UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Agricultural Experiment Station

BULLETIN No. 197

A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF

THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED

BY H. W. MUMFORD, H. S. GRINDLEY, A. D. EMMETT, AND SLEETER BULL

URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1917

CONTENTS OP BULLETIN No. 197

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 567

2. THE EXPERIMENT 567

3. AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED 569

4. TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 575

5. DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 577

6. DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED 577

7. NET ENERGY CONSUMED 580

8. WEIGHTS AND GAINS v 584

9. INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF EATION UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 589

10. INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 592

11. SUMMARY 600

12. CONCLUSIONS . 603

A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF

THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED

BY H. W. MUMFORD, CHIEF IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

H. S. GRINDLEY, CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

A. D. EMMETT, ASSISTANT CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

SLEETER BULL, ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION1

This bulletin is one of a series reporting the findings of an in- vestigation in regard to the effect of variations in the amount and character of feed consumed upon the nutrition of two-year-old steers. It gives the results relating to the effect upon the rate and economy of gains: (1) of variations in the amount of feed consumed ranging from maintenance to full feed rations; (2) of variations in the pro- portions of roughage and concentrates in the ration; and (3) of the substitution of a nitrogenous concentrate for a part of the grain of a ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 to 5.

THE EXPERIMENT

The Animals. — The animals used were sixteen two-year old high- grade Hereford steers grading as choice feeders and weighing from 750 to 1,000 pounds. These animals were selected from the same herd and were similar in breeding. From birth to the time of purchase they had been treated very much alike. During a period of about two months preliminary to the experiment, they were kept in paved lots with access to open sheds. During the experiment proper, which be- gan May 27, 1908, and ended February 10, 1909, a period of thirty- seven weeks, eight of the steers were kept in ordinary stalls on con- crete floors, well bedded with pine shavings. The other eight steers were kept in digestion and metabolism stalls, and the digestibility of their rations was determined during the thirty-seven weeks of the ex- periment.2 Each steer was weighed daily at 2 p. m.

Rations and Feeds. — During the first month of the period prelimi- nary to the experiment the ration consisted of corn silage, clover hay,

lThe authors take pleasure in acknowledging their great indebtedness to Pro- fessors L. D. Hall and H. O. Allison for their generous and helpful cooperation and assistance in the planning and conducting of this investigation.

=111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914).

567

568 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

and alfalfa hay. At the beginning of the second month ground corn was added to the ration, and the feeding of alfalfa was discontinued. Four days later the feeding of corn silage was discontinued. During the first twenty-two weeks of the experiment proper the ration con- sisted of clover hay and ground corn, and during the last fifteen weeks, of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. Half an ounce of salt, given daily, was taken very consistently by all of the steers. Water also was given twice daily, and an exact record was kept of the amounts drunk.

The steers were fed twice daily, the rations for each feeding be- ing weighed out a week in advance. The refused feed, or "orts," was collected every day and the amount deducted in computing the amount of feed consumed.

To determine the effect of variations in the amount of feed con- sumed, the sixteen steers were divided into four lots of four animals each, and each lot was given thruout the experiment an amount of feed different from that received by the other lots. One was given just enoiigh feed to maintain the weights of the steers about constant; another, as much as the steers would eat readily ; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the differ- ence between the maintenance and the full-feed rations ; and another, an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations. In this bulletin the first of the above-described lots has been designated as the "maintenance" lot; the second, as the "full-feed" lot; the third, as the "one-third-feed" lot; and the fourth, as the "two-thirds-feed" lot. Beginning with the 31st week, two steers each from the mainte- nance, the one-third-, and the two-thirds-feed lots were gradually put on a full-feed ration and continued thus until the end of the experi- ment. The lots were as similar as possible in regard to age, condition, and breeding of the animals. However, there was some difference in the initial weights of the lots, as shown m Table 12, page 586.

To determine the effect of variations in the proportions of rough- age to concentrates in the ration upon the rate and efficiency of gains, and the effect of the introduction of linseed oil meal into the ration, the experiment was divided into five experimental periods. During the first experimental period the ration consisted of clover hay and ground corn in equal amounts; during the second, of one part of clover hay and three parts of ground corn ; during the third, of one part of clover hay and five parts of ground corn; and during the fourth and fifth, of one part of clover hay, four parts of ground corn, and one part of linseed oil meal. Thus the proportion of concentrates was gradually increased up to the third experimental period, and then maintained constant to the end of the experiment. These changes in the ration made from one experimental period to another were effected

•[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

569

very gradually in transitional periods. The first and third transi- tional periods were each two weeks in length; and the second and fourth, three weeks each in length. Table 1 gives the division of the experiment into periods and the proportion of roughage to concen- trates fed in each.

TABLE 1. — DIVISION OF EXPERIMENT INTO PERIODS, AND EATIOS OF HAY, CORN, AND LINSEED MEAL IN EATIONS

Experimental period	Experimental weeks	Number of weeks in period	Eatio of hay to corn to linseed meal
1	1-5	5	1:1:0
2	8-13	6	1:3:0
3	17-22	6	1:5:0
4	25-30	6	1:4:1
5	34-37	4	1:4:1

As previously stated, the digestibility of the rations of two steers of each lot was determined continuously for the thirty-seven weeks of the experiment. A detailed description, of the equipment, the meth- ods of weighing, sampling, and analyzing the feeds, and the collection, sampling, and analyzing of the refused feed and feces are given in Bulletin 172 of this station.

AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED

The amounts of feeds consumed by each steer per period are given in Table 2. The average amounts of feeds consumed daily by each steer are given in Table 3. The average weights of feeds consumed daily per lot are given in Table 4.

As previously noted, the refused feed, or orts, from the last feed- ing was cleaned out before each feeding and weighed. It was assumed that the feeds were present in the orts in the same proportions as in the ration. Accordingly, the amount of each feed refused was cal- culated from these data. Altho this is not strictly accurate, yet, in- asmuch as the amount of orts was usually small, only a slight error was thus introduced. The amount of each feed refused, subtracted from the amount of that feed offered, gave the amount of each feed actually consumed.

Maintenance Lot. — While it was planned originally to give the maintenance steers just enough feed to keep their weights practically constant, yet for various reasons this plan was not strictly followed and the animals of this lot made considerable gain during Periods 1, 4, and 5, altho they were practically on a maintenance ration during Periods 2 and 3. During the first period of the experiment (weeks 1-5), the ration consisted of 5.5 pounds of ground corn and the same amount of hay per day. The amount of corn was increased gradually

570 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

while the hay was decreased during the first transitional period (weeks 6—7), so that during the second experimental period (weeks 8—13) the steers received an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and 6.6 pounds of corn per head per day. During the second transitional period (weeks 14-16) the amount of hay was reduced still further while the corn was increased, so that during the third experimental period (weeks 17-22) the steers received an average of 1.4 pounds of hay and 6.8 pounds of corn per day per head. During the third transitional period (weeks 23-24) old-process linseed meal was gradually substituted for an equal amount of corn in the ration. During the fourth experimental period (weeks 25-30) the steers consumed 1.4 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 5.4 pounds of corn per head daily. In the fourth transitional period (weeks 31-33) Steers 653 and 650 were gradually placed upon a full-feed ration, so that during the fifth test period (weeks 34-37) they consumed 2.9 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 11.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 656 and 658 which were continued on maintenance consumed 1.3 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 5.3 pounds of corn during this period.

One-Third-Feed Lot. — The steers of this lot were started on 7.9 pounds of ground corn per day per head and the same amount of hay. During the first transitional period the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that during the second experimental period they consumed an average of 3.7 pounds of hay and 11.2 pounds of corn per head daily. During the second transitional period the hay was decreased still further and the corn was increased, so that during the third period the steers consumed an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and 11.1 pounds of corn daily. In the third transitional period linseed meal was substituted for some of the corn in the ration, so that dur- ing the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an average of 2.1 pounds of hay, 8.5 pounds of corn, and 2.1 pounds of linseed meal per head daily. In the fourth transitional period the rations of Steers 667 and 666 were gradually increased to full feed, so that during Period 5 they consumed 3.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of lin- seed meal and 12.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 669 and 662 consumed 2.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 8.7 pounds of corn in this period.

Two-Thirds-Feed Lot. — The steers of this lot consumed an aver- age of 10.3 pounds of hay and the same amount of corn per head daily during the first experimental period. During the first transitional period the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that during the second experimental period the steers consumed an average of 5.3 pounds of hay and 15.8 pounds of corn per head daily. During the second transitional period the proportion of corn to hay was increased Still further, so .that during the third .experimental jp.eriod .the s.tejers

[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 571

consumed an average of 3.1 pounds of hay and 15.5 pounds of corn per head daily. As was the case in the other lots, some of the corn was replaced by linseed meal during the third transitional period, so that during the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an average of 2.9 pounds of hay, 11.5 pounds of corn, and 2.9 pounds of linseed meal per head daily. During the fourth transitional period Steers 668 and 652 were gradually placed upon a full-feed ration, so that during Period 5, Steer 668 consumed 3.5 pounds of hay, 13.9 pounds of corn, and 3.5 pounds of linseed meal. Steer 652 went off feed and was removed at the end of the 34th week. Steers 665 and 657 in this period consumed 3.0 pounds of hay, 12.1 pounds of corn, and 3.0 pounds of linseed meal.

Full-Feed Lot. — During the first experimental period the steers of the full-feed lot consumed an average of 12.1 pounds of hay and the same amount of corn per head daily. As in the other lots, their hay was decreased and their corn was increased during the first transi- tional period, so that during the second experimental period they con- sumed an average of 6.4 pounds of hay and 19.4 pounds of corn per head daily. During the second transitional period the proportion of hay in the ration was decreased, so that during the third experimental period the steers consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay and 17.6 pounds of corn per head daily. It will be noted that not only less roughage but also less grain was consumed in Period 3 than in Period 2. We are unable to explain why the steers did not eat more at this time, as they were given all the feed they would consume. The effect of this apparent slump in the appetites of the full-feed steers was transmitted to the one-third- and two-thirds-feed lots, as their rations were based upon the feed consumption of the maintenance and full- feed steers as already explained. During the third transitional period linseed meal was introduced into the ration and the amount of corn was decreased, so that during the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay, 14.2 pounds of corn, and 3.5 pounds of linseed meal per head daily. Steers 663 and 659 went off feed so badly that Steer 663 was removed at the end of the 30th week and Steer 659 at the end of the 33d week.

As a matter of fact, the amounts and proportions of the feeds offered the full-feed lot were not far different from what would have been offered them in a practical feeding operation conducted under the same conditions, altho in most instances the consumption of con- centrates in the latter part of the fattening period would have been greater in practical feeding operations.

572

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[1917 ECONOMY OP FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 575

TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED

Inasmuch as all the feeds were analyzed chemically every week, data are available from which the consumption of total dry substance may be calculated. These results, calculated on the basis of 1000 pounds live weight, are given in Table 5. An inspection of this table shows that altho there was considerable variation in the consumption of dry substance by the steers of the same lot, yet the differences be- tween lots were much greater than the individual differences within the lots.

It is of interest to compare the consumption of dry substance with the amounts prescribed by the Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard1 for maintenance and fattening of cattle. For maintenance, these feeding standards call for 18 pounds of dry substance per 1000 pounds live weight daily. The average consumption of dry substance by the four maintenance steers of this experiment varied from 8.0 pounds to 11.3 pounds, or approximately from one-half to two-thirds of the amount prescribed by the standard. During Periods 2 and 3, when the steers were practically on maintenance, the consumption of dry substance was 8 to 9 pounds.

The Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard recommends from 26 to 30 pounds of dry substance for a 1000-pound fattening steer. The steers of the full-feed lot consumed on the average from 13.4 to 22.1 pounds of dry substance, or approximately one-half to two-thirds of the amounts prescribed in the standards. From this it seems safe to con- clude that the Wolff -Lehmann standards for dry substance are un- necessarily high in the cases of maintenance and fattening cattle. Of course, if large amounts of less digestible feeds, such as the roughages, are used they are more nearly correct, but even then they remain too high.

Henry and Morrison2 have recently published modifications of the Wolff-Lehmann standards for maintenance of cattle and for fat- tening of two-year-old steers. They recommend 13 to 21 pounds of dry substance for maintenance, as compared with the amounts used in this experiment, 8.0 to 11.3 pounds. For fattening two-year-old steers on full feed they recommend the following amounts of dry substance :

First 50 - 60 days 22.0 - 25.0 Ibs.

Second 50-60 days 21.0-24.0 Ibs.

Third 50 - 60 days 18.0 - 22.0 Ibs.

Comparing these values with those given in Table 5, it is seen that the steers in this experiment made good gains on considerably less dry substance than prescribed by the Henry-Morrison standards.

JHenry and Morrison: Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 667; or Bull: Principles of Feeding Farm Animals, (1916), page 355. "Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 671?

576

BULLETIN No. 197

[Marcft,

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[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 577

From our results it seems safe to conclude that steers may be maintained or fattened with the ordinary rations of the corn-belt on a smaller allowance of dry substance than the amounts prescribed by. the generally accepted feeding standards.

DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED

As the coefficients of digestibility of the rations of two steers of each lot were determined for each period of the experiment, data are provided whereby one may calculate the consumption of digestible nutrients of each lot with a considerable degree of accuracy. The results given in Table 6 have been calculated on the assumption that the steers not in the digestion stalls digested their rations as com- pletely as their lot mates in the digestion stalls.

The relation of the different lots with respect to the amounts of total dry substance and the amounts of digestible dry substance con- sumed is not the same, because of the fact that when a large propor- tion of the ration consisted of roughage, the coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance varied inversely with the amount of feed con- sumed.1

DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED

The amounts of digestible crude protein consumed daily per 1000 pounds live weight are shown in Table 7. In the case of the mainte- nance lot, the amount of digestible protein in the ration varied from 0.39 pound in Period 3 to 0.81 pound in Period 4. It should be noted particularly that in Periods 2 and 3, when these steers were actually on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weight), the aver- age consumption of digestible protein was 0.44 and 0.39 pound, re- spectively. It is also of interest to note that Steers 650 and 656, which were in the metabolism test, maintained positive weekly nitrogen bal- ances. As a matter of fact, in Period 2, Steer 650 retained 25.1 per- cent, and Steer 656 retained 25.0 percent of the nitrogen digested. In Period 3, Steer 650 retained 25.7 percent, and Steer 656 retained 28.5 percent of the nitrogen digested. Such a retention indicates that less digestible protein would have been sufficient for maintenance. In Period 1, when Steers 650 and 656 were consuming 0.56 and 0.65 pound of digestible protein, respectively, they retained 34.8 percent and 36.6 percent, respectively, of the nitrogen digested. Steer 650 made an average daily gain of 1.6 pounds during this period, and Steer 656 made an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds.

Armsby,2 after reviewing the available data upon the protein re- quirements for maintenance, states: "It seems safe to estimate 0.6

'111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914).

MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 94.

578

BULLETIN No. 197

[March,

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[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

579

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580

BULLETIN No. 197

[Ma reft,

pound of crude protein or 0.5 pound of true protein per 1000 pounds live weight as representing in a general way the minimum protein requirement of mature cattle with a probable range of 0.1 or 0.2 pound either way under varying conditions. ' ' The fact that Steers 650 and 656 of this experiment when consuming rations containing from 0.40 and 0.65 pound of digestible protein stored from 25 to 37 percent of the digested nitrogen for a period of twenty-two weeks proves that under the conditions of this experiment cattle may be maintained on considerably less protein than the generally accepted standards.

In the case of the one-third-feed lot the protein consumption va- ried from 0.54 pound in Period 3 to 0.99 pound in Period 4. The two-thirds-feed lot received from 0.65 pound in Period 3 to 1.18 pounds in Period 4, while the full-feed lot received from 0.72 pound in Period 3 to 1.41 pounds in Period 4. It is of interest to compare the protein consumption of the steers in this experiment with the amount of pro- tein prescribed by the "Wolff-Lehmann and the Henry-Morrison feed- ing standards. Such a comparison is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8. — COMPARISON OP PROTEIN CONSUMPTION WITH THE WOLFF-LEHMANN AND HENRY-MORRISON STANDARDS*

Period	One-third- feed lot	Two- thirds- feed lot	Full-feed lot	Wolff-Leh- mann	Henry- Morrison
1 2 3 4 5	0.79 0.69 0.54 0.99 0.952	0.90 0.85 0.65 1.18 1.13'	1.03 0.89 0.72 1.41 1.34	2.5 3.0 2.7	2.0-2.3 1.9-2.3 1.8-2.1

1While the periods of this experiment do not correspond exactly with the periods given in these standards, yet the results are comparable in a general way. ^Average of Steers 669 and 662. •Average of Steers 665 and 667.

When one considers that the steers of the two-thirds-feed lot made an average daily gain of 1.8 pounds and the steers of the full-feed lot made an average daily gain of 2.1 pounds for a period of thirty-seven weeks, it seems safe to conclude that the above-mentioned standards for the protein requirements of fattening steers are unnecessarily high.

NET ENERGY CONSUMED

Knowing the amounts of digestible protein, carbohydrates, and fats consumed, it was possible to calculate the consumption of net en- ergy with at least a fair degree of accuracy, using the method of Kellner1 and Armsby.2 For the sake of comparison, these results

*The Scientific Feeding of Animals (1911), page 82. *Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 71 (1905), page 14.

[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 581

were calculated to the amounts consumed daily per 1000 pounds live weight. Some difficulty was encountered in making these calculations. It is generally accepted that the energy requirement for maintenance varies, not directly with the weight of the animal, but with the sur- face or approximately with the two-thirds power of the live weight of the body. On the other hand, however, it has not been shown that the energy requirement above maintenance varies with the surface of the body. 'Consequently, the results have been calculated in two ways : Table 9 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the energy requirements varied according to the surface of the body ; and Table 10 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the energy requirements vary directly with the body weight. Inasmuch as at least half of the energy was used for maintenance, even in the full-feed lot, we feel that Table 9 is a better basis for a discussion of the energy consumption than Table 10.

It is of interest to compare the energy required by these steers for maintenance with the findings of other investigators. Armsby1 has summarized the investigations upon the energy requirements for the maintenance of cattle. To his summary we have added the recent results of Trowbridge, Moulton, and Haigh.2 The summarized results are shown in Table 11. Comparing these results with the energy con- sumption of the four steers of the maintenance lot when they were actually on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weights), in Periods 2 and 3, it is seen that there is but little difference between the average requirements for the maintenance of thin cattle as re- ported by other investigators and the average requirement of these maintenance steers in Periods 2 and 3. In the former case the average requirement is 6.46 therms, while in the latter it is 6.62 therms, with individual variations ranging from 6.14 to 7.00 therms. It is of in- terest to note that in Period 4 the energy consumption of the mainte- nance steers was reduced to 6.41 therms, yet during this period they made an average daily gain of 0.85 pound.

A study of the energy consumption of the steers in the other lots does not reveal anything of especial interest.

MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 39. »Mo. Exp. Sta. Ees. Bui. 18 (1915).

582

BULLETIN No. 197

[March,

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[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOB FATTENING STEERS

583

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584

BULLETIN No. 197

[March,

TABLE 11. — SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF

CATTLE (Results expressed in therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight)

	Condition	No. of	No. of	N	et enei	gy
Investigator	of animals	ani- mals	trials	Maxi- mum	Mini- mum	Aver- age	Remarks
Arms by and fries Kellner	Thin })	3 7	7 7	7.06 7.32	4.86 5.31	6.11 6.20	Respiration experiment Respiration experiment
Armsby	n	3	10	7.60	6.62	7.02	Respiration experiment ;
Armsby	»	3	3	6.26	4.88	5.62	fed roughage Respiration experiment;
Haecker	)>	8	5	6.45	5.30	5.71	fed much grain Live-weight experiment
Eward	»	3	3	7.85	6.45	7.18	Live-weight experiment
Evvard	»	1	1			8.09	Live-weight experiment
Trowbridge et al. Trowbridge et al. Trowbridge et al. Kellner	> > Good Fat Fat	10 7 4 8	13 9 5 3	7.84 8.68 6.73 9.58	5.31 6.28 6.05 7.75	6.55 7.42 6.39 8.59	Live-weight experiment Live-weight experiment Live-weight experiment Respiration experiment
Evvard	Partly fat	3	3	10.62	8.15	9.07	Live-weight experiment
Average	Thin	33	49			6.46	Weighted
Average	Good and fat	17	20			7.59	Weighted
Average	All	50	69	....	...	6.78	Weighted

WEIGHTS AND GAINS

The steers of each lot were weighed individually at 2 p. m. every day of the experiment. The weights of the steers at the beginning of each period and at the end of the experiment are given in Table 12. The initial weights of Period 1 and the final weights of Period 4 are the averages of the first seven days and the last seven days, respect- ively, of the experiment. The other weights are the averages of five daily weights — the last two days of the preceding transitional period and the first three days of the test period under consideration.

The initial weights of the steers were quite variable, ranging from 762 pounds for Steer 653 of the maintenance lot to 1010 pounds for Steer 657 of the two-thirds-feed lot. There was also considerable varia- tion between the averages of the different lots themselves, the main- tenance lot weighing 814 pounds ; the one-third-feed lot, 873 pounds ; the two-thirds-feed lot, 897 pounds ; and the full-feed lot, 926 pounds. These variations in weight may have had some influence upon the re- sults of the experiment.

The individual gains, the average gains per lot, and the total gains per lot, for each period and for the entire experiment are pre- sented in Table 13. The average daily gains are shown in Table 14.

Altho it was the original intention to keep the weight of the main- tenance lot practically constant, yet considerable gain was made from the beginning to the end of the experiment. However, these steers

[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 585

were practically on a maintenance ration during Periods 2 and 3. Beginning with the 31st week, Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance lot, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third-feed lot, and Steers 668 and 652 of the two-thirds-feed lot were gradually put on a full-feed ration. Consequently, their gains for the last period of the experiment were as a rule much greater than those of their respective lot mates.

Disregarding the maintenance lot for obvious reasons, it is seen that the rate of gain with the exception of Steer 667 decreased regu- larly from Period 1 to Period 4, when linseed meal was introduced into the ration. After the introduction of the linseed meal, the gains increased considerably but again decreased in Period 5. In this re- spect the steers behaved in accordance with the prevalent idea of practical feeders regarding the addition of a nitrogenous concentrate near the end of the fattening period.

As might naturally be expected, the steers on the larger rations made greater gains than those on the small rations, the average daily gains for the various lots being as follows: maintenance lot, 0.70 pound; one-third-feed lot, 1.32 pounds; two-thirds-feed lot, 1.79 pounds; and full-feed lot, 2.13 pounds. It should be remembered, however, that Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5. A study of the data also shows that the individual daily gains of the steers of each lot for the entire experiment were quite uniform except in the case of the maintenance lot, in which two steers received considerably more feed than the others, as explained else- where. The data also show that the gains in each period were de- pendent upon the amount of feed consumed, altho in a few cases the individual gains of one lot overlap those of another lot.

Considering the length of the feeding period and the amounts of feeds consumed, the full-feed lot made especially good gains in spite of the fact that two of the steers were in the digestion stalls contin- uously during the experiment. Also, the two-thirds-feed lot made fairly good gains for a feeding period of this length, 259 days. As a matter of fact, these steers made as good gains as the full-feed steers in Periods 1 and 3. The gains of the one-third-feed lot, of course, were smaller than one would expect in practical fattening.

The question naturally arises as to what effect the digestion and metabolism experiment had upon the gains of the steers confined in the metabolism stalls. Steers 650 and 656 of the maintenance lot, Steers 666 and 669 of the one-third-feed lot, Steers 652 and 665 of the two-thirds-feed lot, and Steers 663 and 661 of the full-feed lot were in the metabolism and digestion experiment continuously. Their gains were practically as good as those of their lot mates confined in ordinary stalls. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude that the metabolism and digestion steers were under normal conditions and were at most only slightly affected by that phase of the experiment.

586

BULLETIN No. 197

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[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

587

TABLE 13. — TOTAL GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD (Results expressed in pounds)

		Ratio of hay	Maintenance Lot
Period	Weeks	to corn to linseed meal	Steer 653	Steer 650	Steer 656	Steer 658	Average	Total
1	1-5	1:1:0	69	55	69	12	51.2	205
2	8-13	1:3:0	2	-5	3	0	0.0	0
3	17-22	1:5:0	-5	2	4	6	1.7	7
4	25-30	1:4:1	40	35	31	38	36.0	144
5	34-37	1:4:1	81	115	22	4	13.04	2ft*
Total	1-37		229	273	125	95	180.55	722s

One-Third-Feed Lot

			Steer 667	Steer 666	Steer 669	Steer 662	Average	Total!
1	1-5	1:1:0	59	88	69	75	72.7	291
2	8-13	1:3:0	81	56	55	83	68.7	275'
3	17-22	1:5:0	59	23	54	53	47.2	189'
4	25-30	1:4:1	91	57	63	66	69.2	277
5	34-37	1:4:1	25	59	25	-5	10.04	20*
Total	1-37		359	348	319	337	340.75	1363s

Two-Thirds-Feed Lot

			Steer 668	Steer 652«	Steer 665	Steer 657	Average	Total
1	1-5	1:1:0	88	106	118	90	100.5	402
2	8-13	1:3:0	72	94	66	77	77.2	309
3	17-22	1:5:0	69	63	43	73	62.0	248
4	25-30	1:4:1	129	73	79	79	90.0	360
5	34-37	1:4:1	52	11	39	45	42.04	84*
Total	1-37		467	417	462	469	453.7s	1815s

Full-Feed Lot

			Steer 6591	Steer 6633	Steer 661	Steer 664	Average	Total
1	1-5	1:1:0	106	119	89	103	104.2	417
2	8-13	1:3:0	110	90	82	101	95.7	383
3	17-22	1:5:0	69	89	38	56	63.0	252
4	25-30	1:4:1	120	76	109	107	103.0	412
5	34-37	1:4:1			56	53	54.5	109
Total	1-37		528	447	514	543	508.0	2032

'Removed at end of 33d week. 2R€moved at end of 30th week. 'Removed at end of 34th week.

4Two steers only, as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5.

5Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5,

588

BULLETIN No. 197

[March,

TABLE 14. — AVERAGE DAILY GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD (Besults expressed in pounds)

		Ratio of hay	Maintenance Lot
Period	Weeks	to corn to linseed meal	Steer 653	Steer 650	Steer 656	Steer 658	Average
1	1-5	1:1:0	1.97	1.57	1.97	0.34	1.46
2	8-13	1:3:0	0.05	-0.12	0.07	0.00	0.00
3	17-22	1:5:0	-0.12	0.05	0.10	0.14	0.04
4	25-30	1:4:1	0.95	0.83	0.74	0.90	0.85
5	34-37	1:4:1	2.89	4.11	0.78	0.14	0.46*
Total	1-37		0.88	1.05	0.48	0.37	0.705

One-Third-Feed Lot

			Steer 667	Steer 666	Steer 669	Steer 662	Average
1	1-5	1:1:0 1.69	2.51	1.97	2.14	2.08
2	8-13	1:3:0 1.93	1.33	1.31	1.98	1.64
3	17-22	1:5:0	1.40	0.55	1.29	1.26	1.12
4	25-30	1:4:1	2.17	1.36	1.50	1.57	1.65
5	34-37	1:4:1	0.89	2.11	0.89	-0.18	0.374
Total	1-37		1.39	134	1.23	130	1325
	Two-Thirds-Feed Lot
			Steer 668	Steer 652»	Steer 665	Steer 657	Average
1	1-5	1:1:0	2.51	3.03	3.37	2.57	2.87
2	8-13	1:3:0	1.71	2.24	1.57	1.83	1.84
3	17-22	1:5:0 1.64	1.50 •	1.02	1.74	1.48
4	25-30	1:4:1	3.07	1.74	1.88	1.88	2.14
5	34-37	1:4:1	1.86	1.57	1.39	1.61	1.504
Total	1-37		1.80	.1.75	1.78	1.81	1.79s

Full-Feed Lot

			Steer 6591	Steer 663*	Steer 661	Steer 664	Average
1	1-5	1:1:0	3.03	3.40	2.54	2.94	2.98
2	8-13	1:3:0	2.62	2.14	1.95	2.40	2.28
3	17-22	1:5:0	1.64	2.12	0.90	1.33	1.50
4	25-30	1:4:1	2.86	1.81	2.60	2.55	2.45
5	34-37	1:4:1	...	...	2.00	1.89	1.95
Total	1-37		2.29	2.13	1.98	2.10	2.13

Removed at end of 33d week. 'Removed at end of 30th week. 'Removed at end of 34th week.

4Average of two steers as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5.

"Steers 653, 650. 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5,

[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 589

INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF RATION UPON THE ECONOMY

OF GAINS

The practical cattle feeder assumes that the larger the amount of feed that fattening cattle consume, the more economical will be the gains. This assumption is based upon the fact that a certain amount of feed is required for maintenance under any condition. Conse- quently, the larger the proportion of feed above maintenance, the more there is above the maintenance requirement available for production, and for this reason the ration is assumed to be more economical.

On the other hand, experiments at the Illinois, Missouri, and other stations show that large rations are not as completely digested as smaller ones, especially when there is a considerable amount of crude fiber in the ration. Consequently, if one considers only the digesti- bility of the ration, one would expect the economy to be lessened as the ration is increased. Thus in studying the influence of the amount of ration upon economy, both of these factors, working in opposite directions, must be considered.

In studying the economy of gains, there are several measures by which we may determine it. The practical feeder usually measures the economy of gains by the amount of feed consumed per pound of gain. This is not strictly accurate, owing to variations in the chem- ical composition of the feeds, especially in the water content. Fur- thermore, when several feeds are used, as in this experiment, such a large amount of data is presented as to be confusing. The expression of the economy of the gains in terms of the consumption of dry sub- stance per pound of gain obviates both of the previous objections, but this alone is not entirely satisfactory, owing to the fact that the dry substance from some feeds is more digestible than that from others. To dispose of this difficulty the economy of the gains may be expressed also in terms of digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain. However, this is not altogether satisfactory, as the animal does not necessarily utilize the energy of feeds in direct proportion to the amount of digestible nutrients in the feeds. The use of the net energy consumed per pound of gain disposes of this objection. Theoretically, at least, the net energy consumed per pound of gain is the most accu- rate measure of the economy of gains. However, the inaccuracies involved in the calculation of the net energy detract from its practical value. For the purpose of this investigation, the amounts of feed, of total dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy consumed per pound of gain have been used as measures of the econ- omy of the gains.

The amounts of feeds consumed per pound of gain by the in- dividual steers are shown in Table 15. The amounts of feed consumed per pound of gain by the different lots are shown in Table 16. Dis-

590

BULLETIN No. 197

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592 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

cussion of these tables is omitted, since the discussion pertaining to the consumption of dry substance per pound of gain also applies to them.

Dry Substance, Digestible Dry Substance, and Net Energy Con- sumed per Pound of Gain. — The total dry substance, the digestible dry substance, and the net energy consumed per pound of gain are shown in Tables 17, 18, and 19, respectively. Considering the data for the one-third-feed lot, the two-thirds-feed lot, and the full-feed lot during the different periods of the experiment, there is no evi- dence that one lot was any more efficient than another. Taking the entire thirty-seven weeks of the experiment into consideration, there seems to be no reason to conclude that the amount of feed consumed had any effect upon the economy of gains, as indicated by the amount of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy consumed per pound of gain.

It is of interest to note that Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance lot made much more efficient gains in Period 5 when put upon full feed than the steers which had been receiving full-feed rations previous to Period 5. On the other hand, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third- feed lot, and Steers 668 and 652 of the two-thirds-feed lot made no more economical gains when put upon a full-feed ration than the steers of the full-feed lot.

INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS

The fact that the steers were fed different proportions of corn and hay during the first three periods of the experiment and the fact that in Period 4 linseed meal was substituted for a part of the corn in the ration, provide data for studying the influence of a decrease in roughage together with an increase in concentrates upon. the economy of gains, and also the effect of adding linseed meal to a ration high in concentrates and low in roughages. In this connection, however, it must be remembered that other factors such as the age and more es- pecially the condition of the animals may have had considerable effect upon the economy of gains in different periods.

Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 1 Part, to Hay 1 Part and Corn 3 Parts. — In Period 1 the ration consisted of equal parts of clover hay and ground corn. In the transitional period after Period 1, the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that in Period 2 the ration consisted of one part of hay and three parts of corn. From Table 5, page 576, it is seen that the total dry substance consumed daily was slightly reduced in Period 2, while the consump- tion of digestible dry substance was practically the same as shown in Table 6. Table 7 shows that there was a decrease in the amount of digestible crude protein consumed in Period 2, while Table 10 shows

[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

593

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5% BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

a slight increase in the consumption in net energy. Thus these fig- ures reveal but little difference in the nutrients consumed in Periods 1 and 2 except that there was less protein consumed in Period 2 than in Period 1.

As shown in Table 14, page 588, the gains made in Period 2 were much lower than those made in Period 1. Especially was this true in case of the two-thirds-feed lot, which dropped from an average gain of 2.87 pounds to 1.84 pounds. The full-feed lot decreased from 2.98 pounds per day to 2.28 pounds per day, while the one-third-feed lot decreased from 2.08 to 1.64 pounds. The decrease in the individual gains, with the exception of Steer 667, was just as marked as the de- crease in the average gains.

A study of the individual data in Table 17, page 593, shows that the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of dry sub- stance was decreased in Period 2 with but one exception — Steer 667. Table 18 shows that, with the exception just noted, the amount of digestible dry 'substance necessary to produce a pound of gain was much greater in Period 2 than in Period 1. Table 19 shows that the economy as measured by the consumption of net energy per pound of gain was much decreased in Period 2.

One would not expect such marked differences in the rate of gain and the economy of gains between Periods 1 and 2 as were shown by the steers in this experiment. Of course, it is a well known fact that the economy of gains decreases with the increasing age and condition of the animal. However, it would not seem that the few weeks differ- ence between Periods 1 and 2 would have such a marked effect. It is possible that the decrease in consumption of digestible crude pro- tein may have been responsible for the decrease in the rate and econ- omy of gains. However, the decrease in protein consumption was not great, varying from 0.03 pound to 0.21 pound per day. As a matter of fact, there was no correlation between the decrease in protein con- sumption and the decrease in efficiency among the individual steers. Consequently, we are unable to explain these results which seem con- trary to general opinion.

Influence of Change from, Hay 1 Part and Corn 3 Parts, to Hay 1 Part and Corn 5 Parts. — During the second transitional period the hay of the ration was gradually decreased and the corn was increased, so that during Period 3 the ration consisted of hay 1 part and corn 5 parts.

There was a considerable reduction in the consumption of total dry substance in Period 3 owing to the reduction of the roughage and the increase of the concentrates of the ration. These data are given in Table 5. The data of Table 6 show that there was a considerable reduction also in the amount of digestible dry substance consumed, altho there was not as great a difference between Periods 2 and 3 as

[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 597

in the case of the total dry substance. The consumption of digestible crude protein in Period 3 was considerably lower than in Period 2, as is shown by the data in Table 7. As a matter of fact, the protein consumption of most of the steers was below, or no greater than, the ordinary standards for maintenance. Table 9, page 582, shows that the consumption of net energy in Period 3 was considerably lower than in Period 2. In general, the steers in Period 3 received less nutrients than in Period 2, the consumption of protein being espe- cially decreased. This was due to the slump in the appetites of the full-feed steers and the consequent reduction in the rations of the steers of the other lots.

As one would naturally expect, there was a decrease in the rate of gains in Period 3, as shown in Table 14, page 588. This decrease was quite marked except in the cases of three steers, Nos. 669, 657, and 663. The decrease in rate of gains was greatest in case of the full- feed lot. In fact, the two-thirds-feed lot made as good gains in this period as the full-feed lot. In this connection it may be noted that there was little difference in the consumption of digestible protein and net energy between these two lots during this period.

Referring to Table 17, page 593, it is seen that in general more total dry substance was required to produce a pound of gain in Period 3 than in Period 2. However, Steers 669, 668, 657, and 663 were ex- ceptions, making slightly more economical gains in this than in the preceding period. Table 18, page 594, shows that the consumption of digestible dry substance per pound of gain was greater in Period 3 than in Period 2. Furthermore, the exceptions noted above are not so noticeable in this case. By reference to Table 19, page 595, it is seen that the economy of the gains, as measured by the consumption of net energy per pound of gain, decreased in Period 3 in every in- stance except in case of Steer 663. In general, then, it seems safe to say that the efficiency of the ration was decreased in Period 3. This is what one would expect after comparing the feed consumption in Periods 2 and 3. Also the increased condition, especially of the full- feed steers, undoubtedly tended to decrease the rate and economy of gains. Furthermore, it seems probable that the small amount of pro- tein consumed in Period 3 may have adversely affected the rate and economy of gains.

Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 5 Parts, to Hay 1 Part, Corn 4 Parts, and Linseed Meal 1 Part. — During the third transitional period the corn of the ration was gradually reduced and old-process linseed meal was gradually introduced into the ration, so that during Period 4 the steers received a ration the same as in Period 3 except that a part of the corn was replaced by linseed meal. There was little or no difference in the actual amounts of hay and of con- centrates eaten in Periods 3 and 4 (see Tables 3 and 4). However,

59& BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

when the feed consumption is computed in terms of 1000 pounds live weight, it is evident that there was a slight reduction in the amount of feed consumed in Period 4, especially in case of the two-thirds- and full-feed lots, owing to the increased weight of the animals (see Table 5). The consumption of digestible dry substance per 1000 pounds live weight in Period 4 was nearly as great as in Period 3. Of course the digestible protein was increased considerably by the addition of linseed meal. In fact, the consumption of protein was almost doubled. The consumption of net energy, as given in Table 9, was also slightly lower in Period 4 in most instances. In general, the consumption of nutrients per 1000 pounds live weight was practically the same in Periods 3 and 4, except in case of the protein, which was almost twice as great in Period 4 as in Period 3 (see Tables 6, 7, and 9).

The average daily gains (Table 14) show that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration affected the rate of gains quite ma- terially. In case of the one-third-feed lot and the two-thirds-feed lot, the gains of all steers increased considerably after the introduction of linseed meal. In the full-feed lot, the gains of three steers increased while the gain of one steer (No. 663) decreased after the addition of linseed meal. In this connection it should be noted that Steer 663, whose gains decreased after the linseed meal was introduced into the ration, went off feed quite badly during this period and was removed from the experiment at the end of the 30th week. Also, the increases in the gains of the other steers of the full-feed lot after the introduc- tion of linseed meal were much greater than those of the two-thirds- feed lot. In fact, the increase in the gains of the full-feed lot after the introduction of the linseed meal was quite marked. In this con- nection it is well to state again that in Period 4 slightly less total dry substance, slightly less digestible dry substance, and slightly less net energy were consumed than in Period 3. However, almost twice as much protein was consumed in Period 4 as in Period 3. Apparently the addition of protein to the nutrients was responsible for the in- creased gains. Why the increase in gains should vary with the amount of feed consumed is not explained by these data.

A study of Table 16 shows that in case of the one-third-feed lot, about 54 percent more feed was required to produce a pound of gain in Period 3, when no nitrogenous concentrate was fed, than in Period 4, when linseed meal was substituted for an equal amount of corn. In the two-thirds-feed lot, 57 percent more feed was required to produce a pound of gain in the corn period than in the corn and linseed meal period. In the full-feed lot, 62 percent more feed was required to produce a pound of gain when corn was the sole concentrate than when linseed meal was also used. In this connection it should be re- membered that if the same ration had been fed in Periods 3 and 4, we should have expected that more feed would be required in Period

[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

599

4, as the steers were older and more nearly finished in this period. However, before drawing any definite conclusions from these data, the data of the individual animals should be considered, especially in view of the small number of animals in each lot. It will simplify the study to speak in terms of dry substance per pound of gain rather than in terms of corn, hay, and linseed meal per pound of gain.

Table 17, page 593, shows the individual data pertaining to the amount of dry substance per pound of gain. These data are more easily studied if the amount required to produce a pound of gain in Period 3 is calculated in percent of the amount required to produce a pound of gain in Period 4. Assuming the amount consumed in Period 4 as 100 percent, the amounts consumed by the different steers in Period 3 were as shown in Table 20.

TABLE 20. — DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 3 EXPRESSED IN PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 4

Steer No.	One-third- feed lot	Steer No.	Two-thirds- feed lot	Steer No.	Full-feed lot
667 666 669 662	155.4 260.9 123.4 131.5	668 652 665 657	189.8 125.0 200.1 123.6	659 663 661 664	168.2 92.9 267.4 192.8
Average	167.8	Average	159.6	Average	180.3

Considering the individual steers of the one-third-feed lot, it is found that the rations of all four steers were more efficient after the addition of the linseed meal. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration of the one-third- feed lot increased the efficiency thereof.

Referring to the data concerning the steers of the two-thirds-feed lot, it is seen that the rations of all steers again were more efficient after the introduction of linseed meal. Taking this into consideration, it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration of the two-thirds-feed lot materially increased the efficiency of the ration.

Considering the steers of the full-feed lot, it is seen that the in- troduction of the linseed meal increased the efficiency of the ration to a marked degree in cases of Steers 659, 661, and 664. Steer 663 made less economical gains after the introduction of the linseed meal. This was doubtless due to the fact that this steer went off feed and scoured badly during the 28th, 29th, and 30th weeks of the experiment. In fact, at the end of the 30th week it was necessary to remove him from the experiment and put him on another ration. Taking this into con- sideration, it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration of the full-feed lot caused a marked increase m the economy of the ration.

600 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

Referring again to Table 18, page 594, showing the amount of digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain, and to Table 19, page 595, showing the amount of net energy consumed per pound of gain, it is seen that in the one-third-feed and two-thirds-feed lots all of the steers made more economical gains after the addition of lin- seed meal. In the case of the full-feed lot, this was also true of Steers 659, 661, and 664, but the gain of Steer 663 was less economical. How- ever, as previously noted, this steer was not in normal condition dur- ing this period.

From these results, one concludes that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration caused the gains to be made more economically, as measured by the consumption of digestible dry substance and net energy.

SUMMARY

1. Sixteen two-year-old, choice feeder steers were divided into four lots of four steers each. One lot was given a ration slightly above maintenance; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations; another, an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations ; and another, as much feed as the steers would eat readily.

2. The experiment lasted for thirty-seven weeks and was divided into five test periods. The first period was five weeks in length, the second, third, and fourth were each six weeks in length, and the fifth was four weeks in length.

3. The feeds used were clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. The ration of the first test period consisted of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 :1 ; that of the second, of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1:3; that of the third, of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 : 5 ; and that of the fourth and fifth, of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1.

4. In Period 1, when the ration consisted of equal parts of clover hay and ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots and the individual variations were as follows:

Lot	Average	Variations
Maintenance	Its. 146	Ibs. 0.34-1.97
One-third-f eed	2.08	1.69-2.51
Two-thirds-feed	2.87	2.51-3.37
Full-feed	2.98	2.54-3.40

[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

601

The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and nci energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full- feed lots was as follows:

Lot	Dry substance	Digestible dry substance	Net energy
Average	Variations	Average	Variations	Average	Variations
One-third-feed . . Two-thirds-feed . Full-feed	Ibs. 6.61 6.25 7.33	Its. 5.35-8.17 5.37-7.21 6.02-8.71	Ibs. 4.36 3.99 4.59	Ibs. 3.68-5.38 3.41-4.63 3.82-5.40	therms 4.12 3.76 4.32	therms 3.50-5.09 3.21-4.34 3.61-5.06

5. In Period 2, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay to 3 parts of ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots and the individual variations were as follows:

Lot	Average	Variations
Maintenance	Ibs. 0.00	Ibs. -0.12-0.07
One-third-feed	1.64	1.31-1.98
Two-thirds-feed	1.84	1.57-2.24
Full-feed	2.28	1.95-2.62

The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full- feed lots was as follows :

Lot	Dry substance	Digestible dry substance	Net energy
Average	i Variations	Average	Variations	Average ' Variations
One-third-feed . . Two-thirds-feed . Full-feed . .	Ibs. 7.95 9.96 9.86	Ibs. 6.57-10.12 1 7.78-11.85 ' 8.27-12.06	Ibs. 5.71 6.85 6.36	Ibs. 4.73-7.20 5.40-8.09 5.35-7.24	therms 5.90 7.05 6.51	therms 4.88-7.45 5.54-8.33 5.47-7.40

6. In Period 3, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay and 5 parts of ground corn, the daily gains of the different lots were as follows:

Lot	Average	Variations
Maintenance ...	Ibs. 0 04	Ibs. -0 1 2-0 14
One- third-feed	1.12	0.55-1.40
Two-thirds-feed	1.48	1 02-1.74
Full-feed . .	1.50	0.90-2.12

602 BULLETIN No. 197 [March,

The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy per pound of gain was as follows :

Lot	Dry substance	Digestible dry substance	Net energy
Average	Variations	Average | Variations j	Average	Variations
One-third-feed . . Two-thirds-feed Pull-feed..	Ibs. 10.40 11.08 12.41	Ibs. 8.05-20.30 9.70-16.47 7.64-20.16	Its. Ibs. 7.91 6.10-15.24 8.15 7.14-11.71 8.63 5.66-13.16	therms 8.46 8.72 9.08	therms 6.53-16.33 7.63-12.53 6.04-13.65

7. In Period 4, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay, 4 parts of ground corn, and 1 part of linseed meal, the daily gains were as follows :

Lot	Average	Variations
Maintenance	Ibs. 0 85	Ibs. 0 74-0.95
One-third-feed	1.65	1.36-2.17
Two-thirds-feed	2.14	1.74-3 J07
Full-feed..	2.45	1.81-2.86

The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy per pound of gain was as follows :

Lot	Dry substance	Digestible dry substance	Net energy
Average j Variations	Average	Variations	Average	Variations
One-third-feed . . Two-thirds-feed . Full-feed	Ibs. 6.81 7.06 7.64	n*. 5.18-7.78 5.11-8.28 6.94-8.22	Ibs. 5.24 5.30 5.79	Ibs. 3.98-6.04 3.83-6.22 5.50-6.50	therms 5.53 5.58 6.15	therms 4.20-6.38 4.04-6.55 5.56-6.87

8. Considering the entire experiment of thirty-seven weeks, the daily gains were as follows:

Lot	Average	Variations
Maintenance	Ibs. 0.701	Ibs. 0.37-1.051
One-third-feed	1.321	1.23-1.391
Two-thirds-feed	1 791	1.75-1.811
Full-feed	2.13	1.98-2.29

'This average includes the data for two steers which were upon full feed from the 31st to the 37th week inclusive.

The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy per pound of gain was as follows :

[1917

ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS

603

Lot	Dry substance	Digestible dry substance	Net energy
Average	Variations	Average j Variations	Average Variations
One-third-feed . . Two-thirds-feed. FuJl-f eed	Ibs. 9.5P 9.401 9.63	Ibs. 9.17-10.041 8.95- 9.641 8.41-10.47	Ibs. | Ibs. 6.961 : (5.73-7.291 6.67* 6.48-6.861 6.60 ' 5.95-7.23	therms 7.221 6.901 6.73	therms 6.97-7.551 6.67-7.101 6.10-7.48

VThis average includes the data for two steers which were npon full feed from the 31st to the 37th week inclusive.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Two-year-old steers may be maintained 011 8 to 9 pounds of dry substance, 0.39 to 0.44 pound of digestible crude protein, and 6.5 to 6.8 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight.

2. Fattening two-year-old steers may make satisfactory gains over a period of thirty-seven weeks 011 14.3 to 22.1 pounds of dry substance, 0.72 to 1.44 pounds -of digestible crude protein, and 11.9 to 13.0 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight. Fairly good gains may be made even on less amounts than these.

3. The rate of gains of two-year-old steers depends upon the amount of feed consumed. However, the amount of feed consumed between one-third feed and full feed apparently has no effect upon the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of feed, of total dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy per pound of gain.

4. When a ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn in equal parts is changed to a ration consisting of one part of clover hay and three parts of corn, the amounts of digestible dry substance and net energy remaining practically unchanged, but the protein being reduced 10 to 12 percent, the rate of gains and the economy of gains are considerably decreased.

5. When a ration consisting of one part of clover hay and three parts of ground corn is changed to one consisting of one part of clover hay and five parts of ground corn, the digestible dry substance, di- gestible protein, and net energy also being slightly reduced, the rate and economy of gains are decreased.

6. The substitution of one part of linseed meal for one part of corn in a ration of clover hay one part and ground corn five parts materially increases the rate of gains and the economy of gains.

7. Steers which have been kept 011 a low plane of nutrition (maintenance) for a considerable time make more economical gains when put upon a full-feed ration than steers which have been upon full feed for some time. HoAvever, steers receiving more than a main- tenance but less than a full-feed ration make no more economical gains when put upon full feed than steers which have already been on full feed.

604 BULLETIN No. 197 [March.

8. From the results obtained in this investigation, it seems safe to conclude that steers may be maintained or fattened with the ordi- nary rations of the corn belt on less digestible dry matter, on less di- gestible protein, and on less net energy than the amounts prescribed by the generally accepted feeding standards.

The authors wish to acknowledge the efficient assistance rendered by J. J. Yoke and W. A. Balis in the feeding, weighing, and care of the animals; by F. W. Gill in the analytical work; and by P. A. Hoffman, W. J. Gage, Jr., and W. A. Hixson, in the weighing and sampling of the feeds, orts, feces, and urine, and in the keeping of many of the records.

AUTHOR INDEX

605

AUTHOR INDEX

PAGE

.Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. Prices and Shrinkage of Farm Grains 11-26

Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. Yields of Different Varieties of Corn in Illinois. ... 1 .407-424

Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. Yields of Spring Grains in Illinois 497-508

Aumer, J. P., and Hopkins, Cyril

G. Potassium from the Soil 1-10

Bauer, P. C., Hopkins, Cyril G., and Hosier* J. G. Summary of Illinois Soil Investiga- tions • 449^84

Blair, J. C., Foglesong, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., Pickett, B. S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- kins, O. S. Field Experi- ments in Spraying Apple Or- chards .... * 47-212

Bull, Sleeter, Emmett, A. D., Grindley, H. S., and Mum- ford, H. W. A Study of the Rate and Economy of Gains of Fattening Steers with Special Reference to the In- fluence of the Amount and the Character of Feed Con- sumed 565-604

Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. Prices and Shrinkage of Farm Grains . . . : 11-26

B'urlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. Yields of Different Varieties of Corn in Illinois 407-424

Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. Yields of Spring Grains in Illinois 497-508

Durst, C. E. Methods of Fertil- izing Sweet Potatoes 267-278

Edmonds, J. L. Feeding Pure- Bred Draft Fillies 425-448

Emmett, A. D., Bull, Sleeter, Grindley, H. S., and Mum- ford, H. W. A Study of the Rate and Economy of Gains of Fattening Steers with Special Reference to the In- fluence of the Amount and the Character of Feed Con- sumed 565-604

Foglesong, L. E., Blair, J. C., Gunderson, A. J., Piekett, B.

PAGS

S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- kins, O. S. Field Experi- ments in Spraying Apple Or- chards 47-212

Forbes, Stephen A. A General Survey of the May-Beetles (Phyllophaga) of Illi- nois 213-257

Forbes, Stephen A. The Influ- ence of Trees and Crops on Injury by White-Grubs. .259-265

Grindley, H. S., Bull, Sleeter, Em- mett, A. D., and Mumford, H. W. A Study of the Rate and Economy of Gains of Fattening Steers with Special Reference to the Influence of the Amount and the Char- acter of Feed-Consumed. . 565-60 1

Gunderson, A. J., Blair, J. C., Foglesong, L. E., Pickett, B. S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- kins, O. S. Field Experi- • ments in Spraying Apple Or- chards .47-212

Hopkins, Cyril G., and Aumer, J. P. Potassium from the Soil 1-10

Hopkins, Cyril G., and Whiting, Albert L. Soil Bacteria and Phosphates 391-406

Hopkins, Cyril G., Bauer, F. C., and Mosier, J; G. Summary of .Illinois Soil Investiga- tions 449-484

Hopkins, Cyril G. A New Lime- stone Tester 485-495

Lloyd, John W. Tests with Ni- trate of Soda in the Produc- tion of Early Vegetables. .27-46

AI osier, J. G., Bauer, F. C., and Hopkins, Cyril G. Summary of Illinois Soil Investiga- tions 449-484

Mumford, H. W., Bull, Sleeter, Emmett, A. D., and Grind- ley, 'H. S. A Study of the Rate and Economy of Gains of Fattening Steers with Special Reference to the In- fluence of the Amount and the Character of Feed Con- sumed . . .5(i5-604

606

VOLUME 13

PAGE

Muncie, F. W. The Use of Com- mercial Fertilizers in Grow- ing Koses 509-5(54

Peltier, George L. Parasitic

Ehizoctonias in America 279-390

Pickett, B. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle- song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., Euth, W. A., and Watkins, O. S. Field Experiments in Spraying Apple Orchards 47-212

Euth, W. A., Blair, J. C., Fogle- song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J.,

PACE

Pickett, B. S., and Watkins, O. S. Field Experiments in Spraying Apple Orchards. 47-2 12

Watkins, O. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle- song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., Euth, W. A., and Piekett, B. S. Field Experiments in Spraying Apple Orchards. 4 7-2 12

Whiting, Albert L., and Hopkins, Cyril G. Soil Bacteria and Phosphates 391-406

INDEX

607

INDEX

(The headings in capitals are subjects of entire bulletins)

PAGE Acid phosphate, see Phosphate

Agave rigida 308

Alfalfa, Bhizoctonia on 308-09

Attvum 328

ascalonicum 284

Alternanthera, Ehizoctonia on. . 310 Alyssum, Sweet, Ehizoctonia on 310-11

Alyssum odoratum 810

Amaranthus, Ehizoctonia on.... 311

Amaranthus albus 311

retroflexus 311

spinosus 311

Ammonium sulfate for roses 511, 541 Anna, 111., Spraying experiments

139-55

Tests of fertilizing sweet po- tatoes . . 269-78

Antioch experiment field, experi- ments on ". 479-80

Apium graveolens 320

Apple blotch, see Spraying exper- iments

Apple flea-weevil 109

APPLE OECHAEDS, FIELD EXPEEIMENTS IN

SP. BAYING 47-212

Apple scab, see Spraying experi- ments Apple trees, Diseases of foliage

and fruit 49-50

Insects attacking foliage and

fruit 49

Arachis liypogoea 308

Asparagus, Ornamental, Bhizoe-

tonia on 311

Asparagus 'sprcngeri 311

Asters, China, Ehizoctonia on 311-12 Auburn, 111., Variety tests of corn 417

Barley, Price, 1904-13 19

Barley, grown at DeKalb 503

Fairfield 507

IJrbana 506-07

Beans, Bhizoetonia on 312-14

Beets, Nitrate of soda for. .33, 37, 43

Ehizoctonia on 314—15

Begonias, Bhizoetonia on 315

Beta vulgaris .' 314

Bitter rot of apples, Spraying

for 205

Blackberry, Ehizoctonia on 315

Bloomington experiment field,

Experiments on 471-72

PAGE

Bordeaux injury, see Spraying ex- periments

Brassica olerace'a 316

Buckwheat, Ehizoctonia on 315

Byssothesium circinans 285

Cabbage, Nitrate of soda for. .

. , 34, 40, 44, 45

Ehizoctonia on 316-17

Calcium required by crops 406

Callistephus hortensis 311

Candytuft, Ehizoctonia on 317

Carbon dioxid in soil 403-05

Carnations, Ehizoctonia on 283, 317-20 Inoculation of, see Ehizoctonia Solani

Carrots, Ehizoctouia on 320

Cauliflower, Nitrate of soda for

35, 41, 45

Celery, Ehizoctonia 011 320-21

Centaurea gymnocarpa 321, 333

Centralia, 111., Spraying experi- ments 126-38

Chenopodium album 326

Citrus 307

Clover, Bed, Bhizoetonia on 321

Codling moth, see Spraying ex- periments

Colons, Ehizoctonia on 310, 322

Coniferous seedlings, Ehizoctonia

on 322

Cor chorus capsularis 308

Coreoipsis lanceolata 322

Corn

Growing season in Illinois. . . . 409

Price, 1904-13 16

Prices necessary to compensate

for shrinkage 23-24

Ehizoctonia on 323

Shrinkage 13, 21-23

Shrinkage experiments

Illinois station 21-22

Ohio station 22

Varieties 422-24

COEN IN ILLINOIS, YIELDS OF DIFFEEENT VAEIE-

TIES OF 407-24

Coronilla 307

Cortichim ocliralcucum . . . * .290, 376

vaffum 285, 287, 306,

308, 311, 316, 321, 322, 323, 325,

335, 376

Cotton, Ehizoctonia on 323-24

608

VOLUME 13

PAGE

Croat* salinis 283

Crop production, Scientific discov- eries relating to 393

Curculio, see Spraying experi- ments

Cyclocephala . . 2G1

Du-ucus carota 320

Decatur, 111., Variety tests of corn 417 DeKalb, 111., Tests : of spring

grains . . . 499-503

Variety tests of corn 411, 411', 413

Dittnthus, Ehizoctonia' on 324

barbatns 324

earyophylhts 317

phimarnis 324

scqncri 324

Dolichos Lablab, Ehizoctonia on 308 Draft fillies, Feeding experiments

425-48

Redding 428

Feeds 427-28, 434

Composition 441

Cost 439-40

. Gains 435-36, 437, 438-39

Grooming 428

Plan of experiment 427

Shelter 428

DRAFT FILLIES, FEEDING

PURR-BRED 425-48

Draft fillies used in feeding ex- periment 428-29,430-33,

442-48

Dried Mood for roses. .516, 517, 518,

520, 521, 523-24, 525-26, 527-28,

533-38

Analysis of 512

Dn Bois experiment field, Exper- iments on 477-78

Egg plant, Rhizoctonia on 325

Emmer grown at DeKalb 503

Euphorbia pulehcrrima 329

Experiment fields, University 454-458 Plan of investigations on. .459-462

Fago'pyrum eseitlentum 315

Fail-field, 111., Tests of spring

grains 499, 507

Variety tests of corn.' 418-22

Fairfleld experiment field. Exper- iments on 478-79

Fertilizers

Amount used in U. S 3

Commercial Analysis of 512

Experiments with roses. . .511-64

Complete 3

For roses

Amount used 543, 544

Effect on production. . . .514, 541

Rinds needed 562-63

For sweet potatoes 269

Field-culture experiments . . .467-483

PAGE Fillies, sec Draft fillies

Five finger, Rhizoctonia on 325

Flora, 111., Spraying experiments

104-17

Flyspeck on apples, sec Spraying

experiments

Foxtail grass, Rhizoctonia on... 3J5 Fungicides, sec Spraying experi- ments

Galesburg experiment field, Ex- periments on 469-70

Glycine soja 308

Gossypium herbaccum 323

GRAINS, FARM, PRICES AND

SHRINKAGE OF 11-26

GRAINS, SPRING, YIELDS OF,

IX ILLINOIS 497-508

Green Valley experiment field,

Experiments on 482-83

Griggsville, 111., Spraying experi- ments 118-25, 156-8(5

Gypsopliihi ,-< IK //* 325-26

Henry-Morrison feeding standard 575 Horses, sec Draft fillies

Hypochnus Solani 285, 287

'violaceus 284, 286

Ibcris 317

Inoculation of plants nvith Rhi- zoctonia cultures 337—64

Insecticides, sec Spraying exper- iments ' ' I nsoluble residue, ' ' potassium

in , 4

l'sed in pot cultures 5-10

June-bugs, sec May-beetles

Lactuca saiiva 326

Lamb's quarters, Rhizoctonia on 326

Lathams oflor<i1nx 334

Lavclcra <irbornt- rnriet/dlti 326

Leaf spot, Spraying for control of

109, 117. 205

Jjeptoaphaeria circinans 285

Lettuce, Nitrate of soda for 34, 40, 44

Rhizoctonia on .' . . . .326-28

Lime Sulfur, sec Spraying exper- iments

Limestone, Ground, Cost 494

For roses 541, 557, 561

-62, 5(>3-64

Limestone samples 494—95

LIMESTONE TESTER, A NKW

485-95

Cost 495

Diagram . . . . '486

Limestone tests 487-93

Lobelia, Rhizoctonia on 328

Lobelia eriniis . . . 328

L/icopcr.sicum erculcnlum 335

Manito experiment field, Experi- ments on 481-82

INDEX

609

PAGE

Mascoutah experiment field, Ex- periments on . .475-77

Mat toon, 111., Variety tests of

corn 417

M A V-KKKTLKS- (PHYLLOPH- AGA) OF ILLINOIS, GEN- ERAL SURVEY OF 213-57

Abundance of different species

249-50

Collections made in Illinois 215-19

At lights 238

Dates 243-48

Location 215-16

Methods 218

Numbers 216-18, 239

Distribution of species. .235-37, 256

Foods 252-56

Kinds of crops preferred by

262-65

Kinds of trees attractive to 250-51

Parents of white-grubs 261

Seasonal succession of species

240-42, 256

Species 219-35, 256

Mcdieayo sativa, Rhizoctonia on

;.".. 285, 308

Milk of lime, sec Spraying ex- periments

Morns alba, Rhizoctonia on 308

Mvrtle, 111., Variety tests of corn

409-10

Neoga, 111., Spraying experi- ments 58-103

In 1910 58-71

In 1911 71-87

In 1912 ..88-103

\i <•!>•! i-tma, Rhizoctonia on 335

Nitrate of soda, Influence on

early vegetables 29—46

Amount used 32-35

Conclusions 45—46

Plan of tests 29-32

Results of tests 35-45

Nitrite bacteria

Importance and extent of ac- tion 405-06

Nitrogen oxidized, phosphorus

and calcium made soluble.. 401 Oafs

Characteristics of different va- rieties . . . . 507, 50, S

Comparison of northern and

home-grown seed 502

Price, 1904-13 18

Shrinkage 24-26

Shrinkage experiments at other

stations 24-25

Oats grown at DeKalb . . .500-02, 508

Fairfield 499, 507, 508

Urbana 499, 503-05, 508

PAGE

Onions, Nitrate of soda for.o3, 38, 39,

43, 44 Rhizoctonia on 328

Orchards, sec Spraying experi- ments

Organic matter decomposed by

soil bacteria 395-96

Ammonia production 396

Nitrite production 397-98

Nitrate production 398

Pansies, Rhizoctouia on 328

Permanent agriculture 483

Phaseolus, Rhizoctonia on 284

vulgaris 312

Phosphate, Acid, for roses.. 516, 517,

518, 521, 523-26, 528, 539, 540,

550-57, 564

Phosphate, rock 395

Phosphate, solubility

Action of ammonia production

398-99

Action of nitrite bacteria. .399-403 Action of nitrate bacteria. .... 403

by carbon dioxid 403-05

by organic acids 405

Phtjllophagji of Illinois. .215-57, 261

anxia 227-28, 235

nrlcunsmia 234

balia 235

b'arda 235

bipartita . .228, 236

calccata 235

congrua 233

corrosa 232, 236

crassissima 233

crcnulata 231-32, 236, 237

dclata 233, 236

draUi 232, 236

fcrvida 230-31, 236

forbesi 226, 236

fnrstcri 233, 236, 237

fratcrna 228-£9, 237

fusoa 223-24, 236, 257

fiitilis .225, 257

grandis 232

Tiirticula . . 219-21, 236

Mrtiventris . . 235

liorni 234

ilicis 230

implicita 221-23

inversa 224-25, 236

longitarsa 234

mlcans 227, 237

niiida 233, 235

nova 233

praetermisea 234, 237

profunda 229, 237

prunina 234

. rugosa 226-27, 235

tristis 229-30

vchemcns 231, 237

villifrons 234

610

VOLUME 13

PAGE

l'l</ nt ago aristata 328

Plantain, Rhizoctonia on 328-29

Plum cureulio, see Curculio

Poinsettia, Rhizoctonia on 329

Pot-culture experiments 480-81

Potassium, amount contained in

normal soils 4

Potassium, Commercial 3-4

POTASSIUM FROM THE

SOIL 1-10

Experiments 1910-11 5-7

1912 7-9

1913-14 9-10

Potassium in clover 10

in corn 10

Potassium sulfate for roses. .516, 517, 518, 522-23, 524-26

Potatoes, Rhizoctonia on .329-31

Potentilla 325

Prices of farm crops, Regulation

of 13-14

of farm grains 13-21

Quercus imbricaria 251

Radishes, Nitrate of soda for

32,35, 42

Rhizoctonia on . •. . . .332-33

Rainfall for Illinois 409, 499

Raleigh experiment field, Experi- ments on 479

Raphanus sativtis 332

Rheiim rhapontioum 333

Rhizoctonia Alii 284

Asparagi 284

Betae 285, 314

Crocorum 283, 284, 290, 292,

305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 331, 376

Dauti 284

destruens ........ ti 307

fusca '. 307

Mali 283

Medicaginis . 283, 284, 309

Napaeae 285

potomacensis 336

Bapae 285

Rubiae 284

Rhizoctonia Solani

Bibliography 386-90

Distribution in Australia 308

Canada 306

Europe 306-08

India 308

South America . . . .• 306

United States 292-305

West Indies 306

General characters 286-92

Growth on media. . .364-70, 378-85

Historical account 283-86

Inoculation experiments . . 337—364 Measurement of mycelial cells

370-72

Plants susceptible to 293-305,

306-08, 308-37

PAGE

Soil survey .372-75

Symptoms of disease 308-37

Rhizoctonia Violacea 284, 285,

286, 309 RHIZOCTONIAS, PARASITIC,

IN AMERICA 279-390

Rhubarb, Rhizoctonia on 333

Rock Phosphate, see Phosphate

Rosellinia qu-ercina 285

Roses

Benefits of fertilizing 564

Fertilizing experiment, 1910—

13 511-41

1913-15 541-62

Kind of stock to plant 564

Kinds used in experiments 511, 542

Price, 1912 519

ROSES, USE OF COMMER- CIAL FERTILIZERS IN

GROWING 509-64

Rubia, Rhizoctonia on 307

tinctorum, Rhizoctonia on 284

Rubus, Rhizoctonia on 315

Rumex acctosella, Rhizoctonia on

334

Russeting of apples, see Spray- ing experiments

Rye, Price, 1904-13 20

Rye grown at DeKalb 503

Fail-field 507

Salvia, Rhizoctonia on 310, 333

Salvia splendcns, Rhizoctonia on. 333

Kanibucus, Rhizoctonia on 307

San Jose scale, Spraying for con- trol of ... 160, 204

Santolina chamaccyparissus .... 333 Scab, Apple, sec Spraying experi- ments

Sclei'otium Crocorum 283, 284

Sedum anglicum, Rhizoctonia on 334 Setaria glauca, Rhizoctonia on. . 325 Shrinkage, see Corn, Oats, and

Wheat

Sibley, 111., Variety tests of corn. 417 Sibley experiment field, experi- ments on 470-71

Sodium nitrate, sec Nitrate of

soda Soil, Chemical analysis of.. ..452-54

increasing fertility of 483

Normal and abnormal 4

Organic matter of 395

Preparation for early vege- tables 29

SOIL BACTERIA AND PHOS- PHATES 391-406

Soil fertility, Scientific discover- ies relating to 39"3

SOIL INVESTIGATIONS,

SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS

..449-84

INDEX

611

PAGE

Bibliography 484

Experiment fields 454—58

Plan of field-culture experi- ments 459-62

Value ! 462

Soil map of Illinois

between pp. 466 and 467

Soil publications of Illinois Ex- periment Station . . 462-63

Soil survey 451-52

of Rhizoctonia 372-75

Soils of Illinois 463-67

Fertility invoice 465-67

Residual 465

Ridge ... 465

Sand 482-83

Soil areas 463-64

Swamp 465, 481-83

Terrace 465

Upland prairie 464, 468-79

Upland timber . . . .464-65, 479-81 Solatium melongena, Rhizoctonia

on 325

tuberosum, Rhizoctonia on 284, 329 Sooty blotch, see Spraying exper- iments

Sorrel, Rhizoctonia on 334

Spinach, Nitrate of soda for 34, 39, 44 Spraying experiments in apple or- chards 49-212

Applications

Comparative effectiveness of spraying before and after

bloom 122-23

Summer, value of individual

102-03

Time of 55-56, 201-02,

204-05

General effectiveness . ...187-89 Orchards

Anna, 1912 139-55

Centralia, 1910 126-29

1911 130-38

Flora, 1912 104-17

Griggsville, 1909 118-25

1911 156-71

1912 172-86

Neoga, 1910 58-71*

1911 72-87

1912 88-103

Sprays

Arsenate of lead

Commercial, comparative

values . . 104-17, 118-21, 197

chemical analyses . . . 66-67 Mixed, neutral, and acid

with Bordeaux 152, 198

with lime sulfur . . . 150-52,

198

relative values of.. . 129

PAGE

Used alone. .100-02, 168, 198 With Bordeaux . . 67-71, 81, 123-24 With copper ferrocya-

uide 152-55

With lime sulfur. .69-70, 81

With Paris Green 118-20

197

Without fungicide . . .96-98 Bordeaux

Continual coating . . 164-65

Formula 54

Light and heavy sprays

...130-38, 150, 163-64, 203

With and without arsen- ical insecticides. .123-24 With milk of lime. 64-65, 79, 130-38

Copper f errocyanide . . . . 104-17 Various strengths . . 179-83 With and without arse-

nate of lead 152-55

Cucasa 85, 199

Fungicides, new 83-87, 199

Insecticides, new... 83-87, 199 Lime sulfur

Comparative value of homemade, commer- cial, and self-boiled

121-22, 128, 195-96

Compared with Bordeaux

. ..61-64, 74-77, 92-94,

104-17, 126-29, 130-38,

145-48, 160-63, 175-79,

189-92

Dormant-tree applica- tions 90-92, 130-38, 197

Formula 54

Fungicidal value 100

Interchanged with Bor- deaux ... 77, 94-96, 148, 165-68, 178-79, 193 Various strengths . . .79-81, 98-100, 129, 148-50, 185, 194 With and without arse-

nate of lead 121-22

183-85

With copper sulfate. .104-17,

130-38, 170, 196

With lead acetate. . .104-117

• With sludge added . . . 128-29

Miscellaneous, comparison

of 124-25

Paris green . . 120-21, 123-24, 197

With Sulfocide 86-87

Sulfocide 86, 87, 199

Recommendations . . .204-05

612

VOLUME 13

PAGE Steers, Feeding experiments

Energy consumption. . .580— 83, 601 requirements . . . 584

Feed 567-69, 600

Amount consumed 569-84, 600-01 Influence of amount upon

economy of gains 589-92, 603 Influence of character upon

economy of gains. .592—600, 603

Gains 584-88

Plan of experiment 568, 600

Rations 567-69, 603

Weights 584-86

STEERS, STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF GAINS OF FATTENING

565-604

Steers used in feeding experiment

567, 600

Stem rot 283

Sunshine, Relation to production

of roses , . 526, 530

Sweet peas, Rhizoctonia on 334

Sweet potatoes, Fertilizing exper- iment .267-78

Conclusions 277-78

Cost of fertilizer 274

Elements supplied by fertiliz- ers 274

Grading crop 270

Plan of experiment 269-70

Value ef crop 271, 273, 274

Yields 270-71, 272, 273, 275-77

SWEET POTATOES, METH- ODS OF FERTILIZING. 267-78 Sycamore, 111., Variety tests of

corn 409-10

Telanthera, Rhizoctonia on ...... 310

Thanatophytum Crocorum 284

Thelepliora ETiizovtonia 285

Tobacco, Rhizoctonia on 335

Tomato, Rhizoctonia on.. 291, 335-3(5 Trichosanthes cucumernia, Rhi- zoctonia on 308

PAGE

Trif-ilinm pratense, Rhizoetonia

on 321

Tuber Croci 284

IHintxiticum 283, 284

Tuberodd.es 28:;

Tttiijta 284

Tumbler for feeding grain in pas- ture (illus.) 448

Turnips, Nitrate of soda for 32, 36, 42

Urbana, 111., Tests of spring

grains 503-07

Variety, tests of corn. .. ..411, 413, 414-15, 416, 418

Urbana experiment field . 468

Experiments on 472, 47.°>-7-">

VEGETABLES, TESTS WITH NITRATE OF SODA IN THE PRODUCTIOM OF EARLY 27-46

Vegetables used~in nitrate of soda

tests ". 30

Vienna, experiment field, Soil of. 481

Vigna cat Jang, Rhi^gefeonia on.. 308

Viola odorata, RhizOcronia on . . . 336 tricolor, Rhizoctonia on. 328

Violet root felt fungus 284

Violets, Rhizoctonia on........ 336

Virginia experiment field, Exper- iments on 468-09

Wheat, Price, 1904-13 17

Shrinkage 24-26

Michigan station 24, 25

Ohio station 24

Utah station 25

Wheat, spring, grown at DeKalb

502-03

'Fail-field 499, 507

Urbana ... '.' 499, 506

WHITE-GRUBS, INFLUENCE OF TREES AND CROPS ON INJURY BY ... .259-65

Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard. 575

Yellow-leaf, sec Spraying experi- ments 56, 143

'Aca mays, Rhizoctonia on 323

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

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