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Aberdeen University
Studies : No. 38

Alcyonarians

and

Hydroids

University of Aberdeen.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS.
Convener : Professor James \V. H. Trail, F.R.S., Curator of the Library.

UNIVERSITY STUDIES.
\
General Editor: P. J. Anderson, LL.B., Librarian to the University.

1900. No. I. — Roll 0/ Alumni in Arts of King's College^ 1 596-1860. P. J. Anderson.

„ No. 2. — Records of Old Aberdeen^ 1157-1S91. A. M. Munro, F.S.A. Scot. Vol. I.

„ No. 3. — Place Names of West Aberdeenshire. James Macdonald, F.S.A. Scot.

1901. No. 4. — Family of Burnett of Leys. George Burnett, LL.D., Lyon King of Arms.
„ No. 5. — Records of Ittvercaitld, 1547-182S. Rev. J. G. Michie, M.A.

1902. No. 6. — Rectorial Addresses in the Universities of Aberdeen^ 1835-1900. P. J. Andersai..
No. 7. — Albemarle Papers, 1746-4S. Professor C. S. Terry, M.A.

1903. No. S.— House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. I.

No. g. — Records of Elgin. William Cramond, LL.D. Vol. L

1904. No. 10. — Avogadro and Dalton. A. N. Meldrum, D.Sc.

„ No. II. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeetishire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. I.
No. 12. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, 1902-04.

1903. No. 13. — Report on Alcyonaria. Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., and others.

„ No. 14. — Researches in Organic Chemistry. Prof. F. R. Japp, F.R.S., and others.

,. No. 15. — Meminisse Juvat : with Appendix of Alakeia. Alexander Shewan, M.A.

„ No. 16. — Blackhalls of that Ilk and Barra. Alexander Morison, M.D.

1906. No. 17. — Records of the Scots Colleges. Vol. L P. J. Anderson.

„ No. iS.— Roll of the Graduates, 1860-1900. Colonel William Johnston, C.B., LL.D.
„ No. 19. — Studies in the History of the University, P. j. Anderson and others.

No. 30. — Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roinan Empire^

Professor Sir W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L., and pupils.
No. 21.— Studies in Pathology. William Bulloch, M.D., and others.
, No. 22. — Proceedings of the Anatomical and Anthropological Society, 1904-06.
,, No. 23. — Subject Catalogues 0/ the Science Library and the Law Library. P. J. Anderson.
„ No. 24. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D. Vol. IL

1907. No. 25. — Studies on Alcyonarians and Antipathariatts. Prof. Thomson, M.A., and others.
„ No. 26. — Surgical Instruments in Greek ami Rotnan Times. J. S. Milne, M.A., M.D.

„ No. 27. — Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn. LL.D. Vol. IIL

„ No. 28.— Flosculi Graeci Boreales. Ser. IL Professor John Harrower, M.A.

., No. 29. — Record of the Quatercentenary, igo6. P. J. Anderson.

„ No. 30.— HoMSfT of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. IL

1908. No. 31.— .WwcW/any of the New Spalding Club. Vol. IL

„ No. ^2.~Religious Teachers of Greece. James Adam, Litl.D. (Gifford Lectures, 1904-06.)

„ No. SS'— Science and Philosophy of the Organistn. Hans Driesch, Ph.D. (Giff. Lect., 1907.)

„ No. 34. — Proceedings of the Aruttomical atui Anthropological Society, 1906-08.

No. Z5— Records of Elgin. Vol. II. Rev. S. Ree. B.D.

„ No. 36. — Pigmentation Survey of School Children. J. F. Tocher, B.Sc.

1909. ^o. 17. Science and Philosophy of Organism. Hans Driesch, Ph.D. Vol. IL (Giff. Lect., 190S.)
„ No. 3S. — Studies on Alcyonarians and Hydroids. Prof. Thomson, M.A., and others.

Studies

on

Alcyonarians and Hydroids

(Third Series)

By

J. Arthur Thomson, M.A.

Professor of Natural History

James Ritchie, M.A., B.Sc.

Fullerton Scholar

James M. McQueen, M.A., B.Sc.

Aberdeen

Printed for the University

1909

D

CONTENTS.

PAGES

The Hydroids of the Scottish National Antartic Expedition. By Mr. Ritchie - - 1-27

Three Plates 27

Note on Primnoa reseda from the F^eroe Channel and on its Embryos. By Professor

Thomson 28-35

Two Plates - - - 35

On the Occurrence of a supposed Australasian Hydroid (Sertularia elongata) in the

North Sea. By Mr. Ritchie 36-41

Plate 41

On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Marine Fauna made by Cyril Crossland,

M.A., B.Sc, F.Z.S. : The Hydroids. By Mr. Ritchie 42-68

Four Plates 68

A Large Tubularian (Tubularia regalis) from the Moray Firth. By Professor Thomson 69-74
Note on a Large Antipatharian from the Faroes. By Professor Thomson - - 75-81

Plate 81

Report on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea : The Alcyonabians. By Pro-
fessor Thomson and Mr. McQueen 88-116

Four Plates 115

Note on a Remarkable Alcyonarian, Studeria mirabilis. By Professor Thomson - 117-124
Plate 124

The Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. By James Ritchie,
M.A., B.Sc, FuUerton Scholar, University of Aberdeen. Communicated by
W. S. Bruce, F.R.S.E. (With Three Plates.)

(MS, received Maj- 1, 190>j. Read June 21, 1906. Issued sejiarately March 16, 1907.)

The collection of Hydroids hereafter described was made in the years 1902-4 by
the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition ship Scotia, during her cruises in Antarctic
and sub- Antarctic seas.

For the opportunity of examining the specimens I am indebted to Mr W. S. Bruce,
the energetic leader of the expedition : and I also wish to thank Professor J. Arthur
Thomson for much assistance and advice in the course of my work.

The collection, as here described, contains 41 specimens, of which ;3.'> are referable
to 27 known species distributed among 15 genera, some of them being new varieties;
while the remainder have required the establishment of 7 new species and 1 new
genus. One specimen remains specifically undetermined. Thus there are in all 1 8
different genera, represented by 35 difterent species.

Before dealing with the detailed systematic aspect of these forms, a few general
notes may be inserted : —

(1) The habitat of the forms shows considerable diversity. Sixteen of the speci-
mens were associated with Alcyonarians, being found along with, or growing upon,
those forwarded to Professor Thomson for identification ; eight occurred upon larger
Hydroids ; while two were creeping upon seaweed fronds. Sponges formed the
foundation upon which several of the remaining colonies were erected.

(2) With the specimens were associated many types of life. Frequent
diatoms and foraminifera lay within the hydrothecse or upon the stems ; various
sponges rested upon or surrounded some of the branches ; and there were also
numerous climbing or encrusting polyzoa, a few cirripede galls, and occasional
pycnogonids.

(3) Of new forms described the most interesting is one of those rare types, apart
from the Plumularians, in which distinct nematophore structures have been found
(Allman, 1883, p. 6; Quelch, 1885, p. 4), and for it we have formed a new genus,
which we have named Brucella in honour of Mr Bruce. The beautiful, highly
specialised coppinia-gonosome of this type indicates close affinities with the family
Lafoeidaj in which it has been placed.

(reprinted from the transactions of the ROYAI, society of EDINBCRGH, VOI-. XLV., Pl>. 519-545.)

2 MR JAMES RITCHIE

(4) Another new form, belonging to the genus Staurotheca, is also worthy of
mention as showing a development of the decussate arrangement of hydrothecjB, which
necessitates a slight modification in the generic characters as originally described by
Allman (1888, p. 75).

(5) The occurrence among the specimens of the coppinia-gonosome of Grammana,
which has only within the last few months been described by Hartlaub (1905,
p. 597), is of interest, since the peculiar structure of this gonosome aggregate
necessitates the transference of the genus from the neighbourhood of the Sertulariidse,
where it had been placed by Allman in 1888, to close proximity with the far-removed

Lafoeidae.

(6) Throughout the genus Halecium, here represented by five species, the occurrence
of minute, translucent points round the rim of the hydrotheca lias been noted (PL II.
fig. 5). These points, whose use Allman did not happen to observe, are small, dome-
shaped thickenings on the inside of the perisarc, placed in a ring just above the base
of the hydrotheca, and to these are attached short strands from a disc-like portion at
the base of the polyp, which is thus moored to the walls of its insignificant hydrotheca.
Such refringent puncta are not confined to the Haleciidse, for similar structures in the
same position — ^just above the floor of the hydrotheca— were observed in the hydro-
thecae of Ohelia genicidata.

(7) The Scotia collection contributes also to our knowledge of the geographical
distribution of Hydroids. Thus to the already wide distribution, Arctic to Antarctic,
of such forms as Lafo'ea gracillima (Spitsbergen, Norwegian coasts, British coasts,
Magellan Straits, etc.) or Ohelia genicidata (Norwegian coasts, British coasts, French
coasts, Kerguelen, etc.), still another locality is added, while several new records have
been made of the occurrence of less common forms.

(8) As a remarkable case of associated distribution we may refer to Silicidaria
hemisphasrica, a simple Campanularian form, which has been recorded from three
different localities, namely, Falkland Islands (Allman, 1888), Navarin Island, Tierra
del Fuego (Hartlaub, 1905), and Gough Island (Scotia), and in each case it was found
in close association with Ohelia geniculatcc.

In classifying the specimens according to their geographical occurrence, the regions
mapped out by Ortmann (1896) and made use of by Professor Hartlaub (1904) have
been adopted. Taking these as our standard, we find that ten of our specimens fall into
the Antarctic Pelagic Region, all belonging to the Southern Subregion, while twenty-
nine, including all the new forms, have been found in the Antarctic Littoral Region.
The remaining two were obtained at St Helena.

Before dealing with the systematic aspect of the collection, I should like to
express my special indebtedness to Professor Hartlaub's " Hydroiden der magal-
haensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste" in the Zoologi.sche Jahrbiicher (1905),
and to Professor Nutting's excellent monographs on the American Hydroids (1900
and 1904).

(eoy. soc. edin. tkans., vol. xlv., 520.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 3

Arranging the Scotia specimens according to the localities in which they were
obtained, we get the following list : —

Antarctic Pelagic Region.

('() Antarctic circiimpolar subregion.

Nil.
(b) Southern circunipolar subregion.

BuRDWooD Bank, 54° 25' S., 57° 32' W. 5G fnis. 1st December 1903.

* Hebella striata, Alhn.

* Calijrella si/ringa, Linn.
Lafoea aidarrtica, Hart.

* „ \/racillima (Alder).

* Grammarid mMjellanica, Allm.

* Halecium lieartii, Johns.

* Synthecium rohustum, Nutt.

* SertulareUa filiformis, var. retindata, n. var.

* ,, tenella, Alder.

* ,, tricuspidata, Alder.

Antarctic Littoral Region.

Falkland Islands.

{a) Port Stanley. 8th .January 1903.

* Campanularia ungulata. Hinks.

,, tincta, Hinks.

Sertulurella coidorta, Kirch.

Plumularia magellanica. Hart.
(/)) Cape Pembroke, -lanuary 1903 to January 1904.

Sfrtularella coidorta. Kirch.
South Orkney Islanos.

(a) MacDougall Bay. November 1903.

Ohflia lonijissinia, Pall.
{!>) Scotia Bay. 25th March and 6th December 1903.

Gampanuhiria, sp.

Ohelia longUmna, Pall.

* Halecium Interpol atum, n. sp.

* Staurotheca reticulata, n. sp.

* Sertularella rertdheca, n. sp.

Sr-iTioN 411, off Coat's Land, 74° 1' S., 22' 0' W. 12tli March 1903.
Hebella striata, var. plana.
Halecium rohudum, Allm.

GouGH Island. 22nd April 1904.

Silicularia hemisphericu, Allm.
Obelia geniculata, Linn.

* Brucella arrnata, nov. gen. et sp.
Halecium tenellum, Hinks.
Sertularella 'jayi, Lamx.

Capk Colony.

(a) Cape Town Docks. j\lay 1904.

Plumularia echinulata, Lanik.
„ pinnata, Linn.

* Indicates a new record for the Geographical Region.

(ROY. see. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., .'521.)

MR JAMES RITCHIE

Cape Colony — cont.

(h) 8 miles K. of Dassen Island. 18th May 1904.

Sertnlarella JiK/onmf, var. reticulata, u. var.
(f) Saldanha Bay. 21st May 1904.

* Podocoryne carnea, Sars.

* Hahcium lialednum, Linn.
Thiijaria pedinata, Allm.
Sertutarella arborea, Kirch.

* Anienimlaria hartlaulii, n. sp.

* Anteimopsis scotioi, n. sp.

* Plumidaria unilateralis, ji. sp.
Aglaophenia dichotoma (Johns.).

St Helena.

Ualecium rohustv.m, Allm.
,, teneUiim, Hinks.

The systematic grouping of the species represented in the Scotia collection is
as follows : —

I. GYMNOBLASTEA.
Family Podocorynid^.

Podocvnjne carnea, Sars, 1846.

Halecium beanii, Johns., 1847.
„ halecinum, Linn., 1758.
„ robustum, Allm., 1888.

II. CALYPTOBLASTEA.

Family Haleciid^.

Halecium tenellwn, Hinks, 1861.
„ interpoJatum, n. sp.

Family Campanulariid^.

Campanularia angidata, Hinks, 1861.
,, tincta, Hinks, 1861.

sp.
Ohelia genicidata, Linn., 1758.
„ longissima, Pall., 1766.

Lafo'ea aniaretica, Hartlauh, 1905.
,, gracillima (Alder, 1857).

Silicularia hemisiilixrica, Allm., 1888.
Hebella striata, Alhn., 1888.

,, striata, var. plana, n. var.
Calycella m/ringa, Linn.

Family Lafoeida:.

Grammaria magellanira, Allm., 1888.
Brucella armata, n. gen. et sp.

Family Sertulariid^.

Sertularella arborea, Kirch., 1884.
„ contorta, Kirch., 1884.

„ jiliformis, var. reticulata, n. var.

„ gayi, Lamx., 1821.

„ tenella (Alder, 1857).

Sertularella tricuspidata (Alder, 1856).

„ rectitheca, n. sp.

Tlmjaria pectinata, Allm., 1888.
Synthecium robustum, Nutt., 1904.
Staurotheca reticulata, n. sp.

(ROY. SOO. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 522.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.

Family Plumulariid.^.

AglaopheJiia dichotoina (Johns.). Plumularia unilaturalis, n. sp.

Plumidaria echinulata (Lamk., 1836). Antennularia hartlauhi, n. sp.

„ magellanica, Hart., 1905. Anteiiiiopsis scotix, n. sp.

,, ■pinnala, Linn.

I. GYMNOBLASTEA.

Family PoDOCORYNli)^.

Podocoryne earned, Sars, 1846.

Encrusting three Gasteropod shells from one locality there occur gymnoblastic
colonies which cannot be separated from the above species. The nutritive hydranths
bear from 8 to 15 tentacles, 12 being most common, while the gonophore-bearing
individuals possess only 5 or 6. All the hydranths are in a contracted state, some of
the larger measuring about 0"8 mm. in height. Short chitinous spines stud the
investing crust at irregular intervals.

The gonophores are borne in threes or fours beneath the tentacles. The medusoid
has 8 tentacles, 4 larger and 4 smaller.

Locality, etc. — On empty shells of Nassa crepidula from Saldanha Bay, Cape
Colony. Trawl. 19th May 1904.

TT. CALYPTOBLASTEA.

Family Haleciid^.

Hcdeciun beanii, Johnstone, 1847.

Two fragments occur, one 4, the other 7 cm. high. The characters of the
species are well shown in the specimens ; the polysiphonic stems and branches which
distally become monosiphonic ; the pinnate arrangement of the branches ; the extreme
delicacy of the ramuli, especially in the distal regions ; the frequent tiers of hydrotheca^
and the peculiar female slipper-shaped gonothecae, with their openings placed medianly
instead of at the extremity. In the present specimens, as in Allman's (1888), only
slipper-shaped gonothecae occur. We note, however, that while the hydrothecse are in
some cases set on a " ahort basal offset from the distal end of each indernode " (Allman,
1888, p. 12), in the majority of cases the primary hydrotheca arises directly from and
lies almost against the distal end of the internode, as figured by Hartlaub (1905, p. 606,
fig. B^ a and b). From within these primary l)asal hydrothecaj arise the tiers
which are so common in the species.

Locality, eic. — Fathoms, 56. Date, 1st December 1903. Burdwood Bank.

(rot. soc. edin. trans., vol. si.v., 523.)

MR JAMES RITCHIE

Haledum halecinum, Linn., 1758.

A thick clump of stout fascicled stems and branches from the entrance to Saldanha
Bay. The stems and branches are truncated at an almost uniform height, are of a dark
brown colour, and bear small, hydrotheca-bearing shoots of a pale brown, and evidently
of younger age. The general appearance suggests that some agency having damaged
the old-established branches, the colonies have made an effort to survive by sending out
manv small, much-branched shoots from the older and unharmed portions of the stem.

The architecture is similar to that described by Hinks. The hydrothecse are
alternate, one towards the distal end of each internode. They are generally sessile, as
described and figured by Billard (1904, p. 161) for young branches, and frequently
they contain the base of a tier of one or two secondary cups. Rarely in place of such a
tier there arises a blind regenerative stolon, the true branches arising just below the
hydrothecEe. Thus it comes about that a tier of hydrothecse frequently appears in the
angle between a branch and its otfshoot. Small refringent points are present round the
edge of the hydrotheca as in the other species of the genus {vide p. 525).

Gonosome. — The gonangia, of which only male are present, occur in densely packed
rows. They agree with HiXKs's description and figure, being slenderly ovate and
narrowing proximally into a short stalk with about two rings.

Locality, etc. — Entrance to Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, in 25 fathoms Date,
21st May 1904.

Haledum rohustum, Allman, 1888.

A fragment of a strongly fascicled, upright, much - branched colony 5 cm. in
height. The branches lie roughly in one plane and are often bent at sharp angles, the
older rising irregularly from the stem, while the younger are approximately alternate,
and arise from the side of the proximal segment of the hydrotheca. The internodes,
which are long, liut whose length varies from 0'6 to 1"5 mm., are separated by
slanting nodes and bear at their distal ends alternate hydrothecae 0"2 mm. in
diameter from margin to margin, adnate at one side to the internode, with an insignifi-
cant, non-everted limbus, and rarely with a tier of one or two secondary hydrothecse.
The proximal ends of the internodes are marked by slight annulations. Around the
inside of the limbus are situated small, light-refracting prominences, to which, as in the
other members of the genus, are attached strands keeping in place a fleshy disc at the
base of the hydranth which cuts off" the perisarcal cavity from the exterior. The
hydranths are large and have a great number of tentacles.

donosome. — Not present.

Localities, etc.— [a) Station 411, off Coat's Land. Lat., 74° 1' S; long., 22° 0' W.
Depth, 161 fathoms. Surface temperature, 28°-9. Date, 12th March 1904.
{h) St Helena.

The specimens differ from that figured by Allman (1888) in that the branches

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 524.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 7

frequently have at their bases at least one athecate internode connecting the stem
process with the hydrophore-bearing portions of the branch. The present specimens
are also frequently annulated, while Allman's figures indicate that the original was
smooth.

Halecium tenellnm, Hinks, 1861. (PI. II. fig. 4.)

Several specimens of an extreinely delicate and graceful hydroid colony, growing
in bunches on the exposed axis of an Alcyonarian, are referable to this species. As
HiNKs's description appears to be rather vague, I give a detailed description of the
specimens. The colonies are short, generally about 15 mm. in length, with un-
fascicled stems and irregular branches, which arise from tlie distal ends of the inter-
nodes, and in some cases, at least, from the base of a hydrophore. The branches lie for
the most part in one plane.

The stem is thin, having near its base a diameter of a little over O'l mm., and,
like the branches, it is divided into long slender interuodes whose length varies between
0'8 and 0"9 mm. The internodes are separated by slanting nodes, between which
the stem zigzags, and on each side of which are annular constrictions. The hydrothecae,
which are alternate and lie in one plane, are borne on short processes at the distal
ends of the internodes. They are cylindrical, trumpet-shaped, with a large, beautifully
everted limbus, and are usually prolonged by several similar segments (from two to
five in number), at the bases of which, on a level with the margin of the next lower
limbus, arise well-marked annulations. The diameter of a limbus from margin to

margm is 0*15 mm.

The fleshy parts are in good condition, and the following points were observed : —
The hydranths are large and not wholly retractile, measuring, from mouth of hydrotheca
to summit of hypostome, when extended, 0"3 mm. Just above the neck there is
a well-defined bulge, and above this again a disc, from the margin of which arise the
tentacles, about sixteen in number, enclosing the conical hypostome. Across the in-
terior of the hydrotheca, at the level of the base of the everted limbus, stretches a
flattened fleshy disc supported by a perisarcal septum through which, by a small
aperture, the coenosarc passes. The disc is moored in its place by numerous delicate
strands attached to the perisarc at rather irregular intervals. At the points of attach-
ment there arise from the limbus small, dome-shaped prominences, which, refracting the
light, appear as minute, clear dots — the " refringent puncta " of the Challenger Keport.
The prominences are rather irregularly arranged just above the level of the septum,
on which the coenosarcal disc lies, and vary in number from about sixteen to twenty on
each limbus.

Gonosome. — The gonangia are ovate, broad in the proximal region, obtusely pointed
in the distal. They are supported on short stalks which arise from the sides of the
hydrothecse, and always from the lowest segment in any hydrotheca-tier. They are
0 9 mm. in length by 0"45 mm. in maximum diameter.

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. -XLV., 525.)

8 MR JAMES RITCHIE

Localities, etc. — (a) Growing on the axis of an Alcyonarian {Thouarella), and dredged
off Gough Island, lat. 40° 20' S, long. 9° 56' W., at a depth of 100 fathoms. Date,
22nd April 1904. {h) St Helena.

Halecium interpolatum, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 3 ; PI. II. fig. 3.)

A number of colonies, the largest about 4 cm. high, have been found in a shore-
pool. The colony is fascicled for the most part, but becomes monosiphonic distally. In
the older colonies the lower portion of the stem, which is less than 1 mm. in diameter,
is usually destitute of important branches, while the upper portion bears long flexuous
branches, often 15 mm. in length, which leave the stem at acute angles and in different
planes. This structure gives the colonies the appearance of a miniature tree. The
branches arise either singly from the basal segment of a hydrotheca or directly from
the hydrocaulus, in diverging pairs, one being at a slightly higher level than the other.

The stem and branches are divided into slender internodes of very different lengths,
varying from over 1 mm. to 0*4 mm., and marked at both ends by an annulation.
The hydrothecEB are alternate, and are borne at the distal ends of the internodes, two
thecate internodes being almost invariably separated by one or more athecate inter-
nodes. Very frequently a short, annulated, hydrotheca -crowned branch arises from the
basal segment of a primary hydrotheca. The hydrothecae are usually simple, consisting
of a strongly annulated peduncle about 1 mm. long, surmounted by a well-everted
limbus measuring 0"2 mm. from margin to margin. Occasionally a second limbus
arises on a short stalk within the first. Around the limbus occurs the row of refringent
prominences found throughout the genus, and here, as in the other cases which have
been examined, they serve as attachment points for strands supporting a disc at the
base of the polyp.

(jronosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Off" rocks in shore-pool. Temperature, 30°-32°. Scotia Bav, South
Orkneys. 6th December 1903.

One of the branches ended in peculiar, stolon-like outgroAvths, as is shown in fig. 3,
PI. II. The specimens, which have probably been cast by some storm into the shore-
pool in which they were found, are in poor condition, being almost wholly overgrown
by polyzoa. The specific name is intended to suggest the presence of the characteristic
athecate intermediate internodes.

Family Campanulariid.e.

Campanulaiia angiilata, Hinks, 1861.

Several specimens about 1 cm. high were found creeping on an alga. The specimens
agree with Hinks's description : — slightly branched stems ringed above the origin of the
pedicels ; strongly ringed pedicels, usually with nine rings, sometimes with only about

(rot. soc. edin. tr.\ns., vol. xlv., 526.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 9

five, and tapering somewhat towards their distal ends ; hydrothecae campanulate,
even-rimmed, usually on long pedicels. In the present specimens there are present
none of the tendril-like stolons mentioned by most writers, but this is not surprising,
since in most cases the distal end of the colony is awanting.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Port Stanley, Falkland Islands ; 64 fathoms. 3rd February 1904.

Campanularia tincta, Hinks, 1861.

This species is represented from one locality, that from which Hartlaub (1905) has
described his specimens. The Scotia specimens, while apparently belonging to this
species, show a considerable resemblance to C. cylindrica, AUm. (1876, p. 114), from
which they differ in their diminutive size and in the absence of ringing at the base of
the peduncle. The present specimens, which are from 1'5 to 2 mm. high, have a
corrugated peduncle averaging some 0'9 mm. in height and surmounted by a ball-like
segment which bears the hydrotheca. The hydrothecse are about 07 mm. long by 0'3
mm. in diameter, almost cylindrical, and narrow sharply at the base. The mai'gin is
divided into twelve blunt teeth and is frequently marked by a regeneration line. The
gonosome is awanting.

Locality, etc. — Creeping on weathered hydroid stems, Port Stanley, Falkland
Islands. 3rd February 1904.

Campanularia, sp. (PI. I. fig. 2.)

Lack of material forbids the assigning of a specific name to this form. Delicate
simple stems about 3 mm. high and 0"05 mm. in diameter arise at irregular
intervals from a creeping tubular stolon. The hydrothecfe are deep, campanulate, 0'8
mm. in length by 0'5 mm. in greatest diameter, with their cavity cut off from that of the
stem by a distinct partition. Their margin is divided into twelve or fourteen teeth, a
delicate line sometimes following the curves of the teeth just within the edge. The
hydrothecse, which are marked by delicate, longitudinal lines passing from the notches
between the teeth to the base, are borne upon peduncles about 3 mm. long with
several rings at the top. These rings seem to be fairly constant, two deep constrictions
giving rise to two ball-like divisions which are followed by an indistinctly ringed
portion of the peduncle, cut off from the remainder, which is smooth, by another deep
constriction.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Growing on Stavrotheca reticulata, Scotia Bay, South Orkneys.
Depth, 65 fathoms. Date, 25th March 1903.

The specimen approaches C. Hinksii, (Alder, 1857), but the typical campanulate
form of the hydrothecse, the blunt teeth, and the peculiar markings on the peduncle,
distinguish it from the parallel-sided hydrothecse, the square-topped teeth, and the

(rot. soc. edin. trans., vol. xlv., 527.)

10 MR JAMES RITCHIE

characteristic ringing of C. Hinksii, where the first annulation is included in the base of
the hydrotheca. From C. cylindrica, AUm., and C. tincta, Allm., it is also distinguished
by its campanulate form and its peduncle characters.

Ohelia geniculata, Linnseus, 1758.

Several specimens of this well-marked species were obtained growing on the fronds
of a large seaweed — Macrocystis pyrifera.

The hydrotheca- bearing shoots, which are generally simple and average only 12 mm.
in height, arise from a creeping stolon which ramifies over the surface of the seaweed
frond. The trophosome agrees vnih the description in Hinks's Bntish Hydroid
Zoo2)hytes, but here the anuulations on the peduncle are rather more variable — two or
three as well as a larger number being common. Within the hydrotheca, a short
distance from the base, a perisarcal ridge is well marked, supporting the flattened
basal portion of the polyp. Just above this bracket there occurs an irregular ring of
minute refringent spots — small prominences on the inner side of the hydrotheca wall — to
which the basal disc of the polyp is attached. These prominences resemble and serve
the same purpose as those found throughout the genus Halecium {vide p. 525). The
polyps are well preserved, and show well the large, trumpet-shaped proboscis.

Gonosome. — Absent.

Locality, etc. — Growing on the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera, Gough Island. Lat.,
40° 20' S. ; long., 9° 56' W. Date, 22nd April 1904.

Ohelia longissima, Pallas, 1766.

A large number of weather-beaten colonies were found in the South Orkneys. The
specimens are about 8 cm. high and agree closely with Hinks's description and figures.
The hydrothecse are mostly awanting ; those which remain are fragile and much
crushed, and probably as a consequence I was unable to detect the blunt teeth which
mark the rim. The pedicels, which taper towards the top, are usually altogether ringed,
but sometimes only in the proximal and distal regions, the median portion being smooth.
A pedicel was frequently noted springing from the axil between branch and branchlet,
as mentioned by Hinks (1868).

Subsequent specimens, residue from the seaweed collections, were in better
condition.

Gonosome. — Wanting.

Localities, etc. — (a) Macdougall Bay, South Orkneys. November 1903. (6)Ofl'rocks
in shore-pool, Scotia Bay, South Orkneys. Temperature, 30° to 32°. Date, 6th December
1903.

The specimens from both localities appear to have been exposed to weathering for
some time. Those from (h) especially show traces of rough usage, the branches being

(roy. soc. edin. trans., vol. xlv., 528.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 11

broken off not far from their origin, while the greater number of the stems are covered
with polyzoon growths.

Silicularia hemispherica = HyjKinthea hemispherica, AUman, 1888.

The only representative of this genus in the Scotia collection occurs on the frond of
Macrocystis pyrifera, from Gough Island. The specimens bear out Hartlaub's
opinion that the length of the peduncle, varying as it does to a considerable extent, is
not a safe specific character, for here various peduncles measure 6, 5, 4, 3, 1 mm.
In so simple a genus distinctive specific characters are not easily obtained, but the
following point to identity with S. hemispherica : — Hydrocaulus, creeping, branched,
bearing at varying distances pedunculate hydrothecse and gonangia which usually
alternate with one another. The peduncles are exceedingly variable in length, rather
less in diameter than the hydrocaulus, with a distal swelling, succeeded by a globular
segment, and this in turn by the hydrotheca. The hydrotheca is conical, almost as
broad as long, about 07 mm. high by 0'5 mm. in greatest diameter, with a markedly
oblique margin.

The gonangia are 2 mm. long by 0*6 mm. in diameter, narrowing slightly towards
the opening, and considerably towards the base, where they are supported by a distinct
peduncle. They are never grouped on the hydrocaulus.

Locality, etc. — Creeping over the fronds of Macrocystis pyrifera, Gough Island.
Lat., 40° 20' S. ; long., 9° 56' W. Date, 22nd April 1904.

Hebella sti'iata, Allman, 1888. (PI. I. fig. 7.)

Several specimens of the beautiful species described by Allman in the Challenger
Reports occur creeping on the stems and branches of various larger Hydroids. The
hydrothecae are large, almost 1 mm. in length by from 0"22 to 0'25 mm. in
diameter, cylindrical, borne on short, untwisted peduncles varying in length from 0*25
to 0"4 mm. In some the characteristic ringing exists only on the lower half of
the wall, part towards the margin being smooth. The hydranths are in all cases con-
tracted, and in this state occupy only the lower half of the hydrotheca. They are in
good condition, and show in their contracted state a bulging body, separated from a
fleshy disc at the base of the hydrotheca by a marked constriction, and surmounted by
another constriction from above which arises a whorl of tentacles. Within the
tentacles there arises a conical hypostome.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Creeping on the stems and branches of Lafoea gracillima, Grammaria
magellanica, Sertularella jiliformis, Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32'
W. ; 56 fathoms. 1st December 1903.

(ROr. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. SLV., 529.)

12 MR JAMES RITCHIE

Ilehella striata, var. plana, n. var. (PI. I. Fig. 8.)

A colony creeping upon Halecium rohustum, whose habit and general appearance
resemble those of H. striata. The hydrothecge, however, are rather larger, 1 "3 to 1 '4
mm. in length by 0'28 mm. in diameter, and show no hint of the annular thickenings of
perisarc which form the characteristic striations. Marginal reduplications were noted
in some eases, while a soUtary peduncle was marked by a thickened rino; near its base.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Creeping on the stems and branches of Halecium robiistum, from
Station 411. Lat., 74° 1' S. ; long., 22° 0' W. Depth, 161 fathoms. Surface tempera-
ture, 28° -9. 12th March 1904.

In none of the true H. striata colonies did there occur hydrothecse with more
than about a third of their surface smooth, the remainder of course being striated,
and even these were exceptional. Hence an entirely smooth hydrotheca seems worthy
of being considered a distinct variety.

Calycella syringa, Linnaeus, 1758.

Arising from a tubular, creeping stolon are several minute, extremely delicate, almost
campanulate hydrothecse whose cavities are separated from those of their peduncles by
thin partitions. They are operculated, and are borne on peduncles of variable length
which are always marked by many strong aunulations.

The absence of gonosomes and the unsatisfactory state of the hydranths render
accurate identification impossible, but the trophosome agrees with Hinks's (1868)
description of C. syringa, except in that the " horn-colour " is lacking.

Measurements. — Hydrotheca : length, including operculum, 0'2 mm. ; diameter, O'l
mm. Peduncle: length, 0"2 mm.

Locality. — Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 31' \V. 56 Fathoms.
1st December 1903.

Family Lafoeid^.
La/oca antarctica, Hartlaub, 1904.

The above species occurs on the stems and branches of Sertularella Jiliformis. It
agrees in all respects with the description given by Hartlaub. The large number
of the regeneration rings on the hydrothecse is especially noticeable — six being not
unusual. The length of the hydrothecse, from where they leave the stem at right
angles, to the margin, averages 5 or 6 mm., while the diameter is about r25 nam.

Locality, etc. — Creeping on the branches of Sertularella jiliformis, from Burdwood
Bank. Lat, 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32' W. Fathoms, 56. Date, 1st December 1903.

Previous Locality. — 70° 23' S. ; 82° 47' AV.

(ROY. SOC. EDIX. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 530.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 13

Lafo'ea gracillima (Alder, 1857).

Several specimens referable to this species occur growing on the horny axis of an
Alcyonarian. They agree in all but size with the specimens described by Bonnevie
(1899), the largest reaching a height of only 3 cm., while the general size lies
between 2 and 3 cm. The colonies are erect and branched, without any distinct
stem, the greater number of the branches lying in one plane and showing a tendency
to be more strongly developed on one side. Except towards the tip, where they are
monosiphonic, the branches are fascicled. The hydrothecae are long narrow cylinders
0"5 mm. in length by 0"1 mm. in greatest diameter, sometimes with reduplication
rings round their margins. They arise irregularly from all sides of the hydrocaulus,
and are borne on loosely twisted peduncles bearing two turns of a spiral.

Gonosome. — Not observed.

Locality, etc. — Growling on the axis of an Alcyonarian (Gorgonid) in 56 fathoms.
Date, 1st December 1903. Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32' W.

Gramnmria maydkudca, Allmau, 1888. (PI. I. figs. 4, 4a.)

Three colonies varying in height from 6 cm. to 16 cm., and in breadth from 7 cm.
to 12 cm. The stem is fascicled and thick, reaching just above the base a diameter
of about 3 mm. and gradually tapering towards its summit. In two of the specimens
it divides about 1 cm. above the base into two or three equally developed, strong
branches, and these, together with the stem itself in the other specimen, bear along
their length usually alternate ramuli, which sometimes reach a length of 14 cm.
These primary ramuli bear secondary, and these again may bear tertiary, pinnae-bearing
branches. On all the branches, and on the main stem between the bi-anches, there are
alternately-set pinnae usually between 10 mm. and 15 mm. in length, which become
greatly constricted at their point of origin. All the branches and pinnae lie in one
plane, and in the largest specimen anastomosis occasionally occurs between them. The
hydrothecse are placed in successive planes, in whorls of three, which alternate with
one another so that there are six longitudinal rows on the colony. They are cylindrical,
and have a circular opening with an even, non-everted margin.

Gonosome. — The gonangia are grouped together into irregular bunches which
surround portions of the stem and the bases of such branches as arise from these
portions. In the largest of the three colonies two bunches of clustered gonangia were
found, the larger 30 mm. long by 3 mm. in diameter, the smaller 20 mm. long by
about 2 mm. in diameter, while on another colony a still smaller cluster occurred.
These coppiniae are elongated clusters of compressed gonangia growing closely around
the stem for a considerable distance, and bristling with minute projecting tubes which are
without the irregular bendings figured by Hartlaub (1905). Under the microscope the
cluster resolves itself into a large number of hexagonal cells, closely resembling honey-

(nOY. SOC. KDIN. TRANS., VOL. Xt,V., .531.)

14

MR JAMES RITCHIE

comb — the compressed gonangia — from among which spring many short, uncoiled tubes
0"4 to 0"5 mm. in length.

Locality. — Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32' W. Depth, 56
fathoms. 1st December 1903.

As the species was named by Allman from small fragments, and as subsequent
specimens collected by Paessler in 1893 off Australia were also fragmental, T have
thought it necessary to give a rather full account of the structure of the colony to
supplement the original description. Since Hartlatjb figures only longitudinal and
transverse sections of the coppinia (Hartlatjb, 1905, p. 597), representations of the
general appearance and magnified surface view have been here included.

Brucella, nov. gen.

We have named this genus after Mr Bruce, the leader of the expedition.

Generic Characters. Trophosome. — Stem and branches fascicled for the most
part, becoming monosiphonic distally ; consisting of an axial tube predominantly
hydrotheca-bearing, surrounded by peripheral tubes which may occasionally bear
hydrothecEe and nematophores. Hydrothecse tubular, fastened by their bases to a
process of the hydrocaulus, their cavity being distinctly differentiated from that of the
peduncle. Each hydrotheca is accompanied by a basal pair of nematophores.

Gonosome. — A coppinia, that is, a bunch of clustered gonangia surrounding the
hydrocaulus, from which a number of delicate tubes arise.

The genus shows affinities with Perisiphonia, AUman (Allman, 1888, p. 43) and
Zygophylax, Quelch (Quelch, 1885, p. 4). From the former it can be distinguished
by its manner of fascicling, its arrangement of nematophores, and, perhaps not so
certainly, by the shape of the hydrothecee. The chief points of difference are
summarised in the following table : —

Perisiphonia.

Axial tube completely enveloped.

No liydrothecse on peripheral tubes.

Nematophores frequent and regular on peripheral

tubes.
Nematophores present or absent from axial

tube.
Hydrothecse flask-shaped.

Brucella.

Axial tube not completely enveloped.

Scattered hydrothecae on peripheral tubes.

Nematophores scattered and irregular on the peri-
pheral tubes.

Two nematophores at base of each hydrotheca on
axial tube.

Hydrothecae tubular.

From Zygophylax, to which it is] closely allied, it can readily be distinguished by
the distinct difterentiation of the hydrotheca cavity from that of the peduncle, and by
the scattered nematophores on the peripheral tubes.

A portion of a specimen when softened in caustic potash and dissected, showed a
central, predominantly hydrotheca-bearing tube, surrounded by peripheral tubes, w^hich
were sometimes simple, sometimes branched, and sometimes bearing scattered hydro-
thecae and nematophores. The structure of the fasciculation seemed to resemble that

(rot. soc. edin. traxs., vol. xlv., 532.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 15

in Sertularella gayi as described by Nutting, 1904, p. 6, although 1 found difficulty in
tracing the peripheral tubes to their origin. The peripheral tubes certainly never
become hydrotheca-bearing to the same extent as in Sertularella gayi.

The characters of the trophosome, and especially of the gonosome, appear to indicate
close relationship with the Lafoeidse, in which family the genus has accordingly been
placed.

Brucella armata, n. sp. (PI. II. figs. 2a, 2b, 2c.)

Several specimens have been obtained of a colony for which the above new genus
has been formed. The colonies, which are erect and much branched, with both stem
and branches thickly fascicled, reach in some cases a height of 6 cm. by a
similar breadth. Owing to this great breadth, as compared with height, and to the
fact that the many branches lie in one plane, the colony assumes a somewhat flabellate
appearance. It is of a pale brown colour, becoming lighter towards the tips of the
branches. Except distally, where for a short distance they become monosiphonic, the
stem and branches are fascicled, consisting of an axial tube, predominantly hydrotheca-
bearing, surrounded by peripheral tubes which may bear occasional hydrothecse and
scattered nematophores. The main branches, which may reach a length of 5 cm., leave
the stem at irregular intervals, although frequently there is an approximation to
alternate arrangement, while those borne by the main branches are regularly pinnate
and alternate and are rarely branched. All the branches lie in one plane, and arise
from below a hydrotheca, which then lies in the axil of the branch. The cavity of the
axial tube is continuous ; the tube is not divided into internodes, but bears
alternately at regular intervals small processes to which the hydrothecse are attached.
The hydrothecce are biserial, alternate, tubular, with an entire margin which is not
parallel to the axis of the hydrocaulus. Their upper side is curved, while the lower is
almost straight, and their cavity is cut off from that of the rest of the colony by a
strong septal ridge at their junction with the hydrocaulus process. Above this occur
one or two delicate, membranaceous intrathecal septa apparently stretching across the
cavity of the hydrotheca, while near the edge there are usually two or three lines
indicating the presence of marginal reduplications. The length of the h)^drotheca3 from
basal septum to margin is between 0'3 and 0"35 mm., while the greatest diameter is
from 0'13 to 0*15 mm. Towards the base they become constricted and rest upon a
short process of the hydrocaulus, from each side of which springs a nematophore.
The nematophores are small, only 0"1 mm. long by 0'04 nun. in diameter, and
resemble those found in some of the Eleutheroplean riuinularians, consisting of two
joints, the proximal, a narrow tube, the distal, a wider tube opening out slightly
towards the margin, round which there is frequently a reduplication line. This whole
two-jointed structure is sometimes loosely incased in an unjointed tube. Scattered
nematophores of similar structure occur frequently but irregularly on the peripheral
tubes. The form of the hydranth could not be distinguished.

(roy. soc. edin. trans., vol. XLV., ,')33.)

16 ME JAMES RITCHIE

Gonosome. — On one specimen were found two clusters of gonangia, the larger
measuring 5 mm. in lengtli by 3 mm. in diameter, the smaller 5 mm. by 2 mm. The
clusters or coppinise form elongated ovals surrounding the stem and the bases of
branches in the neighbourhood. They consist of numerous gonangia so closely packed
that the sides become compressed and the whole assumes a honeycomb-like structure
consisting of a dense mass of polygonal, usually hexagonal, cells, the majority of which
communicate with the exterior by an exceedingly short tube. Issuing from this
gonangial cluster are frequent tubes of various shapes ; a few, especially at the ends,
are merely two-jointed tubes like cauline nematophores with their basal joint
elongated, while the majority consist of a longer tube 1 mm. in length bearing alternate
biserial nematophore-like l)odies identical in structure with the nematophores on the
trophosome.

Locality, etc. — Growing on the axis of an Alcyonarian (Gorgouid), and dredged off
Gough Island, lat. 40° 20' S., long. 90° 56' W., at a depth of 100 fathoms. Date,
22nd April 1904.

The colonies were growing on the horny axis of a Gorgonid Alcyonarian, and
appear to have been lying untenanted for some time, for not only has the coenosarc
almost wholly disappeared, but foraminifera frequently occur within the hydrothecse,
while barnacles and polyzoa, including a beautifully ringed, snake-like form, Anguinaria
spatidata — a rare British species — occur growing on the colony.

Family Sertulariid^.
Sertularella arborea, Kirchenpauer, 1884.

This species is represented by some colonies growing on lamellibranch shells, the
largest reaching a height of 8 cm. The specimens possess the characteristics described
by Hartlaub (1900) : — Compound stems and branches ; branches pinnate and alternate,
arising beneath a hydrotheca and divided by slanting nodes into very short, stout
internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca ; hydrothecse adnate for about two-thirds of
their length, with walls of unequal thickness and hints of intracalycine teeth ; margin
divided mto four smcdl, equal teeth. Gonotheca very long (about 3 mm.) and narrow,
often smooth, sometimes with faint signs of ringing, usually bearing at the distal end
four minute teeth, and always arising from between the internode and the side of the
hydrotheca near the margin. The specimens show no variations which have not been
noted by Hartlaitb (1900).

Locality, etc. — Entrance to Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony; 25 fathoms. Date, 21st
May 1904.

Sertularella contorta, Kirchenpauer, 1884.

Several specimens of this species have been obtained from two localities. They are
bushy colonies reaching to a height of slightly over 7 cm., almost destitute of branches

(ROT. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 534.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 17

near the base, but profusely branched distally. Except in the following unimportant
details, the specimens agree with those previously described. While the annulations
at the bases of the branches are well marked, the constrictions in the internodes are
neither so frequent nor so distinct as those of former specimens. The gonangia closely
resemble those described and figured by Nutting (1904, p. 85). The annulations vary in
number, in some cases disappearing altogether in the proximal portion of the gonangium.
The teeth at the summit of the gonangium also vary in number ; sometimes they seem
to be absent, as in Kirchenpauer's specimen (1884), sometimes two are present, as
described by Nutting, but in the present specimens three is also an occasional number.

Localities. — {a) Falkland Islands, Port Stanley. Date, 8th January 1903. {h)
Cape Pembroke ; shore. January 1903 to January 1904.

It is interesting to note that the present specimens were found in the same locality
as were those from which the original description of the species was made by Kirchen-
PAUER some twenty years ago.

Sertularellajiliforinis, var. reticulata, n. var.

Several colonies referable to this species have been found, usually growing on
polyzoon crusts, in two localities. Of the colonies, which ai-e profusely branched and
loaded with gonangia, those from locality (a) reach a height of from 5 to 6 cm.
while those from {h) are considerably smaller. The hydrothecse are adnate to the stem
for 0'27 mm. and free for 0'15 mm., while at the opening their diameter is 0*1,5 mm.
They have three teeth, thus differing from Allman's (1888) description, where two broad
cusps are mentioned, and agreeing with Nutting's 1904) description of a portion of
Allman's specimen. The present specimens vary slightly from those described by
Nutting in habit and in gonangia. The majority of those from (a) and all the specimens
from {h) have closely interwoven and anastomosed branches, and thus present a matted,
net-like appearance.

Gonosome. — The gonangia arise from each side of and just below the hydrothecse.
They are top-shaped, 1*7 mm. long, with eight or nine large annular ridges, the widest
portion occurring about the second or third ridge from the distal end, where the
diameter, not including the ridge, is 0"7 mm. They are surmounted by a tube 0'45
bo 0'5 mm. long, whose diameter gradually increases from base to margin, where it is
0'25 mm. wide.

Localities, etc.— {a) Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32' W. ; 56
fathoms. Date, 1st December 1903. (b) Eight miles north of Dassen Island, Cape
Colony; 35 fathoms. 18th May 1904.

SertulareUa gayi, Lamouroux, 1821.

A strongly fascicled specimen 13 cm. high by 7 cm. broad is referable to this
species. The general habit of the colony, with rigid stem 2 nini. in diameter

(roy. soc. edin. trans., vol. xlv., 535.)

18 MR JAMES RITCHIE

just above the base, and monosiphonic, roughly pinnate ramuli, is typical. The
hydrothec* are free distally for rather less than half their length, the free portion
standing out from the stem almost at a right angle, and being marked on the upper
side by a few rather indistinct annular rugosities.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Depth, 100 fathoms. Off Gough Island. Lat, 40° 20' S. ; long.,
9° 56' W. Date, 22nd April 1904.

Sertularella tenella (Alder, 1857).

Small specimens of this delicate colony some 7 mm. long have been found
growing on Sijnthecium rohustum. They are quite typical in appearance, agreeing with
previous descriptions and figures.

The following are average measurements : —

Internodes. — Length from 0'55 to 0'8 mm.

Hydrothecse. — Length, 0'5 mm. ; widest diameter, 0"25 mm. ; diameter at margin,
0"15 mm.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — From off Burdwood Bank, lat. 54° 25' S , long. 57° 32' W., at a depth
of 56 fathoms. Date, 1st December 1903.

Sertularella tricuspidata {Alder, 1856).

A slender, pinnately branched colony 7 cm. high. It lacks the profuse branching
and matted appearance of a typical specimen of S. tricuspidata, but in other respects it
agrees closely with the specific description.

Average Measurements. — Internodes: length, 075 mm. Hydrothecae : height,
0"6 mm.; portion adnate, 0"35 mm.; portion free, 0'4 mm.; diameter at margin, 0"3 mm.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — From off Burdwood Bank, lat. 54° 25' S., long. 57° 32' W., at a depth
of 56 fathoms. Date, 1st December 1903.

Sertularella rectitheca, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

A small, delicate colony some 9 mm. high, growing on the stem of Staurotheca
reticrdata. The stem is slender and unbranched, divided for some distance by slanting
nodes into short regular internodes 0'5 mm. long, and produced distally into a tubular
tendril-like process which was attached to a portion of the Staurotheca colony. The
internodes are much broadened half way up their length by a shoulder for the support of
the hydrothecse. These are alternate, cylindrical, about 0'5 mm. high by 0"15 mm. in
diameter, adnate up to the distal end of the internode in which they arise, then free for
the remaining third of their length. The hydrothecse are straight, the free portion

(rot. soc. edin. trans., vol. slv., 536.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 19

being in the same line as the adnate, the whole axis lying practically parallel to the
stem. The margins of the hydro thecal are divided into three teeth, a small one on the
adcauline edge, and two large and equal ones on the margin remote from the stem.
The number of flaps in the operculum could not be counted.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality, etc. — Growing on Staurotheca reticulata, Scotia Bay, South Orkneys.
Depth, 65 fathoms. Date, 25th March 1903.

Thujaria pectinata, AUman, 1888.

A single specimen some 6 cm. high almost completely enveloped in a dense polyzoon
growth. The stem is unbranched and monosiphonic about 1 mm. across, and is divided
into equal internodes, each of which bears three pairs of opposite hydrothecse. A pair
of opposite pinnse arise from each internode, originating between the proximal and
median pairs of hydrothecse. On the pinnse the nodes are quite distinct, being marked
by a constriction (in Allman's figure they are scarcely indicated), and the hydrothecse
are arranged as on the stem — three pairs to each internode. The hydrothecse are so
closely approximated that the top of one touches the base of the next, but the " free
membranaceous extension of the wall " has in every case been destroyed, leaving a rather
ragged edge level with the general outline of the pinna. One of the pinnae, instead of
being thecate to the tip, was produced into a long, tubular, tendril-like process.

Gonosome. — Not present.

Locality. — Dredged at the entrance of Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, in 25 fathoms.
Date, 21st May 1904.

Spithecium robustum, Nutting, 1904. (PI. I. fig. 6.)

About half-a-dozen specimens of this species have been dredged from the locality
of Burdwood Bank. The average height is about 7 cm., but two specimens are 11 cm.
high by 4 cm. broad, almost twice the size of the specimen described by Nutting.
The branches, which are regularly opposite, are simple in the majority of the
specimens, but in some they rarely bear opposite branchlets ; and not only in these
branchlets, but even in the branches themselves, there is a distinct narrowing of the
perisarc immediately above each pair of hydrothecae. The hydrothecae have frequently
one or two annular striations — lines of reduplication — round their margins. Except in
these details the trophosome agrees with Nutting's description.

Gonosome. — The gonangia differ somewhat from the dried specimens originally
described. They are top-shaped, 2 mm. long by 1 mm. in diameter at the widest part.
Distally they are strongly annulated, proximally they are almost smooth, while they
are terminated by a low dome, the tubular neck of the original specimen being
unrepresented.

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 537.)

20 ME JAMES RITCHIE

Locality, c^c— Burdwood Bank. Lat., 54° 25' S. ; long., 57° 32' W. Depth, 56
fathoms. 1st December 1903.

The occurrence in these specimens of branches sometimes simple and sometimes
bearing pinnately arranged branchlets, appears to indicate that this character, upon
which Hartlaub founded his S. chilense (1905, p. 671), is rather a variation than a
character of specific value.

Staurotheca, AUman, 1888 (modified).

Generic Charcicter. Trophosome. — Hydrocaulus fascicled or unfascicled, bearing
hydrothecse in longitudinal rows and arranged in a series of transverse planes, each
plane containing two or three hydrothecse which exactly alternate with those in the
planes above and below them.

Gonosome. — Gonangia simple capsules springing from the hydrocaulus and destitute
of marsupium.

This genus, as described bv Allmax, must be slig-htlv modified to include the
specimen described below. The alternate arrangement of the successive series of
hydrothecse remains constant, but the generic characters must be widened to include
not only opposite hydrothecae, but also hydrothecse arranged in whorls of three.

Staurotheca reticulata, n. sp. (PI. I. figs. 1, 1a, 1b.)

A portion of a branched hydroid colony 8 cm. in length by 4 cm. in breadth.
The stem, which is 0"5 mm. in diameter, is unfascicled, and from it arise, at fairly
regular intervals of 5 mm., alternate flexuous branches of the same thickness as the
stem, which zigzags between their bases. Smaller branches arise from these main
branches and anastomose so frequently, sometimes by means of short, tendril-like
processes, that free ends are absent except towards the margin of the colony. In some
cases the free ends develop hydrorhizal tubes. All the branches lie in one plane, and
this, together with the flabellate form of the colony and the prevalent anastomosis, gives
the whole a remarkable net-like appearance, the regularity of the meshwork, at least
near the stem, being increased by the fact that the main branches on each side of the
stem lie roughly parallel. The internodes are irregular, generally containing about
three pairs of hydrothecse in the older branches, while in the younger there is usually
a hint of a node between each pair.

The hydrothecae are placed in longitudinal rows along the stem and branches. In
the majority of the branches there are four rows, the hydrothecae being arranged in
opposite pairs, which are placed alternately at right angles with one another. Sometimes
there are six rows — the hydrothecte in this case being placed in a succession of trans-
verse planes, each plane containing three equidistant hydrothecae, which exactly alternate
with those in the planes immediately above and below them. The hydrothecae them-
selves are cylindrical and deep, with a circular orifice and a smooth margin marked

(ROT. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. SLV., 538.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 21

sometimes by one or two lines of growth. They are 0'5 mm. in height, and for 0'4 mm.
of this distance they are adnate, the free portion curving outwards from the stem.

Gonosome. — ^The gonangia are ovoid, 0'7 to 0'8 mm. long, and 0'45 mm. in diameter
at the widest part, narrowing proximally and terminated distally by a circular orifice
at the end of a short bulging prominence. They lie closely apposed to the stem for
the greater part of their length, but can easily be detached, and arise on each side of,
and just below, a hydrotheca. Thus although one or two gonangia most commonly
occur at one level, the full complement at a plane containing a pair of hydrothecse is
four, two to each hydrothectu.

The colony is of a horn brown colour.

Locality, etc. — Obtained from a gripper on a sounding wire from Scotia Bay, South
Orkneys. Depth, 65 fathoms. Date, 25th March 1903.

Family Plumulariid^.
Aglaoj^lienia cUchotoina (.Johns.), Kirchenpauer. 1872. (PI. III. figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c.)

A large number of branched, fan-shaped colonies, 10 cm. high by about 7 cm.
broad, with monosiphonic stems. The following details supplement Kirchenpauer's
rather meagre description : — The branching, which is characteristic, is strictly dich-
otomous. The stem and branches are divided into short regular internodes 0'3 mm.
long, and from a nematophore-bearing process on each of these a hydroclade arises.
The hijdroclades, which are alternate and closely approximated, are borne on the front of
the stem and leave it at an angle of about 45°. They also are divided into short regular
internodes 0'3 mm. in length, each with two strong septal ridges extending almost around
their walls, one opposite and in line with the intrathecal septum, the other at the
level of the bases of the supracalycine nematophores. The hydrothecie, which are closely
approximated and obconical, are tilted forward from the stem, the distal portion appar-
ently being free. Their margin, which is not expanded or flaring, is divided into
nine teeth, the anterior three being slightly larger and sharper, the middle one bent a
little backwards. The intrathecal ridge is strong and oblique, in the same line as the
corresponding internodal ridge, and reaching to the opposite wall of the hydrotheca.
The supracalycine Jiematophores are not quite tubular. They are largo and bulging, but
do not reach to the margin of the hydrotheca, while the mesial nematophore, which is
extremely narrow near the base but becomes wider distally, just reaches the level of the
margin, the distal third of its length being free. The process arising from the stem
and branch internodes, upon which the hydroclades are borne, bears about five
nematophores similar in structure to those on the hydrotheca. The arrangement also
is similar, one being median and proximal, while two are lateral and near the distal
end of the process, but there are in addition a lateral and a ba.sal pair.

Gonosome. — The corbula is oval, flattened laterally, 2 mm. long by 1 mm. in

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRAN8., VOL. XLV., 539.)

22 ME JAMES RITCHIE

greatest diameter. It has five pairs of adiiate costae, each bearing from ten to twelve not
quite tubular denticles along its length and an apparently unpaired, partly free, costa at
the proximal end. On the corbula peduncle there is one hydrotheca.

Locality, etc. — The colonies were growing on a sponge, and were dredged at the
entrance to Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, in 25 fathoms of water. Date, 21st May 1904.

Plumularia echinulata, Lamark, 1836.

Several colonies, the largest 3 cm. in height, were found growing on sponges in the
same locality as P. pinnata. The specimens difter somewhat from the type described
by HiNKS (1868) but seem to form a connecting link between P. echinulata, type
and P. ec/imi<7oto, var. jjinvioiojf/es of BiLLARD (1904, p. 191 et seq.). The following
points indicate a close relationship to the latter : — Stem internodes in the proximal
portions of the colony sometimes bearing two hydroclades, while in the distal internodes,
and more generally throughout the colony, only one hydroclade per internode is the
rule ; intermediate internodes in the hydroclades absent in the specimens examined ;
supracalycine sarcostyle unprotected by a nematotheca, as described by Hinks ;
hydrothecse deep ; gonangia borne on stem. On the other hand, the fact that the
margin of the hydi'otheca does not reach the level of the succeeding node, and the
presence of well-marked and frequent spines on the gonangia, indicate affinities with
Billard's type.

The state of the material prevented observations on the condition of the axillary
nematophores from being made.

Locality, etc. — Growing on sponges, coaling jetty, Cape Town Docks. May
1904.

Plumularia magellanica, Hartlaub, 1905. (PI. III. fig. 1, 1a.)

The specimens collected by Mr Bruce difter somewhat in the structure of their
hydroclades from the specimens of this peculiar species described by Hartlaub, but
the difference is not of specific value. As in Hartlaub's case, material is scarce.

The most complete colony is 1 5 mm. in height, and consists of a stem 0 " 1 5 mm. in
diameter, divided by straight nodes into irregular internodes, each of which bears near
its middle a single hydroclade. The hydroclades arise alternately from the stem nodes
and are comparatively short — about 1 mm. They are set upon a small process of
the stem, from which the first thecate internode is separated by a narrow, somewhat
ring-like, athecate internode with slanting nodes. The thecate internodes are narrow at
the base, and gradually widen distally until they finally seem to end in a rather shallow
cup with expanded walls. From below this cup, and free from it, there arises in the
distal portions of the colony a single short process, which bears again an expanding
thecate internode from beneath whose hydrotheca another free process is given off", and
so on, until each hydroclade bears from two to four or even five hydrothecse. The

(rot. soc. edin. trans., vol. xlv., 540.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 23

marked angle at which each thecate iuteruode lies with regard to the one preceding it,
gives these simple distal hydroclades a helicoid- cyme-like appearance. In the proximal
hydroclades — and here our specimens differ from Hartlaub's — two processes arise below
and at the opposite sides of the first hydrotheca, each of which bears a thecate internode,
so that after the first hydrotheca the hydroclade possesses two diverging branches each
similar to the simple distal hydroclades. Since the double hydroclades arise laterally
and not dorsally, as Hartlaub describes, from their internode, it follows that their
origins lie in a plane at right angles to the plane of the primary stem processes. The
hydrothecw are shallow, with delicate, slightly expanded walls, and smooth margins. They
appear to terminate the internode which bears them, are fixed only by their bases to
their internode, and their walls are free. A single delicate, shovel-like nematophore lies
in the centre of the internode beneath each hydroclade.

Gonosome. — Not observed.

The structure of the whole colony is extremely delicate. In some cases the
hydrothecal and internodal walls collapsed in process of mounting for microscopic
examination.

Locality, etc. — Growing on a sponge. Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. 3rd February
1904.

Freviou.s Localities. — South of Tierro del Fuego and Island Pictou, Tierro del
Fuego Archipelago.

Plumulana pinnata, Linnaeus, 1758.

A number of colonies, the largest only about 4 cm. high, occur on sponges and on
lamellibranch shells. The colonies agree with Hinks's description. The following
variations were noted in the specimens : — Generally the number of hydroclades per
internode is two, but on a number of the distal internodes only one hydroclade occurs.
The presence of a basal athecate internode at the origin of each hydroclade, as described
by BiLLARD (1904, p. 204), was noted, but between the thecate internodes no inter-
mediate athecate internodes were observed.

Gonosome. — While the proximal, and therefore the older, gonaugia assumed the
spinous form figured by Hinks (1868, PI. 65), the distal, younger gouangia were some-
what cup-like, with a truncated appearance, due to the inversion of the topmost portion
of the gonangium, which, at first inverted, apparently becomes everted in the later
stages of growth.

Locality, etc. — Growing on sponges and on lamellibranch shells, coaling jetty.
Cape Town Docks. May 1904,

Plumularia unilateralis, n. sp. (PI. II. figs. 1, 1a, 1b, Ic.)

The specimens for which this species has been formed are .small, averaging only
2 cm. in height, with simple recurved stems divided by slanting nodes into regular
internodes, in general 0"4 mm. in length, but rather longer towards the base. From the

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRANS., VOL. XLV., 541.)

24 MR JAMES RITCHIE

middle of each internode there arises a single hydroclade. In no case has more than
one hydroclade per internode been seen. The hydruclades, which are set on short
processes of the stem internodes, lie alternately in two planes, these planes being
so set forward that the hydroclades appear to arise from only one side of the
stem. They leave the stem at acute angles (30° to 45°), and are divided into
equal internodes 0"25 mm. long, each of which bears a hydrotheca — one small triangular
athecate internode separating the first thecate internode from the stem process In
some cases secondary hydroclades are developed from the side of a hydroclade inter-
node at the level of the base of the hydrotheca. No internodal septse are present,
but the internode bulges proximally to form a support for the hydrotheca. The
hydrotheca are cup-shaped, moderately deep, even-rimmed, and for a short distance
distally they are free from the internode. They are closely approximated, the margin
of a hydrotheca being on a level with the succeeding node. Nematophores are absent
from the stem, from the stem processes, and from the athecate internodes at the origin
of the hydroclades, but one small, shovel-shaped nematotheca occurs in the median
portion of the internode just below each hydrotheca, while in the angle between the
hydroclade and the free rim of the hydrotheca is a median, unprotected sarcopore.

Gonosome. — Gonothecse about 1 mm. in length occur in parallel rows along the
stem, apparently arising on the inner side of the hydroclade-bearing processes. They
are ovate, with somewhat flat tops, and are very shortly stalked. The gonothecse are
seldom smooth, the walls being generally strengthened by seven regular longitudinal
ridges, which terminate distally in one or two more or less pronounced spines.

Locality, etc. — Growing on a sponge from the entrance to Saldanha Bay, Cape
Colony; 25 fathoms. Date, 21st May 1904.

Antenmdaria Jiartlauhi, u. sp. (PI. III. fig. 4, 4a, 4b.)

Colonies growing on a sponge in thick bunches, with thick fascicled stems which,
about 1 cm. from the base, break up irregularly into smaller, still fascicled branches,
these finally breaking up into long simple twigs. The latter are divided by straight nodes
into regular internodes 0'5 mm. long, each of which bears three equally distant hydro-
clades so arranged that those on one internode exactly alternate with those on the
internodes above and below, a hexastichous arrangement thus being produced. The
hydroclades are borne on stout processes of the branch internodes 0"15 mm. long, and
are divided into unequal internodes which are alternately long and thecate and short
and athecate — two athecate internodes separating the first thecate internode from the
supporting process. Sometimes, however, two athecate internodes are developed
between a hydrotheca-bearing pair. Each internode is marked by two strong internal
septa, one proximal, the other distal ; but in the longer internodes two more are
sometimes developed, one opposite the base of the hydrotheca, the other a little lower.
The hijdrothecse are shallow, even-rimmed, resting on a broad ledge of the internode

(rot. soc. edin. trans., vol. slv., 542.)

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 25

and free for a short distance distally. The nemcUojyJiores, of the usual trumpet-shaped
type, have an internal septum which gives them a two-jointed appearance and are
arranged as follows : — Three on each thecate internode, two lateral and distal, and reaching
a considerable distance above the level of the hydrotheca margin, the other median and
proximal and arising just above a slight bulge in the internode ; one on each athecate
internode, except where two such internodes are developed in succession, when the
proximal one is unprotected ; on the branches there are two lateral nematophores on
the hydroclade-bearing process and one in the angle between this and the branch, but
in the next highest internode.

Gonosome. — Not observed.

Locality, etc. — Entrance to Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, in 25 fathoms. 21st May 1904.

The present specimens approach in general structure A. decussata, Kirch. (1876, p. 55),
A. joknstoni, Kirch. (1S76, p. 55), and A. irregulares, Quelch (1885, p. 8), for in the first
and last of these the hydroclades, although generally two in number per internode, may
vary from two to three or even four. In our specimens the hexastichous arranwemeut
appears to be constant, and the species is distinguished from those mentioned above in
having exceedingly strongly developed internodal septa.

We have named the above form after Professor Cl. Hartlatjb of Heligoland, author
of the report on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition hydroids, to whom we are indebted for
occasional assistance.

Antennopsis scotia), n. sp. (PI. III. figs. 3, 3a.)

Two much weather-beaten colonies of a pale brownish colour, growing on a sponge
fragment and reaching a height of 9 cm. and 4 cm. respectively. Both the colonies are
badly weathered ; the smaller is overgrown for half its length by the sponge, while the
remaining portion is destitute of hydroclades. Here and there at irregular intervals a
branch springs from the main stem, but without any definite arrangement. Of the larger
specimen about 5 cm. are free from the encircling sponge, and on this almost bare surface
a few hydroclades occur. The stem and branches are strongly fascicled, about 2 mm. in
diameter, but the coenosarc shows no .signs of caniculation (Nutting, 1900, pp. 68 and
72). The hydroclades arise irregularly from all sides of the stem, springing from
the outer tubes of the fascicle. Proximally they have from three to six athecate
internodes separated by straight nodes, the distal of these, and sometimes that
beneath it, being greatly elongated and bearing a number of nematophores varying from
two per joint to five on a single long internode. Above this athecate portion the
hydroclade is divided by alternate slanting and straight nodes into fairly regular
internodes, every alternate one of which bears a hydrotheca. The hydrothecse are
stoutly campanulate and large, 0'22 mm. in length by 0"22 to 0-25 mm. in greatest
diameter, with entire rim and oblique opening, adnate up to the distal end of theii- own
internode, and afterwards free — the free portion lying over against the intermediate
internode, the rim reaching the level of the proximal end of the next hydrotheca-

(ROY. SOC. EDIN. TRAXS., VOL. -KLV., 543.)

26 MR JAMES RITCHIE

bearing internode. Thev are thus closely approximated. The yiematojihores have a
widely expanded, trumpet-shaped mouth, and besides those already mentioned, there
are three on each hydrotheca-bearing internode, one median and proximal, standing
on a slight angle of the internodal perisarc, two lateral, each borne on a process which
rests against the side of the hydrotheca. Only one nematophore occurs on each
intermediate internode.

Gonosome. — Not observed.

Locality, etc. — Dredged at the entrance of Saldanha Bay, Cape Colony, in 25 fathoms.
Date, 21st May 1904.

The general architecture approaches that of Antennopsis fascicularis (Allman,
1883, p. 24), but there are differences in the proximity of the hydrothecse and in the
number and distribution of the nematophores.

We have named this species after the Scotia — the ship of the Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition.

LIST OF LITERATURE CITED.

Alder, 1856. Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

,, 1857. "A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of S^orthumberland and Durham," in Trans. Tyneside
Naturalists' Field Club.
Allman, 1<S76. Ann. and May. of Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. xvii.

„ 1883. "Report on the Plumularians of the Challenyer Expedition," Sc. Reports, ZooL, vol. vii.
,, 1888. "Report on the Hydroids of the Challenger Expedition," Part II., Sc. Reports, ZooL,
vol. xxiii.
BiLLARD, 1904. "Contributions a I'etude des hydrbides," in Annates des Sc. Nat., vol. xx.
BoNNEViE, 1899. The Hydroida of the Norwegian North- Atlantic Expedition 187 G-7 8. Christiania, 1899.
Habtlaub, 1900. "Revision der SertularellaArten," in Abh. natuno. Ver. Hamfmrg, vol. xvi.
1901. " Hydroiden," in Resultats du voyage du S.Y. " Belgica " en 1897-99.
„ 1905. "Die Hydroiden der magalhaensischen Region und chilenischen Kiiste," in Fauna

C/iilensis — Supplement VI. to the Zoologische Jahrbiicher.
HiNKS, 1861. "A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Devon and Cornwall," in Ann. and May. of Nat. Hist.,
vol. xi.
,, 1868. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes.
Johnstone, 1847. A Hist, of the Brit. Zoophytes, 2nd ed.
KiRCHENPADEB, 1872. " Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidse," Part I. Aglaophenia.

„ 1876. Ibid., Part II. Plumularia u. Nemertesia, in Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, vol. vi.

,, 1884. "Nordische Arten und Gattungen von Sertulariden," ibid., vol. viii.

Lamark, 1836. Hist. Nat. des animaux sans verthbres, 2nd ed. Histoire des Polypes, Paris.
Lamouroux, 1821. Exposition methodique des genres de I'ordre des polypiers, Paris.
LiNN^us, 1758. Systeiria Nafurce, ed. 10.
Nutting, 1900. "American Hydroids," Part I. Plumularidse, in Spec. Bulletin Smithsonian Institute.

„ 1904. Ibid., Part II. Sertularidse, ibid.
Ortmann, 1896. Gnindziige der marinen Thiergeographie, Jena.
Pallas, 1766. Elenchus Zoophytorum, Hague.
Qlelch, 1885. AnnaU and Mag. of Nat. Hist., ser. v. vol. xvi.
Sars, 1846. Fauna Littoralis Noroegix, vol. i.

(ROT. SOC. EDIN". TRASS., VOL. XLV., 544.)

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edirf'

Kitchie; "Scotia" Hydroids. — Plate I.

Vol. .\LV.

1 a.

<'«»
^

o .

t Cr&Vine.LlLb Zdin'

Ti-avis. Roy Soc.Edirf'

Ritchie: "Scotia Hydhoids — Plat r: II.

Vol. XLV.

.!-• Hil.hl* d«l.

KTcrltne l>Cr«ktnc Litli.Edln*'

Trans. Roy. Soc. Ediifr

Ritchie: "Scotia Hydroids

Vol. XLV.

— Plate III.

^ 6.«

2 .-.'^ '

Jas Ritrliic. del.

:"P-».rl«.n* &i:rsVine.I.)tb lain*"

ON THE HYDROIDS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 27

Staurotheca reticulata, ii. sp.

1a.

1b-

2. Campanularia, sp.

3. Halccima interpolalum, n. sp.

4. Grrammaria magellanica. Allm.
4a.

5. Seriularella rectiiheca, n. sp.

6. %^Syii1herium rohustum, Nutt.

7. Hehella striata, Allm.
8.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pl.\te I,

Xat. size.

Portion of stem and branch showing hexastichous and decussate

arrangements of hj'drothecae.
Portion of branch with gonangia.

Nat. size.

Nat. size, showing gonosome cluster.

Surface of goncsome cluster.

Gouangium.

Hydrotheea not completely ringed.

var. plana, n. var.

1. Plumularia unilateralis, n. sp.

iB-

Ic-

2. Brucella armata, n. gen. et sp.
2a. ,, „

2b.

2c

3. Halecium interpolatum, n. sp.

4. Halecium tenellum, Hinks.

Plate II.

Nat. size, growing upon a sponge fragment.

Stem with hydroclades.

Gonangia.

Portion of hydroclade with hydrothecse.

Nat. size, showing coppinia cluster.

Surface of coppinia cluster.

Portions of a fascicled and an unfascicled branch, with a creeping

polyzoon — Anguinaria spaiulata.
Hydrotheea;.

Branch, with hydrothecae, ending in stolons.
Showing attachment of hydranth within hydrotheea.

i^i.ATE in.

1. Pluviularia magellanica, Hart.

Ia. ,, ,, Origin of a double hydroclade.

2. Agluophenia dichotoma (Johns.). Nat. size.

2a.

» IJ

2b.

») J>

2c.

JJ J1

3.

Antennopsis scotiae, n. sp.

3a.

)» J)

4.

Antennularia hartlaiLbi, n. sp.

4a.

J) )»

4l3.

11 It

Corbula.

Hydrothecae.

Portion of stem, showing origin of hydroclades.

Nat. size, partially encircled by a sponge.

Hydroclade with hydrothecae.

Nat. size.

Hydroclade with hydrothecaj.

Stem slioAving hexastichous arrangement of hydroclades.

(rot. BOC. EDIX. TRAXS., vol.. -XLV., 545.)

28

II. Note on Piimnoa reseda from the Fccroe Channel, and
on its Embryos. By Prolessor J. Arthur Thomson,
M.A. [With Two Plates.]

(Read 26th November 1906.)

A remarkably fine specimen of Primnna reseda, Pallas,
which used to be called the sea-mignonette, was obtained
from the Fa^roe Channel (from a depth of 355 metres) in
June of this year by the " Goldseeker," one of the vessels
engaged in the International Exploration of the North Sea.
Through the courtesy of Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson,
C.E., I was able to see the splendid specimen a few day.s
after capture, when the vessel came into port, and he has
also given me permission to make this short note. The
species — the only representative of the genus Primnm —
has long been known, but an e.xamination of the beautiful
specimen in its fresh state has revealed some new facts of
interest, e.g., as to the colour and the mode of reproduction.
As one of the most gorgeous animals within the British area,
it deserves some re-description in English, and a better figure
than it has hitherto obtained.

The .specimen was brought to the surface with its axis
caught in a cleft in one of the boards of the trawl, and
though without basal attachment, it was otherwise almost
undamaged. It is almost a yard in height (34 inches), and
its branches spread out for 16 inches. It far surpasses the
specimen in the British Museum.

The axis, where bared at the base, has a diameter of -jVths
of an inch, and the average breadth of the branches, includ-
ing the covering of polyp-calyces, is fths of an inch. The
colour of the colony, which soon began to fade, was a brilliant
salmon-pink — a fact which I have not found mentioned in
any of the descriptions. Some fragments which I preserved
are now creamy white. The bare part of the axis at the
base was a tine greenish-bronze, with a metallic lustre. In
a class famous for beautiful representatives, Primnoa reseda
must be accorded a high place, alike for its graceful branch-
ing and for its richness of colouring, not to speak of the
elegance of the individual campanulate polyps. In its fresh

29

state it was one of the most beautiful animals I have ever
seen.

My study of Primnoa reseda has been rewarded by the
discovery of the interesting fact that the species is viviioarous,
and I have included at the end of the paper some notes on
the embryos.

By way of contrasting the " Goldseeker " specimen with
others previously obtained, I may briefly refer to a few of
the old descriptions.

Linne (1728) called it Gorgonia Icpadifera, and summed it
up in the expressive words, " floribus sparsis consertis refiexis
campanulatis imbricatis." He compared the polyp-calyces
to barnacles, and noted that they were shut in by eight
valves. He spoke of the cortex as albidtis, but this seems to
be only the post-mortem colour.

Pallas (1766) called it Gorgonia reseda, and gave a good
description, alluding, for instance, to the resemblance
between the close-set, recurved calyces and the fruits of
mignonette, and to the branches thicker than swan's quills.
He also speaks of the colour of the cortex and calyx-scales
as white, whereas it is a vivid salmon-pink in the fresh
specimen. He gives its locality as " mare norvegicum et
forte indicum," but the suggestion of the Indian Ocean was
probably due to some mistake.

In 1786 Ellis and Solander described it as " the barnacle-
bearing Gorgon " [Gorgonia Icpadifera), and noted the dicho-
tomous branching, the bell-shaped, scale-covered calyces, the
minute whitish scales covering the flesh, and the bone-like
axis. The size is given as usually 18 inches high (contrast
the 34 inches of our specimen); the locality is stated as the
coast of Norway, but the specimen figured came from Arch-
angel. Attention is directed to the eight valves covering
the mouth, which are compared to the scales on the head of
the horned asp, Coluber cerastes. " lu this Gorgonia, which is
a fixt animal, the scales on the stem and branches, which do
not move, are much of one form, differing greatly from those
on the heads, which are always in motion, while the animal
is alive and catching its food." The downward bent heads
and mouths are compared to "some species of barnacles,"

30

just as others had compared them to fruits of mignonette
{cf. Clusius, "Planta marina Kesedje facie"). The two
figures given by Ellis and Solaiider are fairly good.

Esper (1794) devoted about eiglit pages to the "sea-acorn
horny coral," realising that it occupied a position by itself.
But he was entirely mistaken in his interpretation of the
animal, imagining that he had to do with an axis like that of
Antipathes, on which little creatures related to barnacles had
settled down ! Yet his description, partly based on those of
Gunnerus and Baster, is very accurate, and, as his work is
somewhat inaccessible, I may be allowed to make a few
extracts in free translation. The barnacle-bearing Gorgon is
confined to Norwegian coasts, and does not occur in Icelandic
waters; a height of 6 to 8 inches is common, but a large
specimen was 2\ feet high; most of the branches are
truncate, but some taper; the colour of the fresh axis is
greenish, but it soon becomes brown ; tlie axis is horny and
stony, and covered by fine longitudinal lines ; there may be
forty-eight campanulate shells or " houses " on an inch ; the
colour when fresh is yellow, but it soon becomes dirty white;
in most cases the mouths of the houses were towards the
tips of the branches, but a few were turned in the reverse
direction, and some were quite awry ; the houses are formed
of rows of imbricating brittle scales, with 6-8 parts making
a lid ; but the houses do not really belong to the coral, for
while it is related to Gorgonia antipathes, they are related to
barnacles (Lepas).

It was Lamouroux who first recognised the essential
peculiarities of this type, separated it from Gorgonians, and
established the genus Primnoa.

In the Edinhiirgh New Philosophical Journal for 1847,
Charles Stokes wrote as follows : — "Primnoa lepadi/era is
found, I believe, only on the coast of Norway. I have
specimens nearly 2 feet in height, which were presented to
me by Sir Arthur de Capell Brooke, Bart., who collected
them there in 1820. He received accounts of their growing
to a much larger size. They are found at great depths,
varying from 150 to 300 fathoms. At these depths they
grow in company with a large branching Alcyonium of a red

31

colour (A. arhorea)." The latter is now named Paragorgia
arhorea.

He goes on to say that " the polype cells of Privinoa are
membranaceous and covered with calcareous scales, . . . these
scales do not cover the whole surface of the cells; on the
inner side, next to the stem, there is a part devoid of scales,
as if, being less exposed, their protection was not needed.
. . . The substance of the cells being membranaceous, they
are movable in all directions, as is shown by the different
positions in which the cells of P. lepadifera have dried, and
hence a mistake was made by Ellis, who described the cells
as ' reflexed,' that is, with the mouth downwards, which must
have arisen from the position in which his specimens had
been hung up to dry, as the weight of the cells would make
them fall."

As the " Goldseeker " specimen was, naturally enough,
not "hung up to dry," it may be interesting to note that
while the great majority of the polyps were reflexed, a few
among them had the mouth pointing upwards. They are so
stiffly encased in scales that one finds it difficult to believe
that they could possibly turn upon their bases of insertion.
It is surely a growth-variation.

In his brief paper, Stokes refers to his figures of a Primnoa
rossii, n. sp., which Sir James Clark Eoss had obtained from
a great depth (see his Voyage to the Southern and Antarctic
Regions, vol. i. p. 334). This new species seems to have
been left undescribed, but Dr J. Versluys notes in his
splendid monograph ou the Siboga Primnoidte that it whs
perhaps the same as Gray's Hookerella jndcJiella, which was
also left practically undescribed. A specimen in the British
Museum, labelled Hookerella, seemed to Versluys to agree
closely with his Thouarclla tydemani, but a comparison of the
polyps was not made. Thus, so far as we know, Primnoa
reseda remains the only species of its genus.

In 1861 E. Grube described "a new coral" — Lithoprimnoa
arctica — from the Norwegian coast, in 70° jST. lat. This is,
again, Primnoa reseda, Pallas. I have not been able to con-
sult Grube's somewhat inaccessible paper, but there is a
notice of it in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History

32

for 1863, p. 166. He describes the axis as greyish-white,
whereas it was greenish-bronze in our specimen ; he speaks
of the concentric layers of lime amid the black cornein ; and
says that the calcareous scales on the bodies of the polyps
and the eight oral valvules approximate it to Primnoa
lepadifera, with which it is indeed identical.

It is interesting to notice that Verrill found Primnoa
reseda in deep waters at St George's Bank in tlie Bay of
Fundy. In the description which he gave in 1866, there
are several points which disagree with what our specimen
shows. He says : " Trunk large, arborescent, branching in a
dichotomous manner, often very thick and stony near the
base ; branchlets round, tapering to slender flexible points ;
cells large, canipanulate, irregularly scattered." But in our
specimen the branching is only irregularly dichotomous, the
branches do not taper to slender points, and the cells, though
not in whorls or spirals, are closely crowded, and cannot be
spoken of as scattered. Verrill also says that " the cells are
capable of moving in different directions, but in preserved
specimens are generally turned downwards." As already
noted, we cannot believe in much mobility of the polyp-
calyces.

Gray's description also leaves a good deal to be desired.
He refers to " the large basins or cups of the shape of bent
reeds, membranous on the concave side, on the convex side
covered with large imbricated overlapping scales. At the
mouth of the cup the scales form a ring, and are eight in
number, within wjiich, in the retracted polypes, there is a
coniform outstanding lid, which is formed out of eight long
flat scales. Besides, the polypes at the base of the branches
possess eight rows of small calcareous bodies (spicula), and
indeed, small out-pressed double clubs, covered with small
warts and spines, approaching to simple spicules." He
defined the species as " a coral alternately branched, diffused ;
bark with crowded, callous, recurved calyces."

In his diagnosis of the genus Primnoa, Gray says : " Coral
branched, tree-like; branches cylindrical, forked. Bark
formed of scales. Polypiferous cells ovate, clavate, depend-
ent, covered with two series of large convex imbricate

33

scales, placed in whorls of three round the branches." But
they are characteristically not in whorls in P. reseda, the only
known species. The aperture, he says, is closed with three
pointed scales, yet he himself points out that P. reseda has
eight. " The axis is horny [really very calcareous as well],
black [really burnished green-bronze], solid, cylindrical, the
base being often covered with a hard calcareous longitudin-
ally striated outer coat."

In his monograph on the Primnoidte — a model of thorough
and thoughtful workmanship — ^Dr J. Versluys abstains
from a re-description of Prininoa reseda, because it is so
readily recognisable. He gives the following diagnosis : —
"The polyps may be closely apposed to the twigs, as in
Caligorgia, by their almost naked adaxial surface ; ouly two
abaxial rows of sclerites are well developed. At the upper
margin of the calyx there are eight sclerite?, each of which
bears an opercular scale, and of these, as of the sclerites which
bear them, the four adaxials are distinctly smaller than the
four abaxials." " The branching is irregularly dichotomous,
and relatively sparse. The colony spreads out, predomi-
nantly but not exclusively in one plane. The polyps are
not in verticils, but are disposed irregularly and somewhat
densely ; they are not in spirals."

Geographical Distribution.- — Versluys sums up the distri-
bution of Primnoa reseda as : North Atlantic, coasts of
Scotland, Shetland Islands, Norway, White Sea, and on the
American coast at St George's Bank, Bay of Fundy. Stokes
says off Norway ; and the British Museum specimen, pre-
sented by Dr Carruthers, is from the same region. The
specimen described and figured by Ellis, presented to him by
Solander, came from Archangel. Gray notes North Sea ;
Setubal (Prof E. P. Wright) ; England (Johnson). In his
British Animals Fleming notes, " This species, which is
common on the Norwegian coast, has been found, according
to Professor Jameson {Wernerian Memoirs, vol. i. p. 560),
at Zetland and Aberdeenshire." We have now to add,
Faeroe Channel.

Embryos. — As I have mentioned, my study of Priinnoa
reseda has been rewarded by the discovery that this species

is viviparmis. Another form must therefore be added to the
growing list of Alcyoiiarians in which viviparity has been
demonstrated (see Thomson and Henderson in the list of
References).

Many of the polyps in the fragments at my disposal were
found to be crowded with embryos, but most of them were
unfortunately at the same statje of development. As we
have very few data in regard to the development of Alcyon-
arians, except the memoirs of G. von Koch, Wilson,
Kowalevsky and Marion, and Lacaze-Duthiers, the following
notes may be of service.

Attached to the mesenteric bands there were elongated
clusters of ova at different stages of ripeness. Some of these
were seen to have a very definite envelope, from which a
stalk ran to the mesentery. Other larger egg-like bodies
were lying freely in the ccelenteron. An examination of
these showed that they were already well advanced in
development, that they were, in fact, diploblastic emhryos.
Most were spherical or slightly ovoid, and some showed an
invagination at one pole. A few were solid, most showed a
well-developed ccelenteron. The following measurements
of the diameter or of the longer axis were taken : — 0*4, 0"5, 0"6,
0'7, 08 mm. In many cases the wall was about 0"! mm. in
thickness, of which about four-fifths was due to the inner layer.

The ectoderm consisted of a single layer of columnar cells,
sometimes with large vacuoles ; the eudoderm consisted of a
dense mass of small cells, in the middle of which there was
usually a large ccelenteron. In most of the sections the
endoderm appeared like a syncytium, and about lialf a dozen
nuclei lay on every radial line across the wall one chose to
follow. A very distinct double-contoured middle-lamella or
mesoglceal plate lay, like a double basal membrane, between
the ectoderm and the endoderm.

It seems, therefore, that we have to do with planulae, very
clearly differentiated into two layers, the inner of which is
several cells thick. It is probable that the ca-lenteron is
formed by histolysis in the middle of the endoderniic mass.
There was no trace of typical gastrulaj. It is likely that the
invagination or dimple seen in many cases at one pole is the

35

beginning of the stomodfeum. Only in one section was there
a hint of a blind stomodseal insinking insinuating itself into
the ccelenteron, but the appearance was not sufficiently
definite to be convincing.

Apart from the embryos, I have found little that is new
to report, but I thought it might be both useful and interest-
ing to gather together some of the references to this very
beautiful northern Alcyonarian, and to submit these to a
Society which has been for so long a repository for observa-
tions on the Scottish Fauna.

Kefeuences.
1728. LiNNE, Systema Naturas, vol. xii. p. 1289.
1766. Pall.\s, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 204 {Gorgonia reseda).
1786. Ellis and Solander, Natural History of Zoophytes, p. 8-1,

pi. xiii. figs. 1 and 2 (Gwgonia lepadifera).
1794. EsPER, Pflanzenthiere, part ii. pp. 70-78, pi. x-v-iii.
1847. C. Stokbs, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol.

xliii. pp. 258-262.
1861. E. Grube [Description of a New Coral {Lithojyrimnoa

arctica) and Remarks upon its Systematic Position],

Abh. Schles. Ges. vaterl. Cultur. (Abth. Naturw. u.

Med.), p. 16.i, cf. Ann. Nnt. Hist, vol. xii. (1863)

pp. 166-7.
1866 A. E. Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 9.
1870. Gray, Catalogue Lithophytes, p. 44.
1883. Wilson, E. B., Development of Renilla, Phil. Trans.,

vol. clxxiv. p. 723.
1883. KowALEVSKV et Marion, Documents pour I'histoire em-

bryogenique des Alcyonaires, Mem. Mus. Marseille,

vol. i. Mem. 4.
1887. Koch, G. von, Die Gorgoniden des Golfes von Neapel.
1900. Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, Coralliaires du Golfe du LioUj

Arch. Zool. Exper., 3rd series, vol. viii. pp. 353-456.
1906. J. Versluys, Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition,

II. Die Primnoidse, pp. 84, 85.
190G. J. Arthur Thomson and W. D. Henderson, Lebendigge-

barende Arten von Alcyonaceen, Zoologischer Anzeiger,

vol. XXX., No. 16.

Eeference to Plates.

Plate I. Photograph of the Colony.

Plate II. A Twig in Natural Size and Colour.

Plate 1.

I'ltlM.NOA IIKSF.IVA.

VoLxvir.

LATE

RcyaL PhysiiCaL Sceiely Ediiiburgk.

G Davidsoa dbl

E Wiison . Gambridqe

PRIMNOA RESEDA

36

V. On the Occurrence of a Supposed Australasian Hydroid
(Sertularia elongata) in the North Sea. By James
Ritchie, M.A., B.Sc, University of Aberdeen. [Plate
III.]

(Read 28th January 1907.)

In November 1904, Mr J. J. Simpson, M.A., B.Sc, while
searching for chance specimens in the nets of the trawlers
lying at Aberdeen Fish Market, came upon a magnificent
cluster of Hjdroid colonies, which he kindly handed to me
for identification.

The colonies, of which there were about forty-five in the
bunch, are fixed upon a slender twig, 0'2 mm. in diameter
and 11 cm. in length, which is in many places encrusted by
Polyzoa. They vary considerably in size, the largest about
8 cm. in height and 15 cm. in breadth, the smallest about
2 cm. by 0'45 cm. When Mr Simpson found the specimens,
the coenosarc had already wholly disappeared. Both the
hydrocaulus and the gonothecse (which are numerous,
some of the colonies bearing a gouotheca on almost every
pinna) agree specifically with the descriptions and figures
of Sertularia elongata, Lamx., given by Prof. D'Arcy W.

37

Thompson (1879), by Bale (1884), and by Allman (1885).
Our specimens do not show more than three pairs of
hydrothecfe on any one internode, while Bale records that
four or even five pairs occasionally occur, nor are there
present branches of other than the regular pinnate order.
But in these respects our specimens agree with those of
Prof. D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., to whom I am indebted for
the opportunity of examining his fine collection.

As to the known distribution of Sertularia elongata, so far
as we can learn, it has been recorded from the south coast of
Australia, where Bale (1884) says it is one of the most
common species, more particularly from Cape Wilson, Port
Philip, etc., in Victoria (Dr F. Mliller, cited by Thompson,
1879); from Tasmania (Allman, 1885), particularly from
Georgetown and Bass's Straits (Dr Harvey, cited by
Thompson, 1879); from West Aiistralia (Allman, 1885);
from New Zealand, where the species is less common than
in Australia (Gray, 1843; Hutton, 1872; Coughtrey, 1874),
particularly from Lyall Bay, Wellington (Farquhar, 1895),
and Kuri and Taieri beaches, Otago (Hilgendorf, 1897).
That is to say, the distribution is limited to Southern
Aiistralasia. The West Australian locality of Allman is of
special interest because, while our specimens differ in detail
from his Tasmanian examples, they agree absolutely with
the West Australian form in all the poiuts which he singles
out as peculiar to it.

The trawler in whose net the present specimens were
found had been trawling off the Shetland Isles, and, on the
return journey to Aberdeen, off Buchan Ness, the last haul
having been taken in the neighbourhood of the " Buchan
Deep." Consequently, the presumption is that the specimen
found in the trawl-net came, if not from the last haul in the
" Buchan Deep," at least from some locality in the North
Sea. It remains to account for the presence of a species, so
distinct and with so limited a distribution, in the North Sea.
Three possibilities suggest themselves — (1) that the species
grows in the North Sea ; (2) that the specimen was brought
thither attached to the bottom of a ship, as Tuhularia crocea,
Agassiz, was, in 1895, brought from Peru to Plymouth Sound

38

(Browne, 1899) ; (3) that the specimen has drifted thither
from its Australasian locality.

The twig to which the colonies are attached helps to a
conclusion. Cross and longitudinal sections are character-
istic, showing a central strand of sclereuchyma surrounded
by loose lacunar tissue, which again is surrounded by a thick
band of sclerenchyma. The twig and sections were shown
to Prof. J. W. H. Trail, M.D., F.RS., to whom I am
indebted for kind assistance, and he pronounced the branch-
ing and microscopic structures to be those characteristic of
the marine phanerogams of the subfamily Cymodoceece in
the family Potamogetonaceae. This subfamily contains but
nine species, all of them, with one exception, belonging to
tropical or south temperate seas, the majority occurring in
West Indian, Indo-Pacific, and Australian waters (Engler
and Prantl, 1889). The exception, the only north temperate
form {Phucagrostis major), occurs in the Mediterranean Sea
and along the Spanish and African coasts, but its structures
are quite distinct from those of the present specimen, and it
may therefore be left out of consideration. If, then, it is
assumed that the North Sea Hydroid specimen grew upon
the plant in situ, and it is the habit of Sertularia dongata to
grow upon seaweeds {vide Bale, AUman, etc.), the twig may
be taken as indicating a tropical or south temperate origin
for the specimen.

Since so conspicuous a Hydroid has not been recorded by
any of man} careful workers, and has not been found in
many recent dredgings, from the North Sea, and since it has
grown upon an exotic plant, the first supposition, that the
species grows in the North Sea, may be rejected. The second
supposition is also rendered impossible, because the very fact
that the specimens have grown upon a twig excludes the
possibility of their having been attached to a ship's bottom
and thus transported. The conclusion remains, and it is
indicated by the known distribution of Sertularia elongata,
as well as by the characters of the twig to which the
specimens are attached, that the North Sea specimen has
drifted, probably from an Australasian, perhaps from a West
Australian, locality to the spot where it was picked up.

39

The ocean currents are not inconsistent with that view.
While a specimen from South Australia would tend to drift
towards New Zealand, a specimen set free upon the west
coast of Australia (and the minutite of the present specimens
agree with those of West Australian specimens) might be
borne by an Indian Ocean south equatorial current round
Cape Colony, whence, caught up by a north-travelling branch
of the Antarctic drift, it might be carried into an Atlantic
south equatorial current moving north-westwards into the
Gulf of Mexico, and thence the Gulf Stream drift might
bear it to the waters of the North Sea.

The journey is a long one — it has probably left its traces
in the empty perisarc and the polyzoon-encrusted twig — and
the chances against its successful completion are many, but
it seems the only satisfactory way of accounting for the
interesting occurrence of so distinct a Hydroid species off
the Scottish coast.

The suggestion has been made that the specimen may
have been taken accidentally, along with packing or ballast,
on board some ship loading at an Australasian port, and was
afterwards set free on the discharge of the ballast in the
neighbourhood of Aberdeen. Such a mode of transport, how-
ever, involves so many coincidences of place that it seems
highly improbable ; and, besides, the condition of the specimen
itself argues against the supposition, for it is difiicult to
believe that a number of large and fragile colonies could be
first cast upon a rough sandy or shingly shore (suitable
for ballast), and afterwards tossed about amongst ballast at
loading and unloading, without suffering a considerable
amount of damage. And yet in the present case, as the
accompanying photographic reproduction (Plate III.) very
clearly shows, almost all the colonies are complete, with
naturally terminated stems and perfect pinn;E, upon prac-
tically every one of which, in the more mature colonies, are
perched exceedingly delicate, loosely attached gonangia.
The perfection of structui-es so fragile excludes the possi-
bility of carriage by methods other than the most gentle,
but is such as we might expect in a water-borne specimen,
the sport of gently flowing oceanic currents.

40

After all, the mode of transport from Australasian waters
to the North Sea matters little, and does not affect the main
purposes of this notice, namely, to record its occurrence and
to show that the species in question, although it has been
found in, is not indigenous to, British waters.

Referencks.

Allman, 1 885. Australian, Cape, and other Hydroids, in Journal

Linn. Soc. Load. — Zool., vol. xi.\.
Bale, 1884. Catalogue of Australian Hydroid Zoophytes,

Australian Museum, Sydney.
Bale, 1888. On some New and Kare Hydroida in the Australian

Museum Collection, I'roc. Linn. Soc. A. S. Wale-'i (Sei'. 2),

vol. iii.
Blainvillk, 1834-37. Manuel dActinologie, Paris.
Browne, 1899. On Tiibularia crocea in Plymouth Sound, Jour.

of Marine Biolog. Assoc, of the United Kim/dom, vol. v.

(N.S.), 1897-99.
CouGHTKEY, 1874. Notes On New Zealand Hydroidese in Trans.

New Zealani! Lns/itute, vol. vii.
CouGHTREY, 187."). Critical Notes on the New Zealand Hydroida,

ibid., vol. viii.
CouGHTKEV, 1870. Critical Notes on New Zealand ]l3droidea;

— Suborder Thecaphora, Ann. May. JVat. Hist. (4), vol. xvii.
Engler and Prantl, 1889. Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,

II. Tiel, 1.-3, Leipzig.
Farquhar, 1895. List of New Zealan<l llych'oida. Trans. New

Zealand Institute, vol. xxviii.
Gray, 184.'i. Additional Radiated Animals and Annelides in

Dieffenbach's Travels in New Zealand, vol. ii.
Haktlaui), 19(15. Die Hydroiden der magalhpensischer Region

und chilenischen Kiiste, in Zool. Jahrbucher, suppl. vi., vol.

iii., 1905.
Hilgendorp, 1897. On the Hydroids of the Neighbourhood of

Dunedin, Trans. Neio Zealand Institute, vol. xxx.
HuTTON, lf^7"J. On the New Zealand Sertularians, Trans. New

Zealand Institute, vol. v.
Lamouroux, 1816. Histoire Polypes Flex.
Lamouhoux, 1824 (as joint-author). Encyclop. Methodicnie,
MARKTAN.VKR-TuuNERKTScnER, 1890. Die Hydioidcn des k. k.

naturh. Hofmuseums, Ann. naturh. Ihtfiiius. ]V,in.. vol. v.

41

Thompson, D'Arcy W., 1879. New and Rare Hyd. Zooph.
from Australia and New Zealand, A7in. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5),
vol. iii.

Explanation of Plate.

Colonies of Scrtularia elongata picked up in the North Sea (slightly reduced).

The central thicker and whiter rod is tlie twig over which the hydro-
rhiza of the colonies ramify, the whiteness being due to an encrusting
polyzoon layer.

Vol. xrrr.

Pl.ATK I [ 1.

lidi/itl Physiral Snrii'lji^ Eilinhnrgli

[From the Piioceedisgs of the Zoologicai, Society of Londoit,

1907.]
[Published October 8, 1907.]

[42] MR. JAMES RITCHIE ON' HYDROIDS [May 28,

On Collections o£ the Cajje Verde Islands Marine Fauna.
made by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.),
F.Z.S., o£ St. Andrews University, July to Sej)teuiber,
190i.*— The Hydroids. By James Ritchie, M.A.,
B.Sc, Fullerton Scholar, University of Aberdeen f.

(Plates XXIII.-XXVl.J and Text-figures 142-144.)

Tlie forms described in the present paper were entrusted to me
for determination hj Mr. Crossland, who collected them in various
localities ofF the Cape Verde Islands. Although the collection is
not a laige one, it forms a useful addition to our rather meagre
knowledge of the Hydroid fauna of the northern portion of the
west coa-st of Africa. To the north of the Cape Verde Islands
sjiecimens liave been i-ecorded fi-om the Canary Islands, from
Madeira, from the Azores, and fi-oui the Soudan coast ; from the
south the ' Challenger ' records a solitary species, Cryptolaria
diffusa AUm. from Sierra Leone ; while from the islands them-
selves, so far as I can leai'n, recoi-ds have been made by only foiu-
workers §. In 1883 AUman, in his Report on the Plumulariaus
collected Ijy the ' Cliallenger,' described the tv^ie of a new genus,
Streptocaulus jndcherrimns Allm.. found at Porto Pi-aya in 100
fathoms. In July 1885 Mr. J. J. Quelch described a small collec-
tion of deep-sea Hydroids, comprising nine species, and obtained
from tlie cable ofl' St. Vincent in a depth of over 500 fathoms, the
species described being Eudeiulrium amiidatum Xorman 1864,
Lafo'ea teveUula AWmau 1877, Zyyophylax profimda Quelch 1885,
riumidaria variabilis Quelch 1885, P. delicatida Quelch 1885,
Antennularia irreyidaris Quehh 1885, A. pi-ojunda Quelch 1885,
Aylaophenia acacia Allman 1883, and Strepiocauliis pidcherrimiis
Allman 1883. More recently Professor J. Versluys has described
two species from Isle Branco, one of the "Windward Group,
iSei-tularia {iJesmosci/p/ius) Irevicyathus (Vers. 1899), and Besmo-
scyphus inflatiis Vers. 1899, a synonym for the b. gracilis of
Allman 1888, which lias been renamed Sertnlaria versluysi by
Professor Xutting (1904). Of these the latter occurs in our
collection, with the important addition that the gonosome is also
pre.sent and is here described for the first time. Lastly, within
the past month or two collections made by tlie ' Talisman '■ in 1883
have been described by Dr. Arniand Bdlard (1907), and these
include a few species from two localities off the Islands. In lat.

* The expenses of Mr. Crosskud's collecting trip were borne by the Caraegie
Tmstees.

+ Communicated by the Seceetaet.

X Kor explanation of the Plates, see p. 514.

§ Since this paper was written I have fonnd in the collections made by the
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition on its homeward voyage two species Irnm
St. Vincent w hidi were not represented among the specimens described in the
Report on the 'Scotia' Hydroid Collection (Uitcbie, 19('7). These are Eurojiflla
crenata? Harthuib, 1901, and SerMarella fusifonnis ? Hincks, 1861, both of which
are additions to the recorded Hydroid fauna of the Islands.
488

1907.] FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [4ft]

17° r K and long. 27° 24' AV. (Paris 0°) at a depth of 105 metres
there were obtained D'qihasia pinaMer (Ellis & Sol. 178(5), Aa-
tennularia ramosa Lamarck 1816, and Thecocarpiis myriophyUnin
var. hedoii Billard 1907. In lat. 1C° 52-16° 53' N. an<l long.
27° 30'-27° 26' W. at a depth of 400-580 metres, Dipliasia pinaster
and Thecocarpus myriophyllam bedoti were again found.

The present collection is littoral, the greatest depth at wiiicli
specimens were gathered being 15 fathoms, while the majority
were obtained in shore-pools or in quite shallow water. Hence
it is not surprising to find that of the species previously described
from the Islands only one, Sertidaria vershiysi above mentioned,
should recur among Mr. Crossland's specimens.

The collection contjiins in all 27 species, of wliicli 18— one of
them here represented by a new variety — have lieen previously
described. Several of these species, which are distribute<l among
14 genera, have been recorded from more than one locality. For
the remaining specimens 9 new species have been established, one
species being referred to a new genus. In all i-epresentatives of
20-genera occur in the collection.

The list of species is as follows : —

I. GYMNOBLASTEA.

Familj' C o B Y s i d j!.

Coryni (?) dubitim, sp. u.
Family Pensabiid^.

Pennaria eavolimi Ehrenberg 1882.
Family TPBULAEiiDiB.

Tubiilaria hiimilis AUman 1864.
„ soliiaria Warren 1906.

Family C l a t i d j;.

Soleniojisis deiuJriformis, gen. et sp. n.
Family Bougaisvilliid.e.

Sifdractinia vt;rdi, sp. n.

Fodocori/ne ancchinataj sp. n.
Family EuDisDEtiDi.

Eudendrium ramosiim Liiin. 1758.

II. CALYPTOBLASTEA.

Family H A LECii D.B.

Halecium heaiiil Joluist. 1838.

Ophiodes cacinijonnis, sp. n.
Family I, a f o E 1 1) ,e.

FiUlhim serpens (Hassall 1852).

Cusj/idtlla liumilis Hiucks MS. & 1866.

Family Campahblaeiid^.

Cli/tia ffenieulata Thorncly 190i.
Olelia diclwtoma (Linn. 1758).
GonotIigr(ra gracilis (Sars 1851).
Campanuhiria calicnlata Hincks 1863.

„ jitffclioci/atlius Allman 1888.

,, mulabills, sp. n.

489

[44] MR. JAMES RITCHIE OX HYDROIDS [May 28,

Family SEBirLAEiiD^.

Sertularia distans Larax. 1816.
„ mai/eri Nutting 19l>i.

„ vershtysi Nutting 1901.

„ l(evimarghiata, sp. n.

Family PLUiitrLiEiiB^.

l^lumufaria halecioides AlJer 1859,
Monostachas qtuidridens (McCrady 1857).
Aglaophenia marginata, sp. n.
Lytocarpus grandisj var. unilateralism viir. n.
„ crosslandij sp. n.

Of the 18 hitherto known forms above mentioned, 10 arerecog-
niseil as Briti.sh species, while 5 of the remainder (Campanularia
ptychoci/athus, Sertularia mayeri, S. verslwjsi, Lytocarjyus grandis,
iionosiischas quadridens) are, with the exception of tlie last
which has been recorded from the Indian Ocean (Thornely, 1904),
distinctively American. This contingent is probably to be ac-
counted for by the oceanic whirlpool the centre of which is marked
by the Sargasso Sea and the streams of which wa.sh the shores of
the West Indies, of eastern Mexico, and of the eastern United
States, and, circling in the North Atlantic, sweep past the
Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde Islands.

The collection, as might be expected in a littoral one, is com-
paratively rich in gymnoblastic forms and includes an interesting
species, peculiar in branching and in gonophore, which has been
made the type of a new genus, Soleniopsis.

We note also, as Pictet has alre;xdy remarked (Pictet, 1893),
that of those species which occur both in temperate and in tropical
waters, the individuals existing in the colder seas are, in general,
larger and more sturdy than their ti'opical specific equivalents.

The outlines of the figures, both in the plates and in the text,
with the exception of those representing the appearance of the
specimens to the unaided eye, were drawn with the help of Zeiss's
camera lucida.

The localities from which ]\[r. Crossland obtained his specimens
are shown below : —

ST. VINCENT, CiPE Verde Islasds.
(1) Geseeal.

(a) From tidal pool, 25th July, 1904.

Pennaria cavolinii Ehr.
(6) 2 fathoms, among coral, 22iid July, 1904,
Fenymria cavoJinii Ehr,
Sertularia mai/eri Nutt,
Flumularia halecioides Hincke.

(c) 10 fathoms, 27th July, 1904.

Gonothifr<sa gracilis Sars.
Campanularia ptychocyathus AUm.

(d) 15 fathoms, 30th July, 1904.

Monosfachas quadridens (McCrady).
Jjt/tocarpus grandis, var. unilattralis, var. n.

490

1907.] FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, [45J

(«) From botttun of a li^'htiT, 20tli July, lOOi.

Tubularia humili^i AUin.

Cuspidella httmilis HJncks.

Thimularia halecioides Aider.

Aglaophcnia marghtata, sp. n.
(/) Prom bottom of a lighter, 30th July, 1904.

Pentiaria cavolinii Ehr.

Tubularia humtlis Alhn.
„ «o/i7rtrm Warren.

Soleniopsis dt^tidi'iformis, gen. et sp. n.

HaJeciam beanii Jolinst.

Filellum serpens (Hassall).

Cuspidella humilis Hincks.

Clytia ffeniculafa Thorn.

Obelia dichotoma Linn.

Campanularia ptifchocifathxts Allm.
„ mutahilis, sp. n.

(2) Mattiota, St. Vincent Harbouk.

Sertufaria la^rimarffiiiata, sp. n.
Lytocarpns crosslatidi, sp. n.

(3) PoBTo Grande.

(a) Shore-pools.

Campanularia ealiculata Hincks.

„ pttfcJiocgathus Allm.

Sertularia distans Lamx. 1816.
„ tnaj/ert Xutt.

(b) 10 fathoms.

Sydractinia verdi, sp. n.

PORTO PRAYA, Santiago, Cape Verde Islands.
(a) Piles of pier, 12th Au<nist, 1901.

Coryne (?) dubiuin, sp. n.

Campanularia tnutabilis, sp. n.

Sertularia verslui/si Nutt.
(6) 5 fathoms, 9th August, 1901.

Podocoryne anechinatay sp. n.

(c) 10 fathoms, 12th August, 1904.

Eudendrium ramosum Linn.
Ophiodes cacinijormis, sp. n.

BOA VISTA, Cape Veede Islands.

Soleniopsis deftdrifoitniSf gen. et sp. u.

I. GYMNOBLASTEA.
Family C o R y x I D /E.

Coryne(?) dubicm, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 1, 2.)

A species represented liy small, irregularly rniiiified colonie.s
growing upon a Folysipftotiia-like red seaweed. The eolonie.s are
only about 7 mm. in lieight. The perisarc is transparent, tingetl,

491

[46] sin. JAMES HITCniE ox HTDROIDS [^^^7 28,

except towards the tips of the branches, with a faiut biown. The
stem is slender, O'l mm. in diameter, and soon bleaks up into
very numerous, irregularly disposed bi'Sinches which, arising at a
small angle, lie for a short distance almost parallel with theii-
parent shoot and there^after gradually diverge from it. Branches
even of the fourth order are present. The colonies are wrinkled
throughout, but less strongly in the middle portions of the polyp-
bearing branches ; while beneath the polyp, on the stems, and on
the older portions of the branches distinct linging occui-s. There
is no membranaceous cup surrounding the base of the hydranth.
The hj'di-anths are relatively long, O'O mm., slightly bulging
beneath and tapering grailually upwards towards the tip and down-
wards to form a long " neck." The tentacles are from O'l to
0"15 mm. in length, and except for thedi-stal four, which generally
appear to be 2:ilaced in a whorl, are sciittered. They vary slightly
in number. Thus of 10 heads examined, one bore 12 tentacles,
four bore 13, three bore 14, and on two 15 were found.

Gonosome not present.

Locality. Gro'n'ing on a seaweed taken from piles of piei'.
Porto Praya, Santiago, Cape Yerde I.slands ; 12th August, 1904.

Owing to the absence of the gonosome this species cannot be
given a definite generic place within the family Corynidas a.s defined
by Delage (1901). Xotwithstanding I have assigned a .specific
name to the form in order to facilitate references. The trophosome
characters lie between those of Actinogonium pusilliim. (Tan
Eenedeu 1844 ; Hincks, 1868, p. 45 ; Allman, 1872, p. 272) and
Syncoryne sarsii Loven 1835. Fiom the former it differs in having
a more tapering polyp, numerous rings and wrinkles, and in
lacking a membranaceous cup beneath the polyp ; from the latter
it is distinguished by the shape of its hydranth, its much smaller
size, its complicated branching, its more frequent rings.

The specimens bear many cieeping {xilyzoon colonies [ClionellaV)
and occasional stalked protozoa and diatoms.

Family Penxariid^.
Pexxaria cavolixii Ehrenberg 1832.

A number of colonies, frecjuently over 6 cm. in height, have
been obtained from one locality. They agree in genei-il with
AUman's description (1872, p. 364), but the following variations
may be noted : — The colonies are le.ss i-obust than those described
by Allman. The biTmches, while alternate, lie generally in two
planes, every other branch being in the same plane, and these
planes are set forwai-d on the stem, as in many Plumularian
sjiecies, so as to meet at an angle vaiying from almost 180"^ to
less than 20°. Einging is well marked, from four to six rings
occurring on the stem above the origin of each branch, and .a
similar number at the base of the branch itself. Thus the
ultimate hydrauth-bearing raniuli, instead of being wholly ringed
as described and figureil bv Allman, be;ir a small number of bas;il
492

1907.] FIIOM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [47]

rings; the reniMiiider, which varies much iu length, being sniootli
or very slightly crunipleil.

The gonosomes, which are present in numbers, agree exactly
with Alhnan's description.

The colonies here described agree in all but size with beaiitif\illy
pi'eserved specimens of the species from the Naples Biological
Station.

Locality. St. Vincent, Cape A^'erde Islands. Obtained from
bottom of a lighter, .30th July, 1904; by diving among coral in
2 fathoms of water, 2'2nd July, 1904; also fine colony in tidal
pool, 2r)th July, 1904.

Family T u b u L A n 1 1 d .«.

TuBULARiA iiuMiLis Allman 1864.

A few simple or slightly branched stems varying from 0'5 to
4 em. in height, and 0'.5 mm. in diameter, may be referred to this
species. The specimens oljtained in one dredging are much smaller
than those described by Allman, varying from 5 to 12 mm. in
height ; but the following points have been relied on in identifi-
cation : — simple or slightly branched stems with, here and there,
fain tlj- marked transvei-se rugosities ; delicate, light-j'ellowperisare;
a ccenosarcal collar suppoi'ting the hydranth ; small hj'dranths,
1'2 mm. in height, longer than broad, with, in the individuals
examined, 17, 13, 11 tentacles in the distal whorl, and 19, 17 in
the proximal. The tentacles are in a state of contraction, and
consequently the proximal whorl is only l'8mm. in diameter from
tip to tip.

Gonosome. — In the specimens obtained on the 30th of July
gonophores ai'e present in erect clusters borae on short pedicels.
In some of the more mature, actinuhe can be seen.

Locality. St. Vincent, Cajie Venh; Islands. Found growing on
the bottom of a lighter en 20th and 30th Jidy, 1904. and by diving
among coral in 2 fathoms of water on 22nd July, 1904.

TuBULARIA SOLITARIA WalTeU 190(5.

A few .solitary individuals, 8 mm. in height, are growing upon
a sponge-like layer encrusting a small lamellibranch shell. The
individuals are fixed in the layer by a club-like, sometimes branched
" root," and are crowned by a distal circle of stout tentacles 1 3 or
14 iu nundiei', the lower portions of which are adnate to the
hypostome, appciu-ing as strong ridges upon it. The proximal
tentacles, which are nu)re slender than the di.stiil, arise from the
broadened base of the hydranth in a whorl of about 30, rather
more than in Dr. Warren's specimens. Otherwise, the present
specimens, with delicate peri.sarc, distinct endodermal canals in
the hydrocaulus, erect blastostyles originating just within the
proximal whorl of tentacles anil bearing from two to five or six
gonophores, agree with the descriptiim of the type.

The gonoiihores in our specimens are mosth- at an e.arly stage,

'493

[48] iin. JAMES RITCHIE ox HTDROIDS [^^'^Y 28,

showing in optical section a manulirium surrounded bv a horse-
shoe-shaped mass of generative plasma. In onl_v one gonophoie
of the many examined was there a trace of actinula-formation,
tentacles being indicated b_y apparently about 8 filaments.

Locality St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islantls. Found on bottom
of a lighter, 30th July, 1904.

Previous record, off K^atal coast.

Family C l A v I d ,e.
SoLExioPsis *, gen. nov.

Type. S. dendriformis, sp. n.

Gen-i;ric characters. — Trophosome. Colonies branched and
fascicled. The branches originate from the division of a cceno-
.sarcal strand into two portions which lie parallel and close to one
another for a considerable distance, each becoming sheath eil in a
chitinous perisarcal tube, the outermost stitind finallv bends out-
wards and becomes free to form a bi-anch {i-ide text-fig. 142, p. 496).
The hydi-anth-bearing ramuli originate in the same way as the
branches. Hydrauths cylindrical, with club-shaped proboscis
and many scattered filiform tentacles.

Gonosome. — The reproductive bodies are pernianentlv fixed
gonophores of a simple type. They are blind .sacs arising from
the ccenosarc some distance beneAth the hydranth and Iving
within the perisarcal tube from which the hydranth projects. The
ova are developed in the wall of the sac.

The genus Soleniopsis is distinguished by its peculiar mode
of branching and by its gonophore. The branching, which is
more fully de.scribed in the discussion on the species, appears to
be similar to that of Corydendrium (Weismann, 1883). I have
not seen the original description, but Dr. Fowler says with regaid
to the branching of the genus, " The young buds, instead of
breaking through the perisarc and growing oiitwards as is usual,
gi-ow upwards for some distance inside it and surround themselves
with secondary perisarc " (Fowler, 1900, p. 13); and this agrees
with the structure in the present genus. Corydendrium differs
from Soleniopsis. however, in having gonophores which give rise
to free medu.sie (Delage, 1901).

The gonophores here ai-e of great length and of extremely
simple structure. Tiiey are also peculiar in Iving within, ami thus
being protected by, the tube which contains the trophosome,
instead of bursting through the perisarc and forming hernia-like
globular projections like most other gonophores. The ova and
.spermatozoa apparently escape from the mouth of the tube,
pa.ssing between the swollen bulb beneath the neck of the hydranth
and the perisarcal wall.

On account of the scattered filiform tentacles on the hydranth

* The name of the genus, Solenio-psis, is intended to sugg:est the resemblance
hetweeu the jjarallel-h ing cueuosarcal strands of the colony and the "solenia" of
Alcyonarians.

494

1907.] FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [49]

and of the fixed gonopliore, tliis genus lui.s lieen included in tlie
family Glavi(l;e, althoiigli the simplicity of the gouophore and the
complexity of the branching ahiicst wariant the formation of a
new family.

SoLENIOPSIS DEXDRIPORMIS, .sp. n. ( l^lato XXVI. fig. 1; te.\t-

figs. 142, 143.)

The colonies for which this species has been formed weie
found at two localities. The solit^rj' colony from Boa Vista is
the largest of the series, almost 10 cm. high, with a thick, fn.scicle<l
.stem which is, towaids the base, covered by a mass of ramifying
tubes, forming a spimgy ti.ssue through which here and there a
hj'dranth jirojects. This loosely-built basal ma.s.s attsiins a
diameter of 1 cm. From this stem, which in transverse section
shows a small central sti'and of chitin with a few minute cojnosarc-
containing canals, surrounded by many parallel tubes which again
are sui-rounded b}- iriegularly arianged, loose!}" aggreg;ited tul es,
the branches arise appro.ximately in one plane. The colonics
from St. Vincent are smaller, only 6 cm. high, and la;;k the
spong)' basal thickening, possessing a cjdindricnl stem 2 mm. in
diameter, composed of closely pncked parallel tubes. Fiom these
stems, as from that of the previous specimen, flabeliate bi-anches
Ij'ing generally in one plane arise. Tlie primary br;niches bear
alternate secondary branches, and these again may Leir tertiary
l)ranches, all of these appearing to be fascicled owing to the
apposition of several tubes. Single, mouosiphonic branches, how-
ever, arise alternatelj' in one plane, for the most part fioai
branches of the second and thii'd order, and from the distal end of
these the hydrauths project.

The mode of branching is peculiar. In tlie less strongly
fascicled portions of the stem two or thi'ee pei'isiircal tubes lie
alongside of, and inseparably united to, one another, e.ach con-
taining a strand of coenosarc. Some coiisidondilc distance before
a free bianch originates (frequently 20 or 30 mm.) one of th
outermost strands divides into two, and round the new ctrnosarca
division a chitiuous tube is formed, wedged in between the old
tubes. Thus the number of p:uallel-lying and united tubes is
increased, but finally, after a course of some 2 or 3 cm., the outer-
most of the two portions into which the original strand divided
liecomes free to form a branch, and the number of tubes in the
farcicle is thus reduced. The ca'nosarc of the free branch divides,
as did that of the stem, and becomes en.sheathed in several united
tubes which, on bending outwards and becoming free, form new
blanches or hydranth-beariug ramuli. The division of the cceno
sarcal strands, and consequently the origin of the branches and
ramuli, takes place alternately, first on one side, then on the
other.

The hydi-anths project from simjjle, alternate ramuli 0-4 mm.
in diameter. Extended they are long and slender, 2'0 mm. by
0'2 or 0'3 mm., almo.st cylindricil. with a prominent club-shaped

Proc. Zool. Soc— 1907, No. XXXIV. 34

h 495

[501

MR. JAMES RITCUIE ON' HYDROIDS

[May 28,

proboscis and short (0'3 mm.) stumpy tentacle.<!. These, between
40 and 50 in number, are scattered over the body of the polyp,
only the distal 4 or 5 being placed in a whorl, although an
approximation to whorling is sometimes simulated by others of
the tentacles. At the proximal end of the hydranth there is a
short neck, and just within the margin of the tube a sharp bulge
connecting the polyp with the caniosarc of the ramulus and almost

Text-fig. 142.

ram. 3

t.-t-

Soleniopsis deiidriformis. To show mode of bi*anching, x8.

c««., cojiiosarc ; peri., perisarc; 6r., branch bending off and becoming free fi'om
main stem; sf., main stem ; ram. 1, 2, 3, short ramuli from which hydranths
project ; n.t. 1, 2, 3, 4, new tubes, enveloping a branch from a coenosarcal
strand and wedged in between older tubes.

plugging up the entrance to the tube. Contracted, the liydranths
form almost spherical bulbs about 0'7 mm. in diameter. Although
the tube from which the hydranth springs generally ends abruptly
with an even circular margin, in not a few cases the terminal
496

1007.]

FROM TIIK CAPE Vf:RDE ISLANDS.

[51]

portion is wrinkled ami twisted as if it wei'e less strong, more
collapsable than the other portions.

Gonosome. — The gouophores are fixed, not developing into free
medusoids, and lie within the tube from which the ]iy<lrnnth
projects. They branch off from the coenos-arc of the ramnhis from
'1 to 3 mm. below the hydnuith itself, and are long, slender,
spindle-shaped bodies, , sometimes 2-5 mm. in length by 0-1 mm.

Text-fig. \i?K

SoUnlopsis lUmlriformis. IlyJraiith ami goiiopliorc, X30.

b., bulging portion at liuse of liydrantli almost filling the opening of tlie tube;
peri., pei-isarc ; (tclo., ectoderm, represented within the tube by a dark line ;
ererfo., endodcrm (lined); o«., ovum ; ra«., central cavity of gonophore ; (/on., the
arrow points to the place where the gonophore branches olf the general ciBiio.«arc :
coen.y general coenosarc.

in diameter. Their .structure is simple, the gonophore being
apparently a hollow cylinder clo.sed distally, with two-layered
walls, a thick ectoderm and thinner endoderm, within which ova
develop to the number of about 13 or more. The ova develop

34*

I* iy7

[52] MR. JAMES RITCHIE OX IIYDROIDS i^^'^}' 28,

all along tbe walls, pushing the endoderm iuwai-ds until it pro-
trudes into the hollow of the gonophore. The male gonophores
are similar in origin and shape to the female, Iwt are in general
considerabl}- longer. lu no case could a spadix be distingui.'ihed.

The structure of the gonophore above described is of tbe
simplest type. It appe'ns to be merely a blind branch of the
genei-al ccenosarc of the colour within the walls of which ova
develop.

A.ssociated with the specimens were several creeping Hydroids,
Filellum serj)e)is, Cuspidella himulis, Camjxinularia mittahilis, and
an endoproctan polyzoon (C'lioriella ?).

Localities, (a) St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : gi-owing
on the bottom of a lighter, 20th and 30th July, 1904.—
(6) Dredged ; Boa Vista, Cape Verde Island.s, August ? 1904.

Family B o u G a i s v i L L 1 1 D .e.

Hydractixia VERDI, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 6 & 7.)

Among dredgings taken at Porto Gi-ande four /"HSi/s-like gas-
teropod shells were obtained overspread by Hj'dractinia colonits.
The nutritive hydranths, which grow in the giooves of the shell-
sculptuie, are in vaiious stages of contraction, the longest 5 mm.,
the shortest with th^ir ring of tentacles almost resting on the
surface of the shell. The tentacles are short, set in two almost
indistiuguishalile whorls, and vary in number from 9 to 12,
9 being perhaps most frequent. The hypostome is club-shajied.
No spiral filaments are present, although along the margin of the
shell there occur elongated polj'ps with insignificant tentacles.
Short chitinous spines, about 0-3 mm. long, with jagged edges,
occm" throughout the colony, being arianged for the most part
upon the ridges of the shell. The bla.stostyles are somewhat
smaller than the nutiitive hydranths, being about 1 mm. in height,
but unlike those of H. echhiata thej- bear well-developed tentacles
eight or nine in number. The basal rhizom expan.siou is thin.

Gonosome. — The reproductive bodies are fixed gonophores
arising from the body of the blastostjle some distance below the
tentacles. They occur in a single whorl containing three or four
individuals and are borne on short peduncles. In the specimens
examined the gonophoi-es w"ere all female, containing thi-ee large
ova ; while in the more mature examples these were sepaiated
towards the exterior by pigmented bauds running from the base
towards the summit of the gonophore — branches of the spadix.

This species is closely lelated to II. pacifica described from
Calbuco b}' Hartlaub (190.5, p. 519), but that species diflers in
possessing about 15 tentacles on the nutritive hydranths, only
5 or G on the blastostyles ; in lacking spines on the basal expan-
sion ; in bearing only one ovum in each gonophore.

LoaaliUj. Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands; 10
fathoms.
498

1907.] FROM THE CAPE VlillDE ISLANDS. [53]

PODOCORTXE ANECHINATA, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 8, 9, 10.)

Sparsely scattered u] on a small ga.steropod shell (Ceriihium'i sp.)
are the niiniite individuals of a Podocoryne colony. The nutritive
individuals are club-.shaped, only 0-9 mm. in height, with a promi-
nent, cylindrical, fiat-topped hypo.stome, from beneath which arise
about nine tentacles, set in two closely a))j)roximated whorls.
Both spiral filaments aijd spines are absent. The reproductive
polyps, although they are somewhat smaller than the nutritive
witli about seven well-developed tentacles, resemble the latter in
shape, being also club-like and posse.ssing a )iromiuent cylindrical
hypostome. The basal expansion is formed of a single laver of
chitinous tubes, forming wide rectangular me.shes, the individual
tubes being almost O'l mm. in diameter, and l)eing marked late-
rally by minute honey-yellow dots, thickenings of the chitinous
wall. The whole expansion is covered by a thin layer of
cronosarc.

Gonosome. — The sexual stage consists of free-swimming medu-
soids which arise in considerable numbers (as many as nine being
present on one individual) from the median portion of the repro-
ductive polyp. They are borne on well-defined peduncles. During
the earlier stages the tentacles appear as four blunt knobs, but
these develop considerably ere the medusoid is set free. Sexual
products could not be distinguished in the medusoid buds.

The species here described is a near relative of P. hmnilis
Hartlaub 1905. The latter form, however, dift'ors in posse.ssing
a minute conical hypostome, small smooth spines, and a medusoid
bud which is not mentioned as developing well-formed tentacles
ere it is set free. Tlie difierence in the number of tentacles is of
little importance, although it is to be note<l that here they foi-ni
two closely-set whorls, but the chitinous thickenings which occur
along the sides of the rhizom stiands {ride PL XXIfl. fig. 10)
mav help to distinguish the present species.

Locality. Porto Prava. Santiago, Cape Ycrde Islands, 5 fathoms;
9th August, 1904.

Family E u D E X D n 1 1 D .t:.

EUDENDRIUM KAMOSUM LinnaMis 1758.

A single, small, unfasciclcd colony .about 4 cm. high. The
branches and branchlets are strictly alternate, and the minute
structure, except that the rings at the bases of the main branches
are generally fewer in numlier, agrees closely with Hincks's figures
(1868, pi. 13). The hydranths are well preserved and there were,
in the examples counted, 23 or 24 tentacles surrounding a very
distinct trumpet-shaped hypostome.

Gonophores not present.

Locality. Porto Praya, Santiago, 10 fathoms; 12th August,
1904.

499

[oil MR. JAMES RITCHIE OX HYDHOIDS [May 28,

II. CALYPTOBLASTEA.
Family Haleciid.e.
Halecium beaxii Johnston 1838.

Several strongl^y fascicled, iiregulailj' l:i-anclied colonies. The
delicate structui-e of the terminal branchlets i.s characteristic of
the species. The branches difler from those in the specimen
figured by Allman (1888, pi. xii. fig. 3 a) in arising laterally
from below a hydrotheca, instead of directly from the branch.
The majority of the primary hydrotheeie diSer f i-om AUman's and
from Hincks's (1868) figures in being sessile and adnate to the
node from which they arise — the hydrotheca-tier springing from
within the primary hydrotheca ; but in these respects they agree
with .specimens from the French coast described by Dr. A. Billard
(1904, p. 163), and with specimens from dredgings made by the
Scottish Antarctic E.xpedition at Burdwood Bank, near Cape
Horn (Ritchie, 1907).

The bright refringent points ^\-hich encircle the base of the
hydrotheca are in this species, as in others I have examined (1907,
p. 515), points of attachment for strands from a fleshy disc at the
ba.se of the pol^-ji, which is thus supported within its minute
hyilrotheca.

The gonosome is absent in the present specimens.

Localiti/. St. Yincent, Cape Yerde Islands, growing on the
bottom of a lighter ; 30th July, 1904.

OpnioDEs cacixiformis, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. fii^s. 11 i 12
Plate XXIY. fig. 1 ; Plate XXV. fig. 5.)

Several small, delicate colonies, for which this species has
been formed, arise at irregular intervals from a hj-drorhizal stolon
creeping upon a fragment of a s-md-covered worm-tube. They
are neither branched nor fascicled, and the largest is but 6-5 mm.
in height. The stem is divided into short interuodes, 0-4 mm.
long in the pro.xim.al, liut gradually lengthening to 0-6 mm. in
the upper part of the colony. The distal end of each internode
appears to divide into two equal, slightly diverging portions, oue
of which forms the peduncle of a hydrotheca, while the other bears
the succeeding internode, the junction between the two internodes
being marked In- a single annulation.

The hydrothecie lie in one plane, are placed one on each inter-
node, and are alternate. The}' are borne on peduncles of varying
length, from 0-05 to 0-2 mm., the upper portions of which are
delicate and frequently crumpled, while the bases are thick- walled
and, even when the hydrotheca itself has been destroyed, remain
as projecting processes. The hydrothecaj themselves are shallow,
trumpet-shaped cups, with much-everted margins, delicate walls,
and a thin septum separating their cavity from that of the stem.
Around the wall just within the margin is a row of rafringont
points formed bv slight thickenings of the perisarc within the
500

1907.] rnOM TUE CAPE VEKDE ISLANDS. [55]

hyiliotheea, ami to these are attached strands su]5porting a flat-
tenetl disc-like portion at tlie base of the polyp. 8iich an attach-
ment, of course, makes the retraction of the polyp impossible.
The structure is identical with that whicli I liave already
described and figured in the genus Halecium (Ritchie, 1907,
p. 525), except that in Halecium the basal disc rests ujx)n the
perisarcal septum at the bottom of the cup, while liere a consider-
able .>ipace intervenes between the two, traversed by a narrow
strand of ccenosarc connecting the polyp with the common canio-
sarc of the colon}'. I would di-aw attention to the seeming
inaccuracy of Hincks's figures (1868, pi. 45. figs. 2, 2') as regards
the relations between polyp am! hydrotheca. The hydranths,
which are about 0'9 mm. in height, gi-adu;diy increase in diameter
upwards fi-om the basal disc, but exliibit no distill contniction
beneath the tentjicles sucli as Hincks figui-es. The bases of the
tentacles, which nundier about 23, are connected by a web witliin
which the liypostome arises. A secondary hydrotlieca, borne on
a relatively long peduncle, may arise from the lower portion of
the peduncle of a primarj" hydi-otheca.

Xematophores occur frequently but ii-regularly. There is
usually one on a peduncle, and sometimes one on an inteniode.
They are sessile, cup-shaped, with delicate walls and everted
margin, within which there is commonly a row of refringent dots.
To the.se, as in the hydrothec*, a ba.sal ccenosarcal disc is attached.
The Siirco.styles con-espond to those figured by Hincks (1868,
pi. 45), with" thin walls bearing scjittered cnidoblasts, and a glo-
bular bead where large numbeis of these ofibnsive and defensive
cells are aggregated. When contracted, a sarcostyle measures
about 0-4 mm., wliile one which was extended measni-ed 2-0 mm.
The cnidoblasts are narrowly oval, 17^ by 3 fi, and each contains a
thread 220 fx long, armed near the base with a whorl of four barlis
in the form of a cross, distal to which are smaller liarbs pointing
towards the tip of tlie tln-ead an<l placed in four longitudinal
rows, each of which contains aljout nine gi-adually decre.nsing barbs
(Plate XXV. fig. 5). The cnidobla.sts occur throughout ahnost
the whole colony, but are particularly common on the basal discs
of sarcostyle and polyp, and at the tips of the sarcostyles and of the
tentacles.

Occasionally soHt;iiy hydrotheca; and nematophores arise from
the hydroihi/^l tulie.

The gono.some is not present.

Locality. Porto Pniya, Santiago, 10 fathoms; 12th August,
1904.

Family LafgEid.e.

FiLELLUM SERPENS (Hassall 1852).

Tliis species is represented by scanty specimens creeping on
a fragment of a Gymnoblast colony. In essential characteis the
specimens agree with Hincks's description (1868), but they appear
to be of less robu.st giowtli, while the margins of the hyibothecie

501

[56] MR. JAMES RITCHIE OS HYDROIDS [May 28,

are frequently marked by several " regeneration-lines," as in
specimens from the IS'orth Sea in my possession.

The coppinia-gonosome is not present.

Locality. Creeping on Soleniopsis dendriformis, which was found -
gi'owing on the bottom of a lighter : St. Vincent, Cape Yerde
Islands; 30th July, 1904.

CuspiDELLA HUSiiLis TTincks MS. it 1866.

Minute hydi-othecre arising here and there from a tubular
stolon creeping upon SGleniojysis dendriformis. The hj'drothecie
are delicate and cylindrical, generally 02 mm. in height by about
0"05 in diameter, although a rare specimen attained a height of
0-4 mm. They show in many cases a tendency to conti-act
.slightly towards the proximal end, while the distal end Ls cro\rueil
by convergent opercular segments. They agree with Hincks's
description and figures of the species.

Gonosome not known.

Locality, (a) Cieeping upon a polyzoon, which was obtained
glowing on the bottom of a lighter : St. Vincent, Cape Verde
Islands; 20th July, 1904. — (?») Upon Soleniopsis dendriformis;
30th July, 1904.

Family CAiirASULAEiiDjE.
Clytia gexiculata Thornely 1 904.

Several small colonies, the lai-gest rather imder 1 cm. in height,
growing on a pol}"zoon. The specimens agree in everj' respect
with the original description and figures, the peculiar method of
branching lieing particularly noticeable. The hydrothecfe, which
are some 1"1 mm. long by 0'6 mm. in greatest diameter, bear
from 18 to 20 long teeth; each tooth being strengthened h\ a
median fold which is continued for a short distance down the
wall of the hydrotheca as a more or less definite line.

The gonangia vary somewhat as resrards their opening, some-
times having a plain, cj'lindrical, distal end ; at other times with
a di.stinctlv constricted neck below the aperture. Sometimes they
arise in pairs from the base of a. pedicel.

Locality. Growing on poh'zca found on the bottom of a lightei- ;
a single specimen on the back of a small crab. St. Vincent,
Cape Verde Islands; 30th July, 1904.

Obelia dichotojia (Linnieus 1758).

A few delicate colonies, the laigest only 4 mm. high, occur on
the cai-apace of a minute ciab. The stems, which are nnfascicleil,
are divided by slanting nodes into regular internodes 0-4 mm. in
length, from the distal end of each of which arises a hydrotheca.
Bi-anches are fi-equent, sometimes 1-5 mm. in length, arising in
every case from the side of a pedicel. They are thus alternate,
and, like the stem, they bear alternate hydrothecae, from the
pedicels of which smaller branchlets with one Indrotheca may
502

1907.] FKUM THE (ATE VERDE ISLANDS. [57]

arise. Frequently tlie hnniclics end in Kliiiil stolons. The
hydrothecte are alternate and are borne at tlie <listal ends of the
internodes on short pedicels marked l)y four or five annuliition.s,
the base of the internode above tliat from which the podiu(tl
springs liearing si like nund)er of rings. The calycJes are sliort
and sul]triiingulMr, with a rather wide aperture and an almost
even, delicate rim. Thv whole colony is of delicate te.Kture, the
perisarc being leniarkably clear and liyaline.

Gonosome not ])resent.

The form described above seems to be a young stage of
0. dichotoma Ijinn. Its much smaller size, its lack of horn-
colour, its branches arising fiom the side of a pedicel, and the
shorter subtriangular shaiie of its hydiothecjc, are diflerences
insufficient to distinguish it specifically from the older form.

Locality. On the carapace of a small crab found crawling on
the bottom of a lighter ; St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands ; 30th
July, 1904.

GoXOTHYRyEA GRACILIS (Sars 1851).

A few small specimens of this beautiful species occ\ir growing
upon a fragment of calcareous material. The colonies are only
8 mm. in height. ;iud difler from those describeil anil figured by
Hincks (18(iH) in that the hydi(>tlieca> are somewhat less slender.
The reiuaining chnracters— the peculiar origin of the branches,
" stuck on, one would almost think, n.s an aftertliought, the gradual
tapering of the hy<lrothec;i towards its base, the number of the
long pointed teeth, tlie ringing beneath the hydrotlieca and at the
proximal end of the branches — agree with previous descriptions.

Two long slender gonangia, with traces of a marginal collar as
in Hincks's figures, are jire.sent, one arising from the hydrorhiza,
the other from a peduncle.

Locality. St. Vincent. Cajie Verde Islands. 10 fathoms ;
27th July, 1904.

Campanularia caliculata Ilincks 1803.

Typical examples of this species, with crenated jicdicel, distal
spherical segment, and thick-walled, smooth-rinuned hydrothecie,
occur cree[)ing on .a seaweed. In our s]iecimens the peilicels
average 0"5 mm. in length and are marked by about 10 crenations.

The gonangia are absent.

Locatiti/. Porto Grande : creeping on seaweed in a shore-pool.

Campan'ULARia rTYCiior VATin s Allman 1888.

Numerous crowded, pedunculate hydrotlieca^, .■ind gonangia
springing from a creeping stolon have been found on a polyzo(m.
The specimens agree closely with Allman's description and figures,
especially characteristic being the delicate, freijuently collapsed,
distal portion of the hydrotlieca, which in our specimens bears
10 long teeth ; the stem with a few rings (generally two) beneath
the hvdiothi'ca and with several at the base ; the smooth

rm

[58] MR. JAMES RITCHIE OX HYDROIDS [May 28,

cylinrli'ical gonangia with marked constriction tieneath the shallow
saucer-like top.

From lo&ality c there are only a few hydrothec« growing upon
Sertularia distans. gonangia being absent.

Localities, {a) Creeping on a polyzoon found on the bottom
of a lighter: St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands; 30th July, 1904.
—(6) On a pebble, 10 fathoms : St. Vincent; 27th July, 1904.—
(c) Creeping on Sertularia distans : Porto Grande, shore-pools ;
?Jnly, 1904.

Campanularia mutabilis, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. figs. 3, 4, 5.)

Rare .specimens occur creeping upon SertnUiria versliiysi and
Soleniopsis dendriformis. From a thick-walled, creeping, hydro-
rhizal tube the hydrothecfe arise at irregular intervals. They are
borne on thick-walled peduncles with a length roughly three-
fourths that of the hydrotheca, varying from 0-4 to 0'8 mm.,
and marked by from four to eight well-defined twists. The hydro-
thecie are large but vary from Q-B to \-'2 mm. in length and fioin
about 0'5 to 0"6 mm. in breadth. They are almost campannlate
in shape, gradually widening upwards to the margin, which
is frequently oblique, is beautifully recurved, and is sometimes
reduplicated (PI. XXIII. fig. 3). A slight ridge of perisarc at the
base of the liydrotlieca forms a platform upon which a cujnosarcal
disc at the bottom of the hydranth rests, and beneath this,
seemingly within the peduncle, is a delicate basal septum. The
hydrothecfe are seldom set symmetrically upon their peduncles.
Owing to the state of preservation, the structure of the hydrantli
could not be recognised. The tentacles appeared to be few in
number.

Gonosome not known.

Localities, (a) St. Vincent, Cape Verde Lslands : gi-owing on
specimens obtained from the bottom of a lighter; 30th Jul\-,
1904.— (6) Piles of pier: Porto Praya; 12th Augu.st, 1904.

The specimens fi'om Porto Praya (onlj^ a few hydrothecre have
been found) are considerably larger than those from St. Vincent,
but the specific structures in the two sets of specimens are
identical (cf. fig. 5 and figs. 3 & 4, PL XXIII.).

Tills species approaches Lafoea pocillum Hincks 1868, from
which however it difiers greatly in shape and in possessing an
everted margin. From Campanularia corrugata Thornely 1904,
it may be distinguished by its strongly-twisted peduncle, its
campanulate shape, and its non-corrugated walls.

Family S e r t u l a r 1 1 d .e.
Sertularia distans* Lamouroux 1816.

A species lepresented by a few colonies growing upon a sea-
weed. The largast specimens are 7 mm. high, while the internodes

• In accordance with the recent determination of Dr. A. Billard (1907), who has had
an opportunity of exaniinins: the type specimen of Lamouroux, I have suhstituted
the desiaiiation of that author for the more usual synonym S. ijryeilis Ilassall.
504

1907. J FROM rilE CAPE TERDE ISLAXDS. [59]

average 0-4 uini. in loiigtli. The liydrotliecae are free for rather
more than half tlieir height distally, the free portion being sharply-
divergent. Tlie margin is divided into two lateral teeth, and
there are two opercular flap.s. The .specimen.s agree closely with
the descriptions and figures of Hineks (1868) and Nutting (1904).

Gonangia not present.

Locality. Porto Grande : shore -pools ; ? July 1904.

Sertclaria mayeri Nutting 1904.

Several specimens of this species have been obtained. 'J'he
specimens agree in all respe(;ts with the description given by
Nutting, except that in our forms, which are smaller than the
American specimens — the maximum being about 7 mm. — the
hydrotheca; appear to be rather more closely approximated,
the length of an internode being only 06 mm. While in many
cases the margin and opei-culum had collapsed, as described by
Nutting, in others this portion of the hydrotheca retained its
form, and two large lateral teeth, with sometimes a minute
median superior tooth, and a two-flapped operculum could be
distinguished.

Gonosome not known.

Localities, (a) Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Capo Verde Islands :
creeping on seaweed found in shore-pools. — (//) On seaweed
found by diving among coral in 2 fathoms of water : St. Vincent,
22nd July, 1904.

Sertdlauia verslu ysi Nutting 1 904. ( = Desmoscyphus gracilis
Allman 1888.) (Plate XXIV. figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & text-fig. 144.)

A large number of colonies varj'ing from 2 to 4 cm. in height.
The .stem is erect, unfascicled, .ami springs from a spreading mass
of hydrorhiza. The lower jiortion of the stem for a disbinee
varying from 3 to 10 mm. is smooth, thick-walled, and unbranelied
and usually bears two stiaight internod&s. Tlie remainder, which
is separated from the mibrancheil portion by a long, sloping,
splice-like joint, is divided by slanting nodes into regular inter
nodes about 0'7 mm. in length, each bearing three hyilrothecie —
two on one side, one on the other. From beneath the lower of
the two hydrothecaj the branches arise. They are about 4 mm
long, are legularly alternate, thus giving the colony a plumose
appearance, an<l are di\idi'd into internodes, 0'4 mm. long, by
nodes whicli slope from behind forward and downward. They
are placed slightly on the front of the stem, and are borne on
a long stem-proce.ss, but arise at an angle of 60° rather than at
right angles as described by Nutting.

The liydrothcc-e are placed on the front of stem and branch(>s
on the former they are alternate and apart, while on the latter
they are opposite, and contingent for the gi-eater part of theii
length, the di.stal free portion being bent at right angles to the
adnate portion. The hydiotheca pairs are distant IVom one
another about the height of a hydrotheca. The hydrotheca;, short

c* 505

[60]

MR. JAMES RITCHIE OX nYDROIDS

[May 28,

aud stout proximally, gi'adually narrow towards the opening,
which is fui'nished with two long, tliick-rimmed, lateral teeth.
The operculum is composed of two flaps, in this agreeing with
ISutting's description and differing from that of Versluys (1899,
p. 43), where only a single flap is mentioned.

Gonosome. — The gonangia, which are characteristic, have not
been previously described. They are 1 mm. high, borne on short
stalks on the front of the stem, generally one on each internode.
and arise from near the base of a liydrotheca. They are strongly
compressed from back to front, .somewhat flask-shaped, with their
greatest diameter (0'6 mm.) near the base and gradually narrowing
towards the top, where a slight neck is surmounted by a flattened
di.sc bearing two long, incurved, honi-like spines. These are
placed, one on each side, immediately above the longitudinal
lateral ridge formed by the compression of the gonangium. The
gonangia are strongly ridged throughout, the ridges varying in
number from five to eight. The gonangial contents escape througli
a longitudinal slit with toothed edges, stretching along the flattened
top of the gonangium from " horn " to " horn."

Text-fisr. 144.

hlat.

Male Gonosome ai SeHidarla vershti/si,

ap., aperture with toothed lips through which gonanpial coutents escape ; «'., wall
of gonangium ; gub., gubernaculum ; sp., spermary ; col., central column of
gonophore ; JOB., gonophore ; ec*., ectoderm ; «nrf., endoderm ; 6;s<.,blastostyle.

A peculiar modification was noted in one of the specimens
examined, where the distal and posterior portion of a branch-
internode had become free and was prolonged into a straight
506

1907.] FnoM THE cape vepde islands. [61]

sharp spine lying almost parallel to the continuation of the
branch. Tlie spiny appearance of the bi-anch-bearing processes
of the stem when denuded of their branches is also noteworthy
(c/. Allman, 1888, p. 72).

Locality. Porto Pi-aya, Cape Yerde Islands : piles of pier ;
12th Augu,st, 1904.

Other localities: — Of}\ Bermuda, 30 fathoms {^Challenger');
Cape Verde Islands, 25 metres {Versluys); on floating gulf-weed
(^Albatross ') ; X.W. of Cape Blanc (Soudan), in 55 to 60 metres
(BiUard, 1900).

In the colonies examined, the gonophores were all male and in
an advanced stage of development. Their structures i-esemble
those of Sertularia pamila as described hj Nutting (1904, pp. 26
et seq.), but in most, owing perhaps to the advanced stage of the
gonophore, the blastostyle is compai-atively small, and in no case
could be observeil to terminate in a thickened plug or " Decken-
platte." On the other hand, delicate strands of ectoderm stretched
from the outer coat of the gonophore to the gonaugial wall, to
which they were attached, thus mooring the gonophore within
the gonangium. Nutting, who also has found similar " guber-
nacula" in a male gonangium but aiising from a sperm-bearing
blastostyle instead of from a tiue gonophore, suggests that they
mav connect the ectoderm of the bla.stostyle, or in this case of the
gonophore, with a delicate ectodermal laj'er which in some cases
lines the inside of the gonangial walls (Nutting, 1904, p. 29).
In these specimens I have been unable to detect the presence of
an ectodermic gonangial layer such as Nutting describes. He
also suggests that they may possess the nutritive function
atti-ibuted by Wcismann (1883) to the gubernacula of "Sertalaria
pwnilu."

Sertularia l.evimargin'ata, sp. n. (Plate XXVI. figs. 5 k 6.)

Several minute colonics, less than 3 mm. in height, spring from
a creeping hydrorhizal tube which ramifies over a polyzoon-
encru.sted frond. The stems are unfascicled and unbranched and
are divided into distinct internodes, about 0-3 mm. long, which
become much constricted in the neighbourhood of the nodes.
The portion of the stem proximal to the fii-st distinct node, which
slopes at a high angle from buck to front, is athecate, but each
internode bears two opposite liydrothecai towards its distal end.

The hydrotheciB rest upon a bvdging portion of the internode
and are somewhat ventricose, the bulging portions meeting on the
front of the stem, but lieing slightly sejaratcd, for O'Ol mm.,
behind. For less than lialf their height they are adnate to the
stem, but the distal portion (about 0-28 mm. in length) bends
sharply outwaids, so that the apparent upper sides form an
almost straight horizontal line. The free portion becomes
gradually constricted and tube-like towards the margin, which is
smooth and is characterised b_v a shallow sinus on its upper edge
at the base of which is attached a disc-shaj ed adcauline operculum

507

[62] MR. JAMES RITCHIE ON HTDROIDS [May 28.

Tliis operculum is frequently drawn within the hydrotheca. The
aperture faces obliquely upwards.

The gonosome is absent.

Locality. Creeping upon a leaf found in one of the bottles
containing Mr. Crossland's collection of tunicates from Mattiota,
St. Vincent Harbour, Cape Verde Islands.

The peculiarly shaped hydrothecaj in the present specimen bear
some resemlilance to those of Sertularia lucernaria Eirchen.
1864 ; but in that species the aperture is almost horizontal, with
a very distinct margin, the hydrothecse are widely separated,
and the colonies are branched, with a bushy habit of growth,
altogether different from the minute, simple, and scattered
colonies of S. Icevhnarginata.

Family Phimulariid.s:.
Plcmularia halecioides Alder 1859.

This .species is represented by a few specimens, attaining a
maximum height of 2'5 cm., which agi-ee closely with the de-
scription of Hincks (1868). The following variations from and
additions to that description were noted : — The branches, which
are rare and may arise on any side, sjiring in the .specimen.s
examined, not from the original h3'droclade-bearing tube, but
from one of the secondary tubes of the .stem- fascicle ; the hj'dro-
clades bear up to six hydrothecie in place of Hincks's maximum
of four ; intermediate athecate internodes are not always pre.sent
between thecate inteinodes, thus in 100 iritemodes examined
only 31 were athecate and intermediate, a pair of the latter
rarely occurring together ; the gonangia, for the most part
strongly ringed, occur not only on the stem but also on the hydro-
rhizal tubes. Similar variations have been noted by Billard
(1904, pp. 181 et seq.) in specimens from the French coast and
from Algeria.

Locality. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : growing on the
bottom of a lighter; 20th July, 1904. Also found on 22nd
July, 1904, by diving among coral in a depth of 2 fathoms.

MoNosTiEcnAS quadeidens (McCrady 1857). (Plate XXV.
fig- 4.)

Two colonies have been referred to this .species. They differ
markedly in size and habit from the flabellate, dichotomously
branched, 6-inch high specimens described by Nutting (1900,
p. 75) ; for they are unbranched and but 1 cm. in height. Never-
theless the minute structure agi-ees so closely ivith Nutting's
descriptions and figures, that I cannot regard these specimens as
specifically distinct. I noted, however : — (1) The peculiar manner
in which the hydroclades arise from the stem. The distal
portion of the stem-internode bends over towards the anterior
aspect of the stem, and to the end of this bent portion the hydro-
clade is attached bv a slanting node ; while from the posterior
508

1907.] KKOM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [63]

portion of the Iieud a second stem-iuternotle arises, at an
angle witli tlie first. Each hydroclade lies in a line Avith the stem-
internode from which it arises, and from the posterior aspect of
which the succeeding stem-internode is thrown off at an angle
(PI. XXY. fig. 4). The .structure of the colonj^ thus comes to
resemble that of a helicoid cyme. (2) An unprotected .sarco.style,
not mentioned by Nbtting, issues from the angle between the
hydrotheca and its internode. The arrangement of the nemato-
phores agrees with that in Nutting's figure, pi. xiii. fig. 2,
except that the supracalycine nematophores more closely resemble
those in fig. 4, scarcely reaching the margin of the hydrotheca.
On the stem-iiiteinodes, of which there are only four in our
lai'gest specimen, the nematophores vary from 3 to 5.

Gonosome not present.

Locality. St. A^incent, Cape Verde Islands, 15 fathoms;
30th July. 1904.

In the collections made by Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.,
in connection with the Gulf of Manaar Pearl Fisheries Investi-
gations, small specimens of this species occur similar in size to
those above described — " half an inch is the height of the largest
colony" (Thornely, 1904, p. 120).

Agladpiienia marginata, sp. n. (Plate XXIV. figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.)

Slender, monosiphonic colonies reaching a height of 6 cm.
The normal condition of the colonies is simple, for in only one
specimen was a branch found, springing from the anterior surface
of the stem. The stem Ls divided into internodes, O'S mm. in
length, each bearing a hj-di'oclade on a prominent, rounded and
perforated process lying midway between the nodes. The hydro-
clades are short, generally less than 3 mm., set forward on the
stem, alternate, and divided into internodes 0-3.5 mm. long, each
of which bears a hydrotheca. Two internodal septa are present,
(me pro.vimal and opposite the intrathecal septum and exteuiling
completely around the internodal wall ; the other distal and less
pronounced, opposite the base of the supracalycine nematophores,
and sloping .slightly upwards.

The liydrotheca; are small, 0-2.5 mm., clo.sely apja-oximated and
rather deep, with a concave anteiior piofile, and a slightly oblique
margin marked by nine teeth, which increase in size towards the
anterior of the calycle. A distinct, horizontal septum traverses the
hydrotheca cavity about a fifth from the base. The supracalycine
nematophores are small, just reaching the level of the hydrotheca
margin. The mesial nematojihore is adnate for little more than
half the height of the hy<lrotheca, and has but a short divergent
" beak " free. There are two nematophores on each stem-iuteruode,
one opposite, the other distal to, the hydroclade-bearing process.

The stem is of a horny-brown colour, which fades into a faint
yellow towards the tip.

Gonosome. — The corlndje are about 17 unn. in length l)y 1 iinn.
in breadth, elongate-oval in shape, with 7 or 8 pair.i of corbnlii-

50'J

[6-l-J MR. JAMES RITCHIE ON UVDROIDS [May 28,

leaves, which are altogethei- fiee from one auothei'. Every leaf
bears a row of 6 or 7 large bulging nematophores on each margin.
The cosnosarc from which the portions supplying these nemato-
phores branch oif runs up one side of the leaf, sending oS' as it
passes a short pi-ocess into each nematophore on that side, and
then, having passed a considerable distance up the leaf, sends off a
larger shoot which, running backwards, supplies the nematophores
along the other side. Conforming with thLs branching of the
cwnosarc, the creuosarc-containing cavity iu the leaf also .shows a
backward-running bi-anch connecteil with the nematojihore-cavities
along one side {vide PI. XXIV. fig. 10). Witliout the walls of
this cavity there is a delicate chitinous membrane connecting
the nematophores and forming a wing-like extension to the liody
of the leaf proper. The .specific name maryinata indicates the
presence of this extension. At the base of each leaf along only
one side of the corbula there is a very small spur-like nematophore.
Locality/. Growing on the bottom of lighters ; St. Vincent,
Cape Verde Islands ; 20th and 30th July, 1904.

LvTOCARrrs graxdis, var. unilatekalis, var. n. (Plate XXV.
figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Many much-bi'anched colonies have been obta,ined from one
locality : the largest, which is fi'agmentaiy, is 20 cm. in height,
with a .stem 6 mm. in diameter above the first branch, and a large
basal poi'tion covered with loose hydrorhizal tubes.

The stem is .strongly fascicled and is divided near the base into
several large branches, which bear smaller branches and so on
sometimes to the sixth ordei'. All the bi-anches, except the
smallest, spring from their parent branch on the side remote from
the stem, a rather unusual arrangement to which the variety
owes its name. The hy(h'oclade-bearing tubes are divided into
i-egular internodes, 0'4 to 0'5 mm. in length, each of which bears
an alternate hydroclade almost on its anterior surface.

The hydroclades, which ai-e borne on a perforated proce.ss of the
internode, are about 8 mm. long, and are divided into internodes
0'35 mm. in length, each with two very strong septal ridges, one
opposite the intrathecal ridge and horizontal, the other less distinct
opposite the base of the lateral nematophores and sloping obliquely
upwards.

The hydrothec-e are closely approximated, deep, slightly bulging
below, with nine teeth, seven of which are apparent wliile one on
each side is hidden by the latei'al nematophore. The anterior
tooth is slightly recurved. The intrathecal riilge is distinct and
is horizontal, extending around the h\'drotheca about 1- from the
base. The mesial nematophores are long, adnate almost to the
top of the hydrotheca and then free for some distance. The free
portion varies much in length, sometimes scarcely rising above
the hydrotheca on the proximal end of a hydroclade while over-
topping those on the distal portion for a considerable distance
(e/. PI. XXV. figs. 2 it 3). In the supra;alvcine nematophores
510

1907.] FROM TUE CAPE YEKDE ISLANTJS. [65]

the same varuibility occurs, those on the proximal hydrothecre
rLsiug just clear of the margin, those in the distal produced into
long, prominent " horns" re^icliing O'l mm. beyond it. Tiiey have
two apertures, one terminal, the other lateral and just above the
hydrothe&a margin. The cauline nematophores, of which there
are two on each hyth-oclade-bearing intemode, one on a level with,
the other proximal to, the base of the hydi-oclade, are large, from
O'l to 0'2 mm. in height, and triangular.

The colonies are of a rich dark brown colour which, however,
is almost lacking in the more delicate hydroclades.

The gonosome is not present.

The specimens here described, although they differ from
L. grandis (CLirke, 1879) in their unilateral mode of branching,
agi'ee so accurately with the minute structure of hydi'otheca and
branch as desciibed and figured by Vei-sluys (1899, p. 51), that
they have been referred to that species. The black gi-auulai-
pigment-cells observed by Nutting (1900) in the ccenosarc of
■L. grandis and L. clarkei are present in considei'able numbers in
my specimens. The branching here described is similar to that
of L. racemiferus of Allman (1883), but the specimens difler
in the greater length of the h3-droclades, the bulging shape
of the hydrotheeai, the number of marginal teeth (apparently only
five in Allman's figuies), and the presence of a distal iuternodal
septum. Allman does not mention the presence of cauline nemato-
phores in his species.

Loml'Uy. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands : depth 15 fathoms ;
30th July, 1904.

Lytocarpus crosslaxdi, sp. n. (Plate XXIV. fig. 11 ; Plate
XXVI. figs. 2, 3, 4.)

Colonies unbranched, springing from a creeping hydrorhiza
and attaining a height of about 15 mm. The stem is mono-
siphonic, divided into regular internodes 0'3 mm. in length,
except the proximal millimetre which is undi\-ided, and which is
separated from the remainder by a deep constriction sloping
downwards from posterior to anterior. The hydroclades, which
are boine on each intemode, are placed anteriorly on the stem
and are approximate and alternate. They are divided into regular
internodes 0'25 mm. long, each of which bears on its anteiior
surface a hydrotheca, and contains two septal ridges, one opposite
the inti-athecal ridge, the other under the lateral nematophores.
In no case was a third septum, between the other two, observed.

The hydrothecaj are closely approximated, and are marked in
front by a deep fold which brings the aperture into a vertical
position. The margin has anteriorly a strong, sliai-p, uptiu-ned
tooth and on each side a prominent lobe, while the interior is
divided into two regions by an intrathecal lidge projecting
forwarils from the internode about 0"5 mm. from the bottom. A
second stout inti-athecal ridge projects backwards into the hj-dro-
theca from between the mesial nematophore and the margin.

Phoc. ZooL. Soc— 1907, No. XXXV. 35

d 511

[66] MB. JAMES RITCHIE ON HYDROIDS [May 28,

The mesial nematophore is long (almost 0'3 mm.), reaching-
O'Oo mm. above the level of the hydrathecal margin, adnata for
little more than half its length, and with two apertures. The
supracalycine nematophores are divergent, long and tubular,
inclined at an angle similar to that of the mesial nematophore.
and rising a short distance above the margin of the hydrotheca,
to which they are adnate. On each stem-internode there are two
triangular nematophores, one proximal, the other distal to the
base of the hydroclade, while the ba,se itself bears anteriorly a
tubular nematophore.

Gonosome. — The gonangia aie borne on modified recurveil
hydrocladia, divided into al)0iit ten short internodes, the proximal
bearing a hydrotheca, which is replaced on the following two or
three internodes by a gonangium. Each of the remaining inter-
nodes bears one or two divergent tubular nematophores, each with
two aj^ertures, one terminal, the other in the angle formed between
nematophore and internode. The gonangia are almost circular,
and are much compressed. As many as twenty-two gonangia on
eight phylactocarps wei-e counted on one specimen. The arrange-
ment of the nematophores on the phylactocarp suggests that which
occui'S in connection with the hydrotheca?, two divergent nemato-
phores frequently occurring at the same level and beneath them
a single mesial nematophore.

Locality. Growing on a leaf found in a bottle containing
tunicates from Mattiota, St. Vincent Harbour.

The trophosome of the present species is almost identical with
that of Aglaophenia plumosa Bale (1884), but there the recurved
gonangial pinna bears " 15-20 pairs of alternate pinnules," these
again bearing the nematophores which are arranged diffei'ently
from those in the specimen before me, the whole structui'e forming
a corbula.

List of Literature cited.
Alder, J., 1859. — "Description of two new Species of Sertularian

Zooph>-tes, found on the coast of Northumberland " ; Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. iii.
Allmas, G. J., 1864. — "Notes on the Hydroida"; ibid. 3rd ser.

vol. siv.
Allmax. G. J., 1871, 1872. — A Monogi-aph of the Gymnobla-stic

or Tubularian Hydroids. Ray Society. London.
Allmas, G. J., 1877. — " Report on the H^-droida collected during

the exploration of the Gulf Stream." Harvard Mus. Zool.

Mem. 5.
Ai.lmax, G. J., 1883.— " Report on the Plumularians." 'Chal-
lenger' Expedition, Sci. Reports, Zool., vol. vii.
Allman, G. J,, 1888.—" Report on the Hydioids," Part II. ; ibid.

vol. xxiii.
Bale, W. M., 1884. — A Catiilogue of the Australian Hyilroid

Zoophytes. Sydney.
Benedex, p. J. VAX, 1844. — " Recherches sur I'Embr^yogenie des

Tubulaires"; Nouv. Mem. de I'Acad. de Brux., tome xvii.
Billard, a., 1904. — "Contributions a I'etude des HydroJdes";

Ann. des Sci. Nat. ser. 8, vol. xx,
512

1907.J FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [67]

BiLLARD, A., 1906. — "Hydroides: Mission des Pt-clieries de la

Cote Occideutale d'Afrique " ; Actes Soc. Linn, de Bordeaux,

vol. Ixi.
BiLLARD, A., 1907. — Hydroides : Expeditions scientifiques dii

' Ti-availleur' et du ' Talisman,' tome ^'iii.
Clarke, S. F., 1879.— Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., vol. v.

no. 10.
Delage, Y., 1901. — Traite de Zoologie Concrete, tome ii. part. 2.

Les Ccelenteres.
Ehrexberg, C. G., 1832. — "Beitrag zur phys. Keuntniss der

Corallenthiere im Allgemeinen und besonderes des Rothen

Meeres"; Abh. der Berlin. Akad.
Ellis, J., <fe Solaxder, D., 1786. — The Natural History of many

curious and uncommon Zoophj'tes collected from various parts

of the Globe. London.
Fowler, G. H., 1 900. — The Hydromedu.sje : in ' A Treatise on

Zoolog}',' edited by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Part II.
HaRtlaub, Cl., 1905. — "Die Hydroiden der magalhaenischen

Region und chilienischen Kiiste " ; in Fauna Chilensis —

Suppl. vi. to Zoolog. Jalu'biieher.
Hassall, a. H., 1852. — Trans. Micr. Soc. vol. iii.
Hixcks, T., 1863. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xi.
HiNCKS, T., \8C,6.—Ibid. vol. xviii.
HiscKS, T., 1868. — A History of the British Hydroid Zoophj-tes^

London.
JoHXSTOs, G., 1838. — A History of British Zoophytes.

Edinburgh.
Kirchespauer, G. H., 1864. — " Ueber neue Sertulariden." Acta

Ac. German, xxxi. pp. 1-16.
Lamarck, J. de, 1816. — Histoire naturelle des animaux .sans

vertcbres, vol. ii. Paris.
Lixji^us, 1758. — Systema Natura», ed. 10.
LovEN, S., 1835. — " Bidrag till kiinnedomen af slfegterna Cam-

pannlaria och ^yncoryna " ; Handl. Svensk. Akad. Stockholm.
McChady, J., 1857. — Proc. Elliott Society, April 1857.
NuTTiKG, C. C, 1900. — "American Hydroids." Parti. Plumu-

laridas ; in Special Bull. Smithsonian Institution.
NuTTiXG, C. C, I90i.— Ibid. Part II. Sertularida-. Hid.
PiCTET, C, 1893. — "Etude sur les Hydraires de la Baie

d'Amboine " ; Rev. Suisse Zool. vol. i.
QuELCH, J. J., 1885. — "Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa";

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. xvi.
Ritchie, J., 1907. — " Hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic

Expedition"; Trans. Ro}'. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. xlv. part 2.
Sars, M., 1851. — "Beretning om en Zoolog.-Reise in Lofoten og

Finmarken " ; Nyt Mag. Naturvid. vol. vi.
Thorselt, Laura R., 1904. — "Hydroida"; in Report on the

Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, by Prof. Herd-
man, F.R.S. Suppl. Rep. vol. viii. Roya Soc. London.
Versluys, J., 1892. — " Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueilles dans

la mer des Antilles"; Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France,
tome xii.

35*

513

[68] ON HYDROIDS FROM THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. [May 28.

Warre??, E., 1906. — "On Tuhularia solitaria, sp. n., a hydroid
from the Xatal Coast " ; Annals of the Natal Gov. Mus.,
vol. i. part 1.

Weismaxn, a., 1883. — Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den
Hydromedusen. Jena.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plaib XXIII.
Fig. 1. Coryne (?) duhium, sp. n. A complete colony to show abundance of
brandling. X 4. (p. 491.)

2. Coryne (?) dubium, sp. n. Fragment, showing polj-ps and origin of

branches. X 30. (p. 491.)

3. Campamdaria mutabilis, sp. n. Specimen from St. Vincent, with

regenerated margin. X 20. (p. 504.)

4. Campanularia mtttabilis, sp. n. Specimen from St. Vincent, showing

asj-mmetry. X 20. (p, 504.)
3. Campamdaria mufabUis, sp. n. Specimen from Porto Praya. X 20.
(p. 504.)

6. Si/draetinia verdi, sp. n. Portion of colony with polyps in various states

of contraction. X 20. (p. 498.)

7. Ht/dractinia verdi, sp. n. Reproductive person bearing gonophores with

ova. X 50. (p. 498.)

8. Fodocoryne anechinata, sp. n. Portion of colony with nutritive and repro-

ductive person. X circ. 30. (p. 499.)

9. Podocori/ne anechinata, ill. o. Me<lusoid before it is set free. X90. (p. 439.)

10. Podocoryne anechinata, sp. n. Chitinous tubes forminj mesh-like basal

expansion. X 25. (p. 499.)

11. Ophiodes caciniformis, sp. n. Colonies creeping upon ftagment of worm-

tube. Nat. size. (p. 500.)

12. Ophioits caciniformis, sp. n. General structure of colony. X 15. (p. 500.)

Plate XXIV.
Fig. 1. Ophiodes caciniformis, sp. u. Hydrauth, hydrotheca nematophore, &c. X 40.
(p. 500.)

2. Serlularia versltit/si Nutt. Claster of colonies. Nat. size. (p. 505.)

3. „ „ Fragment of colony showing arrangement of

branches. X 14. (p. 505.)
i. „ „ Hydrothecte from front. X 50. (p. 505.)

5. „ „ Hydrothecse from side. X 50. (p. 605.)

6. „ „ Gonangia. X 25. (p. 603.)

7. Afflaophenia marginata, sp. n. Colonies. Slightlv reduced, (p. 509.)

8. „ „ Hvdrotheca?. X 60. (p. 509.)
y. „ „ Corbula. X 40. (p. 509.)

10. „ „ Leaf of corbula. X 70. (p. 309.)

11. Lj/tocarpus crosslandi, sp. n. Colonies on leaf. Nat. size. (p. 611 .)

Plate XXV.

Fig. 1. Lytocarpits ffrandis, var. unilateralis, var. n. Fragment of colony showing
mode of branching. Nat. size. (p. 510.)

2. Lvtocarpus gratidis, var. unilateralis, var. n. Hydrothecse from base of a

hydroclade. X 50. (p. 510.)

3. Lytocarpus grandis, var. unilateralis, var. n. Hydrothecse from tip of a

hydroclade. X 50. (p. 510.)

4. Monosttechas guadridens (McCrady). Showing cjTUe-like origin of stem-

intemodes. X 20. (p. 508.)

5. Ophiodes caciniformis, sp. n. Protruded nematocyst. X 700. (p. 501.)

Plate XXVL
Fig. 1. Soleniopsis dendriformis, gen. et sp. nov. Colony. Nat. size. (p. 495.)

2. Li/tocarpus crosslandi, sp. u. Phvlactocarp, with siugle gonangiam.

(p. 511.;

3. „ „ Phvlactocarp. X 45. (p. 511.)

4. „ „ Hydrothecae. X 60. (p. 511.)

5. Serlnlaria leemmarginata, sp. n. Colonies on a leaf. Nat. size. (p. 507.)

6. „ HvdiothecsB. X 60. (p. 507.)
514

p.z.s. 1907. pi.xxm.

Jas Pj-tchie , iei. Louden Steoossopio Ca i-np

IIYDHOIDS rP,OM CAPE YERDE ISLANDS ^

P.Z.S. 1907. Pl.XKI^'^

fffjfft

Jas . lUtclue . del. I'"^" St«™..«i..« Ce ..p

HYDROIDS PROM CAPE VERDE ISLANDS .

P.Z.S.1807. Pl.XXY

JtiS Rj-tchie. del.

London StereoEcopic Ca imp

HYDRO IDS FROM CAPE YEE.DE ISLANDS

P.Z.S. 1907. Pl.XXVl

HYDB.01DS IROM CAPE YERDE ISLANDS

69

XI. A large Tuhularian (Tubularia regalis, Boeck) from. tlie.
Moray Firth. By Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, M.A.

(Read 16tli December 1907.)

On '-!3rd March 1907, the " Goldseeker," engaged in the
international scientitic exploration of the Xorth Sea,
dredged from a depth of 39 fathoms in the Moray Firth
(58° N., 2° 38' W.) a magnificent colony of a species of
Tuhularia, which seems to be an addition to the list of
British Hydroids. Through the kindness of Prof. D'Arcy
W. Thompson, C.B., I obtained the specimen for exam-
ination, and my conclusion is that it is referable to
Tuhularia regalis, described in 1859 from Spitzbergen by
Chr. Boeck.

The beautiful cluster of polyps is about a foot in height,
and strikes one at once as larger and more substantial than
similar clusters of the common Tuhularia indivisa, which it
resembles in general colouring. The height of a single hydro-
caulus, measured apart from the interlaced tangle at the
base, varies from 7-10 inches, and to this the large hydranth
may add nearly another inch (20-22 mm.). The breadth of
the hydrocaulus is about 3 mm., and the largest hydranth
at its broadest part has, in the contracted preserved state,
a width of about 20 mm. There are 12-15 longitudinal
lines on the clear perisarc, corresponding to vermilion lines
on the ccenosarc which shine through.

There are 32-36 proximal tentacles from 12-22 mm. in
length, and the maximum spread of the tentacles, measured
along a diameter of the circle which they form, is about
60 mm. The distal tentacles form a dense brush, consisting
of several close tiers around the mouth. From 76 to 92
were counted on various hydranths. Each distal tentacle
is about 4 mm. in length, 0'4 mm. across the base, tapering
to 0-1 mm. at the tip.

Immediately above the bases of the proximal tentacles,
12 to 14 unbranched blastostyles or pendulous racemes

70

of gonophores are inserted. They hang down, regularly
interpolated, among the proximal tentacles, which they
equal in length (12-22 mm.). On several of these pendulous
racemes, 48 gonophores were counted. The gonophores are
oval in form, with average diameters of 1 mm. and 2 mm.
Some of them show a very long spadix, but there is no
trace of radial canals.

The question of present interest is. To which species of
T^ihularia does this magnificent Moray Firth specimen
belong ? We may at once dismiss the small species, such
as T. larynx and T. hellis, and confine our attention to those
which are often or usually over 6 inches in length, namely,
T. regalis, Boeck, T. indivisa, L., T. variabilis, Bonnevie, and
T. insignis, All man.

Taking the last first, we find that, according to Allman,
the hydrocaulus of T. insignis attains a height of 7
inches or more. Indeed, the monographer notes that " it
far surpasses in size every British representative of the
genus." But the hydrocaulus of our Moray Firth specimen
may attain a height of 10 inches. The hydranth of T.
insignis (which was found at Dieppe) was about half an
inch in height from base to summit, but several hydranths
in our specimen originally stood up for nearly an inch. We
mention these facts to emphasise the large dimensions of our
specimen. We need not, however, delay over T. insignis,
for besides difl'eriiig markedly as regard its tentacles, it is
removed from any close systematic proximity to our
specimen by more important differences relating to the
blastostyles. In T. insignis the blastostyles are " in six
or seven imbricated verticels, with about twenty in each
verticel, not pendulous," whereas our specimen has 12 to
l-t pendulous blastostyles.

The next on the list is the large T. variabilis, Bonnevie,
which has a height of 100-300 mm., distinct longitudinal
striping, 25-35 proximal tentacles (15-20 mm. in length),
10-20 blastostyles (20 mm. in length), and is thus in many
respects like our specimen. But it again may be left out of
account, since its gonophores are characterised by 3-G high
external ribs corresponding to a similar variable number of

71

radial canals, whereas the goiiophores of our specimen have
no ribs and show no radial canals. Por similar reasons, we
need not consider either T. asi/mmetrica, Bonnevie, or
T. obliqua, Bonnevie, which have rudimentary tentacles on
the gonophores.

Is it then possible that the Moray Firth specimen is
simply a very large and luxuriant representative of the
common T. indivisa, perhaps like the vaguely known
1\ giyantea of Lamouroux, which attained a height of 12-15
inches, and was regarded by Allman as " probably only a
large form of T. indivisa " ? If the radial canals are absent
from the gonophores of the Moray Firth specimen, as they
appear to be, then it cannot be identified with T. indivisa,
whose gonophores have four radial canals ; but it seems
undesirable to press this point, since our specimen has not
been adequately fixed. The difficulty of deciding whether
our .specimen is or is not referable to T. indivisa is com-
plicated by the fact that there are considerable differences
between Allman's and Hiiicks's descriptions. The real
difficulty is that we cannot judge aS to the specific value of
numerical and quantitative differences without examining
a large number of specimens, which we have not, as yet,
been able to do.

It may be pointed out that the difference between
Allman's " 40 distal tentacles " and our 76-92 is very
considerable, but Hincks simply says " very numerous."
Similarly, the difference between Allman's "3 or 4 pendulous
racemes of gonophores" and our 14 is also very considerable,
but again Hincks says "numerous." On the whole, however,
the numerical and quantitative differences seem to warrant us
in separating our specimen from T. indivisa, and it seems to
us that it should be referred to Boeck's Spitzbergen species,
T. regalis.

In contrasting T. indivisa and T. regalis. Miss Bonnevie
notes that the former has 4 radial canals on its gonophores,
while the latter has none; that the former has 20-30
proximal tentacles, about 10 mm. in length, while the latter
has 20-30, 20-40 mm. in length; that the former has 3-10
blastostyles, while the latter has 10-20, 35 mm. in length.

72

Our specimen resembles T. regalis (1) in having bright
red longitudinal lines on the ccenosarc, which are seen
shining through the clear perisarc; (2) in the breadth of
the hydrocaulus (3 mm.) ; (3) in the great height and breadth
of the hydranth ; (4) in the length of the proximal tentacles
(up to 22 mm.) ; (5) in the length of the distal tentacles
(3-4 mm.) ; (6) in the shape and arrangement and length
of the blastostyles ; (7) in the long spadix within the
gonophores ; and (8) in showing no trace of radial
canals.

Our specimen differs from T. regalis, as described by
Boeck, (1) in having 32-36 proximal tentacles instead of 28,
but Bonnevie says 20-30 ; (2) in having shorter proximal
tentacles and blastosyles, 12-22 mm. instead of 42-45 mm.,
but Bonnevie gives 20-40 mm. as the length of the tentacles
and 35 mm. as the length of the blastostyles. It should
also be noted that our specimen was considerably contracted
by preservation before the measurements were taken.
Boeck figured the blastostyles as if they stood up
vertically, but AUman pointed out that this position is
impossible.

Before giving a tabular comparison, which will show the
resemblances and differences at a glance, we may supplement
the di scriptions of T. regalis by a reference to the hydro-
rhiza, which was absent in the specimens obtained by the
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, and was left un-
noticed by Boeck. As Miss Bonnevie supposed, the lower
part of the hydrocaulus is composite, as in T. indivisa. The
stems are twisted together in a tangle at the base. It may
also be noted that one hydrocaulus bears a small barnacle,
Scalpellum vulgarc.

73

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74

The results of this short note on a very beautiful specimen
may be summed up in a sentence. There exists in the
Moray Firth a large species of Tuhularia, differing con-
siderably from the familiar T. indivisa, and closely re-
sembling T. regalis; if it be referred to the latter, as
seems justifiable, a new record is made for British waters,
and a distinctively northern form, previously recorded
from near Spitzbergen and from far to the north of
Norway, is shown to have an interesting extension of its
range southwards.

Eeferences to Literature.

BoECK, Chr., Om Tuljularia regalis, en nv Art fra Belsund

paa Spitsbergen. Fwhandlingar i Videnskabs Selskahet i

Christiania, 1859, pp. 114-117, 1 plate.
HiNCKS, Th., a History of British Hydroid Zoophytes.

London, 1868 (see pp. 114-118).
Allmax, G. J., A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Hydroids.

Ray Society, London, 1872 (see pp. 398).
BoNNEViE, Kbistixe, Hydroida — 2'he Korvegia7i Xorth-Atlantic

Expedition, 187C-78, vol. vii., Christiania (1899), pp. 100,

8 pis. (see pp. 25 and 27, PI. I. fig. 5).

75

XVII. Note on a Large Antipatharian from the Fccroes.
[Plate XI.] By Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, M.A.

(Read 24th February 1908.)

In the summer of 1907 I obtained from Mr George Sim,
Aberdeen, a remarkable specimen which had been brought
in by a trawler " from the north-east of the FaToe Islands."
It was lemarkable in being an Antipatharian, for the
occurrence of a representative of this order in northern
waters near Britain was, to say the least, unexpected. It
was remarkable in the second place, because of its huge
size, for it stood over a yard in height. I wish to take
this opportunity of thanking Mr Sim ior his kindness in
allowing me to have this interesting specimen for the
University jMuseuni. This is indeed but a minor instance
of the disinterested way in which the indefatigable and
learned author of The Vertebrate Fauna of Bee has placed
valuable material, as well as knowledge, at the service of
scientific workers in many departments of Zoology. A
word of appreciation may also be permitted in reference
to the sagacity of the fisherman who recognised that the
Antipatharian was "something new," and took the trouble
to bring the large specimen home.

The specimen stands 3 ft. 2i ins. high, and consists of
a substantial main stem with more than half a dozen strong
branches. It is attached by a broad base (IJ ins. x li ins.)
to a stone which measures 9 x 7 X 3A ins. and weighs several
pounds, so that all thought of the specimen having been
washed from elsewhere is out of the question. The main
stem has for the greater part of its length a diameter of
about 8 mm., and its section shows the well-known char-
acteristics of "black coral." Five branches which remain
fairly complete attain a very considerable length, the longest
being almost as long as the main stem (2 It. 8 ins.). It
should be noted that the intact specimen must have been
much more than a yard in height, ibr the main stem is
broken off while still showing a diameter of about 7 mm.

76

There have been at least eight fairly strong primary branches,
arising irregularly and at various angles from the main
stem, and one of these which was broken off, and was
heavily weighted with large clusters of barnacles {Scalpellum
Tulgare), had an irregularly elliptical section, about 8 mm.
by 6 mm. From the strong primary branches a few
secondary branches arise, and all the branches bear very
numerous twigs or pinnules, with which the main stem was
also beset, as the more or less broken stumps plainly show.
The twigs or pinnules arise on all sides of the primary and
secondary branches in somewhat irregular vertical rows.
They arise for the most part at right angles, and in some
parts there are rather vague indications of six vertical
rows. As many as forty-eight pinnules may occur on a
centimetre, and thus a dense bottle-brush appearance
results. The twigs or pinnules have a thread-like axis
(018 mm. in diameter), and stand out stifHy, but they are
as flexible as a fencing-foil.

Only a few spines were seen on the branches, but they
occur in typical abundance on the delicate twigs. Three
rows are fully visible on one aspect, and there are actually
six vertical rows. These spines are minute, fairly sharp
triangles, curved slightly upwards and not closely appressed.
In many cases they project for 0'09 mm., but they are not
all of the same size. Those observed on the branches are
larger but lower than those on the pinnules, and even on
the same pinnule there is some inequality. The distance
between two adjacent spines on a vertical row varies from
0"o to 0"75 mm., and is by no means regular.

The reason for these details will be obvious wheu I
mention the unfortunate fact that not a word can be said
in regard to the polyps of this interesting specimen. When
it came into my hands, it showed abundant remains of the
ccenenchyma, but no definite trace of any of the polyps
could be found. Two or three of the best pieces were
immediately fixed, but they only showed that the polyps
were hopelessly decomposed. This is peculiarly unfortun-
ate, because it is very difficult to identify an Antipatharian
apart from its polyps.

77

In the absence of any polyps, I could not do more than
give close attention to the mode of branching, the arrange-
ment of the twigs, and the disposition and character of
the spines. By comparing the Fteroe specimens with
others, and by following a method of exclusion, I have
convinced myself that it is referable to the well-known
Mediterranean species — Parantipathes larix (Esper), see
Brook (1889, p. 142). If this conclusion is correct, the
occurrence of this species to "the northeast of the Fseroe
Islands " is of great interest, which is increased by Professor
Hickson's record (1907) that Parantipathes larix was col-
lected by the "Huxle)'" from the north side of the Bay
of Biscay in August 1906.

Eecognising the scientific responsibility of stating that
a well-known Mediterranean species occurs in such high
latitudes as north-east of the Faroes, I have carefully
considered all the Antipatharians in Brook's "Challenger"
Eeport and in subsequent publications, and I find that,
apart from ParoMtipatJies lai-ix, there is only one other Anti-
patharian which the Faroe specimen resembles in any
marked degree, and that is Taxipathes recta, Brook (1889,
p. 156), which is only known by a single specimen, obtained
off Ascension. That this species cannot include the Faroe
specimen might perhaps be inferred from the distribution,
but as that is a dangerous way of arguing, I may point
out that, while Tao:ipathes recta resembles Parantipathes
larix and our specimen in certain respects, e.g., in having
the same kind of delicate simple pinnules arranged in a
brush in six vertical rows, it may be left out of considera-
tion because of its extremely stiff rectangular branching,
its rigid and absolutely regular pinnules (only 18 to 21
to a centimetre, moreover), and its spinulation (with four
vertical rows of spines on one aspect). It need hardly
be said that the presence of even a few polyps would
have obviated even a minute's consideration of whether
the form in question was referable to the Schizopathinje,
among which Taxipnthes is included, or to the Antipathinse,
among which Parantipiathes is included.

The real difficulty in regard to the specimen from the

78

Fseroes is that it cannot be regarded as a typical repre-
sentative of the species to which it seems most reasonably
referable, namely Parantipathes larir. It diti'ers from the
type in having several branches from the main stem, in
not having the pinnules of a row strictly in one plane, in
having more numerous pinnules (over 20 in three cm.
of one vertical row, instead of about 11), and in hav-
ing flexible, not " rigid," pinnules. But in Brook's detailed
description it is stated that the pinnules of a row are
"almost in one plane," and we may also note that the
pinnules of a fine specimen of Parantipathes larix from
Naples, are anything but rigid in the sense that an icicle
is rigid. They are flexible like a foil.

Our specimen agrees with Parantipathes larix in having
the pinnules in six vertical rows (though these are decidedly
irregular), in having six pinnules to one revolution of the
axis, in showing three longitudinal rows of spines on one
aspect of a pinnule, and in having similar spines not
uniform in size. "We have compared a pinnule of a Naples
specimen with a pinnule from the Faeroes specimen, and
we find them practically identical. Therefore we conclude
that the Fieroes specimen is referable to P. lariv, although
it deviates from the type in certain respects, such as
branching. The deviations may be growth-reactions to a
very different environment.

We make no apology for entering into details on this
subject of specific identification, for in all such questions
one is only too apt to err in the opposite extreme. At
first sight it seemed impossible to identity the weathered
specimen from the Faeroes with a perfectly preserved
specimen from Naples, yet we think that this is necessary.
This means that Brook's description of the species as («)
with stem "simple or rarely branched near apex," {b)
with pinnules in six planes, and (c) with pinnules rigid,
about 11 in each vertical row for 3 cm., requires to be
modified in regard to each of these points. When we
think of plants, e.(/., forms like " Shepherd's Purse " and
" Whitlow Grass," to which the ramose colonial Ccelentera
are in so many ways comparable, or when we think of

79

many of the hydroids, we can well understand that
divergences in regard to growth-characters are to be
expected between representatives of the same species of
Antipatharian, living in growth-conditions so diverse as
those aflbrded by the relatively sheltered Mediterranean
and the stormy seas to the north-east of the Fteroes.

In discussing North Atlantic Antipathariaus, Brook noted
that "Antipathes (?) ardica, Liitken, is apparently the only
species which has been obtained north of latitude 47° N. ;
it has been obtained on two occasions off the coast of
Greenland. The occurrence of Cirripathes spiralis (Linn.)
off the coast of Norway appears to me very doubtful, and
requires confirmation before the species can be admitted into
the above list " (Challenger Report, xxxii., 1889, p. 182).

On this statement three notes may be made : —

(1) Liitken's remarkable species, Antipathes ardica, from

North Greenland, bears no resemblance to the
specimen from the Fajroes.

(2) The Faroes lie between 61° and 62° N., which is

far to the north of the 47° which Brook mentioned
as the highest latitude known for any North Atlantic
Antipatharian except Liitken's species.

In 1905 Prof. Hickson recorded the occurrence of
three Antipatharians from the West Coast of Ireland
(about 53"" and 54° N.), but these forms have not been
reported on as yet.

(3) The three Antipatharians recorded by Prof. Hickson

from the north of tlie Bay of Biscay, namely —

Siichopathes spiralis, Pourtales, Parantipathes larix,

Esper, and Schizopathcs crassa, Brook, were not

obtained from higher latitude than 48° 7' N. Six

specimens of P. larix were obtained from latitude

48° r N, longitude 8° 13' W., 412 fathoms. They

varied in length from 225 mm. to ;525 mm., and

were therefore small in comparison to the Fieroes

specimen.

Of other definite records of Parantipathes larix I have

not been able to find more than the following: — («) in

1896 Prof. L. Pioule dredged this species in the Bay of

80

Biscay from a great depth (1220 metres) ; (b) His Serene
Highness the Prince of Monaco collected this species
(1S86-1902) from four stations, of which the farthest north
was 43° 57', while the nearest the equator was 15° 17' N.
The inference seems to be that the distribution of Paranti-
pathes larix is remarkably widespread. It is interesting
to notice that in three of the four specimens dredged by
the Prince of Monaco the polyps were absent, as in our
specimen.

Summary.

A large Antipatharian, over a yard in height, consisting
of a strong main stem with several long branches, was
trawled to the north-east of the Fseroe Islands. Numerous
filiform pinnules, arranged in six irregular rows, give the
branches a bottle-brush appearance. The pinnules bear
six vertical rows of minute triangular spines. For these
reasons the specimen is referred to Parantipathes lario:
(Esper), and the reference involves a slight modification
of the diagnosis of the species, as well as a great extension
of its previously recorded range of distribution.

Eeferences.

1788-1790. Esper, E. J. C, Die Pflanzenthiere. Niirnberg.

1865. Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, Memoire sur les Anti-
pathaires (gen. Antipathes), Annates des Sciences
Xaturelle, Zoologie, ser. 5, vol. iv. pp. 1-61, 4 pis.

1871. LuTKEX, C. P., Antipathes arctica, en ny sort koral fra
Polar havet, Oversigt K. Danske Vidensk. Sehkahs
Forhandl, pp. 18-26, 3 figs. Also Ann. Mag. Nat.
Bist., ser. 4, vol. x. pp. 77-83.

1889. Brook, G., Antipatharia, Report on the Scientific
Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger., vol.
xxxii. p. 142.

1896. RouLE, L.. Ccelenteres, Resiiltats scientifiques de la
Campagne du Caudan dans le Golfe de Gascogne,
Annates de t'Universite de Lyon, xxvii. p. 199.

81

1905. RouLE, L., Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accom-
plies sur son yacht par Albert /"• Prince Souverain
de Monaco, Fascicule xxx. Description des Anti-
pathaires et Cerianthaires Hecueillis par S.A.S. le
Prince de Monaco dans I'Allantique Word (1886-1902),
p. 75.

1905. HiCKSON, S. J., Remarkable Ccelenterata from the
West Coast of Ireland, Nature, Ixxiii. p. 5.
See also " Report on Sea and Inland Fisheries of
Ireland for 1905."

1907. HiCKsoN, S. J., The Alcyonaria, Antipatharia, and
Madrepoi'aria collected by the " Huxley " from the
north side of the Bay of Biscay in August 1906,
Joitr. Marine Biol. Association, viii., No. 1, p. 10.

Explanation of Plate.

The large figure represents the complete colony of Farantipathes larix ; the
inset a portion of a branch showing pinnules.

AVTII'ATHAlllAX FKOM K.I^ROKS.

[^Extracted from the Linnean Society's Journal — Zoology,
vol. xxxi. November 1908, pp. 48-75.]

REPORTS ON THE MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE
SUDANESE RED SEA.

VIII. THE ALCYONARIANS.

BY

Prof. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A..

AND

Mr. JAMES M. McQUEEN, M.A., B.Sc,

CNIVERSITT OF ABBRDKKN.

88 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

Reports on the Marine Biology o£ the Sudanese Red Sea. — VIII. The
Alcyonarians. By Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., and Mr. James
M. McQueen, M.A., B.Sc, University of Aberdeen. (Communicated
hy Professor Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S., President.)

(Plates 5-8 aud 4 Text-figures.)

[Read 5th December, 1907.]

This collection of Alcyonarians was made in 1906 by Mr. Cj-ril Crossland,
M.A., B.Sc, on and off the shores of the Red Sea, in the course of his
investigation of the Sudanese marine fauna. The localities where he
collected were : — Suakim, Khor Dongola, Mersa Makdah, Shubuk, Matala,
Etuleh, Wadi Lehama, Kal el Kebira, Shab Baya, Rawaya, and Agig.
The indefatigable collector has furnished us with a few notes as to the colour

o

of some of the living animals.

The collection includes the following 26 species : —

I. Stolonifeba.

Clavidtiria pitlchra, Thomson and Henderson.
Sympodium fulvum (ForskSl) .
Tubipora purpurea, Pallas.

II. Alcyonacea.

Xenia umbeliata, Lamarck.
„ ccEndea, Ehrenberg.
,, fuscescins, Ehrenberg.
AUymiium spheerophorum (Ehrenberg).
Sarcophytum glaucum, Quoy et Gaimard.
Sclerophytum gardineri, Pratt.
„ querciforme, Pratt.

„ densum (Whitelegge).

Lithophytum arboreum, Forskal.
„ brassicum (May).

„ thyrsoides (Ehrenberg).

„ crosslandi, n. sp.

,, macrospindatum, n. sp.

Nephthya zanzibarensis, Thomson and Henderson.

„ albida (Holm).
Spmiyodes hemprkhi, Klunzinger.
„ hartmeyeri, Kiikenthal.

„ suesiana, n. sp.

„ pharonis, n. sp,

III. PSKUDAXONIA.

Melitodes coccinea (Ellis).

,, splendcns, n. sp.
Clathraria rubrinodis, Gray.

„ acuta, Gray.

[48]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEN REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANS, 89

Order I. STOLONIFERA, Hickson.
Clavularia pulchra, Thomson and Henderson (1906).

See J. Arthur Thomson and W. D. Henderson : " Alcyonaria of Zanzibar and British
East Africa from Collections made by Cyril Crossland," Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 405.

A large colony growing on a pearl-oyster shell and on the stone to which
the shell is attached.

The polyps, which arise from a strong basal membrane, are large and
substantial ; the body varies from 10 to 30 mm. in length, and from 2 to
3'5 mm. in breadth ; the tentacles are 5 to 10 mm. in length. There is a very
marked hypostome, about 1 mm. high. There are 28 pinnules on each side
of a tentacle, and they are for the most part very long and slender. In some
cases, however, they are almost wart-like. This diversity depends in this
case on the degree of contraction.

The whole surface of the colony glistens with calcareous rods ; the fol-
lowing measurements were taken of their length and breadth in milli-
metres :— 0-054 X 0-018 ; 009 x 0-02.

Locality. — Khor Dongola, 10 fathoms ; previously recorded from Zanzibar
shore,

Sympodicm fulvum (ForsMl).

= Lithophyton fiihum, ForskSl (1775).
Sympodium fuh-um, Ehreuberg (1884).
See W. May : " Beitrage zur Systematik und Chorologie der Alcyonaceen," Jenaische

Zeitschr. Naturwiss. xxxiii. (1899) p. 52.
W. Kiikenthal : " Ueber einige Korallenthiere des roten Meeres," Festschrift von

E. Haeckel, 1904, p. 41.

A large number of specimens seem to be referable to this species, the only
noteworthy difference from the type being that the general spicules of the
coenenchyma are not visible to the naked eye. A characteristic feature is the
armature of the polyp-body, which consists of eight double rows of spicules
arranged in chevron, and with some horizontally disposed spicules at the
bases of the rows. According to Kukenthal. this type should be referred to
Alcyo^imm.

Locality. — Very abundant about Matala Island in Khor Dongola, one of
the richest pearling shallows. Previously recorded from the Red Sea and
East Africa (Tumbatu).

TuBiPORA purpurea, Pallas.

The differences between alleged different species of Tuhipora remain in a
very unsatisfactory stage of definition. Emphasis has been laid, for instance,
oil the number of pinnule-rows. But our speeimen shows with equal clearness
polypes whose tentacles have a single row on each side, and polyps whose
tentacles have a double row on each side. The difference is in this case due

[49]

t.K) MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

to tbe (JifEerent degrees of contraction, and is therefore of no signifioanee.
We have referred the specimen to Pallas's species, T. purpurea. From this
ir does not seem to us that T. chamissonis can be separated.

Many of the polyps are crowded with spherical or nearly spherical repro-
ductive bodies, most of which show an internal cavity and a wall with several
layers of nuclei. The following measurements of diameters were taken in
millimetres: 0-0765 X 0-0765 ; 0-136x0-1445; 0-296x0-296; 0-323x0-32:^:
0-34x0-351. These will form the subject of subsequent study, along with
other bodies of a similar nature which occur in various Alcyonarians. They
are either young embryos or sperm-sacs.

Locality. — Outer edge of the reef (Shubuk). Previously recorded from
the Red Sea, from Zanzibar (as T. chamissonis), and from East Indies (as
T. chamissonis).

Order II. ALCYONACEA, Yerrill.

Xenia umbellata, Lamarck.

Numerous colonies with whilish-brown stems and chocolate-brown polyps.
Many of the groups are 50 mm. in height, the stem being about 30 mm.,
and the polyp-bearing region about 20 mm. A common size of polyp is
10-12 mm., the tentacles and the polyp-body being each 5-6 mm. in length.
The polyp-bodies and tentacles are thickly covered with glistening calcareous
corpu.scles. These are arranged in 8 very distinct longitudinal rows on the
polyp-body. Every here and there one observes what looks with low power
like a perforation about a millimetre in diameter and uith a perfectly
regular contour. These pore-like spots are dense colonies of zoochlorellfe.
There are on each side of the tentacles four rows of long pinnules, about 18-20
in each row. There are abundant ova.

While the description just given applies to a large number of colonies,
there are many others which differ markedly, e. g. in being much smaller, in
showing no spicules or almost none, in ha\-ing some reddish colour, in the
Qumber of rows of pinnules, in the total number of pinnules, and in the length
of the pinuides. After a careful examination of a large number of specimens,
we have come to the conclusion that these are all referable to a very variable
species.

A specimen from the outer part of Suakim Harbour has a peculiar reddish
colour, which Mr. Crossland noted as " not natural " ; but it may be recalled
that Klunzinger observed a rusty brown on the inner side of the tentacles.
In this specimen the body of the polyp is about 10 mm. in length ; the
tentacles are about 8 mm. in length ; there are slender, elongated, pointed
pinnules in 2-3 rows about 12 in each row. There are very abundant
zoochlorellse, and there is not the slightest trace of effervescence when the
polyp is dropped into dilute hydrochloric acid.

[50]

PROF. THOMSON AKD MR. McQUEEX — REPORT ON TflE ALCYONARIANS. 91

111 the living colonies there was considerable difiference in coloration : —
(a) whitish stems, bluish tentacles, grey pinnules ; (6) whitish-ljrown stems,
chocolate-brown polyps ; (c) whitish zooids, chocolate-brown tentacles.

Some of the colonies which seem referable to this variable species show
only two rows of pinnules on each side of the tentacles, and greatly elongated
tentacles ajipoar as if they only had one row. It was easy to find tentacles
with throe rows of 20 pinnules, or two rows of 30 pinnules. This matter of
rows of pinnules is a very untrustworthy and useless character. Young polyps
occur at the bases of those fully-formed, and show various stages from
minute zooid-like buds on which no tentacles are visible with low power, to
small forms with distinct tentacles and pinnules, but only about a tenth the
>ize of the ordinary polyps. Over and over again we have thought for a
time that we had to do with a clear case of dimorphism of zooids, but further
examination has shown that there were transitions between minute polyps
showing HO tentacles and others not much larger which exhibited them.
Moreover, in colonies apparently identical in every other respect with those
showing minute zooids without tentacles, no such zooids could be found.

Localities.— Yariom parts of Siiakim Harbour, 1-2 fathoms. Previously
recorded from Red Sea, Mozambiq^ue, Tumbatu, Zanzibar, Ceylon, Paciiic
Ocean (New Britain).

Xe\IA c.erulea, Ehrenherg.

A small specimen growing on a coral fragment presents some difficulty.
The polyps are about 3*5 mm. in height, the tentacles are about the same.
On each side of the tentacle there are 16-20 pinnules, in 2-3 rows or in one.
The two lowest pinnules are small, but it cannot be said that there are
two kinds of pinnules. The extended pinnules are elongated, .slender, and
pointed.

The tentacles and the bodies of the polyps show large numbers of zoochlorella?-
I n some cases the colour remained bright green. Under low power the surface
liad a glistening appearance, as i£ dusted with refractive particles. These are
/.ooeh'orellse, not spicules. The calcareous corpuscles are very minute and by
no means abundant. The siiecimen may be referred to Ehrenberg'.s X. cwrulea,
or, what comes almost to the same thing, it may be regarded as a dwarf
variety of A'. umbeUata *. In another specimen the number of pinnules on
each side was 2-4 in two rows, tlie whole surface glistened with zoochlorelly,
and no effervescence was seen when the polyp was placed in dilute acid.

Locality. — Off S.E. corner of Shubuk, 9 fathoms : bottom of coarse sand,
shells, and coral. Etuleh shoals in Suez Bay.

• It seems certain tlint A'. timMlata, Liinmrck, X.fuscescem, Ehrenberg, and X. c<Bru!ea
l',hrenberg, are very closely related. It may be necessary eventually to unite them in ouc
variable species.

[51]

92 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA

Xema ruscBSCENS, Ehrenherg.

Several colonies, showing two sizes of zooids, are referable to this species,
which is closely related to A', itmbellata, Savigny.

The larger zooids have bodies up to 18 mm. in length, with tentacles about
half as long. There are about 40 long slender pinnules on each side, in two
rows. There are abundant zoochlorellae.

The small zooids are 2-4 mm. in height. They show minute tentacles, but
no pinnules.

Locality. — Suakim Harbour, ^ fathom. Previously recorded from the Red
Sea, Zanzibar.

Alcyonium sph^rophorum [Ehrenherg).
See C. B. Klunzinger : Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres, Part I. Die Alcyonarien,
etc., 1877, p. 22.
W. May, 1899, he. cit. p. 105.

The collection includes numerous specimens o£ this common species. In
their mode of growth they more nearly resemble A. pachydados, but their
spicules are nearest those of ^1. sphcerophorum. We see no reason for
regarding these as distinct species, and we would suggest the incorporation of
the former in the latter.

We are inclined to think that A. globuliferum, Klunzinger, A. digitulatum,
Klunzinger, and A. brarhydados, Ehrenherg, should be referred, along with
A. padiydados, to one species — ^4. sp>hwrophorum. As described and figured,
they do not seem to us to differ in more than slight quantitative characters,
which are probably not more than individual fluctuations. The specimens
here referred to A. splicerophorum furnish all the kinds of spicules figured as
distinctive of A. globuliferum, A. digitulatum, and A. brachydados, though the
most prevalent agree with those figured as distinctive of A. sphwrophorum.
The colour of the li^ang specimens was " like weak cocoa " with " chocolate "
tentacles. This corresponds with Ehrenberg's " polypis fuscis."

Twelve species of Alcyonium have been reported from the Red Sea ; but
there is no doubt that the list will have to be much reduced.

Locality. — From the coral shoal of Kal el Kebirain Suez Bay. Previously
recorded from Red Sea, Madagascar.

Sarcophytum glaucum, Quoy et Gaimard. (Plate 5. fig- 5.)
See E. von Marenzeller : " Ueber die Sarcophytuyn benannten Alcyoniiden," Zool.
Jahrb. i. (1S86) p. 352, Taf. ix. figs. 1 & 2.

The collection includes several specimens of this species.

A typical colony consists of a stout trunk, 1-5 cm. high by 47 cm. broad,
somewhat concealed bj' the overhanging much folded lobes of the capitulum.
The upper surface of the capitulum is about ll'O cm. in breadth, and the
appearance presented by the convoluted and dovetailed lobes has been
compared to that of a Meandrine Coral.

[p2]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEN REPORT ON THE ALCTONARIA.NS. 93

The autozooids are large and well-marked. Towards the periphery of the
capituluin they are closely aggregated in rows parallel to the free border,
the individuals of adjacent rows alternating. Towards the centre of the
capitulum they become sparser. A converse distribution of the siphonozooids
is to be noted.

Tow^ards the centre the siphonozooids are very numerous ; as many as C
to 13 can be counted in a straight line between two adjacent autozooids :
peripherally only 1 to 3.

The spicules agree with Marenzeller's figures.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

Cortical spicules from the lobes of the capitulum :

Clubs: 0-22 X 0-06; 0-175 X 0-025 ; 0-15x0-025; 0-13x0 04: ; 0-1 x

0-015.
Bods: 0-35x0-025; 0-29x0-025; 0-26x0-02; 0-21x0-025; 0-15 x

0-015.
Spindles: 0-27 x 0-03; 0 52 x 0-03 ; 0-22 x 0-04 ; 0-17 X 0-02; 0-15 x 0-02;
0-075x0-02.
Spicules from the autozooids :

Rods: 0-28x0-02; 0-27x0-02; 0-26x0-02; 0-25x0-02; 0-21x0-01.
Cortical spicules from the trunk :

Tubercnlate spindles : 0-8 X 0-15 ; 0-8 x 012 ; 0-78 X 0-16 ; 0-74 x 0-12 ;
0-G8X0-14 ; 0-62x0-12 ; 0-55 X 0-15 ; 0-5x0-1 ; 0-47x0-075 ;
0-44x0-06; 0-45x0-075; 0-35x0-075.
Slightly spinose spiniUes : 0-39 x 0-04 ; 0-34x0-04 ; 0-32 x 0-04 ; 0-3 x

0-06 ; 0-15x0-03.
Clubs: 0-24x0-06; 0-2x0-05; 0-18x0-05; 0-15x0-03; 0-12x0-05;

0-1x0-04.
Smooth spindles: 0-4x004; 0-275x0-03; 0-23x0-03; 0-22x0-02;
0-12x004.
The colour in spirit is light to medium brown. Mr. Crossland notes that
the colour of the li\aug colonies was greenish brown, but that the tentacles
were white in some. Consequently the fully expanded colony, seen from
above, often appeared white.

Locality. — Suakim Harbour ; growing in proximity to coral, Sherm Shekh.
Previously recorded from Australia, Red Sea, Tonga Island, Viti Island,
Maldive Islands.

SCLEROPHTTUM GAEDINERI, Pratt.
See E. M. Pratt : " The Alcyonaria of the Maldives," in Gardiner, Fauna and Qenp:raphy
of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, ii. (1903) p. 527.

Several specimens belonging to this species illustrate how a colony becomes
gradually more complex in its structure with increased growth. A young
colony is represented by an elliptical mass 7-5 cm. by 5-5 cm.; from its

[53 J

94 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

upper surface lobes arise to a height varying from 0"5 mm. to 7 mm.
The smaller lobes are wart-like. An older colony, shaped like a halE-moon.
carries on its convex npper surface several lobe;*, the largest attaining a
height of 2 cm. ; these lobes have numerous digitate branches up to 7 mm.
in length with a breadth of about 4 mm.

The spicules agree closely with the description given by Miss Pratt
(Alcyonaria of the Maldives, p. 527), and consist of clubs which average
0"06 to O'l mm. in length by 0"02 to 0'06 mm. in breadth, and spindles
l)'16 to 0*2 mm. in length by 0'06 mm. in breadth.

The tuberculate spicules are about 3 mm. long and 0'8 to 1 mm. broad.

The colour of a colony in spirit is light to dark brown : during life it was
dull chocolate.

Locality. — Very abundant locally in reef gaps due south of Shubuk.
Previously recorded from the Maldives.

SCLEROPHYTUM QUERCIFORME, Pratt. (Plate 8. fig. 1.)
See E. M. Pratt, 1903, loc. cit. p. 530.

Several fine colonies of this species are included in the collection. The
specimen photographed (PI. 8. fig. 1) has a short wrinkled and furrowed
trunk, somewhat compressed laterally.

The branches come off rather abruptly from the stem and pass almost
imperceptibly into a mnch branched capitulum.

As the photograph suggests, the colonies tend to be more complex than
Miss Pratt's figure (Alcyonaria of the Maldives, pi. xxxi. fig. 33) would lead
one to suppose.

The spicules of the capitulum are very various, comprising tuberculate
spindles similar to those of the trunk though smaller, spinose spindles and
clubs.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

Spinose spindles : 0-32x003; 0-28 x 0-03; 0-25 x 0-03; 0-18 x 0-02.
Clubs: 0-23 X 0-02; 0-22 X 0-03; 0-2 x 004; 0-18 X 0-02; 0-015 x 0-04;
014 X 0-04 ; 0-12 x 0-03 ; 0-08 x 0-03.

The spicules of the trunk are tuberculate spindles, rarely forked, besides
clubs and spinose spindles. The tuberculate spicules vary greatly in size, the
largest being about 5 mm. by 0-7 mm.

The following are the measurements of the colony represented in the
photograph : — Breadth of trunk at base, 3-5 cm. ; breadth of capitulum,
85 cm. ; height of capitulum, 4-5 cm.

The colour of the colony in spirit is light to dark brown ; when alive it
was purple-slate.

[54]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEN — REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANS. 9,j

Locality. — Off south-east coiner of Shubuk, at a depth of 9 fathoms, on
:i bottom of coarse sand, sliells, and coral. Previously recorded from the
Maldives.

ScLEROPHYTTiM DENSUM {WUtelegye).

= Lobophytum densum, VVliitelegge.

See Th. Whiteleg-ge, "The Alcyonaria of Funafuti," Mem. .\ustraliaii Mu3. 1897,

p. 219, pi. xi. fig.s. 4n!-4/i.
See E. M. Pratt, 1903, loc. cit. p. o21, pi. x-xLt. fig. 18, pi. xxx. figs. 20-22.

This species is represented by two very hard and brittle colonies. The
trunk of one colony is 7'5 cm. broad and 58 cm. hiirh. It passes almost
imperceptibly into numerous finger-like processes. What we have observed
in these specimens corresponds closely -with Miss Pratt's figures (Alcyonaria
of the Maldives, 1903).

Whitelegge (1897) has classified the spicules very minutely, and lii.«
subdivisions have been followed in taking the following measurements of
Icnj^th and breadth in millimetres : —

i. Large fusiform, with simple spine-like tubercles and usually with a

transverse median constriction : 2'5 X 0"5 ; 2*1 x 0'4 ; 2 x 0'4.
ii. Large fusiform, subcylindrical or subclavate, closely tuberculate,

the tubercles being thickly studded with minute spiny warts :

3-1 X 0-5 ; 2'7 x 0-5 ; 2-3 x 0-45 ; 1-9 x 0-4.
iii. Smaller fusiform, strongly but distantly tuberculate: U'75xO"25:

0-6 X 0-2.
iv. Small fusiform, comparatively smooth, but with some spines :

1x0-18; 0-48 X 0-1.
v. Spindles : 0-22 x 0-04 ; 0-19 x 0-04 ; 0-17 x 0-03 : O'Oii x 0-03.
vi. Clubs: 0-12 X 0-04; 0-08 X 0-04.

The colour of the colony in spirit is pale yi'llow ; when living it was
bluish-grey.

Locality. — Forms great sheets in about four feet of water in Suakim
Archipelago (Telia Telia Seghir Island). Previously recorded from
Funafuti, China Seas, l?ritish New Guinea, the Maldives.

LlTHOPHYTUM AKBOREUM, Forskdl.
For descriptions, see W. May (1899), loc. cit. p. 134, and W. Kiikenllial, " Ver^ucli
einer Revision der Alcyonarien. II. Die Neplithyiden, 1 Teil," Zuol. Jahrb.
1903, p. 124.

A large number of specimens arc referable to this species. There is
considerable variety as regards the dimensions of the spicules, and some
forms approach L. siuhlmanni.

One of the largest specimens consists of a connnon basis 7 cm. in breadth,
from which six branches take origin. These bear secondary branches on

[ 55 ] i

96 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

whicli tlie polyps are thickly clustered in catkins. A typical branch
separated from the common basis corresponds closely to the figure given
hv Klunzinger (1877).

In more than one specimen we found no trace of spicules, but as those
specimens were badly preserved we suppose that some acid had been acciden-
tally added to the preservative.

Localities. — Suez ; Coral shoal of Kal el Kebira in Suez Bay ; Khor Abu
Hamama, 10 fathoms, muddy bottom. Previously recorded from Red Sea,
Zanzibar, New Britain.

LiTHOPHYTUii BRASSICUM (May). (Plate 5. fig. 4)
See W. May, 1899, loc. cit. p. 139, fig. 22. W. Kiikenthal, 1903, p. 120.

We have figured (PI. 5. fig. i) a specimen which agrees in essential
features with Litlwphytum hrassicum, though it is somewhat divergent in its
mode of growth and general appearance. It is fixed to a piece of Millepore
and rises to a height of 20 mm., with a maximum breadth of .55 mm. It
shows about sixty suhglobose heads, each bearing about a score of polyps
which are deeply retracted. The colour is a dull light brown.

Locality. — Edge of leeward reef, Suakim Archipelago, Telia Telia Keljira,
Previouslv recorded from Zanzibar.

LiTHOPHYTUM THYR30IDES (Ehreuberg).
= Ammothea thyrsoides, Ehrenberg. See W. Kiikenthal, 1903, loc. cit. p. 109.

Several fine specimens of this common species are included in the collection.
They consist of a conmion basis from which cylindrical stalks rise parallel to
one another. The polyps arise directly- from the ends of the stalks. The
spicules of the stalks and polyps are very slender transparent spindles with
few warts.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

(a) Polyp-spicules : 03 x 0-01 ; 0-28 x 001 ; 02 x O'Ol ; 0-15 x O-Ql ;

012x0 01; 0-1 X 0-1; 0-05xO-01.

(b) Stem-spicules : 0-iG x 0 02 ; 0-37 x 0-02 ; 0-35 x 0-02 ; 0-27 x 0-02;

0 2x0-01.

The colour of the preserved specimens is yellowish-brown ; in life they
were dull brown.

Locality. — Outer Park of Suakim Harbour. Previously recorded from
Ked Sea, Indian Ocean (Tumbatu), Zanzibar.

LiTHOPHYTUM CROSSLAXDI, n. sp.

A common stem, 2 cm. broad and 1"5 cm. high, gives origin to four limp
branches showing longitudinal furrows. These branches are 1 3, 12, 9, and
7 cm. in length respectivelv, and carry secondarv branches on which the

[56]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. MCQUEEN — REPORT ON THE ALCYONABIANS. i'T

polyp-l)earing twigs are clustered. The polyp-bearing twigs are in the Form
of catkins with a length of from O'S to I'o cm. The hasal catkins are stouter
anil more closely beset with polyps than the up])er.

A notable diagnostic feature is the presence of rows of closely aggregated
small granular spicules in the tentacles, and continued on to the polyp-head
and polyp-stalk.

More spicules are to be found in the cortex of the stem than in the cortex
of the main branches; consequently the stem is somewhat more rigid.
The spicules of the cortex include spindles with large spines ; the spindles
are sometimes curved, and the spines are in some cases longer on the convex
surface ; there are also spindles with few warts, irregular spinose bodies and
bicuspids, i. e. with two prongs or cusps.

The following measurements were taken of length ami Ijrcadtli in milli-
metres : —

Spinose spindles: 0-72 x 0-2; 0-55 X 0-13; 0.02 xO'l; 0--15xiil :

0-37 X 0-12; 0-33 X 0-15; 0-29 x 0-12.
Spindles with few warts: 0-i2x 0-0.5; 0-37.5 xO'l ; 0-37x0-1 : 0-.3.5 x

0-075; 0-35x0-1 ; 0-29x0-03; 0-25x0 1 ; 0-23x0-0.5.
Bicuspids: 0-47x0-275.

The canal walls contain highly .spinose spindles, spindles with small wai-fs,
highly spinose club-shaped bodies, irregular spinose bodies, and bicuspids.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

Highly spinose spindles (the spines being larger on the convex side) :
0-52x0-12 ; 0-4x0-075 ; 0-37x0-11 ; 0-35x0-1 ; 0-3x01 ;
0-3x0-15.

Spindles with small warts: 1-02x0-22; 0-95x0-2; 0-85x0-175:
0-52x0-12; 0-32x0-1.

Highly spinose club-shaped bodies : 0-32 x 0-15 ; 0-275 x Q- 1 75.

Bicuspids: 0-42x0-175.

Mr. Crossland notes that the specimen ajipeared whitish under water, [lalc
brown when brought up.

Locality. — From a depth of thre(^ or four feet in the Coral-reef nf
Kiior Delaweb.

LiTHOPHYTUM MACROSPICULATUM, n. Sp. (Plate 8. figS. 2 & 3.)

From a stem rather less than 1 cm. high, with a breadth of 2*5 cm.
three primary branches fake origin. One of these, after a course of half a
centimetre, divides dichotomously into two branches of 4 and 5 cm. in
length respectively. The other primary branches are 6 and 4 cm. in length.

Polyps are not borne cither on the main stem or on the main branches, hut

[57] b*

i)3 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

ou secondary branches and the twigs which spring from these. The secondary
In-anches are crowded closely on the primary and form catkins 1 5 to 2'5 cm.
in length, the larger catkins being of a compound character.

In the cortex of the terminal polyp-bearing branches there is a longitudinal
arrangement of the spindle-shaped spicules, and this is continued on to tin-
dorsal surface of each polyp-stalk.

The polyp-heads are bent sharply ou the polyp-stalks, so that the tentacular
surface faces the cortex of the terminal twigs.

The cortical spicules of the stem and main branches form by interla(jing
a continuous armature. These spicules are of very diverse atd distinctive
forms, including the following : —

(a) Boat-shaped spindles with few warts.

(b) Carved spindles with long spines, which are more developed on the

convex surface.

(c) Very spinose club-like forms.

(d) Triradiate spinose bodies.
{e) Irregular spinose bodies.

The follow-r.ff measurements wei-e taken of length and breadth in uiilH-
metres : —

(a) Boat-shaped spindles : 0-8 x 0-15; Owox 0-075; 0-67 x 01; 0-62 X

0-1 ; 0-5 X 0-075; 0-45x0-09.
(h) Curved spindles : 0-95x0-15: 0-85 x 0-12; 0-8x0-15; 0-73x0-15;

0-7 X 0-1 ; 0-65 x 0-15 ; 0-52 x 0-13 : 0-5 x O'l.
(c) Club-like forms : 0 33x0-25.

The spicules of the polyp-head and polyp- stalk include long curved or
sinuous spindles with knob-like warts which in some cases are more numerous
and better developed at the tips of the spindles ; also spindles with only a
few poorly developed spines.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

(1) Spinose spindles: 1-5x0-1 : 1-15x0-1; 1-1x0-12; 0-6x005:

0-4x005; 0-2x0-02.

(2) Smooth spindles with only a few spines: 1-2x0-09; 0-9x0-05;

0-69x005.

The spicules of the canal walls consist of spindles similar to those of the
cortex, but the form with few spines predominates.

The following measurements were taken of length aud breadth in milli'
metres : —

(1) Spinose spindles : 0-87x0-12; 0-85x0-12; 0-83 X 0-12 ; 0-6x0-1 ;
0-55x0-13; 0-5 X 0-1.

[58]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McyUEES — REPORT OS THE ALCVON.VRIANS. '.):>

(2) Smooth spindles with only a few spines : 102x0 15; 0-72 xO'l.',:
• 0 6 X 0075 ; 0-55 x 0075 ; 0-42 x 0-1 ; 04 X 00.^) : 0-275 x 0-04 ;
0-2 X 0-05.

The colour of the colonj- in spirit is light yellow.
Locality. — Khor Dongola.

Nephthya Z^XZIBAREXSts, Thomson and Henderson.
See Thomson aud Henderson, 1906, loc. eit. p. 421, pi. xxvii. fig. 3.

A specimen which seems to be referable to this species differs from thi"
type in being distinctly more rigid; that is to sa}', more densely filled wiili
spicules.

Locality. — Engineer Island, Khor Dongola. Previously recorded from
Wasin Channel, Zanzibar.

Nephthya albida (Hohn).

= Spomjodes albida, Holm.

See O. Holm : " Beitragre zm' Keniitniss di'r Ale yoiiiden-Gattung Sj)o>i</odes," Znol.

.lahrb. viii. (1895) p. 30, 3 figs.
See Kukenthal, 1903, loc. cit. p. 160.

A specimen which seems referaljle to this species differs from the type in
having the polyp-body covered with very numerous small spicules without
definite arrangement in double rows. In other words, the larger polyp-
spicules arranged in chevron are not represented. In including Nephthya
jagerskioldi with Spongodes gavignyi, Kiikenthal notes the same kind of
variation which we believe to have occurred here, namely a replacement
of fewer larger spicules on the part of the polyp-wall by more numerous
smaller spicules. This cannot be regarded as of systematic importance.

Locality. — Suakim Harbour. Previously recorded from the Red Sea.

Spongodes * hemprichi, Klunzinger.

See Klunzinger, 1877, loc. cit.
Kukenthal, 1904, loc. cit.

Kukenthal : " Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien. U. Die Familie der
Nephthyiden, 2 TeU," Zool. Jahrb. xx.xi. (1905) pp. 503-726, 7 pis. & 61 figs.

Several colonies in the collection are evitiently referable to a group of
species which Kukenthal speaks of as closely allied, namely, S. hartmeycvi^
S. mayi, S. klunzingeri, S. ehrenbergi, and S. hemprichi.

* According to Kiikenthal, the generic name Spongodes sliould be replaced by another and
ho suggests Dendronephthyii ; see page 74.

[59]

lOi) MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

I. The specimens differ superficially from S. hartmeyeri :

(1) in being much more ramified and crowded colonies;

(2) in the absence of any trace of foliate lower branches ;

(3) in their colour-scheme, which is due to the thick covering of

crimson spicules. As to the colour of the living specimen.
Mr. Crossland notes that it appeared jet-black when seen
through a fathom or two of clear water, but when brought up
it showed a splendid d:irk crimson, shading into pink on
the stem.
They differ more intimately in the following points :

(1) The anthocodial spicules are arranged in 8 rows of 5-7 con-

verging pairs ; they converge but slightly and are more or
less longitudinal in S. hartmeyeri. Moreover, the uppermost
spicules of the double rows do not project beyond the antho-
codia as they do in S. hartmeyeri.

(2) The tip of the main " Stiitzbiindel " spicule is Smooth, v\hile in

S. hartmeyeri the same spicule is most spinose towards the
free tip.

(3) They diii'er in the dimensions and direction of the spicules in

the cortex of the main branches. In S. hartmeyeri the cortex
is densely filled with large, very thick, finely spinose spindles
up to .5 X 0-5 mm. They seem from the drawing to be longi-
tudinally arranged. In the specimens in this collection the
spindles are for the most part arranged transversely to the
long axis of the branches.
The following measurements of these spindles were taken in
length and breadth in millimetres : 2 x 0-12 ; 1-8 x 0-1 :
0-65 X 005.

II. The specimens differ superficially from S. mayi :

(1) in the absence of the rigidity and brittleness characteristic of a
species developed in one plane. The colonies in this collection
have a well-developed bare trunk up to 7o cm. in length.
In one specimen the stem divides somewhat dicliotomously
into two main divisions ; in another specimen, four main
l)ranches take origin abruptly. From the main branches
secondary branches arise in every plane.

(2) The branching is more profuse and the clusters of polyps are

much denser than in S. mayi.

(3) The colour-scheme is golden yellow in S. mayi.
They differ more intimately from S. mayi :

(1) in the absence of a greatly developed projecting spicule at the
end of each double row of spicules on the anthocodiije ;
[60]

TKOF. THOMSON AXD MR. McQUEEN — REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANS. 101

(2) in the fact that only one " Stiitzbiindel " spicule projects beyond
the polyp-liead ; the tip of the •' StiUzbiiudel" spicules is smooth.
like that of the chief " Stiltzbiiiuiel " spicules in S. mayi ;

(',y) in the disposition of the snnerficinl corticiil spicules, which are
predominantly lonrjiiudinal in S. mayi ; and

(4) in the character of the spicules of the cortex, wliieh are curved
spindles, while in S. mayi there are, in addition to spindles,
clubs, four-rayed spicules, and irregular bodies.

Jir. Tiie specimens differ superficially from S. klunzingeri :

(1) since that species is for the most part developetl in one ]ilaiie

with an almost suppressed trunk ;

(2) in the mode of branching and in the disposition of the polyps

in crowded bundles of 6-11 in each bundle, whereas in
S. klunziiu/eri they are only 1-3 in a liundle.
Tliey differ more intimately ;

(1) in the nature and arrangement of the anthocodial spicules, wbieli

in S. klunzingeri are in rows of 8-10 with the uppermost twd
very much longer ;

(2) in having an entirely different " Stiitzbiindel '' made usually of

two spicules ; and

(3) inasmuch as the spicules of the canal-walls are broad and flat

spinose spindles.
In the specimens the spicules of the canal-walls are varied and may
be grouped as follows :

(A) spindles of undulating contour, or halfmoon-shaped, or tending

to be club-shaped ;

(B) spindles forked at one end (bicusjiidsj, transitional to tri-

radiates ;

(C) triradiate forms;

(D) irregular bodies with four arms, probably derived from ('..

All spinose.

J\'. The colonies have a great superficial resemblance to S. ehrenhergi,
but differ from it in having G-11 polyps in each bundle, while
S. ehrenhergi has 5-8.
Xhey differ more intimately :

(1) inasmuch as S. ehrenhergi has only 4-5 pairs of spicules in
each double row, each about 03 mm. in length, the uppermost
0'5 mm. with long oblique spines ;
,(2) in the nature of the projecting spicules of the " Stiitzbiindel,''
which in S. ehrenhergi has a spinose tip, whereas in Iheso
specimens the tip is smooth ;
[61]

102 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

(3) in the spicules o£ the cortex of the main branches, which Jo not

include any clubs or oval spinose bodies ;

(4) inasmuch as from the canal-walls of S. ehretihergi only spindles

are reported.

V. The specimens agree with S. hemprichi in the following respects :

(1) There are 5-7 pairs of anthocodial spicules in each double row

and the uppermost pair project very slightly. It is to be
noted, however, that the number of paired spicules on the
two rows on the ventral surface of the polyp-head mav be
as few as two pairs.

(2) The projecting spicule of the " Stiitzbiindel '" has a smooth tip.

(3) The spicules of the canal-walls are, on the whole, similar.

In S. hemprichi there are curved spindles, triradiates. and
small bodies beset with several prongs.

(4) The spicules of the cortex are arranged transversely.

(5) The polyp-spicnles are blood-red and the polyps yellowish.

The only difference between Crossland's specimens and those described
by Kiikenthal lies in the general architecture, which is well represented
bv Klikenthal's drawing of S. ehrenbergi. They may be referred to the
urlioreseens type of S. hetnprichi, which Kiikenthal describes as transitional
between the glomerate and the divaricate mode of branching.

Another specimen which is superficially very unlike the above, but closely
resembles Kliinzinger's figure of Spongodes hemprichi, is in its details so like
■what we have described that we cannot but refer it to the same species, which,
therefore, includes two distinct modes of growth — that figured by Klunzinger
and the arhorescens type of Kiikenthal.

A case like this leads us to feel the precariousness of a classification which
attaches much importance to modes of branching.

Locality. — Shab Baya. near Rawaya. Previously recorded from Red Sea.

Spongodes hartsieyeri, Kiihentlial.

Two small rigid whitish colonies seem to be referable to this species, but
differ in having no coloured spicules and in having rougher " Stiitzbiindel "'
spicules. They are probably young colourless forms.

Locality. — Khor Dongola. Previously recorded from the Red Sea.

.Spongopes suESiANA,"n. sp. (Plate 5. fig. 1.)

A brownish-yellow interesting colony of apparently glomerate type. It
resembles in general architecture Kiikenthal's Spongodes (Dendronephthya)
clavata (seeVersuch einer Revision der Alcyonaceen. Die Net)hthviden, 2'« Teil,

[62]

PllOF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEN — REPORT ON THE ALCrONARIANS. lO.'J

Taf. 26) : but in the nature of the projecting " Stiitzhiimlel "" spindle ami in
the number and arrangement oi: the spiiniles on the antliocodia it closely
approaches S, mai/i. It seems to belong to the group of allied species referred
to under S. hemprichi.

There is a somewhat flattened flexible stem, longitudinally furrowed, )>■") c-ni
in lengtii and 1 em. in breadth. The cortex of the stem shows well-marked
transverse striations due to the underlying spindles.

Small polyp-hearing twigs spring from the stem, somewhat sparsely belou'.
more thickly above, so that the apex of the stem is completely hidden by
polyp-bundles.

From the stem there arise at irregular intervals secondary branches whose
length decreases in a somewliat graduated fashion. The following measure-
ments of the length of the various branches from below upwards on the stem
serve to indicate this feature: 2 cm.; IwT) cm, ; TS cm.; 1 cm. These
secondary branches bear polyp-bearing twigs in thick clusters. The polyps
are in bundles of from 6 to 12 or even more.

The " Stiitzbiindel " consists of 2 to 4 spindles, one of which projects
04 mm. or more beyond theanthocodia. Tiiis spindle is spinose below witii a
smooth tip. Of the projecting " Stiitzbiindel" spicules, wdiich are generally
of a yellow colour, the fx)llowing measurements were taken (lengtii and breadth
ill millimetres) : — 2'3 x 0 1 ; 2"4: x 0"1. The tip is smooth for 035 mm.

On the anthocodia there are eight double rows of converging spicules with
from G to y in each row. One spicule of the uppermost row, or occasionally
both, may project for 0'2 mm. beyond the anthocodia. Thus Kiikenthal's
figure of an anthocodia of S. mai/i (see Ueber cinige Korallentiere des roten
Meeres, Taf. v. fig. 20) exactly represents what may be seen occasionally in
this species, except that only one projecting " Stiitzbiindel " spicule is the rule
and not two as figured.

When both spicules of the uppermost row project, they lie ahuost parallel
to each other in sharp contrast to the pairs below, which converge at a right
or a slightly obtuse angle.

The tentacles are without spicules. The colour of the anthocodial sj)icules
ranges from red to yellow.

The spicules of the upper cortex consist of spindles, clubs, bicuspids, with
an occasional triradiate form. They are very sjiinose, not merely along the
margins, but on every surface; and are colourless or tinged with yellow.

Tlie following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

Sjundles : 1-7 X O'l ; 1-4 x O'l ; O-Oo x 0-(l7.") ; OS x 0-05 : ()-li> x 0-01', ;

0-7 X 0-075 ; 0-6 x 0-05 ; 0-5 x 0-05 ; 0-25 x 0-02.
Clubs: 0-75 X 0-1; 0-4x0-l,
Bicuspids : 0'6x 0-075.
Ti'inidiates: each arm, 0'3 X 0-2.

[6:?] c

104 BIARIXE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

The spicules of tlie lower cortex do not differ from those of the upper
cortex in form or colour.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadth in milli-
metres : —

Spindles: 0-75 x 0-075; 0-7 x 0-1; 0-65 x 0-05; O'G x 0-05 ; 0-5 X 0-03:

0-4 x 0-05 ; 0-3 x 0-03 ; 0-1 X 0-03.
Clubs: 0-6 X 0-1; 0-4 x 01; O-oxO'l; 0-35 X 0-075 ; 0'3x 0-075.

The canal-walls are without spicules.

Some other specimens agreed with the above in general structure, in the
nature of the " Stiitzbiindel," in the armature of the anthocodia, in the spicules
of the cortex, and so on. Thus one could not but admit that all the colonies
belonged to the same species, and yet it was impossible to say that the polyps
were really grouped in bundles, which is one of the diagnostic features of the
genus Sponffodes. In some cases they were arranged on a terminal branch in
a catkin-like or spike-like manner. This was the rule in ona specimen.

It may be noted that Kiikenthal admits that certain specimens were inter-
mediate iu this respect between SjMiigodes and Xeplitliya, and consequently
difficult to place.

The point to be noted in these colonies is that, though obviously all of the
same species, yet they ditier in a generic feature !

If we take a composite view of all the specimens this species combines the
characteristics of both Spongodes and Nephthya. Yet the colony described
in detail must be placed in the glomerate division of the genus Spongodes^
Within that division it seems to represent a new species.

Locality. — Suez Bay.

Spongodes pharonis, n. sp. (Plate 5. figs. 2 & 3.)

Several colonies of the umbellate type, agreeing with Kiikenthal's riibra-
oroup in having branches of approximately equal length, with the upper
surface practically even. They differ from any of the species of Spongodes
hitherto described from the Red Sea — viz. : S. savignyi, S. hempricld, S. klunz-
inget'i, S. arborea, S. mayi, S. hartmeyeri, and S. ehrenbergi — in possessing the
following combination of diagnostic characters : — -

a. The umbellate development of the colony.
h. The absence of spicules on the tentacles.

c. The absence of spicules in the canal-walls.

d. The occasional presence of a strongly developed spine or sometimes

of two spines projecting prominently beyond a corymb of polyps,
greatly exceeding in diameter and in length the " Stiitzbiindel "
.spicule or spicules which project beyond the anthocodia of each
polyp.

[64]

PROF.. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEN — REPORT ON THE ALCTONARIANS. lO.T

The colonies show in each case a substantial trunk which at a distance of
2o cm. or less from its base is embraced by a collar of foliate lower branches.
These leaf-like branches bear sessile polyps scattered round their margin,
while further on the upper surface may be seen twigs, which divide in the
corymbose fashion characteristic of the whole colony. These twigs also carry
polyps on their tips.

From the angle between the rising stem and the collar spring one or two
branches equal in size to those that are terminal. These branches in their
turn break up into terminal corymbs. Beyond the collar, the stem after :i
short course divides into two or three main branches, which soon divide up
into secondar)' bi-anches supporting the terminal corymbs. The terminal
corymbs are all broiiglit more or less to tlie same level, so that the upper
surface of the polypariuui is somewhat flattened. A polyp-bundle usually
comprises 3 to 8 individual polyps, but the number is very variable.

The polyp-head is bent more or less at a right or an acute angle to the
polyp-stalk. The polyp-head is 0'8 nun. in length and O'.^o mm. in breadtii.
The poh'p-staJk is about 1 mm. in length. The anthoeodial spicules are in
rows of 3 to 5 pairs, tlie uppermost of which do not projoft lieyond tlir
antliocodia.

The angle of each chevron is a very acute one, giving a somewhat longi-
tudinal direction to tlie s))icules of the anthocodia.

Some variation in colour is to be noted in the anthoeodial spicules. In one
of the colonies they are colourless, in another red, while transitional pinkisli
spicules are present in a third colony. In the " Stiitzbiindel " there may be
one or two projecting spicules. These spicules show very small serrations
regularly disposed. Their tip may be quite smooth or with an occasional
serration. Their colour varies from a light yellow to a reddish yellow.

The following measurements were taken of these spicules (length and
breadth in millimetres) :—l-5 x 0-03 ; l-25x0-l; 0-8 x 0-03 ; 0-7xO-03.
In some of the colonies the size of the projecting '• Stiitzbiindel " spicules
approaches nearer to the dimensions of the stout spines which are a feature of
the terminal corymbs. These strong spine , which seem to protect and
support the polyps on a terminal corymb, generally arise independently of an
individual polyp, but sometimes the}' simply take the place of the normal
but smaller " Stiitzhundel " spicule.

Of these stouter spindles the following measurements were taken (length
and breadth in millimetres): — •ixO-25; 4x0-2; 3-5x0-15; 3*5 X 0-125.
The tentacles are oblong with a few pinnules and without spicules.

The cortex of the upper branches contains slightly curved spindles with
very fine and regularly disposed serrations.

The following measurements of these spindles were taken (length and
breadth in millimetres) :— 4 X 0-2 ; 3-2x0-1; 14x0-5; 1x003. Their
colour in o»e specimen is white with a yellowish tinge, in three specimens

[65] c*

lOG MAKIXF, BIOLOGY OF I'HE SUDANESE RED SEA.

rod, but amongst the red spindlos are some with intermediate light-pink
shades.

Their distinctive feature lies in the remarkably fine serration of the edges
of the spindles. This is a constant feature no matter what their dimensions
or colour may be.

The lower cortex contains markedly spinose irregular bodies, often some-
what star-shaped, very spinose spindles, spinose clubs, spinose triradiates,
spinose bicuspids.

The following measurements were taken of length and breadtli in milli-
metres : —

Spinose spindles : 1 X 01 ; 0-75 x O'l : 0-4 x 0-12 ; 0-33 x O'l : 0-3 x Oil:

0-25 X 0-1; 0-23 X 0-075.
Spinose triradiates : 0'5 ; 0'33 ; 03 = length of the three arms.
Spinose bicusjiids : 0"75x0'l.
Spinose clubs : 0-18 x 0-13.

The canal-walls in every specimen are without spicules.

The colour of the colonies in s(iirit varies somewhat, the colour depending
on that of the spicules. Where the spicules are red, the colony is reddish ;
where there ai'e a considerable number of white or light yellow spicules, the
colony is proportionately lighter in tint.

Locality. — From :i muddy bottom, at a depth of 12 fathoms, Mersa Abu
Hamama, Sudan.

Order III. PSEUDAXONIA, G. von Koch.
Melitodes coccixea (Ellis) ( = Isis coccinea, Ellis). (Plate 6. figs. 1 & 2.)

The collection includes numerous specimens which are referable to Ellis's
Isis coccinea. From Ellis's figure and description there can be almost no
doubt that he referred to forms like the present specimens, which must,
however, be referred to the genus Melitodes.

The specimens are of a brilliant crimson or scarlet colour, and there is
one yellow fragment. The most frequent mode of branching is that figured
by Ellis, — a broad fan, with dichotomous branches almost all in one plane, and
without anastomosis. In other specimens, however, the branches do not spread
out in a broad fan, and anastomosis is frequent. The colonies stand erect,
reaching a height of 4 cm. and a breadth of 2-4 cm. In some cases colonies
grew so close to one another that their bases formed a continuous sheet.
Solitary colonies show most clearly the typical fan-like form.

The internodcs, which curve slightly in different planes, vary in lencrtb
from 5-10 mm. The nodes are very short, 1-2 mm., and are not distinctly
marked in the intact colonies. On the thinner twigs the verrucse are mostly
along the edges, and a somewhat flattened appearance thus results. On the

[66]

VROF. THOMSCiN AND MH. McQUEEN — REPORT OX THE ALCYONARIANS. 107

thicker branches they occur practically ail over. They stand out somewhat
prominently to a height of about 0-5 nun., anJ appear as widely open crater-
like elevations or as rounded hillocks according to the state of contraction.

The whole surface of the colony is seen under the lens to be rougli with
spindle-shaped spicules, all of a red colour.

The spicules of the coenenchyma are: (1) substantial tuberculate spindles, of
which the following meaHirements were taken : — 0-3 x 0-07, 0-27 x 0-09 mm.
The tubercles are large and blunt. In some cases the ends of the spindles
are irregularly Wfid. There are also some slender curved tuberculate spindles.
(2) Short coTiipact fusit'omi types covered with numerous blunt tubercles :
3-12-ix00.5 mm. (3) Club-shaped forms or " Stachelkeulen " with irre-
gularly shaped tuberculate heads. From these through torch-like forms there
are transilio)is to irregular spindles. The clubs are frequently 0'23 mm. in
length by 0"1 mm. in breadth across the head. In the polyps there are minute
and slender red spindles,, besides a number of minute slightly tuberculate
curved rodlets which are practically colourless. For both of these types a
common length is 0'04 mm. The aboral surface of the tentacles bears about
.5 large red spicules arranged in chevron. The axis shows longitudinal canals.

Locality. — From the sides of a buoy in Suez Bay, and on the coral-reef of
Engineer Island, Khor Dongola.

Melitodes splen'dexs, n. sp. (Plate 7. figs. 1 & 2.)

Numerous broken pieces of a bright orange-red Melitodid. They seem to
represent several colonies. The nature of the spicules and the presence of
longitudinal canals in the axis indicate the genus Melkodes, but we have not
been able to refer the specimens to any of the numerous previously described
species.

One of the pieces has a breadth of 6 mm. across an iuternode about 3 cm.
above the base, while a node about the same height has a breadth of 9 mm.
The length of the internode at this level is 11 mm., and towards the base
the colony the internodes have an average length of about 12 mm. Tli
branching is profuse, with many anastomoses, but is mainly confined to one
plane. An attempted reconstruction of the broken specimens leads one to
infer that the colonies may have been about 25 cm. in height. The terminal
branches are about 1 mm. in thickness.

The verrucse are almost confined to one surface of the branches. They ai'c
somewhat scattered on the basal parts, but towards the ends their bases are
in contact. They are slightly flattened hemispheres. The retracted poly|i
is just seen as a whitish spot on the top of the verruca.

The axis shows numerous longitudinal canals in the nodes and internodes.
A thin section through a thick internode showed about ten. On the surface
of the axis there is external fluting corresponding to the course of the canals
in the coenenchvraa.

[67j

108 MAEINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

The spicules, which are mostly yellowish, include : —

(a) Narrow tuberculate spindles of various sizes, e.g. 0'15 x 0"018 mm.,

0-108 X 0 03 mm.

(b) Short broad spindles with tubercles at each end and in two whorls

between, e.g. 0"0-4x0025 mm.

(c) Fusiform types intermediate between (a) and {U) with sharper

tubercles .
d) A few non-foliate clubs, e.g. 0'05o x 0'028 mm. across tlie head,
(e) Some pale yellow or almost colourless rods, sometimes almost
straight and smooth, often with a median prominence on each side,
often slightly curved at the ends, e.g. 0096 x0'012 mm.

The generic distinctions of the Melitodidje are not very satisfactory, but
we may note that the absence of foliaceous clubs, the presence of some small
nodular spicules in the cortex, and the canals in the axis point to Melitodes.

Locality. — Mersa Abu Hamama, from a muddy bottom, at a depth of
10 fathoms.

* Clathraria rubrinodis, Gray. (Plate 6- figs. 3 <fc 4.)

See Gray : Proc. Zocil. Soc. London, 1859, p. 486 ; Catalogue of Litliopliytes in the

Bi-itish Museum, 1870, p. 11, 1 fig.
= Mopsea bicolor, KiJlliker, Icoiies Histologicfe, p. 142, 1 fig.

It is interesting to find in this collection the peculiar Melitodids to which
Grixy gave the names Clathraria ridtrinodis and C. acuta. It is rather
remarkable that such striking forms have not been more frequently collected.
Apart from Gray's brief descriptions, we have found no reference to
Clathraria.

The larger species, C. ruhrinodis, is represented by a spiecimen about
12 cm. in height, which was probably the upper part of a large colony.
This is suggested by the size of some of the fragments found in the same
vessel.

The branching is mainly in one plane, and there is abundant anastomosis.
The branches arise almost invariably from the nodes. There is a strong-
tendency to dichotomy, and the two branches diverge at a wide angle at their
common origin. Tliis gives a very characteristic appearance, which is
increased by the fact that each of the cylindrical branches is of uniform
width throughout its length, and terminates bluntly, or may, indeed, be
slightly thicker at the tip than at its origin. The smaller twigs show a much
ess marked tendency to dichotomy, and some of them narrow towards the

* The account of Clathraria ruhnnodu and C. acuta was prepared by Miss Doris L.
SJacltinnon as part of a thesis for the degree of B.Sc. in the University of Aberdeen.

[68]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEEX REPORT ON THE ALCTONARLiNS.

109

t-nd, which is jihvays truncate. The stouter branches have a diameter of
4 mm. ; the more slender twigs of 2 mm.

The preserved specimens have a dirty cream-colour, frequently tinged with
pale sulphur-yellow along one side of a branch and near the tips of the
twigs. In the living specimens the colour was bright light yellow, with dull
red joints. The specitic name I'ubrinodis has reference to the dark-red horny
nodes, which shine indistinctly through the whitish coenencliyma, or appear
as bright red patches where a branch has been broken away.

The internodes are of very unequal lengths, varying from 7 to 32 mm. ;
the calcareous axis, stripped of coenencliyma, has a diameter of 1-3 mm.,
and is white with a tinge of sulphur-yellow here and there. The longer
branches may have as many as seven internodes ; the shorter branches and
the twigs consist of only one piece.

Fig. 1.

Fiar. 2.

Clathraria rubrinodis, Gray.
Fig. 1. Spicules. Fig. 2. Details of calcareous joints.

On the surface of the white calcareous axis there is a characteristic sculp-
turins due to longitudinal furrows. There are two sets of these furrows
which alternate with one another. One set is deeper than the other and of
equal width throughout. The shallower furrows are constricted at regular
intervals, and the broad portions of one shallow furrow lie between the
constrictions of the similar furrow on either side. In these broad ovals the
polyps appear to be set.

[69]

1^0

MARINE BIOLOGY OE THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

There arc no nutritive canals in the axis. A longitudinal section shows
that the axis is built up of minute spindle-shaped spicules, fused together,
and arranoed with their long axes in the line of the long axis of the
))ranch.

The nodes are much shorter than the internodes (3-4 mm.) and are some-
what thicker. They are composed of a dark-red horny substance, which,
under the microscope, appears as a yellowish network with numerous red
spindle-shaped spicules in the meshes.

It occasionally happens that a branch arises from an vntemode ; in such
cases the first joint is horny.

The cream-coloured coenenchyuia is crowded with small sjiicules. Blost of
these are white, but some are tinged with yellow or yellowish green. Spiny
clubs and more warty double-clubs and dumb-bells are very abundant.
Spindles bearing numerous very minute warts are less common, and simple
spindles are rare.

The following measurements were taken pf length and breadth in milli-
metres : — •

Clubs: 0-13GX 0-084; 0-153 x 0059; 0-119x0 051.

Double clubs: 0-012 x 0-034: 0-067x0055; 0-051x0042.

Spindles: 0-187 xO'Ool; 0-119x0 025.

Red spindles of nodes • 0-102 x 0-017; 0-085 x 0-017; 0-0G8 x 0-002.

The small polj-ps are spirally arranged almost uniformly all round the
branches. They are nearly all retracted, lying almost Hush with the surface
of the ccenenchyma. Besides the substantial anastomosis, there niay be a
more superficial fusion of ccenenchyma when one branch lies against another,

iocaK<j/.-^CoraUrcef, Mersa Makdah, Shubuk.

Clathraria acuta, Gray. (Plate 7. figs. 3 & 4.)
See Gray: Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 12.

This species is represented by two specimens, one of 7 cm. and the other of
5 cm. in height. The mode of growth is tree-like and graceful. The
branches, much more slender than in C. ruhrinodis, are cylindrical and of
very uniform width until close to their end, when they narrow abruptlv into
a sharp apex.

In the larger specimen there is a main stem, which gives off two long
branches on one side, two long and three short on the other, and then bifur-
cates at the top. The side branches also show dichotomy. Of the seven
branches four arise from the internodes. The other specimen is branched
dichotomou.sly throughout and the branches arise from the nodes. On the
whole the branching is in one plane. There may be fusion of branches, but
not nearly to the same extent as in C. ruhrinodis.

The colour of the preserved speciinens is a delicate flesh-pink, marked bv

[70]

PROK. THOMSON AND MR. McQlKEK REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANS. Ill

darker red patches where the nodes shine through the semi-transparent
coeneneh3-ma. The living colonies were pink.

The calcareous internodes vary from 10 mm. to 17 mm. in length, and are
about 2 mm. in diameter They are marked longitudinally by sinuous
furrows which expand at intervals into little round pits. The colour o£ the
axLs shades from deep rose-red to pink.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

--o.:^-^

Clathraria acuta, Gray.
Fig. 3. Spicules. Fig. 4. Details and ornament on calcareous joints.

Microscopic examination shows that the axis is composed of numerou.«
spindles fused together, with their long axes in line with the long axis of the
branch. The nodes are dark red, much shorter than the internodes, and
slightly swollen ; they are composed of a yellowish horny network enclosing
short red spindles.

The pinkish-white coenenchyma is semi-transparent and very delicate.
The polyps are not nearly so numerous as in C. ruhrinodis, but are larger in
proportion and project from the surface as minute warts. They seem to
correspond in position to the cup-shaped pits in the axis of the internodes,
and their arrangement is very markedly spiral.

The spicules of the ccEnenchyma are spiny and tubercalate clubs and
warty double-clubs with a few spindles and boomerangs. They are, on
the whole; rather smaller than in C. rubrinodis and distinctly less spiny.
The majority are colourless, but many show a red or pink tinge.

f.ocality. — Khor Dongola, near the group of Islets; rock bottom, 9^ fathoms.

[71] d

112 MAHINK HI(i|,«HiY OK THE S-TPANE^i; RKII SEAi

Note on the Genus Olathraria, Grai/.

In 1859 Gray gave a brief description of his genus Clathrana as repre-
sented by C. ritbrinodis. In 1870 he referred the gemis to the family
Mopselladse and distinguished another species, C. acuta.

(jrray's diagnosis of Clatliraria is as follows: — "Coral shruh-like; branches
cylindrical, erect, tortuous, interosculating, of nearly equal thickness ; branch-
lets, some free, blunt. Bark thin, granular. Cells small, immersed, nearly
equally scattered on all sides of the branches ; buds and branches from the
swollen joints ; joints elongate, wiiite. longitudinally striated ; internodes red,
spongy."

Gray identified his C. ruhrinodis with Kolliker's Mopsea hicolor (' Icones
Histologicse,' p. 142). Kiilliker defined his genus Mopsea thus : — " Axis
without nutritive canals. Spicules generally as in Melithcea, but without the
beautiful foliaceous clubs. Length of the clubs 0'12-0"25 mm. ; length ol'
the larger polyp-spindles 0"18-0'34 mm." Of M. hicolor he says: — "Soft
joints red, hard joints white with green centre. t'ceuenchyiiia \\hite to
sulphur-yellow, with uneven surface. Thickness of axis 4-7 mm."'

In the ' Challenger ' Report (1899) Wright and Studer separate Clathraria
from Mopsea, and give the following definition : — " Cylindrical manifoldly
curving branches often anastomosing, and of uniform thickness throughout.
The polyps are sunk in the coenenchyma. The axis includes no nutritive
canals. Spicules in cortex, broad and short foliaceous clubs."

In subsequent literature we find no further mention of Clathraria, though
it is a very conspicuous and characteristic type. It is so unlike other
Melitodids that its retention as a distinct genus seems desirable.

The specimens from the Red Sea are clearly referable to Clathraria and to
the species C. ruhrinodis and C. acuta. We are thus able to give the
habitats of these tno forms, which Gray vv'as unable to do. The note in the
' Challenger ' Report that the spicules are " broad and short foliaceous clubs "
must have crept in by some mistake.

The definitions which Gray gave of Clathraria and Mopsea hardly ju.stifioi!
him in his wide separation of the two genera, which he referred to different
families. He maki s no mention of the form of the spicules, and he says that
the branches arise in both from the soft joints.

Kolliker's Mopsea is separated from his Melithcea by having no foliaceous
clubs. His definition of .\fop.iea, so far as it goes, would cover both Mopsea
and Clathraria.

In the ' Challenger ' Report the genus Mopsea is re-constructed, and if the
definition there given be considered more satisfactory than Kolliker's, then it
is necessary to continue to keep Clathraria apart from Mopsea. It is noted,
for instance, as a characteristic of Mopsea that the branches arise mostly
£rom the internolos, whereas in Clathraria they arise mostly from the nodes.

[72]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQUEKN — REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIANS, 11.")

The spicuk's of Mopsea are described as " finely-spined. unsymmetrical
scales, slightl)' notched at the edge ; the spicules of Clathraria are spiny and
tuberculate clubs, warty double-clubs, and spindles with very minute warts."
For these ami other reasons we think that Clathraria may be usefully
retained as a distinct genus.

Anthelia faliyinosa (Ehrb.)
[Kiikentnalj = (according!
to Kiikenthal) :

Provisional List of Red Sea Alcyonarians.

Those included in Mr. Crossland's collection are marked with an asteri.sk.
The names in square brackets indicate the authorities for occurrence in the
lied Sea. In other cases the authority for the species is also the anfluniiy
for its occurrence in the Red Sea.

Order I. STOLONIFERA.

* Clavularia iiuU-hra, Thomson & Henderson.
Clavularia strumosa, Ehronberg.
Clavularia glauca (Savigny).
*Si/inpodiiim fiilvum, Forski'il [Klunzinger] [Kiikenthal] = (acconlirtg
to Ktik(nitlial) Alcyoniwn fulmun (Forsk.).
Sympodium L-wruleum, Ehrenberg. [Klunzinger] [Kiikenthal].

/ Sympodiiim fulii/inosiim. Ehrenberg

[ Klunzinger].
Si/mpodiiim purpiirasceiis, Ehrenberg

[Klunzinger]-
Anthelia glauca (Ehrb.) [Klunzinger].
\ Anthelia strumosa (Ehrb.) [Klunzinger].
* Tubipora pur/nirca, Pallas [Klunzinger].
Tubipora hemprichi, Ehrenberg [Klunzinger].

Order 11. ALCYONACEA.

*Xenia umbellata, Savigny [Klunzinger] [Kiikenthal].
* Xenia fuscescens, Ehrenberg [Klunzinger] [Kiikenthal].
* Xenia ccerulea, Ehrenberg [Klunzinger].

Xenia blutni, Schenk [May].
* Alcyonium sphcerophorum, Ehrenberg [Klunzinger],

Alcyonium globuliferum, Klunzinger.

Alcyonium digit ulatum, Klunzinger.

Alcyonium pachyclados, Klunzinger.

Alcyonium bracliy dados, Klunzinger.

Alcyonium polydactylum, Dana [Klunzinger].

Alcyonium leptoclados [Klunzinger].

Alcyonium gyrosum, Klunzinger.

[73]

114 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA.

Alcyonium paucifiorum, Ehrenberg.

Alcyonhun polydadylum, Ehrenberg.

Alcyonium rubifonnis, Ehrenberg.

Alcyonium anrum. Gray.

Alcyonium elegantissimum. May.
* SarcopTxytum glaucxtm, Quoy & Gaimard.

Sarcophytum pulmo, Haeekel [Klunzinger].

Sarcophytum paucifiorum [Klunzinger].

Sarcophytum sainpnyi, Klunzinger.

Sarcopkylam elirenhergi, Marenzeller.

Sarcophytum trocheliophonim, Marenzeller.
* ScleropJiytum gardineri, Pratt.
* Scleroplvytum querciforme, Pratt.
* Sclerophytum densum (Whitelegge).

Lohophytum paucifiorum, Ehrenberg.
*Nephthya zanzibarensis, Thomson & Henderson.
*Nephthya albida (^Holm).

^eplithya chabrolii, Milne-Edwards & Haime [Klunzinger].
*Lithophytum tliyrsoides, (Kukenthal) = Am)?io?/(fa thyrsoid<:S, Ehrenberg

[Klunzinger],
* Lithophytum arboreum, Forskal [Klunzinger].
*Lithophytum brassicum (May).
* Lithopkytum crosslandi, n. sp.
* Lithophytum macrospiculatum, n. sp.

^Spongodes] hemprichi, Klunzinger [Klunzinger] [Kiikeuthal],
* Spongodes hartmeyeri, Klikenthal [Kiikenthal].
* Spongodes suesiana, n. sp.
* Spongodes pharonis, n. sp.

Spongodes savignyi, Ehrenberg (Klunzinger) [Kiikenthal].

Spongodes ramulosa. Gray [Klunzinger].
Spongodes klunzingeri, Studer [Kiikenthal],

Spongodes arborea. May [ K iikenthal] .
Spongodes mayi, Kiikeuthal.
Spongodes ehrenbergi, Kiikenthal,

Order III. PSEUDAXONIA.

*Melitodes coccinea (E]\\s) = Isis coccinea, Ellis.
* Melitodes splendens, n. sp.

t According to Prof. Kiikenthal, who has revised this genus, the old name !Spongi>(i''s
ahould be changed to Dendronepkthya. To us this appears neither necessary nor desirable.

[74]

PROF. THOMSON AND MR. McQCEEN — KBFOBT ON THE ALCYONARIANS. 115

Mopsella eri/tliracea, Gray [Klunzinger = ^oj9s«a erythrcea\.

* Clathraria ruhrinodis. Gray.

* Clathraria acuta, Gray.
Siphonoaorpia mirahUis, Klunzinger.

Order IV. AXIFERA.

Caligoryia verticillata.

Plexaura aiitipathes, Kolliker [Klunzinger].

Plexaura torta, Klunzinger.

Verrucella fle.fuosa (Lamarck) [Klunzinger].

Juncella gemmacea, ^6\\iV.ev [Gray] [Klunzinger].

Juncella hepatica, Klunzinger.

EXPL.\N.\TION OF THE PLATES.
Plate 5.
I'ig. 1. Sponi/oiles siie.nu))a, n. sp. Nat. size.

i. Spottgodes pharonis, n. a^. A small bundle of polyps, x 10.
'A. S/nmf/odes pliaronui, n. sp. Nat. size.

4. Lilhophytutn brassicum (Kukenthal). Nat. size.

5. Sareophytum glaucnm, Quoy & Gaimard. Nat. size.

Pl.ATK 6.

Kg. 1. Melitodes coccinea (Ellis), x 12.

2. Melitodes coccinea (Ellis). Nat. size.

3. Clathraria riibrinodis, Gray. X 7.

4. Clatlirariii nil/rinodin, Gray. Nat. size.

Plate 7.

Fig. 1. Melitodes spleyidens, n. sp. x 12.

2. Melitodes splendens, n. sp. X 12.

3. Clathraria acuta, Gray. Nat. size.

4. Clathraria anitfi, Gray. x7.

Plate 8.

Fig. 1. Sclernphytum qutrciforme, Pratt. Nat. size.

2. Lithophytum macrospiculalum, n. sp. X 2.

3. Lithupkytiim macrospiculatimt, n. sp. A cluster of polyps, x 14.

L'OJ

Thomson,

JouRN. Linn Soc.ZooL. Vol. XXXT ^r '^

£ Wileon.libh & imp.

SUDANESE ALCYONARIA.

Thomson

JouRN.LiNK. SocZooL VoL.XXXI . Pl .6.

E Wilfion.lith &imp-

SUDANESE ALCYOl^ARIA

Thomson.

JouRN.LlKN. SocZooL.VoL XXXI. Pl. 7.

E. Wilson, )ich.& imp.

SUDANESE ALCYONARIA.

Thomson.

JouHN. Linn. Soc.,Zool.Vol. XXXI. Pl.8.

E.WllBon,Ut.h fcimp.

SUDANESE ALCYONARIA.

117

(JOTON. R. Mice. Soc. 1908, pp. 075-81.)

XX. — Note on a Eemarkahle Akyonarian, Stvderia * mirabilis

g. et sp. n.

By Professor J. Arthur Thom.sox, M.A.

(Read November 18, 1908.)

Plate XVI.

A COLLECTION of Alcyonaiians made by the ' Investigator ' in the
Inriian Ocean incliideil a specimen from tlie Andamans wliich is
certainly one of the most remarkalile of the many interesting
representatives of tin's suh-class tliat have lieen discovereil within
recent years. It Ls a cup-like coh)ny, with a large retractile poly-
parium. The cup is 45 mm. in heiglit by 55 mm. in maximum
diameter, and it is continued into a ba.'^al wisp (19 nun. in length),
wliich, however, shows no attaching disk. The specimen gave
indication of having been imbedded in the mud u]i to about the
maximum diameter of the cup.

General Structure. — The most striking peculiarity of this
Alcyonarian is that the whole of the polyp-bearing portion is
retracted within the exceedingly substantial, densely spinose cup,
the circular mouth of wliich is about 3(t nun. in diameter, and
shows the tips of numerous finger-like pol^ii-bearing lobes or
branches. It seems quite likely that the mouth of the cup was
capable of more complete closure, and, on tlie other hand, that the
retracted polyparium was capable of considerable protrusion.

A longitudinal median section of the single specimen shows a
dome-shaped fleshy centre, or thalamus, from the margins and
summit of wluch most of the numerous finger-like jiolyp-bearing
lobes arise. Some of them, however, are attached to tlie inner wall
of the cup at different levels. The central dome, it should be
noted, rises quite freely in the middle ol' the cup ; its diameter is
greater than half the maximum <liameter of the cup. The arrange-
ment of the polyp-bearing lobes may be comparetl to the distribu-
tion of carpels and stamens in the flower of some of the Uosace<e,
in which the former are disposed on a dome-shaped central thalamus,
and tlu^ latt(>r on several whorls on the inner wall of the " calyx-
tube." Or, again, the central region of our specimen may be com-

• I have named this type in honour of Professor Th. Rtuder, of Bern, who has
contributed so largely to our knowledge of .■Vlcyoiiaria.

118 Transactions of the Sociefj/.

pared to the disk of a Composite's capitulum and the periphera
parts to the ray-florets (plate XVI. fig. 1).

There are large longitudinal canals in the central dome,
separated by tough hyaline mesoglcea. Very strong muscle-bands
pass down their walls, and there are others in the wall of the cup
reaching almost to the margin. These longitudinal hands pass for
a short distance into the wisp-like stalk and gradually disappear.
Numerous well-defined transverse muscles extend l)etweeu the
several longitudinal bands.

Tfie Clip.— The cortical part of the wall of the cup, which is
very definite and has a thickness of about 2 mm., is extremely
hard, consisting mainly of long spindle.s, readily visible to the
naked eye (some over o mm. in length), arranged for the most
part in longitudinal interlacing rows. On the surface many of the
spindles lie exposed throughout their whole length. Towards the
base of the cup the spicules increase in size, and they attain their
maximum dimensions — almost 1 cm. in length — in the basal wisp.
These are probably the largest Alcyonarian spicules as yet
kno%vn.

The internal part of the wall of the cup, as distinguished from
the hard cortex just described, is soft and muscular. It is about
9 mm. in thickness where it joins the base of the dome, and naiTows
gradually to the margin of the cup.

TJie System of Canals. — Each of the finger-like polyp-bearing
lobes has a large canal, with which the cavities of the polyps
communicate. These branch canals pass into the dome or the
wall of the cup, as the case may be, and uniting with others
form the main longitudinal canals. These are relatively large,
especially at the base of the cup and below the central dome, where
they are about 2 • .5 mm. in diameter. From this region of maximum
size, they gi-adually taper into the wisp-Kke stalk. The walls of
the canals bear the strong longitudinal muscle-bands, and there
are verj' few spicules.

Polyp-bearing Lobes or Branches. — Looking down into the
mouth of the cup, one sees the heads of between sixty and seventy
polyp-bearing lobes or branches, Init the number visible will of
course depend on the degree to which the dome is contracted.
Besides the branches on its summit, the central dome bears four
whorls, and there are also four tiers on the wall of the cup. It
should be noted, however, that the lobes do not all arise singly
from the central dome, but may cohere for a distance of 2-6 mm. at
their bases. Some are united in pairs ; in one case seven were
found to be cohering.

Polyps. — Each of the finger-like branches resembles a spike-
inflorescence, and bears 1.50-200 close-set sessile polyps. These
almost cover the surface, but without discernible arrangement. At

Note oil, Shidiria mirabilis. Bi/ I'm/. J. A. Tlwmxon. 11!)

thesumiiiit there is a terminal polyp whicliis larger than the others.
In many cases a branch has a Icn^tli of 1") mm. and a maximum
diameter of 3 mm., but in re^fard tu tliese and other measurements
of soft parts it must be remembered that the whole colony hiis
been much contracted liy preservation in strong sjiirit (])late X^'I.
fig. 2.).

The jiolyp-s liavc alniii.sl globular calyces or verruau, with
a (liaincler of about 1 mm. 'J'he tentacles are in most cases com-
pletely retracted, and the summit of the calyx shows a sharply
defined circular aperture. The polyps with their calyces and pre-
cise circular aperture recall those of some of the Pennatulids, such
as A'ii'gularids. On the wall of the calyx there are eight triangular
point.s, each con.sisting of two to three pairs of spicules arranged
111 rhcrron, .surmounting a c'oUaret of .several horizontal rows. In
most cases, however, the projecting spindles of the cortical camen-
chyma hide the base of the calyx and may even intrude upon
it. The anthocodia is very minute and is completely retractile
within the globular calyx. The tentacles are short and thick,
apparently without spicules, and with about half a dozen pairs of
pinnules.

Spicules. — Apart I'rom a few irregular minute forms found on
the canal walls (and possibly extraneous) all the spicules are
spindles. Many are huge, most are densely warted. The warts
are often in close-set transverse rows, .so that the spindle has a
striated appearance. Many of the spindles are cuived in a sinuous
fashion ; not a few are irregularly forked (])late XVI. fig. 3).

The following measurements were taken of the spicules, length
and breadth in millimetres : —

Krom the stalk: 9-5 X -534; 7 X -51 ; o-?.". X --ITe.

From the cortex : o
From the inner wall)
of the cup : I

From the canal walls :
From the polyps : 1

Position of Stiiilcria. — If this type is to be referred to any of
the recogni.sed families ol' the Alcyonacea it must In; to the Alcyo-
niidic. In the retractility of the whole polypariiim, as well as
in the mode of brand ling, the disposition of the polyps and
theii- armature, it is removed from the Nephthyids and Siphono-
gorgids.

In certain respects, e.g. the distinct calyces into which the
delicate upper parts of the poly] is are retracted and the large
longitudinal canals continued in part to the base of the colony,

5 X

•476; 3-5 X

•28; 1-75 X

•153.

.'-1 X

•4; 3 X

•2; 2X

•15.

(3 X

•51; 4 -20 X

•4; 2^7r. X

•32.

tj X

•112; 1-02 X

•05; ^45 X

•034

•17 X

•018; •IS X

•017.

120 Transactions of thi Society.

SivJeria resembles Nidalia, but the Nidalia colony is uuliranched,
and there are many other differences apart from Studeria's retractile
polvparium. In certain respects, e.g. in its huge spindles and in
the finger-like lobes densely covered \rith polyps, Studeria resembles
a form like Sckrophi/fum poli/dactylvm, but the polyp? are quite
different iu the two, and there is not in Studeria any hint of dimor-
phism. The non-retractUe calyces, the mode of brandling, the
nature of the spiculation, and other features separate Studeria
from Alci/onium and several nearly related genera. So we might
review all the genera of Alcyoniidte, but to little profit, for there
is only one which can be thought of as having close affinities
witli our new type. That one is the genus Pffm/cyo;H*'/», estab-
lished by Milne-Edwards. Milne-Edwards gave the following
diagnosis of Paredviimiium, : " Polyparium of a coriaceous tissue
towards the base and there forming a cylindrical tube with spicu-
lose walls, into the interior of wldch all the upper and soft part of
the polyparium, including the polyps themselves, can lie completely
retracted.""*

In his original description oi Paralci/onium, when he called it
Alcyonide,t Iklilne-Edwards gave a number of interesting details.
He distinguished a brown firm "foot" fixed by its base, and a
white, delicate, branched trunk ynth twigs ending in small polyiis.
The ca-sdties of the polyps unite in forming longitudinal canals
which are continued to the base, those which lie to the outside
having theii- walls strengthened by numerous brown spindles.
Ova are developed on lameUre in the lower part of the canals of
the trunk and fall into the cavity, accumulating further down.
On the polyps there are, according to Milne-Edwards, rows of
" spicules cartilagineuses brunatres."

"Wright and Studer gave the following definition of Paralcy-
oiiium in the ' Challenger ' lieport on Alcyonarians (1889) : — " The
colony presents two distinct portions : one, the ftasal portion, is
dense, with firm walls; the other, the head, alone bears the
polyps, and can be in part withdrawn into the basal part. The
polyp-bearing portion is but feebly lobed." In his " Yersuch eines
Systemes der Alcyonaria '' t Studer had suggested affinity with
Nidalia.

Our new type Studeria agrees with Parcdcyonium (1) in having
the polyp-bearing portion retractile into the basal portion, (2) in
the disposition of the longitudinal canals, and (3) in having verj-
large fusiform spicules. But there the resemblance stops, and
there can be no question as to the lUstinctiveness of the two very-
remarkable genera.

» Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaiies, 1S57, p. 129.
+ Ann, Sci. Nat., ser. 2, iv. (1835) pp. 323-33 (9 figs.).
X Arch. Natur., liii. (1887).

Xoir

Stuil

criu IK

{rahilu. Bif I'rof. J. A. Tlwm.smi. 121

The most oljvious diftierences between Stitdcrio and Parulcii-
onmm may lie .sunnnccl np in tlic following contrast : —

Slmkria mirabilis.

The [lulj-ps are crowded uu
iinmerous linger - like branches,
whicli cover a central dome, and
also grow out from the inner walls
of the cup.

The polyps have a dense arma-
ture of spicules, foruiinn' a well-
defined calyx.

The walls of the ruii are \ery
massi\e and hard.

The retracule polypariiiui is
very subsUmtial, including strong
muscle-bands.

The larger spindles are very
characteristic, being covered with
warts in thick-set rows.

Pa rale I/O III urn.

The polyps are distant from une
another, and are borne on the ends
of the twigs of a loosely-branched
polyparium.

The polyjis have luiuuLe spicules
at the base of the tentacles, but
there is no ailyx.

The walls of the cylindrical
lower portion are not thick, ami
the whole is readily compressible.

The retractile polyparium is very
delicate and translucent.

The spindles are much smaller,

and much less wartv.

It sliDuld be noted that S/utlerin miriihllix is nnirh larger than
Puralcijonivm elegans, much more massive, with much larger and
coarser spicules, aiul so on ; but we have reason to believe that the
massivene.ss of arcliitecture is a specific, not a generic character.
We saw in Septemb(>r in the Zoological JIuseum in Hamburg a
number of un-nanu'd specimens of a form which we believe to be
closely related to StiuUriu. By the courtesy of the director,
I'rofessor Kraepelin, and of Dr. i\Iichaelseu, who has charge of the
section of the museum containing Alcyonaria and the like, we
were able to examine this form, and to compare it with the ' Inves-
tigator' type. The Hamburg specimens, which were collected oil'
Formosa (Takao), agree with the ' Investigator ' specimen in having
a retractile jiolyparium, similar jiolyps, and the same type of huge
warty spindle, but they have not the strong massive cup, nor, so
far as we have seen, the same development of central dome, or of
digitiform lobes. We do not wish to pui-sue the comparison in
the meantime, since I'rofessor Kiikentlial has. we believe, under-
taken to describe the un-named Alcvonariaus in the Hamburg
Museum. We would, however, express our conclusion thai the
Hamburg specinu'us belong, or are closely related, to the genus
Studeria, \\\\k\\. we have established for the ' Investigator ' tyi)e.
[It must be added that we exhibited, de.scribed, and named the
'Investigator' specimen in August 1907, at the Meetitig of tlic
International Congress of Zoidogists at Boston, As we have heard
nothing regarding the manu.script which we deposited, we have
thought it necessary to record tiie facts afresli.]

122 Tr-ansactions of the Society.

M. Camille Viguier * has described and given beautiful tigm-es
of a type which he calls Fascicularia, and has proposed to include
Paralcyonmm along with it in a special family or sub-family,
Fascicularina?. But it is not evident that Fascicularia is really
related to Faralci/miium : it consists of groups united by stolons ;
the cavities of the polyps are continued, quite distinct from one
another, down the " basilar column ;" there is no common region
except the base; the lai'ge polyps expand from the top of the
basilar column, but there is no liranched or lobed polyparium; in
fact, as the author says, there is no polyparium properly so-called.
He makes the same remark, it is true, in regard to Paralci/oni.i'm,
which, however, he had not seen. What at once marks Faralci/-
onium as distant from Fascicularia, is the presence of a branched
polypaiium rising from the top of a iirmer cylindrical stalk, into
which it can be retracted. Viguier speaks of the " incontestable
resemblance " between his Fascicularia and the Paralcyonium of
Milne-Edwards, but we are unable to share tliis view. The descrip-
tion of Fascicularia suggests to us relationship with Symj30(Hiivi
rather than with Paralcyonium.

A recent careful studyf of abundant material of Fascicularia,
and Faralcyonium by Sophie Motz-Kossowska and Louis Fagc
corroborates Viguier's view. In their interesting paper the authors
point out that the two types agree (1) in having a stolon con-
necting the colonies (but this is often almost suppressed in
Paralcyonium); (2) in having a rigid basal portion into which the
polyps can be retracted (but in Fascicularia this is composed of
the unfused gastric cavities of the polyps, whereas in Paralcy-
onium there has been much coalescence, and therefore far fewer
longitudinal canals than polyps ; moreover, Paralcyonium has a
branching polyparium with secondary polyps arising from primary
polyps) ; (3) in having similar spicules — small, flat, opaque
elliptical forms in a sub-tentacular collar and larger spindles in
the basal portion (but the spindles are very much larger in
Paralcyonium). The authors point out that Paralcyonium passes
through a Fascicularia stage, and in spite of the great difference in
the Ijasilar portion and in the relations of the polyps to one another,
they unite them in the family rascicidarida^, defined as follows :
" Colonies very poor in ccenenchyma, composed of several groups
of polyps united by a stolon ; polyps united at the base in a rigid
column within which they can be completely retracted." It is
suggested that the family is connected by Fascicularia with the
Clavularidse, that there are some affinities with Nidalia and

* Etudes sur les auimaux inferieurs de la Baie d' Alger. III. Un uouveau type
d'Anthozoaiie {Fascicularia cdwardsi). Arch. Zool. Esper. ser. 2, vi. (1888)
pp. 351-73 (2 pis.). See also H. de Lacaze-Duthiers ; Coraniaires du Golie du
Liou. Alcyonaires. Arch. Zool. Exper. ser. 3, viii. (1900) pp. 353-462 (4 pis.).

t Contribution a I'etude de la famille des Pascicularid^s. Arch. Zool. Expe .,
vii. (I'JOT) pp. 423-43 (10 figs.).

Note on Stvderia mirnUlis. By Prof. J. A. Thomson. 12?.

Nidaliopsis, and lliat the nearest related form is Organidus. The
armature of the pulyps in Nidalia, \ii^ unhranclied hahit, and many
other features sepaiate it lar from Pai-a/ci/oiiiKin, and (Icrsemia, to
which, as Kiilventhal has shown, Organidns must he referred, is
equally remote.

We have not as yet heen able to jiiocure a specimen of Fauci-
cularia for examination, and we would not tlierefore dogniaticallv
exclude the possiliijity that F/tseiruldtia, Paralci/onimii, and
Stiii/eria form a series shDwiiiu the i)ro<;ressive dinerentiation nf a
rigid basilar portion into which the rest of tlie eolmiy can be
retracted. The descrijitions given by jMotz-Kossowska and Fage
are very precise, and tlieir discussion of the possible relatioushijjs
is admirable ; what surprises us is tliat in s])ite of the dilferences
whicli tliey indicate lietween Fa.scici(Uiria and Paralci/onlum, they
should ]iropose tci include tlie two in one family. From tlieii-
descriptions, as from Mgitier's, it apjiears tn us that Fascicular ia is
more nearly related to tyyinpodium than to Pai-alci/onium ; that it
differs from Paralci/onium too markedly (in the structure of the
basilar portion and in tlie relations of tlie polyps to this and to
one another) to allow I if their being included in one familv ; and
tliat neither is nearly relaterl to Studeriu.

Th'iif/nosis of Sludcria. — A colony consisting of a strong densely
spiculose cup, within which very numerous linger-like polyp-
beariug lobes or branches are retracted ; these arise at diffei'ent
levels from a strong muscular central thalamus, and IVomtlie uppei-
parts of the inner wall of the cu]); each (inger-like lobe is tliickly
covered with polyjis and ends in a poly]i larger than the rest ; the
cavities of tlu^ polyps communicate with a central canal in the
digitiform lobe, and tliese central canals unite in a few large
longitudinal canals with few spicules in their walls ; the jiolyps
have a distinct non-retractile calyx or verruca, cnvcred with .spindles
arranged in double rows ; the spicules are all spindles, exce])t a
few minute irregular forms found (along witli sparse spindles) in
the canal walls; many of the cortical spindles attain liuge dimen-
sions (over 0 mm.): many are sinuous and forked ; almost all are
very warty, and there is a characteristic arrangement of the warts in
transverse rows.

Our general conclusion, which is based on a single specimen,
of which we had to be careful, is tluxt we have to do with a verv
distinct genus, related to ranilci/oniiini, but not very closely ;
perhaps connected through forms like Nidalia with other Alcyo-
niidie ; but more ]irobalily deserving, as Professor Verrill suggested
to us, the estabhshmeut of a new family.

l/>NltnN: PHrN'TXn nr WILIJAM ruiWKit AMD lOIfB. I.IMTrK^
•RBAT WIMl¥IIX VTIEKT. W.. ANU IlUKB vrBIKT. ATAltroin tTBrsT. ■ T

JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1908. PI. XVI.

Fig. 1. — Longitudinal section of Stiulcria
mirahilis g. et sp. n. Natural size.

Pig. 2. — The upper part of
one of the digitiform polyp-
bearing lobes or branches
of Sludcria mirahilis g. ct
sp. n. It shows the ter-
minal polyp much larger
than the others, x 12.

Fig. .3. — Spicules of Studcria mirabilis.

\. From the stalk. B. From the internal wall of the cup. C. From a polyi)-

bearing lobe.

I

.