UNIVERSITY ILXINOIS LIBR. 11 URBANA-CHAM. AGRirniTljRF
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1 QQ9 68th
X kJ U A annual
SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS FARM BUSINESS RECORDS
COMMERCIAL FARMS: Production / Costs / Income / Investments
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN / COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE / COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
CIRCULAR 1329
CONTENTS
Source of Data 1
Uses for This Report 1
Definition of Terms and Accounting Methods 2
Soil-productivity rating 2 Hay equivalents, tons 2 Sampling technique 2 Type of farm 2 Cost items 2 Return items 3
Recent Changes in Income on Illinois Farms 3
Farm business trends in 1992 3 Labor and management income 4 Family living expenditures 5 Income changes on Illinois farms 7 Northern and central Illinois farms 7 Southern Illinois farms 1 1
Livestock Enterprises 13
Hog enterprises 14
Feeder cattle and feeder-pig finishing enterprises 16
Dairy enterprises 18
Beef-cow herds 20
Sheep enterprises 20
Costs, Returns, Financial Summaries, Investments, Land Use, and Crop Yields
for Different Sizes and Types of Illinois Farms 22
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SOURCE OF DATA
This report is based on data obtained from farm business records on 7,1 76 Illinois farms. It is the 68th annual summary of such records obtained from farm- ers cooperating with the University of Illinois Co- operative Extension Service, the Department of Ag- ricultural Economics, and the Illinois Farm Business Farm Management (FBFM) Association.
At present, about one out of every five Illinois commercial farms with over 500 acres and one out of every four Illinois farms with total farm sales over $100,000 is enrolled in this service, which grew steadily until 1982. Except for 1988, enrollment has declined slightly each year since 1982. One factor contributing to this decline has been the lower levels of farm income during the last half decade, resulting in fewer farm operators. In 1993, 10 associations in 102 counties are being served by 68 full-time field staff and one half-time field staff specialist. Partici- pation in this farm-business analysis program is vol- untary; cooperating farmers pay a fee for the edu- cational services.
The program's development since 1940 is shown below.
Year
Counties Field
Associa- partici- staff Farmers
tions pating employed enrolled
3 |
680 |
15 |
2,760 |
33 |
5,494 |
42 |
6,553 |
67 |
8,205 |
70 |
7,192 |
1940 3 23
1950 8 59
1960 10 100
1970 10 102
1980 10 102
1990 10 102
Estimates for 1992 indicate that 90 percent of the 7,176 farms covered in this report are larger than 240 acres. For the most part, this 90 percent falls within the size of business that includes farms selling $50,000 or more of farm products per year. In the 1987 Census of Agriculture, farms selling $50,000 or more accounted for 87 percent of all sales from Illinois farms.
The segment of Illinois agriculture that includes farms with more than 180 acres is often referred to as "commercial farming." In 1987, there were 44,810 farms in Illinois with more than 180 acres and with sales of $10,000 or more. The figures that follow, taken from the 1987 Census of Agriculture, show that these farms represented 76 percent of the 59,181 farms larger than 50 acres and that these farms produced more than 98 percent of the agricultural products sold from Illinois farms.
Percent Percent of Number of Acres of all census farms farms
per farms over enrolled enrolled
farm 50 acres in FBFM in FBFM
180-499 43.1 9.3 2,374
500-999 24.1 17.8 2,537
1,000+ 8.5 19.6 983
Although most of the 1992 recordkeeping farms covered in this report are within the two smaller size groups, the figures show that they are not distributed proportionately among the groups. There were 5,01 7 farms identified by the Census with more than 1 ,000 acres in 1987. About a fifth of these farms (19.6 percent) were enrolled in the Illinois FBFM Associ- ation. Of the 14,257 farms in the group having from 500 to 999 acres,. 17.8 percent also participated in the farm record program. Only about 5 percent of the farms enrolled had fewer than 160 acres. The average size of all farms enrolled in 1992 was 759 acres, compared with an average of 352 acres for all Illinois farms.
The data presented in this report is the total of operator and landlord income, expenses, and invest- ments in the farm business. The group averages are identified by size of business, type of farm, and quality of soil found on the farm. Where segments of Illinois agriculture are identified by these criteria, the data from recordkeeping farms may be used with reason- able confidence, even though the recordkeeping farms as a group do not represent a cross section of all commercial farms in the state.
USES FOR THIS REPORT
The management of a modern commercial farm involves decision making in the application of tech- nology, the choice of a proper combination of crop and livestock enterprises, and effective business administration of the farming operations. A basic analysis of a farm business involves a careful study of past performance to detect problems and strengths in the farming operation. Also involved is the process of planning and developing future operations to re- alize the full potential of the land, labor, and capital resources available and to improve the economic efficiency of the farm business.
The farm-business summaries contained in this report are used by individual farmers to analyze their business operations and to develop plans for future farming operations. This report summarizes the in- formation so that specialists involved in agricultural extension, research, teaching, and agribusiness activ- ities may use the data to help them perform their duties effectively. The definition of terms and ac- counting measures on the following pages will be of assistance in using the data.
The first part of the report (Tables 2 to 8) summarizes selected recent changes in farm income on Illinois farms. It also identifies economic forces and factors that contribute to these changing trends. The data presented in Tables 5 through 8 are the total of operator and landlord data. Some of the data used in the text are drawn from previous issues of this report.
The second section (Tables 9 to 18) presents data on livestock enterprises. The comprehensive and de- tailed information contained in this section is a val- uable resource for anyone interested in livestock production. Because part of the feed grains and roughages produced on Illinois farms is marketed through livestock, the margins of income from live- stock enterprises are important in interpreting the economic results of some farming operations.
The third section (Tables 19 to 27a) discusses costs, returns, financial summaries, investments, land use, and crop yields for different sizes and types of farms in northern, central, and southern Illinois. It is the total of operator and landlord data. It reports on the 25 percent of grain farms that received the highest return to management per dollar of cost and the 25 percent that received the lowest return. It also reports on two-man and three-man hog and beef farms. A two-man hog and beef farm uses from 2 1 to 27 months of labor; a three-man hog and beef farm, from 31 to 39 months.
DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ACCOUNTING METHODS
Soil-productivity rating
This rating is an average index representing the inherent productivity of all tillable land on the farm. Individual soil types on each farm are assigned an index ranging downward from 100. All ratings were revised in 1971 to reflect a basic level of management as outlined in Circular 1 1 56 of the Illinois Cooperative Extension Service, Soil Productivity in Illinois. New land values were assigned in 1980. The adjusted land values brings them to current market levels.
Hay equivalents, tons
To get the equivalents, we took the total of 1.0 multiplied by the pounds of hay, 0.45 multiplied by the pounds of hay silage, 0.33 multiplied by the pounds of corn silage, and 24 multiplied by the pasture days per feed unit (which are also multiplied by the total feed units per cow). This total is then divided by 2,000.
Sampling technique
Data from all records certified usable for analysis by field staff were aggregated by size (acres or number of cows), type of organization, value of the feed fed, and soil-productivity rating. Electronic data-process- ing was used to summarize the data.
Type of farm
Grain farms are farms where the value of the feed fed was less than 40 percent of the crop returns
and where the value of feed fed to dairy or poultry was not more than a sixth of the crop returns. Since 1973, farms with livestock have been essentially ex- cluded from the sample of grain farms in northern and central Illinois in Table 19; since 1978, from the grain-farm sample in Table 20; and since 1982, from the grain-farm sample in Table 5.
Hog or beef farms are farms where the value of feed fed was more than 40 percent of the crop returns and where either the hog or beef-cattle enterprise received more than half of the value of feed fed.
Dairy farms are farms where the value of feed fed was more than 40 percent of the crop returns and where the dairy enterprise received more than one- third of the value of feed fed.
Cost items
The value of feed fed includes on-the-farm grains with the following average prices per bushel: corn, $2.35; oats, $1.52; and wheat, $3.34. Commercial feeds were priced at actual cost, hay and silage at farm values, and pasture at 40 cents per animal unit per pasture day. A pasture day represents an intake of about 20 to 25 pounds of dry matter, defined as 16 pounds of total digestible nutrients (TDN) from the pasture used.
Cash operating expenses include the annual cash outlays for these nondepreciable items: fertilizer, pes- ticides; seeds (including homegrown seeds); machin- ery repairs; machine hire and lease; fuel and oil; the farm share of electricity, telephone, and light vehicle expenses; building repairs; drying and storage; hired labor; livestock expenses; taxes; insurance; and mis- cellaneous expenses. Purchased feed, grain, and live- stock are not included because they have been de- ducted from gross receipts in computing the value of farm production. The interest paid is not included because an interest charge is made on the total farm investment. But the total interest paid by the operator only on all debt — operating debt plus longer-term debt — is listed separately in Tables 19a to 27a under "Selected Cost and Return Items per Tillable Acre."
Machinery and equipment include depreciation, repairs, machine hire and lease, fuel and oil, and the farm share of electricity, telephone, and light vehicle expenses.
Labor includes hired labor plus family and op- erator's labor, charged in 1992 at $1,500 a month.
Interest on nonland capital covers the interest charged at 7 percent on the sum of one-half the average of the January 1 and December 31 inventory values of grain, plus the average of the January 1 and December 31 inventories of remaining capital investment in livestock, machinery and light vehicles, buildings, and soil fertility, plus one-half the cash- operating expense, exclusive of interest paid. In Ta- bles 5, 7, and 8, this charge is combined with the land charge or net rent and labeled interest charge
on capital. The average cash interest paid per farm by all farm operators was $ 1 5, 1 94. Details on operator and landlord shares of expenses and income are published annually in research reports by the De- partment of Agricultural Economics.
Land charge or net rent is the bare land priced at current land values multiplied by 4.2 percent to reflect net rents received by the landlord.
Total nonfeed costs include cash-operating ex- penses, adjustments for accrued expenses and farm- produced inputs, depreciation, and charges for unpaid labor and interest including land charge. Purchased feeds and livestock are omitted.
The basic value of land (the current basis) is adjusted each year according to the February index of land prices in Illinois as reported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). An addi- tional adjustment was made to this index in 1984 to reflect the large drop in land values. The land value index for 1992, using a base earning value of 1979 = 100, was 70.
The capital account adjustment includes the gain or loss on capital items sold less any amortization deduction.
Return items
Crop returns are the sum of grain, seed and feed sales, the value of homegrown seed used, the value of all feed fed (except milk), government-deficiency and diverted-acre payments received and accrued, and the change in value for feed and grain inventories, less the value of feed and grain purchased. Govern- ment PIK (payment in kind) certificates purchased to redeem grain under government loan are included in the feed-and-grain purchase account.
The total value of farm production is the cash and accrued value of sales of products and services, less the cost of purchased feed, grain, and livestock, plus the change in inventory values for grain and livestock, plus the value of farm products used.
Net farm income is the value of farm production, less total operating expenses and depreciation, plus gain or loss on machinery or buildings sold. Net farm income includes the return to the farm and family for unpaid labor, the interest on all invested capital, and the returns to management.
Labor and management income per operator is total net farm income, less the value of family labor and the interest — including net rent — charged on all cap- ital invested. This figure, as the residual return to all unpaid operator's labor and management efforts, is then divided by the months of unpaid operator labor and multiplied by 12 to reflect income for one op- erator on multiple-operator farms.
Capital and management earnings are net farm income, less a charge for all unpaid labor.
Management return is the residual surplus after a
charge for unpaid labor and the interest or land charge on capital are deducted from net farm income. The rate earned on investment is capital and man- agement earnings — interest on all capital and land charge, plus management returns — per $100 of the total farm average annual investment.
RECENT CHANGES IN INCOME ON ILLINOIS FARMS
Farm business trends in 1992
Illinois agriculture is based largely on crop pro- duction, especially corn and soybeans. In 1 992, Illinois ranked first in the nation in the production of soy- beans and second in the nation in the production of corn. The total value of corn and soybeans produced on Illinois farms was 18 percent of the total U.S. production for these crops. In 1991, the total value was 63 percent of the total value of production in Illinois .from all crops and livestock and 90 percent of the value of production from all crops produced.
Crops. Year-to-year variations in net income are related to crop yields, grain prices, and acres in high cash-value crops. Corn and soybean yields in 1992 broke records and were considerably higher than the drought-reduced yields of 1991. In 1992, the average corn yield for Illinois was 149 bushels per acre, 42 bushels above 1991 and 14 bushels above the previous record set in 1985 and 1986. Recordkeeping farms averaged 153 bushels per acre in 1 992, also 42 bushels above the 1991 yield. Soybean yields were 43 bushels per acre in 1992, compared with 37.5 in 1991. Recordkeeping farms averaged 46 bushels per acre in 1992. Crop yields on the 7,176 recordkeeping farms covered in this report averaged 3 to 7 percent above the average for all Illinois farms reported by the Illinois Crop Reporting Service.
This was the first year that crop sales have been divided between old and new crop sales. The prices received for old crop soybeans sold during the year averaged 10 to 13 cents per bushel below 1991 prices (Table 1). Corn prices received in 1992 averaged 4 to 5 cents less than those received in 1991. The price received for new crop corn averaged 31 cents lower than old crop, and the price received for new crop soybeans averaged 26 cents lower. Wheat sold for 77 to 92 cents more per bushel during the year. Crops under loan with the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) and forfeited at the end of the loan period are included as grain sales. The selling price would be the loan rate for that particular crop. Negative marketing margins on old-crop corn inventoried at the beginning of the year averaged about 2 cents. The average price received for old-crop soybeans was 13 cents above the beginning of year inventory price. The year-end, new-crop corn inventory price was 30
Table 1. Average Prices Received and Paid by Farm Recordkeepers for Grain, Livestock, and Milk
1992 |
1991 |
||
Northern Southern |
Northern Southern |
||
Illinois |
Illinois |
Illinois Illinois |
|
Grain prices per bushel |
|||
Purchased — corn . . |
$2.28 |
$2.39 |
$2.30 $2.35 |
Sold — corn, |
|||
old crop . . |
2.32 |
2.33 |
2.37a 2.37a |
corn, |
|||
new crop |
2.02 |
2.01 |
— — |
soybeans, |
|||
old crop . . |
5.65 |
5.61 |
5.75a 5.74a |
soybeans, |
|||
new crop |
5.42 |
5.31 |
— — |
wheat |
3.20 |
3.25 |
2.43 2.33 |
Livestock prices per |
cwt |
||
Hogs, all weights. . |
$41.83 |
$48.52 |
|
Fed cattle, all |
|||
weights |
73.41 |
72.55 |
|
Feeder cattle, all |
|||
weights, prices |
|||
paid |
81.64 |
85.94 |
|
Dairy cattle, all |
|||
weights |
60.45 |
59.45 |
|
Sheep and wool, |
|||
all weights |
48.51 |
42.82 |
|
Milk per cwt |
13.07 |
11.70 |
' Average price for old and new crop combined.
cents lower than it was the year before, and the year- end, new-crop soybean inventory price was the same.
Production of the major crops in 1992 was con- siderably higher than 1991 and at record high levels. Compared to 1991, corn production was up 40 per- cent; soybean production was up 19 percent; oat production was up 20 percent; grain sorghum pro- duction was up 94 percent. Wheat production was up 39 percent with an average yield of 54 bushels per acre, second highest on record. Hay production was up 5 percent. The Illinois 1992 All Crop Pro- duction Index, using a base value of 1977 = 100, was 128. This figure was at a record high, breaking the previous high of 120 set in 1985. Acreages of corn harvested for grain was unchanged from 1991 to 1992, while soybean acreage was up 4 percent from 1991. The acreage planted to soybeans is the largest acreage planted to soybeans in Illinois. Wheat acreage harvested for grain decreased 18 percent. Normally, farmers harvest about 90 percent of the planted acreage. In 1992, only 79 percent of the planted acreage was harvested due to the extensive winter-kill damage.
Although 1992 produced record corn and soy- bean yields, weather conditions during the growing season were unusual. Planting of the 1992 corn crop progressed ahead of average in early April, was de- layed by rain in later April, but finished rapidly in early May. Farmers planted the same amount of corn acres in 1992 as in 1991. Planting was complete by
the third week of May, about two weeks ahead of normal.
Crop progress soon began to lag behind normal levels due to cool and dry weather in May and June. By July, the corn was well behind schedule and in danger of deteriorating due to lack of moisture. Rain began in July and continued throughout the month. This, combined with cool temperatures, resulted in an excellent corn crop, although behind in maturity. Corn harvest began later than usual and continued that way, resulting in the latest harvest in 20 years. The northern area of the state suffered the most problems due to the late harvest.
Soybean planting got off to a slow start in late April and early May due to cool and wet weather. Planting progressed rapidly as temperatures rose and soils dried. By late May, planting was two weeks ahead of normal. June was cool and dry but July rains improved the condition of the crop drastically. Har- vest begin in early September but progressed slowly. Harvest was nearly complete by the end of October. Timely rains over most of the state resulted in record yields.
Livestock. A second major determinant in farm income is the price farmers receive for livestock and livestock products. In 1992, the average prices re- ceived by farm recordkeepers in the Illinois FBFM Association were 1 4 percent lower for hogs, 1 percent higher for fat cattle, and 12 percent higher for milk than they were in 1991 (Table 1). The prices paid for all weights of feeder cattle and feeder pigs aver- aged 5 percent below the 1991 price for feeder cattle and 24 percent below the 1991 price for feeder pigs. Higher returns due to higher prices received for fat cattle and higher year-end inventory values caused returns above feed and purchased animals for the feeder-cattle enterprise to increase from $3.97 per hundredweight produced to $25.40 (Table 10). Lower hog prices decreased returns above feed cost from $17.67 per hundredweight produced to $16.45. Re- turns above feed were below the 5-year average for 1988 through 1992 by $1.95 per hundredweight produced. Higher milk prices in 1992 made dairy returns above feed cost per cow increase from $1 ,064 in 1991 to $1,398 in 1992 and 9 percent above the average for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992.
Labor and management income
The average operator's share of labor and man- agement income for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992 on all northern Illinois recordkeeping farms (located north of a line from Kankakee to Moline) was $19,546. Operators on 1,700 grain and hog farms in central Illinois had 5-year average earn- ings of $26,977 (Table 2). Central Illinois occupies the area between the Kankakee-Moline line in the north and the Mattoon-Alton line in the south. Smaller
Table 2. Operator's Five-Year Average Share of Labor and Management Income by Size and Type of Farm, 1988 Through 1992
Number of acres per farm
Under 340 to 340 649 650+ All
Northern Illinois
Acres of tillable land 239 471 935 572
Labor and management earnings by type of farm
Grain $ 5,91 9 $1 7,962 $29,91 4 $21 ,822
Hog 1 3,444 1 9,758 28,995 1 9,301
Beef3 830 6,086 10,898 6,482
Dairy 16,092 22,420 . . . d 18,578
All 10,804 17,797 28,043 19,546
Central Illinois
Acres of tillable
land 266 499 958 701
Labor and management earnings by type of farm
Grain" $11,048 $21,947 $41,067 $30,534
Grainc 5,386 17,136 30,837 23,795
Hog 12,575 19,709 31,501 21,778
All 9,967 20,029 36,273 26,977
Southern Illinois
Acres of tillable
land 256 584 1,132 771
Labor and management earnings by type of farm
Grain $ 8,864 $14,704 $27,309 $21,914
Hog 11,392 25,047 ...d 21,863
Dairy 26,977 33,048 . . . d 30,237
All 14,763 20,933 27,309 22,728
a Includes central Illinois.
b Highly productive soils with soil-productivity ratings from 86 to 100.
c Heavy-till and transition soils with soil-productivity ratings from 56 to 85.
d Data not available.
farms and variable soil quality in northern Illinois have generated smaller earnings from crops. The farms in northern Illinois typically average 5 to 10 percent lower crop yields than those in central Illinois.
Northern Illinois has a heavier concentration of livestock, which, except for hogs, had higher earnings in 1 992 compared to 1991. The difference in earnings between central and northern Illinois increased by $2,552 in a comparison of the 5-year averages for the periods from 1987 through 1991 and from 1988 through 1992. The northern Illinois area in general suffered more from frost damage during the early growing season and a late, wet fall than central Illinois. The recordkeeping farms in northern Illinois aver- aged 572 tillable acres per farm, compared with an average of 701 tillable acres on farms in central Illinois.
The figure for labor and management income varies considerably, depending on the location and type of farm. For the period from 1988 through 1992, operators in southern Illinois averaged $22,728 for labor and management. This average increased by $2,070, compared with the average for the 5-year period from 1987 through 1991. When the average earnings for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992 are compared with the earnings from 1987
through 1991, earnings increased in all areas of the state.
In 1992, the labor and management income for all areas of Illinois averaged $37,965 per farm. This figure is $27,512 above the 1991 state average. The higher returns were a result of record corn and soybean yields and higher returns to cattle and milk producers. The average corn yield for all farms in the study was 42 bushels per acre above 1991 and 1 1 bushels higher than the previous record. The average soybean yield tied the previous record high. Gross crop returns for grain farms were $58 per tillable acre higher in 1992 than in 1991. Prices received for slaughter cattle and milk were higher while market hog prices were lower. Returns were unusually consistent across the central and southern Illinois areas and lower in northern Illinois.
The income or salary of the farm operator — whether tenant or part-owner — is the return for the labor and management provided by the operator. The level of income received is a measure of overall farming efficiency and includes compensation for the risk involved. The income includes the operator's gross sales and the net change in inventory. This income is reduced by operating expenses, deprecia- tion, a charge for unpaid family labor, 7 percent interest on nonland investment, and a land-use charge equivalent to the average net rent received by land- owners for crop-share leases from 1988 to 1991.
Whenever the income figures in Table 2 fall below the amounts required for living expenses and income and Social Security taxes, operators must use the charges deducted for interest on equity capital to pay these expenses. If we assume that $35,000 is needed to pay living expenses and income and Social Security taxes, these figures for 5-year average, labor and management income indicate that to pay these expenses, the average farm operator's family uses between $5,000 and $30,000 of the return for equity capital, depending on the location and type of farm. Using part of the return to equity to pay family living expenses indicates that the farm operator is not receiving a competitive return to either his labor and management or his equity in the business. Off-farm income could be used to pay for some of the family living expenses.
Family living expenditures
Total cash living expenditures for a sample of 452 central Illinois, sole-proprietor, farm-operator families in 1992 averaged $34,336 (Table 3). This figure is 6 percent higher than the 1991 average. Capital purchases for family living expenses of $4,745 include the family's share of the auto, plus items that exceed $250 and will last more than one year. Capital purchases for family living were 1 2 percent of the total cash outlay for all family living expenditures in 1992.
Table 3. Average Sources and Uses of Funds Over a Four- Year Period and by Noncapital Living Expenses for Selected Illinois Farms
Tillable acres farmed 755
Acres owned 1 32
Farm assets, January 1b $426,539
Farm assets, December 31 b 450,722
Liabilities, January 1 21 8,402
Liabilities, December 31 229,076
Net farm income 55,759
Source of dollars
Net nonfarm income $ 12,166
Money borrowed 1 44,676
Farm receipts 193,259
Total sources $350,101
Use of dollars
Interest paid $ 16,006
Cash operating expenses 125.392
Capital farm purchases 19,867
Payments on principal 134,566
Income and Social Security taxes 10,172
Net new savings and investment 5,017
Total living expenses $ 34,336
Living — capital purchases _ 4,745
Total uses $350,101
731
131
$381,588
383,283
198,764
202,708
30,596
$ 12,226 118,446 177,832
$308,504
$ 15,550
111,037
22,829
113,510
11,326
-2,646
$ 32,480
4,418
$308,504
719
120
$358,394
384,363
183,161
203,168
50,825
$ 12,624 116,122 180,737
$309,483
15,070 112,943
27,834
98,101 9,444 9,710
32,090 4,291
$
$309,483
709
119
$335,756
335,420
175,939
182,841
45,047
$ 10,502
90,394
156,717
$257,613
$ 13,850
97,737
18,299
85,797
8,040
1,070
$ 28,499
4,321
$257,613
All records, average per farm |
Family of 3 to 5, 1992a |
|||
1992 |
1991 1990 |
1989 |
High-third Low-third |
|
Number of farms |
452 |
456 408 |
402 |
94 94 |
943
149
$517,932
549,902
309,592
339,448
69,859
$ 11,289 258,791 259,747
$529,827
$ 24,294
172,623
25,366
228,715
1 1 ,280
13,028
$ 49,833
4,688
$529,827
639
110
$349,679
370,201
173,931
177,736
45,141
$ 10,617
92,795
166,444
$269,856
$ 12,564
112,067
16,261
89,414
7,574
4,411
$ 23,661
3,904
$269,856
a Records were sorted into thirds according to total noncapital living expenses.
b Modified-cost basis, except the land value, which was held at the same current value for January 1 and December 31.
The average farmer in this sample paid $16,006 in interest in 1992 on operating, machinery, and long- term real estate debts. This interest expense was 1 1 percent of total operating expenses (including interest paid) and 8 percent of total farm receipts, or $21 per tillable acre farmed in 1992. The average amount of interest paid in 1992 was $456 more than the amount paid in 1991. This is the fourth year in a row that the amount of interest paid exceeded the amount paid in the previous year.
The most significant financial facts about 1992 are as follows:
• Net farm income, plus net nonfarm income, was $18,672 more than the sum of family living capital purchases, total living expenses, and payments for income and Social Security taxes. This was the largest this margin has been since the 1970s;
• Liabilities of $229,076 as of December 31, 1992, were 51 cents for each dollar of farm-only assets, including land at current value and machinery at depreciated value. The 51 cents was the same as 1989 and lowest of any year in the last decade;
• Capital purchases of $19,867 dropped for the sec- ond year in a row, averaging $26 per tillable acre. That compared to $39 per tillable acre in 1990 and $31 in 1991;
• The amount of money borrowed exceeded principal payments for the fourth year in a row, after three years in which principal payments exceeded money borrowed;
• The amount of noncapital living expenses per till-
able acre farmed was $45, which was the highest amount in recent years; • Income and Social Security taxes paid decreased by $ 1 , 1 54 but the total amount of taxes paid, $10,172, was the second largest amount since this study began.
The 1992 records from three- to five-member families were sorted into high one-third and low one- third groups according to the family's total living expenses (see Table 3). The total cash living expenses for the high-third group averaged $49,833, compared with $23,661 for the low-third group. The high-third group farmed 304 more acres than the other group and owned 16 percent of the land farmed; the low- third group owned 17 percent of the land farmed. The results indicate that the high-third group had more nonfarm taxable income. The high-third group had 91 percent more outstanding debt and a higher net farm income. When net farm income is added to net nonfarm income, and total family living ex- penses— including capital purchases for family liv- ing— and payments for income and Social Security tax are subtracted, the low one-third group had $5,272 more dollars remaining than the high one- third group.
Living expenses included cash expenditures for food, operating expenses, clothing, personal items, recreation, entertainment, education, transportation, life insurance, contributions, and medical expenses. The sample of 452 farms contained 54 more tillable acres than the average of all the recordkeeping farms
in the state. Management was also considered slightly above average. In view of these factors, average total living expenses for all recordkeeping families (ex- cluding capital purchases) are estimated to be between $27,000 and $29,000 or 15 to 20 percent below the average total living expenses of these 452 central Illinois farms. When the $12,166 net nonfarm income for 1992 is used for living expenses, the remaining $26,915 must be generated from the farm business to pay the $39,081 used for total living expenses including family living capital purchases. The figure, $26,915, amounts to $36 per tillable acre farmed.
Income changes on Illinois farms
The average operator's net farm income for all farms in 1992 was $54,097; it was $25,502 in 1991 (Table 4). Operator net farm incomes decrease stead- ily as a higher percent of gross farm returns is used to pay interest. On the average, when more than 25 to 30 percent of gross farm returns is used to pay interest, the operator's net farm income is usually negative. Due to the higher incomes in 1992, a net farm income did not become negative until 30 to 35 percent of the gross farm returns were used to pay interest. Interest paid as a part of gross farm returns for all operators averaged 7.9 percent in 1992; 9.9 in 1991; 8.8 in 1990; 8.9 in 1989; and 9.8 in 1988.
Comparative costs and returns between years and among major types of farming operations in northern and central, and in southern Illinois are reported in Tables 5, 7, and 8. The separation of farms into northern and central, and southern Illinois is based on soil-type regions that divide the state approxi- mately on an east-west line from Mattoon to Alton. The sample consisted of grain, hog, beef, and dairy farms having between 340 and 799 acres or an average of 568 acres. Labor available on farms of this size averaged 13 months on grain farms, 24 months on hog farms, 18 months on beef farms, and 27 months on dairy farms. The data in the tables are presented as if the farms were all owner operated. For leased farms, the landlord and tenant shares of the business were combined. Depending on the lo- cation, between 55 and 75 percent of the land in Illinois is tenant operated, primarily under crop-share, some cash-rent, and a small number of livestock-share leases.
Size of farm, type of farm, quality of soil, and managerial inputs have been held reasonably constant by the sampling procedure used in selecting farms within each category. Variations among figures for 1 990, 1 99 1 , and the 5-year average are due to changes in farm prices and to costs, weather, and internal farming adjustments. The data in Tables 5, 7, and 8 are particularly helpful for comparing types of farm- ing and for evaluating changes in farm costs and returns for a particular size and kind of farm. The data do not reflect overall farming adjustments due
to the enlargement of farms or to major changes in the use of resources.
The figure for net farm income comprises returns to the farm family for all unpaid labor, interest on all invested capital, and the managerial inputs used in farming. Changes in the value of farm inventories and that of consumed farm products are included as income. Net farm income is calculated by accounting methods comparable to. the accrual method used in calculating taxable farm income for the federal in- come tax. Two important differences in the accrual method of income tax accounting should be noted: the provision for capital gains on livestock sales, which was in effect until 1987, and the inclusion of interest paid as a farm expense. The operator's share of net farm income, which is listed below total net farm income in many tables, does have the interest expense deducted from it.
The figures for net farm income are the amount available from the farm business for living costs, income and Social Security taxes, debts, new invest- ments, and savings. Interest must also be paid from total net farm income, but not the operator's share because it has already been subtracted. New capital investments for the farm business have been included with total cash expenditures. Although the cash bal- ance reflects the cash position of the farm business, the figure is influenced by purchases and sales of feed and livestock and by changes in liabilities and bor- rowed funds.
The investment per farm is established as an average of the investments in farm inventory on January 1 and December 31. Physical quantities of grain and livestock are valued at farm market prices. Machinery, buildings, and soil fertility are valued at the remaining capital cost: original cost less deprecia- tion as allowed for income tax deductions to date. Land is priced at current values, with the same value used for the beginning- and end-of-the-year land inventories. A base land value is established for each farm on the basis of a soil-productivity rating adjusted to a current value each year by using the February index of land prices in Illinois. The procedure used for adjusting the land value is described in the defi- nitions of soil-productivity rating and of the value of land (the current basis) on pages 2 and 3. The annual change in land values represents an adjustment in accounting to bring land values to current market levels. The land adjustment index for 1992 was 6 percent above that of 1991.
Northern and central Illinois farms
Grain farms. The net farm income for northern and central Illinois grain farms having 340 to 799 acres and no livestock averaged $97,655 in 1992, with the operator's and landlord's shares combined (Table 5). This income was $33,114 above that of 1991 and $19,779 above the 5-year average income
Table 4. Percent of Illinois Farms and Operator Net Farm Income by Interest Paid as a Percent of Gross Farm Returns, 1988 Through 1992
Under 10
10-14.9
Interest paid as a percent of gross farm returns
15-19.9
20-24.9
25-29.9
30-34.9
35+
All
Percent of farms
1988 62
1989 65
1990 65
1991 59
1992 69
Net farm income
1988 $32,526
1989 51,632
1990 56,786
1991 36,437
1992 60,758
15 |
9 |
6 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
100 |
15 |
9 |
5 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
100 |
16 |
9 |
5 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
100 |
16 |
10 |
6 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
100 |
16 |
7 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
100 |
$24,040 |
$14,720 |
$ 8,712 |
$ -799 |
$-6,419 |
$-19,517 |
$24,917 |
42,415 |
31,688 |
23,894 |
14,677 |
61 |
-2,990 |
44,652 |
41 ,803 |
34,008 |
27,946 |
19,210 |
5,407 |
-13,768 |
48,211 |
21,663 |
12,110 |
3,850 |
95 |
-6,907 |
-30,034 |
25,502 |
50,713 |
35,264 |
28,201 |
11,267 |
7,738 |
-19,068 |
54,097 |
from 1 988 through 1 992. This income was the highest of any during the last decade. The next highest was $87,883 in 1989. The value of farm production was also the highest of any of the last ten years, increasing by $36,937 compared to 1991. The value of farm production increased due to a $17,363 increase in inventory value and a $8,342 increase in accounts receivable. Net cash operating income was actually slightly less than the year before. Total operating expenses increased only $897. Depreciation expense increased from $10,612 in 1991 to $10,908 in 1992. The amount of annual depreciation of these farms is now about half of the depreciation these farms had eight years ago.
The main factor causing incomes on northern and central Illinois grain farms to increase as com- pared to the year before was the record-high corn and soybean yields. The average corn yield on these farms in 1992 was 162 bushels per acre, compared to 116 in 1991. The average soybean yield was 47 bushels per acre, compared to 41 the year before. Corn was inventoried 30 cents lower at the end of 1992 compared to the beginning, while soybeans were inventoried at the same price. The increase in ac- counts receivable was due to an increase in accrued deficiency payments from the government farm pro- gram. Most farmers continue to participate in the government farm program, setting aside 5 percent of their corn acreage base.
The average price received in 1992 for corn and soybeans was slightly lower than the year before. The average price received for old crop corn was slightly lower than the inventory price at the beginning of the year while the soybean price was higher than the beginning-of-the-year inventory price. This resulted in a positive marketing margin for soybeans and a negative marketing margin for corn. Cash operating expenses increased by 3 percent and depreciation increased by 3 percent. Capital purchases of $13,259 in 1992 were $1,715 less than in 1991.
While accrual net farm incomes increased
$33,1 14, net cash incomes decreased $1,258. A major reason for the difference is due to a large inventory increase which only affects the accrual income. Cash operating income decreased $638. Management re- turns were $21,1 86, the highest in a number of years. The last five-year average is $1,531. The rate earned on investment was 6.10 percent, compared with 3.86 percent in 1991 and the last 5-year average of 5.16 percent. This rate earned on investment for grain farms was the second lowest rate earned in 1992 for any type of farm.
A study of the cost to grow corn and soybeans on central Illinois farms is summarized in Table 6. These farms had a soil-productivity index ranging from 86 to 100. The farms used 97 percent df their tillable land to grow corn and soybeans, with 49.9 percent of the acres in corn and 46.6 percent in soybeans. The table compares 1992 costs per acre with the 1991 costs. In 1992, the total cost per acre averaged $344 for corn and $276 for soybeans. From 1991 to 1992, it decreased 1 percent for soybeans and did not change for corn.
Nonland costs of $1.29 per bushel for corn and $3.24 for soybeans in 1992 are the most relevant costs for continuing production in the short run, especially where land is free of debt. Although the total costs to produce a bushel of corn and soybeans did not change much from 1991 to 1992, the total costs per bushel decreased due to higher yields. Total costs per bushel decreased 68 cents for corn and 41 cents for soybeans. If the 1992 yields had been 150 for corn and 48 for soybeans or the same as the average for the period from 1989 through 1992, the total cost per bushel would have been $2.29 for corn and $5.75 for soybeans. These costs do not include a charge for management.
The cost of fertility for soybeans was allocated on the basis of phosphorus, potassium, and lime removals, with the residual allocated to corn. The total unpaid labor charge was based on the labor available. The nonland interest rate was 7 percent of
8
Table 5. Averages for Selected Total Farm Items on 340- to 799-Acre Northern and Central Illinois Grain, Hog, and Beef Farms
Grain farms
1992
1991
1988-1992 average
Hog farms
1992
1991
1988-1992 average
Beef farms
1992
1991
1988-1992 average
Number of farms
744
787
803
177
203
216
46
52
49
$ 166,295 $ 162,514
Total acres 578 577
Soil-productivity
rating 86 86
Cash operating
income $ 166,197 $ 167,054 $
Less purchased
feed and livestock . . 540 759
Net cash operating
income $ 165,657
Accounts receivable
change 8,342
Inventory change 17,363
Farm products used . . 239
Value of farm
production $ 191,601 $ 154,664 $
Total cash operating
expenses 81 ,306 79,094
Prepaid-unpaid
change 1,732
Annual depreciation. . 10,908
Net farm income $ 97,655 $
570
87
166,625
4,111
-1,101
-10,777
247
-969
5,010
265
(Operator's share)3 . Unpaid labor charge Returns to capital
and management. Interest charge on
capital
(42,895) 17,796
79,859
58,673
417 10,612 _
64,541 $
(21,119) 16,759
166,820 77,475
292
11,177
47,782 61,519
77,876
(31,009) 16,039
61,837
60,306
Management returns
Total cash incomeb Total cash expenditures" . . .
Cash balance
Capital purchases .
Farm Investment:
Livestock inventory Grain inventory. . . . Remaining capital cost in:
Machinery and auto Buildings and fence Soil fertility
Value of land (current basis)
$ 21,186
167,536
94,891
$ -13,737 $
168,499
94,596
1,531
168,092
94,593
$ 72,645 13,259
5 172
107,182
25,354
14,724
60
73,903 $ 14,974
232 $ 102,803
73,499 13,254
199 100,686
23,172 20,395
15,344 16,870
71 61
$1,162,640 $1,096,531 $1,061,245
Total farm investment $1,310,132 $1,238,153 $1,199,456
Rate earned on investment, percent 6.10 3.86 5.16
557
81
$ 337,375
112,758
550
81
$ 332,478
96,515
550
82
$ 329,033
103,188
$ 224,617 $ 235,963 $ 225,845
7,271
14,452
528
-941
-21,712
579
-568
4,849
582
$ 246,868 $ 213,889 $ 230,708
120,251
1,537 23,303
115,501 111,697
-20 21,729
-166 24,765
$ 101,777 $ 76,679 $ 94,412
(47,112) 20,703
81,074
63,858
(27,011) 19,850
56,829
69,212
(42,696) 19,389
75,023
69,517
$ 17,216
338,316
256,299
$ 82,017 23,448
$ 103,241 98,576
42,656
48,707
63
$ -12,383
333,821
239,090
$ 94,731 27,232
$ 97,374 98,349
$ 5,506
330,163
240,768
$ 89,395 26,057
$ 98,268 93,347
36,910 35,579
49,363 51,242
122 120
$ 998,551 $ 940,654 $ 926,202
$1,291,794 $1,222,772 $1,204,758 6.28 4.65 6.23
534
78
$ 505,538
335,305
525 76 $ 486,023 $ 289,894
527
78
524,693
333,941
$ 170,233 $ 196,129 $ 190,752
9,044
23,283
955
-1,588
-37,390
1,107
-235
3,580
973
$ 203,515
97,551
309 17,437
$ 158,258 $
96,867
2,166 21,988
195,070
96,959
421 22,389
$ 88,218 $ 37,237 $
(40,560) 18,848
(-5,238) 19,457
69,370 65,368
17,780 72,373
75,301
(26,780) 17,413
57,888
74,761
$ 4,002
507,000
$ -54,593 $
486,345
-16,873
525,602
449,147 409,871 452,664
$ 57,853 16,341
$ 224,131 92,376
35,297
39,537
0
$ 76,474 $ 23,128
$ 206,184 $ 93,796
72,938 21,825
219,294 87,531
39,689 34,031
45,369 46,408
2,630 527
$ 887,264 $ 815,506 $ 822,587
$1,278,605 5.43
$1,203,174 $1,210,377 1.48 4.78
a Interest expense deducted from operator's share only. Shown in parentheses b Includes sales or purchases of capital Items.
because it pertains to operator's net farm Income only.
one-half the average of the beginning- and end-of- year inventory values for the crops on hand, plus one-half the cash-operating expenses (excluding in- terest paid), plus the depreciated value of machinery and buildings. The adjusted net rent was the average net rent received by crop-share landlords as reported on recordkeeping farms for the period from 1988 through 1992.
Hog farms. The net farm income in 1992 for northern and central Illinois hog farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged $101,777, with the operator's
and landlord's shares combined (Table 5). Net in- comes were $25,098 higher than net incomes in 1 99 1 , and $7,365 higher than the average for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992. The net farm in- comes for this group in 1992 were the third highest for any year out of the last 10 years. Earnings for these type of farms were record-high in 1990. Incomes for this type of farm were the second highest for any type of farm in 1992 and for the average of 1988 through 1992. Higher grain yields resulted in a $14,452 inventory increase in 1992 compared to a
$21,712 decrease in 1991. Net cash operating income was actually lower in 1992 than in 1991. The value of farm production increased 15 percent and cash operating expenses other than feed increased 4 per- cent.
Management returns were $17,216, an increase of $29,599 from 1991 returns and $11,710 above the 5-year average from 1988 through 1992. Capital purchases decreased by $3,784, compared with 1 991 's purchases, and were $2,609 below the 1988 through 1992 average. Cash livestock sales increased by $12,366 compared with 1991 figures. The average number of litters farrowed for this group was 266, the highest ever.
Higher earnings caused the rate earned on in- vestment to increase to 6.28 percent in 1992, com- pared with 4.65 percent in 1991. This was the highest for any type of farm in northern and central Illinois. The 5-year average rate was 6.23 percent. The 5- year average earning rate was the second highest of any type of farm in northern and central Illinois.
Beef farms. The net farm income for northern and central Illinois beef farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged $88,218 in 1992, with the operator's
Table 6. Average Cost per Tillable Acre to Grow Corn and Soybeans on Central Illinois Grain Farms with No Livestock
Corn
1992
1991
Number of farms 615
631
Acres grown per farm. . . 403
Yield per acre, bu 176
Variable nonland costs
Soil fertility $ 52
Pesticides 24
Seed 24
Drying and storage 14
Machinery repairs, fuel,
and hire 26
Total, variable costs. . . $140 Other nonland costs
Labor $ 30
Buildings and storage ... 6 Machinery depreciation 20
Nonland interest 18
Overhead 13
Total, other costs $ 87
Total, nonland costs . . $227 Land costs
Taxes $ 20
Adjusted net rent 97
Total, land costs $117
Total, all costs $344
368 131
$ 55
24
23
8
27
$137
$ 29
6
19
23
12
$ 89 $226
$ 20 98
$118
$344
Nonland cost per bu .... $ 1 .29 $ 1 .73 Total, all costs per bu ... $ 1.95 $ 2.63
Average yield,
past 4 years 1 50 1 27
Total, all costs per bu. . . $ 2.29 $ 2.71
Soybeans
1992
1991
615
631
377 49
$ 17
25
13
6
22
$ 83
$ 28
3
16
16
13
$ 76 $159
$ 20 97
$117 $276
352 46
$ 18
25
13
4
23
$ 83
$ 27
3
15
20
12
$ 77 $160
$ 20 98
$118
$278
3.24 5.63
3.48 6.04
48
5.75
43 6.47
and landlord's shares combined (Table 5). This figure was $50,98 1 higher than the 1 99 1 figure and $ 1 2,9 1 7 higher than the average from 1988 through 1992.
Higher slaughter cattle prices and inventory val- ues contributed to the higher earnings. The average price received for fat cattle increased 1 percent in 1992 compared with 1991. The average price paid to replace feeder cattle decreased 5 percent. Com- pared with 1991, the value of farm production in- creased by $45,257, or 29 percent. It was $8,445 above the 5-year average for 1988 through 1992. The 1991 value of production was the lowest of any in the last 10 years, and the 1990 value of farm production was the highest of any of the preceding 10 years. These farms produced 2,388 hundred- weight of beef per farm, or the weight-gain equiva- lents of 503 head, each gaining 475 pounds.
Management returns of a $4,002 in 1992 for these farms were $58,595 above 1991 returns and $20,875 above the 5-year average from 1988 through 1992, which was a negative $16,873. The 1992 man- agement returns were the third highest of any year in the last 10 years. The only years that management returns have been positive in the last 10 years were in 1987, 1990, and 1992. Capital purchases were $16,341 in 1992 compared to $23,128 in 1991 and $21,825 for the 1988 through 1992 average. Cash operating expenses, excluding purchases of feed and livestock, increased 1 percent. The net cash balance for these farms was $57,853, or $18,621 less than in 1 99 1 and $ 15,085 below the average for 1 988 through 1992. The net cash balance for these farms in 1992 was the lowest for any year out of the last 10 years.
Cost and returns to produce beef from 1989 through 1992, based on a detailed breakdown of individual costs from a selected sample of beef farms, are shown in Table 14. Total returns exceeded total costs in 1992. This analysis is discussed in detail under the livestock section on feeder-cattle enterprises.
The average rate earned on investment increased from 1.48 percent in 1991 to 5.43 percent in 1992. The 5-year average rate earned on investment from 1988 through 1992 was 4.78 percent. The 1992 and the 1988 through 1992 average rate earned on in- vestment is the lowest for any type of farm. The average total farm investment was $1,278,605. The average investment in cattle of $92,376 therefore represents the third highest of any year during the last eight years.
Farms on which beef cattle are raised or fed continue to compete for resources in Illinois, where nonmarketable resources, such as roughage, labor, and buildings, or very high levels of management are available. Lower feeder cattle prices along with stable feed costs helped increase returns in 1992 to feeder- cattle enterprises. In recent years, this type of farm has survived primarily where there are large amounts of debt-free capital that has been combined with very high levels of management.
10
Dairy farms. The net farm income for northern and central Illinois dairy farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged $84,861 in 1992, with the operator's and landlord's shares combined (Table 7). This figure was $20,653 above the 1991 figure and $1,547 above the 5-year average from 1988 through 1992. The 1991 income was the lowest of any of the last 6 years. The average number of cows on these farms was 74, four above the average for 1991.
Higher milk prices which increased cash oper- ating income and higher crop yields which increased the value of inventories resulted in higher value of production and net farm income. The value of farm production was $220,358, 5 percent above the av- erage for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992. Cash operating expenses increased 7 percent in 1992 compared to 1991. A detailed breakdown of the cost of producing milk can be found in Table 16. Man- agement returns of $8,640 were $27,155 above 1991 and $5,1 16 above the average for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992. For the last 10 years, management returns were positive 4 years. Capital purchases increased to $26,432 compared to $2 1 ,95 1 and the 1988 through 1992 average of $23,215.
The 1992 rate earned on investment for these farms was 6.16 percent; the 1991 rate was 4.14 percent. The 5-year average rate earned on invest- ment was 6.70 percent. The 1992 rate earned on investment was the second highest for any type of farm in central and northern Illinois. The average price received for milk in 1992 was 12 percent higher than the average price received in 1991. At the beginning of 1992, milk prices were above prices received in 1991 and continued to be higher until the last two months. Milk prices received for the first half of 1993 are similar to the first half of 1992. However, dairy producers may face higher feed costs due to a short supply of hay and other roughages caused by unseasonable wet conditions during the summer of 1993.
The price received for beef from all cull animals and vealers sold from the dairy herd can be an important factor in determining total returns. When beef prices were high, those sales accounted for as much as 20 percent of the total income from the dairy enterprise. But when the beef prices are low, this source of income is only 10 to 12 percent of the total. In 1992, the returns from beef accounted for 16 percent of the total returns to the dairy herd, in comparison with 17 percent in 1991.
Southern Illinois farms
Grain farms. The net farm income for southern Illinois grain farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged $73,875 in 1992, with the landlord's and operator's shares combined (Table 8). This income is $26,257 above net farm income in 1991 and $14,054 above the average from 1988 through 1992. Higher corn
Table 7. Averages for Selected Total Farm Items on 340- to 799-Acre Northern Illinois Dairy Farms
1992 |
1991 |
1988-1992 average |
Number of farms 62 |
65 |
60 |
Total acres 470 Soil-productivity rating 71 Cash operating income . . .$ 256,764 Less purchased feed and livestock 53,320 |
479 71 $ 250,972 50,142 $ 200,830 -681 -11,996 2,272 $ 190,425 106,651 775 18,791 $ 64,208 (28,683) 25,825 38,383 56,898 $ -18,515 253,834 177,451 $ 76,383 21,951 $ 119,491 74,253 40,523 50,108 895 642,402 $ 927,672 4.14 |
472 71 $ 256,578 53,458 $ 203,120 -61 5,106 2,314 $ 210,479 105,655 -35 21,545 $ 83,314 (46,802) 24,453 58,861 55,337 $ 3,524 257,473 180,895 $ 76 578 |
Net cash operating income $ 203 444 |
||
Accounts receivable change 5,552 Inventory change 9,1 53 Farm products used 2,209 Value of farm production . .$ 220,358 Total cash operating expenses 1 13,643 Prepaid-unpaid change .. . 174 Annual depreciation 21 ,680 Net farm income $ 84,861 (Operator's share)3 (44,927) Unpaid labor charge 26,661 Returns to capital and management 58,200 Interest charge on capital 49,560 Management returns $ 8,640 Total cash incomeb 257,207 Total cash expenditures" 191,863 Cash balance $ 65,344 |
||
Capital purchases 26,432 FARM INVESTMENT Livestock inventory $ 111 ,234 Grain inventory 66,888 Remaining capital cost in: Machinery and auto 45,006 Buildings and fence 49,102 Soil fertility 79 Value of land (current basis) 673,092 |
23,215 $ 108,085 66,229 37,303 54,603 400 611,540 |
|
Total farm investment $ 945,401 Rate earned on investment, percent — 6.16 |
$ 878,160 6.70 |
a Interest expense deducted from operators share only b Includes sales or purchases of capital items.
and soybean yields resulted in increased cash oper- ating income and a $17,828 increase in inventories. These increases resulted in the value of farm pro- duction to increase $28,293, or 23 percent in 1992 compared to 1991. Corn yields were 47 bushels per acre higher and soybean yields were 4 bushels per acre higher in 1992 compared to 1991. Farm oper- ating expenses increased slightly while depreciation expenses dropped $194. The cash balance of $55,323 was $8,337 above 1991 and the highest since 1989.
Capital purchases were $1 1,007 in 1992, $1,087 less than 1991 and $2,190 below the 5-year average for 1988 through 1992. Capital purchases were the lowest since 1987. Capital purchases in 1992 equaled $19 per tillable acre compared to $43 per tillable acre in 1981.
Management returns for these farms of $19,161 was the highest of any year during the last 10 years.
11
Table 8. Averages for Selected Total Farm Items on 340- to 799-Acre Southern Illinois Grain, Hog, and Dairy Farms
Grain farms
1992 1991
Number of farms 231 224
Total acres 585 591
Soil-productivity
rating 59 60
Cash operating
income $141 ,545 $1 32,623
Less purchased
feed and livestock . . 8,795 9,088
Net cash operating
income $1 32,750 $1 23,535
Accounts receivable
change 1 ,51 7 -85
Inventory change 17,828 482
Farm products used . . 803 673
Value of farm
production $1 52,898 $1 24,605
Total cash operating
expenses 68,927 66,319
Prepaid-unpaid
change 167 545
Annual depreciation. . . 9,929 10,123
Net farm income $ 73,875 $ 47,618
(Operator's share)3 . . . (38,531) (14,246)
Unpaid labor charge . . 1 8,325 1 7,41 8 Returns to capital
and management. . . 55,550 30,200 Interest charge on
capital 36,389 39,608
Management returns $ 19,161 $ -9,408
Total cash incomeb . . . 143,349 133,939 Tots I cssh
expendituresb 88,026 86,953
Cash balance $ 55,323 $ 46,986
Capital purchases .... 11 ,007 1 2,094
FARM INVESTMENT
Livestock inventory .. . $13,640 $11,457
Grain inventory 73,739 66,843
Remaining capital cost in:
Machinery and auto 25,449 26,152
Buildings and fence 8,438 7,446
Soil fertility 55 57
Value of land
(current basis) 662,908 650,945
Total farm investment $784,229 $762,900
Rate earned on
investment, percent 7.08 3.96
a Interest expense deducted from operator's share only. b Includes sales or purchases of capital items.
1988-1992 average
Hog farms
1992
1991
1988-1992 average
Dairy farms
1992
1991
1988-1992 average
244
59
83
81
28
39
39
583 60
$140,713 10,587
$130,126
-8
5,686
893
$136,697
65,894
-86 11,068
$ 59,821
(25,550) 16,796
43,025
38,841
$ 4,184
142,026
88,926
$ 53,100 13,197
$ 13,290 66,770
22,525
8,896
50
622,700
$734,231
5.86
567 59
$274,925 92,458
559 58
$247,854 74,472
747
17,624
1,044
$201,882
98,365
1,271
17,388
$ 84,858
(42,903) 19,640
65,218
42,938
$ 22,280
275,333
205,279
$ 70,054 15,173
$ 78,702 73,844
30,664
30,734
62
-161
-14,759
845
$159,307
88,382
-142
15,875
$ 55,192
(21,770) 19,816
35,376
44,267 $ -8,891
248,187
$ 67,706 18,100
$ 75,412 63,245
29,721
23,269
61
557 59
$264,471 84,384
$182,467 $173,382 $180,087
-73
4,073
974
$185,061
91,265
57 19,236
$ 74,503
(37,771) 18,664
55,839
46,661
$ 9,178
265,733
180,481 195,398
$ 70,335 20,323
$ 77,375 67,786
28,584
31,510
59
638,043 566,733 540,853
$852,049 $758,441 $746,167 7.65 4.66 7.48
499 60
$319,735 74,120
525 59
$306,596 73,217
511 60
$306,134 68,174
$245,615 $233,379 $237,960
398
22,042
2,694
$270,749
125,612
-3,798
24,432
$124,503
(89,481) 26,384
98,119
48,129 $ 49,990
321 ,354
-125 3,228 1,957
$238,439
123,924
1,836 22,688
136
10,789
2,507
$251 ,392
116,385
-956 24,542
$ 89,991 $111,421
(55,246) 26,465
63,526
57,693 $ 5,833
306,930
(77,281) 24,564
86,857
53,888 $ 32,969
306,773
229,041 216,025 211,044
$ 92,313 31,061
$154,146 68,911
59,299
28,489
0
$ 90,905 20,094
$157,724 66,966
61,839
33,864
0
$ 95,729 28,119
$135,309 66,007
50,505
30,894
0
568,599 572,338 545,123
$879,444 $892,731 $827,838 11.16 7.12 10.49
The second highest was $11,439 in 1989. The 5- year average from 1988 through 1992 for manage- ment returns was $4,184. The rate earned on in- vestment increased in 1992 to 7.08 percent; in 1991, this rate was 3.96 percent. This was the lowest rate earned on investment for any type of farm in southern Illinois. The average rate earned on investment for the period from 1988 through 1992 was 5.86 percent and below the average rates for any other types of farms in southern Illinois.
Hog farms. The net farm income for southern Illinois hog farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged
$84,858 in 1992, with the landlord's and operator's shares combined (Table 8). This income was $29,666 higher than net farm income in 1991 and $10,355 higher than the average net farm income of $74,503 earned from 1988 through 1992. Stable hog prices and higher corn and soybean yields were the main factors in the increase in earnings. The value of farm production was up $42,575, or 27 percent, in 1992 compared to 1991.
Management returns for 1992 were $22,280, compared to a negative $8,891 in 1991 and $9,178 for the 5-year period from 1988 through 1992.
12
Management returns were at their third highest for any year during the last 10 years. Capital purchases were $15,173 in 1992, $2,927 lower than 1991 and $5,150 lower than the 1988 through 1992 average. Cash operating expenses increased $9,983, or 1 1 percent; depreciation increased $1,513 but was still $1,848 below the average for 1988 through 1992.
As with central and northern Illinois hog farms, the rate earned on investment by southern Illinois hog farms increased significantly. In 1992, the rate increased to 7.65 percent from 4.66 percent in 1991. The average rate earned on investment for the period from 1988 through 1992 was 7.48 percent. The rate earned on investment in this 5-year period for this type of farm was the second highest of any type of participating farm in Illinois. The 1992 rate earned on investment was the second highest of any type of farm.
Dairy farms. The net farm income in 1992 for southern Illinois dairy farms having 340 to 799 acres averaged $124,503, with the operator's and land- lord's shares combined (Table 8). This figure is $34,512 above the net farm income earned in 1991 and $13,082 above the average for the period from 1988 through 1992. This net farm income was the highest earned by any type of participating farm of this size in Illinois in 1992. Higher milk prices and higher grain yields caused the value of farm produc- tion to increase by $32,310 in 1992 compared to 1991. The 1992 value of farm production was the second highest for any year in the last decade. Net cash operating income increased by $12,236 in 1992 compared to 1991, while the value of grain and livestock inventories increased by $22,042. Cash op- erating expenses increased $1,688.
Capital purchases of $3 1 ,06 1 were $ 1 0,967 above
1991 capital purchases and $2,942 above the average capital purchases for 1988 through 1992.
Management returns for this type of farm were $49,990 in 1992; these returns were $5,833 in 1991. The 5-year average from 1988 through 1992 was $32,969. These types of farms had the highest man- agement returns for any types of farms in 1992. The rate earned on investment of 11.16 percent was the highest in the state for this size of participating farm. The average rate earned on investment in 1991 was 7.12 percent, and the 5-year average from 1988 through 1992 was 10.49 percent. The average rate earned on investment by these southern Illinois dairy farms from 1988 through 1992 was the highest of any type of participating farm with 340 to 799 acres in Illinois. In 1992, the average value of bare land on these farms was $1,241 per tillable acre. On northern Illinois dairy farms, this value was $1,717 per tillable acre.
The average number of milk cows per farm in
1992 was 100, compared with 96 in 1991, and 93, the past 5-year average. The average of 100 cows in 1992 was 26 more than the average on farms of
similar size and type in northern Illinois. In 1992, southern Illinois farms increased the size of their herds by 4 cows over the 1991 herd size, while northern Illinois farms also increased theirs by 4.
LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES
The return per $100 of feed fed from various livestock enterprises and the price of corn during each of the past 15 years are given in Table 9. Fifteen- year and 5-year averages are also shown. The differ- ence between the average return figure and a feed cost of $ 1 00 represents the margin available for labor, depreciation on equipment, cash expenses other than feed, interest on investment, and profit.
The margin needed to cover nonfeed costs varies with the kind of livestock and depends on the pro- portion of total production costs represented by feed. The 15-year averages from 1977 through 1991 rep- resent the approximate level of return at which farm- ers have been willing to maintain livestock production. The average may not represent a break-even return on all farms because some farmers may discount market prices for some of the resources used in producing livestock. If farmers already have facilities for livestock, they only need to cover direct operating costs to continue production. However, when livestock production is a new or a long-term enterprise, farmers hope to cover all fixed and variable costs. Otherwise they should not undertake the enterprise.
As individual farmers try to increase profits, they tend to curtail livestock production when the return per $100 of feed fed is below the 15-year average. This tendency on the part of producers causes supplies of livestock products to fluctuate.
In farrow-to-finish hog production, returns tend to follow a noticeably cyclical pattern (Table 9). They tend to exceed the 5-year average for one or 2 years and then drop below this average for one or 2 years. Returns per $100 feed fed of $166 in 1992 were slightly below the last 5-year average of $172.
The returns from feeder cattle vary greatly from year to year. The long-run averages shown in Table 10 indicate that the cattle-feeding business has not been paying average market rates for all resources used by the enterprise. The return of $146 per $100 feed fed for the most recent 5-year period (1988-92) was slightly below the previous 5-year period but above the 15-year average of $144 (Table 9). Above- average skills are needed in buying, selling, and feeding to meet the competition from other uses for time and money on farms with feeder cattle. Identi- fying cyclical income movements over a 15-year pe- riod in the beef-cattle industry is difficult because this industry is more complex and adjusts more slowly than other livestock enterprises.
The returns above feed costs for dairy enterprises of $1,398 per cow in 1992 were $121 above the 5-
13
Table 9. Returns per $100 of Feed Fed to Different Classes of Livestock
Feeder- |
|||||||
Farrow- |
Feeder- pig |
Feeder |
Dairy |
Beef |
Native |
Yearly |
|
to-finish |
pig produc- |
cattle |
cow |
cow |
sheep |
price |
|
Year |
hogs |
'inishing tion |
bought |
herds |
herds |
raised |
of corn |
1978 208
1979 136
1980 138
1981 138
1982 213
1983 141
1984 155
1985 166
1986 215
1987 217
1988 152
1989 162
1990 206
1991 168
1992 166
Averages
1978-1992 172
1978-1982 167
1983-1987 179
1988-1992 171
151 106 122 115 165
118 140 129 178 168
127 141 165 128 140
140 132 147
140
255 194 153 174 237
163 170 170 254 232
158 167 247 199 167
196 203 198 188
. . dollars . .
170 217
149 220
111 207
107 200
147 205
134 178
141 188
121 202
149 210 196 237
150 198 145 209 162 220 109 188 164 211
144 206
137 210
148 203
146 205
199 183 144 100
115
115 105 101 125 168
150
144 165 129 142
139 148 123 146
159
148
131
84
83
78 102 130 156 141
115 96 98 64
116
113
121
121
98
2.13 2.44 2.80 2.98 2.43
3.06 3.12 2.54 2.01 1.61
2.32 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.35
2.47 2.56 2.47 2.40
Table 10. Variation in Returns to Livestock Enterprise Units, 1988 Through 1992
Beef
Farrow- Feeder- herd
to-finish pig Feeder Dairy calves
hogs finishing cattle cattle sold
(per (per (per (per (per
cwt) cwt) cwt) cow) cow)a
Returns above cost of feed and purchased animals
1988 $14.01 $6.63 $20.56 $1,116 $157
1989 16.71 10.20 18.66 1,334 144
1990 27.15 15.79 25.74 1,471 203
1991 17.67 6.80 3.97 1,064 88
1992 16.45 9.39 25.40 1,398 125
Five-year average $18.40 $9.76 $18.87 $1,277 $143
Nonfeed costs, 1988 through 1992
Direct cash $ 6.60b $4.20° $13.10c $ 431c $ 30c
Other costs 10.21b 6.50° 11.05c 632 c 175c
Total $1 6.81 $1 0.70 $24.1 5 $1 ,063 $205
Nonfeed cost for future production
Direct cash $7.00 $ 4.35d $13.25d $ 440 $30
Other costs 16.00 7.00 15.00 800 200
Total $23.00 $1 1 .35 $28.25 $1 ,240 $230
a The feed cost for beef herds includes up to $60 of hay equivalent from salvage roughage.
b Estimates of annual nonfeed costs are based on enterprise cost studies of operative units from 1988 to 1992.
c Includes veterinary costs, utilities, fuel, equipment repair costs, and depreciation, from Table 6 in the Farm Management Manuals from 1988 to 1992.
d Includes interest on purchase cost: one-third year for feeder-pig finishing, and one- half year for feeder cattle.
year average of $1,277 (Table 10). These returns indicate that the average dairy enterprise has covered the total estimated cost of production of $1,063 per cow from 1988 through 1992.
For the beef-herd enterprise, the average returns above the cost of feed for the period from 1988 through 1992 provided a margin over cash costs, but fell short of the return needed to cover all nonfeed costs (Table 10). The implication is that the beef enterprise competes most favorably on farms where the resources of labor, capital, and management are plentiful and have few alternate uses. In the beef-
cow enterprise, returns above the cost of feed per cow averaged $143 during the last 5 years. The 1992 returns of $125 were $80 below the total costs, estimated at $205 per cow. The 1992 returns to the beef-cow enterprise were the second lowest during the past 5-year period.
Raising livestock has become more competitive. Average profit margins are narrow. Fewer farmers are willing to stay in business because returns in some enterprises barely cover direct operating costs. Plans for expansion that require large investments for new facilities should be based on an estimated return that is high enough to cover all costs. Fluctuations in livestock returns can involve a risk in low-return years. The estimated nonfeed cost for future livestock pro- duction is also shown in Table 10.
Hog enterprises
The information on farrow-to-finish enterprises in Table 1 1 is based on a sample of 619 enterprises farrowing 10 litters or more per year. Farms were omitted from the sample if the number of hogs purchased exceeded 10 percent of the pigs weaned. This procedure eliminated from the sample those farms with combined farrowing and feeder-pig op- erations. (Information on feeder-pig finishing enter- prises is given in Table 13.) The average size of farrow-to-finish enterprises on all recordkeeping farms was 227 litters in 1992. The 1992 records summa- rized here for the "all farms" group show that returns of $16.45 above feed costs per 100 pounds of pork produced were $1.22 below the 1991 return of $17.67.
The 5-year average for returns above feed costs per 100 pounds produced was $18.40 (Table 10). Even the 5-year average can vary significantly because of the wide fluctuations in returns from year to year. Detailed cost records show that an average farmer with existing facilities needed a return above feed costs of $16.81 per 100 pounds to pay for all nonfeed costs during the past 5 years. The return above all costs during this 5-year period of $1.59 ($18.40 minus $16.81) may still not be large enough to make a majority of farmers or lenders feel comfortable about expanding production with borrowed capital. Risk must be carefully assessed.
The farrow-to-finish enterprise records for 1992 reported in Table 1 1 were also sorted by the number of litters produced. One group farrowing 350 or more litters averaged 606 litters. Compared with the average feed cost for all farrow-to-finish enterprises, the feed cost per 1 00 pounds of pork produced was 89 cents lower for the 606-litter group. The large producers paid $13.40 less per ton for commercial feed and had slightly better feed conversion. The prices received for hogs sold by large producers or the net at the farm was 57 cents higher than the net received by all producers.
14
Table 11. Hog Enterprises, 1992 Averages per Farm
Farrow-to-finish enterprises
All farms
350 or more
litters
per farm
Feeder- Pig production
13
235 pounds produced
$ 43.35 $ 67.51
Number of farms 619 110
Pork produced, pound 442,841 1,165,192 87,521
Pork produced per
litter, pound 1 ,950 1 ,922 658
Total returns $1 82,228 $484,699 $48,002
Value of feed fed $109,327 $277,300 $28,624
Returns per $100 of
feed fed $ 166 $ 174 $ 167
Number of litters
farrowed 227 606 133
Pigs farrowed
per litter 9.70 9.72 10.02
Pigs weaned per litter... 8.18 8.34 8.83
Litters farrowed per
female year 1 .90 2.05 2.08
Pigs weaned per
female year 15.68 17.19 18.33
Number of pigs
weaned 1,857 5,054 1,174
Death loss, percent of
pounds produced 1.9 2.0 1.7
Weight per market
hog sold, pound 238 235 54
per 100
Price received — market $ 42.78
Total return $ 41.14 $ 41.59 $54.84
Feed cost $ 24.69 $ 23.80 $ 32.71
Return above feed .. . $ 16.45 $ 17.79 $22.13
Farm grains, pound . . 284 273 273
Commercial feed, pound _84 _85 111
Total concentrates, pound 368 358 384
Cost per 100 pounds
of commercial feed. . . $ 15.03 $ 14.36 $ 18.86
Cost per 100 pounds
of concentrates $ 6.68 $ 6.62 $ 8.47
A summary of the feeder-pig production enter- prises is also reported in Table 11. In 1992, the average enterprise in this group produced 133 litters with a return of $167 per $100 of feed fed. On an average, 8.8 pigs per litter were weaned and sold at 54 pounds per head. The 1992 average price received per 100 pounds of feeder pigs sold was $67.51 or $36.46 per head. The average feed cost per 100 pounds of pork produced (pigs and breeding stock) was $32.71 for 384 pounds of concentrate.
A substantial profit margin is required to com- pensate for the risk and detailed management in- volved in hog production compared with other re- source uses. Large-scale hog production in modern confinement facilities requires high capital invest- ments. The future recovery of this capital investment is uncertain. The salvage value of confinement hog facilities is low. In addition, acquiring the managerial skills for the large-scale production of hogs in con- finement may discourage any rapid expansion of large
hog-producing units. However, the level of profits in recent years has resulted in an increase in production. Pork production for 1993 is projected to be at record levels. Although improvements in production effi- ciency and some increase in consumer demand have helped offset lower prices due to increased produc- tion, future returns will depend to a great extent on whether producers continue to increase production or liquidate some of the breeding herd.
The data on hog enterprises in Table 12 show a detailed breakdown of costs and returns from a group of specialized commercial hog farms for 1990, 1991, and 1992. The value of the feed fed to hogs was more than 75 percent of the crop returns produced on these farms. This intensity of livestock feeding indicates a commitment of major resources to the hog enterprise. The producers in this group probably exercise a higher level of management and use more confinement production facilities than the average hog producer in Illinois.
The hog enterprise records summarized in Table 12 were sorted by the number of litters produced. The group farrowing fewer than 250 litters averaged 149 litters from 1990 to 1992; the group farrowing 250 or more litters averaged 479 litters during the same period.
The cost data reported in Table 12 have been divided into two categories: cash costs and other costs. This classification of production costs is important when short-term management decisions are being made concerning the volume of production, partic- ularly during periods of low prices.
As reported in Table 12, cash costs of production in 1992 ranged from $31.22 to $31.73 per 100 pounds of pork produced, depending on the grouping size. Feed is included as a cash cost although for most producers a major share of the grain is raised on the farm. The readily available alternative cash market for grain makes the raised feed the same as cash.
The other category of costs includes depreciation, labor, and an interest charge on all capital. Part of the labor and interest charge is a cash cost on most farms. The proportion of labor that is hired depends largely on the size of the farm. A one-person farm does not hire much labor, whereas a major share of the labor will be hired on a four-person farm.
Most categories of nonfeed costs decreased some- what for both groups of enterprises in 1992. Total nonfeed costs decreased $1.46 per 100 pounds of pork produced (9 percent) for the small enterprises and $1.17 (7 percent) for the large enterprises from 1991 to 1992. For both groups, both total operating expenses and total other costs decreased. With slightly lower feed costs, the total cost of production de- creased from 1991 to 1992 by $2.14 per 100 pounds of pork produced for the group of small enterprises as compared to a decrease of $1.80 for the large enterprise group.
15
Table 12. Average Costs and Returns for Farrow-to-Finish Hog Enterprises by Size of Enterprise, 1990 Through 1992
Under 250 litters |
250 litters or more |
|||||
1992 |
1991 |
1990 |
1992 |
1991 |
1990 |
|
Number of farms |
41 |
52 |
48 |
92 |
101 |
89 |
Tillable acres Number of litters |
231 155 |
255 155 |
231 138 |
504 466 |
564 495 |
607 475 |
Total returns
Cash costs
Feed
Operating expenses:
Maintenance and power3
Livestock expenses
Insurance, taxes, and overhead.
Total operating expenses
Total cash costs
Other costs
Depreciation"
Labor
Interest charge on all capital.
Total other costs
Total nonfeed costs
Total all costs
Return above all costs.
$ 40.36
$ 25.93
3.03 1.63 1.14
$ 5.80 $ 31.73
$ 2.23 4.18 2.54
$ 8.95
$ 14.75 $ 40.68 $ -.32
$ 42.88
$ 26.61
3.80 1.99 1.05
$ 6.84 $ 33.45
$ 1.84 4.33 3.20
$ 9.37
$ 16.21 $ 42.82 $ .06
per 100 pounds of pork produced
$ 53.55 $ 42.01
$ 28.30
4.16
2.22
.97
$ 7.35 $ 35.65
$ 2.52 4.37 3.64
$ 10.53
$ 17.88 $ 46.18 $ 7.37
$ 24.39
3.18 2.38 1.27
$ 6.83 $ 31.22
2.74 3.84 2.51
9.09
15.92
40.31
1.70
$ 44.46
$ 25.02
3.96 2.24 1.02
$ 7.22 $ 32.24
$ 2.34 4.28 3.25
$ 9.87
$ 17.09 $ 42.11 $ 2.35
$ 53.81
$ 25.46
4.24 2.16 1.02
$ 7.42 $ 32.88
$ 2.68 3.70 3.55
$ 9.93
$ 17.35 $ 42.81 $ 11.00
a Includes utilities, machinery, equipment and building repairs, machine hire, and fuel. b Includes machinery, equipment, and building depreciation.
Table 13. Feeder Cattle and Feeder-Pig Finishing Enterprises, 1992 Averages per Farm
Feeder cattle
Feeder-pig finishing
Number of farms 214 168
Total pounds produced 168,834 167,579
Total returns $108,919 $ 54,823
Value of feed fed $66,026 $39,080
Returns per $100 of feed fed $ 164 $ 140
Death loss, percent of
pounds produced 1.8 2.1
Average weight purchased 658 50
Price paid per 100 pounds $ 81.64 $ 74.37
Price received per 1 00 pounds $ 73.41 $ 42.13
Average weight sold 1,153 245
per 100 pounds produced
Total returns $ 64.51 $ 32.71
Feed cost $ 39.11 $ 23.32
Return above feed $ 25.40 $ 9.39
Farm grains, pound 581 277
Commercial feeds, pound 42 81
Total concentrates, pound 623 358
Hay, pound 65 ...a
Corn silage, pound 479 . . . a
Other silage, pound 110 ...a
Hay equivalent, pound 273 . . . a
a Data not available.
The most significant cost difference between the two groups of farms was the feed cost. The average feed cost for 1990, 1991, and 1992 per 100 pounds of pork produced for the large enterprises was $1.99 lower than it was for the small enterprises. This difference in feed cost was an average of about $18,000 per farm with the larger enterprises. Differ- ences in the amount of feed used per 100 pounds of
pork produced and the price paid for commercial feeds caused this difference in feed costs.
From 1990 through 1992, the returns above all costs averaged $2.37 per 100 pounds of pork pro- duced for the small enterprises and $5.02 for the large enterprises — a difference of $2.65. Manage- ment practices, such as the choice of building systems, method of transporting hogs to market, type of mar- ket used, and on- versus off-farm systems for feed- processing affect the individual cost items reported in Table 12. But the return above all costs should accurately reflect the relative efficiency of the two groups of hog enterprises.
Feeder cattle and feeder-pig finishing enterprises
Data for 1992 on the feeder-cattle and feeder- pig finishing enterprises are presented in Tables 13 and 14. These enterprise summaries include weights and values on partly finished animals purchased in previous years and on animals purchased during the current year.
The average amount of pork produced per farm from feeder-pig enterprises was 167,579 pounds in 1992 (Table 13). At 175 pounds of gain per head, this figure amounted to 958 head fed per farm in 1992, up from the 927 head fed per farm in 1991.
The return above the cost of feed and purchased animals from 1988 through 1992 averaged $9.76 per 100 pounds of gain. This return was 94 cents below the $10.70 of all nonfeed costs for the past 5 years. It is also below the estimated $11.35 required to cover all costs for future production (Table 10).
16
Table 14. Average Costs and Returns for Beef-Feeding Enterprises, 1989 Through 1992
1989-1992 1992 1991 1990 1989 average
Number of farms 28 34 36 40 34
Tillable acres 625 571 610 583 597
Hundredweight beef produced 3,694 3,069 3,585 3,446 3,448
Number head @ 475-pound gain equivalents 778 646 755 725 726
Average weight purchased, pound 673 665 654 658 663
Average weight sold, pound 1,163 1,180 1,133 1,140 1,154
Price received per 100 pounds sold $ 74.12 $ 72.66 $ 76.77 $ 72.32 $ 73.97
Price paid per 100 pounds purchased $82.79 $88.11 $86.65' $83.35 $85.23
per 100 pounds of beef produced
Cdsh costs
Feed3 $ 38.44 $ 41.17 $ 40.09 $ 39.67 $ 39.84
Operating expenses:
Maintenance and powerb 3.25 3.81 3.71 3.44 3.55
Livestock expense 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.60 2.39
Insurance, taxes, and overhead 1.15 1.30 1.18 1.32 1.24
Interest on cattle0 6.09 7.46 8.47 9.06 7.77
Total operating expense $12.87 $14.89 $15.61 $16.42 $14.95
Total cash costs $51.31 $56.06 $55.70 $56.09 $54.79
Other costs
Depreciation01 $ 3.18 $ 3.76 $ 4.05 $ 4.07 $ 3.77
Labor 2.66 2.61 2.20 2.31 2.44
Interest on other capital 2.37 2.44 2.65 2.54 2.50
Total other costs $ 8.21 $ 8.81 $ 8.90 $ 8.92 $ 872
Total all costs $59.52 $64.87 $64.60 $65.01 $63.51
Total returns8 $ 63.50 $ 45.65 $ 67.23 $ 58.60 $ 58.75
Return above all costs $ 3.98 $-19.22 $ 2.63 $-6.41 $-4.76
a All grain fed was priced at the average market price for the year. Market values were used for roughage fed while protein and minerals were charged at cost. All the feed fed is
assumed to have been marketable. b Includes utilities, machinery, equipment and building repairs, machine hire, and fuel c Interest is a charge on the average value of beginning and end-of-year inventories on hand. The rate was 11 percent for 1989, 10 percent for 1990. 9 percent for 1991, and 7
percent for 1992. d Includes machinery, equipment, and building depreciation. e Sales less cost of purchased animals, plus or minus inventory value change. No credit has been calculated for reduced fertility cost when manure is applied to crops.
Given that a 475-pound unit of gain equals one head of feeder cattle, the average of 168,834 pounds of beef produced per farm in 1992 (Table 13) equals 355 head of feeder cattle per farm. That figure is an increase of 23 from the average of 332 head fed per farm in 1991. The return per $100 of feed for feeder-cattle enterprises was $164 in 1992 in com- parison with a 5-year average of $146 and a 15-year average of $144 (Table 9). This was the highest return per $100 feed fed since 1987, when it was $196.
The price paid for feeders was $4.30 per 100 pounds lower in 1992 than it was in 1991; the price received for cattle sold in 1992 was 86 cents higher per 100 pounds than the price received in 1991. The average weight of purchased animals was 658 pounds; the average weight of animals sold was 1,153 pounds. Feed cost was $39.11 per 100 pounds produced in 1992; it was $41.05 in 1991.
Each 100 pounds of beef produced required 623 pounds of concentrates and 65 pounds of hay. The amount of corn silage used in 1992 averaged 479 pounds; other silage averaged 1 10 pounds, making a total of 589 pounds. Silage utilization by the feeder- cattle enterprise has decreased the last 5 years since the 1 0-year average for the period from 1 977 through 1986 reached 906 pounds per 100 pounds of beef produced. The use of 589 pounds per 100 pounds
of beef produced in 1992 was the second smallest amount fed since 1963. The high initial investment required for many silage feeding operations and a slowdown in capital purchases may denote more re- liance on higher concentrate and dry roughage facil- ities.
These data do not show the wide variation in profits among cattle-feeding programs. The data in Tables 9, 10, and 13 on Illinois feeder-cattle enter- prises reflect the composite results of all qualities and ages of cattle fed. The data are heavily weighted, with good-to-choice calves and yearlings as the pre- dominant cattle-feeding system. Most farmers now feed more than one drove of cattle each year to better utilize their fixed investments in mechanized feedlots.
The return above the cost of feed and purchased animals averaged $18.87 per 100 pounds of beef produced from 1988 through 1992 (Table 10). Dur- ing this period, returns ranged from $3.97 in 1991, to $25.74 in 1990. The returns above feed costs have remained below the estimated costs required to pay for all nonfeed costs for the average cattle feeder in 3 of the last 5 years. The 1992 returns above feed cost of $25.40 were the third highest since 1975. The 1991 returns were the lowest since 1981.
The data in Table 14 on feeder-cattle enterprises show a detailed breakdown for the period from 1989 through 1992 on cost and returns to produce beef
17
on beef-feeding farms. The farms included had no other livestock. All costs were accounted for either in crops or in the beef-feeding enterprise. The figure for feed costs is based on the assumption that all the grain and roughage fed was produced on the farm and was marketable.
The data show that these farms were finishing an average of 726 feeders each year from 1989 through 1992. The 4-year average total cash cost including feed and interest charged on cattle was $54.79 per 100 pounds of beef produced. The av- erage total return of $58.75 for the same period exceeded total cash costs by $3.96 per 100 pounds produced, or about $19 per feeder.
Some feeders may be able to discount some of these cash costs for roughage fed and for interest on cattle if they had no market for the roughage or were able to use their own money invested in cattle without paying interest. Other costs of $8.72 per 100 pounds of beef produced or $41 per feeder ($8.72 multiplied by 4.75 hundredweight of gain per feeder) include depreciation, labor, and interest. Adding the other costs to cash costs results in total costs of $63.51 per hundredweight over the 4-year period.
A number of cattle feeders in Illinois apparently will feed cattle if their return covers feed and cash costs but is short of paying market rates for some nonmarketable roughage, and fixed and overhead costs. But this number is expected to decline.
Farmer's values, goals, and attitudes have been important in maintaining production; but the dictates of the market, technological changes, and shifts in the basic factors of supply and demand continue to cause changes. The return reflected in these averages for the feeder-cattle enterprise suggests that to be profitable, farmers must produce the kind of beef the consumer wants at the lowest possible cost. Even though farms may have nonmarketable feeds, un- employed labor, or fixed capital investments in facil- ities, these data indicate returns are not consistently high enough to justify the building of new facilities.
Dairy enterprises
The minimum size for a herd included in this analysis was 10 milk cows. The average herd size on recordkeeping farms increased steadily at an average of 1.8 cows per year from 42 in 1970 to 63 in 1982. The herd size has remained steady, between 63 and 69 cows, since 1982.
The return per $100 of feed fed to dairy cattle in 1992 was $211. The average for the period from 1988 through 1992 was $205 (Table 9). In 1992, milk prices per hundredweight increased 12 percent from 1991 but were 5 percent below prices received in 1990. Milk prices increased an annual average rate of 8 percent for 1989 and 1990. From 1991 to 1992, beef prices for all weights sold increased $1.09 per
hundred pounds, while feed costs decreased 2 cents per unit of milk or beef produced.
Dairy farmers have reduced the amount of pas- ture and dry hay and have increased the amounts of grain and silage fed over the past two decades. Pasture days per animal unit dropped from 145 in 1960, to 50 in 1970, to 10 in 1992. This shift indicates that significant pasture days are a thing of the past on nearly all dairy farms in this sample.
The dairy herds in Table 15 were subdivided into two groups according to their efficiency as mea- sured by returns above the cost of feed per cow. In comparison with the low-efficiency group, the high- efficiency group had more cows in the herd, and 70 percent higher returns above feed per cow. Returns above feed per cow for the high-efficiency group were
Table 15. Dairy Cattle Enterprises, 1992 Averages per Farm
Efficiency
farms High3 Lowb
Number of farms 178 57 62
Number of cows 69.5 69.7 64.8
Milk cows dry, percent 12.9 12.6 12.8
Animal units in herd 127 133 119
Total returns $184,611 $212,984 $147,168
Value of feed fed $ 87,431 $ 91,058 $ 80,587
Returns per $100 of
feed fed $ 211 $ 233 $ 182
Returns above feed
per cow $ 1,398 $ 1,749 $ 1,027
Total milk produced,
100 pounds 11,902 13,058 9,998
Pounds of milk
per cow 17,125 18,734 15,429
Pounds of butterfat
per cow 637 702 570
Total beef produced,
pound 47,686 57,309 37,494
Pounds of beef
per cow 686 822 578
Death loss, percent of
pounds produced 9.0 6.7 12.7
Price received for:
100 pounds of milk $ 13.07 $ 13.29 $ 12.89
100 pounds of beef $ 60.54 $ 63.57 $ 56.59
Per unit of milk
and beef:c
Feed cost $ 52.44 $ 48.46 $ 58.61
Grain, pound 306 297 327
Protein and minerals, pound VW 102 125
Total concentrates,
pound 416 399 452
Hay and dry
roughage, pound 250 217 296
Corn silage, pound 475 436 547
Other silage, pound 439 376 504
Pasture days . . .d ... ...
Pasture days per
animal unit 10 11 12
Hay equivalent per
cow, ton 7.4 7.4 7.7
Concentrates per cow, pound 9,978 10,755 9,586
a High one-third return above feed per cow exceeds 1,200. b Low one-third return above feed per cow is below 930. c 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef. d No significant pasture use.
18
Table 16. Average Milk Production Costs and Returns by Size of Herd, 1990 Through 1992 |
|
40 to 79 cows in herd |
80 or more cows in herd |
1992 1991 1990 |
1992 1991 1990 |
Number of farms 81 80 102 |
52 59 57 |
Tillable acres
Number of cows
Milk per cow, pound.
Price received
Cash costs
Feed
Operating expenses:
Maintenance and power3
Livestock expense
Insurance, taxes, and overhead
Total operating expenses
Total cash costs
Other costs
Depreciation"
Labor
Interest charge on all capital.
Total other costs
Total nonfeed costs
Total all costs
Return above all costs
269
58.9
16,883
$ 13.25
$ 6.35
1.20
1.18
.2}_
$ 2.59 $ 8.94
$ .73 1.66 1.22
$ 3.61
$ 6.20
$ 12.55
$ .70
259
57.6
16,789
$ 11.82
$ 6.23
1.17
1.13
.26
$ 2.56 $ 8.79
$ .61 1.59 1.34
$ 3.54
$ 6.10
$ 12.33
$ -.51
295 426
57.3 106.2
16,625 17,807
per 100 pounds of milk produced
13.87 . $ 13.07
$ 6.38
1.42
1.11
.28
$ 2.81 $ 9.19
$ .82 1.81 1.56
$ 4.19
$ 7.00
$ 13.38
$ .49
$ 6.08
1.28
1.12
.2±
$ 2.61 $ 8.69
$ .63
1.36
.97
$ 2.96
$ 5.57
$ 11.65
$ 1.42
522
107.9
17,056
$ 11.90
$ 6.02
1.35
1.13
.26
$ 2.74 $ 8.76
$ .67 1.49 1.30
$ 3.46
$ 6.20
$ 12.22
$ -.32
468
108.4
17,012
$ 14.03
$ 6.14
1.51
1.11
.23
$ 2.85 $ 8.99
$ .76 1.50 1.49
$ 3.75
$ 6.60
$ 12.74
$ 1.29
a Includes utilities, machinery, equipment and building repairs, machine hire, and fuel. b Includes machinery, equipment, and building depreciation.
$1,749 and $1,027 for the low-efficiency group. For the high-efficiency group, two factors were most sig- nificant: 2 1 percent higher milk production per cow — an average of 18,734 pounds, compared with an average of 15,429 pounds for the low-efficiency group — and a 1 7 percent lower feed cost per unit of milk and beef produced.
The average return above feed costs per cow for all dairy herds was $1,398 in 1992 (Table 15). This figure compares with the 5-year average of $1,277 per cow (Table 10). The 5-year average return above feed cost required to pay market prices for all nonfeed costs is estimated to be about $1,063 per cow. The estimated return above feed costs currently required to attract new investments for dairy herds is about $1,240 per cow. Although the number of dairy herds has decreased, their size and efficiency have increased, and they have continued to increase the milk supply. Normal depreciation and wear-and-tear will soon re- quire the reinvestment of greater amounts of capital in some of these businesses.
The data in Table 16 on dairy enterprises show a detailed breakdown of milk production costs and returns for dairy farms by the number of cows in the herd in the period from 1990 through 1992. The farms included had no other livestock. All costs were accounted for either in crops or in the dairy enter- prise. The total costs for the dairy enterprise were reduced by the amount of income derived from an inventory increase in the pounds of beef produced or from sales, which was valued at the average price
received for all weights of dairy animals sold from 1988 through 1992. The residual costs, amounting to 85 percent of the total enterprise costs, were then considered as the net cost of producing milk.
The differences between the herds containing 40 to 79 cows and those containing 80 or more cows for the period from 1990 through 1992 appear to be narrowing. This is probably due to the smaller, lower-efficiency herds exiting the dairy enterprise. For the 3-year period, the milk price for the larger herds averaged only 2 cents higher, while total non- feed costs per 100 pounds of milk sold were 31 cents lower. The major cost difference was 24 cents less for labor on the large farms.
In 1992, feed costs per 100 pounds of milk produced increased slightly for both groups. The cost of feed averaged about 50 percent of total production costs in Illinois dairy enterprises. Total nonfeed costs increased 2 percent for the small dairy herds but decreased 10 percent for the large dairy herds when compared with costs in 1991. The total cost of producing 100 pounds of milk in 1992 was $12.55 for the small herds and $11.65 for the large herds. The average price received for milk in 1 992 increased for both groups of dairy enterprises. This resulted in returns above total production costs of 70 cents and $1.42, respectively, for both the small and large enterprise groups in 1992. The returns above all costs for the large-herd group have averaged 57 cents per 100 pounds of milk produced more than the returns for the small-herd group from 1990 through 1992.
19
Table 1 7. Beef-Cow Enterprises, 1 992 Averages per Farm
All farms
Number of farms 254
Number of cows in herd ... 47
Animal units in herd 72
Total pounds produced 34,394
Beef per cow in herd,
pound 732
Total returns $25,117
Value of feed fed $17,678
Returns per $100 of
feed fed $ 142
Returns above feed
per cow $ 158
Death loss, pound 1,562
Percent of pounds
produced 4.5
Market animals sold
Weight per animal 806
Price received per
100 pounds $ 78.32
per 100
Feed cost $ 51.39
Grain, pound 268
Protein and minerals,
pound 36
Total concentrates,
pound 304
Hay and dry
roughage, pound 651
Corn silage, pound 355
Other silage, pound 134
Pasture days 30
Pasture days per
animal unit 144
Hay equivalent per
cow, tons 5.7
Calves sold
Calves fed out
72
62
52 70 24,606 |
44 77 47,885 |
473 |
1,088 |
$20,690 $15,355 |
$31,127 $21,584 |
$ 134 |
$ 144 |
$ 102 1,788 |
$ 216 1,511 |
7.2 |
3.1 |
608 |
1,051 |
$ 81.13 |
$ 72.35 |
pounds produced |
|
$ 62.40 204 |
$ 45.07 311 |
34 |
35 |
238 |
346 |
983 317 73 47 |
446 371 221 19 |
166 |
120 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
This amounts to $10,779 more in returns per farm per year for herds in the large-size group. In general, returns to dairy farmers rebounded fairly well after the low returns experienced in 1991.
Beef-cow herds
The minimum size for a beef-cow herd included in Table 17 was 10 cows. Farms combining cow herds and purchased feeder cattle were not included. In addition to all farms, Table 17 gives an analysis of cow herds in which calves were sold at weaning time and compares them with cow herds in which calves were finished to slaughter weights. From 1 956 through 1969, the average size of the herd on all farms ranged from 25 to 30 cows. From 1969 to 1973, the average grew to about 40 cows per herd and remained stable through 1989. The herd size increased to 47 cows in 1992. Most Illinois farmers who maintain a beef- cow herd do so as a supplemental enterprise to market nonsalable feeds and labor.
Table 18. Sheep Enterprises, 1992 Averages per Farm
Native flocks
Number of farms 42
Wool and mutton produced, pound 6,751
Total returns $3,344
Value of feed fed $2,868
Returns per $100 of feed fed $ 116
Percent lamb crop 147
Death loss, pound 574
Percent of pounds produced 8.5
per 100 pounds produced
Price received $48.51
Feed cost $42.48
Concentrates, pound 280
Hay, pound 533
Corn silage, pound 0
Pasture days 14
Hay equivalent, pound 904
The return per $100 of feed fed to beef-cow herds averaged $142 in 1992. The return for the 5- year period from 1988 through 1992 averaged $146, which is above the 15-year average of $139 for the period from 1978 through 1992 (Table 9). Beef prices received in 1992 averaged $78.32 per hundred- weight, an increase of 94 cents over beef prices in 1991. Feed costs per 100 pounds of beef produced increased by $2.74 to $51.39 in 1992.
Since 1988, the return above feed cost per cow for the average farmer to feed out calves rather than to sell them at weaning has been about $82 per cow. Additional returns are needed for the added costs of labor, buildings, and the capital required to feed out the calves. In 1992, return above feed cost for feeding calves to market weight was $ 1 1 4 more per cow than for selling calves.
Sheep enterprises
Sheep production is a minor enterprise on Illinois recordkeeping farms. The minimum size of enterprise in Table 18 is 3 animal units. One animal unit of sheep is defined as 750 pounds, liveweight. The return per $100 of feed fed in 1992 was $116 for native flocks. The pounds of wool and mutton produced per farm have remained fairly constant for the past 1 0 years. The price received for sheep increased from $42.82 per hundredweight in 1991 to $48.51 in 1992, while feed costs per hundredweight produced decreased by $7.90 to $42.48. Most Illinois farmers who keep sheep do so as a supplemental enterprise in order to market nonsalable feeds and labor.
20
Costs, returns, financial summaries, investments, land use, and crop yields for different sizes and types of Illinois farms are reported in Tables 19 to 27a.
21
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39
ASSOCIATIONS, FIELD STAFF, AND COOPERATORS ENROLLED
Associations and Field Staff
BLACKHAWK — .
724
Kristian S. Lauritzen Lee K. Freedlund Alan Petersohn Jeffrey L. Johnson Rodney B. Gieseke Garett Plumley Mark Sturtevant
WESTERN
691
\
Gary Goodwin Thomas H. Jennings Roy L Ewalt Mike R. Shepherd Timothy D. Phelps \ Roberta Boarman \ Robert Rhea David A. Ward
SANGAMON VALLEY —
649
Dorrence B. Brucker James E. Phelan Aaron W. Liesman Kevin E. Coultas Gary Shupe Harold L. Gates
LINCOLN" 1,196 *^<*
Arnold A. Galloway ' Robert E. Rogers Michael E. Schmitz Thomas J. Nolte John E. White Dennis J. Graden Louis J. Aldag Donald L. Hampton Bradley E. Yockey Dathel Davidson Daniel A. Doan Eddie G. Sterchi Robert E. Anniss, Jr.
* Numbers are Enrollment Totals
69 © Field Staff Office (Home)
11 O District Record Processing Office
t State Office
Associations and Field Staff
NORTHEASTERN
346
Donald R. Muehling David J. O'Brien Gordon Wakey Michael G. Bossert
ILLINOIS VALLEY
695
Danny L Stetson John A. Hudson Dale J. Heinkel Bradley G. Lenschow James P. McCabe Scott M. Newport
PIONEER
1,402
Maurice E. Sprout L David Schroll Jerry Crump Gary E. Bressner Kent Meister Thomas R. Hand John F. Kennedy Les A. Marti Darren L. Bray Gary Freeman Richard Smith Michael C. Heiser
EASTERN
551
Robert K. Boesdorfer Howard Peverly Bruce E. Burk Donald E. Becker Mitchell A. Fruhling
EAST CENTRAL 598
James E. Cullison Rolland D. Gustafson Gary E. Connelly Jeffrey D. Lewis Robert Daggett Richard Thomas
SHAWNEE
261
Robert D. Kiesecoms Douglas E. Hileman
OFFICIAL ENROLLMENT June 1, 1993
40
Prepared by D.H. Lattz, C.E. Cagley, Clark Roberts, and Irene Chow of the Department of Agricultural Economics
Urbana, Illinois September 1993
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. DONALD L. UCHTMANN, Director, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. The Illinois Cooperative Extension Service provides equal opportunities in programs and employment.
4.5M— 9-92— Crouse— PYP 4.7M— 9-93— United— CF
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
College of Agriculture
Cooperative Extension Service
69 Mumford Hall
1301 West Gregory Drive
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Helping You
Put Knowledge to Work
Illinois University of Illinois
Cooperative at Urbana-Champaign
Extension College of Agriculture
Service