TECHNICAL REPORT A STUDY OF THE TYPES, SEASONS OF ATTACHMENT, AND GROWTH OF FOULING ORGANISMS IN THE APPROACHES TO NORFOLK, VIRGINIA WILLIAM E. MALONEY Oceanographic Publications Branch Division of Oceanography MAY 1958 U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. Price 60 cents ABSTRACT This report describes a marine biological fouling program conducted near Thimble Shoal Channel in lower Chesapeake Bay. The results of 12 months! (April 1956 to April 1957) fouling data on mine case test panels are presented. Observations of water temperature, salinity, currents, transparency, and underwater visibility were taken in conjunction with the monthly observations of the fouling complex. Additional data from tide stations for past years were analyzed to determine whether the environmental factors for 1956-57 were within the range of averages. Apparently this was not an unusual year. Therefore, the results of this study are considered reliable. Fouling organisms began to attach in May and reached peak attach- ment in August. In general, attachment was limited to periods when the water temperature was above 65°F. Growth of the organisms, following the period of peak attachment, continued at a rapid rate from August to October. Attachment of fouling organisms from October through April was practically nil. However, growth continued from October through April, but at a reduced rate. Test panels accumulated a total of 31 ounces of growth (wet weight in air) per square foot per year. The predominant fouling organisms were barnacles, calcareous tubeworms, hydroids, bryozoans, jingle shells, and tunicates. Attachment periods and growth of each of these organisms are described in detail, and the possibility of using this information to determine the length of time an object has been sub- merged is discussed. The results thus obtained will be verified or modified as additional information is obtained from the second 12 months! data at the same location. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgment is made of the efforts of the Harbor Defense Unit, Norfolk in providing the necessary services and facilities which made possible the collection of the data reported herein, In addition to performing its primary function, the Harbor Defense Unit, Norfolk has demonstrated its value as a “Pilot Unit” for making an operational evaluation of marine biological fouling to promote better understanding of military oceanography and improve harbor defense procedures. MIAN QUA 0 0301 0041298 ? ERRATA 6 August 1958 1. Page 11, par. 3, last sentence should read, "Size determinations become less reliable with time, however, and the sizes determined for the 10- and ll=-month panels may not be representative." 2. Page 23, par. 5, first sentence should read, "Total wet weight of fouling accumulated at the rate of 31 ounces per square foot per year for the period April 1956 to April 1957." FOREWORD This developmental report describes the methods, results, and conclusions from the first year's data obtained from a cooperative program between the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office and the Mine Hunting Unit (now a part of the Harbor Defense Unit) at Norfolk, Virginia. Additional reports will follow describing the second year's data and a second test site. H. C. DANIEL Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy Hydrographer iii DISTRIBUTION LIST CNO (Op- 314) BUDOCKS BUORD BUSHIPS CINCLANTFLT CINCPACFLT CINCNELM COMANTISUBLANT COMINLANT COMINPAC COMOPDEVFOR COMSUBLANT COMSUBPAG COMWSCH, YORKTOWN DRL NEL NOL NRL, Attn. Dr. Alexander NRL, Canal Zone Corrosion Lab. NRL, Tropical Exposure Lab. NAVAL ORDNANCE DEMOLITION UNIT, INDIAN HEAD,: MD. ONR, Armament Branch | ONR, Biology Branch (20 copies for further distribution) ONR, DIRECTOR OF NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION SURASDEVDET SUPT. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, MONTEREY USNMDL, PANAMA CITY USNUSL CO NAVSCHOOL, HARBOR DEFENSE CO HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, NORFOLK CO HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, PUGET SOUND OIC HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, BOSTON OIC HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, MAYPORT OIC HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, SAN FRANCISCO OIC HARBOR DEFENSE UNIT, SAN DIEGO USC&GS FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE (6 copies for further distribution) POFI (2 copies) NATIONAL MUSEUM NARRAGANSETT MARINE LABORATORY CHESAPEAKE BAY INSTITUTE iv DISTRIBUTION LIST (Cont'd) CHESAPEAKE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY BINGHAM OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY DUKE UNIVERSITY FLORIDA STATE COLLEGE, DEPT. OF OCEANOGRAPHY LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, WOODS HOLE OREGON STATE COLLEGE RUTGERS UNIVERSITY SIO TEXAS A&M COLLEGE, DEPT. OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, DEPT. OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, MARINE INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPT. OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, HOKKAIDO INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES VIRGINIA FISHERIES LABORATORY W. F. CLAPP LABORATORY, DUXBURY, MASS. WHOI OTS (5 copies) ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHIC GROUP PACIFIC OCEANOGRAPHIC GROUP ASTIA (5 copies) AIR UNIVERSITY, MAXWELL AFB MW LEO eo ee oe © © « III. Results. CONTENTS ee e@ © © © © © © © © © © © e@ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © @) 0) fe) fa 40) je re; (0 ©) ey eh eye ie © 0) (6.0 8 0 © 6 oe) je © © © «© © <6 « 0 @ © © © © © (@ © (ene) fe) 0) 10 40) esom e © mer @) 0) 0. fe 0 (0 12 © © AN SSN VAT ON TAC RE ey aces ey seks pies eae: web 8s loerstucss Gu Seca byblga) neste eeioukey sere B. Weight ° e@ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © G5 Onvemnigmats 6 soko 6 bobo ob oO ee DO ooo ob Boome ao Oo NON wWwWNDN IWERMORCIOS soo ooo POG GOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO Gollomial@iyd roids cecum -pemonencien non ciel-ioniiicn mon -mentcn- Calcareous Tubeworms...............2.22.0.-. JD MSU? IIVVOrCEMO G5 Goo boo oD GOD eo Ooo OOK Ime SGINS Soes dees sooo obo boobs Oe ebb 56 WUCMICEHSE soo co dot o op bode odo ood oD OOD OOO FN apo) aoy oKoxsK “BME. obs Dab )5 Ono) blo Oosaby OMONO TO OO Olena ono ono DV DUS CWS'STON... seme ce oy cues ON os cel deg leice, Sp eye Ea S ao eee Veet We Delete Ma KGonelw son's fe sd cis. wo. s beds) calico cep) ie smias Ses ay Sy sehcowie! top week tigtolien Bibliography °o © © © © © © © © © © © © © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © © © @e © vii 23 35 Table FIGURES Page Houling Rack Wocation) Charts. enema 4 ae 1 Sketch of Biologicals houling Racks em sm eels ne 3 Biological Fouling Rack as Originally Constructed... 3 Test Panel Insertion and Removal Schedule ....... 4 Sea Surface’ Temperatures ....6.5 — sl. ue) ene U Sea Surface Salanities?., 3. <2) llameeen coe.) loa nee eee 7 otal Wet) Weightaantamn) sot houliunpeaarn iy. nema 9 Accumulated Wet Weight (in air) of Fouling........ 9 Barnacle Fouling 275 0% oS Ga ee eee 10 CollonialyHydroidohoulinige - 1 ei enone nena nee 12 Gallcareous: Gubewormrouling) se) 14 Enerusting) Birnyozoan ouling aie iene nnn neem 15 JinglerShell Roulinpiry 2.1m cn enim n ee) tn ae 17 Exposure Periods and Predominant Fouling _ Organisms Occurring on Monthly and Cumulative ' "Fest. Panelst "ss ius ose eee ee 19 Setting Periods of Predominant Attaching OrganiS iis. (och ele: ere thes es cee ton een oe ee 21 Jingle Shell Growth 3). nsr en tenn enct octet ee 21 Cailicareous) Gubeworras GaOwt hire i nn ee 22 Panels Exposed for 1-Month Periods from April L956 "tovApril LOST alsin Bisesis ee eae ey ol a ee 27 Panels Exposed for Periods Greater than One Month Hae iay Vahoparill, UG)E{e) THe) HMoresill WONT 5555 00b000000000 29 Panels Showing Growth Resulting from Exposure Periods fromyo: tomy Months mil - anaemic meme 31 Close-up Views of Some Common Fouling Organisms Occurring lonwhelsty lanes memc-u-i-fi-ir-it aii t-at tnt nna: 33 TABLE Page Fouling organisms observed and periods of attachment at the fouling test site.............. 24 vill A STUDY OF THE TYPES, SEASONS OF ATTACHMENT, AND GROWTH OF FOULING ORGANISMS IN THE APPROACHES TO NORFOLK, VIRGINIA I. INTRODUCTION In April 1956 the Division of Oceanography initiated a study to determine the biological fouling complex and the rate of fouling on test panels near the bottom in the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. Specific objectives of the study were: 1) to assess the predominant foulers, their seasons of attachment, and their rates of growth in the channel approaches to Chesapeake Bay, and 2) to determine the feasibility and value of this type of data collection in other harbors and approaches. In addition, the information might be used to determine the length of time objects had been on the bottom where time of submergence was unknown CHESAPEAKE BAY Fouling Rack + Le. — Old Point Comfort FIGURE 1. FOULING RACK LOCATION CHART In April 1957 the collection of a 12-month series of data was com- pleted. The study was continued for another year at the present location (Fig. 1) to verify the first year's data. In addition, another rack of test panels was submerged at a location farther out in the channel to ascertain the type of spatial variation to be expected. The results reported here will be substantiated or modified based on these additional data. Il, METHODS AND MATERIALS Figure 1 shows the test location in Chesapeake Bay. The following considerations were used in the selection of the site, The site had to be’ close enough to the channel to be representative of the type of fouling occurring in the channel. However, ship traffic precluded locating it directly in the channel. The site had to be somewhat pro- tected so that a small diver's boat (a converted LCM) could operate at the location in rough weather. It also had to be located in a depth of water which would not be unduly restrictive ondiver descent and ascent, The location chosen was near a shoal-marker buoy at the edge of Thimble Shoal Channel in 38 feet of water. A fouling rack, designed and built by personnel of the Mine Hunting Unit, was constructed so as to have sufficient weight and stability to remain in place on the bottom under conditions of strong current flow, such as occur in this area. The rack was designed to hold 13 fouling test panels in a vertical position suspended 3 feet off the bottom. The test panels were attached to the rack by means of hooks which permitted easy removal and replacement by suited divers wearing heavy gloves. Figure 2 is a sketch illustrating the construction of the rack, Figure 3 is a view of the rack prior to placement at the test location. The test panels, which had béen cut out of mine cases, were curved steel plates 15 1/4 inches by 8 inches by 1/8 inch, weighing 68 ounces and having a total surface area of 1.7 square feet. The panels were painted with standard black enamel which is used routinely on ground mines, Holes were drilled through the panels to permit suspension from the hooks on the rack, The rack was submerged, and 12 test panels were attached by a diver. The location was visited at regular monthly intervals, and test panels were removed and replaced according to a schedule designed to expose them for various lengths oftime from | to 12 months, Figure 4 shows the panel manipulation schedule and the exposure ae RS Dus, LO Ge a FU SS SS =| EXTRA WEIGHT MAY BE ADDED HERE i} git IDENTIFICATION TAG FOULING PANELS FIGURE 2. SKETCH OF BIOLOGICAL FOULING RACK NOTE: Additional rails were welded to the bottom of the legs to add stability. FIGURE 3, BIOLOGICAL FOULING RACK AS ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED POSITION OF PANELS IN RACK a [|e [an| a [|main| ome Pos. | Pos. | Pos. | Pos. | Pos. | Pos. Pos. | Pos. | Pos. | Pos. | Pos. Y XY | N \X N SS 9 OCTOBER 1956 14 NOVEMBER 1956 ie) iN) (om) iN) SN NX W N SN Ww (6%) Ww ine) (@) WS XN SX Y ZL WY Ls LEGEND [_] INSERTION OF TEST PANEL Yj, ®EMOVAL OF TEST PANEL NUMBERS DENOTE IDENTIFICATION TAG NUMBER ATTACHED TO EACH TEST PANEL. Y Wa 11 DECEMBER 1956 9 JANUARY 1956 13 FEBRUARY N7/ 19 MARCH 1957 16 APRIL 1957 FIGURE 4. TEST PANEL INSERTION AND REMOVAL SCHEDULE periods. Observations of water temperature, salinity, currents, trans- parency, and underwater visibility were made at the rack location during each monthly visit. 8 y Test panels were identified by a number engraved ona plastic tag attached to each panel. Before immersion each test panel was weighed in sea water and in air, At the termination of its exposure period, each panel was again weighed in sea water and in air. Immediately after removal, each test panel was examined and an estimate made of the percent of surface of both concave and convex sides covered by various fouling organisms. The panels were photographed, packed in preservative, and returned to the Hydrographic Office for careful examination to determine the type and number of foulers. The various large forms, such as tunicates, bryozoans, and colonial hydroids on each panel were counted and the maximum and average height and diameter were determined. Smaller forms were counted by means of a random strip sampling technique. A template designed to expose a unit of surface area of the panel was laid across portions of the panel showing representative fouling types; numbers and sizes of the various organisms within the unit area were then determined, By this method, the total number of organisms on the panel was computed along with the maximum and average sizes of each form. The examination was performed on both the concave and the convex sides. Following this identification and counting procedure, the panels were allowed to dry thoroughly over a period of days and were again photographed, Specific identification of most organisms has not yet been made. Ill, RESULTS In April 1957, one complete year of fouling data, indicating the seasonal progression and degree of fouling, was accumulated. A. Environment The fouling rack is situated in a typical estuarine location. Currents are tidal, the flood setting westward and the ebb eastward. The surface current is strong, averaging 1,5 knots at maximum flood and ebb, The current near the bottom at the fouling rack is somewhat weaker, averaging 0.5 knot but at times attaining 1.0 knot at maximum flood or ebb, During all seasons a positive salinity gradient exists between the surface andthe bottom, The strength of this gradient depends primarily on the stage of the tide. Strong gradients occur during flood and somewhat weaker gradients during ebb. Salinities ranged from 19% to 27%. (parts per thousand) throughout the year. Negative temperature gradients or isothermal conditions occur during summer. These conditions depend almost completely upon the meteorological conditions. During periods of slight winds or calms the surface is strongly heated, and a sharp temperature gradient develops between the surface and depths of 5 to 10 feet. Following periods of moderate or strong winds, the temperature structure is either isothermal from surface to bottom or shows an isothermal layer overlying a moderate negative gradient extending to near the bottom. During winter the temperature gradient is weakly positive. The transparency of the water is generally low. Secchi disc measure- ments, taken with a white (Secchi) disc approximately 12 inches (30 cm.) in diameter, range from 1/2 to 3 feet. Water transparency measurements with a white light hydrophotometer indicate that through- out the year the light transmission at the surface ranges from 20 to 40 percent of light transmission in air, whereas at 5 feet above the bottom the transmission ranges from about 5 to 15 percent of that in air. The question immediately arises as to whether the 1956-57 period was typical wi-h regard to environmental factors. Biological activity is dependent to a large degree on water temperature. A preliminary means of determining how closely the test period approximated an average year is to compare observed sea surface temperatures at the test site with average temperature data for the surrounding area, The Coast and Geodetic Survey has compiled surface temperature observations for the tide gage stationat Old Point Comfort for the years 1943 to 1945 and 1948 to 1954. Monthly mean maximum, mean, and mean minimum temperatures for the tide gage station are shown in Figure 5 along with the observed sea surface temperatures at the fouling rack location. The figure indicates that temperatures at the test location during the test period were within the average range for the area, although during the first part of the period they were consistently lower than the mean, and during the latter part of the period they were consistently higher than the mean. On the basis of water temperature, therefore, biological activity in 1956-57 was probably close to average. The collection of an additional year of data will serve to indicate the validity of this conclusion. The plot of mean and observed salinities, shown in Figure 6, also indicates that this element varied within the average range for the test period. TEMPERATURE (°F.) 30 APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. MONTHS LEGEND OLD POINT COMFORT—MEAN (1943-45 AND 1948-54) OLD POINT COMFORT—MEAN MAXIMUM AND MEAN MINIMUM (1943-45 AND 1948-54) FOULING RACK—1956-1957 SALINITY (°/0) 12 APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. oct. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. MONTHS LEGEND OLD POINT COMFORT—MEAN (1943-45 AND 1948-54) OLD POINT COMFORT—MEAN MAXIMUM AND MEAN MINIMUM (1943-45 AND 1948-54) FOULING RACK—1956-1957 FIGURE 6. SEA SURFACE SALINITIES B. Weight The weight of the fouling complex on each panel was determined in an effort to make a quantitative estimate of the rates of setting and growth of organisms, Panels exposed for l-month periods can be considered to represent primarily the setting rate of organisms, although some growth also occurs during the month, Panels exposed for longer periods (2 months, 3 months, etc.) are considered to represent the accumulation resulting from both setting and growth. Figure 7 shows the wet weight (in air) in ounces of the fouling on 1-month, 2-month, and 3-~month panels. The weight of the fouling on 1-month panels indicates that little or no biological attachment occurred from October through April. Organisms began to set in May and reached peak setting in August. The weight of fouling on 2- and 3-month panels indicates that setting and subsequent growth of organisms were most rapid during the period August to October, Surface water temperatures near the fouling rack increased in May to 67°F, and decreased in October to 65°F. (Fig. 5). Attachment in this area appeared to be limited generally to the period when temperatures were above 65°F, The curves showing the weight of fouling on panels exposed for 2 and 3 months indicate that growth proceeded at a rapid rate after attachment had reached its peak, The sharp drop of the curves after October is significant because it indicates lack of subsequent growth following cessation of attachment in September and October. Figure 8 is a plot of accumulated wet weight (in air) of fouling on panels exposed for increasing lengths of time andthe cumulative weight of fouling on panels exposed for 1l-month periods, The accumulated weight curve exhibits a typical sigmoid shape resulting from both attachment and growth, New attachment began in May. Both attachment and growth went on at an accelerated rate from July to September, New attachment decreased sharply in September, whereas growth continued at a relatively rapid rate for the remainder of the test year. New attachment declined to practically nil from October through April. C. Organisms 1. Barnacles Barnacles were the first macroscopic organisms to appear on the panels after the start of the test in April. Figure 9A is a plot of the number of individuals, their average diameter, and average height on the monthly panels from April 1956 through March 1957, Barnacle WEIGHT (0z.) APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ye 9 0 il 2 MONTHS LEGEND —e— 1-MONTH TEST PANELS —OQ— 2-MONTH TEST PANELS —O—— 3-MONTH TEST PANELS FIGURE 7. TOTAL WET WEIGHT (IN AIR) OF FOULING WEIGHT (oz./ft.2) APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. Oe! 2) 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll) 22 MONTHS LEGEND CUMULATIVE FOULING AS OBTAINED BY INCREASING TEST PANEL EXPOSURE (SETTING AND GROWTH) CUMULATIVE FOULING, MONTHLY TEST PANELS (SETTING) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1 AND 2 (GROWTH) FIGURE 8. ACCUMULATED WET WEIGHT (IN AIR) OF FOULING (O01) SIVNGIAIGN! 40 ‘ON (ww) 3Z1S ONITNOAT ATOVNUVE 6 ANNI (ww) 1HDIZH JDVyesAV (ww) YaiaWNVIG JDVesAV (OOT+) SIVNGIAIGN! JO YaSWNN GN3941 AqIS XAANOD—ST4ANVd LS3L SAILVINWNO “a JdIS XAANOO—S14NVd LS3L ATHLNOW ‘V SHLNOW SHLNOW Cee ee O Tees 8 L 9 S v £ r4 if 0 atOdT:StCOT 6 8 L 9 S v e 4 I 0 ‘Udv VN 34 NWS 930 «~AON «LOO “1d3S ONY AINE ANNE AWA “UdV ‘Udy UV “834 NWP =°030 «AON «190 “1d3S “DNV «AINE ANAT AVA “UdV SLNAWHOVILY ON (001+) STVNGIAIGNI 40 ON (wi) 3Z1S 10 attachment began in April, reached its yearly maximum in June, decreased markedly during July, and reached a secondary maximum in October. Barnacles did not appear on the panels from December through March. Andrews (1953) gives the peak setting period for one species of barnacle (Balanus improvisus) as May and August or September. The presence of the primary and secondary maxima has three possible explanations: 1) two separate spawnings of the Original spawning stock occurred; 2) the secondary maximum repre- sents a second generation resulting from the individuals setting in May and June; 3) the two maxima indicate two different species having different breeding seasons. The first setting was composed of Balanus improvisus, and although this species has been identified in the second setting, no other species was positively determined to be present in the second set. A possible indication of the competition between individuals for both food and space may be gained by comparing the size curve with the curve representing the number of individuals. During the short time available for individuals to grow (1 month), the average size attained was much greater during the period of minimum attach- ment than during periods of maximum attachment. Figure 9B shows plots of number and size of barnacles attaching to panels exposed for progressively longer periods. On these panels barnacles appeared in great numbers during May and June but corre- spondingly fewer were found on panels exposed for progressively longer periods. This rapid decrease in numbers with time probably indicates that the numbers of dead barnacles increase as the numbers of succeeding foulers increase. After the 7th month most observed barnacles were dead. Many others were overrun by bryozoans and colonial hydroids making a count of individuals difficult. Barnacles which were not overrun by other fouling forms continued to increase in size, Size determinations of dead organisms become less reliable with time, however, and the sizes determined for the 10- and 1l-month panels may not be representative. Plots were made of sizes and numbers of barnacles only on the convex side of panels, However, the trends of numbers and size on the concave side were similar to those on the convex side. 2. Colonial Hydroids The number of colonies andthe average length of colonial hydroids are plotted in Figure 10, Figure 10A shows the results obtained from al (ww) HLON3T S3INO109 4O YSEWNN G3uy3A09 VAY 30vVsYNS 40 LIN30u43d jo) re) jo) ie) is) N oO vo} o N j=) io) Oot ONITNOA GCIOUGAH 'TIVINOTOD ‘Of AZANIA viva 1n4Lanoa G3Y3aAO9 WAYW JOVAYNS JO LN3IDY3d (ww) HLONAT JSVesAV S3INO109 40 Y3SWNN GNI9431 AGIS XJANOO—STANVWd LS3L FAILVINWND “a Jd!IS XSJANOO—STANVd LSSL ATHLNOW ‘V SHLNOW q SHLNOW aOt:~StC«O 6 8 L ) © 17 E 4 I 0 (4 en 9 S|) Se) 8 L 9 S 7 ¢ I 0 ‘Udy UVM “834 “NWE 030 “AON “LOO “1d3S “ONY AINE JNM AWW “ddV ‘dv UWA «83d NWP «030 “AON «190 “1d3S “DNV AINE ANNE AWW “UdV SLNSWHOVILY ON SLNASWHOVLILV ON | SINSWHOVILY ON [2) (e) io) t ise) N G3uY3SA09 WAY J0VSYNS JO LN30Ysd jo) Ve} jo) We) S3INO109 40 YS8SWNN (ww) HLDN31 12 the convex side of the l-month panels. Colonial hydroids appeared only from July though September, reaching their maximum attachment rate in August. These organisms did not appear on monthly panels exposed from October through June. Figure 10B shows the numbers and lengths of colonial hydroids attaching to the convex side of panels exposed for progressively longer periods of time, As with the monthly panels, colonial hydroids appeared first between July and August. The number of colonies remained fairly constant, indicating that setting took place only over a relatively short period of time, a fact agreeing with data from the monthly panels. The growth, in terms of the average length of the colonies, showed a rapid increase from August through December with a sharp decline following. This is in agreement with the report of Andrews (1953), which indicates that hydroids attain dense woolly growth during late autumn and winter and disappear during spring. Colonial hydroids were equally numerous on both convex and concave sides. 3. Calcareous Tubeworms Figure 11 shows the number of individuals and length of tubes of calcareous tubeworms on the monthly and cumulative panels. Tubeworm setting, as indicated by plots of the monthly panels (Fig. 11A), began in late June or early July and continued through October. The greatest intensity of setting occurred in August; tubeworms did not attach from November through June. The cumulative panels (Fig. 11B) indicate that the number of individuals attaching to panels increased until September and then remained essentially constant until December. The rapid decrease in numbers of organisms occurring after December may be attributed to the difficulty experienced in counting them when the total mass of fouling became large. Probably, the actual numbers of tubeworms remained constant at about 700 per panel. More complete information probably will be forthcoming from additional data. Tubeworms, as indicated by the average length on the cumulative panels, made their most rapid growth during the period July to September and exhibited virtually no additional growth from October through March. 4, Encrusting Bryozoans Plots of the total number and average diameter of encrusting bryozoans on monthly and cumulative panels are shown in Figure 12. The monthly panels, which indicate the degree of setting, showed two periods of peak bryozoan activity (Fig. 12A). The first and greater occurred during July, while the second and somewhat more moderate 13 (ww) HLDNAT ADVYaAV (OOT+) SIVNGIAIGNI 40 ‘ON ONITNOY WHOMAGNL SNOAUYVOTVSO “Tl AUNDIA vivd 1nslgnoqd ——— (ww) HLDSN3T JDveysAY = —O— (OOT+) SIVNGIAIGNI JO Y3ESWAN —_—o— aNEDER JdIS XJANOO—STANVd LS41 SAILVINWND “a AGIS XAANOO—STANVWd LS3L ATHLNOW ‘“V SHLNOW SHLNOW él een OF 6 8 l 9 g v € 4 I 0 él Il Ol 6 8 L 9 S e 4 I 0 ‘UdvV UV “844 NWf “090 “AON (“100 ‘1d3S ONY AINE INNE AWW “Udv ‘Udy UWA “834 NVI ‘030 «AON “190 ‘“1ddS ‘SNW AINE INNS AVW “Ydv SINAWHOVILY ON SINAWHOVILY ON N ~m w (ww) HLSNAT JD5VysAV vt (OOT=-) SIVNGIAIGNI 40 ‘ON We) 14 (ww) YaaWvid SIVNGIAIGNI 4O “ON G3Y3sAO9 W3YV 30VSYNS 4O LN30Y3d OT 0c O€ OV 0S 09 OZ 08 06 OOT ONITNOA NVOZOAUA ONILSNUYONGA “ZI ARNO viva 1n4lanod G3Y3SAO9 V3 JOVSYNS JO LN30Y3d (ww) Ya13WVId JDVYsAV STIVNGIAIGNI 40 YS8WNN GN3941 JqGIS XAANOO—ST4ANVd LS3L JAILVINWND “a JGIS XSANOO—ST4NVd LS31 ATHLNOW ‘V SHLNOW SHLNOW (4 en 9 ee) 6 8 L 9 S iy a 4 I 0 alSsdTT:SCtésé«O*dCd 6 8 L 9 g 1 € 4 I 0 UdV UVIN “834 “NVf “930 “AON “100 ‘1d3S “ONV AIN£ INNF AVW “YdV ‘UdV UWA aad NVE “030 “AON “L100 “1d3S “ONY AING INN AWW “UdW SLNAWHOVLLVY ON OL 02 O€ OV 10}2) 09 OZ 08 06 oot G4YsAO9 WAYV JOVSHNS 4O LN30Y3d STIVNGIAIGNI 40 ‘ON (ww) Ya13aWVvIG 15 occurred during October. Bryozoans did not attach during the period December through March, The monthly panels also showed a 1-month lag between the maximum average size and maximum number of individuals, indicating that growth was more rapid when competition was less, The cumulative panels also indicate two periods of maximum setting activity (Fig. 12B). The first occurred, as with the monthly panels, during July; however, the second period, indicated by these data, was during November. The trend of the average size curve on the cumulative data plot indicates that bryozoans continued to grow at a relatively constant rate from the time setting first began in June until November. The drop in average size in December is interpreted as further evidence of a new set resulting in a “statistically” smaller average size. 5. Jingle Shells Figure 13 illustrates number and average diameter of jingle shells attaching to the monthly and cumulative panels. The plot of monthly data (Fig. 13A) indicates that jingle shells appeared first during late July or early August in great numbers. Setting continued through October, They did not appear on monthly panels from November through June. The average diameter curves show that jingle shells grew most rapidly during the period of peakattachment. The cumulative panel data (Fig. 13B) indicate, as did the monthly panels, that maximum setting occurred in August. The decrease in number of individuals with increasing exposure time is interpreted as indicating mortality. It appears that jingle shells were gradually replaced or overrun by other forms. Andrews (1953) reports that Anomia (jingle shells) reach full size and die during winter. The size plot shows the growth rate of individuals and indicates an initial increase of size of attaching individuals followed by a period of steady growth of the surviving individuals. Jingle shells exhibited a definite preference for the concave side of the panels, as generally 5 to 10 times more individuals were found on the concave side than on the convex, 6, Tunicates Neither solitary nor colonial tunicates appeared on l-month panels. One small colony was found on a 2-month panel exposed during March and April. Colonial tunicates in significant numbers first appeared on panels exposed for 3-month periods. Both solitary and colonial forms were noted on panels exposed for 4-month periods, 16 ONITNOA TTHYHS A TONIC €1 ANOS vivd 1n4lLanod (ww) ya1aWVvId 3DVysAV (O1T+) SIVNGIAIGN! 40 Y38WNN GN3941 STANVd 1S31 SAILVINWNOD “a STANVWd 1S41 ATHLNOW ‘V SHLNOW SHLNOW C4 ie 9 Gee) 6 8 L 9 S v E 4 I 0 a SOTStséOT 6 8 L 9 S 1] £ 4 I 0 ‘Udy UV “aad NWE “03d “AON “L100 “ld3S OMY AINE 3NMf AWW ‘Ud¥ “Udy UWA “834 NV 030 “AON “100 “1d3S “DAV AINE 3NNf AVW “Udv >zO0 <0 SIN3WHOVLLVY ON SINJWHOVLIV ON SINAWHOVILY ON ZO ie VG Wr O° S< 25 Ot me a4 > m- Do GT 37 J3GIS JAVONOO JqgIS SJAVONOO py ~L 02 SHLNOW SHLNOW él II 01 6 8 Ll 9 iy V € UA I 0 ral Il Or 6 8 L 9 ¢ 1] £ vA T 0 ‘Udv UWA ‘34 ‘NWI ‘030 “AON “L900 ‘ldaS ‘OMV ATM’ 3NNT AVN ‘Ydv “Ydv “UV “83d “NWS “03d “AON “LOO “1d3S ONW AINf 3NMf AWW ‘Udv >2zO0 = =e) s SINAWHOVLLY ON SIN3WHOWLIY ON SINAWHOWLLV ON 2 (e) @m” ¢ mz og p< = o OL Cc me DO GT Si AqGIS X3ANO0 JqGIS XSANO9 © oz ie} Oo jo) — (01+) STWNGIAIGNI 40 ‘ON 17 wo ol (ww) YSLaWVId JDVYSAV fo) N (o) ite) [o) qo ite) (ww) YA1IWVIG JDVYSAV (OI) SIVNGIAIGNI 40 “ON o N whereas only solitary forms were found on panels exposed for periods of 5 and 6 months, This is interpreted to mean that tunicates require a particular substratum for optimum. setting, anda 1-month or probably 2-month exposure period does not allow sufficient time for development of this substrate. Tunicates apparently set in greatest numbers during autumn or early winter. They exhibited no apparent preference for the concave or convex side of the panel. 7. Amphipods Amphipods appeared on the monthly panels in quantity from July through December and in consistently greater numbers on the cumulative panels as the total mass of fouling became greater. Am- phipods apparently flourish as. the density of hydroids increases. Amphipods did not appear on the monthly panels from January through March, probably because of lack of suitable habitat. IV. DISCUSSION The. results of the first year's exposure of test panels in Thimble Shoal Channel have provided relatively detailed and apparently con- sistent information. on the total fouling complex and the seasonal variation of set and growth which occurred during the 1956-57 period. In this region of lower Chesapeake Bay the test panels accumulated a total of .3l1 ounces of growth (wet weight in air) per square foot per year. The fouling complex consisted predominantly of barnacles, calcareous tubeworms, hydroids, bryozoans, jingle shells, andtunicates, Oysters, sponges, mussels, and sea anemones were also observed in the fouling complex. For purposes of this study, the discussion will be restricted to the predominant, permanently attaching forms. Figure 14 shows graphically the exposure period of each panel and the predominant forms attaching to it. The 1-month panels show the times of attachment of the various forms, whereas the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-month panels serve to indicate cumulative fouling, succession of the various forms, and probably most important, as a cross check on the data obtained from the monthly panels. As an example of the consistency between monthly panels and panels exposed for longer periods of time, consider the distribution of tubeworms, These organisms were observed first in June but were not observed on panels after October. These relatively sharp beginning 18 STANVd LSAUL FAAILVINNND GNV ATHLINOW NO DNIYUNDOO SWSINVDUO ONITNOA LNVNINOGH Ud GNV SGOIWadd AUYNSOdXaA “FI AUNDIA ‘poised uoIssawqns eu} JO pus au} }e Sjeued }s9} 8u} UO PUNO} eSOU} ae payedipul SLUS|UeBIO Buljnoy eu ‘JLON SSLVOINNL IWNGIAIGNI—LI S3LVIINNL TVINOTOD—LO STI3ZHS JISNIF—SEe SWYOMIASNL—ML SGIOYGAH—H SNVOZOAYS SNILSNYONS—84 S3JTIOSVNYVe—s GN3941 S31VG IWAOWSY LS61 9S6T ‘Udv “YW ‘a34 “NYE “O40 “AON “L090 “1d4aS “SNV AINgf = =ANNnSr AV “Udv 91 61 €1 6 ime vt 6 €1 v2 €1 61 91 /éyh HLNOW T SHLNOW z m bad Uv fo) SHLNONE @ sf 19 H ga @ Sf ML H ga @ Mi 19 93 9 S m v SHLNOW + =m sf ML LI H ga 9 sf ML 19 H ga 9g 2 o oO 77) fj SHLNOW S sf ML 11 H @a @ sf ML 11 H ga 9 J SHLNOW 9 0 et ee ead 1! Sf ML H 83 98 19 and cutoff points of tubeworm setting are further verified by the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-month panels. Tubeworms did not appear on the 2-month panel exposed from April to June, but did appear on the 3~month panel exposed from April to July, Tubeworms appeared also on the 4-, 5-, and 6-month panels whose exposure periods began in April. They did not appear on’the 2-, 3-, and 6-month panels whose exposure periods began in October, but did appear on the 4- and 5-month panels whose exposure periods started prior to October. Thus, tubeworm setting appears to be definitely restricted to the period June through October. Similar consistency is indicated by this diagram for the setting periods of barnacles, jingle shells, hydroids, and bryozoans, Figure 15 is a simplified setting period diagram of these forms in this area, The data, of course, are-applicable strictly to the 1956-57 season; however, the occurrence of the various organisms are expected to follow this general sequence every year with some variation in the beginning and cutoff points. Growth, as indicated by the size of various organisms, offers a possiblility for determining the length of time an object has been submerged, Shelled forms such as barnacles, mussels, tubeworms, and jingle shells and colonial encrusting forms such as bryozoans offer the best possibilities for making such estimates. Figures 16 and 17 are plots: of the. average and maximum sizes of jingle shells and tube- worms for increasing exposure periods. The average and maximum sizes shown on these figures are actually means of the measurements from the various panels. That is, the values plotted for the 1-month exposure period represent the means of the average and maximum sizes of organisms on all panels exposed for 1 month during and subsequent to setting of the organism, Likewise, the values plotted for the 2-month panels represent mean values of the average and maximum sizes of organisms on all panels exposed for 2 months during and subsequent to setting of these organisms. The mere fact a panel was exposed for 3 months does not mean it necessarily represents a 3-month growth period for a particular organism. For example, from Figures 14 and 15 it can be seen that the 3-month panel, April to July, actually represents a l-month period of tubeworm setting and growth. The 4-month panel, April to August, represents a 2-month period of tubeworm setting and growth and a 1~month period of jingle shell and hydroid setting and growth. These facts were considered in determining the values plotted in Figures 16 and 17. Jingle shells (Fig. 16) show fairly smooth growth curves for 7 months, the longest period of jingle shell growth during this test. 20 Ko JINGLE SHELLS ENCRUSTING PL —WY—_——_ WW BRYOZOANS KWwou#—<_ COLONIAL HYDROIDS CALCAREOUS AW | TUBEWORMS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. oct. NOV. DEC. LEGEND —_ PERIOD DURING WHICH ATTACHMENT OCCURS WW QV PEAK ATTACHMENT PERIOD FIGURE 15. SETTING PERIODS OF PREDOMINANT ATTACHING ORGANISMS DIAMETER (mm.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 i, 8 GROWING PERIOD (months) LEGEND e AVERAGE DIAMETER (mm.) Oo-—-— MAXIMUM DIAMETER (mm.) FIGURE 16. JINGLE SHELL GROWTH 21 LEGEND @—————_— AVERAGE LENGTH (mm.) O-—-=—_ MAXIMUM LENGTH (mm.) LENGTH (mm.) (0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 H 8 9 10 GROWING PERIOD (months) FIGURE 17. CALCAREOUS TUBEWORM GROWTH The curves of average and maximum lengths of tubeworms (Fig. 17) are somewhat more irregular, although the average curve shows a definite increase and then a gradual leveling off with time. The wide variation in these plots results from the extreme difficulty encountered in measuring the length of the tubes which are typically meandering or convoluted. Figures 18 through 20 are photographs of panels after thorough drying. The sequence of pictures, of the l-month panels (Fig. 18) shows quite clearly the seasonal progression of biological activity. Photographs of the convex side only are shown; the concave side of 22 the panels indicated the same progression, but generally was more susceptible to silting. In some panels as much as 3/4 of the concave side became covered with a layer of silt 1/8 inch thick, The part of Figure 19 showing photographs of the 2-month panels reveals in even more vivid fashion the biological sequence. The April to June panel shows barnacles almost exclusively with a few grasslike hydroids. On the June to August panel many tubeworms and encrusting bryozoans overlie barnacles. A few hydroids also appear on this panel. The August to October panel shows a thick matlike growth of colonial hydroids together with encrusting bryozoans. Barnacles occur beneath the hydroids and bryozoans. Only an occasional tubeworm appears on this panel. The October to December panel contains a few barnacles, hydroids, and bryozoans. Tubeworms do not appear on this panel. The December to February and February to April panels show no attachments; however, silt appears on these panels, indicating the probable presence of an underlying substrate of bacterial or protozoan slime which is thought to be the basic stratum upon which further attachment occurs. The 3-month panels (Fig. 19) serve to confirm the biological attachment progression displayed by the 1- and 2-month panels. With increased exposure time (Figs. 19 and 20), the growth becomes more luxuriant, the gross appearance of the panels becomes less dissimilar, and detailed size and count analyses become much more difficult. Table I contains a complete list of the fouling organisms observed on the test panels of this study. V. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of a l-year fouling study in Thimble Shoal Channel near Norfolk, Virginia has served to provide valuable preliminary data on the type, seasons of attachment, and growth of attaching fouling organisms in that area, Total wet weight of fouling accumulated at the rate of about 30 ounces per square foot per year for the period April 1956 to April 1957, For comparison, Ayers (1951) reports an accumulation of fouling on the bottom in the approaches to New York Harbor of 19.2 to 76.8 ounces wet weight per square foot per year. Important foulers are jingle shells (Anomia simplex), barnacles (Balanus improvisus), encrusting bryozoans, hydroids, and calcareous tubeworms, Lesser components of the complex include oysters, algae, amphipods, sponges, and tunicates. 23 Fouling organisms observed and periods of attachment Table I at the fouling test site Organism Barnacles (Balanus improvisus) Simple Hydroids (probably Thuiaria) Colonial Hydroids (probably Sertularia) Colonial Hydroids (probably Tubularia) Calcareous Tubeworms (Serpulidae) Encrusting Colonial Bryozoans (probably Acanthodesia) Erect Bryozoans (probably Bugula) Jingle Shells (Anomia simplex) Colonial Tunicates (probably Perophora) Solitary Tunicates (probably Molgula) Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Mussels (Mytilus) Anemones Slipper Limpet Snails Encrusting Sponges Clams : Mud Crabs Flatworms Amphipods (Caprella) Period of Attachment April to November April to August July to September July to September June to October April to November July to November Autumn Autumn July to September minor occurrence attachment slight minor occurrence attachment slight minor occurrence attachment slight minor occurrence minor occurrence minor occurrence 24 SCE Oa ONTY SUBMERGED | MONT MAY-JUNE IS56 X SIDE ONES aes ff een SUBMERGED | MONTH UULY-AUG. 1956 BME RSS MONTH —_ SUBMERGED | MONTH \UG-SEPT. 1956 ahs SEPT-OCTI956 CONVEX SIDE SUBMERGED | MONTH MAR- APRIL 1957 FEB-MAR 195 FIGURE 18. PANELS EXPOSED FOR 1-MONTH PERIODS FROM APRIL 1956 TO APRIL 1957 27 SUBMERGED 2 MONTHS APRIL-JUNE (956 CONVEX SIDE CONVEX SIDE SUBMERGED 2 JUNE - AUG 1956 SUBMERGED 3 MONTHS. JAN-APRIL. 1957 OEY SOE SUBMERGED 3 MONTH: APRIL -JULY 195€ SUBMERGED 4 MONTHS -APRIL 1956-57 SOMES ae FIGURE 19. PANELS EXPOSED FOR PERIODS GREATER THAN ONE MONTH FROM APRIL 1956 TO APRIL 1957 | i cy i J 7 ‘ Imp . , . r : é 7 ; /, ' ' te ir Noah t i" E eed i yO a he i < ¢ eee F Y , i ii ye ar “ if 4 Stun i" i Ay } : 4 R Sea nes y ae} qi “He { mrt) ! : f SUBMERGED 8 MONTH SUBMERGED 7 MONTH APRIL—DEG. 1956 CONVEX SIDE APRIL-NOV. I95€ SUBMERGEL APRIL-FEB 195€ SIDE F MON APRIL-MAR. 1956-57 IVEX SIDE FIGURE 20. PANELS SHOWING GROWTH RESULTING FROM EXPOSURE PERIODS FROM 6 TO 11 MONTHS 31 A. AN ENCRUSTING BRYOZOAN (UPPER LEFT) B. COLONIAL HYDROIDS ENCROACHING ON A BARNACLE COMMUNITY C. SOLITARY TUNICATE (CENTER) D. BARNACLES (SCALE IN INCHES) FIGURE 21. CLOSE-UP VIEWS OF SOME COMMON FOULING ORGANISMS OCCURRING ON TEST PANELS 33 Teo, i i ye f if 4 . if} j . ‘ : \ t a ; 4 i f i ! eS “4 i ? : : on 4 i f ° l ~ ! 7 x iS ‘ Wy : . The period of biological attachment extends from April to December with maximum activity occurring from July to October. The gross appearance of the test panels reveals relatively large differences from month to month as the season progresses, Biological activity is practically nil from the latter part of December to the latter part of April. Detailed analysis of the various organisms occurring on the panels indicate the following attachment periods: Encrusting bryozoans - April to November Barnacles - April to November Tubeworms - June to October Hydroids (colonial) - July to September Jingle shells - July to November The growth of tubeworms, as indicated by average length of tubes and of jingle shells as indicated by average diameter of shell, show a relatively smooth, progressive increase with increase in exposure during the growing period. These two organisms offer a possibility for determining the length of time an object to which they have attached has been in place on the bottom. Figure 21 shows a closeup view of some of these common fouling organisms. Further study and more detailed statistical measuring procedure are required to establish definite growth curves for these and other forms such as barnacles, bryozoans, and hydroids. These studies will be continued as the project moves into its second year. The information obtained from the study during the first year of operation has already demonstrated some important applications to various harbor activities. The results of this study demonstrate the advisibility and feasibility of initiating similar fouling studies in all major harbor areas, a) V; 1m p i> i a, EOD ee ¥ J Me -EGclTh Ee) OAD ECMRE Ta Pe Re ee a aay bi : fe ; ay vices hi ae fa Ane Ca tly eer gry Mh OF + Tisha Pe ste normed . 7 aati oie oho y ? a) ‘ i ; ) “e re | pan ARR ne YAEL, equi 10 ie Qa aay rT Hie ily wha Hy im! Sieeeh Dan hie? (ew ts mY Bot c's, ie Words at ae. te oie abe hte ces Bb. ned ive bio vb pet ‘ee ae ae an a i WELBON ate 2% RO ARE ER Ce, Oa ee ee aL ley eee eens % Q yarticl § POC GS FOO weille been ty ve badoune wwe Vacs ott : i a5 hp) Uaahy ruotals | 15 oe vale by " oe a eet ottod ay os 23h | ot bag arte ead dep e ei one oe 6 wind (aot Bp ay Paine! BGS Ud iis te ae ee VERSE) eine ty Bainwa: hney| i i ag i ; i ie ren j ft en ha (psitoy HOTEE Ss Me eet NY ed to bee. We det eee a tur cy Nant, oh i Wii ee Ni j : ait fg d ie Rhee ME REA PURPA A RD CFLS OR Cm RN aa le Bera rine errs | / i i ; We i 4 i fh ho BRAN be ‘ ee h ayit eeee Mh Bossi t mic, Saat aD iy ACE Se ee pee oh NEN re a baer i i nA ead : ; ; VOGT at nee i i ad if a i { y ae) Bs PR Pe Do By se ieee ya i Cy a ~ mm Avi ot i if Ph Er RADHA OW GH EI EE CON RUE AE La reed) ] Vieeo WPET hel £8) i BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDREWS, J. D. Fouling organisms of Chesapeake Bay, Chesapeake Bay Institute, Inshore Survey Program, Interim Report 17. Reference 53e3" Hosp 1953: AYERS, J. C. The average rate of fouling of surface objects and of submerged objects in the waters adjacent to New York Harbor, No. 6, Various paging. 1951. WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION. Marine fouling and its prevention. Prepared for the U. S. Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute. 388 p. 1952. 25 hs 4 neh Cid ophAnAe: it he Say 17 ie Spear ie ah Sky ‘aaa nibs § nt a f K : V ; 1 te bind aiaaida'e AIRED te “aed es ot bet ee wick P raced HEL Aree Wall of inane he wt show ad ae ath nite? 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