth subulate. Corolla blue-purple ;
upper lip short, compressed. Connecti ve dilated. — DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd., N. Africa, "W. Asia. — The nutlets become mucilaginous in water ;
formerly used for eye complaints.

S. clandesti'na, L., is a smaller more slender variety, with leaves narrower, upper
calyx-teeth less spiny, corolla longer more purple, upper lip longer arched. —
Channel Islands.

2. S. praten'sis, L. ; stem-leaves few, corolla 1 in. lip viscid.

Dry fields, very rare, Cornwall, Kent, Oxford ; (a denizen, Wats,} ; fl. June-
Aug. — Glandular-hairy, especially above. Habit of S. Verbena'ca, but
larger. Leaves wrinkled, 3-6 in., radical oblong or ovate-cordate, long-
petioled, obtuse, sometimes 2-lobed at the base, crenatures large irregular;
cauline similar or more oblong, smaller, shorter petioled. Whorls about 4-fld.,
in spikes 1-1| ft. ; bracts small, ovate-cordate, long acuminate and calyx
coloured. Flowers dimorphous, honeyed, larger 2-sexual, proterandrous,
smaller female. Corolla bright blue, glabrous inside ; upper lip long, com-
pressed, much arched ; lower broad. Connective dilated. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., "W, Asia.

7. NEP'ETA, L.

Erect or prostrate herbs. Whorls axillary or terminal ; flowers blue
yellow or white. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed, 5-toothed, teeth equal or
unequal. Corolla-tubs slender below, throat dilated, naked ; upper lip
straight, notched or 2-fid ; lower 3-fid, mid-lobe large. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip, upper pair longest ; anther-cells diverging.
Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets smooth. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, K.
Africa and Asia ; species about 120. — ETYM. The Latin name.

SUB-GEN. 1. Nep'eta proper. Whorls sub terminal ; upper bracts
small. Corolla-tube short ; mid-lobe of lower lip suborbicular, concave.
Anthers subparallel, both cells opening by one slit.

1. N. Cata'ria, L. ; erect, leaves ovate-cordate inciso-serrate white, and
pubescent beneath, flowers white. Cat-Mint.

Banks and waste places, from Northumbd. southd., rare ; introduced only in
Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; (a doubtful native, Wats.) ; fl. July-
Sept.— Hoary pubescent. Eootstock stout. Stem 2-3 ft., branched, very
leafy. Leaves 1-3 in., deeply lobed at the base. Whorls shortly stalked,
upper sessile, many and dense-fld., in broad heads 1 in. long ; bracts leafy ;
bracteoles longer than the short pedicels. Calyx pubes3ent ; teeth subulate,
upper longest. Corolla | in., dotted with purple, tube curved. Nutlets
granulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W". Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N.
America.

NBPBTA.] LABIATE. 323

SUB-GEN. 2. Glecho ma, L. (gen.). Whorls axillary ; bracts all large
and leaf-like. Corolla-tube long ; mid-lobe of lower lip obcordate, flat.
Anthers conniving and forming a cross ; cells each with a slit.

2. N. Glecho'ma, Beiith. ; procumbent, leaves ovate- or orbicular-
reniform deeply crenate, flowers blue-purple. Glecho'ma hedera'cca, L.
Ground Ivy.

Hedges and copses, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-June. — Perennial, mere or less pu-
bescent. Stems 6-18 in., rooting at the base, slender, branched. Leaves
f-lf in. diam., petiole |-2 in. Whorls 3-6-fld. ; bracteoles subulate,
equalling the short pedicels. Flowers dimorphic, larger 2-sexual, smaller
female. Calyx-teeth short, recurved. Corolla 5— 1 in., tube very variable in,
length. Nutlets granulate. — DISTRTB. Europe (Arctic), N. and "W. Asia ;
introd. in U. States. — Bitter and aromatic, formerly used for beer, occa-
sionally for tea.

8, BRUNEI, LA, L. SELF-HEAL.

Small, hairy, perennial herbs. Whorls about 6-fld., in dense terminal
heads, surrounded by orbicular leaf-like bracts ; flowers purplish, rarely
white. Calyx subcampanulate, reticulate, 2-lipped, closed in fruit ; upper
lip flat, 3-toothed, lower 2-lobed ; throat naked. Corolla-tube broad,
ascending, with a short hairy basal ring inside ; upper lip erect, concave,
lower spreading, lateral lobes deflexed, mid-lobe concave. Stamens 4,
exserted, filaments glabrous 2-toothed at the tip, lower tooth antheriferous ;
anthers conniving in pairs under the upper lip, cells diverging. Disk
erect, symmetrical. Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets oblong, smooth. —
DlSTBlB. N. and S. temp, regions ; species 3. — ETYM. Doubtful.

B. vnlga'ris, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong, corolla not twice as long as

the purplish calyx. Prunel'la xulgaris, L.

Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — More or less hairy. Rootstcck
creeping. Stems 4-12 in., erect or ascending, branches often abbreviated.
Leaves 1-2 in., petioled, uppermost sessile, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, entire toothed or subpinnatifid. Whorls in cyliudric 1-3 in. spikes ;
bracts broadly ovate-cordate, ciliate, green with purple edges ; bracteoles 0 ;
pedicels very short. Flowers dimorphic, larger 2-sexual, proterandrous,
smaller female. Calyx-teeth minute, mucronate. Corolla i|-f in., purple,
rarely rosy or white. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, temp. Asia,
America. Australia.

9. SCUTELLA'RIA, L. SKULL-CAP.

Slender herbs, rarely shrubs. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary or in
terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, tube dilated
opposite to the posterior lip into a broad flattened hollow pouch, lip and
pouch deciduous in fruit, mouth closed after flowering, persistent. Corolla-
tube long, naked inside, throat dilated ; upper lip entire or notched ;
lower dilated, lateral lobes free spreading. Stamens 4 ; anthers

Y 2

324 LABIATE. [SCUTELLARIA.

conniving in pairs, ciliate, lower 1- upper 2-celled. Disk elongate,
curved. Ovary oblique. Style with the upper lobe very short. Nutlets
smooth or tubercled. — DISTRIB. N. temp, andsubtrop. regions, abundant
in America ; species about 90. — ETYM. scutella, from the r^7?-like pouch
of the calyx.

1. S. galericula'ta, L. ; leaves crenate-serrate, flowers § in.
Marshy places, river-banks, &c., from Shetland and Harris southd. ; rare ID

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Glabrous or puberulous. Root-
stock creeping. Stems (j-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves §-2^ in., shortly
petioled, ovate lanceolate, base cordate, obtuse or subacute, crenatures
rather remote, upper often entire. Flowers second, pubescent, solitary ;
bracts leaf -like ; bracteoles minute, setaceous ; pedicels very short. Calyx-
lips short, broad. Corolla blue variegated with white inside, 3-4 times as
long as the calyx; tube curved; lips short. Stamens and style included.
Nutlets granulate, enclosed in the 2-valved calyx. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, N. America. — A hybrid ? with /S. minor
is common at Virginia Water, Surrey, iutermediate in habit and flowers
between the two.

2. S. mi'nor, L. ; leaves with 1-2 crenatures near the base, flowers ^ in.
Swampy heaths and sides of ditches, &c., from Inverness and W. Scotland

southd. ; ascends to 1,000 fc. in Devon ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Oct. — Habit of S. galericula'ta, but only 4-6 in., more slender, often much
branched ; leaves shorter-petioled or sessile, J-l in., obtuse, upper quite
entire ; flowers much smaller, J in., pale pink-purple. — DISTRIB. W. Europe,
W. Asia, N.W. Himalaya.

1O. MElilT'TlS, L. BASTARD-BALM.

An erect perennial herb. Whorls axillary, 2-6-fld. ; flowers large.
Calyx broadly campanulate, membranous, nerved ; upper lip broad, orbi-
cular, irregularly 2-3-lobed, lower with 2 rounded lobes. Corolla-tube
broad, naked inside, orbicular ; lower lip broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip ; anthers conniving in pairs, cells diverging.
Style-lobes ovate. Nutlets smooth or reticulate. — DISTRIB. From France
southd., excl. Greece. — ETYM. Same as Melissa.

M. Melissophyl'lum, L. ; leaves ovate or oblong crenate-serrate.
M. grandiflo'ra, Sm.

Copses, Worcester, Wales, Cornwall to Sussex; fl. May-June. — Sparingly
hairy. Rootstock long, creeping. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, simple or branched.
Leaves subsessile or petioled, nerves hairy beneath. Bracts leaf -like ;
bracteoles 0 ; pedicels short, stout. Calyx very open, lobes all short broad.
Corolla 1-1J in., cream-white, spotted pink or purple, tube nearly straight,
mouth oblique, lips diverging; — DISTRIB. From France southd.

11. MARRU'BIUM, L. WHITE HOREHOUND.

Perennial, tomentose or woolly herbs. Whorls axillary ; bracts leaf-like ;
flowers small. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved ; teeth 5-10, subspiiious, erect

MARRUBIUM.] LABIATE. 325

or spreading. Corolla short ; tube naked' or with a ring of hairs inside ;
upper lip erect ; lower spreading, 3-fid, mid-lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included ; anthers glandular, cells diverging, subconfluent. Style-lobes
short, obtuse. Nutlets obtuse. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions of
the Old World ; species 30. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

M. vulga're, L. ; leaves broadly ovate crenate, whorls dense-fid.
Waste places, Elgin and E. Scotland, rare ; all England ; not native except
in I. of Wight ; Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Nov. — Hoary,
almost woolly. Rootstock short, stout. Stem 1-1J ft., stout, branched,
leafy. Leaves f-1^ in., base cordate or cuneate, nerves stout usually diverg-
ing from the broad rather long petiole, much wrinkled, leathery. Whorls
of innumerable partial ones, depressed, axillary, villous. Calyx oblong;
teeth 10, short, spinous, hooked at the tip. Corolla J in., white; tube
slender ; upper lip long, 2-fid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W.
India ; introd. in N. America. — Aromatic and bitter. — Much used as a cough
medicine.

12. STA'CHYS, L. WOUNDWORT.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves crenate or serrate. Whorls 2- or more-
fid., usually in terminal racemes ; flowers honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx
subcampanulate, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed, teeth usually equal. Corolla-
tube cylindric, with usually a ring of hairs inside, often incurved above ;
throat not dilated ; upper lip erect or spreading ; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
mid-lobe largest, lateral often reflexed. Stamens 4, ascending, 2 lower
longest ; anthers conniving, cells parallel or diverging. Style-lobes
nearly equal, subulate. Nutlets obtuse. — DISTRIB. Chiefly N. temp, and
Oriental regions ; species about 160. — ETYM. ardxvs, from the spiked
inflorescence.

SECTION 1. Sta'chys proper. Whorls in elongate interrupted spikes
or racemes ; lower or all the bracts foliaceous. Anther-cells diverging.

1. S. sylvat'ica, L. ; perennial, hispid, cauline leaves long-petioled
ovate broadly cordate coarsely serrate, whorls 6-1 2-fid.

Shady places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Foetid when bruised ; softly hispid. Root-
stock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., rather slender, solid, simple or
branched. Leaves 2-4 in., petiole often longer, radical withering early.
Spikes 4-8 in., hairy and glandular ; lower bracts serrate, upper lanceolate
quite entire ; bracteoles minute ; pedicels short. Calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, spinescent. Corolla §-§ in., red-purple ; tube equalling or ex-
ceeding the calyx ; lower lip variegated with white. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), Siberia, N.W. Himalaya.

2. S. palus'tris, L. ; perennial, hairy, cauline leaves shortly petioled
or sessile ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, whorls 8-10-fld.

Kiver-banks and moist places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in
Northumbd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Habit of S. syl-
vat'ica, but leaves much narrower,_stem stouter hollow, hairs less coarse,

326 LABIATE. [STACHYS.

odour less, flowers paler. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America.

jS. ambiy'ua, Sin., is a hybrid nearer sylvat'ica than palus'tris, with leaves shortly
petioled, fruit never maturing. Cultivated ground, not uncommon. Other
hybrids nearer to palus'tris are more common.

3. S. german'ica, L. ; biennial, shaggy with white silky hairs, cauline
leaves shortly petioled ovate-oblong or lanceolate, spikes stout, whorls
very dense-fid, lower remote.

Fields and roadsides on dry soil, very rare, Hants, Oxford, Kent ; Channel
Islands ; (an alien or denizen, Wats.} ; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock stoloniferous.
Stem 1-3 ft., very stout, branched. Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate, often
cordate, wrinkled under the matted hairs; radical 2-5 in., tufted, rather
long-petioled. Whorls interrupted ; upper bracts lanceolate ; bracteoles
subulate ; pedicels very short. Calyx villous ; upper lip longest ; teeth
triangular spinescent. Corolla | in., pale rose-purple, pubescent, lower lip
spotted.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., W. Asia, N."VY. India.

4. S. arven'sis, L. ; annual, sparingly hairy, leaves ovate or oblong
obtuse crenate, whorls 4-6-fld., corolla very small.

Fields and waste places, N. to Sutherland ; rare in Scotland ; Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands; fl. April-Nov. — Branched from the base; branches 6-18 in.,
weak, ascending, often rooting below. Leaves small, J-l in., base cordate or
cuueate, upper sessile ; petiole very variable. Whorls f-f in. cliam. ; bracts
sessile, subacute ; bracteoles 0 ; pedicels short. Calyx-teeth longer than the
tube, lanceolate-subulate, spinous- tipped. Corolla equalling the calyx, £- in.,
pale pink variegated with white. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and AY.
Asia, N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Beton'ica, L. (gen.). Whorls in short dense terminal
spikes ; lowest bracts leafy, upper minute. Anther-cells parallel.

5. S. Beton'ica, Benth. ; hairs deflexed, leaves petioled oblong-cordate
obtuse deeply crenate, whorls all close or the lower only separate, calyx-
lobes triangular spinescent. Beton'ica officina'lis, L. Wood Betony.
Copses, woods, roadsides, &c., from Perth southd. ; rare in Scotland and

Ireland; ascends to 1,200ft. in Northumbd.; Channel Islands; fl. June-
Aug. — Rootstock woody. Stems 6-24 in., ascending or erect, simple or
sparingly branched from the base. Leaves 1-4 in., coriaceous, radical tufted
on slender petioles, crenatures large rounded ; cauline few, much narrower,
more toothed or serrate. Whorls in an oblong, obtuse, long-ped uncled
spike, 1-3 in. ; bracteoles as long as the calyx, oblong-lanceolate, awiied ;
pedicels short. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Corolla f in., red-purple,
hairy, tube exserted; upper, "lip erect, lower 3-lobed. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Siberia. — Formerly much used medicinally.

13. GALEOP'SIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

Annual herbs ; branches diverging. Leaves toothed. Whorls many-
fid., dense, axillary and terminal ; bracts foliaceous ; flowers red orange or
variegated, honeyed, proterandrous. Calyx subcampanulate, subregular,

GALEOPSIS.] LABIATE. 327

5-nerved ; teeth 5, spinescent. Corolla-tithe straight, naked inside, throat
dilated ; upper lip ovate, arched ; lower 3-fid, rnid-lobe obcordate or 2-fid ;
palate with erect teeth at the union of the lobes. Stamens 4, exserted ;
anther-cells transversely 2-valved, inner valve rounded ciliate, outer
larger naked. Nutlets rounded, compressed, obscurely reticulate. —
DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, W. Asia ; species 3. — ETYM. yaXer) and oij/ts,
from the resemblance of the corolla to a weasel's head.

1. G. Ziad'anum, L. ; softly pubescent, nodes not thickened, calyx-
teeth not exceeding the tube, corolla red.

Cornfields and waste places, from Elgin south d. ; ascends to 1,050 ft. in
Derby ; rare in Scotland ; E. Ireland, local ; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. July-
Oct. — Stem 6-18 in. ; branches many, ascending. Leaves petioled, 1-2 in.,
ovate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate. Whorls few- or many-
fld. ; bracts sessile ; bracteoles linear, spinescent ; pedicels very short.
Calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. Corolla £-1 in., hairy, rosy, lower lip
mottled. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia; iutrod. in N. America.

G. LAD'ANUM proper (L. Herb.) ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate
throughout, whorls all separate, tube of corolla equalling the calyx. O.
intermedia, Vill. — Denbigh, Moray.

Sub-sp. G. ANGUSTIFO'LIA, Ehrh. ; leaves narrower connate at the base inter-
ruptedly serrate or subentire, upper whorls approximate, tube of corolla
much longer than the calyx. G. canes' cens, Schultz.

2. G. du bia, Leers ; glandular-pubescent, nodes not thickened, calyx-
teeth not exceeding the tube, corolla often yellow. G-. villo'xa, Huds. ;
ft. ockroleu'ca, Lamk.

Sandy cornfields, rare, Durham, York, Lincoln, Carnarvon, Notts, Essex ; (a
colonist, Wats.} ; fl. July-Aug. — Habit of G. Lad'anum, but glandular,
leaves broader, more deeply serrate ; whorls dense, almost silky ; bracteoles
much smaller ; calyx-teeth less spinescent ; corolla 1-1J in., pale yellow,
rarely white or purple. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd.

3. G, Tet'rahit, L. ; hispid, nodes thickened, calyx-teeth as long as or
longer than the tube, corolla yellow and purple or white.

Cornfields and waste places, N. to Sutherland; ascends to 1,300 ft. in
Northumbd. ; Ireland; Channel Islands; (colonist? Wats.)-, fl. July-
Sept. —Usually much larger and stouter than the two preceding, with
spreading and deflexed hairs. Stem |-3 ft., succulent, nodes very hispid.
Leaves 1-4 in., rather long-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, very coarsely serrate. Whorls dense-fld. ; bracts leafy ; brac-
teoles shorter than the calyx. Calyx |-| in. ; teeth very long, straight,
subulate. Corolla |-1J in.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N". and W. Asia,
N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

G. TET'RAHIT proper ; corolla £ in., rosy or white, upper lip flattish longer
than broad, lower flat, nutlets slightly convex above ventrally. — G. bif'ida,
Boenn., is a slender var. with the mid-lobe of the lower lip notched, margins
at length reflexed.

Sub-sp. G. SPECIO'SA, Miller; corolla larger broader 1-1 1 in. yellow and
purple, tube much exceeding the calyx, upper lip arched as broad as long,
nutlets very convex above ventrally. G. tersic'olor, Curt.

328 LABIATE. [LEONURUS.

13*. LEONU'RUS, L. MOTHER-WORT.

Erect herbs. Leaves lobed. Whorls axillary, dense-fld., scattered ;
bracteoles subulate : flowers small, pink or white. Calyx 5-nerved, tur-
binate, truncate, with 5 subspinescent spreading teeth. Corolla-tube naked,
or with an oblique ring within ; upper lip entire, erect ; lower 3-fid, mid-
lobe obcordate. Stamens 4 ; anthers conniving in pairs, cells transverse.
Style-lobes subulate or obtuse. Nutlets smooth, 3-quetrous, truncate. —
DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, America ; species 10. — ETYM. AeW and ovpd,
lion's tail.

L. CARDI'ACA, L. ; pubescent, leaves palmately lobed, bracts subtrifid,

corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside.

Hedges and waste places, England, Scotland, Ireland, Channel Islands, rare,
not indigenous ; fl. July-Sept. — Rootstock stout. Stem 2-4 ft., stout, erect,
angles prominent, very leafy. Leaves very close, radical with slender long
petioles, ovate or orbicular-cordate, lobed and toothed ; cauline 2-3 in.,
petioled, cuneate or obovate-oblong, lower multifid, upper 3-fid palmately
3-many-nerved, lobes acute. Whorls very many ; bracts large, leaf-
like, petioled ; bracteoles small, subulate, pungent ; flowers sessile. Calyx
£ in. ; teeth broadly triangular. Corolla § in., woolly, pale rose, upper lip
nearly straight. Nutlets villous-tipped. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W.
Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N. America.

14. LA'MIUM, L. DEADNETTLE.

Annual or perennial hairy herbs. Whorls many-fld., axillary, or in
leafy bracteate heads ; bracteoles 0 or subulate ; flowers red purple white
or yellow, honeyed, homogamous. Calyx tubular or subcampanulate ;
teeth 5, equal, or the upper longer. Corolla-tube naked, or with a ring of
hairs within, throat dilated ; upper lip arched ; lower 3-fid spreading,
lateral lobes sometimes toothed at the base ; mid-lobe broad, base con-
tracted. Stamens 4 ; anthers conniving in pairs, cells diverging. Style-
lobes subulate. Nutlets 3-quetrous, truncate, smooth scaly or tubercled. —
DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, Asia, N. Africa ; species 40. — ETYM. XCLL^OS,
from the throat-like corolla.

SECTION 1. Lamiop'sis, Annual (the British sp.). Corolla-tube
nearly straight, naked or with a ring of hairs, not constricted below the
ring ; throat very wide. Anthers hairy. Nutlets with white scales.

1. L. purpu'reum, L. ; leaves petioled cordate crenate, whorls] sub-
terminal crowded, calyx slightly hairy, teeth spreading in fruit about as
long as the tube.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in North-
umbd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-Oct. — Silkily hairy, or sub-
glabrous. Stem 6-18 in., decumbent below, branched from the base, often
purplish. Leaves J-2 in., obtuse, petiole as long or longer. Bracts crowded,
bases not overlapping, upper subsessile, together forming a flat-topped
head. Calyx about £ in. ; teeth triangular, tips spiuous. Corolla |-f iu.,

LAMIUM.] LABIATES. 329

purple, rarely white ; lateral lobes generally 1-2-toothed at the base.

— DISTRIB. Europe, Canaries, N. and W. Asia; introd. in N. America.
L. PURPU'REUM proper ; corolla-tube longer than the calyx-teeth, with a ring

of hairs within. — VAR. decip'iens, Sonder ; has leaves and bracts deeply

crenate.
Sub-sp. L. HY'BRIDUM, Vill, ; leaves more deeply crenate, floral with cuneate

bases, calyx-teeth erect ; corolla-tube shorter, ring of hairs within obscure.

L. dissec'tum, With. ; L. inci'sum, Willd.

2. Ii. interme dium, Fries ; leaves petioled orbicular-cordate deeply
crenate, whorls crowded, calyx slightly hairy, teeth spreading in fruit
much longer than the tube.

Cultivated ground, Scotland, N. England ; Ireland, rare ; fl. June-Sept. —
Intermediate between purpureum and L. amplexicaule, of which it has the
habit, overlapping upper bracts, and foliage ; stouter and more succulent
than either ; the long calyx-teeth distinguish it from both. The tube of
the corolla slightly exceeds the calyx and has a very obscure ring of hairs ;
lateral lobes toothed. — DISTRIB. N.W. Europe.

3. Ii. amplexicau'le, L. ; leaves petioled orbicular inciso-crenate,
whorls distant, calyx small densely pubescent, teeth converging in fruit
about equalling the tube, corolla-tube long slender. Henbit Deadnettle.
"Waste sandy places, N. to Orkney ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug.

— Hairy or almost glabrous. Stem 4-10 in., branched from the base. Leaves
small, |-| in., lower long-petioled, almost lobulate, base rounded or cordate.
Bracts sessile, broader than long, many-lobed, bases overlapping. Corolla
sometimes imperfect, often 5 in., very slender, rosy, pubescent. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Lamioty'pus. Perennial. Corolla-tube curved, ascending,
with a ring of hairs inside, constricted below the ring. Anthers hairy.
Nutlets without scales.

4. Ii, al'buxn, L. ; leaves all petioled cordate crenate or serrate, calyx-
teeth narrow straight longer than the straight tube, corolla white, tube
gibbous at the base below, ring of hairs oblique.

Fields and waste places, N. to Orkney ; rare and local in Scotland and Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-Dec. — More or less hairy. Rootstock creeping,
branched, stoloniferous. Stem 6-18 in., rooting and branched from the
base, then erect. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes blotched with white, lower
long-petioled, subacute or acuminate, rarely deeply incised. Whorls 6-10-
fld., upper crowded, lower remote ; bracts shortly petioled. Calyx glabrous
or hairy ; teeth triangular-subulate, points long slender. Corolla f-1 in,,
throat gradually dilated ; upper lip vaulted, villous ; lateral lobes variable.
. Stamens, sometimes outer, at others inner pair longest. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. Asia ; introd. in IS". America.

L. MACTJLA'TUM, L. ; leaves all petioled cordate crenate or serrate, calyx-
teeth broad recurved as 'long as the oblique tube, corolla usually purple,
tube equal at the base -below, ring of hairs transverse. L. Iceviga'twni,
Engl. Bot.

330 LABIATE. [LAMIUM.

Waste places England, Scotland, not indigenous ; fl. June-Sept. — Very closely
allied to L. al'bum, but the calyx and corolla are different ; flowers fewer,
rarely white ; leaves more wrinkled, and almost always with a median
white stripe, and corolla-throat suddenly dilated. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, N. and "VV. Asia.

SECTION 3. Galeob'dolon, Huds. (gen.). Perennial. Corolla-tube
curved, ascending, with a ring of hairs inside, constricted below the ring ;
upper lip stipitate. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets without scales.

5. Ii. Galeob'dolon, Crantz ; leaves petioled ovate acuminate doubly-
crenate or -serrate, calyx-teeth shorter than the oblique tube, corolla yellow,
ring of hairs oblique. Galeob'dolon luteum, Huds. Yellow Archangel.

Hedges and copses, from Cumberland southd., local; E. Ireland, . local ; fl.
May-June. — Hispid or subglabrous, hairs often reflexed. Rootstoclc short,
stoloniferous. Stems 6-18 in., flowering erect ; barren, elongate, prostrate.
Leaves 1-2 in., petioles variable. Whorls remote, 6-10-fld. ; upper bracts
sometimes lanceolate. Calyx-teeth mucronate. Corolla f-1 in., tube short,
gibbous at the base below ; lips long, lower spotted red-brown. — DISTRIB.
Europe, "W. Siberia.

15. BALLO'TA, L. BLACK HOKEHOUND.

Perennial, hairy or woolly herbs or undershrubs. Whorls axillary,
densc-fld. ; bracts subulate ; flowers small, proterandrous. Calyx tubular
or funnel-shaped, 10-nerved ; teeth 5-10, dilated at the base or connate
into a spreading limb. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs' inside ; upper
lip erect, concave ; lower as long, 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, as-
cending under the upper lip ; anthers conniving in pairs, cells at
length diverging. ' Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets obtuse. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and S. Africa, temp. Asia ; species 25. — ETYM. The Greek
name.

B. ni'gra, L. ; erect, hairy, calyx-teeth exceeding the corolla- tube.

Hedgebanks, &c., from the Forth and Clyde southd. ; rare and seldom indige-
nous in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Dull green,
hoary or woolly, foetid. Rootstock stout, short. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect,
much branched, hairs usually reflexed. Leaves 1-2 in., petioled, ovate- or
orbicular-cordate, crenate or almost lobulate. Whorls many; cymes
peduncled, 3-6-fld. ; bracts leaf -like, bracteoles small ; flowers sessile.
Calyx f in., slightly enlarged in fruit ; tube cylindric, strongly ribbed ; limb
short, expanded ; teeth 5, very variable, nerved, spinescent. Corolla \-^ in.,
pale red-purple; upper lip hairy outside and in; mid-lobe of lower ob-
cordate. Nutlets obtusely 3-gonous, brown, smooth, shining. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

B. ni'gra proper (It. rudera'lis, Sw.) ; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, tips
ascending. Northumbd., Oxford, Hereford.— YAH. B. al'ba, L. (B . fcc'tida ,
Lamk.) ; stouter, calyx-teeth deltoid, tips spinous spreading or reflexed.

TEUCRIUM.] LABIATE. 331

16. TEU'CRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

Herbs. Whorls with leafy bracts or in leafy unilateral racemes or
spikes ; flowers proterandrous, honeyed. Calyx tubular or campanulate ;
teeth 5, equal or the upper broader and reflexed. Corolla-tube short,
naked within ; limb obliquely 5-lobed ; 2 upper lobes very small, 2 lateral
larger, lowest largest, rounded or oblong, often concave. Stamens 4, 2
lower longest, protruded between the upper corolla-lobes'; anther-cells
confluent. Style-lobes subequal. Nutlets subglobose, smooth reticulate or
pitted, base obliquely truncate. — DISTRIB. Temp, and warm regions ;
species 100. — ETYM. The ancient name.

SECTION 1. Scorodo'nia, Mcsnch (gen.). Whorls 2-fld . , in terminal
branched 1 -sided racemes, Upper lip of calyx much dilated.

1. T. Scorodo'nia, L. ; leaves all shortly petioled ovate-cordate
crenate, bracts short, calyx gibbous at the base. Wood Sage.

Stony copses, heaths, hedges, and soils, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in
Northumbd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial, finely
pubescent or hairy. Eootstock woody, stoloniferous. Stems 8-24 in., tufted,
usually ascending, rigid. Leaves 1-If in., in distant pairs, rarely laciniate.
Racemes 3-6 in., branched at the base ; bracts petioled, green ; bracteoles 0 ;
pedicels short. Calyx broadly campanulate, reticulate in fruit ; lobes cus-
pidate, 4 lower small incurved subulate. Corolla \ in., ochreous. Stamens
purplish, 2 longer deflexed after dehiscence. Nutlets subglobose, smooth. —
DISTRIB. Europe, except Kussia, N. Africa. — Bitter, aromatic, tonic; a
substitute for hops.

SECTION 2. Scor'dium, Benth. Whorls 2-6-fld. ; bracts leaf-like.
Upper lip of calyx equal to or rather larger than the lower.

2. T. Scor'dium/Z. ; leaves sessile oblong coarsely serrate, calyx nearly
equal at the base, teeth nearly equal. Water Germander.

"Wet meadows, chiefly in the E. counties, very rare ; York, Lincoln to Suffolk,
Berks, Northampton, Cambridge, Devon ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel
Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, fostid, hairy woolly and glandular.
Hootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 4-10 in., branched from the base,
erect or prostrate, leafy. Leaves §-!§ in., base narrowed rounded or cordate.
Bracts leaf -like, sometimes auricled at the base (T. scordioi'des, Bab., not
Schreber); bracteoles 0; pedicels short. Calyx-teeth straight, short,
triangular. Corolla J in., rose-purple ; lower lip spotted. Nutlets wrinkled.
— DISTUIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia, N.W. Himalaya.

3. T. Bo'trys, L. ; leaves all petioled triangular-ovate pinnatifid,
calyx saccate at the base, teeth equal.

Chalky fields, Surrey, very rare; (a colonist? Baker}- fl. Aug. — Annual,
pubescent and glandular with long hairs. Stem 4-8 in., erect, much
branched from the base, leafy. Leaves ^-1 in., segments 3-5 pair, linear,
obtuse, lower again lobed; nerves prominent beneath. Bracts leaf -like.
Calyx large, glandular, inflated and reticulate in fruit ; lobes triangular,

332 LABIATE. [TEUCEIUM.

mucronate. Corolla f in., rose-purple, lower lip spotted white and red,
Nutlets deeply pitted.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. (excl. Greece),
N. Africa.

SECTION 3. Cliamse'drys, Benth. Whorlsl2-Q-M., all or the upper
only in lax terminal racemes. Calyx-teeth subequal.

T. CHAM^'DRYS, L. ; leaves petioled ovate incised-crenate, bracts
sessile leaf- like, calyx nearly equal at the base, teeth nearly equal.
Old walls in England, Scotland, and sandy fields in Ireland, rare ; a garden
escape; fl. July-Sept.— Perennial, almost hispidly hairy. Eootstock creep-
ing, stoloniferous. Stem 6-18 in., ascending, much branched, leafy. Leaves
|-1| in., gradually narrowed into the petiole, nerves prominent beneath.
Whorls about 6-fld., in the axils of leafy bracts, or subsecund in leafy
terminal spikes ; bracts exceeding the calyx, quite entire, acuminate, often
purple, upper smaller ; pedicels very short. Calyx-teeth straight, triangular,
spinescent. Corolla f in., rosy, lower lip spotted white and red. Nutlets
nearly smooth. - DISTRIB. From Holland southd.; W. Asia.— A reputed
tonic and famous old gout medicine.

17. A'JUGA, L. BUGLE.

Annual or perennial herbs. Whorls few- or many-fld. ; bracts leaf-like ;
flowers blue purplish or yellow, proterandrous. Calyx subcampaimlate,
5-fid or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a ring of hairs within,
straight or twisted ; upper lip short, notched ; lower longer, spreading,
3-fid, lateral lobes oblong, middle broader notched or 2-fid. Stamens 4,
ascending, protruded beyond the upper lip, 2 lower longer ; anther-cells
diverging, at length confluent. Style-lobes subequal. Nutlets reticulate
or rugose. — DISTIUB. Temp, regions of the Old World, from Europe to
Australia ; species 30. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. A. rep tans, L. ; almost glabrous, stoloniferous, leaves repand-
crenate, whorls in a loose spike with spreading bracts, flowers blue.
Copses, woods, and pastures, N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-July. — Perennial, subglabrous or
pilose, lines of hairs bifarious on the stem. Rootstock short, stout ; stolons
slender, leafy, tips ascending. Flowering-stem 6-12 in. Leaves, radical 2-3
in., long-petioled, narrowly obovate, obtuse ; those on the stolons small,
obovate-spathulate ; cauline few, sessile, oblong, obtuse. Spike 3-8 in.;
bracts subentire, obtuse, much shorter than the upper flowers, upper often
purplish ; whorls 6-10-fld. ; pedicels very short. Calyx small, teeth tri-
angular acute ciliate. Corolla |-| in., rarely white or rosy, mid-lobe of
lower lip broadly obcordate. — DISTRIB. Europe. — A form without stolons
(var.pseudo-alpi'na) has been mistaken for A. alpina, an exotic species.

2. A. pyramida'lis, L. ; pilose with soft-jointed hairs, leaves obscurely
crenate, whorls in a compact pyramidal spike, upper bracts appressed,
flowers blue. A. geneven'sis, L. var. Benth.

Mountain woods and streams, very rare, Westmoreland, Argyll to Orkney and
Hebrides; W.Ireland; fl. May-July. — Similar to A. rep'tans, but stolons

AJUGA.] LABIATE. 333

produced late only ; radical leaves shortly pet;oled ; calyx woolly with longer
teeth ; lower corolla-lip smaller, mid-lobe less cordate. — DISTRIB. Europe
(excl. Greece).

3. A. Chamse'pitys, Schreber ; annual, villous, cauline leaves 3-partite,
flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts yellow. Ground Pine.
Chalky fields, local, Bedford, Herts, Cambridge, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and
Hants; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. May-Sept. Hairs long, scattered. Stem 3-6
in.; branches ascending from the root, densely leafy. Leaves, radical early
withering, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, entire or toothed; cauline 1-1^ in.,
spreading, lobes narrow-linear. Whorls many, 2-fld. ; bracts many times
longer than the flowers. Calyx hispid ; teeth narrowly triangular. Corolla
\ in. ; lower lip spotted with red. Nutlets large, oblong, deeply pitted. —
DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

ORDER LX. ILLECEBRA CE7E,

Annual or perennial generally small, often tufted herbs. Leaves oppo-
site or alternate, quite entire (serrulate and exstipulate in Scleran'thus] ;
stipules scarious. Flowers very small, cymose, 2-sexual. Sepals 4-5,
distinct or connate, persistent, closing over the fruit. Petals small or 0.
Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, filaments short distinct or connate
anthers small. Disk 0 or annular. Ovary free, ovoid, 1 -celled ; style 2-
rarely 3-fid, stigmas decurrent ; ovule 1, erect, or pendulous from a basal
funicle. Utricle enclosed in the perianth, 1-seeded. Seed globose reniform
or lenticular, -.testa smooth, hilum ventral or lateral, albumen floury ;
embryo straight curved or annular. — DISTRIB. Chiefly warm and dry
regions ; genera 17 ; species 60. — AFFINITIES. Close to CaryopJiylleoe and
Amaranthacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

Leaves alternate. Petals 5. Stigmas 3 1. Corrigiola.

Leaves when opposite not connate. Sepals green, obtuse 2. Herniaria.

Leaves opposite. Sepals white, concave, with long points 3. Illecebrum.

Leaves opposite, connate at the base. Petals 0 4. Scleranthus.

1. CORRIGI'OLA, L. STRAPWORT.

Annual or perennial prostrate glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, linear
or oblong ; stipules scarious. Flowers minute. Sepals 5, connate at the
base, obtuse ; margins membranous. Petals 5, small, white. Stamens 5,
perigynous. Style short, 3-partite ; ovule suspended from a basal funicle.
Fruit crustaceous, 3-gonous, dotted or rugose, testa membranous ; embryo
annular. — DISTRIB. Europe, Africa, temp. America ; spscies 5. — ETYM.
Corrigiola, a little strap.

C. littora'lis, L. ; leaves linear-lanceolate, stipules ^-sagittate.
Sandy places, very rare, Cornwall, Devon ; fl. July-Sept. — Annual. Stems
many from the root, 4-8 in., slender, prostrate or ascending. Leaves §-§

334 ILLECEBEACEJE. [CORRIGIOLA.

in., narrowed into an obscure petiole ; stipules small. Flowers in crowded
terminal cymes. Petals as long as the sepals. — DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd.

2. HERNIA'RIA, L. KUPTURE-WORT.

Annual or perennial prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite and alternate,
narrow. Flowers minute, green, crowded, axillary, 1-2-sexual. Sepals
4-5, connate at the base, obtuse, equal or unequal. Petals 4-5, setaceous,
minute or 0. Stamens 3-5, inserted on an annular disk. Style 2-fid or
-partite ; ovule erect. Utricle indehiscent. Seed subglobose or reniform,
testa crustaceous shining; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and
S. Africa, W. Asia ; species 8 or 10. — ETYM. The classical name.

1. H. gla'bra, L. ; leaves oblong glabrous or ciliate.

Sandy soils, rare, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge ; Channel Islands; fl.
July-Aug. — Root woody, often perennial. Stems many, 4-6 in., tufted,
glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves J-J in. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and
W. Asia. — Probably a var. of H. hirsu'ta, L., a more southern plant.

YAR. H. cilia'ta^ Bab. ; perennial, stouter, forming larger tufts, leaves broader,
stipules larger whiter. — Lizard Point ; Guernsey. — Syme remarks that this
keeps its green colour during the winter of Middlesex, which H. yla'bra
proper does not.

2. H. hirsu'ta, L. ; leaves elliptic -oblong hirsute.

Sandy soil, Christchurch, Hants ; fl. July-Aug. — Very near H. gla'lra, but
hirsute all over. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., and eastd. to W. Asia.

3. IlfliECE'BRUM, L.

A small diffuse glabrous annual herb. Leaves opposite. Flowers "minute,
white, crowded in all the leaf-axils, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 5, white, corky,
compressed laterally, keeled, tips awned. Petals 5, setaceous, very minute.
Stamens 5, hypogynous. Style very short, stigmas 2 capitate ; ovule
erect. Utricle fissured at the base, included in the hardened calyx. Seed
oblong ; embryo curved, lateral. — DISTRIB. "W. Europe from Denmark
southd., N. Africa. — ETYM. doubtful.

I. verticilla'tum, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong or spathulate.
Moist sandy places, Devon, Cornwall ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. —
Branched from the root, very slender, prostrate ; branches 4-8 in., ascend-
ing, covered throughout with leaves and tufts of white flowers. Leaves £-J
in. Flowers subsessile, shorter than the leaves. Sepals opaque.

4. SCLERAN'THUS, L. KxAWEL.

Low, tufted, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, connate,
subulate, pungent, often serrulate ; stipules 0. Flowers minute, green, in
axillary and terminal cymes or fascicles, honeyed. Calyx-tulie funnel-
shaped or urceolate, hardening over the fruit ; lobes 4-5, short, erect.
Petals 0. Stamens 1, 2, 5, or 10, inserted on the calyx-mouth. Styles

SCLERANTHUS.] ILLECEBRACE^. 335

2, filiform, stigmas capitate ; ovule pendulous from a filiform basal funicle.
Utricle indehiscent. Seed lenticular, testa smooth ; embryo annular. — •
DLSTRIB. Europe, E. Asia, Africa, Australia, "N". Zealand; species 10. —
ETYM. o-KXypds, from the indurated perianth.

1. S. an'mms, L. ; calyx-lobes suberect in fruit acute with narrow
membranous margins.

Fields and waste places, N. to Caithness ; ascends above 1,000 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Sept. — Annual, rarely biennial
(S. bien'nis, Keut.). Stem 2-8 in., slender, green, sometimes pubernlous.
Leaves J-| in., recurved, base often ciliate. Flowers solitary in the lower
axils, and fascicled in terminal dichotomous cymes. Calyx-tube 10-grooved
in fruit. — DISTRIB. Europe to the Caucasus, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia ;
introd. in U. States.

2. S. peren'nis, L. ; calyx-lobes incurved obtuse with broad scarious
margins.

Sandy fields, from Radnor, Warwick, and Norfolk to Cornwall and Dorset ;
fl. June-Aug. — Very similar to S. an'nuus, but more glaucous, with
shorter bracts and pubescent calyx-tube. — DISTRIB. Europe to the Caucasus
Siberia.

ORDER LXI. CHENOPODIA'CEJE

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate. Flowers
1-2-sexual, small, regular, often dimorphic ; bracts 1-3 or 0. Calyx
inferior, of 3-5 free or connate sepals, imbricate in bud. Petals 0.
Stamens usually 5, opposite the sepals, perigynous or hypogynous ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary ovoid globose or depressed, 1-celled ; stigmas
2 4 ; ovule solitary, basal or lateral, campylotropous. Fruit usually a
utricle, enclosed in the often enlarged or fleshy calyx. Seed horizontal or
vertical, testa crustaceous, inner coat membranous, albumen floury fleshy
or 0 ; embryo curved annular or spiral. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera
70; species about 450. — AFFINITIES. With Amarantbaecce, Caryophyl-
lece, and Illeccbrcce. — PROPERTIES. Chiefly known as pot-herbs.

A. CYCLOLOBEJE. Embryo annular.

TRIBE I. EUCHENOPODIEJE. Stem leafy. Flowers bisexual, or if uni-
sexual perianths of males and females similar

Flowers 2-sexual. Utricle membranous f 1. Chenopodium.

Flowers 2-sexual. Utricle striate and hard above 2. Beta.

TRIBE II. ATRIPLICE2E. Stem leafy. Flowers 1-sexual, male 3-5- female
2-sepalous 3. Atriplex.

TRIBE III. SALICORNIE.ffi. Stem leafless, jointed. Flowers 2-sexual.
A Ibumen scanty ; embryo conduplicate 4. Salicornia.

336 CHENOPODIACE^. [CHENOPODIUM.

B. SPIROLOBE.ffi. Embryo spiral.

TRIBE IV. SU-ffiDE-ffi. Stem leafy. Sepals 4-5, not winged at the
back 5. Suseda.

TRIBE Y. SAL.SOLE.ffi. Stem leafy. Sepals 4-5, transversely winged in
fruit 6. Salsola,

1. CHENOPO'DIUM, Tournef. GOOSE-FOOT.

Erect or prostrate, very variable herbs, usually littoral or on made soil.
Stem angled, often striped white or red and green. Leaves entire lobed or
toothed. Flowers minute, 2-sexual, ebracteolate ; clusters axillary, or
in simple or panicled cymes. Sepals 3-5. Stamens 2-5, perigynous,
filaments subulate. Disk 0. Ovary free, depressed or compressed ; styles
2-3. Utricle membranous, often enclosed by the calyx. Seed horizontal
or vertical, testa crustaceous, albumen floury ; embryo annular. — DISTBJB.
All climates ; species about 50. — ETYM. xv* an(i wvs, goose-foot.

SECTION 1. Annual. Flowers 5-merous. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.
* Leaves quite entire.

1. C. Vulva'ria, L. ; mealy, diffuse, leaves deltoid-ovate, sepals not
keeled covering the utricle. C. ol'idum, Curtis.

Roadsides and waste places, Edinburgh, and from Northumbd. southd. ; S. and
E. Ireland (? extinct); Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Oct. — Annual, foetid.
branches 6-18 in., opposite, divaricate. Leaves f-1 in., greasy to the touch,
acute, grey-green ; petiole as long or shorter. Spikes small, f-| in., dense,
axillary and terminal. Seeds black, punctulate. — DISTRIB. From Denmark
southd., N. Africa. — Odour of stale salt fish.

2. C. polysper'mum, L. ; glabrous, erect or ascending, leaves ovate,
sepals not keeled shorter than the utricle. C. acutifo'lium, Sm.
Cultivated ground, manure-heaps, &c., from Berwick southd. ; Channel

Islands ; fl . Aug.-Oct. — Annual. Stem 6-18 in. ; branches many, spreading,
leafy. Leaves ^-1^ in., shortly petioled, membranous, obtuse or acute.
Cymes ^-1 in., axillary and terminal, simple or panicled ; branches very
slender, spreading ; flowers very minute. Seeds minute, dark brown, rough.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

** Leaves more or less toothed or lobed.

3. C. al'bum, L. ; erect, mealy, leaves rhombic or deltoid-ovate sub-
entire or irregularly toothed, upper oblong entire, sepals keeled covering
the utricle narrowly scarious or all green, seed smooth keeled.

Waste, especially cultivated ground, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Yery variable. Stem
1-3 ft. ; branches erect or ascending. Leaves 1-3 in., tip acute obtuse or
rounded, base cuneate often 3-nerved; petiole usually long and slender.
Spikes terminal and axillary, simple or panicled, leafy below. Seed almost
black, hardly dotted. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), temp. Asia ; introd. in
N. America.

CHENOPODIUM.] CHENOPODIAGEJE. 337

C. album proper (C. can'dicans, Lamk.) ; leaves usually much toothed mealy,
spikes simple shorter than the leaves in a slender terminal panicle, calyx
very mealy. — YAR. C. vir'ide, L. ; leaves subentire sparingly or hardly
mealy, spikes lax axillary subcorymbose, branches recurved, calyx almost
glabrous. — YAR. C. paga'num, Reichb. (w'rens, Lond. Cat.); lower leaves
obtusely serrate glabrous or sparingly mealy below only, spikes lax erect
axillary simple or in terminal panicles, calyx sparingly mealy.

4. C. ficifo'lium, Sm. ; erect, mealy, flaccid, leaves oblong-hastate
sinuate-toothed upper entire, basal lobes ascending, sepals covering the
utricle, seed dotted not keeled.

Waste places,, usually in rich soil, chiefly in the E. and S. of England, York to
Kent and Sussex ; Ireland rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug-Sept. — Yery
near C. al'bum, but more flaccid, flowers later, with more oblong-hastate
leaves whose basal lobes spread more, and above which the leaf is often
contracted, inflorescence almost leafless, seeds smaller. — DISTRIB. Europe.

5. C. ur'bicum, L. ; erect, sparingly mealy, leaves triangular acute
deeply toothed or subentire, spikes erect leafless simple axillary or in a
terminal erect panicle, sepals not keeled nor covering the utricle broadly
scarious, seed large punctulate not keeled.

Waste places, indigenous from York southd. only ; Ireland ; fl. Sept.-
Oct. — Stem 6-36 in., stout, sparingly branched. Leaves 1-3 in., often a?
broad as long ; petiole usually shorter, winged above ; lateral nerves spreading.
Spike f-2 in., rather dense-fld. — DISTRTB. Europe, Canaries, N. and W. Asia
iutrod. in N. America.

C. ur'bicum, proper (C. deltoi'deum, Lamk.) ; leaves deltoid shortly toothed or
subentire, spikes erect longer than the leaves, panicle leafless above. — YAR.
C. intermedium, Mert. and Koch ; leaves rhombic-triangular deeply sinuate-
toothed, spikes shorter than the leaves, panicle leafy almost to the top.

6. C. hy'bridum, L. ; erect, almost glabrous, leaves large long-acumi-
nate with 2-4 broad lobes on each side, spikes in lax axillary almost
leafless corymbs, sepals obtusely keeled not covering the utricle broadly
scarious, seed large opaque coarsely pitted not keeled.

Fields and waste places, from Lancashire and Norfolk to Somerset and Kent,
local ; (a native ? Wats.} ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Odour heavy. Stem 1-3 ft., stout,
branched. Leaves 3-5 in., almost shining, broadly ovate, pale green, mem-
branous, 3-5-nerved near the usually cordate base. Clusters of flowers rather
large. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India; introd.
in N. America.

7. C. mura'le, L. ; nearly glabrous, leaves bright green rhombic- or
deltoid-ovate acute entire at the cuneate base, upper narrower serrate,
spikes short densely panicled, sepals slightly keeled almost covering the
utricle narrowly scarious, seed sharply keeled.

Waste places, near houses, from Northumbd. southd., rare in England ; Ireland,
very rare ; Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Bather foetid. Stem 6-18 in.,
erect or ascending ; branches decumbent. Leaves £-3 in. broad, rather
shining, teeth sharp ; petiole shorter than the blade. Spikes |-| in. Seed

z

338 CHENOPODIA GEJE. [CiiENoroDi u M .

rather opaque, dotted. — DISTIIIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. India ;
introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Annual. Lateral flowers of each cluster usually 2-4-
inerous, seed vertical ; terminal 5-.mer.pus, seed horizontal or vertical.
Styles short.

8. C. ru'brum, L. ; glabrous, shining, leaves deltoid or rhombic-ovate,
spikes leafy panicled, sepals not keeled covering the utricle narrowly
scarious, seed mostly vertical minute brown shining obscurely keeled.
Waste places, ditches, salt marshes, &c., from Aberdeen and Clyde southd. ;

Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3 ft., erect or
ascending. Leaves excessively variable, entire irregularly toothed or serrate,
obtuse or acute, base 3-nerved. Spikes very short in terminal and axillary
panicles. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia.

C. ru'brum proper ; leaves sinuate-serrate not fleshy, panicle leafy to the top,
spikes short compact dense -fld. often almost capitate. — VAR. pseudo-bot-
ryo'des, Wats., is smaller, often reddish, stem slender prostrate, leaves
rhomboid almost entire, panicles much reduced. — VAR. C. lotryo'des, Sm. ;
leaves subentire more triangular fleshy, panicle leafless above.

9. C. glau'cum, L. ; prostrate, leaves mealy beneath oblong or ovate-
oblong sinuate-lobed, spikes short dense leafless, sepals keeled nearly
covering the utricle narrowly scarious, seed acutely keeled.

Waste ground, sporadic and very scarce, Fife to Hants ; indigenous only in
S. England; (native? Wats.)-\ fl. Aug.-Sept.— Stem 6-18 in., usually
spreading, widely branched, shining, glabrous. Leaves ^-1 in., obtuse or
rounded, base cuneate. Spikes j— 1 in., simple or compound, terminal and
axillary. Seeds variable, very small, the horizontal largest. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya. N. America, S. Chili, Australasia.

SECTION 3. Perennial, glabrous, or nearly so. Flmcers all 5-inerous,
or lateral 2-3-androus. Seeds nearly all vertical. Styles very long.

10. C. Bo'ims-Henri'cus, L. ; leaves triangular-hastate subacute,
spikes mostly in a compound leafless panicle, sepals not keeled toothed at
the tip broadly scarious, seed large tumid black not keeled, ^ill-good.
Waste places, often near houses, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft.

in N. England; common in Ireland; Channel Islands; (a native? Wats.);
fl. May- Aug. — Eootstock stout, fleshy, branched. Stem stout, erect or
ascending, 1-3 ft., papillose. Leaves 2-4 in., succulent, papillose beneath,
variable in shape, entire or sinuate-toothed, petiole of lower long, basal
lobes often large acute and spreading. Spikes 1-2 in., dense-fid. Sepals
shorter than the utricle. Stamens 2-5, rarely 0. Seed punctulate. — DTSTRIB.
Europe, Siberia ; introd. in N. America. — Cultivated as a pot-herb in Lincoln-
shire, and called " Mercury."

2. BE'TA, L. BEET.

Herbs. Lraves almost entire. Flowers 2-sexual, in axillary spiked or
cyniose fascicles, coheriug in fruit by the enlarged hardened bases of the

BETA.] CEENOPODIACE^. 339

sepals. Calyx urceolate. Stamens 5, perigynous, filaments subulate.
Disk fleshy, annular. Ovary sunk in the disk, depressed ; style short,
stigmas 2-4 subulate. 'Fruit adnate to the disk and calyx-base. Seed
horizontal, testa thin, albumen floury ; embryo annular. — DISTRIB. N.
temp. Europe and Asia ; species about 9. — ETYM. Uncertain.

B. marit'ima, L. ; decumbent, clusters of flowers spiked.
Muddy, &c., sea-shores, from Fife and Argyll southd. ; Ireland; Channel
Islands ; fl. June-Get. — Glabrous, perennial. Rootstock branched, tapering
into a fleshy root. Stems many, 1-2 ft., branched, angular, striped, tips
ascending. Leaves 2-4 in., fleshy, shining, lower rhomboid-ovoid, acute,
upper lanceolate ; petiole broad. Spikes 3-^6 in., slender, panicled, clusters
2-3-fld., sessile; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, lower |-d. in.; flowers £ in
diam., green. Sepals incurved, obtuse, keel entire, edges scarious. —
DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, India. — Probably
the origin of the Beet and Mangold Wurzel. An excellent spinach.

3. A'TRIPLEX, Tournef. ORACHE.

Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scaly. Leaves alternate or opposite, petioled,
often hastate, entire or sinuate-toothed. Flowers small, 1 -sexual,
ebracteate ; clusters usually in branched cymes. — MALE. Sepals 3-5.
Stamens 3-5, hypogynous, filaments fililform. Ovary rudimentary. —
FEMALE. Sepals 2, free or connate. Stamens 0. Styles 2, filiform, con-
nate at the base. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged calyx.
Seed compressed, vertical or horizontal, albumen floury ; embryo annular.
— DISTRIB. Shores and waste places ; species 100. — ETYM. The old
Latin name.

SUB-GEN. 1. A' triplex proper. Annuals. Flowers monoecious ; sepals
of female united below. Pericarp not adherent to the sepals. Testa
crustaceous. Eadicle basal or sublateral.

1. A. pat'ula, L. ; mealy, stem erect or ascending striped, branches

spreading, leaves deltoid hastate or rhombic, floral usually broad, fern, sepals

rhombic or deltoid usually toothed and tubercled or rarely hardened.

Waste places, manure-heaps, &c., N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ;

fl. June-Oct. — Very variable, 6 in .-3 ft.., rarely prostrate, less mealy than

A. lacinia'ta. Female f. mostly mixedi with males, but axillary ones occur

separately. Fruiting sepals usually |-£ in. diam., except in sub-sp. Baling-

to'niij excessively variable in form, length of free portion, toothing and

sculpture ; base hastate truncate or deltoid. Seeds of two forms, largest

TV-£ in. diam., dark brown, much compressed ; smallest ^-y'j, smooth,

shining. — DISTRIB. Most cool (Arctic) parts of the globe, native or

naturalized.

A. PAT'ULA proper : erect or ascending, deep green, sparingly mealy, lower
leaves opposite rhombic or rhombic-hastate with ascending cusps acute
entire or serrate, spikes dense simple leafy below, sepals united at the base
only deltoid entire or serrate (var. erec'ta, E.B.), smooth or muricate, Reeds
all vertical. A. erec'ta, Huds. — Common, extending to India; ascends to

z 2

v3iO CHENOPODIACE^. [ATRIPLEX.

1,000 ft. in N. England. — A. angustifo'lia, Sm. ; is a weak procumbent state
with branches divaricate, leaves subentire, spikes long lax panicled, sepals
usually smooth.

Sub-sp. A. HASTA'TA, L. ; erect or decumbent, dark green, mealy, lower leaves
opposite hastate-deltoid with horizontal cusps subacute entire or toothed,
upper lanceolate, spikes simple or panicled interrupted leafy at the base,
sepals deltoid united at the base only, seeds dimorphic, larger brown rough ,
smaller black smooth. A. pat'ula, Sm. ; A. Smith'ii, Syme. Common, ex-
tending to India; ascends to 1,300 ft. in N. England. — A. trianyularis,
Willd. (A. prostra'ta and A. deltoide'a^ Bab.), is a var. with upper leaves
hastate, spikes dense, terminal of the panicle short, sepals truncate but
little longer than the utricle, seeds mostly small.

Sub-sp. A. BABINGTO'NII, Woods ; usually pale and very mealy, branches
spreading ascending, leaves mostly opposite deltoid or rhombic-ovate entire
or sinuate-toothed, upper usually similar, clusters of flowers remote, spikes
simple lax leafy, sepals connate at the often hardened base or united
nearly to the middle, seeds all vertical large pale rather rough. A . ro'sea,
Bab., not L. Sea-shor.es, abundant. — Very variable ; as green as sub-sp.
hasta'ta, or almost as white as A. lacinia'ta^ from which the striped stems
distinguish it. — N". to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands.

2. A. littora'lis, L. ; mealy, stem erect striped, branches ascending,
leaves linear- or elliptic-oblong usually quite entire upper very narrow,
fern, sepals rhombic or deltoid toothed tubercled not hardened.

Salt and brackish marshes, banks, &c., from Perth to Dorset and Kent (excl.
W. Scotland) ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Best distinguished
from'./!, pat'ula by the narrower usually quite entire leaves, which are never
hastate and hardly ever rhombic. Clusters of fowers in slender terminal
spikes. Seeds nearly smooth, shining, all vertical. — DISTBIB. Of A
patula.

A. mari'na, L. (A. serra'ta, Huds.), is a var. with leaves serrate or lobed, tips
of fruiting sepals appressed.

3. A. lacinia'ta, L. ; clothed with persistent silvery scales, stem not
striped reddish, lower leaves opposite rhombic-ovate, upper similar or
hastate, floral sessile, fern, sepals connate at the swollen hardened base.
A. arena'ria, Woods, not Nuttull ; A. farino'sa, Dumort.

Sandy sea-coasts, from Sutherland southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July-Oct. — Silvery-white all over. Stem angled, branched from the base ;
branches 4-10 in., diffuse, stout or slender. Leaves 1-lf in., petiole short,
acute or obtuse, base cuneate, subentire or irregularly acutely or obtusely
lobed toothed or serrate. Male flowers in short dense subpnnicled spikes,
female axillary with a few males' intermixed. Fruiting sepals £-| in. diam.,
united to the middle, often broader than long, rhombic, acute or acuminate,
entire lobed or toothed ; disk often prominently veined or wrinkled, rarely
tubercled. Seed large, £ in. diam., much compressed, rough, red-brown. —
DISTRIB. W. Europe, Norway to France.

SUB-GEN. 2. Obi'one, Gcertn. (gen.). Annual or perennial. Flowers
moncecions or dioecious. Pericarp adherent to the cup-shaped perianth.
Testa coriaceous or crustaceous ; radicle superior. Hal'imus, Wallroth.

ATEIPLEX.] CHENOPODIACE^. 341

4. A. portulacoi'des, L. ; shrubby, mealy, leaves obovate- or spathu-
late-lanceolate quite entire, fern, perianth sessile compressed 2-4-lobed.
Muddy maritime cliffs and marshes, from Ayr and Northumbd. southd. ;

Ireland, very rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Oct. — Covered with minute
persistent greyish-white scales. Eootstock woody, branched. Stem 1-3 ft.,
woody below, flexuous, decumbent ; branches 12-18 in., erect. Leaves 1-3
in., mostly opposite, tip rounded, upper linear. Spikes in terminal inter-
rupted panicles, leafy below. Fruiting perianth ^—^ in., cupular ; lobes
rounded, unequal. Seed chestnut, rough. — DISTEIB. From Denmark
southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

5. A. peduncula'ta, L. ; herbaceous, mealy, leaves narrowly obovate-
oblong quite entire, fern, perianth pedicelled, lobes 2 recurved.

Muddy maritime marshes, rare, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent ; fl. Aug.-
Oct. — Annual, mealy like A. portulacoi'des. Stem 3-8 in., flexuous, slender,
terete, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves ^-1J in., tip rounded, shortly
petioled. Spikes terminal and reduced to axillary fascicles ; flowers sub-
sessile, one or few fruiting in each fascicle, when the pedicel elongates to
$-| in., and is very spreading. Fruiting perianth % in. diam., carnpanulate
with 2 lateral lobes and 2 intervening small teeth. Seed as in A. portula-
coi'des.— DISTKIB. From Gothland southd., N. Africa, Siberia.

4. SALICORNIA, Tournef. MARSH SAMPHIRE.

Annual or perennial leafless herbs. Steins cylindric, very succulent,
jointed ; branches opposite. Flowers 2-sexual, minute, 2 together sunk
in pits at the nodes. Perianth turbinate, compressed, fleshy, 3-4-lobed
or truncate, mouth contracted. Stamens 1-2, perigynous. Styles 2.
Utricle compressed, included in the swollen perianth. Seed vertical, testa
membranous hairy, albumen scanty fleshy or 0 ; embryo con duplicate
green, radicle inferior incumbent, cotyledons J- terete thick. — DISTKIB.
Salt districts ; species 8. — ETYM. sal and cornu, from the horn-like
branches.

1. S. herba'cea, L. ; annual, root slender, stem ascending, branches
more or less fusiform all flowering.

Salt marshes, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. —
Stem 6-18 in., J-J in. diam. at the thickest part, which is above the base ;
internodes ^ in., usually contracted above and below, 2-lobed at the top
when dry, lower woody slender, upper fleshy slightly compressed ; branches
spreading or ascending; flowering internodes in short spikes. Flower-
bearing cavities 2 at each node, opposite. Stamens inserted at various
heights, if 2 successively protruded. Styles exserted. Fruiting perianth
narrowly winged at the top. Seed ovoid or oblong, greenish, covered with
curled hairs. — DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India, N.
America. — Formerly burnt for Barilla, and sometimes pickled.

S. herba'cea proper ; green, glaucous, ascending, branches suberect, spikes
many-fld. — VAR. S. procum'bens, Sin.; red, decumbent, branches cruciate,
spikes few-fld. — VAR. ramosis'sima, "Woods ; grass-green, erect, much-

342 CHENOPODIACE^E. [SALICORNIA.

branched, spikes few-fld. Hayling Island. — VAR. pusil'la, Woods; very
small, spikes about J in. few-fld.

2. S. radi'cans, Sm. ; rootstock perennial woody creeping sending up

herbaceous terete barren and flowering branches.

Salt marshes, from York southd. to Devon; fl. Sept-Oct. — Much more
branched and tufted than S. kerba'cea, colour browner. — Stems J-2 ft., £-|
in. diam., spikes thicker and more obtuse. — DISTRIB. "W. Europe from
Denmark southd. — Erroneously referred to Arthrocne'mum frutico'sum by
Moquin Tandon (in DC. Prodr.).

Imperfectly known species are S. ligno'sa, "Woods (Linn. Soc. Proceed. , 1851,
p. Ill), with the growth, &c., of S. radi'cans, but stem shorter thicker more
woody below ; and S. megasta'chya, Woods, with tubercled hairless seeds,
which is possibly an Arthrocne'mum.

5. SU-ffi'DA, Forsk. SEABLITE.

Saline herbs or shrubs. Leaves fleshy, alternate, terete or J-terete.
Flowers 1-2-sexual, small, green, axillary, minutely 3-bracteolate. Calyx
5-partite ; segments obtuse, not keeled or winged. Stamens 5, hypo-
gynous. Styles 3-5, compressed. Utricle enclosed in the fleshy or
dry calyx. Seed horizontal or vertical, testa crustaceous, inner coat thin,
albumen 0 or fleshy and scanty ; embryo in a flat spiral, radicle inferior. —
DISTRIB. Salt marshes and shores ; species about 40. — ETYM. unknown.

1. S. marit'ima, Dumort. ; annual, stem procumbent or ascending
branched, leaves subacute tapering at the base, styles 2, seed horizontal.
Schobe'ria, C. A. Meyer ; Chenopodi'na, Moq. Tand.

Salt marshes, from Shetland southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Oct-
— Glabrous, glaucous, reddish in winter, usually branching from the base ;
branches 3-24 in., straggling, slender. Leaves J-l in. or more. Flowers
3-5 together, rarely solitary, subsessile. Seed shining, striate, brownish-
black, beaked. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N, Africa, N. and W. Asia, India,
N. America.

2. S. frutico'sa, Forsk. ; stem perennial woody, leaves rounded at the
base and tip, styles 3, seed vertical. Schobe'ria, C. A. Meyer.

Sandy and pebbly beaches, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Dorset, rare and local ;
fl. July-Oct. — Glabrous, rather glaucous. Stem 1-3 ft., § in. diam. at the
base ; branches erect or ascending. Leaves j-§ in., crowded, fleshy, dotted
with white. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, subsessile. Seed shining,
black. — DISTRIB. From Spain eastd., N. Africa, W. Asia, India.

6. SAL'SOLA, L. SALTWORT.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile, subcylindric
or subulate, fleshy rigid or spinescent. Flowers small, axillary, sessile,
dichogamous, 2-bracteate. Sepals 5, rarely 4, with a broad transverse
dorsal wing that forms after flowering. Stamens 5, rarely 3, hypogynous ;
filaments linear free or connate below. Ovary subglobose ; style elongate,

SALSOLA.] CHENOPODIACEJE. 343

stigmas 2-3 compressed or subulate. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the
stellately 5- winged much enlarged calyx. Seed horizontal, testa membra-
nous, albumen 0 ; embryo forming a conical helix. — DISTRIB. Saline
districts ; species about 40. — ETYM. sal, from yielding alkalies.

S. Ka'U, L. ; herbaceous, rigid, leaves spinous-pointed*
Sandy sea-shores from Caithness southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. July-
Aug. — Annual, pubescent or scabrid, glaucous. Stem 6-18 in., erect or
procumbent, striped ; branches many, spreading, flexuous. Leaves |-1| in.,
spreading and recurved, fleshy, ovate-subulate, f-amplexicaul. Flowers
1-3 ; bracts spinescent. Wings of fruiting perianth very variable, broad or
narrow, scarious, often rose-coloured. Seed brown, adherent to the pericarp.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa. N. and W. Asia, India, N. and
S. America, Australia. — Formerly burnt for Barilla.

ORDER LXII. POLYGON A'CE/E.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire or serru-
late ; margins revolute in bud ; petiole dilated ; stipules sheathing, scarious.
Flowers usually 2-sexual, pedicels jointed. Sepals 3-6, petaloid or her-
baceous, free or connate, persistent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-8,
rarely more or less, p'-rigynous or hypogynous, opposite the sepals ;
anthers 2-celled. Disk glandular annular or 0. Ovary free, ovoid, 3-
gonous or compressed ; styles 1-3, stigmas capitate or penicillate ; ovule 1,
basilar, orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent, hard, usually enveloped in the
perianth. Seed erect, testa membranous, albumen floury ; embryo straight
and axile, or lateral and curved, cotyledons various, radicle superior. —
DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, regions ; genera 30 ; species about 600. — AFFI-
NITIES. With Amaranthacece and Chenopodiacece. — PROPERTIES. Eoot often
astringent or purgative ; some yield oxalic and malic acids ; the leaves or
seeds of others are alimentary.

Sepals 5, subequal. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous, wingless..!. Polygonum.

Sepals 6, 3 inner much larger. Fruit 3-gonous 2. Rumex.

Sepals 4, 2 inner larger. Fruit winged 3. Oxyria.

1. POLYG'ONUM, L.

Herbs. Leaves alternate ; stipules tubular. Flowers 2-sexual, in
panicled racemed or spiked clusters ; bracts ochreate. Sepals 5, 3 outer
sometimes enlarging in fruit. Disk usually glandular. Stamens 5-8 ;
anthers versatile. Ovary compressed or 3-gonous ; styles 2-3, stigmas
capitate. Fruit 3-quefcrous or compressed. Embryo axile or lateral.
— DISTRIB. All climates; species 150. — ETYM. iroXvs and y6w, from the
many nodes.

344 POLYGON ACE JE. UOLYGONUM.

SECTION 1. Bistor'ta, Tournef. Rootstock perennial. Stem simple,

erect. Stipules truncate. Racemes solitary, spike-like ; pedicels jointed

at the top. Stamens 8. Fruit 3-quetrous ; embryo lateral, cotyledons
thin Hat.

1. P. Bistor'ta, L. ; leaves obtuse or cordate at the base, petiole
winged, raceme dense cylmdric. Bistort, Snake-root.

Wet meadows, wild from Benfrew and Edinburgh southd., often introduced
N. of it ; ascends to 1,050 ft. in D^rby ; Ireland, rare, native ?; fl. June-Sept. —
Glabrous, except the leaf -nerves beneath. Rootstock woody, twisted, creep-
ing ; roots tuberous. Stem 1-2 ft., strict, slender. Leaves, radical 3-6 in.,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, waved, glaucous beneath ; petiole 6-12 in., broadly
winged above; cauline subsessile, broader at the base; stipules |-3 in.
Raceme 1J-2 in. ; bracts cuspidate. Flowers % in. long, white or pink,
honeyed, proterandrous. Stamens exserted. Fruit brown, shining. — DISTKIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya. — Boot-stock astringent; used
as food in famine-times, and formerly medicinally.

2. P. vivip'arum, L. ; leaves narrowed at the "base, petiole not winged,
raceme spike- like bulbiferous below.

Mountain pastures and wet alpine rocks ; from Carnarvon and York to Shet-
land ; 'as jends to 4,000 ft. ; W. Ireland ; fl. June-Aug.— Glabrous. Rootstock
slender. Stem 4-16 in., slender. Leaves 1-2| in., $-J in. broad, radical
nirrowr linear-oblong, petiole as long or shorter, subacute, glaucous beneath,
margins revolute ; cauline few, shorter petioled ; stipules §— 1§ in. Racemes
1-3 in., slender, obtuse. Flowers white or pink, polygamous ; bulbils purple.
Fruit rarely ripening. — DISTRTB. Alps of N. temp, and Arctic regions.

SECTION 2. Persica'ria, Meissn. Barely perennial. Stipules truncate,
subentire. Racemes spike-like ; pedicels jointed at the top. Stamens
4-8. Fruit compressed or 3-quetrous ; embryo lateral, cotyledons thin,
flat.

* Spikes short, usually dense, not or rarely interrupted, not leafy at the base.

3. P. amphib'ium, L. ; perennial, creeping or floating, leaves oblong
or lanceolate, racemes subsolitary dense-fld. , peduncles hairy, sepals
cglandtilar, stamens 5, styles 2 united half way, fruit ovoid, faces convex.

Damp and watery places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-
Aug. — Rootstock creeping, slender, woody, branched. Stem very variable in
length. Leaves floating and long-petioled or aerial and subsessile, obtuse or
acute, serrulate or ciliate, eglandular; stipules large, appressed, glabrous or
hispid, mouth entire, Racemes 1-3, f-2 in. ; peduncle stout ; pedicels short ;
bracts obtuse acute or cuspidate. Sepals $ in., not nerved, pale or bright
rose-red, much longer than the shining fruit. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and
Arctic regions.

4. P. lapathif o lium, L. ; annual, leaves ovate or oblong-lancolate,
racemes subcylindric, peduncle rough and sepals glandular, stamens 5-6,
styles 2 free, fruit orbicular, faces concave.

POLYGONUM.] POLYGON ACE^. 345

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 1,000 ft. in York ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug. — Stem 1-4 ft., decumbent and
rooting below, much branched, green red or spotted ; nodes stout, swollen.
Leaves 4-6 in., shortly petioled, acuminate, ciliate, glabrous pubescent
scaberulous or cottony above and beneath, sometimes glaucous beneath, or
with a black blotch above, punctate and sparingly glandular; stipules
loose, often ciliate. Racemes 1-3, f-lf in., often panicled, obtuse, stout ;
bracts broad, obtuse or cuspidate. Sepals nerved, equalling the obtuse dark
fruit. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India; introd. in
America.

P. LAPATHIFO'LIUM proper; racemes remote, sepals shorter than the fruit.
Common.

Sub-sp. P. MACUIA'TUM, Dyer and Trimen; racemes crowded, sepalslarger than
the smaller fruit. P. nodo'sum, Reichb. ; P. lax' urn, Bab.

5. P. Persica'ria, L: ; annual, racemes usually short dense, leaves
ovate or lanceolate, peduncle glabrous, sepals subeglandular, stamens 5-8,
styles 2-3 united half way, fruit plano-convex or 3-gonous. Persictiria.
Waste moist places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,300 ft. in N. England; Ire-
laud ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Oct. — Stem 6-18 in., branched, erect or
ascending, nodes usually swollen. Leaves subsessile, subacute, ciliolate,
often with a black blotch, pubescent and punctate below, eglandular ;
stipules ciliate. Racemes ^-1| in., with sometimes a leaf at the base, erect
or suberect, peduncled, lateraljsessile. Flowers homogamous ; anthers, outer
iiitrorse, inner extrorse. Sepals red or white, equalling the fruit. — DISTIMB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India.

P. Persica'ria proper; branches divaricate, racemes remote short stout, or
slender (P. bifor'me, Wahlb.) obtuse cylindric. — VAR. P. nodo'sum, Pers. ?
branches erect, racemes slender rather lax attenuated upwards, young
crowded. P. bifor'me, Bab.

** Spikes long, lax, slender, interrupted and leafy below.

6. P. mi'te, Schrarik ; annual, suberect, racemes slender erect, sepals
eglandular, stamens 5-6, styles 2-3 united half way, fruit roughish plano-
convex or 3-gonous as long as the sepals.

Wet places, from York southd., local ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Stems 1-2 ft., erect,
decumbent at the rooting base, branched, slender. 1 eaves 2-4 in., shortly
petioled, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, ciliolate, eglaudular ;
stipules loose, strongly ciliale. Racemes §-3 in., solitary, lax. Sepals whit'e
or pink, nerves faint. Fruit black, rather narrow. — DISTRIB. Europe
(excl. Greece).

7. P. Hydrop'iper, L. ; annual, suberect, racemes very slender tips
drooping, sepals with few very large glands, stamens 6 (rarely 8), styles 2-3
free, fruit plano-convex or 3-gonous as long as the sepals. Water-pepper.
Watery places from Skye southd. ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in the Lake district ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3 ft., creeping and rooting
at the base, much branched. Leaves 2-4 in., shortly petioled, lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, ciliolate, minutely glandular beneath ; stipules
short, inflated, ciliate or not. Racemes 3-8 in., curved, lax. Sepals green

346 POLYGONACE^E. [POLYGON™.

and rose. Fruit black, punctulate. — DISTRIB. N. temp, hemisphere. —
Very acrid, and a reputed diuretic.

8. P. mi'nus, Huds. ; annual, racemes very slender straight, sepals
usually 5 with minute glands at the base only, styles 2-3 united half way,
fruit smooth plano-convex or 3-gonous as long as the sepals.

Marshy places, local from Perth and Renfrew southd. ; Ireland, rare ; fl. Aug.-
Sept. — Stem 6-24 in., usually very slender, much branched, erect or
ascending. Leaves 1-3 in., narrow-lanceolate, ciliolate, eglandular ; stipules
not inflated, short, ciliate. Racemes 1-3 in:, solitary or panicled, usually on
slender peduncles. Sepals To~i in., very small. Fruit pitchy-black, shining,
acute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, India.

SECTION 3. Avicula'ria, Meissn. Annual or biennial. Leaves narrow ;
stipules silvery, at length lacerate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled ;
pedicels jointed at the top. Stamens usually 8. Styles usually 3. Fruit
3-quetrous ; embryo lateral, cotyledons thin flat.

9. P. avicula're, L. ; prostrate, nerves of leaves obscure beneath,
stipules small, nerves few simple. Knotgrass.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-Oct. — Annual, glabrous, eglandular,
branched from the base ; branches ^-3 ft., straggling, grooved, angular
above, leafing and flowering throughout. Leaves ^-1§ in., y^— | in. broad,
sessile or shortly petioled, linear-lanceolate or -oblong, narrowed at both
ends, rarely broadly elliptic or almost filiform, acute or obtuse, margins
flat or recurved ; stipules f-J in., white, red at the base, lacerate. Flowers
^-f in., white, pink, crimson, or green, clustered in the axils, homogamous.
Fruit brown, minutely striate and punctate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. and "W. Asia ; iiitrod. in N. America.

P. AVFCULA'RE proper ; leaves rathef thin, fruit dull included. — VAR. P. lit-
tora'le, Link ; leaves rather fleshy, fruit more shining, tip exserted. Littoral.
The passage to P. marit'imum. — VAR. agresti'num, Jord., is the common
robust field form, arenas'trum, Boreau, a sand-loving prostrate one ; micro-
sper'mum, Jord., a small fruited one ; and ruriva'yum, Jord., a wayside one
with narrow very acute leaves.

Sub-sp. P. ROBER'TI, Loisel ; fruit longer than the sepals. P. Rai'i, Bab.
in part. — Sandy shores.

10. P. marit'imum, L. ; prostrate, nerves of the leaves reticulate
beneath, of the stipules few or many, sepals shorter than the fruit.

Sea-shores, Hants, Devon, Cornwall; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Similar
to P. avicula're, but perennial, much stouter, more rigid and woody, darker
when dry ; leaves thicker, often glaucous beneath ; stipules larger more
scarious and nerved; flowers and fruit much larger. — DISTRIB. France,
Spain, Mediterranean, W. Asia, N. America.

SECTION 4. Tinia'ria, Meissn. Annual (the British species), usually
twining. Leaves cordate or sagittate ; stipules truncate, mouth entire.

POLYGONUM.] POLYQONACEJE. 347

Flowers in racemose clusters. Sepals enlarging. Stamens 8. Styles 3,
united. Fruit 3-quetrous ; embryo lateral, cotyledons narrow flat.

11. P. ConvolVulus, L. ; leaves cordate-sagittate, 3 outer sepals
obtusely keeled rarely winged, pedicels short jointed above the middle,
fruit dull striate granulate. Black Bindweed.

Fields and waste places, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in Derby;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept. — Root fibrous. Stem 1-4 ft., an-
gular, twining climbing or prostrate, slender, angles puberulous. Leaves
l|-4 in., petiole shorter, slender, gradually acuminate, lateral angles obtuse
or acute, eglandular, puberulous beneath ; stipules short. Racemes erect,
terminal and axillary, slender, pedicels recurved. Sepals 5, obtuse, green,
margins white, 3 outer rough at the back, at length ^ in., and covering the
fruit. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic regions ; introd. in America.

P. Convol'vulus proper ; clusters 4-6-fld., outer sepals obtusely keeled in fruit.
— YAR. pseudo-dumeto'rum, Wats. ; clusters 5-10-fld., outer sepals broadly
winged in fruit.

12. P. dumeto'mm, L. ; leaves cordate-sagittate, 3 outer sepals with
broad membranous wings, pedicels very slender jointed below the middle,
fruit smooth highly polished.

Hedges and thickets, Monmouth and Essex to Kent and Devon, rare, soon
disappearing ; fl. July-Aug. — Habit of P. Convol'vidus, but pedicels capil-
lary (often j in.) and seed polished. The stems are described as terete, but
I find them as much angled as in P. Convol'vulus, — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
and W. Asia, N.W.- India.

2. RU'MEX, L. DOCK.

Biennial or perennial herbs. Rootstock stout, tapering into the root.
Stems usually grooved. Leaves alternate ; stipules tubular. Flowers \-%-
soxual, in panicled or racemed whorls, anemophilous. Sepals 6, 3 inner
enlarging. Stamens 6 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 3-quetrous ; styles 3,
filiform, stigmas penicillate. Fruit 3-quetrous. Embryo lateral. —
DISTRIB. All temp, climates ; species about 100. — ETYM. The old Latin
name.

Hybrids are common in this genus ; those most known to cross are said to be

pulcher, crispus, and conglomeratus.

SECTION 1. Lap'atlmxn, Meissn. Leaves not hastate. Flowers 2-sexual
(monoecious in R. alpinus}. Inner sepals coriaceous in fruit.

* Inner fruiting sepals usually strongly toothed.

1. R, obtusifo'lius, L. ; radical leaves oblong-ovate cordate obtuse,

panicle leafy below, inner fruiting sepals elongate triangular obtuse usually

strongly toothed at the base, upper or all with an ovoid tubercle.

Fields, waste grounds, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,600ft. in N. England;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Perennial, 2-3 ft., stem stout and

leaves beneath puberulous. Leaves 6-12 in., subacute or obtuse, margin

crenulate waved, upper oblong-lanceolate ; petiole rather slender. Panicle

narrow ; pedicels |-twice as long as the reticulate fruiting sepals, J-| in. ;

348 POLYGONACE^E. [RUMEX.

tubercle red or brown.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia,
N.W. India ; introd. in N. America.

R. obtusifo'lius proper (R. Fries'ii, Gren. and Godr.) ; inner sepals with spread-
ing subulate teeth, oblong one tubercled, apex entire. — VAR. R. sylves'tris,
Wallr. ; all the inner sepals tubercled nearly entire in fruit. Thames at
Putney.

2. R. acu'tus, L. ; radical leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate waved,
panicle leafy below, inner fruiting sepals unequal triangular or cordate
with short broad teeth near the top, upper with an ovoid or lanceolate
tubercle. R. pralen'sis, Mert. and Koch.

lioadsides, &c., from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 1,200 feet in N. England ;
fl. June-July. — Similar to R. obtusifo'lius, but leaves narrower, and fruiting
inner sepals much broader, with more and shorter teeth.— Syme and Koch
regard it as a hybrid between R. ems' pus and obtusifo'lius ; Watson as a
medley of intermediate forms. — DISTRIB. Europe from the Alps northd.,
Spain.

R. consper'sus, Hartm., found in a few Scotch counties from Orkney to
Berwick, differs only in the more crisped leaves and equal inner fruiting
sepals.

3. R. pul'cher, L. ; leaves oblong- cor date or fiddle-shaped obtuse,
upper acute, panicle leafy to the top, inner fruiting sepals oblong deeply-
toothed to above the middle, tubercle oblong often muricate. Fiddle
Dock.

Waste places in dry soil from N". Wales and Notts southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Biennial or perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stem 6-
24 in., flexuous; branches slender, spreading, tips often decurved. Leaves &~-6 in..,
soon withering, always contracted above the base, crenulate ; petiole slender.
Panicle with spreading branches, whorls remote ; pedicels stout, shorter
than the fruiting sepals, jointed below the middle. Fruiting sepals % in.,
pale, obtuse truncate or cuneate at the base, deeply pitted and reticulate ;
teeth short, straight. Fruit ^s in. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.
N. Africa, W. Asia.

4. R. marit'imus, L. ; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, panicle
leafy to the top, inner fruiting sepals triangular or rhomboid acuminate,
teeth 2-4 very long, tubercle linear-oblong very tumid. Golden Dock.
Marshes, &c., rare, from Northumbd. to Kent and Somerset ; Ireland ; Channel

Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Biennial, puberulous, yellow-green. Stem 1-2 ft. ;
branches ascending. Leaves 3-10 in., base acute obtuse or cuneate, shortly
petioled, margins slightly waved. Panicle with spreading densely flowering
branches, whorls often confluent ; pedicels jointed at the base, variable in
length/ rarely twice as long as the fruiting sepals, which are reticulate, y^-f
in., orange-yellow, spines as long; tubercle often almost concealing the sepal.
Fruit small, pale chestnut. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India,
N. America. — R. Knaf'i, Celak, is a hybrid with conylomera'tus of which only
a single specimen has been seen ; it was first figured as R. marit'imus, L.
(forma hybrida ?) Warren'ii, by Trimeu in Journ. Bot. iii. 161, t. 146.
II. MARIT'IMUS proper ; whorls confluent, inner fruiting sepals triangular, teeth
often longer than the sepal.

RUMEX. ] POL YGONA CE^E. 349

Sub-sp. R. PALUS'TRIS, Sm. ; whorls laxer usually distinct fewer-fld., inner
fruiting sepals oblong triangular or rhomboid, teeth shorter usually fewer,
fruit much larger. R. Sttin'ii, Becker.

** Inner fruiting sepals quite entire or minutely toothed.
f One or all the inner sepals with a prominent tubercle on the midrib.

5. R. cris'pus, L. ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate subacute
much waved and crisped, panicle leafy below, inner fruiting sepals oblong-
ovate or cordate obtuse subentire, upper with a broad smooth tubercle.

Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in ISTorthumbd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. June-Oct.— Perennial, glabrous or puberulous. Stem
1-3 ft., branched. Leaves 6-10 in., base obtuse rounded or acute ; petiole
moderate. Panicle with erect branches ; whorls crowded ; pedicels jointed
at the base, twice as long as the fruiting sepal or shorter. Fruiting sepals
§-J in., green or reddish, reticulate ; inner entire or crenulate ; tubercle
small, smooth. Fruit brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia;
introd. in N. America.

VAR. triyranula'ta, Syme, has the panicle very dense, branches short
appressed, inner fruiting sepals all tubercled. Orkney, Annan, Fife. — VAR.
subcorda'ta, Warren, has a lax panicle, and inner fruiting sepals larger and
more triangular. Lewes.

R. elonga'tus, Guss., is a var. with flat leaves and laxer panicles from wet
places by the Thames and Wye ; it attains 6 ft.

6. R. sanguin'eus, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate fiddle-shaped sparingly
waved, base of panicle leafy, inner fruiting sepals oblong obtuse base
rounded entire, upper (or all) with a large smooth tubercle.

Roadsides and hedges from Isla and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft.
in York; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July— Aug. — Perennial, glabrous.
Stem 1-4 ft., slender, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves 6-10 in., base
usually cordate, nerves red or green (R. vir'idis, Sibth. ; R. nemoro'sus,
Schrad.) ; petiole shorter. Panicle lax, usually leafless ; whorls distant,
many-fld. ; pedicels usually equalling the fruiting sepals, rarely twice as
long, jointed at the base. Fruiting sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate ;
tubercle on the outer larger, subglobose, on the others small or 0. Fruit
brown, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

7. R. conglomera'tus, Murray ; leaves oblong-lanceolate base rounded
or cordate, panicle leafy almost to the top, inner fruiting sepals linear-
oblong subacute rounded at the base quite entire, all with oblong tubercles.
R. acu'tus, Sm. and L. Herb.

Wet meadows and waste places, from Skye and Aberdeen southd. ; Ireland •
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Oct. — Closely allied to R. sanguirieus, differing in
the leaves never contracted above the base, pedicels jointed below the
middle, longer tubercles, and in the characters given above. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

R^rupesftris, Le Gall, is a more upright var. with panicle tapering, root-
leaves narrower, bracts few and narrow, fruiting sepals larger more obtuse.
— Sea coasts, Sussex to Cornwall ; Channel Islands.

350 POL YGONA CEJE. [RUMEX.

8. R. Hydrolap'athum, ffuds. ; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate,
panicle almost leafless, inner fruiting sepals deltoid-ovate acute or obtuse
quite entire or faintly toothed, all with oblong tubercles.

Ditches and river-sides from Perth and Isla southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous. Stem 3-6 ft., erect, branched.
Leaves 1-2 ft., acute, base rounded cordate or acute, margins flat crenulate ;
petiole 6-10 in., flat above, not winged. Panicle'verj large ; whorls rather
crowded ; fruiting pedicels as long or twice as long as the sepals, jointed
near base. Fruiting sepals 5-^ in., reticulate, base truncate or cuneate.
Fruit pale chestnut. — DISTRIB. Europe. — The largest British species. Root
astringent.

li. Hydrolap'athum proper ; petioles flat, base of inner fruiting sepals nar-
rowed. — VAR. latifo'lia, Borr. (? R. max'imus, Schreb.) ; margins of petioles
raised, base of inner fruiting sepals truncate or cordate. Essex, Hants,
Sussex, Cornwall, Scilly Is.

"|~f* Fruiting sepals without tubercles on the midrib.

9. R. aquat'icus, L. ; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate crisped and
waved, panicle leafy at the bq.se only, inner fruiting sepals cordate waved
membranous reticulate. R. longifo'lius, DC.

Wet meadows and ditches, from York to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in
the Highlands ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous. Stem 1-3 ft., very
stout. Leaves 3-4 in. diam. Panicle with erect branches ; whorls con-
fluent ; pedicels usually the length of the sepals, jointed below the middle.
Fruiting sepals 5— | in. diam., obtuse, green, strongly reticulate; midrib
slightly thickened. Fruit broad, small, pale brown. — DISTRIB. Scandi-
navia (Arctic), France, Germany, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

R. ALPI'NTTS, L. ; leaves broadly ovate-cordate obtuse, panicle leafy at
the base only, inner fruiting sepals triangular-ovate obtuse faintly reticu-
late. Monk's

Roadsides, near cottages, &c., N. England and Scotland, rare, naturalized ; fl.
July-Aug. — Perennial, puberulous with cellular hairs. Rootstock very stout.
Stem 2-4 ft., stout. Leaves 6-24 in., not so broad, margins waved ; petiole
long, stout. Panicle with very many erect branches ; whorls very many,
not confluent; flowers monoecious; fruiting sepals, £-f in.; pedicels twice
as long, jointed below the middle. Fruit grey. — DISTRIB. N. and Alpine
districts of S. Europe, excluding Russia. — Root formerly used medicinally,
and leaves as a pot-herb.

SECTIONS. Aceto'sa, Tournef. Leaves hastate or sagittate. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious.

10. R. Aceto'sa, L. ; dioecious, -lower leaves sagittate, upper sessile,
outer fruiting sepals reflexed, inner enlarged orbicular entire scarious
tubercled at the base. Sorrel.

Meadows and pastures, N. to Shetland, ascends to 4,000 ft. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. May-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous, acid, rather succulent. Root-
stock tufted, slender. Stem 1-2 ft., simple, slender. Leaves, radical 3-6 in.,
very long-petioled, basal sinus rounded or angled, glaucous beneath ; stipules

RUMEX.] TOLYGONAGEJE. 351

brown. Panicle with erect branches, leafless ; male whorls densely 4-8-fld. ;
pedicels jointed below the middle. Sepals of male fl. herbaceous, margins
white or pink, scarious ; of female, £ in. when in fruit, piuk or crimson,
Fruit brown, shining.— DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic zones. — A salad snd
pot-herb ; abounds in binoxalate of potash.

11. R. Acetosella, L. ; dioecious, lower leaves hastate, uppermost

sessile, outer fruiting sepals appressed, inner hardly enlarged oblong-

ovate entire herbaceous, midrib thickened at the base. Sheepi's Sorrel.

Dry pastures, N. to Shetland, ascends to 2,500 ft. in York ; Ireland ; Channel

Islands; fl. May-Aug. — Perennial, acid, glabrous, often bright red in autumn.

Rootstock creeping, much branched. Stems 3-20 in., often many and tufted,

decumbent at the base, slender. Leaves |-2 in., long-petioled, variable in

breadth, often 3-lobed; stipules silvery, torn. Panicle leafless, branches

erect ; male flowers largest ; pedicels as long as the fruiting sepals, jointed

at the top, length variable. Fruiting sepals r\ in., obtuse, closely investing

the yellow-brown fruit. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic zones ; introd. into

theS.

3. OXYR'IA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.

Characters of Rumex, but sepals 4 ; anthers versatile ; ovary com-
pressed ; stigmas 2 ; fruit lenticular, broadly winged, and embryo axile. —
DISTRIB. Arctic regions and Alps of the N. temp, zone ; species 1. —
ETYM. o£u's, from the acidity of the leaves.

O. digyna, Hill ; leaves cordate or reniforin. 0. renifor'mis, Hk.
Mountain rocks and streams, from N. Wales and Westmoreland to Orkney ;
ascends to near 4,000 ft. ; S.W. Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Perennial, glabrous,
rather fleshy, acid. Rootstock tufted. Stem 6-18 in., stout, subsimple.
Leaves, radical many, |-f in. broad, long-petioled, rounded or retuse, rarely

orbicular-cordate, membranous, veined, top notched. — An excellent pot-herb
and antiscorbutic.

OliDEft LXIJI. ARISTOLOCHIA'CE.ffi.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed,
exstipulate. Flowers 2-sexual, solitary spiked or racemed, regular or
irregular. Perianth superior, tubular, campanulate or trumpet-shaped ;
limb 3-lobed or 1 -lipped, valvate in bud. Stamens 6 or 12, rarely 5 ;
anthers subsessile, free or adnate to the style, cells introrse or extrorse.
Ovary 4-6-celled ; styles 6, inner surface stigmatic ; ovules very many,
anatropous, 2-seriate in the inner angles of the cells. Fruit a 4-6-valved
septicidal capsule, or a berry. Seeds horizontal flattened or boat-shaped,
raphe thickened, albumen copious fleshy or horny ; embryo minute,

352 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. [ASARUM.

basilar, cotyledons short, radicle usually next the hilum. — DISTRIB.
Chiefly trop. ; genera 5 ; species 200.— AFFINITIES. With Ncpenthacece
and Rafflesiacece. — PROPERTIES. Bitter, acrid, sometimes aromatic.

Calyx campanulate, regularly 3-cleft. Stamens 12 1. Asaruin.

Calyx tubular, mouth oblique. Stamens 6 1*. Aristolochia.

1. AS'ARUM, Tournef. AsARABACCA.

Perennial herbs. Rootstock stout, branched, woody. Leaves radical.
Flower solitary, peduncled, terminal, lurid purple, proterogynous.
Perianth campanulate, regular, persistent, 3-lobed. Stamens 12 ; anthers
bursting outwards, connective produced. Ovary inferior or ^-inferior,
6-celled ; styles 6, tubular, grooved or 2-fid. Fruit coriaceous, bursting
irregularly. % Seeds boat-shaped, wrinkled on the convex face, with a
median winged or fleshy raphe on the other. — DISTRIB. Europe, 1ST. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America ; species 13. — ETYM. doubtful.

A. europse'um, L. ; pubescent, leaves evergreen reniform.
Copses in Wilts, Hereford, Bucks, York, Denbigh, Lancaster; (a denizen,
Wats.} ; fl. May. — Rootstock creeping, fleshy ; branches and stems short,
sending up annually a pair of leaves and 2 large scales. Leaves 2-3 in.
diam., dark green, petiole 3-5 in. Scapes from between the leaves, very
short, woolly. Perianth \ in., greenish-purple, lobes incurved. Filaments
subulate, alternate longer ; connective with a long subulate tip. Styles
recurved, stigmas projecting between the anthers. Fruit globose. — DISTRIB.
From Belgium southd., W. Siberia. — Root cathartic, emetic, and sternu-
tatory.

1*. ARISTOLO'CHIA, Tournef. BIRTHWORT.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, often twining. Leaves cauline ; petioles with
dilated bases, having in their axils solitary or racemose proterogynous
flowers and often the stipule-like leaf of an undeveloped bud. Perianth
coloured, tube inflated at the base, then contracted, hairy inside ; limb
dilated, obliquely 1-2-lipped. Anthers 6, rarely 5 or more, adnate in a
whorl to the very stout short 6-lobed style. Capsule septicidally 6-valved.
— DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; species 160. — ETYM. The old Greek name. .

A. CLEMATI'TIS, L. ; glabrous, flowers clustered, lip narrow acute.
Ruins, &c., from York southd., rare, not indigenous ; fl June-Sept. — Root-
stock creeping, woody. Stems many, erect, simple, angled. Leaves 3-6 in. ,
diam., broadly cordate, obtuse, apiculate, reticulate, glaucous beneath ;
auricles rounded, incurved, almost closing the deep sinus. Mowers 4-8
in a cluster ; pedicel very short. Ovary fusiform. Calyx 1 in., yellow ;
tube slender, curved, base globose ; lip \ in., oblong or ovate ; throat dilated.
Capsule f-1 in., pyriform ; peduncle decurved. Seeds suborbicular, much
compressed, granulate, deeply excavated on the ventral face.— DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd., W. Asia.

DAPHNE.] THYMEL^ACE^. 353

ORDER LXIV. THYMEL-ffiA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; juice acrid ; inner bark tenacious. Leaves
alternate or opposite, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers 2-sexual (rarely
polygamous), solitary fascicled cymose or capitate. Perianth inferior,
throat naked or bearing scales glands or staminodes ; lobes 4-5, imbricate
in bud. Stamens 2, 4, 8, or 10, adnate in 1-2 series to and included
within the perianth-tube, when equalling its lobes alternate with them.
Disk 0 or of 4-8 hypogynous scales or glands. Ovary free, 1- rarely
2-celled ; style terminal or lateral, stigma capitate ; ovules 1-3, pendulous,
anatropous. Fruit a drupe or berry (rarely capsular). Seed pendulous,
testa thin or crustaceous, albumen scanty or 0 ; embryo straight, coty-
ledons plano-convex, radicle short superior. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop.
regions ; genera 40 ; species about 300. — AFFINITIES. WiihJSlceagnaccce,
Proteacece, and Santalacece. — PROPERTIES acrid.

1. DAPH'NE, L.

Shrubs, rarely tall. Leaves usually alternate and persistent. Flowers
odorous, honeyed. Perianth tubular ; lobes 4, spreading ; throat naked.
Stamens 8, subsessile, 2-seriate ; anthers fixed by the back. Style
subterminal, short or 0. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy. Testa crustaceous.
DISTRIB. Europe, 1ST. Africa, temp. Asia ; species about 50. — ETYM.
doubtful.

1. D. Laure'ola, L. ; leaves evergreen, flowers fascicled in the upper
leaf-axils green glabrous. Spurge Laurel.

Copses and hedgebanks in stiff soils, from Durham to Devon and Kent ;
Channel Islands; fl. Jan.-April.— Shrub 1-3 ft., leafless below, branches
few. Leaves 2-5 in., very coriaceous, obovate-lanceolate, acute, subsessile.

ov .

N. Africa, W. Asia. — Berry very poisonous.

2. D. Meze'reum, L. ; leaves deciduous, flowers appearing before the
leaves clustered on the branches pink silky. Mezereon.

Copses and woods, perhaps native in the S. ; (an alien or denizen, Wats.} ;
fl. Feb.- April. — Shrub 2-4 ft. ; branches few, erect. Leaves 2-3 in., obovate-
or spathulate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, petioled. Flowers usually
3-nate, subsessile in the axils of the last year's leaves, very fragrant, rarely
white ; bracts small. Perianth J in. diam., tube as long as the lobes. Fruit
% in., bright red, ovoid. — DISTBIB. Europe (excl. Greece), Siberia. — Acrid
and poisonous ; leaves used as a vesicant ; berries cathartic.

354 EL^AGNAGEJE. [HIPPOPHAE.

ORDER LXV. EL-ffiAGNA CEJE.

Slirubs or trees, with copious silvery or brown scales ; buds naked.
Leaves alternate or opposite, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers small,
regular, 1-2-sexual, axillary, fascicled or cymose, white or yellow.
Perianth in the 2-sexual and female fl. tubular, 2-6-cleft, lobes imbricate
or valvate in bud ; in male fl. of 2 or 4 sepals free or connate below. Disk
0, or lining the calyx-tube. Stamens adnate to the calyx-tube, in the
male fl. twice as many as the lobes, in the 2-sexual as many as and op-
posite the lobes ; anthers fixed by the back or base. Ovary free, sessile,
enclosed in the thickened calyx-base, 1-celled ; style filiform, stigma
lateral ; ovule 1, basal, erect, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in
the calyx-tube. Seed ascending, testa thick or thin, albumen 0 or scanty ;
embryo straight axile, cotyledons thick, radicle inferior. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, and trop. zones ; genera 3 ; species 16. — AFFINITIES. With Thy-
mclceacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

1. HIPPOPH'AE, L. SEA BUCKTHORN.

A shining silvery willow-like dioecious shrub. Leaves alternate. MALE
fl. in axillary clusters. Sepals 2. Stamens 4. FEM. fl. solitary. Calyx
tubular, minutely 2-lobed. Fruit a membranous utricle enclosed in the
succulent calyx-tube. Seed oblong, grooved on one side, testa crustaceous
shining, albumen a thin fleshy layer ; embryo amygdaloid. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and Central Asia, Himalaya. — ETYM. doubtful.

H. rhamnoi'des, L. ; leaves obovate at length lanceolate.
Sandy sea-shores, York to Kent and Sussex, not common ; naturalized in
Scotland and Ireland. — Shrub 1-8 ft. ; branches slender and subpendulous,
or short and spinescent. Leaves 5— 2 in., lengthening after flowering to 3 in.,
dull green above, silvery beneath. Flowers on the old wood ; male minute ;
sepals broadly oblong ; filaments short ; anthers yellow. Fruit § in. diam.,
globose or oblong, orange-yellow.

ORDER LXVI. LORANTHA'CE^B.

Evergreen parasitic shrubs. Stem often jointed. Leaves usually oppo-
site, coriaceous, exstipulate. Flowers 1-2-sexual. Sepals thick, 4, 6, or
8, superior, free or united into a tubular calyx, lobes valvate in bud.
Stamens, one adnate to each calyx-lobe ; anther 1-2 celled opening by slits,
or many-celled and opening by many pores. Disk annular, epigynous or 0.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style simple or 0, stigma simple ; ovule 1, reduced
to a nucleus or .to an embryo sac, adnate to the substance of the ovary.
Berry 1-seeded. Seed erect, testa thin, albumen copious fleshy ; embryos
1 or more, cotyledons thin or plano-convex, radicle superior. — DISTRIB.
Trop., temp. ; genera 13 ; species 500. — AFFINITIES. Very near Santa-
lacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

VISCUM.] LORANTHACE^E. 355

1. VIS'CUM, L. MISTLETOE.

Leaves opposite whorled or 0. Flowers dioecious, small, green, spiked
or clustered in the forks or internodes of the branches. Sepals 4, triangu-
lar. Anthers sessile, cells many, opening by pores. Stigma sessile.—
DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species about 30.— ETYM. l£6s, or /StoWs, of
the Greeks.

V. al'bum, L. ; leaves obovate-lanceolate obtuse 5-7-nerved.
On various trees, most rare on the oak, from York and Denbigh to Devon and
Kent ; fl. March-May.— Shrub 1-4 ft., yellow green, glabrous ; branches
terete, dichotomous, knotted. Leaves 1-3 in., opposite or in whorls of 3.
Flowers 3-nate, inconspicuous, green, 2-bracteate rarely monoecious. Berry
white, nearly | in. diam., ovoid or globose, viscid. Embryos 1-3, green ; when
2, often united by the cotyledons.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia.

ORDER LXVI1. SANTALA'CEffi.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually parasitic on roots. Leaves mostly
alternate, quite entire, exstipulate. Floiuers 1 -2-sexual, small or minute,
solitary or cymose, 2-bracteolate. Calyx inferior or becoming adherent
to the ovary ; lobes 3-5, valvate in bud, often with a tuft of hairs on their
face. Stamens opposite and adnate to the calyx-lobes, filaments short ;
anthers fixed by the base or back. Disk epigynous, often dilated and
lobed. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, stigmas 1-5 ; ovules 2-5, reduced to
a naked nucleus pendulous from a basal erect column. Fruit indehiscent,
1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seeds adhering to the placenta, and often to the peri-
carp, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight axile, cotyledons plano-convex,
radicle superior. — DISTRIB. All regions ; genera 28 ; species 220.— AFFI-
NITIES. "With Loranthacea, Olacinece, and Corncce. — PROPERTIES unim-
portant, except the fragrant wood of Santalum.

1. THE'SIUM, L. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

Slender, herbaceous, perennial root-parasites. Leaves alternate, narrow,
decurrent 1-3-nerved. Flowers minute, green, solitary and axillary or in
2-chotomous cymes, 2-sexual. Calyx-tube short or long, limb 5- rarely 4-
lobed, persistent ; lobes with a tuft of hairs on the face. Ovary inferior ;
style short, stigma capitate ; ovules 3. Fruit ribbed.- — DISTHIB. Europe,
Asia, and Africa ; species about 100. — ETYM. obscure.

T. linopliyl'lum, L. ; stems diffuse, leaves 1 -nerved, pedicels scabrid.

T. humifu'sum, DC. ; T. divarica'tum, var. ang'licum, A. DC.

Dry chalky pastures, from Norfolk and Gloster to Cornwall and Sussex ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. May- July .—Rootstock woody, yellow ; roots fibrous, attached
to those of various plants. Stems many, 6-18 in., leafy, prostrate. Leaves
in., linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. Flowers % in. diam., racemed or

A A 2

356 SANTALACE^. [THESIUM.

fascicled, pedicelled, white inside. Calyx funnel-shaped, lohes incurved in
fruit toothed. Fruit | in., green, ovoid, contracted into the short stout
pedicel. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa, W Asia.

ORDER LXVIII. EUPHORBIA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, juice often milky. Leaves usually alternate,
simple, often stipulate. Flowers small or minute, usually 1 -sexual, brac-
teate or involucrate. Perianth 0, or sepals 2 or more. — MALE. Stamens
1 or more ; anthers didymous. Ovary rudimentary or 0. — FEMALE. Ovary
2-3-lobed, 2-3-celled ; styles 2-3, stigmas entire or lobed. Ovules 1-2,
collateral, pendulous from the top of each cell, funicle dilated over the
micropyle. Capsule 2-3-lobed and -celled, cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds pendu-
lous, testa usually crustaceous, funicle often swollen at the top (seeds
carunculate), albumen copious fleshy ; embyro axile, radicle superior. —
DISTRIB. All climates except Arctic ; genera 197 ; species about 3,000. —
AFFINITIES. Close with Malvacem and Urticacew. — PROPERTIES. Usually
acrid, but too numerous to specify. — The above diagnosis applies to the
British genera.

TRIBE I. EUPHORBIE-ffi. Involucre calyciform with many male monan-
drous flowers surrounding one female. Perianth minute or 0..1. Euphorbia.

TRIBE II. BUXE2E, Flowers distinct. Stamens opposite the sepals. Ovules
2 in each cell 2. Buxus.

TRIBE III. CROTONE-ffi. Flowers distinct. Stamens, outer or all opposite
the sepals. Ovules solitary in each cell 3. Mercurialis.

1. EUPHOR'BIA, L. SPURGE.

Herbs (the British species). Inflorescence of many male and one female
flower in a 4-5-lobed involucre (perianth of some) ; lobes with thick
glands at the sinuses. — MALE fl. a pedicelled stamen ; anther didymous.
— FEMALE fl. Ovary on a lengthening pedicel, inclined or pendulous ;
stigmas 2-fid. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-valved, valves with a coriaceous exocarp
separable from a hard 2-valved endocarp. DISTRIB. Of the Order ;
species 600. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

SECTION 1. Leaves exstipulate. Branches (or stem, if simple) ter-
minated by umbels of forked branchlets (rays) subtended by a whorl of
leaves ; rays 2-bracteate at the forks.

* Leaves alternate. Umbels 5- rarely 3-6-rayed. Glands of involucre

transversely oblong reniform or orbicular, not cuspidate.
1. E. Heliosco'pia, L. ; annual, glabrous, rarely hairy, leaves nar-
rowly obovate serrate above the middle, upper bracts broadly ovate- cordate,
capsule smooth, seeds deeply pitted. Sun Spurge.

EUPHORBIA.] EUPHORBIACEJE. 357

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-Oct. — Subglaucous. Stem 6-1S
in., simple or 3-fid below. Leaves 1-2 in., subpetioled, sometimes cuneate,
tip rounded, membranous, lower smaller. Inwlucral glands orbicular,
yellow. Capsule £ in. Seeds brown. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India ; introd. in N. America.

2. E. platyphyl'los, L. ; annual, glabrous or hairy, leaves linear-
oblong or obovate-lanceolate acute serrulate above the middle, bracts
cordate, capsule warted, seeds smooth.

Fields and waste places, rare, from York and Gloster southd. ; fl. July-Oct. —
Stem §-3 ft., usually simple, stout, erect ; branches numerous, alternate,
slender, ascending. Leaves |-1J in., sessile, spreading or reflexed. Bracts
short, broad, apiculate. Involucral glands suborbicular. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Asia. ; introd. in N. America.

B. PLATYPHYL'LOS proper ; bracts §-| in., capsule £ in. long, warts hemispheri-
cal, seeds olive-brown. E. stric'ta, Sm., not L.

Sub-sp. E. STRIC'TA, L. ; bracts J;-J in., capsule T^ in., warts conical, seeds
oblong smaller red-brown. — Woods on limestone in Gloster and Monmouth.

3. E. hiber'na, L. ; perennial, pubescent, leaves elliptic- or lanceolate-
oblong quite entire, tipper cordate, bracts ovate-cordate, capsule furrowed
and warted, seeds smooth.

Copses and hedges, N. Devon ; S. and W. Ireland, rare ; fl. May-June. — Root-
stock stout. Stems 1-2 ft., several, subsimple, leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., 1-1|
in. broad, sessile, obtuse or notched at the tip, thin. Bracts broad, upper
rounded at the base. Involucral glands reniform. Capsule ^ in., subglobose,
valves not keeled, warts cylindric. Seeds broad, pale brown. — DISTRIB.
W. France, N. Spain. — Used in Ireland to poison fish.

4. E. pile's a, L. ; perennial, hairy, leaves oblong-lanceolate tips serru-
late, bracts elliptic obtuse, capsule glabrous or hairy smooth or minutely
warted, seeds smooth. E. palus'tris, Forst., not L.

Near Bath, in shaded places ; (alien or denizen, Wats.) ; fl. May-June. Root-
stock stout. Stems tall, leafy, branched above. Leaves 3-4 in., membranous.
Bracts yellow. Rays of umbel 4-6, 3-fid, then 2-fid. Involucre glabrous or
hairy, glands transversely oblong. Seeds obovoid. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S.
Europe to W. Siberia and the Caucasus.

** Leaves alternate. Umbels 3- or many-rayed. Glands of involucre
reniform or lunate with cuspidate tips.

t Bracts connate at the base.

5. E. amygdaloi'des, L. ; perennial, hairy, leaves obovate-lanceolate
quite entire, capsules glabrous minutely dotted, seeds smooth grey.

Woods, copses, &c., from Northumbd. southd., local ; Bandon and Donegal in
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Rootstock woody. Stems 6-12
in., erect, very stout, leafy, barren the first year, elongating the following
to 2 ft., then throwing out slender branches. Leaves 2-3 in., obtuse or
acute, lower petioled, upper sessile often oblong. Rays 5-10; bracts

358 EUPHORBIACE^. [EUPHORBIA.

connate into an orbicular limb f-1 in. diam., yellow. Involucres broad,
pedicels slender, cusps of glands converging. Capsule with rounded valves.
Seed subglobose, acute. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., W. Asia.

ft Bracts free at the base. All glabrous.

6. E. Pep'lus, L. ; annual, leaves orbicular-obovate quite entire, bracts
ovate, capsules small, valves keeled, seeds pitted whitish.

Waste places, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Nov. — Stems 6-10 in., simple or 3-chotomous below. Leaves
|-| in., thin, petiole short slender. Eays 3, repeatedly forked. Involucres
small ; cusps of glands slender, curved. Capsule-valves with 2 keels on the
back. Seeds 3-gonous, dorsally deeply pitted and keeled, ventrally 2-sulcate.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India ; introd. in
N. America.

7. E. exig'ua, L. ; annual, leaves linear-lanceolate quite entire obtuse
or acute, bracts cordate at the base, capsules rough on the back of the
valves, seeds pale deeply pitted.

Fields, &c., from Banff and the Clyde southd. ; Scotland, rare ; Ireland, local ;
Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. July-Oct.— Yery variable. Usually
excessively branched from the base ; branches 6-15 in., erect and strict, or
prostrate and ascending. Leaves ^-1 in., broadest above or below the
middle, sometimes truncate and apiculate. Rays 3-5, often forked ; bracts
often toothed at the base. Involucres small, subsessile ; tips of glands
obtuse. Capsules small. Seeds obtusely 3-gonous, keeled, grey. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. India.

8. E. portland'ica, L. ; perennial, leaves coriaceous obovate or oblong-
obovate quite entire, bracts deltoid- or reniform-cordate, capsules slightly
rough on the back of the valves, seeds opaque brown pitted.
Sea-shore, from Wigton southd. to Hants, rare (absent on the E. coast) ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May- Aug. — Rootstock cylindric, woody, tor-
tuous. Stems 6-18 in., very many, tufted, erect or ascending, naked and
scarred below, branched, leafy above. Leaves |-§ in., spreading, acute
or apiculate. Rays 3-5 ; bracts f-£ in. diam., broader than long, often
keeled and cuspidate. Capsule-valves faintly keeled, granulate. Seeds
with shallow pits, 'cuticle brown, caruncle large. — DISTRIB. W. France,
Spain, Portugal.

9. E. Par alias, L. ; perennial, leaves imbricate coriaceous quite entire,
lower linear- obovate or -oblong, upper ovate, bracts broadly cordate, cap-
sules leathery wrinkled, seeds minutely dotted whitish.

Sandy shores, from Cumberland and Suffolk southd. ; local in Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands; fl. July-Oct. — Bushy, glaucous, often reddish. Rootstock woody.
Stems 6-18 in., many, stout, erect or ascending, naked and tubercled below.
Leaves £-1 in., very thick, sessile, obtuse, concave, nerveless. Rays 5-8,
short, stout, forked once or twice ; bracts variable, ^-f in. diam., sometimes
broader than long. Involucres sessile or pedicelled, cusps of glands short.
Capsules deeply lobed, valves very rugose, with a dorsal furrow. Seeds
ovoid, caruncle minute. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. and eastd.

EUPHORBIA.] EUPHORBIACEJE. 359

10. E. E'sula, L. ; perennial, leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, bracts
broadly cordate mucronate, capsule granulate, seeds smooth ovoid brown.
Woods and fields, native in Jersey ; naturalized in Forfar, Edinburgh, and

Alnwick ; fl. July. — Rootstock creeping. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, slender, naked
below, simple or with flowerless side-branches. Leaves 1-1J in., sessile,
spreading, acute or obtuse, sometimes denticulate, thin, 1-nerved. Rays
10-20, long, slender, forked only at the tips ; bracts |-f in. diam., reniform-
cordate, acute or obtuse. Involucres small, loug-pedicelled ; glands with
short straight cusps. Capsule small, valves with a dorsal furrow. Seeds
with a small caruncle.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia; introd. in N.
America.

E. CYPABIS'SIAS, L. ; perennial, leaves narrow-linear quite entire, bracts
cordate obtuse, capsule granulate, seeds smooth globose pale.
Woods and plantations, from Cumberland southd. ; fl. June-July. — Habit of

E. E'sula, but rather glaucous ; rootstock creeping and stoloriferous ; more

leafy; leaves narrower; bracts smaller; and seeds almost white. — DISTRIB.

Europe ; introd. in N. America.

*** Leaves opposite. Umbels 3-4-rayed. Glands of involucre lunate, cuspidate.

11. E. Lath'yris, L. ; biennial, leaves decussate linear-oblong broader
at the base obtuse, bracts cordate at the base, capsule smooth, seeds ridged
and wrinkled dusky brown. Caper Spurge.

Copses and woods, native ? in Somerset and Sussex, naturalized else-
where and in the Channel Islands; (an alien, Wats.}] fl. June-July. —
Glabrous, glaucous. Stem stout, erect, short, leafy the first year, during the
next elongating to 3-4 ft., and flowering. Leaves 2-8 in., sessile, spreading,
1-nerved, tip rounded apiculate. Rays stout, unequal, irregularly forked ;
bracts 1-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute. Involucres large, sessile, cusps of
glands suberect. Capsule J in. diam. Seed % in., broadly oblong, obliquely
truncate, caruncle large. — DISTRIB. S. Europe; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Stems prostrate, dichotomously branched. Leaves opposite,
stipulate. Involucres axillary or in the forks, solitary.

12. E. Pep'lis, L. ; annual, glabrous, leaves dimidiate-cordate subentire.
Sandy shores, S. Wales and Cornwall to Hants, very rare ; Waterford ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Procumbent, glaucous, purplish. Stems many,
6-12 in., spreading from the root. Leaves ^ in., coriaceous, shortly petioled,
obtuse or retuse, base auricled on one side truncate on the other ; stipules
ovate, 2-fid. Involucres shortly pedicelled, glands oblong. Capsule £ in.,
valves smooth, keeled, glabrous. Seeds white, not caruncled. — DISTRIB.
Atlantic and Mediterranean shores, from France southd. ; salt tracts of Asia .

2. BUX'US, Tournef. Box.

Evergreen shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers monoecious,
in axillary fascicles or spikes, green, 4-bracteolate, uppermost female.
— MALE. Sepals 4, 2 outer imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, hypogynous,
opposite the sepals, filaments stout fleshy ; anthers introrse.

360 EUPHORBIACE^. [Buxus.

rudimentary. — FEMALE. Sepals 4-12, often imbricate in threes. Ovary
3 -celled, top 3-lobed ; styles 3, excentric, spreading, persistent, grooved and
stigmatic on the inner face ; ovules suspended in pairs in each cell, ana-
tropous, raphe dorsal. Capsule coriaceous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ;
cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds pendulous, testa crustaceous shining, base
thickened, albumen fleshy ; embryo axile, curved, radicle superior. —
DISTRIB. Europe, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, W. Indies; species 17. —
ETYM. iri£os of the Greeks.

B. sempervi'rens, L. ; leaves oblong, flowers crowded sessile.

Chalk hills, Kent, Surrey, Bucks, Gloster, (indigenous), naturalized elsewhere ;
fl. April-May. — A shrub or small tree, 8-12 ft., branches erect or drooping,
young pubescent, wood close-grained. Leaves ^-1 in., obtuse or retuse.
Spikes small; bracts and sepals obtuse; flowers whitish. Stamens much
exserted ; anthers didymous. Ovary globose. Capsule % in., ovoid, 3-horned,
wrinkled. Seeds black. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa, N.
and W. Asia, W. Himalaya. — Bitter and poisonous ; wood used for engraving
upon.

3. MERCURIA'LIS, Tournef. DOG'S MERCURY.

Erect herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrate, stipulate. Flowers
mon- di-oecious, minute ; males in interrupted axillary spikes or racemes ;
females clustered, spiked or racemose. Sepals 3, valvate. Disk in the
female of 2 elongate glands, alternating with the carpels. Stamens 8-20,
on a central disk, filaments slender erect ; anther-cells pendulous from a
sub-globose connective, extrorse. Ovary 2-celled ; styles long, subulate ;
ovule solitary, pendulous. Capsule didymous, outer coat separating from
the cartilaginous 2-valved inner. Seeds pitted or wrinkled, funicle
thickened ; cotyledons broad. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia ;
species 6. — ETYM. unknown.

1. M. peren'nis, L. ; perennial, hairy, dioecious, stem simple.
Shady places, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,700 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;

Channel Islands ; fl. March- April. — Rootstock slender, creeping. Stem 6-18
in., solitary, erect, terminal. Leaves larger upwards, upper 2-3 in., shortly
petioled, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, broader and subsessile in M. ova'ta,
Steud., crenate-serrate, greeri, often blue when dry ; stipules minute.
Male racemes very slender, long-peduncled ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals
acute. Female spikes or racemes shorter, 1-3-fld. ; styles long, recurved,
sbigmatic all over the front. Capsule % in. diam., hispid. Seeds grey,
cuticle white. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

2. M. an'nua, L. ; annual, nearly glabrous, stem branched.

Fields, gardens, iu England, a casual in Scotland ; rare in Ireland ; (a colonist ?
Wats.} ; fl. July-Oct. — Dicedous, or monoacious (M. ambiyua, L. fil.). Stem
6-18 in. Leaves membranous, shortly petioled , ovate or lanceolate, narrowest
in the female, acute, base rounded or cordate, shining, crenate-serrate,
ciliate. Female clusters with sometimes male flowers intermixed ; styles

MERCURIALIS.] EUPUORBIACE^. 361

diverging, stigmatic on the sides in front. Capsule small, tubercled, hispid.
Seeds brown, reticulate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia. — Leaves
boiled and eaten as a pot-herb.

ORDER LXIX. URTICA'CEJE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate usually stipulate.
Flowers 1- rarely 2-sexual, small, green. Perianth of male 3-8-lobed or
3-5-partite, of female tubular or 3-5-cleft, or of a scale-like sepal. Stamens
as many and opposite the perianth-lobes, filaments straight with erect
anthers, or inflexed in bud with reversed anthers. Ovary sessile, 1- rarely
2-celled ; style 1 or 0 with a capitate stigma, or styles 2 papillose ; ovules
solitary in the cells, erect and orthotropous, or pendulous and anatropous.
Fruit indehiscent. Seed pendulous or erect, albumen 0 or fleshy, radicle
superior. —DisTRiB. All climates; genera 108; species over 1,500. —
AFFINITIES. With Malva'cece and Euphorbia' cece. — PROPERTIES. Very
various.

TRIBE I. ULME'.ffi. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Perianth 3-8-lobed or -partite.
Filaments slender, straight in bud. Ovary 1-2-celled, ovules pendulous.
Albumen 0; embryo straight. — Trees.
Samara stalked, winged. Cotyledons flat 1. Ulmus.

TRIBE II. URTICE'/E, Flowers 1-sexual. Perianth of male 4-5-partite, of
female tubular or 4-5-cleft. Filaments inflexed in bud with reversed
anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; style simple or 0 ; ovule erect, orthotropous.
Albumen fleshy or 0; embryo straight. — Herbs or shrubs.

Leaves opposite, with stinging hairs 2. Urtica.

Leaves alternate, with simple hairs 3. Parietaria,

TRIBE III. CANNABINE'.ffi. Flowers dioacious, males panicled, females,
clustered or spicate. Perianth of male 5-partite, of female 1 scale-like
sepal. Filaments straight in bud. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2, ovule pendu-
lous. A Ibumen fleshy ; embryo curved.
Stem twining. Embryo spiral 4. Humulus.

1. UL'MUS, L. ELM.

Trees or shrubs ; juice watery. Leaves alternate, simple, distichous,
oblique, scabrid ; stipules caducous. Flowers 2-sexual, fascicled, lateral.
Perianth campanulate, 5- rarely 4- 8- or 9-fid, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Stamens usually 5, filaments adnateto the perianth- tube ; anthers extrorse.
Ovary free, 1-2-celled ; styles 2, subulate, stigmatic on the inner face ;
ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a 1 -seeded samara.
Seed pendulous, testa thin, albumen 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons large
flat or folded, radicle superior. — DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species 16.
— PROPERTIES. Bitter, mucilaginous, astringent.

362 URTICACE^. [ULMUS.

U, monta'na, Sm. ', seed in the centre of the oblong or suborbicular
samara. U. campes'tris, L. herb. ; 17. ma'jor, Sm. Scotch, Wych, or
Mountain Elm.

Woods, N. to Sutherland, indigenous and naturalized ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Yorkshire ; fl. March-April. — A large tree,
80-120 ft., trunk attaining 50 ft. in girth ; branches long, spreading, bark
corky or not ; twigs pubescent. Hoot sending up suckers, chiefly when cut.
Leaves 3-6 in., often 3 in. diam., ovate-oblong, cuspidate, doubly and trebly
serrate, base unequally rounded or cordate. Perianth J in., ciliate, lobes
obtuse. Stamens 4-6 ; anthers purple. Samara j-1 J in., very variable in
breadth and the depth of the notch. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

U. CAMPES'TRIS, Sm. ; seed above the centre of the obovate or oblong

samara. U. carpinifo'lia, Lindl. Common Elm.

AVoods and hedgerows, rarer in Scotland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Derby ; Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; a denizen, never seeding ; fl. March-May. — A very
large tree, 125 ft., trunk attaining 20 ft. in girth ; bark rugged. Root sending
up abundant suckers. Branches spreading (suberect in U. stric'ta, Lindl.) ;
twigs often corky. Leaves smaller than in U. monta'na, 2-3 in., less cuspi-
date, often narrow at the base (scabrid above and pubescent beneath in
U. subero'sa, Ehrh., nearly glabrous in U. gla'bra, Mill.). Perianth smaller.
Stamens often 4. Samara J-f in., usually obovate. — DISTRIB. Mid. and
S. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. — Many vars. of this and the preceding are
described, differing in habit and foliage, but they offer no constant
characters.

2. URTI'CA, Tournef. NETTLE.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with stinging hairs and tenacious inner bark.
Leaves opposite ; stipules 2 on each side. Flowers mon- di-cecious in
bracteate clusters, ebracteolate ; pedicel of male jointed. Perianth
4 -partite ; segments imbricate in bud, persistent, of male concave, of
female flat unequal. Stamens 4 ; anthers reniform. Stigma subsessile,
penicillate. Fruit minute, compressed. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop.
regions ; species 30. — ETYM. uro, from the burning pain of its stings.

1. U. u'rens, L. ; annual, glabrous except for the stinging hairs, leaves
ovate-oblong coarsely serrate, panicles 2-sexual.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Stem 1-2 ft., erect, branched.
Leaves 1-2 in., petioled, teeth few, terminal oblong. Spikes J-l in.,
in pairs. Flowers few in a cluster; pedicels long or short. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N". Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya ; introd. in N.
America, &c.

2. U. dioi'ca, L. ; perennial, pubescent, leaves ovate-cordate or lanceo-
late, deeply serrate, panicles usually 1 -sexual.

Hedgebanks, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ; fl.
June-Sept. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 2-4 ft., simple or
branched. Leaves 2-4 in., petiole long or short, nerves impressed ; stipules

UETICA.] URTICACE^. 363

linear-oblong. Panicles 1-3 in., in pairs, males lax- females dense-fld., re-
curved.— DISTRIB. N. temp, regions (Arctic), S. Africa, Andes. —The young
leaves are a good pot-herb, and yield a green dye.

3. IT. pilulif'era, L. ; annual, glabrous except for the stinging hairs,
leaves ovate or cordate entire or toothed, female flowers capitate.
Waste places, E. England, chiefly near the sea ; (an alien, Wats.} ; fl. June-

Ang.—Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched. Leaves 1-3 in., long-petioled ;

stipules ovate. Male spikes panicled, peduncles very slender elongate.

Female heads ^ in. diam. ; peduncles ^ in., stout. Flowers much larger than

in the preceding species. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; in trod.

in N. America. — The most virulent British nettle.
U. pilulifera proper ; leaves deeply serrate. — VAR. V. Dodarrtii, L. ; leaves

entire or nearly so.

3. PARIETA'RIA, Tournef. PELLITORY.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, quite entire, exstipulate.
Flowers clustered or cymose, polygamous, 1-3-bracteate, proterogynous.
Perianth of male 4-partite, valvate in bud ; of female tubular, 4-fid.
Stamens 4. Style long or short, stigma papillose. Fruit minute, included
in the enlarged calyx. — DISTKIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species 8. —
ETYM. paries, from growing on walls.

P. officina'lis, L. ; leaves triple-nerved. P. diffu'sa, Koch.
Old walls, hedgebanks, &c., from Ross southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
June-Oct. — Perennial, pubescent with curled hairs. Eootstock short, woody.
Stems 1-2 ft., tufted, erect, or decumbent, terete ; branches slender, leafy.
Leaves |-4 in., elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or acute, petiole slender.
Flowers in axillary clusters, mostly 2-sexual, in a 3-6-lobed few-fld. involucre.
Calyx elongate and tubular after flowering. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia,

4. HU'MULUS, L. HOP.

Perennial, twining herbs ; juice watery. Leaves opposite, lobed ; stipules
connate. Flowers minute, dioecious. — MALE panicled. Sepals 5, free,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the sepals ; anthers
oblong, basifixed, slits sub terminal. — FEMALES in pairs in the axils of the
bracts of a dense spike which forms a catkin-like head in fruit, bracteate
and bracteolate. Sepal 1, membranous, bract-like. Ovary free, com-
pressed ; styles 2, subulate, stigmatic all over ; ovule 1, pendulous, cam-
pylotropous, micropyle superior. Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed in the
sepal. Seed pendulous, testa coriaceous, albumen 0 ; embryo a flat helix.
— DISTRIB. N. temp, and trop. regions ; species 2. — ETYM. doubtful.

H. Lu'pulus, L. ; bracts of fruit much enlarged scarious.
Hedges and copses, from York southd. ; Channel Islands ; naturalized N, to
Renfrew and Elgin, and in Ireland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the Highlands
fl. July-Aug. — Eootstock stout, branched. Stems tall, scabrid, almost prickly

364 URTICACE^E. [HUMULUS.

very tough ; branchlets glabrate. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., cordate, petioled,
uppermost ovate, the rest palmately 3-5-lobed to the middle ; lobes ovate,
acutely toothed. Male fl. | in. diam., in panicles 3-5 in. ; female heads J in.
diam., on curved peduncles |-1 in. ; stigmas purple. Fruiting heads 1| in.,
broadly ovoid or subglobose, yellow ; scales orbicular, covered with resinous
glands at the base, as are the bracteoles and fruit. — DISTRIB. Temp. Europe,
Asia, N. America. — Heads of fruit used in brewing ; the young blanched
foliage is a good pot-herb.

ORDER LXX. MYRICA'CE^E.

Shrubs or trees, often with a glandular wax-secreting pubescence ; buds
scaly. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate (with one exception). Flowers
in simple or compound spikes, usually bracteate, 1 -sexual, perianth
0. — MALE fl. Stamens 2-16, filaments adnate to the base of the bract, free
or connate ; anthers basifixed, extrorse. FEMALE fl. 2-4-nate aiid usually
2-4-bracteolate. Ovary sessile, 1 -celled ; styles 2, lateral, filiform, stig-
matic all over ; ovule 1, basal, orthotropous. Drupe papillose, some-
times 2-winged from being adnate to the enlarged bracteoles, stone 1-seeded.
Seed erect, testa thin, albumen 0 ; cotyledons plano-convex, radicle
superior. — DISTRIB. Temp, andtrop. Asia, S.^Africa, N. America ; genus
1 ; species 35. — AFFINITIES. Close with Juglandece. — PROPERTIES.
Yield wax, resin, benzoic acid, and tannin.

l. MYRl'CA, L. SWEET-GALE, BOG-MYRTLE.
Character of the Order. — ETYM. The Greek name.
M. Ga'le, L. ; leaves narrowly cuneate-obovate or -lanceolate serrate

towards the tip, stamens usually 4, ovary 2-bracteolate.

Bogs and moors, Caithness to Cornwall and Sussex, ascends to 1,800 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; fl. May-July.— Shrub 2-3 ft., twiggy, suberect, re-
sinous, fragrant, flowering before leafing. Leaves 2-3 in., rarely quite entire,
obtuse or acute, very shortly petioled, often pubescent beneath. Male spikes
^-1 in., racemose, crowded, erect ; bracts broadly ovate, concave, anthers
red ; female % in., styles red. Drupe minute, lenticular, adnate to^the per-
sistent bracts.— DISTRIB. W. and N.W. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.—
Much used in cottage-practice and for tea-making.

ORDER LXXI. CUPULIF'ER-ffi.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers moncecious, anemo-
philous. — MALE fl. solitary, crowded, or in spikes, bracteate. Sepals 1-5 or
more, unequal, or 0. Stamens 2-20, on a disk or adnate to the bases of the
sepals j filaments free or connate ; anthers introrse, 2-celled. — FEMALE fl.

BETULA.] CUPULIFER^. 365

Calyx adnate to the ovary, or 0. Ovary inferior, after fertilization more
or less completely 2-3- (rarely 4-6-) celled ; styles as many, stigmatose
above and within ; ovules 1, or 2 collateral, erect or pendulous, anatro-
pous. Fruit indehiscent, 1- rarely 2-seeded, seated on or enclosed in the
hardened or accrescent bracts. Seed large, testa thin often adherent to the
pericarp, albumen 0 ; cotyledons thick, fleshy or farinaceous, often grooved
or folded ; radicle short, superior. — DISTRIB. N. hemisphere, from
N. Africa, N. India, the Malay Is. and Darien northwards, Mts. of South
Australia, N. Zealand, Chili ; genera 10 ; species about 400. —AFFINITIES.
With Juglandeca. — PROPERTIES. Yield tannin, many good woods, and
esculent embryos.

TRIBE!. BETULE'-ffi. MALE fl. Spikes pendulous. Sepals 4 or f ewer. Stamens
2-4. FEMALE fl. 2-3 under each side of a catkin-like spike. Perianth 0.
Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; styles 2. Fruit small, compressed, covered
by the scales of the spike.

Stamens 2 ; scales of female spike thin, deciduous, 3-fid 1. Betula.

Stamens 4 ; scales of female spike persistent, woody 2. Alnus.

TRIBE II. QUERCINE'.ffi, MALE fl. Calyx 4-10-lobed or -partite. Filaments
simple ; anther-cells connate. FEMALE fl. 1-3 in an involucre of many
bracteoles which enlarges in fruit. Ovary 3-7-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell. Fruit seated in a cupular involucre.

Male catkins slender. Styles 3, short 3. Quercus.

Male catkins globose. Styles 3, filiform 4. Fagus.

TRIBE III. CORYLE'.ffi. MALEfl. Catkins pendulous. Perianth 0. Stamens
included between 2 bracteoles ; anther-cells separate or connate, hairy at
the tip. FEMALE fl. in pairs ; bracts enlarging in fruit. Ovary imperfectly
2-celled ; ovules 2, pendulous from one placenta only. Fruit enclosed in
the coriaceous bracts.

Female spike minute, with few brown scales 5. Corylus.

Female spike large, with many leafy scales 6. Carpinus.

1. BE'TULA, Toumef. BIRCH.

Trees or shrubs. • Flowers monoecious. — MALE catkin. Scales peltate,
with 3-bibracteolate flowers. Sepals 1-4. Stamens 2, filaments forked,
separating the anther-cells. — FEMALE. Brads imbricate, usually 3-lobed,
2-3-fld. ; bracteoles 0. Perianth 0. Ovary compressed, 2-celled ; styles
2, slender, stigmas terminal. Ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit lenticular,
winged or margined, 1-seeded. Cotyledons flat. — DISTRIB. N". temp, and
Arctic regions, Mexico to Peru ; species about 25. — ETYM. The Latin
name.

1. B. al'ba, L. ; a tree, leaves long-petioled deltoid rhomboid or ovate
acute doubly serrate, fruit broadly winged.
Woods and copses, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-May. — A short-lived tree, 40-50 rarely

366 CUPULIFERsE. [BETULA.

80 ft., trunk 8-10 in. diam. ; bark flaking, silvery white; branches often
weeping (B. pen'dula, \VahJb.). Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes pubescent, rather
coriaceous, resinous or glandular when young ; petiole slender ; stipules
broad. Male catkins |-2 in., pendulous ; sepal 1 ; female spike solitary,
shorter, suberect. Scales of fruit cuneate, brown, 3-lobed to the middle.
Fruit orbicular, wing notched. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.
America (a variety). — Bark used in tanning, and yields a fragrant oil ; juice
sugary in spring, and a wine is made from it ; wood durable.

B. ALBA proper ; leaves truncate at the base, lateral lobes of fruiting bracts
spreading. JB. verruco'sa, Ehrh.

Sub-sp. B. GLUTINO'SA, Fries ; sometimes bushy, leaves rhomboid- ovate, lateral
lobes of fruiting bracts erect. — VAR. denuda'ta, leaves glabrous resinous. —
VAR. pubes'cens, leaves and twigs pubescent.

2. B, na'na, L. ; a bush, leaves short-petioled orbicular crenate, fruit
very narrowly winged.
Mts. of Northumbd., Peebles, and from Perth to Sutherland, local ; ascends

to 2,700 ft. ; fl. May. — Bush 1-3 ft. Leaves |-| in., glabrous, dark green.

Catkins J the size of those of B. alba. Bracts of fruiting catkins broadly

obcuneate, with 3 rounded lobes. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine N.W. and

W. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

2. AL'NUS, Tournef. ALDER.

Trees or shrubs. — MALE fl. in catkins. Scales peltate, 3-fld. Sepals
and stamens 3-5 ; anth.ers 2-celled. — FEMALE fl. in broadly ovoid spikes ;
scales fleshy, 2-3-fld., each with 2-3 bracteoles or sepals adnate to the
bract. Fruiting spike, woody ; fruit compressed, winged or not, 1-celled,
1 -seeded. Cotyledons flat. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia from the Himalaya
northd., N. America, Andes ; species 14. — ETYM. The Latin name.

A, glutino'sa, Gfcertn. ; leaves obovate- or orbicular-cuneate green on

both sides, female spikes racemose.

River-banks, marshes, &c., N. to Caithness ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-April. — A bush or tree, 20-40
very rarely 70 ft. ; trunk 1-2 ft. diam. ; bark black ; wood white when alive,
red when cut, then pale pink. Leaves 2-4 in., shortly petioled, glutinous
and hairy when young, sinuate and serrulate, laciniate in var. inci'sa ; sti-
pules ovate. Catkins appearing before the leaves ; male 2-4 in., bracts
orbicular red ; female spikes §-1 in., terminal, racemose, obtuse, bracts red-
brown, woody. Fruit TV in., pale, hardly winged.— DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, W. and N. Asia.— Wood soft, durable.

3. QUER'CUS, Tournef. OAK.

Trees ; buds scaly ; hairs often stellate. Leaves evergreen or deciduous ;
stipules deciduous. — MALE fl. in catkins, wifh usually a caducous bract at
the base. Calyx 4-7-lobed. Stamens indefinite (10 in the British sp.),
filaments slender exserted. — FEMALE fl. spicate, enclosed in imbricating
bracts. Calyx-limb 3-8-lobed. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3; ovules 2 in

QUERCUS.] CUPULIFERA1. 367

each cell. Fruit terete, 1 -seeded, seated in a cupule of imbricating scales.
Seed with the remains of the septa and undeveloped ovules attached to its
upper or lower part ; cotyledons included in the pericarp in germination.
— DISTRIB. Of the Order, excl. the S. temp, hemisphere ; species about
300. — ETYM. The Latin name.

Q. Ro'bur, L. ; leaves deciduous oblong-obovatc sinuate-lobed.

Woods, &c., from Sutherland southd. ; ascends to 1,350 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May.— Trunk 60 to 100 ft., 70 ft.
in girth (Cowthorpe oak, Yorkshire) ; bark rugged ; branches tortuous.
Leaves 3-6 in., base narrowed rounded or cordate, young pubescent beneath,
plaited in bud. Male catkins 1-3 in., appearing with the leaves, pendulous ;
bracts linear; flowers small, in distant clusters; sepals hairy. Acorns |-1
in., 2-3 together ; cupule with many appressed triangular obtuse imbricating
scales. — DISTRIB. From the Atlas, Taurus, and Syria, almost to the Arctic
circle. — The following varieties are very inconstant.

Q. sessil'ifo'ra, Salisb. ; leaves petioled, peduncles very short. — Q. peduncu-
la'ta, Ehrh. ; leaves sessile, peduncles long. — Q. intermedia, D. Don. ; leaves
downy beneath, petioles and peduncles short.

4. FA'GUS, Tournef. BEECH.

Trees. Leaves deciduous or evergreen ; stipules caducous. — MALE fl. in
long-peduncled heads ; bracts small or 0. Calyx 4-7-lobed. Stamens
8-40, filaments slender, exserted ; anthers oblong. — FEMALE fl. 2-4, in a
4-partite involucre of imbricating bracts. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed.
Ovary 3-gonous, 3-celled ; styles 3, linear ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendu-
lous from the top. Fruits usually 2 together, 1- rarely 2-3-seeded,
compressed 3-gonous or 2-3-winged, enclosed in the hardened or coriaceous
scaly involucre. Seed pendulous, crowned with the undeveloped ovules ;
cotyledons thin, plaited, leafy after germination. — DISTRIB. Temp.
Europe, N. Asia (excl. the Himalaya), S. and S. America, S. Australia,
New Zealand ; species 15. — ETYM. from <(>dyw} from the eatable seeds.

F. sylvat'ica, L. ; leaves deciduous oblong-ovate obscurely toothed.
AVcods in England, especially on chalk and limestone ; ascends to 1,200 ft. iu
Derby ; planted in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Trunk 118 ft.
(King's beech, Ashridge), and 29 ft. girth (Bicton, Devon) ; head 352 ft.
diam. (Knowle beech) ; bark smooth, white ; branches horizontal ; buds
acute. Leaves 2-3 in., shortly petioled, acuminate, silky when young ;
plaited parallel to the nerves in bud ; stipules scarious. Male fl. capitate,
pendulous ; peduncle 1-2 in. ; anthers yellow ; female on shorter peduncles.
Cupule £ in., 4-cleft, segments bristly. Fruit 3-quetrous, smooth. — DISTRIB.
A triangular area between Norway, Asia Minor, and Spain ; Japan. — Wood
used for tools, carpentry, and fuel ; fruit yields oil,

5. COR'YLUS, Tournef. HAZEL.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, plaited in bud. MALE catkins
slender, pendulous ; bracts cuneate, with 2 bracteoles above their inner

368 CUPULIFERJZ. [CoRYLUS..

base. Perianth 0. Stamens 4-8, filaments short ; anther-cells separate,
tips hairy. FEMALE fl. sessile in pairs in the upper bracts of a minute
head, each enclosed in a 3-partite bracteole which enlarges after flowering.
Calyx-limb unequally toothed. Ovary 2-celled ; styles filiform ; ovules
1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit woody, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, enclosed in
the greatly enlarged coriaceous more or less cut bract and bracteoles.
Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, included in the nut in germination. —
DISTRIB. Temp. N. hemisphere ; species 7. — ETYM. Kopvs, from the
cop-like form of the involucre.

C. Avella'na, L. ; leaves orbicular-cordate doubly serrate cuspidate.

Copses and hedges, N. to Orkney ; ascends to nearly 1,900 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Feb.-March. — A glandular, hispid and
pubescent shrub ; rarely a tree 30 ft., with trunk 3 ft. girth at the ground
(Eastwell Park, Kent). Leaves 2-4 in., distichous, base unequal, plaited
parallel to the midrib in bud ; petiole short ; stipules oblong, obtuse. Male
catkins 1-2 in., 2-4 in a raceme, female heads subsessile. Fruit on an elon-
gated branch, ^-| in., clustered, woody ; involucre palmately lobed and cut,
unarmed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia. — Wood very elastic.
Nuts yield abundance of bland oil.

6. CARPI'NUS, Linn. HORNBEAM.

Trees. Leaves deciduous. — MALE. Calkins lateral ; bracts ovate, acute.
Stamens 3-12 in the axil of the bract, filaments slender forked ; anther-
cells separate, stipitate, tips hairy. — FEMALE. Spikes terminal, erect in
flower, pendulous in fruit ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, caducous ; flowers in
pairs, each in a lobed bracteole which enlarges after flowering. Calyx-limb
toothed. Ovary strongly nerved, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform ; ovules 1 in
each cell, pendulous. Fruit almost woody, nerved, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, en-
closed in the large leafy lobed bracteole. Cotyledons fleshy. — DISTRIB.
N. temp, zone ; species 9. — ETYM. The Latin name.

C. Bet'ulus, L. ; leaves elliptic-ovate doubly serrate hairy beneath,
female bracts 3-lobed 3-nerved mid-lobe much the longest.

From N. Wales, Stafford and Norfolk to Devon and Kent ; planted N. of this
and in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May. — A small tree, sometimes 70 ft.;
with the trunk (usually flattened) 10 ft. in girth ; bark smooth, light-grey ,
wood close, white, heavy. Leaves 2-3 in., subdistichous, acute or acuminate,
shortly petioled, plaited parallel to the nerves in bud ; st'pules large, linear-
oblong. Male catkins 1-2 in., pendulous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Female 2-4 in., pendulous in fruit, cylindric ; bracteole 1-1§ in., entire or
toothed. Fruit 5 in., green, 7-11-nerved. — DISTRIB. From Gothland
southd., W. Asia. — Wood the best fuel, very tough and difficult to work.

POFULUS] SALIC 'INEJE. 369

ORDER LXXII. SALICI NE£E.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, stipulate. Flowers
dioacious, in catkins which usually precede the leaves. Perianth 0. Disk
annular urceolate or glandular. — MALE. Stamens 2 or more, inserted
under the disk, filaments free or connate ; anthers basifixed, introrse. —
FEMALE. Ovary sessile or pedicelled, 1 -celled ; styles 2, short, stigmas
2 entire or 2-4-lobed ; ovules many on 2 parietal 'placentas, ascending,
anatropous, raphe dorsal. Capsule I-celled,. loculicidal ; valves 2, rolling;
back, many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa membranous, furiicle short, with
a pencil of silky hairs that conceals the seed, albumen 0 ; embryo straight,
cotyledons plano-convex, radicle inferior. — 'DiSTRiB. Arctic and N; temp,
zones, rare in the tropics and S. ; absent from Australia and the Pacific ;
genera 2 ; species about 180. — AFFINITIES. Very obscure. — PROPERTIES.
Bitter, astringent, febrifuge, aromatic.

Leaves broad. Catkins drooping, scales cut.. ......1. Populiis.

Leaves usually narrow. Catkins usually erect, scales entire. 2. Salix.

1. PO'PULUS, Totirnef. POPLAR.

Catkins drooping ; scales crenate lobed or cut. Disk oblique, cupular
Stamens 4-30, filaments free. Stigmas slender, 2-4-cleft. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, regions; species 18. — ETYM. The Latin name.

SECTION 1. Leu'ce. Young shoots pubescent. Fruiting catkins dense
scales ciliate. Stamens 4-12. Stigmas 2-4-lobed.

1. P. al'ba, L. ; buds not viscid, leaves of shoots more or less lobed,

of branches broadly ovate cordate sinuate white and cottony beneath.

Moist woods, river-banks, &c., from Elgin and the Clyde southd. ; Ireland
Channel Islands ; fl. March- April. — A large tree, 60-100 ft. ; bark grey,
smooth; wood white; branches spreading, buds cottony; suckers many,
with large deltoid-ovate lobed and toothed leaves 2-4 in. diam. Leaves on
the branches 1-3 in., glabrous in age ; petiole very long, slender, compressed
Catkins 2-4 in., cylindric; female shorter. Stamens 6-10; anthers purple.
Capsules J in., narrow ovoid. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. Himalaya. — "Wood light, does not burn
easily.

P. AL'BA proper ; leaves of the suckers lobed, of the branches white and
cottony beneath, stigmas usually 2-4 linear. White Poplar, Abele. —
A doubtful native, cultivated as far N. as Forfar, but does not flower in
Scotland ?

Sub-sp. P. CANES'CENS, Sm. ; leaves of the suckers angled and toothed, of the
branches hoary beneath or glabrous, stigmas 2-4 rarely 2 each 4-cleft
Grey Poplar. — A supposed hybrid with tremula, indigenous in S.E. Eng-
land. Wood said to be superior to that of P. alba proper. I have never
seen stigmas like those figured in Engl. Bot. (? copied from Eeichenbach).

2. P. trem'ula, L. ; buds not viscid, leaves of shoots cordate acute
entire, of branches suborbicular-ovate sinuate-serrate with incurved teeth
glabrous or silky beneath. Aspen.

B B

370 SALICINE^. [PopULUS.

Copses, &c., N. to Orkney, indigenous, more often planted ; ascends to 1,600
ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-April.— Erect, 40-80
ft., short-lived. Bark gray, wood white ; suckers many, pubescent ; branches
spreading ; buds pubescent. Leaves 1-4 in., old obtuse, young acute, cottony
beneath ; petiole very long, slender, glabrous, compressed. Catkins 2-3 in.,
cylindric ; scales laciniate. VARS. villo'sa and gla'bra, have respectively
villous and subglabrous foliage. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa,
N. Asia. — Wood indifferent.

SECTION" 2. Aigei'ros. Young shoots glabrous. Fruiting catkins lax ;
scales subglabrous. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas 2-fid, short, cuneate.

P. NI'GRA, L. ; buds viscid, leaves rhombic deltoid or suborbicular
finely crenate-serrate at length glabrous. Black Poplar.
Moist places, river-banks, &c., not indigenous; fl. April. — Erect, 50-60 ft.,
short-lived, growth rapid. Bark grey ; wood soft, white ; branches spread-
ing. Leaves 1-4 in., angles rounded, acuminate, young silky beneath and
ciliate ; petiole slender, compressed. Male catkin 2-3 in., cylindric ; female
shorter, ascending, peduncle curved in fruit ; scales shortly cut. Stamen*
12-20 ; anthers purple. Capsules grin., ovoid, pedicelled, recurved. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Asia. — Wood light, mucli i^sed for carving, charcoal, &c. ; bark
for tanning.

2. SA'JLIX, Tournef. WILLOW.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves quite entire or serrate ; stipules persistent or
deciduous. Stamens 2 or more, filaments free or connate. Catkins usually
erect ; scales entire. Disk of 1—2 distinct glands. Stigmas entire or 2-fid.
— DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species 160. — ETYM. The Latin name. — For the
species of this troublesome genus I have followed Andersson (in D.C.
Prodr. XVI. part 2), and for the vars., principally Syme.

SECTION 1. Catkins on short peduncles that bear fully developed
leaves ; scales pale, persistent or deciduous. Filaments hairy below, all
free. Capsule glabrous in the British species.

* Stamens 3 or more, free. Petiole glandular at the top. Capsule pedicelled.
1. S. trian'dra, L. ; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glan-
dular-serrate glabrous paler or glaucous beneath, disk of the male flower
2-glandular, stamens 3. Almond-leaved or French Willow.
River-banks and osier-grounds from Perth southd. ; doubtfully native of
Scotland and Ireland ; fl. April-June. — A tree, 20 ft., bark flaking. Leaves
2-4 in., base broad or narrow ; stipules large, ^-cordate. Catkins 1-2 in.,
appearing with the leaves, slender, female narrower ; scales nearly glabrous.
Capsule small, terete or furrowed, glabrous ; style thick, short. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.

S. trian'dra proper (S. amygdali'na, L.) ; leaves more linear narrow glaucous
beneath. — VAR. S. Hoffmannia'na, Sm. ; leaves broader at the base green
beneath. — S. contor'ta,* Crowe, is a var. cultivated in Snssex. — S. undida'ta,
Ehrh. (S. lanceola'ta, Sm.), distinguished from S. trian'dra by its shaggy
scales and distinctly developed style, is commonly cultivated for basket-

SALIX.] SALICINE^. 371

work, but is not indigenous. Andersson supposes it to be a smooth-fruited
hybrid between triandra or alba, and wminalis. — S. Trevira'ni, Spr., is
another hybrid with viminalis, found in Staffordshire.

2. S. pentan'dra, L. ; leaves elliptic or ovate- or obovate-lanceola'e
acuminate glandular-serrulate viscid shining paler beneath, disk of male
and female flowers 2-glandular, stamens 5 (4-12). Bay-leaved Willow.
River-banks and wet places, from N. Wales, "Worcester, and York to Argyll

and Banff; planted S. of this ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Northumbd. ; rare in
Ireland ; fl. May-June. — A glabrous shrub, 6-8 ft., or tree, 20 ft. ; dark
brown. Leaves 1-4 in., fragrant, reticulate beneath ; stipules ovate oblong
or 0. Catkins, male 1-2 in., erect then pendulous, scales oblong ; female
shorter. Capsule glabrous ; style short. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl.
Greece and Turkey, W. and N. Asia.— The latest-flowering willow. — S. cus-
pida'ta, Schultz (Meyeria'na, Willd.), found in Shropshire, is probably a
hybrid with frag'ilis.

** Stamens 2, rarely more, free. Petiole glandular or not at the top.

3. S. frag'ilis, L. ; leaves lanceolate long-acuminate glabrous glandular-
serrate pale or glaucous beneath, young hairy, stipules ^-cordate deciduous,
capsule pedicelled. Crack Willow, Withy.

Marshy ground, from Ross sotithd. ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in Xorthumbd. ;
? native in Scotland or Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May. — A tree,
80-90 ft., trunk sometimes 20 ft. in girth ; branches spreading obliquely
from the trunk ; twigs easily detached, smooth, polished. Leaves 3-6 in.,
petiole often glandular at the top. Catkins usually spreading, stout, male
1-2 in., female slender, often longer ; scales linear-lanceolate ; disk 2-glandu-
lar. Stamens 2, rarely 3-5. Capsule glabrous ; style short. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. and "W. Asia ; in trod, in America. — Andersson doubts this being
indigenous except in S.W. Asia.

8. frag'ilis proper ; twigs yellow-brown, leaves elliptic-lanceolate. — YAR.
S. decip'iens, Hoffm. ; twigs orange or crimson, leaves smaller, style
longer.

S. Russellia'na, Sm. (Bedford Willow], a tree, 50 ft., trunk 12 ft. in girth, is
considered a hybrid between fragilis and alba, and referred to S. vir'idis,
Fries. Mr. Baker says it is a synonym of S. frag'ilis ; and that Fries' S
viridis is not a British plant.

4. S. al'ba, L. ; leaves narrowly lanceolate long-acuminate silky on
both surfaces (except when old) glandular-serrate, stipules ovate-lanceolate
deciduous, capsule subsessile. White Willow.

Marshy ground, always? planted, from Sutherland -sontbd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. May.— A large tree, 80 ft., trunk 20 ft. in girth ; bark fissured :
twigs not easily detached, silky. Leaves 2-4 in., glabrous when old, petiole
eglandular. Catkins slender, lax, erect, scales linear. Capsule glabrous,
style very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W.
India. — Timber most useful for carpentry and fuel ; bark for tanning.

S. al'ba proper ; twigs olive, old leaves silky on both surfaces. — YAR. S. caru'lea,
Sm. ; twigs olive, old leaves glabrous glaucous beneath. — YAR. S. wtelli'xa

B B 2

372 SALIC INE^. [SALTX.

L. ; twigs yellow or reddish, old leaves glabrous above, scales of catkins
longer. Golden Willow.

SECTION 2. Catkins on leafy or bracteate peduncles ; scales persistent,
discoloured at the tip (except S. reticulata). Stamens 2, filaments free.
Disk 1 -glandular. Capsule tomentose or silky, rarely glabrous.

* 'Capsule with a slender pedicel ; style very short or 0.

5. S. Capre'a, L. ; leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate or -lanceolate acute
or acuminate crenate reticulate on both surfaces tomentose beneath, stipules
^-reniforin, catkins silky, male ovoid-oblong, female elongate at length
nodding, scales hairy, tip black. Common Sallow, Goat, Willow.

Copses, pastures, &c., by streams, from Argyll and Inverness southd. ; ascends
to 2,000 ft. in the Highlands- j Ireland * Channel Islands ; fl. April-May. —
A grey tree or large shrub. Leaves 2-4 in., dark green above, cuspidate,
margins narrowly recurved. Catkins short, preceding the leaves, sessile,
bracteate ; male 1 in., very stout, female lengthening to Sin. Capsule \ in.,
silky ; pedicel very slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and "W. Asia, Himalaya.
— The earliest-flowering British willow. The twigs with catkins gathered
at Easter, are called Palm-branches. Andersson points out the impossi-
bility of distinguishing this from S. cine'rea, L.

S. CAPRE'A proper ; buds and twigs glabrous or puberulous, leaves usually
broad glabrous and dull green above undulate crenate-serrate or subentire,
stipules long or 0 - — S. sphacela'ta, Sm., is a subalpine form, without stipules
and with subentire leaves.

Sub-sp. S. CINE'REA, Z. ; buds and twigs tomentose, leaves smaller narrower
from elliptic-oblong to oblanceolate margins undulate pubescent above,
male catkins less stout opening later, anthers pale yellow, capsule smaller
(filaments hairy at the base, Syme\ — S. aquat'ica, Sm., with leaves more
obovate glaucous, hairs beneath white, stipules large, and S. oleifo'lia, Sm.,
with leaves narrow rigid glaucous, hairs beneath red-brown, stipules small,
are slight varieties.— Anderssoa correctly refers 8. cine'rea, Sm., in Engl.
Bot., t. 1897, to this ; but also quotes that pi ate and name under daphnoi'des,
Vill., a very different plant.

6. S. auri'ta, L. ; leaves obovate-oblong rarely oblanceolate crenate
much wrinkled pubescent and reticulate beneath, stipules reniform, cat-
kins short dense-fld., male ovoid, female cylindric.

Moist copses, heaths, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-May. — A small bush, 2-4 ft.,
with straggling branches ; probably a form of & Caprea, being so closely
allied to sub-sp. cine'rea that it is chiefly distinguishable by its smaller size,
reddish twigs, leaves rarely 2 in., very much wrinkled, young reddish and
crisped, often petioled, large stipules, shorter catkins, |-| in., and narrower
more tomentose capsule. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia.

7. S. re'pens, L. ; leaves small oblong- or linear-lanceolate obtuse or
acute, margins recurved entire or serrulate shining and reticulate above,
silky or glaucous beneath, stipules 0 or lanceolate, catkins cylindric-
oblong, scales spathulate, anthers at length black. S. fce'tidct, Sm.

SALIX.] SALIC 1NEJE 373

Heaths, commons, &c., from Shetland southd. ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-May. — A small, straggling
bush ; branches slender, elongate, erect or decumbent ; buds silky. Leaves
excessively variable, |-1^ in., young always silvery silky. Catkins preceding
or appearing with the leaves, erect, short, sessile, rarely on lengthening
leafy peduncles |?-1 in. ; bracts leafy ; scales yejiow-green or purple, silky,
always dark at the tip ; anthers yellow till the pollen is shed. Capsule
pedicelled, glabrous or silky. — DISTEIB. Europe, Siberia.— The following
are the chief British forms.

S. re' pens proper ; stem decumbent below, flowering branches erect or ascend-
ing, leaves appearing with the flowers elliptic-oblong quite entire silky
beneath tip straight, stipules 0, capsule glabrous. — S. fus'ca, L. ; stem sub-
erect, branches spreading, leaves elliptic-oblong faintly serrate tip straight ;
the rest as in repens. — &. prostra'ta, Sm.; prostrate, branches many slender,
leaves appearing after the flowers faintly serrate puberulous above glaucous
and silky beneath, stipules minute or 0, capsule silky. — S. ascen'dens, Sm. ;
stem decumbent, branches ascending, leaves as in prostra'ta but appearing
with the flowers more silky beneath and tips recurved, stipules ovate or
lanceolate or 0, capsule silky at length glabrous. — S. parvifolia, Sm. ; stem
as in prostra'ta, leaves and capsules as in ascendens, stipules small ovate or 0.
— S. argen'tea^m. (arena'ria, L. partly) ; stem and simple slender branches
erect, leaves appearing with the flowers elliptic-ovate quite entire densely
silky and silvery especially beneath, tip recurved, capsule silky. A large
form, growing in sandy places. — S. rosmarinifo'lia, L. ; leaves 2-3 in. linear
or linear-lanceolate faintly glandular-serrate or entire glabrous or silky be-
neath, stipules ovate or lanceolate, catkins short sessile dense, scales black,
capsule tomentose. Said to have been found in the last century by Sheiaid
in bogs in Scotland.

S. incuba'cea, L. (? S. ambig'ua, Ehrh. ; S. re'pens, var. incuba'cea, Syme), is re-
ferred to re'pens by Wirnmer, and to a hybrid between this and auri'ta
by Andersson ; it has reticulate leaves with recurved margins and large sti-
pules.— S. spathula'ta, Willd., is referred byAnder^scn to a hairy foim of it.

** Capsule with a slender pedicel ; style distinct.
8. S. ni'gricans. Sin. ; leaves thin ovate-obloug cordate or lanceolate

subacute reticulate above, stipules 0 or ^-cordate, catkins sessile or on short

leafy peduncles ovoid or cylindric, scales linear-oblong hairy.

Rocks and banks of streams, from York to Argyll and Aberdeen ; ascends to
2,300 ft. in the Highlands ; rare in Ireland ; fl. May-June. — A procumbent
shrub or tree, 10 ft. Leaves entire or serrate, black when dry. Catkins ^-1
in., appearing before or after the leaves, scales acute or obtuse. Filament*
hairy at the base. Capsule narrowly conical, glabrous or tomentcse ;
pedicel and styles slender. — DISTRIB. Alps of N. and Mid. Europe.
Andersson describes this as the most variable of the genus. It is perhaps
a form of S. phylicifo'lia, which presents a parallel series of variations.
Syme sums its differences in the thinner more reticulate darker leaves, mere
or less glaucous beneath, blackening more when dry, and more permanently
hairy ; more pubescent twigs ; large stipules ; more glabrous capsule ; shorter
style and longer pedicel.

Mr. Baker's experience is : — phylicifo'lia, twigs bright chestnut, rarely hairy ;
leaves firmer brighter coloured above, glaucous (very rarely not), quite

374 SALICINE^. [SALix.

glabrous beneath ; stipules of the leaf-shoots smaller and more deciduous ;
plant drying without turning black : — ni'yricans, twigs much shorter, dull-
coloured, pubescent (like cine'rea) ; leaves softer usually grey-pubescent and
much less if at all glaucous beneath ; stipules of barren shoots larger, more
persistent ; style and pedicel the same in both, and ovary similarly variable
insilkiness; plant turning black when dried. Both, when growing with
Caprea and cinerea, flower a little later (through May into June), and are
mostly plants of subalpine valleys.

The erect varieties with broad leaves 1-4 in., more or less glaucous beneath,
and silky capsules are : — True ni'yricans ; cotinifo'lia, Sm. ; and Forsteria'na,
Sm. — S. rupes'tris, Sm., is a trailing variety with small broad leaves.--^.
Andersonia'na, Sm. ; damasce'na, Forbes, and petrce'a, G. Anders., are erect
shrubs with glabrous capsules. — 8. hir'ta, Sm., is a subarborescent form (male
only) with silky twigs and leaves densely pubescent beneath. — /S.Jloribun'da,
Forbes (tenuifo'lia, Sm. ; bi'color. Hook.), is a doubtful plant.

9. S. phylicifo'lia, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate quite
glabrous shining above glaucous beneath, stipules 0 or very small, catkins
sessile bracteate, scales linear-oblong black acute. Tea-leaved Willow.

Rocks and mountain streams, from York and Lancashire to Orkney ; ascends
to 2,000 ft. in Yorks. and Perth; rare in Ireland; fl. April-May.— A
handsome large bush or small tree (10 ft.). When fully developed con-
spicuous from its spreading shining chestnut or reddish branches, and
glistening green and glaucous foliage. Anderssoa distinguishes it from S.
ni'yricans by the less unequal thicker leaves, which blacken less in drying,
a id have no minute white dots ; capsule larger, with longer beaks ; he
adds that it is the earliest flowerer of the genus (in England S. Capre'a
flowers first) ; (Syme says it is among the latest). — DISTRIB. Almost the same
as S. ni'gricans.

The British forms are, 1st, the erect with silky capsules, S. Davallia'na, Sm. ;
Weiyelia'na, Willd. ( Wulfenia'na, Sm.) ; ni'ttns, G. Anders. ; Crowea'na, Sm. ;
Dicksonia'na, Sm. (myrtilloi'des, Sm., not L.) ; and tenu'ior, Borr. — 2d, erect
with glabrous or nearly glabrous capsules, laxiflo'ra, G. Anders. ; propin'qua,
Borr. ; tetrap'la, Walker ; Borreria'na, Sm.; pnillyreafo'lia, Borr; tenwifo'iia,
Borr.— 3d, a more or less decumbent rooting form, with silky capsules, 8.
radi'cans, Sm. (phylirifo'lia, Sm.).

/S1. lauri'na, Sm. (laxiflo'ra, Borr. ; bi'color, Sm.), a small handsome tree, 20-30
ft., found in various parts of England and Ireland, is a hybrid between S.
phylicifo'lia and Capre'a.

*** Capsule with a short pedicel or 0. Style slender.

S. DAPHNOI'DES, Viil. ; arboreous, buds large, leaves narrow oblong or
linear-lanceolate acuminate acutely serrate shining above glaucous beneath,
stipules |- cordate acute, catkins stout sessile, scales black acute very vil-
lous, capsules glabrous. S. acutifo'lia, Willd. Violet Willow.

Great Ay ton, Yorkshire, not indigenous ; fl. April. — A small tree, 10-12 ft.,
twigs violet. Leaves 3-6 in., very acuminate, with persistent glaucous
bloom. Catkins clothed with silky hairs, appearing before the leaves ;
scales black-pointed; anthers yellow.— DISTRIB. S. Scandinavia across
Europe and Asia to the Amur.

SALIX.] SAL1C1NEA. 375

10. S. vimina'lis, L. ; leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate reticulate
above silvery silky beneath, margin revolute quite entire, stipules linear-
lanceolate, catkins sessile, bracts small or 0, capsules tomentose. Osier.

Wet places and osier-beds, from Elgin and Argyll southd. ; Ireland, native ? ;
fl. April-June. — A shrub or small tree, 30 ft.; branches long, straight,
young silky, old polished, leafy. Leaves 4-10 in., narrowed into the petiole,
margins waved. Catkins f-1 in., mature long before the leaves, golden-
yellow ; scales oblong, brown ; gland slender. Capsule shortly pedicelled,
base broad, white; stigmas rarely 2-fid. — DISTRIB. Eussia, N. Asia, Soon-
garia ; cult, throughout Europe ; introd. in N. America.

S. stipula'ris, Sm., is a 'supposed hybrid, probably with Caprea or cinerea,
cultivated in Essex and Suffolk ; Channel Islands ; it has broader more
undulating leaves, large stipules, and a shortly pedicelled capsule. — In
Britain this and Smithia'na shade off into viminalis, and keep quite distinct
from cinerea (Baker).

S. Smithia'na, Willd. (S. mollis'sima, Sm.); this Andersson regards as an un-
doubted and excessively variable hybrid between viminatis and Caprea ;
it is very common in osier-grounds of England and Ireland, and found in
Scotland ; the leaves are not so silvery beneath, usually dull and hoary ;
capsule long pedicelled. — S. ' acumina'tcc, Sm.,ferruyin'ea, G. Anders.,^.
holoseric'ea, Willd., and ruyo'sa, Leefe (holoseric'ea, Hook, and Arn.), are
varieties or hybrids with S. cinerea.

11. S. lana'ta, L. ; leaves broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate acute
woolly entire cottony beneath with raised reticulate veins, stipules large
^-cordate glandular-serrate, catkins terminal sessile, scales obtuse clothed
with long golden hairs, capsules glabrous.

Alpine cliffs and rills, Perth, FoVfar, Inverness, and Sutherland ; alt. 2,000-
2,500 ft.; fl. May-June. — A sm&ll shrub, 2-3 ft., branches tortuous, twigs
tornentose ; buds large, black, hirsute. Leaves 1-3 in., coriaceous, petiole
very short. Catkins appearing with the leaves, crowded, stout, sometimes
ashy white as in S. Lappo'num, especially in age ; male 1-2 in., female 2-4
in.; scales black, oblong. Stamens glabrous. Capsule shortly pedicelled ;
style very slender, stigmas filiform notched or 2-fid. — DISTRIB. Arctic and
Alpine Scandinavia, Arctic Asia, Altai Mts., Greenland.

12. S. Lappo'num, L. ; dwarf, leaves elliptic or obovate-lanceolate
acuminate reticulate silky and villous above cottony beneath with straight
raised veins, margins recurved, stipules 0 or small, catkins subsessile
bracteate, scales acute clothed with long white hairs, capsules tomentose.

Alpine rocks, Edinburgh and Argyll to Sutherland; alt. 2,000-2,700 ft.; fl.
June-July. — Shrubby, 2-3 ft., erect or decumbent ; branches stout, brown,
buds woolly. Leaves 1-2 in., very variable, quite entire or sinuate-serrate,
dull green above ; petiole rather long, base dilated. Catkins preceding the
leaves ; male ovoid, scales black, anthers yellow ; female longer, 1-3 in.
Capsule conical, subsessile ; style very long, stigmas filiform cleft. — DISTRIB.
Scandinavia to the Arctic circle, Mts. of France and N. Italy, Siberia,
N. America. — The Edinburgh specimens seen by me are flowerless ; this
locality is anomalous for so alpine a plant.

376 SALICINE^E. [SALix.

The fcllowing are slight varieties : — S. arena'ria, L. (partly) ; leaves downy
above woolly beneath, style equalling the capsule. — 8. Stuartia'na, Sm. ;
leaves woolly above silky and cottony beneath, style equalling the cap-
sule.— S.ylau'ca, Sm. (not L.) ; leaves snow-white and woolly beneath, style
much shorter than the capsule. (I should doubt this being the same
species.)

13. S. Myrsini'tes, L. ; dwarf, leaves small rigid ovate obovate or
lanceolate glandular-serrate shining and reticulate on both surfaces, stipules
0 or lanceolate, catkins on leafy peduncles, scales spathulate blackish,
capsules hairy. S. retu'sa, Dickson (Andersson).

Alpine rocks and rivulets in Mid. Scotland ; alt. 1,000-2,700 ft. ; fl. June-
July. — A small rigid suberect or creeping shrub, young parts clothed with
silky deciduous hairs. Leaves usually ^-1 in., very variable, dark green
and glossy ; petiole very short ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, serrate. Catkins
|-1 in., appearing with or after the leaves, on stout peduncles often as long,
oblong, male ovoid; scales pilose ; disk large; anthers at length black.
Capsule hairy or pubescent, distinctly pedicelled ; style long, stigmas thick.
— DISTRIB. Alps of Scandinavia (Arctic), Mid. Europe, Siberia, N. America.

The following are British varieties: S. procupi'bens, Forbes (S. Ice' vis, Hook.) ;
leaves broad subacute faintly serrate. — VAR. arbutifo'lia, Syme ; leaves
narrow acute or acuminate very faintly .serrate. — VAR. serra'tat Syme;
leaves ovate acute serrate.

S. Graha'mi, Borr. MS. (Baker in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1867, 157, t. 66), is only
known from female spet imens cultivated in the Edinburgh Bot. Garden,
said to have been brought by Prof. Graham from Frouvyn in Sutherland. It
appears to me to be a form of S. Myrsini'tes, with smaller catkins, paler scales,
and a perfectly glabrous capsule with a rather long very silky pedicel ; and
not allied to S. pola'ris or herba'cea. Syme suspects it to be a hybrid
between herbacea and niyricans or phylicifolia', and Nyman, a sub-sp. of
8. retusa, L. The Engl. Bot. figures of the ovary and scale are very in-
correct. A similar plant occurs in Muckish Mt., Donegal.

14. S. Sadle'ri, Syme ; dwarf, leaves sm all short-petioled broadly ovate
or ovate-cordate subacute quite entire smooth and cottony above reticulated
and glabrous beneath, stipules 0, catkins terminating leafy branches,
scales oblong obtuse, capsule glabrous.

Kocky ledges of Glen Callater, alt. 2,500 ft.; frt. Aug. — Prostrate branches
few, tortuous ; bark shining, red-brown ; shoots woolly. Leaves few, |-1 in.,
firm, dark green, young cottony beneath ; petiole § in. Catkins ^-f in.,
cylindric, many -fid.; peduncle woolly, J-J in,, leafless; scales woolly at
length dark brown, shorter than the capsules which are § in., glabrous,
conical-ovoid; pedicels and persistent styles slender. — Only two plants
hitherto seen, both in ripe fruit. I am indebted to Dr. Balfour for the
loan of one here described. Nyman regards it as a sub-sp. of S. lana'ta, or
hybrid with this and reticula'ta.

15. S. Arbus'cula, L. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate acuminate
serrulate shining above pale or glaucous beneath, catkins lateral on brac-
teate peduncles, scales obtuse hirsute, capsules sessile tomentose.

SALIX.] SALIC 'INE^E. 377

Eocks, Dumfries, Argyll, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, alt. 1,000-2,400 ft.; fl.
June-July. — A small, rigid, decumbent, rooting shrub ; twigs yellow,
pubescent, then brown. Leaves |-1J in., very variable, at first silky beneath .
Catkins ^-1 in., females often long-peduncled ; scales obosrate or rounded,
reddish, very pubescent. Capsules conical, reddish, base embraced by the
scale ; style long, deeply cleft, stigmas thick notched. — DISTEIB. Alps of
Mid. and N. Europe (Arctic), N. and Central Asia, Greenland. — Inter-
mediate between S. phylicifo'lia and Myrsini'tes.

British forms are: S. carina'ta, Sm. ; suberect, leaves folded and recurved. —
S. fce'tida, Schl. (prunifo'lia, Sm.) ; decumbent or ascending, leaves flat. —
S. venulo'sa, Sm. ; decumbent, leaves reticulate on both surfaces. — S. vaccinii-
fo'lia, "Walker (lii'ida,-Sm., not Wahl) ; decumbent, leaves silky beneath.

**** Capsule sessile or subsessile. Style short or 0.

16. S. herba'cea, L. ; very dwarf, branches buried, leaves oblong or
orbicular obtuse or retuse shining reticulate serrate, catkins on 2-leaved
peduncles oblong few-fld., scales concave glabrous or pubescent.
Loftiest "Welsh, N. English, Scotch and Irish Alps, ascending to 4,300 ft. ;

fl. June. — Stem ajid branches spreading under the turf, sending up short
flowering few-leaved twigs ; bud-scales persistent, brown. Leaves 5-^ in.,
shortly petioled, curled ; stipules minute ovate or 0. Catkins £-J in.,
flowering after the leaves, subterminal, shortly peduncled, 4-10-fld. ; scales
obovate, obtuse ; anthers yellow-brown or purple. Capsule rarely pubescent,
subsessile ; style rather short. — DISTRTB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N.
Asia, N. America. — The smallest British shrub.

17. S. reticula'ta, L. ; dwarf, branches buried, leaves orbicular-oblong
or obovate strongly reticulate on both surfaces green above glaucous beneath,
catkins on very long leafy peduncles, style very short.

Lofty Mts. of Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Inverness, and Sutherland ; alt.
2,000-3,200 ft. ; fl. July-Aug.— Stem 1-2 ft., procumbent, short, woody ;
branches tortuous, sparingly leafy. Leaves sometimes cuneate, obtuse or
retuse, margin entire or waved, young hairy, older glabrous and rugose
above, usually hoary beneath, stipules 0. Catkins ^-1 in., subterminal,
flowering after the leaves, oblong, many-fld. ; scales obovate, purplish or
yellow, of one colour ; anthers purplish ; disk a laciniate cup. Capsule
sessile, hoary, obtuse ; stigmas notched. — DISTRIB. As S. herla'cea, reaching
the limits of Arctic vegetation,

SECTION 3. Syn'andrse, Anderss. Catkins appearing before the leaves,
on short bracteate or leafy peduncles ; scales tipped with dark colour.
Stamens 2, filaments more or less combined.

18. S. purpu'rea, L. ; shrubby, leaves often subopposite thin linear-
lanceolate serrulate glabrous, stipules |-ovate or 0, catkins subsessile,
scales small, capsule subsessile, styles very short. Purple Osier.

Elver-banks and osier-beds, from Banff and Isla to Devon and Kent ; native ?
in Ireland ; fl. March-April. — An erect or decumbent shrub, 5-10 ft. ; twigs
slender, tough ; bark red or purple. Leaves 3-6 in., sparingly hairy when
young, shortly petioled, broadest about or beyond the middle, glaucous but

378 SALICINE^. [SALTX.

most so ben2ath, black in drying. Catkins f-l| in., opposite or alternate,
erect, then spreading or recurved, cylindric ; scales purple-black above,
hairy or woolly ; filaments hairy at the base ; anthers red, then black.
Capsule broadly ovoid, obtuse ; stigmas entire or cleft.— DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India ; introd. in N. America. — Bark very bitter ;
used for basket-making, but not so commonly as S. vimina'lis.—The best-
marked British varieties are : — S. Woolgaria'na, Borr., and ramulo'sa,'Borr. ;
erect, branches yellowish, stigmas notched. S. Lambertia'na, Sm.; erect,
leaves broader above, branches purplish glaucous, stigmas subsessile short
thick.

S. ru'bra, Huds., a common osier-bed shrub, or tree 10 ft., is a hybrid with
mminalis ; the leaves are silky beneath, filaments usually more or less free,
and style longer ; it is very variable, and includes : — S. ru'bra proper ; fila-
ments connate at the base only ; & Forbya'na, Sm. ; filaments united to the
top ; 8. Hel'ix, L. ; leaves often subopposite filaments united to the top
(bears fascicles of diseased leaves, owing to the puncture of a Cynips, hence
called Eose Willow}.

S. Donia'na, Sm., a native of dry places in Mid. and S. Germany, is interme-
diate between re' pens and purpu'rea (Andersson), was stated by G. Don. to
be a native of Forfarshire, no doubt erroneously ; it may be known from
purpurea by its yellow anthers, pedicelled capsule, and filaments more or
less connate at the base only.

S. Pontedera'na, Schleich., gathered by the Rev. J. E. Leefe near Kothbury,
Northumbd.j is probably a hybrid with cine'rea (Baker).

ORDER LXXIII. CERATOPHYI/LE-ffi.

A submerged, branched, slender, fragile herb ; stems cylindric. Leaves
whorled, sessile, exstipulate, 2-chotomously cut into linear-toothed lobes.
Flowers solitary, axillary, minute, monoacious, enclosed in an 8-12-partite
persistent involucre with subulate lobes. Perianth 0. — MALE. Anthers
many, crowded, sessile, oblong ; cells linear, sunk in a fleshy 2-cuspidate
connective, bursting irregularly. — FEMALE. Ovary oblong, 1-celled ;
style terminal, subulate, persistent, stigma unilateral papillose ; ovule 1,
pendulous from the top of the cell, orthotropous. Fruit coriaceous, in-
dehiscent, base tubercled winged or spurred. Seed pendulous, testa
membranous, hilum thickened, albumen 0 ; cotyledons 2-fid ovoid thick,
plumule large many-leaved, radicle very short. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia,
Africa, N. America (Arctic). — AFFINITIES doubtful. — PROPERTIES un-
known.— ETYM. Kfpas and ^vAA.o*', from the Aom-like leaf -lobes.

1. CERATOPHYIi'liUM, L. HORNWORT.
C. demer'sum, L. ; leaves remotely serrate.

Ponds and ditches from Forfar southd. ; E. Scotland only ; rare in Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Stems 8 in.-3 ft., densely leafy. Leaves 1 in.,
segments spreading, subulate, dark green. Flowers found in shallow water

CERATOPHYLLUM.] CERATOPHYLLE^. 379

only, very inconspicuous. Fruit ^ in., tipped with the slender curved style,

very variable.

C. DEMER'SUM proper; fruit smooth, spurs 2 subulate. C. apicula'tum, Cham.
Sub-sp. C. STJBMER'SUM, L. ; fruit not spurred, covered when mature with

cylindric projections. — S.E. England, rare.

SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERM'JE.
ORDER LXXIY. CONIF ERJE,

Trees or shrubs ; wood without ducts (except in the first year) ; wood-
cells studded with disks. Leaves usually alternate, rigid, linear or
subulate, solitary, or fascicled in membranous sheaths. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious, anemophilous ; males in deciduous catkins ;
females in cones or solitary ; perianth 0. —MALE of many 1- or more-
celled anthers seated on the scales of the catkin, filaments 0 or connate. —
FEMALE of 1 or more sessile naked orthotropous or anatropous ovules
seated on an open carpellary leaf (bracts of some), which is free or adnate
to the scale of the cone. Seeds often winged, testa thin or thick, albumen
densely fleshy ; embryo axile, straight, cotyledons 2 or more, radicle terete
often attached to a crumpled thread (suspensor). — DISTRIB. Especially
cold regions ; very rare in trop. Africa and America ; genera 33 ; species
about 300. — AFFINITIES. "With Cycadece and Gnetacece. — PROPERTIES.
Yield terebin thine, succinic acid, pitch, tar, turpentine, valuable woods,
and a few edible seeds.

TRIBE I. ABIETI'NE-ffi, Flowers monoecious. Cones usually large, conical ;

scales more or less woody. Pollen curved.
Cone woody, scales persistent 1. Pinus.

TRIBE II. CUPRESSI'NEJE. Flowers mono- di-cecious. Cones usually

globose or short ; scales woody or fleshy, persistent. Pollen globose.
Cone fleshy, globose; scales at length connate 2. Juniperus.

TRIBE III. TAXI'NE-ffi. Flowers dioecious. Cones much reduced ; scales
small, thin or coriaceous, the upper with 1 ovule. Seed hard, with a
fleshy coat, or seated in a fleshy cup. Pollen globose.
Seed solitary, seated in a fleshy cup 3. Taxus.

1. PI'NUS, L. PIXE.

Trees ; branches more or less whorled. Leaves evergreen, in clusters of
2, 3, or 5. Male catkins spicate, ovoid or oblong of many 2-celled anthers
spirally arranged ; pollen-grains curved, 2-globose. Fruit, a cone, usually
ripening in the second year ; scales woody. Ovules 2, inverted, adnate to
the scale ; cotyledons 3 or more, linear ; radicle inferior. — DISTRIB. N.
hemisphere, from Mexico and Borneo to the Arctic circle ; species about
70. — ETYM. The classical name.

380 CONIFERS. [PiNUS.

P. sylves'tris, L. ; leaves in pairs, cones ovoid young recurved, seeds

winged. Scotch Fir.

In a few spots, York to Sutherland ; ascends to 2,200 ft, ; Ireland ; once na-
tive of many parts of Britain ; planted elsewhere ; fl. May-June.— A tree,
50-100 ft., trunk attaining 12 ft. girth ; wood red or white ; bark red-brown,
rough. Leaves 2-3 in., falling in the 3d year, acicular, acute, grooved
above, convex and glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate, sheath fimbriate.
Male catkins J in., yellow ; connective produced. Cones 1-2 in., 1-3 to-
gether, acute; scales few, ends rhomboid with a transverse keel and
deciduous point. S-eed \ in., wing cuneate, much exceeding the nucleus. —
DISTJRIB. Europe, N. Asia. — Yields tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, and deals.

2. JUNIP'ERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Trees or bushes ; heart-woDd red, odorous. Leaves opposite or whoiied
in threes, all subulate, or on the young shoots subulate, on the old scale-
like and appressed. Male catkins solitary or crowded, of many 2-6-celled
anthers. Gone ripening the 2d year, small, globose, baccate, of 4-6
decussate or whorled confluent fleshy scales, the upper and lower
flowerless. Ovules 1-2 under each scale, erect. Seeds 1-8, enclosed in the
fleshy confluent scales, free or connate, testa various ; cotyledons 2-5,
oblong, radicle superior. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold N. hemisphere ;
species 27. — ETYM. The classical name.

J. commu'nis, L. ; leaves whorled in threes subulate pungent glaucous
above, margins and midrib thickened.
Open hill-sides, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. May-June.

— Shrubby, 1-5 ft., rarely subarboreous (10-20 ft., with trunk 5 ft. in girth).

Bark flaking, fibrous, red-brown. Leaves |-1 in., crowded ; lower shorter,

oblong-lanceolate, concave. Cone \-\ in. diam., very fleshy, blue-black,

glaucous, with scarious empty scales at its base. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.

Africa, N. and Mid. Asia, N. America, Arctic regions. — A diuretic.
./. commu'nis proper ; leaves spreading straight subulate. — VAR. J. na'na,

Willd. ; leaves shorter broader imbricate incurved. Mountains from N.

Wales and Westmoreland to Shetland, ascends to 2,700 ft.

3. TAX'US, Tournef. YEW.

A tree or shrub ; wood very tough, heart- wood red ; wood-cells with a
spiral thickening within. Leaves linear, 2-farious ; petiole very short,
with a half twist. Male catkin peltate, subglobose with 5-8 anthers
surrounded at the base "by imbricate scarious empty scales. — Female
of a few minute scales, and 1 terminal erect ovule seated on a fleshy disk,
which enlarges into a red fleshy cup containing the seed. Seed ovoid,
subcompressed, testa bony ; cotyledons 2, short, radicle superior. — DIS-
TRIB. N. temp, regions to the Arctic circle. — ETYM. possibly r6^ovt from
the wood being used for bows.

T. bacea'ta, L. ; leaves linear more or less falcate acute.

TAXUS.] CON1FEEJE. 381

Hill-sides and woods, from Perth and Argyll to Somerset and Kent; ascends
to 1,500 ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ; fl. March.— Tree 15-50 ft., in England ;
loftier in India ; sometimes 27 ft. in girth, channelled ; bark thin, flaking ;
branches spreading. Leaves §-l| in., coriaceous, shining above, paler be-
neath. Male catkins J in., yellow ; female minute ; scales green. Fruit
^ in. ; cup red, mucilaginous ; seed olive-green, punctulate. — I believe also
the 6 supposed species of this genus to be forms of one. T. fastigia'ta,
Lindl. (Irish or Florence-court yew), is a fastigiate variety.

CLASS II. MONOeOTYLE'DONES.

ORDER LXXV. HYDROCHARl'DE.ffi.

Aquatic herbs. Leaves aerial floating or submerged, opposite orwhorled,
convolute in bud. Flowers usually dioecious, buds inclosed in one or more
spathaceous bracts.. — MALE. Perianth of 6 segments in 2 series (rarely
0), 3 inner often petaloid, imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens on the
base of the segments, 3 and opposite the sepals, or more and in 2 or more
series, filaments free or connate below ; anthers adnate. Ovary rudiment-
ary.— FEMALE. Perianth superior, 6-partite. Staminodes various, some-
times antheriferous. Ovary 1- or 3-6 -celled ; styles 3 or 6, 2-fid, free or
connate below, stigmas decurrent ; ovules many, ascending. Fruit usually
baccate, submerged, 1-6-celled. Seeds many or few, on projecting placen-
tas, testa firm, albumen 0 ; embryo straight, plumule lateral, radicle next
the hilum. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera 14 ; species about 40. —
AFFINITIES. None. —PROPERTIES unimportant.

Leaves orbicular, floating 1. Hydrocharis.

Leaves ensiform, serrate, submerged 2. Stratiotes.

Leaves linear opposite or whorled, submerged 2*. Elodea.

1. HYDROCH'ARIS, L. FROG-BIT.

A floating herb. Leaves orbicular, quite entire. — MALE fl. 2-3, sub-
umbelled ; spathe peduncled, 2-leaved. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3,
white membranous. Stamens 12, 3-6 without anthers, filaments connate
below, forked, fleshy ; anthers basifixed, cells separate, both on one fork.
Pistillodes 3. — FEMALE solitary, long-peduncled ; spathe 1, radical.
Sepals of the male. Petals with a fleshy gland at the base. Staminodes
6, filiform, in pairs opposite the sepals. Ovary ovoid, 6-celled ; styles 6,
short, connate at the base ; ovules many, inserted on the septa, orthotro-
pous. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds few, ovoid, immersed in mucus,
testa lax papillose ; embryo ovoid. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia. — ETYM.
u5wp, water, and xfy1*) elegance.

H. Mor'sus-Ra'nse, L. ; leaves orbicular-reniform, flowers white.

382 HYDROCHARIDE^. [HYDROCHARIS.

Ponds and ditches, from Durham to Devon and Kent ; local in Ireland ; fl.
July-Aug. — Stoloniferous, roots fibrous and bulbiferous. Leaves 1-1 J in.
diam., deep green above, reddish beneath. Flowers erect, f-1 in. diam. ;
sepals small, oblong; petals broadly obovate, crumpled. Fruit I have not
seen. — The cells of the testa swell in water and emit a spiral thread.

2. STRATIO'TES, Z. WATER SOLDIER.

A stoloniferous submerged herb. Leaves all radical. Flowers subdice-
cious, submerged before flowering and when fruiting, floating when in
flower, honeyed. Inflorescence and perianth of Hydrocharis, but female
flower sessile on a 2-spathed peduncle. — MALE fl. Stamens many, filaments
subulate, 12 antheriferous ; anthers linear. — FEMALE. Staminodes many,
a few antheriferous. Ovary compressed with a narrow neck, and fruit as
in Hydrocharis ; ovules anatropous. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece),
Siberia. — ETYM. err par turns, a soldier, from the sword- like foliage.

S. aloi'des, leaves tapering spinous-serrate.

Ponds and ditches in E. of England from Northumbd. to Suffolk and
Northampton, and in Lancashire and Cheshire ; naturalized in E. Scotland
and Ireland; fl. June-Aug. — Leaves 6-18 in., spreading, base §-| in. diam.,
rigid, brittle, deep green, many-nerved. Peduncles axillary, short, stout.
Flowers 1^ in. diam. Fruit decurved at right angles to the peduncle,
flagon-shaped, 6-gonous, green ; carpels separating. Seeds with a mucous
coat.

2*. ELODEA, Michx. WATER-THYME.

Stem slender, submerged, elongate, branched. Leaves in whorls of 3
(rarely 4), lower opposite. Flowers subdioecious, axillary, solitary, sessile ;
spathe tubular, slender, 2-lipped. Sepals and petals 3 each, small, green.
— MALE. Stamens 3-9, filaments short or 0 ; anthers oblong. — FEMALE.
Tube of perianth long, slender. Staminodes 3 or 6, sometimes antheri-
ferous. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender, adnate to the perianth- tube,
stigmas 3 ; ovules few, orthotropous, placentas 3 parietal. Berry oblong,
1-celled, few-seeded. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. climates : species 8.—
ETYM. iA«8?7s, growing in watery places.

E. CANAUEN'SIS, Michx. ; leaves linear- or lanceolate-oblong serrulate,
Anach'aris Alsinas'trum, Bab. ; Udo'ra canaden'sis, Nutt.
Ponds, ditches, and streams, from Aberdeen to Cornwall and Kent ; introduced
from America into County Down about 1836, and into England about 1841 ;
fl. May-Oct. — Dark green, pellucid. Stem 1-4 ft., brittle, terete, rooting at
the nodes. Leaves J-| in., sessile, acute, margined. Flowers floating, \ in.
diam., greenish-purple, tube of female 4-8 in., capillary. Sepals boat-
shaped. Petals recurved. Stigmas long, terete, notched. Male hitherto
found near Edinburgh only. — DISTRIB. N. America. i

ORCHIDE^. 383

ORDER LXXVI. ORCHID'EJE.

Terrestrial herbs, roots fascicled or tuberous (many exotics are epiphytes,
with pseudo-bulbs). Leaves sheathing at the base, or scales. Flowers
solitary, spiked, racemed or panicled. Perianth superior, irregular, of 6
coloured segments ; 3 outer (sepals) nearly similar ; inner lateral similar
(petals) ; third inner (inferior by torsion of the pedicel) (lip) dissimilar,
usually larger, often spurred. Stamens confluent with the style into an
un symmetrical column ; anthers 1 superposed to the outer sepal (in
Cypripedium 2 opposite the petals), 2-celled, persistent or deciduous ;
pollen in 2, 4, or 8 pyriform usually pedicelled masses (polUnia), pedicels
( audides) terminating in a gland ; glands exposed or in 1 or 2 pouches.
Ovary usually long and twisted, 3-gonous, 1-celled ; style often terminating
in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its cells ; stigma
a viscid surface (of three confluent stigmas) facing the lip, beneath the
rostellum ; ovules very many, anatropous, placentas 3 parietal. Capsule
3-valved, valves separating from a framework that bears the placentas.
Seeds innumerable, very minute, fusiform, testa very lax reticulate,
albumen 0 ; embryo fleshy. — DISTRIB. All climates and situations except
the very cold maritime, and aquatic ; genera 334 ; species 5,000. — AFFIN-
ITIES. With Iridece. — PROPERTIES. A few are aromatic (Vanilla) ; the
tubers of Orchis are nutritive, and yield starch and salep.

TRIBE I. EPIDENDRE'JE. Anther a 2-celled cap, hinged upon the column ;
pollen-masses 4, waxy, free or connate, not attached to the rostellum.

Leafy herb. Lip superior. Column short 1. Malaxis.

Leafy herb. Lip superior or inferior. Column slender 2. Liparis.

Leafless brown saprophytes. Lip inferior 3. Corallorhiza .

TRIBE II. NEOTTIE'JE. A nther a 2-celled deciduous cap, hinged on to the
top or back of the column ; pollen-masses 2 or 4, granular or powdery,
grains free or united by an elastic web.

* Anther hinged on the lack of the column ; rostellum leaked.

A leafless brown saprophyte. Pollen powdery 4 Neottia.

Leaves 2 subopposite. Lip free. Pollen powdery 5. Listera.

Leaves several. Lip free. Pollen-grains coherent 6. Goodyera.

Leaves several. Lip adnate to the base of the column. Pollen powdery,

7. Spiranthes.

** Anther hinged on the top of the column ; rostellum very short.

A leafless brown saprophyte. Pollen granular 8. Epipogium.

Stem leafy. Flowers racemed ; ovary straight 9. Epipactis.

Stem leafy. Flowers spiked ; ovary twisted 10. Cephalanthera.

TRIBE III. PHRYDE'-ffi. Anther 1, confluent with the column, 2-celled,
erect ; pollen-masses 2, granular, grains united by an elastic web.

384 ORCHIDEJ&. [MALAXIS.

* Glands of stalks of pollen masses in pouches of the rostellum.

Spur long; both glands in one pouch 11. Orchis.

Spur 0 ; both glands in one pouch 12. Aceras.

Spur 0; glands in separate pouches 13. Ophrys.

** Glands of stalks of pill en musses naked, not in pouches of the rostellum.

Spur 0 . , 14. Herminium.

Spur long or short 15. Habenaria.

TRIBE IY. CYPRIPEBIE'-ffi. Anthers 2; rostellum prolonged into a

shield between the anthers ; pollen powdery.
Lip large, saccate 16. Cypripedium.

1. MALAX IS, Sw.

A small green subsucculent herb. Leaves few, broad, short. Flowers
minute, racemose, green. Sepals and very small petals spreading. Lip
superior, minute, entire, concave. Anther hinged on to the top of the
minute column, persistent ; pollen-masses 4, waxy, attached to one gland.
Stigma depressed ; rostellum minute. — DISTRTB. Europe (Arctic) N. of
the Alps, N. Asia. — ETYM. /jLd\a£is, in allusion to its softness.

M. paludo'sa, Sw. ; leaves obovate obtuse. Bog Orchis.

Sphagnum swamps and bogs, from Devon and Kent to Sutherland, rare,
and easily overlooked ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in N. England ; local in
Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem 1-4 in., swollen and sheathed with white
scales at the base, forming a new plant at the side of the old, angled above.
Leaves few, fringed with cellular bulbils that develop new plants. Raceme
elongate, many-fld. ; bracts minute ; pedicel twisted. Flowers $ in., yellow-
green ; sepals ovate ; petals linear-oblong, recurved ; lip about equalling
the petals, erect, acute, embracing the column at its base.

2, LI PARIS, Rich.

Habit of Malaxis, but usually 2-leaved. Sepals and petals spreading,
linear. Lip inferior or superior, broader than the sepals, entire. Anther
terminal on the slender column, deciduous ; pollen-masses 4, waxy, glands
evanescent. Stigma small, depressed ; rostellum minute. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. regions ; species 100. — ETYM. Xnrapos, from its greasy
texture.

L, Iioesel'ii, Rich. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute keeled petioled, lip
oblong- obovate mucronate. Sturmia, Reichb. Fen Orchis.
Spongy bogs, Norfolk, Suffolk, Hunts, Cambridge ; fl. July. — Stem 4-8 in.,

swollen and sheathed with white scales at the base, 3-gonous and leafless

above. Leaves 1-3 in. Flowers few, | in., ascending, pale yellow-green ;

bracts mostly small. — DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps, Italy, Turkey.

CORALLORHIZA.] ORCHIDE^. 385

3. CORALLORHI'ZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

Brown leafless saprophytes. Root of branched, fleshy, interlaced fibres.
Stem with sheathing scales. Flowers few, small, subracemose. Upper sepal
and petals connivent, lateral sepals spreading. Lip deflexed, short, lateral
lobes small ; spur minute, adnate to the ovary. Anther terminal on the
short column, deciduous, 2-celled ; pollen-masses 4, subglobose, granular,
free. Stigma discoid ; rostellum inconspicuous. — DISTRIB. N. temp,
regions ; species 12. — ETYM. /copaAAtov and /Mfo, coral root.

C. inna'ta, Br. ; sepals linear-lanceolate, lip oblong.

Boggy or sandy woods and copses in E. Scotland, from Ross to. Berwick, very
rare ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 6-10 in., slender ; sheaths lax, red-brown.
Raceme 4-8-fld., pedicels very short ; bracts minute. Flowers horizontal ;
perianth J in. ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, olive-green, lateral deflexed, and
petals narrower; lip whitish with small purple tubercles. — DISTRIB.
Arctic, N. and Mid. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

4. NEOT'TIA, L. BIRDS'-NEST ORCHIS.

Leafless brown saprophytes, stem with sheathing scales. Flowers
racemed. Sepals and petals incurved. Lip decurved, base saccate, apex
with two straight or spreading lobes. Anther hinged on to the back of
the slender free column, 2-celled ; pollen-masses 2, powdery, glands connate.
Stigma prominent ; rostellum tongue-sha-ped. — DISTRIB. N. temp. Europe
and Asia ; species 3. — ETYM. ycorrid, a bird's nest, in allusion to the
curious roots.

N. Ni'dus-avis, L. ; glabrous, lobes of lip spreading.
Dark woods, especially beech, from Banff and Argyll southd. ; Ireland ; fl.
June-July. — Root a mass of succulent, stout, interlaced fibres. Stem robust,
1-1^ ft., dirty-brown. Flowers f in., grey-brown, bracts short.— DISTRIB.
Europe, W. Siberia.

5. LIS'TERA, Br.

Root of fleshy fibres. Leaves 2, subopposite. Flowers racemed, green.
Sepals and petals spreading. Lip deflexed, entire, lateral lobes 0 or
minute ; spur 0. Anther hinged on to the back of the column, 2-celled ;
pollen- masses 2, powdery, glands connate. Stigma prominent ; rostellum
tongue-shaped. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and cold regions ; species 10. — ETYM.
Dr. Martin Lister, a British naturalist.

1. It. ova'ta, Br. ; stem tall terete pubescent above, leaves broadly

elliptic, lip 2-fid without lateral lobes. Tway-Uade.

"Woods and pastures, N. to Sutherland ; ascends to near 1,900 ft. in N. Eng-
land ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Stem 1-2 ft., solitary,
stout. Leaves 3-8 in., ribbed. Raceme elongate; bracts minute. Flowers
\ in.; sepals deep green, ovate, subacute; petals yellow-green; lip the
same, base slightly saccate, apiculate between the terminal lobes. Rostellum

C c

386 ORCHIDE^. [LISTER A.

emitting when touched a viscid fluid that attaches the pollen to foreign
bodies. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia.

2. la. corda'ta, Br. ; small, glabrous, stem angled fragile, leaves ovate-
cordate, lip 2-fid and with 2 small basal linear lobes. Lesser Tway-blade.
Mountain woods and moors, especially under heather, from Hants and Devon
to Shetland; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands; rare in Ireland; fl.
July-Sept. — Stem 4-8 in., brownish-green. Leaves J-l in., sessile, membra-
nous, acute. Raceme lax, few-fld. ; bracts minute. Flowers % in. ; sepals
and petals olive-brown, obtuse ; lip dirty yellow-green, terminal lobes linear.
— -DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

6. GOODYE'RA, Br.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves usually ovate and petioled. Flowers small,
spiked, in spiral series. Upper sepal and petals ascending, free or connate ;
lateral sepals deflexed, embracing the base of the lip. Lip decurved,
entire, base saccate. Anther hinged on to the back of the column,
k2-celled ; pollen-masses of loosely cohering grains, sessile on one oblong
gland. Stigma discoid ; rostellum beaked, finally 2-fid. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, regions ; species 25. — ETYM. John Goodyer, an English botanist.

G. re'pens, Br. ; leaves ovate acute, nerves reticulate.
Fir woods in E. Scotland, from Cumberland, Berwick, and Ayr to Koss, rare ;
fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock slender, matted, widely creeping. Stem 4-8 in ,
slender, and spike glandular- pubescent. Leaves §-1 in., acute, dark green,
pubescent beneath. Spike slender; bracts subulate-lanceolate, longer than
the ovary. Flowers cream-white ; perianth J in. — DISTRIB. Mid and N.
Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.

7. SPIRAN'THES, Rich. LADY'S-TRESSES.

Root of tubers or stout fibres. Stem leafy. Spike of small flowers in
1-3 spirally-twisted rows. Sepals and petals similar, suberect ; sepals
gibbous at the base ; upper adnate to the petals, forming a tube round the
lip. Lip embracing and adnate to the base of the column, tip entire, disk
2-tubercled. Anther hinged on to the back of the column, 2-celled ;
pollen masses 4, powdery, sessile on one linear gland. Stigma discoid ;
rostellum beaked, finally 2-fid. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions ; species
80. — ETYM. o-rrt'ipa and &vOos, from the twisted inflorescence.

1. S. autumna'lis, Rich. ; tubers 2-3 ovoid, flowering-stem sheathed
distinct from the root-leaves, spike slender, flowers in 1 series.
Dry pastures from Westmoreland and York southd. ; S. and Mid. Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem4r-S in., slender, upper part and spike
pubescent. Leaves 1 in., in lateral rosettes, ovate, acute, appearing after
the flowers. Flowers % in., sheathed by the cucullate cuspidate bracts, fra-
grant, white ; lip channelled at the base, tip exserted crenate. — DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd., N. Africa.

SPIBANTHES.] ORCHIDE& 387

2. S. sestivalis, Rich. ; tubers several cylindric, radical leaves on the
flowering stem linear, spike slender many-fld., flowers in 1 series.

Bogs ; Wyre Forest, Worcester, and New Forest, Hants ; Channel Islands ;
fl. July-Aug. — Stem 6-18 in., glabrous. Leaves 2-6 in., narrowed below.
Spike slightly pubescent. Flowers and bracts as in S. autumna'lis^ but
rather larger. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Belgium southd., N. Africa.

3. S. Romanzovia'na, Cham. ; tubers several cylindric, radical leaves
on the flowering stem narrow obovate-lanceolate, spike stout, flowers in
3 series. S. cer'nua, Hook,/., not Rich. ; S. gemmip'ara, Lindl.
Meadows, Bantry Bay, Co. Cork ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 6-10 in., stout, gla-
brous, leafy throughout. Leaves, lowest 3-6 in. Spike 2-3 in., glandular-
pubescent ; bracts sheathing the base of the ovary, subulate-lanceolate.
Flowers white, much larger and broader than in the preceding species ; lip
tongue-shaped, contracted below the crenate recurved tip, tubercles at the
base smooth and shining. — DISTRIB. Kamtschatka. — A. Gray correctly
refers S. yemmip'ara to Romanzovia'na,

8. EPIPO'GUM, Gmelin.

Leafless saprophytes. Root of fleshy branched fibres. Flowers racemed .
Sepals and petals rather spreading. Lip superior, ovate, 3-lobed, disk
with rows of glands ; spur short, stout. Anther terminal, deciduous ;
pollen-masses 2, in cavities of the cylindric column, stalked, glands
connate. Stigma prominent, horseshoe like ; rostellum 0. Ovary not
twisted. — DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps, N. Italy, N. Asia, Himalaya ;
species 2. — ETYM. M and ir&yuv, from the lip being uppermost.

E. Gmeli'ni, Rich. ; flowers pale yellow. E. aphyl'lum, Sw.
Amongst decayed leaves, Herefordshire, most rare ; fl. Aug. — Stem 4-8 in., tumid
above the base, pale yellow-brown, with 1 or 2 appressed sheaths. Bracts
as long as the pedicels. Flowers 2-6, shortly pedicelled, 1 in. ; ovary broad,
short ; sepals and petals narrow-lanceolate, subequal, margins involute ; lip
recurved, lateral lobes small, middle whitish with red glands ; spur obtuse,

9. EPIPAC'TIS, Rich. HELLEBORINE.

Rootstock creeping. Stem leafy. Flowers racemed ; ovary straight ;
pedicel twisted. Sepals and petals conniving or spreading. Lip much
contracted in the middle, basal lobe concave, terminal entire with 2 basal
tubercles. Anther sessile, hinged on the top of the column ; pollen-
masses 2, powdery, glands connate. Stigma prominent ; rostellum short,
erect. Capsule pendulous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya ; species
about 8. — ETYM. The classical name for this or another plant.

1. E. latifo'lia, Sw. ; leaves orbicular ovate-lanceolate or oblong, bracts
mostly exceeding the flowers, basal lobe of lip with rounded margins,
terminal broadly ovate, ovary broadly pyriform. E. Hel'leborine, Crantz.
Woods, from Ross southd. ; Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 1-3 ft., pubescent

above. Leaves variable, ribbed. Raceme many-fld., bracts green. Flowers

C C 2

388 ORCHIDE^. [EPIPACTIS.

subsecund, ^-§ in. diam., green, variously marked with yellow white or
purple ; sepals broadly ovate ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; lip variable in form
and colour, as long as the sepals or shorter, terminal lobe with thickt ned
ridges on the disk. — DISTRLB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, Hima-
laya.— I am indebted to Mr. Baker for the diagnoses of the following sub-
species, which coincide with Syme's, and appear to embrace the prevalent
forms ; they do not however precisely accord with those of other countries,
nor do materials from diff erent parts of England give quite the same results.
Su"

Common. (Also found in one spot in E. U. States.)

Sub-sp. E. PURTURA'TA, Sm. ; stems 2-3 ft. often tufted, lower leaves 3-4 by
1^-2 in., sepals oblong-lanceolate f-| in. more pointed, tip of lip as broad
as long subdeltoid. Flowers usually tinted violet-purple, except var. E.
me'dia, Fries, which is also less robust. E. viola'cea, Bor. — S. of England
rare.

Sub-sp. E. ATRORU'BENS, Hoffm. ; dwarf er, lower leaves 1J-2 by 1 in. ovate
acute, tip of lip broader than long rounded obscurely cuspidate. Flowers
a month earlier, reddish brown. E. ova' Us, Bab. ; E. rubiyino'sa, Crantz. —
Limestone cliffs, Orme's Head, Yorkshire (ascends to 1,200 ft.), Sutherland,
&c.

2 E. palus'tris, Sw. ; leaves lanceolate, bracts mostly short, basal
lobe of lip angular terminal obtuse crenate, ovary narrowly pyriform.
Marshy places, from Fife and Perth southd., local ; rare in Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July. — Stem 8-18 in., slender, wiry, pubescent above. Leaves
acute, upper acuminate. Flowers few, J-§ in. broad ; sepals and petals ovate,
subacute, green striped with purple ; lip white, streaked with red, terminal
lobe tubercled towards the base. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

10. CEPHALAN'THERA, Rich.

Rootstock creeping. Stem leafy. Leaves subdistichous. Spikes few-fld. ;
ovary twisted. Flowers suberect, sepals and petals incurved. Lip de-
curved, constricted in the middle, basal lobe saccate, terminal not tubercled,
disk crested. Anther hinged on the contracted top of the column ; pollen-
masses 2, powdery, glands connate. Stigma prominent ; rostellum 0.
Capsule erect.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya ; species 4. —
ETYM. Ke</>a\rj and &v0i)pa, from the position of the anther.

1. C. pal'lens, Rich. ; leaves ovate-oblong, lower bracts large much ex-
ceeding the almost glabrous ovary, flowers white. C. grcmdiflo'ra, S. F.
Gray. White Hel'leborine.

Woods and copses chiefly in chalky districts, from Cumberland to Somerset
and Kent, rare ; fl. May- June. —Stems tufted, 1-2 ft. Leaves 3-6 in., upper
narrower. Flowers § in. distant, suberect, cream-white ; sepals and petals
ovate-oblong, obtuse ; terminal lobe of lip orbicular, erect, yellow. — DISTRIB.
From Denmark southd.

2. C. ensifo'lia, Rich. ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, bracts of upper
flowers much smaller than the almost glabrous ovaries, flowers white.

OEPHALAKTHEKA.] ORCHIDEuE. 389

Woods and copses from Mull and Perth to Dorset and Sussex, local ; rare in
- — -

3. C. ru'bra, Rich. ; leaves lanceolate, bracts exceeding the glandular
pubescent ovaries, flowers rose-purple. Red Helleborine.
Woods and copses on limestone, Gloster and Somerset, very rare ; fl. June-

July. — Stem 6-18 in., slender. Flowers few or many; sepals and petals

acuminate; lip white, termini! lobe ovate-lanceolate. Column slender.—

DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., W. Siberia.

11. OR cms, L.

Tubers globose ovoid or palmate. Leaves chiefly radical, sheathing.
Flowers spiked. Sepals and petals ascending, oonnivent or the lateral sepals
spreading. Lip spurred, decurved or deflexed, spur not honeyed. Anther
confluent with the column, cells diverging at the base ; pollen-masses de-
curving after removal, glands in one 2-lobed pouch ; rostellum projecting
between the lobes of the pouch. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia,
Himalaya, rare in N. America ; species about 80. — ETYM. The old Greek
name.

SECTION 1. Or'chis proper. Lobes of lip not spirally coiled. Pollen-
glands not connate.

* Lateral sepals spreading or refiexed.

1. O. mas'cula, L. ; tubers ovoid, leaves usually spotted, spike lax,
bracts 1 -nerved coloured, lip 3-lobed, spur longer than the ovary. Purple
Orchis.

Copses and pastures, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the Lake dis-
trict ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Stem 6-18 in. Leaves
narrow-oblong, obtuse, spots purple-black. Bracts equalling the ovary.
Flower red-purple, rarely white ; sepals | in., acute or obtuse ; lip as broad
as long, margins recurved, spotted with purple, mid-lobe longest crenate,
tip notched ; spur stout, obtuse, variable in direction. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Siberia. — Yields salep.

2. O. laxiflo'ra, Lamk. ; tubers globose, leaves lanceolate, spike lax,
bracts 3 -5-nerved coloured, lip 2-3-lobed, spur | as long as the ovary.
Wet meadows, Channel Islands ; ballast heaps, Hartlepooi ; fl. May-June. —

Stem 1-3 ft., grooved. Leaves cauline and radical, acuminate, not spotted.
Bracts as long as the slender ovary. Flowers 1 in. from dorsul sepal to tip
of lip, bright red-purple ; sepals and petals obtuse ; lip as broad as long,
sides reflexed, spotted, lateral lobes very large, crenulate, mid-lobe shorter
or 0 ; spur stout, obtuse, variable in direction. — DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd.

3. O. latifo'lia, L. ; tubers palmate, leaves usually spotted, spike
dense, bracts 3-nerved green, lip obscurely 3-lobed, spur usually shorter
than the ovary. 0. palma'ta, Syme. Marsh Orchis.

3PO ORCHIDE&. [ORCHID

Moist meadows, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 1,600 ft. in Northumbd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Stem 1-3 ft., usually tubular,
leafy upwards. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Bracts mostly exceeding the
flowers. Flowers § in. from dorsal sepal to tip of lip, dull purple ; sepals
and petals obtuse or acute ; lip spotted with purple, margins recurved, mid-
lobe narrowest ; spur nearly straight or decurved. — DISTKIB. Europe,
N. Africa ? N. Asia, Himalaya.

O. LATIF./LIA proper ; leaves oblong, tip flat, lip spotted. O. maja'lis, Wats.
Fl. May-June.

Sub-sp. O. INCARNA'TA, L. ; leaves lanceolate acute unspotted, tip concave,
base broader, flowers larger. "Wilts, Hants, Cornwall, Cork; fl. June-
July. — VAR. angustifo'lia, Bab., is a narrow-leaved form.

4. O. macula'ta, L. ; tubers palmate, leaves usually spotted, spike
oblong-pyramidal dense, bracts 3-nerved green, lip deeply 3-lobed, spur
equalling the ovary or snorter. Spotted Orchis.

Moist places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May -July. — Stem 6-18 in., slender, leafy upwards.
Leaves narrow, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. Bracts subulate, about
equalling the ovary. Flowers § in. from the dorsal sepal to the tip of the
lip, very pale purple or white, spotted, rarely white ; lip as broad as long,
margins recurved, mid-lobe narrower and about as long as the lateral,
which are toothed; spur straight. — DISTKIB. Europe (Arctic)j (excl.
Greece), N. and W. Asia.

** Lateral sepals arching and forming a hood with the dorsal and the petals.

5. O. Mo'rio, L. ; tubers globose, spike lax, bracts 1-nerved coloured,
lip 3-lobed, spur ascending equalling the ovary. Green-winged Orchis.
Meadows, &c., from Northumbd. southd. ; Ireland; fl. May-June. — Stem

6-12 in. Leaves rather small and narrow, unspotted. Bracts about
equalling the ovary. Flowers § in. from the dorsal sepal to tip of lip,
dingy purple ; sepals obtuse, veins green ; lip spotted, lateral lobes broad
crenate, middle about as long ; spur nearly straight, obtuse. — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd., N. and W. Asia.

6. O. ustula'ta, L. ; short, tubers ovoid, spike dense, bracts 1-nerved
green, sepals and petals very dark white-spotted, lip 3-lobed, spur 4 as
long as the ovary. Dark-winged or Dwarf Orchis.

Dry pastures, from Northumbd. to Devon and Kent, local ; fl. May-June. —
Stem 3-10 in. Leaves narrow-oblong, acute, unspotted. Bracts variable,
scarious. Flowers f in. from the dorsal sepal to tip of lip, eventually
white ; sepals and petals dark-purple and green ; lip with raised purple
spots, lateral and segments of 2-fid mid-lobe nearly equal ; spur decurved,
obtuse. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd. (excl. Greece), W. Siberia.

7. O. purpu'rea, Huds. ; tall, stout, tubers ovoid, spike dense, bracts
1-nerved, sepals obtuse green and purple, lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes narrow,
mid-lobe obcordate crenulate, segments broad flat crenulate, spur ?J as
long as the ovary. 0. milita'ris, Sm. ; 0. fus'ca, Jacq.

ORCHIS.] ORCHIDEJE. 391

Downs and copses in chalk soils, Kent and Sussex ; fl. May. — Stem 1-3 ft.,
stout. Leaves oblong, 3-5 in., obtuse. Spikes usually large, many-fld.
Flowers £ in. from the dorsal sepal to tip of lip ; sepals and petals

1 Ji i _ -I i j_ «J_ 1 ! *J_ ' J.J._J. !• 1_ „

hardly acute, green and purple outside, paler inside, spotted ; lip pale rosy,
spotted with purple, with a notch in the sinus of the mid-lobe; spur
decurved. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd. (excl. Greece).

8. O. militaris, L. ; tubers ovoid, spike oblong dense, bracts 1-nerved,
sepals acuminate and petals pale purple or white, lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes
narrow, middle 2-fid with narrow upcurved segments and a tooth in the
sinus, spur J as long as the ovary.

Woods and chalk downs, Oxford, Berks, Herts, Bucks, Kent ; fl. May-June. —
Stem 1-1 1 ft. Leaves large, oblong, obtuse, concave, unspotted. BracU
very short. Flowers about 1 in. from dorsal sepal to tip of lip, bright or
pale purple; lip pale, dotted with raised rough points, lateral lobes linear,
segments of mid-lobe rather broader; spur decurved, obtuse. — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd. (excl. Greece), N. Africa (?), N. Asia.

O. MILITA'RIS proper ; lateral lobes of pale purple lip narrow veined, mid-lobe
deeply 2-fid, segments broader than the lateral lobes.

Sub-sp. O. SIM'IA, Lamk. ; more slender, lobes of crimson lip and segments
of the mid-lobe very narrow. O. tephrosan'thos, Till.

SECTION 2. Anacamp'tis, Rich. (gen.). Lip ascending, lobes broad,
not spirally coiled ; spur very long. Pollen-glands connate. Stigmatic
surfaces distinct. Rostellum overhanging the mouth of the spur.

9. O . pyramida'lis, L. ; tubers globose, leaves acuminate, spike pyra-
midal, bracts 1-3-nerved coloured, lateral sepals spreading, lip 3-lobed
2-tubercled at the base, spur longer than the ovary.

Pastures, &c., from Wigton and Berwick southd.; Mid. Ireland; fl. June-
Aug. — Stem 6-24 in., slender. Leaves chiefly radical, lanceolate. Spike
pyramidal, then oblong. Bracts as long as the ovary. Flowers rosy, rarely
white ; sepals and petals obtuse ; lip broader than long, lobes subentire,
variable in shape and relative size. — DISTRIB. From the Baltic southd.,
N. Africa. — Scent of flowers peculiar.

SECTION 3. Loroglos'sum, Rich, (gen.) Lobes of Up very. long,
spirally coiled in bud ; spur very short. Pollen-glands connate.

10. O. hirci'na, L. ; tubers ovoid, stem tall, spike long, bracts very
long ribbed green, lateral sepals conniving, mid-lobe of lip strap-shaped.
Lizard Orchis.

Copses in E. Suffolk and Kent, extremely rare ; fl. July- Aug. — Stem 1-5 ft.
Leaves chiefly radical, oblong, obtuse. Spike 6-17 in. tracts 1-2 in.,
much exceeding the flowers. Flowers large ; sepals and petals forming a
green hood § in. long ; lip 1^ in., white, purple-spotted at the base, lateral
lobes slender, mid-lobe about 1 in. by ^ broad, green. — DISTRIB. From
Belgium southd,, N. Africa. — Odour detestable, hircine.

392 ORCHIDE^E. [ ACER AS.

12. A CERAS, Br. MAN ORCHIS.

Tubers ovoid. Sc^tals and petals forming a hood. Lip elongate, 4-lobed ;
spur 0. Anther confluent with the column ; cells parallel ; pollen -masses
2, decurving after removal ; glands connate in one pouch. Stigma de-
pressed ; rostellum obsolete. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya ;
species 11. — ETYM. &, privative, and Kepas, spur.

A. anthropoph'ora, Br. ; perianth green, lobes of lip linear.
Pastures and copses in chalky soil in E. England, from York to Kent and
Sussex, scarce; fl. June-July. — Stem 8-16 in. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
lower obtuse, upper acute. Spike lax-fid., narrow ; bracts small. Flowers
f-f iu. ; sepals and petals often edged with red ; lip perpendicular, yellow,
edges red, narrow, with 2 lateral and 2 terminal lobes, all similar and
linear. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa.

13. O'PHRYS, L.

Tubers ovoid. Perianth spreading. Petals small. Lip perpendicular,
usually convex, velvety ; spur 0. Anther capping the column, arched
forwards, often beaked, cells parallel ; pollen-masses 2, glands in separate
pouches. Stigma a depressed disk ; rostellum 0. Ovary not twisted. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; species about 30. — ETYM. fypts,
an eyebrow, from the markings of the lip.

1. O. apif'era, Huds. ; sepals pink or white inside, lip broad convex
3-lobed with a terminal appendage, anther-beak hooked. Bee Orchis.

Copses and fields in chalk and limestone districts, from Durham and
Lancaster southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in W. England; S. and Mid.
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- July.— Stem 6-18 iu. Leaves short,
oblong. Spike 3-6-fld. ; bracts large, leafy. Flowers 1-lj in.; sepals
ovate ; petals small, downy, linear-oblong, obtuse ; lip browu-purple, lateral
lobes tubercled at the base, disk spotted with orauge yellow. Pollen-gland
persistent on the column, head falling over on the stigma, and fertilizing
the ovules.— DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa.

O. APIF'ERA proper ; petals linear, lip equalling the sepals deeply 3-lobed,
appendage recurved, or acute and triangular in O. Trol'lii, Heg.

S'.ib-sp. O. ARACHNI'TES, Hoffm.\ petals subdeltoid-ovate, lip longer than the
sepals, appendage straight or incurved. — Kent, Surrey. — Pollen said to be
stiff and not falling over the stigma.

2. O. aranif'era, Huds. ; sepals yellow-green inside, petals oblong, lip
broad convex without an appendage, anther-beak not hooked. Spider
Orchis.

Copses aud downs in chalk and limestone, rare, from Northampton and
Suffolk to Dorset and Kent ; fl. April-May. — Habit of 0. apif'era. Lip
brown with various glabrous markings. — DISTRIB. From France southd.

0. aranifera proper ; petals almost glabrous, lip usually lobed at the margin. —
VAR. O.fucifera, Smith ; petals downy within, lip rarely lobed, its tubercles
less prominent.

ORGEIDEJE. 393

3. O. muscif'era, ffuds. ; sepals yellow-green, petals narrow linear,
lip narrow nearly flat, anther not beaked. Fly Orchis.

Copses and downs on chalk and limestone, from Durham and Westmoreland
to Kent and Somerset ; Mid. Ireland, very rare ; fl. May-July.— Stem
slender, 10-18 in. leaves few, linear-oblong. Flowers distant, £ in. ;
petals and lip bright red-brown; lip with a blue patch, sometimes edged
with yellow, lateral lobes refbxed, terminal 2-fid.— DISTRIB. From Norway
southd. (excl. Greece).

14. HERMIN'IUM, Br. MUSK ORCHIS.

Tubers ovoid. Leaves 2 or few. Perianth-segments incurved. Lip 3-
lobed ; spur 0. Column with short lateral arms. Anther confluent with
the column, cells diverging below ; pollen-masses 2, subsessile, glands
large exposed. Stigma discoid ; rostellum 0. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp.
Asia ; species 4. — ETYM. epplr, the foot of a bed-post, from the shape of
the tubers.

H. Monor'cbis, Br. ; flowers minute subsecund green.
Chalk downs, from Norfolk, Cambridge, and Gloster to Somerset and Kent ;
fl. June-July.— Tubers at the end of fleshy fibres. Stem 4-10 in., slender.
Leaves, radical 2, narrow-oblong, acute; cauline solitary. Spike slender,
rather lax ; bracts green, as long as the ovary. Flowers ^ in., not honeyed,
musky at night ; sepals broad ; petals narrower, longer, obscurely lobed
at the side ; lip narrow, 3-lobed, base saccate, mid-lobe entire narrow. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Spain, Greece), Siberia, Himalaya.

15. HABENA RIA, Br.

Habit of Orchis. Tubers 2, ovoid, entire or lobed, or of several fleshy
fibres. Lip spurred, decurved or deflexed. Anther confluent with the
column ; cells parallel or diverging ; pollen-masses decurving after re-
moval ; glands exposed (or partially concealed in H. viridis and intada) ;
rostellum produced or not ; stigma 2-lobed or depressed. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, and trop. regions; species 400. — ETYM. doubtful.

The minute modifications of the rostellum, &c., by which the genera here
united by Bentham (and most of them also by A. Gray) were characterized,
do not hold good for numerous exotic species of the genus.

SECTION 1. Gymnade'nia, Br. (gen.). Tubers 2, lobed. Sepals
spreading. Spur long or short. Anther-cells parallel ; pollen-glands
remote, linear ; rostellum produced between the glands. Stigmas lateral,
large, tumid.

• 1. H. conops'ea, Bcnth. ; flowers purple, lip obtusely 3-lobed, spur
very slender. G. conops'eat Br. Fragrant Orchis.

Dry pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
fl. June-Aug. — Stem 6-18 in. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, keeled, acute.
Spike dense or lax, narrow. Bracts as long as the ovary, green, 3-nerved.

394 ORCHIDE^. _ [HABEXAIUA.

Flowers bright rose-red or purple, broader than long, ^ in. diam. ; sepals
and petals obtuse ; lip broad, lobes 3, subequal, rounded ; spur flexuous. —
DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia. — Very fragrant.

SECTION 2. Ti'nea, Bivoni (gen.) (Neotin'ea, Kchb. /., gen.). Tubers 2,
ovoid, entire. Sepals conniving into a hood. Spur very short. Anther-
cells parallel ; pollen-glands globose, remote, partially concealed by an
ascending process of the rostellum. Stigmas lateral, large, reniform.

2. H. intac'ta, Benth. ; leaves oblong, often spotted, flowers pink, lip
3-lobed, spur subglobose. N. intac'ta, Rchb. /. ; T. cylindra'cea, Biv.

Limestone pastures, Mayo and Galway ; fl. June. — Habit of Gymnade'nia
al'bida, but smaller, 4-10 in. Spike dense-fld., sometimes twisted ; bracts
shorter than the ovary, 1 -nerved. Flowers & in., pink or purplish ; sepals
darker ; petals acute ; lip projecting, lateral lobes short linear, middle
entire or lobed.— DISTRIB. France, S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor.—
This little plant has been referred to 7 genera.

SECTION 3. Leucor'chis, E. H. F. Mey. (gen.) (Bicchia, Parl., gen.).
Root-fibres many, fleshy. Sepals conniving into a hood. Spur short.
Anther-cells parallel ; pollen-glands remote, orbicular ; rostellum promi-
nent between the glands. Stigma depressed.

3. H. al'bida, Br. ; flowers white, lip acutely 3-lobed. Gymnade'nia,
al'bida, Rich.

Hilly pastures, Sussex, Wales, and from York and Lancaster to Shetland ;
ascends to near 1,900 ft. in the Highlands ; W. and N. Ireland ; fl. June-
Aug. — Stem 6-12 in. Leaves small, obtuse, upper acute. Spike narrow,
dense ; bracts green, equalling the ovary. Flowers £ in., subsecund, sweet-
scented ; ovary short ; sepals and petals obtuse ; lip small, projecting ;
lobes triangular. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece, Turkey), W. Siberia,
Greenland. — This plant has been placed under 6 genera.

SECTION 4. Coeloglos'sum, Hartm. (gen.). Tubers 2, lobed. Sepals
conniving into a hood. Spur'veiy short. Anther-cells parallel, remote ;
pollen-glands oblong, partially concealed by a small pouch, rostellum
2-fid. Stigma depressed.

4. H. vir'idis, Br. ; leaves several, flowers green, lip linear-oblong
2-fid. Frog Orchis.

Hilly meadows, Shetland to Devon and Kent ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June-Aug. — Tubers ovoid, often lobed. Stem 3-
12 in. Leaves narrow-oblong, obtuse, smaller upwards. Spike lax ; bracts
green, exceeding the ovaries. Flowers J-^ in. ; hood hemispheric, petals
and sepals striped with dark red ; lip paler, browner. Anther-cells diverg-
ing, rostellum 0. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), N. Asia, N,
America.

SECTION 5. Platan'thera, Rich. (gen.). Tubers 2, lobed. Sepals
spreading. Spur long. Anther -cells parallel or diverging ; pollen-glands
remote, orbicular or oblong ; rostellum not produced. Stigma depressed.

HABENARIA.] OECEIDE^E. 395

5. H. bifo'lia, JSr. ; leaves 2, flowers whitish, lip linear-oblong entire,

spur twice as long as the ovary. Butterfly Orchis.

Wet meadows, woods, and heaths, N. to Ross; ascends to 1,500 ft. in
N. England; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug.— Tubers 2, ovoid.
Stem 6-18 in. Leaves rarely 3, lower 3-6 in., ovate or oblong, obtuse,
narrowed at the base ; upper small, lanceolate. Spike 4-6 in., lax-fid. ;
bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary, green. Flowers 1 in. from upper
sepal to tip of lip, tinged with green or yellow ; sepals subacute, dorsal
broad, lateral large ; petals small ; lip obtuse. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia
(Arctic). — Very fragrant. The following sub-species are, according to
Darwin, distinct, and require different species of moths to fertilize them.
They vary in the position and distances of their anther-cells, but inter-
mediates occur.

H. BIFO'LIA proper ; lateral sepals narrow, spur slender spreading, anther-cells
parallel, caudicle short, gland oblong. Platan' thera solstitia'lis, Bcenn. Fl.
June-July.

Sub-sp. H. CHLORAN'THA, Bab. ; flowers usually larger, lateral sepals broader,
spur stout decurved more clavate, anther-cells more distant diverging,
caudicle longer attached by a short drum-like pedicel to the orbicular
gland ; fl. July- Aug.

16. CYPRIPE'DIUM, I. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Eootstock creeping. Stem leafy at the base or upwards. Sepals and petals
spreading. Lip large, inflated. Column curved over and nearly closing
the small orifice of the lip, bearing a terminal dilated lobe (deformed
stamen), on each side of the base of which is a short antheriferous arm,
and below it a discoid pedicelled stigma. Anthers 2, partially 2-celled ;
pollen viscid, granular ; rostellum 0. Ovary straight. — DISTRIB. Trop.
and temp, regions ; species 40.— ETYM. Kvirpis and irdSiov, Venus' Slipper.

C. Cal'ceolus, L. ; bracts foliaceous, lip obovoid.

Woods in limestone districts, Durham and York, very rare; fl. May. —
Pubescent. Stem 6-18 in. Leaves oblong, acuminate, ribbed. Flowers
1-2, odorous ; bracts foliaceous ; sepals red-brown, upper 1-1J in., erect,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral narrower, usually connate, placed under
the lip; petals 1^ in., linear; lip as long, pale yellow, obovoid, with a
rounded upturned end. -DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Turkey),
N. Asia.

ORDER LXXVII.

Perennial herbs ; rootstock tuberous, bulbous, or creeping, or a corm.
Leaves often equitant and ensiform. Flowers regular or not, 2-bracteate.
Perianth superior, petaloid, of 6 imbricate segments in 2 series, often
twisted and persistent after flowering. Stamens 3, epigynous or inserted
on the outer perianth-segments ; anthers usually narrow, extrorse.

396 IRIDE^E. [ROMULEA.

Ovary 3-celled ; style simple, stigmas 3 often dilated, simple or divided ;
ovules very many, in the inner angles of the cells, anatropous. Capsule
3-gonous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, testa coriaceous
or thin, albumen horny or fleshy ; embryo terete, short, cylindric. —
DISTRIB, Chiefly extra-tropical ; genera about 57 ; species 700. — AF-
FINITIES. With Amaryllidece and Orchidece. — PROPERTIES. Purgative
and diuretic.

Segments of perianth nearly equal.

Perianth-tube short. Stigmas 3, 2-partite 1. Romulea.

Perianth-tube short. Stigmas 3, entire 2. Sisyrinchium.

Perianth-tube long 2*. Crosus.

Segments of perianth unequal.

Perianth regular 3. Iris.

Perianth irregular 4. Gladiolus.

1. ROM'UIiEA, Maratti.

Corm sheathed. Leaves radical, slender, linear. Scape simple or
branched. Perianth regular ; tube very short ; segments equal, suberect,
tips recurved. Stamens on the throat of the perianth, filaments free
hairy ; anthers basifixed. Ovary short, 3-gonous ; stigmas linear 2-cleft.
Capsule ovoid, 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, testa coriaceous. — DISTRIB.
Chiefly S. Africa ; species 54. — ETYM, Romulus, the founder of Rome.

R. Colum'nge, Sel. and Maur. ; leavesvwiry. Trichone'ma Colum'nce,

Reichb. ; T. Bulboco'dium, Sm.

Sandy pastures, Dawlish ; Channel Islands ; fl. March-May. — Corm size of a
pea, ovoid ; sheaths brown, shining. Leaves 2-4 in., recurved, subcylindric,
grooved above. Scape very short, 1-3-fld. ; spathe longer than the perianth-
tube ; pedicels curved in fruit. Perianth-segments J-f in., subacute, green-
ish outside, whitish inside, veins purple, claw yellow. Capsule small. —
DISTRIB. "W. France, S. Europe, N. Africa.

2. SISYRIN CHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Root of rigid fibres. Leaves radical, linear, equitant. Scapes usually
2-edged. Flowers umbellate. Perianth regular, tube very short ; seg-
ments equal, spreading or suberect. Stamens on the throat of the
perianth, free or connate at the base ; anthers basifixed. Ovary short,
3-gonous ; style short, stigmas 3 filiform involute. Capsule subglobose,
coriaceous. Seeds subglobose or angled, testa hard. — DISTRIB. K. and
S. America ; species 50. — ETYM. obscure.

S. angustifo'lium, Miller ; bracts suberect lanceolate. S. Bermu-

dia'na, var. a, L.

Bogs, Gal way and Kerry ; fl. July- Aug. —Leaves 3-5 in., £ in. broad, ensiform.
Scape 6-18 in., flattened, wing narrow. Bracts shorter than the 1-4 flowers,
which are § in. diam. Perianth-sec/ments blue inside, oblong, retuse, caudate.

SISYRINCHIUM.] IRIDE^. 397

— DISTRIB. Arctic and temp. N. America.— Mr. Wynn assures me that
this plant is truly wild in Kerry. It differs entirely from the Bermudiau
plant.

2*. CRO'CUS, L.

Corm with sheathing fibrous coats. Stem 0. Leaves radical, sur-
rounded by scarious sheaths, narrow- linear, channelled, white beneath,
margins recurved. Flowers solitary or fascicled, subsessile, honeyed.
Perianth large, tube very long ; segments equal, narrow-oblong, concave.
Stamens on the bases of the outer segments, filaments free ; anthers basi-
fixed. Ovary subterranean, hidden amongst the leaf-bases, ovoid ; style
filiform, stigmas 3 cuneate dilated or laciniate. Capsule on a long slender
pedicel, fusiform. Seeds globose, testa thick. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, N. and W. Asia ; species 70.— ETYM. The old Greek name.

C. NUDIFLO'RUS, Sm. ; flowers solitary autumnal, stigmas multifid.
C. specio'sus, Hook.

Meadows, Midland counties, local, Salop and Warwick to York and Lanca-
shire ; (native ? Wats.) ; fl. Sept.-Oct. — Corm subglobose, clothed with rich
brown coats of parallel fibres. Leaves vernal. Perianth-lobes 2 in., bright
purple. Anthers pale orange-yellow. Stigmas orange, their segments
truncate and crenate. Seeds as in C. ver'nus. — DISTRIB. S. France, Spain.

C. VER'NTTS, AIL ; flowers few vernal, stigmas toothed. Purple Crocus.
Naturalized in meadows, Nottingham, Suffolk, Middlesex ; fl. March-April. —
Corm broad, depressed ; sheaths of reticulate fibres, much torn, dirty brown.
Perianth-lobes 1-2 in., purple or white. Anthers pale bright-yellow. Stigmas
deep orange. Capsule \-\ in. Seeds reddish, small.— DISTRIB. Mid. and
S. Europe.

3. I'RIS, L.

Rootstock tuberous or creeping. Leaves chiefly radical, equitant, ensi-
form. Scape compressed ; spathes terminal with scarious borders. Peri-
anth-tube short, rarely long ; sepals large, stipitate, reflexed, stipes
channelled ; petals smaller, suberect, stipitate, margins of stipes involute.
Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals, filaments free ; anthers
basifixed. Ovary 3-gonous ; style stout, stigmas 3 very broad petaloid
arching over the stamens 2- fid and with a transverse lamella, stigmatic
surface a point below the lamella. Capsule coriaceous, 3-gonou.«, 3-ribbed.
Seeds many, flat or globose, testa coriaceous hard or thick and fleshy. —
DISTRIB. N, temp, regions ; species 100. — ETYM. The Greek name,
from the hues of the flower.

1. I. Pseud-a'corus, L. ; flowers yellow, petals j shorter than the

sepals. Yellow Flag.

River-banks, ditches, &c., N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-
Aug— -Rootstock creeping, stout. Leaves 2-4 ft., f-1 in. broad. Scape 2-4
ft., leafy, often branched at the top ; pedicel about as long as the ovary ;

398 IRIDE^E. [Tins.

spathes 2 in., acute or obtuse. Flowers 3-4 in. diam., variable in colour,
(pale in /. Bastar'di, Bor.) and form of the segments ; tube cylindric ; sepals
often purple- veined, with an orange spot near the base ; petals spathulate.
Stigmas yellow. Seeds much vertically compressed, faces flat, testa hard. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. — Rootstock acrid.

J. Pseud-a'corus proper ; sepals clear yellow, claw short, blade broad, stigmas
long narrow. — VAR. /. acorifor'mis, Bor. ; sepals with a dark yellow obic-
ular blade and long greenish purple-veined claw, stigmas short broad. —
Common.

2. I. foetidis'sima, L. ; flowers generally purple, petals \ shorter than

the sepals. Foetid Iris, Roast-beef plant.

Copses and hedgebanks. chiefly on limestone, from Durham southd. ; natural-
ized in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-July. — Rootstock
stout, creeping. Leaves dark green, flaccid. /Scape 1-2 ft., leafy ; pedicels
longer than the ovary ; spathes 3-4 in., acuminate. Flowers 3 in. diam. ;
sepals obovate-lanceolate, blue-purple, rarely yellow; petals and stigmas
spathulate, yellow. Capsule 2-3 in., clavate. Seeds globose, testa fleshy
orange-red. — DISTRIB. W. Europe to Italy.

4. GLADI OLUS, L.

Corms with reticulate fibrous coats. Leaves equitant, ensiform. Scape
tall. Flowers secund, spiked, inclined or horizontal. Perianth sub- 2-
labiate ; tube short, curved ; segments obovate. Stamens ascending, in-
serted on the perianth- tube ; anthers linear, versatile. Ovary ovoid ; style
filiform, stigmas 3 broad undivided. Capsule coriaceous. Seeds com-
pressed and winged, or globose, testa fleshy. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia,
chiefly S. African ; species 90. — ETYM. gladiolus, a little sword.

G. commu'nis, L. ; var. illyr'icust Koch (sp. ) ; leaves glaucous,
spathes subequal, perianth campanulate.

Open grounds, New Forest and I. of Wight, rare ; fl. June-July. Corm size
of a hazel-nut, with many bulbils at its base. Leaves 6-10 in., §-| in. diam.,
glaucous, acuminate. Scape 2-3 ft., leafy. Spike 4-8-fld. ; spathes sub-
equal, lanceolate, acuminate. Perianth 1-1| in., curved, crimson-purple ;
S upper segments spathulate ; 3 lower more obovate, paler with strong red-
purple veins. Stigmas spathulate, margins involute after flowering.
Capsule | in., clavate. Seeds narrowly winged. — DISTRTB. Europe, from
"VV. France southd. and eastd., N. Africa. — VAR. illyr'icus differs from
commu'nis in the more slender fibres of the corm sheath ; broader stigmas
not papillose on the margin throughout their length ; and narrower wing
of the seed.

ORDER LXXVITI. AMARYLIiIDE'JE.

Rootstock bulbous. Leaves radical. Scape naked. Flowers bracteate.
Perianth superior, regular or irregular, coloured, of 6 lobes or segments in
2 series, with sometimes a crown at the mouth of the tube. Stamens 6,

NARCISSUS.] AMARYLLIDE^E. 399

on the perianth-tube or bases of the segments (rarely epigynous), fila-
ments free or connate ; anthers versatile, linear or oblong, bursting inwards
or by terminal pores. Ovary ovoid or globose, 3-celled ; style filiform or
columnar, stigmas 1 or 3 ; ovules many, in 2 series, in the inner angles of
the cells, anatropous. Fruit usually capsular, rarely fleshy, 3-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved, cells 1- or more-seeded. Seeds turgid or com pressed,
testa various, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, axile, terete. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. ; genera about 64 ; species 650. — AFFINITIES. Close
with Iridece and Liliacece. — PROPERTIES. Emetic, nnrcotic, and poisonous.
Agave yields textiles, and a fermentable liquor (pulque).

Mouth of perianth with a circular crown 1. Narcissus.

GYowu 0. Outer perianth-segments largest 2. Galanthua.

Crown 0. Perianth-segments equal 3. Leucojum.

1. NARCIS'SUS, L.

Scape compressed. Leaves narrow, linear. Flowers solitary or umbel-
late, large, white or yellow, drooping or inclined ; spathe membranous.
Perianth tubular below ; segments spreading, mouth surmounted by a
circular crown. Stamens inserted in the tube, included within the crown,
filaments free or adnate to the tube ; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-gonous ;
style filiform, stigma obtuse. Capsule coriaceous. Seeds globose, testa
smooth, rough when dry. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia ; species
about 20.— ETYM. mythological.

N. Pseudo-narcis'sus, L. ; leaves nearly flat, flower solitary yellow

campanulate, crown campanulate as long as the perianth-segments, margin

crisped obscurely 6-lobed. Daffodil, Lent Lily.

Copses and pastures throughout England, local ; naturalized in Scotland and
Ireland ; fl. March-April. — Bulb 1 in., outer scales membranous. Leaves
glaucous, obtuse. Scape 6-10 in. Flower primrose-yellow, 2 in. ; pedicel
short. Perianth-lobes acute. Capsule turbinate. — DISTRTB. From Gothland
southd. (excl. Greece, Turkey). — Of the following forms the first only is
indigenous.

N. Pseudo-narcissus proper; leaves slightly glaucous, perianth-segments
oblong-lanceolate sulphur-yellow, crown lemon-yellow obscurely 6-lobed. —
YAK. N. lobula'ris, Haw. (N. Bromfield'ii, Syme) ; perianth and corona both
lemon-yellow, corona distinctly 6-lobed. The Tenby Daffodil (N. camb'ricus,
Haw.) scarcely differs. — VAR. N. ma'jor, L. ; more robust, perianth -segments
broader and corona lemon-yellow, crown with 6 rounded lobes. The great
Spanish Daffodil.

N. BIFLO'RUS, Curt ; leaves keeled, flowers 1-3 salver-shaped, crown

short concave membranous.

Naturalized in sandy fields; fl. April-May.— Bulb 1-1 \ in., outer scales
membranous. Leaves very long, 10-18 in., hardly glaucous, obtuse. Scaf-ie
as long, acutely 2-edged. Perianth 1J in. diam., white or pale straw-
coloured, pedicel slender; tube 1 in.," slender ; segments broadly ovate,
obtuse ; crown pale yellow.— DISTRIB. "VV. Europe.

400 AMARYLLIDEsK. [GALANTHUP.

2. GALAN'THUS, L. SNOWDROP.

Leaves 2, linear. Scape compressed. Flowers solitary, pendulous

white ; spathe membranous. Perianth campanulate ; sepals spreading

petals small, erect, notched, with 2 green honeyed grooves. Stamens 6
epigynous ; anthers pointed, connivent, slits 2 terminal. Ovary ovoid

style subulate, stigma simple. Capsule ovoid, herbaceous. Seeds few

subglobose, testa soft white. — DISTRIB. Europe ; species 3. — ETYM
yd\a, milk, and &vOos, flower.

G. niva'lis, L. ; leaves glaucous keeled*

Meadows and copses, wild ? in Hereford and Denbigh ; naturalized elsewhere
in England, Scotland, and Ireland; fl. Jan.-March. — Bulb % in., ovoid.
Leaves 6-10 in., obtuse. Scape longer, prostrate in fruit ; spathe 2-fid,
2-nerved; pedicel slender. Flower lin.; sepals obovate, concave; petals
white. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd. (excl. Greece), "W. Asia.

3. LEUCO'JUM, L. SNOW-FLAKE.

Characters of Gfalanthus, but leaves numerous ; spathes 2, free or connate,
1-6 -fld. ; sepals and petals subequal ; anthers obtuse, opening by slits ;
style clavate ; testa crustaceous fleshy. — DISTRIB. Chiefly European ;
species 9. — ETYM. Aev/a's, white, and lov, a violet.

1. L. sesti'vum, L. ; leaves hibernal, flowers festival, scape 2-6-fld.
Wet meadows and osier holes in S.E. England ; Suffolk to Oxford and Kent

to Dorset ; (a denizen, Wats.} ; fl. May. — Bulb 1 in. Leaves 12-18 in.,
obtuse, subglaucous. Scape as long, prostrate in fruit, 2-edged ; tip of
spathe entire, green. Flowers drooping, buds erect. Sepals f in., ovate,
white, tips green. Fruit turbinate. Seeds not caruncled. — DISTRIB. From
Denmark southd.

2. L. vernum, L. ; leaves and flowers vernal, scape 1-2-fld.

Copses, Dorset ; (an alien or denizen, Wats.} ; fl. March-April. — Much smaller
than L. cesti'vum ; leaves subdistichous ; scape less winged ; spathe 2-fid at
the tip; flowers about as large; ovary more globose; seeds caruncled. —
DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. (excl. Greece, Eussia).

ORDER LXXIX. DIOSCORB'JB.

RootstocTc often tuberous. Stem twining to the left, leafy. Leaves
alternate, veins reticulate. Flowers inconspicuous, 1-sexual, in axillary
panicles or racemes. Perianth herbaceous, superior in the female flower ;
segments 6, in two series, regular., persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the
perianth-segments, free ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3,
short, stigma entire or lobed ; ovules 2, collateral or superposed, anatro-
pous. Fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, indehiscent or loculicidally 3-valved,

TAMTJS.] DIOSCORE^!. 401

rarely a berry or 1-celled. Seeds winged, compressed or globose, albumen
dense ; embryo small. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; genera 6 ; species about
100. — AFFINITIES. With Smilaceoe. — PROPERTIES. The acrid yam tubers
are nutritious when cultivated or boiled.

1. TAMUS, L. BLACK BRYONY.

Perianth campanulate. Stigmas 2-lobed. Berry imperfectly 3-celled,
few-seeded. Seeds globose. — DISTRIB. Europe, Mediterranean ; species
2.— ETYM. doubtful.

T. commu'nis, L. ; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate.

Copses and hedges from Cumberland southd. ; Channel Islands; fl. May-
June. — Rootstock ovoid, black, fleshy, subterranean. Stem many feet long,
very slender, angular, branched. Leaves 2-3 in., long-petioled, obscurely
laterally lobed, 5-7-nerved, tip setaceous ; stipules reflexed. Flowers % in.
cliam. ; males solitary or fascicled in slender racemes which are branched at
the base ; female racemes 1 in., shorter, recurved, few-fld. ; bracts minute.
Berry § in., oblong, red. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa,
W. Asia.

ORDER LXXX. LILIA'CBJE.

Root fibrous ; rootstock bulbous or creeping. Stem rarely shrubby
or arborescent. Flowers 2- rarely 1 -sexual. Perianth herbaceous, peta-
loid, inferior ; segments 6 in 2 series, rarely 4, 8, or 10, free or connate,
imbricate (rarely valvate) in bud. Stamens 6 (3 in Ruscus] hypogynous
or inserted on the perianth, filaments long or short ; anthers oblong or
linear. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 1 or 3, rarely 0, stigma simple or 3-lobed ;
ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, anatropous. Fruit a
3- rarely 1-2-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 or more in each cell,
albumen horny or fleshy ; embryo small, terete, radicle next to or far
from the hilum. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera 187 ; species about
2,500. — AFFINITIES. With Juncece. — PROPERTIES various.

SERIES A. Rootstock not bulbous. Anthers bursting inwards. Fruit a berry.

TRIBE I. ASPARAGE-ffi. Stem rigid, branched or climbing. Leaves
minute, scale-like, with leaf-like branchlets (cladodes) in their axils.
Ovules orthotropous or hemi-anatropous.

Flowers on the cladodes dioecious. Stamens 3, filaments connate... 1. Kuscus.

Flowers axillary. Stamens 6, filaments distinct 2. Asparagus.

TRIBE II. POLYGON ATEJE. Stem herbaceous, leafy. Flowers axillary or
terminal. Ovules anatropous.

Flowers axillary ; perianth tubular 6-cleft 3. Polygonatum.

Flowers in terminal racemes ; perianth-segments 4 4. Maianthemum.

D D

402 LILIACEsE. [Ruscus.

TRIBE III. CONVAIiLARIE/E. Leaves radical. Flowers on a lateral naked
scape, racemed. Ovules anatropous 5. Convallaria.

SERIES B. Rootstock not bulbous. Leaves radical. Flowers racemed or
panicled. Anthers bursting inwards. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

TRIBE IY. ASPHODELEJE 6. Simethis.

SERIES C. Rootstock bulbous. Anthers bursting inwards. Fruit a loculicidal

capsule.

TRIBE V. ALLIED. Leaves radical. Flowers urabelled or capitate, on a
naked terminal scape ; heads or umbels enclosed at first in a 2-leaved
membranous involucre 7. Allium.

TRIBE VI. SCILIiEJE. Leaves radical. Flowers 1-bracteate, racemed on a
terminal naked scape.

Perianth globose ; mouth constricted 6-clef t , . . . . 8 . Mu scari .

Perianth of 6 blue or red segments 9. Scilla.

Perianth of 6 white segments 10. Ornithogalum.

TRIBE VII. TUIiIPEJE. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers few, solitary

or loosely racemed or whorled ; perianth-segments 6, free.
Flowers few, large, nodding. Nectary 0 or obscure. Anthers versatile.

10*. Lilium.

Flowers large, nodding. Nectary oblong. Anthers erect 11. Fritillaria.

Flowers large, subsolitary. Nectary 0. Anthers erect 12. Tulipa,

Flowers few, small (yellow). Nectary 0. Anthers erect 13. Gagea.

Flowers few, small (white). Nectary transverse. Anthers erect... 14. Lloydia.

SERIES D. Rootstock various. Anthers usually bursting laterally or out-
wards. (MelanthacecB.}

TRIBE VIII. COLCHICE-ffi. Rootstock a corm. Leaves radical. Scape
very short, subterranean, 1-3-fld. Perianth with a very long slender
tube '. , 15. Colchicum.

TRIBE IX. NARTHECIE.S2. Rootstock short or creeping. Leaves radical.
Scape erect. Perianth 6-cleft, usually persistent. Fruit capsular.

Style very short, stigma small. Capsule loculicidal 16. Narthecium.

Style 0; stigmas 3 short. Capsule septicidal 17. Tofieldia.

TRIBE X. MEDEOLE.ffi. Rootstock stout, creeping ; stem simple. Leaves
radical or cauline and opposite, or whorled. Flowers terminal, solitary
or umbelled. Fruit a berry 18. Paris.

1. RUS'CUS, L. BUTCHER'S BROOM.

Evergreen, subdiopcious shrubs. Rootslock stout, creeping. Leares
minute scales, bearing in the axils leaf-like branches (" cladodes ").
Flowers minute, on the face or margin of the cladode. Perianth herba-
ceous, persistent ; segments 6, spreading, inner smaller, all partially
valvate in bud. Stamens 3, filaments connate in a short stout column ;

RUSCTJS.] LILIACEJE. 403

anthers sessile, cells diverging below. Ovary enclosed in a fleshy cup
(staminal) 3-celled ; style short, stigma discoid ; ovules few. Berry usually
1 -celled. Seeds solitary globose, or 2 plano-convex, testa thin, adherent,
albumen horny ; embryo minute, lateral, radicle far from the hilum. —
DISTRIB. Temp. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ; species 2-3.— ETYM.
obscure.

R. aculea'tus, L. ; flowers 1-2 subsessile on the ovate spinescent

cladodes.

Copses and woods, from Norfolk, Leicester, and S. Wales southd., rare ;
naturalized in Scotland and Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. Feb.-April. —
Stems 10-24 in., tufted, branched, erect, stout, angled, young shoots scaly.
Cladodes 5— 1§ in., twisted at the base. Flowers ^ in. diam., bracteate and
bracteolate, males on narrower cladodes. Berry \ in. diam., bright red,
rarely yellow. — DISTRIB. From France southd., N. Africa, W. Asia.

2. ASPAR'AGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.

Eootstock stout, creeping. Stem slender, branched, terete or angled
(sometimes spiny and climbing). Leaves minute scales, bearing in their
axils fascicles of needle-like branches ("cladodes)." Flowers small,
1-2-sexual, pendulous, axillary, honeyed ; pedicel jointed. Perianth
campanulate, segments connate at the base. Stamens on the base of the
segments ; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-gonous ; styles combined, stigmas
3 ; cells 2- or several-ovuled. Berry globose. Seeds 3-6, testa black
brittle ; embryo dorsal, clavate, radicle far from the hilum. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. Asia, Africa ; species 100. — ETYM. The old Greek
name.

A. officinalis, L. ; stems annual suberect terete flexuous, branches
slender.
Coasts of Wales, Cornwall, and Dorset, rare ; naturalized elsewhere ; Tramore,

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Rootstock 1-2 ft., prostrate ;

young shoots scaly below, scales triangular. Cladodes f-2 in. Flowers 1-2,

axillary, 1-sexual, dirty white, or yellow with red veins, males the largest ;

pedicel as long, jointed at the middle. Berry % in. diam., red. — DISTRIB.

From Sweden southd. (excl. Greece), N. Africa, Siberia; introd. in N.

America. — Diuretic. Cultivated since the Roman period.

3. POLYGONA'TUM, Tournef.

Eootstock creeping. Stem leafy. Leaves alternate opposite or whorled.
Flowers axillary, solitary or racemed, pendulous, white green or purplish,
honeyed, homogamous, ebracteate. Perianth tubular-campanulate, mouth
6-cleft, outer lobes subvalvate with replicate edges. Stamens on the
middle of the tube, included. Ovary &na fruit of Convallaria. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America ; species about 23. — ETYM. TTO\\JS
and y6w} alluding to the many nodes (knees).

1. P. verticilla'tum, AIL ; stem angled, leaves whorled narrow- lanceo-
late, perianth constricted in the middle, filaments papillose.

D D 2

404 LILIACE^. [POLYGOXAtUM.

Wooded banks and glens, very rare,Northumbd., Perth and Forfar ; fl. June-
July. — Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 3-5 in., sessile, 3-6 in a whorl (rarely 1 or 2),
flaccid, margins and veins beneath ciliolate. Peduncles ^-f in., 1-3-fid.
Perianth J in., greenish. Berry J in. diam. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic)
(excl. Greece), Siberia, Himalaya.

2. P. multiflo'rum, All. ; stem terete, leaves alternate subbifarious or
secund oblong ^-amplexicaul, perianth constricted in the middle, filaments
pubescent. Solomon's Seal.

Woods, rare, from Northumbd. to Kent and Devon (excl. Wales) ; naturalized
in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Stem 2-3 ft., naked below, arched.
Leaves 3-5 in., very shortly petioled, acute or obtuse. Peduncles 2-5-fld.
Perianth § in., greenish white. Berry J in. diam., blue-black. — DISTRIB.
Europe, Siberia, Dahuria.

3. P. officina'le, All. ; stem angled, leaves alternate oblong subbifarious
l-amplexicaul, perianth cylindric, filaments glabrous.

Wooded limestone cliffs, rare, from the Border to Somerset and Dorset; fl.
May-June. — Smaller than P. multifo'rum, with more leathery leaves and
usually solitary larger flowers, perianth cylindric with broader lobes. Stem
6-12 in., arched. Leaves 3-4 in., subacute. Peduncles rarely 3-fld. Perianth
1 in., greenish- white. Berry f in. diam., blue-black. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Asia.

4. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg.

Rootstock slender, creeping. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves alternate.
Flowers white, terminal, racemed. Perianth of 4 free segments in 1 series,
or 6 in 2 series, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, on the bases of the segments,
Ovary 2-3-celled ; style short, simple, stigma obscurely 2-3-lobed ; cells
l-2-o vuled. Berry and seeds as in Convallaria. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic) (excl. Turkey), JS". Asia, N. America. — ETYM. /zcuos and &vOe/j.ov,
May-flowerer.

M. Convallaria, Roth ; M. bifolium, DC. ; Smilacma bifolia, Desf.
Woods, very rare, wild in Yorkshire, and probably in Lancashire and Bedford ;
fl. May-June. — Glabrous or pubescent. Stem 4-8 in., flexuous. Radical
leaves 1|-2| in., cordate, acute, base deeply 2-lobed, many-nerved, long-
petioled ; cauline 2-3, short petioled or upper sessile. Raceme 1-2 in.,
8-10-fld. ; pedicels slender, solitary or 2-3 ; bracts minute. Flowers % in.
diam., 4-merous, suberect, fragrant. Berry % in. diam., apiculate, white,
dotted.

5. CONVALLA'RIA, L. LlLY OF THE VALLEY.

Rootstock creeping. Stem 0. Leaves 2-3, sheathed at the base. Scape
slender ; flowers racemose, homogamous. Perianth shortly campanulate,
mouth 6 -cleft, lobes recurved. Stamens on the base of the perianth,
included ; anthers subsagittate. Ovary ovoid, terete ; style simple,
stigma 3-gonous ; cells 4-8-ovuled. Berry globose. Seeds 2-3, subglobose,
testa thin white adherent, albumen horny ; embryo dorsal, radicle far

CONVALLARIA.] LILIAGE^. 405

from the hilum. — DISTHIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Asia.— ETTM.

convattis, a valley.

C. majalis, L. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate petioled.

Woods, from Caithness to Kent and Devon, not common ; ascends to 1,000
ft. in N.England; naturalized in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. May- June. -
Leaves 6-8 in. ; petiole long, slender, sheathing. Scape 6-10 in., angular;
bracts membranous ; raceme 6-12-fld. ; pedicels curved. Mowers § in. diam.,
white or rose, odorous, drooping, subglobose. Berry red.

6. SIME'THIS, Kunth.

A slender herb. Root of fascicled fibres. Leaves radical, grassy. Scape
panicled, bracteate. Flowers jointed on the pedicel. Perianth spreading,
deciduous ; segments 6, almost free. Stamens 6, on the base of the
segments, filaments woolly below ; anthers oblong. Ovary subglobose,
3-celled ; style slender, stigma a point ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed.
Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6, subglobose, arillate, testa black
crustaceous shining ; embryo long, radicle near the hilum. — DISTRIB.
S.W. France, Spain, Italy, N. Africa. — ETYM. Classical.

S. bi'color, Kunth. $. plam'fo'lia, "Woods.

Fir woods, Dorset (extinct) ; Derrynane, Ireland ; (an alien or denizen,
Wats.) ; fl. June. — Root-fibres stout. Leaves 6-18 in., J in. diam., linear,
acuminate, recurved, surrounded at the base with torn fibrous brown
sheaths, flat or concave. Scape as long, dichotomously branched ; bracts
slender ; pedicels rigid, slender. Flowers f in. diam., corymbose ; segments
oblong, obtuse, concave, purple on the back, white inside. Capsule obtusely
angled J in. diam.

7. AL'LIUM, L.

Foetid, pungent herbs. Bulb coated. Leaves radical. Flowers capitate
or umbelled ; spathes 1-2, membranous. Perianth-segments 6, free,
spreading or campanulate. Stamens 6, hypogynous or on the base of the
segments, filaments free or connate below ; anthers oblong. Ovary
3-gonous ; style filiform, simple or 3-cleft, stigmas simple ; ovules few in
each cell. Capsule membranous, top depressed, 3-lobed, loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds 1-2 at the base of each cell, turgid or compressed, testa
black ; embryo curved, excentric, radicle next the hilum. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, regions ; species 250. — ETYM. Latin for Garlic.

SECTION 1. Por'rum. Leaves sheathing the scape to the middle.
Perianth-segments erect. Three outer filaments broader, tips 3-fid ; lateral
cusps subulate, about as long as the antheriferous.

* Leaves fistular.

1. A. vineale, L. ; leaves flattened or grooved above, spathe solitary
short with a long beak, head globose usually with bulbils. Grow Garlic.

406 LILIACE^. [ALLIUM.

Pastures and waste dry places, from the Clyde and Aberdeen southd., not
frequent ; S. and E. Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. June-July. — Bulb small.
Leaves 8-24 in., strict. Scape longer, cylindric. Flowers £ in., green or
pink, sometimes replaced by bulbils (A. compac'tum, Thuill.) ; pedicel
slender, tip thickened. Filaments exposed. Bulbils ^ in., green or purplish.
— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), Canaries ; introd. in N. America.

2. A. sphserocepli'alum, L. ; leaves terete or flattened or grooved
above, spathes 2 shortly beaked, head globose dense-fld.

St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol ; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Habit of A.
vineale, but ribs of leaf rough when young, and heads dense, globose, red-
purple, without bulbils. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd. (excl. Greece).

** Leaves not Jistular, glaucous.

3. A. Scorodopra'sum, L. ; leaves flat keeled, edges scabrid, sheaths
2-edged, spathes 2 shortly beaked, head with bulbils, anthers not exserted.
A. arena' rium, Sm. Sand Lee k.

Dry pastures and copses, rare, York and Lancaster to Fife and Perth;
Ireland; fl. May-Aug. — Bulb ovoid, with small stalked bulbils. Leaves
6-8 in., §-§ in. broad. Scape slender. Head lax-fid. ; bulbils purple ;
pedicels slender. Perianth § in., segments red-purple, margins white, keel
of outer scabrid. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain, Greece).

3*. A. AMPELOP'RASUM, L. ; leaves distichous folded, edges scabrid,
sheaths cylindric, spathe 1 with a compressed long beak, head often with
bulbils, anthers exserted. Wild Leek.

Kocky banks, naturalized; fl. July- Aug. — Bulb large, with often stalked
bulbils. Leaves 1-2 ft., 1-1| in. broad. Scape 3-6 ft., very stout. Heads
globose, 3-4 in. diam., very many-fld., pedicels unequal. Perianth f in.,
white or greenish.— DISTRIB. Switzerland, Europe S. of the Alps,
W. Asia.

A . Ampelop'rasum proper (A . holmen'se. Mill.) ; head compact, bulbils 0. Steep
holmes in the Severn. — YAR. bulbiferum, Syme ; ;:head compact, bulbils
few. Guernsey.— YAR. A . Babingto'nii, Borrer (A. Halle'ri, Bab.) ; flowers
few, bulbils very many, pedicels sometimes proliferous. Dorset and
Cornwall, ? wild; Eoundstone and Great Aran Is., Ireland.

SECTION 2. Codonop'rasum. Perianth-segments erect or spreading
Filaments all simple or obscurely 3-fid.

4. A. Schoenop'rasum, L. ; leaves fistular, head dense-fld. without
bulbils, spathes 2 shortly beaked, stamens included. Chives.

Hocky pastures, very rare, Northumbd., Lancashire, Brecon, Cornwall ; fl.
June-July. — Bulbs narrow, small, tufted on short rootstocks. Leaves 4-10
in., few, terete or grooved above. Scapes 6-14 in., stout or slender, hollow.
Perianth §-J in., campanulate, pale purple ; pedicels short. Stamens con-
nate at the very base. Capsule globose, small. — DISTRIB. Mid. Europe
(excl. Turkey), N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

ALLIUM.] LILIACE^. 407

A . Schcenop'rasum proper ; leaves straight, ribs smooth or scaberulous,
perianth-segments gradually acuminate. N. of England. — VAR. A. sibir'i-
cum, L. ; larger, leaves recurved, ribs more scabrid, perianth-segments
abruptly-acuminate. A. arena'rium, Sm. in Engl. Bot. Kynance Cove.

5. A. olera'ceum, L. ; leaves nearly flat or ^-terete sheathing the

cylindric scape to the middle, head lax-fld. with bulbils, spathes 2,

beaks slender unequal, stamens equalling the perianth. Field Garlic.

Borders of fields, &c., rare, E. Scotland, Forfar and Perth to Berwick, and

southd. to Devon and Kent ; fl. July. — Bulb small. Leaves very slender,

variable in breadth and thickness, flat towards the tip, with many striae,

ribs rough. Scapes 10-18 in., very slender. Pedicels flexuous, spreading ;

2-4 in. Perianth campanulate, segments obtuse, pale, olive-green pink or

brownish. Stamens included, filaments shortly connate, subulate. — DISTRIB.

Europe (excl. Greece), W. Siberia, Himalaya.

A. olera'ceum proper ; leaves narrow f -terete subfistular grooved above. Devon,
Somerset, Gloucester. — VAR. A. complanaftum, Bor. (A. carina'tum,$m. not
L.); leaves broader linear almost solid nearly flat. Yorkshire and Northumbd.

A. CARINA'TUM, Z. ; leaves linear channelled sheathing the cylindric
scape to the middle, head with bulbils, spathes 2, beaks long slender very
unequal, stamens at length twice as long as the perianth.
Nottingham, Newark, Lincoln, Edinburgh, and Perth ; naturalized ; fl. Aug. —

Very similar to A. olera'ceum, but at once distinguished by the long filaments.

Leaves flat towards the tip, with 3-5 striae. Flowers bright rose-pink,

proterandrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Spain, Greece, Turkey).

6. A. trique'trum, L. ; leaves linear sharply keeled sheathing the
base of the triquetrous scape, head lax-fld. without bulbils, spathes 2
lanceolate.

Hedgebanks and meadows, Cornwall, Guernsey ; fl. April-June. — Bulb ovoid,
rather small. Leaves 5-7 in., J— | in. broad, recurved or revolute. Scapes
10-18 in., rather stout, bending over in fruit. Flowers secund, drooping or
inclined; perianth § in., white, campanulate; segments linear-oblong;
pedicels curved, tip clavate. Stamens short, free, included, filaments slender.
Stigmas 3, distinct, filiform.— DISTRIB. S. France, Spain, Italy.

7. A. ursi'num, L. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate sheathing the base of the
3-gonous scape, spathes 2 ovate acuminate. Ramsons.

Woods, hedgebanks, &c., from Skye and Ross southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; fl. April- June. — Bulb narrow, compressed, on a short
rootstock, outer coat fibrous. Leaves 4-8 in., vernal, acuminate; petiole
2-4 in. Scape 6-18 in. Umbel regular, flat- topped ; spathes 1 in. ; pedicels
strict, 1J-2 in. ; bulbils 0. Flowers honeyed, proterandrous, white ; segments
spreading, lanceolate, acute. Stamens shorter than the segments, filaments
free slender; anthers dehiscing in succession, the inner first. Stigma
minute. Capsule turbinate.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Asia.

8. MUSCA'RI, Tourn. GRAPE HYACINTH.

Perianth globose, mouth 6-fid. Stamens on the middle of the tube,
included, filaments very short ; anthers short. Ovary ovoid, deeply 3-

408 L1L1ACEJB. [MuscARi.

lobed ; style short, stigma simple ; cells few-ovuled. Capsule 3-quetrous,
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6 or fewer, as in Scilla. — DISTEIB. Europe,
W. Asia ; species about 40. — ETYM. from the musky scent.

M. racemo'sum, Miller ; leaves slender prostrate flexuous.
Sandy pastures, Norfolk and Suffolk, Cambridge; fl. May. — Bulb small, with
-

,

dark blue, upper imperfect.
southd., N. Africa.

9. SOIL LA, L. SQUILL.

Bulb coated. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers usually racemose, blue,
rarely purple or white. • Perianth deciduous ; segments 6, spreading or
conniving, free or nearly so ; nectary 0. Stamens 6, on the base of the
segments or above it, filaments flattened ; anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid ;
style filiform, stigma minute ; ovules 4 or more in each cell. Capsule
3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, testa black, albumen
fleshy ; embryo terete, radicle next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Chiefly Europe
and W. Asia ; species about 80. — ETYM. Classical.

SECTION 1. Perianth-segments free, spreading ; stamens inserted on
their bases ; anthers purple. Seeds angular.

1. S. ver'na, Huds. ; leaves vernal preceding the subcorymbose
flowers, bracts as long as the pedicels or longer.

Rocky pastures rare, W. coast of England and Wales from Flint to
Devon; Scotland from Ayr and Berwick to Shetland; E. and N.E. Ire-
land, very rare ; fl. April-May. — Bull) as large as a hazel-nut. Leaves 3-10
in.,f-£ in. broad, recurved, concave. Scapes 1-2, shorter than the leaves.
Flowers |? in. diam., bright-blue, fragrant ; lower pedicels § in. Capsule % in.
diam. — DISTRIB. Coasts of Norway, France, Spain.

2. S. autumna'lis; L. ; leaves autumnal narrow succeeding the shortly
racemose flowers, bracts 0.

Rocks and pastures from Gloster and Middlesex to Cornwall and Kent ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Bulb |-1^ in. diam. Leaves 3-6 in.,
|-terete, grooved above. Scapes several, equalling the leaves. Flowers |
in. diam., reddish purple ; pedicels ascending or spreading. Capsule small.
— DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, N. Africa, Crimea.

SECTION 2. Perianth campanulate, segments connate at the base ;
stamens inserted below their middle ; anthers yellow. Seeds subglobose.

3. S. nu'tans, Sm. ; leaves and flowers vernal, bracts in pairs. Ag'ra-
phis nu'tans, Link ; Endym'ion nu'tans, Dumort ; Hyaein'thus nonscrip'tus,
L. Bluebell, Wild Hyacinth.

Woods, banks, &c., from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in the Lake
District; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-June. — Bulb f-1 in. diam.

SCILLA.] LILIACE^E. 409

Leaves 10-18 in., f in. broad, subacate, concave. Scape solitary, tall, stout.
Raceme 6-12-fld. ; bracts linear, membranous. Flowers 1 in., blue purple
white or pink, drooping; pedicel short, curved, erect in bud and fruit.
Capsule subglobose.-DiST.RiB. W. Europe from Belgium southd to Italy, ,

10. ORNITHO'GALUM, L.

Bulb coated. Leaves all radical, linear. Floivers racemose or corym-
bose, white. Perianth spreading, persistent ; segments 6, free, with a
basal nectariferous gland. Stamens 6, hypogynous, filaments flattened ;
anthers versatile, linear-oblong. Ovary 3-quetrous, with 3 glands on the
top ; style 3-gonous, stigma obtuse ; cells niany-ovuled. Capsule grooved,
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds terete or angled, testa black, rough when
dry ; embryo cylindric, radicle next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
and W. Asia, N. Africa ; species about 70. — ETYM. The classical name.

O. pyrena'icum, L. ; raceme many-fld., pedicels spreading, filaments

much dilated to above the middle.

Woods and copses, local, Somerset, Wilts, Bedford, Berks, Sussex ; fl. June-
July. — Bulb 2 in., ovoid. Leaves 1-2 ft., J-| in. diam., vernal, concave,
glaucous, soon withering at the flowering season. Scape tall, stout. Raceme
4-8 in., very many-fld. ; bracts subulate. Perianth 1 in. diam. ; segments
narrow-oblong, green, margins white inside. Capsule % in. — DISTRIB.
From Belgium southd. — Young shoots eaten, sold at Bath as French
Asparagus.

0. TTMBELLA'TUM, L. ; corymbs 6-10-fld., pedicels suberect, filaments
broadly subulate. Star of Bethlehem.
Copses, meadows, &c., naturalized ; fl. May-June. — Bulb 1 in., with many

bulbils. Leaves 6-8 in., J in. broad, concave, green with a white stripe.

Scape tall ; rachis of corymb elongate after flowering ; bracts very long.

Perianth 1-1 1 in. diam. ; segments linear-oblong, white with a dorsal green

midrib. Capsule obovoid. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd.

0. NU'TANS, L. ; racemes few-fld. drooping, filaments broadly dilated

upwards 3-fid.

Copses, &c., Midland and E. counties from Yorkshire and Durham to Here-
ford, naturalized ; fl. April-May. — Bulb 2 in. Leaves 1-2 ft., |-J in. broad,
concave, glaucous with a white stripe. Scape as long ; bracts long, slender ;
pedicels curved, 5—^ in. Perianth 1-1^ in, broad; segments lanceolate,
white with a dorsal green midrib. Capsule pendulous, broadly ovoid, green,
fleshy. — DISTRIB. S. Europe.

10.* LIL'IUM, L.

Bulb of many imbricate fleshy scales. Leaves all cauline, not sheath-
ing, alternate or whorled. Flowers few or many, large, erect or drooping,
homogamous ; perianth-segments free, caducous, erect below, recurved or
revolute above ; nectary median, elongate. Stamens hypogynous or on
the base of the segments, filaments subulate ; anthers fixed above the

410 LILIAGE^. [LiLiuM.

base in front, versatile, bursting inwards. Ovary 6-grooved ; style terete,
stigma obtuse ; cells many-ovuled. Capsule erect and seeds as in Fritil-
laria. — DISTRIB. Temp. N. regions ; species 40. — ETYM. unknown.

L. MAR'TAGON, L. ; leaves petioled obovate-lanceolate whorled, upper

linear, flowers erect racemose. Purple Martagon Lily.

Copses, Mickleham, Surrey, naturalized ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Bulb large, scales
white. Stem 2-3 ft., terete. Leaves 3-8 in., chiefly in a few whorls of 6-8,
subacute. Flowers \\ in. diam., drooping, odorous at night ; bracts ^-1 in.,
green, linear-lanceolate ; pedicels 1-5 in., stout, curved ; perianth-segments
oblong, pale purple or white, with dark raised papillae ; nectary with thick
raised borders. Anthers red-brown. Capsule 1 in. — DISTRIB. Europe from
Mid. France southd. and eastd.

11. FRITILL.A RIA, L.

Bulbs often clustered ; scales few, thick. Stem leafy, 1- or more-
flowered. Leaves sessile, not sheathing. Flowers drooping ; perianth
campanulate ; segments free, caducous, tip not recurved, nectariferous
gland basal. Stamens on the very base of the segments, filaments subulate ;
anthers oblong or linear, fixed above the base in front. Ovary long, 3-
gonous ; style 3-grooved, stigmas 3 glandular inwards ; cells many-ovuled.
Capsule erect, oblong, 3-gonous, loculicidally 3-valved above, margins of
valves ciliate. Seeds many, 2-seriate, horizontal, vertically compressed,
margined or winged, testa spongy pale ; embryo terete, radicle next to
the hilum. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions; species 50. — ETYM. fritillus, a
dice-box , from the chequered petals.

F. Melea'gris, L. ; leaves linear flat subacute. Snake's Head.
Moist meadows, rare, from Norfolk and Stafford to Somerset and Hants ; (a
denizen, Wats.) ; fl. May. — Bulb small, of 2-3 turgid scales. Leaves 6-8 in.,
J-J in. broad, cauline few, short. Stem 10-18 in. Flower solitary, rarely
2, 1^ in., segments narrow-oblong, tesselated with dull purple, rarely almost
colourless ; nectary narrow. Anthers ^ in., yellow. Seeds close-packed. —
DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece, Turkey), W, Asia.

12, TU'LIPA, L.

Bulbs of thick convolute scales. Leaves radical and cauline, lower
sheathing. Flowers usually solitary, erect or inclined ; perianth cam-
panulate; segments free, tips recurved, nectary 0. Stamens hypogynous,
filaments short subulate glabrous or hairy below ; anthers fixed by the
base, mobile, linear, bursting inwards. Ovary 3-gonous ; stigma sessile
with 3 radiating lobes ; cells many-ovuled. Capsule erect, coriaceous,
and seeds as in Fritillaria. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia ; species
50. — ETYM. Tulipan, a turban, in Persian.

T. sylves'tris, L. ; flowers bright yellow, perianth-segments elliptic-
lanceolate. Wild Tulip.

TULIPA.] LILIACE^Z. 411

Chalk pits, &c., wild in S.W.York, Norfolk, Suffolk, Somerset ; naturalized
elsewhere; fl. April-May. — Bulb small, ovoid, stoloniferous ; scales chest-
nut-brown. Leaves few, 6-10 in., linear, |-1 in. broad, glaucous. Stem 1-2
ft., terete, flexuous. Flowers 2 in., fragrant. Filaments woolly at the
base. Capsule 1 in., acute above and below. — DISTRIB. From Holland
southd.

13. GA'GEA, Salisb.

Bulb coated ; coats few coriaceous. Leaves radical, linear. Scapes with
leafy bracts. Flowers yellow, corymbose or umbellate, proterogynous ;
perianth-segments persistent, free spreading from an erect base ; nectary 0.
Stamens on the base of the segments, filaments flattened subulate ; anthers
linear, basifixed.. Ovary 3-gonous or 3-quetrous ; style 3-gonous, stigma
obtuse ; cells many-ovuled. Capsule membranous, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds many, subglobose, pendulous, raphe thick, testa soft yellow ; embryo
cylindric, radicle next to thehilum. — DISTJRJB. Europe, N. Asia ; species
20. — ETYM. Sir Thomas Gage, a British botanist.

G. lu'tea, Ker ; radical leaf solitary ribbed, sheath slender, bracts 1-3.
G. fasticularis, Salisb. ; Ornitho' galum lu'teum, L. Yellow Star of Beth-
lehem.

Copses and pastures on the E. from Perth and Moray to Gloster, Sussex, and
Somerset, local and rare ; fl. March-May. — Bulb small, subglobose, with
basal bulbils. Radical leaf linear, 6-18 in., J-§ in. broad. Scape short ;
bracts 1-3, 2 sometimes opposite ; pedicels 1-2 in. Perianth ^-| in., opens
in forenoon only ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, inner narrowest, thin,
yellow, back green. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Asia, Himalaya.

14. LLOY'DIA, Salisb.

A small slender herb. Bulb minute, thickly scaly. Leaves filiform. Stem
leafy, slender, 1-2-fld. Flowers erect, honeyed, homogamous; perianth-
segments persistent, free, spreading, equal, yellow or white, with a trans-
verse cavity. Stamens 6, on the base of the segments, filaments filiform ;
anthers oblong, basifixed. Ovary 3-gonous ; style filiform, stigma obtuse ;
cells many-ovuled. Capsule 3-quetrous, loculicidally 3-valved at the top.
Seeds many, horizontal, 3-quetrous, testa black rugose ; embryo minute,
next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, and N. America ; species 2. —
ETYM. E. Lloyd, an antiquary, its discoverer in Wales.

!•. sero'tina, Reichb ; leaves 3-gonous incurved.

Kocky ledges of the Snowdon range, very rare ; fl. June. — Sheaths of bulb
very many and loose. Leaves 6-10 in.,cauline shorter. Stem 2-8 in., terete.
Perianth-segments ^ in., white (in England), obovate-oblong, veined with
purple. Seeds red-brown till quite ripe. — DISTRIB. Arctic, Alps of Mid.
Europe, Himalaya, N. America. — Flowers in the Himalaya vary from white
to primrose or deeper yellow.

412 LILIACE^. [CoLcmcuM.

15. COIi'CHlCUM, L. MEADOW SAFFRON.

Corm coated. Leaves all radical, usually vernal. Bracts spathaceous.
Flowers solitary or fascicled, subsessile on the corm, erect, crocus-like,
honeyed, proterogynous ; perianth-tube very long, slender, limb campan-
ulate ; segments 6, oblong. Stamens on the mouth of the perianth,
•included, filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, fixed above the base in front,
versatile, bursting inwards. Ovary deeply 3-grooved ; styles 3, free, fili-
form, tips recurved, stigmatic inwards ; cells few- or many-ovuled. Cap-
sule membranous, 3-grooved to the axis, septicidally 3-valved at the top.
Seeds subglobose, testa rugose, funicle fleshy ; embryo minute, remote
from the hilum, — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and E. Asia ; species 30. — ETYM.
Classical.

C. autumna le, L. ; leaves lanceolate, sheaths stout long large.
Meadows, from Westmoreland and Durham to Sussex and Somerset, local ;
naturalized in Scotland ; Ireland ; fl. Aug.-Oct. — Corm large, oblique, com-
pressed ; scales shining, chestnut. Leaves flat, 6-10 in., nerves close-set.
Flowers appearing in succession ; ovary subterranean ; perianth-tube 2-6
in. ; limb \\ in., pale purple. Anthers f in., yellow. Capsule 1-2J in.,
shortly peduncled, ellipsoid, acute at bpth ends, ripening in spring. Seeds
many, small, pale brown. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd. — Yields the
famous drug. Flowers, when vernal, greenish and imperfect.

16. NARTHE'CIUM, Mc&hr. BOG ASPHODEL,

Rigid herbs with the habit and leaves of Tofieldia. Flowers racemose,
golden-yellow ; perianth-segments subequal, spreading, persistent, erect in
fruit. Stamens 6, 3 hypogynous and 3 on the base of the segments, fila-
ments subulate villous ; anthers linear, fixed by the back, bursting in-
wards. Ovary narrow-ovoid, 3-gonous, narrowed in the short style, stigma
obtuse ; cells many-ovuled. Capsule 3-gonous, narrow, pointed, loculi-
cidally 3-valved above. Seeds many, terete, testa filiform at each end,
attached to the inner angle of the cell by a hair-like funicle ; embryo
minute, next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps and Pyrenees,
N. Asia, N. America. — ETYM. vapQliKiov, a rod.

N. ossif'ragum, Huds. ; perianth-segments linear-oblong.
Bogs, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock wiry, long, slender. Leaves 6-12 in., rigid, strongly
ribbed, acuminate. Stem leafless or with 1-2 short ^-amplexicaul leaves.
Raceme 2-4 in. ; bracts subulate ; pedicels sometimes bracteolate. Flowers .
\ in. diam. ; segments ribbed and green on the back. Filaments white ;
anthers deep-orange. Capsule red, longer than the perianth. — DISTRIB. Of
the genus.

17. TOFIELD'IA, Huds.

Rootstock short creeping. Leaves radical, equitant, ensiform. Scape
slender ; bracteoles 3, minute, connate. Flowers racemed, small, green,

TOFIELDIA.] LILIACE^E. 413

honeyed, homogamous ; perianth-segments persistent, spreading, free.
Stamens 6, on the base of the segments, filaments filiform ; anthers short,
fixed by the back, bursting inwards. Ovary ovoid, 3-gonous ; styles 3,
conic, persistent, stigmas obtuse ; cells many-ovuled. Follicles 3, almost
free, membranous, oblong, acute. Seeds many, minute, marginal on the
valves, cymbiform, testa thin ; embryo minute, next the hilum. — DISTRIB.
Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia, and America ; species 14. — ETYM. Tofield,
a Yorkshire botanist.

T. palus'tris, Huds. ; bracteoles scarious. T.. borea'lis, Wahlnb. ;
Mountain rills and bogs, York, Durham, and from Argyll and Perth to
Sutherland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July-Aug. — Leaves
tufted, 2-3 in., 3-5-nerved. Scape 4-8 in., naked or 1-2-leaved, slender,
terete. Raceme dense-fld., f-1 in. ; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base.
Flowers \ in. diam., pale-green ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Capsule
% in. diam., subglobose. — DISTRIB. Of the genus.

18. PAR'is, L. HERB PARIS.

EootstocJc stout. Stem simple, with 1 whorl of usually 4-9 leaves.
Flowers solitary, not honeyed, malodorous, proterogynous. Sepals 3-5,
lanceolate. Petals as many, filiform. Stamens 8-12, subhypogynous ;
anthers basifixed, cells narrow ; connective sometimes produced. Ovary
subglobose, 4-5-lobed and -celled ; styles 4-5, free, stigmas decurrent ; cells
4- or more-ovuled. Berry indehiscent or loculicidally 4-5-valved. Seeds
few or many, testa coriaceous or fleshy, albumen horny ; embryo terete,
radicle next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Europe, N". Asia, Himalaya ; species
3-4. — ETYM. par, equal, from the 4-nary parts of P. quadrifolia.

P. quadrifolia, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong orv obovate.

Woods, local, from Caithness to Kent and Somerset ; fl. May- June. — Glabrous.
Eootstock white, creeping. Stem 6-12 in., terete, leafy at the top, sheath
basal. Leaves 4 (rarely 3-8). 3-5 in., acute, 3-5-nerved. Flower lf-l| in.
diam., solitary; peduncle |-3 in., erect. Sepals green, acuminate. Petals
as long, yellow. Connective much produced. Berry black, bursting irregu-
larly. Seeds black, testa coriaceous.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl.
Greece), N. and W. Asia. — Rootstock purgative.

ORDER LXXXI. JUNCE'jE.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Rootstock usually creeping, scaly.
Stems erect, usually simple, sometimes septate within, pith often thick,
continuous or interrupted. Leaves slender, flat or terete, or reduced to
sheathing scales. Flowers green or brown, in axillary or terminal cymes,
regular, 2 -sexual, bracteolate. Perianth inferior, scarious or coriaceous ;
segments 6 in 2 series, free, subequal, persistent, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the segments, rarely 3 on the outer

414 JUNCE^Z. [JuNCUS.

only, filaments flattened ; anthers basin xed, usually linear, bursting
inwards. Ovary free, 1-3-celled ; style short or 0, stigmas 3 filiform
papillose all over ; ovules 3, basilar, or many on 3 parietal or axile
placentas, erect, anatropous. Capsule 1-3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved,
3-many-seeded. Seeds erect, testa membranous often lax, albumen dense ;
embryo next the hilum, small. — DISTRIB. Chiefly temp, and Arctic ;
genera 4-5 ; species about 130. — AFFINITIES. With Liliacece. — PROPER-
TIES unimportant.

Glabrous. Ovules many, parietal or axile 1. Juncus.

More or less pilose. Ovules 3, basal 2. Luzula.

1. JUN'CUS, L. RUSH.

Glabrous herbs. Outer perianth-segments keeled or midrib thickened.
Flowers proterogynous, anemophilous. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Ovary 3-
rarely 1 -celled ; ovules many, placentas axile, rarely parietal. Capsule
completely or incompletely 3-celled. Seeds many ; embryo minute. —
DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species 100. — ETYM. jungo, from their use in
tying.

SECTION 1. Rootstock perennial, usually creeping. Stems rarely septate
within, terete, rarely compressed. Leaves solid, not septate within.

* Leaves all reduced to sheaths. Cymes wholly lateral, many-fld. ; flowers not
or rarely clustered. Testa not produced at either end.

1. J. effu'sus, L. ; stems soft, pith continuous, perianth-segments
lanceolate exceeding the obovoid retuse capsule, stamens 3. J. communis,
Meyer.

Moist places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Tufts circular, densely matted. /Stems
1-3 ft., sometimes J in. diam., green, very finely striate. Cymes very
compound, variable in form and size. Perianth ry-f in. Stamens rarely 6.
Seeds minute, yellow-brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia and
America, N. Zealand.

J. effu'sus proper; cymes usually lax effuse, perianth olive-green, anthers
oblong, capsule not mucronate. — YAR. J. conglomeraftus, L. ; cymes usually
dense subglobose, perianth tinged with brown, anthers longer linear, capsule
mucronate.

2. J. glau'cus, Ehrh. ; stems rigid glaucous striate, pith interrupted,
perianth-segments narrow-lanceolate about equalling the ovoid mucronate
capsule, stamens 6.

"Wet, usually stiff soils, from Aberdeen and the Clyde southd. ; ascends to
1,200 ft. m N.England; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-A tig.— Habit
of J. commu'nis, but not so tall, and stems deeply grooved. Cymes effuse,
suberect. Perianth brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.

J. diffu'sus, Hoppe (a hybrid between ylau'cus and effu'sus} ; stems softer less
glaucous and striate, pith continuous, cyme elongate, capsule more obovoid,
seeds imperfect.

JUNCUS.] JUNCE^E. 415

3. J. bal'ticus, Willd. ; stems rigid, pith continuous, perianth-
segments ovate-lanceolate about equalling the ovoid abruptly mucronate
capsule, stamens 3. J. arc'ticus, Hook., not Willd.

Sandy seashores, rarely by inland lakes, from Fife and Kincardine to Caith-
ness ; fl. July.— Rootstock creeping, not tufted. Stems few, 1-2 ft., jY-To in>
diain., pale green, scarcely striate. Cymes small, corymbose, suberect,
few-fld. Perianth about £ in., dark brown, midrib pale. Anthers much
longer than the filaments.— DISTRIB. N. Germany to the Arctic circle,
N. America.

4. J. filifor'mis, L. ; stems wiry pale green filiform, pith interrupted,
cyme midway up the stem small, perianth-segments lanceolate exceeding
the turbinate obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 6.

Stony and gravelly margins of lakes, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Kin-
cardine; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock loosely tufted. Stems 4-8 in., very
slender, faintly striate. Sheaths often with subulate tips. Cymes sessile ;
flowers few, crowded, very pale. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Seeds
very minute.— DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps (Arctic), N. Asia, N.
America.

"""* Leaves all reduced to sheaths, or a few elongate and stem-like. Cymes lateral,
•flowers many clustered. Stamens 6. Testa produced at each end.

5. J. acu'tus, L. ; stems rigid pungent, sheaths long shining, perianth-
segments ovate-lanceolate, inner obtuse with a broad scarious margin half
as long as the broadly ovoid mucronate capsule.

Sandy seashores from Norfolk and Carnarvon to Kent and Devon, rare ;

5. and S.E. Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. July- Aug. — Tufts circular. Stems
2-4 ft., stout, terete, hardly striate, many flowerless. Cymes corymbose,
dense-fld., very large in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subulate, exceeding the
flowers ; flowers £-£ in. Perianth brown, inner segments retuse winged
towards the tip. Capsule nearly J in., turgid, hardly 3-gonous. — DISTRIB.
Coasts from France to Turkey, N. Africa.

6. J. marit'imus, Sm. ; stems wiry pungent, sheaths short pale,
perianth-segments lanceolate all acute and without scarious margins
equalling the elliptic-oblong acuminate capsule.

Salt marshes from Isla and Elgin southd. ; rare in Scotland; common in
Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Habit of J. acu'tus, but irregularly tufted ; stems
less rigid and usually more slender ; cymes more interrupted, branches long
erect ; bracts not exceeding the very pale flowers. — DISTRIB. Coasts from
Gothland to Turkey, N. Africa, W. Siberia, N. America.

*** Leaves all terete compressed or channelled. Cymes terminal or lateral,
1-3- (rarely 6-)fldt Testa produced at each end.

7. J. triglu'mis, L. ; stems terete, leaves radical subulate channelled,
flowers usually 3 terminal equalling the membranous bracts, perianth-
segments obtuse much shorter than the ellipsoid beaked capsule.
Alpine bogs, from Carnarvon and Durham to Shetland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in

the Highlands; fl. July-Aug.— Tufted, black; stolons 0. Stems 6-18 in.,

416 JUNGEJE. [JUNCUS.

slender, wiry. Leaves very short, formed of 2 separate tubes, sheaths
auricled. Flowers erect, £-£ in., pale red-brown in fruit. — DISTJRIB. Arctic
and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

8. J. biglu'mis, L. ; stems ^-terete, leaves radical subulate com-
pressed, flowers usually 2 shorter than the bract, perianth-segments obtuse
nearly equalling the turbinate retuse 3-lobed capsule.

Bogs, alt. 2,000-3,300 ft. on the alps of Perth, Argyll, Skye ; fl. July- Aug.— Not
tufted, stoloniferous. Stem 2-6 in. Leaves shorter, septate within, sheaths
not auricled. Flowers f in., upper pedicelled, lower sessile, chestnut-brown.
Capsule mucronate between the lobes. — DISTBIB. Arctic and subarctic
Europe, Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

9. J. casta'neus, L. ; stems terete leafy, leaves |-terete fistular, cymes
1-3 lateral and terminal 2-6-flowered, perianth-segments acute half as
long as the elliptic-oblong beaked capsule.

Alpine bogs, alt. 2,500-3,000 ft., very rare ; Perth, Forfar, Inverness, and
Aberdeen ; fl. July-Aug. — Not tufted, stoloniferous. Stem 6-16 in. Leaves
2-3, variable in length, channelled above, sheaths not auricled, walls thin.
Flowers f-^ in., bright brown. Capsule nearly ^ in., 3-gonous. Seeds large
for the genus. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine N. and Mid. Europe, N. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America.

10. J. trif'idus, L. ; stems wiry terete, leaves subulate short mostly
reduced to sheaths, flowers 1-3 between 2 filiform bracts, perianth-segments
acuminate shorter than the ovoid beaked capsule.

Alpine rocks, alt. 1,200-3,000 ft., from the Clyde, Perth, and Forfar to Shet-
land ; July-Aug". — Forms dense matted rigid masses of rootstocks and
sheaths. Stems 3-10 in. Upper leaf-sheath with one short subulate leaf ;
another leaf occurs on the stems beneath the inflorescence, with a tubular
sheath, which has often scarious edges. Bracts 2-4 in. Flowers % in., pale
brown ; perianth-segments very narrow, margins pale. Style and stigmas
long. Seeds large, appendages short. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Micl.
Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America.

*•*** Leaves chiefly radical, flat or grooved above. Cymes terminal, 3-many-jid.
Testa not produced at either end.

11. J. squarro'sus, L. ; rigid, stems compressed, leaves subulate -J-
terete below channelled above, cymes terminal, clusters 2-3-fld., perianth-
segments oblong obtuse equalling the obtuse mucronate capsule.
:Moorlands, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ire-
land ; fl. June-July. — Stems densely tufted, 4-10 in., stout, solid, naked or
with 1-2 leaves. Leaves 3-7 in., densely crowded, recurved from the broad
keeled sheath, striate. Cyme irregularly corymbose, branches erect ; bracts
broad, scarious, shorter than the flowers. Floivers % in., pale. Capsule
obtusely 3-gonous. — DISTBIB. N. Europe (excl. Greece), Siberia, Greenland.

12. J. ten'uis, Willd. ; stems wiry terete, leaves channelled, cymes
terminal, bracts long, perianth-segments lanceolate acuminate larger
than the ovoid obtuse or retuse pointed capsule.

JUNCUS.] JUNCEJS. 417

Sandy moist soil, Hereford, very rare ; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock tufted.
Stem 6-15 in., very slender, cylindric. Leaves chiefly radical, few, very
slender, deeply striate ; base dilated, membranous. Cymes snorter than
the filiform erect bracts. Flowers sessile and pedicelled, § in. long, pale.
Style very short. Capsule turgid. Seeds minute, ellipsoid, acute at both
ends, minutely ribbed. — DISTRIB. W. France, Holland, Germany, "W. United
States.

13. J. compres'sus, Jacq. ; slender, stems 1-2-leaved subcompressed,
leaves slender ^-terete channelled above, cymes terminal, flowers sub-
solitary, perianth-segments oblong obtuse equalling or shorter than the
ovoid obtuse mucronate capsule. J. bulbo'ms, L. (name given by error).
Marshy places, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- July. —

Rootstock creeping. Stems 6-24 in., very slender, hollow. Leaves narrow,
flaccid, suberect, equalling the stem or shorter. Cymes irregularly corym-
bose ; branches suberect, slender, few-fld. ; bracts small. Flowers §— £ in.
perianth-segments pale in the middle, margins broad scarious pale or dark
brown or purple. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. and W. Asia, IsT
America.

J. COMPRES'SUS proper ; stems tufted, capsule broader almost obovoid shortly
mucronate much longer than the perianth. — Rather rare.

Sub-sp. J. GERAR'DI, Loisel ; stems more remote, capsule narrower strongly
mucronate not exceeding the perianth. J. bott'nicus, Wahl. ; J. coeno'sus ,
Bich. — Salt marshes. Also in N. U. States.

SECTION 2. Rootstock perennial, usually creeping. Stems solid. Leaves
hollow and septate within. Testa not produced.

14. J. obtusiflo'rus, Ehrh. ; stem tall and leaves (few) erect terete,
cymes lateral or subterminal in very compound corymbs, branches zigzag,
perianth-segments obtuse equalling the ovoid mucronate capsule.
Marshy places, from the Clyde and Haddington southd.; rare in Scotland

and Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Rootstock widely creeping. Stems not tufted,
2-3 ft., usually stout, soft, hardly striate, sheathed at the base. Leaves 1-2,
like the stem. Flowers § in., sessile in dense peduncled or sessile clusters
of 3-8, pale ; bracts small, obtuse, scarious.-- DISTRIB. From Gothland
southd. (except Greece, Turkey, and Russia), 1ST. Africa.

15. J. articula'tus, L. ; stems slender and leaves slightly compressed,
cymes lateral or subterminal compound corymbose, perianth-segments
acuminate not exceeding the obovoid narrow acuminate capsule.

Bogs, especially in mountain districts, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near
. 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Very
variable in habit, size, robustness, amount of foliage, and size and com-
position of the cyme ; the following sub-species express its principal
modifications. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya.

J. ARTICULA'TTJS proper (J. acutijlo'rv.s, Ehrh.); tall, leaves very conspicuously
jointed when dry, flowers in dense distant sessile or peduncled clusters of
3-12 dark chestnut, bracts acuminate -|-§ as long as the flower, perianth-
segments equalling the narrow acuminate capsule, stamens 6. J. sylvat'icvs,
Reichb. — Ascends to 1,200 ft. in the Lake District.

E E

418 JUNGE&. [Juxcus.

Sub-sp. J. SUPI'NUS, Mcench', rootstock sometimes tuberous, stems terete
3-10 in. often floating with flaccid straggling branches, joints very obscure,
leaves slender, cymes terminal, branches few long suberect, bracts scarious
acute sometimes equalling the flower, perianth-segments acute equalling the
ovpid obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 3. — Ascends to 3,500 ft. — VAR. J.
uligino'sus, Sibth ; erect. — VAR. J. subverticilla'tus, Wulf. ; decumbent or
floating.

Sub-sp. J. LAMPROCAR'PUS, Ehrh.; stem slightly compressed stout or slender,
and leaves evidently septate when dry, cyme terminal, branches long sub-
erect, perianth-segments shorter than the narrow beaked glossy capsule, inner
obtuse, stamens 6.— Ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; also found in
N. America. — Of J. niyritel'lus, D. Don (not Koch), of the Clova Mts.,
nothing satisfactory is known; garden specimens from Don himself in
Borrer's Herbarium have compressed stems, and seem to be lamprocarpus.

SECTION 3. Annual. Stem hollow, septate within or not. Testa not
produced.

16. J. bnfo'nius, L. ; very pale, stems slender septate, upper part or
cyme dichotomously branched, perianth-segments lanceolate much longer
than the obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 3 or 6.

Moist places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 2,000 ft. in the Lake District ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug.— Very variable, densely aggre-
gated, from the seedlings growing in masses. Stem 1-8 in., erect or
ascending. Leaves few, setaceous, channelled above, not jointed, pale green,
very narrow, sheaths short. Cyme occupying most of the stem ; branches
short or long, often flexuous ; flowers §-£ in., solitary and distant, or in
clusters of 2-4, lateral open and hexandrous, terminal cleistogamous and
3-androus ; bracts small, scarious, obtuse. Flowers usually secund, pale
green. Perianth-segments very unequal, long-acuminate, sometimes much
longer than the pale obovoid capsule. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America, N. Zealand.

17. J. capita'tus, Weigel ; stems setaceous grooved not septate, heads
terminal bracteate, perianth -segments elliptic-ovate acuminate awned
longer than the broadly ovoid mucronate capsule, stamens 3.

Sands inundated in winter, "W. Cornwall, Channel Islands ; fl. May- July. —
Very small, 1-4 in., tufted, reddish when dry. Stems strict. Leaves all
radical, short, setaceous, channelled ; sheaths short. Heads solitary, rarely
2-3, 2-6-fld ; outer bracts setaceous, about twice as long as the flowers,
inner smaller, broadly ovate, aristate. Perianth f in., pale, tips recurved. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

18. J. pygmse'us, Rich. ; stems slender terete not septate, flowers few
bracteate, perianth-segments linear-lanceolate acuminate not awned longer
than the narrow acute capsule, stamens 3 or 6.

Damp places, Lizard and Kynance Downs ; fl. May-June. — Very small, 1-2
in., tufted, pink when dry. Stem simple or once branched. Leaves, radi-
cal setaceous faintly jointed channelled, cauline solitary base auricled.
Flowers 1-5, subsessile ; bracts ovate. Perianth^ in., segments membranous
3-nerved, with hyaline margins. Anther shorter than the filament. Capsule

JUNCUS.] JUNCE^S. 419

oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-gonous, pale. Seeds many, filiform, ribbed. —
DISTRIB. Holland to Portugal and Greece.

2. LU ZULA, DO. WOOD-RUSH.

Characters of Juncus, but always perennial, foliage more grass-like
always more or less ciliate with long flexuous white hairs. Flowers pro-
terogynous, anemophilous. Anthers usually longer than the filaments.
Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 3, subbasal, erect. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
3-seeded. Seeds with a basal or terminal appendage. — DISTRIB. All
temp, and cold regions ; species about 26. — ETYM. luciola, a glowworm.

1. !•. maxima, DC. ; tall, cymes very compound, flowers clustered,
perianth-segments awned hardly equalling the ovoid acute beaked capsule,
seeds tubercled at the tip. L. sylvat'ica, Gaud.

Woods and heaths, especially uplands, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,300 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. May- June. — Rootstock shoit,
tufted ; stolons short. Stems few, 1-2 ft. Leaves, radical |-1 ft., often -£
in. broad, with scanty silky hairs, channelled ; cauline few, short. Cymes
large, branches often 3-4 in., spreading in fruit. Flowers fa in., pale,
usually 3-4 together ; bracteoles ovate, acute, scarious. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic) (excl. Greece, Russia).

2. L. vernalis, DC. ; slender, cymes lax, ^branches few reflexcd in
fruit, flowers subsolitary, perianth-segments acuminate shorter than the
very broadly ovoid obtuse capsule, crest of seeds long curved terminal.
L. pilo'sa, Willd.

Shady places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 1,900 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May.— JRootstock short, tufted ; stolons
slender. Stems many, |-1 ft. Leaves about half as long as the stem, ^-J
in. broad, soft, sparingly hairy. Cymes with capillary branches and pedicels.
Flowers jt-^ in., chestnut-brown, rarely in pairs ; bracteoles broad, short.
Capsule very broad below, suddenly contracted to a conical top above the

' middle. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), N. Africa, terrp. Asia,
N. America. — L. Borre'ri, Bromf., is a hybrid ? found in S. England and
Wicklow, with an acute shorter capsule that ripens no seed.

3. L. Fors'teri, DC. ; characters of L. pilosa, but more slender, cap-
sule acuminate, and seeds with a shorter terminal straight obtuse crest.
Shaded places in chalky soil, from S. Wales, Oxford, and Essex to Cornwall

and Kent; Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Habit of L. pilo'sa, from which
luxuriant specimens can hardly be distinguished, except by the characters
given above. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe and N. Africa.

4. Ii. campes'tris, Willd. ; leaves very hairy, cymes short, flowers in
dense clusters, perianth-segments acuminate longer than the broad obovoid
obtuse apiculate capsule, seeds with a conical white basal appendage.
Heaths, meadows, and pastures, N. to Shetland , ascends to 3,200 ft. in the

Highlands and Wales ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Root-
stock creeping, tufted. Stems 4-12 in., stout or slender. Leaves shorter

E E 2

420 JUNGE^. [LuzuLA.

than the stem, usually copiously hairy. Cymes very variable ; clusters sub-
sessile, or on long drooping branches. Flowers % hi., pale or dark ; bracte-
oles ciiiate. Seeds with no terminal crest. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece),
all temp, and cold regions.

L. campes'tris proper ; usually short, clusters usually 3-4-fld., seeds subglobose.
— VAR. L. erec'ta, Desv. (L. multiflrfra, Lej. ; L. conyes'ta, Lej.) ; larger,
stouter, cymes more contracted, flowers more in a cluster, perianth-segments
narrower, filaments longer, capsule narrow, seeds oblong with a shorter
basal appendage. — Most frequent on heaths.

5. Ii, spica'ta, DO. ; leaves slender., cymes drooping dense-fld.
spike-like, bracteoles silvery, perianth-segments awned exceeding the
broad ellipsoid apiculate capsule, seeds with an obscure white basal
appendage.

Mts. of N. Wales, Westmoreland, and from Perth and Stirling to Shetland ;
alt. 1,000-4,300 ft.; fl. July. — Eootstock densely tufted; stolons short.
Stems 6-12 in., slender. Leaves much shorter than the stem, small, hairy on the
sheaths chiefly, coriaceous, recurved, narrow, channelled ; cauline few, short.
Cymes £-1^ in., shorter than the leafy bracts. Flowers § in., usually shorter
than the scarious transparent ciiiate awned bracteoles. Seeds oblong. —
DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

6. L. arcua'ta, Swartz ; dwarf, leaves short, cymes umbelled, branches
few outer slender recurved, perianth-segments acuminate exceeding the
broadly ovoid apiculate capsule, seeds with an obscure basal appendage.
High alps of Aberdeen, Banff, Inverness, and Sutherland, alt. 3,000-4,300

ft. ; fl. July. — Eootstock creeping, loosely tufted ; stolons slender. Stems
1-4 in., rather stout. Leaves coriaceous, sparingly hairy, narrow, recurved,
channelled. Cymes lax, outer branches 1-2 in., 1-3-fld. Flowers | in., 3-5
in a cluster, dark chestnut; bracteoles lanceolate, acute, not silvery. Seeds
small, oblong. — DISTRIB. Norway, Arctic regions.

ORDER LXXXII. ERIOCAULONE'-flB.

Perennial, scapigerous herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, often cellular,
sheaths narrow. Flowers minute, usually monoecious, in involucrate
heads, bracteate. — MALE. Perianth membranous or scarious, outer of 2-3
free segments ; inner a 2-3-lobed tube. Stamens 2-3, inserted on the tube
opposite its lobes, with sometimes alternate perfect or imperfect ones,
filaments in flexed in bud ; anthers fixed by the back, 2-celled, bursting
inwards. Ovary rudimentary. — FEMALE. Perianth inferior, persistent,
outer as in the male, inner of 2-3 petals or pencils of hairs. Staminodes
0. Ovary of 2-3 connate carpels ; style short, terminal, persistent, stig-
mas 2-3 slender ; ovules solitary and pendulous from the top of each
cell, orthotropous. Capsule membranous, 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-
valved. Seed pendulous, testa coriaceous, epidermis hyaline splitting into
hairs, albumen floury ; embryo outside and at the base of the albumen

EEIOCAULON.] ERIOCAULONE^S. 421

farthest from the hilum. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; genera 6 ; species
325. — AFFINITIES. With Eestiacece and Xyridece. — PROPERTIES unim-
portant.

1. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPE- WORT.

MALE fl. chiefly in the centre of the head. Outer perianth-segments sub-
spathulate. Stamens ^ 4 or 6. — DISTRIB. Of the Order ; species 100.—
ETYM. epiov and Kav\6s, from the ivoolly scapes of some species.

E. septangula're, With. ; leaves subulate, scape 6-8-furrowed.
Lakes in Skye and W. Ireland ; fl. Aug.— Rootstock creeping ; roots white,
cellular. Stem very short, leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., compressed laterally,
green, translucent, septate. Scape 6-24 in., rarely more, twisted. Head
j-f in. diam. ; bracts lead-coloured, oblong-obovate, obtuse. Flowers
2-nierous; outer segments dark, bearded at the tip, inner ciliate with a
black spot towards the tip. Anthers dark. Ovary stalked.— DISTRIB. K.
America.

ORDER LXXXIII. TYPHA'CE2E.

Marsh or aquatic herbs. Rootstock creeping. Leaves narrow, linear,
obtuse, bases sheathing. S$)athe 0 or caducous. Flowers monoecious, in
cylindric oblong or globose spikes or heads, the male heads uppermost.
Perianth of persistent membranous scales or hairs. — MALE. Stamens
few or many, filaments slender ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscence
lateral. — FEMALE. Ovary sessile or stalked, 1- rarely 2-celled, contracted
into a simple persistent style, stigmatose ventrally ; ovule 1, pendulous
from the top of the cell, anatropous. Fruit small, coriaceous, or a drupe.
Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy or mealy ; embryo straight, terete, radicle
next the hilum. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; genera 2 ; species about
16. — AFFINITIES. With Aroidece and Pandanece (screw-pines), of which
Sparganium is almost a member. — PROPERTIES. The roots of Typha
are farinaceous ; and the pollen is made into cakes in Sind and New
Zealand.

Flowers in globose heads 1. Sparganium.

Flowers in cylindric or oblong spikes 2. Typha.

1. SPARGA'NIUM, Z. BUR-REED.

Heads globose, subtended by leafy bracts. Perianth of 3-6 spathulate
membranous scales. Stamens 2-3, connective hardly produced at the tip.
Ovary 1- rarely 2-celled. Drupe angled, small, 1-2-celled. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. ; species about 6. — ETYM. (nrdpyavov, a band, from the
form of the leaf.

422 TYPHACE^. [SPARGANIUM.

1. S. ramo'sum, Huds. ; erect, branched, leaves erect 3-quetrous at
the base keeled, stigma linear, drupes sessile broadly ovoid, beak short.
Ponds, ditches, and river-banks, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stems 1-4 ft. Leaves 2-5 ft.,
1 in. broad. Male heads olive-brown, deciduous, J-§ in. diam. ; female as
large, 1 in. when in fruit ; bracts linear. Drupe | in. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Asia, N. Africa, N. America.

2. S. sim'plex, Huds. ; erect, simple, leaves erect (sometimes floating)
keeled 3-gonous below, heads racemose, stigma linear, drupe shortly stalked
fusiform, beak long.

Ponds, ditches, and river-banks, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. —
Stem 1-2 ft. Male heads yellow, sessile ; female peduncled. Drupe
narrowed at both ends. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), 1ST. and W. Asia,
N. America.

3. S. na'tans, L. ; floating, simple, leaves flat at the base not keeled,
heads racemose, stigma tongue-shaped, drupe stalked, beak rather long.
Lakes, ditches, &c., from Shetland southd. ; Ireland ; ascends to near 1,600 ft.

in the Highlands; fl. July-Aug.— Stem 1-3 ft., suberect in flower, leafy,
flaccid, upper part floating. Leaves J-J in. diam. Heads J in. diam., female
peduncled. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, W. Asia, N. America. —
Probably a form of S. sim'plex, as suggested by Bentham.

S. NATANS proper ; sheaths rather inflated, male heads several, drupe fusiform.
S. affine, Sshn. — Lakes, England, Scotland and Ireland, not common.

Sub-sp. S. MINIMUM, Fries ; more slender, sheaths not inflated, male heads
1-2, drupe more obovoid. — Caithness to Hants.

2. TY'PHA, L. REED-MACE, CAT'S-TAIL, CLUB-RUSH.

Spikes superposed, cylindric, with deciduous leafy bracts. Perianth of
2-3 extremely slender cellular hairs. Stamens several, monadelphous ;
connective produced. Ovaries stalked, many imperfect ; style very
slender, stigma unilateral narrow. Fruit minute, stalked, dehiscent
along the inner face. Seed cylindric, testa striate. — DISTEJB. Temp, and
trop. ; species 10. — ETYM. rtyos, a, fen.

1. T. latifo'lia, L. ; leaves |-1| in. broad subglaucous, spikes con-
tiguous or nearly so, rachis naked. T. me'dia, DC.

Lakes, river-banks, &c., from Orkney (probably) southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem 3-7 ft., terete. Leaves distichous, 3-6 ft.,
linear, obtuse, nearly flat. Spikes ^ to nearly 1 ft., 1 in. diam., dark brown,
silky from the copious filiform scales ; female ebracteate. Stigma lanceolate.
— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Africa, N. and "W. Asia, N. America.

2. T. angustifo'lia, L. ; leaves £- f in. broad dark-green not glaucous
convex beneath, spikes separate, rachis hairy.

Ditches and ponds, from Fife and Lanark southd. ; E. Ireland, rare ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July.— Smaller in all its parts than T. latifo'lia; leaves narrower,

TYPHA.] TYPHACE^. 42£

channelled towards the base; spikes |-f in. diam., separated by |-1 in.,
female often interrupted, bracteate ; female flowers bracteate, perianth-
scales dilated towards the tip ; stigmas broader. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl.
Greece), N. Africa, N. Asia, India, N. America.

ORDER LXXXIV. AROlDE'-ffi.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves various. Spathe 1 -leaved. Flowers on a
spadix, 1- or 2-sexual ; perianth 0, or hypogynous and polyphyllous.
Stamens few or many ; anthers 2 -celled, dehiscing outwards, or by terminal
pores. Ovary 1- or more-celled ; style simple or 0, stigma capitate or
discoid ; ovules 1 or more, variously attached. Berry 1- or more-celled.
Seeds 1 or more, albumen abundant fleshy or mealy, rarely 0 ; embryo
various. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, regions ; genera 100 ; species 1,000.
— AFFINITIES. With Pandanece and Typhacece. — PROPERTIES. Acrid
and poisonous.

Flowers 1-sexual; perianth 0 , 1. Arum;

Flowers 2-sexual; perianth-segments free 2. Acorus.

1, A'RUM, L.

Rootstock tuberous. Leaves radical, nerves reticulate ; petiole sheathing
at the base. Scape terete. Spathe convolute, contracted above the base.
Spadix contracted below the middle, terminated by a naked cylindric
column, bearing from the base upwards, Istly a crowd of naked sessile
ovaries ; 2dly pistillodes ; 3dly a crowd of naked sessile anthers ; 4thly
staminodes. Anthers 2-4-celled, dehisccnce terminal. Ovary 1 -celled ;
stigma sessile ; ovules few, basal, erect, orthotropous. Berry fleshy.
Seeds few, testa coriaceous, albumen mealy ; embryo short, radicle
opposite the hilum. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and sub-trop. regions ; species
about 20. — ETYM. doubtful.

1. A. macula'tum, L. ; leaves vernal, spathe twice as long as the
spadix. Cuckoo-pint, Lords and Ladies.

Woods and hedges, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in N. England ;
? wild in Scotland; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. April-May. — Corms
annual, new produced at the base of the stem. Leaves 6-10 in. , hastate-
cordate, often spotted black, lobes acute or obtuse. Scape short, lengthened
in fruit. Spathe 6-10 in., ereict, yellow-green, edged and often spotted with
purple, base persistent. Spadix above dull purple, rarely yellow. Berries
§ in. diam., crowded, scarlet, bursting the base of the spathe. Seeds 2-3,
testa reticulate. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N, Africa. — Corms
yield Portland arrow-root.

2. A. ital'icum, Miller ; leaves hibernal, spathe thrice as long as the
spadix.

424 AEOIDEJE. [ARUM.

Cornwall to Sussex, very local ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — A larger, stouter
plant than A. maculdtum, leaves more triangular; spathe falling over
at the top as soon as it expands ; spadix always yellow; pistillodes much
longer ; berries longer ; seeds larger. — DISTBIB. W". France, S. Europe, N.
Africa.

2. A'CORUS, L. SWEET-FLAG.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves radical, ensiform, equitant. Scape flattened.
Spathe continuous with the scape, 2-edged. Spadix lateral, terete, nar-
rowed upwards, covered with flowers. Perianth-segments 6, free, mem-
branous, oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, 011 the base of the 'segments,
filaments flattened ; anthers didymous. Ovary 2-3-celled ; stigma sessile,
minute ; ovules many, pendulous from the top of the cell, orthotropous.
Berry 6-gonous, full of mucus. Seeds 1-3, testa thin, albumen horny ;
embryo green, cylindric, radicle next the hilum. — DISTBIB. Europe, temp.
Asia and America ; species 2. — ETYM. Classical.

A. Cal'amuS; L. ; midrib of leaf thick.

Ditches, ponds, &c., from York and Lancaster to Somerset and Sussex, rare ;
naturalized in Scotland and Ireland ; fl. June-July. Leaves 3-6 ft., f-1 J in.
diam., margins waved. Scape leaf-like, § in. diam. Spathe long. Spadix
3-4 in., | in. thick, curved. Perianth-segmpits not longer than the ovary.
Fruit obovoid, top pyramidal.— DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece). N, Asia,
Himalaya, N. America. — Aromatic, stimulant, tonic. Supposed to have
been introd. from India. I have never seen fruit.

ORDER LXXXV. LEMNA'CE-ffi.

Minute annual floating green scale-like plants, rootless or with capil-
lary simple roots, propagated by budding, and by autumnal hibernating
bulbils, rarely by seed ; vascular tissue 0 or rudimentary ; roots tipped by
a membranous sheath. Flowers rarely produced, most minute, 1-3 in a
spathe, or naked. Perianth 0. Stamens 1-2 ; anthers 1-2-celled, de-
hiscence transverse ; pollen spherical. Ovary 1-eelled ; style short,
stigma truncate or funnel-shaped ; ovules 1-7, orthotropous anatropous
or ^-anatropous. Utricle bottle-shaped. Seeds 1 or more, testa coriaceous,
inner coat thickened and dissoid over the radicle, albumen fleshy or 0 ;
embryo axile, straight, stout, cylindric. — DISTRIB. All standing waters ;
genera 2 ; species about 20. — AFFINITIES. With Naiadacece and Aroidece.
— PROPERTIES 0.

Frond with 1 or more capillary roots. Anthers 2-celled 1. Lemna.

Frond rootless. Anthers 1-celled 2. Wolffia.

LEMNA.] LEMNACE^E. 425

1. LEM'NA, L. DUCKWEED.

Fronds with roots. Flowers in marginal clefts of the frond. Stamen
1-2, filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, didymous ; pollen muricate.
Ovules 1-7. — DISTRIB. All latitudes ; species 7. — ETYM. The Greek
name.

SECTION 1. Lem'na proper. Root single. Ovule 1, ^-anatropous.
Seed horizontal ; albumen copious.

1. L. mi'nor, L. ; frond obovate or oblong slightly convex beneath.
Still waters, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ; Channel

Islands ; fl. July. — Frond ^-^ in., young sessile on the old, soon disconnected,
green above, paler beneath ; epidermal cells with flexuous walls. Spathe
unequally 2-lipped. Stamens 2, developed successively (each a male flower).
Style long. — DISTRIB. Almost ubiquitous.

2. L. trisul'ca, L. ; frond flat obovate-lanceolate, tip serrate, young
hastate persistent. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.

Still waters, from Lanark and Banff southd. ; rare in Scotland ; local in Ire-
land ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- July. — Frond |-| in., narrowed at the
base, without epidermis, proliferous on one or botb sides; young fronds
numerous, placed crosswise to the old. Style very short. Testa rough,
grooved. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

SECTION 2. Telmatopha'ce, Schleid. (gen.). Root single. Ovules
2-7, erect, anatropous. Seeds erect ; albumen scanty or 0.

3. L. gib'ba, L. ; frond obovate or orbicular tumid beneath, stamens
2, utricle bursting transversely.

Still waters, from Edinburgh and Lanark to Devon and Kent; local in Ire-
land ; fl. June-Sept. — Frond J-| in., opaque, pale green, young sessile ;
cells beneath very large, epidermal with flexuous walls. — DISTRIB. Europe
(excl. Greece), Siberia, N. Africa, America.

SECTIONS. Spirode'la, Schleid. (gen.). Roots many. Ovules 2, erect,
anatropous. Fruit unknown.

4. L. polyrhi'za, L. ; frond broadly obovate plano-convex 7-nerved.
Ponds and ditches, from Lanark and Edinburgh to Devon and Keut; local (if

native) in Scotland ; Mid. Ireland. — Frond J-| in., dark green above, purple
beneath, tracheae abundant ; epidermal cells with flexuous walls. Spathe
2-lipped. Stamens 2. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), Siberia, Madeira,
N. America. — Flower unknown in Britain.

2. WOLFF'IA, Hork.

Fronds like grains of sand, rootless, oblong or subglobose, flattened
above, proliferous, cleft near the base. Flowers bursting through the
upper surface of the fronds. Spathe 0, Anthers sessile, 1-celled ; pollen
smooth. Ovary globose ; style short, stigma depressed ; ovule 1, erect,

426 LEMNACEJE. [WOLFFIA.

orthotropous. Utricle spherical, indehiscent. Seed oblique : albumen
fleshy, scanty.- — DISTRIB. Europe local, Africa, America ; species 12. —
ETYM. J. F. Wolff, a writer on Lemna.

W. arrhi'za, Wimm. ; frond loosely cellular beneath. Lem'na Michel' ii,

Schleid.

Ponds, Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, probably common elsewhere. — The
smallest known flowering plant. Frond -fa in. long, ^ in. broad, young
solitary at the base of the old, soon detached ; epidermal cells with straight
walls. Flowers described from African specimens.— DISTRIB. Europe local,
from Holland southd.

ORDER LXXXVI. ALISMA'CE.ffi.

Marsh or aquatic scapigerous herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, erect or
floating ; petiole sheathing. Flowers usually 2- sexual, usually panicled
or umbellate. Perianth inferior of 6 segments in two series. Stamens
6, 9, or more, hypogynous, filaments free ; anthers oblong. Ovary of 3,
6, or more carpels, free or subconnate ; styles short or 0, stigma terminal
simple or feathery ; ovules 1 or more in each cell, anatropous or campylo-
tropous. Fruit of indehiscent coriaceous carpels or follicles. Seeds 1 or
more in each carpel, testa coriaceous or membranous, albumen 0 ; embryo
straight or hooked, radicular end thick, next the hilum. — DISTRIB.
All climates ; genera 10 ; species about 50. — AFFINITIES. "With Naiadacscc..
— PROPERTIES unimportant.

TRIBE I. AIiISME'Jf-E. Sepals green. Petals usually large, fugacious. Eipe
carpels indehiscent. Ovules solitary, basal, or numerous in the inner
angle of the carpel.

Flowers bisexual, whorled ; carpels free. Leaves erect 1. Alisma.

Flowers bisexual, subsolitary ; carpels free. Leaves floating....... 2. Elisma.

Flowers bisexual, whorled ; carpels connate. Leaves erect. .3. Damasonium.
Flowers unisexual, whorled; carpels free. Leaves erect 4. Sagittaria.

TRIBE II. BUTOME -ffi. Petals and sepals similar. Eipe carpels dehiscent.
Ovules numerous, on branching parietal placentas 5. Butomus.

1. ALIS'MA, L.

Roots fibrous. Leaves erect. Flowers umbelled or whorled, bracteate,
honeyed. Sepals herbaceous. Petals deciduous, membranous, invo-
lute in bud. Stamens 6, filaments filiform ; anthers versatile, introrse,
Carpels many, free ; style ventral or terminal, short, stigma simple ;
ovules solitary, erect, campylotropous. Eipe carpels turgid or compressed,
ribbed, keeled, or grooved. Seed erect, testa very thin, raphe ventral ;
embryo hooked. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; species 10. — ETYM.
doubtful.

ALISMA.] ALISMACE&. 427

1. A. Plant a'go, L. ; leaves erect, flowers panicled, carpels in one
whorl laterally compressed, styles ventral. Water Plantain.

Ditches, edges of streams, &c., from Eoss southd., rare in the N. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-Aug. — Base of stem swollen, fleshy. Leaves 6-8
in., petioled, ovate-lanceolate, base acute obtuse or subcordate, 5-7-ribbed,
young submerged or floating. Scape 1-3 ft. ; pedicels 1-1^ in. Flowers
J in. diam., homogamous. Petals pink or rose, claw yellow. Carpels 20-30.
— DISTRIB. Arctic and N. temp, regions, Himalaya, Australia. — Juice
acrid.

A. Planta'go proper; leaves subcordate, sepals oblong, styles twice as long as
the ovary. — VAR. A. lanceola'tum, With.; leaves lanceolate, sepals ovate,
styles as long as the ovary.

2. A. ranunculoi'des, L. ; leaves erect linear-lanceolate, flowers um-
belled or whoiied, carpels capitate 4-5-ribbed turgid, styles terminal.
Bogs and ditches, from Ross southd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-
Sept. — Tufted. Leaves petioled, blade 2-3 in., 3-ribbed ; the first developed
submerged, pellucid, sometimes floating. Scape 6-18 in. ; pedicel 1-3 in.
Flowers as in A . Planta'go, pale purplish. Carpels ovoid, apiculate. — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd. (excl. Greece, Turkey), N. Africa.

A . ranunculoi'dcs proper ; erect or suberect. — VAR. A . re'pens, Davies ; stem
procumbent geniculate rooting. Lakes, N. Wales and Ireland.

2, EL IS' MA, Buchenau.

Roots fibrous. Leaves floating. Flowers subsolitary from the nodes,
pedicelled, bracteate. Sepals, petals, and stamens of Alisma. Carpels
10-12; style terminal, short, stigma simple; ovules solitary, erect, ana-
tropous, raphe dorsal. Ripe carpels oblong-ovoid, many-ribbed. Seed
erect, testa thin ; embryo hooked. — DISTRIB. 1ST. and W. Europe, local.
— ETYM. A variation from Alisma.

E. na'tans; Buck. Alisma na'tans, L.

Lakes, very rare, Ayr and Wigton ; W. England, from Cumberland to Here-
ford and Wales; W. Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Aug. Radical leaves 2-8 in.,
submerged, subulate-lanceolate, pellucid. Stem floating and rooting, giving
off long-petioled, oblong, floating leaves, |-1 in., and 1-5 slender erect 1-fld.
peduncles, 2-3 in., the uppermost rarely umbellate. Flowers -| in. diam.,
petals white, claw yellow. Ripe carpels beaked.

3. DAMASO'NIUM, Juss. STAR-FRUIT.

Habit and inflorescence of Alisma, but carpels 6-10, connate at the base,
spreading horizontally, 2- or more-ovuled. Fruit of as many stellately
spreading 1- or more-seeded long-beaked carpels. Seeds, lower erect,
upper horizontal, testa membranous rugose ; embryo hooked. — DISTRIB.
Europe, California, Australia ; species 4. — ETYM. obscure.

D, stella' turn, Pers. ; leaves narrow oblong 3-5-nerved, base cordate.
Ac'inocar'pus Damaso'nium, Br.

428 ALISMACE^E. [DAMASONIUM.

Gravelly ditches and pools, rare, from Salop and Suffolk to Kent and Hants ;
fl. May-July. — Leaves many, 2 in., obtuse, floating or emersed; petiole stout,
2-5 in. Scape 4-6 in., stout, with usually 2 whorls of flowers ; pedicels 1 in.
Flowers J in. diam. ; petals caducous. Fruit § in. diam., carpels dehiscing
ventrally.— DISTRIB. France, Spain, Italy, N. Africa.

4. SAGITTA'RIA, L.

Habit and inflorescence of Alls' ma, but flowers 1 -sexual ; stamens
numerous ; anthers basifixed, dehiscence lateral. — DISTRIB. Temp, and
trop. ; species about 15. — ETYM. sagitta, an. arrow.

S. sagittifo'lia, L. ; leaves hastate obtuse or acute. Arrow-head.
Ditches, canals, &c., from Cumberland to Kent and Devon ; naturalized in
Scotland ; local in Ireland ; fl. July-Sept. — Stem swollen at the base, stoloni-
ferous ; stolons producing globose winter tubers § in. diam. Leaves 2-8 in.,
erect, lobes long more or less diverging acuminate, the first developed sub-
merged, pellucid, linear ; petiole 8-18 in., stout, 3-gonous. Scape 6-18 in.,
with 3-5 distant whorls of 3-5 flowers each ; bracts short, obtuse, mem-
branous; lower whorls female, pedicels short; upper male with longer
pedicels. Flowers \ in. diam., males larger. Petals white, caducous, claw
purple. Anthers purple. Ripe carpels numerous, much compressed laterally,
obliquely obovate, apiculate, wings broad thick, cell small. Seeds as in
Alis' ma. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), N. Asia, N.W. India.

5. BU'TOMUS, L. FLOWERING EUSH.

A tall marsh herb, Rootstoek creeping. Leaves slender, erect. Scape
naked. Flowers in a bracteate umbel. Perianth- segments 6, oblong,
spreading, subequal, all coloured. Stamens 9, hypogynous, 6 in pairs
opposite the outer segments, 3 opposite the inner, filaments subulate ;
anthers basifixed, oblong, introrse. Carpels 6, beaked, connate below ;
styles short, stigmas sessile ; ovules covering the walls of the' carpel,
auatropous, ascending. Follicles 6, beaked, coriaceous, turgid. Seeds
many, minute, ascending, testa thin furrowed ; embryo straight. — DISTRIB.
Europe, 1ST. and W. Asia, N.W. India. — ETYM. obscure.

B. umbella'tus, L. ; leaves long slender 3-quetrous, scape terete.

Ditches and river-sides from York and Durham southd. ; naturalized in Scot-
land ; rare in Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Rootstoek stout. Leaves 3-4 ft., base
sheathing, twisted. Flowers many, 1 in. diam., rose-red, proterandrous ;
pedicels 2-4 in. Anthers and carpels red.

ORDER LXXXVII. NAlADA'CE-ffl.

Marsh- or water-herbs. Rootstoek usually creeping. Stems elongate
(rarely 0), jointed, branched, slender. Leaves often floating, alternate
or distichous, rarely opposite, G sheathing at the base ; stipules 0

TKIGLOCHIN.] NAIADACEJE. 429

or sheathing and inserted within the petiolar sheath. Flowers incon-
spicuous, 1-2-sexual, green. Perianth 0, or tubular, or cup-shaped, or of
3-4 inferior valvate segments. Stamens hypogynous ; anthers 1-2-celled .
Ovary of 1-4 carpels ; style 1, stigma various ; ovules one in each carpel,
rarely more, erect or pendulous. Fruit of one or more utricles achenes or
drupes. Seed solitary, testa membranous, albumen 0 ; embryo straight or
curved, radicular end very large. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera 16 ;
species 120. — AFFINITIES. With Alismacece. — PROPERTIES unimportant.

TRIBE I. JUNCAGIN'E-ZE. Erect marsh herbs, with rush-like leaves.
Flowers spiked or racemed, 1-2-sexnal. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, herbaceous
Stamens 6. Carpels 3 or more ; ovules basilar, erect, anatropous. Embryo
straight.

Flowers ebracteate. Anthers subsessile, short 1. Triglochin.

Flowers bracteate. Filaments and anthers long 2. Scheuchzeria.

TRIBE II. POTAME'/£. Aquatic herbs. Flowers spiked, 2-sexual. Perianth-
segments 4, herbaceous, or 0. Stamens 2 or 4. Carpels 4 ; ovules solitary,
axile, campylotropous. Embryo curved.

Perianth-segments 4. Achenes sessile 3. Potamogeton.

Perianth 0. Achenes stipitate 4. Kuppia.

TRIBE III. ZANNICHEIiL,IB'fE. Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, 1-sexual.
Perianth 0 or hyaline. Stamen 1. Carpels 2-9 ; ovules solitary, pendu-
lous, orthotropous. Embryo induplicate or involute.
Perianth 0 5. Zannichellia.

TEiBElV. ZOSTERE'-ffi. Marine herbs. Flowers sessile on a flattened

spadix, 1-sexual. Perianth 0. Anthers sessile, 1-celled, pollen confervoid.

Carpels solitary, sessile ; ovules solitary, pendulous, orthotropous. Embryo

straight with the cotyledonary end in a slit.

Flowers monoacious 6. Zostera.

TRIBE V. NAIADE'^E. Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, solitary or
crowded. Perianth hyaline. Anther 1. Carpels solitary; ovules soli-
tary, basilar, anatropous. Embryo straight.
Perianth tubular 7. Naias.

1. TRIGLO'CHIN, L.

Roots fibrous. Leaves erect, very narrow. Flowers racemed, small, green,
ebracteate, anemophilous, proterogynous. Perianth-segments 6, all similar,
cucullate, subequal, deciduous. Stamens 6, on the base of the perianth-
segments, filaments very short ; anthers broad, extrorse. Ovary 6-celled ;
stigmas 3 or 6, feathery ; ovules one in each cell or the alternate cells
empty, anatropous. Fruit of 3-6 1 -seeded coriaceous carpels, separating
from a central axis and dehiscing in front. Seeds erect, terete, testa coria-
ceous.— DISTRIB. Temp, regions, many Australian ; species 12. — ETYM.
Tpe?s and 7X0?%^, from the 3-pointed carpels.

430 NAIADACEJE. [TBJGLCCHIN.

1. T. palus'tre, L> ; leaves filiform ^-terete throughout, fruit clavate,
carpels 3 slender long attached to the axis by a point.

Marshes and wet meadows, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Stem swollen at the base,
stoloniferous. Leaves 2-12 in., flaccid, upper surface faintly grooved. Scape
slender. Raceme elongating after flowering, pedicels short. Perianth purple-
edged. Anthers purple. Fruit appressed to the scape. Carpels terete at
the back, narrowed below, axis 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic)
(excl. Greece), N. Africa, N. Asia, N.W. India, N. America.

2. T. marit'imum, L. ; stems tufted thickened at the base, leaves
slightly flattened at the tip, fruit oblong of 6 separable carpels.

Salt marshes, N. to Shetland ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-Sept. — Larger
and stouter than T. palus'tre ; scape curved; raceme longer, not dense-fid.,
nor so long in fruit ; flowers larger ; fruit not appressed to the scape, and
carpels grooved at the back. — DISTRIB. Coasts of Europe (Arctic) (excl.
Greece, Turkey), N. Africa, salt districts of Asia, N. America.

2. SCHEUCHZE'RIA, L.

A small marsh herb. Rootstock creeping. Leaves erect, slender. Scape
leafy ; flowers racemose, bracteate. Perianth-segments 6, herbaceous, re-
flexed, connate at the base, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, filaments
short ; anthers long, narrow, adnate to the filament, extrorse. Ovary of 3
carpels connate at the base, stigma sessile ; ovules 2-3 in each carpel, basi-
lar, anatropous. Fruit oS. 2-3 inflated spreading follicles. Seeds 1-2, erect,
ovoid, testa coriaceous. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia,
Rocky Mts. — ETYM. Two Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.

S. palus'tris, L. ; leaves J-terete, sheaths turgid.

Marshes, rare, Salop, Notts, Chester, York, Perth ; fl. July. — Rootstock long,
slender, clothed with old leaf-sheaths. Leaves 6-10 in., with dilated brown
sheaths and a pore at the tip. Scape stout, curved. Raceme lax, few-fld. ;
pedicels much lengthened in fruit. Perianth-segments linear-oblong. Ripe
carpels large for the plant.

3. POTAMOGE'TON, L.

Aquatic herbs. Leaves submerged and translucent, or floating and
opaque, alternate or opposite ; stipules connate, membranous or 0.
Flowers 2-sexual, in axillary or terminal spikes, proterogynous. Perianth-
segments 4, small, herbaceous, clawed, persistent, valvate in bud. Stamens
4 ; anthers subsessile on the claw, 2-celled, extrorse. Oarpels 4 (rarely 1)
free, sessile, stigma subsessile ; ovules solitary, ascending, campylotropous.
Drupelets 4 (rarely 1), small, green. Seed curved round a lateral process
from the cell, testa membranous ; radicular end of embryo inferior, large,
cotyledonary narrowed hooked or involute, plumule immersed. — DISTRIB.
Temp, regions, more rare in trop. ; species about 50. — ETYM. Trorajuos, a
river, and ysiTcav, a neighbour.

POTAMOGETON.] NAIADAOE^. 431

Mr. A. Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon,has given me the benefit of his unrivalled
knowledge of this difficult genus by revising my MS. for this edition.

SECTION 1. Leaves alternate, or the upper opposite, oblong obovate or
lanceolate, not truly linear, margins involute in bud ; stipules free.

* Flowering-stem without barren branches below ; upper leaves oblong floating,
lower (rarely all} submerged ; peduncles axillary, many- and dense-jld.

1. P. na'tans, L. ; leaves long-petioled, submerged 0 or reduced to
phyllodes, floating elliptic to lanceolate coriaceous, stipules very long
acuminate, peduncle stout, spike dense-fld., dry drupelets large keeled
dorsally, beak short.

Lakes and ponds, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept.
— Stem terete. Floating leaves 2-6 in., mostly alternate, blade very shortly
decurrent on the petiole, with the margins minutely incurved or auricled ;
submerged 6-12 in., with very rarely a limb. Drupelets ^ in., ventral margin
convex, dorsal ^-circular. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, India, Africa, N.
America, Australia. — P.polygonifo'lius, var. linea'ris, Syme, with submerged
leaves 12-16 by |-| in., from Killarney, is probably referable here, but the
fruit is unknown.

2. P. polygonifo'lius, Pourr. ; leaves long-petioled, submerged
narrowly lanceolate, phyllodes 0, floating obovate to narrowly lanceolate
rather membranous, peduncles and spike slender, dry drupelets very small
not keeled, beak very short. P. oblon'gus, Viv.

Lakes and pools on heaths, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the
Lake District ; Ireland, rare ; fl. June-Sept. — More membranous than P.
na'tans, with well-developed submerged leaves, blade often very decurrent
on the petiole, base acute rounded or cordate ; upper opposite. Drupelets
rTxo m-» red, margins rounded. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Canada ?, N. Zealand.
— VAR. flu'itans, Syme, is a deep-water form with very long submerged
leaves and subcoriaceous floating ones.

3. P. plantagineus, Du Croz ; leaves long-petioled chiefly submerged
all membranous translucent from orbicular and cordate to elliptic-lanceolate
upper opposite, stipules short broad obtuse, peduncle very slender, spike
dense-fld., dry drupelets very small rounded not keeled green, beak
obsolete.

Ditches, fens, &c., from the Clyde and Haddington to Somerset and Kent
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Leaves broader, more mem-
branous and translucent with more slender petioles than P. polygonifo'lius
and na'tansj and with very different stipules. Drupelets ^ in. long.

4. P. mfes'cens, Schrad. ; leaves short-petioled translucent, lower
submerged linear-lanceolate many-nerved, upper floating or erect broader
subcoriaceous, petiole short, stipules large, peduncle stout, spike stout,
dry drupelets ovoid acuminate red. P. flu'itans, Sm., not Schrad.

Ponds, canals, and ditches, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in
Perthshire; Ireland; fl. July-Sept.— Stem 1-4 ft., terete. Leaves reddish,

432 NAIADACE^. [POTAMOGETON.

quite entire, upper 2-7 in., obovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, lower
sessile; stipules very variable, obtuse, not winged. Peduncles 2-7 in.
Drupelets ventrally convex, dorsally ^-circular, keeled. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. Asia, N.W. India, N. America. — VAR. P. spathula'tus^'Koch and
Ziz, almost connects this with P. polyyonifo'lius. — Perthshire.

** Flowering-stem, with copious barren branches belew ; upper leaves usually
floating, broader than the lower submerged ones ; peduncles axillary and
terminal, many- and dense-fd.

5. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. ; stem slender, submerged leaves linear-
lanceolate, stipules small, peduncle stout thickened upwards, dry drupelets
small 3-keeled, beak short.

Pools and lakes, from Shetland to Hants and Kent ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in
Perthshire; Ireland, rare; fl. June-Sept.— Stem 2-4 ft., terete, green or
reddish, much branched below. Submerged leaves 1-7 in., sessile, flaccid,
acuminate or cuspidate, floating 0 or similar or oblong petioled and
coriaceous. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Drupelets T^ in., ventrally
nearly straight, dorsally |-circular. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia,
N. America.

P. HETEROPHYL'LUS proper ; leaves not amplexicaul almost flat, upper opposite
coriaceous floating. P. gramin'eus, Fries, Koch.

Sub-sp. P. NI'TENS, Weber ; much branched, leaves usually all submerged
alternate recurved undulate shining, peduncles less thickened upwards,
spike shorter, drupelets smaller. — Aberdeen to Northumbd., Anglesea,
Surrey ; Ireland, rare.

6. P. lanceola'tus, Sm. ; stem filiform fragile, leaves sessile straight
linear- or oblong-lanceolate obtuse entire translucent nerves fenestrate,
upper opposite petioled, stipules slender acuminate, peduncles short not
thickened upwards, spike very short, dry drupelets ventrally 3-toothed.

Rivers, Anglesea, Cambridge ; Co. Down ; fl. July-Sept. — Resembles slender
forms of P. heterophyl'lus, but leaves darker green, very obtuse, fenestrate
all over ; peduncles very slender, and spike shortly ovoid. Drupelets %
in., nearly straight dorsally, much rounded ventrally, with a ventral and 2
lateral teeth, beak ventral.

7. P. lonchites, TucJcerm. ; stem stout, submergedr leaves alternate
very long straight strap-shaped 7-9-ribbed quite entire translucent, floating
0 or opposite oblong-lanceolate long-petioled, peduncle slightly thickened
upwards, spike short, dry drupelets obovoid dorsally 3-keeled, beak
short.

Ireland, River Boyne ; fl. June-Sept. — Stems much longer and less branched
than in P. heterophyl'lus, and submerged leaves much longer, drupelets
larger more like those of P. flu'itans, cotyledonary end of embryo involute.
— DISTRIB. Canada and California to Mexico and Florida. — Fruit described
from American specimens.

8. P. lu'cens, L. ; stem stout, leaves large subsessile all translucent
linear- or oblong-lanceolate cuspidate undulate serrulate upper opposite

POTAMOGETON.] NAIADACEAZ. 433

often floating, stipules large long 2-winged or keeled, peduncle robust

thickened upwards, spike stout, dry drupelets small turgid, beak short.

Lakes, ponds, and streams, from Banff and Argyll to Devon and Kent ; Ire-
land ; fl. June-Sept. — The largest British species, very lucid and glistening,
pale green. Stem 3-6 ft. Leaves 4-10 in., mostly submerged, very variable,
many-nerved, mostly serrulate towards the long or short tip; upper broader
rarely floating or coriaceous. Peduncles very variable in length ; spike
usually dense-fld. Drvpelets 1-10 in., convex on both faces, beak obtuse.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, N.W. India, N. America,
Australia.

P. LU'CENS proper ; leaves shortly petioled, strongly serrulate apiculate or
mucronate, peduncles usually short.— YAR. P. acumina'tus, Schum. (P. longi-
fo'lius, Gay) ; leaves very narrow tapering to both ends, peduncles more
than twice as long as the spike.

Sub-sp. P. Ziz'n, Roth ; much branched, lower leaves often recurved, upper
cuneate at the base, floating obovate or oblong subcoriaceous, peduncles
very long, spike 1-2 in., drupelets more rounded. — Forfar and Perth to
Hants and Surrey. — The Lough Corrib plant, of which only one specimen is
known, and which was referred by Babington to P. longifolius, Gray, differs
in the narrower entire leaves and small scattered flowers.

Sub-sp. DECIP'IENS, Nolte ; leaves sessile very variable suborbicular to oblong-
lanceolate mucronate subentire undulate, stipules short scarcely winged,
peduncles stouter, spike denser, drupelets smaller.

fr* Flowering-stem with barren branches below ; leaves uniform, \- or wholly -
ampleocicaul , all submerged, oblong or ovate-oblong, upper opposite.

9 P. Griffith'!!, A. Bennett ; stem terete, lower leaves subamplexicaul,
strap-shaped, tip concave, upper long-petioled oblanceolate tapering into
the petiole, stipules long narrow obtuse, peduncles slender, spike
dense-fld.
Wales, near Aber ; fl. summer. — Stem, branched. Lower leaves 7-12 in., 11-

nerved, with 4-5 fainter nerves near the midrib ; upper 13-17-nerved.

Peduncles shorter than the upper leaves. Young drupelets ovoid, beak

terminal from the ventral face.— Habit between prcelon'gus and rufes'cens.

10. P. prselon'gus, Wulfen. ; stem terete robust, leaves ^-amplexicaul
oblong obtuse entire 3-nerved tip usually concave, stipules large obtuse
not winged, peduncles very long stout, spike dense-fld., dry drupelets
large strongly acutely keeled.

Lakes and deep rivers, chiefly in the E. ; Caithness to Essex and Salop ;
ascends to 2,800ft. in Perthshire; rare in Ireland ; fl. May-July. — About
as large as P. lu'cens, but barren branches few. Stem greenish-white. Leaves
3-10 by 1-1| in., linear-oblong, midrib dilated, upper opposite, nerves
numerous and close. Peduncles hardly thickened upwards. Drupelets twice
as large as in P. lucens. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Himalaya, America.

11. P. salicifo'lius, Wolfg. ; stem slender terete, leaves all translucent,
submerged ^-amplexicaul lanceolate acute or subacute entire, stipules
obtuse, peduncles not enlarged upwards, spike short, dry drupelets
compressed rounded obtuse. P. lithuan'iciis, Gorski.

F F

434 NAIADACEJE. [POTAMOGETON.

Rivers near Hereford ; fl. July. — Habit between P. pralon'yus and rufes'cens,
sparingly branched. Leaves 4-6 in., 3-nerved with many secondary nerves.
Peduncles 2-4 in. ; spike £-l|? in. Dru'peltts not seen in British examples.
— DISTEJB. Sweden, Lithuania.

12. P. perfolia'tus, L. ; stem stout terete, leaves amplexicaul ovate-
cordate obtuse or subacute entire 5-9-nerved tip flat, stipules small
subacute caducous, peduncles short stout, spike dense-fid., dry drupelets
hardly keeled, beak short.

Ponds, lakes, and streams, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in Wales ; fl.
June-Sept. — Branches dichotomous. Leaves 1-4 in., upper opposite, trans-
lucent. Peduncles terminal and in the forks, not thickened upwards.
Perianth-segments long-clawed. Drupelets TTg in., compressed. — DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Asia, N.W. India, W. Africa, America, Australia. — Forms
approaching var. lanceola'tus, Bobbins (A. Gray, Man. Bot. N. U. States),
are found in Scotland. — VAR. Jackso'ni, Lees, from Yorkshire.

13. P. cris'pus, L. ; stern slender compressed, leaves distichous
|-amplexicaul oblong acute or obtuse crisped serrulate 3-nerved, stipules
small obtuse caducous, peduncles curved tapering upwards, spikes few-fld.,
dry drupelets acuminate, beak long.

Ponds, ditches, &c., from Orkney southd.; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl.
July- Aug. —Dichotomously branched. Leaves l|-3 in., close-set, spreading
and recurved, margins rarely flat (P. serratus, Huds.). Peduncles stout or
slender ; flowers 6-8, lax, very small. Drupelets £ in., obliquely ovoid,
compressed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, India, Japan, N. America,
Australia.

SECTION 2. Leaves all subopposite, margins involute in bud ; sti-
pules 0.

14. P. den'sus, L. ; stem slender brittle, leaves subopposite distichous
ovate-cordate serrulate translucent 3-5-nerved, stipules 0 except on the
upper pair of leaves, peduncles very short, spikes few-fld., dry drupelets
suborbicular sharply keeled, beak short recurved.

Ponds and streams, from the Forth of Clyde to Somerset and Kent ; ascends
to 1,000 ft. in the Lake District; very local in Scotland and Ireland; fl.
July-Sept. — Dichotomously branched. Leaves ^-1 in., close-set, recurved,
acute or acuminate, keeled, the nodes of the subopposite pairs being confluent,
but their bases overlap. Peduncles rarely longer than the leaves, at length
recurved ; spike laxly 3-6-fld. Drupelets compressed, pericarp thin ; cotyle-
donary end of embryo circumvolute. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd.,
Himalaya, N. Africa, America.

SECTION 3. Leaves alternate or the upper opposite, all similar, ligulate
(not broader in the middle), margins flat in bud ; stipules free.

15. P. zosterifo'lms, Schum. ; stem compressed winged, leaves J-am-
plexicaul linear abruptly acuminate 3- rarely 5-nerved, stipules large acu-
minate, peduncle much longer than the spike, drupelets subreniform
3 -ribbed. P. cuspidatus, Sm. ; 1 P. ccmpres'sics, L.

POTAMOGETON.] NAIADACE^ti. 435

Forfar to York and Essex, local ; Co. Down ; fl. July-Aug. — Stem broad,
internodes long. Leaves 4-10 in., often | in. broad, with 3 strong and many
slender nerves. Peduncles 2-3 in. ; spike many-fld. Drupelets £ in., slightly
compressed; beak terminal. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.— The
P. compres'sus, L., being a doubtful plant, the name zosterifo'lius is adopted
by most authors.

16. P. acutifo'lins, Link; stem compressed, leaves ^-amplexicaul
linear finely acuminate 3-nerved, stipules lanceolate acute, peduncle rarely
equalling the very short spike, dry drupelets convex with a strong tooth
near the base ventrally, beak recurved.

Lakes and ditches, Yorkshire to Kent and Dorset, rare ; fl. June-Aug. — Stem
narrower than in P. zosterifolius. Leaves 2-6 in., with 3 strong and many
slender nerves. Peduncles f- (rarely) 1 in. ; spike about J in. Drupelets
§ in., compressed ; beak ventral. — DISTRIB. Europe, Australia.

17. P. obtusifo'lius, Mert. and Koch ; stem slender compressed, leaves
sessile linear subacute or obtuse 3-nerved, stipules very obtuse, peduncles
very short, spike small ovoid, dry drupelets broad keeled, beak straight.
P. gramin'cus, Sm., not L.

Pools and ditches from Aberdeen to Hants and Kent ; Ireland, rare ; fl. July-
Aug. — Stem flexuous, much branched, 4-gonous, not winged. Leaves 2-6 by
f-£ in., dark green, rather opaque, with no visible nerves between the 3
principal ones ; stipules ^ in., tip broad. Peduncles much shorter than the
leaves, terminal or in the forks, equalling or exceeding the densely few-fld .
spike. Drupelets compressed, broadly obliquely ovoid. — DISTRIB. Europe,
W. Siberia, N. America.

18. P. pusil'lus, L. ; stem filiform, leaves |-amplexicaul narrowly
linear acute acuminate or subacute 1-3- (rarely 5-7-) nerved, stipules
small acute, peduncles slender, spike few-fld., dry drupelets small turgid
obtusely keeled, beak stout.

Rivers, ponds, and ditches, from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; fl. July-Aug. — Stem often much branched, rarely
slightly compressed. Leaves |-3 by ^O~TO ^n-> rarely acuminate, green,
rather opaque. Peduncle usually much longer than the 6-10-fld. spike ;
flowers minute. Drupelets obliquely ovoid ; beak subterminal. DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America.

P. PUSI1/LI7S proper ; leaves acute or subacute, 1-3-nerved. — YAR. tenuis'siwa,
Koch (P. yrac'ilis, Bab., not Fries) ; smaller, leaves acuminate more
spreading 1 -nerved. — VAR. riy'ida, A. Benn. ; rigid, fragile, lateral nerves
of leaf faint or 0, stipules long, spike \ in., drupelets obscurely keeled.
— Orkney.

Sub-sp. P. FRIES'II, Rupr. ; stem compressed, leaves often fascicled broader 5-
rareiy 7-nerved, peduncles 1-2 in. compressed, spike |-| in., interrupted,
dry drupelets larger, beak shorter. P mucrcna'tus, Schrad. ; P. compres'sus,
gm- —Orkney to Dorset, local ; Sussex and Hants ; Co. Down.

Sub-sp. P. STURROCK'II, A. Benn. ; stem filiform, leaves 2-3 in. subobtuse 3-5-
nerved bright-green pellucid, peduncles very slender 2-4 in., spike f-^ in.,
dry drupelets much smaller, beak short. — Forfar and Perth. — A very elegant
and delicate plant.

F F 2

436 NAIADACEdS. [POTAMOGETON.

19. P. trichoi'des, Cham, and Sehl. ; stem capillary, leaves |-amplexi-
caul setaceous 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, stipules slender acute, peduncles
filiform much longer than the few-fld. spike, dry drupelets solitary, beak
short.

Muddy ponds and ditches, Norfolk, E. Suffolk ; W. Ireland; fl. Aug.-Oct.—
Stem repeatedly dichotornously and divaricatingly branched. Leaves 1-2|
in., spreading, acuminate, dark green, rigid. Peduncles curved, longer than
the leaves ; flowers 3-6, very minute, monogynous. Drupelets ^ in., obliquely
ovoid, compressed, dorsally more or less tubercled, ventrally toothed near
the base. — DISTRIB. From Sweden southd. and eastd., N. Africa.

SECTION 4. Leaves all similar, submerged, linear, margins flat in bud ;
stipules adnate with the leaf-base into a sheath.

20. P. pectina'tus, L. ; stem filiform, densely distichously branched,
leaves very long linear or filiform acuminate. 1-3-ribbed, peduncles long
slender, flowers few remote, dry drupelets large turgid, beak short.
Fresh and brackish ditches, &c., from Orkney southd.; Ireland; Channel

Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Forms dense masses. Hoot a small tuber. Leaves
3-8 by ^V~y m-> lower 5-nerved ; stipulary sheath often 1-1J in, tip free.
Peduncles not thickened upwards ; flowers interruptedly whorled. Drupe-
lets very large for the plant, £ in., dimidiate-obovoid, obscurely keeled
dorsally, ventrally slightly convex. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia,
India, Africa, N. America, Australia.

P. PECTINA'TUS proper; upper leaves 1-nerved, channelled bifistular, lower
flat 3-ribbed, lateral ribs of dry drupelets conspicuous. Common. P.
mari'nus, Huds., not L., is a var. with stems naked below.

Sub-sp. P. FLABELLA'TUS, Bab.; upper leaves 1-3-nerved, lower flat 3-5-nerved,
lateral ribs of dry drupelets obscure. P. jimcifo'lius, Kerner. — England.
Scotland (very rare), Ireland.

21. P. filifor'mis, Noltc ; stem filiform, branches short, leaves capillary
1-nerved, peduncles longer than the leaves very slender, flowers in dis-
tant whorls, dry drupelets small, beak very short.

Lakes and ditches, Shetland to Berwick, local ; Anglesea; Ireland, rare ; fl-
July-Sept. — Stem branched below, simple above. Leaves all capillary 1-
nerved and channelled. Flowers in dense whorls. Drupelets scarcely
keeled, beak terminal. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N. India, N.
America, Australia.

4. RUP'PIA, L.

Slender brackish-water herbs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, sub-
merged, filiform, with stipuliform sheaths. Flowers minute, 2-sexual,
proterandrous, usually 2 on opposite sides of a filiform rachis ; peduncle
ebracteate, terminal, but apparently lateral from being pushed aside by an
axillary shoot from the last leaf, elongate after flowering. Perianth 0.
Stamens 2, an upper and a lower, filaments short broad ; anthers attached
by the back ; cells reniform distant, dehiscence vertical ; pollen a curved
tube with 1 median and 2 terminal nuclei. Carpels 4, sessile ; stigmas

RUPPIA.] NAIADACE^E. 437

sessile peltate ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Drupelets stipitate, ovoid,
carried up on the greatly lengthened usually spirally coiled peduncle.
Seed pendulous, testa thin ; radicle large ovoid, cotyledonary end small
hooked subterminal. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species 1 or
more. — ETYM. H. B. Ruppius, a botanical author.

R. marit'ima, L. ; leaves opposite and alternate.

Brackish ditches, &c., N. to Shetland; rare in "W". Scotland; Ireland;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Habit of Potamoqe'ton pectina'tus. Stem
filiform, much branched, 2 ft. and upwards. Leaves 1—3 in. ; the first leaf of
each axillary shoot is opposite to a narrow obtuse or notched cellular scale
jt in. long arising from the base at the side next the axis. Peduncle short
and straight in flower, fruiting 5-6 in. Drupelets §-£ in., green, beaked,
pedicel 1-2 in. — DISTRIB. All shores temp, and trop.

K. MARIT'IMA proper; sheaths inflated, fruiting peduncles spirally coiled,
anther-cells oblong, drupelets nearly straight, beak shoit. R. spira'lis,
Hartm.— Orkney to Somerset; rare in Ireland.

Sub-sp. E. ROSTELLA'TA, Koch; sheaths appressed, fruiting peduncles short
flexuous, anther-cells subglobose, drupe gibbous, beak longer. Common ;
flowers earlier. — VAR. na'na, Syme, has creeping stems buried in the mud,
and very short pedicels. Orkney.

5. ZANNICHEL LIA, L. HORNED PoNDWEED.
Slender water-plants. Leaves submerged, usually opposite, linear ;
stipules adherent to the sheathing leaf-base. Flowers minute 1- or 2-
sexual, solitary or in pairs, axillary, situated in a cup-shaped sheath. Sta-
men 1 ; anther 2- celled, sagittate, cells adnate to the slender filament,
dehiscence lateral, connective excurrent ; pollen globose. Carpels 4-6,
styles long or short, stigma peltate persistent ; ovule pendulous, orthotro-
pous. Drupelets 4-5, sessile or stalked, oblong, curved. Seed pendulous,
testa membranous ; radicle large, clavate ; cotyledonary end slender, twice
folded. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions; species 1 or several. — ETYM.
Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.

Z. palus'tris, L. ; achenes curved, keel smooth tubercled or crenulate.

Fresh and brackish ditches and pools, N. to Orkney ; rare in W. Scotland ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-Aug. — Annual. Stem 3-6 in., filiform or
setaceous; branches divaricate. Leaves 1-3 in., opposite, subwhorled, often
capillary. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled. Achenes about rJ2 in.,
narrow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, India. — The following forms
are defined by Mr. Baker.

Z. PALUS'TRIS proper ; drupelets 2-4 sessile, back rarely crenulate, style half
as long, stigma small and crenulate, filament |-1 in., anther 4-celled. —
Z. macroste'mon, Gay.

Sub-sp. Z. BRACHYSTE'MON, Gay ; drupelets 2-4 nearly sessile, back crenate,
style about half as long, stigma large crenulate, filament §-| in., anther
2-celled. Z. palus'tris, E. B. ; Z. ma'jor, Bonn. — Common.

Sub-sp. Z. PEDUNCULA'TA, Reichb. ; drupelets pedicelled, back strongly muricate,
style about as long, stigma large crenulate, filament j-^ in., anther 2-celled.
Z. pedicella'ta, E. B.

438 NAIADAOE^E. [ZANNICHELLIA.

Sub-sp. Z. POLYCAR'PA, Nolte ; drupelets often 5-6 subsessile, back cylindric,
.style £-£ as long, stigma large repanded, filament T3o-| in., auther 2-celled.
— VAB. tennis' sima, Fr. ; very slender.

6. ZOSTE'RA, L. GRASSWRACK.

Grass-like marine plants ; rootstocks matted, creeping. Stem com-
pressed. Leaves distichous, sheathing, long, linear ; stipules adherent to
the sheathing leaf-base. Flowers in 2 parallel series of alternating anthers
and carpels on one surface of a linear membranous peduncled spadix, which
is enclosed in a sheathing leaf-like spathe. Perianth 0. Anthers sessile,
] -celled, dehiscence longitudinal ; pollen of slender tubes. Carpels ovoid,
fixed laterally ; style subulate persistent, stigmas 2 capillary exserted from
the spathe, deciduous; ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Utricle dehiscent.
Seed ovoid, testa tough ; embryo large, oblong, deeply grooved, cotylc-
donary end sigmoid, slender, sunk in the groove, plumule immersed.—
DISTRIB. Various coasts ; species 4. — ETYM. fatrTJip, a riband.

1. Z. mari'na, L. ; spathe dilated above the peduncle, its blade long,
spadix many-fld. margin entire.

Muddy and sandy estuaries near low-water mark, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. July-Sept.— Rootstock slender, rather fleshy. Leave*
1-3 ft., j-J in. broad, obtuse, bright green, opaque, 1-7-iierved. Spathe,
including the leafy portion, 6-10 in., varying in breadth as the foliage does.
Spadix 1-3 in. Flowers green, usually in series of 2 anthers (perhaps one
2-celled anther) and an ovary. Fruit J in. furrowed. — DISTRIB. Most temp,
coasts (Arctic).

VAB. mari'na proper; leaves j-J in. broad 3-7 -ribbed. — VAR. anyustifo'lia ,
Syme ; leaves ^-j in. broad 1-3-nerved. Orkney, &c.

2. Z. na'na, Roth ; spathe dilated above the peduncle, its blade short,
spadix few-fld. , margin with inflexed membranous appendages.
Estuaries, rare, from Forfar and Argyll to Sussex and Cornwall ; Dublin Bay ;

fl. July-Sept. — Similar to Z. mari'na, var. angustifo'lia, but leaves not more
than 6 in. by J-£ broad ; fruit shorter and very obscurely striate. — DISTRIB.
Atlantic coast of Europe, N. Africa.

7. NA'IAS, L.

Very slender, submerged, fresh-water herbs. Leaves linear, opposite
fascicled or whorled ; stipules adnate to the leaf-base. Flowers 1-sexual,
solitary or crowded. — MALE. A solitary 1-4-celled anther enclosed in 2
sheaths, the outer sheath toothed ; pollen large, globose. — FEMALE. A soli-
tary sessile carpel, naked or enclosed in sheaths ; style short, stigmas 2-4
persistent subulate ; ovule basal, erect, anatropous. Drupe small ; epi-
carp thin, separable. Seed ovoid, testa thin ; embryo straight, oblong,
radicular end largest. — DISTRIB. Various climates ; species 10. — ETYM.
?a?av, a water-nympli .

NATAS.] N.AIADACEJS. 439

1. N. flex'ilis, Rostkov. ; leaves very slender, subentire.
Lakes, Perthshire, Skye, and Connemara; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Stem filiform,
branched, brittle. Leaves |-1 in., opposite or 3 in a whorl, linear, quite
entire or remotely serrulate ; sheath sciliate. Flowers 2-3 or solitary. Drupe
ji in. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, America.

2. N. marina, L. ; leaves strongly spinular-serratg. N. major, All.
lickling Broad, Norfolk ; fl. July. — Stem 3-9 in., sparingly branched, toothed
here and there. Leaves opposite and 3-na.te, §-2 in. long ; sheath entire.
Flowers dioecious, solitary. JDrupe J in., nearly ellipsoid, purplish. — DISTRIB.
Temp, and trop. regions of the Old World.

ORDER LXXXVIII. CYPERA'CE-flE.

Grassy or rnsh-like herbs, usually perennial. Stem solid, often 3-gonous.
Leaves with closed sheaths. Flowers 1-2-sexnal, in the axils of small
bracts (glumes), which are arranged in terete angled or compressed spike-
lets, beyond which the anthers and styles project. Glumes concave, often
rigid, distichous or inserted all round the rachis, lower of each spikelet
often empty. Perianth 0, or of 3-6 or more hypogynous scales or bristles.
Stamens 1-6, hypogynous, filaments linear flat ; anthers basifixed, linear,
dehiscing inwards, 2-celled, often with a claw at the tip. Ovary 1-celled
(in Carex enclosed in a coriaceous utricle, pcrigynium) formed of 1 folded
or 2 connate bracteoles ; style ], stigmas 2-3 filiform papillose all over ;
ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit small, iridehiscent, compressed
or 3-gonous (in Carex enclosed in the perigynium). Seed erect, testa
membranous, albumen floury ; embryo minute, lenticular, at the base and
outside of the albumen. — DISTRIB. All climates ; genera 61 ; species
2}200. — AFFINITIES obscure. — PROPERTIES 0.

TRIBE I. SCIRPE'JE. Spikelets many-fid. Flowers 2-sexual. Perianth 0, or

of scales or bristles.

Spikelets compressed; glumes distichous, deciduous 1. Cyperus.

Spikelet solitary, terete, terminal. Bristles 3-8 included 2. Heleocliaris.

Spikelets usually clustered and lateral. Bristles 0, or 3-8 included. .3. Sciipus.
Spikelets solitary or clustered, terete, terminal. Bristles very

long flexuous exserted 4. Eriophorum.

TRIBE II. RHYNCHOSPORE'JE. Spikelets 1- or few-fld., terete or com-
pressed. Flowers upper or all bisexual. Perianth 0, or of bristles.

Spikelets terete. Bristles slender or 0. Nut beaked 5. Rhynchospora.

Spikelets compressed ; glumes distichous. Bristles various or 0.

Nut not beaked 6. Schrenus.

Spikelets terete. Bristles 0. Nut obtuse 7. Cladium.

440 CYPERAGE^. [CYPERUS.

TRIBE III. SCIiERIE'JE. Spikelets 1-2-fld., terete or compressed. Flowers
unisexual. Bristles 0 8. Kobresia.

TRIBE IV. CARICE'JE. Spikelets many-fld., terete, glumes most or all
flower-bearing. Flower* unisexual; male naked; female enclosed in a
perigynium 9. Carcx.

1. CYPE'RUS, L.

Perennial, rarely annual, rushy or grass-like herbs of various habit.
Spikelets linear, compressed, in lateral or terminal usually bracteate heads,
or branched umbels, or panicles. Glumes many, distichous, concave,
keeled, deciduous, all or most flower-bearing. Flowers 2-sexual. Bristles 0 .
Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous, not tumid at the base, stigmas 2-3.
Nut 3-gonous or compressed. — DISTRIB. All climates bat cold ; species
about 700. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

1. C. lon'gus, L. ; perennial, tall, cyme umbellate, glumes erect red-
brow 11. Galingale.

Marshes, very rare, Pembroke, and from Kent to Cornwall ; Channel Islands ;
fl. Aug.-Sept. — Rootstock stout, creeping. Stems 2-3 ft., stout, erect,
3-quetrous, leafy at the base. Leaves few, flat, keeled; margins hardly
scaberulous. Rays many, 3-6 in., slender, again umbellate. Bracts leaf-
like, far exceeding the rays. Spikelets J-f in., 4-8, linear, curved, distich-
ously crowded. Glumes lanceolate, midrib green scabrid. Nut 3-quetrous,
pale. — DISTRIB. From France and Germany southd., N. Africa. — Rootstock
aromatic, formerly used as a medicine.

2. C. fus'cus, L. ; annual, dwarf, spikelets corymbose or capitate,
glumes at length spreading green or pale brown.

Ditches and wet meadows, very rare, Surrey (Chelsea naturalised, now
extinct) ; Channel Islands ; fl. Aug.-Sept.— Stems 3-10 in., many ascending
from a fibrous root, 3-quetrous. Leaves flat, spreading, grass-like. Rays
few, short, usually simple. Bracts 3, leaf-like, unequal, broad at the base,
curved, spreading. Spikelets £-£ in., crowded, slender. Glumes many, oblong-
ovate, subacute ; midrib broad or narrow, smooth, green. Nut minute,
white. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

2. HELEO CHARIS, Br.

Tufted, erect, usually perennial glabrous herbs. Stems slender, sheathed
at the base. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, terete angled or com-
pressed. Glumes many, imbricate all round the rachis ; lower 1-2, if any,
flowerless. Flowers 2-sexual. Bristles 3-6, not longer than the glumes.
Stamens 3. Style deciduous, articulate with the top of the fruit, stigmas
2-3. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous, tipped with the style-base. — DISTRIB.
All climates, especially temp. ; species about 80. — ETYM. e'Aos and xa^Pu>
from delighting in marshes.

HELEOCHABIS.] CYPERACE^E. 441

1. H. palus'tris, Br. ; rootstock stout creeping branched with many
tufts of leaves and stems, lowest glume broadest, bristles 4-6, nut com-
pressed, stigmas 2.

Marshes, lake borders, and ditches, N. to Sutherland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock elongate,
black. Stems 6-18 in., stout or slender, slightly compressed. Sheaths 2,
brown, truncate, leafless. Spike £-| in., terete, narrow-ovoid, red-brown.
Glumes lanceolate, subacute ; lowest much shortest, obtuse. Anthers
apiculate. Nut compressed, obovate, striate, top triangular. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, N. India, N. America.

H. PALUS'TRIS proper ; glumes dark, keel green, edges pale, lowest suborbicular
half-embracing the base of the spikelet, nut faintly striate.

Sub-sp. H. UNIGLTJ'MIS, Link ; glumes brown, edges narrow pale, lowest ovate
almost embracing the base of the spikelet. Less common. — H. Watso'ni,
Bab., from Argyll and Wicklow, is a short, more rigid form with dark brown
glumes, lowest embracing the base of the spikelet, and nut more evidently
punctate in lines longer than the bristles.

2. H. multicaulis, Sm. ; rootstock short with one tuft of leaves and
stems, lowest glume largest, bristles 5-6, fruit 3-gonous, stigmas 3.

Marshes, pools, &c., chiefly on moorlands, N. to Orkney ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Similar to H. palus'tris, but differs in habit, in the
obliquely truncate leaf-sheaths, and usually blunter glumes with narrower
margins. Nut hardly striate. — DISTRIB. N. Europe, N. America.

3. H. acicula'ris, Sin. ; rootstock stoloniferous, stems setaceous
obtusely 4-gonous grooved, spikelets minute, glumes ovate obtuse, lowest
broadest, bristles 1-3, nut 3-gonous ribbed, stigmas 3.

Sandy edges of lakes and pools, from Forfar and the Clyde to Surrey and
Cornwall, rare in Scotland ; W. Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Ang.—
Stolons capillary. Stems many, 2-8 in., extremely slender. Sheaths
membranous, acute. Spikelets ^ in., compressed, red-brown. Nut very
minute, pale, top subglobose.— DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic),
N.W. India, N. Ameiica.

3. SCIR PUS, L.

Leafy or leafless, usually tall, marsh- or water-plants ; rootstock creeping.
Spikelets several, in terminal or lateral cymes heads or clusters, or solitary,
terete or compressed. Glumes imbricate all round the rachis or distichous,
all but the 1-2 lowest flower-bearing. Flowers 2-sexual. Bristles 1-6,
included, or 0. Stamens 3. Style 2-3 -cleft, not swollen at the base,
deciduous. Nut compressed or 3-gonous, top not swollen. — DISTKIB. All
climates ; species about 300. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

SECTION 1. Spikelets large, lateral or terminal, cymose or clustered
and sessile ; glumes numerous. Bristles 1-6.

412 GYPERAGEM. [Scmrus.

* Stem leaf ess or nearly so. Cymes leafless.

1. S. lacus'tris, L. ; stems terete usually leafless, cymes terminal
branched longer than the bracts, branches stout, spikelets solitary or
clustered, glumes obtusely 2-lobed mucronate ciliate. Bulrush.

Lakes, flitches, and marshes, N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands;
fl. July-Aug. — Stems 1-8 ft., spongy, as thick as the thumb or less, base
sheathed. Leaves 0, or short flat and keeled in still water, or long and
strap-shaped in streams. Cyme lateral at first, then expanding and over-
topping the stern ; branches few, §-3 in., strict, stout. Spikelets 1-6, j— g
in., sessile, cyiindric in flower, ovoid in fruit, red-brown. Glumes mucronate
or awned. Bristles 4-6, shorter than the broad nut. — DISTRIB. Arctic,
temp, and trop. regions.

S. LACUS'TRIS proper : stems terete green, leaves often floating, glumes gla-
brous, anther-tips ciliate, nut 3-gonous.

Sub-sp. S. TABERNJEMONTA'NI, Gmel.; stems terete glaucous, glumes scabrid,
anther-tips glabrous, nut compressed. S. ylau'cus, Sm.— Usually near the
sea, from Fori'ar and Dumbarton southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands.

Sub-sp. S. CARINA'TUS, Sm. ; stems green obtusely 3-gonous above, glumes
smooth, anther-tips glabrous, nut compressed. — Tidal rivers, Middlesex,
Kent, Cornwall.

2. S. tri'queter, L. ; stem 3-quetrous usually leafless, cymes lateral,
branches short stout, spikelets solitary or few elongate ovoid, glumes'
obtusely 2-lobed mucronate.

Muddy tidal rivers; Middlesex and Sussex to Cornwall ; fl. Oct.— Eootstock
slender. Stems 1-3 ft., strict, spongy, concave on one side. Leaves 0, or
very short on the upper sheath. Spikelets in sometimes sessile clusters.
Glumes obovate, brovvn, smooth. Anther-tip glabrous. Bristles 2-6. Nut
obovoid, 3-gonous, smooth, shining. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd.
(excl. Spain, Greece, Turkey), E. Asia, Africa, America, Australia.

3. S. pun'gens, Vahl ; stems 3-quetrous, leaves 2-3 linear, spikelets
lateral sessile, glumes ovate acutely 2-lobed mucronate. S. Roth'ii, Hoppe.
Sandy banks of St. Ouen's Pond, Jersey ; fl. June-July. — Habit of S. tri'queter,

but smaller, more slender, 6-18 in. ; leaves 4-6 in., channelled, keeled ;
spikelets § in., sessile; glumes red-brown ; anther-tips acute ; bristles 1-2 ;
nut obovoid, pale. — DISTRIB. ~W. Europe, from Denmark southd.

** Stem 3-gonous, leafy. Cymes terminal, leafy.

4. S. marit'imus, L. ; leaves channelled, cymes corymbose, spikelets
few cyiindric red-brown, glumes acutely 2-lobed awned.

Salt marshes from Eoss and Skye southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July-Aug. — Eootstock often tuberous. Stems 1-3 ft., tufted, rigid, leafy
below. Leaves often § in. broad, elongate, keeled, dark green. Spikelets
J-l in., brown, peduncled or sessile; bracts |-1 ft.; glumes glabrous or
pubescent. Bristles 1-6. Nut compressed or 3-gonous, truncate, dotted,
shining.- DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, W. Siberia, N.W. India,
N. America.

SCIRPUS.] CYPERACEsZ. 443

5. S. sylvat'icus, L. ; leaves flat, cymes effuse, branches many divari-
cate, spikelets small ovoid green, glumes entire obtuse.

Moist shaded places, from Argyll and Banff southd. ; Ireland ; fl. July. —
Stems solitary, 1-3 ft., stout, leafy. Leaves large, sometimes | in. broad,
keeled. Cymes 2-5 in. diam. ; branches slender; spikelets |-£ in., 3-5 in
a cluster. Glumes ribbed. Bristles 6, barbed. Nut obovoid, mucronate,
punctulate. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece), N. Asia, temp. N. America.

SECTION 2. Spikelets small, lateral, sessile, fascicled, rarely solitary ;
glumes few or many. Bristles 0. (Isolcpis, Br.)

6. S. seta'ceus, L. ; stems filiform, leaves 1-2 narrow channelled,
spikelets 1-3 lateral, nut obovoid 3-gonous ribbed and striate.

Gravelly and sandy damp places, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Stems 3-6 in., tufted,
terete, rigid. Leaves short, setaceous. Spikelets usually 2-3, ^-| in., ovoid.
Glumes ovate, obtuse, green and brown. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas 3. Nuts
broad, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa (?), Siberia.

7. S. Sa'vii, Seb. and Maur. ; stems filiform, leaves 1-2 narrow
channelled, spikelets 1-3 subterminal, fruit subglobose 3-gonous not
furrowed.

Wet bogs, W. Scotland, from Isla southd. ; Lancashire ; "Wales and Suffolk to
Hants and Cornwall; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July. — Very similar to
S. seta'cea, but larger, paler, often 10 in., with longer leaves ; fruit paler,
shining, dotted in lines. Spikelet sometimes solitary (S. pyy'mcea, Kunth). —
DISTRIB. W. France, S. Europe, N. Africa.

8. S. flu'itans, L. ; floating, leafy, spikelet terminal solitary, nut
obovate compressed mucronate. Eleogi'ton fluitans, Link.

Marshes and pools, from" Orkney southd.; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Yorkshire;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-July. — Stems 6-18 in., compressed,
slender, branched. Leaves 1-2 in., linear, very slender. Spikelets |-£ in.,
narrow-ovoid, pale. Glumes 4-8, oblong. Stiff mas 2. Nut plano-convex,
pale, smooth, tipped with the base of the style. — DISTRIB. W. Europe,
from Gothland southd , Azores.

9. S- Holoschce'nus, L. ; stems tall terete stout, leaves few erect
subulate rigid channelled, spikelets in compact globose cymose heads,
fruit subglobose mucronate transversely wrinkled.

Sandy sea-coasts, N. Devon ; Channel Islands ; fl. Sept. — Eootstock creeping,
stout. Steins 2-3 ft., as thick as a crowquill, tufted, margins of sheaths
united by reticulate fibres. Leaves on the upper sheaths only, shorter than
the stem, ^-terete, margins rough. Heads |-| in. diam., upper subsessile ;
branches of cyme 1-3 in., |-terete, very stout. Spikelets mitmte. Glumes
obovate, notched, mucronate, ciliate. Stiymas 3. — DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd., N. Africa, Siberia.

SECTION" 3. Spikelets small, terminal, solitary; glumes few or many.
Bristles 3-3. (Bceo'thryon, Ehrh.)

444 CYPEEACE^E. [Scmpus.

10. S. csespito'sus, L. ; rootstock and leaves very short, 2 lowest
glumes fertile equalling or exceeding the spike inucronate or awned,
bristles 4-6 smooth, obovoid 3-quetrous acuminate. Eleocharis, Link.
Heaths and moors, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,500 ft. ; Ireland ; fl. June-
July. — Stolons 0. Stems 6-12 in., very densely tufted, wiry, grooved.
Sheaths, lower split, large, stout, rigid, shining ; upper slender, with an erect
short subulate blade. Spikelets £-§ in., erect, chestnut-brown, shining.
Glumes few, rigid, lowest flowering with usually a long green point.
Anthers long, exserted, mucronate. Stigmas 3, very long. Nut brown. —
DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. America.

11. S. pauciflo'rus, Lightf. ; rootstock creeping, stolons long, upper
sheaths truncate, lowest glume fertile obtuse not equalling the spikelet,
bristles 3-6 barbed, nut obovoid 3-gonous. Elcocharis, Link.
Moorlands, N. to Caithness ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;

Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Similar to S. ccespito'sus, but* leafless,
smaller; lowest glume obtuse, with the rib not produced to the top; and
anthers not apiculate. Nut pale, minutely striate ; beak slightly contracted
at the base, representing the tumid top of the nut of Heleo'charis. — DJSTRIB.
Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece, Turkey), N. and W. Asia, N. America.

12. S. par'vulus, R. and S. ; minute, rootstock creeping, sheaths
hyaline, leaves setaceous, spikelet minute, glumes pale lowest flowerless
obtuse not exceeding the spikelet, bristles 4-8 barbed, fruit obovoid
3-gonous. JEleocharis, Hook.

Sandy seashores, Devon, Dorset, Hants, "Wicklow ; fl. July. — Rootstock
elongate, capillary, with distant tufts of a few soft stems and leaves, and
small tubers. Stems 1-2 in., grooved ; sheath very inconspicuous, owing to
its extreme tenuity. Leaves like the stem, slightly dilated at the base,
recurved, subulate, channelled. Spikelets T^ in., pale. Glumes membranous,
obtuse. Nut pale. — DISTRIB. From Norway southd. (excl. Spain, Greece,
Turkey).

SECTION 4. Spikelets small, in a terminal erect bracteate distichous
spike ; glumes few. Bristles 3-6. (Blysfmus, Panz.)

13. S. Cari'cis, Retz ; leaves flat, edges rough, lower glume ribbed
much shorter than the spikelet. S. carici'nus, Schrad. ; S. planifo'lius,
Hull ; Blys'mus compres'sus, Panz.

Wet pastures and marshes, from the Forth and Clyde to Somerset and Kent ;
ascends to 1,500 ft. in Northumbd. ; fl. June-July. Rootstock elongate.
Stems 4-10 in., solitary, sheathed at the base. Leaves shorter than the stem,
grass-like, keeled. Bracts leafy, long or short. Spikes J-l| in. Spikelets
many, J in., pale brown. Bristles barbed. Fruit pale. — DISTRIB. Europe
(excl. Spain, Greece), Siberia.

14. S. ru'fus, Wahlb. ; leaves J-terete smooth, lowest glume not ribbed
equalling the spikelet. Blys'mus ru'fus, Link.

Wet pastures, especially near the sea, from N. Wales and Lincoln to Shet-
land; N. Ireland; fl. July. — Rootstvck creeping. Stems tufted, 3-12 in.

SCIRPUS.] CYPERACE^. 445

Leaves short, channelled. Spikes §-§ in., chestnut-brown. Spikelets few,
short. Bristles short, rough, very deciduous. Fruit brown. — DISTRIB.
N.W. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, Himalaya.

4. ERIOPH'ORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.

Perennial, tufted herbs. Spikelete terminal or lateral, solitary or cymose,
terete. Glumes imbricate all round the rachis, all but 2-3 lowest flower-
bearing. Flowers 2-sexual. Bristles 4-6 or very many, capillary, flat, at
length greatly exceeding the spikelets. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous,
base not tumid, stigmas 2-3. Nut 3-gonous or compressed. — DISTRIB.
N. temp, and Arctic regions ; species about 12. — ETYM, epiov and <f>opd, from
the cottony heads.

* Spikelet solitary, terminal, ebracteate.

1. E. vagina' turn, L. ; stems glabrous, leaves filiform 3-quetrous, spike-
let ovoid many-fld., bristles very many.

Boggy moors, Shetland to Sussex and Cornwall ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. April-May. — Rootstock short. Steins many,
tufted, 6-10 in., longer in fruit, terete below, 3-gonous above, with 1-2
inflated leafless sheaths above the middle. Leaves very short. Spikelet
f-1 in., erect. Glumes hyaline, broadly ovate, olive-green. Nut obovoid,
obtuse, mucronate, compressed. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic),
N. and W. Asia, N.W. Tibet, N. America.

2. E. alpi'num, L. ; stems rough 3-gonous, leaves setaceous, spikelet
narrow-oblong few-fld., bristles 4-6 crumpled.

Spongy bogs, Forfar (extinct); fl. June.— Rootstock creeping, producing a
series of stems and leaves. Stems 6-10 in., very slender, rigid. Leaves
short, rough, channelled, keeled. Spikes J in., erect, oblong-lanceolate.
Glumes yellow-brown. Nut minute, obovoid, trigonous. — DISTRTB. Arctic
and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

** Spikelets in lateral corytnbiform cymes, drooping, bracteate.

3. E. polysta'chion, L. ; stems rigid obtusely 3-gonous, leaves smooth
flat, tip 3-gonous, bracts 2T3, spikelets 4-12, nut obovoid mucronate.

Bogs, Shetland to Cornwall and Sussex ; ascends to near 3,500 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May- June. — Rootstock stout.
Stems 6-18 in., stout or slender, smooth, leafy. Leaves chiefly radical,
variable in breadth. Heads rarely solitary, very variable in number, size,
and length of peduncles. Glumes £-J in., lead-coloured, oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, membranous. Bristles when fully grown 1^-2 in. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), N. Asia, N. America.

E. POLYSTA'CHION proper ; rootstock long, stems not tufted solid, leaves
channelled 3-gonous above the middle, branches of cyme smooth, glumes
ovate, margins broad scarious. E. angustifo'lium, Roth. ; E. grac'ile, Sm.,
not Koch.

Sub-sp. E. LATIFO'LIUM, Hoppe ; rootstock short, stems tnf ted slender trique-
trous hollow, leaves flat tip short 3-gonous, branches of cyme scaberulous.

446 CYPERACEJK. [ERIOPHORUM.

glumes lanceolate with very narrow scarious margins. E. pubes'cens, Sni. —
Local ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in N. England ; rare in Ireland.

4. E. grac'ile, Koch ; stems very slender 3-gonous, leaves very narrow
3-quetrous throughout channelled, bracts 1-2 small, spikelets 3-6, fruit
narrowly obovate-lanceolate obtuse not mucronate.

Bogs, very rare, Yorkshire, Surrey, Hants ; fl. June-July. — A doubtful species
somewhat intermediate between polysta'chion and latifo'lium. Stem very
slender, 1-2 ft., leaves short, exceedingly narrow ; peduncles seabrid ;
heads small ; glumes broad, obtuse, distinctly ribbed, brown, without scari-
ous margins ; nut very narrow. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic),
Siberia, N. America.

5. RHYNCHO'SPORA, Void.

Perennial, tufted, leafy sedges. Spikelets terete, in axillary and terminal
corymbs or panicles. Glumes imbricate all round the rachis, 1-2 only
flower-bearing. Flowers 2-sexual, or the upper 1-sexual. Bristles 6 or more,
rarely 0. Style-base tumid, hardened, persistent, stigmas 3. Nut com-
pressed or 3-gonous, tipped by a tumid tubercle. — DISTRIB. Temp, and
trop. ; species about 200. — ETYM. pvvxos and airopd, from the beaked
fruit.

1. R. al'ba, Vahl ; spikelets pale 1-fld., bristles many barbed, stamens
2, fruit obovoid contracted below equalling the tumid tubercle.

Spongy bogs and wefc meadows, Shetland to Cornwall and Sussex ; Ireland ;
fl. June— July. — Rootstock short. Stems 6-18 in., very slender, 3-gonous
above. Leaves subsetaceons, very narrow, channelled. Corymbs small, ^-|
in. diam., terminal and axillary, long peduncled, flat-topped ; bracts leafy.
Spikelets ^ in., crowded, white or pale brown. Glumes oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, keeled, membranous. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe (Arctic),
Siberia, N. America.

2, R. fus'ca, R. and S. ; spikelets dark brown, bristles 6 barbed
upwards, stamens 3, fruit obovoid equalling the triangular serrulate
tubercle.

Bogs in Glamorgan. Somerset, Dorset, Hants, and Surrey, rare ; S.W. Ireland ;
fl. July-Aug.— Similar to R. al'ba, but more slender and root-stock elongate.
— DISTRIB. N. Europe, N.E. America.

6. SCHCE NUS, L.

Perennial, often leafless, rigid, rush-like herbs. Spikelets in compressed
terminal bracteate heads. Glumes subdistichous, rigid, the upper only
flower-bearing. Flowers 1--4, 2-sexual. Bristles 1-6. Stamens 3. Style
deciduous, base not tumid, stigmas 3. Nut 3-gonous, obtuse or mucronate.
— DISTRIB. Chiefly temp. ; species about 60. — ETYM. (rx<m/os, from the
use of some species as cordage.

SCHCENUS.] CYPEBACE^E. 4-17

S. ni'gricans, L. ; stems terete, spike obovoid usually much shorter
than the bract.

Bogs and wet moors, rather local, Shetland to Cornwall and Surrey ; ascends
to 1,000 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- July. —
Rootstock short, stout, branched. Stems 6-24 in., in dense hard tufts of
matted sheaths and leaves, terete, wiry, leafless above ; sheaths copious,
red brown or black, shining. Leaves wiry, terete, margins convolute, Spikes
§-f in., dark red-brown, shining ; bract setaceous. Spikelets 4-10, erect,
linear-oblong. Glumes irregularly distichous, oblong-lanceolate, subacute ;
keel scaberulous. Bristles barbed upwards. Nut small, ovoid, white. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.

7. CLA'DIUM, P. Brown.

Coarse, harsh, perennial, usually tall, grassy herbs. Spikelets terete,
usually pauicled or cymose. Glumes few, concave, imbricate all round
the rachis, 1-3 only flower-bearing. Flowers 2-sexual, or the lower male.
Bristles 0. Stamens 2-3. Style, deciduous, tumid but not jointed at the
base, stigmas 2-3. Nut globose ovoid or 3-gonous, mucronate or beaked,
peri carp "thick corky, endocarp hard.— DISTRIB. All climates except very
cold ; species about *20. — ETYM. /cAaSos, a twig.

C. Maris'cus, Br. ; stems terete, spikelets clustered on the branches
of many crowded compound cymes. C. german'icum, Schrad. (an older
name).

Bogs and marshes, local in England, from the Border southd. ; Sutherland,
Wigton, and Berwick in Scotland ; Ireland ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock stout,
creeping. Stems 2-5 ft., stout, erect, terete or obscurely 3-gonous, very
leafy. Leaves 2-4 ft., ^ in. diam., rigid, glaucous, channelled, keeled,
margins serrulate, points very long. Cymes axillary and terminal, corym-
bose ; branches 1-3 in., erect or recurved, bracts setaceous. Spikelets ^ in.,
crowded in pedicelled heads ^ in. diam. Glumes 5-6, obtuse, pale-brown,
lower short, upper oblong-lanceolate flowering. Flowers about 2, one fertile.
Stamens usually 2 ; anthers apiculate. Nut small, ovoid, 3-gonous, beaked,
brown. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. Africa, Siberia.

8. KOBRE SIA, Willd.

Small perennial sedges. Leaves rigid, keeled. Spikelets in a terminal
compressed ovoid spike, few-fld., some male, others male (upper) and
female. Glumes 2-3, imbricate all round the rachis, lowest flowerless.
Bristles 0. — MALE fl. Stamens 3. — FEMALE fl. at the base of a convolute
bract. Ovary 3-gonous ; style-base simple, stigmas 3. Nut 3-gonous. —
DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya; species 8. —
ETYM. De Kobres, a German patron of botany.

K. carici'na, Willd. ; lower spikelets with one female flower.

Upland moors, York, Durham, Westmoreland, Argyll, and Perth (ascends to
about 2,500 ft.) ; fl. Aug. — Rootstock short. Stems 4-9 in., densely tufted,

448 CYPERACE^E. [KOBEESIA.

rigid, terete, leafy at the base only. Leaves 2-5 in., wiry, recurved, grooved,
margins convolute. Spike %-l in., narrow. Spikelets subdistichous, sessile,
cylindric; bracts small, lowest with a rigid serrulate point. Glumes § in.,
rigid, ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale brown, basal always empty, second of the
lower spikelets female, the third male ; in the upper spikelets both flowers
are male. Nut as long as the glumes, linear, beaked, pale. — DISTRIB.
Arctic and Alpine Europe, Greenland, Rocky Mts.

9. CA'REX, L. SEDGE.

Perennial grass-like herbs. Stems usually leafy. Spikelets 1-2-sexual,
rarely dioecious terete, solitary or in heads spikes racemes or panicles,
all 2-sexual or lower female with often a few male fl. at the base or top,
and upper male with often a few female at the top or base. Glumes
imbricate all round therachis, persistent or deciduous. — MALE fl. Stamens
2-3, without perianth or bristles. — FEMALE fl. a compressed or 3-quetrous
ovary, included in an urceolate 2-toothed sac, from which the 2-3 stigmas
project. Nut minute, coriaceous, compressed or 3-gonous, included in
the sac (perigynium}. — DISTBIB. All climates, rare in trop., abundant in
Arctic and cold ; species about 500. — ETYM. /cefpw, •from the cutting foliage.
— Sometimes a slender rudimentary rachis (racheola) occurs in the perigy-
nium, at the base of the ovary.

SECTION 1. Spikelet solitary, terminal.

1. C. pauciflo'ra, Lightf. ; monoecious, leaves involute, spikelet ebrac-
teate, glumes 4-6, upper male, perigynia reflexed, stigmas 3.

Moorland bogs, York to Caithness ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; fl.
June-July. — Rootstock slender, creeping, stoloniferous. Stems 3-12 in.,
very slender, 3-gonous, smooth. Leaves setaceous. Spikelets J in. Glumes
£-J in., rather distant, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, shorter than the fusi-
form pale beaked perigynia. Nut 3-quetrous, pale. — DISTRIB. Europe,
chiefly Alpine and Arctic, N. America.

2. C. pulica'ris, L. ; monoecious, leaves involute, spikelet ebracteate,
glumes 6-12, upper male, perigynia reflexed, stigmas 2.

Bogs, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock tufted ; stolons 0 or short. Stems
3-8 in., smooth, rather rigid, terete, grooved. Leaves setaceous, often
exceeding the stem. /Spikelets |-1 in. Glumes f in., lower sometimes
remote, ovate-oblong, subacute, about \ as long as the ovate-lanceolate
stalked compressed beaked pale perigynia. Racheola linear, sometimes
floriferous. Fruit oblong, plano-convex, grey. — DISTRIB. N. and Alpine
Europe, N. Asia.

3. C. Davallia'na, Sm. ; dioecious, leaves filiform flat rough, spikelet
ebracteate, glumes numerous, perigynia reflexed, stigmas 2.

Near Bath (extinct) ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted, stolons 0. Stems 6-18 in.,
very slender, strict, rough. Spikelet ^-f in. long, cylindric-oblong ; male
very narrow, glumes linear-oblong ; female glumes ovate, acuminate, pale

CAREX.] GYPERACEM. 449

chestnut-brown, persistent, equalling the ovoid-lanceolate rather decurved
sessile beaked perigynia. — DISTRIB. From Holland and the Pyrenees E.
to Austria and S. Kussia.

4. C. dioi'ca, L. ; leaves setaceous smooth, spikelet ebracteate dioecious
or male below, glumes many, perigynia erect or spreading, stigmas 2.
Bogs and moorlands, Shetland to Somerset and Sussex; ascends to nearly

2,900 ft. in the Highlands; rarer in Ireland; fl. May- June. —Rootstock
creeping, stolon if erous. Stems 6-12 in., terete, striate, wiry. Spikelets :
male f— | in., very narrow, cylindric, glumes oblong-lanceolate, pale ; female
^— § in., ovoid, glumes ovate, brown, deciduous, shorter than the sessile
ovoid beaked ribbed plano-convex perigynia. Nuts lenticular, chestnut-
brown. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. America.

5. C. rupes'tris, All. ; leaves channelled, bract subulate or.O, glumes
few, upper male, perigynia erect, stigmas 3.

Ledges of alpine rocks, alt. 2,000-2,500 ft. ; Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, and
Sutherland ; fl. July. — Rootstock creeping, tufted, stoloniferous. Stems 4-6
in., wiry, 3-gonous, rather rough. Leaves curved, rigid, margins recurved,
tip wavy, rough. Spikelet f-1 in., narrow, dark-brown, shining. Glumes,
female few, broadly ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rather shorter than the
elliptic, smooth, pale, abruptly beaked perigynia. Nut 3-quetrous, brown.
— DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine N. and Mid. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ,

SECTION 2. Spikelets short, sessile, most or all 2-sexual, all similar.
Brads 0, or setaceous or leafy, never sheathing. Stigmas 2.

* Spikelets in simple spikes or heads, male usually at the top only (spike
sometimes compound at the base in 8, dis'ticha; see also 12, murica'ta).
Rootstock creeping.

6. C. incur'va, Lightf. ; stems short, spikelets capitate, bract 0, peri-
gynia longer than the ovate obtuse glumes, beak abrupt short smooth.
Sandy shores, from Holy Isle to Shetland, rare ; fl. June- July.— Rootstock

very long, creeping. Stems stout, decurved, subterete, smooth, leafless.
Leaves spreading and recurved, margins involute. Spike |-| in., broadly
ovoid. Perigynia elliptic-ovoid, turgid, spreading, pale, much larger than
the pale brown glumes. Nut ferruginous, lenticular. — DISTRIB. Arctic and
• Alpine Europe, Siberia, N.W. India, N. America, S. Chili.-

7. C. divi'sa, Huds. ; slender, spikelets short crowded bracteate, peri-
gynia ovoid equalling the ovate cuspidate glumes, beak 2-fid serrulate.
Marshes near the sea, from York, N. Wales, and Lincoln southd. ; Dublin ; fl.

May-June. — Rootstock stout. Stems 1-3 ft., very slender, leafy, 3-gonous,
scabrid above ; basal sheaths leafless. Leaves long, very narrow, flexuous,
margins involute. Spikes \-\-\ in., narrow, interrupted, pale brown ; bracts
setaceous or filiform. Glumes membranous. Perigynia not margined.
Nut brown, plano-convex, orbicular. — DISTRIB. From France and Germany
southd., N. and S. Africa, W. Siberia, N.W. India.

8. C. dis'ticha, Huds. ; stems long, spikelets in an elongate head,
bracts small, perigynia stipitate elliptic-ovoid ribbed exceeding the acumi-
nate glumes, wing and 2-fid beak serrulate. C. interme'dia, Good.

G G

450 GYPERAGE^. [CAREX.

Wet meadows and marshes, from Lanark and Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to
1,200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June. — Rootstook creeping. Stems
1-3 ft., stouter than in C. divi'sa, leafy, 3-gonous, scaberulous above. Leaves
£-^ in. broad, flat. Spike |-3 in., subdistichous, pale brown, sometimes
compound at the base, the upper and lower spikelets usually wholly male,
intermediate chiefly male ; bract never large and leafy. Nut ovoid, ferrugi-
nous.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

9. C. arena'ria, L. ; stems short, spike oblong, bracts setaceous, peri-
gynia substipitate elliptic-ovoid ribbed winged exceeding the subaristate
glumes, wing broad and 2-fid beak serrulate.

Sandy sea-shores, N. to Shetland, and inland in Surrey, Norfolk, and Suffolk ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Very near C. disticha, but habit
different, shorter ; leaves rigid, curved ; glumes more mucronate, and fruit
with a broad coriaceous wing. Eootstock very long, stout, branched, binding
the sands. Stems 8-12 in., stout, curved, 3-quetrous, scabrid above. Leaves
chiefly radical, stiff, margins involute. Spike 1-3 in., compressed, pale
brown. Spikelets many, lower female, upper usually male, intermediate 2-
sexual. Nut plano-convex, chestnut, shining. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

VAR. C. liyer'ica, Gray, is a more slender form with female spikelets at the
top.— Scilly Islands. N. and W. Europe.

** Spikelets male at the top only, in compound heads spikes or panicles (rarely
simply spiked or capitate in 12, murica'ta ; see also 8, dis'ticha).

10. C. panicula'ta, L. ; stout, rootstock very short, spikelets many in
a broad or narrow elongate panicle, perigynia ovoid many-nerved below
broadly 3-gonous equalling the pale margined ovate subaristate glumes,
beak narrow 2-toothed serrulate.

Wet copses and marshes, from Orkney southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
June- July. — Rootstocks densely matted, forming tussocks 2-4 ft. diam.
Stems 1-4 ft., leafy, stout, 3-quetrous, scaberulous above. Leaves harsh,
long, narrow, flat. Panicle 2-6 in., very variable, rarely reduced to a simple
spike, pale brown. Branches short or long ; bracts 0 or setaceous. Spikelets
crowded, pale brown. Perigynia truncate or cordate below, opaque, narrowed
into the long beak. Nut ovoid, base narrowed, biconvex, base of style
tumid. — DISTRIB. From Sweden southd., Canaries, W. Siberia.

C. PANICULA'TA proper; panicle usually broad.

Sub-sp. C. PARADOX'A, Willd. ; stem clothed below with black erect nerves of
old sheaths, panicles smaller laxer, beak of perigynia narrower split to the
base with overlapping margins, nerves as in C. panicula'ta. — Bogs, very
rare ; Middlesex, Norfolk, York, Westmeath. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
Siberia.

11. C. teretius'cula, Good. ; slender, rootstock obliquely creeping,
panicle narrow spike-like, spikelets few, perigynia spreading ovoid turgid
few-nerved exceeding the ovate acuminate glumes, beak long rough 2-
toothed.

Bogs and meadows, from Caithness to Devon and Kent ; Ireland ; fl. June. —
Near C. panicula'ta, but forming scattered tufts (not tussocks), rootstock
creeping; stems wiry, much more slender; spike shorter, broader, more

CABEX.] CYPERACE^. 451

simple ; perigynia brown, shining, ribbed only at the back, where 2-4 main
ribs diverge from the base and then converge under the beak. Nut obpyri-
form, biconvex. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece), Canaries, Hima-
laya, N. America, N. Zealand. — C.Ehrhartia'na, Hoppe (C. pseudo-paradox' a,
Gibs.), with more numerous stems and a larger more interrupted spike,
found near Manchester and Birmingham, seems hardly a variety.

12. C. murica'ta, L. ; slender, spikelets few in spikes or slender
panicles, bracts 0 or setaceous, perigynia spreading elliptic-ovoid smooth
longer than the acuminate glumes, beak broad serrulate 2-lid. C. spica'ta,
Huds.

Marshes, copses, &c., from Caithness, Elgin, and the Clyde southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. —Densely tufted, stolons short. Stems 1-2
ft., wiry, 3-gonous, scaberulous above. Leaves shorter than the stem, narrow,
flat. Spike very variable. Spikelets green, squarrose. Perigynia narrowed
.below, sessile, faintly ribbed, beak deeply 2-fid. Nut brown, plano-convex,
base of style clavate. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, Himalaya,
N. America.

C. MTJRICA'TA proper ; stems erect, spike more continuous, glumes brown with
green keels, beak serrulate. — Drier places. — A v&r.pseudo-divul'sa is recorded
from Malvern Links ; it is intermediate between murica'ta and divul'sa, the
spike being interrupted below. It grows with murica'ta in W. Suffolk.

Sub-sp. C. DIVTJL'SA, Good. ; more slender, stems curved, spike elongate much
interrupted, perigynia less spreading narrower and glumes paler, beak les«»
serrulate. — Moist places, from York and N. Wales southd., Channel Islands.

13. C. vulpi'na, L. ; stout, leaves broad flat, spike subcylindric
bracteate, perigynia spreading ovoid truncate below obscurely ribbed
equalling the ovate awned pale brown glumes, beak long serrulate 2-fid.
Marshes, copses, and saline ditches, from Elgin and the Hebrides southd. ;

Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted, stoloniferous. Stems
many, 3-quetrous, leafy, angles scabrid, faces convex. Leaves J-| in.
Spikes 1-3 in., variable, squarrose ; bracts setaceous, spreading, conspicuous.
Glumes pale brown, midrib green, awn short scabrid. Perigynia compressed,
ribs variable in stoutness. Nut ovoid, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N". Africa,
Siberia, N. America.

*** Spikelets male at the base, rarely at the top also, distant, alternate (rarely
close in 14, echina'ta}. Bracts often long and foliaceous.

14. C. echina'ta, Murr.\ slender, leaves narrow, spikelets 3-5 sub-
globose squarrose, bracts small, perigynia broadly ovoid plano-convex
striate exceeding the ovate acute glumes, beak broad notched scabrid. (7.
stellula'ta, Good.

Moors and bogs, N. to Shetland ; ascends to near 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock densely tufted. Stems
6-18 in., 3-gonous, minutely scabrid above, stolons 0. Leaves channelled,
shorter than the stem. Spikes ^-1 in., usually very pale ; upper spikelets
more slender. Glumes green or with pale brown sides. Perigynia olive-
green, sessile, base rounded, lateral ribs stout, facial faint. Nut lenticular,
pale olive. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America.
— VAR. C. Gry'pos, Schk. ; glumes with two broad red-brown bands. Perth.

G G 2

452 OYPERAQE^S. [CAEEX.

15. C. remo'ta, L. ; slender, leaves narrow, bracts long, spikelets ob-
long, perigynia erect narrow-ovoid plano-convex striate exceeding the
oblong-ovate acuminate glumes, beak broad and margins above serrulate.
Copses, from Argyll and Koss southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. ; Ireland ; Chan-
nel Islands; fl. June. — Tufted; branches spreading Stem 1-2 ft., inclined,
3-gonous. Leaves TV~g in. broad, equalling the stems, flat. Spike 2-5 in.,
rachis scabrid ; lower bracts often very long. Spikelets 3-9. Glumes pale
brown, midrib broad green, margins white scarious. Perigynia pale,
narrowed below. Nut plano-convex, narrowed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa, N". Asia, Himalaya, N. America. — C. tenel'la, Sm., not Schk,, is a
starved form. — C, axilla'ris. Good. (? a hybrid with murica'ta), has taller
stouter 3-quetrous stems, shorter bracts, larger spikelets, the lower crowded
and compound, and broader rigid glumes. Marshes, from York southd. ;
Ireland. — O. Bcenninyhausenia'na, Weihe (? a hybrid with panicula'ta), has
slender 3-quetrous scabrid stems, long spikes, no bracts, small spikelets, pale
membranous! glumes, and perigynia serrulate below the middle. Marshes,
from Banff southd.

**** Spikelets male at the base, or both at the top and base, in a compact head or
spike. Bracts 0 or subulate (except (7. lepori'na).

16. C. lepori'na, L. ; stout, leaves narrow, spike lobed compact, peri-
gynia elliptic-ovoid plano-convex striate equalling the lanceolate acute
glumes, margins winged and long 2-fid beak serrulate. C. ova' Us, Good.
Wet places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,700 ft. in the Lake District ; Ireland ;

Channel Islands; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted; stolons 0. Stem* 6-12 in.,
3-quetrous, slightly scabrid above. Leaves shorter than the stem, flat TV~|
in. broad, points fine. Spike f-1 in., often as broad, pale brown, compressed ;
spikelets male at the base only; bracts 0, or subulate (C. argyrolo'chin,
Lond. Cat. 1867, not Hornem.). Glumes pale brown, midrib green, edges
whitish, acuminate or cuspidate. Perigynia sessile. Nut stipitate, oblong,
lenticular, shining. — DISTRTB. Europe (Arctic), N. and "W. Asia, Rocky Mts.

17. C. canes cens, L. ; slender, leaves narrow, spike interrupted,
bract 0 or minute, perigynia elliptic-ovoid plano-convex ribbed equalling
the ovate acute pale glumes, beak short 2-fid serrulate. C. cur'ta, Good.
Bogs and marshes, from Isla and Elgin southd. ; ascends to nearly 2,200 ft. in

the Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock tufted ; stolons 0. Stems
12-18 in., 3-quetrous, longer than the leaves, hardly scabrid above. Leaves
flat, yV-f in. broad. Spike f-l| in., slender ; spikelets 3-8, ovoid, male at
» the base only ; bracts 0, rarely 1, subulate. Glumes very pale, edges broad
scarious. Perigynia erect, pale olive, not winged, ribs slender, beak obscure.
Nut ovoid or obovoid, lenticular, pale. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl.
Spain, Greece, Turkey), N. Asia, N. America, S. Chili.

VAR. C. alpic'ola, WahL (C. vit'ilis, Fries; C. Persoo'nii, Sieb.), has spikelets
fewer, few-fld., glumes browner, beak deeply 2-fid in fruit. — N. Wales,
York to Ross, rare, ascends to 3,600 ft.

18. C. lagopi'na, Wahl. ; stem wiry, leaves flat, spikelets 2-4 small
crowded, bracts minute, perigynia elliptic-ovoid biconvex ribbed exceeding
the ovate acute glumes, beak short 2-fid. C. lepori'na, L. in part.

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 453

Aberdeen Alps, alt. 3,600. ft., very rare ; fl. Aug. — Rootstock tufted ; stolons
short. Stems 6-10 in., 3-quetrous, often curved below, smooth or scabrid
above. Leaves ^-^ in. broad. Spikelets | in. ovoid. Glumes few, broad,
dark brown, midrib green, edges white. Periyynia red-brown. Fruit
obovoid. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

19. C. elonga'ta, L. ; slender, leaves narrow, spike slender, spikelets
many close, perigynia elliptic-lanceolate biconvex ribbed much exceeding
the ovate acute glumes, beak subulate entire decurved.

Wet copses and marshes, from York to Sussex and Kent ; Lough Neagh ; fl.
June. — Rootstock tufted, matted ; stolons 0. Stems very many, 1-2 ft.,
3-quetrous, scabrid, graceful, leafy. Leaves longer than the stems, flaccid,
flat, yo~^ in- broad. Spike 1-2J in. ; bracts 0. Spikelets erect or spreading,
lower rarely distant. Glumes red-brown, midrib green, edges white. Peri-
yynia pale, sessile, spreading, strongly ribbed, gradually narrowed into the
beak. Fruit oblong, obtuse, plano-convex. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
N. Asia, N.W. America.

SECTION 3. Spikelets 2-6, short, ovoid, approximate, all subsimilar,
2-4 lower wholly female, upper male at the base only (rarely at the top
or throughout). Lowest bract foliaceous, sheath very short or 0.
Stigmas 3:

20. C. Buxbaum'ii, Wahl. ; leaves narrow, sheath-edges filamentous,
spikelets 3-5 subsessile, perigynia green ellipsoid nerved larger than the
lanceolate dark glume, beak 0. C. polyg'ama, Schk.

Stony banks, Lough Neagh ; fl. July. — Rootstock short, creeping, stoloniferous.
Stems 1-2 ft., rigid, 3-quetrous, leafy below. Leaves flat, ^-\ in. broad ;
sheaths red-brown, rigid. Lower bracts leafy, often exceeding the spike.
Spikelets ^-£ in., obtuse, conspicuous from the small dark glumes and large
broad imbricating perigynia. Glumes rounded, mucronate acuminate or
awned, dark red-brown, midrib green. Periyynia plano-convex, mouth
2-fid, ribs slender. Nut obovoid, 3-quetrous, brown, covered with white
dots. — DISTRIB. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America, Australian
Alps.

21. C. alpi'na, Swartz ; leaves short flat, spikelets 2-4 sessile subglobose,
perigynia ovoid nerveless much larger than the ovate acute blackish
glumes, beak very short notched scabrid. C. Vahl'ii, Schk.

Rocky mts., Aberdeen, Forfar, alt, 2,400-2,600 ft. ; fl. Aug.— Rootstock with
short stolons. Stem 6-18 in., subsolitary, rigid, 3-quetrous, smooth or
scaberulous above. Leaves short, recurved |-£ in. broad. Spikelets J-Jin.,
close, lateral subhorizontal black ; bract slender. Glumes crowded, sub-
acute, broad, without a green midrib. Periyynia broad, yellow-browu,
scaberulous. Nut ellipsoid or ovoid, 3-quetrous, pale. — DISTRIB. Arctic
and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

22. C. atra'ta, L. ; leaves broad, spikelets 4-6 pedicelled inclined
subcylindric, perigynia suborbicular 3-gonous compressed smooth larger
than the ovate subacute blackish glumes, beak short slender smooth.

454 CYPERAGE^. [CAREX.

Lsdges of Alpine rocks, N. Wales, Westmoreland, Dumfries, and Mid. Scot-
land, alt. 2,400-3,700 ft. ; fl. July-Aug.— RootstocJc tufted, small, stoloniferous.
Stem 10-28 in., inclined, 3-gonous, hardly scabrid above. Leaves rather
large, £-J in. broad, flat, keeled. Spikelets f-f in., rarely remote, uppermost
sometimes wholly male ; bracts usually exceeding the spikelets, sheaths very
short. Glumes erect, imbricate. Fruit 3-quetrous, elliptic. — DISTRIB. Arctic
and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N.America. — Diandrous and 2-sexual
flowers occur (Boott.).

SECTION 4. Spikelets mainly 1 -sexual, lower all or chiefly female ; upper
different-looking, usually more slender, all or chiefly male.

* Stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in 27, aquatilis, and 28, Goodenovii). Bracts equalling
the female spike, sheaths 0. (See also 56, vesicaria, sub-sp. saxatilis,
and 59, paludosa*

t Leaves with revolute or recurved margins (best seen when dry).

23. C. rig'ida, Good. ; stout, leaves broad short recurved, sheaths
all leafing, edges not filamentous, spikelets erect short, perigynia obovoid
lenticular green equalling the obtuse dark glumes, beak very short
smooth.

Stony mts., from N. Wales and York to Shetland ; ascends to 4,300 ft. ; W.
and N. Ireland; fl. June- Aug. — Rootstock creeping, tufted or not. Stems
rigid, 3-quetrous, usually curved, nearly smooth. Leaves many, stiff, keeled,
^-J in. broad. Bracts never much exceeding the stem. Spikelets very
variable, subsessile ; male cylindric, clavate or fusiform, sometimes female
below; females 3-5, J-j in., sometimes pedicelled, obtuse, cylindric or
oblong, sometimes male at the top. Glumes dark, midrib green, edges
narrow pale. Perigynia broad, smooth, substipitate. — DISTRIB. Arctic and
Alpine Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

24. C. acu'ta^Z. j rigid, leaves long broad, sheath-edges not filament-
ous, spikelets many long, perigynia compressed green broader than the
dark narrow glumes, beak very short entire. C. grac'ilis, Curtis.

Wet places, from the Clyde and Berwick to Kent and Somerset ; Ireland ; fl.
May-June. — Rootstock tufted, stoloniferous or not. Stems 2-3 ft., 3-quetrous,
smooth, or scaberulous. Leaves equalling the stem, J-J in. broad, flaccid,
lowest sheaths sometimes leafless. Spikelets 1-4 in., many, inclined, sub-
sessile, sometimes long-pedicelled ; males 2-4, stout or slender; females
3-5. Glumes obtuse acute or cuspidate, midrib green. Perigynia elliptic
or suborbicular, smooth, substipitate, variable in size and breadth; ribs
3-5, faint, beak smooth. Nut plano-convex, orbicular or obovoid. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, E. and W. N. America. — Perigynia
sometimes antheriferous. — C. tricostafta. Fries, is a slight variety with more
orbicular and stronger ribbed perigynia, found N. Ireland.

25. C. stric'ta, Good. ; slender, leaves long erect flat, sheath-edges
filamentous, lower leafless, spikelets sessile, perigynia orbicular-ovoid com-
pressed green nerved much larger than the oblong obtuse dark glumes,
beak very short notched. C. ccespito'sa, Gay, not L.

Marshy places, local, from the Clyde to Kent and Dorset ; Ireland ; fl. May-
June. — Rootstock in large dense tufts. Stems 1-3 ft., 3-quetrous, slightly

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 455

scabrid above. Leaves ^-^ in. diam., long, flaccid ; leafless sheaths long,
strict, red-brown, shining. JSracts 0, or variable. Spikelets £-2 in., erect,
cylindric ; males 1-2, slender ; females 1-3, sometimes male above, stout.
Glumes in about 8 rows, pitchy, midrib green ; of the male very narrow,
subacute. Nut oblong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. America.

tt Leaves with incurved or involute margins (best seen when dry}.

26. C. triner'vis, Dcgl. ; rigid, leaves narrow, female spikelets 2-3
sessile oblong or cylindric, perigynia oblong compressed smooth 3-5-
nerved, dotted equalling the dark obtuse glumes, beak very short.

Wet sandy places on the Norfolk coast ; fl. July- Aug. — A stout short species
with long scaly rootstocks and stolons; roots very stout. Stems 6-10 in.,
erect or curved, smooth, 3-gouous. Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem,
smooth, keeled ; sheaths not fibrous. Spikelets |-1 in., close ; lower bract
slender, stiff, exceeding the spikelet, not sheathing. Glumes brown, midrib
green. Periyynia stipitate, yellow, rarely orbicular. Fruit lenticular, brown,
punctate. — DISTRIB. Shores of N.W. Europe.

27. C. aquat'ilis, Wahl. ; stem stiff, leaves long erect flat, spikelets
3-6 cylindric, perigynia snborbicular compressed pale smooth nerveless
rather larger than the dark obtuse glumes, beak short smooth or 0.

Bogs and marshes in Scotland, from the Border to Caithness, rare ; ascends to
3,300 ft. ; fl. June-Aug. — Rootstock tufted, creeping, stoloniferous. Stems
10-24 in., 3-gonous, stout, polished, leafy below. Leaves £-§• in. broad ;
sheaths all leafing, not filamentous. Spikelets 1-2| in., slender, lower
usually pedicelled ; males 1-3, more slender and pale ; bracts long, leafy.
Glumes oblong or ovate, midrib bright green, margins not pale. Periyynia
much compressed, very pale brown. Fruit variable, ovoid obovoid or
orbicular, lenticular or 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Scandinavia (Arctic),
Greenland, N. America.

C. aquat'ilis proper (including var. mi' nor ^ Boott) ; stem scaberulous abova,
bracts long, spikelets large pale. High mts. — VAR. Watso'ni, Syme ;
stems shorter smooth, leaves narrower, bracts shorter, spikelet smaller,
glumes darker purple brown. The lowland form.

28. C. Goodeno'vii, Gay; leaves very narrow erect, spikelets 3 -5 sub-
sessile short, perigynia suborbicular plano-convex nerved below larger than
the obtuse dark glumes, beak very short terete smooth. C. ccespito'sa,
Sin. ; C. vulga'ris, Fries.

Marshes and wet meadows, N to Shetland ; ascends to nearly 3,000 ft. ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-July. — Rootstock tufted or creeping,
sometimes extensively. Stems 6-24 in., 3-quetrous, scaberulous above, rigid,
short and curved or long slender and erect. Leaves sometimes very slender,
TV~To in. broad, at others short, recurved, £ in. broad. Spikelets ^— 1 in., erect,
close or rather distant. Glumes imbricate, concolorous, or midrib green.
Periyynia usually obtuse, green or olive, sometimes pitchy, much com-
pressed, nerves slender, sometimes confined to the base. Nut orbicular,
lenticular, rarely 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. America.

C, Gibso'ni, Bab. ; glumes § shorter than the more elongate acute fruit

456 CYPERACEJB CAKEX.

Yorkshiie, extinct. Its author suggests its being an abnormal Good-
eno'vii.

** Stigmas 3. Beak of perigynium short or 0 ; mouth truncate, entire or ob-
liquely notched (rather long in 34, vaginata, and 35, capillaris). (See
also 27 aquatiliSj 28 Goodenovii, 46 extensa, 55 stngosat 56 vesicaria, sub-
sp. saxatilis, 59 paludosa, and 60 riparia.}

f Perigynia glabrous.

29. C. limo'sa, L. ; stems filiform, leaves narrow glaucous, bracts
short, female spikelets 1-2 drooping short, pedicels capillary, perigynia
ellipsoid green equalling the broad cuspidate pale glumes, beak very short
entire.

Spongy bogs, local, Caithness to Dorset and Hants ; Ireland ; fl. June. — Root-
stock slender, creeping. Stems 6-12 in., 3-quetrous. Leaves as long, T^ in.
broad, recurved, margins scabrous. Male spikelet erect, slender, sometimes
female at the top; female 1-3, f in., about equalling the pedicels, cylindric
or oblong ; bracts scarcely sheathing. Glumes few, large, lax, midrib greenish
ribbed, edges brown. Perigynia sub-3-gonous, cuspidate, glaucous. Nut
oval, 3-gonous. — DISTHIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. Greece, Turkey), N. and
"W. Asia, N. America.

C. LIMO'SA proper ; stem scabrid above, leaves concave, edges rough, glumes
with green midrib, perigynia compressed, s'trongly ribbed. — England,
Scotland, Ireland.

Sub-sp. 0. IRRIG'UA, Hoppe ; stems almost smooth, leaves flat shorter scarcely
glaucous, glumes larger, points elongate, midrib not green, perigynia more
turgid. — Argyll to Dorset.

30. C. rariflo'ra, Sm. ; stems wiry, leaves narrow erect, bracts short,
female spikelets 2-3 pendulous few-fld., perigynia pedicelled elliptic or
obovoid green embraced by the obtuse shining glume, beak short entire.
Alpine bogs, Forfar, Aberdeen, Banff, Inverness, alt. 2,400-3,000 ft. ; fl. June-
July. — Rootstock creeping. Stems 3-gonous, 6-12 in., smooth, leafy below
only. Leaves flat, T^ in. Male spikelet 1, short, suberect ; female § in., about
equalling the capillary pedicels, 6-8-fld. Glumes pale brown, membranous,
concolorous, midrib indistinct. Perigynia brown, 3-gonous, smooth, ob-
scurely nerved. Nut oblong, 3-gonous, dotted. — DISTRIB. N. Scandinavia
(Arctic), Kamtschatka, N. America.

31. C. glau'ca, Murr. ; stems wiry, leaves narrow flat glaucous, female
spikelets 4-6 suberect cylindric many-fld., perigynia sessile turgid equal-
ling the short dark glumes, beak short terete deflexed entire.

Rocks, woods, and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Yorkshire ;

Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock creeping, stolouiferous.

Stems few, §-2 ft., trigonous, smooth. Leaves erect or recurved, |-^ in.

broad. Male spikelets several ; female |-2 in., shortly pedicelled ; bracts

with short sheaths or 0. Glumes close-set, acute or obtuse, dark brown.

midrib greenish, margins green or not. Perigynia not ribbed, obovoid or

orbicular, rough. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.
(/. f/lau'ca proper (C. recur'va, Huds.) ; spikelets cylindric, glumes acute. —

YAH. C. Michelia'na, Sm. ; spikelets cylindric, glumes obtuse. Alpine. —

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 457

YAR. C. stictocar'pa, Sm. ; spikelets short, glumes acute, fruit dotted.
Alpine.

32. C. palles'cens, L. ; stems wiry, leaves hairy erect flat, female
spikelets 2-3 close oblong, perigynia elliptic 3-gonous obtuse smooth
shining green larger than the ovate cuspidate glumes, beak obscure
entire.

Marshy copses and meadows, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,900 ft. in
the Highlands ; Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. Rootstock tufted,
stolons 0. Stems 1-2 ft., ;3-quetrous, slender, often leafy, scaberulous.
Leaves f-^ in. broad, green ;" hairs scattered, soft. Male spikelet erect, pale
yellow-red; female \ in., shortly pedicelled ; bracts foliaceous, sheaths
short. Glumes few, very pale brown, margins whitish, midrib green. Nut
obovoid, 3-quetrous, dotted and striate.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl.
Spain, Greece), Siberia, N. America.

33. C. panice'a, L. ; stems curved, leaves glaucous flat, bract-sheaths
long, spikelets oblong, perigynia 3-gonous smooth dotted exceeding the
ovate dark glumes, beak very short terete decurved obliquely notched.
Wet meadows, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,300 ft. in the Highlands ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June-July.— Rootstock tufted, creeping,
stoloniferous. Stems 1-2 ft., leafy, 3-gonous, smooth. Leaves f-£ in. broad,
margins rough. Male spikelets 1-2, narrow, clavate ; female 2-4, |-f in.,
rather distant, inclined, oblong or cylindric, dark, lower rarely long-
pedicelled ; bracts variable. Glumes obtuse acute or cuspidate, midrib broad
green rarely concolorous, edges pale. Perigynia ovoid, pale brown, nerves
obsolete. Nut 3-quetrous, brown, dotted.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Asia, N. America.

34. C. vagina'ta, Tausch ; stems curved, leaves recurved keeled,
bract long, sheath loose, spikelets short lax-fld., perigynia 3-gonous turgid
smooth longer than the ovate brown obtuse glumes, beak cylindric de-
curved obliquely 2-fid. C. sali'na, Don ; C. Mielichofe'ri, and C. phceo-
sta'chya, Sm. not Schk. ; C. scot'ica, Spr. ; C. sparsiflo'ra, Steud.
Eocky mts. of Dumbarton to Sutherland, alt. 2,000-3,800 ft.; fl. July.—

Habit, &c., of C. panice'a, but leaves more radical, broader, recurved, never
glaucous ; bracts shorter, sheaths looser ; spikelets laxer-fld. ; glumes paler,
more obtuse; perigynia longer obovoid and decurved, beak longer, cylindric.
Nut elliptic, 3-quetrous, beaked. — DISTRIB. Arctic Europe and America,
Germany, Siberia. — Stigmas 2-4 (Boott).

35. C. capillar'is, L. ; stems short, leaves recurved flat, bracts large,
sheath long, female spikelets few -flowered pendulous, perigynia pedicelled
elliptic-lanceolate 3-gonous smooth shining much exceeding the pale
hyaline obtuse glumes, beak slender entire.

Grassy mountain banks and rocks, local, York to Shetland ; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands; fl. June- July.— Rootstock tufted. Stems 4-8 in.,
3-gonous, smooth. Leaves chiefly radical, soft. Spikelets small ; male very
slender ; female 2-3, J-| in., shorter than the capillary pedicel ; upper
bracts with hyaline tips, lower much larger. Glumes scattered, embracing

458 CYPERACE^ [CAREX.

the fruit, caducous, margins broad pale, nerves brown. Perigynia slightly
decurved, not ribbed. Nut elliptic-ovoid, 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Arctic N.
and Alpine Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

36. C. pen'dula, Suds. ; stems tall leafy, leaves broad flat, bract-
sheaths long, spikelets many very long slender drooping, perigynia ovoid
turgid 3-gonous smooth membranous green much exceeding the awned
glumes, beak short terete decurved smooth notched.

Damp woods, &c., from Lanark and Elgin southd. ; local in Ireland ; fl. May-
June. — Rootstock tufted, stolons 0. Stems 3-6 ft., 3-gonous, smooth or
scaberulous. Leaves pale-green, not glaucous beneath, §-^ in. broad. Spike-
lets 3-5 in., males 1-3, inclined, sometimes interruptedly male and fern., or
fern, at the base only ; females subsessile, graceful, curved, obtuse, dense-
fid., pedicels wholly included in the very leafy bracts. Glumes spreading,
small, oblong, obtuse or 2-fi.d, pale brown, awn hispid, midrib green, mar-
gins pale ragged. Perigynia narrow at both ends, gibbous above. Nut
short, broad, pale, 3-quetrous. — DISTEIB. From Belgium southd., N. Africa.

tt Perigynia hairy. Spikelets short in all but 42, 43.

37. C. prse'cox, Jacq. ; leaves short flat curved, bract-sheaths short,
spikelets few close, perigynia broadly ellipsoid turgid 3-gonous hispid
brown equalling the brown obtuse or cuspidate glumes, beak very short.
Moors, heaths, and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,300 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. April-May. — Rootstock creeping,
stoloniferous. Stems 6-12 in., 3-gonous, quite naked above, smooth or
scaberulous. Leaves f-£ in. broad, densely tufted, keeled. Spikehts
crowded, subsessile ; male slender, erect ; female 2-3, ^—^ in,, inclined, ob-
long, rather dense-fld. Glumes small, broad, edges brown, midrib green ;
bracts variable. Perigynia subsessile, coriaceous, olive, opaque. Nut 3-gonous,
short, brown, crowned with a minute ring. — DISTBIB. Europe, N. Asia;
introd. in N. America.

38. C. tomento'sa, L. ; slender, leaves glaucous beneath, bract-
sheaths 0, spikelets few short close, perigynia obovoid 3-gonous pubescent
green exceeding the acute glumes, beak very short notched.

Wet meadows, N. Wilts ; fl. June. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems
10-18 in., 3-quetrous, scaberulous above. Leaves § in. broad, curved, glabrous,
flat. Spikelets subsessile ; male solitary, erect ; female, 1-2, inclined, J-| in. ;
bracts long or short. Glumes very small, ovate, sometimes cuspidate, midrib
green, edges brown. Perigynia coriaceous, turgid, beak distinct slightly
decurved. Nut 3-gonous, obovoid, pale. — DISTRIB. From the Baltic to
France, and E. to Italy and Turkey.

39. C. pilulif'era, L. ; slender, leaves recurved, bract-sheath 0, spike-
lets few short few-fld. close, perigynia stipitate subglobose pubescent
equalling the ovate cuspidate brown glumes, beak very short notched.

Heaths, woods, and moors, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted, stolons 0.
Stems 6-20 in., 3-gonous, scaberulous. Leaves |-£ in., chiefly radical, broad,

CAREX.] CYPERACEJE. 459

short, flat, keeled. Spikelets sessile ; male slender ; female §-| in., sub-
globose ; bracts hardly leafy. Glumes rather spreading, brown, midrib green,
edges brown or narrowly pale. Perigynia opaque, hardly 3-gonous, pedicel
flat. Nut subglobose, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), W. Asia, Kamts-
chatka, N. America. — YAR. Lee'sii, Eidley (C. saxum'bra, Lees), is a drawn-
out form growing in shaded places in Yorks.

40. C. monta'na, L. ; slender, leaves narrow, bract glumaceous, spike -
lets few small close, perigynia obovoid 3-gorious hirsute ribbed exceeding
the obovate mucronate glumes, beak notched. C. colli'na, Willd.

Heaths, woods, and fields, local; "Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth, Gloster,
Devon, Hants, Sussex ; fl. April-May. — Eootstock very stout, creeping and
tufted. Stems 6-18 in., 3-quetrous, strict, then curved, scaberulous above.
Leaves T^-| in. broad, usually shorter than the stem, straight or flexuous ;
young pubescent. Spikelets sessile, usually very close, bright red-brown,
polished ; male § in., solitary, stout ; female 1-3, ^-§ in., more slender, few-
fld. ; bract broad ; membranous, awn subulate or green or 0, sheath very
short. Glumes broad, chestnut-brown, embracing the spreading substipitate
perigynia, obtuse or retuse and mucronate, midrib pale, edges brown. Nut
pedicelled, pale. — DISTBIB. Europe, W. Siberia.

41. C. ericeto'rum, Poll. ; stems short curved, leaves recurved keeled,
bract glumaceous, spikelets few capitate, perigynia obovoid pubescent
equalling the broadly ovate obtuse ciliate brown glumes, beak entire. C.
cilia' ta, Willd.

Chalk banks, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock branched,
creeping and tufted. Stems 2-6 in., 3-gonous, stiff, smooth. Spikelets
sessile, small ; male | in., solitary, fusiform ; female £-£ in., 6-10-fld. ;
bracts hardly sheathing. Glumes pale brown, midrib concolorous ; margins
broadly scarious. Perigynia subsessile, opaque, short. Nut obovoid, sessile,
pale, 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.

42. C. digita'ta, L. ; stems slender curved, leaves recurved flat, bract
subulate, sheath long brown, spikelets slender curved, perigynia remote
stipitate narrow-obovoid 3-gonous pubescent embraced by the mucronate
shining glumes, beak very short straight entire.

Copses on limestone, York, Derby, Notts, Hereford to Devon and Wilts ; fl.
May. — Rootstock very stout, tufted. Stems 6-10 in., smooth, obtusely
3-gonous. Leaves §-£ in. broad, soft, flat, linear. Spikelets and their slender
pedicels enclosed in the bracts; male solitary, ^-f in., female 2-3, §-1 in.,
6-8-fld. ; bracts membranous, brown, tip green subulate. Glumes con-
volute, broad, obtuse, scarious, pale red-brown, midrib narrow green,
margins hyaline. Periyynia concealed, curved, green, beak terete. Nut
stipitate, 3-quetrous, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

C. DIGITA'TA proper ; bracts subulate, female spikelets close, perigynia equal-
ling the glumes.

Sub-sp. C. ORNITHOPO'DA, Willd. ; bract ovate awned, female spikelets distant,
perigynia longer than the glumes, beak 0. — Derby, York.

460 CYPERAOE^. [CAREX.

43. C. hu'milis, Leyss. ; stems shorter than the stiff involute curved
leaves, bracts glumaceous, spikelets very remote slender lax-fld., perigynia
stipitate narrow-obovoid 3-gonous pubescent embraced by the very broad
scarious glumes, beak short entire or 0. C. clandesti'na, Good.

Dry grassy hills, Hereford, Gloster, "Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, Hants ; fl. May.
Rootstock very stout, creeping, tufted. Stems 1-3 in., 3-gonous, smooth,
concealed amongst the narrow leaves. Spikelets white, scattered up the
whole stem ; male solitary, narrow, J-J in. ; female 3-5, £-| in., enveloped
in the obtuse apiculate or truncate scarious silvery bracts. Glumes silvery,
clouded with pink and green. Perigynia greenish, 1-ribbed on 2 faces. Nut
3-quetrous, pale brown, smooth, beaked. — DISTRIB. From Belgium southd.,
Siberia.

*** Stigmas 3 (2-3 in 59, paludosa). Fruit with a long, usually slender, often
forked beak (beak short in 46 extensa, 55 strigosa, 56 vesicaria sub-sp.
saxatilis, 59 paludosa, and 60 riparia ; see also 34 vayinata and 35 capil-
laris}.

f Perigynia hairy, nerved. Male spikelets several.

44. C. hir'ta, L. \ leaves long flat hairy, bracts leafy, sheaths long,
spikelets long-pedicelled erect cylindric, perigynia ovoid turgid ribbed
much longer than the ovate awned glumes, beak 2-cuspidate.

Damp copses, &c., from Inverness southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock long, creeping, jointed,
scaly. Stems slender, 1-2 ft., leafy, glabrous, 3-gonous, shining. Leaves £-J
in. broad, sheaths split. Spikelets : male 2-3, close, |-1 in., pale, glistening ;
female 2-5, 1-1 J in., green, distant ; pedicel exserted; lower bract exceeding
the stem. Glumes small, broad, scarious, midrib green ; awn rigid scabrid
often spreading ; of male lanceolate, hyaline. Perigynia large, ^ in., sessile,
plano-convex, narrowed into the beak. Nut 3-quetrous, beaked, pale brown.
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia. — VAR. hirt&for'mis, Pers., with
glabrous leaves and glumes ; and VAR. ebractea'ta, Syme (fouudfnear Epsom),
with glabrous obtuse glumes and leaves and bracts reduced to a subulate
point, are abnormal forms.

45. C. filifor'mis, L. ; slender, leaves very long, margins involute,
bracts long, sheaths short, spikelets erect, perigynia narrow-ovoid turgid
pubescent equalling the lanceolate acuminate glumes, beak 2-cuspidate.

Bogs and marshes, local, Sutherland to Devon and Hants; Ireland; fl. May.
— Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stems 2-3 ft., slightly scabrid above,
3-gonous, leafy. Leaves numerous, very slender, stiff ; sheaths red-brown,
stout, lower 2-3 very long, edges filamentous, without a blade. Male spike-
lets 2-3, very slender, 1-2| in., brown ; female 1-3, §-1 in., rather lax-fld. ;
lower bracts filiform, overtopping the stem. Glumes chestnut-brown, mar-
gins concolorous ; midrib green, of male fl. narrower and more membranous.
Perigynia % in., plano-convex, green, narrowed into the beak. Nut stipitate.
3-quetrous.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, N. America.

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 461

ft Perigynia glabrous. Male spikelets solitary ; female short, distant ; bracts
leafy, sheaths long (except 46 extensa and 47 flava).

46. C. exten'sa, Good. ; slender, leaves setaceous, bracts very long,
sheaths short, spikelets subsessile dark, perigynia rhombic or elliptic-
obovate 3-gonous inflated ribbed much larger than the broad acute or
mucronate glumes, beak short straight smooth 2-toothed.

Brackish marshes, from Orkney southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June.
— Rootstock tufted. Stems 10-18 in., 3-gonous, smooth, slender. Leaves
mostly below the middle, TV~TV m- broad, rigid, flexuous, shorter than the
stem ; margins involute. Spikelets 3-4, subsessile ; male |-f in., slender,
brown ; female 2-4, j-j| in., 2 upper or all contiguous ; bracts at length hori-
zontal, sheath variable. Glumes small, brown, midrib green, edges con-
colorous. Perigynia rather spreading, opaque, coriaceous, dull'green, dotted,
gradually narrowed into the beak. Nut shortly elliptic, olive-browh, 3-
quetrous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N. and S. America.

47. C. fla'va, L. ; stems curved, leaves flat, bracts long, sheaths short,
spikelets oblong green, perigynia spreading or deflexed ovoid 3-gonous in-
flated ribbed much exceeding the obtuse or subacute glumes, beak long
slender scabrid 2-cuspidate.

Heaths, bogs, and marshes, from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 2,900 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock tufted,
stolons 0. Stems 3-18 in , angles rather acute. Leaves j% to nearly J in.
broad, chiefly radical, often recurved, shorter than the stem, usually flat.
Spikelets usually contiguous, sessile or pedicelled ; male ff-1 in., fusiform ;
female 2-4, |-| in., subcylindric, squarrose ; bracts spreading, sheaths
variable. Glumes small, usually green clouded with brown. Perigynia,
sessile, variable in size, green, coriaceous, gradually narrowed into the beak.
Nut short, 3-gonous, olive-brown, angles acute. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic),
Madeira, W. Asia, India, N. America. — In the following sub-species the
spikelets are so variable that I have not introduced them.

C. fla'va proper ; beak of perigynium decurved scabrid. — VAR. C. lepidocar'pa,
Tausch. ; perigynium small, beak short nearly straight or abruptly deflexed
almost smooth.

Sub-sp. C. (EDE'RI, Ehrh. ; usually smaller, beak of smaller perigynium
straighter scabrid.

48. C. dis'tans, L. ; slender, leaves flat, bracts leafy, sheaths long,
spikelets distant lower pedicelled, perigynia suberect ovoid turgid ribbed
exceeding the ovate glumes, beak slender flat scabrid 2-cuspidate.

Marshes and wet meadows, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,900 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted, creeping.
Stems 10-18 in., 3-gonous, smooth or slightly scabrid above, leafy below the
middle. Leaves y1^-^ in. broad, glaucous, often recurved. Spikelets : male
\-\ in., long-pedicelled, slender; female 1-3, |-1 in., very distant, erect,
cylindric-oblong ; lower bract not equalling the stem, and often not its
spikelet. Glumes broad, subacute, brown, midrib green, margins and tip
white. Perigynia sessile, green, opaque, gradually narrowed into the

462 CYPERACEJE. [CAREX.

slender flattened short straight beak, mouth membranous. Fruit broad,
obovoid, 3-quetrous, brown. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. America ?

C. DIS'TANS proper ; leaves darker, bracts usually longer, female spikelets 3-4
longer, glumes more obtuse mucronate or awned less hyaline at the tip,
perigynia broader black-dotted. — Brackish marshes, rare inland ; extends to
N. Africa.

Sub-sp. C. FUL'VA, Good. ; bracts rarely equalling the stem, female spikelets 2-3,
glumes obtuse or acute not mucronate, tips more or less hyaline, perigynia
broad at the base not dotted. C. Hornschuchia'na, Hoppe ; C. speirosta'chya,
Sm. Chiefly subalpine. — I have again gone into the question of C.ful'va,
Good., this time with Mr. Baker, and we do not doubt this being the plant
figured by Goodenough, and afterwards confounded with something else. —
C. xanthocar'pa, Degl., is a sterile form, or a hybrid with C. dis'tans.

49. C. biner'vis, Sm. ; slender, leaves rigid recurved flat, bracts leafy,
sheaths long, spikelets all pedicelled cylindric, perigynia ovoid 3-gonous
faintly ribbed green much exceeding the oblong-ovate glumes, beak flat-
tened 2-cuspidate scabrid.

Heaths, moors, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Similar to C. dis'tans, and perhaps another sub-sp.,
but much coarser, often 3 ft. ; rootstock stout, tufted, creeping ; stems
3-quetrous, smooth, leafy ; leaves often short, more rigid, keeled and re-
curved; female spikelets |-1 in., browner, more numerous, stouter, longer ;
beak stouter and more 2-fid ; glumes obtuse or mucronulate, red-brown ;
perigynia and leaves beneath at times dotted ; I do not find the nut always
obovoid, but like ful'va. — DISTRIB. W. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

50. C. Iseviga'ta, Sm. ; tall, leaves short broad, spikelets distant
pedicelled inclined or drooping cylindric, perigynia subsessile elliptic-
oblong or ovoid turgid ribbed green dotted longer than the acuminate
glumes, beak long slender 2-cuspidate.

Wet copses and marshes, from Mull and Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to 1,000
ft. in Northumbd. ; Ireland ; fl. June. — Closely allied to C. biner'vis, but
much larger, 1-3 ft. ; leaves almost § in. broad, dotted beneath ; sheath
auricled opposite the blade ; male spikelets 1-2^ in., 3-gonous, rarely 2,
with obtuse mucronate glumes; female 1J-2 in., drooping; perigynia
nearly £ in., 3-gonous, opaque, purple-dotted, beak obscurely scabrid, cusps
long nearly straight. Nut stipitate, 3-quetrous, dotted, pale. — DISTRIB.
From Holland southd., N. Africa, N. America.

51. C. puncta'ta, Gaud. ; slender, leaves short flat subrecurved, bracts
leafy, sheaths long, perigynia spreading ovoid membranous turgid dotted
not ribbed shining longer than the ovate glumes, beak slender 2-fid
smooth.

Marshy places near the sea, Suffolk, Hants to Cornwall, Wales, Kirkcudbright ;
S. Ireland ; Guernsey ; fl. June. — Similar to C. dis'tans, but very distinct in
the tumid shining membranous hardly 3-gonous perigynia, ribbed at the
2 obscure angles only, and the more slender subterete beak. Glumes obtuse
or mucronate, mucro scabrid. — The nut does rnot differ materially from
ful'va — DISTRIB. Norway, Friesland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Azores.

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 463

52. C. frig'ida, Allioni ; slender, leaves long flat, bracts leafy, sheaths
long, spikelets red-brown shortly cylindric long pedicelled, perigynia
hardly stipitate narrow lanceolate exceeding the oblong acute glumes, beak
long slender, margins scabrid or smooth.

Wet turf, Aberdeen, alt. 2,700 ft. ; fl. Aug.— Rootstock tufted, shortly creeping.
Stems 6-18 in., 3-gonous, slender, with 1-2 leaves. Radical leaves nume-
rous, flat, |-| in. broad, green. Bracts long, leafy, shorter or longer than
the inflorescence, smooth. Spikelets inclined, rich dark brown, remote ;
male solitary, slender, fusiform; female 3-5, f-lo in-> long-pedicelled.
Glumes numerous, erect, loosely appressed, dark purple with a green mid-
rib, of the male subacute. Perigynia £-J in., dark brown, not ribbed,
smooth; beak straight, half as long as the body. Stiymas 3. — DISTRIB.
Alps of Central and S. Europe, Central Asia. — A rare instance of an alpine
Scotch plant not being Scandinavian.

53. C. depaupera'ta, Good. ; slender, leaves long flat, bracts leafy,
sheaths long, spikelets 3-4-fld. green, perigynia stipitate narrowed at both
ends turgid ribbed green much larger than the lanceolate pale glumes,
beak slender tip membranous.

Dry woods, Surrey, Somerset, and Kent, very rare ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock
tufted, shortly creeping. Stems 10-24 in., 3-gonous, slender, smooth, leafy.
Leaves |-£ in. broad. Bracts scabrous, almost equalling the stem, flat.
Spikelets erect, very short and distant ; male very slender, 1-1J in., many-
fld. ; female 3-5, |~f in., pedicel of lowest sometimes 2-3 in. Glumes
remote, membranous, acuminate, embracing the base of the perigynia, back
green ; of the male numerous, obtuse, ciliate. Perigynia large, nearly § in.,
obscurely 3-gonous, polished, ribs many slender ; beak very long, straight,
obscurely scabrid. Fruit obovoid, or obtusely 3-gonous, pale. — DISTRIB.
From France and Spain eastd. to Eussia and Turkey, N. Asia.

ttt Perigynia glabrous. Male spikelet solitary ; female long, curved or
drooping. Bracts leafy, sheaths long.

54. C. sylvat'ica, Huds. ; slender, leaves flat broad soft, spikelets
long-pedicelled very slender drooping lax-fld., perigynia stipitate short
turgid 3-gonous equalling the lanceolate thin pale glumes, beak membra-
nous very long slender 2-fid.

Damp woods, from Argyll and Aberdeen southd. ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock tufted, shortly creeping.
Stems 1-3 ft., 3-quetrous, smooth. Leaves §-£ in., membranous, bright
green. Bracts leafy, sheaths long, spikelets 1-1J in., distant or contiguous ;
male pale ; female sometimes branched at the base. Glumes lax or scattered,
acuminate, membranous, with pale green back and keel; of the males
brownish, obtuse, mucronate or subacute. Perigynia subsessile, elliptic,
rather small, brown, straight, rather shorter than the slightly compressed
herbaceous smooth beak, angles ribbed, faces quite smooth. Nut broad
3-quetrous. — DISTRTB. Europe, N. Asia.

55. C. strigo'sa, Huds. ; leaves flat broad, spikelets very slender
drooping, perigynia remote elliptic-lanceolate 3-gonous ribbed a little

464 CYPERAGE^.

longer than the oblong-lanceolate acute glumes, beak obscure obliquel}-

truncate smooth hyaline.

Woods and copses, from York and Chester to Kent and Somerset ; local in
Ireland ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock tufted, creeping. Stems 1-2 ft., smooth,
3-gonous, leafy. Leaves \-^ in. broad, usually short, pale green, flaccid ;
sheaths auricled opposite the blade. Male spikelet 1, §-2 in., slender, pale ;
female 1^-3 in., lowest long-pedicelled, often flexuous; rachis exposed
between the glumes, many-fld. ; bracts leafy, usually shorter than the
stems, sheaths long. Glumes small, membranous, white, base enveloping
the perigynia, centre pale green. Periyynia ^ in., membranous, green,
slightly decurved, narrowed at both ends. Nut narrow-elliptic, 3-gonous,
pale. — DISTRIB. N. and Mid. Europe, Italy, "W. Asia, N. Africa.

fttt Periyynia glabrous. Male spikelets" several (rarely one in 56, vesicaria) ;
female stout, usually curved and drooping. Bracts leafy, sheaths 0.

56. C. vesica'ria, L. ; stout, leaves flat, spikelets cylindric, perigynia
large spreading conic-ovoid inflated ribbed pale exceeding the lanceolate
subacute scarious-tipped glumes, beak stoufc 2-cuspidate smooth.

Bogs and marshes, from Inverness and Perth southd. ; Ireland ; fl. May-June.
— Rootstock tufted and creeping. Stems 1-2 ft., scabrid, 3-quetrous. Leaves
long, ^-^ in. broad, soft, sheath-edges filamentous. Spikelets many, stout ;
male 1-3, 1J-2J in., slender, pale brown, sometimes female at the top;
female 1-3 in., shortly pedicelled, inclined or drooping, ^ in. diam. when
ripe ; bracts overtopping the stem, sheath 0. Glumes much smaller than
the perigynia, narrow, chestnut-brown, midrib pale, tip obtuse ; of the males
linear-oblong. Perigynia nearly § in., obscurely 3-gonous, nerves faint,
dull yellow, shining ; beak rigid, brown, pungent. Nut broadly elliptic,
3-gonous, pale, beak long. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and W.
Asia, N.W. India, Greenland.

C. VESICA'RIA proper ; stems 1-2 ft., male spikelets 2-3, female large 1-2| in.
stout cylindric pale, perigynia elongate ribbed with a slender rigid 2-cuspi-
date beak, stigmas 3. — VAR. C. involu'ta, Bab., with margins of leaves in-
volute, apiculate glumes and narrower perigynia, is intermediate between
this and C. ampulla'cea. — Hale Moss, Manchester.

Sub-sp. C. GRAHA'MI, Boott ; perigynia brown less strongly nerved, beak
shorter less strongly cuspidate more slender, stigmas 2. — Lofty mts. Perth,
Forfar.

Sub-sp. C. SAXAT'ILIS, L. ; stems 4-10 in., male spikelet 1 rarely 2, female
small J-J in. ovoid very dark, perigynia ovoid ribs faint or 0 with a short
notched or 2-fid beak, stigmas usually 2. C. pul'la, Good., C. vesica'ria
var. alpiy'ena, Fries. — Scotch alps from Ben' Lomond northd., alt. 2,500 to
3,300 ft.— DISTRIB. Scandinavia, N. Eussia, N. America. —This and (7.
dichroa, Anderss., are alpine forms of C. vesica'ria, to which var. Or aha' mi
forms a passage. I accept Boott's authority for its being the true saxat''
His of Linnaeus, from the testimony of his Herb., and of his pupil Solander
(in Herb. Banks}. The Swedish authorities, however, refer saxat His to
riy'ida.

57. C, ampulla'cea, Good. ; stout, leaves glaucous, margins involute , fe-
male spikelets stout cylindric pale, perigynia spreading ovoid inflated ribbed

CAREX.] CYPERACE^. 465

exceeding the obovate-lanceolate scarious-tlpped glumes, beak very slender
2-cuspidate smooth. 0. rostra'ta, Stokes (an earlier name).
Marshes and bogs, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted and creeping. Stem 1-2 ft., 3-gonous.
smooth, angles obtuse. Male spikelets 2-3, slender, sometimes fern, at the
base ; female 2-4, 1-2J in., sessile or pedicelled, inclined, often squarrose,
dense-fld. ; bracts overtopping the stem, sheath 0. Glumes much as in C.
vesica'ria, and perigynia similar and shining, but much smaller, yellow-
brown, |-£ in., as broad as long, 3-quetrous, horizontal or deflexed when
ripe, abruptly contracted into the long beak. Nut obovoid, yellow. —
DISTRLB. Europe (Arctic), Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.

58. C. Pseu'docype'rus, L. ; stout, leaves broad, male spikelets soli-
tary, female very long-pedicelled drooping cylindric, perigynia stipitate
spreading elliptic-lanceolate ribbed green equalling the narrow awned
glumes, beak very long smooth 2-cuspidate.

Banks of rivers, lakes, &c., from Elgin and Isla to Kent and Devon ; rare in
Ireland ; fl. June. — Rootstock tufted. Stems 1-3 ft., 3-quetrous, scabrid.
Leaves J— jj? in., flat, scabrid. Spikelets towards the top of the stem ; male
slender, 2-3 in., pale, often female at the top ; female 4-5, 2-3 in., sub-
squarrose, pale green ; pedicels capillary, curved, sometimes 4 in. ; bracts
overtopping the stem, very broad, sheath 0. Glumes small, lanceolate or
subulate, awn serrate. Perigynia \ in., slender, horizontal or deflexed,
3-gonous, shining, ribs many close ; beak rigid, pungent, deeply split.
Fruit pale, 3-gonous ; style persistent. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. N. and
S. Africa, Asia, America, Australia.

59. C. paludo'sa, Good. ; tall, stout, leaves broad glaucous, male
spikelets stout, anthers mucronate, female erect dark cylindric, perigynia
ovoid ribbed exceeding the lanceolate awned glumes, beak short 2-toothed.
G. acu'ta, Curt., not L.

Kiver-banks and ditches, from Ross southd. ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in North-
umbd. ; Ireland, local ; fl. May-June. — Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous.
Stems 2-3 ft., 3-quetrous, scabrid. Leaves erect, J-J in., flat, sheath some-
times leafless, edges filamentous. Bracts erect, long, broad. Spikelets
rather cncs°, ; male 2-3, 1^-2 in., dark brown, base sometimes fern. ; female
shortly pedicelled. Glumes of male fl. obtuse, brown with hyaline tips,
upper cuspidate ; of fern, cuspidate. Perigynia 3-gonous, gradually nar-
rowed into the beak, angles acute, upper part granulate. Stic/mas 2 or 3.
Fruit lenticular or 3-quetrous. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia,
N.W. India, N. America. — YAR. C. spadice'a, Roth., has the female glumes
with a serrulate awn.

60. C. ripa'ria, Curtis; tall, stout, leaves very broad, male spikelets
stout, anthers cuspidate, female long stout cylindric, perigynia ovoid
ribbed a little exceeding the ovate-oblong cuspidate glumes, beak short
2-toothed.

River-banks and ditches, from Banff and Dumbarton southd. ; losal in
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May. — Much the largest British species, 3-5

H H

466 CYPERACE^. [CARKX.

ft. Rootstock creeping and tufted. Stem 2-5 ft., 3-quetrous, scabrid.
Leaves flat, J in. broad and upwards, sheath-edges filamentous. Bract
broad, overtopping the stem. Spikelets very large ; male 3-6, crowded,
l|-2 in. diam., dark brown, acute, sometimes fern, at the base, mucro of
anthers longer than in C. paludo'sa ; female 4-6, 2-3 in., pedicelled, inclined,
sometimes compound at the base or male at the top. Glumes narrow,
margins brown, midrib green, tip scabrid ; of male slender, acute. Peri-
yynia fa in., erecto-patent, dull green, narrowed into the beak; ribs many,
close. Fruit elliptic, 3-quetrous, yellow. — DISTRIB. Europe, N". Africa'
Siberia, N. and S. America. — This and the preceding are allied to
C. aquat'ilis.

ORDER LXXXIX. GRAMINEJE.

Herbs, usually tufted and slender. Stem cylindric or compressed,
jointed, internodes usually hollow. Leaves alternate, narrow ; sheath
split to the base, with often a transverse membrane (ligule) or ring of
hairs at its mouth. Spikelets in terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles,
usually composed of one pair of floweiiess (empty) glumes enclosing or
subtending one or more sessile or stalked normally flower-bearing (but
sometimes also empty) glumes, which are distichously arranged on a slender
rachis (rachilla). Flowering glumes boat- shaped, enclosing a 1-2-sexual
flower, and a flat often 2-nerved scale (paled) with inflexed edges.
Perianth of 2 (rarely 0 or 3 or more) minute scales, placed opposite the
palea. Stamens 3 (rarely 1, 2, 6, or more), filaments capillary ; anthers
2-celled, versatile, pendulous. Ovary 1 -celled, style long short or 0,
stigmas usually 2 long or short feathery ; ovule 1, basal, erect, anatropous.
Fruit a membranous utricle, often adherent to the palea, and sometimes
to the flowering glume. Seed usually adnate to the pericarp, testa mem-
branous, albumen hard floury ; embryo small, outside the base of the
albumen, cotyledon reduced to a sheath enclosing the plumule, radicle
conical below, obliquely dilated above into a broad scutellum which
extends upwards and backwards beyond the cotyledon with its back
against the albumen. — DISTRIB. All climates; genera 300 ; species about
3,200.— AFFINITIES obscure. — PROPERTIES. Nutritious herbage, and
farinaceous seeds ; stem and leaves used for textile and other purposes.

The tribes and genera of Grasses are most difficult of classification and
definition. Many systems have been proposed. The primary divisions of
Fries, adopted in earlier editions of this work, namely Clisantheff (styles
long, stigmas slender with simple hairs protruded at the top of the glume)
and Eurycmthca (style short, stigmas feathery protruded from the sides of
the glume), has broken down under Bentham's searching revision of the
Order (see Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 14, and Gen. Plant, iii. 1074). I have
followed Bentham's classification.

GR AMINES. 467

SERIES A. PANICA'CE M. Spikelets jointed upon the pedicel below the lowest
glumes ; rachilla not jointed at the base nor produced beyond the upper-
most glume, persistent. Glumes 4 or fewer, the terminal only bearing a
2-sexual flower, rarely a lower one bears an imperfect flower.

TRIBE I. PANICE'JE. Spikelets dorsally compressed (laterally in Spar-
tina). Fl. glume 3- or more-nerved, not awned, hardening round the
fruit. (See 11, Mibora in Agrostidese.)

Glumes 4. Pedicels of spikelets naked or hairy 1. Panicum.

Glumes 4. Pedicel of spikelets with stiff bristles 2. Setaria.

Glumes 3. Style long. Spikelets laterally compressed 3. Spartiua.

TRIBE II. ORYZE'.ffi. Spikelets laterally compressed. Empty glumes
minute or 0. Fl. glume and palea 1-nerved or keeled 4. Leersia.

SERIES B. POA'CE^E. Spikelets rarely jointed upon the pedicel below the
lowest glume (except Alopecurus, Polypogon, and Holcus) ; rachilla
jointed at the base above the (usually 2) lowest flowerless glumes, often
produced beyond the uppermost glume, and deciduous. Glumes 3 or
more, 2 lowest flowerless and often persistent (Nardus has no empty
glumes ; and all but the uppermost spikelet in Lolium have only one
lowest empty glume).

TRIBE III. PHAIiARIDE'JE. Spikelets laterally compressed; rachilla
not produced beyond the uppermost glume. Glumes 6, uppermost
only with a 2-sexual flower. Palea 0 or in the perfect flowers
1-nerved.

Glumes 6, 3d and 4th imperfect, not awned. Stamens 3 5. Phalaris.

Glumes 6, 3d and 4th empty, awned. Stamens 2 6. Anthoxanthum.

Glumes 6, 3d and 4th awned, triandrous ; 5th diandrous....7. Hierochloe.

Glumes 3 or 4. Spikelets jointed on the pedicel 8. Alopecurus.

TRIBE IV. AGROSTIDE'.ffi. Spikelets terete or laterally compressed ;
rachilla produced or not beyond the fl. glume. Glumes 3, flower solitary
2-sexual ; palea 2-nerved.

* Rachilla not produced beyond the fl. glume.

Panicle effuse. Fl. glume hardening round the fruit 9. Milium.

Panicle dense, cylindric. Fl. glume enclosing the fruit 10. Phleum.

Spikelets dorsally compressed in a simple subdistichous spike.

11. Mibora.

Panicle loose. Fl. glume small hyaline 12. Agrostis.

Panicle contracted. Empty glumes awned 13. Polypogon.

Eachilla with long silky hairs 14. Calamagrostis.

** Rachilla produced beyond the fl. glume.
Empty glumes large, boat-shaped ; fl. glume minute, 4-toothed

15. Gastridium.

Empty glumes large ; fl. glume 2-fid, awned 16. Apera.

Empty glumes large ; fl. glumes awned, rachilla ciliate 17. Deyeuxia.

Spikelets large, rachilla long silky 18. Ammophila.

Empty glumes plumose ; fl. glume 3-awned 19. Lagurus.

H H 2

468 QRAM1NB&.

TRIBE V. AVENE'.ffi, Spikelets panicled, terete or laterally compressed,
2- rarely 3-4-fld. ; rachilla produced beyond the fl. glume (except in
some Aira). Glumes 4 or more, 2 lowest empty usually larger than
the others, 2 or more upper flowering with a dorsal bent and twisted
(except some Airae and Deschampsice) awn.

* Eachilla not produced beyond the uppermost fl. glume 20. Air a.

** Rachilla produced beyond the uppermost fl. glume ; flowers all perfect or the
upper imperfect.

Flowers 2 ; awn bent in the middle, tip clubbed 21. Corynephora.

Flowers 2; awn straight 22. Deschampsia.

Flowers 2 ; lower not awned, upper imperfect awned 23. Holcus.

Flowers 2-6; fl. glume deeply 2-fid and awned 24. Trisetum.

Flowers 2-6; fl. glume entire or 2-toothed, long-awned 25. Avena.

*** Rachilla produced beyond thefl. glumes. Flowers 2, upper 2-sexual, lower
male 26. Arrhenatherum.

TRIBE VI. CHLORIDE'^:. Spikelets 1-2-seriate on a flattened rachis,
laterally compressed, 1- or more-fid 27. Cynodon.

TRIBE VII. FESTUCE'JE. Spikelets panicled or subspicate, terete or
laterally compressed ; rachilla usually produced beyond the fl. glume,
often bearing a rudimentary glume. Glumes 6 or more, 2 lowest empty,
the others flowering ; awn terminal or 0.

SUB-TRIBE 1. Triodiese. Spikelets 2- or more-fld. ; rachilla not bearded.
Fl. glumes l-S^nerved, broadly 3-toothed 28. Triodia .

SUB-TRIBE 2. Arundinese. Spikelets 2- or more-fld. ; rachilla bearded
with long silky hairs 29. Phragmitis.

SUB-TRIBE 3. Sesleriese. Spikelets subspicate or capitate, with empty
glumes (imperfect spikelets) on the pedicels below them*

Pedicels with soft glumes below the spikelets 30. Sesleria.

Pedicels with bristle-like glumes below the spikelets 31. Cynosurus.

SUB-TRIBE 4. Eragrostese. Spikelets 2- or more-fld. Fl. glumes 1- or
%-nerved.

Spikelets in a subcylindric spike. Fl. glumes scarious ,32. Koeleria.

Spikelets in a contracted panicle, conical, terete 33. Molinia.

Spikelets in an effuse panicle with whorled branches 34. Catabrosa.

SUB-TRIBE 5. Melicese. Spikelets 2- or more-fld. Fl. glumes 3-5-nerved,
upper empty, convolute and forming a club 35. Melica.

SUB-TRIBE 6. Eufestucese. Spikelets %-many-fld. Fl. glumes 5- or more-
nerved.

Spikelets few-fid., clustered in a secund panicle 36. Dactylis.

Spikelets panicled, pendulous. Glumes broad, scarious, obtuse.

37. Briza
Spikelets panicled. Fl. glumes compressed, keeled, tips nerved

awnless. 38. Poa.

PANICUM.] GRAMINE^. 469

Spikelets very many-fld. Fl. glumes convex, obtuse, tip

nerveless, awnless 39. Glyceria.

Spikelets panicled or spicate. Fl. glumes convex, tip nerved

acute or awned. Ovary glabrous 40. Festuca.

Spikelets panicled, many-fld Fl. glumes convex. Ovary tip villous.

41. Bromus.
Spikelets racemed or spicate. Fl. glumes convex. Ovary tip villous.

42. Brachypodium.

TEIBE VIII. HORDEE'JE. SpiJcelets 1- or more-fld., sessile in the
notches of a simple rachis ; rachilla produced beyond the uppermost fl.
glume (except in Nardus). Fl. glume with a terminal awn or 0.

SUB-TRIBE 1. Triticeae. Spikelets solitary in the notches, 3- or more-fd.

Spikelets many-fld., with their sides to the rachis 43. Lolium.

Spikelets many-fld., with their faces to the rachis 44. Agropyrum.

SUB-TRIBE 2. Lepturese. Spikes solitary in the notches, 1-2-jld.

Empty glumes 1-3. Spikelets distichous 45. Lepturus.

Empty glumes 0. Spikelets secund. Style long 46. Nardus.

SUB-TRIBE 3. Elymese, Spikelets 2 or more in each notch, collateral ;
the central perfect ; the lateral perfect or reduced to bristles.

Spikelets 1-fld 47. Hordeum.

Spikelets 2-6-fld 48. Elymus.

I. PA'NICUM, L.

SpiJcelets without bristles at the base, or with slender hairs only, spiked
racemed or panicled, 1-fld., or if 2-fld. the lower male. Empty glumes 2
in the 2-fld. spikelets, 3 in the 1-fld. ; lowest small or minute, 2d larger,
strongly nerved. Fl. glume nerved, hardening and en-closing the palea
and fruit. Scales 2, fleshy, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas
penicillate, shorter than the styles. Fruit compressed or plano-convex.
— DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ; species 270. — ETYM. The Latin name.

SECTION 1. Digita'ria, Scop. (gen.). Spikelets unilateral, on digitate
spikes. Flowering glume not awned.

P. gla'brum, Gaud. ; spikes about 3, spikelets 1-fld. Digita'ria

humifu'sa, Pers. ; D. Jilifor'mis, Koch.

Sandy soil in the S.E. counties, from Norfolk to Hants, local; fl. July- Aug. —
Annual. Hoot fibrous. Stems 6-12 in., prostrate or decumbent. Leaves
narrow, flat; sheaths flat, mouth hairy; ligule short. Spikes 2-3 in.,
flexuous, channelled on the face. Spikelets ^ in., in pedicelled pairs, plano-
convex, elliptic, purplish ; empty glumes hairy, lower minute appressed or
0. — DISTRIB. Most warm climates.

SECTION 2. Echinochlo'a, Beauv. (gen.). Spikelets in racemes or
panicles. Flowering glume awned or pointed.

P. CIIUS-GAL'LI, L. ; spikelets panicled 1-fld.

470 GRAMINE^E. [PANICUM.

Fields and waste places in S.E. England; naturalized; fl. July. — Annual.
Stems 1-4 ft., stout, ascending. Leaves % in. diarn., flat, glabrous, edges
rough, often waved; ligule 0. Panicle 3-6 in.; branches subunilateral ;
rachis 3-quetrous, pubescent; pedicel hairy. Spikelets £ in., plano-convex,
greenish ; upper empty glume hispid, pointed or rigidly awned ; fl. glume
polished. — DISTRIB. All temp, and trop. regions.

2. SETA'RIA, Beauv.

Spikelets in a dense cylindric spike-like panicle, as in Panicum, but awn-
less, and with stout rough bristles at the base on one side. — DISTRIB. All
warm and trop. regions ; species 10. — ETYM. seta, a bristle.

S. vir'idis, Beauv. ; bristles clustered scabrid.

Sporadic, from Aberdeen to Kent and Devon ; a colonist ; fl. July- Aug. —
Annual. Stems suberect, scabernlous above. Leaves flat, smooth, edges
rough ; sheaths smooth, edges ciliate ; mouth with a ring of hairs. Panicle
1-3 in., green ; branches whorled, hispid, 3-quetrous ; bristles j~| in., flex-
uous, purplish. Spikelets ^ in., elliptic, obtuse ; empty glumes membranous ;
fl. glumes shining, punctulate, striate. — DISTRIB. All warm climates ; introd.
in America.

S. VERTICILLA'TA, Beauv. ', bristles single or in pairs barbed.
Cultivated fields, Norwich, Surrey, and Middlesex ; fl. July-Aug.— Habit of
S. vir'idis, but panicle usually narrower, and the bristles truly barbed, their
asperities pointing downwards. — DISTRIB. As of S. vir'idis.

3. SPARTI'NA, Schreber.

Spikelets long, laterally compressed, sessile in 2 ranks on one-sided
panicled erect 3-gonous appressed spikes, 1-fld., with rarely a rudimentary
2d flower. Empty glumes 2, narrow, unequal, pointed or awned ; upper
5-nerved, exceeding- the flowering ; lower smaller. Fl. glume sessile,
coriaceous, edges membranous, awnless, 1-nerved, palea long 2-nerved,
Scales 0. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; style very long, stigmas long
hairy. Fruit terete or subcompressed, enveloped in the palea and fl.
glume. — DISTRIB. Chiefly warm climates ; species 5 or 6, — ETYM.
a cord, from the use of the leaves.

S. stric'ta, Roth ; point of rachis of spike subulate.

Muddy salt creeks and marshes, rare, from Lincoln to Devon and Kent ;
Channel Islands; fl. July-Aug. — Eootstock long, branched, extensively
creeping. Stems 1-4 ft., erect, strict, stout, polished, leafy throughout.
Leaves J-J in. broad, strict, erect, coriaceous, convolute, smooth, pungent,
glaucous above ; ligule short, silky. Panicle 3-8 in., strict ; spikes 2-8,
1—3 in. ; rachis angled, smooth, point equalling or exceeding the upper
spikelet. Spikelets ^-§ in., erect, yellowish green; empty glumes acute,
lowest acuminate, upper 2-toothed and tipped with a stiff awn, a little
silky; keel somewhat scabrid.— DISTRIB. Belgium and Spain to Austria
and Italy, N. America. — Yery variable. — S. alternijlo'ra, Loisel, from

SPABTINA.] GRAMINE^. 471

Southampton, lias the tip of the rachis exceeding the spike.— S. Townseridii,
Groves, from Hythe (Hants), has shorter leaves and a flexuous tip to the
rachis. — American specimens show similar variations.

4. LEER'SIA, Soland.

SpiJcelets jointed on the pedicel, panicled, much compressed, imbricate,
gibbous, 1-fld. Empty glumes 0. Fl. glume hard, awnless, broad, 3-
iierved, often ciliate. Palea as long, hard, 1 -nerved. Scales 2, ovate,
entire, short. Stamens 1-3, or 6. Ovary glabrous ; styles short, stigmas
feathery. Fruit laterally compressed, enclosed in the hardened glume and
palea. — DISTEIB. Temp, and trop. regions; species 5. — ETYM. J. D.
Leers, a German botanist.

!•. oryzoides, Swartz ; panicle effuse, stamens 3.

"Wet meadows and watery places, rare ; Surrey, Hants, Sussex ; fl. Aug.-Oct.
— Perennial. Root creeping. Stems 2-3 ft., decumbent below, smooth
shining, leafy, nodes villous. Leaves 3— § in. broad, flat, scabrid, glaucous
sheaths compressed, almost smooth; ligule truncate, torn. Panicle 3-7 in.
very lax and few-fid., partially enclosed in the sheath when flowering
branches in ^ whorls, capillary, flexuous; upper part open with imperfect
ovaries; lower part included in the sheath, with fertile ovaries. Spikelets
fe in., dimidiate-oblong, thin but rigid, translucent, smooth or scaberulous,
pale green, keels with long rigid cilia. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd.,
trop. Asia, Africa, and S. America.

5. PHAIi'ARIS, L.

Spikelets much laterally compressed, in open or contracted or spike-like
panicles, 1-fld., with 2 or more rudimentary glumes (scales or pedicels)
beneath the fl. glume on one side. Empty glumes 2, enclosing the flowering,
subequal, keeled. Fl. glume broad. Palea much smaller. Scales 2, mi-
nute. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles long, stigmas slender feathery.
Fruit compressed, enclosed in the coriaceous glume and palea. — DISTKIB.
Trop. and temp, regions ; species 9 or 10. — ETYM. The old name.

SECTION 1. Phal'aris proper. Panicle spike-like. Empty glumei
broadly-winged.

P. CANARIEN'SIS, L. ; panicle ovoid. Canary grass.

Fields and waste places ; an escape ; fl. July. — Annual, glaucous. Stems
1-3 ft., erect, scaberulous. Leaves flat, upper sheaths inflated ; ligule large.
Panicle 1-1§ in., ovoid or subcylindric, compact, pale green. Spikelets
nearly £ in. diam., orbicular; empty glumes membranous, acute, wings
broad, keel green, nerves 2, stout; fl. glume much shorter, silky, obscurely
nerved ; scales 2, lanceolate, acute.— DISTRIB. Warm and temp. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

SECTION 2. Digra'phis, Trin. (gen.). Panicle contracted, interrupted.
Empty glumes hardly winged.

472 GEAMINEJE. [PHALAKLS.

P. arundina cea, L. ; panicle elongate, branches short.
Rivers, lakes, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascending to nearly 1,400 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, glabrous. Rootstock
creeping. Stems 2-6 ft., stout, erect. Leaves §-| in. broad, flat ; sheaths
smooth ; ligule large. Panicle 4-8 in., suberect ; branches scabrid, spread-
ing only when flowering. Spikelets ft in., ovate, often purplish; empty
glumes 3-nerved, acuminate, glabrous ; fl. glume rather shorter, ovate-
lanceolate, nerveless, silky ; scales 2, narrow, silky. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and
Arctic regions.

6. ANTHOXAN'THUM, L. VERNAL GRASS.

Sweet-scented. Spikelets cylindric, in a spike-like panicle, 1-fld., pro-
terogynous. (rlumes 6 (or 5 and a palea) ; 2 lowest persistent acute or
mucronate, very unequal, lowest 1 -nerved ; 2d large, 3-nerved ; 3d and 4th
short, keeled, hairy, 2-fid with a dorsal bent awn ; 5th fl. glume, and 6th
minute hyaline obtusejawnless, outer broad 5-7-nerved, inner narrow
(palea ?) 1-nerved. Scales 0. Stamens 2 ; anthers large, linear, purple
or yellow. Ovary glabrous ; styles long, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete,
acute, enclosed in the brown shining fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, and cold regions of the Old World ; species 4 or 5. — ETYM. &vOos
and £av66s9 from the yellow anthers.

A. odora'tum, L. ; perennial, panicle interrupted below, awn short

scarcely exserted.

Meadows, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,400 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Stems 6-18 in., shining, glabrous or
scabrid. Leaves flat, hairy ; sheaths furrowed, often pubescent, mouth
hairy. Panicle 1-5 in., pubescent or villous ; branches short. Spikelets
j-g? in., fascicled, often squarrose, green, glabrous or hairy ; 2 lowest
glumes ovate, acute, upper lanceolate, almost awned ; two succeeding awned
glumes curved, with obliquely truncate tips ; fl. glume glabrous. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, Greenland ; introd. in N. America. —
Odour of Woodruff.

A. PUEL'II, Lecoq. and Lamotte ; annual, very slender, much branched,

panicle lax, awn long slender much exserted.

Pastures and fields, Roxburgh to Devon and Hants, &c. ; a modern introduc- .
tion. — Stems very numerous from the root, 6-10 in., bent at the nodes.
Leaves narrow, glabrous or hairy ; sheaths smooth. Panicle 1-2 in., sub-
acute. Spikelets pedicelled ; 2 lowest glumes very unequal, scaberulous,
membranous, lower half the length of the acuminate upper ; awned glumes
straight, with erose tips. — DISTRIB. S. and Central Europe, Mediterranean.
— Odour faint.

7. HIEROCHLO'E, Gmdin. HOLY GRASS.

Spikelets laterally compressed, panicled, 3-fld. ; upper flower 2-sextial,
2-androus ; 2 lower male, 3-androus. Empty glumes subequal, about
equalling the flowering, membranous, keeled, 3-nerved. Fl. glumes

HIEROCHLOE.] GRAMINSJB, 473

pedicelled, 5-nerved, awned or not. Palea of the 2-sexual fl. keeled,
1 -nerved ; of the male fl. 2-nerved. Scales lanceolate. Ovary glabrous ;
styles long, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, free. — DISTRIB. Arctic and
cold regions ; species 10. — ETYM. t'e/xfe and x^6a, sacred grass, from its
being formerly strewed on church floors.

H.borea'lis, R. and S. ; fl. glumes shortly awned near the tip.
Wet banks, Caithness, (Forfar, extinct) ; fl. May- June. —Rootstock creeping.
Stems 10-18 in., tufted, smooth, glabrous. Leaves flat, acute, edges scabrid ;
sheaths smooth ; ligule long. Panicle pyramidal, subunilateral, sparingly
branched, pedicels smooth. Spikelets ^ in. broad, ovate, fulvous or brown,
shining; empty glumes membranous, translucent, acute, toothed, mucro-
nate ; fl. glumes similar, of the male fl. hispid, ciliate ; of the 2-sexual fl.
hairy above. — DISTRIB. Arctic, Alpine, and N. Europe, N. and W. Asia,
N. America.

8. AiiOPECU'RUS, L. FOX-TAIL GRASS.

Spikelets much laterally compressed, crowded in spike-like cylindric pani-
cles, jointed on the pedicel, 1-fld. Empty glumes subequal, often connate be-
low, a little exceeding the flowering. Fl. glume hyaline, convolute, edges
often connate at the base, 3-nerved ; awn bent, dorsal. Palea 0 (in British
species). Scales 0. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles distinct or con-
nate, stigmatic hairs short simple. Fruit laterally compressed, enclosed
in the palea. — DISTRIB. N. and S. temp, and eold regions ; species 20. —
ETYM. aAo»7r^| and ovpd, fox-tail.

* Empty glumes connate to or nearly to the middle.

1. A. agres'tis, L. ; panicle acute, keel of subglabrous glumes narrowly
winged shortly ciliate, awn twice as long as the fl. glume.

Fields and roadsides, from Cumberland southd. ; a casual N. of it ; Channel
Islands ; fl. May-Oct. — Annual, scaberulous. Stems 1-2 ft., lowest inter-
node prostrate. Leaves flat, edges rough; sheath smooth; ligule large,
truncate. Panicle 2-3 in., slender, often purplish, flexuous; branches very
short, hairy, with 2 spikelets. Empty glumes % in., lanceolate, pale, con-
nate to the middle, acute, incurved ; fl. glume a little exserted, glabrous. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia; introd. in N. America. — A troublesome
weed.

2. A. alpi'nus, Stn. • panicle short ovoid obtuse, keel of acute silky
empty glumes silkily ciliate, awn very short.

Springs and edges of alpine streams, alt. 2,100 to 3,600 ft., Ross, Aberdeen,
Perth, Forfar, Inverness ; fl, July-Aug. — Perennial. Stems creeping below,
then erect, 6-18 in., rather stout, smooth, contracted at the top. Lea vex
short, broad, flat ; sheaths inflated, upper much longer than its leaf; ligule
short, obtuse. Panicle ^-£ in., ^-5 in. broad, dense ; branches with 4-6
spikelets, short, silky. Empty glumes § in., ovate, very silky, shining ;
fl. glume glabrous, obtuse; awn variable, dorsal, rarely (); anthers
linear, yellow.— DISTRIB. Arctic regions, Fuegia.— VAR, Watso'ni, Syme,

474 GR AMINES. [ALOPEOURIW.

from Aberdeenshire, has a laxer panicle, more acute purplish empty glumes,
with an awn J-J of their length.

** Empty glumes distinct or connate towards the base.

3. A. praten'sis, L. ; stem erect, panicle slender cylindric obtuse,
keel of hairy acute empty glumes villously ciliate, awn twice as long as
the fl. glume.

Meadows and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Perennial, stoloniferous. Stems
1-3 ft., erect or lowest internode inclined, smooth. Leaves scaberulous,
flat; sheath smooth, upper inflated, longer than its leaf; ligule large,
truncate. Panicle 1|-2| in., dense, soft, pale green ; branches very short,
with 3-6 spikelets. Empty glumes \ in., ovate-lanceolate, acute ; fl. glume
subacute, glabrous, ciliate, margins connate ^-\ of its length.— DISTRIB.
Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N.W. India; introd. in America. — An
excellent fodder.

4. A. genicula'tus; L. ; stem decumbent below, panicle cylindric,
keel of hairy empty glumes ciliate. A. palus'tris, Syme.

Wet meadows and ditches, ascending to nearly 2,000 ft. in the N. of England ;
fl. May-Aug. — Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous. Stems 8-18 in., procum-
bent and rooting below. Leaves flat, scaberulous above and on the edges.
Panicle 1-1§ in., slender, dense-fld. ; branches with 1 spikelet. Empty
glumes hairy and silky as in A. praten'sis, but smaller, ^ in.; anthers
purplish, linear. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, India ;
introd. in N. America.

A. GENICULA'TUS proper ; not glaucous, sheaths cylindric, panicles cyliudric,
empty glumes connate at the base, fl. glume with a subbas.il awn not
twice its length. Common, N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands. —
A. pro'mis, Mitt., is a prostrate form.

Sub-sp. A. FUI/VUS, Sm. ; glaucous, sheaths rather inflated, panicle longer
paler, empty glumes smaller r\ in. connate below obtuse villously ciliate,
awn inserted near the middle of and a little longer than the fl. glume,
anthers small yellow. — N. Wales, Chester and Norfolk to Devon and
Sussex.

Sub-sp. A. BULBO'SUS, Gouan ; taller, more erect, not glaucous, lowest inter-
nodes tuberous, upper sheath inflated, panicle slender subacute, empty
glumes acute, free to the base, keel shortly ciliate, flowering glume longer
than the palea awn subbasal twice its length. — Salt marshes, N. Wales,
York and Chester, to Kent and Cornwall.

9. MIL'IUM, L. MILLET-GRASS.

Spikelets minute, in an effuse panicle, 1-fld. ; rachilla produced. Empty
glumes 2, equalling the flowering, broad, subequal, obtuse, awnless, 3-
iierved. FL glume rigid, ovate, tumid, obscurely 3-nerved, awnless. Palea
2-nerved. Scales 2, fleshy, acute, toothed on one side. Ovary glabrous ;
styles short, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, included in the hardened
glumes and palea. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. ; species 5 or 6. — ETYM.
Latin for Millet, misapplied.

MILIUM.] GEAMINE^. 475

M. effu'sum, L. ; leaves broad flat thin.

Damp woods from Argyll and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the Lake
District; Ireland ; fl. May- June. — Perennial, pale green. Stems 2-4 ft.,
tufted, erect, smooth, shining, leafy. Leaves ^-| in., linear-oblong, acute,
scabrid above ; sheaths smooth ; ligule long, truncate, torn. Panicle 5-10
in., very lax and slender; branches capillary, spreading or deflexed, in
remote whorls, few-fid. Empty glumes ^ in., elliptic-ovoid, obtuse, scabe-
rulous, edges hyaline ; fl. glume quite smooth, white* and polished when
ripe. — DISTBIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. America.

1O. PHLE'UM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS.

Spikelets in crowded spike-like panicles, 1-fld., with rarely a rudimentary
2d. Empty glumes exceeding the flowering, equal, much laterally com-
pressed, .keeled, awned, or mucronate. Fl. glume hyaline, awned or not,
3-5-nerved, toothed. Palea small. Scales 2, hyaline, toothed on the
outer margin. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles long, stigmas slender
feathery. Fruit compressed, enclosed in the fl. glume and palea. — Dis-
TRIB. N. and S. temp, and Arctic regions ; species 10. — ETYM. The old
Greek name.

* Empty glumes truncate, tip scarious. Fl. glume %-nerved.

1. P. praten'se, L. ; leaf-sheaths appressed, panicle cylindric, keel of
empty glumes hispid, awn rigid § their length. Timothy-grass.

Pastures, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,400ft. in N. England ; (? native N.
of the Caled. Canal, Wats.} ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. —
Perennial. Stems 6-18 in., tufted, ascending, smooth. Leaves short, flat ;
ligule long. Panicle 1-6 in., obtuse, green. Spikelets crowded, shortly
pedicelled ; empty glumes with a stout green keel, ciliate with stiff setse,
sides pale ; awns £ in., scabrid, rigid ; fl. glumes membranous, cuspidate,
5-nerved ; anthers oblong, yellow or purple. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Siberia, W. Asia ; introd. in N.America. — An excellent fodder. Syme dis-
tinguishes two varieties.

P.praten'se proper; stems erect rarely geniculate, spikes stout cylindric,
glumes greenish, keel dark. — VAB. P. nodo'sum, L. ; stem recumbent geni-
culate, lower internodes swollen, leaves narrower, spike slender, glumes
pale, keel green. — VAB. stolonifera, Bab., has copious stolons.

2. P. alpi'num, L. ; upper sheaths inflated, panicle ovoid or oblong,
empty glumes equalling their rigid awn, keel hispid.

By alpine springs and rills, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen ; alt. 2,100 to 3,600 ft. ;
fl. July.— Perennial. Stems 6-18 in., solitary, creeping below, smooth,
ascending, rigid. Leaves short, flat, spreading ; lower sheaths appressed ;
ligule short. Panicle §-l| in., dull purple and green. Empty glumes as in
P. praten'se, but larger, £ in. including the awn.— DISTKIB. " Arctic and
Alpine Europe and Asia, Himalaya, N. America, Fuegia.

476 GRAMINE^S. [PHLEUM.

** Empty glumes gradually pointed ; fl. glume 3-nerved, with the pedicel
of a 2d at its base.

3. P. arcna'rium, L. ; upper sheaths inflated, panicle cylindric-oblong
narrowed at the base, empty glumes hardly awned, keel ciliate above.

Sandy dunes, &c., local, from Aberdeen (E. Scotland only) southd. ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Annual, glabrous. Stems 2-6 in., crowded,
leafy. Leaves broad, flat ; sheaths smooth ; ligule long. Panicle f-1 in.,
most contracted at the base, glaucous. Spikelets Ta^ in., crowded ; empty
glumes lanceolate, acuminate, punctulate ; fl. glume very small, hairy ;
anthers minute, short, yellow.— DISTRIB. Europe, W. Africa.

4. P. phalaroi'des, Koel. ; sheaths hardly inflated, panicle cylindric
long, keel of shortly awned empty glumes almost smooth or ciliate. P.
Bcehmeri, Schrad. (not Wibel).

Sandy and chalky fields, Norfolk and Bedford to Essex and Herts ; fl. July. —
Annual, glabrous. Stems 10-18 in., ascending, smooth. Leaves short, flat,
scabrid, rather glaucous ; upper ligules long. Panicle 2-4 in., rather narrow,
obtuse, green, slightly interrupted. Spikelets ^ in., fascicled; empty
glumes linear-oblong, obliquely truncate below the short rigid subulate
awn, very coriaceous, green ; margins white, punctulate ; fl. glume minute ;
anthers linear-oblong. — DISTEIB. Europe, N. Asia.

11. MIBO'RA, Adans.

A minute annual. Spikelets minute, subsessile, laterally or distichously
arranged on a simple slender flexuous rachis, dorsally compressed, 1-fld.
Empty glumes 2, a little exceeding the flowering, broad, subequal, concave,
not keeled, truncate, awnless, membranous, 1-nerved, upper next the
rachis. Fl. ghime hyaline, very hairy, truncate, 5-nerved. Palea 2-
nerved or 0. Scales 2, very minute. Stamens 3 ; anthers short. Ovary
glabrous ; styles 2, very long, stigmas slender hairy. Fruit ellipsoid,
compressed, enclosed in the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. W. Europe
from Hanover to Spain and Italy, 1ST. Africa. — ETYM. unknown.

M. ver'na, Adans. ; stems capillary. Sturm' ia min'ima, Hoppe ;
Knap'pia agrostide'a, Sm. ; Chamagros'tis min'ima, Borkh.

Wet sands, especially near the sea, Anglesea ; Channel Islands ; formerly in
Essex; naturalized in Haddington ; fl. March-April. — Stems 1-3 in., tufted.
Leaves short, strict, setaceous, scaberulous, obtuse, margins involute ; sheaths
white, inflated ; ligule short. Spike J-l in.

12. AGROS'TIS, L. BENT.

Spikelets very small, in an open or contracted panicle with whorled
branches, 1-fld., rachilla not produced. Empty glumes 2, exceeding the
flowering, unequal, membranous, awnless, convex, keeled. FL glume
hyaline ; awn slender, dorsal, or 0. Palea 2-nerved or 0. Scales glabrous,
entire. Stamens 3. Styles short, stigma feathery. Fruit enclosed in

AGKOSTIS.] GRAMINE^S. 477

the glume, terete, glabrous. — DISTRIB. All temp, and cold climates ;
species 100. — ETYM. An old Greek name.

SECTION 1. Tricho'dium, Michx. (gen.). Upper empty glume smaller
than the lower. Palea very minute or 0.

1. A. cani'na, L. ; leaves narrow flat smooth.

Moors, heaths, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1.500 ft. in Derby ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, glabrous, smooth. Stems 6-24 in.,
sometimes stoloniferous. Leaves 2-5 in., ^-^ in. broad; ligule oblong.
Panicle 2-4 in., slender, flexuous, flowering open, fruiting contracted, purplish
or green; branches capillary, scabrid. Fl. glume § shorter than the empty,
truncate, nerves 5, excurreut ; awn from above the base, variable in length,
bent in the middle. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia ; Hima-
laya ; N. and S. America, Australasia.

2. A. seta'cea, Curt. ; leaves setaceous margins involute scaberulous.
Dry downs, Glamorgan, Berks, Surrey, Cornwall to Sussex ; fl. June-July. —

Perennial. Stem 8-12 in., strict, scaberulous. Leaves very many, erect,
rigid ; ligule oblong. Panicle 1J-3| in., and spikelets much as in A. cani'na,
but empty glumes scabrid, almost awned ; fl. glumes with a longer rather
twisted awn, and 2 minute tufts of hairs at the base ; palea minute. —
DISTRIB. Belgium, France, Spain.

SECTION 2. Agros'tis proper. Empty glumes subequal, or upper
smaller than the lower. Palea 2-nerved.

3. A. vulga'ris, With. ; ligule short truncate, fruiting panicle
spreading.

Meadows and marshy places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 3,200 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-Sept. — Perennial. Stems
6-24 in., ascending, smooth. Leaves short, flat, scabrid ; sheaths smooth.
Panicle 1-3 in., narrowly ovate, but variable in form. Empty glumes ^ in.,
subequal, ovate or lanceolate, acute, nearly smooth/dull red or purplish and
green ; fl. glume a little shorter, truncate, 3-nerved, 3 times longer than the
palea; awn 0 or short. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Himalaya, N".
America.

A. vulya'ris proper; slender, panicle usually elongate, fl. glume rarely awned.
— VAR. A.pu'mila, L. ; short, stout, panicle shorter, branches stouter, empty
glumes broader, fl. glume usually awned. — VAR. A. ni'yra, With.; taller
more robust, panicle more scabrid, branches more rigid, spikelets larger.
— Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick.

4. A. al'ba, L. ; ligule long acute, fruiting panicle contracted. Florin
Grass.

Pastures and waste places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,400 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Sept. — Perennial. Stems 6-24 in., more
or less prostrate below, scaberulous above. Leaves flat, scabrid or not;
sheaths smooth. Panicle 1-8 in., branched or lobed, green or yellowish
branches scabrid. Empty glumes much as in A. vulga'ris, but rather larger
more rigid, not so shining; fl. glume 5-nerved, rarely awned. — DISTRIB.

473 GRAMINE^?. [AGROSTIS.

Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America. — A. stolonifera, L. (ft
subre'pens, Bab.), is a more stoloniferous state.

13, POLYPO'GON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS.

Spikelets in a contracted or spikelike panicle, jointed on the pedicel,
1-fld. Empty glumes 2, much exceeding the flowering, equal, concave,
keeled, 2-fid or notched, sinus awned. Fl. glume sessile, hyaline, base
naked, broad, truncate, toothed, awned near the top. Palea small 2-
nerved. Scales 2, falcate, entire. Stamens 1-3 ; anthers small. Ovary
glabrous ; styles short, free, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, wrapped in
the hyaline glumes and palea. — DISTRIB. Warm regions; species 10. —
ETYM. TTO\VS and Trdtyw*', from the many awns.

1. P. monspelien'sis, Desf. ; annual, awns much exceeding the sca-
brid deeply-notched glumes, fl. glume not awned.

Damp pastures on the S.E. coast, rare; from Norfolk, Essex, Kent, to Hants ;
Channel Islands ; introd. elsewhere ; fl. June-July. — Stems |-4 ft., erect,
stout, smooth. Leaves large, broad, flat, scabrid ; sheaths smooth ; ligule
large, obtuse. Panicle 1-6 in,, oblong-ovoid or fusiform, cylindric or lobed,
obtuse, pale greenish-yellow, dense, soft. Empty glumes nearly § in.^
narrow linear ; awn straight, 2-3 times as long ; fl. glume not J as long as
the empty, silvery. — DISTRIB. From Holland southd., N. Africa, W. Asia,
India.

2. P. littora'lis, Sm. ; perennial, awns as long as the nearly smooth
acute obscurely notched glumes, fl. glume awned.

Muddy salt marshes, very rare ; Norfolk, Essex, Kent, Hants ; fl. July. —
Perennial, variable in size. Stems 1-6 ft., erect or decumbent, usually more
slender below than in P. monspelierisis ; panicle'.! smaller, more lobed,
purplish; empty glumes much smoother, more acute, awns shorter, keel
scabrid ; fl. glume about § shorter than the empty ; awn exserted. — DISTRIB.
W. Europe. — Supposed by Duval-Jouve to be a hybrid between monspelitrisis
and Agrostis al'ba.

14. CALAMAGROS'TIS, Adans.

Tall, perennial grasses. Rootstock stoloniferous. Spikelets in a close
or spreading subsecund panicle, 1-fld., branches whorled. Empty glumes
much exceeding the flowering, subequal, concave, acuminate, upper 3-nerved.
Fl. glume enveloped in silky hairs, hyaline, 3-5-nerved, truncate, 2-fid,
toothed, awned at the tip or back. Palea small, 2-nerved. Scales entire.
Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles short, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete,
grooved in front, enveloped in the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, regions ; species 5. — ETYM. /caAa^uos and aypoo-ris, reed-grass.

1. C. Epige'j os, Roth; panicle open, empty glumes subulate-lanceo-
late and hairs twice as long as the flowering, awn dorsal inserted above the
middle of the fl. glume.

CALAMAGROSTIS.] GRAMINE^E, 479

Damp woods, local, from Mull and Aberdeen to Devon and Kent; Aran Island
and Derry in Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug.— Stem 2-6 ft., simple,
stout, scabrid above. Leaves very long, flat, scabrid, glaucous beneath,
point slender ; ligule acute, torn. Panicle 4-12 in., purplish-brown ; branches
suberect. Empty glumes \ in., very narrow, tip and keel scabrid ; awn pro-
duced for | its length beyond the fl. glume.— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic)
(excl. Spain), Himalaya, N. Asia.

2. C. lanceola'ta, Roth ; panicle open, empty glumes lanceolate twice
as long as the flowering, hairs rather longer than the fl. glume, awn
terminal minute. Arundo Calamagros'tis, L.

Damp copses, hedges, &c., from the Border to Devon and Kent ; fl. July-
Aug. — Stem 2-4 ft., slender, erect, smooth. Leaves much narrower and
smoother than C. Epige'jos, more convolute ; ligule shorter. Panicle 2-6 in.,
purplish ; branches spreading, tip drooping. Empty glumes nearly as large
as in Epigejos, but broader; awn minute. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
and W. Asia. — Andersson observes that the pedicel of an upper flower is
sometimes present.

15. GASTRID'IUM, Beauv.

Annual. Spikelets small, in a contracted panicle, 1-fld. ; rachilla
produced, glabrous. Empty glumes 2, subequal, gibbous at the base,
acute or shortly awned. Fl. glume minute, hyaline, truncate, toothed ;
awn dorsal or 0. Palea -narrow. Scales oblong, entire. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct, stigmas feathery. Fruit subglobose, shining, loosely
enclosed in the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. S. and W. Europe, trop.
Africa, temp. S. America. — ETYM. yao-TpiSeov, a ventricle.

G. lendig'erum, Gaud. ; glumes lanceolate, awn exserted. Agrostis

austra'lis, L. Nit-grass.

Maritime sandy marshes, &c., from S. Wales, Warwick, and Norfolk southd. ;
Channel Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.) ; fl. June-Oct. Stem 6-10 in., densely
tufted, erect or ascending, slender, leafy. Leaves short, flat, scaberulous ;
sheaths smooth ; ligule oblong. Panicle large, 1-3 in., cylindric-fusiform,
dense, pale green, glistening; branches scaberulous ; pedicels swollen at the
top. Empty glumes % in., erect, very acuminate, the swollen base polished,
keel obscurely scabrid ; fl. glume white, shining, 4-toothed ; awn near the
top, very slender. — DISTRIB. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.

16. AP'ERA, Adans.

Annual. Spikelets small, panicled, shining, 1-fld. ; rachilla produced,
glabrous. Empty glumes 2, unequal, membranous, acute, keeled, upper
3-nerved. Fl. glume shorter than the empty, membranous, hardly 2-fid
with a slender dorsal flexuous awn. Palea hyaline, 2-keeled. Scales
ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, stigmas feathery.
Fruit narrow, free within the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. Europe
and W. Asia; species 2. — ETYM. air-fipos, undivided, alluding to the entire
fl. glume.

480 QEAM1NE&. [APERA.

A. Spi'ca-ven'ti, Beauv ; panicle large pyramidal effuse or contracted,

awn much exceeding the fl. glume. Agros'tis Anemagros'tis, Syme.

Sandy, often inundated fields, S.E. England, from York to Kent and Hants ;
fl. June-July. — Stems 1-3 ft., densely tufted, stout or slender, erect from a
decumbent base, smooth. Leaves flat, glabrous or hairy, scabrid beneath
and on the edges ; ligules short, torn. Panicle 3 in., sometimes 3 in. broad,
green or purple; branches many in a whorl, capillary, scabrid. Empty
glumes TV in., lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, closed in fruit, nearly
smooth, shining; fl. glume hairy, awn subterminal, 3 times its length, erect,
very slender; palea with 2 tufts of silky hairs at the base. — DISTRIB.
Europe, 1ST. Africa, Siberia.

A. SPI'CA-VEN'TI proper ; panicle large broad effuse, anthers linear. Agrostis, L.

A. INTERRUP'TA, Beauv. ; panicle contracted interrupted, anthers oblong. — E.
counties. Ayrostis, L.

17. DEYEUX'IA, Clarion.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets panicled, 1-fld. ; rachilla produced into a
hairy or penicillate tip, bearded below the fl. glume. Empty glumes sub-
equal, keeled. Fl. glume longer or shorter, 5-nerved, tip entire or 2-4-
toothed ; awn twisted, dorsal, or 0. Palea thin, 2-nerved. Scales ovate,
entire or lobed. Styles short, distinct, stigma plumose. Fruit often
oblique enclosed within the fl. glume and pale, free or subadherent. —
DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species 120. — ETYM. N. De.yeux, an
eminent French chemist.

D. neglec'ta, KuntTi ; panicle close, empty glumes oblong-lanceolate
slightly exceeding the flowering, awn from below the middle of the fl.
glume straight. Calamagros'tis lappon'ica, Hook., not Hartm. ; C. stric'ta,
Nutt.

Bogs and marshes, very rare ; Delamere Forest ; (Forfar extinct):; Caithness ;
Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Stems 1-3 ft., strict, slender, smooth, polished.
Leaves short, all flat or lower filiform with convolute margins, almost
smooth ; ligule short. Panicle 2-6 in., narrow, erect, pale purplish and
green. Empty glumes T\)-^ in., acute, nearly smooth. — DISTRIB. Scandi-
navia (Arctic"), Dahuria, N. America. — Leaves in cultivated (Irish) specimens
quite flat.

D. neglec'ta proper ; upper ligule obtuse, lower empty glumes acuminate,
upper acute twice as long as the hairs. — (Forfar extinct), Cheshire. — VAR.
Hooke'ri, Syme ; upper ligule acute, lower empty glumes acute, upper
broader one third longer than the hairs. — Lough Neagh.

18. AMMOPH ILA, Host. MARRAM-GRASS.

Spikelets large in a contracted panicle, much laterally compressed, 1-fld. ;
rachilla produced beyond the fl. glume. Empty glumes 2, scarcely exceeding
the flowering, rigid, subequal, long, narrow, keeled, subacute. Fl. glume
rigid, with an oblique callus and a short pencil of silky hairs at the base,
5-nerved ; awn minute, subterminal. Palea equalling the glume, rigid, 2-
nerved. Scales very acuminate. Stamens, ovary, and fruit of Calamagros'tis.

AMMOPHILA.] GEAMINEJE. 481

— DISTKIB. Shores of Europe, N. Africa ; species 4.— ETYM. £^uos and
<£iA.«, sand lover.

1. A. arundina'cea, Host. ; panicle subcylindric white, fl. glume
linear-oblong acute 3 times as long as the hairs. Psamma arenaria, R.
andS.

Sand-hills by the sea, N". to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July.—
Rootstock widely creeping, binding the sand. Stems 2-4 ft., smooth or
scabrid above. Leaves long, rigid, convolute, polished without, scabrid and
glaucous within ; sheaths long ; ligule very long, 2-fid, torn. Panicle 3-6
in., straight, broadest and sometimes lobecl at the base, yellowish ; branches
short. Spikelets erect, pedicels scabrid ; empty glumes §-J in., acute, keel
scabrid ; fl. glume and palea quite like the empty glumes in colour and
texture. Anthers % in., linear, yellow. — DISTRIB. Of the genus.

2. A. baltica, Link; panicle elongated interrupted, fl. glume lanceo-
late acuminate twice as long as the hairs. P. samma baltica, R. and S.
Ross Links and Holy Isle, Northumbd. ; fl. Aug.-Sept. — Habit of A. arundina-

cea, but distinguished by its laxer less cylindric panicles, more lanceolate and
acuminate glumes, and by the length of the hairs. The flowering glumes
are 5-nerved in both, but more faintly in A. bal'tica. — DISTRIB. Seashores
from Holland to Gothland.

19. liAGU'RUS, L. HARE'S-TAIL GRASS.

Annual. Spikelets in a dense villous ovoid head, 1-fld., laterally com-
pressed ; rachilla produced. Empty glumes 2, much exceeding the
flowering, equal, long, with slender feathery points. Fl, glume membra-
nous, . shortly stipitate, with the pedicel of an upper flower at the back of
the palea, narrow, terete, with 2 short awns and an intermediate long bent
and twisted one. Palea 2-nerved. Scales 2, fleshy. Stamens 3. Ovary
glabrous ; styles very short, stigmas long feathery. Fruit smooth,
embraced by the glume and palea. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia. — ETYM. \ayws and ovpd, hare's tail.

L. ova'tus, L. ; leaves short flat, ligule short.

Sandy places, Guernsey ; naturalized near Saffron Walden ; fl. June. — Stems
6-10 in., very many, erect or decumbent below, stout, pubescent, leafy
below. Leaves broad, and inflated sheaths pubescent or villous. Heads
1-lf in., | in. broad, white, obtuse. Empty glumes £ in., very slender ; awn
twice as long as the nearly glabrous fl. glume.

20. AIRA, L.

Spikelets laterally compressed, loosely panicled, 2-fld., rachilla not
produced. Empty glumes 2, equalling the flowering, membranous, sub-
equal, acute, 1-nerved. Fl. glumes pedicelled, membranous, subequa'l,
convex, 3-nerved, toothed, awned at the back. Palea 2-nerved, 2-fid.
Scales acuminate, entire or 2-fi.d. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas

I I

482 GRAMINE^E. [AiRA.

subterminal, feathery to the base. Fruit grooved, free or adnate to the
fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions ; species 4-5. — ETYM. A
Greek name for some grass.

1. A. caryophyl'lea, L. ; sheaths scabrid, panicle spreading, branches
long trichotomous.

Sandy meadows, &c.. N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,400 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stems 2-10 in., tufted,
leafless and scabrid above, bent below, often purplish. Leaves setaceous,
short, scabrid, obtuse ; ligule long. Panicle 1-2 in. Spikelets T^ in., ovate,
shining ; lower empty glume ovate, acuminate, exceeding the flowering,
keel scabrid ; awn twice as long as its glume, twisted.— DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Africa ; introd. in N. America.

2. A. prse'cox, L. ; sheaths glabrous, panicle contracted, branches very
short with 1-2 spikelets.

Dry pastures, &c.,N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. April-June. — Habit of A. caryophyl'lea, but panicle very
different ; whole plant greener ; spikelets narrower ; 2-fid points of
flowering glume snorter; awn inserted higher up. — DISTRIB. Europe;
introd. in N. America.

21. CORYNEPH'ORUS, Beauv.

Annual grasses. Spikelets small, panicled, 2-fld. ; rachilla produced,
penicillate. Empty glumes 2, subscarious, subequal, acute. Fl. glumes
shorter, hyaline ; awn dorsal, bent, twisted below the bearded joint, tip
clavate. Palea narrow, 2-nerved. Scales 2-fid. Stamens 3. Styles short
distinct, stigmas feathery. Fruit grooved, adhering to the fl. glume and
palea. — DJSTKIB. Europe, W. Asia ; species 2. — ETYM. Kopvvr} and d>epw,
from the clubbed awn.

C, canes'cens, Beauv. ; tufted, leaves short rigid. Aira canescens, L.
Sandy coasts, Norfolk, Suffolk; Channel Islands; fl. July. — Tufts hard, rigid,
pungent. Stems 4-8 in., bent below, glabrous above. Leaves 1-2 in.,
glaucous, involute; upper sheaths long, S3aberulous; ligule lanceolate.
Panicle 1-3 in., narrow-oblong, spreading in flower ; branches thickened at
the forks, short. Spikelets % in., narrow, pale silvery or purplish ; empty
glumes narrow, acuminate, tips hyaline ; fl. glumes shorter, villous at the
base; keel channelled; awn included or shortly exserted, purple below,
bearded at the middle where bent, above gradually thickened, white;
anthers purplish. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia.

22. DESCHAMP SIA, Beauv.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets panicled, 2-fld. ; rachilla produced, some-
times bearing a male flower. Empty glumes sube«|ual, keeled, shining,
truncate, toothed, 3-5-nerved ; awn dorsal, straight or twisted. Palea
narrow, 2-nerved. Scales entire, lanceolate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct,

DESCHAMPSIA.] GRAMINE^E. 483

stigmas feathery. Fruit grooved, included in the fl. glume "and palea,
free. — DISTHIB. Temp, and cold regions ; species 20. — ETYM. M. H.
Deschamps, a French chemist.

1. D. flexuo'sa, Trin. ; leaves filiform terete solid, branches of panicle
spreading capillary, spikelets subterete, Ai'ra jlcxuo'sa, L.

Dry woods, heaths, &<?,, N. to Shetland, ascends to 3,700 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. Juue-Aug. — Stems |-2 ft., erect, slender,
polished, naked above. Leaves short, curved, obtuse, grooved (not involute),
sheath of upper long ; ligule short, obtuse. Panicle 2-5 in. ; branches
2-3-nate. Spikelets £ in. ; purplish or yellow-brown, shining ; empty glumes
acuminate ; awn about ^ as loug as the spikelet, erect, then bent or twisted.
— DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and "W. Asia, N. America, Fuegia. — Often
viviparous.

VAR. Ai'ra monta'na, Huds. ; subalpine, glumes larger more purple. — YAR.
A. seta'cea, Huds. (uliyino'sa, Weihe) ; leaves capillary, upper fl. glume
longer pedicelled.

2. D. csespito'sa, Beauv. ; leaves flat scabrid, branches of nodding
panicle flexuous, spikelets much compressed. Ai'ra ccespito'sa, L. ; A.
ma'jor, Syme.

Wet meadows, woods, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to nearly 3,000 ft. in the
Highlands; Ireland; fl. June-July. — Stems 2-4 ft., rather stout, leafy,
shining, smooth. Leaves coriaceous ; sheaths shining, smooth or rough,
upper very long ; ligule obtuse. Panicle 4-8 in., linear-oblong, spreading
in flower. Spikelets J in., very shining, fulvous or purplish ; empty glumes
narrow, obtuse, shorter than the flowering, keel scabrid or smooth, upper
obscurely 3-nerved ; fl. glumes 1-3 (3d always imperfect), silky at the base ;
awn short, inserted below the middle, variable in length. — DISTRIB. N. and
S. temp., Arctic, and mountain regions. — A variable grass.

D. oaESPiTo'SA proper ; tall, leaves longer broader scabrid, branches of panicle
rough, awn inserted below the middle usually equalling the glume.

Sub-sp. D. ALPI'NA, B. and S.; short, leaves narrower channelled smooth,
branches of panicle smooth, awn inserted at the middle shorter. Ai'ra lavi-
aa'ta, Sm. Usually viviparous. Wet rocks, Scotland; ascends to 4,100 ft.;
W. Ireland.

23. HOL'CUS, L.

Spikelets much laterally compressed, in open panicles, jointed on the
pedicel, 2-fld. ; lower flower 2-sexual, upper male ; rachilla shortly pro-
duced. Empty glumes 2, boat-shaped, subequal, keeled, lower 1 -nerved ;
upper larger, 3-nerved, notched, acute or shortly awned. FL glumes
shorter, 5-nerved, lower sessile, 2-sexual. avvnless ; upper pedicelled, male,
with a dorsal twisted awn. Palea 2-rierved, 3-toothed. Scales oblique,
acuminate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas sessile feathery. Fruit
laterally compressed, enclosed in the fl. glume. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp.
Asia, and N. and S. Africa ; species 8. — ETYM. obscure.

1. H. lana tus, L. ; softly tomentose, root fibrous, awn of the flowering
glume included, tip scabrous or smooth.

I I 2

484 GRAMINE^E. [HoLcus.

Meadows, copses, waysides, &c., N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,800 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- Aug. — Perennial, densely
tufted. Stems 6-24 in., ascending, slender, leafy. Leaves flat, soft, upper
sheaths inflated ; ligule short. Panicle 2-5 in., pale green or pinkish ;
branches 2-3-nate. Spikelets $ in., elliptic-oblong ; empty glumes acute,
nerves strong. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia; introd. in N.
America.

2. H. mol'lis, L. ; villous at the nodes, rootstock creeping, awn of fl.
glume exserted at length inflexed scabrid throughout.
Sandy and waste places, woods, &c. ; less common than H. lana'tus ; ascends

to 1,500 ft. in N. England; fl. June-Aug. — Similar to H. lana'tus, but

usually more slender ; glumes more scabrid and very acuminate. — DISTMB.

Europe except N. Kussia, N. Africa.

24. TRISE'TUM, Pers.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets panicled, compressed, 2- rarely 3-6-fld. ;
rachilla produced, with sometimes a male fl. glume. Empty glumes mem-
branous, unequal, keeled, acute. Fl. glumes shorter, with 2 awned points
and an intermediate dorsal twisted awn. Palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Scales
membranous, lanceolate. Styles distinct, stigmas feathery. Fruit fur-
rowed ventral ly, glabrous or tip pubescent, enclosed in the fl. glume and
palea. — DISTRIB. All temp, regions ; species 50. — ETYM. tri, three, and
seta, from the 3-awned fl. glume.

T. flaves'cens, Beauv. ; panicle open, branches in J-whorls, fl. glume

2-cuspidate 3-awned. A ve'na flaves'cens, L.

Dry pastures from Elgin and the Clyde southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in N.
England ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Root fibrous, stoloni-
ferous. Stems 1-2 ft., erect, smooth, glabrous. Leaves flat, and sheaths
hairy ; ligule truncate, ciliate. Panicle 2-4 in. ; branches many, capillary.
Spikelets J in., many, 3-4-fld., shining, yellowish; empty glumes ovate,
acuminate; awns very divergent.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N.Asia,
Himalaya.

25. A VE'NA, L.

Annual or perennial grasses. Spikelets large, terete, panicled, 2- or
more-fld., upper flower usually imperfect. Empty glumes 2, equalling the
flowering, usually subequal, rather membranous, 1-11 -nerved. Fl. glumes
more rigid, rounded at the back or 2-cuspidate, 2-fid with a long bent and
twisted awn from the sinus. Palea 2-nerved. Scales 2-fid. Stamens 3.
Ovary hirsute at the top ; styles short, distant, stigmas feathery. Fruit
furrowed, adherent to the glume, top hairy. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold
regions ; species 40. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

* Annual. Spikelets at length drooping. Empty glumes 5-11-nerved.

1. A. fat'ua, L. ; spikelets 2-3-fld., empty glumes 9-nerved, fl. glume
below and pedicels hairy. Wild Oat.

AVENA.] GRAMINE^. 485

Cornfields, N. to Shetland, but not indigenous in Scotland ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands ; (a colonist, Wats.} ; fl. June-Aug. — Stems 1-3 ft., stout, smooth ;
nodes hairy. Leaves flat, scaberulous ; sheaths smooth ; ligule short, torn.
Panicle 6-10 in., equally spreading ; branches whorled, scabrid. Spikelets
1 in., green. Fl. glumes 2-fid, with long fulvous hairs below, half as long as
the brown awn. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, N.W. India.

A. STRIGO'SA, Schreb. ; spikelets 2-fld., empty glumes 7-9-nerved, fl.
glumes and pedicels glabrous, -.j
Cornfields, rare, not indigenous; fl. June-July. — Smaller and more slender

than A.fat'ua ; leaves sometimes hairy; panicle unilateral, branches fewer;

fl. glume more deeply 2-fid, segments awned. — DISTRIB. Of A.fat'ua.

** Perennial. Spikelets suberect. Empty glumes 1-3-nerved.

2. A. prat en's is, L. ; leaves glaucous glabrous, lower branches of
panicle 2-nate with 1-2 3-6-fld. spikelets.

Moors and dry pastures, Boss and Skye to Devon and Kent ; ascends to 2,200
ft. in the Highlands ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- July. — Root fibrous, stoloni-
ferous. Stems |-3 ft., erect, scaberulous, bent at the base. Leaves flat or
involute ; lower sheaths more or less scabrid ; ligule ovate, acute. Panicle
racemose, contracted after flowering. Spikelets f-§ in., pale, shining ; fl.
glume scabrid; pedicel silky; awn faintly bent, equalling the glume. —
DISTRIB. From Norway sotithd. and eastd. to Thrace and S. Kussia (excl.
Spain).

A. praten'sis proper; leaves involute, sheaths terete nearly smooth. — VAR. A.
alpi'na, Smith (A. planicul'mis, Sm.,not Schrad.); leaves flat, lower sheaths
much compressed. Mountains.

' 3. A. pubes'cens, Huds. ; leaves pubescent, lower branches of panicle

5-nate with 2-4 2-fl'd. spikelets.

Dry pastures, N". to Shetland; ascends to 1,600 ft. in N. England; Ireland;
fl. June-July. — Habit of A. praterisis, but less densely tufted; leaves
flatter; sheaths very pubescent; awns more spreading. — DISTRIB. From
Norway southd. and eastd. to Bosnia (excl. Spain), Siberia.

26. ARRHENATH'ERUM, JBeauv.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets panicled, terete, 2-fld. ; lower fl. male, upper
female or 2-sexual ; rachilla hairy between the fl. glumes, produced.
Empty glumes scarious, very unequal. Fl. glumes rigid, 5-7- nerved,
2-toothed, lower with a long basal bent and twisted awn, upper with a
short dorsal awn or 0. Palea 2-nerved. Scales lanceolate, toothed
laterally. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, stigmas feathery. Fruit
pubescent, loosely enclosed in the fl. glume and palea, pubescent. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia; species 3.— ETYM. apprjv, mascu-
line, and aOrjp, awn.

A. avena'ceum, Seauv. ; panicle narrow long nodding, lower fl.gluma
long-awned, upper usually awnless. A. elatius, Presl. ; Avc'naela'tior, L.

486 GRAMINE^E [ARRHENATHERUM.

Fields, hedgerows, and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,500 ft. in N.
England ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock widely creep-
ing, nodes often tuberous (var. bulbo'sa, Lindl.). Stems 2-4 it., erect, slender,
smooth. Leaves flat, scabrid ; sheaths smooth ; ligule truncate. Panicle
6-12 in. ; branches 2-3-nate, suberect, very scabrid. Spikelets % in., pale,
shining; lower empty glume much smallest; upper oblong- lanceolate,
acute ; fl. glume subsessile, hairy below the middle, half as long as the
dark twisted bent awn (the 2 fl. glumes are sometimes equally awned). —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia ; introd. in N. America. — A pest.

27, CY'NODON, Rich. DOG'S-TOOTH GRASS.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets laterally compressed, secund or on radiating
spikes ; rachilla 1-fld. Empty glumes 2, much smaller than the flowering,
awnless, spreading, subequal. Fl. glume convex, 3 -nerved, awnless, keel
ciliate. Paleq narrow, 2-nerved. Scales fleshy, truncate. Stamens 3.
Ovary glabrous ; styles 2, rather long, stigmas feathery. Fruit laterally
compressed, enveloped in the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRTB. Temp, and
trop. regions ; species 4.— ETYM. KVUV and 65oJs, dog's tooth.

C. Dac'tylon, Pers. ; leaves short involute, tips obtuse.
Sandy shores of S.W. England, Dorset to Cornwall ; casual at Kew ; Channel
Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Stems 4-10 in., stout, woody, prostrate and exten-
sively creeping, with short suberect leafy and flowering branches, smooth ;
fl. branches clothed with strongly furrowed sheaths. Leave* subulate, stiff,
glaucous, strongly nerved ; sheaths pale, mouth hairy. Spikes 3-6, 1-2 in.,
radiating, purplish; rachis convex, grooved above. Spikelets TV~TV in.,
imbricate ; empty glumes ovate, acute ; keel scabrid. — DISTRIB. From
Holland southd., Asia, Africa ; introd. in N. America. — The chief pasture
(Doab and Bermuda grass] of many dry climates.

28. TRIO'DIA, Br.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets terete, panicled, 3-5-fld., upper flower often
imperfect ; rachilla jointed between the flowers. Empty glumes exceeding
the flowering, subequal, herbaceous, acute ; upper 3-nerved. Fl. glumes
convex, 3-toothed, keeled, 7-nerved. Palea broad, ciliate. Scales broad,
fleshy. Stamejis 3. Ovary stipitate, glabrous ; styles short, terminal,
stigmas feathery. Fruit free, plano-convex. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop.;
species 20. — ETYM. rpris and 6$ovs, from the three teeth.

T, decum'bens, Beauv. ; spikelets 6-10 turgid. Dantho'nia, DC.
Dry pastures and moors, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July. — Perennial, bright green. Root fibrous.
Stems 6-12 in., densely tufted, rigid, glabrous, leafy. Leaves obtuse, coria-
ceous, slender, at length involute, hairy below ; sheaths grooved, lower
hairy ; month with a row of hairs. Panicle 1-2 in., erect ; rachis and
branches flexuous. Spikelets J-J in., obovoid, shining, pale green and
purplish, rachilla very short; empty glumes large, ovate, acute, keel
scabrid, margins hyaline ; fl. glumes ovoid, not keeled, coriaceous, imbricate,

TRIODIA.] GR AMINES. 487

bearded at the base, ciliate on the lower margins. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa.

29. PHRAGMI'TES, Trin. EEED.

Perennial stout water-reeds. Spikelets subterete, panicled, 3-6-fld. ;
lower fl. male, the rest 2-sexual. Empty glumes 2, short, unequal, mem-
branous, keeled. FL glumes distant ; lowest naked, 1-3-androus ; the
rest 3-androns, enveloped in long silky basal hairs, very long acuminate,
3-nerved, entire. Palra, very short. Scales large, obtuse. Stamens 3.
Ovary glabrous ; styles short, stigmas feathery. Fruit terete, loosely
wrapped in the fl. glume. — DISTRIB. Arctic and temp, zones ; species 1
or 2. — ETYM. obscure.

P. commu'nis, Trin. ; panicle very large soft dull purple nodding,
silky hairs equalling the fl. glumes. Arun'do Phragmi'tcs, L.

Edges of lakes, &c., N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. July-
Aug. — Rootstock extensively creeping, jointed. Stems 6-10 ft., stout, terete,
erect, smooth. Leaves §-1 in. broad, flat, rigid, acuminate, glaucous beneath,
edges hispid ; sheath smooth, mouth bearded. Panicle 10-18 in., ovoid,
dense ; branches smooth, with long scattered hairs. Spikelets |-f in., 3-5-
fld. (or fewer, P. nigricans, Dnmort.), shining; empty glumes lanceolate,
% the length of the very narrow subulate flowering*. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), Asia, Africa, America, Australia.

30. SESLE RIA, Scop.

Spikelets compressed, in a contracted dense ovoid or subcapitate
bracteate panicle, 2-6-fld. ; bracts small or large, entire toothed or multifid,
sheathing the lower peduncles ; rachilla jointed above the lower glumes.
Empty glumes 2, longer than the flowering, subequal, 1- rarely 3-nerved.
Fl. glumes 2-3, the upper rudimentary, keeled, 3-cuspidate. Palea
2-keeled. Scales 2, 3-5-toothed. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy at the top ;
styles terminal, connate below, stigmas very long barbellate. Fruit
oblong enclosed in the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia ; species 12. — ETYM. L. Sesler, an Italian botanist.

S. cseru'lea, Scop. ; panicle oblong subsecund silvery-grey.

Hilly pastures, especially in limestone districts, from Ross to York and
Lancaster ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ; W. Ireland, local ; fl.
April-June. — Perennial. Root fibrous. Stems 6-18 in., erect, smooth.
Leaves narrow, flat, glaucous above, tip scabrid mucronate, glabrous or hairy,
upper very short ; sheaths compressed, breaking up into fibres ; ligules
short, ciliate. Panicle §-1 in., blue-grey, glistening. Spikelets fa in., in
subsessile fascicles, the lower embraced at the base by a small convolute
bract or glume ; empty glumes ciliate, acuminate ; fl. glumes pubescent,
3 central nerves confluent ; awn very short. — DISTRIB. Prom Belgium to
Greece and S. Russia,

488 GRAMINEsE. [CYNOSTJRUS.

31. CYNOSU'RUS, L. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS.

Spikelets dimorphous, in dense spike-like panicle ; terminal spikelet of
each fascicle terete 2-5-fld. with an upper flowerless glume, lower spikelets
reduced to an involucre of pectinately arranged distichous rigid subulate
empty glumes surmounting the terminal. Empty glumes 2, shorter than
the lowest fl. glume, unequal, rigid. Fl. glumes terete, 3-keeled, nerved,
mucronate, coriaceous, opaque. Palea with 2 ciliate nerves. Scales with
a basal lobe. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles short terminal, stigmas
feathery. Fruit adherent to the fl. glume and palea. — DISTRIB. If . temp,
regions ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. KV&V and ovpd, dog's tail.

1. C. crista'tus, L. ; spike linear unilateral, fl. glumes shortly awned.
Dry pastures and banks, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in N. England ;

Ireland; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Perennial, tufted, stoloniferous.
Stems 1-2 ft., terete, strict, smooth, naked above. Leaves almost filiform,
slightly hairy; sheaths smooth; ligule 2-fid. Spike 1-2 in., strict, rigid ;
rachis flexuous ; spikelets T^ in., sessile between 6-10 rigid scabrid serru-
late concave glumes, and as long as these ; empty glumes cuspidate ; fl.
glumes scabrid above, obscurely 3-nerved. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa.

2. C. echina'tus, L. ; panicle dense, awn equalling the fl. glume.
Sandy seashores, Channel Islands; introduced on the British coasts ; casual

in Ireland ; fl. July. — Annual ; larger and more robust than C. crista'tus ;
leaves broad, flat; panicle |-1^ in., ovoid, lobed, squarrose, shining,
branches § in., pectinate ; segments of branches J-| in., subulate, slender,
scarious, scaberulous ; spikelets fewer on each branch, f in. Empty glumes
hyaline; fl. glumes green. — DISTRIB. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa,
W. Asia.

32. KOELE'RIA, Pers.

Spikelets oblong, compressed, in a contracted spike-like panicle, 2-5-fld. ;
rachilla jointed between the fl. glumes, terminated by 2-3 empty glumes.
Empty glumes 2, rather shorter than the flowering, unequal, narrow, com-
pressed, keeled, membranous ; lower 1- upper 3-nerved. FL glumes
secund, rather close, membranous, acuminate, obscurely keeled, 5-nerved
at the base, lowest sessile. Palea 2-fid. Scales 2, oblique. Stamens 3.
Ovary glabrous ; styles terminal, short, stigmas feathery. Fruit almost
linear, plano-convex, free. — DISTRIB. Temp, regions ; species 12. —
ETYM. G-. L. Koelcr, a German writer on grasses.

K. crista'ta, Pers. ; panicle silvery interrupted below.
Banks and pastures, N. to Caithness ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Perennial, pubescent or silky,
pale green. Root fibrous, stoloniferous. Stems 1-3 ft., slender. Leaves
narrow, glabrous beneath, soon involute ; sheaths striate ; ligule 0. Panicle
1-4 in., linear-oblong or lanceolate ; branches 2-3-nate, very short. Spikelets
£ in., shining, pale green ; empty glumes oblong-lanceolate, acute, broadly
hyaline, glabrous pubescent or scabrid ; keel minutely scaberulous ; rachis

KOELERIA.J GRAMINE^E. 489

pubescent ; fl. glumes linear-lanceolate, scaberulous, mucronate. — DISTRIB.
N. and S. temp, regions.

33. MO LIN 'I A, Schrank.

A tall rigid wiry perennial grass. Spikelets subterete, in a slender
panicle, 1-5-fld., upper fl. imperfect. Empty glumes 2, much shorter
than the flowering, equal, convex, 1 -nerved. Fl. glumes longer, distant,
conical, acute, awnless, cartilaginous, nerves 3, very strong. Palea
2-nerved, obtuse. Scales membranous, 1-toothed. Stamens 3. Ovary
glabrous ; styles short, stigmas feathery. Fruit- sub-4-gonous, furrowed,
2-beaked with the persistent style-bases, inclosed in the cartilaginous fl.
glume. — DISTRIB. 1ST. temp, regions. — ETYM. G. J. Molina, a writer
on Chilian botany, &c.

M. cseru'lea, Mcench ; leaves flat, stem why. Eno'dium,, Gaud.

"Wet moors, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July- Aug. — Stems 1-4 ft., terete, striate,
node solitary, near the base, naked above. Leaves smooth, rigid, hairy at
the base, tips very slender; sheaths smooth; ligule 0. Panicle 1-12 in.,
usually stout, very contracted ; rachis flexuous, compressed ; branches erect.
Spikelets few, § in., narrow, reddish or violet-purple or green; empty glumes
subacute ; fl. glumes deciduous, ovate-lanceolate, subacute ; anthers violet-
brown. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, N. Africa.

M. caru'lea proper ; spikelets blue-purple 2-3-fld., fl. glumes 3-nerved. — YAR.
M. depaupera'ta, Lindl. ; spikelets green 1-fld., fl. glumes 3-5-nerved.

34. CATABRO'SA, Beauv.

A perennial soft grass. Spikelets minute, subterete, obconic, in branched
effuse panicles, 1- or 3-4-fld. ; rachilla jointed between the fl. glumes,
glabrous. Em.pty glumes 2, much shorter than the flowering, unequal,
scarious, convex, awnless ; upper truncate, crenulate. Fl. glumes coria-
ceous, cuneate, terete, 5-nerved, torn at the membranous tip, back smooth,
awnless ; lower 1 -nerved sessile ; upper 3-nerved pedicelled, often floweiiess
or male. Palea as long. Scales ovate-oblong. Stamens 3. Ovary ovoid,
glabrous ; stigmas subsessile, feathery. Fruit compressed, not or obscurely
furrowed, enclosed in the fl. glume. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold regions.
— ETYM. Karappffxris, from the erose top of the glumes.

C. aquat'ica, Beauv. ; panicle pyramidal.

Watery places, N. to Shetland, common ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. May-
June.— Terrestrial or aquatic, soft, bright green, flaccid. Rootstock stout,
branched, creeping and rooting. Stems 6-12 in., bent below, then erect,
compressed, smooth, striate, leafy, sometimes much branched. Leaves
flat, £-J in. broad, linear, obtuse, upper short ; sheaths inflated, smooth ;
ligule ovate, obbuse. Panicle 1-4 in., rachis stout, grooved ; branches
whorled, divided, slender. Spikelets ^ in., subsolitary, pedicelled, green
and purplish ; empty glumes, green, tips very broad, nerves very obscure ;

490 GRAMINE^. [MELICA.

35. MEL'ICA, L.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets terete, racemed or panicled, 1-2-fld. ;
rachilla elongate bearing a clavate head of fl. glumes. Em,pty glumes 2,
membranous, convex, subequal, awuless, 3-5- or upper 7-nerved. Fl.
glumes cartilaginous, convex, 5-9-nerved, awnless. Palea 2-nerved.
Scales fleshy, free or connate. Ovary glabrous ; stigmas broad, sessile,
feathery. Fruit, oblong, subterete, loosely wrapped in the fl. glume.
— DISTRIB. Temp, and subtrop. regions; species 20. — ETYM. An old
name.

1. M. nu'tans, L. ; spikelets drooping racemed secund ovoid 2-fld.,
upper flower 2-sexual.

Woods, from Argyll and Ross to Monmouth and Hereford, W. of England
only ; ascends to 1,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. May-June. — Stoloniferous.
Stems 10-18 in., filiform, inclined, 3-quetrous, scabrid above, with scaly
sheaths below. Leaves flat, slender, sparsely hairy, edgf and keel scabrid ;
ligule 0. Racemes 1-2 in., drooping ; racbis flexuous. Spikelets 6-10, J-J
in., very shortly peduncled, broad ; empty glumes purple, oblong, edges and
tips broadly scarious ; fl. glumes greenish, strongly keeled, purple below the
scarious tip, glabrous. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.

2. M. uniflor'a, Rrtz. ; spikelets very few erect panicled on long
capillary peduncles 2-fld., upper flower male.

Woods, from the Clyde and Elgin southd. ; ascends 1,500 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; fl. May-July. — Habit, foliage, spikelets, and colouring of M.
nu'tans, but inflorescence very different ; ligule long, from the auricles of
the sheath ; rachis of panicle capillary, lower branches 2-nate, 1-1| in. ;
pedicels capillary, scaberulous. — DISTRIB. Europe.

36. DAC'TYLIS, L. COCK'S-FOOT GRASS.

A perennial grass. Spikelets laterally compressed, secund, sessile,
densely imbricate at the end of the branches of a one-sided panicle, 3-4-fld. ;
rachilla glabrous. EmptAf glumes 2, mucronate, keeled, membranous ; upper
larger. 3-nerved. Fl. glumes larger, cartilaginous, keeled, 5-nerved ; awn
subterminal, short, scabrid. Pale.a as long, 2-fid, nerves cili tte. Scales
2, acutely toothed. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles terminal, stigmas
feathery. Fruit dorsally compressed, ventrally grooved, loosely enveloped
in the glume. — DTSTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, Siberia, N. India ;
introd. in N. America. — ETYM. Sa/truAis, a finger's breadth ; of obscure
application.

D. glomera'ta, L. ; rough, leaves broad flat.

Pastures, wasti; places, &c.,N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,600 ft. in N. England;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July.— Stems 2-3 ft., creeping below,
erect, stout, smooth. Leaves long, flat, keeled, compressed ; sheaths scabrid ;
ligule long. Panicle strict, 1-6 in., green and violet; lower branches few,
long, strict, scabrid, horizontal in flower, erect in fruit. Spikelets \ in.,
oblong, scabrid.

BRIZA.] GRAMINEJE. 491

37. BRI'ZA, L. QUAKING GRASS.

Spilcelets large, ovate or cordate, turgid, pendulous, in effuse panicles,
many-fld. ; branches in J- whorls ; pedicels capillary ; rachilla jointed
between the fl. glumes. Empty glumes 2, longer or shorter than the
lowest flowering, subequal, broad, rounded at the back. Fl. glumes im-
bricate, boat-shaped or saccate, very obtuse, many-nerved, upper often
flowerless. Palea small, nerves ciliate. Scales 2, ovate-lanceolate. Sta-
mens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles short, terminal, stigmas feathery.
Fruit broadly ovoid, compressed, enclosed in the hardened glume. — DIS-
TRIB. Temp. Europe, Africa, and Asia : species 10. — ETYM. An old
Greek name.

1. B. me'dia, L. ; perennial, ligule short, spikelets ovate, empty glumes
shorter than the 1st fl. glume.

Meadows and heaths, &c.. from Ross southd. ; ascends to 2,100 ft. in York-
shire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June. — Stems solitary, creeping below,
6-18 in., very slender, smooth. Leaves flat, smooth or scabrid ; sheaths
smooth, upper inflated. Panicle pyramidal ; branches very long, capillary.
Spikelets 5—3 in., green or purplish, shining ; fl. glumes 5-9, sheathing one
another. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia; introd. in N. America.

2. B. mi'nor, L. ; annual, ligule long, empty glumes longer than the
1st fl. glume.

Fields, Hants to Cornwall; Cork; Channel Islands; fl. July. — Stems tufted,
4-10 in. Panicle almost as in B. me'dia, but spikelets more numerous,
smaller, £ in. diam., broader than long. — DISTRIB. From France and Spain
to Turkey, N. Africa.

38. PO'A, L. MEADOW-GRASS.

Spikelets compressed, 2-many-fld., in branched 'usually effuse panicles ;
branches 2-nate or in J-whorla ; rachilla jointed between the fl. glumes.
Empty glumes 2, shorter than the lowest flowering, unequal, acute or ob-
tuse, keeled ; lower 1-3-nerved ; upper larger, 3-nerved, awnless. Fl.
glumes of ten webbed below, keeled, acute, 5-7-nerved, tips hyaline. Palea
2-fid, nerves 2 ciliate. Scales tumid below. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ;
styles 2, short, terminal, stigmas feathery. Fruit obtusely 3-gonous,
grooved, enclosed in the glume, glabrous. — DISTRIB. Chiefly cold and
temp, regions ; species 80. — ETYM. ir6a, fodder.

* Annual. Branches of the panicle solitary or 2-nate.

1. P. an'nua, L. ; stems compressed, leaves obtuse, ligule long acute,

branches of panicle 2-nate at length deflexed, fl. glumes 3-7 5-nerved.

Waste places, &c. ; ascends to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland;

Channel Islands ; fl. April-Sept.— Flaccid, bright green, sometimes

glaucous, quite glabrous and smooth. Stems 6-12 in., weak. Leaves linear,

subacute, often waved. Panicle 1-3 in., subpyramidal, snbsecund, green or

purplish. Spikelets % in., subsessile ; empty glumes broadly hyaline, upper

492 GRAMINE^ [PoA.

broadest in the middle ; fl. glumes glabrous or hairy below the middle. -
DISTRIB. N. temp. Europe (Arctic), Asia, and N. Africa; N. America,
native (?).

** Perennial ; rootstock creeping, stoloniferous.

2. P. praten'sis, L. ; stem smooth terete, upper leaf shorter than its
sheath, ligule long, branches of diffuse panicle 3-5-nate scabrid, fl. glumes
3-5 acute" webbed, edges and keel silky, nerves 5 distinct.

Meadows, banks, and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in York-
shire ; in Ireland to 2,800 ft. ; fl. June-July. — G-labrous, pale green. Stems
1-2 ft., rather stout, very stoloniferous. Leaves linear, flat, acute, tip often
concave ; sheaths subcompressed. Panicle 2-6 in., pyramidal, closed or
open after flowering ; branches long or short, rarely 2-3-nate. Spikelets
^-^ in., green or purplish ; empty glumes acuminate, keel scabrid ; fl. glumes
broadly hyaline. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and Arctic regions. — P. subcceru'lea,
Sm., is a small glaucous state, and P. anyustifo'lia, L., one with slender
leaves. — P. striyo'sa, Gaud., is a small state, growing in dark places, with
convolute leaves, and a narrow panicle that closes after flowering.

3. P. compres'sa, L. ; stem smooth compressed, upper leaf equalling
or exceeding its sheath, ligule short, branches of effuse panicle 2-3-nate
scabrid, fl. glumes 4-9 obtuse nearly glabrous, nerves obscure.

Dry banks, walls, &c., from Ross southd. ; rare in Ireland ; Channel Islands ;
fl. June-July. — Smooth or slightly rough, glabrous, more or less glaucous.
Stems 1-3 ft., usually much bent towards the base. Leaves flat, rough or
not. Panicle 1-3 in., usually more secund and contracted than in P.
praten'sis, but sometimes effuse. Spikelets % in., green or bluish-purple ;
empty glumes subequal ; fl. glumes broadly hyaline, 3-nerved (P. subcom-
pres'sa, Parn.) or 5-nerved (P. polyno'da, Parn.) and then more usually
webbed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia ; native (?) of N. America.

*** Rootstock shortly creeping, stolons 0.

4. P. trivia'lis, L. ; stems and sheaths usually rough, ligule oblong
acute, branches of effuse panicle 5-nate scabrid, fl. glumes 3-5 acuminate
glabrous or webbed, nerves 5 distinct.

"Woods and meadows, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Very near indeed to P. praten'sis,
and chiefly distinguishable by the roughness, absence of stolons, and
erect panicle. VAR. P. Koeleri, DC., which grows in woods, has smooth
sheaths. VAR. parviflora, Parn., is a weak state with 1-2 fid. spikelets. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia ; introd. in N. America.

5. P. nemora'lis, L. ; stems and sheaths smooth, ligule short or 0,
branches of the subsecund panicle 2-5-nate scabrid, fl. glumes 1-5 sub-
acute, edges and keel pubescent, nerves obsolete.

Copses and woods, from Skye and Elgin southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. June- July. — Smooth, bright
green, glaucous or not. Stems 1-3 ft., very slender, terete or subcompressed.
Leaves linear, very narrow, flaccid ; sheaths smooth, striate. Panicle 2-5

POA.] GRAMINEJE. 493

in., slender, nodding. Spikelets small, i- in., yellow-green and purplish ;
empty glumes often equalling the flowering, acuminate; fl. glumes 2-5,
scarely hyaline at the tip or margins. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, Hima-
laya, N. America. — Yery variable. I am quite unable to define the forms
into which it has been divided, and about which no two authors are agreed.
I recognise the following British varieties, but I cannot correlate them with
exotic ones satisfactorily. The characters taken from the length of the
upper leaf and its sheath and the position of the upper node are valueless.
YAR. P. Parnell'ii, Bab. ; smaller, more slender, with smaller spikelets. —
YAR. P. Balfour'ii, Parn. (P. monta'na, Parn. ; ? P. cce'sia and ylau'ca, Sm.) ;
stouter, panicle more erect, spikelets larger. — Alpine cliffs ; ascends to
3,000 ft.

6. P. lax'a, Hcenke ; steins slightly compressed, leaves short, ligules
long torn acute, branches of narrow lax subsecund panicle solitary or 2-nate
smooth, fl. glumes 2-4, keel and margins villous, nerves 3-5 obscure.
Rocks, on the alps of Aberdeen and Inverness ; alt. 2,000 to 3,600 ft. ; fl. July-

Aug. — Flaccid, smooth, pale glaucous green. Steins 4-10 in., compressed and
prostrate below. Leaves linear, obliquely mucronate, upper longer than its
sheath; sheaths compressed. Panicle 1-3 in., drooping, lax or open,
branches rarely scaberulous. Spikelets T^-£ in., often viviparous, green and
purplish ; empty glumes acuminate, tips hyaline. — DISTRIB. N., Alpine, and
Arctic Europe, Siberia, N. America. — Often with difficulty distinguished
from P. alpi'na.

P. LAXA proper ; leaves channelled tip concave, panicle open in flower closed
in fruit. P.flexuo'sa, Sm.; P. mi' nor, Gaud.

Sub-sp. P. STRICTA, Lindb. ; leaves flat to the tip, panicle open in flower
spreading in fruit.

7. P. alpi'na, L. ; stems glabrous terete, leaves broad firm tip rounded,
upper ligules long acute, branches of erect spreading panicle 2-nate, fl.
glumes 3-9, keel and margins pubescent, nerves 3-5 obscure.

Eocks, &c., on lofty mts., N. Wales, York to Sutherland ; alt. 3-4,000 ft. ; W.
Ireland, very rare ; fl. June-Aug. — Smooth. Rootstock stout, creeping.
Stems 10-18 in., stout. Leaves rather short, strict, rigid, keeled, mucronate,
edges thickened scabrid, upper shorter than its sheath; lower sheaths
broad, white, membranous, persistent, leafless, upper compressed smooth.
Panicle oblong or pyramidal, 1-3 in. broad. Spikelets ^ in., green and
purplish, often viviparous ; empty glumes unequal, ovate, acute ; fl. glumes
with hyaline tips, webbed, also broad. — DISTRIB. N., Alpine, and Arctic
Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

8. P. bulbo'sa, L. ; lower nodes tuberous, stem and terete sheaths
smooth, leaves narrow, ligules all long acute, branches of panicle 2-nate
scabrid, fl. glumes 3-6, margins and acute keel pubescent, nerves
obsolete.

Sandy seashores, Norfolk to Kent and Devon; fl. April-May. — Glabrous,
rather rigid. Stems 6-10 in. ; tubers ovoid, |~J in., covered with lax sheaths.
Leaves 1-1^ in., very narrow, keeled, curved, upper very short; lower
sheaths short, upper long compressed. Panicle 1-1§ in., ovate, compressed.

494 GRAMINE^. [PoA.

Spikelets TV in. broad, green and purplish-brown ; empty glumes ovate, acute,
keel scabrid ; fl. glumes also broad, acute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
Siberia. — Very near P. alpi'na, but differing in locality, habit, and the close
ovate panicle.

39. GLYCE'RIA, Br. MANNA GRASS.

Perennial tall grasses ; leaf sheaths entire. Spikelets linear, snbterete, in
effuse or contracted panicles, many-fld., branches in |- whorls ; rachilla
jointed between the fl. glumes. Empty glumes 2, shorter than the lowest
flowering, 1-5-nerved, unequal, membranous, convex, awnless ; upper
larger. Fl. glumes caducous, cartilaginous, convex, not keeled, tip obtuse
usually scarious ; nerves 3-9 evanescent upwards. Palea 2- fid, nerves
ciliate. Scales fleshy, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles
terminal, short or 0, stigmas feathery. Fruit oblong, enveloped and
sometimes adnate to the fl. glume, channelled. — DISTRIB. Temp, and
cold climates ; species 30. — ETYM. y\vKep6s, in allusion to the sweet
grain.

SECTION 1. Hydrochloa. Scales fleshy truncate or 0. Fruit thick
obtuse, hardly compressed, furrow very narrow or 0.

1. G. aquat'ica, Sm. ; panicle much branched, spikelets oblong, fl.
glumes 5-9 entire. G. spectab'ilis, Koch.

Watery places, from Elgin and Mall southd. ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl.
July-Aug. — Rootstock stout, extensively creeping. Stems 2-6 ft., stout,
smooth, striate. Leaves 1-2 ft., J-§ in. broad, flat, suberect, acute ; sheaths
smooth ; ligule short. Panicle 6-12 in. Spikelets ^ in., yellow-green and
purple; glumes scabrid; empty short, shining; flowering rigid, obtuse;
nerves strong. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.

2. G. fiu'itans, Br. ; panicle subsimple, spikelets linear, fl. glumes
7-20.

Watery places, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,600 ft. in Yorkshire; Ireland;
Channel Islands ; fl. July-Aug. — Rootstock stout, widely creeping. Stem 1-3
ft., stout,branched, terete, floating or creeping, smooth. Leaves 3— | in. broad,
flat, acute, short, or the upper long and floating ; sheaths Jong, compressed ;
ligule broad, acute. Panicle 1-2 ft., simple or branched ; rachis 3-gonous ;
branches remote, smooth. Spikelets j-2 in., erect, green or tips purplish;
empty glumes unequal, tips torn ; fl. glumes scabrid, tips often ragged. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.— A very
variable plant.

VAR. G. plica'ta, Fr., has divaricate fruiting spikelets, and fl. glumes twice as
long as broad. — VAR. G. pedicella'ta, Towns., has broader blunter leaves,
with rough furrowed sheaths, 3-toothed fl. glumes, not exceeding the palea
(it never fruits). —VAR. G. declina'ta, Brebiss, is a dwarf form with smooth
sheaths, few-fld. spikelets, and the palea longer than the 3-toothed fl. glume.
Hampshire and Scilly Islands.

SECTION 2. A'tropis, Rupr. (gen.). Scales slender, distinct. Fruit
thick, dorsally compressed, ventrally hollow or broadly furrowed.

GLYCEKIA.] GRAMINE^. 495

3. G. marit'ima, Walilb. ; perennial, stolons long, leaves involute,
branches of contracted panicle solitary or 2-3-nate very short, fl. glumes
4-12 obtuse or apiculate. Scleroch'loa marit/ima, Lindl.

Muddy, &c., sea-coasts, N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. July.—
Routstock widely creeping. Stems 8-16 in., terete, smooth. Leaves involute
or channelled, acute or pungent ; sheaths smooth ; ligule rather long, oblong.
Panicle 1-3 in., oblong, contracted ; branches appressed or horizontal, rarely
deflexed, or more than 3-nate ; rachis subterete, grooved on one side.
Spikelets |-| in., ovate-oblong or linear-elongate, green or purplish ; empty
glumes subacute ; fl. glumes obscurely 3-toothed, tip hyaline or not. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, N. America, — VAR. his'pida, Parn.;
panicle rough. — VAR. ripa'ria, Towns.; more slender, spikelets fewer,
flowers later. Hants.

4. G. Borre'ri, Bab. ; perennial, stolons 0, leaves flat, branches of con-
tracted panicle solitary or 2-3-nate very short, fl. glumes 3-6. G. con-
fer'ta, Fr. ; Scleroch'loa confer' ta, Bab.

Salt marshes, E. and S. coasts; from York to Kent and W. to Devon;
Waterford ; fl. June-Aug. — Stems densely tufted, 12-20 in., stout. Leaves
short, sheaths long; ligule short. Panicle 3-6 in., strict, rachis stout,
lower branches finally spreading. Spikelets smaller than in G. marit'ima, fl.
glumes nearly all alike. — DISTRIB. Holland, N.W. Germany.

5. G. dis'tans, Wahlb. ; perennial, leaves flat, branches of effuse
panicle 4-5-nate long slender at length deflexed, fl. glumes 3-6 obliquely
truncate. Scleroch'loa dis'tans, Bab. ; S. multicul'miti, Syme.

Sandy chiefly maritime places, N. to Shetland Ireland, rare ; fl. July-Aug. —
Barely stoloniferous ; leaves broad, flat ; stem in the typical states tall,
slender; panicle with long horizontal and deflexed branches, and spikelets
£-| in. or less. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia, Himalaya, N.
America.

6. G. procuxn'bens, Dumort. ; annual, leaves flat, sheaths inflated,
branches of rigid panicle short solitary or 2-3-nate, fl. glumes 3-5 obtuse
mucronate. Scleroch'loa procum'benSj Beauv.

Muddy seashores of England; Ireland, rare ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July.
— Root fibrous. Stems 3-6 in., short, stout, rigid, spreading, erect or decum-
bent. Leaves short, subacute, glaucous ; ligule short ; sheaths large, grooved.
Panicle 1-2 in., green ; rachis angular ; branches stout, erecto-patent, sub-
distichous, smooth. Spikelets £-£ in., subsessile, crowded.— DIST RIB. W.
Europe from Holland to Spain and Italy, N. Africa, Siberia, Himalaya, N.
America.

4O. PESTU'CA, L. FESCUE GRASS.

SpiJcelets subterete, racemed or paiiicled, 3-ormore-fld. ; rachilla jointed
between the fl. glumes. Empty glumes 2, rarely 1, shorter than th« lowest
fl. glume, unequal, membranous, acute ; upper larger, 3-inTved ; lower
1 -nerved. Fl. glumes convex, 3-5-nerved, mucronate or awned at or near
the tip, upper sometimes empty. Palea 2-fid, nerves hairy. Scales 2,

496 GRAMINEJE. [FESTUCA.

notched. Stamens 1-3. Ovary glabrous ; styles short, terminal, stigmas
feathery. Fruit free or adherent to the fl. glume and palea. — Dis-
TRIB. Arctic, cold, and temp, regions ; species 80. — ETYM. An old
Latin name.

SECTION 1. Schedono'rus, Beauv. (gen.). Perennial, tall. Flowers
3-androus. Fruit free within the fl. glume.

* Leaves flat; liyule of upper sheath short.

1. F. ela'tior, L. ; panicle diffuse nodding, fl. glumes 3-7 glabrous
acute or almost awned, ovary glabrous.

River-banks and wet places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in N. Eng-
land ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Rootstock creeping, stoloni-
ferous. Stems 2-6 ft., nodding, smooth. Leaves J-J in. broad, smooth,
striate. Panicle 3-6 in., contracted after flowering; rachis 3-quetrous,
smooth; branches 2-nate, scabrid. Spikelets many, |-| in., linear-oblong,
green and dull purple ; empty glumes broadly hyaline ; fl. glumes scabrid
above, rarely awned ; margins hyaline. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N.
Africa, W. Siberia, Himalaya, N. America. — A large maritime state with
rougher sheaths and branches of panicle divaricate after flowering is the
F. arundina'cea, Schreb.

2. F. praten'sis, Ruds. ; panicle subsecund nodding close, fl. glumes
4-10 glabrous obtuse or mucronate, ovary glabrous. F. ela'tior, L., in part.
River-banks and wet places, from Caithness southd. ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in

N. England ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Perhaps only a sub-species of
F. ela'tior, but smaller, less stoloniferous ; panicle much narrower, more
distichous and simple, sometimes 10 in., branches shorter, in pairs, one
with 1 spikelet, the other with 2 or more ; fl. glumes more numerous, some-
times shortly awned. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia ; introd. in
N. America.

F. lolia'cea, Curt, (not Huds.), with inflorescence racemose or spiked, spikelets
distichous, awn 0, fl. glumes more obtuse, is a hybrid with Lol'ium peren'ne.

3. F. gigante'a? Vill. ; panicle very open nodding, fl. glumes 3-8
scabrid, awn double their length, ovary glabrous. JBromus, L.

Damp woods and hedgebanks, from Argyll and Elgin southd. ; ascends to
1,000 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; fl. July- Aug. — Habit of Bromus. Root
fibrous. Stems 2-4 ft., smooth, terete, nodding. Leaves flaccid, f-J in.
broad, bright green, striate, scaberulous above ; sheaths smooth. Panicle
8-12 in. ; branches in pairs, and 3-quetrous rachis long slender scabrid.
Spikelets % in., linear-ovate or -oblong, membranous, pale green ; empty
glumes lanceolate, broadly hyaline ; fl. glumes 2-fid. awn variable, very
slender, flexuous ; styles subterminal. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia. — Flowers
sometimes few (F. triflo'ra, Sm.).

** Leaves involute ; ligule of upper sheath long, not auricled,

4. F. sylvat'ica, Vill. ; panicle open subsecund erect, fl. glumes 3-5
acute scabrid, top of ovary hairy. F. Calama'ria, Sm.

FESTUCA.] GRAMINE^E. 497

Woods in hilly districts, from l^anff and Inverness to Wilts and Sussex ;
absent in E. England and ? Wales ; rare in Ireland ; fl. July.— Root fibrous ;
stolons short. Stems 2-3 ft., stiff, erect, smooth, terete. Leaves J-J in.,
broad, glaucous above, edges scabrid ; sheaths almost smooth, lower lax
leafless brown. Panicle 3-6 in., ovate, much branched ; rachis and 2-4-nate
branches very slender, slightly scabrid. Spikelets £ in., broadly ovate,
small, flat, pale yellow-green; axis scabrid ; empty glumes linear-subulate;
fl. glumes spreading, slender, acuminate, shortly awned, scaberulous. —
DISTRIB. W. Europe to Austria, Germany, and Italy. — F. decid'ua, Sm., is
a narrower-leaved 2-3-fld. variety.

SECTION 2. Festu'ca proper. Perennial. Lower (or all) leaves seta-
ceous ; ligule auricled. Spikelets panicled. Flowers 3-androus ; awn
short.

5. F. ovi'na, L. ; glaucous, leaves setaceous or upper flat, ligule 2 -lobed,
panicle subunilateral, spikelets 3-12-fld. purplish, fl. glumes terete mucro-
iiate or shortly awned.

Dry hilly pastures, woods, &c., N. to Shetland, at all elevations ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — One of the most abundant grasses, 3-24
in., slender, variable in size, colour, and habit ; the following sub-species
express its principal modifications. — DISTBIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia,
Himalaya, N. and S. America, Mts. of Australasia.

F. OVI'NA proper ; densely tufted, leaves all setaceous, sheaths glabrous, panicle
contracted subsecund, spikelets small 3-5-fld., fl. glumes § in. mucronate
or awned often viviparous. — Upland copses, moors and sandy places;
ascends to 4,300 ft. (Arctic). — Syme has grouped the prevalent forms as
follows : F. ovi'na proper ; leaves setaceous flaccid green, radical short, fl.
glumes awned. — F. tenuifo'lia,S\}>ih. ; leaves setaceous flaccid green radical
longer, fl. glume mucronate. — YAR. F. glau'ca, Lamk. ; leaves stouter, rigid,
glaucous, radical short often recurved, fl. glume awned. — YAR. ma'jor ;
taller, panicle larger, stem leaves broader than the radical, fl. glume usually
awned.

Sub-sp. F. DURIUS'CULA, L ; less densely tufted, stoloniferous, stem-leaves
flat, sheaths downy, panicle more open, spikelets usually many-fld., fl.
glumes ^ in. narrow. F. cce'sia, Sm. ? — Pastures and meadows ; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands.

Sub-sp. F. RTJ'BRA, L. ; taller, laxly tufted, stoloniferous, leaves flat or invo-
lute, lower sheaths hairy, panicle effuse subsecund, spikelets pale red, fl.
glumes ^-^ in. broader awned. Shaded places in low grounds. — YAR.
F. arena'ria, Osb. (F. sabulic'ola, Duf., F. oraria, Dum., F. rubra, Sm. not
L.) ; rigid, creeping, leaves all involute. Sandy shores.

SECTION 3. Vul'pia, Gmel. (gen.). Annual. Leaves setaceous. Panicle
contracted. Spikelets secund, racemose or spiked. Fl. glume awned.
Stamens 1-3.

6. F. Myu'ros, L. ; panicle branched at the base only very long and
slender, lower empty glurne small, fl. glumes 5-8 equalling their slender
awns, stamens 1-3.

Walls , sandy and gravelly pastures, N. to Sutherland ; Mid. and S. Ireland ;
Channel Islands; fl. June. — Root fibrous. Stems 6-18 in., very slender,

K K

498 GR AMINES. [FESTUCA.

leafy, glabrous, lower setaceous ; upper sheaths long, terete, grooved,
smooth ; ligule very short. Panicle 4-10 in., strict or flexuous, very
narrow, opaque or shining, glabrous or pubescent, rachis and branches
angular smooth or scaberulous ; lower branches appressed ; upper very
short. Spikelets with the awns |-| in., cuneate when expanded, rachilia
smooth ; empty glumes subulate ; fl. glumes distant, terete, almost subulate,
narrowed into the slender awn, nerves obscure. — DISTRIB. Europe, N.
Africa ; introd. in N. America.

F. MYU'ROS proper ; slender, upper sheath exceeding the stem and often the
long slender panicle, lower empty glume ^ shorter than the upper. F.
pseudo-myu'ros, Koch. From York (ascending 1,000 ft.) southd. — F.
ambiy'ua, Le Gall, is shorter, with upper empty glume 3-6 times as long as
the lower, stamen 1. I. of Wight, Suffolk, Norfolk, Dorset.

Sub-sp. F. SCIUROI'DES, Roth; stem shorter naked above, panicle shorter
more open, lower branches slender, lower empty glumes twice as long as
the upper. F. bromoi'des, Sm. — N. to Caithness.

7. F. uniglu'mis, Sol. ; panicle or spike short, branches very short,
lower empty glume minute or 0, fl. glumes 4-10 shorter than the awns,
ilowers 2-3-androus. VuVpiou membmna'cea, Link.

Sandy sea-coasts, from Lancaster and Norfolk to Devon and Kent ; S. Wales ;
E. Ireland, local ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July.— Root fibrous. Stems
4-10 in., bent below, slender, glabrous. Leaves setaceous, short ; upper
sheaths large, inflated ; ligule short, auricled. Panicle l|-2 in., oblong,
unilateral, pale green, shining, rachis smooth ; lower branches 2-nate.
Spikelets with the awns f-1 in., almost subulate ; fruiting cuneate ; pedicels
short, stout ; rachilia smooth ; empty glumes with subulate tips or awns,
upper 3-nerved, broadly hyaline ; fl. glumes distant, very narrow, strongly
nerved, scabrid, terete below, compressed above, gradually narrowed into
the subulate awn ; ovary glabrous. — DISTRIB. W. Europe from Belgium
S. and E. to Turkey, N. Africa.

SECTION 4. Catapo'dium, Link (gen.). Annual, rigid. Spikelets
sessile or subsessile alternate on a simple or branched flat (not excavate)
rachis. Fl. glumes subacute or mucronate.

8. F. rig'ida, Kth. ; branches of panicle distichous with 3-5 subsessile
spikelets, fl. glumes 7-10 acute, nerves faint. Gflyce'ria, Srn. ; Sclerochlo'a,
Link.

Dry rooks, walls, &c., from Ross southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands; fl. June.
— Often purple, glabrous, smooth. Root fibrous. Stem 3-6 in. Leaves in-
volute, subsetaceous ; sheaths terete, grooved ; ligule oblong. Panicle 1^-
2§ in., strict ; rachis broadly channelled, edges scabrid. Spikelets £— J in.,
rarely solitary (then spiked); pedicels short, stout, ^-terete; fl. glumes
quite terete, shining, smooth. — DISTRIB. W. and S. Europe from Holland
southd., Canaries.

9. F, lolia'cea, JTuds. ; spikelets spiked distichous, fl. glumes 8-12
obtuse mucronate, nerves faint. Glyce'ria, Wats. Sclerochlo'a, Woods.
Trit'icum, Sm. Demaze'ria, Nym.

FESTUCA.] &RAMINEJE. '499

Sandy shores, from Fife and Wigton southd. ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl.
July-Aug. — Green, smooth, glabrous. Root fibrous. Stems spreading and
erect, leafy. Leaves small, flat or involute ; sheaths smooth ; ligule oblong.
Spikes strict, 1-2J in. ; rachis stout, %• terete, hardly flexuous, edges smooth .
Spikelets J— §• in., sessile, erect, green ; fl. glumes broad, obtusely-keeled,
smooth ; lateral nerves strongest. — DISTRIB. S. and W. Europe from France
to Dalmatia, N. Africa.

41. BRO'MUS, L. BROME GBASS.

Annual or perennial grasses. Spikelets subterete or laterally compressed,
panicled or racemed, 5-maiiy-fld. ; rachilla jointed between the fl. glumes.
Empty glumes 2, shorter than the lowest fl. glume, unequal, coriaceous,
acute, awnless ; lower smaller 1-5-nerved ; upper 3-9-nerved. Fl. glumes
convex or keeled, 5-9-nerved, tip entire or 2-fid, 1-3-awned, mid awn
often bent or twisted. Palea 2-fid, nerves ciliate. Scales entire. Stamen*
3, rarely 2. Ovary hairy at the top ; styles short, inserted below the top,
stigmas feathery. Fruit linear, grooved, oblong, adherent to the palea. —
DISTRIB. Temp, and cold climates ; species 40. — ETYM. Greek name for
Oat.

SECTION 1. Festucoides, Coss. and Dur. Lower empty glume 1-nerved,
upper 3-nerved. Fl. glumes distant, narrow, convex below, keeled
and compressed above, 5 -nerved, awn terminal. Styles lateral on the
ovary.

* Keels of palea pubescent. Fl. glumes spreading in flower, erect in fruit.

1. B. as'per, Murr. ; leaves flat and sheaths hairy, panicle secund
nodding, fl. glumes 5-8 twice as long as the awn. B. ramo'sus, Huds.

Damp woods, hedgebanks, &c., from Elgin and Mull southd. ; ascends to
1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; fl. June-July. — Annual or perennial. Boot
fibrous. Stem 2-6 ft., smooth. Leaves J-J in. diam., green, long, hairs
scattered, reflexed on the sheath ; ligule short. Panicle 3-5 in., lower
branches 2-6-nate, long, lax, capillary, and rachis scabrid. Spikelets 1 in.,
narrow, glaucous green, rachilla scabrid ; empty glumes acuminate, hairy or
glabrous; fl. glumes with the awn •§— § in., diverging in flower, then erect,
more or less hairy, lateral nerves strong, tip 2-toothed ; awn variable in
length. — DISTRIB. Europe, Siberia ; introd. in N. America.

B. sero'tinus, Benek., has sheaths all with reflexed hairs, lower panicle
branches 2-nate, empty glumes unequal, fl. glume glabrous next the midrib.
— B. BeneJcen'ii, Syme, has upper sheaths glabrate, lower panicle branches
3-6-nate, with a semilunar thickening at the base, empty glumes subequal,
fl. glume hairy all over. Near London, a doubtful native.

2. B. erec'tus, Huds. ; leaves involute hairy, panicle erect narrow, fl.
glumes twice as long as the awn.

Fields and waste places in dry soil, from Fife to Kent and Sussex; Ireland,
rare; fl. June-July. — Perennial. Rootstock stout, creeping; stolons 0.
Stems 1-3 ft., rigid, smooth, bent below, then erect. Leaves narrow, rigid,
almost subulate, hairy ; hairs scattered on the upper sheaths, erect ; ligule

K K 2

500 • GRAMINE^E. [BROMUS.

short. Panicle 4-6 in., subsimple, strict, branches 2-3-nate and rachis
scabrid. Spikelets %-\% in., snbsolitary, green or purplish; empty glumes
longer than v&B. as' per ; fl. glumes hairy all over (var. mllo'sa, Bab.), or on
the nerves only, much the same in both. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Africa.

** Annual. Keels of palea pectinate-ciliate. FL glumes erect loth in flower
and fruit (except B. max'iriius).

3. B. ster'ilis, L. ; leaves flat hairy, sheaths compressed, panicle very
lax, branches few very long in ^-whorls, spikelets subsolitary, fl. glumes
7-10 much shorter than their awns.

Fields and waste places, N. to Caithness ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in Derby ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June— July. — Root fibrous. Stems 1-2 ft.,
erect, smooth, leafy. Leaves \-^ in. broad, flaccid, ribbed ; sheaths glabrous
or pubescent. Panicle 6-16 in. broad, nodding, very lax and open ;
branches horizontal and drooping. Spikelets with the awns 2 in., nodding,
green ; empty glumes long, narrow, upper twice the longest ; fl. glumes
very narrow, gradually narrowed into the very slender straight awn,
with 7 strong equidistant ribs, margins hyaline. — DISTRIB. Europe, "VV.
Siberia, N. Africa ; introd. in N. America.

4. B. madriten'sis, L. ; leaves narrow flat hairy, sheaths -terete,
panicle erect, branches few strict erect, fl. glumes 6-8 half as long as the
straight stout awn.

Sandy waste places, S. Wales to Oxford, and Kent to Devon ; Tipperary ;
Channel Islands; (native? Wats.)', ti. June-July. — Stems 6-14 in., strict
from an ascending base, smooth, leafy. Leaves ^-^ in., more or less hairy
or tomentose ; hairs on sheaths reflexed ; ligule short, truncate. Panicle
2-4 in., oblong, compressed ; branches appressed, short, and slender rachis
scabrid. Spikelets §— § in., excluding the awns, dull green, rachilla smooth ;
lower empty glume subulate, half as long as the narrow linear upper ; fl.
glumes I? in., very narrow, scabrid, nerves 7 lateral close together, margins
and 2-fid tip broadly hyaline ; awn slender ; stamens usually 2. — DISTBIB.
From France and Spain to Turkey, N. Africa.

B. madriten'sis proper (£. diaridrus, Curt.) ; rachis pedicels and glumes
scabrous. YAB. Curtis'ii, Bab. — VAR. B. rig'idus, Roth ; rachis pedicels and
glumes pubescent. Channel Islands.

5. B. max'imus, Desf. ; leaves flat hairy, sheaths terete, panicle
erect, branches few strict, fl. glumes 4-6 not g as long as the straight
awn.

Sandy shores, Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Root fibrous. Stems 6-10 in.,
terete, pubescent. Leaves £-J in. broad, bright green ; hairs on sheaths
spreading or reflexed; ligule short, truncate. Panicle 4-7 in., at length
nodding ; branches short, appressed, and rachis pubescent. Spikelets with
the awns 2-3 in., pale green or purplish ; rachilla glabrous ; empty glumes
hyaline, very narrow, awned ; upper twice as long as the lower, almost equal-
ling the lowest fl. glume ; fl. glumes thin, narrow, scabrid, narrowed into
the scabrid awn; nerves faint; stamens 2-3. — DISTRIB. France, Spain,
Mediterranean.

BROMUS.] GR AMINES. 501

SECTION 2. Zeobro'mus, Griseb. Annual or perennial. Lower empty
glume 5- upper 7-9-nerved. Fl. glumes close, convex, 5-7-nerved, 2-fid,
awned in the sinus. Palea with pectinate-ciliate nerves. Styles inserted
below the top of the ovary. Serrafal'cus, Parl. (gen.).

* Fl. glume longer than its palea.

6. B. mol'lis, L. ; pubescent or tomentose, panicle ovoid strict, lower
empty glume broadly ovate, fl. glumes 6-10 densely imbricate pubescent
opaque equalling the slender awn.

Roadsides and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,800 ft. in N. Eng-
land ; Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. May-July. — Glaucous green. Stems
4-24 in., terete. Leaves flat, |-4j in. broad, soft, edges scabrid ; sheaths
terete, villous ; ligule short. Panicle 1-3 in., erect or nodding ; branches
very short, subsimple. Spikelets ^-£ in., compressed, oblong, tips conic ;
empty glumes broadly ovate, acute, strongly nerved, upper much largest ;
fl. glumes caducous, broadest and obtusely angled above the middle, 2-fid,
pubescent. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia; introd. in N.
America. — Very variable ; Syme enumerates three forms, the typical with
pubescent spikelets, and erect nearly straight awns ; a smaller glabrescent
one (glabres1 cens) ; and Lloydia'nus (mollifor'mis, Lloyd) with awns spread-
ing outwards in fruit. B. hordea'ceus, Fr., is a prostrate maritime form.

7. B. racemo'sus, L. ; leaves and sheaths glabrate or hairy, panicle
narrow, lower empty glume lanceolate, fl. glumes 6-10 imbricate scabrid
shining equalling the slender awn.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Very similar to B. mol'lis,
but subglabrous, often 2-3-ft., rigid ; leaves rigid, more ciliate; branches of
panicle 3-5-nate, long and slender ; spikelets narrower, more acute, scabrid ;
empty glumes narrower, especially the lower ; fl. glume broadest above the
middle, margin obtusely angled. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Kussia), N. Africa ;
introd. in N. America.

B. commuta'tus, Schrad. (B. praten'sis, Ehrh., B. arven'sis, Sm.), is stouter,
panicle more compound drooping, spikelets shorter, margins of caducous fl.
glumes less rounded at the broadest part.

8. B. secali'nus, L. ; glabrate or sheaths hairy, panicle effuse hairy,
fl. glumes 5-8 not imbricate terete scabrid longer than their awns.

Cornfields, from Isla and Ross southd.; (a colonist, Wats.); fl. June- July. —
Root of stout fibres. Stems 1-4 ft., strict, rigid, smooth, rarely pubescent
(B. veluti'nus, Schrad., and B. multiflo'rus, Sm.) Leaves £-§ in. broad,
glabrous or slightly hairy, scabrid above ; sheaths grooved ; ligule short.
Panicle 3-5 in., oblong ; branches 3-5-nate and rachis flexuous, scabrid, sub-
simple. Spikelets ^-| in., compressed ; empty glumes unequal, broadly
oblong, scabrid, mucronate, upper larger ; fl. glumes spreading, linear-oblong,
7-9-nerved, margins incurved, straight, hyaline, notched, at length coria-
ceous ; awn variable. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia ; introd. in
N. America.

502 GRAMINE^E. [BROMUS.

** Fl. ylume not longer than its palea

B. ARVEN'SIS, L. ; leaves and sheaths hairy, panicle pyramidal effuse,
branches horizontal, fl. glumes imbricate equalling the straight awn.

Casual from Fife soutbcl. ; fl. July- Aug. — Root fibrous or creeping. Stem*
1-2 ft., smooth. Leaves |— J in. broad, flat, short, hairy beneath ; sheaths
grooved, pubescent ; ligule obtuse. Panicle 4-8 in., 3-5 in. broad ; branches
5-7-nate, widespreading, very long, capillary, scaberulous, with a few spike-
lets towards the tips. Spikelets J in., lanceolate, compressed, green or dull
violet; rachilla smooth; empty glumes ovate-oblong, keel scabrid, upper
much the largest, acute or shortly awned ; fl. glumes T3^ in., imbricate till
quite mature, then rather distant, oblong, 2-fid, strongly nerved ; awn
dark. — DISTRIB. Europe.

42. BRACHYPO'DIUM, JBeauv.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets subsessile, distichous, terete, spiked, in-
serted broadside to the rachis, very many-fld. ; rachilla jointed between
the fl. glumes. Empty glumes 2, rarely 1, much shorter than the flowering,
straight. FL glumes densely imbricate ; awn terminal or 0, 7-9-nerved,
nerves converging to the tip. Palea with ciliate nerves. Scales 2, ovate.
Stamens 2-3. Ovary hairy at the top ; styles distant, stigmas feathery.
Fruit adhering to the palea. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. Asia, N. Africa ;
species 5 or 6. — ETYM. ftpaxvs and TroSdv, from the subsessile spikelets.

1. B. sylvat'icum, R. and S. ; root fibrous, leaves broad hirsute, spike
drooping, awn equalling its fl. glume.

Copses, hedgerows, &c., N. to Orkney; ascends to 1,000 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Stems 1-3 ft., very slender,
terete, inclined, leafy. Leaves §— § in. broad, flat, bright green, ciliate ;
sheaths terete ; ligule obtuse. Spike 2-6 in. ; rachis flattened, smooth,
slender. Spikelets 8-18, 1-2 in., ap pressed, linear, very shortly pedicelled,
hirsute or glabrate, green ; empty glumes cuspidate, strongly 3-5-nerved ;
fl. glumes 8-10, J in., linear-oblong, nerves strong, tip acuminate awned ;
palea ciliate at the tip, equalling the glume. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa,
N.W. Himalaya.

2. B. pinna' turn, Beauv. ; rootstock creeping, leaves narrow dnvolute,
spike erect, awn shorter than its fl. glume.

Downs and hedgerows in chalky soil, from York to Devon and Kent ; absent
in Wales, Cambridge only in the E. counties ; fl. July. — Glaucous. Stems
1-3 ft., very slender, terete, naked, smooth. Leaves rigid, almost glabrous,
involute, rarely flat ; ligule ciliate. S-pike 1-6 in. ; rachis flattened, smooth.
Spikelets f-l| in., erect, curved away from the rachis, glabrous or pubescent,
green and purplish ; empty and fl. glumes much as in B. sylvat'icum, but
glabrous or nearly so, and tips of the latter suddenly contracted into the
short awn.— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia.

LOLIUM.J GEAMINE^. 503

4-3. liO'LIUM, L. RYE-GRASS.

Characters of Agropy'rum, but upper empty glume absent except in the
terminal spikelet ; lower persistent, facing the rachis. — DISTRIB. N.
temp, regions ; species 2 or 3. — ETYM. An old Latin name.

1. Ii. peren'ne, L. ; perennial, empty glume shorter than the
spikelet.

Waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,600 ft. in N. England ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; fl. May-June. — Root fibrous, stolons leafy. Stems 18 in.,
bent below, ascending, smooth, slightly compressed. Leaves flat, edges and
upper surface scabrid ; sheaths smooth, compressed ; ligule short. Spike
4-10 in , strict, stout and 6-10-fld. or slender and 3-4- fld. (L. ten'ue, L.) ;
rachis smooth, channelled on one side. Spikelets $-§ in. (much longer in
var. ital'icuwi), quite smooth, shining ; empty glumes strongly ribbed, linear-
lanceolate ; fl. glume linear-oblong, terete, obtuse or cuspidate or awned,
ribbed. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia ; introd. in N. America. —
L. ital'icum, A. Br., L. remo'tum, Schrk., L. multiflo'ra, Lamk., and L.
peren'ne, var. arista'ta, are cultivated annual or biennial forms, with many
flowers, not known in a wild state. — L. fextuca'ceum, Link (Festuca lolia'cea,
Curt., not Huds.), is a hybrid with F. ela'tior (Nyman).

2. L, temulen'tum, L. ; annual, empty glume equalling or exceeding
the spikelets. Darnel.

Cornfields, N. to Shetland; Ireland; Channel Islands; (a colonist, Wats.):,
fl. June-Aug. — Similar to L. perertne, but always annual, without stolons,
empty glume longer, and fl. glumes more turgid, awn short or long or 0
(L. arven'se. With.). — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Siberia, India ;
introd. in N. America. — Fruit very poisonous.

44. AGROPY'RUM, J. Gcertn.

Perennial grasses. Spikelets solitary, sessile, distichous, compressed,
spiked, inserted broadside to the rachis, 3-rnany-fld. ; rachjlla usually
jointed between the fl. glumes. Empty glumes 2, shorter than the flower-
ing, unequal. Fl. glumes rigid, awned or not ; nerves, 5-7, meeting in
the tip. Palea with ciliate keels. Scales ovate, entire, ciliate . Stamens
3. Ovary hairy at the top ; stigmas distant, subsessile, feathery. Fruit
grooved, usually adherent to the palea. — DISTEIB. All temp, climates ;
species 20. — ETYM. The classical name.

1. A. cani'num, Bcauv. ; root fibrous, stolons 0, empty glumes 3-5-

ribbed, fl. glumes 2-5-nerved. Triticum, Huds.

Woods, banks, and waste places, from Sutherland southd ; ascends to 1,300 ft.
in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; fl. July. — Bright green. Stems 1-3 ft., slender.
Spike 2-10 in., very slender, often flexuous and nodding ; rachis with
scabrid edges. Spikelets ^-f in., green, rather slender; pedicel very short,
pubescent or glabrous ; empty glumes scabrid, cuspidate or shortly awned,
nerves usually 3, very firm ; fl. glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth except at
the 5-nerved tip ; awn scabrid, longer or shorter than the palea, — DISTRIB.
Europe, Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.

504 QRAMINE&. [AGUOPYKUM.

2. A. re'pens, Bcauv. ; rootstock creeping, rachis of spike not brittle,
empty glumes 5-ribbed, fl. glumes 4-5 rigid cuspidate or acuminate rarely
avviied. Triticum, L. Couch or Quitch Grass.

Fields and waste places, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,300 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; fl. June- Aug. — Excessively variable. Rootstock
stout, long, creeping, jointed. Stems 1-4 ft., bent and ascending, smooth,
glabrous. Leaves flat or involute, usually scabrid above and glabrous
beneath, sometimes hairy ; sheaths terete ; ligule very short. Spike 2-10
in., rigid, slender or robust, strict or curved, not nodding, rachis glabrous or
pubescent. Spikelets |-1 in., very rigid ; empty glumes acute obtuse or
notched, rigid short points or awns of variable length ; fl. glumes quite
similar, but nerved only at the tip. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia,
Himalaya, N. America. — Triticum cani'num, var. biflo'ra, Mitt. (T. alpi'nunt,
Don MSS.), fouud on Ben Lawers, and said to want the creeping rootstock,
is (judging from the specimen) only A. re'pens. — There is no accordance
amongst specialists as to the limits of the forms of this plant and their
nomenclature.

A. RE'PENS proper ; stems solitary hollow, leaves flaccid usually hairy, nerves
slender scabrid in one line, spikelets 3-7-fld., rachis slender. — VAK. barba'ta
has empty glumes tapering subulate or awned, fl. glumes awned. — VAR.
oltu'sa has empty glumes obliquely truncate, fl. glumes obtuse apiculate.

Sub-sp. A. PUN'GENS, R. and S. ; sterns densely tufted solid above, leaves firm
involute ribbed, ribs scabrid in one line, spikelets 5-12-fld., rachis with broad
internodes. Seashores and tidal rivers. — A. littora'le, Eeichb. (Triticum,
Host.), has glumes acuminate, fl. glume mucronate or awned. — A. pycnan'-
thum, Gren. and Godr., is more glaucous, spike more compact, empty
glumes rounded obtuse, fl. glumes obtuse mucronate.

Sub-sp. A. ACU'TUM, R. and 8. ; stems loosely tufted solid geniculate at the
base, leaves firm not so involute ribbed glabrous or hairy, ribs scabrid all
over, spike arching lax long, spikelets 5-8-fld., rachis with very broad inter-
nodes. Triticum acu'tum, DC. ; T. lax'um, Fries.— Sandy shores. — Interme-
diate between re'pens audjun'ceum.

3. A. jTm'ceuxn, Beauv. ; rootstock creeping, rachis of spike fragile,
spikelets large shining, empty glumes 5-11-ribbed, fl. glumes 4-10 obtuse
acute notched or truncate rarely mucronate. Triticum, L.

Sandy seashores, local, Orkney to Devon and Kent ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. July-Aug — Often glaucous, rigid, forming large masses.
Rootstock stout; extensively creeping. Stems bent below, ascending,
smooth, sheathed at the base. Leaves coriaceous, involute, pubescent above,
glabrous beneath ; sheaths smooth, rather inflated ; ligule short. Spike 2-
4 in., stout, curved ; rachis very stout, smooth. Spikel,ets £-lJ in., distant,
very stout, pale, rigidly coriaceous, smooth, shining ; empty glumes strongly
or faintly nerved ; fl. glume obscurely so ; internodes of rachis much dilated
upwards. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. America ?

45. LEPTU'RUS, Br.

Slender grasses. Spikelets solitary, sessile, distichous, alternate in a
small spike, placed broadside to and in excavations of the jointed rachis,

LEPTURUS.] GRAMINE^. 505

1-fld. ; rachilla produced, with sometimes a 2d fl. glume. Empty glumes
2 (rarely 1) enclosing the flowering, equal, hard, coriaceous, ribbed, placed
in front of the spikelet, except in the terminal one. Fl. glume keeled.
Palca 2-nerved. Scales glabrous, entire. Stamens 2-3. Ovary glabrous ;
stiginas sessile, distant, terminal, feathery. Fruit enclosed in the fl.
glumes. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, Australia ; species 6. —
ETYM. AeTrrJs and ovpd from the slender taiZ-like spikes.

Ii. filifor'mis, Trin. ; annual, glabrous, spike slender.

Waste places by the sea, from Fife and Isla southd. ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. July. — Hoot fibrous. Stems 4-10 in., bent or curved below,
ascending, stout or slender, shining, terete, leafy. Leaves short, coriaceous,
scaberulous, soon involute ; sheaths slightly compressed, smooth, upper
inflated ; ligule very short, auricled. Spike 2-6 in., straight or curved,
short or long ; rachis rigid, grooved, hollowed on one side. Spikelets
£ in., green, appressed or spreading ; empty glumes rather oblique, linear-
oblong, pointed ; fl. glumes with 1 green nerve ; palea with glabrous keels.
— DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., excl. Russia ; N. Africa.

L. filifor'mis proper ; stem and spike slender, the latter nearly straight. —
VAR. L. incurva'tus, Trin.; stem and spike stouter, the latter strongly
curved. Ballast heaps, Fife.

46. NAR'DUS, L. MAT-WEED.

A small rigid perennial grass. Spikelets solitary, sessile, secund, in a
simple unilateral spike, placed obliquely and in excavations of the slender
rachis, 1-fld. Empty glumes 0. Fl. glume 1, slender, concave, keeled,
shortly awned, persistent. Palea linear, entire, 2-keeled. Scales 0.
Stamens 3. Ovary narrow, glabrous, contracted into a slender filiform
hairy persistent stigma. Fruit adherent to the palea. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic), Azores, Greenland. — ETYM. obscure.

N. stric'ta, L. ; glabrous, leaves setaceous channelled scaberulous.
Heaths and dry pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,300 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; fl. June-July. — Sootstock stout, creeping,
densely tufted. Stems 2-8 in., erect, filiform, rigid, striate, angled ; base
with long pale sheaths. Leaves, upper erect, lower almost horizontal ;
sheaths smooth; ligule short. Spike 1-3 in., solitary; rachis very slender,
strict. Spikelets rather distant ; fl. glume ^ in., slender, reddish or purplish ;
divaricate after flowering, scabrid above, narrowed into the short awn. —
Rejected by sheep, on account of the harsh foliage.

47. HOR'DEUM, L. BARLEY.

SpiJcelels 2-3-nate, subsessile, distichous, compressed, spiked, inserted
broadside to the rachis, 1-fld., rachilla produced with a subulate rudi-
mentary glume ; lateral Spikelets, rarely the central, neuter male or
2-sexual. Empty glumes 2, exceeding the flowering or not, equal, col-
laterally placed in front of the spikelet, awned. Fl. glume rounded at

506 GRAMINEJE. [HORDEUM.

the back, awned. Palea as long, narrow, 2-keeled. Scales 2, ciliate.
Ovary hirsute ; stigmas 2, subsessile, feathery. Fruit free or adherent to
the palea, grooved in front. — DISTRIB. N. temp, and warm regions,
S. America ; species 12. — ETYM. The old Latin name.

* Flowers of lateral spikelets 2-sexualy of middle male.

1. H. sylvat'icum, Huds. ; perennial, spike subterete, empty glumes
setaceous scabrid. El'ymus europce'us, L.

Copses and woods in chalky soil, from Northumbd. to Hants and Kent ; absent
in Wales and the E. counties ; Dublin (native ?) ; fl. June-July. — Perennial,
bright green. Stems 1-3 ft., strict, erect, smooth. Leaves ^— § in., broad,
flat, thin, scaberulous; sheaths hispid, hairs reflexed ; ligule very short.
Spikes 2-4 in., strict, erect, terete, green. Spikelets f in., erect, subsessile ;
empty glumes awned, 3-nerved ; fl. glumes linear-oblong, dorsally compressed,
scabrid, shorter than the straight flexuous awn, nerved towards the tip ;
palea with smooth keels. Fruit very narrow. — DISTRIB. From Gothland
to Spain, Italy, and Russia.

** Lateral spikelets jlowerless or male, middle 2-sexual.

2. H. praten'se, Huds. ; perennial, spike compressed, outer empty
glume setaceous scabrid.

Wet meadows, &c., from Berwick southd. ; Ireland, local ; fl. June-July. —
Eootstock creeping. Stems very slender, 1-2 ft., terete, scabrid above.
Leaves §-y in., narrow, flat, at length involute, scabrid above, hairy
beneath, as are the narrow sheaths ; ligule very short. Spike 1-3 in., J— J
in. broad, inclined, linear, yellow-green. Spikelets with the awns § in.,
rather spreading, scabrid all over, not ciliate ; fl. glumes terete, smooth,
about equalling the awn, obscurely nerved ; palea as long, acute, keels not
ciliate. — DISTRIB. From Gothland to Spain and Kussia, N. Asia, N.W.
India, N. America.

3. H. muri'num, L. ; annual, spike compressed, outer empty glume
of the mid spikelet lanceolate ciliate, of the lateral setaceous scabrid.

Waybent, Barley-grass.

Waste places, N. to Caithness; E. Scotland only ; Ireland, very rare ; Channel
Islands; fl. June-July. — Root fibrous. Stems ascending, '6-18 in., smooth,
glabrous. Leaves small, narrow, scabrid ; sheaths inflated, glabrous ; ligule
very short. Spikes l|-2 in., stout, inclined, green. Spikelets 1 in., densely
imbricate ; empty glumes filiform ; fl. glumes lanceolate, flattened, much
shorter than the straight awn ; palea with distantly cili.ite keels. — DISTRIB.
From Gothland southd. , N. Africa. — VAR. arena'ria, Bab., is a form from
sandy places with the stem below branched and rooting.

4. H. marit'imum, With. ; annual, spike subterete, empty glume
scabrid, upper of the mid. spikelet J -lanceolate, the rest setaceous.
Squirrel-tail Grass.

Waste maritime localities, Durham to Kent and Devon ; absent in Wales ; Chan-
nel Islands ; fl. June.— Stems 6-12 in., bent below, then erect, terete, smooth,
leafy. Leaves short, straight, narrow, flat, glaucous, scabrid ; lower sheaths

HORDEUM.] GRAMINE^. 507

pubescent, upper inflated ; ligule very short, SpiJce 1-2 in., stout, erect,
subterete, at length yellow-brown. Spikelets § in. without the awns, rather
spreading, rigid ; larger empty glume of ,mid. spikelet green with scarious
margins, shorter than the rigid awn ; fl. glume lanceolate, flattened, about
equalling the rigid awn. — DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa.

48. EI/YMUS, L. LYME-GRASS.

Tall perennial grasses. Spikelets 2-3-nate, sessile, distichous, com-
pressed, spiked, inserted broadside to the rachis, 2-7-fld. Empty glumes
2, equalling or exceeding the flowering, equal, placed in front of the
spikelet. Fl. glumes 5-nerved, coriaceous, awned or not. Palea with 2
ciliate keels. Scales ovate, usually ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary hirsute ;
stigmas sessile distant feathery. Fruit grooved, adnate to the fl. glume
and palea. — DISTRIB. N. temp, regions; species 20. — ETYM. e'Auw, the
fruit being rolled vp in the palea.

E. arena'rius, L. ; fl. glumes rigid acuminate, awn 0.
Sandy seashores, from Essex and N. "Wales to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel
Islands; fl. July. — Glaucous. Rootstock stout, creeping, stoloniferous.
Stems 3-6 ft., very stout, smooth, terete. Leaves rigid, strict, pungent, §-§
in. diam. ; sheaths smooth, grooved ; ligule very short. Spike 6-12 in.,
stout, strict; rachis flexuous, plano-convex, hirsute. Spikelets 1 in.,
imbricate, appressed ; rachilla stout, pubescent ; empty glumes linear-
lanceolate, purplish ; fl. glumes 1-3, lanceolate, ciliate and hirsute, keeled
towards the cuspidate tip ; palea as long as the glume. — DISTRIB. Europe,
N. Asia, N. America.

CLASS III. ACOTYLE'DQNES OK CRYPTOGAMS.

ORDER XC. FIL'ICES.

Perennial herbs (very rarely annual), sometimes shrubby or arborescent,
with fibrous roots, or creeping rootstocks. Leaves (fronds) tufted or alter-
nate on the rootstock, simple pinnatifid or 1-4-pinnate, usually circinate
in vernation ; petiole (stipes) sometimes jointed at the base and rachis,
grooved on the upper surface. Fructification of microscopic spores, con-
tained in usually minute capsules that are collected in masses (sori) on the
under surface or edge of the frond, or rarely on separate fronds or parts of
the frond, and are naked or covered with an involucre formed of or upon
the margin or back of the frond. Capsules membranous, sessile or stalked,
often mixed with jointed club-shaped hairs (imperfect capsules). Spores
usually obtusely 4-hedral. — DISTRIB. Chiefly humid temp, and trop.
regions ; genera 75 ; species 2,500. —AFFINITIES. "With Lycopodia'cece.

508 FILICES.

In germination the spore develops a flat cellular scale (prothallus), on the
under surface of which are formed cavities some containing male and some
female organs. The male cavities (antkeridia) contain sperm-cells (sperma-
tozoids or anther ozoids), which enclose a spiral filament. The female cavities
(archeyonia) contain a solitary free yerm-cM. The antherozoids find their
way into the archegoaia and fertilize the germ-cell, which thereupon
develops into a plant, the prothallus withering away.

TRIBE I. HYMENOPHYIi'IiE.7E. Frond very membranous, translucent,
reticulate. Involucre 2-valved, urceolate or 2-lipped. Capsules minute,
membranous, reticulate, sessile on a clavate or filiform receptacle, girt by
a complete horizontal or oblique ring. Vernation circinate.

Involucre 2-valved 1. Hymenophyllum.

Involucre urceolate 2. Trichomanes.

T.RIBE II. POIiYPODIE'-ffi. Frond more or less coriaceous, opaque.
Involucre marginal or dorsal or 0. Capsules minute, membranous, reticu-
late, not raised on an elevated receptacle, stalked, partially girt by a
vertical ring, bursting transversely. Vernation circinate.

* Sori marginal ; involucre continuous with the reflexed or recurved margin
of the frond.

Sori oblong, short. Fronds all similar 3. Adiautum.

Sori linear, continuous. Fronds all similar -.4. Pteris.

Sori subglobose, on special fronds 5. Cryptogramme.

Sori linear, on special fronds 6. Lomaria.

** Sori dorsal, linear ; involucre linear.

Involucre on a nerve, single 7. Asplenium.

Involucre on a nerve, double 8. Scolopendrium.

*** Sori dorsal, globose ; involucre short.

Involucre lacerate, attached under the sorus 9. "Woodsia.

Involucre hooded, on one side of the sorus 10. Cystopteris.

Involucre orbicular, peltate 11. Aspidium.

Involucre reniform 12. Nephrodium.

****

Sori dorsal ; involucre 0 (see Ceterach under Asplenium).

Sori globose or oblong 13. Polypodium.

Sori linear 14. G-ynmograrnme.

TRIBE III. OSMUN'DE.ffi. Frond coriaceous or membranous. Involucre
0. Capsules sessile or shortly stalked, vertically 2-valved, with a short
lateral or subterminal striate areola. Vernation circinate... 15. Osmunda.

TRIBE IV. OPHIOGLOS SE.JE. Capsules large, 2-valved, without a ring
or areola, coriaceous, in spikes or panicles. Vernation straight.

Frond ovate, simple. Capsules spiked 16. Ophioglossum.

Frond pinnate. Capsules panicled 17. Botrychium.

HYMENOFHYLLUM.] FILICES. 509

1. HYMENOPHYI/LUM, Sm. FlLMY-FERN.

Rootstock filiform, creeping. Fronds usually matted and 2-4-pinnatifid
or -pinnate, pellucid, reticulate ; segments with a midrib ; veins 0. Sori
marginal, axillary or terminal ; involucre free or sunk in the frond,
2-valved or 2-lipped, opening outwards ; capsules sessile on a columnar
receptacle; ring complete, oblique. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp,
regions ; species 70. — ETYM. \ipfiv and q>v\\ov, from the membranous
fronds.

1. H. tunbrid gen's e, Sm. ; frond ovate pinnate below, pinnatifid
above, pinnae spreading spinulose-serrate, involucre toothed.

Moist shaded rocks or copses, from Stirling, Mull, and Argyll southd. to W.
York, and from Kent to Cornwall (ascending to 1,000 ft.) ; Ireland, rare ;
Channel Islands ; frt. June-July. — Rootstock* capillary, interlaced. Stipes
1-2 in., winged above. Frond 1-3 in., glabrous ; piuna3 distichous, flabel-
lately pinnatifid, lobes linear ; involucre solitary, axillary, siiborbicular, lips
strongly irregularly toothed. — DISTRIB. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Canaries, S. temp, regions.

2. H. unilatera'le, Willd. ; frond oblong pinnate below or through-
out, pinnules decurved spinulose-serrate, involucre entire. H. Wilso'ni,
Hook.

Moist shaded rocks or copses, Shetland to York; Stafford, Salop, Wales,
Devon, Cornwall ; ascends to 2,800 ft. in the Hebrides, and 2.400 in

• Ireland ; frt. June-July. -Perhaps only a sub-species of H. tunbridyerise,
but more rigid, darker green ; involucre more ovoid and turgid ; pinnae
pinnatifid chiefly on the upper side. — DISTRIB. As //. tunbridyerise.

2. TRICHOM'ANES, L. BRISTLE-FERN.

RootstocTc creeping or tufted, stout or slender. Frond erect or pendu-
lous, simple pinnate or 1-4-pinnatifid, usually pellucid, reticulate ;
segments with a stout simple or forked midrib. Sori marginal, axillary
or terminal ; involucre elongate, free or sunk in the frond, tubular or
campanulate, mouth entire or 2-lipped, opening outwards ; capsules sessile
on a long often exserted receptacle. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. and damp
warm climates ; species 78. — ETYM. obscure.

T. radi'cans, Sw. ; rootstock creeping, frond 2-3-pinnatifid. T.

specio'sum, Willd.

Wet shaded rocks, Killarney, York, S. Wales, Argyll, Arran ; frt. July-Sept.—
Rootstock slender, wiry, extensively creeping, tomentose. Stipes 2-6 in.,
stout, wiry, ascending, naked below, winged above. Frond 4-12 in., mem-
branous, firm; rachis winged; lower pinnae 1-4 in., rhomboid-ovate ; pin-
nules the same shape, pinnatifid, toothed, nerves 1 to each segment. Sori
lateral, 1-4 to each pinnule ; tube of involucre short, lips small ; receptacle
exserted.— DISTRIB. W. Europe, trop. Africa and America, Himalaya,
Japan, Polynesia.

510 FILICES. [TRICHOMANES.

3. ADIAN'TUM, L. MAIDENHAIR.

Rootstock tufted or creeping. Frond compound, 2-4-pinnate, rarely sim-
ple ; rachis and branchlets capillary ; veins forked or netted. Sori rounded
or oblong, parallel with and on the margin ; involucre formed of the
reflexed often kidney-shaped coriaceous margin of the frond, opening in-
wards, surface veined. — DISTRIB. All temp, and hot climates ; species
62. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

A, Capil'lus-Ven'eris, L. ; frond 3-4-pinnate, pinnules cuneate lobed

erenate glabrous.

Damp rocks, walls, &c., especially near the sea, local, Dorset to Cornwall,
I. of Man, Glamorgan; W. Ireland, local; frt. May-Sept. — Rootstock
creeping, scaly. Stipes 4-9 in., slender, black, polished, naked. Frond
4-12 in., ovate, with a short terminal and many spreading capillary branches,
the lower pinnate ; pinnules ^-1 in., membranous, outer edge rounded ;
stalks 5 in. ; veins repeatedly forked. Sori in the crenatures of the
pinnules ; involucre subreniform. — DISTRIB. From France southd. ; temp,
and trop. Old and New World.

4. PTER'IS, L. BRAKE, or BRACKEN.

Rootstock usually creeping. Frond various ; veins free, forked or netted.
Sori continuous ; involucre scarious or membranous, confluent with the
recurved margin of the frond, not recurved in age. — DISTRIB. All regions ;
species 83. — ETYM. irreoo*/, from the wing-like fronds.

P. aquili'na, L. ; frond coriaceous 3-4-pinnate, veins free.
Forests, heaths, moors, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. July-Aug. — Rootstock stout, sub-
terranean, extensively creeping. Stipes 1-6 ft., stout, erect, pale, dark at
the base. Frond 2-3 ft.; rachis glabrous or pubescent; upper pinnae
simple, next cut into linear pinnules, lower stalked, 1 ft. or more, again
pinnate ; pinnules 1 in., sessile, auricled at the base ; veins close, 1-2-forked.
Involucre glabrous villous or ciliate, sometimes double, inner very narrow. —
DISTRIB. Arctic Europe, and all temp, and many trop. regions.

5. CRYPTOGRAM'ME, Br. PARSLEY-FERN, ROCK-BRAKE.

Rootstock tufted, often elongate. Fronds, outer barren, inner fertile,
2-4-pinnatifid ; veins forked, free. Sori terminal on the veins, subglobose,
afterwards confluent along the margins of the fertile pinnules ; involucre
membranous, continuous with the recurved margin of the frond; spreading
in age — DISTRTB. N. temp, and Arctic regions ; species 1. — ETYM.
KpvTTTos and ypa.fji/ji'fi, from the concealed sori.

C. cris'pa, Br. ; fertile pinnules fusiform. Alloso'rus, Bernh.

CRYPTOGRAMME.] FILICES. 511

Loose stony places in mt. districts, from Harris and Caithness to N. Devon ;
absent in E. England ; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland, very
rare; frt. June- July. — Rootstock scaly, clothed with broken bases of fronds.
Stipes of barren fronds 1-2 in., of fertile 2-5 in. slender, naked, pale brown.
Fronds deltoid-ovate, submernbranous ; barren 2-pinnate, pinnules 2-3-
pinnatifid, cuneate or oblong, 2-3-toothed ; fertile 2-3-pinnate ; pinnules
fusiform or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, subpetioled.

6. LOMA'RIA, WilU. HARD-FERN.

EootstocJc usually short or creeping. Fronds tufted, of 2 kinds ; outer
barren or fertile below only ; inner fertile ; veins free, simple or forked.
Sori linear, close to the margin, continuous round the pinnule, often
covering its lower surface ; involucre linear, close to and parallel with the
margin, opening inwards, scarious. — DISTRIB. Trop. and temp, chiefly
south regions ; species 40. — ETYM. Ac«^ia, from the marginal sori.

Ii. Spi'cant, Desv. ; barren fronds narrow-lanceolate pinnatifid above,

pinnate below. Blech'num borea'le, Sw.

Heaths, woods, banks, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland; Channel Islands; frt. July- Aug. — Rootstock stout, creeping,
scaly. Stipes of barren fronds 2-3 in., of fertile 6-9 in., polished, red-
brown. Fronds erect or spreading ; barren 6-9 in., narrowed to the base,
coriaceous, green, glabrous ; pinnules ^-f in., linear-oblong, sessile by a
broad base, obtuse, quite entire, sinus narrow, veins inconspicuous; fertile
pinnate, pinnae distant, falcate, narrow, obtuse, dilated at the base, lower
minute very distant. Involucre marginal in a young state. — DISTRIB.
Europe (Arctic), Canaries, N.E. Asia, N.W. America.

7. ASPLE'NIUM, L. SPLEENWORT.

Rootstock usually short, tufted. Fronds various. Sori dorsal on the
veins, linear or oblong, oblique, distant from the midrib, except when the
frond is much divided ; involucre oblong or linear, membranous, laterally
attached to the vein, opening towards the midrib. — DISTRIB. All climates
but very cold ; species 280. — ETYM. a and (nr\-f]vt having been a reputed
spleen medicine.

SUB-GEN. 1. Asple'nium proper. Involucre straight, narrow, margin
entire or erose. Frond not scaly beneath. Veins free.

* Ultimate pinnules without a distinct midrib.

1. A. Ru'ta-mura'ria, L. ; frond oblong or ovate rigid irregularly 2-
pinnate, pinnae 3-7 obovate-cuneate, tip rounded or truncate toothed.
Walls and rocks, N. to Orkney; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. June-Oct. — Rootstock stout, shortly
creeping, without scales. Stipes tufted, 2-4 in., wiry, black below. Frond
1-2 in., recurved, often deltoid; pinnae stalked, upper entire, lower again
pinnate ; pinnules J-J in., often rhomboid ; midrib obsolete ; veins flabel-
late, forked. Sori many, linear-oblong, 2-5 on each pinnule; involucre
entire or margins erose. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and S. Africa, N.
Asia, N.W. Himalaya, N. America.

512 FILICES. [Asi'LENiuif.

2. A. german'icum, Weiss ; frond oblong-lanceolate pinnate, pinnae
few distant alternate cuneate-lanceolate simple-toothed orlobed. A. alter-
nifo'lium, Wulf.

Rocks, very rare ; N. Wales, N. England, Roxburgh, Perth, Fife ; frt.
June-Sept. — Eootstock densely tufted, creeping, without scales. /Stipes
2-4 in., slender, erect, black below. Frond rather flaccid, 2-3 in. ; piunse
7-9, §-f in., very variable, sometimes fan-shaped, lower shortly stalked,
irregularly 2-3-lobed ; lobes crenate or toothed ; midrib obsolete, veins
forked. Sori 2-4 on each pinna or segment, parallel, linear-oblong ; in-
volucre entire, at length covering the breadth but not the length of the
segments. — DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Greece and Turkey), Himalaya, China.

3. A. septentriona'le, Hull ; frond linear-lanceolate inciso-pinnatifid,
pinnae narrow erect, tips incised.

"Walls and rocks, rare ; Devon, Somerset, N. Wales (ascending to 3,000 ft.),
northd. to Perth and Aberdeen; frt. June-Oct.— Rootxtock densely
tufted, hardly scaly. Stipes many, 3-4 in., erect, rigid, black below. Frond
coriaceous, 1-2 in., lanceolate, simple or cleft into slender segments ;
midrib obsolete ; veins forked. Sori 1-4 on each pinna, parallel, at length
covering the pinna ; involucre narrow. — DISTRIB. Europe, 1ST. and W.
Asia, Himalaya, N. America.

** Ultimate pinnules with a distinct midrib.

4. A. Trichom'anes, L. ; frond linear pinnate, irachis rigid, chestnut-
brown, pinnae \-\ in. many snbsessile.

Walls and rocks, N. to Orkney ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in Wales ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; frt. May-Oct. — Eootstock stout, shortly creeping ; scales
few, subulate, blackish. Stipes 1-4 in., crowded, naked, polished, red-brown,
black below. Frond 6-12 in., rigid ; pinnae 15-40, horizontal, dark green
lower smaller, base obliquely cuneate truncate rounded or auricled, some-
times incised ; midrib subcentral ; veins few, oblique, forked above the
middle. Sori oblique, short ; involucre pale brown, entire or erose. —
DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N. America, S. temp, regions.
— A. an'ceps, Sol., is simply a larger form. — A. Clermont'a, Syme (A.
Petrar'cha, Newm., not DC.), from a garden wall at Newry, is considered
by its author, with hardly a doubt, to be a hybrid with A. Ru'ta-mura'ria,
from which latter it differs in its simply pinnate linear frond, more sessile
pinnae, and more divergent veins.

5. A. vir'ide, Ends. ; frond linear pinnate, rachis green slender,
pinnae J-J in. many shortly stalked rhombic-ovate crenate.

Wet rocks in mt. districts, from Shetland to S. Wales and Derby; ascends to
2,800 ft. in the Highlands ; W. Ireland ; frt. June-Sept. — Perhaps an alpine
sub-species of A. Trichom'anes, distinguished by its more flaccid habit, pale
rachis, shorter paler and shortly stalked pinnae. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic;,
N. and W. Asia, N. America.

6. A. mari'mim, L. ; frond oblong or lanceolate coriaceous pinnate
below, pinnae 1-2 in. oblong-ovate crenate.

Sea-cliffs and caves, Shetland to York on the E. coast, and to Cornwall and
Hants on the W. and S.; Ireland; Channel Islands; frt. June-Sept. —

ASPLENIUM.] FILICES. 513

Rootstock stout, clothed with purple-brown chaffy scales. Stipes 3-6 in.,
red-brown below, stout, polished. Frond 3-10 in. ; rachis stout, winged,
green ; pinnee acute or obtuse, base truncate cuneate or cordate auricled
above siiiuate-lobed or serrate, upper confluent ; midrib and forked veins
obscure. Sori large, oblique; involucre coriaceous. — DISTRIB. France,
Spain, Italy, N. Africa, N. America.

7. A. lance ola'tum, Huds. ; frond broadly lanceolate membranous
2-pinnate, pinnules broad crowded acutely serrate.

Wet rocks ; York, Wales, Gloster, Cornwall to Kent ; Cork ; Channel Islands ;
frt. June-Sept. — Rootstock short, stout, clothed with subulate scales. Stipe*
2-4 in., chestnut-brown, glossy. Frond 6-9 in., bright green ; piimse many,
shortly petioled, lower smaller distant, cut to the rachis into ovate or
obovate pinnules ; veins forked. Sori short, at length confluent. — DISTRIB.
Europe from France, Spain, and Germany to Turkey, N. Africa.

8. A. Adian'tum-xii'grum, L. ; frond deltoid-ovate 2-3-pinnate, pin-
nules petioled mciso-pinnatind and serrate.

Eocks and walls, N. to Shetland; ascends to 1,900ft. in the Highlands;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. June-Get. — Rootstock stout, oblique, scales
subulate. Stipes 6-9 in., almost naked, polished, chestnut-brown. Frond
6-12 in., coriaceous ; rachis brown below, winged and compressed above,
pinnae polished ovate-lanceolate, pinnules ^-§ in. ; veins pinnate and forked.
Sori copious, short, crowded, at length confluent ; involucre free, pale
brown, edges entire. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, Himalaya.

YAR. A. acu'tum, Bory ; lower pinrse triangular acuminate, segments narrow
very acute ; S.W. Ireland. — VAR. A. obtu'sum, Willd. (A. Serptnti'ni,
Tausch) ; pinnae triangular, ultimate segments broad obtuse. Aberdeenshire.
on Serpentine.

SUB-GEN. 2. Athy'rium, Roth (gen.). Involucre short, oblong or ob-
liquely reniform, reflexed after dehiscence, margin laciniate. Frond not
scaly beneath ; veins free.

9. A. Filix-fcem'ina, Beriih. ; frond large membranous oblong-lanceo-
late 2-3-pinnate, pinnules very many close-set subsessile oblong serrate.
Moist woods, rocky places, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,200 ft. in N.

England; Ireland; Channel Islands; frt. July-Aug. — Rcotstock stout,
ascending, often 6-8 in., clothed with broad ferruginous scales. Stipes 6-
12 in., stout, copiously scaly below, brittle, brown or pale yellow. Frond
1-6 ft., bright green, flaccid, waving ; pinnae sessile, close-set, lanceolate,
acuminate, spreading and ascending ; pinnules ^-f in., sessile, spreading,
obtuse, lower pinnatifid, upper coarsely serrate ; veins pinnate in the seg-
ments. Sori many, small ; involucre variously curved, membranous, very
convex, margin fringed or erose. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), Africa, N.
and W. Asia, Himalaya, America.

A. Fi'lix-fcem'ina proper ; frond 2-pinnate, pinnules separate pinnatifid obtuse,
basal shorter, sharply toothed at the sides and tip. — VAR. A. rhce'ticum,
Koth (var. convex' a, Newm.) ; frond 2-pinnate, pinnules narrow convex
toothed, basal longest. — YAR. A. mol'le, Roth; stipes short, frond small
pinnate, pinnules oblong flat confluent below less toothed. — YAR. A.

L L

514 FILICES. [AspLENRJM.

inci'sum, Hoffm. ; frond very large 3-pirmate, pinnse broad, lower pinnules
again pinnate flat toothed. — VAB. Ath. latifo'lium, Bab., is a form with
very broad much imbricated sharply incised pinnules, once found near
Keswick.

SUB-GEN. 3. Cete'rach, Willd. (gen.). Involucre almost obsolete.
Frond covered with chaffy scales beneath. Veins anastomosing.

10. A. Cete'rach, L. ; frond pinnatifid. Cete'rach officina'rum^ Desv.
Eocks and walls, chiefly in W. counties, from Argyll and Perth southd. ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. April-Sept. — Rootstock short, stout. Stipes
1-3 in., wiry, blackish, chaffy. Frond 4-6 in., erect or spreading, leathery,
linear-lanceolate or oblong, bright opaque green above, beneath densely
clothed with rusty ovate toothed scales ; segments ^-| in., horizontal,
broadly ovate or oblong, quite entire, lower segments free, sinus broad
deep rounded. Sori linear, hidden under the scales ; involucre a very
narrow membrane, or a ridge on the swollen nerve. — DISTHIB. From
Belgium southd., N. Africa, W. Asia, N.W. Himalaya.

8. SCOLOPEN'DRIUM, Sm. HART's-ToNGUE.

Rootstock stout, short, inclined. Fronds tufted, simple, coriaceous ; veins
free or anastomosing. Sori linear on opposite contiguous veins, almost
confluent ; involucre linear, attached to the vein, those of the contiguous
sori opening opposite one another. — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions ;
species 9. — ETYM. The old Greek name.

S. vul'gare, Sm.; frond oblong-ligulate, base cordate.
Hedgebanks, rocks, copses, &c., N. to Shetland ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt.
July-Aug. — RootstocTc, stipes, and often midrib clothed with subulate scales.
Stipes very stout, 4-8 in. Fronds 6-18 in., broadest in the middle, coria-
ceous, flaccid, bright green ; basal auricles converging ; margin undulate ;
midrib stout ; veins in groups of 2-4, indistinct, free or casually anastomos-
ing, horizontal. Sori parallel, at right angles to the midrib, very variable in
length and number. — DISTRIB. From Gothland southd., N. Africa, W.
Asia, Japan, N.W. America. — A multitude of varieties are cultivated,
presenting wonderful departures from the normal state.

9. WOOD'SIA, Br.

Rootstock short, tufted. Stipes usually articulate above the base.
Fronds pinnate. Sori globose ; involucre inferior, membranous, at first
calyciform, then usually breaking up into capillary segments. — DISTRIB.
Arctic and N. temp, regions, Andes, S. Africa ; species 14. — ETYM. J.
Woods, an eminent English botanist.

W. hyperbo'rea, Br. ; frond lanceolate pinnate, pinnse ovate-oblong

or cordate.

Wet alpine rocks, alt. 2,000-3,000 ft., N. Wales ; Durham to Dumfries, Forfar,
and Perth ; frt. July-Aug. — Rootstock stout, subelongate. Fronds 3-6 in.,
densely tufted. Stipes shining, clothed with ferruginous scales. Pinna
subdistant, |-| in., pubescent and ciliate; veins simple and forked. Sari

WOODSIA.] FILICES. 515

3-5 on each lobe. — DISTRIB. Arctic, N. and Alps of Mid. Europe, N. Asia,

Himalaya, N. America.
W. HYPERBO'REA proper ; frond linear-lanceolate, pinnae ovate-cordate, lobes

few broad.— N. Wales, Forfar, Perth.
Sub-sp. W. ILVEN'SIS, Br. ; frond broadly lanceolate, pinnae deeply pinnatifid

with oblong subcrenate lobes. — N. Wales to Forfar.

1O. CYSTOP'TERIS, Bernh. BLADDER-FERN.

Delicate flaccid ferns. RootstocTc short or creeping. Fronds tufted or
scattered, 1-4-pinnate ; veins pinnate or forked, venules free. Sori small,
dorsal on the middle of a venule, globose ; involucre membranous, attached
by a broad base to the venule below the sorus, ovate, convex, acute, at
length reflexed. — DISTRIB. Cool damp regions ; species 5. — ETYM. Kvaris
and Trrepis, from the bladder-like involucre.

1. C. frag'ilis, Bernh. ; rootstock tufted, frond ovate-lanceolate 1-2
pinnate, pinnae deltoid-ovate.

Rocks and walls in mountain districts, Orkney to Cornwall and Sussex ;
absent in E. half of England, S. of York and N. of Middlesex ; ascends to
4,000 ft. in the Highlands; Ireland; frt. July-Aug. — Eootstock densely
clothe J with pale brown lanceolate membranous scales. Stipes 2-4 in.,
brittle. Frond 4-3 in. ; rachis slightly winged above, larger pinnae 1-1| in.,
lobes or teeth obtuse or acute. Sori 2-12 on each segment. — DISTRIB.
Arctic, N. and S. temp regions.

C. FRAG'ILIS proper ; frond tripinnatifid, pinnules generally incised half-way to
the rachis, ultimate division contiguous. — YAR. C. denta'ta, Hook. ; pinnae
ovate-lanceolate obtuse obtusely toothed, sori submarginal. — YAR. C. Diclc-
ie'ana, Sim ; frond ovate-oblong obtuse membranous, pinnae ovate obtuse
subdeflexed segments broad crowded obtuse crenate.

Sub-sp. C. ALPI'NA, Desv. ; frond quadripinnatifid, pinnules incised nearly to
the rachis, ultimate divisions not quite contiguous. — Teesdale,

2. C. monta'na, Link ; rootstock creeping, frond deltoid 3-4-pinnate,
pinnae and pinnules spreading.

Alpine wet rocks, alt. 2,300-3,600 ft., very rare, Perth, Forfar, and Aberdeen ;
frt. July-Aug. — Rootstock widely creeping, sparingly scaly. Stipes 6-9 in.,
very slender. Frond 4-6 in., as broad as long, lowest pinnae 1-1| in., seg-
ments cut to the rachis, deeply sharply toothed, especially towards the tip.
Sori small, 18-24 on the lowest pinnules. Involucre cut at the edge. —
DISTRIB. Arctic and alpine regions, Europe, Asia, America.

11. ASPID'IUM, Sw. SHIELD-FERN.

Habit various. Sori dorsal, globose ; involucre superior, orbicular,
peltate. — DISTRIB. All regions ; species 55. — ETYM. acnris, a shield,
from the form of the involucre. — The British species belong to the section.
Polystichum, having free veins.

1. A. Lonchi'tis, Sw. ; frond linear-oblong pinnate

L L

516 FILICES. [ASPIDIUM.

Clefts of alpine rocks, &c., from Caithness to N. Wales and York ; ascends
to 3,200 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; frt. June- Aug.— Rootstock densely
tufted, oblique, scaly. Fronds densely tufted, 6-18 in., coriaceous, bright
green, glabrous except the scaly short stout stipes and rachis and veins
beneath. Pinna many, J-l in., narrow-ovate, base auricled and obliquely
rhomboid, falcate, acuminate, spinulose-serrate. Sori in 2-3 rows on each
side the midrib. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia, Himalaya,
N. America.

2. A. aculea'tum, Sw. ; frond ovate-lanceolate 2-3-pinnate.

Woods, shaded hedgebanks, &c., from Orkney southd. ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in
Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. July-Aug. — Rootstock short,
stout, and stipes and rachis densely clothed with ferruginous scales. Frond
6-12 in., scaly beneath ; lower pinnse 4-6 in., close-set, lanceolate ; pinnules
obliquely rhomboid-ovate auricled, teeth mncronate or awned. Sori 1-
seriate on each side the midrib, dorsal on the veins. — DISTRIB. From Belgium
southd., W. Asia, N. America, S. temp, regions.

A. ACULEA'TUM proper ; rather flaccid, pinnules sessile lower free, serratures
spinulose.

Sub-sp. A. LOBA'TUM, Sw. ; frond 2-pinnate, pinnules very rigid sessile decur-
rent confluent below, upper basal longest. — YAR. lonchitidoi'des ; narrower,
approaching A. Lonchi'Hs.

Sub-sp. A. ANGULA'RE, Willd. ; submembranous, pinnules small petioled lax
sometimes again pinnatifid, teeth large awned. — From the Clyde southd.

12. NEPHRO'DIUM, Rich.

Sori subglobose, dorsal or terminal on the venules ; involucre reniform,
superior, attached by the sinus. — DISTRIB. All regions ; species 224.
— ETYM. vetypos, from the kidney-shaved, involucres. — The British species
all belong to the sub-genus Lastre'ct, Presl, with free veins.

1. N. Fi'lix-mas, Rich. ; rootstock tufted, stipes and rachis with
lanceolate scales, frond 1-2-pinnate, pinnules deeply obtusely lobed
contracted at the base, involucre convex eglandular. Male Fern.
Woods and shaded places, N. to Ross ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in Yorkshire ;

Ireland; Channel Islands; frt. July-Aug. • -Rootstock sometimes 6-10 in.,
solid and woody. Fronds 1-3 ft., and stipes more or less scaly beneath,
oblong-lanceolate, rather rigid, rarely simply pinnate ; segments entire or
serrate at the tip ; veins simple or forked. Sori large, 1-seriate. Involucre
smooth, firm.— DISTRIB. N. temp, regions, India, Africa, Andes.
N. Fi'lix-mas proper; frond 2-pinnate, pinnse long crowded acuminate,
pinnules obtuse serrate, lower distinct. — YAR. ajfi'nis, Fisch. (var. inci'sa,
Newm.) ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate incised less crowded. — YAR. Eorre'ri,
Newm. ; rachis very scaly, frond bright golden yellow, pinnules very obtuse
almost truncate less serrate.— YAR. L. abbrevia'ta, DC.; frond pinnate,
pinnse pinnatifid or crenate oblong obtuse with one row of sori along the
midrib.

2. N. crista'tum, Rich. ; rootstock shortly creeping, stipes with
ovate or oblong scales, rachis naked, frond oblong-lanceolate sub- 2-pin-

NEPHRODIUM.] FILICES. 517

nate, pinnules deeply obtusely lobed toothed attached by a broad base,
involucre flat eglandular.

Bogs and marshes, Notts, Hunts, Chester, Yorks ; Renfrew ; frt. Aug. — Root-
stock and stout pale stipes clothed with large bullate acuminate pale scales.
Frond 1-1^ ft., narrow, glabrous ; pinnae shortly petioled, oblong, base
truncate obtuse apisulate, teeth short not awned, veins forked. Invo-
lucre quite glabrous, entire.- -DiSTRiB. Europe, W: Siberia, N. America.

Lastrea uliyino'sa, Newrn., with pinnules more divided, teeth slightly spinu-
lose, is intermediate between N. spinulo'sum and crista'tum, and occurs with
the typical form.

3. N. rig'idum, Desv. ; rootstock tufted and stipes scaly below, frond
oblong-lanceolate, lower pinnae rhomboid lobed to the rachis with mucro-
nate pinnules flat subglandular beneath, involucre gland-ciliate.
Mountains of Lancashire, York, and Westmoreland, rare ; ascends to about

1,500 ft. ; frt. July-Aug. — Rootstock and stout stipes densely clothed with
long concolorous scales. Frond 12-18 in., subglandular beneath, narrow ;
pinnse 2-3 in. ; pinnules acutely toothed, lower with subpiunate venules.
Sori close to the midrib. Involucre firm, convex. — DISTRIB. W. Europe
to Greece, W. Asia, N. America.

4. N. spinulo'sum, Desv. ; rootstock tufted, stipes sparingly scaly,
frond oblong-lanceolate, lower pinnse subdeltoid, pinnules lobed to the
rachis flat, teeth awned, involucre smooth gland-ciliate or not.

Woods and damp shaded places, from Aberdeen and Dumbarton southd. ;
Ireland ; frt. Aug.-Sept. — Rootstock stout, suberect, and stout pale stipes
1 ft., sparingly clothed with ovate scales. Fronds 12-18 in., glabrous or
glandular beneath ; lower pinnse 2-4 in., subdeltoid; pinnules 1 in., ovate-
lanceolate, pinuatifid to the rachis, lobes oblong spinulose-toothed. Sori
chiefly on the upper half of the frond. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), excl.
Turkey and Greece, S. Africa, N.E. Asia, N. America.

N. SPINULO'SUM proper; scales ovate concolorous, frond oblong-lanceolate
eglandular beneath pale green, involucre not gland ciliate.

Sub-sp. N. DILATA'TUM, Desv. ; scales denser narrower centre dark brown,
frond larger ovate-lanceolate or subdeltoid 2-3-pinnate more deeply cut

. darker and brighter green, pinme closer glandular beneath, involucre
evanescent gland-ciliate. — YAR. ylandulo' sa, Newm., is more glandular
beneath, frond broader. — YAR. na'na, Newm., is smaller. — Aspidium Boott'ii,
Tuck. (Lastrea colli'na, Newm.), has pinnules subentire.—Aspidium dume-
to'rum, Sm., connects it with dilata'tum. — Ascends to 3,700 ft. in the
Highlands ; Channel Islands.

Sub-sp. ASPIDIUM REMo'TUM,j5nm?i ; scales lanceolate concolorous extending
up the rachis, frond oblong-lanceolate, pinnse close lanceolate, pinnules ovate-
oblong cut half away to the rachis eglandular beneath, lower only free,
involucre eglandular. — Wiudermere. — Between spinulo'sum and Fi'lix-mas.

5. N. se'mulum, Baker ; rootstock tufted, stipes densely scaly below,
frond subdeltoid 3-pinnate, pinnules triangular-ovate concave above,
glandular beneath, lowest largest spinous-serrate, edges of involucre

518 FILICES. [NEPHJBODIUM.

eglandular. N. fcenise'cii, Lowe ; Lastrea recur'va, Bree ; L. m'mula,
Brack.

Hilly districts, from Orkney southd., local ; Ireland ; frt. July-Sept. — Hardly-
distinct from JV. spinulosum, frond more triangular and divided, remark-
ably concave and curved upwards ; scales more fimbriate and undulate,
glands of involucre sessile.— DISTRIB. Europe, Madeira, Azores.— Smells
of hay.

6. N. Thelyp'teris, Desv. ; rootstock creeping, stipes naked, frond
lanceolate pinnate, piimse deeply pinnatifid, margins entire recurved.
Bogs and marshes, Forfar to Kent and Somerset ; local in Ireland ; frt.

July-Aug. — Rootstock long, black, hardly scaly. Stipes 1 ft., slender, straw-
coloured. Frond 1-2 ft., membranous, glabrous or sparingly hairy beneath ;
pinnae 2-3 in., spreading, cut to the rachis into narrow oblong entire ob-
tuse lobes ; upper venules simple, lower forked. Sori small, dorsal on
the venule. Involucre gland-ciliate. — DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, Africa, N.
America, N". Zealand.

7. N. Oreop'teris, Desv. ; rootstock short tufted, stipes naked above,
frond pinnate, pinnse pinnatifid glandular beneath, margins entire flat.

N. monta'num, Baker.

Mountain heaths and pastures, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,000 ft. in the
Highlands ; local in Ireland ; frt. July-Aug.— Rootstock erect or decumbent,
and short stout stipes and rachis below scaly. Frond l|-2 ft., broadly
oblong-lanceolate ; pinnse 3-4 in., spreading, sessile, lanceolate, lower
smaller more obtuse and distant ; lobes flat, obtuse, entire, costa pubescent ;
lower venules forked. Sori near the margins. Involucre membranous. —
DISTRIB. Europe (excl. Sweden), W. Asia. — Fragrant.

13, POLYPO'DIUM, L. POLYPODY.

Ferns of various habit. Fronds simple, lobed, pinnatifid or compound.
Sori dorsal, globose ; involucre 0. — DISTRIB. All regions, but chiefly
trop. ; species 390. — ETYM. iroXvs and TTOVS, from the many stipes of
some.

SECTION 1. Polypo'dium proper. Stipes articulate with the rootstock.

1. P. vulga're, L. ; rootstock creeping densely scaly, fronds alternate
pinnatifid, segments linear-oblong obtuse or acute entire crenate-serrate.
Walls, banks, trees, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 3,400 ft. in Yorkshire ;
Ireland; Channel Islands; frt. June-Sept. — Rootstock stout; scales pale
brown, lanceolate. Stipes stout, 3-4 in. Frond 6-12 in., linear-oblong or
ovate-oblong, coriaceous, naked and glabrous; segments |-| in., broad;
venules pinnate, tips thickened. Sori large, 1-seriate, terminal on a lateral
venule. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and S. Africa, N. and W. Asia, N. America.
P. cam'bricum, L., is a var. with piunatifid segments.

SECTION 2. Phegop'teris. Stilus not articulate with the rootstock.

POLYPODIUM.] FILICES. 519

2. P. Phegop'teris, L. ; rootstock creeping scaly, fronds alternate
pinnate, pinnse pinnatifid, lowest pair deflexed, segments obtuse ciliate.
Damp shaded places, Shetland to Cornwall and Somerset ; absent in Eng-
land S. of Derby and E. of Gloster ; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the Highlands ;
local in Ireland ; frt. June-Aug. — Rootstock long, slender; scales scattered.
Stipes 6-9 in., slender, base scaly. Frond 6-9 in., subdeltoid, slightly hairy
beneath, rather membranous, pinnate below, pinnatifid above ; pinnae sub-
opposite, elongate, sessile ; lower 2-3 in. ; segments subentire ; venules 6-8
on each side, lower forked, tips thickened. Sort submarginal, dorsal on the
venules. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America.

3. P. Dryop'teris, L. ; rootstock creeping scaly, fronds alternate del-
toid 2-pinnate, pinnules deeply pinnatifid, segments obtuse subcrenate.
Dry shaded places, from Shetland southd. to Derby, Wales, Cornwall, and

Devon ; absent in England E. of Derby, Gloster, and Devon ; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; N. Ireland, rare ; frt. July-Aug.— Rootstock
long, slender; scales orange-brown. Stipes very slender, 6-12 in., scaly
below. Frond 6-12 in., flaccid, glabrous ; lower pinnae largest ; lowest seg-
ments sometimes free ; venules forked, tips thickened. Sori submarginal,
dorsal on the venules. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, Himalaya, N.
America.

P. DJRYOP'TERIS proper ; frond glabrous flaccid.

Sub-sp. P. KOBERTIA'NUM, Hoffm. ; rootstock stouter, frond more coriaceous
glandular-pubescent. P. calca'reum, Sm.— Limestone rocks from Perth to
Wales and Derby ; Salop and Stafford to Gloster ; Wilts, Somerset, Bucks,
Oxford. Extends to Tibet.

4. P. alpes'tre, Hoppe ; rootstock short, frond oblong-lanceolate
2-pinnate, pinnules deeply pinnatifid, lobes toothed. Pseudathyr'ium,
Newm.

Shaded rocks and streams, from Sutherland to Argyll and Perth, alt. 1,200-
3,600 ft. ; frt. July-Aug.— Rootstock stout, oblique, scaly. Stipes 4-6 in.,
tufted, stout, scaly below. Frond 1-2 ft., herbaceous, glabrous ; pinnules
3-4 in., lanceolate, rachis nearly naked ; venules pinnate in the lobes.
Sori small, 1-4 on each lobe, marginal in the sinus, dorsal on the venule.
— DISTRIB. W. Europe (Arctic) to Spain and Germany, W. Asia, Green-
land, N.W. America. — Resembles Asplenium Filix-fcemina.

P. alpes'tre proper; stipes short, pinnae spreading or ascending narrow-
lanceolate broadest at the base, pinnules crowded. — VAR. P.fex'ile, Moore ;
stipes very short, pinnee short spreading or deflexed, pinnules rather
distant. Forfar.

14. GYMNOGRAM'ME, Desv.

Fronds of various habit, 1-3-pinnate ; veins free or anastomosing.
Sori dorsal, oblong or linear, usually spreading in irregular lines,
branched and confluent on or between the veins ; involucre 0. — DISTRIB.
Chiefly warm regions ; species 84. — ETYM. yv^v6s and ypa^^j from the
naked sori.

G. leptophyl'la, Desv. ; glabrous, annual, frond 2-3-pinnate.

520 FILICES. [GYMNOGEAMMB.

Moist banks, Jersey ; frt. March-May. — Annual. Fronds fragile, 1-3 in.,
shortly stipitate, broadly ovate-oblong ; inner with longer stipes, narrower,
more fertile ; pinnules obovate-cuueate, 2-3-lobed, lobes obtuse deeurrent ;
veins diohofcomous. Sori oblong, simple or confluent. — DISTRIB. S. Europe,
Africa, Asia, America, Australasia.

15. OSMUN'DA, L. FERN-ROYAL.

Rootstoclcs often very large, tuberous or massive. Fronds coriaceous,
tufted, 1-2-pinnate, some of the pinnae altered, contracted, and covered
with naked confluent sori ; veins- forked, free. Capsules globose, sub-
sessile, with a short lateral or subterminal striate areola (an incomplete
contracted ring). — DISTRIB. Temp, and trop. regions; species 6. — ETYM.
After the god Thor (Osmunder).

O. rega'lis, L. ; fronds 2-pinnate fertile at the top.

Bogs, marshy woods, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in N. England ;
Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. June— Aug. — Rootstock large, densely clothed
with matted fibres, many-headed. Stipes 2-10 ft., stout, erect, naked,
brown. Frond glabrous ; barren pinnse 3-12 in., sessile or shortly petioled,
oblong, obtuse, truncate cordate or auricled at the often unequal base, ser-
rulate ; fertile pinnules subcylindric, lobed. — DISTRIB. Europe, Africa,
Asia, America.

16. OPHIOGLOS SUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE.

Hootstock short, with fleshy fibrous roots. Frond consisting of a
barren oblong linear or lanceolate reticulately- veined blade, and a fertile
flattened distichous spike of opposite confluent globose capsules that burst
transversely and are obscurely striate at the top. Spores minute. —
DISTRIB. All climates ; species 3 or 4. — ETYM. o^us and yhwo-va, snake's
tongue.

O. vulga'tum, L. ; blade ovate linear or elliptic-oblong.
Damp pastures, banks, woods, &c., N. to Shetland ; ascends to 1,000 ft. in the

Lake District ; Ireland ; frt. May-July. — Eootstoclc not tuberous. Frond

6-9 in., stout or slender. Blade, 2-4 in., obscurely petioled, coriaceous

midrib obsolete. Spike 1-2 in., pedunded ; capsules 6-20. — DISTRIB.

Europe, W. Siberia, Himalaya, N. America, S. temp, regions.
O. VULGA'TUM proper ; blade large ovate or oblong, epidermal cells flexuous,

spike 2-4 in., spores tubercled. — VAR. ambiy'ua, Coss. and Germ.;

smaller, blade linear oblong, spike 1-2 in.— Orkney, Wales, Sciily, Donegal.
Sub-sp. O. LUSITAN'ICTIM, L. ; rootstock more tuberous, blade ^-1 in. oblong

or lanceolate, epidermal cells straight, spike £-| in., spores smooth.—

Guernsey ; frt. Jau.-Feb. — "W. Europe, W. Africa.

17. BOTRYCH'IUM, Sw. MOONWORT.

Eootstoclc small, tuberous ; roots of thick fleshy fibres. Frond con-
sisting of an erect barren 1-4-pinnate flabellately- veined blade, and a

BOTRYCHIUM.] FILICES. 521

fertile branched receptacle, covered on the surface facing the blade with
small globose coriaceous capsules which burst transversely. Spores minute.
— DISTKIB. Temp, and trop. regions ; species 6. — ETYM. jSorpvs, from
the clustered sori.

B. Luna'ria, Sw. ; blade about the middle of the frond pinnate.

Pastures and grassy banks, X. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,700 ft. in the High-
lands ; Ireland ; frt. June-Aug. — Rnotstock tuberous, enclosing at its top the
bud of the next year's frond. Frond 3-6 in., stout, terete, fleshy, glabrous :
blade |-2 in., oblong ; pinnae |-circular or lunate, close-set, entire crenate
toothed or subpiunatifid. Receptacle §-3 in., erect, segments narrow, in-
curved. Capsules sub-2-seriate on the segments. — DISTKIB. Europe
(Arctic), N. and S. temp, and cold regions.

A form with the frond deltoid, pinnules 3-4 pairs incised or pinnatifid, lobes
linear or cuneate 1-nerved, found on the sands of Barry, has been doubtfully
referred to B. rutaceum, Sw.

ORDER XCL— EQUISETA'CE/B.

RootstocJc creeping. Stem erect, terete, jointed, grooved, hollow except
at the joints, and with air-cells in their walls under the grooves, joints
terminating in toothed sheaths ; teeth corresponding with the ridges ;
branches if present arising from the sheath-bases, solid. Capsules 6-9,
1-celled, on the under surface of the peltate scales of a terminal cone.
Spores of one kind, attached to 4 clubbed elastic threads (claters), which
are coiled round the spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — DlSTRIB.
Chiefly temp. N. regions, a few are sub- trop. ; none are high southern :
genus 1 ; species 25. — AFFINITIES. None direct. — PROPERTIES. The
cuticle abounds in siliceous cells ; whence the steins of some are used
for polishing.

Germination and impregnation as in Filices ; but the prothallus is usually
(functionally) 1- sexual.

1. EQUISE'TUM, L. HORSE-TAIL, PADDOCK-PIPES.
Characters of the Order. — ETYM. equus, seta, horse bristle.

* Fruiting stems simple or rarely branched, succulent ; barren appearing
later, branched ; branches simple.

1. E. arven'se, L. ; barren stems 6-19-grooved, branches spreading,
sheaths of fruiting stems distant loose with teeth ribbed to the tip.
Roadsides, banks and fields, N. to Shetland; ascends to 2,00) ft. in N.
England ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. April. — Barren stems erect or de-
cumbent, slightly scabrid, usually ending in a long naked point ; branches
crowded, 4-gonous ; fertile stems (rarely with branches) stouter, shorter :
sheaths scarious. — DlSTKEB. Europe (Arctic) N, Africa, N, Asia, Himalaya,
N. America.

522 EQUISETACEJS. [EQUISETUM.

2. E. praten'se, Ehrh. ; barren stems scabrid 8-20-grooved, branches
spreading, sheaths of fruiting stems close-set, ribs of teeth not reaching
the tip. E. umbro'sum, Willd. ; E. Drummon'dii, Hook.

Marshes, rare, from Caithness to York ; ascends to 1,200 ft. in N. England ;
N. Ireland ; frt. April. — Closely allied to E. arven'se, but greener, less
glaucous, more scabrid, with more numerous ribs and branches ; the barren
stem terminates in an abrupt brush of branches as in E. sylvat'icum. Barren
stems 1-2 ft., sometimes bearing a cone, slender, abrupt ; branches simple,
slender, usually spreading, 3-4-gonous, sheaths very short ; fertile much
stouter, sheaths very lax, funnel-shaped. Cones f-l| in. — DISTRIB. Europe
(Arctic) N. of the Alps, Italy, Siberia, N. America.

3. E. maximum, Lamk. ; barren stems 20-40-grooved, branches sub-
erect, sheaths of short fruiting stems close large loose, teeth 2-ribbed. E.
Telmetei'a, Ehrh. ; E. fluviat'ile, Sm., not L.

Bogs, ditches, &c., from Skye, Lanark, and Edinburgh southd. ; ascends to
1,200 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. April. — Barren stem*
3-6 ft., § in. diam. ; branches 4-gonous, slender, erecto-patent, sheaths very
short ; fertile 8-10 in., f-f in. diam. including the large lax sheaths. Cone
2-3 in., obtuse.— DISTRIB. From Denmark southd., N. Africa, N. and "W.
Asia, N. America.

** Fruiting and barren stems subsimilar, simple or branched.

4. E. sylvat'icum, L. ; stems 10-18-grooved, branches recurved or
deflexed divided, stem- sheaths lax, teeth long obtuse, teeth of branch -
sheaths 3-ribbed to the tip.

Copses and hedgebanks, from Shetland to Devon and Kent ; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; frt. April-May. — Eeadily recognised
by the elegant appearance of the whorls of compound recurved branches.
Stem 1-2 ft., nearly smooth. Teeth of branch-sheaths 3-5, large. Cones
f-1 in., short, ovoid-oblong, obtuse. — DISTKIB. Europe, N. Asia, N.
America.

5. E. palus'tre, L. ; steins 5-1 2-grooved, branches simple, stem-sheaths
short appressed, teeth acute, tips membranous.

Wet places, N". to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ;
Channel Islands ; frt. June- July. — Very variable. Stem 6-18 in., deeply
furrowed, branched throughout, slightly rough. Cones short, blunt, those
on the branches small. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America.
— VAR. polysta'chya bears cones on the brauches also. — YAR. alpi'na (or
subnu'da} is a stunted state.

6. E. limo'sum, L. ; stems smooth faintly 10-30-striate, branches
simple erect or 0, sheaths short appressed, teeth short rigid.

Sides of lakes and ditches, N. to Shetland ; ascends to 2,500 ft. in the High-
lauds ; Ireland ; Channel Islands ; frt. June-July. — Easily distinguished by
the hardly furrowed stems, and close and short sheaths. Stems stout, 1-3 ft.,

EQUISETUM.] EQUISETACE^E. 523

slender, with short suberect branches or none. Cones short, oblong, obtuse :
— DISTRIB. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

E. limo'sum proper ; smooth, branches short rigid equalling the internodes,
cones subsessile. — YAR. E. flumat'ile, L. ; scaberulous above, branches
tapering longer than the internodes, cones peduncled.

7. E. hyema'le, L. ; stems scabrid 8-34-grooved, branches all sub-
radical or 0, sheaths white with black tip and base, teeth black with
deciduous tips. Dutch Rush.

Marshes in woods, local, from Ross and Moray to Kent and Hereford ; ascends
to 1,700 ft. in Forfar; rare in Ireland; frt. July- Aug. — Easily dis-
tinguished by its size, glaucous colour, scabridity, and stems simple or
branched at the base only. Stems 1-3 ft. ; branches simple, grooves shallow.
Cones small, conoid, acute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, N.
America.

E. hyema'le proper ; stems perennial or biennial, sheaths close, tip of teeth
black. — YAR. E. Moor'ei, Newm. (E. palea'ceum, Schleich.) ; stems annual,
sheaths loose, teeth truncate, tip white. Wicklow, near the sea.

8. E. variega'tum, Schleich. ; stems filiform more or less scabrid 4-14-
grooved, branches basal, sheaths green below black above, teeth obtuse
apiculate membranous.

Wet places and sandy shores, local, from Ross and the Clyde to York ;
Chester, Wales, Norfolk, Devon; Ireland; frt. July- Aug. — Usually small.
Stems 4-12 in., often decumbent and branching dichotomously below.
Sheaths short, rather distant, appressed ; teeth membranous, white, or
edges black. Cone small, ovoid, acute. — DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia,
N. America.

E. variega'tum proper; erect, 1-2 ft., teeth of sheaths short acute. Wet
banks, &c. — YAR. E. arena'rium, Newm. ; stems decumbent more slender,
teeth of sheaths 6-8 cuneate. Sandy shores, from Lancashire northd.
— YAR. E. Wilso'ni, Newm.; tall, erect, 2-3 ft., teeth of sheaths short
obtuse. Watery places. — YAR. E. tr achy o' don, Braun (E. Mackai'i, Newm.) ;
stem erect or almost decumbent stouter, branches longer flexuous, sheaths
black, teeth at length white. Damp woods, N.E. Ireland, Scotland.

ORDER XCII.-— LYCOPODIA'CE-ffi.

EootstocTc running, creeping, or a corm, or 0. Stem dichotomously
branched, usually rigid, leafy throughout. Leaves imbricate all round or
2-6-fariously, small, simple, nerveless or 1-nerved. Capsules (sporangia)
sessile in the axils of the leaves or of the scales of a terminal or axillary
sessile or peduncled cone, 1-3-celled, compressed, often reniform, 2-valved.
Spores marked with 3 radiating lines at the top. — DISTRIB. All climates ;
genera 4 ; species 100. — AFFINITIES. With Filices.

In germination the spore develops a prothallus upon which archegonia
and antheridia are produced, as in Filices.

524 L YCOPODIA CE^. [LYCOPODIUM.

l. LYCOPO'DIUM, L. CLUE-MOSS.

Perennial. Stem erect prostrate or creeping. Leaves small. Capsules
coriaceous, flattened, reniform, 1-celled, 2-valved. — DISIRIB. Of the Order ;
species about 50. — ETYM. \VKOS andTroDs, from a fancied resemblance to a
wolf s foot.

* Stem creeping. Capsules in terminal cones.

1. Ii. clava'tum, L. ; leaves hair-pointed, cones peduncled.

Heaths and moors, Shetland to Cornwall, Hants, and Essex; ascends to
2,500 ft. in Yorkshire ; Ireland ; frt. July-Aug. — Stems 1-3 ft., rigid,
flexuous, much branched, densely leafy. Leaves imbricate all round, £-^ in.,
subsecuud, inuurved, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, hair-point
variable in length. Cones 1-3 in., solitary or in pairs on a rigid erect
peduncle covered with minute appressed subulate leaves, cylindric, obtuse ;
scales appressed, broadly ovate or cordate, acuminate. Capsules orbicular-
reniform.— DISTRIB. Arctic, and N. and S. temp, and cold regions.

2. L. anno'tinum, L. ; leaves acuminate entire or serrate, cones sessile,
scales broadly ovate toothed.

Rocks and stony alpine moors, from Orkney to the Clyde and Perth; N.
Wales, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Leicester; ascends to
2,700 ft. in the Highlands ; frt. June-Aug. — Habit of L. clava'tum, but
less branched, branches constricted here and there, leaves more lax, ob-
scurely 5-farious, sometimes spreading, linear-lanceolate; scales of obtuse
cone broad, abruptly acuminate. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic), N. and W.
Asia, Himalaya, America.

3. It. complana'tum, L. ; leaves 2-4-farious lanceolate quite entire,
cones peduncled or sessile, scales broadly ovate subentire.

Stony moors, heaths, &c., from Shetland to York, Derby, Wales, Somer-
set and Hants ; Ireland ; frt. July-Aug. — Stem 6-13 in., rigid, wiry, flexuous,
sparingly leafy ; branches fastigiate, much forked, ascending or erect.
Leaves |-| in., dark green, appressed, of 2 sizts; larger (lateral) adnate,
subdecurreut, concave, obtuse ; smaller shorter, more subulate, free. Cones
|-1 in., oblong, obtuse, terete. — DISTRIB. Temp, and cold regions of the
N. hemisphere and mts. of the tropics.

L. COMPLANA'TUM proper ; leafy branches longer less crowded, leaves dimor-
phic, central ones on the flattened stem more erect and narrower than the
lateral, spikes usually several peduncled. Gloster and Worcester. (Temp,
regions and mts. of tropics.)

Sub-sp. L. ALPI'NUM, L. ; leafy branches shorter more crowded not flattened,
leaves uniform, spikes solitary sessile. — Common in Wales and N. to
Shetland, ascends to 4,000 ft. in the Highlands. (N. temp, and Arctic
regions.)

4. Ii. inunda'tum, L. ; leaves secund on the sterile branches subulate-
lanceolate quite entire, scales of cone subulate with much-dilated spinous-
toothed bases.

Wet heaths and bogs, from Eoss southd., local ; Ireland, very rare ; frt. June-
Aug.— Stems short, 2-6 in., closely appressed to the ground. Leave

LYCOPODIUM.] LYCOPODIACE^E. 525

secuncl, though inserted all round the stem, dark green, midrib indistinct.
Cones 1-3 in., fusiform, on strict erect leafy branches, the leaves of which
are erect and not secund ; scales erect, narrow, much longer than the
leaves, bases sometimes cordate. — DISTRIB. Europe, temp. and trop. N. and
S. regions.

** Stem decumbent at the base. Capsules axillary in the upper leaves.
5. Ii. Sela'go, L. ; branches stout uniform in height, leaves subulate-
lanceolate quite entire.

Moors and heaths, Shetland to Sussex and Cornwall ; ascends to 3,500 ft. in the
Highlands ; Ireland; frt. Jnne-Aug. — Stem stout, rigid, shortly creeping at
the base ; bran hes 2-8 in., §-| in. diam., densely leafy, erect, strict, obtuse.
Leaves erect, appressed, incurved, squarrose or spreading, acuminate, pun-
gent or not; midrib 0; upper capsuliferous sometimes yellower.— DISTRIB.
Temp, and cold N. and S. regions.

ORDER XCIJI.— SELAGlNELLA'CE-ffi.

Land- or water-plants, stemless, or with branched, slender stems.
Leaves small, imbricate all round the stem, or distichous and of 2 forms,
long and slender in the stemless species. Capsules of two forms, the
larger 2-4-valved, containing macrospores ; the smaller containing micro-
spores. — DISTRIB. All temp, and warm climates ; genera 2 ; species about.
100. — AFFINITIES. Between Marsilea'ceoe and Lycopodia'eece.

In germination, the macrospores of Selaginella and Isoe'tes develop a
cellular pro thallus under the integuments, in the position of three radiating
lines ; this is extruded, and upon its surface are developed many arche-
gonia along the above lines, one only of which is fertilized. The micro-
spores burst, and emit cells containing each an antherozoid, which, entering
the archegonia, fertilize their germ-cell, as in Filices.

1. SELAGINEI/LA, Beauv.

Terrestrial plants. Leaves small, uniform and imbricate all round the
stem, or of 2 forms, one large and distichous, and the other smaller
unilateral on the stem. Capsules of 2 kinds, in terminal cones : 1, minute,
oblong or globose, contniningmicrospores ; 2, larger, 2-4-valved containing
1-6 macrospores. — DISTRIB. Chiefly trop. ; species about 150. — ETYM.
Diminutive of tiela'go, an old name for Lycopo'dium.

S. selaginoi'des, Gray; decumbent, leaves lax lanceolate and ovate,

scales of cone spinulose-ciliate. S. spino'sa, Beauv.

Bogs and marshes, from Shetland to Lincoln, Derby, Chester, and "Wales ;
Ireland ; ascends to 3,300 ft, in the Highlands ; frt. July- Aug. -Stems 2-6
in., slender, sparingly branched ', branches ascending. Leaves inserted all
round, §-£ in., incurved or squarrose, pale yellow-green, acuminate, midrib
obscure. Cones on elongate erect branches, 1-3 in., terete, rather stouter

526 SELAGINELLACE^. [SELAGINELLA.

than the branch ; scales erect or spreading, broader and longer than the
leaves, with long spinulose teeth. Microspores echinate, in 2-valved reni-
form capsules. Macrospores globose, in 3-4-valved and lobed capsules. —
DISTRIB. N. and W. Europe, Siberia, Himalaya, N. America.

2. ISOE'TES, L. QuiLL WORT.

Aquatic or terrestrial stemless plants. Corm depressed. Leaves long,
subulate or filiform, often tubular and septate, base sheathing. Capsules
sessile in the axils of the leaves, partially enclosed by and adnate to their
sheathing bases, traversed by cellular threads ; those of the outer leaves
contain globose macrospores, those of the inner contain oblong 3-gonous
microspores. Macrospores with a crustaceous coat, marked on the upper
hemisphere with 3 radiating lines, and bursting by 3 valves. — DISTRIB.
Chiefly N. temp, and warm regions ; species 6 or 8. — ETYM. fcros and eros,
ever-green ; of obscure application.

1. I. lacus tris, L. ; aquatic, leaves subulate, macrospores covered
with crested ridges or tubercled.

Bottoms of alpine and subalpine lakes, from Caithness to Salop and N.
Wales ; ascends to 2,000 ft. in the Highlands ; Ireland ; f rt. May-July.—
Corm often as big as a hazel-nut. Leaves 10-20, 2-6 in., rigid, obscurely
4-gonotis, dark green, of 4 septate tubes. Capsule ovoid or globose,
partially covered by the inflexed edges of the sheath. Macrospores tuber-
cled by the protrusion of the inner wall through perforations of the outer.
Microspores granular. — DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) N. of the Alps, W.
Siberia, N. America.

I. LACUS'TRIS proper ; leaves erect green, capsules § covered by the edges of
the leaf-sheath, tubercles of macrospore short. — VAR. /. More'i, Moore;
leaves 18 in. long. In deep water, Wicklow.

I. ECHINOSPO'RA, Durieu ; leaves spreading paler, capsules almost enclosed in
the leaf-sheath, tubercles of macrospore longer more acute. — N. Wales,
Aberdeen, Dumbarton, Kerry.

2. I. Hys'trix, Durieu ; terrestrial, leaves filiform, macrospores ob-
tusely tubercled. /. Durice'i, Hook.

Sandy soil, inundated at times, Guernsey; frt. May-June. — Corm short,
stout, subglobose, 1 in. diam., clothed with the old spinescent dark
horny leaf-bases, which consist of lateral subulate processes, and an inter-
mediate tooth. Leaves 1-2 in., slender, plano-convex, obscurely tubular,
sheath enveloping the capsule. Macrospores white. — DISTRIB. S. Europe,
N. Africa.

ORDER XCIV.— MARSILEA'CEZE.

Aquatic plants of various habit. Rootstoclc or stem creeping. Leaves
filiform or bearing 4 obovate leaflets ; vernation circinate. Fructification
of 2- or more-celled coriaceous oblong or globose capsules (formed of a meta-
morphosed leaf) placed near or on the rootstock, and containing on parietal

PILTTLARTA.] MAESILEACE^. 527

placentas many membranous sacs, enclosing macrospores and microspores.
— DISTRIB. Temp, andtrop. regions ; genera 2 ; species 40. — AFFINITIES.
With. Selaginellacece.

1. PILUIiA'RIA, L. PlLLWORT.

Eootstock filiform, creeping. Leaves subsolitary, erect, setaceous. Cap-
sule globose, 2-4-celled, 2-4-valved at the top ; cells each with a longi-
tudinal parietal placenta, on which are inserted many pyriform mem-
branous sacs ; sacs in the upper part of the cell full of microspores im-
mersed in mucilage ; those in the lower part contain each one macrospore.
Microspores globular, full of antherozoids. Macrospores ovoid, with an
outer coat of prismatic cells, pierced by a funnel-shaped opening, through
which an inner glassy coat finally protrudes. — DISTRIB. N. and S.
temp, and cold regions ; species 3. — ETYM. pilula, from the form of the
capsule.

In germination a prothallus is developed at the top of the protruded
portion of the inner coat of the macrospore, which bursts and frees it.
After expulsion an archegonium is formed on the prothallus, and fertili-
zation takes place by the contents of the microspore.

P. globulif'era, L. ; leaves setaceous, capsules pubescent.
Edges of lakes and ponds, from Skye and Sutherland to Cornwall and Hants ;
N.E. and W. of Ireland, very rare ; frt. June- Aug. — Rootstock or stem 2-6
in., glabrous, cylindric. Leaves 2-4 in., green. Capsules J in. diam., ovoid
or globose, shortly pedicelled, in the axils of the leaves or on the rootstock
pubescent, brown, 4-celled.— DISTRIB. Europe N. of the Alps.

APPENDIX.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

DICOTYLEDONES.

KANUNCULACE^J.

Anemone ranunculoides, L. In plantations only.

„ apennina, L. „

Thalictrum majus, Jacq. Confounded with T. fexuosum.

„ nutans, Desf. A S. European species, not known as British.
Ranunculus alpestris, L. Clova Mts., G. Don ; never'confirmed.

„ gramineus, L. Said to have been found in Wales a century

ago, but not confirmed.

Paonia corallina, Ketz. Steep holmes, introduced.
BERBERIDEJK.

Epimedium alpinum, L. On rock-works, old castle gardens, &c.
PAPAVERACE^E.

Papaver nudicaule, L. W. of Ireland, Giesecke ; never confirmed.

„ setiyerum, DC. A garden escape in the Fens.
Glaucium phceniceum, Crantz. Casually introduced into Norfolk.
FUMARIACE^E.

Fumaria spicata, L. Authority unknown to me.

„ ayraria. Lag. Confounded with a form of F. capreolata.
CRUCIFER^E.

Cardamine lellidifolia, L. Confounded with a form of C. hirsuta.

Malcolmia maritima, Br. Shores of Kent ; not native.

Sisymbrium pannonicum, Jacq. An escape ; established at Crosby in

Lancashire.
Erysimum virgatum, Roth. A garden escape.

„ orientale, Br. An alien, casual in various localities:
Erucastrum Pollichii, Schimp. and Spenn. Almost naturalized in Essex.
Diplotaxis viminea, DC. Has been reported from Guernsey.
Vdla annua, L. Reported from Salisbury Plain long ago nevei verified.
Alyssum incanum, L. A casual in several localities.
Lepidium hirtum, L. Confounded with L. Smithii.

„ sattvum, L. A garden escape.

Hutchinsia alpina, Br. Reported from Ingleborough ; never verified.
Clypeola Jonthlaspi, L. Authority unknown to me.
RESEDACE^E.

Reseda Phyteuma, L. A casual on ballast heaps, Yorkshire.

CISTINEJ3.

HeliantJiemum ledifolium, L. Brean Downs ; never confirmed.

M M

530 APPENDIX.

YlOIACEJE.

Viola epipsila, Led. Confounded with V. palustris.

„ stncta, Hornem. Confounded with F. stagnina.
FKANKENIACE^J.

Frankenia pulverulenta, L. Reported from Sussex ; never confirmed.

Silene annulata, Thore. Occurs in flax-fields.

„ alpestris, Jacq. One of G. Don's discoveries ; unconfirmed.

„ Armeria, L. A casual.

„ italica, Pers. (S. patens, Engl. Bot.). Between Darenth and Dart-

ford ; not wild.

Saponaria Vaccaria, L. A casual in corn-fields.
Cucubalus bacciferus, L. Isle of Dogs ; introduced.
Arenaria fasti giata^ Sm. Scotch Mts., G. Don ; never confirmed.
Spergula pentandra, L. Reported to have been found in Ireland ; pro-

bably confounded with a Speryularia.
„ pilifera^ DC. Authority unknown to me.

Buffonia tenuifolia, Sm. Hounslow Heath, Dillenius ; never confirmed.
HYPERICINE^;.

Hypericum hircinum, L. A shrubbery plant.
„ elatum, Ait. „

„ barbatum, Jacq. Perthshire, G. Don ; never confirmed.

MALVACB.E.

Malva borealiSy Wallm. Reported from Kent ; but never confirmed.
„ verticillata, L. Corn-fields in Wales.
„ parviflora, L. Introduced with ballast.

Lavatera sylvestris, Brot. Near Wareham, Scilly, Cornwall ; an escape.
GERANIACRE.

Geranium nodosum, L. Garden stray in shrubberies, &c.
„ angulatum, Curt. „ „

„ striatum, L. „ „

CELASTJRINEJE.

Staphylea pinnata , L . Shrubberies .
LEGUMINOS.ZE.

Coronilla vana, L. Confounded with Hippocrepis, and other plants.
Medicayo muricata, "Willd. Confounded with M. denticulata.
Melilotus parviflora, Lamk. A casual on ballast heaps, &c.
Trifolium parviflorum, Ehr. A casual, near Dublin.
„ stellatum, L. A casual, Shoreham.

„ resupinatum, L. A casual, near Liverpool and elsewhere.
„ tomentosum, L. Authority unknown to me.
„ agrarium, L. Perth and Aberdeen, possibly native
Lathyrus latifolius, L. A garden escape.

„ spluericus, Retz. Hertfordshire, an escape.
ROSACES.

Aremonia agrimonioides, DC. A garden escape.
Potentilla albay L. Reported by Hudson from Wales.

„ tridentata, Sm. Clova Mts., G. Don ; never confirmed.
„ opaca, Sm. Ditto ditto ; but the specimens are P. intermedia.
Rosa Dicksmi, Lindl. Reported from the S. of Ireland ; not confirmed.
„ provincialis, Ehr. A garden escape.

APPENDIX. 531

ROSACES (continued)

Rosa cinnamomea, L. A garden escape.
„ austriaca, Orantz. „

„ lucida, Ehr. „

„ rubella, Sm. Reported from Shields ; not confirmed.
Sanguisorba media, L. One of G. Don's discoveries; unconfirmed.
Rubus arcticus, L. Reported long ago from the Highlands ; not confirmed
„ spectabtiiSf Pursh. An American plant, naturalized in plantations.
Pyrus domestica, Sm. The Sorb or Service-tree. An introduced tree in

Wyre forest.
SAXIFRAGES.

Saxifraya Sibthorpii, Boiss. Argyllshire ; a garden escape.

., Andrewsii, Harv. (S. Guthriana, Hort.). A hybrid between

S. umbrosa and one of the Aizoon group, is stated to have
been found in Kerry, but never confirmed.

„ Cotyledon^L. Reported from the Lake District ; never confirmed.

., rotundifolia, L. „ „ „

„ leucanthemifolia, Scop. Authority unknown to me.
„ muscoides, Wulf . One of Don's reputed discoveries ; and re-

ported from Westmoreland by Hudson.

••> pygmaa, Haw. (moschata, Engl. Bot. excl. syn.), a form of JS.
muscoides, Wulf., erroneously said by J. Donn to be a
native of Scotland.

., pedatifida, Sm. One of Don's reputed discoveries; also
reported from Achil Island, but the specimens are S. tri-
furcata, a garden plant.
CRASSULACES.

Sedum Cepcea, L. A garden escape in Bucks.
„ stellatum, L. „ in Sussex.

ONAGRARIE^E.

Epilobium rosmarinifolium, Hsenke. Said to have been found in Glen

Tilt, but never confirmed.
UMBELLIFERJE.

Echinophora spinosa, L. Reported from Dorset, &c. ; not confirmed.
JSupleurum prostratum, Link. A corn-field casual.
Trinia Kitaibelii, Bieb. Confounded with T. tulf/aris.
Amrni majus, L. An alien weed by the Severn.
Chcerophyllum aureum, L. Scotland, G. Don ; not confirmed.

„ aromaticum, L. „ „

Siler trilobum, Scop. Naturalized at Cherry Hinton.
Angelica Archangelica, L. A garden relic.
Tordylium officinale, L. Recorded from near London ; but confounded

with T. maximum.
CAPRIFOUACILE.

Diervilla canadensis, Willd. In shrubberies only.

Asperula arvensis, L. A casual in corn-fields.

„ taurina, L. In shrubberies only.
Galium spurium, L. A casual flax-field plant.

„ saccharatum, All. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
„ cinereum, Sm. „ „ „

M M 2

532 , APPENDIX.

RUBIACE.E (continued).

Crucianella stylosa, DC. A garden escape.
VALERIANE^E.

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr. A garden escape. Walls at Eltliam.
DIPSACE.E.

Dipsacus Fullonum, Mill. An escape from cultivation.
Scabiosa maritima, L. A S. European species, has been gathered in Jersey.
COMPOSITE.

Aster brumalis, Nees. A garden escape (American).
„ salignus, Willd. An escape in Cambridgeshire.
,, longifolius, Lamk. An American species, fouud near Perth.
Xanthium strumarium, L. A casual weed.

„ spinosum, L. „

Solidago lanceolata, L. A garden escape (American).
Anacyclus radiatus, Loisel. Ballast heaps, Cork.
Anthemis tmctoria, L. Ballast heaps, &c.
Achillea tanacetifolia. All. A garden escape near Sheffield.

„ decolor an*,Schreid. Known only in cultivation ; of uncertain origin.
„ tomentosa, L. A garden escape ; reported from several localities.
A rtemisia cterulescens, L. Reported by Gerard, from Lincolnshire, Kent, &c.
Petasites albus, Gaertn. In shrubberies.

„ frayrans, Presl. „

Tussilayo alpina, L. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
Senecio erraticus, Bert. A large state of S. aquaticus:

„ crassifolius, Willd. Cork ; an escape.
Calendula officinalis, L. A garden escape.

„ arvensis, L. „

Carlina racemosa, L. Once found in Aran (Ireland), a single specimen.
Centaurea Jacea, L. Found in Sussex, probably indigenous, being a very

common Continental plant.
„ ' monlana, L. A garden escape.

„ intybacea, L. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
,, salmantica, L., and C. leucophcea, Jord., are said to have been

found in Jersey.

Cnicus oleraceus, L. Once found in Lincolnshire.
Crepis pulchra, L. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.

„ nicceensis, Balb. A S. European species, is found sporadically where

introduced with grass-seeds, &c.
Tfieracium amplexicaule, L. Old castle walls.

„ coflinwn, Fries (pratense, Fries). Waste ground, fences, rail-

way banks. Probably the II. Auricula. L., stated to
be found in Westmoreland by Hudson (H. dulrium, Fl,
Dan., t. 1044).

„ prcealtum, Vill. A Southern species ; occurs as an escape.

„ glomeratum, Frol. An Eastern European plant ; „

,, stoloniferum, W. & K. A Southern species ; occurs as an escape.

„ cerinthoides, L. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.

„ villosum, L. Reported from the Highlands.

Prenanthes purpurea, Lamk. Naturalized in Skye and near Edinburgh.
ERICACE^J.

Erica multiflora, L. Authori ty unknown.

APPENDIX. 533

ERICACEJE (continued).

Ledum palustre, L. N. W. Ireland ; never confirmed.

I accinium macrocarpon, Ait. Flintshire ; introduced.
PRIMULACEJE.

Lysimachia ciliata, L. An American plant, introduced into C umber-

land.

„ punctata, L. Introd. near Newcastle.

GENTIANEJE.

Gentiana acaulis, L. Reported from Wales ; not confirmed.

$ivertiaperennis,Ij. „ „

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm. An alien on ballast.

„ deflexum, Lehm. „

Mertensia virginica, DC. A garden escape.
Omphalodes ierna, Moench. „ „

Symphytum pereyrinum, Ledeb. Derbyshire. Shrubberies only.

„ asperrimicm, Bieb. Shrubberies and cultivated fields.

„ tamricum, Willd. A garden escape. ,

„ orientale, L. „ „

CONVOLVULACE^:.

Cuscuta approximata, Bab. A casual on Bokhara clover.
hassiaca, Pfeiff. A casual on Lucerne.

.

J\ica?idra physaloides, Gsertn. A garden escape.
Datura Stramonium, L. A casual weed.
Physalis Allcekenyi, L. A casual.
Lycium barbarum, L. A cottage ornament.
Hyoscyamus albus, L. Ballast hills, Sunderland.

PLANTAGINE2E.

Plantago Psyllium, L. Ballast hills, Jersey.
argentea, L. A casual, Ireland.
arenaria, L. A casual, sandhills, Somerset and Jersey.

Verb ascum thapsifprme, Schrad. Reported by Hudson ; not confirmed.
„ phlomoides, L. An alien on Olapham Common.
„ phoeniceum, L. Reported in 1803 from Wales.
Linaria supina, Desf. A casual on ballast, Devon and Cornwall.
,, purpurea, L. A garden escape, old walls, &c.
„ spartea, Hoffm. Walton Heath, a casual.
li.rinus alpinus, L. A S. European plant, has been found in Yorkshire,

Cheshire, and elsewhere.
Veronica pereyrina, L. A casual weed of cultivation.

„ fruticulosa, L. Reported from Scotland ; never confirmed.
OROBANCHE^:.

Orobanche lucorum, Koch. Confounded with O. elatior.

„ ramosa, L. A casual on hemp. ,

ACANTHACEJE.

Acanthus mollisy L. Scilly Is. and Cornwall, an escape.

LABTATvE.

Origanum Onites, L. Confounded with 0. milgare.
„ virens, Link. ., ,

534 APPENDIX.

LABIATE (continued).

Teucrium reyium, Schreb. Reported from "Wales by mistake.
Stachys annua, L. An alien in corn-fields in Kent.
AMARANTHACILE.

Amaranthus retrofexus, L. A casual weed.

„ £litum, L. „

CHENOPODIACE^E.

Atripleoc hortensis, L. A garden escape.

„ nitens, Reb. „

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. A casual weed.
„ multifidum, L. „

POLYGONE^E.

Polyyonum Fayopyrum, L. An escape from cultivation.
Rumex scutatus, L. Naturalized near Edinburgh.

EUPHORBIACEJE.

Euphorbia dulcis, L. An escape from cultivation,
„ salicifolia, Host. An alien in Forfarshire.
„ Characias, L. Mistaken for E. amyydaloides.

„ pilosa, L. (palustris, Forster, not L.). Copses near Bath and

at WestmertoD, Sussex.
„ coralloides, L. Slinfold, Sussex.
SANTALACE^:.

Thesium humile, Yahl. Devonshire ; not indigenous.
„ intermedium, Schrad. No authority for Britain.

GUPULIFERJE.

Castanea vulyams, Lamk. Parks, plantations, &c., only.
SALICINEJE.

Salix dasy dados, Wimm. See S. acuminata, Sin.

„ yrandifolia, Ser. Authority doubtful.

„ hastata, L. Reported from sands of Barrie ; never confirmed.

„ petiolaris, Sm. An American willow.

„ plicata, Fries. Authority doubtful.

„ tcrpyllifolia, Scop. Inserted by error.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

ORCHIDE^E.

Gymnadenia odoratissima, Reichb. Authority doubtful.
IRIDE^E.

Crocus satimts, L. Cultivated at Saffron Walden.
„ aureus, Sibth. Parks only.
„ biforus, Mill. „

Iris tuberosa, L. Penzance and Cork ; introduced only.
„ Xiphium, L. Reported by error from Worcestershire.
„ pumila, L. Reported from Leicestershire ; no doubt introduced.
„ yermanica, L. Reported from Staffordshire ; „

AMARYLLIDE^E.

Narcissus poeticus, L. Shrubberies, parks, and sites of old gardens.
„ conspicuus, Don. „ „

,, minor, L. „ ,,

„ incomparalilis, Curt. „ „

APPENDIX. 535

LlLIACE^E.

Scilla bifolia, L. Keported a century ago from W. of England.
Lilium pyrenaicum, Gouan. A garden escape in Devonshire.
A Ilium roseum, L. A garden escape, Rochester and Suffolk.

„ paradoxum, Don. Linlithgow.
JUNCE.ZE.

Luzula nivea, Desv. A garden escape in Forfarshire, &c.

„ albida, DC. A casual in Surrey.
TYPHACE^E.

Typha minor, Sm. Reported by Dillenius from Hounslow Heath.
NAIADES.

Potamogeton ffracilis, Fries. Confounded with pusillus.

„ JitrJb't, Syme (accidentally omitted in the body of this work),

from Maam (Gal way), is an obscure plant, referred (in
MSS.) by Tiselius to heterophyllus, but by Babington
apparently correctly to sparyanifolius, Laestd., of
Sweden. It is probably a form of P. polygonifolius,
with (when present) very long subcoriaceous floating
leaves, and long linear submerged ones like those of
lanceolatus without their square reticulations.
CYPERACKE.

Eriophorum capitatum, Host. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
Car ex brizoides, L. Reported from Yorkshire ; no doubt introduced.
„ ustulata, Wahl. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
„ hordeiformis, Wahl. „ « „

„ Mcenchiana, Wendl. A form of C. acuta.

„ vulpinoides, Michx. Thames near Kew. A N. American species.
GKAMINEJS.

Panicum sanguinale. Scop. A corn-field casual.

Sttaria glauca, Beauv. „ „

Phalaris paradoxa, L. Casual.

Stipa pennata, L. Reported last century ; never confirmed.

Phleum asperum, Jacq. A casual, not found lately.

„ Michelii, All. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
Avena planiculmis, Schrad. Arran Is. (Scotland) ; never confirmed.
Trisetum subspicatum, Link. No authority.
JBriza maxima, L. Becoming naturalized in Jersey.
Poa sylvatica, Chaix (sudetica, Haenke). Found near Kelso.
Bromus patulus, Reich. \

„ squarrosus, L. I Ballast or corn-field casuals.
„ tectorum, L. J

Agropyrum cristatum, Gsertn. One of G. Don's reputed discoveries.
AZgilops ovata, L. No authority.
Elymus geniculatus, Curt. Gravesend ; never confirmed.

ACOTYLEDONES.

FlLICES.

Asplenium fontanum, Presl. On old walls ; only where planted.
Onoclea sensibilis, Willd. Near Warrington ; no doubt an escape.
EQUISETACE^;.

Equisetum ramosum, Schkuhr. Wales, Schkuhr ; no authority given.

INDEX.

The names of varieties and synonyms are in italics.

A.

Agrimony, 127

Alder, 366

hemp, 203

berry-bearing, 88

ABELE, 369

Agropyrum, 503

Alexanders, 167

Acanthus mollis, 533

acutum (sub-sp. ), 504

Alisma, 426

Acer, 89

caninum, 503

lanceolatum, 427

campestre, 89

cristatum, 565

natins, 427

Pseudoplatanus, 89

littorale, 504

Pluntago, 427

Aceras, 392

pycnanthum, 504

ranunculoides, 427

anthropophora, 392

repens, 504

repens, 427

Acerinese, 88

Agrostemma Githago, 57

Alismacese, 426

Achillea, 212

Agrostis, 476

Alkanet, 277

decolorans,~532

alba, 477

All-good, 338

Millefolium, 212

Anemagrostis, 480

All-heal, 197

Ptarmica, 212

australis, 479

Alliaria, 30

taiiacetifolia, 532

canina, 477

Allium, 405

tomentosa, 532

interrupt a, 480

Ampeloprasum, 406

Achyrophorus maculatus,

nigra, 477

arenarium, 406, 407

238

f)umila, 477

Babingtonii, 406

Acinos, 320

setacea, 477

carinatum, 407

Aconite, 13

Spica-Venti, 4SO

carinatum, 407

winter, 12

stolonifera, 478

compactum, 406

Aconitum, 12

vulgaris, 477

complanatum, 407

Napelltis, 12

Aira, 481

Halleri, 406

Acotyledones, 507

alpina (sub-sp.), 483

oleraceum, 407

Acorns, 424

ccespitosa, 483

paradoxum, 535

Calamus, 424

canescens, 483

roseum, 535

Actaea, 14

caryophyllea, 482

Schcenoprasum, 40(i

spicata, 14

flexuosa, 483

Scorodoprasum, 406

Actinocarpus Damasonium,

Icevigata, 483

sibiricum, 407

427

major, 483

sphaerocephalum, 406

Adder's tongue, 520

montana, 483

triquetrum, 407

Adiantum, 510

prsecox, 482

iirsinum, 407

Capillus-Veneris, 510

setacea, 483

vineale, 405

Adonis, 4

uliginosa, 483

Allosorus crispus, 510

autumnalis, 4

Ajuga, 332

All-seed, 79

Adoxa, 190

Chamjfcpitys, 333

Alnus, 366

Moschatcllina, 190

genevensis, 332

glutinosa, 366

jEgilops ovata, 535

pyramidalis, 332

Alopecurus, 473

jEgopodium, 173
Podagraria, 173

reptans, 332
Alchemilla, 126

agrestis, 473
alpinus, 473

jEthusa, 180

alpina, 127

bulbosus (sub-sp.),

Cynapium, 180

argentea, 127

474

Agraphis nutans, 408

arvensis, 127

falvus (sub-sp. ), 474

Agrimonia, 127

conjuncta, 127

geniculatus, 474

Eupatoria, 128

hybrida, 127

palustris, 474

odorata (sub-sp.),

montana, 127

pratensis, 474

123

vulgaris, 127

promts, 474

538

INDEX.

Alsine, 63

Anthriscus

Arenaria

Cherleri, 65

sylvestris, 176

leptoclados, 64

marina, 65

vulgaris, 176

marginata, 68

stricta, 64
Althaea, 75

Anthyllis, 102
Dillenii, 102

norvegica (sub-sp.), 65
peploides, 65

hirsuta, 75

Vulneraria, 102

rubra, 68

officinalis, 75

Antirrhinum, 295

rubella, 63

Alyssuin, 36

majus, 295

serpyllifolia, 64

calycinum, 36

Orontium, 295

sphcerocarpa, 64

incanum, 529

Apargia autumnalis, 239

tenuifolia, 64

maritimum, 36

hispida, 239

trinervia, 64

Arnaranthaceae, 510

Taraxaci, 239

uliginosa, 63

Amaranthus Blitum,

Apera, 479

verna, 63

534

interrupta (sub-sp.), 480

viscosa, 64

retroflexus, 534

Spica-venti, 480

Aristolochia, 352

Amaryllideae, 898

Aphanes arvensis, 127

Clematitis, 352

Ammi majus, 531

Apium, 169

Aristolochiacese, 351

Ammodenia, 65

graveolens, 169

Armeria, 258

Ammophila, 480

inundatum, 170

duriuscula, 258

arundinacea, 481

nodiflorum, 170

maritima, 258

baltica, 481

Apocynacese, 268

plantagiiiea, 258

Anacamptis, 391
Anacharis Alsinaslrurn,

Aporanthus Trifoliastrum, 94
Apple, 136

pubescens, 258
pubigera, 258

382

crab, 136

vulgaris, 258

canadensis, 382

Aquifoliaceae, 85

Armoracia, 25, 37

Nuttallii, 382

Aquilegia, 12

amphibia, 25

Anacyclus radiatus, 532

vulgaris, 13

Arnoseris, 229

Anagallis, 265

Arabidia, 139

pusilla, 229

arvensis, 265

Arabis, 26

Aroidese, 423

ccerulea, 265

ciliata (snb-sp.), 27

Arrhenatherum, 485

phfenicea, 265

hirsuta, 27

avenaceum, 4sr>

tenella, 265

hispida, 26

elatius, 485

Anchusa, 277

perfoliata, 27

Arrow-head, 428

arvensis, 277

petrsea, 26

Artemisia, 215

officinalis, 278

sagittata. 27

Absinthium, 216

sempervirens, 278

stricta, 26

cserulescens, 532

Andromeda, 251

Turrita, 27

campestris, 215

polifolia, 252

Aracium, 231

gallica, 216

Anemone, 3

Araliacese, 186

maritima, 216

apennina, 529

Arbutus, 250

vulgaris, 215

nemorosa, 3

Unedo, 251

Arthrocnemum fruticosum.

Pulsatilla. 3

Archangel, yellow, 330

342

rammculoides, 529

Arctium, 220

Arthrolobium ebracleatuni,

Angelica, 182 intermedium, 221

105

Archangelica, 531 Lappa, 220

Arum, 423

sylvestris, 182 majus, 220

italicum, 423

Antennaria, 208 minus (sub-sp.), 220

maculatum. 423

dioica, 209 nemorosum, 220

Arundo Calamagrostis, 479

hyperborea, 209 pubens, 220

Phragmites, 487

inargaritacea, 20P tomentosum, 220

Asarabacca, 352

Anthemis, 211 Arctostaphylos, 251

Asarum, 352

anglica, 212 alpina, 251

europseum, 352

arvensis, 211 Uva-Ursi, 251

Ash, 267

Cotula, 212

Aremonia agrimonoides, 530

mountain, 136

maritima, 212

Arenaria, 63

Asparagus, 403

nobilis, 212

Cherleri, 65

officinalis, 403

tinctoria, 532 ciliata, 65

Aspen, 369

Anthoxanthum , 472 fastigiata, 530

Asperula, 195

odoratum, 472 Gerardi, 63

arvensis, 531

Puelii, 472 hirta, 63

cynanchica, 195

Anthriscus, 176 hybrida, 64

odorata, 195

Cerefolium, 176 laxa 64

taurina, 531

INDEX.

539

Asperugo, 282

Atriplex

Bearberry, 251

procurnbens, 282

patula, 340

Beard-grass, 478

Asphodel, bog, 412

pedunculata, 341

Bear's-foot, 12

Aspidiurn, 515

portulacoides, 341

Bedstraw, 192

aculeatum, 516

prostrata, 340

lady's, 192

angulare (sub-sp.), 516

rosea, 340

Beech, 367

Boottii, 517

serrata, 340

Beet, 338

dumetorum, 517

Smithii, 340

Bellis, 205

lobatum (sub-sp.), 516

triangularis, 340

perennis, 205

Lonchitis, 515

Atropa, 287

Bent, 476

remotum, 517

Belladonna, 287

Berberideae, 14

Asplenium, 511

Atropis, 494

Berberis, 14

acutum, 513

Avena, 484

vulgaris, 15

Adiantuin-nigrum, 513

alpina, 485

Beta, 338

anceps, 512

elatior, 485

maritima, 339

alternifolium, 512

fatua, 485

Betonica ojficinalis, 326

Ceterach, 514

flavescens, 484

Betony, wood, 326

Clermontce, 512

planiculmis, 535

Betula, 365

Filix-foemina, 513

planiculmis, 485

alba, 365

fontanum, 512

pratensis, 485

glutinosa (sub-sp.), (

germanicum, 512

pubescens, 485

nana, 366

incisum, 514

strigosa, 485

pendula, 366

lanceolatum, 513

Avens, 122

verrucosa, 366

marinum, 512

Awlwort, 38

BiccMa, 394

molle, 513!

Azalea procumbens, 255

Bidens, 210

obtusum, 513

cernua, 210

Petrarchce, 512

B

tripartita, 211

rhceticum, 513

Bilberry, 249

Ruta-muraria, 511

Bceothryon, 443

Bindweed, 284

septentrionale> 512

Bald-money, 180

black, 347

serpentini, 512

Ballota, 330

small, 285

Trichomanes, 512

foKtida, 330

Birch, 365

viride, 512

nigra, 330

Bird's-foot, 105

Aster, 204

ruderalis, 330

Bird's-nest, 257

brumalis, 532

Balm, 321

Orchis, 385

Linosyris, 532

bastard, 324

Birthwort, 352

longifolius, 532

Balsam, 84

Bishop's-weed, 173

Tripolium, 204

Balsaminese, 84

Bistort, 344

Astragalus, 104

Bane-beiTy, 14

Bitter-sweet, 287

alpinus, 104

Barbarea, 25

Blackberry, 117

danicus, 104

arcuata, 26

Blackthorn, 114

glycyphyllos, 104

intermedia (sub-sp.), 26

Bladder-seed, 166

hypoglottis, 104

parviflora, 26

Campion, 55

Astrantia, 166

prsecox, 26

fern, 515

major, 166

stricta (sub-sp.), 26

Blaeberry, 249

Athamanta Libanotis, 177

vulgaris, 25

Blechnum boreale, 511

Athyrium, 513

Barberry, 14

Blinks, 69

latifolium, 514

Barlchausia, 231

Blue-bell, 408

Atriplex, 339

Barley, 505

Blue-bottle, 222

angustifolia, 339

Bartsia, 303

Blue-eyed grass, 396

arenaria, 340

alpina, 303

Blysmus compressus, 444

Babingtonii (sup-sp.), 340

divergens, 304

rufus, 444

deltoidea, 340

Odontites, 304

Bog asphodel, 412

erecta, 339

serotina, 304

bean, 273

farinosa, 340

verna, 304

myrtle, 364

hastata (sub-sp.), 339

viscosa, 303

Borage, 276

hortensis, 534

Basil thyme, 321

Boraginese, 275

laciniata, 340

wild, 320

Borago, 276

littoralis, 340

Bastard-balm, 324

officinalis, 276

marina, 340

toad-flax, 355

Borecole, 32

nitens, 534

Beaked-parsley, 176

Botrychium, 520

patula, 339

Beam, white, 136 Lunaria, 521

540

INDEX.

Botrychium

Broom-rape, 308

Calendula arvensis, 532

rutaceum, 521

Bmnella vulgaris, 323

officinalis, 532

Box, 359

Brussels sprouts, 32

Callitriche, 152

Bmchypodium, 502

Bryonia, 160

aquatica, 153

pinnaturn, 502

dioica, 160

autumnalis, 153

sylvaticum, 502

Bryony, 160

hamulata (sub-sp.), 153

Bracken, 510

black, 401

obtusangula (sub-sp. ),153

Brake, 510

Buckbean, 273

Lachii, 153

rock, 510

Buckthorn, 88

pedunculata (sub-sp. ),153

Bramble, 117

sea, 354

platycarpa (sub-sp.), 153

Brandy-bottle, 15

Buffonia tenuifolia, 530

stagnalis, 153

Brassica, 31

Bugle, 332

truncata, 153

adpressa, 33

Bugloss, 276, 277

verna, 152

alba, 33

Viper's, 276

vernalis, 153

brevipes, 33

Bulbocastanum Linncei, 171

Calluna, 253

campestris, 32

Bullace, 114

glabrata, 254

Cheirantlms (sub-sp.), 32

Bulrush, 442

vulgaris, 253

monensis, 32

Bunium Bulbocastanum, 171

Caltha, 10

Napus, 32

denudatum, 174

Guerangerii, 11

nigra, 32

flexuosum, 174

palustris, 11

oleracea, 31

Bupleurum, 168

radicans, 11

polymorpha, 31

aristatum, 168

riparia, 11

Rapa (sub-sp.), 32

falcatum, 168

vulgaris, 11

Ruta-baga, 32

Odontites, 168

Calystegia, 284

Sinapis, 33

prostration, 531

Cainelina, 37

Sinapistrum, 33

rottmdifolium, 168

sativa, 37

tenuifolia, 34

tenuissimum, 168

Camjtanula, 246

Briza, 491

Burdock, 220

glomerata, 2i8

maxima, 535

Bur-Marigold, 210

hederacea, 245

media, 491

Parsley, 185

hybrida, 248

minor, 491

reed, 421

latifolia, 247

Broccoli, 32

Burnet, great, 129

patula, 246

Brome grass, 499

salad, 128

persicifolia, 247

Bromus, 499

Saxifrage, 173

rapunculoides, 247

arvensis, 502

Butcher's broom, 403

Rapunculus, 246

arvensis, 501

Butomus, 428

rotundifolia, 246

asper, 499

umbellatus, 428

Trachelium, 247

JSenekenii, 499

Butter-bur, 216

Campanulacese, 243

commutatus, 501

Buttercup, 4

Campion, 56

diandrus, 500

Butterwort, 310

moss, 56

erectus. 499

Buxus, 359

red, 57

giganteus, 496

sempervirens, 360

white, 57

hordeaceus, 501

Canary grass, 471

inadritensis, 500

C.

Candy-tuft, 41

raaximus, 500

Cannabinese, 361

mollis, 501

Cabbage, 31

Caper-spurge, 359

multiflorus, 501

St. Patrick's, 140

Capri foliaceae, 188

patnlus, 535

Cakile, 43

Capsella, 38

pratensis, 501

maritima, 43

Bursa-Pastoris, 38

racemosus, 501

Calamagrostis, 478

Caraway, 171

ramosus, 499

Epigejos, 478

Cardamine, 27

rigidus, 500

lanceolata, 479

amara, 28

secalinus, 501

lapponica, 480

bellidifolia, 529

serotinus, 499

stricta, 480

dentata, 28

sterilis, 500

Calamint, 320

flexuosa (sub-sp.), 2S

squarrosus, 535

Calamintha, 319

hastulata, 26

tectorum, 535

Acinos, 321

hirsuta, 27

velutinus, 501

Clinopodium, 320

impatiens, 28

Brooklime, 302

menthcefolia, 320

pratensis, 28

Brook-weed, 266

Nepeta (sub-sp.), 320

sylvatica, 28

Broom, 92

officinalis, 320

Carduus, 224

Butcher's, 403

sylvatica (sub-sp.), 320

acanthoides, 225

INDEX.

541

Carduus

Carex

Carex

erispus, 225

lagopina, 452

vulpinoides, 535

nutans, 224

lepidocarpa, 461

xanthocarpa, 462

polyanthemos, 225

leporina, 452

Carlina, 221

pycnocephalus, 225

ligerica, 450

racemosa, 532

tenuiflorus, 225

limosa, 456

vulgaris, 221

Woodwardsii, 22T

Micheliana, 456

Carline-tlnstle, 221

Carex, 448

Mielichoferi, 457

Carnation, 54

acuta, 454

Moenchiana, 535

Carpinus, 368

acuta, 465

montana, 459

Betulus, 368

alpicola, 452

muricata, 451

Carrot, 18 1

alpina, 453

CEderi (sub-sp.), 461

Carum, 170

ampullacea, 464

ornithopoda, 459

Bulbocastanum, 171

aquatilis, 455

ovalis, 452

Carui, 171

arenaria, 450

pallescens, 457

flexuosum, 174

argyroglochin, 452

paludosa, 465

Petroselinum, 171

atrata, 453

panicea, 457

segetum, 171

axillaris, 452

paniculata, 450

verticillatura, 170

, Boenninghauseniana, 452

paradoxa (sub-sp.), 450

Caryolopha, 278

binervis, 462

pauciflora, 448

Caryophyllese, 52

brizoides, 535

pendula, 458

Castanea vulgaris, 534

Buxbaumii, 453

Persoonii, 452

Catabrosa, 489

ccespitosa, 454, 455

phceostachya, 457

aquatica, 489

canescens, 452

pilulifera, 458

Catapodium, 498

capillaris, 457

polygama, 453

Catch-fly, 54

ciliata, 459

prsecox, 458

Nottingham, 56

clandestina, 460

Pseudo-cyperus, 465

Cat-mint, 322

collina, 459

Pseudo-paradox a, 451

Cat's-ear, 238

curta, 452

pulicaris, 448

Cat's-foot, 203

Davalliana, 448

pulla, 464

Cat's-tail, 422

depauperata, 463

punctata, 462

grass, 475

dichroa, 464

rariflora, 456

Cauliflower, 32

digitata, 459

recurva, 456

Caucalis, 185

dioica, 449

remota, 452

Anthriscus, 185

distans, 461

rigida, 454

arvensis, 1^6

disticha, 449

riparia, 465

daucoides. 1S5

divisa, 449

rupestris, 449

helvetica, 186

divulsa (sub-sp.), 451

salina, 457

infesta, 18G

echinata, 451

saxatilis (sub-sp.), 464

latifolia, 185

Ehrhartiana, 451

saxumbra, 459

nodosa, 186

elongata, 453

scotica, 457

Celandine, 18

ericetorum. 459

spadicea, 465

lesser, 10

extensa, 461

sparsiflora, 457

Celastrinere, 87

filiformis, 460

speirostachya, 462

Celery, 169

fiava, 461

spicata, 451

Centaurea, 222

frigida, 463

stellulata, 457

aspera, 223

fulva(sub-sp.), 462

stictocarpa, 457

Calcitrapa, 223

Gibsoni, 455

stricta, 454

Cyanus, 222

glauca, 456

strigosa, 463

decipiens, 222

Goodenovii, 455

sylvatica, 463

intybacea, 532

gracilis, 454

tenella. 452

Isnardl, 223

Grahami (sub-sp.), 464

teretiuscula, 450

Jacea, 532

Grypos, 452

tomentosa, 458

leucophsea, 532

hirta, 460

tricostata, 454

montana, 532

hordeiformis, 535

trinervis, 455

nigra, 222

Hornschuchiana, 462

ustulata, 535

nigrescens, 222

humilis, 460

vaginata, 457

panicula.ta, 223

ineurva, 449

Vahlil, 453

salmantica, 532

intermedia, 449

vesicaria, 464

Scabiosa. 222

involuta, 464

vitilis, 452

solstitialis, 223

irrigua (sub-sp.), 456

vulgaris, 455

Centaury, 270

Isevigata, 462

vulpina, 451

yellow, 269

542

INDEX.

Centranthus, 197

Chenopodium

Cleavers, 194

Calcitrapa, 532

botryodes, 338

Clematis, 2

ruber, 197

candicans, 337

Vitalba, 2

Centunculus, 264

deltoideum, 337

Clinopodium vulgare, 320

minimus, 265

flcifolium, 337

Cloudberry, 116

Cephalanthera, 388

glaucum, 338

Clover, 96

ensifolia, 388

hybridum, 337

Alsike, 100

grandiftora, 388

intermedium, 337

crimson, 97

pallens, 388

multifidum, 534

Dutch, 100

rubra, 389

murale, 337

meadow, 98

Cerastium, 58

olidum, 336

red, 98

alpinum, 60

paganum, 337

white, 100

arvense, 60

polyspermum, 336

Club-moss, 524

atrovirens, 59

rubrum, 338

Clypeola Jonthlaspi, 529

aquaticum, 61

urbicurn, 337

Cnicus, 225

glomeratum, 69

viride, 337

acaulis, 226

.glutinosum, 59

Vulvaria, 336

arvensis, 226

holosteoides, 60

Chcrleria sedoides, 65

Carolorum, 227

lanatum, 60

Cherry, 1]4

dubius, 226

latifolium, 60

bird, 115

eriophorus, 225

pumilum, 59

Chervil, 175

Forsteri, 227

quaternellum, 59

Chickweed, 62

heterophyllus, 227

semidecandruin, 59

mouse-ear, 58

lanceolatus, 225

tetrandrum, 59

winter-green, 264

oleraceus, 532

trigynum, 61

Chicory, 228

palustris, 226

triviale, 60

Chironia Centaurium, 269

pratensis, 227

viscosum, 59

Chives, 406

setosus (sub-sp.), 226

vulgatum, 59

Chlora, 267

tuberosus, 227

Cera sus, 115

perfoliata, 270

Woodwardi, 227

Ceratophyllese, 378

Chrysanthemum, 214

Cochlearia, 36

Ceratophyllum, 378

Leucanthemum, 214

alpina (sub-sp.), 3?

apiciil'atum, 379

Parthenium, 214

anglica, 37

demersum, 378

segetum, 214

Armoracia, 37

submersum (sub-sp.),

Chrysocoma Linosyris, 204

danica (sub-sp.), 37

379

Chrysosplenium, 142

groznlandica, 37

Ceterach offieinarum, 514

alternifoliuin, 142

littoralis, 37

Chserophyilum, 170

oppositifolium, 143

officinalis, 36

Anthriscus, 176

Cicely, 174

polymorpha, 36

aromaticum, 531

Cicendia, 270

Codlins and Cream, 156

aureum, 531

pusilla, 270

Colchicum, 412

sativum, 176

Cichorium, 228

autumn ale, 412

sylvestre, 176

Intybus, 228

Cole-rabi, 32

temulentum, 175

Cicuta, 172

Colt's-foot, 216

temulum, 175

virosa, 172

Columbine, 12

Chamagrostis minima, 476

Cineraria integrifolia, 220

Colza, 32

Chamomile, 212

Cinquefoil, 123

Comarum palustre, 124

corn, 212

Circaea, 159

Comfrey, 277

wild, 213

alpina, 159

Composite, 200

Charlock, 33

intermedia, 159

Coniferse, 379

white, 44

lutetiana, 159

Conium, 167

Cheiranthus, 24

Cirsium anglicum, 227

maculatum, 167

Cheiri, 24

Cistinese, 45

Conopodium, 174

Chelidonium, 18

Cistus anglicus, 46

denudatum, 174

laciniatum, 18

marifolius, 46

Convallaria, 404

majus, 18

tomentosus, 46

majalis, 405

Chenopodiacese, 335

Cladium, 447

Convolvulacese, 283

Chenopodina maritima, 342

germanicum, 447

Convolvulus, 284

Chenopodium, 336

Mariscus, 447

arvensis, 284

acutifolium, 336

Clary, 321

sepium, 284

album, 336

Claytonia, 69

Soldanella, 285

ambrosioides, 534

alsinoides, 70

Conyza squarrosa, 207

Boiius-Henricus, 338

perfoliata, 70

Corallorhiza, 385

INDEX.

543

Corallorhiza ( Crepis

Cynosurus

innata, 385

tectorum, 230

echinatus, 488

Coral-root, 28, 385

virens, 230

Cyperacese, 439

Coriander, 177

Cress, 39

Cyperus, 440

Coriandrum, 177

American, 26

fuscus, 440

sativum, 178

bitter, 28

longus, 440

Corn chamomile, 212

penny, 40

Cyphel, 65

cockle, 58

rock, 26

Cypripedium, 395

flower, 222

Thale, 29

Calceolus, 395

marigold, 214

wart, 37

Cystopteris, 515

parsley, 171

water, 24

alpina (sub-sp.), 515

salad, 198

winter, 25

dentata, 515

Cornacese, 187

Crithmum, 178

Dlckleana, 515

Cornel, 187

maritimum, 178

fragilis, 515

Cornus, 187

Crocus, 397

montana, 515

sanguinea, 187

aureus, 534

Cystisus, 92

suecica, 188

biflorus, 534

scoparius, 92

Coronilla varia, 530

nudiflorus, 397

Coronopus didyma, 39

purple, 397

Ruellii, 39

sativus, 511

D.

Corrigiola, 333

speciosus, 397

littoralis, 333

vernus, 397

Dabeocia, 254

Corydalis, 21

Cross-wort, 193

polifolia, 254

bulbosa, 21

Crowberry, 86

Dactylis, 490

claviculata, 21

Crowfoot, 4

glomerata, 490

lutea, 21

Ivy-leaved, 7

Daffodil, 399

solida, 21

Crow garlic, 405

Daisy, 205

Corylus, 367

Crucianella stylosa, 532

ox-eye. 214

Avellana, 368

Cruciferse, 22

Damasonium, 427

Corynephorus, 482

Cryptogams, 507

stellatum, 427

canescens, 482

Cryptogramme, 510

Dame's violet, 31

Cotoneaster, 138

crispa, 510

Dandelion, 239

vulgaris, 138

Cuckoo-flower, 28

Dane wort, 189

Cotton-grass, 445

pint, 423

Danthonia decumbcns, 486

weed, 213

Cucubalus bacciferus, 530

Daphne, 353

Cotyledon, 146

Behen, 55

Laureola, 353

Umbilicus, 146

Cucumerinese, 160

Mezereum, 353

Cowbane, 172

Cucurbitacese, 160

Darnel, 503

Cowberry, 250

Cud-weed, 207

Datura Stramonium, 533

Cow-parsnip, 183

Cupuliferse, 365

Daucus, 184

wheat, 306

Currant, 144

Carota, 184

Cowslip, 261

black, 145

gummifer (sub-sp.), 185

Crambe, 43

wild, 144

maritimus, 185

maritima, 43

Cuscuta, 285

Dead-nettle, 328

Cranberry, 250

approximata, 533

henbit, 329

Crane's-bill, 79

Epilinum, 285

Delphinium, 13

Crassulacese, 145

Epithymum, 285

Ajacis, 13

Cratsegus, 137

europsea, 285

Consolida, 13

monogyna (sub-sp.), 137

hassiaca, 533

Demazeria loliacea, 498

Oxyacantha, 137

Trifolii, 285

Dentaria, 29

oxyacanthoidcs, 137

Cyclamen, 262

bulbifera, 30

Creeping Jenny, 263

europceum, 317

Deschampsia, 482

Crepis, 230

hedersefolium, 262

flexuosa, 483

biennis, 230

neapolitanum, 262

csespitosa, 483

foetida, 230

Cynodon, 486

Deyeuxia, 480

hieracioides, 230

Dactylon, 486

neglecta, 480

nicseensis, 532

Cynoglossum, 283

Devil's-bit scabious, 200

paludosa, 232

montanum, 283

Dewberry, 118

pulchra, 532

officinale, 283

Dianthus, 53

setosa, 230

sylvaticum, 283

Armeria, 53

succiscBfolia, 230

Cynosurus, 488

csesius, 53

taraxacifolia, 230

cri status, 488

Caryophyllus, 54

544 INDEX.

Dianthus E.

Epilobium

deltoides, 53

rivulare, 156

glaucus, 53

Earth-nut, 174

roseum, 157

plumarius, 54

Echinochloa, 469

rosmarinifolium,

prolifer, 53
Diervilla canadensis, 531

Echinophora spinosa, 531
Echinospermum deflexuin,

tetragonum, 157
virgatum, 157

Digitalis, 298

533

Epimedimn alpinum, 529

purpurea, 293

Lappula, 533

Epipactis, 387

Digitaria humifusa, 469

Echiuin, 276

atrorubens (sub-sp.),

JW/ormis, 469

italicum, 276

388

Digr aphis, 471

plantagineum, 276

Helleborine, 388

Dioscorese, 400

violaceum, 276

latifolia, 387

Diotis, 213

vulgare, 276

media, 388

maritima, 213

Eleeagnacese, 354

ovalis, 388

Diplotaxis, 33

Elatine, 71

palustris, 388

muralis, 33

hexandra, 71

purpurata (sub-sp.), 388

tenuit'olia, 34

Hydropiper, 71

rubiginosa, 388

viminea, 529

tripetala, 71

violacea, 388

Dipsacese, 198

Elatinese, 71

viridiflora, 388

Dipsacus, 199

Elder, Ib9

Epipogum, 387

Fullonum, 199, 532

dwarf, 189

aphyllum, 387

pilosus, 199

cat-leaved, 190

Gmelinij 387

sylvestris, 199

Elecampane, 207

Equisetacese, 521

Dittander, 39

Eleocharis, see Heleocharis,

Equisetum, 521

Dock, 347

440

arenarium, 523

fiddle, 348

ccespitosa, 444

arvense, 521

golden, 348

parvula, 444

Drummondii, 522

Dodder, 285
Dogberry, 187

pauciflora, 444
Eleogiton fluitans, 443

fluviatile, 522, 523
hyemale, 523

Dog's mercury, 360

Elisma, 427

Jimosum, 522

Dog-rose, 132

natans, 427

MacTcayi, 52C

Dog-wood, 187

Elm, 361

maximum, 522

Doronicum, 217

common, 362

Mooreii, 523

Pardalianches, 217

mountain, 362

paleaceum, 523

plantagineum, 217

Scotch, 362

palustre, 522

Dove's-foot, 82

Wych, 362

pratense, 522

Draba, 34

Elodea, 3^2

ramosum, 535

aizoides, 34

canadensis, 382

sylvaticum, 522

confusa, 35

Elymus, 507

Telmateia, 522

contorta, 35

arenarius, 507

trachyodon, 523

incana, 35

europceus, 506

umbrosum, 522

muralis, 35

geniculatus, 535

variegatum, 523

rupestris, 34

Empetracese, 86

Wilsoni, 523

verna, 35

Empetrum, 86

Erantlris, 12

Dropwort, 116

nigrum, 86

hyemalis, 12

water, 178

Enchanter's night-shade,

lirica, 252

Drosera, 150

159

ciliaris, 253

anglica, 150

Endymion nutans, 408

cinerea, 252

intermedia, 150

Enodium cceruleum, 489

hibernica, 253

longifolia, 150

Epilobium, 155

Maclcaiana, 252

obovata, 150

alpinum, 158

Mackayi (sub-sp. ),

rotundi folia, 150

alsinifolium, 158

252

Droseracese, 149

anagallidi folium, 158

mediterranea, 253

Dryas, 121

angustifoliurn, 156

multiflora, 532

depressa, 121

brachycarpum, 156

Tetralix, 252

octopetala, 121

hirsutum, 156

vagans, 253

Duckweed, 425

intermedium, 156

vulgaris, 253

ivy-leaved, 425

lanceolatum, 157

Ericaceae, 248

Dutch rush, 523

montanum, 156

Erigeron, 204

Dwale, 287

obscurum (sub-sp.), 157

acre, 204

Dyer's greemveed, 91

palustre, 157

alpinum, 204

weed, 45

parviflormn, 156

canadense, 204

]NDEX.

545

Erigeron

Euphorbia

Festuca

uniflorum, 204

exigua, 358

Pseudo-myurus, 498

Kriocaulon, 421

Helioscopia, 356

rubra (sub-sp.), 497

septangulare, 421

hiberna, 357

sabulicola, 497

Eriocaulonese, 420

Lathyris, 359

sciuroides, 498

Eriophorum, 445

palustris, 357

sylvatica, 496

alpinum, 445

Paralias. 358

tenuifolia, 497

angustifolium, 445

Peplis, 359

trifiora, 496

capitatum, 535

Peplus, 358

uniglumis, 493

gracile, 446

pilosa, 357

Fever-few, 214

gracile, 445

platyphyllos, 357

Ficaria, 9

latifolium (sub-sp.), 445

portlandica, 358

Field-madder, 195

pubescens, 446

salicifolia, 510

Fig-wort, 295

polystachyon, 445

stricta (sub-sp.), 357

Filago, 209

vaginatum, 445

stricta, 357

aplculata, 210

Erodium, 82

Euphorbiacese, 356

canescens, 210

cicutarium, 83

Euphrasia, 304

gallica, 210

cheer ophy Hum, 83

gracilis, 304

germanica, 289

commixtum, 83

Odontites, 304

Jus*cei, 210

inaritimutn, 83

officinalis, 304

lutescens, 210

moschatuui, 83

rotundata, 304

minima. 210

pilosum, 507

Evening primrose, 158

montana, 210

pimpinellcKfoUum, 83

Exacum fillforme, 253

spathulata, 210

triviale, 507

Eyebright, 304

Filices, 507

Erophila, 35

Fiorin grass, 477

brachycarpa (sub-sp ), 35

P.

Flag, sweet, 424

inflata (sub-sp.), 35

yellow, 397

verna, 35

Fagus, 367

Flax, 78

Erucastrum, 33

sylvatica, 367

common, 78

incanum, 33

Falcatula ornithopodioides,

purging, 78

Poliichii, 529

94

Flax-seed, 79

Ervum, 107

Fennel, 177

Flea.-bane, 204

Eryngium, 165

hog's, 182

Flix-weed, 29

campestre, 165

Fenugreek, 94

Fceniculum, 177

marithnuin, 105

Fern, adder's tongue, 520

officinale, 177

Eryngo, 165

bladder, 515

vulgare, 177

Erysimum, 30

bristle, 509

Fool's-parsley, 180

Alliaria, 30

filmy, 509

Forget-me-not, 260

cheiranthoides, 31

hard, 511

Fox-glove, 298

orientale, 529

hart's-tongue, 514

Fox-tail grass, 473

virgatum, 529

maiden-hair, 510

Fragaria, 123

Erythrsea, 270

male, 516

elatior, 123

capitata, 271

parsley, 510

iterate, 126

Centaurium, 271

roval, 520

vesca, 123

chloodes, 271

shield, 515

Frankenia, 52

conferta, 271

Festuca, 496

Isevis, 52

latifolia (sub-sp.), 271

ambigua, 498

pulverulenta. 530

linarifolia, 271

arenaria, 497

Frankeniacese, 51

littoralis (sub-sp.), 271

arundinacea, 496

Fraxinus, 2ti7

pulchella (sub-sp. ), 271

bromoides, 498

excelsior, 267

Eiifragia, 303

ccesia, 497

hfiterophylla, 268

Euonymus, 87

Calamaria, 496

Fritillaria, 410

europseus, 87

decidua, 497

Meleagris, 410

Eupatorium, 2C3

durii'scula (sub-sp.), 497

Frog-bit, 381

cannabinum, 203

elatior, 496

Fuller's herb, 54

Euphorbia. 356

gigantea, 496

Fumaria, 19

amygdaloides, 357

glanca, 497

agraria, 529

Charaeias, 510

loliacea, 496, 498,503

agraria, 20

coralloides, 346

Myuros, 497

Borcei, 20

Cvparissias, 359

oraria, 497

capreolata, 20

dulcis, 510

ovina, 497

coj'fusa (sub-sp.), 20

Esula, 359

pratensis, 496

de^siflora, 20

N N

546

INDEX.

Fumaria

Galium Glaucium, 18

micrantha, 20

uliginosum, 193

luteum, 19

nmralis (sub-sp.), 20

Vaillantii (sub-sp.), 194

phoeniceum, 529

officinalis, 20

verum, 192

violaceurn, 19

pallidifiora, 20

Withering^, 193

Glaux, 264

parviflora, 21

Garlic, field, 407

maritima, 264

spicata, 529

mustard, 30

Glechoma hederacea, '.l'2'->

tenuisecta, 21

Gastridium, 479

Globe flower, 11

Vaillantii (sub-sp ) 21

lendigerum, 479

Glyce maritima, 36

Fumariacese, 19 Gean, 114

Glyceria, 494

Fumitory, 19

Genista, 91

aquatica, 494

Furze, common, 92

anglica, 91

Borreri, 495

Irish, 92

pilosa, 91

conferta, 495

needle, 91

tinctoria, 91

declinata, 494

Gentian, 271

distans, 495

Gentiana, 271

flnitans, 494

G.

acaulis, 533

loliacea, 49S

Amarella, 272

maritima, 49^

Gagea, 411

campestris, 272

pedicellata, 494

lutea, 411

germanica (sub-sp.), 272

plicata, 494

Galanthus, 400

nivalis, 272

procumbens, 49.1

nivalis, 400

Pneumonanthe, 272

rigida, 493

Galeobdolon luteum, 330

prcecox, 272

spectabilis, 494

Galeopsis, 326

uliginosa, 272

Gnaphalium, 207

angustifolia (sub-sp.), 327

verna, 272

luteo-album, 208

biflda, 327

Gentianese, 269

norvegicum (sub-sp.). L"<8

canescens, 327

Geraniacese, 79

pilulare, 208

dubia, 327

Geranium, 79

rectum, 208

intermedia, 327

angulatum, 530

supinum, 208

Ladanum, 32R

columbinum, 81

sylvaticum, 208

ochroleuca, 327

dissectum, 82

uliginosum, 20S

speciosai sub-sp.), 327

lancastriense, 80

Goafs-beard, 243

Tetrahit, 328

Lebelii, 82

weed, 173

versicolor, 327

lucidum, 82

Golden-rod, 208

villosa, 326

modestum, 82

Goldie locks, 204

Galingale, 440

niolle, 81

Gold of Pleasure, 37

Galinsoga, 211

nodosum, 530

Goodyera, 386

parviflora, 211

perenne, 80

repens, 386

Galium, 192

pheeum, 8t

Gooseberry, 144

anglicum, 195

pratense, 80

wild, 144

Aparine, 194

prostratum, 80

Goose-foot, 336

aristatum, 194

purpureum, 82

grass, 194

boreale, 19 i

irasillum, 81

Gorse, 92

cinereum, 531

pyrenaicum, SO

Gout-weed, 173

commutatum, 194

Raii, 82

Graminese, 466

Cruciata, 193

Robertianmn, 82

Grape hyacinth, 407

cruciatum, 193

rotundifolium, 81

Grass, barley, 506

elatum, 194

sanguineum, 80

beard, 478

elongatum, 103

striatum, 530

blue-eyed, 396

erectum (sub-sp.), 194

sylvaticum, 80

brome, 499

imubricum, 194

Germander, 331

canary, 471

Mollugo, 194

water, 331

cat's-tail, 475

montanum, 194

Geum, 122

cock's-foot, 490

nitidulum, 194

intermedium, 122

couch, 504

palustre, 193

rivale, 122

dog's-tail, 488

pusillum, 194

urbanum. 122

dog's-tooth, 486

saccharatum, 531

Gipsy- wort, 318;

fescue, 495

saxatile, 193

Githago, 58

florin, 477

scabrum, 194

segetum, 58

fox-tail, 473

spurium, 531

Gladiolus, 398

hare's-tail, 481

fylvestre, 193 communis, 398

holy, 472

tricprne, 195 illyricus, 398

lyme, 507

INDEX.

547^

Grass

Heleocharis, 440

Hieracium

manna. 494

acicularis, 441

chrysanthum, 234

Marram, 480

multicaulis. 441

cinerascens, 235

meadow, 491

palustris. 441

collinum, 532

millet, 474

uniglumis (sub-sp.).

crocatum, 237

nit, 479
of Parnassus, 143

441
Watsoni, 441

corymbosam (sub-sp ),
237

quaking, 491
quitch, 504

Helianthemum, 46
Breweri (sub-sp.). 46

decipiens, 234
denticulatum, 235

rye, 503
squirrel-tail, 506
Timothy, 475

canum, 46
guttatum, 46
ledifolium, 529

Dewari (sub-sp.), 23 •>
divaricatum, 234
dubium, 532

vernal, 472

polifolium, 46

eximium, 233

wrack, 438
Greek Valerian, 274
Gromwell, 278
Ground ivy, 323

surrejanum, 46
vineale, 47
vulgare, 46
Hellebore, 12

filifoUum, 237
flocculosum, 235
Gibsoni, 235
globosum, 233

pine, 333
Groundsell, 218
Guelder-rose, 189
Guimauve, 75
Gymnadenia albida, 394
Conopsea, 393
odoratissima, 534

stinking. 12
Helleborine, 387
red, 388
white, 388
Helleborus, 12
foetidus, 12
viridis, 12

glomeratum, 532
gothicum (sub-sp.), 236
gracilentum, 233
. heterophyllum, 237
holosericeum, 233
hypochceroides, 235
inuloidcs 237

Gymnogramme, 519
leptophylla, 519

Helminthia echioides, 230
Helosciadium, 169

Iricum (sub-sp ), 234
juranum, 237

H.

repens, 170
Hemlock, 167

Lapeyrousii, 234
lasiophyllum, 235

Habenaria, 393
albida, 394
bifolia, 395
chlorantha (sub-sp.), 395

Hemp agrimony, 203
nettle, 326
Henbane, 286
Heracleum, 183
angustifolium, 184

Lawsoni, 234
lingulatum, 234
maculatum, 236
melanocephalum, 233
molle, 231

conopsea, 393
iutacta, 394
viridis, 394
Halimus, 340
Haloragese, 151
Haloscias scotica, 1S1
Hard-heads, 222
Hare-bell, 246
Hare's-ear, 168
Hart's-tongue, 514
Hawk-bit, 238
Hawk's-beard, 230
Hawkweed, 232
mouse-ear, 232
Hawthorn, 137

Sphondylium, 184
Herb Christopher, 14
Gerard, 173
Paris, 413
Robert, 82
Herminium, 393
Monorchis, 393
Herniaria, 334
ciliata, 334
glabra, 334
hirsuta, 334
Hesperis, 31
matronalis, 31
Hieracium, 232
aggregatum, 235

murorum, 234
murorum, 235
nigrescens, 233
nitidum, 235
obtusifolium, 235
pallidum (sub-sp.), 235
paludosum, 232
pedunculatum, 509
Peleterianum, 232
Pilosella, 232
pilosissimum, 232
pratense, 532
prenanthoides, 236
pulmonarium, 233
Tigidum 237

Hazel, 367
Heart's-ease, 49
Heath, 252
Cornish, 253
cross-leaved, 252
St. Dabeoc's, 254
Hedera, 186
canarienxis, 187
Helix, 187
Hedge-mustard, 30
parsley, 185
Hedypnois hirtus, 239
hispidus, 239
Taraxaci, 239

alpinum, 233
amplexicaule, 532
anglicum, 234
argenteum, 235
atratum, 234
aurantiacum, 233
Auricula, 532
boreale, 237
Borreri, 237
caesium (sub-sp. ), 235
calendulifloruniy 233
canadense, 237
cerinthoides, 532
cerinthoides, 234

rupestre, 232
sabaudum, 237
saxifragum, 234
senescens, 234
stelligerum, 235
stoloniferum, 532
strictum, 236
sylvaticum, 236
tenellum, 233
tridentatum (sub-sp.),
236
umbellatum, 237
villosum, 532
villosum, 233

N N 2

543

INDEX.

Hieracium

Hyoscyamus

Iris

vulgatum, 236

niger, 286

tuberosa, 534

Hierochloe, 472

pallidus, 286

Xiphium, 534

borealis, 473

Hypericinese, 71

Isatis, 42

Hippocrepis, 106

Hypericum, 72

tinctoria, 42

comosa, 106

Androsseinum, 72

Isnardia palustris, 158

Hippophae, 354

barbatum, 530

Isoetes, 526

rhamnoides, 354

bceticum, 73

Duricei, 526

Hippuris, 151
vulgaris, 151

calycinum, 72
decumbens, 73

echinospora (sub-sp.), 526
Hystrix, 52H

Hirculus, 140

dubium, 73

lacustris, 526

Hog's Fennel, 182

elaturn, 530

Morei, 52(5

Hog- weed, 183

elodes, 74

Isolepis, 443

Holcus, 433

hircinum, 530

fluitans. 443

lanatus, 483

hirsutum, 74

Holoschcenus, 443

mollis, 484

humifusum, 73

pygmcea, 443

Holly, 85

linarifolium, 73

Savii, 443

Holosteum, 58

montanum, 74

setacea, 443

umbellatum, 58

perforatum, 72

Ivy, 186

HoncTcenya, 65

pulchrum, 74

ground, 323

Hone wort, 169

quadrangulmn, 73

Honeysuckle, 190

tetrapterum, 73

Hop, 363

undulatum, 73

J.

Hordeuin, 505

Hypochseris, 238

maritimum, 506

Balbisii, 238

Jack by the Hedge, 30

murinum, 506

glabra, 238

Jacob's Ladder, 274

pratense, 506

maculata, 238

Jasione, 244

sylvaticum, 505

rudicata, 238

montana, 245

Horehound, black, 330

Hypopythis, 257

Juncese, 413

white, 324

multiflora, 257

Juncus, 414

Hornbeam, 368

acutiflorus, 417

Horned pond-weed, 437

acutus, 415

poppy, 18

I.

arcticus, 415

Hornwort, 378

articulatus, 417

Horseradish, 37

Iberis, 41

balticus, 415

Horse-tail, 500

amara, 41

biglumis, 416

Hottonia, 266

Ilex, 85

bottnicus, 417

p ilustris, 266

Aquifolium, 86

bufonius, 418

Hound' s-tongue, 2^3

Ilicinese, 85

bulbosus, 417

House-leek, 149

Illecebracese, 333

capitatus, 418

Hunmlus. 363

Illecebrum, 334

castaneus, 416

Lupulus, 363

verticillatum, 334

CO3HOSUS, 417

Hutchinsia, 42

Impatiens, 84

communis, 414

alpina, 529

fulva, 85

compressus, 417

petrsea, 42

Noli-me-tangere, 85

conglomeratus, 414

Hyacinth, grape, 407

parviflora, 85

diffusus, 414

wild, 408

Imperatoria, 183

effusus, 414

Hyacinthus nonscriptus,

Inula, 206

filiformis, 415

408

Conyza, 206

Gerardi (sub-sp.), 417

Hydatica, 139

crithmoides, 206

glaucus, 414

Hydrocharidese, 381

dysenterica, 207

lamprocarpus (sub-sp.),

Hydrocharis, 381

Helenium, 207

418

Morsus-Eanse, 381

Pulicaria, 207

maritimus, 415

Hydrocotyle, 165

salicina, 206

nipritellus, 418

vulgaris, 165

Iridese, 396

obtusiflorus, 417

Hymenophyllum, 509

Iris, 397

pygmseus, 418

alatum, 510

acoriformis, 398

/-quarrosus, 416

Tunbridgense, 509

foetid, 398

*:8ubverticillatus, 418

unilater^le, 509
Wilsoni, 509

f^etidissima, 398
germanica, 534

snpinus (sub-sp.), 418
tennis, 416

Hyoscyamus, 286

Pseud-acorus, 397 trifidus, 416

albus, 533 puinila, 534 ' triglumis, 415

INDEX.

549

Juncns

Lathyrrs Leucorchis, 394

uliginosus, 418

hirsutus, 111 Libanotis

Juniper, 380

latifolius, 530

montana, 177

Juniperus, 380

macrorhizus, 112

Ligusticum, 181

communis, 380

maritimus, 112

scoticum, 181 .

nana, 380

niger, 112

Ligustrum, 267

Nissolia, 110

vulgare, 2ti7

palustris, 112

Liliacese, 401

K.

pratensis, 111

Lilium, 409

Kail, scotch, 32

sphsericus, 530

Martagon, 410

Knappia agrostidea, 47(5

sylvestris, 111

pyrenaicum, uS5

Knapweed, 222

tuberosus, 111

Lily of the Valley, 4(,4

Knautia, 200

Lavatera, 76

Lent, 399

Knawell, 334

arborea, 76

Lime-tree, 77

Knot-grass, 346

sylvestris, 530

Limnanthemum, 273

Kobresia, 447

Lavender, sea, 258

nymphceoides, 273

caricina, 447

Ledum palustre, 533

peltatum, 273

Koeleria, 488

Leek, sand, 406

Limosella, 297

cristata, 488

wild, 406

aquatica, 297

Koniga maritima, 36

Leersia, 471

Linaria, 293

oryzoides, 471

Cymbalaria, 293

Leguminosse, 89

Elatine, 293

.

Lemna, 425

latifolia, 294

Labiatse, 313

gibba, 425

minor, 295

Lactuca, 240

Michelii, 426

Pelisseriana, 294

alpina, 241

minor, 425

purpurea, 533

muralis, 241

polyrhiza, 425

repens, 294

saligna, 241

trisulca, 425

sepium, 294

Scariola, 241

Lemnacese, 424

spartea, 533

virosa, 240

Lentibularinese, 310

speciosa, 294

Lady's bedstraw, 192

Lent Lily, 399

spuria, 293

mantle, 126

Leontodon, 238

striata, 294

slipper, 395

autumnalis, 239

supina, 533

smock, 28

hirtus, 239

vulgaris, 294

tresses, 386

hispidus, 239

Lineae, 77

Lagurr.s, 481

pratensis, 239

Ling, 253

ovatns, 481

Taraxacum, 240

Linnsea, 191

Lamb's lettuce, 197

Leonurus, 328

borealis, 191

Succory, 229

Cardiaca, 328

Linosyris vulgaris -04

Lamium, 328

Leopard' s-bane, 217

Linum, 78

album, 329

Lepidium, 39

angustifolium, 78

amplexicaule, 329

campestre, 40

catharticum, 78

dissectum, 329

Draba, 40

perenne, 78

Galeobdolon, 330

hirtum, 529

usitatissimum, 78

hybridum (sub-sp.), 329

hirtum, 40

Liparis, 384

incisum, 329

latifolium, 39

Loeselii, 3S4

intermedium, 329

ruderaJe, ^9

Listera, 385

maculatum, 329

sativum, 529

cordata, 386

purpureum, 328

Smithii (sub-sp.), 40

ovata, 385

Lapsana, 229

Lepigonum, 68

Lithospermum, 278

communis, 229

medium, 68

arvense, 279

Larbrea, 62

neglectum, 68

officinale, 278

Larkspur, 11
Lastrea abbreviata, 516

rupestre, 68
rupicola, 68

purpureo-cseruleum, 279
Litiorella, 290

cemula, 518

salinum 68

lacustris, 290

collina, 517

Lepturrs, 504

Lloydia, 41 1

recurva, 518

filiformis, 505

serotina, 411

uliginosa, 517

incurvatus, 505

Lobelia, 244

Lathrsea, 307

Lettuce, 240

Dortmanna, 244

Squamaria, 307

Leucojum, 400

urens, 244

Lathyrus, 110

sestivum, 400

Lobeliacese, 243

Aphaca, 110

vernum, 400

Lobularia maritima, 36

550

INDEX.

Loiseteuria, 25?

Lycopodiacese, 523

Martagon lily, purple, 410

procumbens, 255

Lycopodium, 524

Master-wort, 183

Lolium, 503

alpinum (sub-sp.), 524

Matricaria, 213

arvense, 503

annotinum, 524

Chamomilla, 213

italicum, 503

clavatuin, 524

inodora, 213

multiflorum, 503

complanatum, 524

maritima, 214

perenne, 5(>3

inundatum, 524

Parthenium, 211

remotum, 503

Selago, 525

Matthiola, 23

temulentum, 503

Lycopsis, 277

incana, 24

Lomaria, 511

Lycopus, 318

sinuata, 24

Spicant, 511

europaeus, 318

Master-wort, 183

London Pride, 140

Lysimachia, 262

Mat-weed, 505

Lonicera, 190

ciliata, 533

May- weed, stinking, 212

Caprifolium, 191

nemorum, 263

Meadow-rue, 2

Perielymenurn, 190

Numnmlaria, 263

saffron, 412

Xylosteurn, 191

punctata, 533

sweet, 116

Loosestrife, 262

thyrsiflora, 263

Meconopsis, 18

Loranthacese, 354

vulgaris, 263

cambrica, 18

Loroglossum, 391 '

Lythrariese, 153

Medicago, 94

Lords and Ladies, 423

Ly thrum, 154

apiculata, 95

Lotus, 102

hyssopifolia, 154

denticulata, 95

angustissimus. 103

Salicaria, 154

falcata, 94

corniculatus, 102

lappacea, 95

crassifolius, 103

lupulina, 95

decumbens, 103

M.

maculata, 95

deflexus, 103

minima, 95

diffusus, 103

Madder, 192

muricata, 530

hispidns, 103

Madderwort, 282

sativa, 95

major, 103

Madworr, 282

sylvestris, 94

tenuifolius, 103

Maianthemum Convallaria,

Medick, 94

tennis (sub-sp ), 103

404

black, 95

uliginosns, 103
Lousewort, 305

bifolium, 404
Maiden-hair, 510

purple, 95
Medlar, 137

Lwage, 181

Malachium, 61

Melampyrum, 306

Lucerne, 95

Malaxis, 384

arvense, 307

Ludwigia, 158

paludosa, 384

cristatum, 307

palustris, 158

Malcolmia maritima, 529

montanum, 306

Lung-wort, 279

Male Fluellin, 293

pratense, 306

Luzula, 419

Mallow, 75

sylvaticum, 307

albida, 535

tree, 76

Melica, 490

arcuata, 420

marsh, 75

nutans, 490

Borreri, 419

Malva, 74

imi flora, 490

eampestris, 419

borealis, 530

Melilot, 96

congesta, 420

moschata. 76

Melilotus, 96

erecta, 420

parviflora, 530

alba, 96

Forsteri, 419

rotundifolia, 76

altissima, 96

maxima, 419

sylvcstris, 76

arvensis, 96

multiflora, 420

verticillata, 530

leucanthn, 96

nivea, 535

Malvaceae, 74

officinalis, 96

pilosa, 419

Maple, 89

parviflora, 530

spicata, 420

common, 89

vulgaris, 96

sylvatica, 419

great. 89

Melissa, 321

vernalis, 419

Mare's-tail, 151

officinalis, 321

Lychnis, 56

MarigoM, corn, 214

Melittis, 324

alba, 57

Marsh, 11

grandiflora, 324

alpina, 57
dioica, 57

Marjoram, 318
Marram grass, 480

Melissophyllum, 324
Mentha, 315

diurna, 57

Marrubium, 324

agrestis, 317

Flos-cuculi, 57

vulgare, 325

Allionii, 317

vespertina, 57

Marsh marigold, 11

alopecuroides, 315

Viscaria, 57

mallow, 75

aquatica, 316

Lycium barbarum, 533 Marsileacese, 527

arvensis, 317

.INDEX.

551

Mentha

Mint

Myrrhis, 174

citrata, 316

pepper, 316

odorata, 175

gentilis (sub-sp.), 317

.spear, 315

gruoilis (sub-sp. ), 317

Mistletoe, 355

hircina, 316

Mithridate mustard, 40

N.

hirsuta, 316

Mcehringia trinervia, 6 1

inollisima, 315

Mcenchia erecta, 59

Naidacese, 428

nemorosa, 315

Molinia, 489

Naias, 438

nummularia, 317

cserulea, 489

flexilis, 439

ojficinalis, 316

depauperata, 489

major, 439

paludosa, 317

Moneses grandiflora, 256

marina, 439

palustris, 316

Monk's-hood, 13

Narcissus, 399

parietaricefolia, 318

Money-wort, 263

biflorus, 399

Pauliana, 317

Monk's rhubarb, 350

conspicuus, 534

piperita, 316

Monotropa, 257

incomparabilis, 534

prcecox, 317

Hypopitys,.257

lobularis, 399

prate n sis (sub-sp.), 317

Monotropese, 257

major, 399

pubescens (sub-sp.),

Montia, 67

minor, 534

316

fontana, 69

poeticus, 534

Pulegium, 318

minor, 69

Pseudo-narcissus, 399

rotundi folia, 315

rivularis, 69

Nardus, 505

rubra (sub-sp.), 317

Moon- wort, 520

stricta, 505

sativa, 316

Moschatel, 190

Narthecium, 412

subglabra, 316

Moss Campion, 56

ossifragum, 41 2

sylvestris, 316

Mother-wort, 328

Nasturtium, 24

viridis, 315

Mountain ash, 136

amphibium, 25

vulgaris, 316

Mouse-ear Chickweed, 58

offlcina.le, 24

Wirtgeniana, 317

Mouse-tail, 4

palustre, 25

Menyanthes, 273

Mudwort, 297

siifolium, 25

trifoliata, 273

Mugwort, 215

sylvestre, 25

Menziesia ccerulea, 254

Mulgedium,

terrestre, 25

Mercurialis, 360

alpinum, 2il

Naumbergia, 263

annua, 360

Mullein, 291

Navel-wort, 146

perennis, 360

Muscari, 407

Neotinea intacta, f 94

Mercury, 338

racemosum, 408

Neottia. 385

dog's, 360

Musk-thistle, 224

Nidus-avis, 385

Merterisia, 279

Mustard, black, 32

Nepeta, 322

maritima, 279

Mithridate, 40

Cataria, 322

virginica, 533

white, 33

Glechoma, 323

Mespilu* germanica, 137

Myosotis, 280

Nephrodium, 495

Men, ISO

alpestris (sub-sp.), 281

semulum, 517

Meum, 180

arvensis, 281

cristatum, 517

athamanticum, 181

csespitosa, 2sl

dilatatum (sub-sp.). 517

Mezereon, 353

collina, 282

Filix-inas, 517

Mibora verna, 476

lingulata, 281

fasnisecii, 518

Micranthes, 135

Mitteni, 282

montanum, 518

Microcala tiliformis, 253

palustris, 280

Oreopteris, 518

Mignonette, 45
Milfoil, 212

repens (sub-sp.), 281
rnplcola, 281

remotum (sub-sp.), 517
rigidum, 517

water, 151

strigulosa, 280

spinulosum, 517

Milium, 474

sylvatica, 281

Thelypteris, 518

effusum, 475

versicolor, 282

Nettle, 362

Milkwort, 50

Myosurus, 4

dead, 328

sea, 264

minimus, 4

Nicandra physaloides, 533

thistle, 228

Myrica, 364

Nightshade, 287

Millet-grass, 460

Gale, 364

deadly, 287

Mimulus, 297

Myricacese, 364

Nipple-wort, 229

luteus, 297

Myriophyllurn, 151

Nit-grass, 479

Mint, 315

alterni flora rn, 152

Nuphar, 15

Bergamot, 316

pectinatum, 152

intermedium, 15

cat, 522

spicatum, 152

luteum, 15

horse, 315

verticillatum, 152

pumilum, 16

552

INDEX.

Nymphaaa, 16

Orchis

Orobanche

alba, 16

butterfly, 395

Rapum, 308

Nymphseaceae, 15

dark- winged, 390

rubra, 309

dwarf, 390

Orobancheaa, 308

fen, 3S4

Orobus macrorhizus, 112

0.

fly, 393

niger, 112

fragrant, 393

sylvaticux, 108

Oak, 366

frog, 394

tenuijolius, 112

Oat, wild, 484

fusca, 390

tuberosus, 112

Obione, 340

green-winged, 390

Orpine, 146

Odontites, 304

hircina, 391

Osier, 375

diver gens, 304

incarnata < sub-sp.), 390

purple, 377

rubra, 304

latifolia, 390

Osmunda, 520

serotina, 304

laxiflora, 3b9

regalis, 520

(Enanthe. 178

lizard, 391

Oxalideaa, 79

crocata, 179

maculata, 390

Oxalis, 83

listulosa, 178

majalis, 390

Acetosella, 84

tluviatilis (sub-sp.), ISO

man, 392

corniculata, 84

Lachenalii, 179

marsh, 389

stricta, 84

peucedanifolia, 179

mascula, 389

Ox-eye daisy, 2141

Phellandrium, 179

militaris, 390

Uxlip, 261

pimpinelloides, 179

militaris, 391

Ox -tongue, 230

sdaifolia, 179

Morio, 390

Oxycoccos, 250

Smithii, 179

musk, 393

palustris, 250

(Enothera, 158

palmata, 3?9

Oxytropis, 104

biennis, 159

purp e, 3s9

campestris, 105

odorata, 159

purpurea, 390

Balleri, 105

Old man s buard, 2

pyramidalis, 391

uralensis, 105

Oleaceae, 267

feimia (sub-sp.), 391

Oxyria, 351

Omphalodes verna, 533
Onagrarieae, 165

spider, 392
spotted, 390

digyna, 351
reniformis, 351

Onobrychis, 106

tephrosanthos, 391

sutiva, 106

I'stulata, 390

Onoclea sensibilis, 535

Origanum, 318

Ononis, 93

megastachyum, 3:9

P.

arvensis, 93

Onitis, 533

campesfris, 93

virens, 533

Pasonia corallina, 529

inermis, 93

vulgare, 319

Padclock-pipes, 50u

procumbens, 93

Ornithogalum, 409

Paigle, 261

procurrens, 93

nutans, 409

Panicum, 469

reclinata, 93

pyrenacium, 409

glabrum, 469

spinosa, 93

umbellatuni, 409

Crus-Galli, 469

Onopordon, 227

Ornithopns, 105

sanguinale, 535

Acanthium, 227

ebracteatus, 105

Pansy, 49

Ophioglossuru, 520

perpnsilius, 105

Papaver, 17

lusitanicum (sub-sp ), 520

Orobanche, 308

Argemone, 17

vulgatum, 520

amethystea (sub-sp.),

dubium, 17

Oplirys, 392

309

hybridum, 17

apifera, 392

arenaria (sub-sp.), 310

Lamottei, 17

arachnites (sub-sp.), 392

barbata, 310

Lecoqii (sub-sp.), 17

aranifera, 392

casrulea, 310

nudicaule, 529

fucifera, 392

caryophyilacea, 309

Rhoeas, 17

muscilera, 393

elatior, 309

setigerum, 529

Trollii, 392

Epithymum, 309

somniferum, 18

Orache, 3o9

Eryngii, 309

Papaveraceae, 16

Opium poppy, 18
Oporinia, 2o9

Galii, 309
Hederae (sub-sp.), 310

Papilionace83, 89
Parietaria, 363

Oiv.hideae, 383

lucorum, 533

diffusa, 363

Orchis, 389

major, 308

officinalis, 363

bee, 392

minor, 309

Paris, 413

bird's nest, 385

Picridis (sub-sp.), 309

quadrifolia, 413

bog, 384

ramosa, 533

Parnassia, 143

'INDEX.

553

Parnassii Fhyllocloce

Platanthera, 394

palustris, 143 i cserulea, 254

Ploughman's spikennrd,

Parsley, beaked, 176 taxifolia, '254

206

bur, 185 Physalis Alkekengi, 533

Plum, 114

common, 171 Physospermum, 166

Plumbaginese, 257

corn, 171

cornubiense, 167

Poa, 491

fern, 510

Phyteuma, 245

alpina, 493

fool's, ISO

orbiculare, 245

angustifolia, 492

hedge, 185

spicatum, 245

annua, 491

milk, 183

Picris, 229

Balfourii, 493

Parsnip, cow, 183

arvalis, 230

bulbosa, 493

wild, 183

echioides, 230

ccesia, 493

Pasque-flower, 3

hieracioides, 229

compressa, 492

Pasrinaca, 183

Pig-nut, 174

flexuosa, 493

Pea, everlasting, 110

Pilewort, 10

glaura, 493

Pearl-wort, 65

Pill wort, 527

Koeleri, 492

Pear, 135

Pilularia, 527

laxa, 493

wild, 135

globulifera, £27

loliacea, 475

Pedicularis, 305

Pimpernel, 265

minor, 493

palustris, 306

bastard, 264

montana, 493

sylvatica, 3(;6

bog, 265

nemoralis, 492

Pellitory, 363

scarlet, 265

Parnellii, 493

Penny cress, 40

yellow, 263

polynoda, 492

royal, 318

rimpinella. 173

pratensis, 492

wort, 146, 165

dioica, 168

stricta (sub-sp.), 493

Peplis, 154

glanca, 168

strigosa, 492

Portula, 155

magna,. 174

sub-ccerulea, 492

Pepper saxifrage, 1 8-0

major, 174

sub-compresfa, 492

water, 345

fcaxifraga, 174

sudetica, 565

wort, 40

Pinguicula, 310

svlvatioa, 565

Periwinkle, 268

alpina, 311

trivialis, 492

Petasites, 216

grandiflora fsub-sp.), 311

Polemoniacese, 274

albus, 532

Irsitanica, 311

Polemouium, 274

fra grans, 5$2

vulgaris, 311

cseruleura, 274

rulgaris, 216

Pine,, 879

Polycarpon, 68

Petroselinum sativum, 171

ground, 333

tetraphyllum, 69

Peucertanum, 182

Pink, 53

Polygala, 50

officinale, 182

Cheddar, 53

amara, 51

Ostruthium, 183

Clove, 54

austriaca, 51

palustre, lf-3

Peptford, 53

calcarea. 51

sativum, 183

maiden, 53

ciliata, 51

Phaca astragalina, 104

sea, 258

depressa (sub-sp.), .r;l

Phalaris, 471

wild, 64

oxyptera (sub-sp.), ^>1

arimdinacea, 4.72

Pinus, 379

serpyllacea, 51

eanariensis, 471

sylvestris, 380

uliginosa, 51

paradoxa, 535

Pipe- wort, 421

vulgaris, 50

Pheasant' s-eye, 4

Pisum maritimum, 112

Polygalese, 50

Phegopteris, 518

Plane, Scotch, S9

Polygonatum, 403

Phellandrium aquaticum, 170

Plantagiivese, 288

multiflorum, 404

Phleum, 475

Plantago, 288

officinale, 401

alpinum, 475

arenaria, 533

verticillatum, 403

arenarium, 476

argentea, 533

Polygonacese, 343

asperum, 535

Coronopus, 289

Polygonnm, 343

Boehmeri, 476

intermedia, 2>s8

amphibium, 344

Michel ii, 535

lanceolata, 289

Aviculare, 346

nodosum, 475

major, 288

biforme, 345

phalaroides, 476

maritima, 289

Bistorta, 344

pratense, 475

media, 289

Convolvulus, 347

Phragmites, 48 1

Psyllium, 533

dumetorum, 347

com munis, 487

Timbali, 2 £

Fagopyrum, 534

nigricfms, 4s7

Plantain, 288

Hydropiper, 345

Phyllodoce, 254 i water, 427

lapathifolium, 344

554

INDEX.

Polygonum

Potamogeton

Primula

laxum, 345

Kirkii, 535

elatior, 261

littorale, 346

lanceolatus, 432

farinosa, 262

macnlatum (sub-sp.),

lithuanieus, 433

officinalis, 261

345

Lonchites, 432

scotica, 262

maritimum, 346

longifolius, 433

variabilis, 261

minus, 346

lucens, 432

veris, 261

mite, 345

marinus, 436

vulgaris, 261

nodosum, 345

mucronatus, 435

Primulacese, 261

Persicaria, 345

natans, 431

Privet, 267

Raii, 346

nitens (sub-sp.), 432

Prunella vulgaris, 323

Roberti (sub-sp.), 316

oblongus, 431

Prunus, 114

viviparum, 344

obtusifolius, 435

Avium, 115

Polypodium, 518

pectinatus, 436

Cerasus, 115

alpestre, 519

perfoliatus, 434

communis, 114

calcareum, 519

plantagiueus, 431

domestica (sub-sp ),

cambricum, 518

polygonifolius, 431

115

Dryopteris, 519

prse.longus, 433

insititia (sub-sp '),

flexile, 519

pusillus, 435

115

Phegopteris, 519

rufescens, 431

Padus, 115

Robertianum ( sub-sp.),

salicifolius, 433

spinosa, 115

519

serratus, 434

Psamma

vulgare, 518

sparganifolius, 535

arenaria, 481

Polypody, 518

spathulatus, 432

baltica, 481

Polypogon, 478

trichoides, 436

Pseudathyrium alpestre,

littoralis, 478

Zizii (sub-sp.), 433

519

monspeliensis, 478

zosterifolius, 434

Pteris, 500

Pond-weed, horned, 437

Potentilla, 123

aquilina, 500

Poor man's weatherglass,

alba, 530

Pulicaria, 207

265

alpestris, 125

dysenterica, 207

Poplar, 369

anserina, 125

vulgaris, 207

black, 370

argentea, 126

Pulmonaria, 279

grey, 369

aurea, 125

angustifolia, 280

white, 369

Coma rum, 124

officinalis, 2bO

Poppy, 17

Fragariastruui, 126

Purslane, sea, 65

horned, 18

fruticosa, 123

water, 154

Welsh, 18

maculata, 125

Pyrethrum, 213

Populus, 369

mixta. 125

Pyrola, 255

alba, 369

nemoralis, 125

arenaria, 256

nigra, 370

norvegica, 126

maritima, 255

caneseens (sub-sp.), opaca, 530

media, 255

369 procumbens (sub-sp.), 125

minor, 255

trenrula, 369 procumbens, 124

rotundifolia. £56

Portulacese, 69

reptans, 125

secunda, 256

Potamogeton, 430

rupestris, 126

miiflora, 256

acuminatus, 433

salisburgensis, 125

Pyrus, 135

acutifolius, 435

Sibbiildi, 124 i acerba, 136

compressus, 434, 435

Tormentilla, 124

Achras, 135

crispus, 434

tridentata, 530

Aria, 136

cuspidatus, 434

verna, 125

Aucuparia, 136

decipiens (sub-sp.), 433

Poterium, 128

Briggsii, 135

densus, 434

muricatum, 129

communis, 135

filiformis, 436

officinale, 129

cor data, 135

flabellatus (sub-sp.), 436

Sanguisorba, 12S

domestica, 531

fluitans, 431

Prenanthes muralix, 241

germanica, 137

Friesii (sub-sp.), 435

purpurea, 532

latifolia (sub-sp.), 136

gracilis, 535 ,

Prickwood, 187

Mains, 135

gracilis, 435

Primrose, 260

pinnatifida, 136

gramineus, 432,435

bird's-eye, 262

Pyraster, 135

Grifflthii, 433

evening, 158

rupicola, 136

heterophyllus, 432

Primula, 261

scandica (sub-sp.), 136

juncifolius, 436 j acaulis, 261

torminalis, 13d

INDEX.

555

Q. ! Ranunculus ! Roast-beef plant, 398

peucedanifoliuft, 6 Rocket, 33

Queen of the meadows, 116

penicillalus, 5 London, 29

Queen stock, 24

Philonotis, 10

sea, 43

Quercus, 366

pseudo-fluitam, 5

Rock-rose, 46

intermedia, 367

radians, 6

Roemeria, 19

pedunculata, 367

repens, 9

hybrida, 19

Robur, 367

reptans (sub-sp. ), 8

Romulea, 396

sessiliflora, 367

salsuginosus, 6

Columnse, 396

Quill-wort, 526

sardous, 10

Rosa, 125

sceleratus, 8

agrestis (sub-sp.), 132

tomophyllus, 9

Andevagensis, 133

R.

trichophyllus, 6
triparitus, 7

arvatica, 133
arvensis, 134

triphyllos, 5

aspernata, 133

Radiola, 79

truncatus, 5

austriaca, 531

linoides, 79

vnlgatus, 9

Bakeri, 134

Millegrana, 79 Rape, 32

bibracteata, 135

Radish, 44

Raphanus, 44

Billietii, 132

Ragged-robin, 57

maritimus, 44

biserrata, 133

Ragwort, 218

Raphanistrum, 44

Blondceana, 134

Rampion, 246

Raspberry, 117

Borreri, 134

Ramsons, 407

Reed, 486

bractescens, 135

Ranunculacese, 1

bur, 421

Briggsii, 132

Ranunculus, 4

mace, 422

britannica, 130

acris, 9

Reseda, 45

coesia, 133

alpestris, 529

alba, 45

canescens, 133

aquatilis, 5

fruiticulosa, 45

canina, 132

arvensis, 10

Hookeri, 45

celerata, 134

auricomus, 8

lutea, 45

cmnamomea, 531

Bachii, 6

Luteolfl, 45

coerulca, 130

Baudotii, 6

Phyteuma, 529 (

collina, 133

Borceanus, 9

sitffruticulosa, 45

concinna, 133

bulbosus, 9

Resedacese, 44

coronata, 131

ohaerophyllus, 9

Rest-harrow, 93

coriifolia, 135

circinatus, 6

Rhamnese, 87

Crepiniana, 134

ccenosus, 7

Rhamnus, 88

cryptopoda, 132

confervoides, 6

cantharticus, 88 decipiens, 129

confusus, 6

Frangula, 88 Dicksoni, 530

divaricatits, 7

Rhinanthus, 305 Doniana, 131

diversi/olius, 6

Crista galli, 305 dumalis, 133

Drouetii, 6

major (sub-sp.), 305 dumetorum, 133, 134

Ficaria, 10

minor, 305 Eglanteria, 131

fissifolius, 5

Reichenbachii, 305

farinosa, 130

Flammula, 8

Rhodiola rosea, 146

fastigiata, 130

floribundus, 5

Rhubarb, monk's, 350

Forsteri. 133

fiuitans, 6

Rhynchospora, 446 frondosd, 133

Godronii, 6

alba, 446 gallicoides, 125

gramineus, 529

fusca, 446

glabra, 132

hederaceus, 7

Ribes, 143

glaucophylla, 133

heterophyllus, 5

alpinum, 144

gracilescens, 131

lursutus, 10

Grossularia, 144

gracilis, 131

homophyllus, 7

nigrum, 145

Hailstonei, 134

intermedius, 1

petrceum, 144

heterophylla, 130

Lenormandi, 7

rubrum, 144

hibernica, 132

Lingua, 8

sativum, 144

Hystrix, 132

marinus, 5

spicatum, 144

implexa, 134

ophioglossifolius, 8

sylvestre, 144

incana, 133

pantothrix, 6

Uva-crispa, 144

inodora, 132, 133

parviflorns, 10

Ribesieae, 138

involuta, 130

parvulu*, 10

Rib-grass, 288

Jundzilliana, 130

yeltatus, 5

Rib-wort, 269

Kosinciana, 133

556

INDEX.

Rosa

Rose ' Rubns

lavigata, 131

dog, 132

Leightonianus, 119

leucochroa, 135

root, 146

Lejeunii, 121

lucida, 531

Scotch, 129

lentigino&m, 118

lutetiana, 133

Rowan-tree, 1 36

leucostachys (sub-sp.),

marginata, 134

Rubia, 192

119

micrantha (sub-sp.), 131

peregrina, 192

Lindleianug, 118

mollis (sub-sp.), 130

Rubiacese, 191

macrophyllus (sub-sp,),

molissima, 130

Rubus, 116

119

Monsonioe, 135

abruptus, 119

mucronatus, 119

monticola, 134

adscitus, 119

mucronulatus (sub-pp.),

Moorei, 131

affinis, 118

119

Nlcholsoni, 131

althceifolius, 118

mutabilis, 120

nivalis, 131

amplificatus, 119

nemorosus, 120

wwda, 134

arcticus, 531

nitidus, 118

o&orafa, 130

Eabingtonii, 120

obliquus, 120

obtusifolia, 133

Balfourianus, 118

pallidus (sub-sp.), 121

occidentalis, 131

Bellardi, 121

pampinosus, 119

opaca, 135

Bloxami (sub-sp.), 120

plicatus, 118

permixta, 131

Borreri, 120

prseruptorum, 121

platyphylla, 133

Briggsii, 120

Pseudo-idceus, 118

pomifera, 130

csesius (sub-sp.), 118

Purchasii, 121

provircialis, 530

calvatus, 117

pttrpureus, 118

pruinosa, 133
Pseudo-rubiginosa, 13,0

carpinifollus, 119
cavatifolius, 120

pygmceus, 121
pyramidalis (sub- pp), 1*21

ptilverulenta, 132

Chamfemorus, 116

Radula (sub-sp.), 120

repens, 134

Colemanni, 318

ramosus, 118

Beuteri, 134

conc»nww«, 120

Reuteri, 121

Robertsoni, 131

conjungens, 118

rhamnifolius (sub-sp. ),

rubella, 531

cordifolius, 118

118

rnbiginosa, 131
Sabini, 131

corylifolius (sub-sp.), 118
dentatus, 121

rosaceus, 121
rotundifolius, 121

sarmentacea, 133

rfmiicM7a*M«,120

rubeolus, 119

scabriuscula, 130

derasufi, 119

rubicolor, 120

sclerophylla, 134

discolor (sub-sp.), 118

rwdw, 120

senticosa, 133

diversifolius, 120

Salteri (sub-sp.), 119

sepium (sub-sp ), 132

dumetorum (sub-sp.), 120

Saltuum (sub-sp.), 121

Sherrardi, 130

Emeristylus, 120

saxatilis, 117

Smithii, 131

fastigiatus, 118

scaber, 120

sphcerica, 133

/*sw«, 118

Schlechtendahlii, 119

spinosissima, 129
stylosa (sub-sp. ), 135

foliosus, 121
fruticosus, H7

spectabilis, 531
Sprengelii (sub-sp.), IIP

subcristata, 129

fusco-ater, 120

suberectus (sub-sp.), 118

subglobosa, 130

/ttseus, 121

sublustrix, 118

surculosa, 133

glandulosus (sub-sp. ),12i

terawt*, 118

sylvestris, 130

Grabowskii, 118

thyrsoideus, 119

sylvicola, 131

Guntheri, 121

tuberculatus, 120

systyla, 135

hemistemon, 118

ulmifolius, 118

tomentella, 133

Tm-to*, 121

umbrosus (sub-sp.), 119

tomentosa (snb-sp.), 130

hirtifolius, 119

wm&ro.sws, 118

uncinella, 133

hispidus, 118

ve&titus, 119

tirbica, 133

humifusus, 121

villicaulis (sub-sp.), 119

verticillacantha, 133

Hystrix (sub-sp.), 1 21

vulgar is, 119

villosa, 130

Idaeus, 117

Wahlbergii, 118

umacea, 133

rm bricatus, 118

Ruraex, 347

TFa««07it, 134

incurvatus, 118

Acetosa, 350

TTiZgont, 131

ivfestus, 120

Acetosella, 351

Woodsiana, 130

inter medius, 118

acutus, 348

Rosacese, 113

Koehleri (sub-sp.), 120

acutus, 349

ose, 129

latifnlius, 118

alpinus, 350

bay, 156

I/emi, 117

aquaticus, 350

Burnet, 129

Leightoni, 120

conglomeratus, 349

INDEX.

557

Rumex

Salicornia

Salix

conspersus, 348

ramosissima, 341

nigricans, 373

crisp us, 349

Salix, 370

nitens, 374

domesticus, 331

acuminata, 375

oleifolia, 372

elongatus, 349

acutifolia, 374

parvifolia, 373

Friesii, 348

alba, 371

pentandra, 371

Hydrolapathum, 350

ambigua, 373

petiolaris, 534

Knafii, 348

amygdalina, 370

petrcea, 374

longifolius, 350
maritimus, 348

Andersoniana, 374
aquatica, 372

phillyrecefolia, 374
phylicifolia, 374

maximus, 350

Arbuscula, 376

plicata, 534

nemorosus, 349

arbutifolia, 376

pontederana, 378

obtusifolius, 347

arenaria, 373

propinqua, 374

palustris (sub-sp.), 349

argentea, 273

procumbens, 376

pratensis, 348

ascendens, 373

prostrata, 375

pulcher, 348

aurita, 372

prunifolia, 377

rupestri*, 349

bicolor, 374

purpui-ea, 377

sanguineus, 349

Borrerlana, 374

radicans, 374

scutatus, 534

ccerulea, 371

ramulosa, 378

Steinii, 349

Caprea, 372

repens, 372

sylvestris, 348

carinata, 377

reticulata, 377

viridis, 349

cinerea (sub-sp.), 372

rosmarinifolia, 373

Ruppia, 436

contorta, 370

rubra, 378

inaritima, 437

cotinifolia, 374

rugosa, 375

rostellata (sub-sp.), 437

Croweana, 374

rupestris, 374

spiralis, 437

cuspidata, 371

Busselliana, 371

Rupture-wort, 334

damascena, 374

Sadleri, 376

Ruscus, 403

daphnoides, 374

serrata, 376

aculeatus, 403

dasyclados, 534

serpyllifolia, 534

Rush, 414

Davalliana, 374

Smithiana, 375

flowering, 428

decipiens, 371

stipularis, 375

wood, 419

DicJcsoniana, 374

spathulata, 373

Doniana, 378

sphacelata, 372

0

ferruginea, 375

Stuartiana, 376

D.

floribunda, 374

tenuifolia, 374

Saffron, meadow, 412

fcetida, 372, 377

tenuior, 374

Sage, 321

Forbyana, 378

tetrapla, 374

wood, 331

Forsteriana, 374

Trevirani, 371

Sagina, 65

fragllis, 371

triaudra, 370

ambigua, 66

/wsca, 373

undulata, 370

apetala, 66

glauca, 376

vacciniifolia, 377

ciliata (sub-sp.), 66

Grahami, 376

venulosa, 377

debilis, 66

grand.folia, 534

viminalis, 375

densa, 66

hastata, 534

vtridis, 371

Linusei, 66

.HeZia:, 378

vitellina, 371

luaritima (sub-sp.), 66

herbacea, 377

Weigeliana, 374

nivalis (»ub-sp.), 66

Tiirta, 374

Woolgariana, 378

nodosa, 67
procumbens, 66

Hoffmanniana, 370
holosericea, 375

Wiilfeniana, 374
Sallow, common, 371

saxatilis, 66

incubacea, 373

Salsify, 243

subulata, 67

Zceuis, 376

Salsola, 342

Sagittaria, 428

Latnbertiana, 378

Kali, 343

sagittifolia, 428

lanata, 375

Saltwort, 342

Sain-foin, 106

lanceolata, 370

Salvia, 321

Salad burnet, 128

Lapponum, 375

clandestine 322

Salicineee, 369

laurina, 374

prateusis, 322

Salicornia, 341

laxiftora, 374

Verbenaca, 321

herbacea, 341

Ziuida, 377

Sambucus, 189

lignosa, 342

Meyeriana, 371

Ebulus, 189

megastachya, 342

mollissima, 375

nigra, 189

pi'ocumbens, 341

Myrsinites, 376

Samolus, 266

rudicans, 342

myrtilloides, 374

Vulerandi, 266

558

1NUEX.

Samphire, 178

Saxifraga

Sclerochloa

golden, 206

sponhemica, 142

conferta, 495

marsh, 341 ;

stellaris, 139

distans, 495

Sand leek, 406

Sternbergii, 142

loliacea, 498

Sandwort, 63

tridactylites, 141

maritima, 495

Sanguisorba media, 531

trifida, 142

multiculmis, 495

ojficinalis, 129

trifuroata, 531

procumbens, 495

Sanicle, 166

umbrosa, 140

rigida, 498

Sanieula, 166

Saxifrage, 138

Scolopendrium, 493

europsea, 166

golden, 142

vulgare, 493

Santalacese, 355

pepper, 180

Scorodonia, 331

Sapindacese, 88

Saxifragese, 138

Scorpion grass, 280

Saponaria, 54

Scabiosa, 199

Scotch Fir, 380

hybrida, 54

arvensis, 200

Scrophularia, 295

officinalis, 54

Columbaria, 200

aquatica, 296

Vaccaria, 530

maritima, 532

Balbisii, 296

Sarothamnus scoparius, 92

succisa, 200

cinerea, 296

Sauce alone, 30

Scabious, 199

Ehrharti, 296

Saussurea, 224

Scandix, 175

nodosa, 296

alpina, 224

Anthriscus, 176

Scorodonia, 296

Savoys, 32

Cerefolium, 176

umbrosa (sub-sp.), 296

Saw-wort, 224

Pecten-Veneris, 175

vernalis, 297

Saxifraga, 139

Schedonorus, 496

Scrophularinese, 296

affinis, 142

Scheuchzeria, 430

Scurvy-grass, 36

aizoides, 140

palustris, 430

Scutellaria, 323

Andrewsii, 531

Schoberia fruticosa, 342

galericulata, 324

autumnalis, 140

maritima, 342

minor, 324

ccespitosa, 142

Schrenus, 446

Sea blite, 324

cermia, 141

nigricans, 447

buckthorn, 354

Cotyledon, 531

Scilla, 408

heath, 52

decipiens, 142

autumnalis, 408

holly, 165

elegans, 140

bifolia, 535

kale, 43

clongata, 142

nutans, 408

lavender, 258

Genm, 140

verna, 408

milk- wort, 264

gracilis, 140

Scirpus, 441

pink, 258

granulata, 141

csespitosus, 444

purslane, 65

grcenlandica, 142

caricinus, 444

rocket, 43

Guthriana, 531

Caricis, 444

Sedge, 448

hibernica, 142

carinatus (sub-sp.),

Sedum, 146

Hirculus, 140

442

acre, 148

hirsuta, 140

fluitans, 443

albescens, 149

hirta, 142

glaucus, 442

album, 147

hypnoides, 142

Holoschoenus, 443

anglicum, 147

incurvifolia, 142

lacustris, 442

Cepoea, £31

Icete-virens, 142

maritimus. 442

dasyphyllum, 1 18

Icevis, 142

parvulus, 444

elegans, 148

leptophylla, 142

pauciflorus, 444

Fabaria, 147

leucanthemifolia, 531

planifolius, 444

Forsterianum (sub-sp ),

moschata, 531

pungens, 442

148

muscoides, 531

pygmceus, 443

glaucum, 149

nivalis, 139

Rothii, 442

micranthum, 147

oppositifolia, 139

rufus, 444

purpurascens, 147

palmata, 142

Savii, 443

reflexum, 149

pedatifida, 531

setaceus, 443

Bhodiola, 146

platypetala, 142

sylvaticus, 443

rupestre, 148

punctata, 140

Tabernaemontani (sub-

rupestre, 149

pygmcea, 531

sp.), 442

pruinatum, 148

quinquefida, 142

triqueter, 442

sexangulare, 148

rivularis, 141

Scleranthus, 334

stellatum, 531

rotundifolia, 531

annuus, 335

Telephium, 147

serratifolia, 140

biennis, 335

teretifolium, 147

Sibthorpii, 531

perennis, 335

villosum, 147

INDEX.

559

Selaginella, 525

Silene

Solidago, 205

selaginoides, 525

Cucubalus, 55

cambrica, 206

spinosa, 525

gallica, 55

lanceolata, 532

Selaginellacese, 525

inftata, 55

Virgaurea, 205

Self-heal, 323

italica, 530

Solomon's seal, 404

Selinum, 181

maritima, 55

Sonchus, 241

carvifoiium, 1S1

Otites, 56

alpinus, 241

Sempervivum, 149

noctiflora, 56

arvensis, 242

tectorum, 149

nutans, 56

asper (sub-sp.), 242

Senebiera, 38

paradoxa, 56

cceruleus, 241

Coronopus, 39

patens, 530

oleraceus, 242

didyma, 39

quinquevulnera, 55

palustris, 242

Senecio, 217

Siler trilobum, 531

Sorbus, 136

aquaticus, 219

Silver weed, 125

fennica, 136

barbarceifolius, 219

Silybum, 228

latifolia, 136

campestris, 220

marianurn, 228

scandica, 136

crassifolius, 532

Simethis, 405

Sorrel, 351

erraticus, 532

bicolor, 405

mountain, 351

erucifolius, 218

planifolia, 405

sheep's, 331

flosculosus, 218

Sinapis, 32

wood, 84

Jacobsea, 218

alba, 33

Sowbread, 262

lividus, 218

arvensis, 33

Sowthistle, 241

paludosus, 219

incana, 33

corn, 242

palustris, 219

tenui 'folia, 34

Sparganium, 421

saracenicus, 219

Sison, 172

affine, 422

spathulcefolius, 220

Amomum, 172

minimum, 422

squalidus, 219

Sisymbrium, 29

natans, 422

sylvatious, 218

Alliaria, 30

ramosum, 422

tenuifolius, 218

Iro, 29

simplex, 422

viscosus, 218

murale, 33

Spartina, 470

vulgaris, 218

officinale, 30

alterniftora, 470

Serrafalcus, 501

pannonicum, 529

stricta, 470

Serratula, 224

polyceratiura, 30

Toivnsendii, 471

tinctoria, 224

Sophia, 29

Spartium scoparium, 92

Service, wild, 136

tenuifolium, 34

Spear-wort, 8

Sesseli, 177

Thaliana, 29

lesser, 8

Libanotis, 177

Sisyrinchium, 384

thistle, 225

Sesleria, 487

angusti folium, 396

Specularia, 248

cserulea, 487

bermudiana, 396

hybrida, 248

Setaria, 470

Slum, 172

Speedwell, 29a

glauca, 535

angustifolium, 173

Spergella, 66

.vevticillata, 470

erectum, 173

Spergula, 67

viridis, 470

latifolium, 173

arvensis. 67

Sheep's -bit, 244

repens, 169

nodosa, 67

Shepherd's -needle, 176

Skull-cap, 323

pentandra, 530

purse, 38

Sloe, 114

pilifera, 530

Sherardia, 195

Smilacina bifolia, 404

saginoides, 66

arvensis, 195

Smyrnium, 167

sativa, 67

Shore-weed, 290

Olusatrum, 167

stricta, 64

Sibbaldia procumbens,

Snake-root, 344

subulata, 67

124:

Snake's head, 410

vulgaris, 67

Sibthorpia, 297

Snap-dragon, 295

Spergularia, 67

europaea, 298

Sneeze-wort, 212

marina, 68

Silaus, 180

Snow-drop, 400

media, 68

pratensis, 180

flake, 400

rubra, 68

Silene, 55

Soap-wort, 54

rupestris, 68

acaulis, 56

Solanacese, 286

salina, 68

alpestris, 530

Solanum, 286

Spignel, ISO

anglica, 55

Dulcamara, 287

Spikenard, ploughman's 206

annulata, 530

luteo-virescens, 287

Spindle-tree, 87

Armeria, 530

miniatum, 287

Spiraea, 115

conica, 55

nigrum, 2S7

Filipendula, 116

560

INDEX.

Spirsea

Stellaria

Taraxacum

salicifolia, 116

scapigera, 62

officina'le, 240

Ulmaria, 116

uligiuosa, 63

palustre, 240

Spiranthes, 386
sestivalis, 387

umbrosa (sub-sp.), 62
Stellatse, 191

Tare, 107
Taxus, 380

auturunalis, 386

Stinking May-weed, 213

baccata, 380

certiua, 387

Stipa pennata, 535

fastigiata, 380

gemmipara, 387

Stitch-wort, 61

Teasel, 199

Romanzoviana, 387

St. John's- wort, 72

Fuller's, 199

Spirodela, 425

Stock, 23

wild, 199

Spleen-wort, 491

Stonecrop, 146

Teesdalia, 42

Spurge, 356

biting, 148

Iberis, 42

caper, 351

Stork' s-bill, 82

nudicaulis, 42

laurel, 353

St. Patrick's cabbage, 140

Telmatophace, 425

sun, 356

Strap-wort, 333

Teucrium, 331

Spurrey, 67

Stratiotes, 382

Botrys, 331

knotted, 67

aloides, 3s2

Chamsedrys, 332

sand-wort, 67

Strawberry, 123

regium, 534

Squill, 408

tree, 251

scordioides, 331

Squinancy-wort, 195

wild, 123

Scordium, 331

Stachys, 325

Sturmia Loeselii, 384

Scorodonia, 331

ambigua, 326

minima, 476

Thalictrum, 2

annua, 534

Suseda, 342

alpiuum, 2

arvensis, 326

frutioosa, 342

calcareum, 3

Betonica, 326

maritima, 342

flavum, 3

germanica, 326

Subularia, 38

flexuosum, 3

palustris, 325

aquatica, 38

Kochii (sub-sp.), 3

sylvatica, 325

Succory, 229

inyjus, 529

Staphvlea pinnata, 530

Sulphur-wort, 182

maj us (sub-sp.), 3

Star-fruit, 437

Sundew, 150

maritimum, 3

Star of Bethlehem, 409

Sweetbriar, 131

minus, 2

yellow, 411

Sweet-flag, 424

minus, 3

Star-thistle, 2J3

Sweetgale, 364

montanum, 3

Statice, 258

Swertia perennis, 533

Morisonii, 3

Armeria. 258

Swine's succory, 229

nutans, 529

auriculsefolia, 259

Sycamore, 89

riparium, 3

bahusiensis, 259

Symphytum, 277

saxatile (sub-sp.), 3

Behen, 259

asperrimum, 533

sphcerocarpum, 3

bellidifolia, 259

omciuale, 177

Tliesium, 355

binervosa, 259

orientale, 533

divaricatum, 355

Caspia, 259

patens, 277

humifusum, 355

Dodartii, 259

peregrinum, 533

humile, 534

Limonium, 259

tauricum, 533

intermedium, 534

occidentalis, 259

tuberosum, 277

linophyllum, 355

oxylepis, 259

Thistle, 224

rariflora (sub-sp.), 259

carline, 221

reticulata, 259

T

cotton, 227

serotina, 259

melancholy, 227

spathulata, 259

Tamariscineae, 70

musk, 224

St. Dabeoc's heath, 254

Tamarisk, 70

spear, 225

Stellaria, 61

Tamarix, 70

star, 223

aquatica, 61

anglica, 70

Thlaspi, 40

Borceana, 62

gallica, 70

alpestre, 41

cerastoides, 61

Tamus, 401

arvense, 40

Elizabethce, 62

cominunis, 401

occitanum, 41

glauca, 62

Tanacetum, 215

perfoliatum, 41

gramiriea, 62

vulgare, 215

sylvestre, 41

Holostea, 62

Tansy, 215

virens, 41

media, 62

Taraxacum, 240

Thrift, 258

neglecta, 62

Dem-leonis, 240

Thrincia, 239

nemorum, 61

erythrospermum, 240

Thyme, 319

palustris, 62

Icevigatum, 240

water, 382

INDEX.

561

Thymelseacese, 352

Trifolium

Tway-blade

Thymus, 319

hybridum, 100

lesser, 386

Acinos, 321

incarnatum, 97

Typha, 422

Chamsedrys ( sub-sp. ),

maritimum, 98

angnstifolia, 422

319

medium, 98

latifolia, 422

Serpyllum, 319

minus, 101

media, 422

Tilia, 77

Molinerii (sub-sp ), 98

minor, 535

grandifolia, 77

ochroleucum, 98

Typhacese, 421

intermedia, 77

ornithopodioides, 94

parvifolia, 77

parviflorum, 530

vulgaris, 77

pratense, 98

Tiliacese, 76

procumbens, 101

U-

Tillsea, 145

procumbens, 101

.

muscosa, 145

repens, 100

Timothy grass, 475

resupinatum, 530

Udora canadensis, 382

Tinea intacta, 394

scabrum, 99

Ulex, 92

Toad-flax, 293

stellatum, 530

europa?.us, 92

bastard, 355

striatum, 99

Gallii (sub-sp.), 92

ivy-leaved, 293
Tofieldia, 412

strictum, 100
subterraneum, 97

nanus, 92
strictus, 92

borealis, 413

suffocatum, 99

Ulmus, 361

palustris, 413
Tooth-wort, 307

tomentosum, 530
Triglochin, 4^9

campestris, 362
campestris, 362

Tordylium, 184

maritimum, 430

carpinifolia, 362

maximum, 184

palustre, 430

glabra, 362

offlcinale, 531

Trigonella, 94

major, 362

Torilis, 185

ornithopodioides, 94

montana, 362

Tormentilla erecta, 125

Trinia, 156

stricta, 362

officinalis, 125

Kitaibelii, 531

suberosa, 362

Tragopogon, 242

vulgaris, 169

Umbelliferse, 161

grandiflora, 243

Triodia, 486

Urtica, 362

minor, 243

decumbens, 486

dioica, 362

porrifolius, 243

Trisetum, 484

Dodartii, 363

pratensis, 243

flavescens, 484

pilulifera, 363

Traveller's joy, 2

subspicatum, 535

urens, 362

Treacle-mustard, 30

Triticum acutum, 504

Urticaceae, 361

Trefoil, 96

alpinum, 504

Utricularia, 311

bird's-foot, 102

caninum, 504

Bremii, 312

hare's-foot, 97

junceum, 504

intermedia, 312

hop. 101

laxum, 504

minor, 312

Trichodium, 477
Triehomanes, 509

littorale, 504
loliaceum, 498

neglecta (sub-sp.), 312
vulgaris, 312

Andrewsii, 510

pungens, 504

brevisetum, 509

repens, 504

radicans, 509

Troll ius, 11

speciosum, 509

europseus, 11

Trichonema, 383

Tulip, wild, 410

. .

Bulbocodium, 396

Tulipa, 410

Columnar, 396

sylvestris, 410

Vaccinium, 249

Trichothalamus, 123

Turgenia, 185

macroearpon, 533

Trientalis, 264

Turnip, 32

Myrtillus, 249

europsea, 264

Swedish, 32

Oxycoccos, 250

Trifolium, 96

Turritis glabra, 27

uliginosum, 250

agrarium, 530

hirsuta, 27

Vitis-Idsea, 250

arvense, 97

Tussilago, 216

Volantia Cruciata, 193

Bocconi, 97

alpina, 532

Valerian, 196

dubium, 101

Farfara, 217

cat's, 197

elegans, 100

hybrida, 216

Greek, 274

filiforme, 101

Petasites, 216

spur, 197

fragiferum, 100

Tutsan, 72

Valeriana, 196

glomeratum, 99

Tway-blade, 885 -

dioica, 196

0 0

562

INDEX.

Valeriana

Vetch

Violet

Locusta, 197

horse-shoe, 106

water, 266

Mikani, 197

kidney, 102

Viper's Bugloss, 276

officinalis, 197

milk, 103

Viscum, 355

pyrenaica, 197

wood, 108

album, 355

sambucifolia, 197

Viburnum, 188

Vulpia, 497

Valerianese, 196

Lantana, 189

membranacea, 498

Valerianella, 197

Opulus, 189

Auricula, 198

Vicia, 107

carinata, 198

angustifolia, 109

dentata, 198

bithynica, 109

W.

dentata, 198

Bobartii, 109

eriocarpa, 198

Cracca, 107

Wahlenbergia, 245

eriocarpa, 198

gracilis (sub-sp. ), 107

liederacea, 245

mixta, 198

hirsuta, 107

Wallflower, 24

Morisonii, 198

hybrida, 109

Wall -pepper, 148

olitoria, 197

Isevigata, 109

Wart-cress, 39

tridentata. 198

lathyroides, 109

Water-cress, 24

Vella annua, 529

lutea, 108

drop-wort, 178

Verbascum, 291

Orobus, 108

fennel, 6

Blattaria, 292

sativa, 109

hemlock, 172

Lychnitis, 292

segetalis, 109

lily, white, 16

nigrum, 292

sepium, 108

lily, yellow, 15

phlomoides, 533

sylvatica, 108

milfoil, 151

phoeniceum, 533
pulverulentum, 292

tetrasperma, 107
Villarsia nymphoeoides,

parsnip, 172
pepper, 345

thapsiforme. 533

273

plantain, 427

Thapsus, 291

Vinca, 268

purslane, 154

virgatum (sub-sp.),

major, 260

soldier, 382

293

minor, 268

star-wort, 152

Verbena, 313

Viola, 47

thyme, 382

officinalis, 313

arenaria, 49

violet, 266

Verbenacese, 313

arvensis (sub - sp.),

wort, 71

Veronica, 298

49

Way-bent, 506

agrestis, 299

calcarea, 48

Wayfaring-tree, 189

alpina, 300

canina, 48

Weld, 45

Anagallis, 302

Curtisii (sub-sp.), 49

Welsh poppy, 18

arvensis, 300

epipsila, 530

Whin, 92

Beccabunga, 302

flavicornis, 48

White-bottle, 55

Buxbaumii, 299

grandiflora, 50

rot, 165

Ghamasdrys, 301

hirta, 48

thorn, 137

eximia, 300

lactea (sub-sp.), 48

Whitlow-grass, 34

Jructiculosa, 533

lutea (sub-sp.), 50

vernal, 35

hedersefolia, 299

odorata, 48

Whortleberry, 249

hirsuta, 301

palustris, 47

Willow, 370

humifusa, 300

permixta, 48

almond-leaved, 370

hybrida, 302

persicsefolia (sub-sp.),

bay-leaved. 371

montana, 301

48

Bedford, 371

officinalis, 301

pumila, 48

crack, 371

pere^rina, 533

Reichenbachiana, 49

French. 156, 370

polita (sub-sp.), 299

Eiviniana, 49

goat. 372

saxatilis, 301

sabulosa, 49

golden, 372

saligna, 301

sepincola, 48

herb, 155

scntellata, 302

stagnina, 48

rose, 378

serpyllifolia, 300

stricta, 530

tea-leaved, 374

spicata, 302

sylvatica, 48

violet, 374

triphyllos, 299

tricolor, 49

white. 371

verna, 300

Violaceae, 47

Winter aconite, 12

Vervain, 313

Violet, 47

cress, 25

Vetch, 107

dog, 48

green 255

bitter, 108

sweet, 48

Withy, 371

INDEX.

563

Woad, 42
Wolffia, 425

arrhiza, 426
Wolf s-bane, 13
Wood betony, 326
Woodbine, 190
Woodruff, 195

rush, 419

sage, 331

sorrel, 84

violet, 49
Woodsia, 515

hyperborea, 515

ilvensis, 515
Wormwood, 216
Wound-wort, 325

X.

Xanthium spinosum, 532
strum arium, 532

Y.

Yarrow, 212

Yellow Archangel, 330

centaury, 269

rattle, 305

wort, 269
Yew, 3SO

Z.

Zannichellia, 437

brachystemon (sub-sp.),
437

macrostemon, 437

major, 437

palustris, 437

pedicellata, 437

pedunculata (sub-sp.),
437

polycarpa (sub-sp.), 433

tenuissima, 438
Zostera, 438

marina, 438

naiia, 438

THE END.

LONDON :

B. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,

BREAD STRKET HILL.

MESSRS. MACMILLAN AND CO.'S PUBLICATIUNS.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

A PRIMER OF BOTANY. With numerous Illustrations.

18mo. Is.

"To teachers the Primer will be of inestimable value, and not only because of the
simplicity of the language, and the clearness with which the subject-matter is treated,
but also on account of its coming from the highest authority, and as furnishing positive
information as to the most suitable methods of teaching the science of botany." — Nature.

ON THE COLOUR OF FLOWERS, as Illustrated in the

British Flora. By GRANT ALLEN. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6</.
(Nature Series.)

STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPHY ON

THE BASIS OF MORPHOLOGY. To which are added the Principles of Taxon-
omy and Phytography, and a Glossary of Botanical Terms. By Professor ASA
GRAY, LL.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

WORKS BY SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L
THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS.

With numerous Illustrations. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. (Nature Series, j

ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS CONSIDERED IN

RELATION TO INSECTS. With numerous Illustrations. New Edition. Crown
8vo. 4*. Qd. (Nature Series.)

THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. By Professor

HERMANN MULLER. Translated arid Edited by D'ARCY W. THOMPSON, B.A., Scholar
of Trinity College, Cambridge. With a Preface by CHARLES DAKWIN, F.R.S.
With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 21s.

WORKS BY DANIEL OLIVER, F.R.S., &c.,

Professor of Botany in University College, London, &c.
FIRST BOOK OF INDIAN BOTANY. With numerous

Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY BOTANY. With nearly

200 Illustrations. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6d.

WORKS BY JOHN SMITH, A.L.S., &c.
A DICTIONARY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. Their

History, Products, and Uses. 8vo. 14*.

DOMESTIC BOTANY : An Exposition of the Structure and

Classification of Plants, and their Uses for Food, Clothing, Medicine, and Manu-
facturing Purposes. With Illustrations. New Issue. Crown 8 vo. 12s. 6 d.

DISEASES OF FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. Chiefly

such as are caused by Fungi. By WORTHINGTON G. SMITH, F.L.S., M.A., &c.

FIRST LESSONS IN PRACTICAL BOTANY. By G.

T. BF.TTANY, M.A., F.L.S., Lecturer in Botany at Guy's Hospital Medical School
18mo. Is.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.

MESSRS. MACMILLAN AND CO.'S
TEXT-BOOKS FOR STUDENTS.

A TREATISE ON CHEMISTRY. By Professors ROSCOE,
F.R.S., and SCHORLEMMEK, F.R.S. Vols. 1. and II., INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY.

Vol. I. Non-metallic Elements. Illustrated. 8vo. 21s.

Vol. II. Metals. Illustrated. Two Parts. 8vo. 18,9. each.

Vol. III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Two Parts. 21s. each.-

A MANUAL OF THE CHEMISTRY OF THE CAR-
BON COMPOUNDS, OR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By C. SCHOK-
LEMMEII, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Victoria University
the Owens College, Manchester. With Illustrations 8vo. 14s.

GEGENBAUR'S COMPARATIYE ANATOMY. A Trans-
lation by F. J. BELL. Revised, with Preface, by Professor E. RAY
LANKESTER, F.R.S. Illustrated. 8vo. 21s.

TEXT-BOOK OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND

PATHOGENESIS. By Professor ERNST ZIEGLER, of Tubingen.
Translated and Edited, by DONALD MACALISTER, M.A., M.D., B.Sc.
With Illustrations. 8vo. Part I. — General Pathological Anatomy.
12s. Qd. Part II. — Special Pathological Anatomy.

TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By Professor MICHAEL

FOSTER, M.D., F.R.S. New Edition. Illustrated. 8vo. 21s.
A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY.

With Illustrations. By F. M. BALFOUR, M.A., F.R.S. In 2 vols.
8vo. Vol. I.— 18s. Yol. II.— 21s.

A TEXT-BOOK OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

OF THE ANIMAL BODY. Including an account of the Chemical
Changes occurring in Disease. By Professor A. GAMGEE, M.D.,
F.R.S. Vol.1. 8vo. 18s. Yol. II. in preparation.

TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. By ARCHIBALD GEIKIE,

F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. 8vo. 28s.
POPULAR ASTRONOMY. By S. NEWCOMB, LL.D., Pro-

fessor U.S. Naval Observatory. With 112 Illustrations and 5 Maps
of the Stars. Second Edition, revised. 8vo. 18s.

" It is unlike anything else of its kind, and will be of more use in circulating a know-
ledge of Astronomy than nine-tenths of the books which have appeared on the subject
of late years." — Saturday Eeview.

THE THEORY OF SOUND. By Lord RAYLEIGH, M.A.,
F.R.S., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. Vol.
I.— 12s. Qd. Vol. II.— 12s. 6d. Vol. III. in the Press.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.

MACMILLAN'S TEXT-BOOKS FOE STUDENTS

(Continued}.

THE KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. Outlines of a
Theory of Machines. By Professor F. REULEAUX. Translated and
Edited by Professor A. B. W. KENNEDY, C.E. With 450 Illustra-
tions. Medium 8vo. 21s.

ORE DEPOSITS : THEIR FORMATION AND YIELD.
By J. ARTHUR PHILLIPS, F.R.S., F.G.S.,?F.C.S., M. Iiist. C.E.,Ancien
Eleve de 1'Ecole des Mines, Paris. With numerous Illustrations.
8vo. [In the Press.

A TREATISE ON MATERIA MEDICA. By T. LAUDER
BRUNTON, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. 8vo. [In the Press.

POLITICAL ECONOMY, MANUAL OF. By the Right
Hon. HENRY FAWHETT, M.P., F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 12s.

POLITICAL ECONOMY. By FRANCIS A. WALKER, M.A.,
Ph.D. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By
Professor HENRY SIDGWICK, M.A. 8vo. 16s.

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, KEY TO. Containing a
Concise Account of every Species of Living and Fossil Bird at present
known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States
Boundary, inclusive of Greenland. Second Edition, Revised to date,
and entirely rewritten. With which are incorporated GENERAL
ORNITHOLOGY, an outline of the Structure and Classification of
Birds; and FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, a Manual of Collecting,
Preparing, and Preserving Birds. By ELLIOTT COUES, M.A., M.D.,
Ph.D., Member of the National Academy of Science, &c. &c. Pro-
fusely Illustrated. Demy 8vo. £2 2s.l

MESSRS. MACMILLAN AND CO.'S
MANUALS FOR STUDENTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, A HAND-
BOOK OF. By PERCY FARADAY FRANKLAND, Ph.D.,«>B.Sc., F.C.S.
Founded upon Leitfaden fur die Agricultur-Chemische Analyse, von
Dr. F. KROCKER. Crown 8vo. 7s. Qd.

PHYSIOGRAPHY. An Introduction to the Study of
Nature. By Professor HUXLEY, P.R.S. With Illustrations. Crown
8vo. 6s.

ANTHROPOLOGY. An Introduction to the Study of Man
and Civilisation. By E. B. TYLOR, D.C.L., F.R.S. With Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.

HEAT. By Professor TAIT, F.R.S.E. Illustrated. Crown
8vo. 6s.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.

MACMILLAN'S MANUALS FOR STUDENTS

(Continued}.

ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY. By Pro-
fessor MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D., F.R.S., and J. N. LANGLEY, M.A.,
F.R.S. Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. Qd.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKULL. By Professor
PARKER and G. T. BETTANY, M.A., F.L.S. Illustrated. Crown
8vo. 105. Qd.

ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. By Professor HUXLEY, P.R.S.,

assisted by H. N. MARTIN, M.B., D.Sc. Crown 8vo. 65.
THE ELEMENTS OF EMBRYOLOGY. By Professor

MICHAEL FOSTER, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., and the late FRANCIS

M. -BALFOUR, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Second Edition, revised.

Edited by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., and WALTER HEAPE. With

Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 10s. Qd.
A COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN ZOOTOMY (Verte-

brata). By T. JEFFREY PARKER, B.Sc. Lond., Professor of Biology

in the University of Otago. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 8s. Qd.

MARINE SURVEYING, A TREATISE ON. By Rev.

JOHN L. ROBINSON, B.A. Crown 8vo. 7s. Qd.

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. A Treatise on Logic
and Scientific Method. By W. STANLEY JEVONS, LL.D., M.A.,
F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 12s. Qd.

STUDIES IN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC. By W. STANLEY

JEVONS, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S. Crown 8vo. Qs.
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.

By Dr. LUIGI COSSA. With a Preface by W. STANLEY JEVONS,
F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 4*. Qd.

EXAMPLES IN HEAT AND ELECTRICITY. By H. H.
TURNER, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. [in the press.

EXPERIMENTAL PROOFS OF CHEMICAL THEORY
FOR BEGINNERS. By Professor W. RAMSAY. Pott. 8vo. 2s. Qd.

ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL ARITHMETIC. With
1,100 Problems. By SYDNEY LUPTON, M.A., Assistant Master in
Harrow School. Globe 8vo. 5s.

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES AND CONSTANTS IN ELE-
MENTARY SCIENCE. By SYDNEY LUPTON, M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C.
Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. Qd.

LIGHT. A Course of Experimental Optics, chiefly with the
Lantern. By LEWIS WRIGHT. "With nearly 200 Illustrations and
Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo. 7s. Qd.

HANDBOOK OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By the Rev.
HENRY CALDERWOOD, LL.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, Uni-
versity of Edinburgh. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 65.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.

U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES.