TR-80 STUDY OF OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS AS RELATED TO PROJECT POLYNYA CHARLES W. SENIOR Formulation Branch Oceanographic Prediction Division DECEMBER 1961 Ge / Wi) 3 U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE PeTR-S WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Price 95 cents ABSTRACT The air-bubbling technique utilized by the Military Sea Transportation Service to prevent ice formation in North Star Bugt, Thule, Greenland is discussed. A proposed model of induced water circulation is presented. Physical processes impeding ice formation and growth in sea water are described. Oceanographic data collected in conjunction with the MSTS project are analyzed and presented in the appendixes. FOREWORD The formation of sea ice in northern waters often hastens the termination of shipping at Arctic harbors and sites. Retardation of ice growth can reduce or prevent damage to marine structures such as De Long pier at Thule, Greenland. A thorough understanding of physi- eal effects which delay ice formation and slow ice growth is required. For these reasons, the experiment performed at Thule in 1959 is of considerable interest. This report is a study of the effects of air-bubbling on the physi- eal properties of the water adjacent to De Long pier. It attempts to formulate a working hypothesis for explaining the mechanism of the proc- esses which retarded formation and growth of sea ice. Conclusions expressed in this report may require revisions as additional data become available. All additional information which might amplify or modify this report will be welcomed by the Hydro- graphic Office. MII 0 0301 0041303 5 MBL/WHOI A abate KOH MOND GG G OG 0 0 010 oO GURES) (ote Mel emten es teliioiitell te TABLES « © © o e.¢ © « 0 © © APPENDIXES 2 « « © 0 « « « e INTRODUCTION . « © © © © o « NORTHMS TARE BUGIU Yo vei) eo: ol lellte POLYNYA INSTALLATION 1959 . ICE FORMATION AND GROWTH IN 1959 DATA COLLECITON “2. . «6 6 6 DARA TANALYSTES «6 s\'0:« «© «© CONCLUSIONS =e sich tel) co! “el ei BBE TOGRAPHY 5s) «ep 0) CONTENTS eo o e@ @ Page etalal 13 vi FIGURES Compressed=Air Bubble System at De Long Pier » « « « « « « e Location Chart of Oceanographic Stations, 1959 « « « « « « e Location of Oceanographic Stations in Vicinity of De Long eHienon MOG) G66 G0 010 66 6 00 60 0.0 6 00 6 GO ONO) 0°50 Surface Temperature and Salinity at Station 1, 9 Se - ie) @ewoere IGS) 6 5.6156 66° 666°6 510)0 O06 6 0 Oo e Temperature, Salinity, and Density Profiles at Station 3, 18 September 1959 . 2.2.0 ss see ee eee cee ew eo @ Temperature, Salinity, and Density Profiles at Station 3, 12 Oentoloshs IES) 6 5.6 O90 616 0 0%0 6: 615 6 6010 6 666 6 6 6 Streamlines Produced by a Solid Sphere Moving Through an In- finite Mass of Frictionless Fluid . . « « e « « © «© «© © © e mips G6 oo OG 6.60 06.6.6 6 6 6 6 CO omotONo 6 66 O06 Flow Pattern at the Polynya Surface «. « « « © © © « © e e e Vertical Cross Section Showing Circulation Produced by Bub- bling System in North Star Bugt . . » « «© e «© « e « © © o e Surface Temperature and Salinity at Station 1, 8 October - 9 Worsley IO) 5 6 G6 bo 6600 OOO Bb OoG 6660 6 6 TABLES Oceanographic Data, Stations 1 and 1D, 13 October 1959 .. . Oceanographic Data, Station 1, 11 October 1959 . . « © « o « Oceanographic Data, Station 2, 12 October 1959 2 « « « « eo e APPENDIXES Model of the Polynya Circulatory System .. . « « » e « « « Oceanorraphic Program) — 9 OOOmsiisl ls letieinellsieMeiileliie) corel lel ste Oceanographic Data (Inner Stations), 1959 . ....eee - Oceanographic Data (Outer Stations), 1959 . . « « « « e Synoptic Meteorological Observations - Thule Air Base - 1959 Oceanosraphice Datal— 1 OCOmmsimelitcn loltoMioutcnneMicitent ene! os elle lol's Monthly Weather Summary - Thule Air Base - 1960 ...... vw INTRODUCTION Successful application of an air bubbling technique for prevent- ing ice formation during the fall of 1958 enabled the Military Sea Transportation Service to extend the shipping season at Thule, Green- land. The normal shipping season extends from early July to early October. Shipping during the first half of July is usually dependent on icebreaker escort; shipping is ordinarily terminated prior to initial ice formation in autumn, Adaptation of a method originally developed in Scandinavian coun- tries for prevention of fresh-water freezing permitted maintenance of an ice-free area (polynya) adjacent to De Long pier despite normal ice formation in the surrounding waters of North Star Bugt (Bay). Safeguarded against becoming frozen-in at the pier, ships of the supply convoy remained at Thule until 25 October 1958 - the latest date on which MSTS had ever operated in such a northerly location. Success of the temporary installation prompted the Commander Military Sea Transportation Service Atlantic (COMSTSLANT) to formulate plans for the establishment of a permanently installed bubbling system at De Long pier. In the fall of 1959, the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office was requested to conduct oceanographic studies concurrently with the operation of the system in order to obtain information on physical processes impeding ice formation and growth in the bay. The over- all operation was dubbed "Project Polynya". NORTH STAR BUGT North Star Bugt, approximately 3 square miles in area, recedes about 1-1/2 miles northeastward between Astro Pynt and Mount Dundas on the southern shore of Wolstenholme Fjord. The entrance of the bay, about 3/4 mile wide, is narrowed by De Long pier and a causeway which extend approximately 0.4 mile west-northwestward from Astro Pynt. The pier, 1,000 feet in length and 50 feet in width, adjoins the causeway and is parallel to it. Inside the entrance, the width of the bay increases to about 1 mile. POLYNYA INSTALLATION 1959 Under the supervision of MSTSLANT, Canadian Underwater Demolition Unit BRAVO began installation of the bubbling system in North Star Bugt early in September 1959. Briefly, the system consists of perforated submarine polyethylene pipes which serve to conduct compressed air to the bottom of the bay and distribute it in the form of bubbles over a wide area (see Figure 1). An auxiliary alcohol-injection system is utilized to prevent or eliminate ice formation within the pipes. Installation was completed on 27 September. Equipment was inter- mittently tested until appreciable ice began to form in the bay on T October, at which time full operation was begun. ICE FORMATION AND GROWTH IN 1959 Ice was first observed on 16 September along the eastern fringe of North Star Bugt at a point where fresh water flows from the Pitufik River. By 2h September grease ice formed in an area northeast of the pier, where shallow water was observed to cool to the freezing point during low tide. This grease ice drifted westward with the next ebb tide. By 7 October a considerable amount of pancake ice had formed in the area northeast of the pier. During the morning of 8 October a foehn wind arose with gusts to approximately 50 knots. The air temperature increased from 17° to 340 F. On the following morning, the bay was completely clear of ice and the surface water temperature had increased from-1.22° to -0.949 ca. During the morning of 10 October grease and pancake ice of small ‘diameter formed over most of the area northeast of the plier. On 11 October a considerable amount of large pancake ice was observed drift- ing into the region from the south. The areas to the south, west, and northwest of the pier attained a coverage of approximately nine-tenths3; no major ice formation was observed near the pier. By 15 October most of the bay was covered with young floes averaging approximately 10 feet in diameter. Yen-tenths concentration of young ice accumulated every- where by 20 October except in the ice-free area adjacent to the pier. DATA COLLECTION Serial temperature, salinity, and current data were obtained at the locations shown in Figure 2. Temperature and salinity observa- tions were taken between 9 September and 21 October. Station 1 was occupied daily using a small hand winch mounted on the pier or by use of an oceanographic winch aboard the WESTWIND. For detailed observations, the polynya was divided into Stations 1A, 1B, and 1C as shown in Figure 3. Station 1D was designated at a point ly- ing approximately 15 feet outside the polynya area and near the east- ern end of the pier. Stations 2, 3, and } were occupied twice weekly using either a Greenland cruiser or an LCVP. Station 5 was occupied only on 15 September and Station 1D only on 13 October. Stations 6, 7, 8, and 9 were occupied weekly by the WESTWIND. A 200-foot bathythermograph was used to measure temperature at all oceanographic stations. BT drops were made daily within the polynya area. Original plans had included daily observations at Sta- tions 1, 1A, and 1B; however, presence of shipping often precluded data-collection at all 3 locations. A bucket thermometer was used in conjunction with each PT drop to obtain surface water temperature. Meteorological observations obtained daily on the pier include wind speed and direction, wet and dry bulb air temperature, cloud cover and type, visibility, sea state, and state of weather. In addition, pertinent data were extracted from the weather log main- tained at Thule Air Base for analysis (Appendix V). Data on tidal currents were obtained by suspending 3 Roberts radio current meters at depths of 6, 26, and 54 feet from an anchored radio buoy. Water depth at each location was 12 fathoms. Signals transmitted from the buoy were recorded at 30-minute intervals by a monitoring sta- tion aboard the WESTWIND. Current meter Station 10 was occupied from 1830Z, 25 September to 2100Z, 26 September; Station 11 was occupied from 1200Z, 6 October to 1930Z, 13 October 1959. Current data were not tabulated, because the recorded results either approximated the threshold value of the current meter (0.2 knot) or were unreadable. A supplementary survey conducted during April 1960 by Hydro- graphic Office ice observers yielded late-winter temperature data at Stations 1 and 2 (Appendix III). DATA ANALYSIS Oceanographic conditions at each station were examined for factors contributing to the formation and growth of ice. Surface temperatures indicating heat loss at the sea surface and physical properties showing the distribution of heat loss throughout the water column were studied. Data obtained outside the polynya were compared to those obtained at Station 1 in order to deter- mine the effect of the bubbling system on the oceanographic struc- ture. Reversal of the heat budget had occurred prior to inception of the oceanographic survey. Except for interruption by the foehn on 8 October, progressive cooling was observed at all depths. The temperature rise shown by the tabulated data for 9, 10, and 11 Octo- ber was observed at Station 1. Upon resumption of the cooling pro- cess, surface temperature outside the bubbled area decreased rapidly. The freezing point was attained on 13 October. A study of the salinity structure indicates spatial and tempo- ral fluctuations of surface values and depth of the isohaline layer. A plot of the surface salinity values at Station 1 is presented in Figure 4. The portion of the plot constructed from values for early September indicates that a certain periodicity may exist. The pro- nounced increase during the latter part of September is attributed to cessation of runoff. Data obtained at Station 3 on 18 September and 12 October are plotted in Figures 5 and 6. The surface water temperature on 18 September was 0.649 Cs; temperature maximum of 0.72° C occurred at 9 and 20 meters. The surface salinity was 31.23 O/o0. Convection extended to a depth of only a few meters. By 12 October the surface water had cooled to -1.32° C3; the warm- est water was at the bottom. ‘The temperature maximum of -0.62° C was observed at a depth of 33 meters. The surface salinity had increased to 32.34 °/oo, and convective mixing had produced an isohaline layer in the upper 15 meters. The calculated freezing point of the surface as EILGyOl Oa The density gradient below the 15-meter level, although weak, has significant relevance to the bubbling system. Theoretical ice-poten- tial calculations using the data of the deeper stations show that, prior to initial ice formation , thermohaline convection takes place to a depth of approximately 15 meters. Consequently, the water below this level temporarily serves as a source of sensible heat. However, as ice forms, the salinity of the upper layer increases, resulting in greater density and an increase in depth of convective mixing. As the density gradient weakens and eventually disappears, cooling to the freezing point will occur throughout the water column. At the known average rate of heat loss from the sea surface in the latitude of Thule, the entire supply of warm water will be eliminated within two weeks after initial formation of ice. The heat content of air issuing from the compressors is consider- able. An appreciable amount of heat.is possibly introduced into the bottom water adjacent to the pier when compressed air cools in the polyethylene pipes; however, the data do not indicate a temperature differential attributable to this source within the bubbler field. A layer of dirt covering four steel feed pipes provides insulation; how- ever, heat loss through the rubber feed hoses is great. Between the point where these hoses connect to the steel pipes and the point where they enter the water, melting of snow within a radius of approximately 2 feet was observed. Ice formation due to moisture condensate in the underwater sections of the feed pipes was removed by alcohol injection. The effectiveness of the bubbler system, when warmer bottom water is available, is manifested by the temperature data in Table I. TABLE I 13 October 1959 STATION 1 STATION 1D Depth Tempe Depth Temp e (meters) (9) (meters ) (2c) 0.0 ~1.09 0 -1.76 365 =OG 3 -1.60 6.5 -1.06 6 -1.25 965 -1.06 9 -1.24 The surface temperature at Station 1D, located immediately outside the bubbler field, shows that the surface water had cooled to the freezing point. Despite ice formation around the perimeter of the agita- ted area, the data obtained at Station 1 show the surface temperature to be 0.67° C above the freezing point. ‘The data for Station 1D are assumed to be indicative of temperature data that would have been observed at Station 1 had the bubbler system not been in operation. ‘The data of 13 October plus the profiles for Stations 2 and 3 on 12 October indicate that water from depths greater than 15 meters is circulated into the agitated water columns adjacent to the pier. Proof that the bubble system acts as a huge pump capable of perform- ing work on the surrounding subsurface water is provided by comparison of data presented in Tables II and III. TABLE II 11 October 1959 STATION 1 Depth Temp Salinity e (meters) (2G) (°/d0) t O50 -0.90 32,42 26.08 B55) -0.91L 32.42 26.08 6.5 -0.91 32.42 26.08 9.5 -0.89 32.43 26.09 TABLE III 12 October 1959 STATION 2 Depvch Temp Salinity (meters) (2 c) (2/00) L @) =i .42 32,32 26.02 5 -1.40 32632 26.02 15 = .42 32.632 26.02 22 -0.69 32.52 26.16 eh -0.78 32.52 26-16 The density of the agitated water column in Table II is greater than the density to at least 15 meters in Table III; therefore, work was performed by the system in raising water through a vertical dis- tance in excess of 15 meters. Comparison of salinity and density data of Table II and the plotted curves of Figure 6 reveals that water similar to the entire water column at Station 1 is found at 20 meters at Station 3, indicating that the water was raised at least 20 meters. The eventual cooling of the entire water column to the freezing point indicates that vertical transport of sensible heat from depth was not a factor in the maintenance of the artificially created polynya, except during the initial stage of the ice formation. Con- sequently, an understanding of the physical process involved must be sought along other lines. Elementary ice particles are probably disk-shaped and devoid of erystalline form. Ordinarily they flocculate and grow into true erystals. The turbulent energy of the induced currents may destroy the crystals before they enlarge or may effectively prevent crystal- line growth about ice nuclei. Ice particles at the surface of the bubbled area are rapidly swept from regions of divergence into regions of convergence where, by means of descending currents, they are transported beneath the surface to be eventually dispersed from the polynya area. Hydrographic Office ice observers, stationed at Thule Air Base throughout the winter of 1959-60, noted that the polynya gradually narrowed; by the end of December width ranged from 12 feet at the eastern end to 50 feet at the western end, where an auxiliary air hose was used to augment the bubbling activity by inducing more vig- orous currents. Dimensions of the ice-free area gradually increased during spring as the air temperature rose to approximately 0° F. A plot of sea ice tensile strength versus temperature (Assur, 1958) shows a marked increase of strength as the temperature of the ice drops below -9.2° F. At this temperature sodium chloride is precipitated from the brine pockets in the ice. During periods of extremely low air temperature in winter, the weakest point of the ice should be at its undersurface where the temperature approaches that of the water. Measurements made during April 1960 show that ice thickness directly above one of the polyethylene pipes averaged approximately 10 inches while thicknesses ranged between 41 and 44 inches at locations 60, 200, and 375 yards north-northeast of the pier. Abra- sive action of induced currents apparently inhibited ice growth in zones of most vigorous flow. The erosive capability of water currents is manifested by recent experiments in the Antarctic. Specially shaped propellers driven by small motors were suspended through holes in the ice of McMurdo Sound. The propellers created vigorous currents which eroded the ice from below. A 10-horsepower device reportedly required 183 hours to open an area 30 by 85 feet in 8-foot-thick ice. An additional swath of ice 200 feet long was eroded to a thickness of 18 inches; soon afterward, it fell through. Analysis of data obtained with the Roberts current meters revealed no permanent current. Mass transport of water in the area was attri- buted to tidal action. Peak tidal current speed was approximately 0.2 knots (based on threshold value of the instrument). CONCLUSIONS The bubbling system operates as a huge pump capable of performing work on contiguous subsurface water. The rising streams of bubbles initiate a system of circulatory cells which extend from the bubbled region into adjacent water. Water from depths exceeding 15 meters is circulated into the agitated columns adjacent to the pier and brought to the surface. At the time of initial ice formation in 1959, convective mixing had occurred throughout the upper 15 meters of North Star Bugt. The density gradient below the 15-meter level gradually weakened with ice growth, and the entire water column cooled to the freezing point. After elimination of the warm water supply, maintenance of an open water area adjacent to the pier was attributed to the ice-dispersive and erosive activity of the induced currents coupled with the possi- bility that the turbulent energy also sufficed to prevent crystalline growth about ice nuclei. Efficiency of the system varied directly with turbulence. Considerable narrowing of the polynya by mid-winter was attrib- uted to marked increase of tensile strength with consequent increased resistance to erosive action of the induced currents as the tempera- ture of the ice dropped below -9.2° F. Vertical growth of the newly formed ice cover within the bubbled area was inhibited by this ero- sive action because the undersurface of the ice is weakest when its temperature equals that of the water. Increase in the dimensions of the ice-free area was observed to concur with an increase of air temperature to approximately O° F in early spring. This increase was attributed to marked decrease of tensile strength with consequent decreased resistance to erosion as the temperature of the ice rose above =-9.20 F, Unique properties of fresh water make the bubbling system highly suitable for lakes and to a somewhat lesser extent for brackish estu- aries. The system is less effective in salt water, because maximum density of water with salinity in excess of 24.7 O/oo is attained at the freezing point. However, factors other than the upward transport of warm water, as previously discussed, also contribute to the main- enance of an ice-free area. In regions where upward circulation of sensible heat is not a factor, maintenance of an ice-free area is predominantly dependent upon speed and intensity of the induced currents. Y3ld ONO1 30 1V WSLSAS 318SNd YIV—CG3SSSSYdWOD |! 3YuNDIS mS SS On SS : =~ pee s Qo SEE EL SOS apy 5 > Adid JNJ TAHLIATOd ‘Pl I ‘243 0004 4 UMANAK (MOUNT DUNDAS) NORTH STAR BUGT, e USAF WEATHER STATION O TEMPERATURE-SALINITY STATION (a) CURRENT STATION SCALE AD 50 1000 FIGURE 2 LOCATION CHART OF OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS, 1959 SCALE (FT) (e) 100 200 ———— al FIGURE 3 LOCATION OF OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS IN VICINITY OF DE LONG PIER, 1959 6S6I YSEOLIO 6! —U3EW3aidas 6 “| NOIWLS IV ALINITVS ONV S3YNLVYSdWIL 3ovsuns % 3YNSIS (D9) SYNLVYSIW3L ¥jJ——_—————— 1580190 —-—_ —_—_ —Q@> Ua sin @. 17 Therefore, Se eee K= 5 Ud and for the general case$ i.e Ce, r>a 3 Sei caee VS> aU Si Cl. A model of the polynya circulatory system can be formulated from the idealized case by adaptation of the principles to the bubbling sys- tem. Considering the motion of each ascending bubble to be directed along the positive-downward Z axis, there will be a streamline coinci- dent with the Z axis and a vertical flow of water particles. Ascending motion, represented by a negative vertical velocity, creates divergence at the surface. Approximately midway between bubble streams is a region of convergence with consequent descending motion, clearly dis- cernible in Figure 9. Surface water beyond the pipe furthest from the pier flows out- ward to a distance determined by the horizontal momentum of the water particles. The data show greater density in water brought to the surface by the bubble activity during the pre-freezeup and initial freezeup peri- ods. Consequently, as the higher density surface water flowing outward from the divergence zone above pipe #4 suffers a gradual decrease in the horizontal component of the velocity vector, the vertical component increases. From the point where the horizontal component becomes zero, descending motion extends to depths where divergence directs a horizon- tal component toward the pier. The proposed model of the polynya circulatory system is presented in Figure 10. This cross-sectional view shows the eastern ends of the polyethylene pipes; arrows indicate principal paths of the water parti- cles. The author is indebted to Dr. Lloyd Simpson of the Hydrographic Office for advice and assistance in application of hydrodynamic prin- ciples in development of this idealized model of the bubbling system. 18 FIGURE 7 STREAMLINES PRODUCED BY A SOLID SPHERE MOVING THROUGH AN INFINITE MASS OF FRICTIONLESS FLUID. FIGURE 8 19 Jovsuns VANAIOd SHL LY NYSLLVd MO14 6 3YNDIS 20 1L9NG YVLS HLYON Ni WALSAS ONITEENE AG GS9NGONd NOILVINOYID ONIMOHS NOILOSS SSOYD WOILYZA O! Gl (143) 371v90S SYNSIS ZAl i y Cut on nics aeeae APPENDIX ITI OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM - 1960 a3 APPENDIX II OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM - 1960 A program of oceanographic data collection similar to that of 1959 was conducted during the fall of 1960. Observations of the formation and growth of ice on North Star Bugt were initiated on 6 October. On this date grease and pancake ice were observed in the shallow water area northeast of De Long pier. By 30 October most of the bay was covered with drifting floes of young ice approxi- mately one inch thick. Strong easterly winds with gusts to 50 knots completely cleared the bay of ice on 3 November. Ice began to form again on 5 November, and a ten=tenths concentration of young ice was attained by 7 November with exception of an ice-free area adjacent to the pier. Commencing 8 October and terminating 7 November, serial tempera- ture and salinity data were obtained at 4 stations. The locations of Stations 1 and 2 concurred with the locations of Stations 1 and 2 for 1959 as shown in Figure 2. Station 3 was located approximately 100 feet north of Station 1, while Station 4 was located just off the shoreward end of the pier. The data are presented in Appendix VI. Surface temperature and salinity values for Station 1 are plot- ted in Figure 11. Data were taken at Station 4 for comparison of the oceanographic structure outside the bubbled area with that of the water column at Station 1 during the early period of ice growth on the bay. Occupa- tion of Station 4 necessitated breaking through the ice cover. Sharp rises in surface water temperature were observed on 21 and 24 October; easterly winds with speed maximums of 51 and 48 knots, respectively, were recorded on these dates, Although no data below the 10-meter level are available, it is evident, as indicated by the temperature and salinity data presented in Appendix VI, that the wind affected vertical mixing throughout North Star Bugt. On 10 October, the surface temperature at Station 1 was -1.54° c; the salinity was 32.30 2/00. On 15 October, the surface temperature at Station 2 was -1.77° C with grease ice forming in the area; sur- face temperature in the ice-free bubbled area was -1.689 C. Surface values of -1.81° C and 32.82 °/o0 were recorded at Station 1 on 29 October; the bubbling system was not in operation, and a considerable amount of grease and slush ice was forming on the bay. Activation of the bubbling system on the following day resulted in quick dispersal of all ice from the bubbled area. Light grease and slush ice being swept from divergent regions and transported beneath the surface in convergent regions confirmed one aspect of the proposed model of induced circulation. Surface temperature of -1.02° C within the bubbled area indicates supercooling, since the calculated freezing point was -1.79° C. 25 When compared to data obtained at Station 1, those obtained at Station 4 on 5, 6, and 7 November indicate that vertical trans- port of sensible heat was not a factor in maintenance of the ice-free area adjacent to the pier. The temperature beneath the ice outside the bubbled area was identical to that of the isothermal water column at Station 1. Subsequent history of the polynya was similar to that of the previous winter. 33.00 —09 | J | B. 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O= Ge a HO= o€ aries 6L0= Ge 60x0= (ers ——— +6°O- GT 00° T- OT 10°92 6£°ce Sibeaie S G0°9¢ LE °ce Onsite @) foye) 0) W to oC iA, yydeq Wi Sy Hidad OO9T LWD 66 X cl avd Q U0T2e4S NOILVYOOT 02 LSVO GT°92 6° Ze LO 20s Ge qT°92 greek 99°0- 0g TT°9¢ Hy? cE O630= GT go°92 exes COmile OT g0°92 6€°ce Une Ee S 16 S L qdoq We Hidda 00ST UND 66 X cL Ld 2 UOTZe9S NOLLVOOT GT°92 6H° Ze 19°0= GT TT°9¢ HH? ce 46°O= OT 10°92 QE*ce CLt= S 10°92 QE Ze flaca lige © Oo 6) ie S i _ugdeq W QT Hidad OORT IND 6$ X cL aLVa Q u0TZe4S NOLLYOOT QT LSVO 10°92 O° ce Otis GT 10°92 BEE Gili OT 10°92 gE°ce Oinets S a2 S L ygdag WOT Hidaa OOkT ZNO 6S X cl aLVd 6 uotzeyS NOLLVOOT LT LSVO 47 if We, aa tte ny APPENDIX V SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS THULE AIR BASE - 1959 hg ne ert asa €T Woes hous 96€2 wpe GaCcmm Once 9G€2 as €T erie groe 6502 ecbelt tS) oT Seg. OLAS QS02 aSa OT Wes: Olds 9$1.T as HT CeOcmmonce QSLT ass OT Wee rus QSHT as 6T ICS OPES 9SqT ass oL Oc mmbuce QSTT as TI IGG MRSS 9STT a G e°Gc Ss n° 6? 8S80 aS OT TELE SE QLCE 9580 asa + Gene edi 9550 a g Ene eee GSS0 a tH ieOgm sO26c 1620 9 a 8 OnGcaagQaod 1620 € as € Lene elGc Got aSa 2; Poe eee) GS¢2 wTeD ic. Gace GS02 aN 2 Or6ce ns Gane GS02 M + O°0E § 9°t€ GSLT M 9 OPES ets GSLT M + Pee PS 6SqT MNN 9 6°TE 6°9€ 6S4T a 2 Oleg ws Q9STT MSM € E°TE G*o€ 9STT a S 6°9d, 9°6¢ 9580 M 9 GUS ISS 9580 a t OG & x (LOC GSSO WTeO GOES. HWS GSS0 a ro GGG Ree S520 G aN 9 TAS US 9S20 ro aSa t eve, 6s6c GGe72 ass g 6°TE gene GGe2 wep Ole ORES 9502 as va Tes HeGis GS02¢ MAM S OPRS = CPCS GSLT as OT CPAs 5 VAS GSLT wTeO GAS — OCIS 6ST as GT O°nE €°6E 6S4T wTeO OeTe > Vee OSTT as OT 62181 .@cGs 9STT a € SC = (SOS 8590 as TT 6x6cn sOste 9680 a rf ONG GOSS 9550 a 9 Ore¢d. {0208 9550 wTte9 16s GP 1S 9520 t aNa t O2eG — e6¢ QSc0 iT Toqueydas Taque7.deas (Zo) (890U%) (do) (ao) (Lo) (890U%) (Ho) (do) °ITd peeds OM fag (TB90T) °ITq peeds TOM fag (TBD0T) PUTM oInzertodusay, ITy out, 27.8 puTM oInzZereduay, ITy out, aye 6G66T “SNOILVAYASAO IVOTDOIONORLAN OLGUONAS - A XIGNHddV 51 wteo OSE OCs 9SE2 a + S°CR GOs LG? cl 9 OWS, @°GE 9602 aN € Qu | SOs 9502 aSa OT GEE OAS, QGLT wTeO G°62 = 6° HE 9ST aN € OrHe O°ge 9GuT MSM ro Gr6cummte Ge 9ShT aqSa | WOES LOGE 9STT MSM cg SOS — EOZKS, 9GTT a ps WOO — Ah ASS 9580 a 9 (ECG ONE 9580 a 4 SoC — GRE GS6S0 q 9 Ved 10SE GSS0 a + EGE weld SS20 ot a g (Gee (Oe 1620 6 aNa + UeGe oS GGe7? a 9 ergg gee GS€¢e wpTeo ecu Oene GS0¢ a € MOOG. aS 6S02 MSM + e°ce GE GSLT MSM re Wels O°Cs GSLT aN 6 TOSS ~ OLS LGqT MSM € OPE “WOES 9SqT aNa GT GS LIES 9GTT mTeO Pig Ws QSTT aN 8 Wes Gufs 95980 a 1E L°es 4°92 9S80 wed OS es 9550 a 9 CsOcmmonce GSS0 aN TIE HeGc= Ome 9520 TE aNa + Wes Ue GS20 g maTeO Pied — las GGea uTed VG Boe GGEe ass H TOOS — Sous GS0¢ wred G2le POs GS02 a G SOS Quis SGLT aNa + GOS PGS 6SLT wleO G2OE — ig SIE 9SqT ass ie g°0E = HE 9SqT Na 4 ie6ds 1298 GSTT ass OT OPES Ss 9STT aSa + ke SCs 980 asa G WOS SCRE 9580 a t Te9¢s ) .Os'6¢ GSS0 q OT (SOG OTS GSSO q 4 G29¢)- -Ge'6c SS20 OT as GT ORGS “OPES 1520 L Jaquiezdes Tequiseydses (Zo) (82009) (Ho) (do) (Zo) (S909) (to) (do) ° ITC peeds 9M LI (Te00T) ° ITC pooeds 29M AIG (TB00T) puTM ammyereduay, ITV out, 37ed pUuTM emmyzeteduay ITY out L azeg 6661 ‘SNOILVAYMSAO IVOIDOTIONOMLAN OILGONAS - A XTCNHddv 52 WED wWTeD N Z mTeD WTeD WTO wTeD WTeO a g aN g a q as QT asa eT as eT aS 4T as qT aNa € WTeD ass 9 a g WTO a 2; a 8 asa 8 (do) Ober 9° gc QSEza ass 1 OPES WG 66E2 9°82 9S02 wTeo PCR 2 GOS 9902 H°O€ 1GLT wT BO TOTES toKISS LSLT 9°0€ 6S4T M TOS. TESS 9ST 4° OE 6STT we ez0e cate 9GTT 9°62 680 ASH H T29ce = esc 9480 9°62 4550 ana G SoC = ecg GSS0 isdoc 6520 QT aSa c O56c=) bole GSc20 GT o° 0k GG¢2e M 6 Ti6ce Ossie GSe2 1°62 GS0¢ aNa 8 9°62 64°ce GS02 o° Te GSLT as OT OS ASS GSLT SOUS LGQT qSa OT Cale -Oshe 9SqT Te Oars 9GTT aqSa 9 TES LOGS 9STT G°TE 9580 ass g TeGe 6 te 95980 SILOS GSS0 wTeO G6dn, Seale 6550 c°6c SSc0 Mae wTeD GlO0S once GSc0 4T 6°42 GSEa a € L°OE TEE GGEe 6°92 GS02 a 4 Bere — 1/GS S02 te GSLT aN 2; Ort te SS 6SLT Qrre 9ShT a ae eck —i629¢ 9GqT Gace 9STT a € Q°TE § = 6° HE 9STT 6°E2 9S80 N € Gales 92.86 9580 O°S2 GSS0 we Orgs OAs 9SS0 9°gc GS20 OT aNa 8 One eens 9420 €T Zaquezdes Zaquezdes ee re eS i Se ee a RE ee pee (do) (Go) (s70U%) (do} (do) Aaq (T890T) ‘4aTq = paads gem == Aad (T800T) ouT.L 27eC puTM amnz.etsduay, ITY Sut L eyed (sqouyx ) peoeds purtm 2 ON > oc iat) tt On NAA e ® ON ONC CE CO OVO Or OV’ NUNS \O O= oe 8 e 8 UNO e MO} ES) GO) NAO eo 8 OO UN e +ANnere DOON aoor \O INO + OtAHW DADO e@ NUNN (do) 99M ainyzetsduay, ITy 666T “SNOLLVAWHSAO ‘IVOIDOTONOMLAW OIIGONAS - A XIGNddd vy 33 asa OT OSG PUK 9S¢2 a Ih Gre OLS w 9G€z2 asa J OG EOP 9502 a 6 OLeHE PEN 9502 aSa t OSE O°CE 9SLT a q er@m lege 96 LT a 9 GrGk erOd GGHT a + TO? ee GGqT a 6 GOcs | @earc, 66 TT a G PGE (Sue 6STT aSa G OGE Sud 6580 aNa G Gore eS S580 MNM G tcer Once 6550 a 9 Tt OCMES calic GSS0 MNM t Goce Omic Fe) 12 a 9 elie Lhe 1.620 Te M t Tess. OPE GGEe wed Ge @2oe GSe2 MNIM € Ord — 1° Se GSO0¢ wTed epeg ope GG0¢ M 4 Weed. 4S 6S)T wpe Weleg SG QSLT MS 9 PEG PEP 6ST asa € weg orle 9SqT aN tH Oeics = Oecd 6STT q € Eg 1°Se 9STT aNa + Sig =aeed 9580 a 4 CPE — n°S¢ 9480 M 9 euser aleae GSSO a G T°6t 6°0¢ GSS0 M 8 fiece Ome GS20 Ee aN an Cong ew GSc0 Og MNIM + OEE HE? GSE2 a 9 Oce = atce GGta IA 9 eri Orgd GS02 a 9 626h scale GS0¢ M q Sud — pee 9SLT aSa + GONG (Geld GSLT MSM t epg — ese QSHT aSa € Ng “eRe 9ST MS G (Sq CSS 9STT a 4 0°gcg §=: 99° Be 9S TT aN 9 meee. sEeGe 9580 wed (SSG Pad 9680 MSS g O5Ge Og GSSO MS re Goo LeOSs 6550 as OT O20g Geile, GS20 oc we Opa Ree 6S20 6T Joaquey.des Jaquiez.das ek ea SS SS (Zo) (89009) (do) (ao) (Zo) (890U%) (do) (do) °ITd peeds 72M aq (T890T) *ITC peads OIA faq (T800T) puTM oinzetedual, ITV OUT L a1e¢ puTM sinzeredual, ITV SUT o7e¢ ee ee ee ee a=h 6G66T ‘SNOILVANASHO IVOLOOTOXOMLAN OIGdONAS - A XTCNdd Vv uN asa te Sls Pas 6SE2 as € OES: EHS GGE2 a QT CUS PSs 6502 Ss 9 tc Owed 1402 a QT OPIS LOGS QSLT MS 8 iemlice mee, 6SLT aNa QT courte 6SqT wTted Weg ror 9SqT a €2 Tes. ness 6STT MNIN ¢ qe — SOx 9S TT a OT SG = Be BS 6580 a 9 CPA — OS 9590 a cL Wes EGS 1650 a S Goce ata cie ).SS0 aNd 9 (reyes EOS GS20 O€ a 9 SoS IST SS20 Le a QT 8°92 = 0° 62 GGt2 a G oS eae GGee aSa +T Ct OLOS GG0¢ a G OLGie — {9h GS0¢ MSS rs OPE (S2KE QGLT aSa G OnOceumcwec GGLT wTed Osege=a Canc 6S4T asa G "woud S°Se 9SqT aSS g accu Oeic 6STT a 9 GrOgm sonce 6S TT ass G Orne teSic 16980 a g OCTE Se) LIE 9580 aSa 02 Tatick. 0-92 6550 a S LOG OLE SSS0 ANN + Hone. OLo? 6520 62 a 4 ORES Pu GSc0 9¢ as L Ie “(Se GSEe a g OSA NhGe oGt¢ aSH 9 6 TOD GS0¢ aSa +1 Teg. —9°Ge GGO2 as OT OCs Or GSLT aqSa €T ElGG. aie GSLT as 8 He + CROP QGHT as OT EGE eee 9ST MSS 9 qedce eiCuce 6S TT asa AE ClGce 2Oe Lc JGTT ass @ Orig sileetc 6580 aSa ine ORG CLGE 6480 S g SOG Wes 6550 a 02 OlGcr aieuc GSSO ass S jee see 6520 92 a 02 Ceice Ose GGcO Ge Zequegdes Tequeyzdas (Ig) (s30U%) (do) (do) (Zo) (8900%) (do) (do) ‘ITd peads q0M AIG (TBO0T) ‘ITq © peeds gen kd (T800T) purTM eingetedual ILy OUT, o28¢ puTM omngzetedmay, ITY SUT] 57eC 6661 ‘SNOILVANASAO IVOIDOIONOMLAN OLLGONAS - A XIGNaddv 22 a g MISTE = 1G 9S€2 ass rT TOUS, OPES 9SE2 a 9 Cet Beet 9502 aSa g OCS. wss 1S02 a 9 OPE — GCN 9S LT as HT OLOS saat ce 9S )T a 9 SPOR UES LORT aNa g eon — aver QSHT aNa es HOSE (°C GGTT ana + DcceOuGe, QSTT a S SGT ELON 9680 a G Sed — GUE 6580 ANY 2 ES — OSk GSS0 a 8 ee (18S, GSS0 a J wows OSU GSz0 9 a iL Hug ePrGo 1620 € aNd + moe ar She GG¢2 a 6 Once soune GGEe aNa 9 orgie Eo €40¢ a g @res — GSE 6402 a t SCOR ©) GGLT a 8 Gore Od GSLT a + "eu iq?Se 9SqT uTeO Teg SPle 9GqT aNa G SIG OPE 9STT ana 9 Sd Bhi 6S TT a 8 MeO — OSS 9580 aN 9 Gg {ESE 6580 a 6 OlEHE - EPG 6550 a g GSE OPE S550 a g Ono ie Oe ar GSZ0 G aSa 9 6G OS GS20 g ANG 9 CPCI OPER GSe2 a + OPGE OAs 6S¢e a 4 OPE LSE 9502 MS g 6°TE €°SE GS02 ana 4 IPGG PER GSLT a 8 Soms. — Lees GSLT MS Z SO6G = OWS QSHT ct QT OedsS sous 9ST wTeD Ory C/K LSTT a cL WeOGS Oras QSTT ANG 4 GoScu alee 9680 aN GT Wee OG 9580 a 9 Gy SPOS GSS0 a QT 62S OUTS GSS0 ana S GlOcummOuOc GScO t aSa ote) SOURS OSS S20 E 13q0790 18g0790 (Lo) (sjoux) (do) (do) (Lio) (s70ux ) (do) (do) ° ITC posds 79M AIC (TB20T) OSHHal peads 290M RIG (T800T) putmM aingeredusay, ITy OUT L 372d pUuTM oinzertadueay, ITV ouTyL 22.28 6661 “SNOLLVANSSAO IVOIDOTOMOMLAN OLLGONAS - A XIGN&ddV 56 MNM et ee Oi ovat 9S¢2 MNM 4 OPE Gwe QSE2 N g rye 1S Che 9602 MNDM Q Orie ~ WSe 9502 WwTeO (S2Chp CEE 9SLT MNM 9 ei Come OnGe, QSLT aNa + SST 62Chr 6ST MSM 1 wud — 2Se GSuT M a oP(eng LOGIE 6STT wTeD EER Oe QS TT MSM 9 SBE SPE 6680 wred tete= —19°Se 6580 M L Cg Sees 95650 aSa 9 G°9¢) O° Le 9550 M 9 JOGs eecatc, 9520 cL as Q 8°92 ~=—s 6° O£ 14620 6 wTeO WE - O8G¢ GSE? a + OSES GIS GSt2 ana 4 62 C1 O2Oc GS0¢ wTeO OPUS As QS02 as Xe) Ord — SE LGLT a GT GOs GSS GSLT a a Orie wtracic 6S4T a OT COS SS GGRT N g ree. .Onte 6STT as 02 CuGce ative 9STT wpTeo SS Ie 6580 aN g ECG OES 9580 wpteo Glee Orie 1550 ass Og Le9¢ 1O0¢ GSS0 wTeo Once BOucc 1620 WIE aN € OQGE— —ePehir GSc0 g wed Goi Soe GS¢2 a 9 Tek OG GSEe uted Geaichs =O%e¢ GS0¢ ana G 62cl- OLer GS0¢ ute Sealey asice GSLT ANA 9 Gh. -/OSOr GSLT a il 1-6L .6%0c 9ST ana € we sor 9SqT aNa Mr ClO eon 9GTT aNa ro SOCKETS LGTT a 4 Ol “ca6ib 9480 Na Ce (OLSIE 1&0 aNa + Ah Seehe 9550 a 9 Wee. SPS GSS0 wTeO GIs siOralic 9420 OT a 8 Och = wWeGe GS20 M, 13qQ0400 13q0700 (Lo) (szouy) (do) (do) (Lo) (syoux) (do) (ao) Ose ar peeds 19M Aad (TBo0T) °IId poeds 79M kag (T850T) pUuTM ommyzeredua], ITY SuTL e7e¢ pUTM ainzeredual Ity ouTL e7e¢ 666T “SNOILVAYASAO IVOIDOIOMOMLAN OIGdONAS - A XIGNSddy at APPENDIX V = SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 1959 Dee, (On) Wind Speed (°F) (knots) Wet (OF) Air Temperature Dry Time (local ) Date October Dass (OT) Wind Speed (knots ) oO a] ta} mS Bp fe o oO yee oO Q, 3 A ps uO 4H AwWH “d < v GS Eo Cel (oO) Aa ~ u 0) Oo rQ ~ @) o » A {S) [e) b-\O © OV i) BAe A od Woo at \O UNLN 14 AAA '-O @~O Or AeA el) [ea) Te E Bee we OVO OVO 4 Bee ct € Cee OSaae 9SE2e a OT GOES. Goss 9SE2 ana rr G°t 6°9 9502 a 9 SLES GE 9502 a 4 TOS. ute 9SLT a + Ge eee 9SLT aSs Al (GE SPCTE 6ST a 9 Diet eee Te 9ShT ass GIE OMG eae ices QSTT a 8 CFO =a iO = 9STT aS ds; SOCK LOGIE 95980 ANG Tal SMH sOS ine S80 ass Q TOIL OAK GSS0 aNG 9 OG ORES GSS0 ass g ORE OPI 9520 12 ana L SoPiS “Pie 4420 T2 aN + GlOce= se trele GSE? a ot GIG Goer GGe? MSS € Oia Gece 14602 aNa 9 OMe — Gols GS0¢ MSS € SOL RHE SSLT a 9 OMS GM GSLT wred WG. OleK: GSqT a Qg 9°); TES) 9StT a 9 LISTE OPT GSTT a 9 1S qt QSTT a € LEA a Sie 9580 ANG co nEcte) €°6 1&0 a cg SOBIE S CASTE GSS0 ANG t Oty | ORAL GSS50 q rf SSO 2 SL IRE S520 Eg a € TRON = SSE 6520 0g ana G GON URS telL Goee a + SMe SRL GSEe a G 9°), 1° GS02 a + O2OiEaacaan GS02 a 9 (IE Or GSLT as 9 EEG 8°OT GSLT ANG + E'? 6°" 96nT wTeD 12 OLE 9ShT a 8 Gert: 1S OGTT MAM q OSE SEAL 9STT a 6 O"So. = EES 85980 a G Crt OSE 9580 a g GOES = OPS> 9550 We POE. ASO GSS50 a 8 Gees 2 Sa L&20 oe ANG L €°G o°9 1S20 6T I3q02190 21390790 (Io) ($9009) (49) (do) (Io) (890UH) (do) (do) * ITC peeds FOM Aag (TB00T) ° ITC peads 7oM faq (T800T) puTtM ainzeirsduey, ITy SuTL a yed pUuTM eInzeteduay, ITY SUT L 37eq Ee co Se Sp Ete RES 666T “SNOILVAYASAO 'IVOTDOTONOMLAN OLLGONAS - A XIGNHdav 29 wTeo 9°T OME QSec a t PG Q°G 1G4¢2 a 9 IOP EO LS6T ANG i 6°9 guy, 6S6T a 1 G*2 Ore 1S9T cl S 41°9 6°S 9S9T ute g°g 6°h 6SET wre POL 6°OL QGET aNa L CL 9a ceo LSOT a c COE = =O OjF GSOT a L C0 = -e30c 6510 my Wee CoC GGLO a 6 WE Ser GSO wpteD (SOG OSL GSO a 8 ORCS Se 9n Cn SSTO Of as L me OCG GSTO Le a 6 ESS), OPE GSe7e aSa q aig, cecil oSee mTeD G°e Got GS6T as g Out = rom GS6T wTep 9°9 te QS9T as + OPE — PT GS9OT a 8 OPE. SPE UGE MS J, ePgt 6°St 6SET a € SQ G29 9SOT ass Cr Co), BG 6S0T wTeO OZO baler 9S10 aq OT PGS) FR 9S10 aSa 6 eo, 0°98 GSt0 ri 9 CrOer = 6elis GG4O aSa OT €°0 26) GSTO 62 a 9 OE Qe GSTO 92 a 9 G°9 Or, GSec q 1 Ct 0°9 QS2e a € T°9 6°9 6S6T ck 9 Cris. loses 966T a € 9°h =O" 9S9T a 9 O2G== —erG= gS9T ana 4H Deity €°G QSET a OT begs" 1GS1e LGET aq € 2°g o°6 6S0T aN 6 q°? Het 9SOT a 2 €°6 TOL 6510 q Q GOH 10° 9510 a + OE) L°6 9510 ct 4 620-5 cLO= 9S%70 ana 4 Diet €°G LSTO ge ANT i 1°0 ONL QS TO G2 198q04.00 13Q07.00 ii (sqgouy) (a (To) (ag), (S390us)) (ig) Go) to) peeds ) to} faa (T800T) ° 11d peads 22M IG (T820T) puTM sInyzerodual, ITV ouTL, o7eC putTM emmyertodual ITV South sped 6661 “SNOILVANSSAO 'IVOLDOTONOMLAN OLLMONAS - A XIGNAddv 60 a c SPOR = anoO GS22 as 9 6"E Lied GS6T as 9 Gore T°’ 9S9T ct 9 T°S 6°S 9SET asa fe) Cet 2G 9SOT q g net o°S 6510 aSa ) OPO 06) 9640 a G oO OPO) LSTO TE 19q0700 a ee Ss ee eee (Io) (89009) (Ho) (do) * ITC pasds 22/4 AIG (T800T ) pUuTM aIny.etoduay ITY ouTL a7ed Ne ee ees ee bee 6S6T “SNOLLVAYHSHO IVOTSOTONOMLEN OLLMONAS - A XIGNaddy 61 Sunn ; ‘A ot A { i 5 A ‘ ; a y i 1 ; pitas Th eats. ee i v a i i J t v. 7 y b 5 vat ‘Ook APPENDIX VI OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA - 1960 63 02°92 LG°ze 98°0- GT 16°Se2 Gort 4G°T- OT aia eG Gia i G 16°S2 Ge°ct 19°T- © 1 Cais Yo W = S L y3.deq W ST Hidad 000g ND 09. 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T- 9 Seen GG°ce € Te°9¢ GG°ok eSieelis ) 2. 00/o Do W s S if uyded WS°6 Hidad OnyT TD 09 X LT GLvd T uotze3S NOILYOOT Tee LSVO 61°92 2G ° ok g9°T- ) 00/5 Os W es S L y3deq —— Hidad 6¢S0¢ LO 09 X ST MLvd *T UOTZEIS NOLLVOOT OT LSVO uot e1EedO UT waysks SuTTqaqng o GE°9g QL? ce 69°0- 02 cL°9¢ Layee JEP O GT Gre OT MOT ©@ oo 9) W bY) 3. r ds ~_____ Hidaa 000¢ dW 09 X ST Ld 2 UOTIe4S NOLLVOOT 6 LSVO 41°92 ieee 66° T- g oT’ 9d the ee UGioalie 9 66°S2 gece 9S°T- g 66°S2 ge°ck OGeiL= @) 1. oo @) Do W sa S L yy.deq WQ Hidad OTST Wd O9.X ST aLVC xT UOTZEIS NOLLVOOT Q LSVO GS°T- 6 Go0°92 GE°ae GS°T- 0) 00/4 20 N 0 S L uydeq WN 6 Hidad five 0OTc ZWD o9_X #1 LV xT UOT984S NOILVOOT I LSVO 66 Gyogz sgt Zhe T- SE Sh°9¢e 9g°ce Gi os 8 Sq°9e 9g°ce ony? T= q LE°92e Glee LG? 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