SUBLITTORAL ECOLOGY OF THE KELP BEDS
OFF DEL MONTE BEACH, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

Charles Stamps Minter

United States
Naval Postgraduate

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SUBLITTORAL ECOLOGY

OF THE

KELP

BEDS

OFF DEL MONTE BEACH, r^ylOiMTEREY, CALIFORNIA

by

Charles Stamps

M inter.

III

Thesis

Advisor:

E

C. Haderlie

September 1971

Approved {•.on. piibtic K(il(L'Xi>ii; dUt^uhuXA^on uutitirruXtd.

Sublittcral Ecology of the Kelp Beds
Off Del Monte Beach, Monterey, California

by

Charles Stamps Minter, III
/I

Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
B.S. , United States Naval Academy, 1963

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
September 1971

H L317

ABSTRACT

Macroscopic organisms collected by SCUBA divers throughout a large
portion of the kelp beds at Del Monte Beach, Monterey, California, were
identified and a list of species present was compiled. More than 160
such species were found to exist. Collection methods and techniques
utilized by divers were documented . Numerous underwater photographs
were taken.

A population census and mapping survey was made by divers of the
benthic flora and fauna existing within two permanently marked bottom
areas, one of which is to be eventually isolated from the open sea by
erection of a breakwater. The areas were found to be of generally
similar biological population but of markedly different species distribution
and relative abundance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 8

A. GENERAL 8

B. BACKGROUND 11

1. Breakwater Construction Plan 11

2. Monterey Breakwater Study 12

3. Previous Studies 15

110 NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 17

111 .PRELIMINARY WORK 19

A. COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS 19

Ic General 19

2. Methods and Techniques 19

B. LABORATORY IDENTinCATION 23

C. RECOGNITION CARD FILE AND SPECIMEN LIBRARY 24

IV. AREAS OF STUDY 25

A. SELECTION AND LOCATION 25

B. DESCRIPTION 27

C . STATION MARKING PROCEDURES 29

1. Bottom Marking 29

2. Surface Marking 30

V. DATA TAKING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES 32

A. EQUIPMENT 32

1. Clipboard — 32

2. Recording Slate 32

3. List of Species 33

4. Area Subdividers 33

B. PROCEDURES 35

VI. PHOTOGRAPHY 36

A. GENERAL 36

B. NIKONOS 36

1. Area Photographs 36

2. Close-up Photographs 37

C. ROLLEIMARIN 38

VII.PRESENTATION OF DATA 39

A. GENERAL 39

B. ACCURACY 39

1. Errors in Species Identification 39

2. Errors Due to Lack of Visibility 39

3o Errors in Estimation 40

4. Lack of Detail ■ 40

VOLGENERAL BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 41

A. GENERAL . 41

B. DISTRIBUTION AND RECOGNITION CHARACTERISTICS 41

C. SEA OTTER PREDATION 63

IX. CONCLUSIONS 65

APPENDIX A: SUBAREA MAPS 67

APPENDIX B: SUBAREA PHOTOGRAPHS 94

APPENDIX C: POPULATION CENSUS DATA '- 125

APPENDIX D: PHOTOGRAPHS OF SELECTED ORGANISMS 142

APPENDIX E: LIST OF MACROSCOPIC SPECIES PRESENT 172

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 178

DD FORM 1473 180

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Monterey Harbor area 9

2 Proposed Monterey breakwater units 10

3 Ecological transect lines 13

4 Triangulation system. Kelp bed location 14

5 Shale-boring clams 22

6 Demersal fish-catching device 23

7 Location of benthic study areas 26

8 Area subdividing equipment 34

9-34Subarea maps 69

35-64 Subarea photographs 95

65-102 Species photographs 143

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. E. C. Haderlie
whose assistance, inspiration and patience was invaluable throughout;
to Mr. Jack Mellor who contributed so much time and effort in my behalf
and without whose technical assistance this investigation would have
fallen far short of its goals; to Dr. Donald P. Abbott of Hopkins Marine
Station who assisted in the identification of numerous species; to Mr.
Anthony Weaver also of Hopkins for precious advice and generous loan
of equipment; and particularly to my friends Dick Anderson, Harry Ball,
Rich Belser, George BoUow, Greg Booth, Bob Delgado, Tom Fisher,
Larry Gardiner, Fred Howell, Jack Mellor, and John Peterson who dove
with me and without whose time and effort the study could never have
been conducted.

Needless to say I am more than grateful to my wife, Carol, and our
children, Julie and Scott, v/ho provided much needed moral support and
who put up with my continual absence from home.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. GENERAL

A long-standing proposal for the addition on two breakwater structures
to the harbor at Monterey, California, appears to be nearing approval.
Final project funding should be completed in the near future and work
is expected to begin within two years .

In order to assess the ecological effects of these wave barriers an
overall study of the area is being conducted by students and faculty
members of the Naval Postgraduate School under the direction of Dr. Eugene
C. Haderlie of the Department of Oceanography. The purpose of the
Monterey Breakwater Study is to establish ecological base lines by which
future changes can be measured [Haderlie, 1971] .

A small portion of the overall study was performed by the author and
is the subject of this thesis. The task was first to learn how to identify
in situ the macroscopic organisms existing on the bottom in the kelp
beds off Del Monte Beach and second to map and count the benthic plants
and animals living within two carefully selected and permanently marked
stations on the shale substrate. It was hoped that this could be accom-
plished without disturbing the stations in any way so that they could be
revisited and restudied following the completion of breakwater construction.
In pursuit of this objective a total of 5 6 SCUBA dives were made.

Since many of the methods commonly utilized in underwater biological
sampling and data taking are still in the developmental stage, particular

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new and old which could prove valuable to future investigators, especially
those whose research funds are limited.

B. BACKGROUND

1 . Breakwater Construction Plan

Figure 1 depicts Monterey Harbor as it exists today. The breakwater,
a permeable granite block structure completed by the Army Corps of
Engineers in 1934 adequately serves to protect the inner harbor from Vv'aves
arriving from the north but the problem of water surge due to wave refrac-
tion is still present [Haderlie, 1971], Municipal Wharf No. 2 built in
192 6 provides some wave protection for boats moored in the existing
marina. These factors coupled with the need for additional pier space for
research vessels and a larger marina to accomodate the increased number
of pleasure craft requires additional breakwater construction. The result-
ing plan, developed by the city of Monterey and drawn up by the Corps of
Engineers is illustrated in Figure 2 which was scaled down from a Corps
project chart. As can be seen in the figure, the proposal calls for the
erection of two additional breakwater units, one to the north which will,
in effect, form an extension of the existing structure and another to the
east which will run out from the shore to essentially seal off the harbor
area. Construction is to be phased over several years with the breakwater
units to be completed first. These, like the existing one, are to be of
granite rock construction and though permeable, will provide adequate

11

wave damping to protect the future 1,700 boat marina. The solid earth-
and-rock moles depicted in Figure 2 will eventually provide hotel and
restaurant sites as well as parking space. These however, will probably
not be completed for several years.
2 . The Monterey Breakwater Study

In order to measure the changes that will occur once the planned
breakwater units are completed, the ecological nature of the area as it
exists today must first be determined and documented. Such is the
objective of the Monterey Breakwater Study currently being conducted by
the Naval Postgraduate School and of which this work is a small part.

The heart of the study, initiated in January, 1971, consists of a
set of four transect lines encompassing 15 stations which are being
monitored on a continual basis. These transects, depicted in Figure 3,
were selected to include each type of bottom substrate found in the area
with water depths covering a range of from two to fifteen meters . By using
a triangulation system based on accurately plotted navigation aids located
on the beach front, all stations can be easily located at any time to within
a few feet. The method of operation is depicted in Figure 4. Near each
station bottom samples are being taken by a Smith Maclntyre benthic
grab for use in analysis of the infaunal assemblage. Sediment samples
are also being collected for grain size analysis . Parallel to transect
lines, dredges and balloon trawls are being utilized to collect benthic
organisms from soft-bottom areas. Vertical plankton hauls are also being
made periodically. Much of the study area is covered by a large bed of

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kelp (Figure 4) which grows from a shale substrate. Two of the shale
bottom stations were studied by the author and are discussed at length in
later sections of this paper.

As can be seen in Figure 3, transect "D" is located outside of the
area to be enclosed by the proposed breakwater structures and thus should
be little affected by their presence. This transect will provide an additional
reference by which to measure later ecological changes.

Additional study input data includes tide, temperature, and salirdty
measurements . These are continually being monitored using equipment
installed on Wharf No. 2. Several years of back records of tide, temper-
ature, and wave heights are also available and a new wave recording
transducer has recently been installed a short distance to the east of
Station C2.

A considerable amount of ecological work has been performed on the
pilings of Wharf No. 2 during the past few years by students of the Naval
Postgraduate School and these unpublished data combined with extensive
studies by Haderiie [1968, 19 69, 1970] of the local fouling and boring
organisms will supplement the data gathered during the Monterey Breakwater
Study itself. It is thus expected that prior to the start of harbor develop-
ment operations fairly extensive and reasonable accurate ecological base
lines will have been established by which future changes can be measured
and analyzed.

3 . Previous Studies

Studies somewhat similar to the Monterey Breakwater Study have
been conducted at a number of other locations along the California coast

15

but in almost every case the issue of concern was the construction of an
ocean sewage outfall. A search of the pertinent literature failed to reveal
any other example of a pre -breakwater ecological study. Papers by Turner,
Ebert and Given [1965, 1966, 1968] did however, provide information on
underwater biostudy techniques and methods of data presentation which
proved useful in the preparation of this report.

16

II. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

Although the faunal assemblage associated with the holdfasts of the
giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in the vicinity of Monterey have been
investigated by Andrews [1945], the benthic life that inhabits the
intervening substrate in the beds of this plant is not well documented.
McLean [1962] studied the benthic ecology of a granite substrate in beds
of the bulb kelp Nereocystis luetkeana near Carmel, California. Pre-
sumably, that of like substrate in the Macrocystis beds of the Monterey-
Pacific Grove region is generally similar, though some significant differ-
ences are certain to exist due to the differing wave regimes . The nature
of benthic life in the Macrocystis beds off Del Monte Beach (Figure 4)
where the substrate is of Miocene Monterey siliceous shale, has not been
well established. Little is known regarding the relative abundance and
distribution of the numerous genera known to exist there. In this thesis
some light is shed on these areas where knowledge is lacking and part
of the data required to accomplish the Monterey Breakwater Study is
supplied.

The specific locations where detailed mapping and counting of macro-
scopic benthic organisms took place were Transect Stations C2 and D2
(Figures 3 and 4) which will be described later. The term "macroscopic"
is here used to denote those species of flora and fauna which can be
observed and studied by a SCUBA-equipped diver with reasonable ease
under conditions of moderately clear water.

17

Before such a survey could be conducted it was of course necessary
for the author to develop an ability to recognize' underwater the various
species of plants and animals which inhabited the study areas . This
required gaining a knowledge of special identification features which in
many cases are quite different from those commonly used in the laboratory,
Since one of the objectives was to map and count the biota in undisturbed
stations it was also necessary to be able to recognize each species by
only those parts of its sturcture displayed at the time of observation. For
example, boring clams of the family Pholadidae which are normally
identified by an examination of their shells, had to be recognized in situ
by studying their siphons , the only body parts which could be seen by a
diver without chopping open the shale burrows.

In order to acquire the special knowledge required it was necessary
to study the living animals both in situ and in laboratory aquaria.
Specimens were collected throughout a large portion of the kelp beds
without disturbing the eventual survey sites at Transect Stations C2 and
D2 . Methods of collection, identification and documentation are
discussed in Section III. The collected specimens were kept alive in
laboratory aquaria for as long as possible during which time they were
identified and carefully studied. Particular attention was devoted to
those features which would render in situ identification possible using,
at most, a hand lens for assistance.

18

III. PRELIMINARY WORK

A. COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS

1 . General

Most of the dives made during this work were made directly from
Del Monte Beach. Fortunately the N.P.S, Biological Laboratory is
conveniently located near the base of Transect D just a short distance
from the water's edge. Thus, collected living organisms reached
laboratory aquaria with only a brief period of exposure to open air. Most
of the collecting took place in the region between Transect Stations 02
and D2 . Buddy divers were trained to assist and thus added effectiveness
to the work.

2 . Methods and Techniques

The various techniques utilized in the collection of organisms is
discussed in a fairly detailed manner because the shale substrate involved
is quite unlike the rock, mud, or sand bottoms prevalent in most areas.
It is inhabited by a vast population of boring, nestling, and burrowing
organisms which are not easily collected intact. Many of the non-burrowing
genera also present special collection problems which bear elaboration.

In general, divers utilized large nylon mesh collecting bags. The
more rugged specimens were placed directly in the bags. Delicate ones
such as sponges and nudibranchs were stored in large-mouthed plastic
jars. Details of collecting which may prove useful to future investigators
are presented in paragraphs which follow.

19

a. Porifera

The majority of kelp bed sponges were -collected by hand or
with the assistance of a diver's knife. Encrusting varieties were taken
by hammer and chisel, collecting both the colony and the shale to which
it was attached. Taking the colony intact was important for two reasons;
first, to prolong aquarium life and second, to avoid damage to basal
spicules which in some cases proved important in identification. It should
be added that most sponges studies did not survive very long regardless
of care taken in collection.

b. Coelenterata

With the exception of certain burrowing anemonies, members of
this group were collected with relative ease. All of the hydroid species
and several of the smaller anemonies, particularly Metridium exilis and
Corynactis californica were taken by chopping off chunks of shale . The
larger anemonies , mostly various species of Tealia , were carefully
shaved off the substrate with a knife. The relative softness of the shale
rendered this method possible without damage to the animal.

The small burrowing forms, tentatively identified as Edward siella
California and Diadumene leucolena, were often found dwelling in sand-
filled crevices and holes (particularly abandoned pholad burrows) with the
bases of their columns attached to the underlying shale. A "slurp gun"
proved to be of great assistance in collecting these organisms. The sand
surrounding an animal was sucked into the gun until the whole individual
could be seen. It was then a simple matter to remove it by knife. The

20

advantage of this technique, in addition to the obvious benefit of working
with an entirely exposed animal, was that water clarity could be maintained
Attempting to collect these anemonies by digging inevitably resulted in
loss of visibility due to stirred up sediment.

c. Annelida

The polychaetes presented no major problems . Hammer and chisel
were used to collect such species as Cirriformia sp. and Dodecaceria
fistulicola while soft tube dwellers such as Diopatra ornata and
Phyllochaetopterus prolifica were taken by hand.

d. Sipunculida

All species were chopped out of the shale with hammer and
chisel.

e. Pelecypoda

Nearly all forms found in the kelp beds are borers or nestlers
and are the most difficult to collect undamaged. These also were taken
using hammer and chisel. In collecting the larger pholads such as
Chaceia ovoidea which may bore eighteen or more inches into the shale,
an attempt was made to locate individuals growing horizontally with
siphons protruding from the side of a ledge. Much less chopping is
required in this case as can be seen in Figure 5 which depicts a cross-
sectional view of the substrate. (See also Figures 7S - 81.)

21

Figure 5. Shale cross-section showing boring pholad
clams [Chaceia ovoldea]

Even so^ the relatively fragile shells of the borers are easily damaged
if chopping is not performed with care.

f. Tunicata

Solitary forms were easily taken by hand but encrusting varieties
required hammer and chisel in the same manner as did encrusting sponges.
Nearly all species are quite delicate and must be protected in jars after
collection. Few survive more than a day or two in aquaria
and thus require immediate study. Exceptions are the more rugged
varieties such as Styela montereyensis , S^. gibbsii , Pyura haustor and
Boltenia villosa.

g. Vertebrata

Small demersal fishes, mostly flatfish (Order Heterosomata)
and sculpins (Family Cottidae) , were captured utilizing a short length
of three-inch diameter clear plastic coring tube open at one end and
sealed at the other with plastic screen as shown in Figure 6.

22

.clear tube _ screen ne»

spring clamp

tape

Figure 6. Demersal fish-catching device

The tapered end of the screen netting was not sewed shut but rather
sealed off by a spring clamp as shown. The open end of the tube was
simply placed over the fish forcing it to swim up the tube and into the
net. The net end was then inserted into a nylon mesh collecting bag and
the spring clip removed, releasing the fish. This method worked better
than conventional small hand nets which the fish were able to see and
evade.

A "slurp gun" was also used to collect some of the smaller
flatfish and sculpins but was particularly effective in capturing the
burrow-dwelling rockfish Neoclinus uninotatus (Photographs, Figures 96, 99)
The tube-net method also worked well in taking this fish though two divers
were required, one to hold the tube over the burrow and the other to drive
a nail or spike through the shale into the burrow beneath the fish which
could only escape by swimming up the tube.

B. LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION

Specimens collected during dives were kept alive in laboratory aquaria
during the identification and study phase. Most macroscopic organisms
existing in the kelp beds are also found intertidally and thus could be

23

identified using either Light's [1964] Intertidal Invertebrates of the
Central California Coast or Smith's [1944] Marine Algae of the Monterey-
Peninsula. Additional information on intertidal organisms was gleened
from a number of sources which are listed in the Bibliography. Invaluable
assistance on tunicate and anemone identification was provided personally
by Dr. D. P. Abbott of Hopkins Marine Station. Dr. E. C. Haderlie of the
Naval Postgraduate School assisted throughout the course of the study
in all phases of identification work.

C. RECOGNITION CARD FILE AND SPECIMEN LIBRARY

Once an organism had been identified, its in situ recognition character-
istics were annotated on file cards. Sketches were also made and in a few
cases, particularly with algae, small samples of the organisms themselves
were taped directly to the cards. Specimens of most species were pre-
served for later study. These preserved samples along with the recognition
card file are presently stored at the N.P.S. Biological Laboratory.

24

IV. AREAS OF STUDY

A. SELECTION AND LOCATION

When the preliminary work of species identification and study was
about half completed and a good working knowledge of the bottom areas
in the vicinity of Stations 02 and D2 had been achieved, sites for the
actual benthic survey work were chosen. In selecting these an attempt
was made to include as wide a range of species as possible within a
workable size area while still maintaining close proximity to the nominal
station locations. That is to say, the location of Stations 02 and D2 had
previously been established along their respective transect lines and not
until a considerable number of dives had been made was it determined
that the actual geographical locations of these areas did not precisely
coincide with those of optimum study characteristics. Thus the areas
considered in this report are actually a slight distance away from their
positions as depicted in Figure 4. Figure 7 illustrates the precise
locations of these areas with respect to the official transect stations and
their geographical orientation. During the study itself the stations were
marked on the surface to facilitate rapid location by divers swimming from
shore .

As stated above, area selection was not based on random quadrat
methods commonly used in ecological studies [Turner, et_al_, 1964, 1965],
They were specifically chosen so as to include a diverse assemblage of

25

N

C2 bottom study location

Station C2

poles 4,11 in line

C transect line

Station D2
D transect line

D2 bottom study location

poles 3,7, II in line

Figure 7. Exact positions of benthic study areas. Geographical
orientation and subarea designations are shown.

26

benthic organisms in an area which could be pennanently marked for later
revisitation. In order to achieve a comparable sampling of the biota by
random means a large number of small quadrats would be required and the
feasibility of restudy lost. Even so, the areas at C2 and D2 by no means
include all macroscopic species found in the kelp beds. Thus, in
addition to the data taken at these stations, a discussion of the presence
and distribution of numerous other species collected throughout the beds
will be found in section VIII. A master list of all macroscopic species
observed is contained in Appendix E. It might be added that the presence
of some of the rarer kelp bed species would probably never have been
discovered if purely random study methods had been utilized.

B. DESCRIPTION

The study site at Station C2 is a three-meter square area of relatively
level shale substrate marked only by minor step-like erosion features .
The area is located near the inner (shoreward) boundary of the kelp bed
in 30 feet of water. Thus it is frequently subjected to a considerable
amount of bottom surge produced by long period swell arriving from the
open sea. This is especially true during the winter and early spring
when a large amount of particulate matter is maintained in suspension.
During such periods underwater visibility may be reduced to a matter of
inches. This suspended material, which appears to be primarily algal
detritus, settles to the bottom along with larger wave-torn plant fragments
during periods of calm water to provide an ample supply of food for

27

benthic herbivores. Evidence of this settling is most obvious on pockets
of sand which acquire a thin brown coat of deposited material.

While the faunal assemblage is fairly large, the most significant
invertebrates inhabiting C2 are members of the boring mollusc family
Pholadidae which literally riddle the shale with their large, deep burrows.
A large number of annelid and sipunculid worms are also present. The
benthic algal community in the kelp beds is not diverse. In C2 several
species of coralline algae constitute approximately 70% of the total number
of macroscopic plants present. There are three sizeable Macrocystis
pyrifera holdfasts found within this area.

The area at D2 is considerably different both in topography and faunal
distribution. This is a larger square, four meters on a side, and although
no kelp holdfasts are included it does incorporate a three-foot high reef-
like shelf of densely populated shale as well as a large sandy mound
inhabited by a vast population of the tube dwelling annelid Diopatra
ornata . Although the v/ater depth here is 37 feet, somewhat greater than
at C2 , the amount of bottom surge is generally stronger. This is explained
by the fact that D2 is located approximately 300 meters to the northeast
of C2 giving it a wider "viewing angle" to the open ocean and rendering
it less subject to the refraction of swell from the. west and southwest.
The surrounding bottom is more heavily pocketed with sand than that at
C2 and the kelp canopy less extensive. However, periods of high wave
activity distribute ample quantities of detrital material from adjacent
areas. This source combined with the nutrients brought in by upwelling

28

is sufficient to support the diverse benthic community which exists. The
elevated shale reef which runs through D2 is subject to somewhat amplified
water motion due to the Venturi-like effect produced by wave surge flow.
This feature seems to have a profound effect on the distribution of certain
species along the vertical seaward face of the reef and is discussed
further in section VIII.

C . STATION MARKING PROCEDURES

Once the study areas had been selected they were permanently marked
on the bottom to permit long term relocation and temporarily marked on the
surface to aid divers during the period of this study.

1 , Bottom Marking

To permanently mark the study area substrate in such a manner as
to render relocation possible after a period of up to two years, a method
devised by Anthony Weaver of Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove,
California was utilized. Using a hand-held pneumatic hammer, adapted
by Weaver for use with a conventional SCUBA tank, to which a standard
3/4" masonry star drill had been fitted, holes were drilled in the shale
substrate at each comer of the two prospective study areas. A 3/4" out-
side diameter lag shield was pounded into each hole and into these were
screwed 1/2" x 6" cadmium coated lag bolts leaving approximately two
inches protruding from the substrate. In several cases the pholad-weakened
shale cracked under the stress and a new hole had to be drilled. The
completed stations were then lined off with 3/8" yellow polypropylene

29

line which proved to be highly visible even under fairly turbid water
conditions. (See Figure 71)
2. Surface Marking

To facilitate area location by divers during the course of the study ^
a method developed by scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography
[Fager et aj^, 1956] was modified to fit local water conditions. This
consisted of attaching one end of an air-filled pliable plastic tube, the
interior ends of which had been rubber cemented, rolled and tape sealed,
to one of the corner bolts. The tubes were made long enough to allow the
free end to reach the surface with several feet to spare at high tide.
Unless it is of very sturdy construction and anchored by an extremely
heavy weight, a conventional buoy used in a kelp bed will be torn loose
during periods of high wave activity when tangled mats of broken kelp
wash against it. The advantage of the plastic tubing is that it permits
the kelp to slide over without snagging and thus does not require a large
anchor. It is also less conspicuous to curious boaters. The floating
portion of the tubes used in this study had been previously labeled with
a black marking pen to indicate that research was being conducted.
During the course of the study only one tube had to be replaced after having
apparently been cut off by a boater or possibly by an outboard motor.

The method proved so successful that it bears some additonal
discussion. While Fager [1966] used short lengths of garden hose which
did not reach the surface, he was working in shallow, relatively clear
water. Since this study was conducted in moderately deep and often

30

turbid water it was necessary that the marker reach the surface for it to
be easily located. With no brightly colored garden hose readily available,
the author experimented with bright orange pliable tubing designed for
use in repairing lawn chairs. This was pressure filled from a SCUBA
tank and sealed at each end. The method worked well and cost very
little. However, when a period of a year or more is involved a garden
hose or other similar heavy tubing would probably prove longer lasting.

31

V. DATA TAKING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

Once the majority of macroscopic species of benthic flora and fauna
had been learned^ population counting and mapping was begun.'

A. EQUIPMENT

The basic tools utilized in the data taking process consisted of a
clipboard to hold the recording slate, a master list of species, a small
hand lens, and a pair of calibrated crossbars by which one-meter squares
were marked off.

1 . Clipboard

While aluminum clipboards are available, for short term studies
they offer no great advantage over an appropriately modified inexpensive
fiberboard model. The latter type was used in this study and proved quite
satisfactory. The only modification made was the attachment of a
combination spring clip and pencil holder at the bottom. These are
available in most stationery stores. An ordinary No. 1 wooden pencil
was attached to the clipboard by a light nylon line .

2 . Recording Slate

A number of materials have been used for underwater work, mostly
plastic sheets of one form or another. In this study, .04 in. thick
bakelite cut to 8-1/2" x 11" plates was evaluated and found to be
superior to other materials tested. Bakelite, normally used for making
signs, name-tags, etc. , is quite durable. Its surface is highly responsive

32

to lead pencil yet is not easily smudged. Thus plates may be towel-
dried after a dive without fear of marring the data. When necessary the
plates can be erased and reused without altering the surface qualities.
Unfortunately the only bakelite immediately available at the time survey
work began was of a light gray color and although it served the purpose
quite well, white would have provided better contrast.

The vinylite material recommended by Fager [1966] was not used
so no comparison is offered.

3. List of Species

A master list of all macroscopic species collected during preliminary
dives and which might be encountered in the study areas was printed on
a 12" X 16" sheet of ridged white plastic using a fine-pointed, permanent,
waterproof marking pen. The sheet was taped to a piece of fiberboard to
prevent accidental cracking and a lead weight attached to overcome the
problems of wave surge. In this way the list could be placed on the
bottom out of the diver's way without having to be hand tended.

4. Area Subdividers

As previously described the study areas were outlined with poly-
propylene line. In order to subdivide these into one-meter squares to
facilitate mapping and counting, a pair of aluminum crossbars were used.
These bars and their method of operation are illustrated in Figure 8. They
were marked and labled at ten-centimeter intervals using the permanent
marking pen .

33

Figure 8. Aluminum crossbars used to subdivide study
areas into one -meter-squares

1*

1m

H<

1 m

H

1 A 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

' 1 A 1 1

i 1 1 1 1

\ \ A \

\A 1 1

i 1 1 1 1

1 1111

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 A 1

X

anchor boU

QsSSS-.^-S S V % S . . ^ ■.-T-TT^

polypropylene line

34

B. PROCEDURES

For each one-meter square mapped and counted, one side of a recording
plate was used. Each plate had been previously inscribed with an area
outline scaled down to a 6" x 6" format and tick-marked every 3/5" to
represent ten-centimeter divisions and thus correspond to the aluminum
crossbar markings. This square was used for mapping. An additional 3"
X 6" area was inscribed below the area outline for use in recording
population data and general observations. As mapping progressed the
crossbars were simply moved about as necessary and left on the bottom
between dives. By using the 6" x 9" format on 8-1/2" x 11" plates the
data could be traced directly onto smooth paper, labled, and incorporated
into the report.

To avoid the necessity of writing out the lengthy scientific name of
each organism mapped, a simple letter-number code was assigned to
each species and recorded on. the master species list for ready reference.

To assist in differentiating species of nearly similar characteristics
such as the corraline alga genera Bossiella and Calliarthron a small hand
lens was used. Spot checks of temperature were made using centigrade
thermometers left on the bottom at each study area. Water clarity was
simply estimated by divers. Due to the numerous possible sources of
suspended particulate matter such as wave surge, plankton, and sewage
(from the nearby Monterey outfall}, no particular significance can be
attached to the estimates.

35

VI. PHOTOGRAPHY

A. GENERAL

All underwater photographs were taken using the Nikonos 35mm and
Rolleimarin 2-1/4 in. cameras. The Nikonos was used to take subarea
photographs (Appendix B) and close-ups of individual organisms (Appendix
D) while the Rolleimarin was utilized solely for taking composite photo-
graphs of various benthic species (Appendix D) .

A considerable amount of photographic experimentation was carried
out during the course of the study in an effort to arrive at the optimum
film and camera settings for use in the often murky water of the kelp beds.
Most of the work was done in black-and-white due to publication require-
ments, however color characteristics of most of the organisms photographed
have been described, either in the photograph captions or in Biological
Observations (section VIII).

Underwater illumination for both cameras was provided by a Subsea
Mark 150 battery po'./ered strobe which could be set to 50, 100, or 150
watt-seconds (w.s.).

B. NIKONOS

As mentioned above, the Nikonos was used for both distant (area

photographs at 2.75 feet) and close-up work.

1 . Area Photographs

All area photographs were taken at a distance of 2.75 feet, the

minimum setting possible on the Nikonos without close-up attachments.

36

In taking these photographs no attempt was made to entirely cover each
square meter of the study areas . The purpose was rather to provide the
reader with some idea of the bottom topography and the general nature
of the benthic flora and fauna to be found within each meter-square.

In order to achieve the desired 2.75 foot distance a small weight
was dangled from the camera on a measured length of monofilament line.
This worked well especially when bottom surge prevented the diver from
achieving a firm stance. In such a case the diver swam into position
above the area and let himself sink slowly until the weight just touched
bottom at which time the picture was taken.

For the purpose of labeling the areas small pieces of white plastic
were inscribed with the area letter-number code using a black "grease"
pencil. A clip-on lead weight was used to prevent the label tags from
being carried away by bottom surge.

Best results were achieved using 400 A.S.A. black-and-white
Tri-X film with the strobe set at 100 w»s . , the shutter at 60 and f/22
stop.

2 . Close-up Photographs

Close up work was performed using either a one-to-one, two-to-one,
or three-to-one extension tube. In some cases the buddy diver assisted
by handling the strobe to achieve optimum illumination of the subject.
Film type and camera/stobe settings were the same as for area photographs
except that an f/16 stop was used.

37

C . ROLLEIMARIN

This camera was used to take composite shots of several species at a
time. An extension tube designed by Mr. Jack Mellor of the N.P.S.
Oceanography Department worked well for these shots which were all
taken at 11-1/2". It consists simply of a thin metal probe extending in
front of the camera from a semi-circular clamp-on base fitted to the
outer housing of the camera. (The tip of the probe is visible in the
composite photographs in Appendix D) . With this camera 12 5 A.S^A.
black-and-white Plus-X film was used with a strobe setting of 100 or
150 w.s. depending on water clarity. The shutter was set at 125 and the
focal length at 3 feet (close-up lenses in place).

38

VII. PRESENTATION OF DATA

A. GENERAL

The actual data collected at stations 02 and D2 consists of:
(1) separate maps of each meter-square subarea showing principal
topographic features and major fixed and semi-fixed organisms, (2) photo-
graphs of meter-square subareas , and (3) population census data for
each area presented in tabular form. Each of these sets of data is
incorporated in separate Appendix to this thesis (A, B, and 0 respectively).
Explanatory notes precede each Appendix.

B. ACOURACY

This type of study is necessarily subject to a great many sources
of error.

1. Errors in Species Identification

These come into play in two ways; first by incorrect initial laboratory
identification resulting in error carried throughout the study and second,
by occasional incorrect identification in^ situ during data taking . The
latter is likely to occur when attempting to differentiate similar organisms
under conditions of poor visibility and/or when insufficient recognition
characteristics are exposed. While hopefully not significant, errors of
this type were undoubtedly made during this study.

2 . Errors Due to Lack of Visibility

Unfortunately many of the dives made during this study were

necessarily performed during periods of high wave activity in the late

39

winter months and during the spring and summer plankton blooms when
water clarity was far from ideal. Errors in mapping in counting resulting
from poor visibility probably constitute the major source of inaccuracy
in this report. Undoubtedly population counts made during such conditions
are on the low side. It should be added that during periods of significant
wave activity many creatures which might otherwise be observed seek
shelter under rocks and ledges, again resulting in an erroneous count.

3 . Errors in Estimation

Lack of time precluded making exact counts of some of the more
numerous species such as Corynactis californica so only estimates could
be made.

4. Lack of Detail

In order to arrive at a reasonably good overall picture of benthic
ecology it was necessary to study areas of considerable size. Time
limitations simply precluded inclusion of numerous small species which
might be considered macroscopic.

40

VIII. GENERAL BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

A. GENERAL

In this section the abundance, distribution and in situ recognition
characteristics of the various macroscopic species that inhabit the Del
Monte kelp beds are discussed. Though particular attention is devoted
to benthic organisms, general observations concerning a number of
infaunal and nectonic species are made. While a large portion of the
overall kelp bed area was at least cursorily examined during the course of
the study, most of the collecting was performed in the region between the
Transect stations of concern, C2 and D2 . Therefore many of the comments
made in the paragraphs which follow are based primarily on observations
made in this area and may not all be completely accurate on the large
scale.

B. DISTRIBUTION AND RECOGNITION CHARACTERISTICS

Only those species of which reasonably accurate diving and laboratory
based observations can be made are listed here. A master list of all
macroscopic species found in the kelp beds is contained in Appendix E.
Underwater recognition characteristics are described for species which
may be difficult or impossible to recognize in situ using conventional
identification keys such as Light's Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central
California Coast [1964]. Some of the characteristics listed, however,
are essentially identical to those found in Light [1964],Ricketts , Calvin

41

and Hedgpeth [1968] and other references listed in the Bibliography.
Organisms are described as they occur in the Del Monte kelp beds. They
may exhibit somewhat different characteristics elsewhere, particularly
in intertidal areas . Figure references following some descriptions refer
to photographs in Appendix D.

PORIFERS (Sponges):

Acamus erithacus Common but not abundant.

Some colonies quite large. Found on horizontal surfaces.

(Figure 65)
Craniella sp Scarce. Observed only on

horizontal surfaces. Sm.all yellow-tan spheres not easily

noticed.
Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta .. Thin, encrusting, cobalt blue

variety. Rare.
Leucosolenia eleanor Abundant. Primarily observed

clinging to various small alga and to the hydroid Abietinaria spp,

(Figures 66, 100)
Polymastia pachymastia Rare . Yellow finger- like

structures protrude from common base. Base may be covered

with detritus causing fingers to appear as individuals and

possibly be mistaken for the vase-like sponge, Rhabdodermella

nuttingi. (Figure 67)
Rhabdodermella nuttingi Fairly scarce. Easily identified.

42

Unidentified Sponges:
No . 1 Vase-like variety much like

Rhabdodermella except much smaller and more elongate.

Uncommon. Not easily observed.
No. 2 Thin, fleshy encrusting variety.

Bright orange in color. Oscules on closely spaced tubercles

which retract when disturbed. Seems to thrive best on vertical

surfaces. Abundant when present. Distribution patchy

(Figures 68, 99)
No. 3 A salmon pink variety with the

consistency of rubber. Surface covered with small peduncular

projections shaped like minute mushrooms. Rare. (Figures 69)
No . 4 <..... Thin encrusting reddish orange

form occurring in patches. Often covered with silt rendering

detection difficult. Common in some areas.
No. 5 Globose yellow variety found on

horizontal surfaces. Fairly common though not abundant.
No . 6 Thick red form much like Acarnus

erithacus but lacking raised oscules. Rare.
Other Numerous species not described.

Identification of these sponges would make a fertile field for

study.

43

COELENTERATA (Hydroids , Anemonies, etc.):
Hydrozoa:

Abietinaria spp A fairly large hydroid abundant

in some areas (D2), less common in others. Easily identified
by shape and arrangement of hydrothecae. (Figure 90)

Aglaophenia spp Probably more common than

observations indicate. Infrequently observed.

Plumularia spp Small and frail. Difficult to

observe in turbid water. Common in all areas,
Anthozoa:

Anthopleura artemisia Common in most areas , particularly

numerous on horizontal surfaces where shale is thinly coated
with sediment. Sem.i-burrowing. Often difficult to distinguish
from A. elegantissima since entire column rarely visible.
Brightly colored (often red) tentacles and dark grey upper
column are good indicators of this species.

Anthopleura elegantissima Common though not aggregated

as found intertidally and usually smaller. (Figure 101)

Balanophyllia elegans Common in all shale areas;

nowhere abundant. Usually occurring, in small groups of three
to ten individuals. Easily distinguished from Corynactis
californica by presence of calcareous skeleton which may be
detected by lightly pressing animal with bare fingertip. Bright
orange in color.

44

Cerianthus sp Large, burrowing tube dweller

0

quite rare in Del Monte beds.

Corynactis californica Small generally pink or red

variety common in most shale areas, abundant in some. Easily
recognized by capitate tentacles. (Figure 100)

Diadumene leucolena Small burrowing form common in

areas where sand fills shale holes and crevices. Nowhere
abundant. Distinguished from other burrowing forms by
abundance of thin, nearly transparent tentacles. (Figure 98)

Metridium exilis Small orange anemone common

in all shale areas. Occurs in abundance on some ledges and
rarely on sandy mounds among Diopatra ornata tubes. Disting-
uished from Balanophyllia elegans by lack of skeleton; from
Corynactis californica by the tapered, non-capitate tentacles;
and from other kelp bed species by orange color. (Figures 74,
75, 79, 94)

Tealia coriacea Slightly smaller than T^. lofotensis

Identified by green splotches on red column and lateral rows
of tubercles (which the animal can retract at will leaving
column smooth to the touch). Fairly common though nowhere
numerous. (Figure 71)

Tealia crassicornis Very large form with smooth,

deep scarlet column and whitish tentacles. Rare.

45

Teatlia lofotensis Large anemone with white -spotted

red column. Scarce.

Unidentified anemonies:

No. 1 Small burrowing variety with few

(11-12) white tentacles which lie flat on sand in daisy-like
pattern. Believed to be Edwardsiella californica. Common but
not abundant in sandy areas and in sand-filled holes in shale.
Attached to underlying substrate. Capable of great elongation.
(Figures 70, 102)

No. 2 Small burrowing form similar to

No. 1 but with 11-12 nearly transparent tentacles . Possibly
same species. Common in same areas. (Figures 70, 81)

No . 3 „ „ A large form with crustose ,

laterally banded tubercles on column. Possibly an old Tealia
coriacea or T . lofotensis . Rare.
ANNELIDA (Polychaete worms):

Cirriformia sp Abundant in all shale areas .

Recognized by numerous thin, red tentacles .(Figures 77, 99, 101)

Diopatra ornata Common in most areas. Abundant

on scattered sandy mounds. Recognized by debris-encrusted
hook-shaped tubes. Distinguished from Thelepus , sp. in situ
by lack of long filamentous tentacles, (Figure 45)

Dodecaceria fistulicola Distribution patchy. Usually

found in large brain-like clumps of fused tubes. Deep green

46

tentacles give tube mass mossy appearance. (Figures 74,

94, 98, 101)
«/ Endistylia polymorpha Easily recognized "feather duster"

Relatively scarce. (Figures 75, 76)
Phyllochaetopterus prolifica ... .Commonly found individually

or in small groups; rarely in tangled mass of long, thin,

flexible tubes .
Sabellaria cementarium Rare except in holdfasts of

Macrocystis . Sandy tubes difficult to see.
Salmacina sp Scarce under ledges . Easily

recognized by their masses of very thin, fragile white tubes

from which the bright red animals protrude.
Serpula vermicularis Fairly common. Twisted white

tubes usually found along ledges and in crevices . Recognized

by white tube and funnel-shaped operculum. Not found in large

colonies .
Thelepus sp Scarce. Usually found among

colony of Dicpatra ornata . Recongized by very long filamentous

tentacles „
Unidentified species Believed to be Myxicola sp.

Rare. (Figure 73)
SIPUNCULOIDEA (sipunculid worms):

Dendrostomum dyscritum Numerous in all shale areas .

Only light tan plume-like tentacles protude form substi'ate.

(Figure 72)

47

Dendrostomum pyroides Common but not as abundant as

jD. dyscritum . Tentacles slightly more bushy with deep red
inner branches . Introvert hooks occasionally visible.

Phascolosoma agassizji Numerous in all holes and crevices

Black-spotted introvert not easily seen.
ARTHROPODA:
Crustacea:

Cirripedia (Barnacles):

Balanus crenatus Abundant on most loose pieces

of shale and nearly all ledges. Heaviest covering on vertical
surfaces. Only small species present. (Figure 79)

Balanus nubilis Numerous but not abundant on

ledges. Large, easily recognized.
Decapoda (crabs, etc.):

Cancer sp Several species present.

Juveniles scarce, adults rare.

Cryptolithodes sitchensis The unmistakable umbrella crab,

an Anomuran. Rare. (Figure 80)

Loxorhynchus crispatus Numerous medium-sized masking

crabs in all areas. Recognized by decurved rostrum, hairy
legs and pear shaped corapace which is always covered with
living camouflage. Large adults common but not numerous.
(Figure 7 8)

Loxorhynchus grandis Less common . Large adults

rare.

48

Mimulus foliatus Common in most areas. Small,

not easily spotted. (Figure 102)
Pugettia producta Occasionally seen on substrate .

Common among fronds of Macrocystis .

Pugettia richii Same as Mimulus foliatus .

MOLLUSCA:

Amphineura (chitons):

Cryptochiton stelleri . , , Common in all areas but not

numerous . Large adults rare ,
Mopalia ciliata Rare or at least not easily seen,

Usually silt covered. Distinguished from M. muscosa_ by

cleft girdle and presence of acute white spines at base of

girdle hairs. This check requires use of hand lens.

Mopalia muscosa » . . . . Rare and not easily seen.

Placiphorella velata . , ^ Common in all shale areas .

Nowhere numerous. Can be spotted by animal's habit of

raising head flap while feeding. Recognized by nearly

circular outline and elongated head flap,
Tonicella lineata „ , . . Scarce on tops of ledges .

Usually found on purple patches of the encrusting algae

Lithothamnion sp.
Pelecypoda (clams, etc.):

Chaceia ovoidea Common in most shale areas

numerous under large ledges. Easily recognized by very large

49

purple-tipped, united siphons which protrude several inches
from shale. Lower part of siphon column white with brown
chitinous warts which distinguish it from all other species.
(Figures 79, 80)

Hiatella arctica Common in upper part of ledges .

Distinguished from other borers by small, red, united siphons.
Difficult to see. (Figure 101)

Hinnites multirugosus Scarce. Difficult to distinguish

in situ from Pododesmus cepio. Upper (unattached) valve with
numerous short, fluted spines not present in Pododesmus .

Kellia laperousii Small nestler scarce in ledges .

Recognized by single visible siphon which is cylindrical,
pure white and unadorned .

Lithophaga plum.ula Small chemical borer common in

shale. Unusual flap-like siphons barely protrude from sub-
strate. Very difficult to see.

Parapholas californica Large borer abundant in all

horizontal shale substrate. Easily identified by cylinderical,
flat-tipped united siphons which protrude little if at all from
substrate.

Penitella sp Small to medium size borer

common in most shale. Primary species believed to be £.
penita.

50

Penitella gabbi Larger form rare in sand-covered

shale. Distinguished by longitudinal ribbing on interior surface

of incurrent siphon. Siphons united. (Figures 83, 84)
Podcdesmus cepio Common on most shale surfaces .

Nowhere numerous. Usually silt-covered and difficult to see.
Zirfaea pilsbryi Large borer rare in sand covered

shale areas. Siphons much like Penitella gabbi but more

massive; outer surface characterized by small wart-like bumps

not present in P. gabbi . Burrow extremly deep. Difficult to

capture undamaged.
Gastropoda (snails):

Astraea gibberosa Rare in all areas .

Calliostoma annulatum Sciirce on fronds of Macrocystis .

Distinguished by gold color and purple bands on whorls.
Calliostoma canaliculatum Fairly com.mon on Macrocystis

fronds .
Calliostoma costatum Same as C . canaliculatum.

(Figure 100)
Ceratostoma foliatum Scarce on sandy shale . Usually

partially hurried, difficult to spot. Identified by three large

flange-like extensions of shell.
Crepidula adunca Slipper limpet common on shells

of kelp snails .
Diodora aspera Scarce, not easily spotted.

51

Megatebennus bimaculatus Rare in all areas .

Ocenebra sp Common in most areas. Small.

Not easily identified.
Pusula californiana Very rare snail. Shell small,

blue with white ribs. One of the few cowry-shaped shells in

the Monterey area.

Tegula brunnea Common on kelp fronds .

Tegula montereyi Same.

Unidentified snails: Many small forms numerous to

abundant in sand and near kelp holdfasts. Common on shale.

Difficult to see.
Opisthobranchia:
Tectibranchia:

Acteon punctocoelata Small tectibranch numerous on

sandy shale. Easily identified by revolving bands of fine

black-and-white stripes. (Figure 85)
Nudibranchia: (Sea slugs):

Aegires albopunctatus Small black-spotted white form

common in most areas though not easily noticed. Nowhere

numerous .

Aeolidia papillosa Extemely rare form with numerous

white processes somewhat like those of Hermissenda Body

oval.

52

Ancula pacifica Small white and yellow variety.

Rare.
Anisodoris nobilis Large black spotted "sea lemon"

common on shale. Distinguished from Archidoris montereyensis

by having spots between but not on, dorsal tubercles, six

branchial plumes and brighter yellow color. Larger,
Archidoris montereyensis Dusky yellow form less common

on shale. Dark splotches on and between tubercles. Seven

branchial plumes. (Figure 100)
Chioraera (Melibe) leonina .... Large translucent form periodically

common on kelp fronds . Recognized by large oral hood and

fleshy, nearly transparent body.
Dendronotus albus „ . . Beautiful semi-translucent, white

form identified by yellow-tipped branching dorsal processes.

Scarce on benthic alga. (Figure 86)
Diaulula sandiegensis Common to scarce on shale .

Ring-like splotches on smooth white dorsum renders this species

unmistakable.
Doriopsilla albopunctata (formerly Dendrodoris fulva)

Scarce form distinguished from Archidoris montereyensis by

lack of dark spots and presence of white flecks on tips of

dorsal papillae.
Flabellina iodinea Beautiful purple form with reddish

orange dorsal processes. Rare in kelp beds.

Hermissenda crassicornis Common in all shale areas .

Occasionally numerous. The most abundant nudibranch observed

in the area. (Figure 100)
Laila cockerelli ...„....<, o.,,, . .Small, not easily seen form rare

in all areas .
Pleurobranchea californica Tectibranch with shell entirely

buried in mantle. Semi-translucent; very difficult to see.

Few observed.
Polycera atra Rare . Those found in Del Monte

kelp beds fit Light's [1954] description rather than MacFarland's

[1966].
Polycera guadrilineata Only one of these observed

during entire period of study. Not easily seen.
ENTOPROCTA:

Barentsia gracilis Unbranched form rare on shale .

Not easily observed.
BRYOZOA:

Membranipora membranacea White encrusting variety common

on kelp fronds. Observed to nearly cover fronds on some plants

in late August. (Figure 87)
Phidolopera pacifica Yellow-orange leafy form rare

on ledges .
Thalamoporella californica Articulated coral-like variety

rare at bases of ledges. (Figure 88)

54

Unidentified species: Several species common on

shale. Difficult to identify in situ. None described in this
study,
ECHINODERMATA:

Asteroidea (starfish):

Dermasterias imbricata Scarce in all areas . Arms broad

at base much like Patiria miniata. Usually mottled yellow

and red. May be identified by lack of spines on aboral surface.

Almost slimy to the touch. Leathery.

Evasterias troschelii Narrow-armed form scarce in

all areas. Red in color. Distinguished from Henricia leviuscula
by having sizable spines scattered over aboral surface and from
Pisaster brevispinus by presence of pedicellaria clusters among
spines that border tube foot groove.

Henricia leviuscula Fairly small form easily recognized

by long narrow arms, red-orange color and minuteness of spines.
Common in some areas, scarce in most.

Leptasterias sp Small six-rayed form rare in all

areas .

Patiria miniata Bat star. Common but nowhere

numerous. (Figure 93)

Pisaster brevispinus Pinkish form numerous on ledges ,

common in all areas. Most abundant form in kelp beds. Can

usually be identified in situ by pink color, grouping of spines

and fuzzy appearance.

55

Plsaster giganteus Large form common on ledges .

Large spines ringed by naked skin identifies this species.

Pycnopodia helianthoides The large, easily recognized

multi-rayed star. Common but not numerous in most areas.
Usually found along bases of ledges.
Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars):

Unidentified species: Brittle stars are abundant in

shale burrows and in Macrocystis holdfasts. They seldom
expose themselves and thus were not studied. Andrewj' [1945]
study lists holdfast species many of which likely dwell in the
shale as well.
Echinoidea (urchins):

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . . .Small form fairly scarce in shale
crevices. (Figure 98)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers):

Cucumaria piperata Common to numerous in shale

crevices and vacant burrows. Difficult to spot underwater.

Eupentacta guinguesemita Same as Cucumaria. (Figure 102)

Stichopus californicus Large , easily recognized form

rare on shale.
CHORDATA

Ascidiacea (non-pelagic tunicate s)

Amaroucium solidum . « . , Thick , slab-like , compound form

scarce on large ledges where maximum surge develops. Usually

56

pinkish to orange. Color due to zooid pigmentation. (Figure
89)

Amaroucium sp Thick, white form scarce to

common on or near ledges. White in color. Believed to be
A. californicium.

Boltenia villosa Individual form . Scarce , attached

to shale or small benthic alga. Easily identified by spiny
appearance, rounded shape.

Clavelina huntsman! Social form common to abundant

on shale and near algal holdfasts (particularly those of
Dictyoneuropsis reticulata). Easily recognized by teardrop
shape of upper thorax, the outer layer of which is nearly trans-
parent and through which may be seen the bright orange
intestinal tract. (Figure 51, 99, 101)

Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis .... Extremely rare individual form.
Only specimen observed during study found in area C2-D2,
Unmistakable. Pinkish with pearly luster. Apertures distinct.
(Figure 89)

Cystodytes sp. Fairly scarce encrusting form .

Semi-translucent. Pinkish to colorless. Firmer and thinner
than Amaroucium. Usually with numerous small, white, disc-
shaped spicules within test, (Small incision and hand lens
required to identify in situ) ,

Family Didemnidae Fairly thin encrusting form .

Translucent, pink. Cannot be distinguished in situ from an

57

unspiculated form of Cystodytes. Rare in kelp beds. Little

known of local varieties (Abbott, personal communication).
Eudi stoma sp Red compound form common to

abundant on ledges and some horizontal surfaces. Characterized

by closely packed, truncate lobes which bear numerous small

protuberances on upper surface.
Eudistoma diaphanes Small, translucent, compound

form characterized by knob-like shape. Common on most shale

areas . (Figure 95)
Eudistoma moUe Compound form common to scarce

on horizontal surfaces. Easily identified by red spots (zooids)

on opaque milk-white mound. (Figure 90)
Euherdmania claviformis Social form scarce to common on

ledges. Much like Pycnoclavella but much thinner, longer and

more sand-encrusted. Nearly colorless.
Pycnoclavella stanleyi Social form scarce on ledges.

Recognized by many tiny flecks of bright orange on tips of

thin, dark brown, closely packed, sand-encrusted tubes.

(Figures 91, 92)
Pyura haustor Individual form common among

small benthic alga in some areas, not found in others. Apertures

bright red and borne on long, retractable tubes which may

resemble clam siphons. In retraction, aperture closes to form

cross-shaped seal. (Figure 93)

58

Styela gibbsii , Small individual form common

but not numerous in most shale areas. Test reddish^ tough and
wrinkled longitudinally. Apertures usually turned to one side
and borne close to main body. (Figure 94)

Styela montereyensis Easily recognized individual

form common in most areas; nowhere numerous.

Synoicum parfustis Compound form consisting of

club-shaped lobes, red-orange at the tips and sand encrusted
below. Does not seem to reach intertidal size in the kelp beds.
Zooids generally less than 25 mm long. Patchy distribution.
Nowhere abundant.

Trididemnum opacum Thin chalky-white encrusting

form which may be mistaken for a sponge. Rare in kelp beds.
(Figure 95)

Unidentified species Large solitary form extremely

rare under ledges. Test is tough ^ covered with long, flexible,
barbed, spine-like protrusions. Test white, spines tan.
Attached to substrate by broad area basally. Apertures widely
separated, undetectible when closed.
Vertebrata (Fish):

This study was primarily devoted to benthic plants and invertebrate
animals . The only vertebrate enumerated in the population count
(Appendix C) was the burrow-dwelling Neoclinus uninotatus . The
following is, therefore, only a partial list of species observed during
the course of the study.

59

Anarrhichthys ocellatus The Wolf-Eel. Scarce under

0

ledges . (Figure 97)
Citharichthys sordidus The Pa,cific Sanddab, numerous

particularly on sand pockets.
Damalichthys vacca The Pile Perch . Common but not

numerous .
Heterostichus ro stratus „ The brightly marked Kelpfish,

fairly common,
Hexagrammos decagrammus .... The Greenling. Common but not

numerous .
Hypsurus cargi , Rainbow Perch. Common,

beautifully colored.
Neoclinus uninotatus „ „ „ The Onespot Fringhead, a

colorful jawfish found dwelling in crevices under rocks and in

vacant pholad holes. Distinguished by the single black spot

on the dorsal fin and the presence of long branched cirri on the

head above the eyes. (Figures 96, 99)
Ophiodon elogatus . . . . „ The Lingcod . Only small fish

were observed. Scarce.

Paralabrax clathratus Kelp Bass . Numerous .

Pheuronichthys decurrens The Curlfin Turbot. Common to

scarce.
Porichthys notatus The Midshipinan. Rare

60

Sebastodes chrysomelas The Black and Yellow Rockfish .

Other „ Numerous other species .

Several additional species of flatfish (order Heterosoma) and
rockfish (Family Scorpaenidae) are present in large numbers. A
few sculpin species (Family Cottidae) are also common.
ALGAE:

Rhodophyta:

Bossiella orbigniana Dichotomously branched coralline

form numerous to abundant on horizontal shale surfaces.
Recognized by frail structure and acutely pointed intergenicula.
(Figures 80, 101, 102)

Calliarthron sp Larger coralline form similarly

distributed. Distinguished from Bossiella by presence of
conceptacles on edges of segments as well as on flat faces.
Many plants lack visible conceptacles and were simply
classified under family Corallinaceae.

Callophyllis sp Small palmately branched form

distinctly red in color. Common in most shale areas.

Corallina chilensis Coralline form distributed in

patches. Common where existing, otherwise scarce. Distin-
guished from Bossiella and Calliarthron by unwinged segments
and from Corallina gracilis by decreasing length of branches
away from base.

Plocamium coccineum. Small, fine structured, distinctly

red variety common on horizontal shale.

61

Lithophyllum „ Small to large purple encrusting

patches common to numerous on shale. Believed to be

principally Lithothamnion califoricum.
Lithothrix aspergillum A scarce coralline form recognized

by cylinderically segmented straight, unbranched shoots,
Rhodymenia sp „ Dark red form common to abundant

on shale. Patchy distribution.
Unidentified species Thin, deep purple encrusting

form on shale. Usually found with Lithothamnion . Believed

to be Peyssonnelia pacifica. Fairly common but not abundant.
Phaeophyta:

Cystoseira osmundacea Common but nowhere numerous

on shale. Most plants in kelp beds stunted or damaged, seldom

found with pea pod-like floats.
Desmarestia herbacea . . „ . „ . o . . Extremely rare but definitely

present (Light [1962] indicates plant not found in kelp beds).

Recognized by small bladlets on margins of main axis and

branch fronds .
Disctyoneuropsis reticulata Large bladed form characterized

by midribbed fronds which are laterally reticulated. Common on

most shale areas.
Macrocystis pyrifera The giant kelp which dominates

the beds .
Pterygophora californica A kelp variety rare on shale. Observ-
ed only in deeper areas near D2 „ Midstripe on terminal frond only.

62

2. Sea Otter Predatlon

Less than ten years ago McLean [1962] reported that no sea otters
lived in Monterey Harbor and that urchins and abalones were abundant
on the bottom off Mussel Point in Pacific Grove. It is now common know-
ledge that otters do range into the harbor area and have taken a severe
toll on the urchin and abalone population of the area. Observations made
during the course of this study indicate that the Del Monte kelp beds have
also been heavily foraged by otters . Varying numbers were observed in
the area at different times. No more than ten were observed at any one time
and on most days fewer than four could be seen.

A 1966 study of the food habits of the Southern Sea otter (Enhydra
lutris nereis) by Earl Ebert [1968] of the California Department of Fish
and Game revealed that these animals appear to prefer abalones, urchins,
and crabs but that when the supply of these is exhuasted, mussels, starfish,
rock scallops, and chitons will also be eaten. Though no observations
were made during this study of what otters were eating in the Del Monte
kelp beds, divers found ample evidence to indicate that a once extensive
abalone population had been annihiliated. Numerous shells of the Red
Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) were observed littering the bottom yet not a
single living animal was seen. In addition, no living specimens of the
red urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , and very few of the smaller
purple urchin, ^. purpuratus , were observed. Though no evidence of
their former abundance was found, there is every reason to believe that
they once existed in great numibers since many were observed by McLean

63

[1962] in nearby areas and their association with Macrocystis was
established by Dawson e_t a]_ [I960].

It was also noted during this study that neither the rock scallop,
Hinnites multirugosus , nor the abalone jingle, Pododesmus cepio, occur
in great numbers and most of those that do exist are found in protected
crevices. Those found in the open are generally quite difficult to see.
Though the masking crab, Loxorhynchus crispatus and its larger relative,
L. grandis , were frequently seen during dives very few of the otter-
preferred Cancer antennarius [Ebert, 1968] were observed and those were
usually small. No clues were found, however, to indicate the previous
populations of these species and no mention of this was found in the
literature. Starfish still exist in large numbers and apparently have not
been bothered by the otters .

64

IX. CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary predictions of some of t±ie ecological changes to be
expected after breakwater completion were published by Haderlie [1971] .
The most significant ones will likely result from the increased range in
diurnal temperatures imposed by the loss of circulation within the enclosed
area. A decrease in salinity due to entrapped fresh water runoff is also
expected. Temperature and salinity sensitive plants and animals will
likely prove unable to adapt to these environmental changes and some
species may disappear entirely. More tolerant species may replace
outgoing forms .

With regard to the kelp beds, loss of wave induced bottom surge will
undoubtedly result in a high degree of silting. These fluctuating bottom
currents will no longer be present to sweep clean the shale which in time
will become covered with sediment. This prediction is based on diver
observations of current benthic conditions in the existing inner harbor
where a thick layer of silt covers the substrate. With the disappearance
of holdfast space, the kelp itself as well as nearly every species of
benthic flora will most certainly vanish within a short time and with
them will go a host of invertebrate and fish species.

Another factor suggested by Haderlie [1971] will be tlie increased
level of pollution brought in by the many commercial and pleasure craft
slated for berthing in the proposed marina. Pollutants v/ill no longer be

65

flushed to sea with the changing tides since the area will be almost
entirely enclosed.

The loss in circulation will also greatly restrict the amount of upwelled
nutrient-rich water that can enter the inner harbor thus denying plants and
animals much of their food supply.

It can be safely stated that the addition of the proposed breakwater
structures to Monterey Harbor will have a significant impact on the
ecology of the area as it now exists and particularly in the kelp beds
which are populated by a diverse and complicated floral and faunal
assemblage .

66

APPENDIX A: SUBAREA MAPS

In this Appendix areas C2 and D2 are mapped by one-meter- square
subareas each designated by a letter-number (row-column) code. See
Figure 7 for geographical orientation of the subareas .

As previously mentioned organisms are represented by letter-number
codes in the interest of saving time and space. These map symbols
are listed with the associated species in Appendix B. Other information
needed to interpret the drawings is included in the following list.

1. The letters "j " and "a" which follow some map symbols indicate
"juvenile" and "adult" respectively. These are used only occasionally
to provide reference marks and where not appearing, no inference as to
animal size or age can be made.

2. Figures following a dash after map symbols indicate the numerical
abundance of the particular organism at that location.

3. The exact positions of most organisms are indicated by small
circles or caricatures. In some cases area coverage, particularly by
plants, is indicated by larger closed curves,

4. Only fixed and semi-fixed organisms are plotted with the exception
of a few chitons and the burrow-dwelling fish Neoclinus uninotatus. In
some cases where large numbers of fixed organisms are present only a
select few are plotted. This is usually indicated in the "Remarks" area
under the map.

67

5. All maps are oriented as illustrated in Figure 7.

6. Due to complexity of biota and difficulty 'of observation the large
undercut ledge in area D2 was not mapped. Photographs of this ledge
do appear in Appendix Bo

68

51-3 rv\ll
Rrvl SX Av\t

ft*\l Ant

(VI I/O j ^ V'*'-'^

^M

N

O

RJ?(^

riftB

u

T^

o<^3

mil o 0

bu Ps^.^-^ \

PoAH

\

V

WA

Qm

0

mil

mc

-:2.A

Oa^3

(V\I3

o

Figure 9. Subarea C2-A1

Remarks:

1. Only a few of the 97 Clrriformia sp. and 16
Denclrostomum sp. counted are plotted above.

2. Two Xeoclinus uninotatus followed diver during
mapping and counting of this area. They showed
little fear and seemed quite curious .

69

_QT5a)^o•^^

0 o

o

f\X2.

MI3
C3

O

CS"©

C3

C

A;^^

M"^

0 '^

TZ-^&

O

(^10 Co^0<^^

;rAio-

o

T6,

O

O

A«

/v\10

Figure 10. Subarea C2-A2

Remarks:

1, Moderately high surge and low (5-6 ft.) visibility
experienced during mapping of this area may, in
part, account for relatively low number of organisms
observed.

70

orv\ii

^

arX-l

^^n

CIO Co\0f^

?T2-

1

Qm

(^ft£3

O

A2-2.

0^^'^

OMll

0A>^^

A^-X

AJ^3 _
O

OA/^

O'

o

T3 (^l"^*^

iOt^

Bic^e of AJ^i^ koU^si

Figure 11. Subarea C2-A3

71

\>o%i<^^ rocVi.

5''eioi^'^

O

MU

f\J^g- 4-froAd5

Sc^-tt^^-^ a'^1,2-.3

ftJLlO

■^^ock

I I

sic or\i^i

Figure 12. Subarea C2-B1

72

a

f]ji^

orAii

A^2

RX5 o-

51

,mi

<51AaX-2

•^^^ ^fVllZ"

oP^

^5colo^^

B^

^4ck / a^5

^

Figure 13. Subared C2-B2

73

Mil

Ar*

'''51-10 :

o

5LAr^2'^

/

OfAli^

c4

raS

^AaI'^^

e

Figure 14. Subarea C2-B3

Remarks:

1 . The unidentified bryozoa in upper left of figure
was a thin, reddish, encrusting variety.

2. One squid egg case observed during mapping
of this area on 19 July 1971.

74

ONlil^

3Vf?

oCJi^

^C3

— y<.Ca

rv\i.i loose pi«C efsUk

^cl-4

A£^

ORj2.\0(?«.i<J^

fV\ IX' ^

51-3 ^^'^

AB

A£3J »sl p^^^^^-^'**^

S mii-2^'

11 I ^^.Aa^^ I ofi^^M

Figure 15. SubareaC2-Cl

75

oAl^

*^fih2-S

01*111

CIO celoi

*Vj

S-'le^i^e-^- ,A15 A19 ^^, ^^^- ^

ClD^^ ^^ '^Crl ^-tte^^ -^o'^T -'^^

j3^c3

trtii

Figure 17. Subarea C2-C2

Remarks:

1. One unidentified hermit crab using what appeared
to be a small piece of twig for a shell was observed
in this area.

75

'3/ ■

Figure 18. Subarea C2-C3

Remarks:

1, Not illustrated are the small Balanus crenatus
observed in large numbers on the vertical face of
the ledge plotted in the lower right hand corner
of the figure .

77

\ooi€, sk4i ^^'^

area.

M^xAv^rooLS bits ofbz-^feeAskd

Figure 19. Subarea D2-A1

Remarks:

1. Small colonies of Plumularia spp. (CIO) were
observed on approximately 5% of the worm tubes.

2. The hook-shaped Diopatra ornata (An 2) tubes
appeared to be more than 90% occupied by living
animals .

78

1 — 1 r

C3

m^

Figure 20. Subarea D2-A2

Remarks:

1. The worm tubes were embedded in a large sandy
mound .

79

^

'4^^ fWlXc^

o

n

-br\A\X\-'^

if^^>^

-foMiu

C3:5 ^ O^-^^

1 f^^JO I oAnll

Figure 21. Subarea D2-A3

80

^ft^-

rW

ftl8
o

%,(\<^^-^lo

1

(MK.

^t

C3

^(V\l^^

CIO -29

51-1

PZ

^/13

»T7 ColotA-j

Psf. ^^21 Os\ovs^

rAix<^

J^

Figure 22. Subarea D2-A4

Remarks :

1. Heavy surge was experienced during the mapping
of this area and it is likely that a number of
organisms present were not observed.

81

.5^^Al<f rock.

C±0 Co{oAt^
0C3M

.^COcM.

C3

^

0^^

Cove.'/- vYvost o-f a>/-.e^

.^ tAva^

^^^j^OcJ*''^ 0^2-^

au

l0'%icM rock

^''^C

fyUZ^

I (.^'^^^ 0C5

Figure 23. Subarea D2-B1

Remarks:

1. Most of the anemonies plotted as C3 were
Anthopleura artimissia rather than A. Elegantissima

2. A Neoclinus uninotatus was observed eating
Balanus crenatus.

82

4 5§'<il-3 or^. yb^bes I

^

^T.£-l

ZOO -tabe5

C9-Z

vcie»V'

F^fvllla

Figure 24. Subarea D2-B2

83

/

.Cr /^^^^

^rAil-2 ^ O

Mil

o _

,rAii

N\ll

SAlAciij

•sU^le

.OAli

^4,^^ Mil i ^2 ^^ r'-^"^

84

1 ^

fiZB

O^^^^

a

a

C»

"R-iq-

rwii

->^f^n2.-3

CI C3

,TaC<»'«)

J5

Arta-3

twu

f<\\\

rv\ii

■--'if';i

^"^^ A^4

]

flJtS o"*"

^^

14-1 orAii

T1

o fSrvS

yv\ir

-r^-u'^/

ArS-;?^"^

^11

/All

Figure 26. Subarea D2-B4

85

5^>A^^ AiAd lr>AirVV\cie sV\«.ll W'i^Oi/we/\i.S

St^'tt'&fedl CrX. c«^ ^U r&c^^s

Figure 27. Subarea D2-C1

Remarks:

1. The rocks plotted were chunks of loose shale
probably broken off of the large ledge in row D.

85

sAi/tf rise

OMll'^

kC3

^

^^^^-■2-

Figure 28. Subarea D2-C2

87

^ -' ^fv\U

>T3co(o

(YMl^

0
0 0

m--

ci-n

^t+..e4 A.l 0 ^0^ ^ m
O

of^ll

.c?

^«IAU-2

Figure 29. Subarea D2-C3

Remarks:

1. This was a heavily populated area and probably
a number of organisms were missed in mapping and
counting.

ofy\ii

^C3

ftn

fvMl

0^1

sUle

C3 0

-<^J.U J^^.^

tic^

C9-Z ^v^ce

(\f\i-^

i^ A^^Z'^

^/n^

^ -XfM

J^C4

5^^aH S^i^'e

Figure 30. Subarea D2-C4

Remarks:

1. Same as for area D2-C3.

89

^"^ '

^^4 \

! ^

5r>Vi.l| coI^/Hh 'An3

o/^£t ,' ' _

90

Tjir^ M^ z' doi^A^ Aoi floHed

Bd^e o^ f^l

lit, o'-

m '^"^

iOt.i8

■^.

Figure 32. Subarea D2-D2

Remarks :

1. One unidentified nudibranch believed to be
Rostanga pulchra observed.

91

(\Li3

Ail —

41 C9 I'v -Hii^ ^^^^

^c\- 10

^63

O^i'^

70%

Alv3
0

\

fVlo.'<i 4iv^^ 3o

O CI

A£3

0

An

l*^ t^Mi Av^^A

_J L

Figure 33. Subarea D2-D3

Remarks :

1 . The Henricia leviuscula observed (but not
plotted) in this area aad six rays.

92

/a^

C40

A

(\a

Sc^t^e^^ Cl ^

fii^ m''

l,^ 4iMS a,r^^ ^^, _- -^U-JZ

,/Ai'J

fl£i^

,3 -«^ ^.v

j-i.^

Figure 34. Subarea D2-D4

93

APPENDIX B: SUBAREA PHOTOGRAPHS

In this Appendix photographs of 02 and D2 by one-meter- square sub-
areas are presented. The bottom water at 02 is nearly always a bit murky
and thus the quality of these photographs is not quite as good as that of
the D2 pictures. With the exception of the ledge photographs in D2 all
shots were taken in the same orientation as the subarea maps (Appendix
A),

94

I

o

3

O)

0)

95

96

97

CQ

I

CM

o

(D

00
00

0)

Ph

98

CQ
I

o

<u

rO
X!

CO

en

[J-,

•^V<\

99

CO

I

CM

o

CD
u
(0
Si
13
CO

O
(D

:3
en

-.H

P-,

t^.^-^^

100

101

102

103

Z04

<

I

Q

0)

-^

CD
i-i

:3
en

105

CO

<

I

CO

Q

fO
0)

X!
CO

en

106

3

'J

•71

107

PQ
I

Cs]

Q

rO
(D

S-i

(0
Xi

CO

CO
0)

Cm

108

109

no

DQ

CM

Q

(0

CD

Sh

(0
Xi

13
CO

LO
OJ

■rH

111

112

CO

u

Csj

Q

fO

CD
i-<

fd
X)

CO
LD

(D

en

113

114

115

116

CM

Q
I

CSI

Q

CD
u,
fO
X!

CO

LO

O
-1-1

117

118

119

Q
I

CM

Q

CO

rO
X!

:^

CO

(U
en

CD

o

CD

u

en

120

Q
I

CNl

Q

fO

Q)
i-t
ro
X!

CO

0)
en

-a

(D

to

0)
(-1

-l-l

121

122

CO

Q
I

Q

0)
X!

0
T3
1-1

CO
i-l

en

123

124

APPENDIX C: POPULATION CENSUS DATA

The following key must be used to interpret the tables in this
Appendix.

P Present but not counted,

N Numerous but not counted ,

A Abundant but not counted.

C Colony.

% Percentage of meter-square covered by organism.

~ Approximately.

Unfortunately time and other considerations did not permit inclusion
of the large ledge in area D2 in the population survey. This ledge is so
complex that a major study could be devoted to it alone. A few comments
can be made based on a number of cursory examinations. It is inhabited
by a vast population of the anemonies Corynactis californica and
Metridium exilis which exist in large aggregations. On parts of the
ledge, mostly near the rim, Balanus crenatus occurs in abundance. The
middle and lower (undercut) regions are populated by a large number of
the huge boring pholad Chaceia ovoidea. Here too, exist a number of
tunicate species including Eudistoma diaphanes and a thick, whitish,
encrusting form which is probably Cystodytes sp. At the base, several
colonies of the Bryozoa Thalamoporella californica are present. One
specimen of an unusual solitary ascidian, unidentified at the time of

125

writing, was also taken from this ledge. Numerous seastars , primarily
Pisaster brevispinus, may be found combing the ledge in search of food,

126

CO

u

D-.

Oi

CL,

Cl,

CM

O CO

to

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u

CO CO

LO LO

u

a.

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o

I-H

55
o U

"^ CM

CO CNJ
LO

I

CO

u

CO

CQ

LO

C\l

CM

CQ

cu

a.

CNI

CQ

CU

u-> 0-,

Cs]

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0-,

00

D-

CM

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Oh

Cl.

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U3

CL,

in

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Dh Dh

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C^ CO
CD

rH CM CO ^ LO (X)

=tt^ * 41= *- 4t^ *
.— icM^LOCO 0,0.0,0,0,0,

QhChDhDhDhD-iW tn w 10 w U2

CL, Dl, Q-, CL, Cu Cl,

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127

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/

APPENDIX D: PHOTOGRAPHS OF SELECTED SPECIES

In this Appendix both individual and composite pictures (all taken
in situ) are presented. Most of the organisms shown are described in
section VIII of this thesis. When possible, degree of magnification is
indicated.

142

Figure 65. Acarnus erithacus

143

Figure 66. Leucosolenia eleanor x 4

144

Figure 67. Polymastia pachymastia

145

X 4

From 3 feet
Figure 68. Unidentified sponge (P sp.#2)

146

Life Size

Figure 69. Unidentified sponge (P sp.#3)

147

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fin

148

Figure 71. Tealia coriacea. Also shown is station corner bolt
and polypropylene marking line (see section IV-C)

149

Figure 72. Tentacles of Dendrostomum dyscritum.

Figure 73. Unidentified annelid on left. Believed to be

Myxicola sp. Siphons of Parapholas californica
on right.

150

X

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151

Figure 75 . Eudistylia polymorpha , Metridium exilis (x 1.3)

Figure 76, Eudistylia polymorpha

152

Figure 77. Tentacles of cirriformia sp. (x 1.3)

Figure 78. Loxorhynchus crispatus

153

Figure 79. Siphons of Chaceia ovoidea. Anemonies are

Metridium exilis . Barnacles are Balanus crenatus
This was taken on the vertical ledge in D2 .

154

Figure 80. Siphons of Chaceia ovoidea. Crab is the umbrella
crab Cryptolithodes sitchensis. Algae is Bossiella
orbigniana .

155

Figure 81. Siphons of Parapholas californica. Note also the
burrowing anemone Edwardsiella californica.

156

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158

Figure 84. Siphons of Penitella gabbi

Figure 85. Acteon

Punctocoelata

Figure 86. Dendronotus albus (x 3)

159

Figure 87. Membranipora membranacea on Macrocystis
pyrifera

Figure 88. Thalamoporella californica

160

Figure 89. Solitary ascidian on right is the rare Cnemidocarpa
finmarkiensis . Compound form on left and above is
Amaroncium solidum .

161

Figure 90 „ Eudistoma moUe . Hydroid upper left is Abietinaria spp.

Figure 91. Colony of Pycnoclavella stanleyi (x 2)

162

163

Figure 93. Pyura haustor with apertures extended (x 4)

Figure 94. Stylea gibbsii with apertures open (x 4). Anemone

is Metridium exilis; Dark tentacles are Dodecaceria
^istulicola.

164

Figure 95. Large colony of Trididemnum opacum. Translucent
form at top is Eudi stoma diaphanes .

165

Figure 96. Neoclinus uninotatus

Figure 97. Young wolf eel Anarrhichthys ocelldtus

166

Diadumene leucolena

^^^
/ ^

Parapholas californica

Dodecaceria fistulicola

.-^^X /'

-/ ^.

■7

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Figure 98.

167

r<.^^ ^

f/^ V^^ sJu^, J .

Unidentified sponge Clavelina huntsmani
(P sp.#2)

Neoclinus uninotatus

Figure 99.

168

Archidoris montereyensis

a ,^ r ^«-^ ^^""^ Hermissenda crassicornis
Calliastoma cos tat urn ^^J^ ^f ^^j^^ .'^

\m/J^*\ Leucosolenia eleanor

Corynactis californica

Figure 100.

169

Bossiella orbignia

e=^

•^.-.-.y^ \)'M^ Anthopleura eleganti

ssima

y^

,/s-

Clavelina huntsmani

Hiatella arctica -^^'V

Dodecaceria fistulicola

Cirriformia sp.

Figure 101.

170

Bossiella orbigniana

Edwardsiella californica

Eupentacta quinguesemita /l'*^^

Edwardsiella californica

Mimulus foliatus

Figure 102

171

APPENDIX E: LIST OF MACROSCOPIC SPECIES
OBSERVABLE IN SITU IN THE DEL MONTE BEACH KELP BEDS

Scientific Name

Scientific Name

PORIFERA (Sponges):
Acamus erithacus
Craniella sp.

Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta
Leuconia heathi
Leucosolenla eleanor
Polymastia pachymastia
Rhabdodermella nuttingi
Unidentified species (6)

COELENTERATA:

Hydrozoa (hydroids):
Abietinaria spp.
Aglaophenia spp.
Plumularia spp.
Anthozoa (anemonies):
Anthopleura artemisia
Anthopleura elegantissima
Balanophyllia elegans
Cerlanthus sp.
Corynactis californica
Diadumene leucolena
Edwardsiella californica
Metridium exilis
Tealia coriacea
Tealia crassicornis
Tealia lofotensis

NEMERTEA (nemertean worms):

Cerebratulus californiensis
Tubulanus sexlineatus

ANNELIDA:

Cirriformia sp„
Diopatra ornata
Dodecaceria fistulicola
Eudistylia polymorpha
Phyllochaetopterus prolifica
Sabella crassicornis
Sabellaria cementarium

Salmacina sp.
Serpula vermicularis
Spirorbis sp.
Thelepus sp.

Unidentified (Believed to be
Myxicola sp.)

SIPUNCULOIDEA:

Dendrostomum dyscritum
Dendrostomum pyroides
Phascolosoma agassizzi

ARTHROPODA:
Crustacea:

Balanus crenatus

Balanus nubilis
Isopoda:

Idothea resecata
Decapoda (crabs, etc):

Cancer antennarius

Cancer gracilis

Cancer productus

Cryptolithodes sitchensis

Holopagurus pilosus

Lophopanopeus sp.

Loxorhynchus crispatus

Loxorhynchus grandis

Mimulus foliatus

Pagurus samuelis

Pugettia gracilis

Pugettia producta

Pugettia richii

MOLLUSC A:

Amphineura (chitons):
Cryptochiton stelleri
Mopalia ciliata
Mopalia muscosa
Placiphorella velata
Tonicella lineata

172

Scientific Name

Pelecypoda:

Chaceia ovoidea

Hiatella arctica

Hinnites multirugosus

Kellia laperousii

Lithophaga plumula

Parapholas californica

Penitella penita

Penitella gabbi

Pododesmus cepio

Sphenia pholadidea

Zirfaca pilsbryi
Gastropoda:
Prosobranchia (snails):

Astraea gibberosa

Calliostoma annulatum

Calliostoma canaliculatum

Calliostoma costatum

Ceratostoma foliatum

Crepidula adunca

Diodora aspera

Magatebennus bimaculatus

Ocenebra sppo

Pusula calif orniana

Tegula brunnea

Tegula montereyi
Opisthobranchia :
Tectibranchia:

Acteon punctocoelata

Pleurobranchaea californica
Nudibranchia:

Aegires albopunctatlis

Aeolidia papillosa

Ancula pacifica

Anisodoris nobilis

Archidoris montereyensis
Chioraera (Melibe) leonina
Dendronotus albus
Diaulula sandiegensis
Doriopsilla albopunctata
Flabellina iodinea
Hermissenda crassicomis
Laila cockerelli
Polycera atra

Scientific Name

Polycera guadrilineata
Rostanga pulchra

BRYOZOA:

Membranipora membranacea
Phldolopora pacifica
Thalamoporella californica

ENTOPROCTA:

Barentsia gracilis_

ECHINODERMATA:

Asteriodea (seastars):

Dermasterias imbricata

Evasterias troschelli

Henricia leviuscula

Leptasterias sp.

Patiria miniata

Pisaster brevispinus

Pisaster giganteus

Pycnopodia helianthoides
Echinoidea (urchins):

Strongylocentrotus pupuratus
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers):

Cucumaria miniata

Cucumaria piperata

Eupentacta quinquesemita

Stichopus californicus

CHORDATA:

Ascidiacea (tunicates):

Amaroucium sp.

Boltenia villosa

Clavelina huntsmani

Cnemidocarpa finm.arkiensis

Cystodytes sp.

Family Didemnidae

Eudistom.a sp.

Eudistoma diaphanes

Eudi stoma moUe

Euherdmania claviformis

Pycnolclavella stanleyi

Pyura haustor

Styela gibbsii

Styela montereyensis

Synoicum parfustis

Trididemnum opacum

Unidentified species (1)
Yertebrata (fishes):

Anarrichthys ocellatus

173

Scientific Name

Citharichthys sordidus
Damalichthys vacca
Heterostichus rostratus
Hexagrammos decagrammus
Hypsurus cargi
Neoclinus uninotatus
Ophiodon elongatus
Paralabrax clatharatus
Pheuronichthys decurrens
Porichthys notatus
Sebastodes chrysomelas

ALGAE:

Rhodophyta:
Bos si e 11a sp,
Bossiella orbigniana
Calliarthron sp.
Callophyllis flabellulata
Corallina chilensis
Peyssonnelia pacifica
Plocamium coccineum
Lithothamnion sp.
Lithothrix aspergillum
Phaeophyta:

Cystoseira osmundacea
Desmarestla herbacea
Dictyoneuropsis reticulata
Macrocystls pyrlfera
Pterygophora californica

174

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andrews, H. C, "The Kelp Beds of the Monterey Region/' Ecology,
V. 26, p. 24-37, January 1945.

Church, R. , "Underwater Photography: A Mirror in the Sea," Oceans,
V. 4, p. 9-32, May-June 1971.

Dawson, E. Y. , Seashore Plants of Northern California, University of
California Press, 1966.

Ebert, E. E. , "A Food Habits Study of the Southern Sea Otter, Enhydra
Lutris Nereis , " California Fish and Game, V. 54, p. 33-42,
January 1968.

Eager, E. W. , and others, "Equipment For Use in Ecological Studies
Using SCUBA," Limnology and Oceanography, v. 11, p. 503-509,
October 1966.

California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 90, Common
Marine Bivalves of California, by J. E. Fitch, 1953.

Eraser, C. M., Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United
States, The University of Toronto Press, 1937.

Haderlie, E.G., "Marine Fouling and Boring Organisms in Monterey
Harbour," The Veliger, v. 10, p. 327, 1968.

Haderlie, E. C, "Marine Fouling and Boring Organisms in Monterey

Harbour - Second Year of Investigation," The Veliger, v. 12, p. 182-
192, 1969.

Haderlie, E.G., "Fouling Organisms in the Harbour at Monterey,

California," in Proceedings of the Second International Congress of
Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Athens, p. 1-14, 1970.

Haderlie, E. C., "Ecological Implications of Breakv/ater Construction in
Monterey Harbour, " Marine Pollution Journal, v. 2, p. 90-92,
June 1971.

Hedgpeth, J. W. , Introduction to Seashore Life of the San Francisco Bay
Region and the Coast of Northern California, University of California
Press, 1970

175

Hollenberg, G. J. and Abbot, I. A., Supplement to Smith's Marine Algae
of the Monterey Peninsula, Stanford University Press, 1966.

Johnson, M. E. and Snook, H. J. , Seashore Animals of the Pacific
Coast, Macmillan Company, 1927.

Keen, A. M., Marine MoUuscan Genera of Western North America,
Stanford University Press, 1963.

Light, S, F., and others, Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California
Coast, University of California Press, 1954.

MacFarland, F. M., "Studies of Opisthobranchiate Mollusks of the
Pacific Coast of North America, " Memoirs of the California Academy
of Sciences , v. 6, 1966.

McLean, J. H. , "Sublittoral Ecology of Kelp Beds of the Open Coast Near
Carmel, California," Biological Bulletin, v. 122, p. 95-114,
February 1962.

McLean, J. H., "Marine Shells of Southern California," Science Series
24, Zoology No. 11 , Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History,
October, 1969.

Miller, D. J., Gotshall, D. , and Nitsos, R. , A Field Guide to Some
Common Ocean Sport Fishes of California, 2nd rev., California
Department of Fish and Game, 1965.

Osburn, R. C. , "Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America Part 1,

Cheilostomata-Anasca, " Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions , v. 14,
p. 111-112, 20 June 1950.

Ricketts, E. F., Calvin, J. and Hedgpeth, J. W. , Between Pacific Tides,
4th ed.. University Press, 1968.

California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 68, Common
Marine Fishes of California, by P. M. Roedel, 1948.

California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin No. 91, Common
Ocean Fishes of the California Coast, by P. M. Roedel, 1953.

Schmitt, W. C, The Marine Decapod Crustacea of California, University
of California Publications in Zoology, 1921.

Smith, G. M., Marine Algae of the Monterey Pensinsula, Stanford
University Press, 1944.

176

Turner, C. H., Ebert, E. E., and Given, R. R. , "Survey of the Marine
Environment Offshore of San Elijo Lagoon, San Diego County,"
California Fish and Game, v. 51, p. 81-112, April 1965.

Turner, C. H. , Ebert, E. E., and Given, R. R. , "The Marine Environment
in the Vicinity of the Orange County Sanitation District's Ocean Outfall, '
California Fish and Game, v. 52, p. 28-48, January 1966.

California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin 140, The Marine
Environment Offshore From Point Loma, San Diego County, by C. H,
Turner, E. E. Ebert and R. R. Given, 1968.

Turner, R. D. , "The Family Pholadidae in the Western Atlantic and the
Eastern Pacific Part I - Pholadinae," Johnsonia, v. 3, p. 1-64,
17 May 1954.

Turner, Re D. , "The Family Pholadidae in the Western Atlantic and the
Eastern Pacific Part II - Martesiinae, Jouannetiinae and Xylophaginae, "
Johnsonia, v. 3, p. 65-160, 29 March 1955.

177

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 2
Cameron Station

Alexandra, Virginia 2 2314

2. Library, Code 0212 2
Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

3. Department of Oceanography, Code 58 3
Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

4. Professor Eo C. Haderlie, Code 58Hc 2
Department of Oceanography

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

5. LCDR Charles S. Minter, III, USN 2
Staff COMSIXTHFLT

F.P.O. New York, New York 09501

6. Dr„ D. P. Abbott 1
Hopkins Marine Station

Pacific Grove, California 93950

7. Anthony Weaver 1
Hopkins Marine Station

Pacific Grove, California 93950

8. Mr. Allan Baldridge, Librarian 1
Hopkins Marine Station

Pacific Grove, California 93950

9. California Department of Fish and Game 1
Marine Resources Laboratory

2221 Garden Rd.
Monterey, California 93940

10. Mr. J. C. Mellor, Code 58 1

Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

178

No. Copies

11. Librarian 1

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories of the

California State Colleges
Moss Landing, California 95039

12. Dr. Ned Ostenso 1

Office of Naval Research
Code 4800
Arlington, Virginia 22217

13. Office of Naval Research 1

Ocean Technology Group
Arlington, Virginia 22217

14.VADM. Charles S. Minter, Jr., USN 1

Quarters H, Washington Navy Yard
Washington, D. C. 20390

179

Secvintv ClassifiraTion

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D

Sec untv classification o( title, body of abstract and indexing annotation nrust be entered when the overall report is c fasai fied)

1 ORIGINATING ACTIVITY f C orpora te au thor )

Naval Postgraduate School
Montery, California 93940

ia. REPORT SECURITY CLASSiriCATIOr

Unclassified

2b. GROUP

3 REPORT TITLE

Sublittoral Ecology of the Kelp Beds Off Del Monte Beach,
Monterey, California

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report end, inclusive dates)

Master's Thesis; September 1971

5 AU THORiSi (First name, middle initial, laat name)

Charles Stamps Minter, III

6 REPORT DATE

September 1971

7». TOTAL NO. OF PAGES

181

7b. NO. OF REFS

31

»a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

b. PROJEC T NO.

9«. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

9b. OTHER REPORT NOIS) (Any Other numbera that may be assigned
this report)

10 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

II SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12 SPONSORING Ml Ul T AR Y ACTIVITY

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

*^*l^M(5roscopic organisms collected by SCUBA divers throughout a large portion
of the kelp beds at Del Monte Beach, Monterey, California, were identified and
a list of species present was compiled. More than 160 such species were found
to exist. Collection methods and techniques utilized by divers were documented.
Numerous underwater photographs were taken.

A population census and mapping survey was made by divers of the benthic flora
and fauna existing within two permanently marked bottom areas, one of which is to
be eventually isolated from the open sea by erection of 'a breakwater. The areas
were found to be of generally similar biological population but of markedly different
species distribution and relative abundance.

FORM
I NOV es

S/N 0101 -807-681 1

DD,r:..1473 """^^ "

180

Security Classification

A-3M08

Securitv Cla'^sif irat lon

KEY wo R OS

Kelp Beds
Ecological studies
.'^1 "^nthic ecology
SCUBA
Diving

Underwater studies
Population distribution
Marine ecology
Monterey Breakwater Study
Harbor ecology

DD.r."..1473 I BACK

5/N OtOI -807-692 1

LINK A

J

181

Security Classification

A- 3 1 4Ci

o n r T 7 r^

2 1 6 7 ~

m

(

132947

Sublittoral ecology
of the kelp beds off
Del Monte beach, Mon-
terey, CaUfornia.

»B'inoEnY

? 1 6 7 ■"

Thesis

M6317 Minter

132947

c.

Sublittoral ecoloqy
of the kelp beds off
Del Monte beach, Mon-
terey, California.

thesM6317

Sma, ecology Of the keip beds Of

3 2768 001 89105 4

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY

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