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Dies “ Setchell. ‘Pp. 115-138; plates 13-14: cApril, 1905). 2227.02... perp caste fs 5. Regeneration among Kelps,. by William, Albert: Setchell. "Pp. 189-168; ; plates 15-17, | July, 1905, : “6. A New Gentis of- ‘Ascomycetous Pune, by. Nathaniel Lyon Gardner. | Pp, 169-189; plate 18! July, 1905 7. Teratology in the Flowers of some | ‘Californian Willows, by Ww Warner Mott. Pp. 181-226; plates 16-20. December, 1905 .... 8, 9, 10, 11.’ (In one cover.) The ‘Resistance of Certain Marine ‘Algae to» Changes in Osmotic. Pressure and Temperature. The Role of Os- motic Pressure in Marine Plants.. On the Importance of Physiolog- ically Balanced Solutions for Plants. The Antitoxic: Action of ~ Potassium: on va orate By. W. J. v. Os none Pp 227-23 Hote Cf March 1606 ie Gh Se FE ee oe * o- 12) Cytological Studies in Guaucuyteas oy. ‘Nathaniel, ‘Lyon Gardner, =} Pp, 237-296;' plates 21-26. November, 1906 .-......... (13. On a Small Collection of Mosses from Alaska, by” Ts Cardot an \. Thériot. “Pp. 297-3085. plates 27-28. - December, 1906 . : 14, Some Unreported. Alaskan Sphagna, together with a Sum ray of the Cryptogamic Work of the ‘University of | California’ Botanical, -pedition. to Alaska in 1899, PY Walliant, Albert Setchell. nay on - 816. September, 1907: = @ Sraces liv On Nutrient and Balanced Solutions by W. a . Vy, Osterhout. Stents S18, October, 1907 rephecenensepateneenninaereeteereeonn oe bh Pp. $19-354;. plate 29. Decenbe, 1 Index, PP. 355-360, ate : Vol. 3. “1907-1909, ; ; wr = RP ead Compositae of Southern’ » cailfornia, a Mout @ Hall. » 9 $02; "plates 1-3, with a map, December, 1907 - : = (9. The Origin, Structure, and Function of the: Polar ‘Caps Ay amplexicaulis sat ie os D.. Denner “Pp... 303-330 : Pile pie ene. moa vi plates 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN BOTANY Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-86, pls. 1-28 Issued December 5, 1912 STUDIES IN NICOTIANA. I. BY WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL In 1906, as a consequence of a certain interest in the history of the origin and spread of the use of tobacco, I began to culti- vate such species of Nicotiana, both native and horticultural, as I could obtain seed of, in the Botanical Garden of the Univer- sity of California. In all a total of 103 packets were sown that year, and from 75 packets good plants were obtained. Of many of these, seed was produced under bag and for the most part this ‘‘pure seed’’ was from a single plant. Since 1906 the sow- ings have been continued each year, from seed of the previous year, as well as from seed from new sourees, until finally a very considerable assortment of species and varieties have been grown. Gradually the number of plants have been reduced and selected to a certain number to serve as a stock for breeding. It is my intention in the present volume to publish the results of the experience of myself and others, in connection with the cultivation and experimentation with this stock of Nicotiana in the Botanical Garden of the University of California. The expenses of these investigations have been borne partly by the funds granted by the President and Regents of the University of California for the up-keep of the Botanical Gar- den and partially by certain allotments from that portion of the Adams Fund of the United States Department of Agricul- ture granted to the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California. Through these means the work on the Nicotiana species, detailed in this volume, has been carried on. 2 Unwersity of Califorma Publications in Botany [Vou.5 The sources of supply for seeds have been collectors and botanical gardens. From various collectors, seeds of wild species have been obtained, particularly of the Pacific Coast and of Texas. From the botanical gardens of Europe and America I have been able to obtain seeds of most of the cultivated species, and from the various divisions of the Bureau of Plant Industry I have been able to obtain seeds of many of the cultivated varieties and forms of Nicotiana Tabacum. At first the study was largely systematic and morphological, with the entirely and naturally to be expected result that it was found that very considerable confusion existed in the naming of the different plants. Some two or three years were devoted to growing almost everything that could be obtained and attempting to straighten out the nomenclature, which has been a matter of no little difficulty. The only recent revision is that of Comes (1899) and this has been used, so far as it clearly applies, in unravelling the tangle of names current in trade and in the botanical gardens. After careful growing and selecting, about seventeen species as generally recognized, remain, together with some well-marked varieties. It seems best to enumerate and discuss these to some extent, in order that a basis may exist for more exact knowledge of the work in the following pages. I hope, also, to be able to return to these later and publish a critical discussion of them. Comes in his ‘‘Monographie du genre Nicotiana’’ (1899), divides the genus into four sections, viz., I, Tabacum; II, Rus- tica; III, Petwnioides, and IV, Polidichia. This classification is that of G. Don (1838) as well as of Dunal (1852). For reasons which will be discussed in a later paper, it seems that IV, viz., Polidiclia, cannot be separated from ITI, viz., Petunioides. Con- sequently I have retained I, IH, and III, and will discuss the stock of species and varieties collected in the Botanical Garden of the University of California under these three sections. (At the very time of writing this, I receive East’s paper (1912) en- titled ‘‘A Study of Hybrids between Nicotiana Bigelovu and N. quadrivalvis.’’ He also gives very convincing reasons for combining the sections Petwnioides and Polidiclia). 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 3 Section I. Taspacum G. Don Nicotiana Tabacum L. Under this section there is usually included only one species, viz., Nicotiana Tabacum L. It seems to inelude all those species of Nicotiana in which the corolla is of various shades of red or oceasionally white (albino?), infundibuliform, with the throat somewhat to much inflated, and with the limb patent. The flowers are in panicled corymbs. Under the single species N. Tabacum is grouped a most varied assemblage of varieties, forms, and suspected hybrids as ever were brought together under one specific name. Comes (1895, 1899, and 1905) has attempted to arrange the various forms under some six varieties and also under various supposed combinations of hybrid origin. The re- sult has been to bring some order out of chaos and to point out certain experimental possibilities. Anastasia (1906) has also concerned himself with an inquiry into the typical varieties of Nicotiana Tabacum. He differs somewhat in his ideas from Comes. Howard and Howard (1910) have attempted to arrange and illustrate the types of Indian tobaccos constant in their char- acters, and Hasselbring (1912) has just discussed the types of N. Tabacum grown in Cuba, showing that they remain true to type when grown also in Michigan. In these various papers it is evident that all the variety of plants to be referred under N. Tabacum in its broad and com- prehensive use fall under seeming combinations of a few types. The further question as to the origin of these combinations has, as yet, been merely suggested but not proven. Probably there will be no exact agreement, for a while, as to just what the simplest expressions of the fundamental types are, nor can it be settled except by continued and extended experimentation, if it can ever be settled at all. Comes has selected and described six typical varieties and referred all others as combinations of two or more of these. Anastasia thinks that there are only four. I have tentatively selected five as seemingly fundamental. These three sets thus selected are not coincident for the greater part. 4 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 Since it is my intention to discuss this matter later and since, at present, it is desirable only to enumerate and make reason- ably plain what plants have been used in the work carried on in the Botanical Garden of the University of California (U. C. B. G.), I shall content myself with giving a list with descriptive remarks of the types which have appealed to me as being possibly fundamental or of other interest in experimentation. In connection with each I shall use the number by which it has been designated in the U. C. B. G. ‘‘Brazilian’’ Oe CO BAG: o5-—The seed of this number was received under the name of ‘‘Choice Brazilian American’’ from the United States Department of Agriculture in 1905. Its habit and general characters are well shown in the photograph repro- duced in plate 1. It is a tall plant, averaging about six feet in height, producing laterals in succession above, but barely being overtopped by them. The leaves are long, broad, and decidedly cucullate at the tip. They are thin and silky in texture, being minutely glandular-pubescent. The corolla is pink, tubular below gradually and moderately infundibuliform £8 72. above, being more swollen than 07, but less so than 05, about equally so with those of UB. Altogether the plant is very near to a plant grown in the U. C. B. G. from seed sent by Professor Dr. O. Comes, labelled as being of his Nicotiana Tabacwm var. brasiliensis. It does not seem to answer exactly to his figure of that variety (1899, VI) nor exactly to that of N. Tabacum var. havanensis (loc. cit. VII). In his later work (1905, p. 81, fig. 27) Comes figures a plant which he designates as ‘‘Bahia’’ and which he considers as a combination of his varieties brasiliensis and havanensis which is close to our plant, but not exactly of the same inflorescence at least. The plant designated by Anastasia (1906, opp. p. 102) as N. Tab- acum var. brasiliensis is very nearly the same as ours. It seems therefore, that we may designate the plants bred from 0 U. C. B. G. seed as ‘‘Brazilian.’’ Its exact characters and relation to other ‘‘Brazilian’’ combinations as well as ‘‘ Havana’’ combinations will be considered when certain experiments involv- 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 5 ing it as one of the factors are discussed in a paper which it is hoped may be published later. ‘“Cavala’’ 7° CnC. BaG: 05.—The seed from which the plants were raised and continued under this number in our botanical garden was obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture. They were labelled ‘‘Cavala 'Tobacco’’ and were No. 11497 of the U. S. D. A., obtained from Turkey. The habit and general characters of the plant are well represented in the photograph reproduced on plate 2. It is a tall plant with upper and middle laterals which more or less overtop the original panicle. The leaves are short, compared with those of nearly all the other members of the N. Tabacum-group, peculiarly and more de- cidedly rugose on the upper surface as well as velvety, shaped more like those of 07 (Nicotiana Tabacum var. macrophylla Comes) but more tapering towards the base and long and se rowly decurrent. The flowers are also nearer to those of a7 than to the others. In color, however, they are pink. The lobes are broad and rather shallow, but they are tipped with a short recurved point. The tube is slender below but is stout and broadly infundibuliform above. This plant is not to be identified with any of the typical varieties of either Comes or Anastasia. Nor do I identify it with any of the cultivated varieties figured by them. I shall simply eall it Cavala and discuss its position and influence in breeding, later. The texture of the surfaces of the leaf and the shape and decurrence of the leaf make it a desirable plant in crossing. ‘“Maryland’’ CCB G: 63.—The seed from which the stock of plants designated by this number has been obtained was distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1905, and designated as ‘‘Maryland,’’ with the identifying number ‘‘205- 20-7.’’ In habit, as well as other characters, it is decidedly different from the two varieties just described. It is of some- 6 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 what lower stature and the spreading leaves at the base give it a sort of pyramidal (or conical) shape (cf. plate 3). The leaves are long, broad in the middle and tapering very rapidly to each end. At the apex is a fairly long point curved to one side, while the base is narrow, to expand at the junction of the stem into two broad eclasping auricles. The panicle is ample as compared with that of other members of this section. The flowers are very light pink, with slender tube and infundibulum and with the limb broadly but deeply lobed. The lobes have slender in- eurved points. It would be classed by both Comes and Anas- tasia as a combination form under Nicotiana Tabacum var. vir- ginica. It comes near to the plant figured by Anastasia (1906, opp. p. 30) and by Comes (1899, pl. V) but is not identical with either. It seems best to call it ‘‘Maryland.’’ The original Nicotiana virginica Ag. (1819, p. 18 ), as represented by the type-specimen in the Herbarium of the University of Lund, is of the same general type, as is also the type of Nicotiana Tabacum L. of Linnaeus’s herbarium in London. The type-specimen of N. fruticosa in the Linnaean Herbarium seems also to belong here but may possibly, however, represent the plant referred by Anastasia (cf. above under U. C. B. G. 03) to var. brasili- ensis. The plant in Hb. Agardh is decidedly narrow-leaved and may be near to what Comes (1899, p. 10, pl. IV) has called var. lancifolia. From what could be seen of the flower, it seemed to be broader-lobed than that represented by Comes for this latter variety. Nicotiana Tabacum var. calycina U€. BG: 05-—This is the plant known in botanical gar- dens as Nicotiana Tabacum var. calycina. The seed was re- ceived from the Botanic Garden of the University of Cambridge in 1905. It has remained constant in its peculiarities, ever since, under conditions of pure-line breeding. In habit, it is peculiar, as shown in the photograph reproduced in plate 4. The lower laterals soon come to equal the main axis or even slightly to overtop it, so as to obscure it as a main axis. The leaves are large, approaching in shape the members of the virginica-group 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 7 78 (such as U. C. B. G. 05). The lower leaves are broader (pro- portionally) in the middle and taper more SEN to each end than do those of the Maryland (U. C. B. G. oS). The auricles at the base are hardly discernible in the calycina, while they are decidedly pronounced in the Maryland. While this plant is distinct in habit and leaf, it is still more characteristic in its flower. The flower is double of the ‘‘hose-in-hose’’ pattern. The calyx is more or less petaloid and colored bright pink or leght red, as is also the corolla. Sometimes the whole calyx is petaloid in color (whitish tube, pink above and deep pink limb) or it may have some green in it, usually irregularly distributed. Both ealyx and corolla are split on one side, in most cases, and even to the very base. Both are deciduous, leaving the capsule naked. The lobes of the limb of both calyx and corolla are broadly but deeply lobed and the lobes have long laterally curved points. The capsule is more oblong than that of other members of the Tabacum-group. The inflorescence is more compact than that of other members of the Tabacum-group with the exception of the members of the group surrounding N. angustifolia (N. Tabacum var. fruticosa Comes, not Hook., We ©. 18% Ge 07). In fact, this plant (U. C. B. G. 05) com- bines characters of the angustifolia- and of the virginica-sections with its own peculiar teratological features. This plant will be referred to as Nicotiana Tabacum var. calycina, or simply as calycina. ‘“White Tobacco’’ CCS: 06. —A plant of the Tabacum-group with cream- white ae has been bred in our botanical garden for sey- eral years, and in the pure-line cultures has retained its color and other characters perfectly. It came from seed distributed from the Missouri Botanical Gardens in 1905. An inquiry directed to Director William Trelease in 1910 as to its source, brought out the information that the original plants were found by him in Mexico, growing ‘‘in that interesting ttle village, Maltrata, at the foot of the first descent from the table-land down toward Vera Cruz on the Orizaba side.’’ He 8 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 says further: ‘‘I found the ordinary pink-flowered form and the white one growing as wayside weeds and gathered a con- siderable quantity of the white form because of its striking appearance. From the occurrence of the plants I should sup- pose that there was every reason to anticipate crossing of the two forms but, so far as I knew of it, all of the seedlings that we raised from the white seed bred true.’’ Our experience has been that it breeds true when protected by bag, but one year, seed which had been taken from an unprotected plant gave a pink-flowered form whose bagged seed, in turn, gave a consider- able variety of colors, stature, ete., in the plants raised from them. The White Tobacco as we have ealled it, is a tall plant, up to six feet high and over, of simple habit, only the upper flowering laterals developing. It is well shown in the photo- graph reproduced in plate 5. The leaves are much like those 22 of N. Tabacum var. macrophylla Comes (U. C. B. G. 07) except that they are more rounded at the middle, have a decidedly prolonged point, and are rugose and downy above. The flowers 22 are like those of U. C. B. G. 07 except in color. This is a most interesting plant. It has the habit more 72 of the Cavala (U. C. B. G. 05) of which it has also the pecul- iarities of the surface of the leaf (both rugosity and downiness). It has, however, the general leaf-shape and flower-shape of 95 WC Ba5G: a7 (N. Tabacum var. macrophylla Comes), and these are combined with an apparently albino character in the flower. It is a poor seeder, a characteristic pointing toward a possible hybrid origin. The seed is apt to be both comparatively scanty and of poor germinating power. Nicotiana Tabacum var. macrophylla Ux C2 BAG: o7.—This is the Nicotiana Tabacum var. macro- phylla of Comes and was grown from seed kindly supplied by Professor Comes from his plants at Portici near Naples. It has the essential characteristics described and figured by him for this variety (cf. Comes, 1899, p. 18, pl. VIIT), but does not 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 9 correspond perfectly to his figure. It is a low plant with ascend- ing laterals and broad leaves. The habit is well represented in the photograph reproduced in plate 6. The leaves are broad proportional to their length, rounded and abruptly narrowed into a very short point above, but gradually tapering to a broad clasping base below with rounded but not prominent basal lobes (hardly to be termed auricles). A comparison of the habit-photograph mentioned above with the plate of Comes will show how U. C. B. G. a7 differs from his var. macrophylla. The flowers are deep rose color to red with stout tube and abruptly swollen, broad infundibulum, and with the limb almost pentagonal. It is marked at the very shallow sinuses with triangular depressed whitish areas as represented in the figure of Comes (1899, pl. I and pl. VIII). The capsule is broad, short, rounded and nearly enclosed in the calyx (cf. Comes, 1899, pl. I). This will be referred to as Nicotiana Tabacum var. macrophylla. Nicotiana angustifolia Up CB Ge 07.—The seed whence the plants designated by this number have sprung was obtained in 1907 from the authori- ties of the Jardin Botanique de la Faculté de Medecine du Lyon, under the name of Nicotiana angustifolia. It is the plant known early under the name of Petum angustifolium (ef. Clusius, 1605, p. 310) and has passed by the name under which we we received it since 1768 (cf. Miller Dict. ed. viii). It belongs to the group of Tabacwm varieties placed under N. fruticosa or those with distinct and non- or only slightly alate petioles. It is very near the N. Tabacum var. fruticosa of Comes (1899, p. 8, pl. I, III), but that is evidently not the Nicotiana Tabacum var. fruticosa of Hooker (1876, pl. 6207) which is a plant with a sessile clasping leaf and much nearer to U. C. B. G. 05. It is not the same plant as the one in the Linnaean Herbarium preserved as the type-specimen of N. fruticosa L. It is impos- sible for me, at present, to attempt to unravel the synonymy of this plant further, but it will be quoted in the following pages as N. angustifolia, using this binomial simply as a convenient 10 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 designation for the present. It is not N. angustifolia Ruiz & Pavon, however. N. angustifolia, or U. C. B. G. 07, is a comparatively low plant, about three feet in height as a rule, of decidedly corym- bose habit, i.e., the main axis is of limited growth in height and is soon equalled or even overtopped by several (or all) of the laterals. A young plant is represented in the photograph repro- duced in plate 7. The leaves are distinctly petioled and the petiole is naked, at least in the lower half or third. The blade of the leaf is obliquely ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually into a long, laterally curved point. The base of the blade is broadly rounded and is decurrent along the upper half (or even two- thirds) of the petiole as a narrow wing. The blade is more or less conduplicate. The upper leaves are shorter-petioled, nar- rower, and shorter-pointed than the lower, while the upper- most are often reduced to very narrow linear shapes. The petiole is provided with two sharp angles at the junction of the upper (almost flat) and the lower (very convex) surfaces. There are no auricles at the base of the petiole. The panicle is crowded with slender flowers. The calyx is narrow and with long slender lobes. The tube of the corolla is slender below, expanding gradually and not considerably, into a narrow infundi- bulum. The tube of the corolla in N. angustifolia is the most slender, especially as to the infundibulum, of any of the N. Tabacum group. The limb is very light pink and deeply divided into narrow lobes which are broader below but above are abruptly narrowed into long, slender lanceolate tips. Inchabit-U; Cy BSG: 07, or N. angustifolia as we may call it, is near to U. C. B. G. 7, being more slender, but in its petioled leaves, its crowded panicle, its slender flowers with narrowly and deeply lobed limb, it is most distinct from all others of the Zabacum-group under cultivation at present in the U. C. B. G. Nicotiana Tabacum var. macrophylla purpurea OF; U. C. B. G. 06 was received from the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1906 under the name of Nicotiana sanguinea. It is 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 11 one of the plants usually known in gardens under that name. It is tall, six feet high or over, with large deep-red flowers, of the same shape as, though with rather deeper color than, 9 those of N. Tabacum var. macrophylla (ef. U. C. B. G. 37). N. sanguinea is designated by Comes (1899, p. 20) as ‘‘N. Tab- acum var. macrophylla purpurea,’’ but it is to be noted that he expressly states that his N. Tabacum var. macrophylla pur- purea includes both NV. sanguinea and N. purpurea of the gar- dens, but only partially as to each. These two garden tobaccos vary in height, robustness, and color of flower. Even the shape of the flower varies among the different plants referred here. The leaves are ample, with feirly long, broad-winged petiole, broadly ovate blade, which is more or less cucullate at the tip. There are COmEOL in this plant characters of our N. angusti- folia (U. C. B. G. 07) as to ea N. Tabacum var. brasiliensis (our Brazilian, U. C. B. G. 03) as to cucullate tip, tallness, and perhaps also the wing on the petiole, and N. Tabacum var. macro- phylla (ef. U. C. B. G. 37) as to flowers. I have produced plants similar to this, but lacking tallness and the cucullate tip ue the blade of the leaf, in F,, from crosses between U. A B. G. oF and 07. NV. sanguinea, at least so far as U. C. B. G. a6 is concerned, is a poor and uncertain seeder. This leads one to suspect a pos- sible hybrid origin. It has bred true in the U. C. B. G., how- ever, for several years. This tobacco is grown, chiefly at any rate, as an ornamental plant. U.C. B. G. 06 is well represented in plate 8. The two garden species, known as NV. sanguinea and N. purpurea vary in height and robustness but those with the darker flowers are called NV. purpurea while those with the ighter flowers are called N. sanguinea. Section II. Rustica G. Don In this second section of the genus are placed all the yellow- flowered species and varieties. The color is usually simply yel- low, but, at times, in certain species, it may be mixed with red or even with white. The shape of the corolla varies much. It may be infundibuliform, hypocraterimorphous, ventricose, or 12 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 even nearly tubular. The corolla of all species of Nicotiana is more or less irregular, being slightly zygomorphous merely in most cases, but in two species of the Rustica-section, viz., N. glutinosa and N. tomentosa, it is decidedly irregular as well as being deeply tinged with red. The flowers are in simple or panicled racemes. Of about sixteen species credited by Comes (1899) to this section, six are commonly cultivated in gardens and are represented in the collections of the U. C. B. G., together with several fairly distinct varieties. Nicotiana rustica L. Many varieties and forms of Nicotiana rustica are cultivated and while, perhaps, the variability of the plants included under this name is not quite so great as is the case with those included under N. Tabacum, yet it is certainly very great. Forms of this species were cultivated and used for smoking by the North American Indians from Mexico and Texas north along the west- ern banks of the Mississippi River to Minnesota, eastward to the Atlantic seaboard and north thence to Canada. It was the first tobacco cultivated by the English in Virginia, although it was soon supplanted by varieties of Nicotiana Tabacum brought from northern South America and the West Indies. Its culture spread to Europe, where it is cherished locally as a peasant tobacco, as well as to Asia and to Africa. It is to be expected that many varieties may be found in a species so widely and so long cultivated. Comes (1899, pp. 20-24) has distinguished six varieties, all of which have been grown in the U. C. B. G. from seed kindly furnished by Professor Comes himself. Many sowings of this species of seed from other sources have also been made and the following seven varieties have been selected for further work. Nicotiana rustica var. asiatica 9 Ue 2 BG. Oi maNaentcana rustica var. asiatica Schrank (1807, p. 264), as interpreted by Comes (1899, p. 22, pl. II, XII), is fairly tall, with ample leaves, which are more or less heart-shaped, and a spreading panicle. The seed came from Pro- 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 13 fessor Comes and the plant has held its characters in the U. C. B. G. since 1907. It comes near to NV. rustica var. jamaicensis Comes (U. C. B. G. 07) in its spreading habit, but the leaves are more cordate than in the latter variety. The photograph reproduced in plate 9 represents one of the less ample plants. Nicotiana rustica var. brasilia WESC. BEG: O7. Nicotiana rustica var. brasilia Schrank (1807, p. 264) as interpreted by Comes (1899, p. 22, pl. II, XI), is a fairly tall, robust plant, very distinct from the other varieties of N. rustica. The stem is stout, clothed below with large, thick heart-shaped leaves which are decidedly rugose. The panicle, when well developed, is long tapering and of massive appear- ance, with crowded flowers. This is well shown in the photo- graph reproduced in plate 10. Later, by the growth and flower- ing of the laterals, the panicle appears more spreading, as repre- sented in the plate of Comes (1899, pl. XI). The seed came from Professor Comes and the plants have preserved their charac- teristics when bred in the pure line, in the U. C. B. G., since 1907. Nicotiana rustica var. humilis WACT EG: WE NeCoaNG rustica var. humilis Schrank (1807, p. 264), as interpreted by Comes (1899, p. 23, pl. II, XIII), is a fairly robust plant, but of low stature and early blossom- ing and ripening. A fairly typical plant is represented in plate 11. The leaf is broad and ovate, being broadly, but slightly cuneate at the base. The panicle is comparatively simple. This variety is nearer to N. rustica var. jamaicensis Comes than to any other variety, but is more simple in habit and with leaves more perfectly ovate with the base more cuneate and even. The seeds were obtained from Professor Comes and the plant has held its characteristics in the U. C. B. G. since 1907. This species, igs at least as represented by No. 07, comes near to N. rustica var. i terana, at least as represented by U. C. B. G. 07. The two plants are still being studied. 14 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 Nicotiana rustica var. jamaicensis NOT T U. C. B. G. 07.-—Nicotiana rustica var. jamaicensis Comes (1899, p. 21, pl. II, X) is a plant not always to be readily distinguished from N. rustica var. asiatica, on the one hand, and N. rustica var. humilis on the other. It has a less spreading habit than the former, but more than the latter. Its leaves are not so cordate as those of the former, but at the same time they are more rounded than those of the latter. It holds its characters when bred in the pure line as it has been in the U. C. B. G. since 1907. The seed was received from Professor Comes himself. It is shown in plate 12. Nicotiana rustica var. scabra Ul Ca BAG. OTL Nicatane rustica var. scabra (Cav.) Comes as interpreted by Comes (1899, p. 23, pl. II, XIV) is a most characteristic plant and seems worthy of independent specific rank, so much does it differ from the other varieties of N. rustica. It is a tall plant and decidedly pruinose. While the plate of Comes (loc. cit.) represents a plant of rather spreading habit, the plants of the U. C. B. G., grown from seed sent from Portici by Professor Comes himself, are more strict; some of them are in fact of very narrow habit. Unfortunately I have no photograph to represent this number as yet, but a fairly typical specimen of this variety is represented by U. C. B. G. o6 and is reproduced in plate 13. The var. scabra is not only dis- tinct in its general habit, size, and pruinose appearance, but it has a bluish purple color to the buds and young twigs and smaller and more crowded flowers, which are greenish yellow. It lacks glands except on the flowering axes, being clothed else- where by a thick and compact covering of white, slender hairs abruptly bent at the middle. Above, among the flowers, these are mixed with the ordinary stalked, multicellular glands com- monly found in the species of Nicotiana. 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 15 Nicotiana rustica var. texana US C2 BAG: 07.—Nicotiana rustica var. texana (Naud.) Comes, as interpreted by Comes, is shown in plate 14, representing a plant from pedigreed seed kindly sent by Professor Comes in 1907. It is a coarse plant, next lowest in stature to var. hwmilis, to which it approaches more nearly than it does to other varieties of V. rustica. Its habit is looser, as to the panicle, and the leaves are more rounded at the base. The flowers are more slender than those of N. humilis. On the whole, however, the two varieties are very close to one another. (ef. plate 14). Considering all the varieties and forms of Nicotiana rustica which I have been able to obtain and cause to grow in the U. C. B. G., the varieties brasilia and scabra are the most dis- tinct, yet all have more or less definite points of distinction. Most of the plants of this species from other sources which have been grown may be referred more or less definitely to one or other of the six varieties enumerated above or seem to be inter- mediate between some two of them. One other stock, besides 169 those mentioned above has been retained, viz., U. C. B. G. 08. Nicotiana rustica var. pumila ? Oe CBG: 08 —This is referred with doubt to Nicotiana rustica var. pumila Schrank (1807, p. 264) and is represented in the photographs reproduced in plates 15 and 16. This plant is the lowest of all the members of the N. rustica assemblage which have come under my observation. It is 12 to 14 inches high, matures early, and is loose in habit. Its leaves are ovate- lanceolate and unequal at the base. They are small compared with those of the other varieties of N. rustica. For three seasons, bred in the pure line, it has retained its lowly habit, earliest fiowering of all the varieties of N. rustica, and its narrow leaves. Nicotiana Langsdorffli Weinm. This species was described by Weinmann (p. 323) and by Schrank (pl. 72) in 1819 as coming from Brazil and was intro- 16 Unversity of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 duced into cultivation the same year apparently. It was originally collected by Langsdorff, who sent the seeds to Wein- mann. The description speaks of the flowers as green and the anthers as azure. The type of the species is a fairly well-known garden plant. It has been culated) in the U. C. B. G. under 92, various numbers, such as 02 and Of, The latter number is well represented in the photograph reproduced as plate 17. N. Langsdorffii is a plant of three or four feet in height, of loose and spreading habit. Its leaves are elliptical-lanceolate, patent, narrowed and sessile by a long decurrent base. They are decidedly rugose above. The corollas are funnel-shaped below with a gibbous ring above and a concave, spreading limb slightly notched in five broad, shallow lobes. They are greenish yellow and pendent, or at least nodding. The pollen is azure. The capsules are for the most part 2-celled, but 3-celled capsules are not uncommon. While the type is unmistakable and is well represented in the plates in the Botanical Magazine (ef. Sims, 1821, pl. 2221 and 1825, pl. 2555), there are plants often referred to it which Comes has mentioned as varieties. N. Langsdorffii var. grandiflora Comes (1899, p. 28) is the plant of the gardens usually known as NV. commutata Fischer et Meyer (1846, III, p. 377). It is a plant of less slender and less spreading habit, larger flowers, which are more deeply notched, more decidedly zygomorphous, and with the ihmb more spreading. The outside of the corolla is greenish yellow as in the type, but the inner (upper) surface of the corolla is milk- white. The flowers also are ascending, not pendent or hanging. The pollen is shghtly bluish, not at all azure, but the anther coats are purplish brown. Altogether, the characters recall those of Nicotiana alata var. grandiflora Comes (1899, p. 37) which is N. affinis Moore (1881, p. 141, fig. 31), except that the flowers are smaller and more decidedly yellow outside. It may be of hybrid origin. It is said to have been known in gardens since 1835, but its native country is uncertain. In the U. C. 107 ; B. G., it is represented by number 08 (cf. plate 18), where its behavior is being studied and about which it is hoped to publish 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 17 something at a later date. Thus far it has produced both whites and pure yellows. Lock (1909) has made some experiments in erossing NV. Langsdorffi and N. alata, with very interesting re- sults as to corolla-shape and color, and also as to color of the pollen. Both the F, and the F, generations in Lock’s experi- ments presented intermediates. N. Langsdorffii var. longiflora Comes is another intermediate sort of variety described by Comes (loc. cit.). I have not had any plants which answer exactly to his description, but under 173 No. 08 U. C. B. G. (ef. plate 19), there appeared yellow-flowered forms (even the inner, or upper, surface of the limb being yel- low) which comes close to it, as do also certain plants cultivated 70 under the number 06 U. C. B. G., which also have given both yellow and white-limbed flowers. All these are being bred in pure line to be reported on later. Nicotiana paniculata L. This well-known and widely cultivated species has been grown in the U. C. B. G. under several different numbers and from several different sources. No. OD WiC.252 Gy iss welll represented in the photograph reproduced in plate 20. It is a spreading plant up to three or four feet high, the panicle being very effuse. The leaves are broad and slightly cordate, moderately long petioled. The flowers are pale yellow and long tubular, being slightly gibbous just below the limb. The limb is narrow, at first concave, but flattened or somewhat reflexed in full anthesis, broadly and very slightly rounded five-lobed. The capsule is narrow. This species is reported to have been under cultivation since the middle of the eighteenth century, having been discovered in Peru in 1752. The plant in the Linnaean Herbarium is exactly the one grown in the U. C. B. G. It is said to be used as a tobacco for the pipe, being mild and of exquisite aroma. It remains con- stant when cultivated, although at times the flowers are curved nearly into a circle. 18 University of California Publications in Botany {VoL 5 Nicotiana glauca Graham N. glauca is a tree tobacco, since it is a perennial and forms a trunk of considerable height and girth. It has spread from its original habitat into a considerable number of tropical and warmer temperate countries. It is probably a native of central South America. It is a common escape in Southern California where it is thoroughly naturalized and commonly reaches a height of ten or twelve feet. It grows fairly well in central Cali- fornia too and has appeared in abundance in San Francisco in the section burned over in 1906. The stem is woody and much branched. The leaves are long petioled, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous and glaucous. It is the most nearly glabrous Nicotiana we have cultivated in the U. C. B. G. (No. Td). The flowers are pale yellow, long tubular, slightly gibbous above and with the almost pentagonal limb deeply concave. In flower, it comes nearest to N. paniculata. W. J. Hooker has accurately figured and described it (1827, pl. 2837). Comes (1899, p. 27) has de- seribed three varieties which I have not, as yet, been able to distinguish. Nicotiana glutinosa L. This is one of the most peculiar of the annuals of the section Rustica in its foliage and its flowers. It is a very robust plant, as represented in the photograph reproduced in plate 21. The leaves are broadly and deeply cordate and abruptly acumin- ate. The whole plant is pubescent-villose and extremely glandu- lar sticky. The racemes are long, circinate at the tip, and with the flowers alternate in two ranks on the same side. The flowers are unlike those of any Nicotiana in shape except those of N. tomentosa. They are short cylindrical below, suddenly swollen above, where they open out in an irregular obliquely one- sided funnel. The limb is fairly bilabiate, the stigma and anthers being connivent just under the middle lobe of the upper lip. The color is light yellow tinged with deep red. The flowers easily fall pera when there is a drop in temperature. Under No. of it has been cultivated in the U. C. B. G., in the 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 19 pure line, for several years and retains its characters perfectly. The plant in the Linnaean Herbarium is exactly the one cul- tivated in the U. C. B. G. and elsewhere, and which passes universally under this name. Nicotiana tomentosa Ruiz & Pavon. N. tomentosa is a second ‘‘tree tobaceo”’ rivalling N. glauca in height and exceeding it in display as a foliage plant because of its huge leaves. U. C. B. G. os is the number applied to plants of this species grown in Berkeley, where one plant has survived three winters outside, the first under protection of a cheese-cloth tent and with some heat at nights, the second and third without protection. It is now a bushy plant of spread- ing habit, about twelve feet high, and has blossomed thrice, but since it begins to blossom in midwinter, few of the earlier blossoms arrive at anthesis. Some of the latest do, however, and in the present year (1912), it has produced abundant panicles for several months. The shape of the corolla is nearest to those of N. glutinosa, being obliquely inclined, very gibbously inflated into a broad funnel above and nearly bilabiate. The color is light yellow tinged with red. The style and stamens are exserted, projecting fully as much as the length of the corolla. Both flowers and leaves are well figured by Hooker (1892, pl. 7252). On account of the peculiarities of the flower, Sprengel (1817, p. 458) made it the type of his new genus, Lehmannia. It was named by André (1888, p. 511) Nicotiana colossea, and it has appeared in gar- dens and has been cultivated as a foliage plant under this name. It is usually raised under glass and placed outside only in the warmer season. It begins to flower in the U. C. B. G. in December and continues to do so for several months. It is a native of Brazil and Peru. A small plant grown from a cutting is represented in plate 22. Section III. Prruniomwess G. Don. The species of Nicotiana belonging to the Petwnioides-section have salver-shaped corollas, which are white or tinged with red or purple, arranged in racemes or panicles. In this section, 20 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 I have included the section Polidiclia of G. Don, an arrange- ment which seems to me natural and which I shall hope to justify further on (cf. also Miers, 1846, p. 182 and East, 1912). Of the twenty-four species included by Comes (1899) in these two sections, ten are cultivated in the U. C. B. G. Nicotiana noctiflora Hook? The description of this species as given by W. J. Hooker (1827, pl. 2785) is such that I hesitate to apply the name to the plants cultivated for several years in the U. C. B. G. under No. 07. The principal differences are in the corolla lobes and in the inflorescence. The corolla lobes are represented as broad and emarginate by Hooker. In our plant they are broad and bluntly pointed, but the blunt point is revolute and the super- ficial appearance is of a blunt and emarginate lobe. The inflor- escence represented in Hooker’s plate is more paniculate than I find in the U. C. B. G. plants. The leaves appear to be very much the same in both. WC. Bac. 07 came from seed sent by Professor O. Comes and was labelled ‘‘ Nicotiana noctiflora var. albiflora.’’ Its habit is low (about two feet in height), rather effuse, and sprangly. The leaves are coarse, especially the lower ones. They are elliptical-lanceolate to simply broadly lanceolate, sessile and slightly clasping at the base, more or less bullate above, slightly toothed, sinuous and undulate, with sparse, coarse prickly hairs. The upper leaves are narrowly linear-lanceolate, very much and coarsely crisped. The flowers are in long simple racemes. The corolla is salver-shaped, with a slender tube, about double the length of the calyx, and expanded gently at the summit. The five lobes of the limb are broad and deep, abruptly contracted at the tip, which is revolute, thus giving the lobes a certain appearance of being broad and obcordate. The corolla is reddish purple without and white, or slightly purplish, within. U. C. 9 B. G. 07 is a near relative of N. longiflora, from which it is to be distinguished particularly by its strictly annual character, lower habit, its lack of a long persistent basal rosette of radical leaves, and much shorter corolla. Although it seems to pass for N. 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 21 noctiflora, it may well be doubted whether it is identical with the plant described under this name by W. J. Hooker (loc. cit.). So far as flower and inflorescence is concerned, Hooker’s plant seems to be nearer to N. acuminata. Hooker’s plant is credited as being perennial, ours is annual. The flowers open at about ae 7:30 p.m. and close by 8 A.M They are odorless. U. C. B. G. 07 is shown in plate 23. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. The present species is fairly well known in botanical gardens and as a weed in warmer countries. It has appeared in the eastern United States as a ballast weed. It has been grown in the U. C. B. G. under several numbers, from as many different sources. No. 05 has been the principal cultivation and the plant (in daytime with its flowers closed) is well represented in the photograph reproduced in plate 24. One characteristic of NV. longiflora is very striking in contrast with other species of Nicotiana cultivated in the U. C. B. G. and that is, the forming of a compact rosette of large, coarse leaves which lie flat on the ground and persist for a considerable time before the flowering stems arise from it. The rosette persists for most of the first year and is well represented in the figure just quoted. The flowering stems are spreading, bearing narrower leaves than the radical ones, and the loose panicle bears somewhat distant flowers with long, slender, bluish-purple corollas. The radical leaves are broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, coarsely bullate and rugose above, undulate, smooth but with coarse spine-like glandular hairs on surface and margins. The tube of the corolla is four to six times as long as the calyx and proportionally slender. The broad spreading lmb is deeply divided into five moderately broad blunt-pointed lobes, which are somewhat recurved. The flowers open only at night. Occa- 100 sionally a 3-celled capsule is found. In the U. C. B. G., No. 05 has persisted as long as three years, but no more. It usually lives for two years, at least. 104 U. C. B. G. 08 seems to be the N. longiflora var. acutiflora 22 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 of Comes (1899, p. 44). It was received under the name of Nicotiana acutiflora, as have been also one or two other plants from other sources. Our plant is certainly very near to N. longiflora, as cultivated in the U. C. B. G., differing chiefly in the decidedly more yellowish green stems and foliage, flowers greenish white with only a slight tinge of purple in some of them, more sinuous lobes recurved to the limb of the corolla, and more conduplicate and twisted cauline leaves. Its perennial character in the U. C. B. G. is limited to two or three years, as in typical N. longiflora. Nicotiana alata Link et Utto. Nicotiana alata in one form or another has been a favorite in cultivation for a long period, partly for ornamental purposes, but partly, it is claimed by many authorities, to provide the Persian tobacco so highly esteemed for its delicacy and perfume. The most commonly cultivated variety is the plant called Nico- tiana affinis Moore (1881, p. 141, fig. 31). Comes (1899, p. 37) has designated this as var. grandiflora of N. alata. Another variety of N. alata, according to Comes, is N. persica Lindley (1833, pl. 1592). This is N. alata var. persica (Lindl.) Comes (1899, p. 36). The differences between these three (?) sets of plants seem to be largely in the more or less amplexicaul base of the leaf as well as its varying degree of decurrence, the varying size of the flower, and the variety exhibited in the disproportionality (zygomorphism) between the upper three lobes of the limb of the corolla and the lower two. In the type of the species, all five lobes are said to be very nearly equal, obtuse and not emarginate and the limb very little oblique; in var. persica the limb is said to be decidedly oblique, the lobes scarcely unequal but strongly emarginate; in var. grandiflora the tube of the corolla is said to be longer and stouter, the limb very oblique, broader, with larger lobes, the lower two being much the larger, but only shghtly emarginate. I have cultivated several different sets of N. alata in the U. C. B. G. and have obtained a variety of plants, but- without being able to separate the varieties satisfactorily. The plants, clearly and distinctly belonging to N. alata, are all of var. 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 93 grandiflora or very close to it. What seems in many ways to be the var. persica is represented by U. C. B. G. 08, It was received under the name of N. viscosa. I have referred to it in the present account under NV. Langsdorffii var. grandiflora. The corolla tube is provided with a gibbous ring at the summit. It is to be suspected as of hybrid origin, the most probable parents being N. alata var. grandiflora and N. Langsdorffi. It has given plants both yellow and milk-white for the color of the upper surface of the limb of the corolla during cultivation in the U. C. B. G. 98 N. alata var. grandiflora is represented by U. C. B. G. 05 (cf. photograph, reproduced in plate 25), and by U. C. B. G. 06. They are both clearly the N. affinis of the gardens, but differ slightly from one another. The flowers are large, with the tube ls gradually enlarging up to the limb and with very little trace - of a gibbous swelling at the very top and that only on the upper side. The tube is greenish yellow without and the lower (outer) surface slightly purplish. JN. alata var. grandiflora has been crossed with NV. Forgetiana Hemsley (1905, pl. 8006) to produce the brilhant red plant of the gardens known as N. Sanderae. This hybrid has been grown in the U. C. B. G. under several numbers and has exhibited a considerable variety of form and color of flower and some variability in habit and fertility. All the true N. Sanderae show the influence of the red-flowered parent (N. Forgetiana) not only in color, but also in the strongly developed gibbous ring in the throat of the corolla just below the limb. Other hybrids of NV. alata var. grandiflora are known in gardens, with flowers varying from white, through pink and red to dark purple (bluish in fading). In size and shape, the flowers, as well as the habit, vary very little from typical N. 174 alata var. grandiflora. U. C. B. G. 08 is such a hybrid, giving uniformly dark-red flowered plants in pure-line breeding. Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook. Our knowledge of Nicotiana acuminata is based on W. J. Hooker’s (1829, pl. 2919) description and plate. In the U. C. 24 University of California Publications in Botany [VoL.5 B. G., there have been cultivated several plants which seem certainly to belong to the same species. They differ from one another slightly, but chiefly in the varying diameter of the limb of the corolla. Comes (1899, p. 39) has described two varieties based on this character and we have followed him in adopting designations for our plants. The acuminata-group is to be dis- tinguished from the longiflora-group by having the lobes of the limb of the salver-shaped corolla comparatively shallow and rounded. The varieties of N. acuminata have petioled leaves, whose blades are almost or quite cordate below but ovate-lance- olate to narrowly lanceolate above. The plants are rather spread- ing at maturity, as represented in plate 26. The seed of the type of the species (apparently var. parviflora Comes) came originally from Chili (Hooker, loc. cit.). One of the varieties (var. grandiflora Comes, cf. plate 26) probably originated (or segregated) under cultivation, but one or more varieties occur wild in California. Since the subject of N. acuminata and its varieties is to be treated by T. H. Goodspeed in a paper about to appear in this series, nothing further will be said about its characters here. Plants belonging to this species appear in botan- ical gardens under the names of N. suaveolens and of N. vincae- flora, Australian plants which were at one time cultivated but of which I have been unable to get reliable seed. I suspect that most of the plants cultivated under these names belong to N. acuminata, from which they are to be distinguished by their lack of a petiole. Nicotiana attenuata Torr. This is a widespread species of Western North America, extending from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, east as far as Colorado, and north through Wyoming to southern British Columbia. It grows in arid and desert localities, as a slender, often decidedly bushy herb of straggling habit. It is well represented by Watson (1871, pl. 26, fig. 1, 2) in his figure in the Botany of King’s Expedition, except that the flowers seem to be sharp-lobed and funnel-shaped, while the large very extremely swollen-based glandular hairs are not 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 25 represented. The large swollen based hairs are most charac- teristic and constitute a mark of identification. They are usually very conspicuous upon the calyx. The plant bears a certain fairly close but superficial resemblance to the last (N. acumin- ata), especially to the smallest flowered varieties. It differs from it in the swollen-based glands just mentioned, in the lower leaves never being so broadly ovate or even cordate at the base, and in the shorter, stouter tube of the corolla. The leaves are petioled and lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and the lobes of the limb of the corolla are broad and shallow, but not emarginate. It has never been cultivated to any extent and does not grow well in the adobe soil of the U. C. B. G. Two numbers, viz., We GC. 1B Ge oS and tT, have been grown with fair success. Both numbers are from plants used by Indians for smoking, the former from seed from Oregon, the latter from seed from British Columbia. It seems to have been smoked by the Indians. throughout its range to some extent, at least wherever it was the chief or only species of Nicotiana to be obtained. In the northern part of its present range it was undoubtedly intro- duced by the Indians. Nicotiana Bigelovii (Torr.) Watson. One of the most interesting of all the Nicotiana species cul- tivated in the U. C. B. G. is this species of California and, to some extent perhaps, of adjacent states. It has been cultivated in various forms and under various numbers in the U. C. B. G. since 1905, these latter years in pure lines. I do not think that it has been successfully cultivated elsewhere to any extent (cf. however Comes, 1899, p. 43 and East, 1912) and the only time I saw the name was in the seed-list of a botanical garden. I obtained some of the seed but the plants proved to be N. longi- flora. It does not grow readily or uniformly in the U. C. B. G., but it has always given some results and these have been of such interest that I expect to give them more in detail later. What passes for the type of Nicotiana Bigelovii is a large and tall, coarse plant with large white or purplish (outside) corollas which are five-lobed. The leaves are sessile and usually 26 ~—ss University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 tapering towards the base, although, in some plants, some of the leaves are truncate at the base and partly clasping. The capsule is large and two- or three-celled. It generally grows in sandy banks or bottoms of rivers, overflowed in spring, but dry in summer. There are several variations of the type upon 40 which it is hoped to report later. U. C. B. G. 05 represents such a plant, while U. C. B. G. 07 a, represents a lower, spread- ing plant which may possibly be nearer the strict taxonomic type. The figures given by Watson (1871, pl. 26, fig. 3, 4) in the Report of the Botany of King’s Expedition resemble U. C. B. G. 07 a, more nearly than any other and the type (or cotype) in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University seems to be the same. These plants are the more common in central California. N. Bigelovii var. Wallacei Gray is a slender plant, with slender, narrower corolla, with elongated deltoid leaves. This is the 43 more abundant form in Southern California. U. C. B. G. 05 represents this type. Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh. Nicotiana quadrivalvis seems to be a lost species in nature. It was described by Pursh (1814, pp. 141, 142) from the plants collected by Lewis and Clark in their expedition across the con- tinent. Lewis and Clark got their plants from the Ricaree Indians who cultivated it. The type-specimen is still preserved in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phila- delphia, where I have had the opportunity of examining it through the courtesy of Mr. Stewardson Brown. It seems ex- actly like the plants developed in the U. C. B. G. and somewhat unlike the plants grown in the past in various botanical gardens. It was introduced into gardens in 1811 (ef. Don, 1838, p. 466) and was figured by Sims (1816, p. 1778). Lehmann (1818, p. 45, pl. 4) also described and figured it. How long it persisted in botanical gardens is not certain, but it seems to have been extensively cultivated, judging from herbarium specimens. It is still offered in some seed-lists, but seed obtained from such lists have given me only varieties of N. Tabacum or N. rustica. 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana i Comes (1899, p. 54) indicates that he has seen it in the living condition. Seed received from him failed to germinate in the U. C. B. G., even after repeated trials. East (1912, p. 244) has just stated that he succeeded in producing plants from Italian seed and that these were so close as to seem of the same species with a derivative of N. Bigelovii produced in the U. C. B. G., of which East was furnished with seed. As to the wild plant, I have considerable doubt as to its ever having existed. In various floras it is listed without special comment, but very few specimens other than those from botan- ical gardens are to be found in the herbaria and even such other specimens are likely to have been from Indian cultivation. Some of such specimens, however, are either robust N. Bigelovii or N. multivalvis. Gray (1876, p. 546) suggests that it is merely a cultivated variety of N. Bigelovii to which it is very close in every character except that of the four-celled capsule and its tendency to have more than five lobes to the corolla. My ex- 35, perience with N. Bigelovii, especially U. C. B. G. 05, seems thoroughly to support this statement, since NV. quadrivalvis has appeared in a pedigree of NV. Bigelovui (cf. also East, 1912, p. 245 et seq.). Nicotiana multivalvis Lindl. This plant is more commonly assigned as a variety under N. quadrivalvis, which it resembles closely except in the many- celled indehiscent capsule, in which the cells are arranged in both an inner group and an outer row and the many-lobed limb of the corolla. In fact, N. multivalvis (ef. Lindley, 1827, pl. 1057) seems like a monstrous form of N. Bigelovii. Yet it is reproduced uniformly from the seed. U. C. B. G. 06 and 7 have been grown for several years in the U. C. B. G., mostly in the pure line, giving constant results. Gray (1876, p. 546) suggests that ‘“‘N. Bigelovii is perhaps the original of it,’’ and I feel that he is right, since it has appeared in the pedigreed cultivation of N. Bigelovii in the U. C. B. G. N. multivalvis has been cultivated in botanical gardens since 1826 (cf. Don, 1838, p. 467) and still persists. The first seed were procured by David Douglas (1836, p. 92), who obtained 28 Unversity of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 it in 1825 on the banks of a small branch of the ‘‘Multnomak River,’’ one of the southern tributaries of the Columbia River. The plants cultivated today are, with little doubt, descended from the plants grown from the seed collected by Douglas. No plants of NV. multivalvis are found wild at the present time, and it is more than probable that even in the time of Douglas it was not known except in Indian cultivation. It is still ecul- tivated and used ceremonially by certain Indian tribes. Nicotiana repanda Willd. Lehmann (1818, p. 40, pl. III) is responsible for the pub- lication of this species which Willdenow apparently christened as an herbarium specimen. The native country of the type specimen is given as Cuba. The species grows in Mexico and southwestern Texas, where seeds were obtained through the kind- ness of Professor F. D. Heald of the University of Texas. The plants are not easily grown but have been continued on under UC BG. 09, They agree with Lehmann’s figure (Joc. cit.) as well as with that of Sims (1823, pl. 2484). They are well represented by the photograph reproduced in plate 27. Our plant is probably the N. repanda var. pandurata (Dunal.) Comes (1899, p. 47). Nicotiana trigonophyila Dunal. In the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, in the drier regions, there grows a species which varies quite a little, which has been, and even still is, used by certain Indian tribes for smoking. This is Nicotiana trigonophylla. It has been erown, but with difficulty, in the U. C. B. G. for several seasons under Nos. o7 and 09. The seed of the former was from San Bernardino County and of the latter from Inyo County, both of the State of California. In both cases it was from wild plants. In 1911 by planting in soil well underdrained and by using cheese-cloth protection, the plants were grown successfully and some of them with protection have even withstood the winter. The species is correctly placed in the Petwnioides-section of 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 29 Nicotiana, although the flowers are a yellowish white. The individuals vary in being more green or more glaucescent. They are straggly, with narrow, broadly lanceolate leaves narrowed at the base and then suddenly expanded into broad, partly clasping auricles. The flowers are in more or less incurved, one- sided racemes. The corolla tube is almost straight tubular, with the limb spreading at right angles or slightly deflexed in full anthesis. The lobes of the limb of the corolla are broad, obtuse, and shallow. The flowers are deep creamy yellowish white. The capsule is nearly or entirely enclosed in the calyx, varying in this respect. Var. pulla Comes (1899, p. 49), var. sordida Comes (loc. cit.) and var. ipomopsiflora Comes of N. trigono- phylla and N. Palmeri Gray (1886, p. 242) seem to belong to the same species. Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & Comes. This is one of the most important of the showy species of Nicotiana for garden culture. Spegazzini sent the seeds from Argentina to Comes in 1897 (cf. Comes, 1899, p. 35), and the plant was soon widely distributed in botanical and other gar- dens. It has been grown continuously in the U. C. B. G. since 1901. It is a tall, shortlived perennial with long, slender white flowers, pleasantly fragrant after dark. A slender plant just coming into flower is represented in the photograph reproduced in plate 28. The figure of Comes (loc. cit., p. 34) does not well represent the proportions of height, length of leaf, and length of flower as found in the plants cultivated in the U. C. B. G. The plate of J. D. Hooker (1899, pl. 7652) is better in these respects, but the habit-figure does not seem characteristic. The plant represented from the U. C. B. G. is young; older plants branch and become more bushy. The flowers are long and white, with a slight tinge of yellowish outside. The tube is slender, enlarging slightly and gradually above the middle but gradually contracting below the top. The limb is moderately broadly lobed one-third to one-half way in from the margin. The lobes are broadly triangular. The flowers are pendent in bud, 30 University of California Publications in Botany [Vou.5 ascending to nearly horizontal as anthesis proceeds. While they are open in the daytime as well as at night their perfume is faint until after nightfall. The ripened capsules are erect. The leaves are elliptical to spatulate-oblong with a broad clasping and slightly decurrent base. They are coarsely rugose. LIST OF PAPERS REFERRED TO AGARDH, C, A, 1819. Nagra Ord om Tobaks Odligens Forbittring. ANASTASIA, G. EmInio 1906. Le Varieta Tipiche della Nicotiana Tabacum L. ANDRE, ED. 1888. Revue Horticcle, p. 511. CLUSIUS, CAROLUS 1605. Exoticorum Libri Decem. ComMEs, O. 1895. Sulla Sistemazione Botanica delle Specie e delle Razze del Genere Nicotiana, Atti del R. Instituto d’ Incoraggiamento di Napoli, vol. 8. 1899. Monographie du genre Nicotiana comprenant le classement botanique des tabacs industriels, Atti del R. Instituto d’ Incoraggiamento di Napoli, ser. V, vol. 1. 1900. Historie, geographie, statistique du tabae, ete. 1905. Delle Razze dei Tabaecchi Filogenesi, Qualita ed Uso, Atti del R. Instituto d’ Incoraggiamento di Napoli, vol. 57. Don, GEORGE ) 1838. A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants, vol. iv, Corol- liflorae. Dovueuas, DAVID. 1836. A sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern parts of the Con- tinent of North America during the years 1824, 5, 6, and 7, in W. J. Hooker’s Companion to the Botanical Magazine, vol. 2. DuNAL, MICHEL FELIX 1852. Solanaceae, in A. de Candolle, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. xiii, 1: pp. 1-690. East, E. M. 1912. A Study of Hybrids between Nicotiana Bigelovii and N. quad- rivalvis, Botan. Gazette, vol. 53. Fiscuer, F. E. L. et Meyer, C. A. 1846. Sertum Petropolitanum. Gray, ASA 1876. Gamopetalae, in Botany of Geol. Survey California, vol. 1. 1886. Synoptical Flora of North America. HASSELBRING, HEINRICH 1912. Types of Cuban Tobacco. Botan. Gazette, vol. 53. 1912] Setchell: Studies in Nicotiana 31 HEMSLEY, W. BOTTING 1905. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 131. Hooker, J. D. 1876. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 102. 1892. Ibid., vol. 118. 1899. Ibid., vol. 125. HOooKErR, W. J. 1821. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 48. 1827. Ibid., vol. 54. 1828. Ibid., vol. 55. 1829. Ibid., vol. 56. Howarp, A. and Howarp, G. L. C. 1910. Studies in Indian tobaccos, Mem. Dept. Agr. India (Bot. Ser.), vol. 3. LEHMANN, JOANNES GEORGIUS CHRISTIANUS 1818. Generis Nicotianarum Historia. LINDLEY, JOHN 1824. Edwards’s Botanical Register, vol. 10. 1827. Ibid., vol. 13. 1833. Ibid., vol. 19. Lock, R. H. 1909. A Preliminary Survey of Species Crosses in the Genus Nico- tiana from the Mendelian Standpoint, Annals Royal Bot. Garden, Peradeniya, vol. 4. Miers, JOHN 1846. Contributions to the Botany of South America (continuation), Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, vol. 5. MILLER, PHILIP 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary, ed. viii. Moore, T. 1881. Nicotiana affinis, Gardener’s Chronicle, new (2d) ser., vol. 16. PuRSH, FREDERICK 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis, vol. I. SCHRANK, (FRANZ VON PAULA) 1807. Botanische Beobachtungen, Botan. Zeitung (Regensburg), 6 Jahrg. (pp. 260-265). 1819. Plantae Rariores Horti Academici Monacensis descriptae et iconibus illustratae. Sus, JOHN 1816. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 43. 1821. Ibid., vol. 48. 1823. Ibid., vol. 50. 1825. Ibid., vol. 52. SPRENGEL, Kurt 1817. Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewiachse. WATSON, SERENO 1871. Botany, in U. S. Exploration 40th Parallel (‘‘King’s Expedi- tion’’), vol. V. EXPLANATION OF PLATES All the plates are from photographs taken by Mr. B. F. White under the direction of W. A. Setchell. PLATE 1 71 ‘Brazilian’? Tobacco. U. C. B. G. 05. x %p» diam. [32] UNIV. CALIF: PUBE: BOmoVGlE. > FSETCRIELL)) PUKE | = s. Be t PLATE 2 72 ““Cavala’’ Tobacco. U. C. B. G. 05. 349 diam. VEHELE FEAT 2 E [S ) UBL. BOT. VOL p NIV. CA NI U PLATE 3 78 “‘Maryland’’ Tobacco. U. C. B. G. 05. X%q diam. [36] [SETCHELL] PLATE 3 GALES BUBES BO VOLES UNIV. PLATE 4 = : | x se Nicotiana Tabacum var. calycina. U. C. B. a. X %q dian iSERCHERIE PREARES4' BOP WO, & UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. PLATE 5 30 ome < ‘“White Tobaceo.’? U. C. B. G. 06. XM42g diam. [SETCHELL] PLATE 5 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 5 PLATE 6 2 Nicotiana Tabacum var. macrophylla. U. C. B. G. 07. x 15¢4 diam. [42] UNIVE CALIES PUBES BOR VON > [SEICHERS | RREATE a PLATE 7 68 ; Nicotiana, angustifolia. U. C. B. G. 07. X2\4og diam. (SETCHELL] PLATE 7 VOLE UNIVE CAEIE PUB ET BO, a, | i PLATE 8 Nicotiana Tabaeum var. macrophylla purpurea. U. C. x 564 diam. — i UNIV: CAEIE. VPUBIL. (BOl VOLES [SETCHELL] PLATE Sn PLATE 9 = bo Nicotiana rustica var. asiatica. U. C. B. G. 07. x 2MYog diam. [48] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, BOT. VOL. 5 [SETCHELL] PLATE 9 ; Tae “ PLATE 10 Nicotiana rustica var. brasilia. U. C. B. G. 07. x% dia a8) UBL 80m. VOEXs5 [SENG HERE RR EAE PLATE 11 14 p Nicotiana rustica var. humilis. U. C. B. G. 07. x 1%4 diam. YINIV. CALIES RUBE BOl. VCIEVS (SERCHIERE] ST REAT ESI nt Pinna} PLATE 12 15 Nicotiana rustica var. jamaiecensis. U. C. B. G. UINIV. CALIF. PUBL BOT VEGI 5 FSERCHEWES REAIiEs|2 oe PLATE 13 26 Nicotiana rustica var. seabra. U. C. B. G. 06. x %q4 diam. [56] [SENCHERE) REATERs PUBER BO VOERS NIV. CALIF N | U PLATE 14 1 ae Nicotiana rustica var. texana. U. C. B. G. 07. x%@ diam. | UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 5 [SETCHELL] PLATE oe eae eee ee PLATE 15 Nicotiana rustica var. pumila? U. C. B. CALE RS CUB ERIE Cie Vi© lio [SEREHER RS REA ERIS vie Siren e PLATE 16 169 pn Nicotiana rustica var. pumila ? U. C. B. G. 08. x3 dia UNIV. “CALI S PUBES BO VOLTS [SETCHELL] PLATE 6 PLATE 17 102 Nicotiana Langsdorffi. U. C. B. G. 05. x% diam. [64] [SETCHELL] PLATE 17 CALE RUBES BOilm Vy ORs UNIV, D Ch Tssiane 7 ty — Fo PLATE 18 1 Nicotiana Langsdorffii var. grandiflora? U. C. B. G. 08 [SENCHIEER REATIE|s NACHE, 5) BOT. UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ‘ PLATE 19 Nicotiana Langsdorffii var. longiflora ? U. C. B. G. rik x [SETCHELL] PLATE 19 BO WO, 2 UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. PLATE 20 MO: vie Nicotiana paniculata. U. C. B. G. 05. x64 diam. UNIV i ; Ht ¢ yon i i r Meno | er i i , ; rs Oo, yee 1 : “ i r i. i , Tat ve : i Ny f i“ yo ee eo + a it "iy t Cat 7 ie a 5 ‘ Mm : . Wt) yt “ » ieee tae : Shue ' : Con ' : iat rs ah : Ope : — ' : 0 r = fe i a Corn ekg ot i bt : i : : ie ‘ J a] oF, a \ Pee hee ny j Mi S y i b 5 y . i we : j : ‘ yo ae : : ‘ . 7 i , i any Tee | Torey ey Don Ah, ee * , 1 vol ry a , a, ' cua lt 1 tt) ni y % 7 t : i : 4 a 7 Fadl y or fine iengihee naire " ‘in ; : i nen i! , ae j Can i ; : “d D a So a (ea H eee ot ‘ j ° ; ; ; gs ; vg a , : oy 7 “ Pr 1 ay i r i) ' i 7 hy - an i ; me yous T Orit . Y ! cd f oe oe | ‘ue be ‘, : : we j a i 4 - s ual ey aa , i ae — sii if 7 q a 1 = ra an PLATE 25 98 ; Nicotiana alata var. grandiflora. U. C. B. G. 05. x» diam. (The flowers are closed; daytime condition). [SENRCHIEFE], PEATE 25 BO. VOENS PUBL. CALIF. UNIV. : wil Mc PLATE 26 150 iS aae Nicotiana acuminata var. grandiflora. U. C. B. G. 07. x%4 d UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 5 (SEIGHEEE) PeEATES26 PLATE 27 3 79 : Nicotiana repanda. U. C. B. G. 09. x%q diam. [SERG HEME) Re BA Ee2y7 UNIVIGAL Ea BUBB Oi VOWS . 4 r ti y thine a Cnn “ i i ae ene aoe i yh Cie,” UJ , = a a 4 *, hye we, \ a . 4 i rm, — es i : 7 _ 1 7 : a ' 7 ¥ r 2 aa = : 5 io 7 fa, : a 7 osyrneiye ‘ anu wo, | . 4 : a) Qa a4 / ot rf ; : o it : ; i? a : 7 y ‘ is 7 7 of no a i : vat cL a _ wy 0 ‘@ ¥ 7 HD) ‘ ‘ A . 7 wie i es ns j N i ay rs oe a ee een cee PLATE 28 107 Nicotiana sylvestris. U. C. B. G. 0]. x %o diam. UNIVE CAL PU BE BOn. VOR [SENGRIEEE) PEATE 28 Vol. 4, Vol. 5. Plants. “By W. J. V. Osterhout. Pp. 331-340. June, 1908 ..202. 2 10 6. Contribetions to the Knowledge of the ‘California Species of Crusta- ceous’ Corallines. I. by Maurice Barstow Nichols. IER Sad -GA8 5 oy plate 9: >“ Decembor,-1908) Se oe ak ee 10 6. Contributions to the Knowledge of the California Species of Pastas ceous. Corallines.’ I. by Maurice Barstow maple Pp. 349-370; Kent A “plates 20-39)" “April 1909 ae eee Ma i Oe bad PG Ps sas 7. New Chlorophyceae from California, by Nathaniel Lyon Gardner. Pp. S71-375;_ plates 14. = Apriby 190) ssc, syactas ets Deco nceeneltcsanpevtsacneent haste (scttng «10. 8. Plantae Mexicanae Purpusianae, by T. S . Brandeges. “Pp. 377-396. % SEAS SEDO SS eS TE eS SN une Ot saeco ot Nt 15 Index, ; PP: 397-400. ‘ ie ‘ esha ; 1910-1912. : t 1 Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, by ches Monroe Hall, Bp. Pats 1-74; plates 1-11;°15 text-figures, March, 1910.20 oes cict cesedeeed AD 2. Gracilariophila, a New Parasite on Gracilaria confervoides, iby ‘Harriet : L. Wilson... Pp. 75-84} plates. 12-13. Maye O10 ete es =) 10) _ 8. Plantae Mexicanae Purpusianae, il, by. T. s. Brandegee. Pp, 85-95. sig = NRG A Bee aes ene aN ADs ROGUE ST patted ae CAN ee es ype mE Ges ahs Ul ae «10 - 4, Leuvenia, a New Genus of Flagellates, by N. ZL. Gardner. Pp. 97-106; ia 6) EB ae Spa GS Deh Ree eed nee a tee na ER eg 410: 5. The Genus Sphaerosoma, “by” William ‘Albert. Setchell Ep. 107- 1205, Mh : plate: 35. May, 191. Sa a ean cele ets) «LS 6. Variations in Neclear Extrusion Among the Pieaetae. ‘ay Nathaniel SEN ‘Lyon Gardner. Pp. 121-136; plates 16-17. August, POLO ie oo. 9. The Nature of the Carpostomes in the Cystocarp of. Ahnfeldtia gigart- se rcagee by. Ada Pars. me oe Ep. 18% -1423 Plate 18. obuary, a ee : is SE ee BC Se RR ea Na Cae ee ee ed 5 8. On a-Colacodasya from Southern California, ‘by Mabel Effie McFadden. : Pp. 48-1505 “plate 19. February, 101) <0 2 es 05 > 9. Pructification of Macrocystis, by Edna Juanita eosraiee “Pp. ‘151- TD8% é plate. 20: Pebruary; Ags ae a ee a aoe 05 10. Erythrophyllum delesserioides J. Agi, py Wilfred ‘Charles: ‘Ewiss. | =p f 159-176; plates 21-24, “March, 1912 so a SORE ( 11. Plantae Mexicanae Purpusianae, it, oy T..S. ‘Brandogee. ey 177-194, Daag 6 : Pia Sagas I: Ss Ki pemacatae eeesaeort nace Whee SA AMM 9 vias Mt ayy ubewt bere AR Catee'G Cece atin gal Nat 12. New and Noteworthy. Californian Plants, $2 by Harvey Monroe Hall. ee _. Bp. 195-208, March, 1912 2. 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