mtudies
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Essex Flora.

Cyrus Mason Tracy

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ESSEX FLORA:

AN ENUMERATION OF ALL PLANTS FOUND GROWING
NATURALLY WITHIN THE LIMITS OF LYNN, MASS.,
AND TOWNS ADJOINING; WITH NOTES
AS TO LOCALITIES AND HABITS.

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CYRUS MASON TRACY.
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THE NICHOLS PRESS — THOS. P. NICHOLS.
1892.

Copyright, 1892, by

SUSAN E. Tracy, Lynn, Mass.

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Dedication.

In sweet memory of

LONG WALKS THROUGH FERN-LINED PATHS,
OF FLOWER-LORE TAUGHT IN COOL SHADOWS,
AND IN
RICH ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE STUDY IN FAIRER FIELDS,
THIS SECOND EDITION OF THE AUTHOR’S STUDIES

IS SENT FORTH BY

HIS CHILDREN.

PCE PAs.

DURING all the intervening years between the first publication
of these studies and the present edition, it was the strict habit
of the author to note every new discovery, every change in
locality, preparatory to a second issue. These notes were
written in a close hand, crowded into the uncut margin of an old
copy. About two weeks previous to Mr. TraAcy’s death he
decided on immediate publication. Feeling incompetent to
undertake the classification of the Grasses and Sedges, he opened
correspondence with several, hoping to find among them one to
whom he could trust this part of the work; finding no one
giving satisfaction he began the preparation of the manuscript,
and had written all the headings, carrying them through the
Endogens ; how much further he had decided to carry the work
alone we are ignorant; we have chosen, however, to leave it
where he left it rather than that another should add work,
perhaps of a far different character.

This explanation will make plain our reason in bringing out
first a book requiring re-writing rather than one of the many
already prepared. It was first in his thought and plan, therefore
first in our execution.

Sr et;
Lynn, March 19, 1892.

ERRATA.

Page 25 for Cardimine, read ‘‘ Cardamine.”’
‘* 32 for Celastrus scandeus, vead ‘‘ scandens.”’
** 38 for Amelanchiar, vead ‘‘ Amelanchier.’’
‘© 39 for Ludwigea, vead ‘' Ludwigia.”
‘* 41 for Saxairids, Saxafrage, vead ‘‘ Saxifrids, Saxifrage.”’
‘* 43 for Canium, read ‘‘ Comium.”
** 44 for Turritus, read ‘* Turritis.”
‘** 48 for Rosens, read ‘‘ Roseus.”
‘© 51 for Galutheria, vead ‘‘ Gaultheria ;’’ Azalea, ‘‘Azalia.’’
‘* 66 for Echinospernum, vead ‘‘ Echinospermum.’’
«67 for Solonum, read ‘*‘ Solanum.”
** 70 for Ameranthus, vead ‘*‘Amaranthus.”’
‘* 74 for Q.bicolar, vead ‘* bicolor.”’
‘* 80 for Alisma, read ‘“‘ Alisima.”’

Page 73 after E. polygonifolia, zzsert

SpottedSpurge, . maculata. L.

Milk Purslane. Die :
Common. A flourishing weed in most gardens.
Perhaps the only native species in this vicinity.

Page 79 after P.natans, insert

Short-spiked P. hybridus. Michx.
Pondweed. P :
Occasional. Still, clear waters.

= oo TT LE EES

but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre-

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BAIN:

INTRODUCTION.

No ONE who has followed rare old Gilbert White through his
Natural History of Selborne, who has read the History of the
Bass Rock, or the later volumes of Thoreau,

‘** Tasting of Flora and the country green,’’

will ask for any labored reason why this little work has been
undertaken. Those authors have abundantly shown the pleasant
and entertaining nature of local research and description; and
we only need look to the enduring reputation of the Florula
Bostoniensis, as a practical work, to complete the argument, and
assure us of the sufficiency of a limited territory to furnish mate-
rial for profitable thought for a long period of time.

To Essex County, Mass., may be applied the full force of the
remark of Bigelow, that “the Flora of any considerable section
of our territory may furnish full occupation for years.” It has
been the scene of the pioneer labors of Cutler and the thorough
operations of Oakes; it has given employment by turns to the
scrutinizing eyes of Osgood, Nichols and Russell, as well as
many others; yet not a few of the localities of this small dis-
trict seem to remain comparatively unexplored.

The southwestern corner of the County, occupied by the
townships of Lynn, Saugus, Lynnfield, Swampscott and Nahant,
the present separated fragments of ancient Lynn, would appear
to be one of the more neglected of these portions. Those who
love pleasant and finely-toned scenery have often found much
satisfaction in this vicinity, and the culler of choice old histories
and romantic legends has long esteemed it a productive field;
but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre-

PREPAC Ee.

DuRING all the intervening years between the first publication
of these studies and the present edition, it was the strict habit
of the author to note every new discovery, every change in
locality, preparatory to a second issue. These notes were
written in a close hand, crowded into the uncut margin of an old
copy. About two weeks previous to Mr. Tracy’s death he
decided on immediate publication. Feeling incompetent to
undertake the classification of the Grasses and Sedges, he opened
correspondence with several, hoping to find among them one to
whom he could trust this part of the work; finding no one
giving satisfaction he began the preparation of the manuscript,
and had written all the headings, carrying them through the
Endogens ; how much further he had decided to carry the work
alone we are ignorant; we have chosen, however, to leave it
where he left it rather than that another should add work,
perhaps of a far different character.

This explanation will make plain our reason in bringing out
first a book requiring re-writing rather than one of the many
already prepared. It was first in his thought and plan, therefore
first in our execution.

= ae eB
Lynn, March 19, 1892.

ERRATA.

Page 25 for Cardimine, read ‘‘ Cardamine.”’
‘* 32 for Celastrus scandeus, vead ‘* scandens.’’
** 38 for Amelanchiar, vead ‘‘ Amelanchier.’’
‘* 39 for Ludwigea, vead ‘* Ludwigia.”
*“* 41 for Saxairids, Saxafrage, read ‘“‘ Saxifrids, Saxifrage.”’
‘* 43 for Canium, read ‘‘ Comium.”’
‘* 44 for Turritus, read ‘‘ Turritis.”’
‘* 48 for Rosens, read ‘‘ Roseus.”’
‘* 57 for Galutheria, vead ‘‘ Gaultheria ;” Azalea, ‘‘Azalia.”’
‘* 66 for Echinospernum, vead ‘* Echinospermum.”’
‘* 67 for Solonum, vead ‘* Solanum.”
10 for Ameranthus, vead ‘‘Amaranthus.”’
‘* 74 for Q.bicolar, vead ‘* bicolor.”’
** 80 for Alisma, read ‘‘Alisima.’’

Page 73 after E. polygonifolia, zzsert

SpottedSpurge, FX, maculata. L.

Milk Purslane. aye ;
Common. A flourishing weed in most gardens.
Perhaps the only native species in this vicinity.

Page 79 after P.natans, izsert

Short-spiked P. hybridus. Michx.
Occasional. Still, clear waters.

Pondweed.

j eed z

INRO PWC TION.

No ONE who has followed rare old Gilbert White through his
Natural History of Selborne, who has read the History of the
Bass Rock, or the later volumes of Thoreau,

‘** Tasting of Flora and the country green,”

will ask for any labored reason why this little work has been
undertaken. Those authors have abundantly shown the pleasant
and entertaining nature of local research and description; and
we only need look to the enduring reputation of the -Florula
Bostoniensis, as a practical work, to complete the argument, and
assure us of the sufficiency of a limited territory to furnish mate-
rial for profitable thought for a long period of time.

To Essex County, Mass., may be applied the full force of the
remark of Bigelow, that “the Flora of any considerable section
of our territory may furnish full occupation for years.” It has
been the scene of the pioneer labors of Cutler and the thorough
operations of Oakes; it has given employment by turns to the
scrutinizing eyes of Osgood, Nichols and Russell, as well as
many others; yet not a few of the localities of this small dis-
trict seem to remain comparatively unexplored.

The southwestern corner of the County, occupied by the
townships of Lynn, Saugus, Lynnfield, Swampscott and Nahant,
the present separated fragments of ancient Lynn, would appear
to be one of the more neglected of these portions. Those who
love pleasant and finely-toned scenery have often found much
satisfaction in this vicinity, and the culler of choice old histories
and romantic legends has long esteemed it a productive field;
but the practical botanist seems, for the most part, to have pre-

6

ferred to explore the vegetation of Cape Ann, to turn his pil-
grimage to the White Mountains, or drive his hunt through the
woods of Middlesex or the meadows of Plymouth, rather than
believe that a district so near the metropolis might contain some
things worth looking for. There would, perhaps, be no pro-
priety in saying that these other sections are not, any of them,
very much superior in natural riches to this; but I strongly sus-
pect that the study of the flora, which is the subject of this work,
may reveal phenomena and peculiarities of vegetation, calcu-
lated to interest even an adept.

A rather striking diversity, both in geological and botanical
productions, appears in the territory under notice.

From the western part of Swampscott an extensive formation
of porphyry begins, and sweeping its northern limit along a
gently-curving line, follows the valley occupied by the well-
known “Lakes of Lynn” as far as the Sluice Pond, thence
traverses the township of Lynn through its center, very nearly,
and by a direction not far from east and west; then, passing the
valley of Saugus River, in the neighborhood of Pranker’s Fac-
tories, trends gradually to the southwest and is lost in the hills
of Malden and Medford. South of this line there is hardly any-
thing but porphyry to be found in place; to the north there is
next to none of it, but the region has all the usual characteristics
of one which rests almost wholly on granite.

As any one versed in the subject of natural scenery might ex-
pect, the aspects of these two divisions of country are widely
different. In the southerly or seaboard portion, the bold emi-
nences of High Rock, Sadler’s Rock, Lover’s Leap, Forest Rock,
and others, well exemplify the prominent traits of the porphyry;
hard, stern and precipitous on the southern side in almost every
case, looking with inflexible front toward the sea, as if they were
the stout old knights that in ancient time had driven back the
onset of its marauding waters; and on the north as uniformly
smoothed and rounded, shelving back with a gentle slope, and
sinking in the yellow soil of the hills.

The northern section, so far as it is embraced within the
boundaries of Lynn, forms one spacious common forest, known
as the Ox Pasture; a district where Nature seems to have
dallied long and wondrously with the giants of the age of granite.

7

Long, deep and solid ledges furnish block after block to reward
the patience of the quarrymen; and here and there their gaping
pits in the hillsides afford a partial sight into one of the many
caskets in which New England stores her jewels. But older and
sturdier quarriers have wrought here,—the stupendous crush,
and jar, and rend of the drift period have seemingly tossed the
fragments, of hundreds of tons weight, like footballs, leaving
them in some instances perched on the brink of precipices, in
what would appear the most unstable attitudes, or again, scatter-
ing them over the hill-slopes, small and great together,

‘* Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks,
In Vallambrosa.”’

The chemist avers that to cultivate any crop successfully in
the field, a studied adaption of the soil to the particular plant in
view must ever be made. The converse of this rule would in-
dicate that special characters existing naturally in a soil should
give corresponding differences in the kind and style of vegeta-
tion which it produces. If I wished for an illustration of this
idea, I could hardly find a better case than appears in the two
formations under notice.

In passing through Lynn Woods it is not difficult to detect,
even with small experience, the exact line of junction of the
granite and porphyry, within a few rods, by the style of vegetation
alone. A few examples will make this more definite.

On the rocky pasture hills that immediately overlook the city
_of Lynn, the Barberry starts in unrestrained abundance, the
Privet adorns whole acres in early summer with its little clusters
of snowy flowers, and the Pitch Pine and Red Cedar assert their
right to the land with the vigor of feudal barons. When we pass
northward over this natural mark, the Privet disappears almost
entirely, the Barberry becomes the exception instead of the rule,
the Cedars are scarce and the multitudes of Pitch Pine are only
represented by a few stragglers. To replace them, however, the
Beech, of which only two specimens grow on the porphyry to my
knowledge, and these I suppose to be artificially located, starts
up at once almost on the very boundary, and stretches away
from thence in vigorous condition towards the woods of Lynn-

8

field. The Chestnut, that joy of country lads and squirrels, ven-
tures down into the north of Saugus in commendable strength,
but cannot cross the enchanted line without the help of man, and
in cultivation grows slowly and timidly, as if it were ill at ease.
More remarkable than either, the Black Larch or Hacmatac,
which, I venture to say, is unknown as a native south of the
granitic section, is found growing and thriving within fifty rods
of its margin. The Blue Vervain, the Water Avens, and the
Mountain Mint, look doubtfully in from the east over the channel
of Stacy’s Brook, but effect no further progress, and on the west
the Knapweed, which revels by the wayside on the Chelsea hills,
makes no attempt to establish itself on ground from which it is
so singularly debarred.

If my enumeration of the plants of Lynn and vicinity serves
no other purpose than to develop a phenomenon so interesting
as the above, it will still be far from a vain undertaking. But
this is by no means all the motive for the enterprise.

‘* There is a pleasure in the pathless woods;
There is a rapture on the lonely shore.”

To him who loves Nature for her own sake she ever dispenses
rewards more precious than gold. Botanical pursuits, though
harmonizing well with activity and energy of temperament, are
yet potent to soothe and tranquilize the fretted spirit; they have
all the quieting power which Mudie ascribes to moonlight. I
do not wonder that the lamented Oakes, disturbed by the dis-
cordance of the jarring interests and conflicting elements of the
law, should have taken sanctuary where

‘* The groves*‘were God’s first temples.”
Moore, when he wrote of the bowers
** Where Pleasure lies, carelessly smiling at Fame,”
drew but a very dim outline of that luxurious satisfaction which

one feels, when, lounging down with his favorite specimens at
noon, on the grassy banks of some merry little brook, with the

9

thousand vertical shadows gamboling among the ferns around
him, he gives himself up to the full inspiration of the place, and,
hardly capable of a craving, is but too well satisfied to watch the
water-spider that dangles in his flimsy web from rush to rush,
or the greedy emmets that hunt among the grass-blades for the
crumbs of his slowly-vanishing biscuit. Or, changing the stream
for the brink of some pond between the hills, his contemplation
alternates from the swift ripples, that break and mutate like the
figures in a kaleidoscope, to the upland banks of pleasing con-
tour, spread with dense verdure and counterwrought in the water
beneath, or to the soft light and shade that blend through the
rounded masses of clumps of oak and hickory, or give additional
life to long lines of “‘ willows by the watercourses.”

But botany in practice is very far from being all indolence.
There are long jaunts to be taken, where the horse and carriage
would fare badly and work but ill. There are hills to be climbed
and tall rocks to be scaled for the prize that hangs its attractions
from crevices high above reach. There are swamps to be pene-
trated, where the feet must risk a wetting and mock at mire;
and thickets to be searched with as much carefulness as
though upon a legal warrant, though the proper results of the
effort may appear when the garments, like the galligaskins in
the Splendid Shilling,

‘*A horrid chasm disclose.”’

Yet how little of all this does the mind regard, at such moments
as I myself have seen, when the end had crowned the work, and
the object of my search was before me, humble and unpretend-
ing sometimes, yet often glowing in all the excellence of its floral
dignity. I well remembera hot and weary day when, late in the
afternoon, I was coursing with others over the rugged hills and
crags of Malden. Tired and thirsty, I was inwardly complaining
of the toilsome and profitless route, when, leaping down from
a rough pole-fence, I stood face to face with the most magnifi-
cent Oak-leaved Gerardia I ever saw. Had the wealth of its
yellow bells been coined to very gold in my hand, I could have
felt no higher satisfaction than I had in seeing its four-foot
stem, crowded with brilliant flowers, swaying to and fro in the

2

10

warm westerly wind, the magic wand to charm away, for the
time, every thought of fatigue. In a certain summer I had a
kind of botanical vow, which I kept long inviolate, to let no day
pass without the determination of at least one new species. I
was fresh in the study then, and such an idea was nowise absurd.
But one day had waned until the sun had actually gone down
on my errantry, which threatened to become night-errantry, sure
enough. A boggy meadow, often visited before, seemed the only
available spot, and to it I turned with the resolution of a forlorn
hope. Fifteen minutes later, had my feet responded to my feel-
ings, I should have been dancing among the hassocks for the
discovery of the charming Cymbidium, which I had not seen be-
fore since I gathered its blushing beauties when a boy, in the
meadows of Connecticut.

When I first angled the Purple Bladderwort from its oozy
couch, and told my comrades that the sight of it was worth a
dollar, I was only laughed at for my enthusiasm. When I
found a Corydalis magnificently growing and blooming on the
slope of Dungeon Rock, and detaching the whole bunch, earth
and all, carried it home in my arms, that the beautiful specimen
might not be injured, no one could see any good reason for my
lugging so much dirt for a few flowers. I was hardly sensitive
enough on the point to commence an argument: I had gained a
treasure that flowered all summer for me where I set it; and long
before its seeding-time, I had forgotten the wet feet I got in
Pine Hill Swamp when bringing it home.

In introducing the list of plants which follows, I would be glad
to incorporate into it some quality to give it the zest for others
which the originals have had for me. Vitality of expression and
the hue of health do not appear in the most perfect statuary; and
one may read a simple enumeration of vegetable forms, and feel
nothing of the fresh winds that bend the tree-tops — see nothing
of the scenic effect of spreading verdure, piled-up masses of fo-
liage, or hill beyond hill, stretching away through the softening
gradations of distance.

This little district has no Merrimac or Hudson sweeping round
its borders,—no Kearsarge or Wachusett standing for its pro-
tector; yet much of the higher and purer delights of open-air
research, may always be enjoyed in its exploration. There are

11

peculiarities in every spot, and this is one where a strong feature
is seen in the close connection of seaside and wood scenery;
closer, perhaps, than in most other places. Suppose then, reader,
we walk down to the shore. You are reading this, probably,
because you like plants—Nature in vegetative attire—and like
them well enough, I trust, to go where they grow by means of
your Own powers, not waiting to call for a horse and chaise. To
Long Beach, then, that rope of sand, but wonderfully durable,
by which, as the clue of Theseus, the young town of Nahant
feels its way back now and then to the lap of old Lynn, its
mother for two centuries. Here, where the grand, long swell
comes rolling heavily in from the middle deeps of the Atlantic
and breaks at our feet, like the utterance of great thoughts in
human language as near as may be, and yet too often misinter-
preted—here we can stand among rocks thickly fringed with
dripping seaweeds, or crusted with barnacles and studded with
creeping shell-fish, and look away to the iron headlands of East
Point and the Spouting Horn, where the Beach Pea straggles
among the pebbles and the Pimpernel hangs in the chinks of the
rock

‘* Half way down’”’
Like ‘‘one that gathers samphire.’’

Threading our way eastward along the craggy shore, we may
thorn our fingers at pleasure with the prickly Saltwort, or treat
our palates to an equal pungency in the radish-like flavor of the
Sea-Rocket; and thus we round the jagged projections, and pass
the many springs of pure fresh water that bubble up so gener-
ously within the tide-range, till a bright stream comes dancing
down to meet us, and we give a hand in greeting to Stacy’s
Brook and the thrifty village of Swampscott at one and the same
time.

Such as have not seen Stacy’s Brook must not imagine that
it differs, materially, from other New England rivulets. Like
them it has its depths and its shallows, its sudden angles and
smooth reaches, its meadow banks overhung with alders and
- willows, where the mole and muskrat love to mine, and its im-
pulsive gushings under little road-bridges, where the water goes
sparkling over red and white pebbles, and the cows come sedate-

12

ly down to drink at noon, The stream runs, as you see, reader,
through open meadows mostly, till we are near a mile from the
shore, when we find it pressing through a culvert in the heavy
embankment of the Eastern Railroad, and passing this we are
at once welcome to the hospitalities of Linnean Grove.*

The pleasant little copse, whose name hints so strongly at its
character, has been so christened by the lovers of botany in its
neighborhood, on account of the variety and peculiarity of its
productions. We perceive that it consists entirely of hard-
wooded trees, partly on upland and partly on low ground, with
the brook traversing the western margin. Many plants are here
that we shall find nowhere else in the district, while for many
others it is the best and most accessible locality. I do not know
the owner of Linnean Grove. Whoever he is, let him have the
praise of preserving to us and others one delightful relic of Na-
ture among the devastations of improvement. May his shadow
never be less, nor that of his grove.

Let us go on tracing up the course of the brook. We cross
Essex Street and find it turning a mill, the only time it is
pressed into such ignoble service. Above this, it comes lazily
down through the mossy hollows of Fresh Marsh, where the
Fringed Gentian and Grass-of-Parnassus love its copious mois-
ture, and the Arethusas and Cymbidium go, as it were, strolling
about among the sedgy grass even to the base of Rocks Pasture,
“ye Woodende Rocks” of the old records, that rise so sturdily
on the west. Before us is Gravesend, the Hamlet of the Lakes,
where the spirit of rural beauty and quietness lingers yet, though
expelled from almost all the rest of the township. Let us con-
template it while we may, for Young America rides an iron
steed, and when we come again we may find the mantle of
Retirement torn and trampled under his impetuous hoofs. The
brook betrays its origin here in the Floating-Bridge Pond, long
reputed bottomless and no doubt of extreme depth in the center.
but certainly quite shallow toward the southern end. Here we
may pass out on the low bridge that, bare of romantic arch or
ivied buttress, lies stretched out on the water as though it were

* Linnean Grove, together with several other localities mentioned in the
first edition of these studies, has been sacrificed to the cheap house-builder,
and can no longer be recognized by the botanist. —Ep.

13

the torpid whale of Sinbad, and look down among the leaves of
the water lilies, or see the Button-bush and Sweet-gale wading
out into deep water side by side with the pearl hunters, though
not like those, pulling up the unoffending shell-fish to gratify a
feverish desire.

By a short walk northwesterly, we shall reach the Flax Pond,
or, as it will be found marked on the map, Wenuchus Lake.
This is by far the finest sheet of water in Lynn, and if we except
Spring Pond in the edge of Salem, there is nothing superior
nearer than Lynnfield. Receiving the stream from the other
ponds on the north, it sends out the perennial current of Straw-
berry Brook towards the southwest, first through the Bowler
Swamp, and thence along a charming valley, quite to the western
line of the city.

On the eastern side of the Flax Pond rises a picturesque little
eminence known as Silsbee’s Hill. From the top of this we can
enjoy as pleasant a view towards the west as we can well desire;
or, turning northeastward, we may at our leisure study the in-
dications of the granite and porphyry, as visible, on the right
and left, in the style of surface and vegetation.

We will pass by Flax Pond on the eastern side and follow the
valley northerly to the Sluice Pond. Here is another mill-site;
and the little village round it has an air of manufactures. We
still continue northerly, for the pond is long and narrow, making
its quiet bed all the year in this little hollow, between Indian
Hill on one side and the east flank of the Blood’s Swamp Hills
on the other. When we come to the northern point we shall find
the water oozing in on all sides from the gravelly banks, and in
spring a gay rivulet rattling along from Spruce or Cedar Pond,
still farther north, and falling in to augment the waters of “ye
olde Sluice.”

At this point a new prospect opens. We have reached the
limit of the streams that flow southerly, and after this shall find
them traveling, like the star of empire, westward. The ridge
which the Lynnfield road here occupies is identical with that of
the Blood’s Swamp Hills, this being its lowest point. Do you
observe, reader, the gorge-like valley that opens towards the
west? Do you remark the heavy shadows of the pine woods on
the southern declivity, contrasting so agreeably with the lighter

14

spray and more undulating foliage on the northern side? Notice,
also, how the diverse outlines of the strong ledges and thickly-
wooded hills are seen merging into one another, and as they retire
more and more, gray succeeds to green, bluish to gray, and this
again deepens to a full azure. This is the most remarkable de-
pression in Lynn: the valley of Blood’s Swamp.

Entering by a secluded but pleasant wood-road, we will follow
its somewhat devious course up the hill to the left. If you are
not in haste, we can regale ourselves with checkerberry leaves,
or stay to gather the box-berries that are strewn about as if the
drops of dew had been congealed into coral. When we come
here in the spring the Blue Hepatica will now and then look up
from the damp leaves and give us a quiet welcome; and if we
repeat the visit somewhat later, the Linnea will scatter a pure
incense from the twin bells of its woodland censer, and be ready
to receive us in its cool arbors, whence it never ventures into the
open sunshine. Or we may here and there chance upon a Des-
modium ; or a bushy Gerardia, as free in its beauty as when it
first glowed on the botanical genius of Oakes, that wakened to
life before it, as its own buds before the vernal sun. This open
spot through which we are passing, will by and by be spangled
over with the Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem, and a little later the
lithe Golden-Rods will nod and beckon to each other among the
larger trees and between the scrub oaks and sassafras bushes.
Perhaps they will whisper: I cannot tell.

We are now on the highest of the Blood’s Swamp Hills; al-
most, if not quite, the highest land in the township. There isan
unbroken horizon, taking in the long ocean sweep from Boston
Harbor to Cape Ann, and then the highlands of Central Essex,
including those of Topsfield, Boxford and Andover, with Read-
ing almost at our feet, and the wood-covered eminences rolling
beyond, like billows in an ever-heaving ocean, till the prospect
fades away among the alpine highlands of southern New Hamp-
shire, with Monadnock and its co-ordinate peaks for the termini.
When the weather is thick or the northern sky hazy, nothing of
these is to be seen; but in a clear air, such as we have to-day,
you observe how lightly and cloudlike their immense forms seem
to float, or rather hover, on the horizon. I once stood on this
rock, with a friend as enthusiastic as myself, just when the sun

15

was setting, and the long level beams of yellow light were shoot-
ing over the tree-tops in the swamp below us like slender arrows.
The sky, for the most part, was free from vapors; but low down in
the far north, beyond all else, there hung a dense bank of clouds,
dun-colored and sluggish, against which the deep blue of those
granite hills lay clear and sharply drawn, more clear, indeed,
than the outline of hills five miles away.

There is something amazingly grand in the fair view of a
mountain, even when it is far off and comparatively small. My
friend was more familiar with alpine scenery than I; he had
travelled and dwelt in its midst; yet so forcible and purely ele-
mental was the scene before us, that he, no less than I, stood
like

‘*A pensive pilgrim at the foot
Of the crowned Alleghany, when he wrapt
His purple mantle gorgeously around,
And took the homage of the princely hills

That stood before him, as they bowed them down
Each in his order of nobility.”

Below us, on the north, the gorge of the swamp sinks down
like the entrance to some mighty cavern; and tracing it westerly,
you can detect its egress, where the hills are exchanged for the
Saugus meadows. Beyond are the high ridges of woods of
eastern Middlesex, and Wachusett rising above the whole.
Southward from these, the eye ranges over the gravelly hills of
Chelsea and Somerville, with the swarming hive of the capital,
veiled and panting in the smoke of furnaces and railroad sta-
tions.

Our stay in this free and uncontaminated air has probably
refreshed you, reader, so that you are no wearier than I. A
short walk southwesterly brings us to Dungeon Rock; the place
of much that is beautiful, much that is fanciful, much that is
perfectly absurd, and much that is lamentably true. The view
southerly from this point is perhaps better than from most
others. We are now looking over a porphyry tract exclusively,
where few hard-wooded trees are seen, but pines and cedars, in
extensive groves, occupy the whole. From the great ridge, on a
southern spur of which we stand, to the level land of the city, a
constant diversity appears; bushy and peaty swamps succeed to

16

abrupt elevations, sheltered valleys alternate with projecting
rocks and crags, and occasionally we see tokens of a hidden
brook that goes down from nook to nook by rapid descent,
though there is not, to my knowledge, a waterfall within the
territory.

Let me point out to you a few of the more important spots.
They will often be referred to in the list that follows, and should
your patience survive the ordeal of this introduction, some
knowledge of them might not be useless.

Next before us on the southeast, and down, down, many times
the “full fathom five” of Ariel, lies Dog Hill Swamp. It is a
place where the White Azalea dwells, crowned with especial
loveliness; where the Poison Sumach grows to the diameter of a
coffee-cup, and woe be to the susceptible woodsman thai cuts it;
a place where the yellow wasp likes to congregate among the
yard-high brakes, and the surveyor works his way in at long in-
tervals, and drives down his stake for a boundary, foot after foot,
through the elastic moss, before he strikes hard bottom.

Beyond it is Dog Hill, its namesake and counterpart; where
the Bush Clover plumes itself and frolics over the shady sward.
On the other side, as in duty bound, another swamp occurs. It
is known as Bennet’s, and its long trough stretches eastward a
full mile. From this and the last, two copious brooks are poured
during most of the year, falling into that picturesque sheet of
water seen a little to the west of them and called Breed’s Pond.

This pond is purely artificial, every foot of it beimg raised by
the dam below. It occupies what was formerly known as Pine
Hill Swamp; a labyrinth of bogs and tangled water-bushes,
where the otter burrowed in olden time, and round which the
wolves went prowling malignantly. On that little rounded island
that blends with the southern shore, we could find two deep
pits and the remains of another, dug and stoned up by the early
farmers as traps for those pests of the flocks. This swamp was
stored with the Marsh Marigold or Mayblob before its imunda-
tion, and many a basketful have I carried home from thence,
crisp and delicate, for a grateful meal in early spring. Pine
Hill breaks the prospect beyond the pond, sloping gently down
toward the east, as it approaches Bennet’s Swamp; and just to
the left of those smartlooking buildings that we see yet further

17

off, upon Linwood, we might visit the dilapidated sheep-fold
where, long ago, the town shepherd made sure of the nightly
safety of his charge. It stands in an angle of the pasture to
which Pine Hill has given a name, a crumbling relic of the agri-
cultural age of Lynn, that period now finished, and half forgotten
in the age of manufactures.

You see a range of land of somewhat uniform elevation to the
west of Breed’s Pond, but to the northwest it suddenly sinks to
a deep and horse-shoe-formed depression, many acres in extent,
and filled by the almost impassable thickets of Tomlin’s Swamp.
Twenty minutes’ walk will bring us to its western border.

Tomlin’s Swamp is probably the most extensive morass in
this vicinity, with the possible exception of Blood’s Swamp.
Like the transformed Pine Hill Swamp, it has its tributaries and
its outlet, this last being the romantic, though not enduring,
Penny-Bridge Brook. The valley by which this stream finds its
way to Saugus River is one of the most enchanting seclusions
to be found in this district, a place precisely fitted for reverie
and contemplation,

‘* Where bright green moss heaves in fantastic forms,
Speckled with sunshine; and but seldom heard,
The sweet bird’s song becomes a hollow sound ;
And the breeze, murmuring indivisibly,

Preserves its quiet murmur most distinct
From many a note of many a waterfall,
And the brook’s chatter.”

We will turn backwards now, over Penny Bridge again. It is
a small, unpretending, rustic affair, rather the worse for neglect
and of no manner of importance, save only that one of the
boundary stones between Lynn and Saugus stands near it.
From here we will stroll away southerly on the western declivity
of high hills covered with pines, and presently we find ourselves
on the margin of Edwards’ Swamp, endowed by Flora more lib-
erally, perhaps, than any of the others. It is the home of the
Purple Orchis, and the chosen seat of the Cardinal-flower; the
Mayblob is here too, with the Cress, the Golden Senecio and the
charming Calla; the Dwarf Cornel and the Pyrola are scattered

3

18

round the edges, and Fleabanes, Coral-roots, Willow-herbs and
Wild Sunflowers are variously distributed on the near hillsides.

From this we will follow the channel of Birch Brook, that
flows from its southern extremity. In so doing we pass the ~
remnants of a large cedar-swamp from which many of the trees
have been lately cut, and notice the Indian Poke springing
greenly by the stream, and the Hempweed climbing in wild
freedom over the bushes, both far away from others of their
kind. Below this opens the verdant expanse of Pan Swamp
Meadow, a rather profitless tract long since reclaimed, that is,
tortured out of its natural fitness and character. Birch Brook
here unites with that from Breed’s Pond, which I have chosen
to call Moore’s Brook, preferring the name by which it is known
in the old deeds of land on its banks, to that of Beaver Brook,
sometimes applied to it. As the current passes on through the
meadows, it furnishes many a pleasant spot to the botanist, till
it falls into Saugus River at the Stone Factory.

I have taken you a long jaunt, kind reader, too bare of inter-
est, perhaps, to be very pleasant. If you desire more minute
knowledge of the plants of Lynn, the following list will afford it,
I think, very fully. Most of them have passed my own exami-
nation. For others, of which I could obtain no specimens, I am
glad to inform you of my obligations to Drs. Holder, Clark and
Nye, and my friend, Mr. Moulton, of this city; gentlemen keenly
alive to the attractions of botany, and possessed of a fund of that
pleasant information, scraps of which you will find credited to
their several names. For the purpose of connecting our flora
with that of the rest of the county, I have interspersed notices
of plants unknown here, but detected in other towns. An essen-
tial service in this particular has been rendered bv the Proceed-
ings of the Essex Institute, issued in 1856, to which society an
acknowledgement is also due.

And now I must leave you, reader. There are “tongues in
the trees, books in the running brooks, and good in everything.’’
If you love plants, then study them, give yourself to them, and
fill your desire with their innocent loveliness. Theirs is display,
but not meretricious; beauty, but not heartless and trifling;
exciting attractiveness, but no bitter depression follows. To
him who reads them aright, they tell a higher tale beside, a tale

19

that none can utter, a tale of life, death,a golden hope and a
sanctified immortality. Adieu.

‘* The Spring is here! the delicate-footed May,
With her slight fingers full of leaves and flowers ;
And with it comes a thirst to be away,

Wasting in woodpaths the voluptuous hours.
A feeling that is like a sense of wings,
Restless to rise above these perishing things.”’

LYNN, May 1, 1858.

SAeb res Or THE ESSE PLORA.,

POLYPETALOUS EHEXOGENS.

RANUNCULIDS.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Clematis Virginiana. L.

Common. Low grounds and fence-rows. Culti-
vated to some extent.

Anemone Virginiana. L.
Frequent. Bushy low places. Wood margins.

Anemone nemorosa. L.
Abundant. Moist, rich ground. Edges of copses.

Hepatica triloba. Chaix.

Occasional. Near Pirate’s Glen and Howard’s
Spring, Saugus. Near Dungeon Rock. Woodside,
Swampscott.

Thalictrum anemonoides. Michx.
Occasional. Fairmount, near Breed’s Pond.

T. dioicum. L.

Occasional. Border of Stacy’s Brook, near Es-
sex Street.—Dr. Holder.

Traveller’s Joy,
Virgin’s Bower.

Tall Anemone.

Common
Anemone.

Blue Hepatica,
NobleLiverwort

Rue Anemone.

Early Meadow
Rue.

RANUNCUL.]

Large Meadow
Rue.

Water Crow-
toot.

Yellow Water
Crowtoot.

Creeping
Spearwort.

Seaside
Crowfoot.

Small flowered
Crowfoot.

Cursed Crow-
foot, Celery-
leaved Crowfoot

Early Crowfoot.

Meadow Crow-
foot, Creeping
Crowfoot.

aio os ’
Bulbous Crow-
foot.

Tall Crowfoot.

Cowslip,
Mayblob.

22

[CROWFOOT PF.

T. cornuti. L.
Abundant. Meadows and damp places.

Ranunculus aquatilis. L.

Var. divaricatus. 1 have found abundant in
Saugus River, near Howlet’s Mills, Saugus.

R. multifidus. Ph.
I find near Howard Place, Saugus.

R. Flammula. Var. reptans.

Grows on the beach at lower end of Middleton
Pond.

R. Cymbalaria. Pursh.

Rare, Nahant.

R. abortivus. L.

Occasional. Ledges and rocks in light, rich soil.
Dungeon Rock.

R. scleratus. L.
Rare. Calf Spring, Nahant.

R. fascicularis. Muhl.
Front of Common Hill, Swampscott.

R. repens. L.
Abundant. In all low grounds.

R. bulbosus. L.
Common. Uplands and fields.

R. acris. L.
Frequent. Moist grass-lands.

Caltha palustris. L.

Occasional. Formerly found largely in Edwards’
Swamp, now Birch Pond. About Oaklandvale, Sau-

gus.

MAGNOLIDS. | 23 [MAGNOLIA F.

Coptis trifolia. Salisb. Goldthread.
Frequent. On the north declivity of Blood’s

Swamp Hills, it often covers the earth for large

spaces.

Aquilegia Canadensis. L.* Columbine.
Frequent. Rocks and ledges.
Actzea spicata. L. Var. alba. White Cohosh.

Occasional. Pirate’s Glen and sparingly in Dun-
geon Pasture; more frequently in woods, near Up-
per Swampscott.

MAGNOLIDS.
(MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Magnolia glauca. L. Sweet Bay.
To be found at Gloucester at the well-known lo-

cality.
BERBERIDS.
(BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Berberis vulgaris. L. Barberry.

Abundant. Woods, fields, and almost every-
where.

NYMPHIDS.
(WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Weatemctialae

Frequent. Flax Pond and other waters in the
eastern part of the city.

Nymphea odorata. Ait. + Pond Lily.
Frequent. Lily Pond and others of its kind.

* Easy to cultivate, if good roots be obtained. A fixed varie-
ty of a pale, yellowish red or salmon color has been found near
Salem. It propagates itself without change.—P/ippen.

+ A curious observation on this plant was made by the late
Asa T. Newhall, Esq., of Lynnfield, some years since. Having
planted some roots in a small pond fed bya cold spring, the
flowers, though luxuriant, were perfectly devoid of odor; a fact
due, as he judged, to the coldness of the water where they grew.

SARRAC.]

Yellow Water-

Lily, Cow Lily.

Side-Saddle
Flower, Fore-
father’s Cup,
Huntsman’s

Cup.

Celandine.

Bloodroot.

Pale Corydalis

Common
Fumitory.

True Water-
Cress.

24 [PITCHER-PLANT F.

Nuphar advena. Ait.
Frequent. Ponds and sluggish waters.

SARRACENIDS.
(PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.)

Sarracenia purpurea. L.*
Frequent. Bogs and open swamps.

PAPAVERIDS.
(Poppy FAMILY.)

Chelidonium majus. L.
Common. Old gardens and cultivated grounds.

Sanguinaria Canadensis. L.

Rare. Moist woods S.E. of Swampscott Ceme-
tery, and also in ravines N.W. of the same point.

FUMARIDS.
(FUMATORY FAMILY.)

Corydalis glauca. Pursh.+
Frequent. Retired places on ledges, in thin soil.

Fumaria Officinalis. L.
Is sparingly naturalized in N. Andover.

SINAPIDS.
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Nasturtium officinale. R. Br.
Occasional. Brooks and small streams; as for

instance, in Neptune Street, near Elm, and near
head of Birch Pond.

* This fine plant is becoming somewhat classical in American
design ; and enters into the composition of the fountains in
iront of the State House, Boston.

A lovely biennial. By collecting the seeds in mid-summer
or ‘me young plants in late autumn, it may be cultivated with
ease.

bo
Or

SINAPIDS.]| [MUSTARD F.

N. palustre. D.C. Marsh Cress.
Is in the meadows by Shute’s Brook, in front of

R.R. Station, Saugus Centre.

N. Armoracia. Fries. Horse-radish.
Often escaped from cultivation.

Cardimine hirsuta. L. BitteriCress.

Occasional. Ditches and small streams. For-
merly very plentiful in Edwards’ Swamp.

Var. VIRGINICA. Michx.
Rare. Retired ledges about Tomlin’s Swamp.

Barbarea vulgaris. R. Br. Winter Cress.
Frequent. Meadows and rich lands.

Sisymbrium officinale. Scop. Hedge Mustard
Abundant. Cultivated grounds and yards. Wild Turnip.

Sinapis arvensis. L. Charlock.
Detected near Salem.

S. nigra. L. . Black Mustard.
Common. Cultivated grounds and waysides.

DRABA VARNA, L., the Common Whitlow Grass,
has a single locality in Danvers, first noticed, it is
said, by Dr. A. NicHois.— Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856.
Said to be now extinct.

Lepideum Virginicum. L. ae Pepper-
Common. Roadsides and waste lands. ret
L. arvense. Lepidium.
Has been found at Peters’ Point, Salem.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Mceench. shepherd's
urse.

Abundant. Neglected gardens and compost
heaps.

Cakile Americana. Nutt. Sea Rocket.
Common. Beaches at Nahant, Swampscott, etc.

Raphanus Raphanistrum. L.* Wild Radish.
Abundant. A garden weed.

* A crucifer of unknown species, or at least not included in
Gray, has appeared in a single instance at Burrill’s Hill.

VIOLIDS.]

Lance-Leaved
Violet.

Sweet White
Violet.

Arrow-Leaved
Violet.

Hooded Violet.

Horse Violet,
Bird-foot Violet

Spreading
Violet.

Downy Yellow
Violet.

Frostweed,
Rock-rose.
Hudsonia.

Large Pinweed

Small Pinweed

26 [VIOLET F.

VIOLIDS.
(VIOLET FAMILY.)
Viola lanceolata. L.
Abundant. Meadows and damp fields. Prob-
ably our most fragrant species.
V. blanda. Willd.
Abundant. Bogs and water-courses.

V. sagittata. Ait.

Abundant. In every soil and situation, flourish-
ing freely with little regard to circumstances.
V. cucullata. Ait.

Abundant. Meadows and brooksides. A few pe-
culiar specimens I formerly took for V. falustrzs, L.

A cultivated form of this took on, in 1863, the
form of V. falmata, and the next year reversed to
the normal type—Pkippen.
V. pedata. L.

Abundant. Dry hills and uplands. The finest
species in the region.
V. Muhienbergii. Torr.

Occasional. In Swamps near Pirate’s Glen, Sau-
gus; about Breed’s Pond, and so eastward.
V. pubescens. Ait.

Very rare. A rich, shady spot on the back of
Bennet’s Swamp alone affords it, I believe.

CISTIDS.
(RocCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Helianthemum Canadense. Michx.
Abundant. Pastures and dry hills and woods.

Hudsonia tomentosa. Nutt.
Rare. Short Beach, Nahant.

Lechea major. Michx.
Common. Grassy woodlands.

L. minor. Lam.
Common. Pastures and clearings.

DROS. |

27
DROSERIDS.

(SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Drosera rotundifolia. L.

Occasional. Fresh marshes of Chestnut Street,
and other such places.

D. longifolia. L.

Occasional. Along the course of Stony Brook,
and many similar places.

Parnassia Caroliniana. Michx.

Very rare. I have found it in Lynnfield, and
along the banks of Stacy’s Brook.

HYPERIDS.

(ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.)

Hypericum perforatum. L.
Abundant. Roadsides and neglected soils.

H. mutilum. L.
Common. A weed in fields and gardens.

H. Canadense. L.
Common. Gravelly edges of ponds and water-

COUISES.

H. Sarothra. Michx.
Abundant. Dry uplands, in cartways and exca-

vations.

Elodea Virginica. Nutt.

Abundant. Cool and shady bogs and along
sluggish waters.

ELATINIDS.

(WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

Elatine Americana. Arnott.

Rare.

Flax Pond.—fRobznson.

[SUNDEW F.

Round-leaved
Sundew.

Long-leaved
Sundew.

Grass of Par-
nassus, White-
blow.

St. John’s-wort.

Small
St. John’s-wort.

Canadian
St. John’s-wort.

Pineweed.

Marsh
St. John’s-wort.

Water-wort.

DIAN. ]

Wild Pink,
Deptford Pink.

Bouncing Bet.
Soapwort.

Bladder Cam-

pion, Crackers.

Sweet William,
Catchfly.

Wooly Pink,
Corn Cockle.

Thyme-leaved
Sandwort.

Side-Flowering
Sandwort.

Sea Sandwort.

Chickweed.

Northern
Stitchwort.

Mouse-ear
Chickweed.

28 [PINK F.

DIANTHIDS.
(PINK FAMILY.)

Dianthus Armeria. L.
Frequent. Turfy banks, mostly near roads.

Saponaria Officinalis. L.
Common. Old grounds about houses.

Silene inflata. Smith.

Abundant. Gravelly places and roadsides. Re-
markable for its main root, which is sometimes
enormously long. *

S. Armeria. L.

Frequent. A garden weed often migrating to the
street.
Lychnis Githago. Lam.

Occasional. Gardens and fields.

Arenaria serpyllifolia. L.

Occasional. Damp rocks at Pine Hill and old
cultivated spots about Atlantic St. A little in doubt.
A. laterifiora. L.

Abundant on bushy hillocks between the dyke
and the railroad, and in other like places. Mudge’s
Woods, Swampscott.

Borders of ponds about Legg’s Hill, Salem. —
Phippen.

Honkenya peploides. Ehr.
Frequent. King’s Beach, and others in that
region.—Dr. Holder.

Stellaria media. Smith.
Abundant. Gardens and fields.

S. borealis. Big.

Has been detected in Broad Meadow, Lynnfield.
—A. P. Chute.
Cerastium Viscosum. L.

Abundant. Cultivated grounds and waysides.

* T traced one five feet into the earth perpendicularly, which
retained a diameter of nearly an inch. This plant is almost un-

_ known in Salem, and the north part of the county.—Phiffen.

PORTUL.] 29 [PURSLANE F.

Field
C. arvense. L. Chickweed.

Very rare in Lynn, if here at all. Abundant at
Nahant, whitening the pastures when in flower, and
sparingly at Swampscott on the shore ledges.

Sagina procumbens. L. Pearlwort.

Rare. Spring ledges near Pirate’s Glen, Saugus.
Occasional on gravelly bluffs on the east side of
Nahant. Also at Rockport, 1862.

Spergula arvensis. L. Corn Spurry.

Common. Waste places in cultivated grounds,
stubble fields.

Spergularia rubra. Pers. Sandwort.
Common. Waysides and yards.

Var. MARINA.
Frequent on Commercial wharf and elsewhere.

Scleranthus annuus. L. Knawel.
Common. Dry gravelly fields and roadsides.

Mollugo verticillata. L. Carpet weed.

Common. Gardens and fields in rich, cultivated
soil.

PORTULIDS.

(PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Portulaca oleracea. L. Piciae
Abundant. No garden can belong tilled without

producing it. Thought to be naturalized from

Europe, but a French writer in 1636 says: “ Purs-

lane naturally comes to the Indians in their culti-

vated fields, among their corn and pumpkins and is

common with them.”—Phippen.

MALVIDS.
(MALLOW FAMILY.)

Abutilon avicennze. Gert. Velvet-leaf

Frequent. It occurs spontaneously in gardens Wild Cotton.
and manured lands.

TILIDS.]

Low Mallows,
Cheesevine.

American Lin-
den, Basswood.

Wild Flax.

Cranesbill,
Wild Geranium

Carolina
Cranesbill.

Herb Robert.

Touch-me-not.

Jewel-weed.

30 [LINDEN F.

Malva rotundifolia. L.

_ Abundant. Everywhere near houses and build-
ings; well known.

TILIDS.
(LINDEN FAMILY.)

Tilia Americana. L.

Occasional. I have found it in Dungeon Pas-
ture; also on Second Pine Hill. It is more plenti-
ful at Oak Island, Chelsea.

LINIDS.
(FLAX FAMILY.)

Linum Virginianum. L.

Very rare. I have only once met with it, near
the top of Second Pine Hill where it still flourishes
in small quantity.

GERANIDS.
(GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Geranium maculatum. L.

Frequent. Thickets, borders of swamps and re-
tired fence rows. Very readily cultivated, yielding
a profusion of beautiful flowers. The curious pro-
jection of its ripe seeds is worthy of study.

G. Carolinianum. L.
Occasional. Cultivated lands, not elegant.

G. Robertianum. L.

Abundant. Rocky places, at the base of ledges,
flourishing among the debris. Miserably fetid.

Impatiens pallida. Nutt.
At Backside, Hamilton, side by side with JZ.
Sulva—Phippen.

I. fulva. Nutt.
Abundant. Brooksides and wet, rich quagmires.

ANACARIDS. | ol [CASHEW F.

Oxalis stricta, L. Yellow Wood
, Sorrel, Ladies’
Common. In all soils not too dry, particularly Sorrel:

manure-beds and other rich places.

ANACARIDS.
(CASHEW FAmILY.)

Rhus typhina. L.* Staghorn

Abundant. Most common on hills in light soil, >¥™2¢
but thrives almost anywhere. Difficult to eradicate.

R. glabra. L. Smooth
y 3 Sumach.
Abundant. Intermixed with the former.

R. copallina. L. Dwarf Sumach.

Frequent. Hillsides in good soil, often forming
crowded patches.

R. venenata. DC. Poison Elder,

Frequent. Swamps and wet thickets. Its pois- POSWgt. 4

onous property affects different persons in various
degrees, many not being susceptible at all.

R. Toxicodendron. L.t Poison Oak,

Common. Not a respecter of soils by any See

means.

VITIDS.
(VINE FAMILY.)

Vitis Labrusea. L. Gane

Frequent. Damp thickets. The fertile plants Wild Grape.
comparatively few.

* In this vicinity, this and the two following show to rather
poor advantage in autumn, being divested of all the young
shoots and leaves by the morocco tanners. 2. copallina is
said to be better for this than the others, though less abundant.

+ It is a terror to many who are not poisoned by #. venenata,
of which class I happen to be one.

A marked specimen of the shrub-form is at Juniper Po‘nt,
Salem.—Phipfen.

RAHMNIDS.]}

Summer
Grape.

Creeper,
Woodbine.

Jersey Tea.

Staff-tree,
Waxwork,
Bitter Sweet.

Striped Maple.

Sugar Maple.

Swamp Maple.

32 [BUCKTHORN F.

VY. ewstivalis. Michx.

Occasional. It seems to occupy higher situations

than V. Laérusca, and to be more generally fruit-
ful. V. Cordifolza, Michx., the Frost Grape, I
think is with us but cannot be at all positive.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Michx.
Abundant. Thrives in all kinds of soil where
there is not too much shade.

RHAMNIDS.
(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Ceanothus Americanus. L.

Occasional. The best localities are on the
southern slope of Linwood, and a hillside west of
Sadler’s Rock.

CELASTRIDS.
(SPINDLE-TREE FAMILY.)

Celastrus seandeus. L*

Abundant. Borders of fields, and fencerows. A
luxuriant and elegant vine, and easy of cultivation.

SAPINIDS.
(SOAPBERRY TREE.)

Acer Pennsylvanicum. L.
Rare. Said to grow in Dungeon Pasture.

Acer saccharinum. L.

Occasional. I have not found it in Lynn, al-
though it is probably here. It grows at Woodside,
Swampscott.

A. rubrum. L.

Abundant. The most common tree in swamps
and wet localities, next the Alder.

* Not only graceful, but curiously illustrative of the tendency
of leaves to turn the upper surface to the light; the petioles
being all twisted when the twig is inverted.

— so os

= —<— =.

99
90

POLYGALIDS. |

POLYGALIDS.
(MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Polygala sanguinea. L.*

Common. A showy little plant in meadows and
damp lands, flowering after the grass is mown. The
root has a fine odor like that of Checkerberry.

P. eruciata. L.

Very rare. I have met with it in wet, oozy lands
below the mill-dam of E. Holmes, Lynn. The best
locality I know of is Marblehead Great Neck,

where it is abundant in the damp lands.

P. verticillata. L.

Occasional. I knowno localities except ameadow
near the head of Raddin’s Ct., West Lynn, and a
spot on the highlands of Rocks Pasture.

P. polygama. Walt.
Frequent. Most so upon and near Second Pine
Hill. A fine plant in flower.

- PISIDS.
(PULSE FAMILY.)

Lupinus perennis. L.
Said to grow in Lynnfield.

Lathyrus maritimus. Bigel.

Abundant. Stony beaches of Nahant and else-
where.

L. palustris. L.

Rare. Confined entirely to the Eastern section.
Borders of Stacy’s Brook, near Humphrey Street.

Apios tuberosa. Meench.

Abundant. Overrunning bushes in damp thickets,
and spreading extensively.

Amphicarpza monoica. Nutt.
Frequent. Shady places in light, moist soil.

* This genus is a difficult study for beginners, but is perfect-
ly easy to recognize after a little acquaintance.
5

[MILKWORT F.

Red Milkwort.

Cross-leaved
Milkwort.

Whorled
Milkwort.

Double-fruited
Milkwort.

Lupine.

Beach Pea.

Marsh
Vetchling,
Meadow Pea.

Ground-nut.

Hog Pea-nut.

PISIDS.]
Naked flowered

Tick-Trefoil.

Desmodium.

Tick-Trefoil.

Bush Clover.

Hairy Bush
Clover.

Wooly-
stemmed
Clover.

Common
Locust.

Rabbit-foot
Clover,
Pussy Clover.

Red Clover.

Zigzag Clover.

White Clover,
Honeysuckle.

34 [PULSE F.

Desmodium nudiflorum. DC.

Rare. It grows scantily on the southern side of
Blood’s Swamp Hills; elsewhere I have not seen it.

D. acuminatum. DC.

A ledge on Blood’s Swamp Hills, nearly north of
the head of Dog Hill Swamp furnishes this plant.
No other locality is known to me. (July, 1862.)

D. Canadense. DC.

Is occasional on the railroad at that part of the
city formerly known as Woodend, and along the
hillsides west of Sadler’s Rock.

Lespedeza violacea. Pers.

Frequent. Dryoak and hickory woods. A hand-
some plant, and well worth cultivating.

L. hirta. Ell. .
Common. Open, gravelly hillsides and fields.

L. capitata. Michx.

May be determined among the numerous forms
found on Linwood, and other like places.

Robinia pseudacacia. L.

Occasional. Sparingly naturalized. Rather free-
ly established at Cider Mill Pasture, west of Pan
Swamp Meadow. Abundant in Peabody, near
Lynn line.

Trifolium arvense. L.
Abundant. Dry, sterile fields and roadsides.

T. pratense. L.

Abundant. Cultivated largely and thoroughly
naturalized here. A variety with pure white flow-
ers is occasional in Saugus, Lynn, Salem, etc.

T. medium. L.
Found in Danvers, near Topsfield line.

T. repens. L.

Abundant. Establishing itself almost every-
where, resisting drought and flourishing in the most
unpropitious seasons.

ROSIDS. | 3d

T. agrarium. L.
Common in poor grass land about Salem.—P/zp-

pen.

T. procumbens. L.

Rare. I have only found it in Linnean Grove.
A curious little species.

Melilotus officinalis. Willd.

Is on the beaches at Cohasset Rocks. In culti-
vated clover, Salem Neck.—PAzpfgen.

_M. leucantha. Koch.
Is naturalized in Rowley.—Proc. Ess. Inst., 1856.

Medicago lupulina. L.

Common. Gardens and fields. Also frequently
found by waysides and about houses.

Genista tinctoria. L.

Abundant. Between Lynn and Salem is no
doubt the chief seat of this pernicious intruder. It
completely covers the elevated pasture soil, exter-
minating the grass and almost every plant beside.

Baptisia tinctoria. R. Br.

Abundant. Pastures and hills; troublesome in
tilling new lands.

ROSIDS.
(ROSE FAMILY.)

Prunus maritima. Wang.

Occasional. Singularly enough, not on the shore
at all, but along Boston Street, near Wyoma,
ae places. Frequent about Nahant, on the

uffs. ;

P. Pennsylvanica. Loisel.

Frequent. Hillsides and pastures. An elegant
species.

P. Virginiana. DC.
Common. Upland thickets and old fence-rows.

[ROSE F.

Hop Clover.
Low Hop

Clover.

Sweet Clover.

White Melilot.

Nonesuch.

Wood Waxen ;
Dyer’s Weed.

Wild Indigo.

Beach Plum.

Wild Red
Cherry.

Choke Cherry.

ROSIDS.]

Black Cherry.

Meadow-sweet.

Hardhack.

Agrimony.

White Avens.

Tall Yellow
Avens.

Purple Avens.

Norway
Cinque-foil.

Five-finger.

Silvery
Cinque-foil.

Silver-weed.

Crowded |
Cinque-foil.

36 [ROSE F.

P. seratina. DC.

Common. Woods. The best specimens in Lynn
are probably in the old Western Burial Ground,
Market Square.

Spireea salicifolia. L.
Abundant. Swamps and boggy water-courses.

S. tomentosa. L.

Abundant. Rich pastures and uplands. Too
common to be duly appreciated.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. L.

Common. Thickets and borders of swamps.

Geum Virginianum. L.

Occasional. Shady, rich soil among rocks in
elevated spots.

G. strictum. Ait.
Rare. Formerly at roadside at North Bend.

G. rivale. L.

Rare. Hardly to be found except in Linnean
Grove.—Dr. Holder.
Topsfield. Formerly at N. Salem.—PAzpfen.

Potentilla Norvegica. L.

Frequent. Cultivated grounds and around dwell-
ings.
P. Canadensis. L.

Abundant. Var. pumillaisa pioneer plant in
almost every soil; Var. stmplex occurs frequently
along walks and in dry thickets.

P. argentea. L.

Common. Borders of streets and travelled ways.
Remarkable for its downy whiteness.

P. anserina. L.

Abundant. Dykes and banks about the salt
marshes. Resembles tansy.

P. arguta. Pursh.

Rare. Formerly at Burrill’s Hill.
Sunny cliffs about Castle Hill, S.Salem.-Butirick.

ROSIDS.| 37

P. fruticosa. L.

Very rare in Lynn, if here at all.

I have it from peat bogs in Lynnfield, near Ser-
pentine Quarry, where it abounds. “ Backside,”
Hamilton. PAzppen.

P. tridentata. Ait.
Near Bass Rock, Gloucester.—/. L. Russel/, 1861.

Fragaria Virginiana. Ehrh.

Common. Meadows and fields. Plentiful in
recent clearings.
F. vesea. L.

Frequent. Low grounds. Both species bear
very scantily in this section.
Rubus odoratus. L.

Is said to be naturalized in Salem Pastures.

R. strigosus. Michx.

Abundant. Rocky places inrich woodlands ; the
fruit generally small in quantity.
R. occidentalis. L.

Common. Along pasture walls and in the edges
of thickets. Generally very fruitful.
R. villosus. Ait.

Abundant. Damp soils generally; the varieties
appear very much intermixed. The fruit for the
most part is poor and valueless.

R. Canadensis. L.

Abundant. Open pastures and hillsides, trailing
extensively and bearing great quantities of fruit.
R. hispidus. L.

Abundant. Filling every swamp, and thriving
almost as well on shady uplands. Fruit of little
consequence.

Rosa lucida. Ebrh. *

Common. Mostly on the edges of swamps and
in damp thickets.

* Hither thisand R. Carolina, L., the Swamp Rose, are not
well distinguished, or else the latter is not in this region.

[ROSE F.

Shrubby
Cingue-foil.

Mountain
Cinque-foil.

Strawberry.

Long-fruited
Strawberry.

Flowering
Raspberry.

Red Raspberry.

Thimbleberry.

High
Blackberry.

Low
Blackberry.

Swamp
Blackberry.

Low Wild Rose

MELASTOM. |

Sweetbrier.

Red Thorn.

Chokeberry,
Dogberry.

Mountain Ash.

Shad-bush
June-berry.

Meadow
Beauty.

Low
Loosestrife.

38 [MEEASTOMA F.

R. rubiginosa. L. 5
Frequent. Chiefly in open hillsides and uplands.

Cratzgus coccinea. L.

_ Rare. I found it formerly at Burrill’s Hill and
in one or two other spots. Fine specimens may
be seen in Salem, near the crossing of the Marble-
head Railroad and the Forest River road.

Pyrus arbutifolia. L.
Common. Among huckleberry bushes. Fruit

profuse and attractive to the eye, but not by any
means to the taste.

P. Americana. DC.

Occasional. Small specimens are only to be
found, as the trees are early seized upon for culti-
vation. '

Amelanchiar Canadensis. Torr. & Gray.

Common in almost every low ground.

Var. BOTRYAPIUM occurs at Lantern Hill, and
occasionally in other places. A peculiar form oc-
curs along the shore at Norman’s Woe, Gloucester,
fruiting plentifully when the bushes are not three
feet high.

MELASTOMIDS.
(MELASTOMA FAMILY.)
Rhexia Virginica. L.

Frequent. Brooksidesand meadows. Generally
plentiful where it appears at all.

LYTHRIDS.
(LOOSE-STRIFE FAMILY.)

AMMANNIA HUMILIS, Michx., a small weed with
no other name, is said to grow in Danvers.—Pvroc.
Ess. Inst., 1856.

Lythrum hyssopifolia. L.

I found it at Flax Pond, and also in Oak street,
in 1849. I have seen it quite plentifully in a
meadow at Nahant, and in lesser quantity in low
grounds along Moore’s Brook above Boston Street.

pagent

ONAGRIDS. | 39

Neszea verticillata. Ell.

Frequent. Ponds and wet swamps. The stems
are sometimes curiously thickened under water.

ONAGRIDS.
(FUCHSIA FAMILY.)

_Epilobium angustifolium. L.

Abundant. It seems partial to burnt lands, as
the hillside N.E. of Breed’s Pond, where in 1856 its
flowers made one sheet of purple. Beautiful and
easy to cultivate.

EK. palustre. L.

Not rare. Hamilton, Middleton and Danvers.—
Phippen.

E. coloratum. Mubl.
Frequent. Springy spots and borders of ponds.

CEnothera biennis. L.

Common. Gardens and fields. I have found it
in Rock’s Pasture, with flowers more than double
the common size and very showy.

Var. CRUCIATA is very abundant on Eastern Rail-
road between Hamilton and Ipswich—PAzppen.

Ce. pumila. L.

Frequent in dry gravelly spots, and sometimes in
moist grounds.

Ludwigea alternifolia. L.

Rare. Formerly on Washington Street, between
Essex and Laighton. I found it nowhere else
and then it was not plentiful.

L. palustris. EI.

Abundant. Creeping in the mud on the banks of
ponds and stagnant waters.

Cirezea Lutetiana. L.

Occasional. Dungeon Pasture and elsewhere.
Plants seldom solitary.

C. alpina. L.

Occasional. Pirate’s Glen. Partial to shady
spots and grows in patches.

[FUCHSIA F.

Swamp |
Loosestrife.

Great
Willow-herb.

Epilobium.

Purple-veined
Willow-herb.

Evening Prim-
rose, Scabish.

Dwarf Evening
Primrose.

Seed-box.

Water Purslane

Enchanter’s
Nightshade.

Small
Enchanter’s
Nightshade.

CACTIDS. |

Mermaid Weed.

Variable
Water-Milfoil.

Prickly Pear.

Mossy
Stone-crop,
Golden Moss.

Aaron’s Rod,
Live-forever.

Ditch
Stone-crop.

Houseleek.

40 [CACTUS F.

Proserpinaca palustris. L.

_ In most ponds and permanent ditches; generally
in shallows that dry in summer.

Myriophyllum ambiguum. Nutt.

Var. MATANS. Occasional. Breed’s Pond.
Probably in many still waters.

Var. CAPILLACEUM. Occasional. In a rocky
pond-hole in Marshall’s Pasture.
CACTIDS.
(CACTUS FAMILY.)

Opuntia vulgaris. Mill.

On the Ipswich River bank, at North Reading,
where a few plants were placed many years ago
there is now a very flourishing locality — Aodzuson.

CRASSULIDS.
(HOUSELEEK FAMILY.)

Sedum acre. L.
Occasional. Naturalized between the old hotel

‘and Spouting Horn, Nahant, on the gravel banks.

S. Telephium. L.
Occasional. Near old houses and about ledges.

Penthorum sedoides. L.

Common. Muddy ditches and edges of stagnant
pools. I have never seen the petaloid state.

Sempervivum tectorum. L. (’)

Rare. Naturalized on a ledge at E. Stone’s
house on Boston Street. Also on a rock at Oak-
landvale, Saugus, and on rocks at south end of
Floating Bridge Pond.

On rocks, near Witch Hill, Salem —PAzp pen.

SAXAFRIDS. | Al [SAXAFRAGE F.

SAXAFRIDS.
(SAXAFRAGE FAMILY.)

Saxifraga Virginiensis. Michx.

Common. Wherever there is a damp rock to
sustain it, it may be found full of buds as soon as
the snow is gone.

Var. CHLORANTHA, with green flowers, occurs in
Topsfield.—Proc. Ess. [nst., 1856.

S. Pennsylvanica. L.

Rare. Perhaps not in Lynn at all, but plentiful
in the wet edges of Shute’s Brook, near railroad
station, Saugus Centre.

In a swamp in Great Pasture, Salem, and along
Ipswich River, Hamilton. Roadsides in Wenham,
and Rocks near Beverly Bridge, Salem. Abundant
and very large along roads in Topsfield, near Ips-
wich River.—Phippen.

Tiarella cordifolia. L.
Rare. It has been found within the township.—
Dr. Holder.
Chrysosplenium Americanum. Schw.
Occasional. Saugus and Swampscott.”

Ribes hirtellum. Michx.
Abundant. On almost every rocky hill, and by

no means rare in low grounds. Generally quite
fruitful.
HAMAMELIDS.
(WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Hamamelis Virginica. L.

Abundant. Damp hillsides, nearswamps; easily
known by its being in full flower when there are
no leaves to conceal it from sight.

APIDS.
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Hydrocotyle Americana. L.
Abundant. Every swamp is filled with it.

Mousemead,
Early Saxifrage

Swamp
Saxifrage.

False
Mitrewort.

Golden
Saxifrage.

Short-stalked
Gooseberry.

Witch Hazel.

Pennywort.

APIDS.]

Crantzia.

Sanicle.

Carrot.

Parsnip.

Fool’s Parsley.

Scotch Lovage.

Meadow
Parsnip.

Musquash-Root

Bulb-bearing
Water Hemlock

Water Parsnip.

42 [PARSLEY F.

H. UMBELLATA, L., (?) the Round-leaved Penny-
wort, I have found at Essex Pond, Hamilton, but
not in flower, so that I rather doubt the species.

Crantzia lineata. Nutt.

A little plant not otherwise named grows on the
brackish marshes at Salisbury.—A. P. Chute.

Sanicula Marilandie¢a. L.

Frequent. Edges of thickets and among low
bushes.
Daucus Carota. L.

Occasional. Naturalized in old fields.

HERACLEUM LANATUM, Michx.
The Cow Parsnip is probably not in Lynn, but
grows on the Forest River Road.

Pastinaca sativa. L.

Occasional. Plentifully established in some older
parts of the city.

ARCHANGELICA PERIGRINA. Nutt.
The lesser Angelica is to be found in Salem,
Danvers and Beverly.—Proc. Ess. Inst.

os
Akthusa Cynapium. L.
Occasional. In old gardens and cultivated fields.

Ligusticum Scoticum. L.

Frequent. Perhaps not in the proper territory
of Lynn, but scattered liberally along the shores
about Nahant.

Thaspium aureum. Nutt.
I have found in Topsfield, near Boxford.

Cicuta maculata. L.
Frequent. In swamps and like places.

C. bulbifera. L.

Occasional. Edges of Strawberry Brook, in the
Bowler Swamp, and elsewhere.

Sium latifolium. L. (?)

Frequent. Brooksandswamps. The distinction
between this and S. /zzeare, Michx., is too obscure.

ARALIDS.| 43 [SPIKENARD F.

OSMORRHIZA BREVISTYLIS, DC., the Hairy Sweet
Cicely, grows, it is said, at Oak Island, Chelsea,
but I doubt its being an inhabitant of Lynn.

CANIUM MACULATUM, L., was formerly in the
streets of Salem, but it has disappeared.—PAzp pen.

CARUM CARUI, L., the common Caraway, is nat-
uralized in Rowley and Ipswich.

ARALIDS.
(SPIKENARD FAMILY.)

Aralia racemosa. L.

Rare. I have found but one specimen in the
place, which was in the valley S.E. from Dungeon
Rock. It has, however, been brought from the
woods for cultivation by others.

A. nudicaulis. L.
Abundant. Rocky hills and woods.

A. hispida. Michx.

Frequent. Hilly pastures. Particularly abun-
dant near Gravel and Round Ponds, Hamilton.
Panax trifolium. L.

Is to be found at the Aqueduct Fountains, Dan-
vers.

CORNIDS.
CORNEL FAMILY.)

Cornus circinata. L’Her.
Frequent. Grows largely among the rocks on

the N.E. slope of Second Pine Hill, near the road.
C. stolenifera. Michx. (?)
Frequent. Upper Swampscott.

C. paniculata. L’Her.

Frequent. Uplands and hillsides in cool soil. I
have some doubt of this species being correctly
determined.

C. florida. L.
Rare. Three or four localities are known.

Spikenard,
Pettimorril.

Wild
Sarsaparilla.

Bristly
Sarsaparilla.

Dwarf Ginsing.

Round-leaved
Cornel.

Red-osier
Cornel.

Panicled
Cornel.

Flowering
Dogwood.

CAPRIFOLIDS. |

Dwarf Cornel.

Alternate-
leaved Cornel.

Tupelo,
Pepperidge.

44 [HONEYSUCKLE F.

C. Canadensis. L.

Frequent. Around the margin of Breed’s Pond,
and elsewhere in Dungeon Pasture.

C. alternifolia, L.

Is frequent on rocky hills and occasional in cul-
tivation.

Nyssa multiflora. Wang.

Abundant. Rich woods and thickets, Very fine
in and about Pine Grove Cemetery.

ADDENDA.

TURRITUS GLABRA, L., the Smooth Tower-Mustard, is at
Paradise and Orne’s Point, Salem.—FPvoc. Ess. Inst. , 1856.

DRABA CAROLINIANA, Walt., the Whitlow Grass, has been
found in Salem.—/éid.

SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS, L., the Canada Burnet, may be
pe in Hamilton and vicinity, though never, I think, west
of Salem.

MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

Linnea,
Twin-flower.

CAPRIFOLIDS.
(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY )

Linnea borealis. Gronov.

Occasional. Very luxuriant on a hill near the
Lynnfield road, Wyoma.

LONICERA SEMPERVIRENS, Ait., the Trumpet
Honeysuckle has been detected near Marblehead.
—J.L. Russell—Proc. Ess. Inst., 5856.

RUBIDS. | 45 [MADDER F.

Diervilla trifida. Mcench. Hee os
Frequent. Along walls near the Saugus line, ~ i

north of Boston Street.
Abundant in Beverly, Manchester and Essex.—

Phippen.

Triosteum perfoliatum. L. Feverwort.
Frequent. Cool and moist lands.

Sambucus Canadensis. L. BSE

Common. Damp thickets and swamps.

Red-berried
S. pubens. Mx. =

Ider.
Abundant at Hamilton Ponds. =
Has been found at Danvers.—Aussel/.

Viburnum undum. L. Withe-rod.
Grows at the head of Middleton Pond, and at

Penny Bridge, Saugus.

V. Lentago. L. Sweet

: Viburnum.
Occasional. In a pasture west of Pan Swamp
Meadow.

V. dentatum. L. Arrow-wood.
Common. Thickets and woods.
V. acerifolium. L.* Maple-leaved

? F Arrow-wood.
Occasional. Generally on elevated and fertile

soils. Seldom abundant in any place.

RUBIDS.
(MADDER FAMILY.)
Galium asprellum. Michx. ough
Abundant. Swamp thickets covering the bushes.
G. trifidum. L. | Small Bedstraw
Abundant. Moist grounds and borders of streams.
G. triflorum. Michx. Sweet Bedstraw

Frequent. Boggy open places, among ferns and
the like. A rather showy species.

* An elegant undershrub, well suited for ornamental uses.
ae not in flower, it is not readily distinguished from a young
maple.

ASTERIDS. |

Wild Licorice.

Button-bush.

Partridge-
berry,
Box-berry.

Bluets,
Innocence.

Blazing Star.

Trumpet Weed,
Queen 0’ the
Meadow,
Indian Hemp.

Verbena-leaved
Boneset.

Broad-leaved
Boneset.

Smooth
Boneset.

Thoroughwort.

Ai [ASTER F.

G. cirezzans. Michx.

Common. May be found on the south side of
almost every precipice where there is sufficient soil.

Cephalanthus occidentalis. L.

Abundant. Water-courses and ponds, forming
dense junglelike masses. Its habit reminds one of
the tropical Mangrove.

Mitchella repens. L.

Common. Certain to be in all woods, and often
where there are none, yet better worth cultivating
than many exotics.

Houstonia coerulea. L.

Common. In all kinds of grasslands, except the
dryest.

Find both living and dead stems on same root,
indicating a perennial habit. Doubt its being a
biennial.—_Phzppen.

ASTERIDS.
(ASTER FAMILY.)

Liatris seariosa. Willd.

Very rare. Said to grow on the northeast side
of Humphrey’s Pond, Lynnfield. Reading and
Hamilton.—Phippen.

Eupatorium purpureum. L.
Abundant. In every swamp and low meadow.
Rarely solitary.

EK. teucrifolium. Willd.

Occasional. In Bowler Swamp, and also in the
Ox Pasture, near Lynnfield line.
Backside, Hamilton.—PAzppen.

E. pubescens. Muhl.
Rare. Somewhat plentiful in Swampscott.

E. sessilifolium. L.
Rare. Formerly at Burrill’s Hill.

E. perfoliatum. L.
Frequent. Damp situations; not apt to be plen-
tiful, but sometimes abundant.

ASTERIDS. | AT

Mikania seandens. L.

Very rare. Formerly on the shore of Breed’s
Pond, at the outlet of Bennet’s Brook.

Plenty in swamp at W. Danvers. Very luxuriant
along Ipswich River, Hamilton.—Phippen.

Sericocarpus conyzoides. Nees.

Common. Pastures and hills.

Aster corymbosus. Ait. *

Frequent. Shady, moist places. Easy to recog-
nize. A form is now and then found which may be
A. macrophyllus, L.

Ait.

Scattered among the berry bushes on
One of our finest species.

A. patens.

Frequent.
warm upland slopes.

A. leevis. L.

Occasional.
Swampscott.

A. undulatus. L.

Frequent. The most common species in rocky
spots, as the east side of Hathorne’s Hill. Very
conspicuous.

A. eordifolius. L.

Frequent. Borders of brooks and like moist
localities.

Eastern part of the town; also in

A. dumosus. L.
Common. More generally distributed than other
species; but rather less frequent near dwellings.

A. Tradeseanti. L.

Abundant. Principally by roadsides and in gray-
elly soils. Noticeable for its close, cylindrical-
looking racemes of white flowers.

* Not a few of this genus might be made to adorn the garden
as much as the Cinerarias. A. levis, fatens and Nova Anglia,
are all charming flowers, with scarce a fault ; but, alas! they are
**so common.”’

[ASTER F.

Climbing
Hemp-weed.

White-topped
Aster.

Corymbed
Aster.

Spreading
Aster.

Smooth Blue
Aster.

Variable Aster.

Heart-leaved
Aster.

Bushy Aster.

Narrow-leaved
Aster.

ASTERIDS.]

Mean Aster.

Willow-leaved
Aster.

Rough stem-
med Aster.

New England
Aster.

Pointed-leaved
Aster.

Annual Salt
Marsh Aster.

Horseweed,
Fleabane.

Robin’s
Plantain.

Purple Flea-
bane.

Daisy Fleabane.

48 [ASTER F.

A. miser. L.

Common. , Most readily distinguished by the
leaves. The last three species, though wholly dis-
tinct, are a difficult study for beginners.

A. longifolius. Lam.

Abundant. The prevailing species in swampy
places and along water-courses. Variable, particu-
larly in tint. <A well-marked variety of this, as
1 believe, occurs along the beaches in Swamp-
scott. It has a stiff, bushy aspect and quite obtuse
leaves.

A. puniceus. L.

Frequent. The roughest species I have found..
Resembles A. /ongifolzus in the flowers.

A. Nove-Angliez. L.

Frequent Along the railroad in Ward Seven,
and on the West Lynn marshes.

A fine variety with rose-purple flowers. A. Ro-
SENS, Desf., has been shown as gathered in the
township.

A. acuminatus. Michx.

Occasional. Borders of swamps and like situa-
tions.

A. linifolius. L.

Frequent. Marshes at West Lynn Station and
elsewhere.
Rare or unknown about Salem.—PAzppen.

Erigeron Canadense. L.

Common. The inseparable companion of agri-
culture, showing itself in every garden and field.

E. bellidifolium. Mubhl.
Occasional. Roadsides.

E. Philadelphicum. L.

Occasional. Near Orne’s Point, Salem.
Also in Danvers.—PAippen.

E. annuum. Pers.
Frequent. Along Strawberry Brook.

°

ASTERIDS. | 49

E. strigosum. Muhl.

Common. Scattered over every pasture and hill-
side during most of the summer.

Diplopappus linariifolius. Hook. (?)

Abundant. Pine Hill and other bushy pastures.
I cannot suppose the plant to be anything but this,
but the short pappus is altogether obscure. Other-
wise the description perfectly applies.

D. umbellatus. Torr and Gr. (?)

Frequent. Fence rows and elsewhere. Very
plentiful near Beck’s Pond, Hamilton. The same
uncertainty attends this as the preceding.

D. cornifolius. Darl. (?)

Occasional. Margins of Dog HillSwamp. Also,
in profusion, on the hills S. of Peabody Almshouse.

Solidago bicolor. L.

Frequent. A pasture plant, here and there
among the huckleberries.

S. czesia. L.

Abundant. Most frequent in the woods or recent
clearings, and in rocky locations.

S. puberula. Nutt.

Rare. I have found it in a deserted stone-quarry
near the N.W. corner of Pine Grove Cemetery.
Also in the reclaimed fields of Stocker’s Swamp,
Saugus.

S. stricta.
Occasional.

Ait.
Bowler Swamp and similar places.

S. sempervirens. L.

Abundant. On the dykes and other places
around the borders of the marshes.

Makes a fine garden plant, much frequented by
the butterflies —Phzppen.
S. neglecta. T. & G. (?)

Occasional. Swamps in the neighborhood of
Stony Brook.

S. linoides. Solander.

Occasional. So far only in the swamp east of
Horse Pasture Spring.

[ASTER F.

Narrow-leaved
Daisy Fleabean.

Violet
Diplopappus.

Large
Diplopappus.

Cornel-leaved
Diplopappus.

White-rayed -
Goldenrod.

Blue-stemmed
Goldenrod.

Many-flowered
Goldenrod.

Willow-leaved
Goldenrod.

Seaside
Goldenrod.

Smooth
Goldenrod.

Slender
Goldenrod.

ASTERIDS.]

Rough or Tall

Goldenrod.

Sweet
Goldenrod.

Gray
Goldenrod.

Common
Three-ribbed
Goldenrod.

Late

Three-ribbed
Goldenrod.

Bushy
Goldenrod.

Elecampane.

High-water
Shrub.

Salt Marsh
Fleabane.

Roman
Wormwood.

Sea Burdock,
Cockle-burr.

Cut-leaved
Rudbeckia.

50 | [ASTER F.

S. altissima. L.

Common. Fence-rows in old grounds where it is
almost constant. Our most conspicuous, though
not most elegant species.

S. odora. Ait.

Is about Cutler’s Pond, Hamilton; and said to
be in Lynn.

S. nemoralis. Ait.

Common. Dry fields and hillsides; the most
prominent flower in the autumnal scenery.

S. Canadensis. L.
Frequent. Dry and gravelly soils.

S. serotina. Ait. (?)

Occasional. Dry and moist lands, and margins
of swamps.

S. lanceolata. L.

Frequent. Alluvial soils. The only species with
us which has an agreeable odor.

Inula Helenium. L.

Rare. Escaped from cultivation. Along West-
ern Ave. In quiet spots in Saugus Center.

Iva frutesecens. L.

Rare. Only appears on the old dyke at Willis’
Neck.

Pluchea camphorata. DC.
Grows on the marsh above Bear Pond, Nahant.

Ambrosia artemisizefolia. L.

Common. Too well-known for any further no-
tice.

Xanthium echinatum. Murray.

Frequent. On shores and beaches, at about high-
water mark. Also inland, growing freely on the
beds of sea-manure heaps.

Rudbeckia laciniata. L.
Said to be wild in Lynnfield.

ASTERIDS.| 51

R. hirta. L.

Occasional. It appears now and then in the
meadows and mowings, but seems inconstant as to
locality.

Helianthus divariecatus. L.

Frequent. Readily found at Stone Factory,
Boston Street; also at Linwood.

H. strumosus. L.

Frequent. Only in the eastern section, near
Swampscott. The prevailing form does not fully
agree with this species, and some might incline to
call it H. decapetalus.

H. tuberosus. L.

Frequent. Getting established in by-places in
good soil.

Coreopsis trichosperma. Michx.

ecasional. Confined entirely to the eastern part
of the city, beginning about Cedar Pond. Low,
damp, and marshy spots.

Bidens frondosa. L.

Common. Cultivated grounds; sure to invite
attention at seeding-time.

B. connata. Muhl.*
Frequent. Borders of ponds and streams.

B. cernua. L.

Occasional. Border of Moore’s Brook, above
Boston Street, afforded good specimens.
B. Beckii. Torr.

Is in Ipswich River.

Has been collected by G. D. Phippen.

Maruta Cotula. DC.
Common. Yards and roadsides.

* The energy with which this plant establishes itself has of-
ten appeared remarkable. when I have found the vigorous plants
growing in the crevices of the bark of trees, three or four feet
above the ground, where the seeds have been deposited by the
water, when the pond by which they stood was unusually full.
A persevering root had in every case followed the retiring water,
till it had finally reached the earth.

[ASTER F.

Cone-flower.

Cross-leaved
Sunflower.

Pale-leaved
Sunflower.

Jerusalem
Artichoke.

Tickseed
Sunflower.

Cuckoldweed,
Beggar-ticks.

Swamp |
Beggar-ticks.

Nodding
Burr-Marigold.

Water
Marigold.

Mayweed.

ASTERIDS. |

Yarrow.

Sneezewort.
Goose-tongue.

Ox-eye Daisy,
White-weed.

Tansy.

Shore Mugwort

Mugwort.

Winged
Everlasting.

Sweet-scented
Everlasting.

Low Cudweed.

Pearly |
Everlasting.

Mouse-ear,
Cat’s Paw,
Plantain-leaved
Everlasting.

Fire-weed.

52 [ASTER F.

Achillea millefolium. L.
Common. Always well known.

A. ptarmica. L.

Occasional. Generally tenants the vicinity of
streams, but sometimes dry spots, as on the ridge
of Pine Hill, by the Dungeon Road. Neither Gray
or Bigelow allude to its slender habit, with us it
has little more strength than a Galium.

Leucanthemum vulgare. Lam.

Common. Universally known and detested by
cultivators.
Tanacetum vulgare. L.

Common. Escaped from gardens and getting
troublesome.
Artemisia candata. Mx. (?)

I have found sparingly on the beaches at Nahant.

A. vulgaris. L.

Very rare. A few plants grew to great perfection
in the garden of Jesse Rhodes, Esq., in 1855. I
have never found it elsewhere.

Gnaphalium decurrens. Ives.

Rare. I have met a few specimens in cartways
in the woods; not more than three or four in all.

G. polycephalum. Michx.
Abundant. Hills and pastures in light soils.

G. uliginosum. L.

Abundant. Cartways and neglected walks, in
the ruts and broken sward.

Antennaria margaritacea. R. Br.
Frequent. Uplands and bushy fields.

A. plantaginifolia. Hook.

Common. Almost everywhere, unless among
strong grass. Flowers earlier than anything else,
not excepting Sazxafraga Virginiensts.

Erechthites hieracifolia. Raf.

Abundant. Certain to appear whenever the soil
is stirred or burned in the woods.

ASTERIDS. | 53

Senecio vulgaris. L.
Common. A vexatious weed in gardens, and by
no means scarce in other places.

S. aureus. L.

Frequent. Wet places by streams. Grows pro-
fusely at the head of the Bowler Swamp, opposite
Flax Pond.

Centaurea nigra. (?) L.

Rare. I found one specimen on the railroad in
Swampscott, in 1848; butno more. It grows abun-
dantly on the turnpike at North Chelsea.

Cirsium lanceolatum. Scop.
Common. Roadsides and fields.

C. discolor. Spreng.

Rare. Only to be found to my knowledge at the
west end of Summer Street.

C. pumilum. Spreng.
Common. Woods and fields, widely distributed.

C. arvense.

Frequent.
odious here.

Scop.
Generally by roadsides, not specially

Onopordon acanthium. L.

Frequent. It seems partial to beds of decayed
sea manure; it flourishes at Little Nahant, and
generally where such manure has lain.

Lappa major.
Common. Too familiar to need further notice.

Lapsana communis. L.
A weed in gardens in S. Salem.— Russel.

Cichorium intybus. L.

Abundant. Roadsides and railroad banks.
Krigia Virginica. Willd. *
Frequent. Only in the hills, where it starts in

every open spot, if the ground be broken.

* Noticeable for the tint of the flowers, which are a full
orange. No other mt exhibits it here, I believe, unless it is
the Celandine, Chelidonium majus.

[ASTER F,

Common
Groundsel.

Golden
Ragwort,
Golden Senecio.

Knapweed.

Common
Thistle.

Two-colored
Thistle.

Pasture Thistle.

Canada Thistle.

Cotton Thistle.

Burdock.

Nipplewort.

Wild Succory,
Chicory.

Dwarf
Dandelion.

ASTERIDS. |

False Dande-
lion, Horse
Dandelion.

Canada Hawk-
weed.

Rough Hawk-
weed.

Rattlesnake
weed.

Rattlesnake
root.

Tall white
Lettuce.

Dandelion.

Wild Lettuce.

Mulgedium.

Common Sow
Thistle.

Prickly Sow
Thistle.

54 [ASTER F.

Leontodon autumnale. L.

_Common. Almost universally present in this sec-
tion. I know no other plant, but the grasses, which
is so fully distributed.

Michx.

Found at Linwood.

H. scabrum. Michx.

Abundant. One of the familiar things of the
woods and fields.

Hieracium Canadense.
Occasional.

H. venosum.

Frequent. Sometimes in woods, but more fre-
quently in open pastures. The veined leaves very
attractive.

Nabalus albus. Hook.

Frequent. It appears in many shady copses in

stony slopes.

N. altissimus. Hook.

Abundant. Shady woods, especially if damp
and free from pines.

Taraxicum Dens-leonis. Desf.

Common. I think this plant flowers longer than

any we have.

Lactuca elongata. Muhl.

Common. Pastures and woods; the Var. San-
guinia being most frequent.

Mulgedium leucophzum. DC.

I found on the beaches at Gloucester harbor,
Sept. 14, 1866.

Sonchus oleraceus. L.
Rare. Now and then appears in old cultivated
grounds, as along Boston Street.

S. asper. Vill.

Rare. A few specimens have been secured about
Berry’s Mill, at Waterhill.

LOBELIDS. | 55 [LOBELIA F.

LOBELIDS.

(LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Lobelia cardinalis. L. Gaal
Frequent. Swampy localities and banks of Boyes.
streams.

L. inflata. L.* oe Indian
Frequent. Wood roads and neglected fields. Care:

L. spicata. Lam. Pale spiked

Frequent. Meadow grounds and sometimes in Tevet:
upland fields.

L. Dortmanna. L. Water Lobelia.
Rare. I have found it in Spring Pond and in

Essex Pond, Hamilton; also in Middleton Pond.

It usually grows in about two feet of water.

CAMPANULIDS.
(HAREBELL FAMILY.)

Campanula aparinoides. Pursh. Slender
Bell-flower.

Occasional I once found it in a meadow near
Breed’s Mills, but nowhere else in Lynn that I re-
member. It grows in the meadows in Lynnfield.

C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L., the Harebell, appears to
have been collected near Sutton’s Mills, N. Ando-
ver, in 1850.— Proc. Ess. [nst., 1856.

C. GLOMERATA, L., apparently overlooked by
both Gray and Bigelow, is said to have been long
established in Dark Lane, Danvers.—/dzd.

It is also abundant along the Newburyport Turn-
pike in the south part of Topsfield.

Frequent. At Three Needle Rock, near Saugus Specularia.
River; also through the woods in thin soil upon
ledges.

* No more a virulent poison than a mustard plant. I have
eaten it, drank it, slept upon it. rubbed and bathed with it, and
never saw the slightest evil from its use; had it been poisonous,
I must have died long since, unless I possess the stomach of a
Mithridates.

KALMIDS.]

Dangleberry.

Huckleberry.

Cranberry.

Low Bineberry.

Blue Huckle-
berry.

Highbush
Blueberry.

Black Blue-
berry.

Mountain
Cranberry.

56 [HEATH F.
KALMIDS.

(HEATH FAMILY.)

Gaylussacia frondosa. Torr & Gr.

Occasional. In Pratt’s Pasture, near the pond
and below a precipitous ledge. Also scattered
through the woods, near the various swamps.

G. resinosa. Torr & Gr.

Abundant. Covering acres of ground, and very
fruitful when young.

Vaccinium macrocarpon. Ait.

Abundant. Meadows and ponds. In one place
at Breed’s Mills it formerly grew on a dry upland.

V. VITIS-IDZA, L., the Cowberry has one or two
localities in Danvers—Prvoc. Ess. Inst., 1856.

VY. Pennsylvanicum. Lam.

Abundant. Our first berry and one of the most
fruitful, though not the finest.

V. vacillans. Sol. @)
Occasional. Very common cn the ridge of
Blood’s Swamp Hills, and other like situations.

VY. corymbosum. L.

Abundant. Borders of swamps, forming thickets,
and bearing superb fruit. Flourishing perfectly in
Salem Pastures.

VY. fuscatum. Ait.

Abundant. Intermixed with V. corymbosum, and
only distinguishable by its flowers or fruit.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. Spreng.
Occasional. A fine patch grows in Pratt’s Pas-
ture, and I have it from Rail Hill, near the ceme-

- tery. The finest growth I know of is on the ledges

Trailing
Arbutus,
Mayflower

at Swain’s Pond, Melrose.

Epigea repens. L.
Very rare. It has been found in the woods be-
tween Lynn and Lynnfield.

KALMIDS.] dT

Galutheria procumbens. L.*

Abundant. A large spot west of Pan Swamp
Meadow is covered with it; but fruit is nowhere
plenty.

Andromeda ligustrina. Muhl.

Abundant. One of our commonest water-shrubs,
almost exactly like a blueberry, except in flowers
and fruit.

A. POLIFOLIA, L., the Rosemary Andromeda, has
a famous locality at Cedar Pond, Wenham. +

A. ecalyculata. L.

Occasional. The best locality perhaps, is at the
head of Bowler Swamp, between Boston and Chest-
nut Streets.

Clethra alnifolia. L.

Abundant. Another of the most common tenants
of the swamp, and one of the most beautiful.

Rhodora Canadensis. L.

Rare. Not in Lynn to my knowledge, except in
one spot on the border of Breed’s Pond. A choice
plant for cultivation.

Azalea viscosa. L.

Abundant. Borders of ponds and damp situa-
tions.

* T desire in all cases to give the common or English name
which is the best and most widely known ; bnt I cannot engage
that Partridge-berry, Checkerberry, or Wintergreen, mean
anything definite, or apply to one plant more than another.
These, like many others, are differently used by different per-
sons. The student should know this and regulate his confi-
dence in them accordingly. As tothe present case, the Gaz-
theria is the plant used for flavoring confectionery and essences.

t+ This is one of the shrubs so pleasant to buy of the metro-
politan florists. As much as three dollars has been paid fora
single bush, when for half that sum a decent wagon-load could
Me brought from Wenham. It makes one think of Pindar’s
cheeses:—

‘* Where they were made, they sold for the immense
Price of three sous apiece;
But as salt water made their charms increase,
In England the fixed rate was eighteen pence.”’

[HEATH F.

Partridge-berry
Checkerberry.

Privet
Andromeda.

Rusty-leaved
Andromeda.

Sweet Pepper-
bush,

White Alder.

Rhodora.

Swamp Pink,

White Honey-
suckle.

KALMIDS.]

Mountain
Laurel.

Sheep Laurel,
Lambkill.

Canker Lettuce.

Round-leaved
Pyrola.

Broad-leaved
Pyrola.

Thin-leaved
Pyrola.

Small Pyrola.

One-sided
Pyrola.

One-flowered
Pyrola.

Prince’s Pine.

Spotted
Wintergreen.

58 [HEATH F.

Kalmia latifolia.

Very rare. I have seen fresh specimens gathered
in the vicinity of Pine Hill, but where, I could never
ascertain. Very fine at Beverly, and magnificent at
Gloucester.

K. angustifolia. L.

Common. Watercourses and damp lands every-
where.

K. GLAUCA, the Pale Laurel, is at Cedar Pond,
Wenham.—S. P. Fowler. Proc. Ess. [nst., 1856.

Pyrola rotundifolia. L.

Common. Shady places and woods, everywhere
unless the soil be extremely poor.

P. asarifolia. Michx.

Occasional. Cold, shady woods.
it most in Pirates’ Glen.

I have found

(1 am not confident as to this species, as it runs,
so near P. chlorantha, in some of its forms.)

P. elliptica. Nutt.

Frequent. Bears more exposure than P. asarzfo-
Zia, but generally thrives only under thick pines.

P. chlorantha.
Rare.

Swartz.
Pirates’ Glen and afew other shady spots.

P. secunda. L.

Rare. This, like the last, ] have found in Pirates’
Glen, but seldom elsewhere in this vicinity.

Moneses uniflora. Salisb.

Very rare. My only specimens were from Sau-
gus, but it is now extinct there, and has since been
found near Dungeon Rock. Quite frequent in the
James Newhall pasture, between E. Saugus and the
Centre.

Chimaphila umbellata. Nutt.
Abundant. Shady, cool woods in good soil.

C. maculata. Pursh.

Is sparingly found on the south side of Middleton
Pond. Also in Saugus.—Dr. Clark.

AQUIFOLIDS. | 59

Hypopitys lanuginosa. Nutt.

Occasional. To be found in pine woods, burst-
ing up through decaying leaves.
Monotropa uniflora. L.

Frequent. Generally in pine woods, in the deep
loose mould.

Var. MORISONIANA, Mx., with erect flowers, is
frequent, appearing at the close of the season.

AQUIFOLIDS.
(HOLLY FAMILY.)

Prinos verticillatus. L.
Abundant. Swamps and pond borders.

Ilex glabra. Gray.

I have found abundant in the Magnolia Swamp,
Gloucester.
Nemopanthes Canadensis.

Occasional. Cool places in rich, alluvial soil.

PLANTIDS.
(PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Plantago major. L. |
Common. Familiar to all.

P. lanceolata. L.
Common. Gardens and fields.

P. maritima. L.

Frequent. Marshes. Rocks washed by the sea
along the whole coast. In seeking for this, the
student is liable to be misled, as I was, formerly, by
the spikes of the Marsh Arrow-Grass, which see
further on.

PLUMBIDS.

(LEADWORT FAMILY.)

Statice Limonium. L.

Frequent. On the salt marshes within the range
of high tides.

[HOLLY F.

Pine-sap,
False Beech-
drops.

Indian Pipe.

Black Alder.

Inkberry.

Mountain
Holly.

Plantain.

Narrow
Plantain.

Seaside
Plantain.

Marsh
Rosemary.

PRIMULIDS.] 60 [PRIMROSE PF.

PRIMULIDS.
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

StarFlower. Trientalis Americana. Pursh.

Abundant. I know no better locality than the
summit of Second Pine Hill.
Lysimachia stricta. Ait.

Common. Damp grounds and brooksides. The
bulbiferous state is not unusual.
Four-leaved L, quadrifolia. L.
Loosesirife.

i Common. Inhabits meadows and hilltops indis-
criminately.

Lanceleaved J. lanceolata. Walt

Upright
Loosestrife.

Loosestrif
“ Rare. Formerly abundant in a low place between
Carnes and Federal Streets. The only locality I
have known.
ere Naumbargia thyrsifiora. Reich.

I have found in the swampy woods by the Turn-
pike, east of Spring Pond.

Pimpemel Anagallis arvensis. L.*

Frequent. Cultivated grounds and dry fields.
Also on the rocks at Nahant, fine specimens.

ae. Hottonia inflata. Ell.

Frequent. Swampy edges of Breed’s Pond and

the tributary brooks.
UTRICULIDS.
(BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Inflated : ee
Intated wt Utricularia inflata. Walt. '

Frequent. Lily Pond and others of its ciass.
Purple ort, 4 U- Purpurea. Walt.

Rare. Hardly in Lynn. A stagnant pond east
of Lynnfield Hotel furnishes it in abundance.
Ipswich River.—PAippen.

* Perhaps there is no native flower whose color comes more
nearly to a purered than this. The remarkable range of hues
attributed to it by Gray seems to have no example so far as this
region is concern

OROBANCHIDS. | 61

U. vulgaris. L. (?)
Common. In all ponds and sluggish waters.

U. intermedia. Hayne.

Occasional. Muddy sloughs near turnpike at
Glenmere; also plentiful in a meadow reclaimed
from Bowler Swamp, near the Cemetery.

U. CARNUTA, Michx., the Horned Bladderwort,
a singular, leafless species grows scantily in springy
places at Norman’s Woe, Gloucester.

ae at Rocks Pasture, Lynn, and in Lynnfield.
—-CHULE.

OROBANCHIDS.
(BROOMRAPE FAMILY.)

EPIPHEGUS VIRGINIANA, Bart., Beech Drops or
Cancer Root, is very abundant in the beech woods
of Hamilton, southwest of Essex Pond.

Aphyllon uniflorum. Torr. & Gr.

Very rare. I once found a single specimen near
Breed’s Mills, and a few more on Burrill’s Hill.

LINARIDS.
(SNAPDRAGON FAMILY.)

Verbascum Thapsus. L.
Common. Perfectly known.

Linaria Canadensis. Spreng.
Common. Roadsides and dry fields.

L. vulgaris. Mill.
Common. Roadsides and like places.

L. ELATINE, Miller. The Halbert-leaved Toad-
flax is naturalized at Ipswich.— Proc. Ess.Jnst.,1856.

Scrophularia nodosa. L.

Very rare. I doubt if in Lynn at all.
merly in one spot on Washington Street.
found it at North Andover.

It was for-
I have

Chelone glabra.
Low ground and open swamps.

[BROOMRAPE F.

Common
Bladderwort.

Creeping
Bladderwort.

One-flowered
Cancer-root.

Mullein.

Canada
Snapdragon.

Toad Flax,
Butter and

Eggs.

Figwort.

Balmony,
Snake-head.

LINARIDS.]

Monkey-flower.

Hedge-Hyssop.

Golden Hedge-
Hyssop.

False
Pimpernel.

Water
Speedwell.

Marsh
Speedwell.

Common
Speedwell.

Thyme-leaved
Speedwell.

Neckweed.

Corn Speedwell

Purple
Gerardia.

62 [SNAPDRAGON F.

Mimulus ringens. L.

Frequent. Along streams; especially Strawberry
Brook, below Bowler Meadow.

Gratiola Virginiana. L.

Frequent. Wet places, pond borders, associated
with the next.

G. aurea. Muhl.

Frequent. Generally in the same places as the
previous, and hard to distinguish except by the
color of the flower.

Ilysanthes gratioloides. Benth.

Occasional. Muddy borders of ponds and
streams.

Veronica Anagalilis. L.
Abundant. So thick in many ditches as to al-

most choke themup. Marginsof Breed’s Pond and

like places.

V. scutellata. L.

Frequent. Wet places. Less plentiful than V.
A nagaliis., and apparently much later.

V. officinalis. L.
I found, in 1876, a fine patch by the roadside at
“ Burrill’s Landing,” S.W. of Dungeon Rock.

Y. serpyliifolia. L.
Common. Creeps among the grass in cool
ground.

V. perigrina. L.
Abundant. A troublesome weed in gardens.

V. arvensis. L. ()

Rare. A few depauperate plants grew formerly
by Holmes’ Mill, Walnut Street. On gravelly
banks at Nahant.

Gerardia purpurea. L

Abundant. Meadows and damp lands.

G. MARITIMA, Raf. The Seaside Gerardia, I
found in the autumn of 1861, a fine patch on the
marsh between Sagamore Hill and Beach Street,
near Long Beach. In good flower and well deter-
mined.

VERBENIDS. | 63

G. tenuifolia. Vahl.
Abundant. Uplands and warm pasture slopes.

G. flava. L.
Occasional.

G. pedicularis. L.
Frequent. Formerly near Echo Grove.

In the E. section, near Swampscott.

Castilleia coccinnea. Spreng.

The yellow variety of this abounds in a meadow
near the Meeting House, Topsfield.

Pedicularis Canadensis. L.

Frequent. Sunny banks among bushes, general-
ly in rich, moist soil.
P. lanceolata. Mx.

I think I found this near Shute’s Brook, above
the railroad station, Saugus Centre.
Melampyrum pratense. L.

Var. AMERICANUM. Benth.

Abundant. Shady woods and pastures. A diffi-
cult thing to transplant, withering even when taken
up with a large ball of earth.

VERBENIDS.
(VERVAIN FAMILY )

Verbena hastata. L.

Very rare. I have not seen itin Lynn. Reported
by Dr. Holder in the neighborhood of Chatham
Street, above Essex. Also at Saugus.

V. urticifolia. L.
Common. Roadsides and fields.

Phryma leptostachya. L.
Is found on the Newburyport Turnpike, near

Middle Road, Danvers.
MENTHIDS.
(MINT FAMILY.)

Mentha viridis. L.
May be found at Stocker’s Brickyard, E. Saugus.

[VERVAIN F.

Slender
Gerardia.

Downy.
Gerardia.

Bushy Gerardia

Painted Cup.

Lousewort,
Wood Betony.

Yellow
Lousewort.

Cow Wheat.

Blue Vervain.

Nettle-leaved
Vervain.

Lopseed.

Spearmint.

MENTHIDS. }

Peppermint.

Meadow-mini.

Water
Hoarhound.

Pennyroyal.

Wild
Bergamot.

Catnip.

Ground Ivy,
Gill-over-
ground.

Wild Basil.

Mountain Mint.

Self-heal.

Scull-cap.

64 [MINT F.

M. piperita. L.
: Abounds at the Foundry on Weare River, Hing-
am.

M. Canadensis. L.
Abundant. Meadows and brooksides.

Lycopus sinuatus. Ell.
Abundant. Wet grounds and streams.

Hedeoma pulegioides. Pers.

Frequent. Neglected fields to some extent, but
more in pastures and open woods. Smaller than
specimens from further inland.

Monarda fistulosa. L.

Grows at N. Andover on the southwest side of
Great Pond.

Nepeta cataria. L.
Rare. Sparingly at Nahant, and occasionally in
Lynn, but always near some old garden.

N. Glechoma. Benth.
Frequent. About dwellings and old garden

walls.

Pycnanthemum incanum. Michx.

Rare. Only found thus far on the southem
slope of Linwood.

P. muticum. Pers.
Very rare. Grows sparingly in damp spots in
Swampscott.

THYMUS SERPYLLUM, L., the Garden Thyme,
grows in Boxford —Prvoc. Ess. Just., 1856.

Prunella vulgaris. L.
Common. Generally an upland plant, but very
easily suited with soil.

Scutellaria galericulata. L.
Rare. In the eastern part of the city.—77we.
Grows finely at Lily Pond, Manchester. Also at
Peters’ Meadow, Danvers.

SYMPHYTIDS. | 69
S. lateriflora. L.
Frequent. Gravelly banks of ponds.

Lamium purpureum.(?) L.
Occasional. An intrusive weed in old gardens
as those on Boston Street, near Federal.

Leonurus cordiaca. L.
Common. Familiar to all.

Galeopsis tetrahit. L.

Rare. Grew formerly between Federal and Mall
Streets.

STACHYS PALUSTRIS, L., the Marsh Hedge
Nettle, appears in Ipswich and elsewhere.—Prvoc.
FESS L008 to, 1856.

Trichostema dichotomum. L.

Common. Pastures and fields, especially in the
hills.

A variety with red flowers occurs on the railroad
between S. Reading and Lynnfield Hotel.—A. P.
Chute.

Teucrium Canadense. L.

Occasional. I findit only on upland hillocks and
margins, about the marshes east of the Long Rail-
road Bridge, Saugus River. J -found, in 1859, a
form with pink flowers growing very rankly round
old yards in N. Andover.

SYMPHYTIDS.
(BORAGE FAMILY.)

Echium vulgare. L.

Very rare. A few specimens found on Walnut
Street on a manure bed.

Seed no doubt brought from abroad.—Dr. WVye.

Myosotis laxa. [Lehm.
Occasional. Pirates’ Glen; other wet situations.

M. stricta. Link.

Abundant. A little weed on the hillsides, of
small consequence.

[BORAGE F.

Side-flowering
Scullcap.

Henbit,
Dead Nettle.

Motherwort.

Common
Hemp-Nettle.

Blue Curls,
False Penny-
royal.

Germander,
Wood Sage.

Blue-weed.

Forget-me-not.

Scorpion-grass.

CONVOLVULIDS.] 66

Beggar’s Lice.

Stickseed.

Hedge
Bindweed.

Bindweed.

Common
Dodder.

Thorn-apple,
Jamestown-
weed.

Black Henbane.

Cynoglossum Morisoni. DC.

_ Found on the south side of Flax Pond, in one
instance.

Echinospernum Lappula. Lehm.
Is at N. Andover, 1859.—Russe//.

CONVOLVULIDS.
(MoORNING-GLORY FAMILY.)

Calystegia sepium. R. Br.
Frequent. Climbing on walls in many places.

Convolvulus arvensis. L.

Frequent. Formerly abundant near Ingalls’
Pond, Fayette Street. Also in cultivated land
about N. Federal Street.

CUSCUTA EPILINUM, Weihe., the Flax Dodder,

has been found in Rowley.—Proc. Ess. [nst., 1856.

Cuscuta Gronovii. Willd.

Frequent. Damp and weedy situations, climbing
on Bidens, Polygonums, etc.

SOLANIDS.
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Datura Stramonium. L.
Common.

seems partial to beds of decayed sea-manure, and
is commonest near the beaches.

Hyoscyamus niger. L.

Very rare. At the north end of Short Beach,
Nahant, is the principal locality. A plant now and
then in old, rich yards.

Nicandra physaloides. Gert.

Rare. I have seen it in yards in Summer and S.
Common Streets, but sparingly. Becoming more
plentiful as an intruder in gardens in West Lynn.

[MORNING-GLORY F.

Old grounds and rich places. It.

ee ee YO

GENTIANIDS.| 67

Solonum dulcamara. L. *
Abundant. Brooksides and thickets.

S. nigrum. L.

A few plants have been found on Short Beach,
Nahant, and also on Lynn Common.

GENTIANIDS.
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Gentiana crinita. Freel.
Occasional. Fresh marsh and like situations.

G. Andrewsii. Grise.

Very -rare. Fay estate. Have considerable
doubt as to this; it seems not to be the common
species of N. England, known as G. saponarza.
Menyanthes trifoliata. L.t

Rare. Plentiful along Shute’s Brook at the rail-
road station, Saugus Centre. Also in a muddy
slough in the eastern part of Rocks Pasture.

Limnanthemum lacunosum. Grise.
Frequent. Ponds, with the different water lilies.

APOCYNIDS.
(DOGSBANE FAMILY.)

Apocynum androszmifolium. L.
Common. Woods and uplands.

* This plant is often spoken of as the Deadly Nightshade, a
name which properly belongs to the Atrofa Belladonna, L.
The two are readily distinguished by the fruit, which in the
Atrofa is black, but a brilliant red in the other. The true Dead-
ly Nightshade is a rare plant in all parts, and the Solanum Nig-
rum, L., the Common Nightshade, which somewhat resembles
it, is not, I think, to be found in this vicinity.

t Any one who has access toa brookside or other wet place
may cultivate this elegant plant without trouble; and be re-
warded with flowers as fine as hyacinths.

[GENTIAN F.

Woody
Nightshade.

Common
Nightshade.

Fringed
Gentian.

Closed
Gentian.

Buck Bean.

Floating Heart.

Dogsbane,
Flytrap.

ASCLEPIDS.}

Common
Milkweed.

Poke Milkweed

Four-leaved
Milkweed.

delay doce
weed, Indian
Hemp.

Whorled
Milkweed.

Privei,
Prim.

White Ash.

Black Ash.

68 [MILKWEED F.

ASCLEPIDS.
(MILKWEED FAMILY.)

Asclepias Cornuti. Decaisne.

Common. Fencerows and edges of cultivated
lands

A. phytolaccoides. Pursh.
Occasional. Sheltered pastures and clearings in
the woods.

A. quadrifolia. Jacg.*
Rare. I have met with it once or twice in Dun-
geon Pasture, and the neighboring lands.

A. inearnata.

Common. Watercourses and low grounds ; some-
times in uplands, but more rarely.

A. verticillata. L.

Was found in 1861 at the entrance of Pine Grove
Cemetery. by Mr. Edward Johnson. Only known
to me before at Waitt’s Mount, Malden. I found
it in 1862, on the rocky hill at Edward Stone’s
house, Boston Street, near the Cemetery in consid-
erable quantity, with Sempervivum.

OLIDS.
(OLIVE FAMILY.)

Ligustrum vulgare. L.
Common. Everywhere on the hills in the south-
ern part of the town.

Fraxinus Americana. L. (?)

Occasional. Hardly as frequent as the next,
though I confess to some indecision about both

species.
F. sambucifolia. Lam. (?)
Woods and borders of fields, as at Linwood.

* I do not understand how this plant has so long escaped cul-
tivation. Its beauty cannot be questioned, and it would no
doubt endure a garden soil perfectly.

CHEN OPIDS. | 69 [GOOSEFOOT F.

APETALOUS EXOGENS.

CHENOPIDS.
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Salsola kali. L. Saltwort.
Common. On the various beaches near high-

water mark.

Suzeda maritima. Moquin. Salt Goosefoot.
Abundant. Borders of all the salt marshes.

Salicornia herbacea. L. Samphire.

Common. On the marshes wherever the sea has
access.

SALICORNIA AMBIGUA, Michx., the Creeping
Glasswort, may be found at Gloucester.—Pvoc. Ess.
Lust.

Chenopodium glaucum. L. pee ene
I found in 1861, in the barnyard of Isaiah Hill, i
Summer Street. Also previously at Marblehead
Neck, near the beach.
C. hybridum. L. Maple-leaved
I found at North Andover in 1850. Goopeteots
C. album. L. | Pigweed.
Common. A weed in every garden.
C. urbicum. L. es
eave
Occasional. About dwellings and yards. Goosefoot.
Ambrina anthelmintica. Spach. Wormseed.
Rare. Found on a manure bed on Holyoke
Street. Also in Glenmere.
Atriplex patula. L. Spreading
Orache.

Abundant. Along the Eastern Railroad, and the
margin of all marshes.

A plant of this family, which seems undescribed
by Gray, grows on Short Beach, Nahant. It may
possibly be an Odzone.

Too uely to
have a mame.

Mongrel
Amaranth.

Poke, Sooke,
Gargei.

Tall
Persicaria.

Lady's Thhamb,

Heart's Fase.

(AmARANTE Fammiy.)
Ameranthus albus. L.
Common. A pertimaceous intruder imto every
cultivated spot.
A. bybridus. L.

Common. As homely as its fellow, and moch
more troublesome.

PHYTOLIDsS.
(POKEWEED Family.)
Phytolacea decandra. L.
Frequent. Wood clearings, especially where fires
have been.
POLYGONIDS.
(SMARTWEED FAMILY.)

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum. |

Cniaaiaa, Manure beds and rich, waste grounds.
Easily distinguished by the dark spot on the leaf.

P. hydropiper. L.
Common. Cool and most situations Well

P. hydropiperoides. Michx.

Frequent. Swamps and brooks.

P. amphibium. L.

Occasional. Not as common as either of the
last three. Have found tie best specimens at
Great Pond, N. Andover. Hardly thmk it is m

LAURIDS.] 71 [SASSAFRAS F.

P. tenue. Michx.

Rare. Now and then appearing in gravel pits,
and along some by-roads.

POLYGONUM ARTICULATUM, L., Var. MULTI-
PLEX, the Jointweed has been met with at Ipswich
and very abundantly at Groveland.—Proc. Ess.
Znst. Also on the railroad between Lynnfield and
S. Reading, abundantly.

P. arifolium. L.

Frequent. Dense and secluded thickets and
swamps.
P. sagittatum. L.

Common. Swamps and meadows.

P. convolvulus. L.
Common. Gardens and fields.

P. dumetorum. L. (?)
Frequent. Running on walls and bushes.

Fagopyrum esculentum. Mench.

Occasional. Naturalized tosome extent. I have
found it on Lynn Common.

Rumex salicifolius. Hook. (?)
Frequent. Nahant; on the beach and elsewhere.

R. obtusifolius. L.
Common. Damp cultivated grounds.

R. crispus. L.
Common. Needs no description.

R. acetosella. L.

Common. Pastures and fields. The abundance
of the plant appears to be inversely as the richness
of the soil.

LAURIDS.
(SASSAFRAS FAMILY.)

Sassafras officinale. Nees.

Frequent. Seldom grows large with us. I have
seen it ten or fifteen feet high at Baker’s Hills, Sau-
gus, and about the same size on a knoll in Pan
Swamp Meadow.

Slender
Knotgrass.

Larger
Scratchgrass.

Common
Scratchgrass,
Tear-thumb.

Black Bindweed
Wild Bean.

Climbing False
Buckwheat.

Buckwheat.

White Dock,
Willow-leaved
Dock.

Bitter Dock.

Curled Dock,
Yellow Dock.

Common
Sorrel.

Sassafras.

THYMELIDS.]

Spice Wood,
Fever-bush.

Mezereum.

False
Toad-flax.

Waiter
Siarwori.

Narrow-leaved
Starwort.

Sun Spurge.

72 [MEZEREON F.

Benzoin odoriferum. Nees.
Occasional. Pirates’ Glen, and in the swamp

along Stony Brook, near Linwood Street. The

— side of Bennet’s Swamp is a better locality
s

THYMELIDS.
(MEZEREON FAMILY.)

Daphne Mezereum. L.
Occasional. Paradise Woods, Swampscott.

SANTALIDS.
(SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Comandra umbellata. Nuit.*
Abundant. Rocky hills and pastures.

CALLITRIDS.
(WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.)

Callitriche verna. L.
Frequent. Running waters with muddy bottoms.

C. linearis. Pursh.
Stagnant ponds and slow streams.

EUPHORBIDS.
(SPURGE FAMILY.)

Euphorbia helioscopia. L.

A few plants found at E. Saugus in a lot on Bos-
ton Street. beside the railroad, south side of the
street. Otherwise not found.

*The sharp-eyed student will notice the strange manner in
which the anthers of this species are tied down with threads,
and if he feels very wise, may try his ingenuity for the reason
a it isso. There are mysteries in plants, and this is one of
them.

ULMIDS.] 73 [ELM F.

E. Esula. L. . Leafy Spurge,
Queen Anne.

Common. About old dwellings. An emigrant

from the garden. Near Devil’s Den, Newburyport,

it flourishes in the gravel of the railroad in a very

peculiar form.

E. polygonifolia. L. Seaside Spurge.
Frequent. Beaches at Nahant, especially Long

Beach.

Acalypha Virginica. L. Times seeded
Common. Yards and rubbish heaps. Rae

ULMIDS.
(ELM FAMILY.)

Ulmus Americana. L. American Elm.

Frequent. Generally in wet places, but not
always.

Celtis occidentalis. L. Hackberry.

Is said to grow in Great Pastures, between Lynn
and Salem.— robinson.

Urtica dioica. L. ae
= ettie.
Occasional. Old gardens and weedy yards.
U. urens. L. Small Nettle.
Occasional. Now and then to be found about
old yards in the eastern part of the city.
Pilea pumila. Clearweed,
Stingless
Common. Gardens and manure beds. Nettle.
Bochmeria cylindrica. Willd. False Nettle.
Occasional. Along the brook in Marion Street,
and on the edge of several different streams.
Cannabis sativa. L. Hemp.

Occasional. Old gardens and weedy yards.
10

PLATANIDS.]

Butitcnwood.

Pignut,
Hickory.

White Oak.

Swamp
Chestnut Oak.

Scrub Oak.

Swamp
White Oak.

uercitron Oak,
lack Oak.

Scarlet Oak.

74 [BUTTONWOOD F.

PLATANIDS.
(BUTTONWOOD FAMILY.)

Platanus occidentalis. L.

_ Frequent. Here and there in the woods, seem-
ingly escaped from cultivation.

JUGLANIDS.
(WALNUT FAMILY.)

Carya glabra. Torr.

Abundant. Forms large tracts of young woods in
Dungeon Pasture and vicinity.

QUERNIDS.
(OAK FAMILY.)

Quercus alba. L.
Common. Woods and copses.

Q. Primus. L.

Formerly abundant in and about the “ Johnson
Swamp,” between Laighton Street and Beacon Hill
Avenue. Mostly destroyed.

Q. PRINOIDES, Willd., the Chinquapin Oak, was
found on the Town Farm, Peabody, at a meeting of
the Essex Institute, in June. 1857. A single bush
was identified by me in 1886 on the summit of
“ Mount Tabor,” near “ Penny Brook,” Lynn.

Q. illicifolia. Wang.
Frequent. Dry hills, forming rough thickets,

alike destructive to the clothes and comfort of the
wood ranger.

Q. bicolar. Willd.
Common. Low grounds.

Q. tinctoria. Bart.
Occasional. Woods in dry soil.

Q. coccinea. Wang.

Frequent. A heavy tree, scattered about in open
lands.

MYRIDS.| 75

Castanea vesca. L.

Rare. Grows finely in Lynnfield, but not at all,
as is believed, in Lynn.
Fagus ferruginea. Ait.

Occasional. Scattered through the Ox Pasture,
toward Lynnfield. A tree or two grow in Pratt’s
Pasture, and a few remain in Linwood.

Corylus Americana. Walt.

Frequent. Old pastures and fence rows. Fruit
seldom plentiful.

C. rostrata. Aijt.

Grows in Saugus and has been produced at Field
Meetings of the Essex Institute.

Carpinus Americana. Mx.

Rare. Formerly common in Linnean Grove, but
hardly anywhere else.

Ostrya Virginica. Willd.

MYRIDS.
(BAYBERRY FAMILY.)

Myrica Gale. L.

Abundant. Apparently confined to the western
end of the township.

M. cerifera. L.
Common. Pastures and woodlands.

Comptonia asplenifolia. Ait.
Common. Perfectly familiar.

BETULIDS.
(BIRCH FAMILY.)

Betula populifolia. Ait.

Common. Formerly covering many acres near
the house of N. C. Hutchinson.

B. papyracea. Ait.

Is abundant, as I think along the Spicket River,
in Methuen.

[BAYBERRY F.

Chestnut.

Beech.

Hazel Nut.

Beaked
Hazel Nut.

American
Hornbeam.

Lever Wood,
Hop Hornbeain

Sweet Gale,
Meadow Fern,
Dutch Myrtle.

Bayberry.

Sweet Fern.

White Birch.

Paper Birch,
Canoe Birch.

POPULIDS.]

Red Birch,
River Birch.

Yellow Birch.

Cherry Birch,
Black Birch.

Speckled Alder.

Common Alder.

Low Bush
Willow.

Swamp Willow,
Pussy Willow.

Hoary Willow.

76 [WILLOW F.

B. nigra. L. ()

Occasional. Three trees stand on the side of
Forest Rock, in Pine Grove Cemetery, which do
not appear to be #. exce/sa, and certainly are not ZB.
lenta. If they are not this species, they can hardly
be included in Gray’s enumeration.

B. excelsa. Ait.
Frequent. Scattered through the woods and
swamps.

B. lenta. L.

Rare. I have never found a specimen in Lynn,
but it has been gathered in former times by others,
and may still be found sparingly.

A low birch grows on the shores of Great Pond,
N. Andover, which is either B. Jumzla, L., or else
the dwarf B. papyracea, which, guere.

Alnus inecana. Willd.

Is plentiful along Shute’s Brook, near the rail-
road station, Saugus Centre. And likewise in the
swamps below the residence of E. B. Phillips,
Swampscctt.

A. serrulata. Ait.
Common. Sure to appear wherever there is
water.

POPULIDS.
(WILLOW FAMILY.)

Salix humilis. Marshall.

Frequent. I suppose this, and possibly S. ¢vzszzs,
Ait., and S. dzscolor, Mubl, are so blended in our
flora as to make good distinction difficult.

S. eriocephala. Michx. (?)

Frequent. Meadows and streams, sometimes
migrating to the uplands. The “ Pussy Willow”
may comprise more than one species, and I am not
well satisfied as to this one in particular.

S. candida. Willd.

A small bush near Holmes’ Pond, and another
on the hillside east of Breed’s Pond, are of this
species possibly. They are quite distinct, and I
cannot otherwise determine them.

PINIDS. | fie

S. alba. _L:

Var. VITELLINA.

Common. Thoroughly naturalized in wet situa-
tions. Probably several varieties are found with
us.

Populus tremuloides. Michx.

Frequent. Scattered through the woods, but
seldom attaining any great size.

P. grandidentata. Michx.

Frequent. Woods near Breed’s Pond. The
most elegant poplar we have.

[PINE F.

Yellow Willow.

American
Aspen.

Tooth-leaved
Poplar.

GYMNOSPERMOUS HXOGENS.

PINIDS.
(PINE FAMILY.)

Pinus rigida. Miuiller.

Common. Extensively distributed all over the
dry and rocky pastures in the southern part of the
territory.

P. strobus. L.

Common. Not partial to light soils, but growing
vigorously in low lands. Greatest height with us
about one hundred feet.

Abies Canadensis. Michx.

Frequent. Scattered, or forming groves, but
rarely attaining much magnitude.

Larix Americana. Michx.

Occasional. Grows in Tomlin’s Swamp and sim-
ilar places toward Lynnfield. Seldom large.

Pitch Pine.

White Pine.

Hemlock.

Black Larch,
Hacmatac.

ARIDS. ]

White Cedar.

Juniper,
Horse Savin.

Red Cedar.

Indian Turnip.

Arrow Arum.

Water Arum.

78 [WAKE-ROBIN F.

Cupressus thyoides. L.

Frequent. Fills a swamp at Swampscott, and
another, of fine trees, near Birch Brook Pond, near
Mr. H. B. Newhall’s farm-house.

Juniperus communis. L. *
Common. Pastures and hills.

J. Virginiana. L. ft

Common. The undisputed tenant of all rocky
and sterile hills.

EHNDOGENS.

ARIDS.
(WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY.)

Arum triphillum. L.

Adundant. In every wet, rich thicket. The
striped or variegated form is frequent here, as in
other places.

Peltandra Virginica. Raf.
Occasional. Along the banks of brooks.

Calla palustris. L.t
Frequent. At Penny Bridge Brook, in large
quantity. ©

* The largest specimen I have seen formerly grew on Second
Pine Hill, being some two hundred feet in circumference. It
was burnt in 1852.

7 A tree stood formerly on what is known as Pigsty Rock or
Big Cedar Hill, worthy to be styled the Patriarch. It measured
over seven feet in girth in 1844, with a proportionate height.

+ I am led to suspect that many are unware that the secluded
waters afford this younger sister of the fine Ca//a cee of
the greenhouse. It is somewhat more modest but hardly less
charming than the other, and would prove an ornament to the
aquarium or artificial pond.

“EN PHIDS: | 79 [CAT-TAIL F.

Symplocarpus foetidus. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage
Abundant. In all wet grounds. Familiar.

Acorus calamus. L. Sweet Flag.

Occasional. Most easily found on the brackish
banks of Strawberry Brook, just above Cottage
street.

TYPHIDS.
(CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Typha latifolia. L. Cat Vail:
Frequent. Fresh marshes and stagnant ponds.

Sparganium ramosum. Hudson. Burr Reed.
Frequent. Ditches and muddy streams. A ditch
in Bridge Street gives good specimens.
S. Americanum. Nutt. pmol
urr Reed.
Abundant. In almost all muddy places.

S. natans. L. Sparganium.
Frequent. Margins of Breed’s Pond, and other

like places.
ZOSTERIDS.
(SEA-WRACK FAMILY.)

Zostera marina. L. Eel-grass.

Abundant. In the harbor, and every salt-water
ditch beyond low-water mark.

Potamogeton natans. L. Floating
Pondweed.
Frequent. Most of the ponds.
P. heterophyllus. Schreber. = “
Frequent. Ponds in shallow water; Bartholo- “° ~~
mew’s Pond, in Peabody, for instance.
P. lucens. L. Thin-leaved
Pondweed.

Occasional. Only known to be at Breed’s Pond,
but probably in other waters also. My specimens
were all imperfect, so that the name is partly con-
jectural.

ALISMIDS. ]

Clasping
Pondweed.

Narrow-leaved
Pondweed.

Marsh
Arrowgrass.

Water ,
Plaintain.

Arrowhead.

Twayblade.

Large
Coral-root.

Late Coral-root.

Pale Green
Orchis.

80 [WATER-PLANTAIN F.

P. perfoliatus. L.
Abundant. Strawberry Brook.

P. pauciflorus. Pursh. (?)

Abundant. Strawberry Brook at the tan yard,
with the last, forming dense mats on the water.

POTAMOGETON sp. (?) This is from Wenham
Pond, and not a perfect specimen. For some time
I regarded it as P. perfolzatus, but this idea was
set aside by finding that species afterward. As it
seems not to agree with any species noticed by
Gray, I would give a description, but the specimens
are unfortunately destroyed.

ALISMIDS.
(WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Triglochin maritimum. L.

Abundant. Scattered thickly over the salt marsh-
es, forming annular patches. The spike might
easily be taken for that of a plaintain.

Alisma plantago.
Frequent. Water-courses and borders of ponds.

Sagittaria variabilis. Engelm.
Common. Everywhere in wet places. The in-
numerable forms are all included in this species.

ORCHIDS.
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Liparis Loeselii. Rich.
Very rare. Formerly along Stacey’s Brook.

Corallorhiza multiflora. Nuit.

Rare. Scattered on Blood Swamp Hills, west of
Dungeon Rock and so southward.

C. odontorhiza. Nutt.

Rare. Rather plentiful on the east side of Ed-
wards’ Swamp.

Gymnadenia tridentata. Lindl.

Rare. I have found a single specimen in Salem
Pasture.

ORCHIDS. | 81

Platanthera flava. Gray.
Occasional. In the neighborhood of Birch Pond.

P. blephariglottis. Lindl.

Very rare. Not in Lynn.

Possibly in the meadow lands at Swampscott,
but this admits of doubt.—Dr.Holder.

It belongs to the flora of Cape Ann, rather than
ours, being frequent in the Magnolia Swamp.

P. lacera. Gray.
Common. Our most common species, distributed
largely in all damp lands.
P. psycodes.
Occasional. Swamps and other wet situations.

P. fimbriata. Lindl.
Very rare. Only one specimen reported.

P. orbiculata. Lindl.

Very rare. One specimen on the south side of
Mt. Nebo, at “ Pilgrim’s Rest,” Aug. 23, 1885.

Arethusa bulbosa. L.

Rare. Confined to the eastern part of the city.
I have it from Rock’s Pasture.

Gray.

Pogonia ophioglossoides. Nutt.
Frequent. Meadows and bogs, widely distributed.

Calopogon pulchellus. R. Br.

Frequent. In company with the last, usually,
but not quite as plentiful.

Spiranthes gracilis. Bigel.

Frequent. Uplands among bushes.

A plant of
solitary habit.

S. cernua. Richard.

Abundant. Cool meadows among the grass,
which it much resembles in its leaves.

Goodyera repens. R. Br.

Frequent. Pine woods. Distinguished from the
next by the white veins being duller, and the leaves
more pointed.

11

[ORCHIS F.

Yellowish
Orchis.

White Fringed
Orchis.

Ragged Orchis.

Small Purple
Fringed Orchis.

Large Purple
Fringed Orchis.

Round-leaved
Orchis.

Arethusa.

Adder’s
Tongue
Arethusa.

Cymbidium.

Naked
Spiranthes.

Ladies’
Tresses.

Pale Rattle-
snake Plantain.

AMARYLLIDS. | 82 [AMARYLLIS F.
Rapicsnake G. pubescens. R. Br.

Frequent. Pine woods. Generally in patches,
ea EaheS Cypripedium acaule. Ait.
pera Abundant. Pine woods for the most part, hee to
Valerian. be found on many of the hills.

Yellow Star-of-
Bethlehem.

Large Blue
Flag.

Slender Blue .
Flag.

Blue-eyed
Grass.

Green Brier,
Bull Brier.

Carrion Flower.

Nodding
Trillium.

AMARYLLIDS.
(AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Hypoxis erecta. L.

Abundant. Rich uplands and shadv borders of
woods.

IRIDS.
(BLUE-FLAG FAMILY.)

Iris versicolor. L.
Abundant. In all wet lands.

I. Virginica. L.
Frequent. Wet meadows and borders of streams.

Well known.

Sisyrinchium Bermudiana. L.

Common. Rather partial to wet spots, but
thrives anywhere in good soil.

SARSIDS.
(GREENBRIER FAMILY.)

Smilax rotundifolia. L.

Common. Forms the most intricate of all thickets,
and gets the hearty execration of all who have to
pass through its meshes.

S. herbacea. L.

Frequent. Shady banks and meadow borders.
The common name cannot be matched for expres-
siveness.

Trillium cernuum. L.

Rare. Good plants along Shute’s Brook, at rail-
road station, Saugus Centre.

LILIDS.] 83

T. erectum. L.

Also Var. ALBUM, have been found by Jno. Sears
in aswamp between Danvers and Wenham. The
formér common there.—Aussel/.

Medeola Virginica. L.
Frequent. Moist, shady thickets.

LILIDS.
(LILY FAMILY.)

Polygonatum pubescens. Pursh.
Frequent. Warm, rocky slopes in light, rich soil.

Smilacina racemosa. Desf.
Frequent. Stony woods in warm exposures.

S. stellata. Desf.

Rare. Banks of Stacey’s Brook, Swampscott.—
Dr. Holder.

It proves to be plentiful on a hillock at Willis’
Neck.

S. bifolia. Ker.

Common. Woods and bushy fields everywhere.

CLINTONIA BOREALIS, the Northern Clintonia,
is at Pleasant Pond, Wenham.—/Pvroc. Ess. Inst,
1856. And I found it at the Magnolia Swamp,
Gloucester, in 1861.

Ornithogalum umbellatum. L.

Rare. Occasionally found in Glenmere, in wet
situations.

Allium Canadense. Kahn.

Occasional. Both the eastern and western parts
of the city afford specimens.
Lilium Philadelphicum. L.

Frequent. Berry pastures among the bushes.
Hard to find till it flowers.

L. Canadense. L.*
. Occasional. Not as common as the last.

* A resplendent thing in cultivation. Several of my friends
have had it attain a height of six feet, with a dozen or so of
flowers open at once.

[LILY F.

Birthroot.

Cucumber
Root.

Small
Solomon’s Seal.
False Spikenard
Star-flowered

Solomon’s Seal.

Two-leaved
Solomon’s Seal.

White Star-of-
Bethlehem.

Wild Meadow
Garlic.

Red Lily.

Yellow Lily.

MELANTHIDS.]

Dog-tooth
Violet.

Clasping Bell-
wort.

Common
Bellwort.

White Helle-

ore,
Indian Poke.

Bulrush.

White-seeded
Rush.

Black-grass.

Pickerel-weed.

84 [INDIAN POKE F.

Erythronium Americanum. Smith.

Occasional. Confined almost exclusively to the
eastern section.

MELANTHIDS.
(INDIAN POKE FAMILY.)

Uvularia perfoliata.

_Very rare. Formerly at Hathorne’s Hill, but ex-
tirpated there. I find it even more thrifty in the
Blueberry Pasture.

U. sessilifolia. L.

Abundant. Shady, open woods, often covering
large areas.

Veratrum viride. Ai{t.

Occasional. Upper Swampscott. Neighborhood
of Birch Pond.

JUNCALIDS.
(RusH FAMILY.)

Juncus effusus. L.
Common. Bogs and meadows everywhere.

J. paradoxus. E. Meyer. (?)
Abundant. Bogs and swampy meadows.

J. Gerardi. Loisel.

Abundant. Forms patches d& the lightest part
of the marshes.

PONTEDERIDS.
(PICKEREL-WEED F AMILY.)

Pontederia cordata. L.

Abundant. Brooks and ponds, sometimes form-
ing large clumps.

XYRIDS.] 85 [YELLOW-EYED GRASS F.

XYRIDS.
(YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.)

Xyris Caroliniana. Walt. Yellow-eyed

Occasional. Rills in Rock’s Pasture, and bogs [75°
along Stony Brook.

®
ERIOCAULIDS.
(PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

Eriocaulon septangulare. Wither. Small Pipewort,
Frequent. Borders of ponds, growing in the

edge of the water, or where it has recently dried

away.

PNDEX- OF “GENE RA.

JS OSS Oe 10 Se ae eae ne 7g (ie SSIs Ae ee aie ee eae PE 47
POnPOUateMba TE rey te lays Me, Naw wk ZO OE MUENPINOIEUE wreint oP song Mh Dat aD Ie 69
J CINTS| 2 ee rr ener a FB A cI LIC Ve Ache epee aR tare ane amrs Bs 57
OST AoA Es Oe Een this 32

embed eS aya. Peete se up excup tAGICD 5 Te, haa ued 35
PNGOGUSIOR Ce)! aie! share Paes te PON AAI ARCAY vent Ss rea ae ad gcet bs 25
PNGUEM Metin: fie dead | a owe eee 2h MANNY ma fats) Ao aku Ybe eae 2
72 UNIS EM rd ke AG} ACEP EUS ay ee he only he. uf : 28
UNGAG TT GVO PRC era goes Be Or Enea) PU ey ss ed is lake 75
ALATEST 2 CEERI ice eas ere: SOMMIC CHS EE chau at Oe? aren 51
JENELE CT SRM SAL a eo ene R $3) SOChinehia 2. 2s en. las oes 73
PMITANTIS Ye je has von tae b3 Ksert PO) DFASCHeie So te se Mesut see lie) boa ae 23
PUM ACATITMUS) ote 1% st eles 70

Aimar ies sats, Sie a ee Gop PC ates ee, he ratte of 25
FAUDMIITEN GT ©, a hath nd any a oan io NOEs ee i Aes Ras ee ae 78
Amekanehiersi. i ee Zo) -Callitgiele -. 2 v8 BOR 72
PA MAA 6s oe Padeurs fe BoGalanocony 94. 04, se ete be 81
ATRPENOPISIS * Hive 6), sue eee 2h pei Oe ai 22
ANPIMICAT DEA, 1, 28 \5 Yer ah yey os ey) | Oe) CG eo Aa ae Mp 66
PVA S oS 5 ae ay Voy eee hw Go Meampeanwla’) ve. 4) 5b. ee ES
yA\ATONEC 101216 2 erg ea ea a 57 W@annapis. Sete at 72
ANT SSTS0Y04 11 € Re a aD CaN Ge C12) U2 Ae er 25
JANIS 100121 2 A en Me Pot MARCA). Wont \-cos ors, Yeats 25
play loners. fy Haste Pw jens, Gay sar plinysh) ots ivy alee, OF ee, 75
ANS TIOIS 1 GS WARIS ALD ate et Sour UMM ahs ply dl or ce es 43
AN OO(C A010 aaa ae Ep a Ge gh Re 74
NERC ota wage, sh a atte’ gO Fal eoastam@eay fay 4 aaa gas a5
PAA Ce bs o cA aay Gare Tuatnieelil 28 way (asemlgact io ye he we 63
Ae NaMPelicay yin. sf ots 42'\\Ceanothus = =) -.4 (32
ACLOStApaylOs) Ges 35. SQ MCClASECUSM ns oar saa, Hulnne N2s 32
ANGST eN a ele 00 on er PON CEIIS Suse sth s pew ens ehh 73
ENTE MUGEN eam arn she hs - SrenCentauna ce Me osc eee 53
PNGEIOMESI Ci orep eect eine ois) 2 ga. (Céphatanthus! 02°53! .20h., jes 46
ANTS UT et a 78| Cerastium . 28
Asclepias si. .(.-. Oo: Cikela@ OMIM. 20 )Wer a Ws) ats 24

88

Chelone smi nae eek OI
Chenopodium 2.65 rie 69
Chimaphila, <2 22% «cae 58
Chrysosplentum’ .~.7,. a". 41
Crehoriuna <i ieee 53
Ciutat Oo} aia VG Sele te ee 42
GIRO a8. (Megane, cous. bes) deanna 39
mim obvi ks Piel ina ie nega m BS
Clematis “Atte a Gace ee 21
Clethra atta ar oem ween 57
Clitomita 7 uo. hell ngs ae ie ec 83
Comandra).24. sc hare ees 72
Commun aia coat ere ae 43
Comiptomia, Wcrgert en. We oe 75
Coptis i 2 sae wo arate ae 23
Convolwulus She cal ee 66
Corallorhizay Ge 2 Cay Soe aie 80
Coreopsis) aieis ts ea en whe 51
Comuss cu “ee Wee ee eae 43
Corydalisis,2°.0,'2 auet Panag 24
Corylus 0 hots Pe eae Vi
GCfantzia eaten setae 42
Chateeus: ay. tras. Oke cee 38
Cupressus? <5 05 Gos. 78
Cuscuta shar wg! ee ee 66
Cynoglossum 2) 68) S720 66
Cypripedium 26) je) eee 82
PACU sie eer ke rey eee Re 66
Daphne? 36.22 3 ties vee Hate 72
DAIS) re ate anh tee 42
Desmodium, 335\5 aie 34
Wranthus .u tema, Sie aate 28
Piervillay iste 2 epee A5
Diplopappus «25 Gee tage oes 49
Drabaty. ods) oe Sale eteme 25
IDEOSCEA Ys Geis 1 ee) ae 27
Eehenespermum 9.2) ..00 2 66
Echvamnany 26 ae 1a eo ee 65
|) 2G of ee ene a RP Dae Kee 8 27
Blodea Meson tae i297
PIG ZEA oak thm tn mae LRG
Epilobiam ss hes, Mes 39
Fopiphe gus tie GE) a ae oe . 61
Brechthitesy is 03 er on ee 52
FIO CVOM a cet an poh iolos eee 48
Eriocatlon,.. 5). .0edee) ees 85
Erythraniam o) 253 )aa ue. 84

Buphorbia (cee aeee ny 72
Hupatoriamt 7)... et ao
Pagopyrum. 5) 26k eee. 71
aS hoon enh or etal eee 75
BCAA Ag cc) a.sh ss eee 37
ETASATUS Sabet Ga, cel ee 68
Dyammati ayes 6 oie eae a te hae 24
Galeopsis. 32% aokee"s vay eae 65
CGaUEUUETN oc teh ak ap ree a 45
Gatlthegiany sq. Sear ame Sy)
Gaylissa@ia saci ornare 56
Gemista- hg) aye eee, Seo eae 35
Geninana 208 cs Tops ee 67
Geranium: %. $a A) Gdawnaeees 30
Gerardia’ 6.0) 3 Cee 62
SUNT. cc) (ak eco ae ae eee 36
Gaaphalium a7). sous 52
GCoodyera. 25. traces eee 81
Gratrola cs: 5". se eee 62
Gymnadeniay! 2-2) 2 ee 80
Plamamelisny 45 «2a seco 4I
Pleceomiayie ait cs we et eae 64
Eehanthemum cle waar 26
Peltamthuss,)s): 204 sees 51
Ele paciGanae eta. sm a Pe 0
Fleracleumy,”) /5:ae; Sys seers 42
FIGHTIN 26 oh sre- Sah ee mee 54
Ronkenya) ots i von eee re ios
OLOOT a. rie eh cas cohen 60
FLOUSUOMIA: Noe Ge eae ee ae 46
Plodsomiaty y's) cashes ee 26
Eiydrocotyless kh ere meee 4I
ELVOSCV ANGUS ixivieiis el oe UR 66
Elyperieuny (2. Sie) i Bones a4
Hypopitys 0.) 6%. 60 es 59
EUDORA es 0) fi, ss kgs oes ae 82
earn vo ot, ve pie ee 59
Ty Sangaes. 6's) wives Vu iae s 62
Wap Atens 2) ok Re Ble 30
[oi 01 RU Rae Mile BORGER Mts Bete Lh 50
DIS Mie fos a) chk) GAR Soe ae ere 82
Time tings oh Whitey ate! Day eee ee 50
Jyumeus.) ke. ee eee 84
Jumpers, fe ae a Cos 78

a

89

ENE ane me A 2 58
Meter fo Meee 1c rane Uh Rey
2 4 (CULT CS Sana gS tLe rat 54
MEANT ei ae Be 2th eel OR 65
EUAN ais CE Non (ee. vei ekdn kat ini 53
asia rates) ue, ee’ 53
Weaiiagea ae for oes oa! at aaa 77
PARIYINIS ) evietra (a Bak a3
175) Ge RS en) Ae a Pe 26
IeOMmtad Ones wien! ig )-2) sao 54
PECOMUEUS Sree.) ie aa fuk 65
AS MORI oS 5) he ae bs 25
Pespedeza te 2 ai). ees 34
Eeucanthemum . 0.9. = 52
| LEE CCT a ole 46
HVSUSHCMMMe i. ka eS 42
OPOTIS ERIM rao is catia) SS 68
PM ene in BURT 83
Lamnanthemum .. . . . 67
HMA sos ein, Ke 61
BUD De serch ee eal bi ba 44
ATU Shek ee pk eae 30
EES 21 55 vob) Ore) as ee 80
PEO DENA S eli Ch ads. bea eel 55
Bomleetan, ie .c ise 28) See A4
HE TBCN ASIA 2 = 6) (50 Shree he 39
MELISS eyes ats cect ee atic 33
DVIS LING ies se oy eee 28
EVCODUS tobe Klis.) ae sae 64
Teysimiac hig eco secs 60
15 1a 5a ae er ae 38
MWiapmOlA \stae asic se Mein: 28
IANA rites Aiah Fa 'sy) Gh any te 30
VTE eh FH) well oe anaes 51
Mhedeolay 2.) cide eave niet 83
ICRICARO ios he halide are | 35
Melampynum 0) ce 63
UES ONS SS (iA ee pene oe ee 35
HUE 0) 10 ee a en 63
Memyanthesys <2 a) 6)... 67
WAT AY Sibley nse ce Be 47
IMME S Vac totee car ies fon v= 62
Miatcheliay xc pe ats.) 3 ics. 46
Doug ORs Cette he Yo. <,* 29
MEOW AGC sche Mendes cll afc! cey. 64
WMORESES ota aueNe) «aki: 58

Wonotropa | eis. 2 Ge are ls 5

Niulsediam 5) ooh ea a 2) ls a
IVY MC Al tein peiak Sioa, 38m eee 75
Myrropinyiham Ys2) vias ke. 40
DAIOSGHSY vai moda oe hades 65
UNM tlersyern Gite lead) Sih sh ce 54
IN ASHOPiIIERS (ey epee 24
INawmobameta cM ans a 60
Wentepanthes 3.2 2 sc. vis 59
Beta ra homed ie et oe ae es, 64
PES tm teen si Manian) to Nien gaa yd 39
NECA MGM AM) a) a.) nce oe Meh venene 66
ILE a) Rela aR ie et WP 24
aN yale a sd 5p 250) a) a ees 23
INIWISSEM EEE sn te ty ve ok bia eee, 44
Wisi ems Pf oa i) 558s Liestiel oe 39
Owopordom 632.36. 6S) Fai. 53
OU aeee te hese b A te Oe 40
Opnithowahwmey i < sei a 83
Osmorhiza eh soy al. 43
Oslisyah temeviaies) ear aiher kant. 75
OS RR ichieyr a eis eee 31
JEZh Ob Gia, ecgehe Reine aeite atari eo Sue 43
ARMASSIan Ie Moves Loa ie ere 27
AES UUM CA as fae el SA Ge a 42
CGC TIARIS) Weiss uss tis een 63
PNAC ei 58025, (ie esha ate 78
PENG Or 8. el aoa 40
EA Neier yon ath 63
inv (Olea. hah. aneny baits 70
Pees) ope Baska o. Sat hhc 72
EAUGNISIp 2 Paves (3). oa cee VE
Blame ative.) Acad eile nye 59
Platanehena os, os dap em teks 81
PAtAMUS Hike) oo last es aweecm 74
NeW al Clini ih. ena uaa eet 50
BOCOMIA wasn Sow tet 81
PO lyme SS ase A)o spel rae 23
Polyzonahum yi. 4s cg 83
Polysonuin fois os Sys 70
Rontedettagy (2h ole ietss 84
PPO AVLUS oo Vial fa sotrin a ato ie je 77
ORCA CA au steure ss She case 29
EGtammOreton, sieve) sy 1s 79
POremelllarsisartyoee ts ier a4 pert: 36
ARI OSae ee tentaliank a we ace 59

Proseqmngers: 255) 55. Ate ge | Saledare oo. se oe Shee 49
SORE So Pie = Pe 64) Sonchus ..---....:- 54
Pa 6S eo a ee 35 |Spargantium ..-.-....-- 79
Pycnanthemum ...... a iar ee See we! 3 5
PGR 8c.) oe) Se ia, a ee 5 Let oe elie ie emer saae a.
PiGtWS 2 22 wep oy, ie eee 38 | Spermulana .-...-. 542%
SONNETS scien Sip: Lento? ee ee 36
a en ere 74 | Spiranthes if coe" Rae irae Br
| Sabet ss ae cea 5
Biplconms 3. os eesti 25 pear ded oy. eet he 50
Rants 2. Seo ee ee Be ee Et te ee 4
leas es ee ee cod WoESLa Cae AN ST es Ga
Rhotmn. ii... esos 57 | Sympl i es, eae ee
les Se era eee 31 Means
Ribes tao cay as gm, eth yaa i ee 4i Tanacetum Ee i da ie 52
Robmmia ..-.------- Sl re ge ey 54
Rosa .---.-.-------- af | Terms ia ee 65
Rubus. ..-------- of) Thakvizam. . <2. Gee 21
Badiepksa..( 3 Glens eo ee 50 Piso = 3... ae 42
WORMHER #5. 5 be, ere eee 71 | Thynias: 4 2. jhe ee 64
gris aie to a eae 29 | a ee ee ee 4!
SE gn ad igloo oe ee 30
isi eee ES TE a "Trichostema. 3. 2-3 oe 65
Seer APES hao py. Treaties 2 ee 60
Salle ys he de a Game 76 Tas oe ee a
See ars eee Paras OO Taig. a 30
Sambucus .-------- 45 Pea Pe ee an
Sanguinaria .---.-.-- 24 | Tinie Bee ji
SAMI, oe eee 44 Tae - area
Sani: 6 oe) eee 42 | ==> asia ek a
Seip MA A Chg) a. oto BD eee SS yee = ae ae
SORE REIDCNERAD 6) cc oe BS 24 ims ee os
Seiaea (oo Sah ae ee Oe eee 73
Siieranthines: 3.0 oc sek 29 ee cee ae
Senpplalaria 5.42) 3:6 ee 61) aap Mita is bor”.
PHM E oe Sa eee ee Oh eee See 56
Sedum" eos a fe eee sd Ree Ba
Sempervivum .-..-.-- - sig Sa RN OT sae
Semseat- = 2206 4 jabs BA eas. | ee eee 63
Sericocarpus- - ---- - - 214 Venmcn (of Sb ee ae 62
UIE Ss, a eee Se) a ee Le eee | 45
Smapis ---------- Si et as, 26
Sisymbrium Sy Gaeaters wa al seer Beare 25 | Mates a Cae note 31
Sisyrinchtum = .-.-..- - 82
Stam ------+5-++-- 421 Senthtam |i). .2 ec Sees 50
Gans ue tee 83 Syncs. Peo eee 85
Sela’ Sk) oS ieee 82
Sola 5-3 50 3\/4 Seeks Be 67 | Zosteta. 2) 6 aya) 3. & ete « 79

INDEX: OF

Aaron’s Rod
PA ORUDIOMY Perse aes fg i es
Alder, Black
Common
Speckled
White
Amaranth
Mongrel
American Valerian
Andromeda, Privet
Rosemary
Rusty-leaved
Anemone, Common

Sis Ol Se A Wie, teh.) Tw Sty kal
ey) Das Atay” "er Siw ase
a eh ete ie
ei"; ao eF Se. Sate Ce aay
weg e en S| © eh ve) 4ten re
apy wibaleiar wig ket sce) ete
enue ese | 6.) ce
a wee eta
athe ele Ae ee, eke

Angelica, Lesser
Apple of Peru
Arethusa
Adder’s Tongue
Arrow-grass, Marsh
Arrow-head
Arrow-wood
Maple-leaved :
Artichoke, Jerusalem... .
Arum, Arrow
Water
FANG) OE 8g
Mountain
White
Aspen; American... ... -
Aster, Annual Salt Marsh
PSSM ee elt ehh s 4 6 te, 16
Corymbed
Heart-leaved
Mean

se Cia ler a |S, Come ee

ar. (Sy ee.) Est “yes ep fe. ie

yt ahr) Hal ial ye.) feu “Kase sie

To Hen ek / we) Je) 3 7 e. elm ke

ails ce, "fw! | ele, ral

| Bedstraw, Sweet

COMMON NAMES.

Aster, Narrow-leaved
New England
Pointed-leaved ... .
Rough-stemmed
Spreading
Smooth Blue
Variable
White-topped ....
Willow-leaved ... .

PeVvens, Ve arple wa Fee aver a
Tall Yellow
White

Balmony
Barberry
Basil, Wild
Basswood
Bayberry
Beach Pea
Plum
Bean, Wild

ese) hn) Are) \ te) Aten, ele igetd Fi
SLi pers ae ey tah eh wy kee Vie.
Os se 5, xe, Ce eh else Pe
elhfer Wenn (ei viel Sher. ee es
Chie ter ney tay ten celnw at © fe
aver ele! ay Viel kee ee pis
St Gio ter tent] pak sol. Ge
SEF) eae ay rele, tans bel fa

oe a. a aay pte. | ne. ae

Small
Be CORA RO se 8as i Coen
Beech Drops
False
Beggar’s Lice
Beggar-ticks
Swamp
Bell-flower, Slender
Bellwort, Clasping
Common
Bergamot, Wild
Bindwee

OF > Tey Woo? eg eel pte et

ee: Pie) eh cele” ta 5) Ou

el eke 8) cael” ames er) is

Cpe peu wiay pe

Be TO ee Ste ols 1e

Bindweed, Hedge ...- - - 66
Peel Miteko oo seen dis exe 76
eT ee en ae oe 75
Chessy oye ee 76
ee ee 75
BRC 50) i os eee 76
LE Re tie PON 76
Willies oo eS inca 75
Velltw: 3.2 7.4 (ore eae 76
Pinctlacenie 2 (3! 9,2) 12 ee © 83
PIERCE SWIEEE, > 5) 4” gh Si epee 32
Ditch ras 92 tt toe 84
Blackberry, Gish: . = 3 2: 37
LOW be, .0 alta es 37
S Wali ¢2) ibe h ot a Y
Delacke Eisen oi keeles 77
Bladder Campion ..... 28
Bladderwort, Common . . - 61
CSI Ae iy ee site 61
Eiorned (4 ot6 5 ee. 61
[Cini is: SMe ey 60
Les) SDN Pete oe Sued 60
Betzee SEAR = ay See cee 46
Hisedroot:..) 5 j-sc.e ue + 24
Blueberry, Black... ..- - 56
Pit Bash ie join, a) 56
EW a 5 aah ae 56
Bile Cats 5) in tod oer 65
Blue-eyed Grass . . ..- - 82
Bilge Plas. Uarre so. 8) apes 82
lem hin ee cel 82
Pees. Gees ete hae 46
etre Wee iio ec arg eet 65
Boneset, Broad-leaved - 46
ST | ae eee 46
Verbena-leaved . 46
Bouneme Het se. = see 28
Bexiekigs: 5. 08) s a sh coh 46
Backhean (5> ( (4 oso eee 67
Buckwheat’, >.< 04 54+ weet 71
Climbing False - 9%
Pintiaeer! 61 ie see sea oes 82
Bintrash 's cay s,cet es aca 84
Haevact, Canaiht . 2247, .a 2) 44
MG os Gs aise x) een 53
Bordeck, Sea. ah.) 5 san, < 50

Burr Marigold, Nodding . .
Burr Reed

2

=

Burr Reed, Smaller
Bush Clover

idiery, 5 £ eheeuscre
Butter and Eggs
Buttercups
Buttonbush
Buttonwood

mh et, cel iceae oe ae
wa OE ak eh to eb eee Pree
ChE ee ol Ms ey

Cancer-root

One-flowered
Carawa
Cardinal Flower
Carpet Weed

fa a en Same Si a
TO Oe gs
ee Oa ae
Ce en ee ee re
oh. aire Gls” ‘ainteaces® Rives

a ee ee ee
oe et ey aig ee) ae een an

Se Te) Be Dr Wea Yee beer am = {~

Celandine
Charlock
Checkerberry
Cheesevine
Cherry, Black
Choke

Chicory
Chokeberry
Cinquefoil, Crowded ... .

Mountain

Cleavers, Rough
Clintonia, Northern
Clover, Hop
Low Hop
Pussy
Rabbit-foot

Oe ged See er et mere ce

93

Clover White ee 6 A4alibandeltomi:. 405 Fo 2b 8s 54
Wooly-stemmed . . .« 34 yates, 2 oy oth vil's 53
LAA ee! - 34 [REE SOUS ese, tage 54

Gockle-burr 7. ee) keys 50 ELOLSe we nodes asad es 54

Cohosh whites 2 a es ZA WANGlEDELEY: hel. ose et wees ce _

@ohumilime eg. 9 3) Wee Ce es 23) WESMOCMIM: 65 ee le es. s

Conmeftower >. 6 6 ve 51 | Diplopappus, Cornel-leaved . 7

Coralroot, Larae:. 9.040 20 ie 80 LPS IGEY eh nar eaten hele AAA baer AQ
Bete sete) kr a Pat ew 80 WAGISE ai eter ates ie 49

Gorm Gockle i. oes) 2 ZO MMOCK Bilehetile o) Bune! 5! ae me 71

Cornel, Alternate-leaved . . 44 Gurledye s,s the es 71
wees ioe et ee, cota) 44 Wy bece ers iene ve tania 71
Pamicled: 6. shes 43 Willow-leaved ....71
INGO OSICK! ror oa) 43 Mellow 2) Sun ates i
Roundleaved’. . . .43| Dodder, Common ..:. .. . 66

Coo Spurgy 2 Ps Se 29 1 FIGS eae Sas Laine ates 66

Gorydahis, Pale?) see >: ZAM DOR DORIA aackh steer swlehuha se 38

BaD Iya cen sa sin Sh alee RO OOms Dame sti) er cite. es 67

Wows eh os Ayes ait 2A I ORMOOE i soso sete a. MAU Skt 31

Gowspatsnip veiw id Ble 42 POW ening) Miia) Sc. os 43

Cows fe GL NO BN 22 eOatehsWiyrilet Vo: Yer aia. 3” 75

Com owitest oh aes, 4 oN ES Os Dens Wieeda Mops then eel 2 35

EAC EES L(g. whites SCE 28

Cranberry ts) 2h RM ST HOU MSCL GEASS, alta Pelee iin 7e) Wats 79
Mountain (nS cP ss Ron Eee fue wd Gi 4a eyed Pye dr

Greaneswillen We sic sk teas 30 POO atta alee Scie vc 31
Carolinas 05 30 Ived-berricd) {270174 © AS

Cramzidoar sien e wah ee 42 Elecampane caine as fe) 50

Bree pei oss ates 3 Ae eee a2 im. American’ i. 66s 8. 73

ress, fottier (vo .0 0) Malian 25h et OEM aes aie) Stee e ns 39
INRarSI) ahs eee le 25) vening Primrose (2° .:). 39
Mee: Write a eas 24 TO) eetiglgs, (<ko ha gh ay ao 39
WALES ain gt eet A Everlasting,, Pearly. 72. 3) < 52

Crowfoot, Bulbous ..'3'3°%s 22 Plantain-leaved .. . 52
Celery leave (08s 21). 22 Sweet-scented ... . 52
Creeping oes). 22 Wane ole Waa me es 52
Garsedh 1. 4 es 22
Dalya ides. ok ede bo 22)\(halserspikenard 2 )2 0s ia. = 83
WMeadowsoiq lo iy 8 22| Featherfoil, Inflated ... .60
Seaside ae dees 22) Heth NbeAgOw silt a tan ais
Small-flowered 22 Siweeewoiay ee, auth as vas
PRUE AD ee \ eae ato. 22 WE VICK: DUGIN Me lobe 2i yo) see are: 72
NViDECT Se a doe BS ae A Zr PE GVERWOLE We 1st: =) Pottel vat) ot )e 45
WellowenVater fas ir. 22, Pig worb ao. fa ee 61

Suckoldsweedipa sisi. «|: Fils SIME WCET tr 5 suet a! vaio, Wie ost) 52

CucumbernoOte nt. % 0 > vs OF ive-tenoen « f.0) ict ens 36

Cudweed) owen wet ie ks 52) Plage, arce Blues sisi)... 82

Cymbidium eal else he cs 81 Slender Blues Gi.” 82

94

Flao.\Sweet (4c (Aiea 79 | Grass-of Parnassus . . . . . 27
Fleabane 6 i en eine eee as | Greentarier 0.0 SC ae 82
LI BASY rags, dae ea ee 48 Ground Ivy!) ana ee 64
Narrowleaved <1: ° .c= 49 | MErounenhyt 2). = 2) cee 33
\Piakplence se: ee hae 48|Groundsel,Common .. . . 53

Salt Marsh: coche 50 |
Bloatiie Hearts. 00 42on) 3 G7) Hackberry 6) a0 ge oe 73
Dy teagan” cite ee eae 67) Haematae. +. ecm a aie 77
Porctathers: Cap eice ge 34 | Erandinteks © 5) Usa. Gate ete 36
Forset-memnot <5) <2 ee: 65 | Elarehell.2 tec Sor coe aie 55
BPostweedss yc 20 aes 26| Hawkweed, Canada ... . 54
Fumitory,Common .. . . 24 Rowers 65, cae Vit 54
Hazelnuty ier. Gace eee 75
(Gammebs"i. Fa er eae ee 70 = eRe GA ia a Sea 75
Garlic, Wild Meadow <- -.83:{ Mearts’-Fase ...) 5.5.5 2 ge
Gentian, Closed ...... 67 | Hiedee Elyssop . «, atsay 62
PTINSeGi t's) as Pee 67 Golden 20.5. eee 62
Gerardia, Bushy 2) >. 222% 63 | Hedge. Nettle, Marsh. . . . 65
Downy he. See 63| Hellebore; White. ..... 84
Purple 42) yc eer ae 62: "Elenlock |. 22.2 . cueerananas 77
Seaside isa je- te ee 62 Bulb-bearing Water . 42
Slender fot hu Bye ace 63 | Plemp 2) oes aoe (eee 73
Germanider 2.2585 ve 2S Mate Dadian: : 9)“ wigan ae 46
Gill-over-ground ...... 64 | Hempweed, Climbing .. . 47
Ginsens, Dwark > 205/524 43 Henbane Black «2.5400 & 66
Golden-red, Blue‘stemmed © . 49 | Henbit, 0" 2). Fa 2a 65
Bushy yeiteesoe ee 50} Hepatica, Bilge: (ede. yo 21
Common 3:ribhéd :-.' 50) Herb Robert... 1.2. ae 30
Gray aie Mae hae (eee So: ARLPeORy Ye fe. 0 ce 74
Late 3-ribbed 2... -.i50 | High Water Shrub out oe 50
Many-flowered . . . . 49| Hoarhound, Water. .... 64
Roughver ‘Fall -..2,.. ..3o | Hoe Peanut Say eae ek 33
SCASIgg rs — Rete ie 49 | Elolly, Mountain. 2232 0)2 2 59
Sleridea ie meres 49 | Honeysuckle: 2°: =.2 see 34
Smiootie nn ict ens es fe 49 Pash: hcp sieeve. nts AS
Sweet ane ave |e el ee 50 “Fam pets Whee Fete gl 44
White-rayed ..... 49 bes ths Bees 57
Willowiteaved =... -49|\ Hop Hormbeam .... = 2. 75
Goldthread ete hie tanks 23| Hornbeam, American . . . 75
Gooseberry, Short-stalked .41| Horse Radish ....... 25
Lconsetoot, Salt. <2 wei 69 | Horse Saviti ss te) eae) 78
Maple-leaved. ... . 69) ,Elorse Weed) S.2 52505. 48

Oak-leaved : 7. sp3744 7 60 }Houseleek@ ¢ 2...) eae 40 -

Triansular-leaved | =. -)69 | Hackleberty 929. .12 56
Goosetongue .......-. 52 GG ag Metis ah eh ths 56
Grape, Common Wild. . . .31|Hudsonia ..0....... 26
Prost ci eee tat ee 32 | Huntsman’s Cup’). 's., <9. 6% 24

SuURIMIEr Deis eae 32

Se a

Indian Pipe
Tobacco
Turnip

Inkberry

Innocence

Ivy, Ground
Poison

ee et he er. be
Srey iss” | le hee 0, Syd 1%:
eer Fie pais oe: wre pe, Reh Jere ys,
ep WS) tes we A Cal) ie: Bia t) Tay Wie
ye), er Cer ce.) sel) Fe. ce

PCR AEC) Bact ae es

Jamestown-Weed
Jersey Tea
Jewel-weed
Jointweed

June-berry
Juniper

fo, Bike) Wsieyl aA tele ye) Osler 's

ae Ake. et eM Len Fe ty
Sep efe, Sia) e\eive sue) Te) Prie
oy aed ek eee aly se rays)

ee Re. (8) hei eel 2 Jet tit fee’

Knapweed
Knawel
Knotgrass

Slender

etre a el nee | tae” co Pie), Be,
ee. Sw cel, sey fe) fe) ee Je ae
ot fet atere: Pie) cea taf “a! ey (ere

a; oN ee) Ne Pee 0 | ce

Ladies’ Slipper, Low = . -
humb
Tresses
Lambkill
Larch, Black
Laurel, Mountain

Sy gen Vel sie, re) ee im
eye ei fes, ney, Fe
os + wip elm tey -cat 2 etd rele ae 63m
my eeeig. | Ye!, het fend tev fey Mie

Lettuce, Canker
Tall White
Wild

Leverwood

Licorice

Oh ay (ote. cape te
Cen Se Pr
Bie ieiiete: L ielected btet lehuere
evra wit eevee 40; 5 eece! Mikes | Us
eal Sew seth et se ee oe
ain ag Neldiriaw Ceielg omy ieee

pier Cnr eg eC yey ee

Linden, American
Linnea
Live-forever
Lobelia
Pale Spiked
Water
Locust, Common
Loosestrife, Four-leaved
Lance-leaved

Swamp

Se a) 0) Se Ree jel wep el) ey oe)

eo eet ie) ion ve ed)

ep Vee) Nee ye

a eld ce. ley. te

ee Je! one) | ey fabs re

Sie wen ee te ee

95

Loosestrife, Upright .. . .
Lopseed
Lousewort
Yellow
Lovage, Scotch
_ Lupine

OP Se a ef ue, ss Oe), Tee ers
ale) Piers - ehh ety) se)
eo) rete ay ite! Mey atone

Ble Fs) Sait, sem Ae |e

Sop neh Nal’ eerdioen er, er) Mant, Ye; / Ke

Marigold, Tee ae ae
Marsh Rosemary

Ci ery AOC eC

on ee key Se tle. y he

em Ve) cee Oey [el ey et ee cs

Mayflower
Mayweed
Meadow Beauty
Fern
Pea
Rue, Early
Rue, Large
Meadow-sweet
Melilot, White
Mercury
Three-seeded
Mermaidweed
Mezereum
Milkweed, Common
Four-leaved
Poke

a Say eh 8h, sere pte) (ar ve

Prey Mae: wih pastes hen Ts Wife) Yao

Cog BCP eek

ew fe es er pee) why as ce

wie 0)! jet a 8

Simin: | hey wl # a

eo) ye sr el eve .a>

Sais t 14e Ne) Coe Je, ey na) Poe,

Si as eter ey Ase ey ve.

OP She ee eds Mer fel y el aia ce

ri ol) ty eC: aa
Sheree jeueg wey aoe. e
eres Me Mea del gets) Le

eo; wy err aa, fel lye ve

Milkwort, Cross-leaved . . .
Double-fruited . . . .
Whorled

Mint, Meadow
Mountain

Mitrewort, False

Monkey-flower

Moss, Golden

Motherwort

Mountain Ash

Mountain Holly

Mouse-ear

Mousemead

Mugwort

O16 tafR re) MENer +07) ee

ele fer cat) Pian en, Tali te

@) ey key Cera ie) iia

© (ey Prey ele Vey De

Os pet) fae Mes Prat! eh! “ve,

© Ker! Rey Berean cal Fe), 9 jee ce

fet se) italy te; Were (6.8 Te

‘oy rey? ye Kew 70) A ie

im Ade. ley nie,» Weiies ) Kaa .e., 1.0 a

igh fae So) Bie? ate Mas vie: 6:5. 8

96

Muzwort, Shore). jG 292. 52
NEDIB CUTER | 20. gio cates oe 54
UCT FES Reams AR re) O98! 61
Musquash Root ...... 42
Mustard, Black 9/5532 > 4) 345 25
PISdee i. eas eet Cais 25
Myrtle, Daten (.550. goths 75
Nectkweed (20.023) sea eae 62
Neitle, ‘Common ). 3) 73
Common Hemp .. .65
CAG cose tee eee 65
False 2 san dal ae ee 73
ne OT) | eRe an Gr cee Cen” 73
VLU: Ono tu er hep 7
Nightshade, Common .. . 67
Hnehanpet sac) cpa 39
Small Enchanter’s . . 39
Woody 4s. ere, 5s eae 67
WMipplewett.s sf). c hase me ae
Neble, Liverwont olin ci. : 21
Nodding Trilham 2 o)5.'.: 82
Nonesuch. <j...5 «ise kts 35
Cake Glace ok ty ae a 74
Chinquapin 34-6020) 5 74
Poisons.) bu ee ae 31
QOuercitron ©...) 20 a5 74
SGATICE a-ha) tape Be 74
Serb, Sacre trokeees, wae 74

Swamp Chestnut. . . 74
Swamp White ... .74

White oes 2 aes Ge 7
Orache, Spreading. .- 4 ci
Orchis, Large Purple Fringed =

Pale Green 2/5 eas) ey = 80

Raseed. co ser ngs nas 81

Round-leaved .. . . 81

Small Purple F ringed 81
White Fringed. . -. . 81

Vellowtsh y (4. jch)5, ats 81
Oxeye Daisy: . - 2:1 + > 52
Painted: (aps aU. oaece, es 63
Parsley, Fool's... 2-59.) =o 42
PACS. he yes, 4, on ee ee el 42

BW os paises pera 42

paren Wiater + pia eat
ALLTIGSE-DEITY |. Sees Het
Pea, Beach ii as aaah ne
Pear, Paiekdy (<2) aij era
Pearhwott: 2° .)\>.5°eaweasene
Pennyroyal: 3 tela tee

FaAlS6 5.3, cl eee ee
Peay wort. > a0 02) ay ae

Round-leaved
PEPPEMase: fo) 55.05 2 ewe te
Peppermint .G.2.4.5. nea
Persicaras dank oe aecen

Waterco S eu
Petiimornty ic. Fa. wags eos
Pickerel-weed <4.) =<. = <0

Pine, Pitch: sso. +p ee

White... a sin Peek
Pinesap .-2 2 <- Liiaeges
Pimeweed 2c. ic. syst Rie ee
Piak,. Deptiord <2... ees

Pinweed, Uaree. - .) ss «
Small 2:3...) 1 pe eae
Pipewort, Small 4...) 5.42%
Plantam 2k eee
INStOW bas oe ee
Pale Rattlesnake. . .
Rattlesnake Slat 5, We sce

PORE... .2., 1 vos hears Bele
Ingian. 2) 5 sige ante
Pend Lily) 6:3 eat al Cen
Pondweed, Clasping
F loating Sig aie cs
Narrow-leaved... . .
Short-Spiked . .-. . ;
SUSI: tsar nt 5 ate She
‘Piinleaved. -« te8he 3
Poplar, Tooth-leaved. .. .
POUL, 5. de ce a ee ee

Bringe’s Pipe. iy) hae) oe 58
PAGUVIEE ds cictcte 16 Karl aye? we ad tae & 68
PGSM byte | ia Sat gt cert res 29
IIT oe a ec etme See 73
Winter 2 iw amend len 39
Pyrola, Broad-leaved . 58
One-flowered .. 5): 58
One-sided 2) ace 3. 58
Round-leaved 58
EMU ey bis Qasr) a tom. oy it 58
Pinn-leayed. ier... 58
Oneen! Anne yea) en 78
Queen-of-the-Meadow 46
as wort; Golden’... i: (. ne.
iaspberry, Red: 4 2) i. 2): 37
PIOWwering:: i6 vet> s. °. 37
Rattlesnake Plaintain . 62
TROOt. a) Shee ses 54
Aer eyo WORE A AE Ana Agee 54

Red) Mhoriiy 0 ayer ee 38
IRnoG OKA ye is) ek Ye. 57
IROCK-ROSE. 6 2.25 Sate as 26
Roman Wormwood : 50
jkose; Low Wald 22... 0: a7
Rudbeckia, Cut-leaved . . . 50
Rush, White-seeded . 84
Salt Gooseioot . 2.40) = sn 69
SAlEWORE are. e's 25 Bee 69
SAM IES) ees VS) fe hy soe! whl 69
Pa gvObG pia! eye ah ce al be 29
Seats ere at nasa 28
Side-flowering ... . 28
Thyme-leaved . 28
SVamMIClete Wea) mes, a Nuts namie as 42
Sarsaparilla, Bristly eras
DU oh: Dees is) MR 3 43

DA SSadmeAS: ih Ses we) alee es 71
Saxirace, Early: . 0.061. . AI
Oldienetss i.) Ey Os AI

Sieata 6)! es AI
Scawisinrime ts voc cibey > 3 39
Scoke screens. eee, A 70
SCOrpion-erassyn ee. 6. 65
Scratch-stesse tres li. he 71
Barceny jouik. dete: 4th wl

Scullcap
Sidetlowermye 7). = 4.
Sea Rocket
Seed-box
Self-heal
Senecio, Golden
Shad-bush
Shepherd’s Purse . . ’.
Side-saddle Flower
Silver-weed
Skunk Cabbage
Smartweed
Snake-head
Snapdragon, Canada... .
Sneezewort
Soapwort
Solomon’s Seal, Small
Star-flowered
Two-leaved
Sorrel, Common
Ladies’
Yellow Wood
Sow Thistle, Common
Prickly
Sparganium ....
Spearmint
Spearwort, Creeping .. .
Specularia, Clasping .. .
Speedwell, Common .
Corn
Massie, 3 =
Thyme-leaved
Water
Spice Wood
Spikenard
False
Spiranthes, Naked
Spreading Orache
Spurge, Leafy
Seaside
Spotted
Sun
Staff Tree
Star-flower
Star-of-Bethlehem, White. .
Yellow
Starwort, Narrow-leaved
Water

Pt CM i oe CT ie a a te

Se eels reve ties Ce) fen ie

ope Teh eee ce, Men ew Lewis ‘ay te)

ety ten ey ene Vie

ee Given. vO) bh te. it ey ohh) at eae

et en ay, Mele Meret Sell, ayer |) ta

a ye) ey) OM Ke ar) aap) Se

Oe Ti, 20h) Bie, eS fae bee

ecw) Die) Sy 5 fe

ah Oe) Bee! ie" sot cei

Ro RSLe prey Mes Tike, ser fe

Pay 9 CO ei fe eRe

Bhs wis Meh eh A ee OAL Tent 6) Nt ie.

Qa). V6 eo, a we ens ve

hel HS Ste) Cae: Tres Ua A pet te

CN eiCPiee? eat 8 eal ie ie

ere ee ie! | si RMaren came A ele Cas rie,

fe) Ww pel, eee aus o r8) a! tel Te

ere OP es ee ike

ete eh et) eal feiony set, he

Sri. Ke Mel pes yet. eee hel avery |e:

Oem OPPs ek. as ve

fel oem cep arr “ay aha ea

Stickseedis 1a eek ea

Stitchwort, Northern . .

St. John’s-wort
Canadian
Marsh
nelly ages nein Seba

Stonecrop, Ditch
Mossy

Strawberry
Long-fruited

Succory, Wild

Sumach, Dwarf
Poison
Smooth
Staghorn

Sundew, Long-leaved. . . .
Round-leaved

Sunflower, Cross-Leaved
Pale-leaved
Tickseed

Sweet Bay
Brier
Cicely, Hairy
F

OMPR Surah Keeney tC he Mt ite

BOO yee «whe jal one:
a ee ef gla eth se

a fe) ee) ernie we
a}! iew yay; (ase ee, Ney ate ee
es) fa beg ‘ce: eh Hell enins
6. Fe ey tena es
oe hw Yay Pe) wea eee

me Fim es elie nie at ete
fe) Cie! ev Fae tet tett.w
CHS ep Pe 35 acti) ge c

eh ie et | ep iri
ao On ey he Se) fue.
Cm Mine ain eile bY Yio Set is te a MW Men ot)

ey te ive, j iey lo, Ure. er rie

Pepperbush ON, wae
William

ee, ta "et ee ie

Tansy
Tear-thumb
Thimbleberry
Thistle, Canada
Common
Cotton
Pasture
Thistle, Two-colored <.. ...
Thorn-Apple
Thorn, Red
Thoroughwort
Thyme, Garden
Tick Trefoil
Tick, Naked-flowered

oh ten)? "wth lac lary ie, te MA ery er deltas
fa) Wiel | et! Hien he seh aay Ow: Lie
eit far Wes pew Lets lilet oe,

orl, eT satel ewer fe ts
ef Uwe, yey! Jen ira) a tole
ei bar’ Fer el, he Blew x

oo) Na fat oT or ier role m
oy, es” cal day eh aul ep tite
wer, | hela ee fe aa

es -) ie> ee

wae ae Jet) Fay tiee ely he

Touch-me-not
Tower Mustard, Smooth
Trailing Arbutus

oc tw Sp ey ees 4p) oie,

98

Weraveller’s Joy «= Whee 21
Trumpet Honeysuckle 44
Weed bar uc pee eee 46
AU EO iy Mas Wa aso eee A4
Turnip; indian =. |. ee ee 78
Watley ee aia oT REE aes 25
way blades eb ise, vars ae 80
AD WiHOWCEy 5/07 ee, Ae oe A4
Valerian, American . 82
Velvet-leake) asta 5dr ae ne 29
Wervaim, dale licen nus 63
Nettle-leaved 16g
Viburnams weet. 6 cir 45
‘Violet, Arrow-leaved . 26
Bird-laoted erie 26
Dos-tooth ah 35 1 eee
Downy yellow . 26
Hooded a: . “oes ager 26
FIOKSS ac. Vict, a eeeeeese 26
Lance-leaved 20
Spreading: 775 \.ien 2 ee 26
Sweet, White - 26
Virein’s Bower.) esas) wae 21
Water Milfoil, Variable 40
Lally, Yellow "is... 24
Pepper, Wilds ws, 70
Sires Fe Or ee Une 23
Waterwort. (20 ciej eae 27
Wrearwonke orcs uot in ede 32
Wahite Alder (27: sci \c pear 57
Wihiteblow: <2. s)\7.) animes 27
Whiteweedi nay ence een 52
Whitlow-grass, Common 44
Wild: Beam": ie Aseame gear! a 71
Cotton scan cnualan aint 29
Flax joie (A) wales ce 30
Geranitina i eyo.) oe 30
Tigges) ain ets 35
Peppergrass .... .- 25
Piles eee isos a4 28
Radish. jc 4. 2% 25
Turnip ye. pew ee 25
Willowsneri Great ° 39
Purple-veined 39
Willow, Hodryannae feos 76
Low Bashy. 7) P.tfy.0n")« 76

99

Willow, Pussy 's = jie ./< ZOne WWOOGIDINE S205 5, ek a ot 0 32

° SSM Ps eee cel vas cs POM NMGOUN SAGE es vo ye fe) ay oye 65
Melhor cere was Fis FINN COG, WiAREI 6 150 3 ve. ays) 35

Minterereen, Spotted)... . §S.), Wormseed)). 0s) es 69

RECEP ZETIA rea ach te. 8 AI

pits 02 0s ae tee re AGH CAREON Eaten spate tet ae whe, ee 52

Wood: Betony.:. . av. . 63 | Yellow-eyed Grass ..... 85

;

i

+o kes a= '

7 y ood a
t: ; of < oA o ‘ ne ta eos > Ge
- 4 t * 7 A p> *
. 7 ‘ * ~ ’ - ce of “
ts _ ‘ * 7 “
’ y ‘i Se y ~ : eee’ 4 as,
7 P. ond » . . = ¥ ¥ ~ * ’ . Jn —_ - oo ,
1 . $ an a i ee eer
J > : oN fit wd } — vee
= y > Me -
pet = : oJ
ie - . u hn - al ? ~ % .
i .
$ . tis - >
. Ee a sree ea ; =
iv rs 4 § = c -. 4 » 7 a -
= ~ et!
f : ‘i - z ,
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