CONN S 43 .E22 no.lJ Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 witii funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/studiesontobaccoOOjenk -Ec CONNECTICUT Y\o. Agricultural Experiment Station NEW HAVEN, CONN. BULLETIN 180, JANUARY, 1914. Studies on the Tobacco Crop OF Connecticut. By E. H. JENKINS. " Bjr Hercules! I do hold it and will affirm it, before any prince in Europe, to be tbe most sovereign and precious weed that ever the earth tendered to the use of man." "By Gad's me"! rejoins Cob, "I mar'l what pleasure or felicity they have in taking this roguish tobacco. It is good for nothing but to choke a man and fill him full of smoke and embers." Ben Jonson's Every Man in his Humour, 1598. The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connecticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the editions permit. V o K n L CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. OFFICERS AND STAFF. BOARD OF CONTROL. His Excellency, Simeon E. Baldwin, ex-officio. President. Prof. H. W. Conn, Vice President MIddletown Oeorge A. Hopson, Secretary Wallingford E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven Joseph W. Alsop Avon Wilson H. Lee Orange Frank H. Stadtmueller Elmwood James H. Webb Hamden Administration. E. H. Jenkins. Ph.D., Director and Treasurer. Miss V. E. Cole, Librarian and Stenographer. Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Stenographer. William Veitch, In charge of Buildings and Grounds. Chemistry. Analytical Laboratory. John Phillips Street, M.S., Chemist in Charge. E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.D., C. B. Morison, B.S., C. E. Shepard, G. L. Davis, Assistants, Hugo Lange, Laboratory Helper, V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent, Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Stenographer. Proteid Research. T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. Miss E. L. Ferry, M.S., Assistant, Botany. G. P. Clinton, S.D., Botanist. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Assistant, Miss M. H. Jagg-er, Seed Analyst. Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Herbarium Assistant. Entomology. W. E. Britton, Ph.D., E}it07>iologist ; State Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr., First Assistant, Q. S. Lowry, B.S., I. W. Davis, B.S., Assistants. Miss F. M. Valentine, Stenographer, Forestry. Walter O. Filley, Forester; also State Forester and State Forest Fire Warden. A. E. Moss, M.F., Assistant Station Forester. Miss E. L. Avery, Stenographer. Plant Breeding. H. K. Hayes, M.S., Plant Breeder. C. D. Hubbell, Assistant. CONTENTS. PAGE Station, OflScers and Stafif 1 Quantity of Nitrogen and Mineral Elements in the Tobacco Crop. . 4 The Leaves 4 The Stalks 8 Total 10 Relation Between the Composition of Ash and the burning Quality 10 Proximate Composition of the Leaf Before and After Fermentation 11 Grain of Tobacco 14 Area of Leaf Surface on an Acre of Tobacco 16 Seed Production of Tobacco 16 Management of Seed Beds 16 Poquonock Fertilizer Experiments 18 Method 18 Soil 19 Fertilizers 19 Soil Moisture 20 Temperature of Soil and Air 20 Results 21 Loss of Weight in Fermentation 21 Weight of Leaves 21 Fire-Holding Capacitj- 21 Percentage of Wrappers 22 Yield 22 Loss in Sorting 22 Comparative Value of Leaf from Several Plots 22 Comparisons of Fertilizers 23-30 Nitrate of Soda, 23. Cotton Seed Meal, 24. Castor Pomace, 24. Linseed Meal, 24. Fish Scrap, 24. Stable Manure, 25. Tobacco Stems, 25. Various Forms of Potash, 26. Use of Large Amounts of Phosphates, 28. Shaded Tobacco 30 Curing with Artificial Heat 33 Fermentation of Tobacco in Case 35 Fermentation of Tobacco in Bulk 36 Bibliography of Publications on Wrapper Leal Tobacco 58 Tobacco Breeding 38 Insects which Injure Tobacco 41 Fungous Diseases of Tobacco 46 Bibliography of Publications on Wrapper Leaf Tobacco 58 STUDIES ON THE TOBACCO CROP OF CONNECTICUT By E, H. Jenkins. Wrapper leaf tobacco, the only 'type of leaf raised in this state, is our largest cash crop. The government crop report for 1912 shows that tobacco was grown on 17,500 acres in Connecticut, that the yield was over twenty-nine million seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds and that the value on the farm was more than seven million one hundred thousand dol- lars, exceeding that of all cereals grown in Connecticut, of all the timothy and clover, and more than half as large as that of all the forage crops. This Station has been called upon to help growers in such ways as it could to improve the quality, increase the quantity and decrease the cost of growing the crop. The results of this work have been printed from time to time during the last twenty years, but the demand from within and without the state has exhausted the supply of bulletins and reports on the subject. , As the call for them still continues, the following summary of our results has been prepared, with references to our orig- inal reports which can be found in libraries if more detailed study of any topic is desired and also to the valuable work which has been done elsewhere on tobacco of the cigar- wrapper type but which cannot be adequately described within the limits alloted to this bulletin. This bulletin is in no way a guide to tobacco growing or a treatise on the whole subject but simply brings together in small compass the general results 4 . Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. of such work as this Station has done in the interest of tobacco growers and handlers. The various subjects follow each other, often with no close connection, for they describe single pieces of work undertaken as necessity required or opportunity offered and are not the result of any comprehensive plan for a systematic study of the whole subject of tobacco culture. The Quantity of Nitrogen and of Certain Mineral Constituents in an Average Tobacco Crop. 1. The leaves. From twelve analyses of tobacco leaf grown in this state (41)* was calculated the number of pounds of mineral matter and nitrogen in a crop of 1800 pounds of leaf tobacco with 30 per cent, pi moisture. This average appears in the fourteenth column of Table II. Analyses of the following samples made in 1884 (42) are given in Table I. No. 1. Fermented Havana from Cuba, good quality, burns white. No. 2. Fermented Sumatra, good bum, other- wise poor quality. No. 3. Fermented Wisconsin Havana, fair quality, burns white and free. No. 4. Fermented Con- necticut seed leaf, good quality, good bum, raised on new land with yard manure, no commercial fertilizer. No. 5. Unfermented Connecticut Havana, very good quality. Land dressed with cotton hull ashes, one ton cotton seed meal , 300 pounds each of lime and land plaster. No. 6. Un- fermented Connecticut Havana, very good quality. Land dressed with 400 pounds bone, 500 pounds double sulphate of potash, 1 ton cotton seed meal and 300 lbs. each of lime and land plaster. No. 7. Unfermented Connecticut Havana. Fair quality, except coals and does not burn well. Raised on good manure. No. 8. Fermented Connecticut Ha\'ana. Poor quality, crusts badly and does not bum well. Raised on good loamy land with slaughter house manure worked over by pigs. * Numbers refer to the references given on page 59 et seq. The Composition of Tobacco Leaf. =3 Co (U o i-H 1— I lO O (M r^ . (J vo" * ^o 1-4 CO ' ' •+' I-! VO og eg 't I— 1 INI ^ -* CO o (Nl o (Nl o CM ID 00 00 og 00 On eg eg VO 0^ eg tH lO oa VO 1—1 'si- I— I eg eg '^ o O CTn CT^ ON o ON VO (M CO eg VO vO CO 00 >— 1 ■O I— 1 ■o ^ •o 1 ^ CO eg C^l eg ej •^ ,— I rO I CO 00 ON C3 a a PI PI O ^ O yA O 'So ^^ u 2=3 S ON tH ON 00 CO ro On t>. 00 lO C^ 00 ON t^ to Tj- 00 NO >— 1 tH tH — 1 00 r^ VO o t^ \£) VO T-( 1-1 1—1 c^ lO r- , '^ VO VO VO 00 o VO lO VO On VO t^ VO C. VO (M -^ tH O Cv] VO o 00 VO 00 1-1 a ro VO 1-1 t-- t^ o o o lO ■* 00 !>. CM W 0\ M5 t^ ON 00 CM ■* On "0 ■* T-H ON t^ r>. 1-1 to >o ON lO CM tH r^ o e< lO ON 1—1 fO o VO 1—1 -<* Tf 00 r^ (NI 1-H ro t^ VO VO ■<*• lO 1-1 CM |X| Tf o tH ON Tl- VO to 1-1 ^ 00 >o (Nl Q ON 00 VO lO lO rC VO O >o VO .H VO VO t^ ON CM >o Ov VO CNJ PL, 00 lO 1-1 UO Ov Tf VO VO o 00 CNl VO 1-1 t^ On 1—1 lO 00 Tf »o T) * O -d < o o < t«0 a ■d 1 0) s 175 625 127 21.1 ■d a Number of leaves in sample . . . Weight of the leaves (grams) . . . Number of leaves in one pound . . Per cent, of water in the leaves. . 75 505 67 23.5 75 456 74 23.4 175 713 111 27.4 60 401 68 27.5 60 365 74 24.9 * See however remarks on page 26. 12 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. Tlie chemical analyses of the leaves are given in detail below: TABLE VI. Analyses of Fermented and Unfermented Leaves. Water Ash* ... ... N cotine Nitric Acid (N2O5) . Ammonia (NHg) . . • Other Nitrogenous matterst Fiber Starch Other Nitrogen-free Extract Ether Extract 1 Upper Leaves. B Short Seconds. "d '"a S il.'d ■6 E 21.10 1 23.50 23.40 27.40 14.89 15.27 22.85 25.25: 2.50 1.79 .77 .50 1.89 1.97 ' 2.39 2.821 .67 .71 .16 .16 12.19 13.31 6.69 6.81 ! 7.90 8.78 7.89 8.95 3.20 3.36 2.62 3.01 29.39 27.99 26.28 28.36 3.87 3.42 2.95 3.04 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 c First Wrappers. 27.50 15.84 1.26 2.59 .33; 11.311 9.92! 2.89 25.52 2.84 100.00 24.90 16.22 1.14 2.35 .47 11.62 10.42 3.08' 26.88 2.92 100.00 From the data obtained have been calculated the number of pounds of each ingredient of the leaves in one thousand pounds of the unsweated tobacco, and also how many pounds of each ingredient were left after fermentation. The differences should represent the losses incurred during the process. Total Loss by Fermentation. The upper leaves, short seconds and first wrappers lost respectively, by fermentation, 9.7, 12.3 and 9.1 per cent, of their total weight. While three-fourths of the loss in the case of the short sec- onds, consisted of water, in the case of the upper leaves almost three-fourths of the loss was of Avy matter. The first wrap- pers lost a little less dry matter than water. * Free from carbonic acid and carbon. t Nitrogen other than that of nicotine, nitric acid and amnionia, multiplied by S% . Composition Affected by Fermentation. 13 "UOp'B^ 1 COO^OOOvOOlOC^10^r^C< 0 -uanus^misoq 00 i-i O e^J -*" -H t-^' Tf ' y~i r- -1 (Nli-luoiOrOrOVOCOOLOvJ 3 •noTiB^aain vd rO t--" O ^ ^ >0 •*' 00 •*' vf 3 ""! -J3^ JartjB 1J9T fMoo-*r-i ^ •UOllBJ CT^-*^~rO^H t-^ ,— icvlr' 5 ^ 13 -nsuu8jj uf^soq; CO rO -1-+ --1 Q « ^ ^ << 0 vDOio^OO^t^vOrO^t^ Cu ^" »l •uoxiBiusra -*' (NI tH -*' -Nt-' ,-1 a^ oo' vo oo' VC 5 5 -JSjI JSIJB JJ9q 00 On CO oq lO C^ o ^ I? [X, '^O00000O^C^lO^ .\OC0a ' rr-l M oi Q UOTl-Bl ro rO O go' ' ' . .-I ro r> Tj C rt W g -uaiujs^vi ai jsoq; CO r^ rl '^ 1-1 Pi w 6 > oi u . ■ IS < •uoi;biusiii .-I —i 00 vd r-.' vd o ON o cm" c CJ H -ja^ JsijB yaq .— ONfO'— I"— 1 CMt^fJlOC > 'u fa ^ 0) CM vOi-( 1-1 CM -u o W 'q w Q OnOGnOvOi^Oi— (ONCMr-^ * (D Q Pi O •psiuauuajun lOlOOO'OOOvO'— ION-— ilOOC S « spunod OOOT ui rO>X)-+C0rH COt--rOOr<- CO r^ T— 1 T-l CM Ih O " PI • o ra^ »H • . -1— ^ fa n3 rt o ■*-> X !? . '^ w 2 . . . s (U 'S:S H ' ^^ . fj OJ o -^ M • ^ 3 ^1 -Q f- .J 2 ^ ■ — ■ o <+J u / Diseased. Fig. 12. Comparative size of healthy and diseased roots of seedlings. Cover the bed immediately for a day or two with boards or canvas to keep in the fumes and then air thoroughly and stir the soil lightly. Steaming is more efifective where the apparatus can be conveniently obtained. This method is fully described in (66.) The pan, shown in the figure, is made of 18-gauge galvanized iron with a handle bar at each end, reinforced with Tobacco Diseases. 51 Fig. 13. Steam Sterilizer on Tobacco Bed. strap iron and having a nipple for a steam hose connection with a steam boiler, six to eight horse power, which will maintain 70-80 pounds of steam. A tight wooden box of similar size is equally effective. The pan is inverted over one end of the bed which has been raked smooth, ready for seeding. Its edges are pressed down and steam is turned on and kept at a boiler pressure of 70 pounds for at least one-half hour. The pan is then moved to the next section of the bed and the steamed part covered with 52 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. burlap to hold the heat longer. Where a long bed is to be treated, two pans can be used economically, letting the one stand after steaming while the other is in operation. This treatment, and in less degree the formalin treatment, also kills weeds and makes subsequent weeding almost un- necessary. In one test 180 square yards of bed cost the labor of two men two days, $6.00. To weed 90 square yards of unsterilized bed during the season cost $12.00 in labor. It is to be remembered that a steam hose is dangerous and dur- ing steaming no one should stand close to it. Sprinkling affected plants with formalin solution is, in our experience, futile. Root rot may cause a diminished tobacco crop without showing such virulence as to kill any plants. A cold wet season is likely to aggravate the trouble. It seems to bear some relation to improper fertilization especially to the exces- sive use of alkaline potash manures. Sumatra Disease, Bacterial. In 1907 this trouble appeared on Sumatra plants and did severe injury. It is apparently bacterial, attacking the base of the stem and the root imme- diately below it and is entirely distinct from the root rot above described. (73). It has not yet been seen on our Havana or Broadleaf. b. Diseases of Tobacco in the Field. Canker. This shows as a girdling of the stem underground or a diseased area on the stem abo\e. In tlio latter case there is a dark brown sunken area in tb.c l)ark, shari)ly marked off from the healthy green bark. The appearance is shown in the figure. While other diseases or even insect injuries may be the starting point of this disease, the canker itself is probably of bacterial origin. Till now it has not been com- mon enough to do serious damage. Hea\y manuring seems to favor the devlopment of this disease. Tobacco Diseases. 53 a. Cankered area extending on stem from ground upward. b. Stem girdled under ground. Fig. 14. Canker Disease of Tobacco. 54 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. "Calico", sometimes called the "mosaic disease". The experiments of the Station botanist, Dr. Clinton, so far indicate that most of the "calico" on leaves of commercial value in the fields traces back to the seed bed or to infection of the seedlings at the time of transplanting. To explain this more clearly, it should be stated that "calico" is a disease Fig. 15. Calico from tobacco on tomato and then back to tobacco. that is very easily transmitted by handling a healthy plant after handling a "calicoed" plant, especially if any of the juices from the "calicoed" plants are on the hands. This juice is only effective on the immature or growing leaves. That is, one can touch with it a fully grown leaf at the base of a tobacco plant and it will not "calico", but the young leaves Tobacco Diseases. SS above will become "calicoed" though not even touched at this time. From this it can be seen that if there are any "calicoed" plants in the seed bed the handling of these while transplanting is likely to greatly spread the "calico" to other- wise healthy plants. This explains why sometimes in the field one finds every other plant "calicoed" for quite a distance in the row. The man who set these either got the juice from a "calicoed" plant on his hands or else got a bunch of plants which had come in contact with "calicoed" plants,while the man who set the alternate sound plants did not carry the in- fection. The figure shows on the left a "calico" leaf from which the trouble was transmitted to the tomato leaf in the center and from that the tobacco leaf on the right was infected. Unfortunately "calico" cannot usually be recognized in the plants while in the seed bed. Occasionally before the final setting, such plants are found. Whenever they are found they and the surrounding plants should be pulled out and the other plants should not be touched until the hands have been washed thoroughly with soap and water. So far, the chief methods of lessening "calico" in the seed bed are avoiding the use of tobacco water, as noted above and probably steam sterilization. Some growers believe that the careless use of fertilizers on the growing seedlings pro- duces "calico", but if so, this has not yet been proved by experimentation. Seed beds should never be made on land recently planted to tobacco nor should tobacco stems ever be used in the bed. The reason is that a single calico plant in a bed which might have been caused by stems may infect many others during the handling necessary in pulling and setting. On the other hand a chance infection from stems in the field is not so likely to spread the trouble by contact. When beds are apt to produce calico plants and sterilization is impossible it is well to make new beds. See also conclusions of G. H. Chapman (86), and especial- ly of Allard (91). 56 Connecticut Experiment Stahon Bulletin 180. Rust. This shows as reddish brown spots on the leaf, con- sidered by some as a symptom of cahco and by others as not connected with that trouble. In our observation it occurs on calico plants as a result of the weakened condition of the plant and is thus indirectly associated. String Leaves. "Shoe String" Leaf. Very narrow de- formed leaves, sometimes leaving little besides the midrib, are frequently associated with calico. c. Diseases of Tobacco in the Curing Barn. Pole=Burn of Tobacco. A preliminary report on this trouble is given in Rept. 1891 p. 168 which suggests that it is caused primarily by the growth if a fungus on the leaf which by destroying the tissue gives access to bacteria which induce decay. See page 33. The writer. Dr. Sturgis, recommends horizontal ventilation and discusses the process and methods of curing by the use of artificial heat. (44-51-52-60 ). Frost Fungus. This appears on the leaf-stems in the bam, at first in pure white patches looking like hoar frost or velvet. The patches spread to the leaf veins, destroy the tissue and decay follows. The white patches are the fruiting stage of a fungus, Botryosporium pulchrum, Cda. Its spores are developed and carried over to the next year in the stalks and waste leaves left in the barn. Preventive. This mold may be prevented by perfect cleanliness in the barn from which all stalks and waste should be at once removed. In extreme cases the f^oor should be covered with fresh earth or sprinkled with a mixture of slaked lime and sulphur, or the barn fumigated. d. Diseases of Tobacco in the Case. Black Spot or Canker. (11). This appears as dark colored patches, often extending through several overlapping "hands" Tobacco Diseases. 57 of leaf, destroying the tissue. It is probably a fungous trouble, Sterigmatocysiis niger, but what conditions induce the disease is not known nor any preventive. Probably too "high case" in packing associated with con- tinued low temperature has much to do with its appearance (66). Musty Tobacco. Is another disease of packed tobacco caused either by fungus or bacterial trouble acquired by hand- ling the leaf in an unclean way in the barn or packing house. (66). 58 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO TOBACCO OF WRAPPER LEAF TYPE GROWN IN NEW ENGLAND. This list is probably not complete but I believe includes most of the important papers on this subject, which have been published by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Stations, within the last twenty-five years For ready reference, the following key to subjects may be helpful : SUBJECTS OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY Analyses of leaf, 26, 41, 42, 49, 53, 84, 87. " stalks, 43, 50. Artificial heat in curing. 29, 31, 40, 46, 56. Breeding and selection, 5, 24, 67, 68, 69, 80, 81, 82, 89. Burning quality, tests of, 25. 26, 28. Calico of tobacco, 19, 55, 65, 66, 86, 91. Cigar types of tobacco, 23, 32. Culture, curing, marketing, 1, 2, 21, 23, 37, 46. Curing, 7, 29, 31, 36, 40, 56, 61. Diseases, bibliography of, 54, 63. " various, 65, 66, 68, 71, 73. Enzymes in tobacco, 12, 88. Fermentation, 7, 8, 13, 18, 56, 57, 61. " chemical changes during, 49. Fertilizer experiments, 47, 48, 84, 85, 87. Fertilizers, effect on composition of leaf, 53. Grain of tobacco, 59. Industry 4, 35. Bibliography of Wrapper Tobacco. 59 Injury due to malnutrition or over fertilization, 70. Insects injuring tobacco, 39, 70, 75. Leaf surface of, 62. Mosaic disease (see calico). Nicotine in tobacco, 28. Pole burn, 44, 51, 52, 60. Root rot, Thielavia, 30, 33, 72, 74, 83. Seed, preparation of, 77. " varieties of, 21, 23. Seed beds, management, 80. Shade growing, 13, 16, 17, 27, 58, 64, 76. Soils, 3, 10, 14, 15, 38. Stem rot, 45. Vetch as a cover crop, 34, 78. Wilt disease, 22. BIBLIOGRAPHY. General Treatises: 1. Report on the Culture and Curing of Tobacco in the United States. J. B. Killebrew. Tenth Census of the United States (1880). Vol III, pp. 164. 2. Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Man- ufacture. Killebrew & Myrick, pp. 494. iigs. 137. Orange Judd Co., 1897. Publications OF the United States Department of Agriculture: Year Book. 3. 1894. Tobacco Soils of .Connecticut (and Pennsylvania) Milton Whitney, pp. 143-151. 4. 1899. Growth of the Tobacco Industry. Milton Whitney and Marcus L. Floyd, pp. 429-440 pis. XXIX-XXXV. 5. 1904. The Improvement of Tobacco by Breeding and Selec- tion. A. D. Shamel, pp. 435-452, pis. LIX-LXIV. 6. 1906. New Tobacco Varieties. A. D. Shamel, pp. 387-404, pis. XXXIII-XXXVI, figs. 11-14. Report. 7. 59. Curing and Fermentation of Cigar Leaf Tobacco. Oscar Loew, pp. 34. 60 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. 8. 60. Temperature Changes in Fermenting Piles of Cigar- Leaf Tobacco. Milton Whitnej' and Thomas H. Means, pp. 28, figs. 7. 9. 63. The Work of the Agricultural Experiment Stations on Tobacco. (Abstracted by) J. I. Schulte, pp. 48. 10. 64. Field Operations, Division of Soils, 1899. Soil Survey in the Connecticut Valley. Clarence W. Dorsey and J. A. Bonsteel, pp. 124-140, pis. XXI-XXVII. 11. 65. Physiological Studies of Connecticut Leaf Tobacco. Oscar Loew, pp. 57. 12. 68. Catalase, A New Enzym of General Occurreuce, with Special Reference to the Tobacco Plant. Oscar Loew, pp. 47. Divisiofi of Soils. 13. Rept. 1900. Tobacco Experiments Conducted by the Divis- ion of Soils in Cooperation with the Con- necticut Experiment Station. Marcus L. Floyd, pp. 462-469. 14. 1903. Soil Survey of the Connecticut Valley. Elmer O. Fippin, pp. 39-61. 15. Bui. 11. Tobacco Soils of the United States: A Prelim- inary Report upon the Soils of the Princi- pal Tobacco Districts. Milton Whitney, pp. 47, pis. XIII. 16. 20. Growing Sumatra Tobacco under Shade in the Connecticut Valley. Milton 'VN'^hitney, pp. 31, pis. VII, figs. 2. 17. 39. Effects of Shading on Soil Conditions. J. B. Stewart, pp. 19, pis. IV, figs. 7. 18. Circ. 5. Bulk Fermentation of Connecticut Tobacco. M. L. Floyd, pp. 10. Bureau of Plant Industry. 19. Bui. 18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. A. F. Woods, pp. 24, pis. VI. 20. 22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. (Contains Observations on Tobacco Blos- soms.) C. P. Hartley, pp. 39, pis. IV, fig 1. 21. 25. Miscellaneous Papers. Part IV. Congression- al Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. Plan of Distributing Tobacco Seed and Cul- tural Directions for the Different Types of Tobacco Distributed, pp. 70-82. Bibliography of Wrapper Tobacco. 61 22. 51. Miscellaneous Papers. 1. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and its Control. R. E. B. McKen- ney, pp. 5-8, fig 1. 23. 91. Varieties o£ Tobacco Seed Distributed in 1905- '06 with Cultural Directions. A. D. Shame! and W. W. Cobey, pp. 38, pis. IX. 24. 96. Tobacco Breeding. A. D. Shamel and W. W. Cobey, pp. 67, pis. X, figs. 14. 25. 100. Pt. IV. Methods of Testing the Burning Qual- ity of Cigar Tobacco. W. W. Garner, pp. 14, pis. II, figs. 3. 26. 105. The relation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Qualities of Tobacco. W. W. Garner, pp. 27. 2". 138. The Production of Cigar-Wrapper Tobacco under shade in the Connecticut Valley. J. B. Stewart, pp. 31, pis. V. 28. 141. Miscellaneous Papers. 1. The Relation of Nicotine to the Burning Quality of Tobacco. W. W. Gamer, pp. 16. 29. 143. Principles and Practical Methods of Curing Tobacco. W. W. Gamer, pp. 54, figs. 10 30. 158. The Root-Rot of Tobacco Caused by Thielavia basicola. W. W. Gilbert, pp. 55, pis. V. 31. 241. The Use of Artificial Heat in Curing Cigar- Leaf Tobacco. W. W. Garner, pp. 25, figs. 4. 32. 244. The Export and Manufacturing Tobaccos of the United States, with Brief Reference to the Cigar Types. E. H. Mathewson, pp. 100, maps II, figs. 37. 33. Circ. 7. The Field Treatment of Tobacco Root-Rot L. J. Briggs, pp. 8. 34. 15. The Fertilizing Value of Hairy Vetch for Con- necticut Tobacco Fields. T. R. Robinson, pp. 5. 35. 48. The Present Status of the Tobacco Industry. (1910) W. W. Gamer, pp. 13. Farmers' Bulletin. 36. 60. Methods of Curing Tobacco. Milton Whitney. pp, 16. 62 Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. 37. 82. The Culture of Tobacco. O. C. Butterweck, pp. 24. 38. 83. Tobacco Soils. Milton Whitney, pp. 23, fig. 1. 39. 120. The Principal Insects Aflfecting the Tobacco Plant. L. O. Howard, pp. 32, figs. 25. 40. 523. Tobacco Curing. W. W. Garner, pp 24. figs. 4. Connecticut State Board of Agriculture. 41. Rept. 1872. Tobacco. S. W. Johnson, pp. 384-416. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. 42. Rept. 1884. Analyses of Tobacco Leaf. E. H, Jenkins, pp. 96-104. 43. Tobacco Stalks. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 104-106. 44. 1891. Preliminary Report on the So-Called "Pole- Burn" of Tobacco.. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 168- 184, figs. 2. 45. Stem-Rot. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 184-186. 46. Notes on the Curing of Havana Seed-Lea f Tobacco by Artificial Heat (Snow System). E. H. Jenkins, pp. 187-195. 47. 1892. Experiments in Growing Tobacco with Differ- ent Fertilizers. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 1-24. See also Repts. 1893, pp. 112-144 : 1894, pn. 254- . 284: 1895, pp. 128-156: 1896, pp. 285-321: 1897, pp. 223-256. Resume of Five Years' Work, pp. 243-256. 48. Formulas for Tobacco. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 24-27 49. Chemical Changes in Tobacco During Fermen- tation. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 28-31. 50. Analyses of Tobacco Stalks When Cut and after Curing. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 31-34. 51. 1893. Tobacco (Discussion of Conditions Influenc- ing Pole-Burn). W. C. Sturgis, pp. 82, 83. 52. Further Notes on the Cause of "Pole-Sweat" and "Stem-Rot" of Tobacco. W. C. Sturgis pp. 84, 85. 53. 1896. The Effects of Fertilizers on the Composition of Wrapper-Leaf Tobacco. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 322-333. 54. 1897. Bibliography of Certain Publications on Tobac- co Diseases. W. C. Sturgis, p. 216. See also Rept. 1900, pp. 289, 290. Bibliography of Wrapper Tobacco. 63 55. 1898. Preliminary Notes on Two Diseases of Tobacco ("Calico" and "Spot"). W. C. Sturgis pp. 242-260. 56. Experiments in Curing and Fermenting Tobac- co. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 297-301. 57. The Fermentation of Tobacco in Bulk. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 302-306. See also Rept. 1901, p. 306. 58. 1899. On the Effects, on Tobacco, of Shading and the Application of Lime. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 252-261. 59. On the So-Called "Grain" of Wrapper Tobacco. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 262-264, pi. II. 60. • Further Notes on the Pole-Bum of Tobacco. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 265-269. 61. Experiments in Curing and in Fermenting Wrapper-Leaf Tobacco. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 286-297. 62. The Area of Leaf Surface on the Topped Tobacco Plant. E. H. Jenkins, p. 297. 63. 1900. Bibliography of Tobacco Diseases. W. C. Sturgis, pp. 289,290. 64. Can Wrapper-Leaf Tobacco of the Sumatra Type be raised in Connecticut? E. H. Jen- kins, pp. 322-329, pi. VII. See also Repts. 1901, pp. 295-312 ; 1902, pp. 446, 447. 65. 1903. Tobacco Diseases (Very Brief Notes on Frost Fungus, Seed-Bed Rot, Pole-Bum, Calico, Rust and Spot). G. P. Clinton, pp. 362,363. 66. 1904. Tobacco Diseases (Very Brief Notes on Canker and Must). G. P. Clinton, p. 328. 67. Experiments in Breeding Tobacco. E. H. Jenkins, pp. 449-452, pi. I. 68. 1905. Fungous Disease of Tobacco. G. P. Clinton, pp. 276, 277. 69. Tobacco Breeding Experiments in Connecticut. A. D. Shamel, pp. 331-342, pis. XXVI- XXVIII, fig. 10. 70. 1906. Insect Enemies of the Tobacco Crop in Con- necticut. W. E. Britton, pp. 263-279, pis. XII-XVI, figs. 8-12. 64 ■ Connecticut Experiment Station Bulletin 180. 71. Tobacco Diseases (Brief Notes on Bed-Rot, Canker, Damping Off, Root-Rot, Stem-Rot). G. P. Clinton, pp. 324-329, pis. XIX-XXI. 72. Root-Rot of Tobacco. Thielavia basicola. G. P. Clinton, pp. 342-368, pis. XXIX-XXXII. 73. 1907-'08. Sumatra Disease. G. P. Clinton, pp. 360, 361. 74. Root-Rot of Tobacco. G. P. Clinton, pp. 363- 368, pi. XXIV. 75. 1909-'10. Tobacco Bud Worm in Connecticut. W. E. Britton, pp. 367, 368, fig. VI. 76. Bui. 137. Can Wrapper Leaf Tobacco of the Sumatra Type Be Raised at a Profit in Connecticut? E. H. Jenkins, pp. 20, fig. 1. 77. 148. The Preparation of Tobacco Seed. A. D. Shamel, pp. 4. 78. 149. A New and Valuable Cover Crop for Tobacco Fields. A. D. Shamel, pp. 7. fig. 1. 79. 150. The Selection of Tobacco Seed Plants. A. D. Shamel, pp. 13, pis. VII. 80. 166. The Management of Tobacco Seed Beds. W. M. Hinson and E. H. Jenkins, pp. 11, fig. ] 81. 171. Correlation and Inheritance in Nicotiana Taba- cuni. H. K. Hayes, pp. 45, pis. V. 82. 176. Tobacco Breeding in Connecticut. H. KL. Hayes, E. M. East and E. G. Beinhart, pp. 68, pis. XII. 83. Bui. of Imm. Inf. 4. Root-Rot of Tobacco. E. H. Jenkins and G. P. Clinton, pp. 11, pis. II. Massachusetts Hatch Agricultural Experiment Station. 84. Rept. 1897. Notes on Field Experiments with Tobacco in Massachusetts, 1893-1896. C. A. Goessmann. pp. 128-136. 85. 1911. Pt. II. Tobacco Injury Due to Malnutrition or Overfertilization. H. D. Haskins, pp. 35, 36 86. 1912. Pt. II. "Mosaic" and Allied Diseases, with Especial Reference to Tobacco and Toma- toes. G. H. Chapman, pp. 41-51. 87. Bui. 47. On Field Experiments with Tobacco in Massa- chusetts. C. A. Goessmann, pp.31. Bibliography of Wrapper Tobacco. 65- Addenda. «8. Science. New Sen Vol. XI, No. 262, 1900. Inhibiting Action of Oxidase upon Diastase. A. F. Woods, pp. 17-19. 89. Proceedings American Breeders Association, Vol. VII. What Seed Selection and Breeding have done for Tobacco in Connecticut. H. K. Hayes, pp. 143-152. 90. Science. New Ser. Vol. XXXIX, No. 992, 1914. Mutation in Tobacco. H. K. Haj'es and E. G. Bein- hart, pp. 34-35. Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture. 91. Bui. U. S. Dep't Ag. No. 40. The Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. H. A. Allard, pp. 33. pis. VII. See also Science. New Ser. Vol. XXXVI. No. 9383, 1912. Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. H. A- Allard, pp. 875-876. 92. Journal of Heredity, Vol. V, No. 1. Variation in Tobacco. H. K. Hayes, pp. 40-46. University of Connecticut Libraries 39153029221878