QI. SUPPLEMENT
non

A C z ( TO THE

et. CATALOGUE

SEALS AND WHALES

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

Y
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
& -

1871. es
VQaS0e

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

Page

Suborder PINNIPEDIA .... 1

Ismay H lescvelmy.0) © hae, onee 1

iabela RHOGINAg ates tenes 2

1. Callocephalus ........ 2

De PAGOMY SIE s/o std sLntets 2

3. Pagophilus) oi. 3% vate: 2

equestris. N. Pacific.. 2
ochotensis. N. Pa-

CHA CRer aa ees worst 2

A RACY ONG io spat nce «78 2

Richardi. N. Pacific.. 2

Pealei. Antarctic

2

3

barbata. North Sea... 3

naurica. N. Pacific .. 3

Tribe Il. HaticHa@rina <4 o
65 Halichosrusitas.. a. 4: 3
Tribe IIT. Monacuina ...... 3
Tos WoriGYOl NEG beng Ao eens E 3
Tribe LV. STENORHYNCHINA.. 3
8. Stenorhynchus 3

leptonyx. Falkland
Is., New Zealand.. 4
De WobOdane ioctni anne 4
10: Meptotiyxe, octane. c.: 4
: 11. Ommatophoca ...... £
Tribe V. CysropHorInA .... 4
ee GRUNER, oa gir csc 4
elephantina. Falk-
land Island ...... 4
angustirostris. Cali-
LOU Yaar leashed ove crs 5
Iss Cystophtorasy, ..ce... ):: 5
Fam. 2. TRICHECHIDE ...... 5
Hie Trichechiisi sais). 2 <« 6
TOSMBIUA) |e gatiets nia 6
Pani.3;, OTARTAD AG. 70s. oe « 6
Ribek: Oramrva, «30a. A be be
fal) fee TL 12

jubata. S. America .. 13

Page

Tribe I. Cattoruinina.. 11, id
2. Callorhinus ...... 11,
ursinus. Kamtschatka 15

Tribe III. AncrocrrHa.rna. 11,15

oy FE HOCALELOB:.; sitet ts 12,15

Hookeri. Cape Horn 15

4, Arctocephalus .... 12, 17
antarcticus. Cape of

Good Hope.......: 17
nigrescens. Falkland

Wesley. tscee crn cs ah 20

cinereus. Australia... 24

Forsteri. N. Zealand. 25
falklandicus. Falkland
Tslands) 3i3... de oS; 25
nivosus. Cape of Good
Hope nats afi alts 27
Tribe IV. ZaLopuHina . 12, 27
Oe ABO HUB. « a. eenan 12, 27
Gilliespil. N. Pacific 28
G6; Neophoeassh. (2 stra: 12, 28
lobata. Australia .... 28
Tribe V. EumeEtopina .. 12, 29
7..Kumetopias........ 12, 29

Stelleri. California .. 30

8, Aretophoed.. 5... 5: 12, 31
Philippi. Juan-Fer-

nandez Island .... 82

Orden CHTAGBA, (i253 an. 34

Section I. MySTICETE...... 35

Suborder I. BatawnormpEA.... 386

amis 16 vB Asean Acie iets 36

Mee allssniarrcec ve datecoet me 37

mysticetus. North Sea 38
mediterranea. Medi-

terraneam .....5.- 38

angulata. North Sea ?
nordcaper. Iceland .. 39

_{cullamacha. N. Paci-
Hele eto tess ce a.« 39

1v
Page
2. Neobaleenal i. 406. a 3
marginata, New Zea-
TE ieee eee eee 40
ole lilo heae oy a Soy ake 42
australis. Cape of Good
Hope. cee chars 43
Sieboldii. Kamts-
GhatKates fur en feces 43
[japonica. Japan] 43
cisarctica. Atlantic .. 43
AS Hunters seen einee ie 44
Temminckii. Cape
of Good Hope .... 44
biscayensis. St. Sebas-
iblamuireca Saye eer ens oe
Swedenborgii. North
Oa eta ae = a:8. SE 44
oe Oe OANeTORTM encee ee ce, 45
antipodarum. New
Gal arid seekers tie a 45
6. Macleayins tai 0c. 45
australiensis. Austra-
lsat rs ee. Se 46
britannicus. Dorset-
SITE es kee 46
Suborder II. BAL] NOPTEROI-
DIAS = Ach ra, ote be nme ee 46
Fam. 2. AGAPHELIDE ...... 47
eemeaphelus Boe ei. ix 47

gibbosus. N. Atlantic 48
2. Rhachianectes........ A8

glaucus. California .. 48
Fam. 3. MEGAPTERIDE...... 50
1. Megaptera’ ...'....... 50
longimana. North Sea 50
nove-zelandis. New
Zealand set. 2)", 50
Burmeisteri. Buenos
PV TOS Reet ee yk ee 50
americana. Bermuda 650
kuzira. Japan ...... 50
osphyia. Atlantic.... 51
versabilis. N. Pacific 61
Dir PQeseopides via <0 ss 51

Lalandii. Cape of Good

Hopotennenens a 51

3. Eschrichtius.......... 52
robustus. Atlantic .. 52

Fam. 4, Poysanipa ........ 52
i Benedena. /ee)s... 52
Knoxii. North Sea .. 52

2 MP Ry Senses ene eter, 52

antiquorum. NorthSea 53

Duguidii. North Sea 53

patachonicus. River
Plata tenes ts: 53

|

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page
braziliensis. Bahia .. 53
S) CUVLeTIUS aes eae 54

Sibbaldii. North Sea 54

4~ Rudolphits sony. srs 54

laticeps. North Sea... 54

Susi bal dws eee ee 55

borealis. North Sea.. 55

Schlegelii. Java .... 56
antarcticus. Buenos

ANTES ark ee 55

sulphureus. N. Pacific 55

tectirostris. N. Pacific 56
tuberosus. North-east

(American) | eee 56

Fam. 5. BALANOPTERIDA 56

1. Baleenoptera.......... 56

rostrata. North Sea.. 56

velifera. Oregon . 56

2 MWA Oa: vn ce sence 57

chinensis. Formosa .. 57

Section II]. DENTICETE .... 57

Suborder IJ. PoysrreromeEa 57

Fam. 6, CATODONTIDE ...... 58

EEC agtodonmen- cnet 58

macrocephalus. Trop. 59

2. Meganeuron.......... 59

Krefftii. Australasia 59

Fam. 7. PHYSETERID@ ..:... 60

1 Physeter te ein seis 60

tursio. North Sea.... 60

2, AORTA etre dre anaes 60

breviceps. CapeofGood

HOPS oo. te eee ke 60

Macleayii. Australia,
Gist cert eres 61
3. Euphysetes .......... 61
Grayii. Australia.... 61
Suborder IV. SusuormpEa .... 61
Fam. 8. PLATANISTID@...... 62
AP latanista store ante 62
gangetica. India .... 62
ndisintiawe + year 62
Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.. 62
Harn O SUNTepiace see 63
DT GoD ipa per Eo ay eta 63
Geoftroyii. Brazil.... 64
Fam. 10. DELPHINIDA ...... 64
Tribe I. STENONINA ........ 65
ISS TenoUMahh sein, eee 65

frontatus. Indian

Oceans Coke 65
compressus. South Sea 65
chinensis. China.... 65

capensis. Cape of Good
HOMES ioe tes outs ps 66
lentiginosus. India .. 66

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

Page | Page
[roseiventris. Moluc- CeURRETOMIAM deme! «o's: 75
GAs'|), espaol + 66 | Dickiei. Chili ...... 75
tucuxi.. Brags: ..... 66 Heavisidii. Cape seas 75
attenuatus. India.... 66 | Tribe I]. Lacenoruynconina 76
MISCUSAL Ce Rete Seon oe 66 83 Blectras. MeHS Vea k 76
[brevimanus. Singa- abhsar aed. dese 76
110) 2 9 a Le eee 66 SIS cto «AOE so a aoe 76
{coronatus. Spitzber- fusiformis. India .... 76
Beni Re ats o's 66 acuta. North Sea.... 76
[rostratus. North Sea] 67 brevicepse mi eo... 5 6: 76
rage OL LES 0 ee aaa 67 clancula. S. Pacific .. 77
guianensis. — British GFUCIZEN ys eA» sr 77
Guiana ls oi a25% 67 thieolea Sey k6% Mie 77
Tribe II. DELPHININA ...... 67 Des BGrASs, tan dente ino ahs 2s 78
S: eiphinwaies; ois .0. os 67 intermediawes 2.2... 78
longirostris. Japan, 10. Leucopleurus........ 78
Cape of Good Hope 68 arcticus. North Sea.. 78
delphis. North Sea .. 68 11. Lagenorhynchus .... 7%
Moorei. S. Atlantic... 68 albirostris. North Sea 79
HOC OO ee ae ae ee 68 | Tribe IV. Pseuporcarina .... 79
Walkeri. S. Atlantic 68 12.: Pseudareaise 340... - 79
Janira. Newfoundland 68 crassidens. North Sea 80
fulvifasciatus. Van meridionalis. Van Die-
_ Diemen’s Land.... 68 men’s Land ...... 80
obliquidens. N. Pacific 69 tSlOresslia cuca tse 80
pomeegra. India .... 69 brevirostris. Ganges. . 80
Porsterivas bie. hn. 69 famines: ich 06 6s 80
AG lyMenial ae. sos 69 | Tribe V. PHocmNINA........ 81
stenorhyncha Mere ofc 69 14. Phoesnal any. 81
microps. Coastof Brazil 69 communis. North Sea 81
Alope. Cape Horn .. 70 {| brachycium. Harbour
Styx. West Africa .. 70 of'Salem |i... 0... 81
EKuphrosyne. North Sea 70 [vomerina. N. Pacific] 81
gadamu. India...... 70 15. Acanthodelphis...... 81
HONING og 51. Se) os 70 spinipinnis. Brazil .. 81
oniai Roe oo ira 70 16: Neomerisy (00sec: 81
euphrosynoides...... (al phoceenoides. India.. 82
doridesy sotc0. ect 71 | Fam. 11. Grampipm........ 82
obscura. S. Pacific .. 71 Te Granipase ioencck. ae 82
similis. Cape of Good Rissoanus. Nice .... 82
i 2 Ro) oes ae eae 72 Cuvieri. North Sea.. 82
crotaphiscus........ 72 Richardsonii. Cape of
esthenops .......... 72 Good: Hope .3/.; 83
5. Delphinapterus ...... 72 | Fam. 12. GLopiocrpHaLipm™. 83
Peronii. 8. Atlantic. 72 1. Globiocephalus ...... 83
Gia MUEslOo irs gic, ogres 72 svineval. North Sea.. 83
truncatus. North Sea. 74 [ melas. Mediterranean | oh
erebennus. Philadel- affinis. North Sea]. .
INRA era nites, os 74 intermedius. Daa.
Metis. West Africa .. 74 ware Bay]........ 84
Cymodoce. River Ura- [Edwardsii. South
SUBS aaa des 74 Séai| >... 2aeewer 84.
abusalam. Cape of [ guadaloupensis. Gua-
Good Hopes io .cc: 74 daloupe ia iw acta 84
Hurynome. South Sea 74 Grayl. Buenos Ayres 84
catalania. N.W,. Aus- macrorhynchus. South

ERATE ES A ee ee Saw Ai) Sea, Soe eae 84

vl TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

[Scammonii. N. Paci-
OILS Sy Sere aN nae 85
[australis. ae 85
[indicus. Bengal] .. 85
[Sieboldii. Japan] .. 85
[chinensis. China] .. 85

[sibo. Japan] ...... 85
2. Spherocephalus.. ... 85
incrassatus. British
Channel (oe. 6 sys 85
Pam: 10sORCAD aE 2.65)... 85
Orca, aie eeeete eee s une 90
stenorhyncha. North
DEB rath dane 6 90
capensis. Cape of Good
ET OWG. Cid ek aehe a nets
africana. Algoa Bay.. 91
. latirostris. North Sea 91

{gladiator, var. arcti-

cus. Faroe Islands] 91

[gladiator, var. euro-
peus. Atlantic] .
[gladiator, var. euro-
peeus. Mediterranean |92
magellanica, Patago-
Ese wih c 92
tasmanica. Tasmania 92
rectipinna. California 92

atra. Oregon........ 92

2h OD YSIa) ei tes 6 oti n < 95
pacifica. N. Pacifre .. 98

Fam. 14. BeLuGipm ........ 93
TMBelUgD me akyuntie eee <5: 94.

catodon. North Sea.. 94
[rhinodon. Arctic seas] 94
declivis. Arctic seas] 94
taeeusteta, Arctic seas |94

Page
[canadensis. Canada] 94
Kingii. Australia.... 95

oS Monodont seen ecrn 95
monoceros. North Sea 95

Fam. 15. PonroporiaADm.... 95
1. WPontoporia t,o. 3s 95
Blainvillii. 8. Atlantic 96
Suborder VI. Zreu1oipEa .... 96
Fam. 16. HypERoopontTip#.. 96
1. Hyperoodon. .3%... © ak 96

butzkopf. North Sea 97
[semijunctus. Charles-

Lowa eA eee se 97

2. Lagenocetus.......... 97

latifrons. North Sea 97

Fam. 17. EPIoDONTID™...... 97

1. Bpiodon' ! ee 7hi tee 98

Desmarestii. North Sea 98

australis. Buenos Ayres 98

2. Petrorhynchus........ 98

mediterraneus. Medi-

terranean ........ 98

capensis. South Sea 98

Ram: U8 Zeer adie «eee 99

A eBerardis ae on 99
arnuxi. New Zealand 99 °

2 Ziphtus) 5.2 2k cents 100

Sowerbiensis. Britain 101

5 Dolichodonyi) 0% 27.) 101
Layardii. Cape cf

Good Hope...... 101

4, Neoziphins...73..00.. 101
europeeus. Mediter-

FONCAM Lena es 101

5» Dioplodon nn secti as 102
sechellensis. Sey-

chellestenr sen ane 102

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE
CATALOGUE

OF

SEALS AND WHALES.

Suborder PINNIPEDIA.

Phocides, Catalogue of Seals § Whales, p. 1.
Pinnipedia, Llliger, Prodr. p. 138, 1811.
Pinnipedes, Gil?’s Prodomus, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. v. 1866.

Family 1. PHOCIDA:.

Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. ars
without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very
short; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind
feet large, fan-shaped; the inner and outer toes large and long,
_ the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws
distinct, sharp. Skull :—postorbital process none or obsolete; no
alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, seeming to form
part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and
backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed
in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum.

Phocidee, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 342, 344 ;
Gill, Proc. Essex Instit. 1866, p. 5; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
ii. 1870.

B

é

f

p

2 PHOCID.E.

Sect. I. Cutting-teeth &, curved, conical, and small. The palate produced

nearly to the hinder molars.

Tribe I. PHOCINA.
Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Molars, except
the first, with two roots.
Phocina, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 20.
Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.

1. CALLOCEPHALUS.
Callocephalus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 20.

2. PAGOMYS.
Pagomys, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 22.

3. PAGOPHILUS.
Pagophilus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 25.

1. Pagophilus ? equestris.

Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs,
and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish
brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back.

Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 340; Schrenck,
Amur-Land, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3.

Phoca fasciata, Shaw, Zool. i. p. 276 (from the Ribbon-Seal, Pennant’s
Quad. 276).

Phoca annellata, Radde, Reisen im Stiden von Ost-Sibirien, 1862, i.
p. 296, t. 1-3.

Inhab. North Pacific.

2. Pagophilus ? ochotensis.

Phoca ochotensis, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 117; Schrenck,
Amur-Land, p. 181.

Inhab. North Pacific.

4. HALICYON.
Halicyon, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 27.

1. Halicyon Richardi.
Halicyon Richardi, Cat. S. § Whales, p. 30.
Inhab. North Pacific ; Columbia River.

2. Halicyon Pealei.
Halicheerus antarcticus, T. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp.

Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of Phoca, but appears
to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Ore-
gonian coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned
habitat in the Antarctic seas—and proposes the name Phoca Pealit
(Prec. Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4).

8. STENORHYNCHUS. 3

5. PHOCA.

Phoca, Cat. Seals § Whales, pp. 6 & 31.
Erignathus, Gill, 1865.

1. Phoca barbata.

Phoca barbata, Gray, Cat. Seals 8 Whales, p. 31.
Phoca lanica, Rees, Cyclopedia, PHoca (from Lepechin).

Inhab. North Sea.

2. Phoca naurica.

Phoca barbata, Temminck, Fauna Japonica.
Phoca naurica e¢ Phoca albigena, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. pp.
108, 109 (vide Schrenck) ; Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 181.

Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden.

Tribe II. HALICHGRINA.

Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very
large. Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the
hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted.

Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas.

6. HALICHGRUS.
Halicheerus, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 6 & 33.

Sect. II. Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below.
Tribe III. MONACHINA.

Cutting-teeth 4; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not
produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits.

Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic.

7. MONACHUS.
Monachus, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 6 & 17.

Tribe IV. STENORHYNCHINA.
Cutting-teeth +; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless.
Stenorhynchina, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 8.
Inhab. Antarctic Ocean.

1. Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the
Jirst in each jaw.

8. STENORHYNCHUS.
Stenorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 15; Gill, 1. c. p. 10.
B2

4 PHOCID.&.

1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.

Stenorhynchus leptonyx, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 16.
ee aents leptonyx (Sea-leopard), Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 192
& 527,

Inhab. Falkland Islands (Abbott, Lecomte).

This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zea-
land, the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands.

2. Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower
grinders single-rooted ; the rest two-rooted,
9. LOBODON.
Lobodon, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 8; Gill, 1. ec. p. 10.

3. Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted ;
the rest two-rooted.
10, LEPTONYX.
Leptonyx, Gray, Cat. S..§ W. p. 11; Gill, 1. ¢. p. 10.

11. OMMATOPHOCA.
Ommatophoca, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 13; Gill, 1. c. p. 10.

Tribe V. CYSTOPHORINA.

Cutting-teeth 4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small
compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable
appendage.

Jystophorina, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 38.

12. MORUNGA.

Morunga, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 38.
Macrorhinus, Gill, lc. p. 9.

1. Morunga elephantina.
Morunga elephantina, Cat. S. & IV. p. 39.

One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the
former abundance of Sea-clephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs
us that when Lecomte visited it, it was “ found to be quite deserted
by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct * in the
Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well
known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth
met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent
home.” —P, Z.S. 1868, p. 527.

This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home
were those of O. jubata, as is proved by the following remarks of
Dr. Murie :—‘‘ Lecomte and his companions believed these large old

* See Dr. Sclater’s previous statement, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 189.

TRICHECHIDE. 5

skulls of Otaria jubata [which he brought home] to be those of
the Elephant-seal (Morunga clephantina), as it was stated by some
of the party that these animals formerly did exist on this island.
One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two
years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting
many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years; but
about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear.” And
further on he observes that they are ‘now only rarely met with in
the Falklands.”——P. Z. S. 1869, pp. 106 & 109.

2. Morunga angustirostris.

Macrorhinus angustirostris, Gill, 1. c.p. 18; Cope, Proc. Acad. N, Se.
Philed. 1865, p. 51.
Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes.
Its colour is ight brown bce the hairis grown to the full length.
The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long.
Canines of the males 4 or 5 inches long.

13. CYSTOPHORA.
Cystophora, Gray, Cat. 8S. § W. p. 40; Gill, 1. ¢.

North Atlantic.

Callocephalus vitulinus.
Callocephalus dimidiatus.
Pagomys foetidus.
Pagophilus groenlandicus.

North Pacific.

Halicyon Richardi.
Halicyon ? Pealii.
Pagophilus ? equestris.
Pagophilus ? ochotensis.

Phoca barbata. Phoca naurica.
Halichcerus grypus. Morunga angustirostris.
Cystophora cristata.

Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.

Callocephalus caspica.
*Pagomys foetidus.

Antarctic Ocean.

Lobodon carcinophaga.

Leptonyx Weddellii.

Ommatophoca Rossii.

2 . Stenorhynchus leptonyx.

Tropical Atlantic. Morunga elephantina.

Monachus tropicalis. Jamaica. e

Cystophora antillarum. West Indies. New Zealand.

: f Stenorhynchus leptonyx.

Mediterranean and Subtropical gesiecko ane ale es
Aflantic. Australia.

Monachus albiventer. Stenorhynchus leptonyx.

Family 2. TRICHECHIDA.
Trichechide, Gray, Ann. Philosoph. 1825, p. 348; Ann. § Mag. N.
H. 1869, iv. p. 268.
Rosmaride, Gull, Proc. Essex Inst. v. 1866, p. 11.
Trichechina (part. ), Gray, Cat. S.§& W-.p. "33,
Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears with-
out any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted.

6 OTARIADA,

Cutting-teeth 4 in young, and 3 in adult; grinders all single-rooted.
The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease
in a curved line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very
gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws ;
palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudi-
mentary. Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinct alisphenoid
canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface conti-
nuous with the auditory bulla. The scapula, hinder margin nearly
straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel
with it. Resting on its body with the fore feet extended and the
hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal
muscles. (See P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 112.)

1. TRICHECHUS.
Trichechus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 86.

1. Trichechus ?
Trichechus rosmarus, Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 179.
Inhab. North Pacific.

Family 3. OTARIADZ.

Nose simple; muffle rather large, callous above and between the
nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs
rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin-
like, with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald,
longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Fingers gradually
diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow,
all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each
side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44,
f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided
with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital pro-
cess. An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient,
extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth $, upper
often bifid; canines conical; grinders 2 or $. The scapula is curved
backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the
posterior margin. ‘Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum.
They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind
part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the
Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the
male ; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to
swim.

Otariadee, Brookes, Mus. Cat. 1836, pp. 18,28; Gray, Ann. § Mag.
N. H. 1869, iv. p. 268; Gill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, v. p. 7; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 27.

Arctocephalina, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 44.

The Hared Seals (Otariad) form a distinct family from the Ear-

OTARTAD®. 7

less Seals (Phocide). They have more power of using their limbs like
the more typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised
from the ground; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards.
These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by
Buffon ; and they have been verified by the study of the living
Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital
organs are exposed as in the Dog.

The Otarice come to the surface during the process of mastication,
and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They
do not drink, while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water
as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an
enormous extent.

The Sea-bears (Otariade) inhabit the more temperate and colder
parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more
northern regions of the Pacific Ocean.

The Otarie appear to make periodical migrations towards the
south; and the Sea-lions (0. jubata) come to the Falkland Islands in
November, where they remain till June or July, when the greater
number depart; but some remain there the whole year round
(P. Z.8. 1869, p. 108).

Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals,
have regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and
southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid con-
siderable attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done
the same.

Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions
three species of Eared Seal :—1, Otaria jubata; 2, O. ursina; and, 3,
O. australis. He believed that the first was common to the Falk-
land Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the
second to Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape.
We now know that the species have a very limited geographical
distribution.

When I published my ‘ Catalogue of the Seals in the British Mu-
seum,’ in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the
species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those
found in the Southern seas ; and when I at last succeeded in obtain-
ing specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific,
I not only found that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not
even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species
figured in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1859, and
thus greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is
yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species
of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New
Zealand.

The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal
arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine
the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages
and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the
genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls
in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘ Proceedings

8 OTARIAD A.

of the Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the
skulls of the southern Sea-lion (Otaria jubata) —O. jubata, O. By-
ronia, O. leonina, O, Godeffroyi, and O. Ullow,—-referring the first
four to the subgenus Otaria, and the last to Phocarctos (see Monats-
bericht, May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published
a few months later (ibid. Noy. 1866), after his visit to London, he
placed them all together in one subgenus (Otaria), and seems, by
the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their
distinctness. It would have been better if he had at once simply
reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included
with them O. Ullow, which is only the skull of a young specimen,
such as was called O. molossina by Lesson and Garnot, 1 may
observe that I had shown in my first ‘ Catalogue of Seals’ (1850),
from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of
these nominal species were ouly very old or young skulls of the
southern Sea-lion.

It is the character of the Eared Seals or Otarzade to have a very
close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid
hairs. They are therefore called Hur-Seals by the sealers, and are
hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and
fineness of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin
and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country
and the species from which they are obtained.

Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they
arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be
made into “ seal-skins ;” these are therefore called Hair-Seals by
the sealers. They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of
comparatively little value.

The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more
or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expen-
sive than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like
the skins of the Earless Seals or Phocide, for very inferior purposes,
as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought
after for the oil they afford.

The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly dif-
ferent in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens,
or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species
the hairs are much longer than the under-fur; they are flat and
more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much
softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur ; in these spe-
cies the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, form-
ing a very soft elastic coat, as in O. falklandicus and O. Stelleri.

The hair of O. nigrescens is considerably longer than that of O. ci-
nerea, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown O. nigrescens being
longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to
the feel ; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant,
nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth
to the touch.

The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of
the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen

OTARIADZ. 9

is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals
hair- and others fur-seals ; but that is only because what they call
hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur
in the fur-season ; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some
seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long
and abundant at other periods.

Difficult as itis for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their
external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals
are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet,
showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific
man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard
to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see
Zool. Erebus & Terror).

The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-co-
loured at the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at
the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is sub-
cylindrical, the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The abso-
lute length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging
from the old and young specimens of A. nigrescens, the hairs seem
to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the under-fur, in the
young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are
shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base
to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The
breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species; and in
the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like
the under-fur of the Fur-Seals.

The Fur-Seals are Callorhinus ursinus, Arctocephalus antarcticus,
A. nigrescens, A. cinereus, A. Forsteri, A. falklandicus, Eumetopias
Stellert, Arctophoca Philippi.

The Hair-Seals are Otaria jubata, Phocarctos Hookeri, Arctoce-
phalus nivosus, Zalophus Gilliespii, Neophoca lobatus.

Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals ( Otaria) uses the
length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under-
fur, as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate
the species of these animals into subgenera.

The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for
the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in
the living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the
Sea-lion or Sea-bear (Otaria leonina), has been observed alive in
Europe; so that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the
examination of more or less carefully preserved skins ; and, I fear,
little dependence can be placed on them.

The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its
front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined,
have been regarded as constituting a good character; but when an
extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species,
have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to
the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its
front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder
opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its

10 OTARIAD.

front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged ; and in the skulls
of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge
is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight round-
ing at the sides.

The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygo-
matic arch is a good character for the distinction of the species,
especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and
from the same locality, of each species are compared together ; and
it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But
when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the
forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn
and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar,
that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult.

The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies
in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it di-
vides into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in dif-
ferent species, and thus affords characters for their separation ;
but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts
from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnatu-
rally stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks
as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum.

If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to
be longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging
from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in Callorhinus
ursinus, and it gradually becomes shorter in Arctocephulus antarcticus,
A. falklandicus, Phocarctos Hookert, A. cinereus, Otarva jubata, and
A. nigrescens. It is very short in Neophoca lobata and Humetopias
Stellert.

The “« Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theo-
dore Gill, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a
paper by Dr. Peters on the Otariw of the Berlin Museum, in the
‘ Monatsbericht’ for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the
skulls and skeletons in the British Museum.

I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one
genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which
he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as
determining the specimens described by Pander and D’Alton, Johann
Miiller, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the
more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which
certainly is one of the most important on the Continent.

Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘ Cast away on the
Aucklands,’ 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very inter-
esting account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing
how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Pho-
cide). The female brings fcrth her young far inland, and has to
teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home.

Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of
the Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1839, p. 87).

Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘ Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative

OTARIADA. ite

Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870)
an essay on the Eared Seals (Otariade), with detailed descriptions
of the North-Pacific species.

He divides the family into subfamilies :—

Subfam. 1. Trichophocine, without under-fur, and containing the
genera Orarta, Eumerorras, ZALOPHUS.

Subfam. 2. Hulophocine, with thick under-fur, containing CaLto-
RHINvS and ARCTOCEPHLUS.

He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North-
Pacific species.

Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two
North-Pacifie species to study, and he does not seem to be aware
that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season
and age of the animal when collected ; and unfortunately he seems
to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable
him to study their characters; yet with these limited materials he
has ventured to propose a revision of the species of Otariade, and,
from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous
species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred
(myself among the number) in making too many genera and species ;
but the correction of this error requires as much study and consi-
deration of the entire subject as have been used in their determina-
tion ; and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a
few specimens.

The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the
species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the
bases of the longer hairs. These are called “ Fur-Seals;” and the
skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The
dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different
commercial and economic value. The skins of Neophoca lobata (of
Australia) and Phocarctos Hookeri (of the Southern Ocean), being
nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called Hair-Seals by the
sealers. heir skins are of little comparative value, as they are only
used like the skins of the Earless Seals (Phocide).

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

Section I, Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the
jaw. Grinders §.8. Under-fur sparse. Sea-lions.

Tribe 1. Orarma.
1. Otaria, Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America,
Section II. Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle
part of the zygomatic arch. Sea-bears.

Tribe 2. CaLLoruINnINA. Grinders $.%. Skull oblong; face broad,

shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long.
2. Callorhinus. Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America.

Tribe 3. ARCTOCEPHALINA. Grinders $.$; face of the skull shelving

1 OTARIADZ.

in front ; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygo-
matic arch. Flap of toes moderate.

3. Phocarctos. Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches
on the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America.

4. Arctocephalus. Grinders thick ; crown conical. Under-fur abundant.

Tribe 4. ZALopuina. Grinders 3.4, large, thick, in a close continuous
series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic
arch.

5. Zalophus. Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series.
Under-fur sparse. North Pacific.

6. Neophoca, Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform
series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia.

Tribe 5. EumETopuna. Grinders 2. 5, more or less far apart; the hinder
upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated
from the other grinders by a concave space.

7. Eumetopias. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast
of North America.

8. Arctophoca. Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast
of South America.

Sect. L. The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. The
palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with
its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and
becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is
short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long. Sea-lions.

Tribe I. OTARIINA.
Otariina, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.

1. OTARIA.

Grinders §. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under
the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the
back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is
rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the
younger skull are more lobed than in the adult ; the upper grinders
are also differently disposed; the third upper grinder is under the
front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back
edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind
it (see skull, Cat. S$. & W.p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable,
as the teeth of the young and the adult Zalophus Gilliespii are similar
in number and position.

Otaria (subg. Otaria), Peters, Monatsh. 1866, p. 263.

Otaria, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 57; Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866,
vol. xviii. p. 230; Gill, and Peters.

Platyrhynchus, F. Cuvier.

1. OTARTA. 113)

1. Otaria jubata. Sea-lion.

Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead
black ; neck greyish brown ; back of the neck yellow-brown ; belly
dusky black; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish
intermixed, without any under-fur.

Sea-bear, I/lustrated London News; Boy’s Own Book.

Otaria jubata, label in Zoological Gardens, 1865 ; Gray, Ann. § Mag.
Nat, Hist. 1868, i. p. 109; Mure, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 101, t. vill. (male,
female, and young); Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190; Sclater, P. Z. 8.
1868, p.528; Peters, Monatsber, 1866, p. 262.

Otaria leonina, Peters, Monatsb, 1866, pp. 264,665 ; Gray, Cat, Seals
§ Whales, p. 59, f. 18.

Otaria Godeflroyi, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, p. 266, t. 1.

Otaria Byronia, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 269 & 666,

Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloz, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, p. 270.

Otaria Ullox, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, pp. 135, 136, t. vi.

Otaria (Otaria) Ulloz, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, pp. 667 & 671.

Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili.

The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs
from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of
the palate being closer together than in the rest; but this character
seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, asit differs slightly
in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying
greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart.

Dr. Peters considers (1) Platyrhynchus leoninus of F. Cuvier, (2)
Phoca Byronia of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in
the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the
skull as O. Godeffroyi, to be distinct species. I cannot see any
difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which
Phoca Byroma was founded, and those in the British Museum; and
the figure of the skull described as O. Godeffroyi is very similar to
the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called
O. jubata.

This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of Phoc-
arctos Hookeri ; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour
of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as
it is not nearly so large as the half-grown P. Hookeri in the British
Museum.

In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown
colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal
resembles the adult Meophoca lobata from Australia; but in that
species the pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young
_ male Otaria jubata there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the
middle of the crown and nose.

Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of
a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2),
They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in
the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this
may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down.

14 OTARIADZ.

He observes, “‘ the whole of the palate is much narrower than in
the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and
the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed.”

He observes, “‘ The young of both sexes are alike of adark brown
or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain
somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is
paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The
females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsally, while the
abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter
little.

‘* Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade
on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males
alone are maned.

“There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly di-
minishes with age.

“The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the
latter being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former pos-
sessing a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally
immense canines.

“The teeth of Otaria jubata are subject occasionally to.a peculiar
wearing, of a median constricted character.

“Between the female and male of this species there is a wide
difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the
skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is
equal to or greater than the length of the body ; in the female the
reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming-
power of the former.”

Sect. Il. The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder
nasal opening ina line with the middle of the zygomatic arch. Sea-bears.

Tribe II. CALLORHININA.

Grinders £.8. Skull oblong ; face broad, shorter than the orbit ;
forehead arched. See Cat. 8. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull).

Callorhinina, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 269.

2. CALLORHINUS.

Skull elongate ; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather
Swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of
the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder
just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders mo-
derate, fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging
roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Flap of toes very long.

Callorhinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 359; Annals & Mag. N. H. 1866,
vol. xviii. p. 254; Cat. S. & W. p. 44, f. 16 (skull); Peters.
Arctocephalus, Gill!

3. PHOCARCTOS. 15

1. Callorhinus ursinus. Northern Sea-Bear. B.M.

Phoca ursina, Linn.; Pander § D’ Alton, t. 7. f. 1 (not good).

Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 2738 & 672.

Otaria Stelleri (part.), Lesson §° Miller.

Callorhinus ursinus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 359, t. 58 (skull); Ann.
&§& Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 235; Cat. Seals & W. yp. 44, f. 16
(skull) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, ii. pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3,
figs. 1-8.

Arctocephalus ursinus, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst. vol. v. 1866, p. 18 (not
F. Cuvier).

Young. Arctocephalus monteriensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358 (skin
only).

Arctocephalus californianus, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 51 (skin
only).

Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M.

Tribe II]. ARCTOCEPHALINA.

Grinders &.£; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and
sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch.

3. PHOCARCTOS.

The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep,
with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle
part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth;
the internal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the
front edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch.
Grinders large, compressed ; the fifth and sixth upper behind the
back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed
roots ; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on
the side; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear-
bones scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes
moderate.

T have not seen’an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described
are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. 8. & W.
p./47,tabZ):

Arctocephalus § II., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 109. ;
Phocarctos, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234.
Otaria (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 44.

1. Phocarctos Hookeri. The Southern Hair-Seal. B.M.

Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath ;
hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with
whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the
sides ; feet reddish or black ; whiskers black or whitish.

Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length
18 inches. B.M.

Arctocephalus Hookeri, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 14, 15

16 OTARIADZ.

(skull) ; Cat. Seals B. M. p. 45. f.15; P. ZS. 1859, pp. 109, 360,
Cat. Seals and Whales B. M. pp. 58, 54.

Arctocephalus falklandicus, Burmeister, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866,
xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only).

Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, Peters, Monatsh, 1866, pp. 269 & 671.

Phocartos Hookeri, Gray, Ann. § May. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234
(the Hair-Seal of the sealers).

Otaria jubata (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45.

Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long.

Eared Seal, Pennant, Quad. ii. p. 278.
Phoca flavescens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 200, t. 73 (from Pennant).

Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn.

Pennant, in his ‘ Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather
more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with
longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the
Straits of Magellan, and preserved ia Parkinson’s Museum on the
south side of Blackfriar’s Bridge (see “ Eared Seal,” Pennant’s
Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ‘ General Zoology,’ gave the
name of Phoca flavescens to this species, and figured it (1. p. 260,
t. 73).

This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falk-
lands, described by me as Arctocephalus Hookeri, which is of a pale-
yellowish colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the
under-fur.

Dr. Burmeister observes :—‘‘ We have in the Museum [at Buenos
Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of Arctocephalus falklandicus |
nearly 3 feet long. From this I have taken the skull, of which I
send you a description and drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xvii.
p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and
especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older
skull of Arctocephalus Hookeri, I have little doubt that it is the
skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all de-
veloped. It is not the skull of Otaria jubata, which the other spe-
cimen he called A. falklandicus is, as proved by the form and
position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young-
skull differs from the older skull of A. Hookeri in the British Mu-
seum in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of A.
Hookeri has a conical prominence in the same place. Such dif-
ferences are found in skulls of Seals at different ages.

The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Bur-
meister as Arctocephalus falklandicus (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866,
xvii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this
species. It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and
in the large size and great development of the processes of the
orbits.

Dr. Murie regards Otaria Philippti as founded on the skull of
this species (P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 108).

Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes Olarra Hookert as a syno-
nym of Otaria jubata. One could not have a better proof of the want

Ld

4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. li

that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision

of the family.
4. ARCTOCEPHALUS.

Arctocephalus, F. Cuvier, Peters.

The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate con-
cave, especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near
the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening
elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge
in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is
large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate.

In the adult skull of A. antarctica, from the Cape, the fifth
hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which
are slightly divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper
grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having
any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are
the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state.

In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they
have the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and
sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots.

* The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?); the sixth upper
partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch. Arcto-
cephalus. (Africa.)

1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. TZ'he Cape Fur-Seal.

Phoca antarctica, Thunb. Mém. Acad. Pétersb, iii. p. 322; Fischer's
Synop. p. 242.

Arctocephalus schisthyperoés, Turner, Journ. Anat. 1868, p. 118,
f.

Arctocephalus schistuperus, Giinther, Zool. Record, 1868, p. 20.
Arctocephalus antarcticus, Gray; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool. ii.
. 45.

Ae iccophalus Delalandii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, t. 69 (skull) ; Ann.
§& Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 285; Cat. S. § W. p. 52.

Phoca ursina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 219. f. 5.

Arctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus, vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15,
no. 1. a,b, ¢ (skull).

Otaria ursina, Nilsson.

Halarctus Delalandii, Gill, 1. ¢. p. 7.

Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 271 & 671.

Junior, Petit Phoque, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 53,=Phoca pusilla,
Schreb.

Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.

The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the
width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower
lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of
that bone, and in the shape of the condyles.

The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of
the University of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr.
Turner under the name of Arctocephalus schisthyperoés, in the

‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. i. p. 1138. The name
c

18 OTARIAD®.

is changed to A. schistuperus by Dr. Giinther in the ‘ Zoological
Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skull of a half-grown
animal, with all its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the
bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I
should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of Arcto-
cephalus antarcticus from the Cape; but unfortunately the two
skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British
Museum are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. £5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls
of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum
in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and
gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the trans-
verse palato-maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the
palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal-
skull, seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species.
From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the
Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it
is an individual abnormality of Arctocephalus antarcticus. I have
observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species.
I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the
other examples, to regard a skull with such a deformity as a distinct
species.

At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the
young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in
skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens
of Huotaria nigrescens; but the skulls of the very young spe-
cimens of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge
of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form,
with well-developed square palatine bones united by a central suture
just as in the adult, but broader and straighter.

It was this observation that induced me to return to my original
opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young
skull of Arctocephalus monteriensis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and
then as a separate species under the name of A. californianus
(Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of A.
monteriensis, as I did in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii.
p- 232; and I am now induced to believe that <Arctocephalus
schisthyperoés is only an imperfectly developed skull of A. ant-
arctica.

Dr. J. R. Forster, in Cook’s voyage in 1775, observed the Eared
Seal at the Cape of Good Hope, and called it Phoca ursina. Be-
lieving it to be the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New
Zealand, Thunberg, in his list of Cape Mammalia in the third
volume of the ‘Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy,’ iii.
322, notices this animal under the name of Phoca antarctica (see
Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters has applied the name of
Otaria pusilla to this species, believing it to be the Petit Phoque of
Buffon, which has been named Phoca pusilla by Schreber, and had
before been named Phoca parva by Boddaert. Buffon says that it
came either from India or the Levant; but it is not by its deserip-

4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. 19

tion to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of
the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands
as from the Cape, as the French had traffic with Les Tes Ma-
louines, as they call them.

M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a
“second Phoque” (vol. xii. p. 841, t. 43, where it is named “le
petit Phoque”), which, he was assured, came from India, but very
probably came from the Levant; and he considers it adult, be-
cause it has all its teeth. It is only one-fifth of the size of the
Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344). He further
speaks of it as “le petit Phoque noir des Indes et du Levant”
(p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is pro-
bably from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, pre-
sented to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1273),
and said to have come from India.

The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was
thus described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220) :— Cet animal a deux
pieds de long; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues; son pelage est
fourré, luisant, d’un brun noir trés-foncé et a sa nuance blanchatre.
Le ventre seul est brun-jaunatre.” The teeth show that it is young.

The figure and description of the Petit Phoque of Buffon have had
the following names given to them :—

Little Seal, by Pennant and Shaw.

Phoca pusilla, Schreber, Stiugeth. 314 (Peters).
Phoea parva, Bodd. Elench. 78.

Otaria pusilla, Desm. N. Dict.

Otaria Peronii, Desm. Mamm.

Fischer, in his ‘ Synopsis,’ under Phoca pusilla, p. 252, gives the
Cape of Good Hope and Rotteness Island, on the coast of Australia,
as the habitat of the species.

The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the
young Arctocephalus nigrescens from the Falkland Islands. The
fur of the young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below; the
hairs are slender, and brown (not whitish) at the base; and the
underside is not yellowish brown ; so that it is very doubtful if it
is the young of the Cape Seal.

Dr. Peters, believing Buffon’s specimen to be a young Cape Seal,
changed the name of Delalandii to pusilla.

In the Museum are three states in flat skins :—

1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue
“lJarge-wig.” Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs ;
under-fur short, reddish. B.M.

' 2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue ‘ mid-

dling.” Fur reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs ;
underside of the body darker, reddish brown; under-fur short,
reddish. B.M.

3. Young, about 18 inches long, called in the sale-catalogue
*‘black pup,” from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished,
soft, smooth, without any grey tips, rather browner black be-

eZ

20 OTARIAD.

neath ; under-fur brown, very sparse; hairs slender, polished,
black, with very slender brown bases. B.M.

*" The fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two distinct diverging
roots; the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch.
Kuotaria. (America.)

2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. The Southern Fur-Seal.

Arctocephalus nigrescens, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. ; P. Z. 8.
1850, pp. 109, 360; Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 52; Gerrard, Cat.
of Bones, p. 147.

Arctocephalus (Kuotaria) nigrescens, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.
1866, xvill. p. 256.

Arctocephalus falklandicus, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p, 55; Allen, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45.

Otaria (Arctocephalus ?) falklandica, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, p. 278.

Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, Peters, Monatsb. pp. 871 & 671.

Otaria falklandica, Sclater, P. Z, S. 1868, p. 528; Abbott, P. ZS.
1868, p. 192.

Otaria jubata (young), B.M.

Euotaria nigrescens, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 104.

Otaria nigrescens, Murie, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 106.

Inhab. Falkland Islands, Volunteer Rock (Capt. Abbott).

The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in
most particulars; but they differ considerably in the form of the
hinder nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the
forms of the roots are well exhibited by their sockets; the front
edge of the hinder nasal opening is produced rather further for-
ward, and is acutely angular. The other skull, which is rather
smaller and has the teeth in good condition, has the hinder nasal
opening with a slightly arched, nearly truncated, front edge.

Dr. Peters refers Phoca falklandica (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and
Otaria falklandica (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81,
t. 4; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as
neither Dr. Shaw nor Dr. Hamilton describes the number or posi-
tion of the teeth, it is not possible to determine if this is the Pur-
Seal of the sealers, collected at the Falkland Islands, more espe-
cially as the fact of the skull coming from the Falkland Islands is
not well ascertained. See the other synonyma which have been
established on the sealers’ descriptions and figures or the skins
collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. Seals
and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his
figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind: but they look
very awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a
difficulty in extending them.

The hair of A. nigrescens is considerably longer than that of A.
cinereus, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown A. nigrescens
being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a crisp-
ness to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are
abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft
and smooth to the touch.

4, ARCTOCEPHALUS. 21

Capt. Abbott’s young specimen in the British Museum chiefly
differs from the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs
being longer, more erect, and with minute white tips, and in the
face, throat, and chest being rufous brown; but this reddish colour
is common to the young of several Sea-bears.

The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of
Patagonia, presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University
of Edinburgh by the late Professor Goodsir, evidently belong to
Euotaria nigrescens, the usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and
other parts of the coast of Sotith-west America. Two of the
skulls are from adult animals, are without the lower jaws, and
have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been rolled on the
beach.

The other skull is of a young animal, exactly similar to the skull
of a young Euotaria nigrescens, n. 1013 ¢, in the British-Museum
collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in
that specimen; the teeth are rather more developed than in our
skull; they have a well-marked central lobe and a distinct small
acute tubercle on the front edge of the cingulum.

The two adult skulls are very like the adult skull of Z. nigrescens,
1013 d, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal
nostrils is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so
angular, and in the other it is rather more arched than in either
of the other two skulls, showing that the size of the posterior
nasal aperture and the form of its front edge vary in different
specimens of this species.

The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one
shows that the grinders change their position considerably as re-
gards the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. In the young
skull of Hwotaria nigrescens the hinder end of the tooth-line is very
near (not a quarter of an inch from) a line level with the front
edge of the internal nasal opening, and the hinder part of the pa-
late in front of the aperture is nearly as broad as the middle of the
palate: in the adult skull the hinder end of the tooth-line is a full
inch from the front edge of the internal nasal opening, the hinder
part of the palate is contracted toward the internal nostril, and the
internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed; but the real
position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the zygo-
matic arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives
them the appearance of being more changed than they really are.

These skulls are interesting as showing that Huotaria nigrescens,
like Otaria leonina and Morunga elephantina, is, or was, common
to the Falkland Islands and the west coast of South America.

The chief character by which the adult skull of Huotaria nigres-
cens can be distinguished from the adult skull of Arctocephalus
antarcticus is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the pen-
ultimate or fourth are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of
the front part of the zygomatic arch ; but the position of the teeth is
most distinctive in the skull of the young animal, and loses much
of its importance in comparing old skulls together, unless the skulls

22 OTARIADE,

and teeth are very accurately compared; and even then the di-
stinction is more imaginary than real.

I cannot understand Capt. Abbott’s account of this species. He
says that “the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common
English Seal. The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think mea-
sured more than 4 feet in length, perhaps hardly somuch. The hair
differs in colour, being sometimes grey, and at other times of a
brownish tint; that of the young is of a darker brown colour.”
All this agrees better with the true O. falklandica ; but yet he says
the skin of his half-grown specimén is now in the British Museum,
and that skin is undoubtedly Huotaria nigrescens. Has Mr. Abbott
confounded the two species in his mind? Or did he forget the
animal? for he informed me that there were no Sea-elephants now
living on the island. (P.2Z. 8. 1868, p. 190.)

«The bones of the pectoral limb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ
from those of the Sea-hon.”—Murie, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 109.

See Lecomte’s account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S.
1869, p. 106.

The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large
blackish Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a
dealer as “a Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands ;” but, as the
dealers seem always to give that as the habitat for all seal-skins
with a distinct under-coat that come into their possession, I have
quoted the habitat with doubt. When occupied in describing the
Seals of the southern hemisphere for the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus
and Terror,’ I named the Seal Arctocephalus nigrescens, and had the
skull figured under that name; but the plate has not yet been pub-
lished, though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters and other
zoologists. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for
1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’
I described the skull of this species. There is also in the Museum
a skull of a younger animal of the same species.

Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a
small Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined
and determined to be the southern Sea-lion (Otaria jubata). The
small one, nearly 3 feet long, was very similar in external appear-
ance ; and as the teeth, which could be seen without extracting the
skull, showed that it was a young animal, it was regarded as the
young of the Sea-lion, and it was stuffed without extracting the
skull, and labelled as such. This specimen has been examined by
several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, when engaged with
his paper on Kared Seals, and has passed unchallenged until this
time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these animals
by their external characters alone.

Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that
the smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands,
that it grows to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and
that the old males are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have
therefore had the skull extracted from the specimen; and there is
no doubt that it is quite distinct from the Sea-lion (Otaria jubata) ;

4, ARCTOCEPHALUS. 23

and, on more careful examination of the skin, I have little doubt,
from the colour and the character of the fur, that it is a young spe-
cimen of the Seal that I described as Arctocephalus nigrescens. It
is interesting as confirming the accuracy of the habitat that I received
with that specimen, and which until this time I considered doubt-
ful, as Pennant and others describe the Falkland Island Fur-Seal
as grey, and white beneath.

Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always
quoted with doubt), has given the name of Arctophoca falklandica
to the animal and skull on which I had established my Arcto-
cephalus nigrescens.

In the British Museum there is the skin of a very young Seal,
which was presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland
Island Fur-Seal, with the observation appended that the adult is
5 feet long, and its skin is worth fifteen dollars. It is without its
skull. The fur of this young Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath,
and very like that of the young specimen sent by Capt. Abbott ; but
the hairs are smoother, and the white tips to them are longer and
more marked, giving the animal a more grizzled appearance.

There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which
was received with General Hardwicke’s Collection (who, no doubt,
purchased it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good

Hope. I suspect this habitat must be erroneous ; for it is very un-
' like what I recollect of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are
called “ Black Dogs,” on account of the blackness of their colour.
Unfortunately we have no specimen of the latter in the Museum
collection. General Hardwicke’s specimen only differs from Sir
John Richardson’s in being less punctulated with white; fewer
hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter.

Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained
from Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch ;
and Capt. Abbott’s specimen differs from the adult in the length and
greater crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and
hard and closer pressed.

In the first essay, Dr. Peters places Phoca falklandica, Shaw,
and Otaria nigrescens together, with doubt, observing that one was
known from the skin, and the other by the skull, overlooking the
fact that the name nigrescens implied that I had seen the colour of
the fur, which was not that given by Shaw to his animal; in his
second essay, Dr. Shaw’s, Dr. Burmeister’s, and my animal are all
classed together without any doubt.

The skull of Capt. Abbott’s Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands
shows that it was a very young animal, which had only developed its
first grinders, the permanent series being developed below them.
The tentorium is bony and well developed. The teeth are the same
in position and number as they are in the adult skull; and the
upper ones, as far as developed, are small and conical, except the
fifth upper grinder, which is largest, triangular, with a single sub-
conical lobe on the base of the hinder edge of the cone. The lower
canines are’small, scarcely larger than the cutting-teeth, which are

24 OTARIAD A.

nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are of a much larger
size than the upper ones in the adult skull, as if they belonged to
the permanent series: they are of the same form as the teeth in
adult skulls; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the
anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more deve-
loped and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger
and rather on the inner surface of the tooth.

The skull of Capt. Abbott’s animal is evidently not the same as
the skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Bur-
meister as the skull of Arctocephalus falklandicus from the mouth
of the Rio de la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol.
xviii. p. 99, t. 9, which, from the appearance of the grinders, I
suspect is the young skull of Phocarctos Hookeri, the Hair-Seal of
the Falkland Islands. There is a considerable difference in the
proportions of the skull sent by Capt. Abbott from those of the one
figured by Dr. Burmeister. In Capt. Abbott’s specimen the brain-
ease, from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, is as long as the
length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to the end of the
nose. In Dr. Burmeister’s figure, the face from the same point
is much longer than the brain-case.

*** Fourth, fifth, and sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots ; the
Sifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic
arch. The palate narrow. Gypsophoca. (Australia.)

3. Arctocephalus cinereus. Australian Fur-Seal.

Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 272 &
671.

Arctocephalus nigrescens, b § ¢, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B.M. p. 147.

Black Seal, Otaria, Cat. Sidney Museum, ii. p. 36.

Arctocephalus cinereus, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 56; Ann. §
Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 286; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii.
p. 45.

Inhab. Australia (John Macgillivray).

Black, greyer beneath ; under-fur abundant, reddish brown.

There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the
face of another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum,
collected in the Australasian Sea by Mr. John Macgillivray.

According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the exa-
mination of the typical skulls, Otaria ursina of Nilsson and Otaria
Lemarit of J. Miller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the
Arctocephalus antarcticus from South Africa and A. cinereus of Aus-
tralia.

Otaria Stellert of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes
both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. Arctocephalus cinereus and
Neophoea lobata ; and it is quite distinct from the Otaria Stelleri of
Lesson and J. Miiller, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and
Sea-lion of Steller (that is to say, Humetopias Stelleri and Callorhi-
nus ursinus).

The males of these animals are described as twice as long and

4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. 25

broad (that is, four times as large) as the females. This may ex-
plain the difference in size of the skulls from the same localities.

The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being
generally black; and the adult males and females also differ con-
siderably in the colour of the fur.

The skulls of the following species are not known :—

4, Arctocephalus Forsteri.

Grinders £. £, conical.

i Fosteri, Fischer; Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868,
i. p. 219.
Phiccs ursina, J. R. Forster.

Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand.

This animal is only known from Dr. Forster’s description and
figure.

Mr. Allen observes, “I can see no evidence of the New-Zea-
land Fur-Seal (of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur-
Seal of Australia, A. evnereus (auct.).”—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i.

= kD.
. At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, “ perhaps the A.
cinereus and the A. antarcticus are te be referred to the A. falklan-
dicus, in which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas
generally ” (Bull. Comp. Zool. 1. p. 45): but he does not seem to
have had specimens of any of the three species; otherwise I do not
think he would have ventured upon the observation.

Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of
the Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group),
we are not able to determine whether it is the same species as
the Sea-lion of the southern end of the American continent (Otaria
jubata), or whether it is the Sea-lion of the southern end of the
African continent (Arctocephalus antarcticus), or the Sea-lion of the
Northern Australian Seas (Weophoca lobata).

5. Arctocephalus falklandicus.

Fur very soft, elastic ; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender
at the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as
long as the hair; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, mi-
nutely punctulated with white ; hairs brown, upper half black, with
minute white tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides,
and underside of the body yellowish white.

Falkland Seal, Penn. Quad. ii.

Phoca falklandica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 256 (from Pennant).

Otaria falklandica, Desm. Mamm. p. 252 (from Pennant; not Peters
or Burmeister).

Otaria Shawii, Lesson, Dict. Class. d’H. N. xiii. p. 424 (from Pen-
nant).

Seg ae falklandicus, Gray, Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., Seals,
p. 42; Ann. & Mag, N. H. 1868, i. p. 103.

Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), Hamilton, Ann. & Mag.

26 OTARIAD.

a H, 1838, ii. p. 81,t. 41; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25 (not

eters).

Otarie de Péron, Blainville, Journ. de Physique, xci. p. 298; Cuvier,
Oss. Fossiles, v. p. 220.

Otaria Houvillii, Lesson, Dict. Class. d’H. N. xiii. 425.

Phoca Houvillii, Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 154. These three names
are all from the same animal. :

Inhab. Falkland Islands (Abbott; B.M.); New Georgia.

This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other |
Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, close- —
ness, and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the under-fur. The
fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the
longer hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals.
Unfortunately the specimen is without any skull; and therefore I
cannot give a description of the teeth, or refer it to any of the re-
stricted genera of Otariade.

Mr. R. Hamilton, in the ‘Annals of Natural History ’ for 1838, ii.
p- 81, t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the
method of catching them; and he deposited two specimens in the
Museum of Edinburgh, which had been procured by Capt. Weddel.
Mr. Abbott having informed me that what I had described under the
name of Arctocephalus falklandicus is not now found in the Falkland
Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown me an imperfect skin of the
same species, which he had obtained from a fur-monger, who in-
formed him that such fur-skins were only received from the Arctic
part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. Archer,
director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me
to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on exami-
nation, proved to be my Arctocephalus falklandicus, only differing
from the Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and
harsher ; and, from Capt. Weddel’s account as given in the ‘ Annals,’
these specimens came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These
Seals, which were brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly
have inhabited the Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lon found
there by Pernetty, have been destroyed or driven away. <Arctoce-
phalus Hookeri is said to be now found in the Antarctic Ocean and
the Falkland Islands. In that case it may be the Falkland-Island
Seal of Pennant.

The A. falklandicus is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia (H.
cinereus) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length
of the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair; but
the fur is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both
above and below.

Pennant describes the “ Falkland-Island Seal” from a specimen
4 feet long, in the museum of the Royal Society, thus :—‘“ Hair short,
cinereous, tipped with dirty white ;” “‘ grinders conoid, with a small
process on one side near the base.” It is to this description that Dr.
Shaw applied the name of Phoca falklandica (Gen. Zool. i. p. 256).
This agrees with a specimen in the Museum in all particulars. It
certainly is not the dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described

5. ZALOPHUS. 27

as the Arctocephalus nigrescens, and which Dr. Peters calls O. falk-
landica,

I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared
with the fur of O. Philippi. He observes, ‘They appear to be
quite different; the wool of O. falklandica is fair and has more
similarity in colour to the young of O. cinerea. The wool of O.
Philippii is entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer
and haye a much shorter grey tip than in O. falklandica.”

6. Arctocephalus? nivosus. Cape Hair-Seal. B.M.

Fur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small,
often confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few
scattered white hairs; belly red-brown (nearly bay); hairs short,
thick, of one colour to the base; under-fur none, except a very few
hairs on the crown of the head. Skull unknown.

Arctocephalus? nivosus, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 219.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. =

Length of skin nearly 8 feet ; but stretched and flattened.

Dr. Murie (P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety,
seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto
obtained.

Mr. Allen adopts this view, never haying seen the specimen, but
changes the phrase into “a previously known species” (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. ii. p. 18) ; but neither of them mentions the species to
which he refers it.

But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of
the skins which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope ;
for, if that were the case, the species would belong to one of his sub-
families, and the variety to the other.

In the form and length of the hair it is very different from Areto-
cephalus antarcticus ; and it is almost destitute of under-fur, except
on the crown of the head.

Tribe IV. ZALOPHINA.

Grinders 2 . 2, large, thick, in a close continuous series ; the fifth
upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch.

In the younger skull the grinders are placed rather further back,
the hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of
the zygomatic arch. The grinders all single-rooted, as the last or
sixth grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent.
The face of the skull is considerably produced, and the forehead is
flat.

Zalophina, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 269.

5. ZALOPHUS.

Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last
grinder, and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow,

28 OTARIADE.

elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge
in a line with the front edge of the orbital process of the malar bone.
Under-fur sparse.
Zalophus, Gill, Peters; Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231.
Arctocephalus § b**, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 55.

1. Zalophus Gilliespii. Californian Hair-Seal.
Otaria Gilliespii, Macbain.
Arctocephalus Gilliespii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, t. 70 (skull) ; Cat. S. &
W. p. 55.
Zalophus Gilliespii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231;
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. pp. 83 & 44; Gull, Proc. Essex
Inst. 1866, v. p. 15.
Arctocephalus (Zalophus) Gilliespii, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 275
& 671.
? Otaria Stelleri, Schlegel, fide Peters.
Inhab. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.) ; Japan (fide
Peters).
I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan; so that I am
not quite sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same
as those from the west coast of America.

6. NEOPHOCA.

Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of
the tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The hinder nares
broad, rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched,
which is further back than the front edge of the orbital process of
the zygomatic arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur
with very little under-fur. Flap of toes moderate.

Arctocephalus § ***, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 57.
Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), Peters.
Neophoca, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 281.

1. Neophoca lobata. Australian Hair-Sceal.

Arctocephalus lobatus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 1828, t. 4. f. 2 (teeth); Cat.
S.§ W.p. 50; Zool. FE. & T. Mamm. t. 16, 17. f. 3-5 (skull) ; Gould,
Mamm. Austr. 111. t. 49; Peters.

Otaria australis, Quoy § Gaim. Astrol. t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 (skull).

Arctocephalus australis, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57.

Neophoca lobatus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231.

Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, Peters, Monatsbr. 1866, pp. 276 & 671,

Zalophus lobatus, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 44.

The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the
fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central
longitudinal groove on the inner side ; the first two grinders of the
lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the
fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side.

In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong,
less compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the
teeth can be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the

7. EUMETOPIAS. 29

front part of the younger skull, which was received from Mr. Gould,
the teeth are placed rather further back than in the adult skull from
North Australia received from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the
fifth tooth being behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch.

Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the O. cinerea of Desma-
rest, from Péron ; but it is not the O. cinerea of Quoy & Gaimard
(see obs. on Péron’s Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57).

Tribe V. EUMETOPIINA.

Grinders 2.2, more or less far apart ; the hinder upper behind the
hinder edge. of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other
grinders by a concave space.

Eumetopiina, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 269.

7. EUMETOPIAS.

Eumetopias, Gill, Peters.
Arctocephalus § ate, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 51.

Fur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in
front, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then
slightly narrowed behind. Posterior nares oblong , elongate, broadly
truncated in front, the front edge being behind the line of the orbital
process of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have large oblong
roots; the second, third, and fourth upper ones have a sabeentral
longitudinal groove on the outer side, and a less marked one on their
inner surface ; the inner side of all but the first of the lower ones
are similarly grooved ; the fifth upper grinder (or, more properly, the
sixth in the normal series) has two distinct roots. The lower jaw
much more elongate than that of Otaria jubata, the hinder angle
more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Flap of toes
short.

The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A.S.
Taylor to Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described,
with doubt, as Arctocephalus monteriensis, junior (P. Z. S. 1859,
p- 357), and which in the ‘ Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I named
A. californianus (see p. 51), agrees in every respect in its dentition
with the large skull which we received from California, and which
I described and figured as A. monteriensis (P. Z.S. 1859, p. 358,
t. 72); but it differs greatly in the form of the hinder nares, which
are extended much more forwards, so that the front end, which is
very narrow and acute, is much in front of the prominence of the
orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about in a line with the
middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity.

This skull is evidently that of a very young animal; for the bones
are separate ; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth
as the large skull. There is the same wide space between the fourth
and fifth upper grinders ; but there is at the back edge of the fourth
grinder, on the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no

30 OTARIAD®.

doubt, asmall rudimentary tooth has fallen out ; and thereis a much
wider but shallow pit on the other side, which may have been pro-
duced by the loss of a rudimentary tooth; the last upper grinder
has a large swollen undivided root. If this is a young skull of
Eumetopias monteriensis, that species is curious for having the teeth
in the old and young skulls in the same situation as regards the
bones of the face.

The adult skull and the young one were from the same locality,
and, I believe, collected by the same person; and this being the
case, I am inclined to regard them as the same, only showing a
curious peculiarity in the growth of the animal, and also showing
that the form and position of the hinder nostril probably varies as
the animal increases in age.

Mr. Gill considers Steller’s Sea-bear (Callorhinus ursinus) to be
the type of M. F. Cuvier’s genus Arctocephalus, and therefore abo-
lishes Callorhinus and gives the new name of Halarctus to the true
Arctocephali—thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the
generic names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not
observing that Phoca wrsina, and even Otaria ursina, had been
applied to several species from very different localities, that F.
Cuvier established his genus on the skull of P. ursina of Forster,
from the Cape, which he (M. Cuvier) had named Phoca Delalandii,
and that’ F. Cuvier does not figure a skull of the Sea-bear of Steller :
indeed the French collection did not at that time, nor does it even
now, possess one ; and I feel assured that, if it had, F. Cuvier would,
according to his custom, have established for it a genus distinct from
Arctocephalus, the skulls of the two genera being of such distinct
forms.

1. Eumetopias Stelleri. Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal.

Arctocephalus monteriensis, Gray, Cat. Seals & W. p.49; P. Z. 8.
1859, t. 72 (skull).

Eumetopias californiana, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, v. p. 18.

Otaria Stelleri, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 60; Peters; Miller?

Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 274 & 671.

Eumetopias Stelleri, Gray, Ann. & Mag. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 233;
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, tab, 1 & 2
(skull &c.).

Leo marinus, Steller.

Phoca jubata, Pander & D’ Alton, t. 3. f. d, e, f (skull, not good).

Junior. Arctocephalus californianus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 51 (skull
only).

Inhab. California; Behring’s Straits.

The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Gurney gave to the
Museum along with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull
(see ‘ Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 51) was the only skin then known to
exist in museums; and consequently I described the fur of the genus
from this skin as having abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soc.
1859, p. 858). Dr. Peters having discovered Pander and D’Alton’s
animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he observed that the adult

8. ARCTOPHOCA. ol

animal was entirely without under-fur—a fact which has been con-
firmed by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin of the young re-
ceived from Monterey is the skin of the young Humetopias Stelleri,
which, I think,is very probable. But this only shows the difficulties
that must occur in the study of animals from the very imperfect ma-
terials which until lately existed.

The Sea-lion of Steller has been one of the zoological paradoxes.
Professor Nilsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a va-
riety of the Otaria jubata ; and therefore I supposed it: might be a
second species of the restricted genus Otaria. Dr. Peters has solved
the enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I described from Cali-
fornia, observing that the skull in the Berlin Museun, figured by
D’Alton under the name of “ Steller’s Sea-lion ” (Phoca jubata), was
received from Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the
Berlin Museum was received from Mr. Brandt as coming from
Behring’s Straits.

The figure of Pander and D’Alton is so imperfect that it would
have been impossible to determine the species it represents without
the examination of the original skull; and then one sees that it
may have been intended for the species to which it is referred. The
same observation is applicable to the figure of the skull of Stel-
ler’s Sea-bear.

It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of
Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine
the typical specimens.

The specimen of Callorhinus ursinus now in the Museum was re-
ceived from St. Petersburg as Otaria leonina, or Leo marinus of
Steller, from Berhing’s Straits; so they evidently confound two
species under that name.

8. ARCTOPHOCA.
Arctophoca, Peters.

Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from
Chili by Dr. Philippi. It chiefly differs from Zalophus in the palate
being much narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather
far apart. I have not seen any skull agreeing with these cha-
racters.

« With abundant under-fur.”

According to figures, the form of the skull and the large size of
the orbit are very similar to those of Phocarctos Hookeri, but the
number and form of the teeth are different.

In the ‘Monatsbericht,’ May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. a, 6, c, Dr.
Peters described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a
Sea-bear (sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Philippi, who obtained
it at Juan Fernandez Island) under the name of Otaria Philippt,
forming for it a subgenus which he calls Arctophoca. In his reyi-
sion of that paper, published in the same work for November 1866,
p- 671, he places it as a synonym or subspecies of what he calls
Otaria falklandica, which is my <Arctocephalus nigrescens, and not

32 OTARIADR.

the Otaria falklandica of Shaw nor the O. falklandica of Burmeister
as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have shown above. In this paper he
removes Otaria falklandica (that is, nigrescens) from the subgenus
Phocarctos, to which he referred it in his first paper, and places it in
his subgenus Arctophoca.

1. Arctophoca Philippii. Chilian Fur-Seal.
Otaria (Arctophoca) Philippii, Peters, Monatsbericht, May 1866,
p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671.
Otaria Hookeri, var., Murze, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108!

Inhab. Juan Fernandez Island (Philippi ; in Mus. Berl.).

Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck,
brownish black beneath ; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown,
shining ; lips and lower jaw principally rusty brown; hair of beard
in six rows, partly black, partly quite white, partly black with
white base. The outbristling (prominent bristly) pointed hairs are
rusty brown at the base, black at the end, on the back mostly with
very short rusty-yellowish points, and on the head and neck with
somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the belly the ends of the coarser
pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish black, or are very short
rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty red. The hairs on
the upper surface of the neck are 22 millims. long; those on the
middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly 11 to
12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to
the middle of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the
ends of which are furnished with very small nails. In like man-
ner, the very similar hair on the back of the foot does not ex-
tend to the last ‘‘ Phalangen?” of the middle toe. The nail of
the large outer toe is small, flat, and cut off short outside; that
of the fifth inner toe is a little larger and cut off abruptly on the
inner side. The very developed long nails of the three centre toes
are of the form of keeled tegule, and remote along their whole
length by the emarginations of the skin of the foot. The skin-
flaps of the foot are equally long; and usually those of the centre
toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside
one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus,
is bare.— Peters, 1. c. p. 277.

I have not seen this skull; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters
made in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his
Otaria Philippi has no resemblance to the skull of my O. nigrescens.
It is more nearly allied to the skull of 0. Stelleri from California, agree-
ing with it in having a vacant space with a pit in the bone between the
fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a grinder
had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus
Arctophoca of Dr. Peters’s first essay, not as modified in his second
one to contain O. falklandica (nigrescens), chiefly differs from Gill’s
genus Humetopias (which was formed on my description and figure of
the skull of O. Stellert or californiana) in the fifth upper grinder
not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the orbital

8. AROTOPHOGA. 33

process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is in
Humetopias.

Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr.
Peters to be the same as I have described as O. Hookeri (P. Z. 8.
1869, p. 108).

Dr. Burmeister considered it O. falklandica of Shaw; and Mr.
Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion ;
but further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie
have “ evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states
that O. Philippit has a thick under-fur, whereas both the O. Stelleri
and the O. Hookeri are true hair Seals.” But, in fact, this statement
is a mistake as regards me; I never said that O. Philippii was the
same as O. Stelleri, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to
it, which I still maintain.

Antarctic Ocean and South Seas.

Otaria jubata. S. America and
islands,

Phocarctos Hookeri.

Arctocephalus nigrescens.

A. falklandicus.

Arctophoca Philippii. S. America.

Arctocephalus antarcticus. Africa.

A. nivosus. Africa.
A. cinereus. Australia.
A. Forsteri. New Zealand.

Neovhoea lobata. Australia.

North Pacific and West Arctic

Ocean.

Callorhinus ursinus. West coast
of America.

Zalophus Gilliespii. West coast of
America and Japan?

Eumetopias Stelleri. West coast

of America,

34 CETACEA.

Order CETACEA.

Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often
furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish-
shaped, smooth, bald. Limbs clawless ; fore limbs fin-shaped ; hinder
united, forming a forked horizontal fin. Nostrils enlarged into
blowers. Teats two, inguinal.—Carnivorous.

They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin, thus :—

I. Pectoral fin broad, truncated or rounded at the end; fingers 5, shorter
than the arm-bones, subequal, gradually shorter in the series. —BAL®-
NIDH, CATODONTID™H, SusorEA, OrcaDm#, BELUGIDA, PoNTOPO-
RIADZ, HyPEROODONTID®, HPIODONTIDA, ZIPHIDZ.

II. Pectoral jin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side; fingers 5,
elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much longer than
the rest.—Intu1Dm, DELPHINIDA, GRAMPIDH, GLOBIOCEPHALID.

III. Pectoral fin elongate, truncated on the inner side; fingers 4, subequal,
more or less elongate-—AGAPHELID®, MEGAPTERIDZ, PHYSALIDA,
BaLZNOPTERIDZ. ‘

By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebra, thus :—

1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebrze united by their bodies
and spines into a single mass.
Mysticetes. Denticetes.

CATODONTIDA.
GRAMPIDZ.

2. Atlas and cervical vertebrae all united into one solid mass.
BALZANID®. PHYSETERIDZ.
BaL@NOPTERID®. HyPEROODONTID&.

(?) ZIPHUD Zz,

3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebrae united ; the
hinder ones sometimes free.

MEGAPTERID®. EPIoDONTIDZ.
? ZIPHIID A.
DELPHINIDZ.
GLOBIOCEPHALID&.
ORCADZ.

4, Atlas and the other cervical vertebree entirely free.

PHYSALIDA. PLATANISTID®.
AGAPHELIDA. InuD2.
PONTOPORIAD®,

BELUGID2,

CETACEA. 35

Section I. MYSTICETE (cf. p. 57).

Mysticete, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales B. M. pp. 61, 68; Synops.
Whales § Dolph, p. 1.

Mystacoceti or Balzenoidea, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 110.
’ Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary; they never cut the
gums. Palate with transverse, fringed, horny plates of baleen.
Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic
bones simple, large, cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic
bone, which forms part of the skull.

The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure,
by its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go
together.

The baleen consists of two parts:—1, the outer layer, called the
enamel coat; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on
the inner edge of the blade: both are well seen in cross sections
under the microscope. The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness
in the different kinds. Thus it is very thick and forms the greater
part of the blade in the Greenland Whale ; and in different kinds it
gradually becomes thinner, until it only forms a thin coat over the
central fibres. The central longitudinal fibres differ in thickness
and in number. When they are very slender, as in the Greenland
Whale, they form only a single layer between the two coats of ena-
mel, and their produced ends make a very fine, long, flaccid fringe to
the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they are very nume-
rous, in many series, and form a considerable part of the thickness
of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid fringe
to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they do
not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad
blade, so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are
used to make brushes and brooms.

The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many
times as long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, ac-
cording to the families or genera, until it is not longer than broad.
The longest blades have the most enamel and the finest and most
flaccid fibres, which, on the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to
different genera) become coarser and more rigid as the whalebone
diminishes in Jength compared with its breadth.

The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent
characters for the distinction and characters of the species when
its structure and form and colour are properly studied. It is
stated that sometimes the character of the whalebone is changed by
its preparation, as, for example, being soaked in water for some time
before it is brought to this country; but the soaking, although it may
slightly alter the surface and make the enamel coat rather thinner,
does not alter the general form or microscopic structure of the
blades.

In my essay on Whales in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,’

D2

36 BALENID ©.

1846, Iseparated the Right Whales, or Baleenide, into two divisions—
the one haying very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single
series of fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader
whalebone and a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterwards
called Balana, and the second Eubalena. M. Beneden seems
inclined to adopt this division (see ‘ Ostéographie,’ Cétacés, p. 144),
observing that the former are confined to the Arctic regions and
the other to the more temperate zones; but this is not correct,
for Balena marginata, as I stated in my first essay, has the whale-
bone quite as polished and as fine as that of the Greenland Whale.
It lives on the west coast of Australia and New Zealand, in com-
pany with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black Whale of
New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse
whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific
yields the north-west-coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse
character.

The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished,
finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, Balena and Neo-
balena.

The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whale-
bone, with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz.
Hubalena, Hunterius, Caperea, and Macleayius.

It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these
genera, Hubalena, in connexion with the bones of the animal; but
as “the South-sea whalers” (that is to say, those who fish in the
Southern and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of
this kind of whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few
blades of the whalebone of B. marginata, which they call “ sea-
tassel”), we may naturally conclude that all the large Right Whales
found in those seas have this kind of whalebone.

Suborder I. BALASNOIDEA (cf. p. 46).

Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly
smooth, without plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated ; fingers 5,
graduated. Arm-bones very short, thick; radius and humerus of
equal length. Baleen elongate, slender. T'ympanic bones rhombic.
Cervical vertebra united.

Balenoidea, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 1.

Family 1. BALAANID:. Right Whales.

Balenide, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales B. M. pp. 61,.75; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p. 1; Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi.

Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth.

Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebree of the neck anchylosed. Pec-

1. BALZNA. oT

toral fin broad, truncated at the end; fingers 5. Tympanic bones
rhombic; maxillary bones narrow.

Capt. Maury’s Whale-Charts show that Right Whales are found
in almost all seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of lati-
tude on each side of the equator. An experienced whaler observes
that ‘‘ Right Whales are as seldom seen in that belt as Sperm-Whales
are found out of it.” Capt. Maury justly observes, the torrid zone
is to these animals “forbidden ground, and it is as physically impos-
sible for them to cross the equator as it would be to cross a sea of
flame. In short, these researches show that there is a belt of from
two to three thousand miles in breadth, and reaching from one side
of the ocean to the other, in which the Right Whale is never found.” —
Maury, Whale-Charts, p. 233.

Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Royal Belgian Academy, and
reproduced enlarged in the ‘ Ostéographie—Cétacés,’ gives a geogra-
phical distribution of Whales. He acknowledges only six species,
having the following distribution :—

1. B. mysticetus. The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland,
and on the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk.

2. B. biscayensis. The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°,
and a belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from
lat. 45° to 50°.

3. B. japonica. A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to
45° on the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of
Japan.

4. B. australis. A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25°
to 30° on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the
coast of South America.

5. B. antipodarum. In a similar belt across the South Pacific
from the west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand.

6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from
Natal to the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°.

See Dr. Gray’s observations on this theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1868, vol. i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he ob-
serves “I think I have proved that M. van Beneden’s theory is
entirely unsupported by facts.”

I. Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on cach side and «a fine elongate
slender fringe (cf. p. 42).

1, BALANA.
Baleena, Gray, l. ec. p. 79; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 1; Lilljeborg,
N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.

First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end.
Tympanic bones square ; aperture nearly as long asthe bone. There
is at the end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large car-
tilaginous compartment which corresponds with the radial and cu-
bital bone, and has not even a bony nucleus; between these two
cartilages is an intermediate cartilage ; below these are two or three

38 BALZNIDZ.

earpals. Cervical vertebrae united by their bodies. Upper lateral
process of atlas broad at the base, compressed, rather narrow, and
rounded at the end; the lower lateral process elongate, subcylindri-
eal, angulated at the lower side of the base (see Cat. Whales, p. 84,
f. 4; Ostéogr. Cét. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower process of the second
and third elongate and produced ; the upper process of the second,
fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent forward.
Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Ostéogr.
Cét. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones
(Ostéogr. Cet. t. 4. f. 27).

1. Balena mysticetus. B.M.
Balzna mysticetus, Gray, /. c. pp. 81, 370, figs. 1,2, 4, 5; Syneps.
vee & Dolph. p. 1, t.1. f.4 (baleen) ; R. Brown, P. Z. S. 1868,

p. 534.

Inhab. North Sea.

Dr. Robert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and
migrations of this animal. He observes :—“ Where the Whale goes
to in winter is still unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait
about the month of November, and produces young in the St. Law-
rence River, between Quebec and Camaroa, retarning to Davis Strait
in the spring. At all events, early in the year they are found on
the coast of Labrador, where the English whalers occasionally attack
them; but the ships arrive generally too late, and the weather at
that season is too tempestuous to render the ‘ south-west fishing ’
very attractive. ...It is said that early in September they enter
Cumberland (Hogarth’s) Sound in great numbers, and remain until
it is completely frozen up, which, according to the Eskimo account,
is not until January. ... They enter the Sound again in the spring,
and remain until the heat of summer has melted off the land-floes
in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears that
they winter and produce their young all along the broken water off
the southern coasts of Hudson’s Strait, Davis Strait, and La-
brador.”

He continues, “I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the
Spitzbergen sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but winter
somewhere in the open water at the southern edge of the northern
ice-fields. The Whales are being gradually driven further north.”

2. Balena mediterranea.
Baleena mediterranea, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. pp. 198,
200.
Baleine, Lacépéde, Cétacés, tab. 7. fig. 1.

Baleena biscayensis (part.), Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. tab. 7. fig. 1
(animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebrae), figs. 2, 3 (? vertebrae).

Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (Lacépéde).

2. NEOBALENA. 39

3. Balena angulata. B.M.

Balenk mysticetus, var. angulata, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 86,
f. 5 (ear-bones).

Inhab. North Sea? Ear-bones, British Museum.

4, Balena nordcaper.
Baleena nordcaper, Bonnat.
Baleena islandica, Brisson.
Balzena biscayensis, Eschricht.
Baleena mysticetus, var., Brown, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 546.

Inhab. Iceland. Called “Slet-bag.”’

It has been ascertained, “ 1st, that it is much more active than the
Greenland Whale, much quicker and more violent in its movements,
and accordingly both more difficult and dangerous to capture ; 2nd,
that it is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact
statement of its length) and has much less blubber; 3rd, that its
head is shorter, and that its whalebone is comparatively small and
scarcely more than half the length of that of the B. mysticetus ;
4th, that it is regularly infested with a cirriped belonging to the
genus Coronula, and that it belongs to the temperate North Atlantic
as exclusively as the B. mysticetus belongs to the icy sea.”—Dr.
Brown, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 546.

Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in
a Whale; and he considers that a considerable portion of the de-
scription of the nordcaper corresponds with what he has said of the
Spitzbergen whale (P. Z.S. 1868, p. 547).

See also :—
1. Balena mysticetus, Cope, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1869, pp. 17 &
35

The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, American whalers.
Inhab. Behring’s Straits.

2. Baleena kuliomoch, Chamisso, Nov. Acta Natur. tab. 7. fig. 1; Gray,
Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 202.
Balena cullamacha, Chamisso, Nov. Act. xii. p. 251, t. ; Cope,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, p. 225, 1869, pp. 14, 17, & 40, fig. 4.
Inhab. North Pacific.
From wooden model made by the Aleutians.

2. NEOBALZNA.

Skull rather depressed ; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak,
depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on
the middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with
a subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded
brain-cavity at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front,
and slightly arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed,

40 BALANIDA.

high; the upper edge thin, and inflexed the greater part of its
length, erect in front ; the lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of

Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of Neobalena marginata,
from Dr. Hector’s figures.

the edge being simple. The baleen elongate, slender, several times
as long as broad, with a fringe of a single series of fine fibres; ena-
melled surface smooth and polished, thick.

1. Neobalena marginata. B.M.

Balena marginata, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales Brit. Mus. p. 90; Hee-
tor, Proc. & Trans. of the New-Zealand Institute, 1869, t. 2 B. f. 1-4;
Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, v. p. 221, and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2.

Inhab. New Zealand; Island of Kawau (Sir G. Grey). Mus.
Wellington.

In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat
like the beak of some of the Finner Whales; but it does not at all
justify Mr. Knox’s idea that Balena marginata is a Finner. But
this difference of skull makes us more anxious to have the descrip-

. 2, NEOBALENA. 4]
tion of the entire animal and its skeleton, as the animal may prove
to be the type of a new family of Whales, between the true Whales
and Finners.

This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is
a representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale
of the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible,
most elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered ;
and if this were of larger size,it would fetch a much higher price than
the whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four
times the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the Hubalene or
Right Whales of the Southern and Pacifié Oceans. The trade of the
Continental nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their
merchants obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufac-
tures second-hand, there are not in the market the varieties of whale-
bone and finner-bone which we have in this country, where the whale-
bone and finner-bone from different localities bear each a different
value. This perhaps explains why the Continental zoologists (as
Eschricht) who have paid attention to the structure of whales have
not paid sufficient attention to the characters afforded by the shape,
structure, and colour of this substance, to which I called their atten-
tion more than twenty years ago, and showed its value as a cha-
racter for distinguishing the genera and species. It has been a
fertile subject of reproach to me that I established some species on
the characters afforded by this substance; but I need only mention, as
a proof of the little attention Van Beneden has paid to this part of
my work, that in his book on the anatomy of Whales, now in pro-
gress, after saying that I have established the species Balena mar-
ginata on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it Huba-
lena marginata, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle
and coarse whalebone—whereas the chief reason that induced me to
consider the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine
and tough structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved
by the very different form of its skull from that of any other known
Whale. In the same manner, the Physalus antarcticus, also esta-
blished on finner-bone or baleen imported from New Zealand, has
been proved to be a very distinct species of that genus, named Sul-
phur-bottoms by the whalers.

From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum
‘ Catalogue of Seals and Whales,’ there is no doubt that the baleen
corresponds with the above species. The specimen was obtained at
Kawau Island by Sir George Grey, and appears to be unique, as the
species has hitherto only been known from the baleen.

The dimensions are as follows :—

Ibs.
Weiohtorteramiuml (5 2 ors bee. rsa s 58
Weichtot lower jaw. y.. S60. ass 13
its tel
Meet = 2 ca meer tecerrajak a tose. ohn, abe 4 9

42 BALENID&.

£0! eens
Moveenttevof Orbit Mereie ue. ce. bins amesieys 3 10
Wadthoat Onbit. 2c. deren. skp sees 3 2 Ge
Width at mastoid process .......... 2 ih

im; lina:
ower jaw; BION. 5 oc). es ce eee tes oe rte |
Depth {ereatest)i. ca. or see es 8G

Baleen 29 inches long, 34 inches in extreme width.
Black margin from j to 2 inch.

«“ Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-botttom, which he
says is the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that
B. marginata may be the true Finner of the south. I will try to
find some more of the bones.”—TZrans. New Zeal. Inst. 1870,

. 26.

This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, can-
not be a Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right
Whale, very nearly allied to the Right Whale of Greenland, and of
a very small size. The bones of this Whale would be a most valu-
able addition to the British Museum or any zoological museum.
They appear not to be uncommon in the Kawau Islands; and the
measurements of the skull are a valuable addition to our knowledge
of the species.

This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative
of the Right Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length
of the head, cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the
Greenland Whale is from 50 to 65 feet long.

Il. Baleen thick, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, and a
coarse thick fringe (cf. p. 37).

3. EUBALAZNA.

Eubaleena, Gray, l. c. p.91; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.15; Lilljeborg,

N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867 ; Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 115.
First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square ;
aperture nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical ver-
tebre all united by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the
atlas subcylindrical, narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the
end; the lower lateral process narrow at the base, swollen and
rounded at the end (Ostéog. Cét. t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous,
with six carpal bones, a radius and cubitus, one radial and one cu-
bital and two carpals in the second range (Ostéog. Cet. t. 1. f. 1).
Scapula as long as broad, with a small cylindrical coracoid process,
rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the middle finger, four to
the index and ring fingers, four to the little finger, and two to the
thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and thin at the free

edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebrae 50-59.

3. EUBALENA. 43

1. Eubalena australis. B.M.
Eubalzena australis, Gray, l. c. p. 91, fig. 6; Synops. Whales 8 Dolph.

bale
Balostia australis, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25-27.
Baleena capensis, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. t. 1. f. 3 (baleen).

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

2. Eubalena Sieboldii.

Eubalena Sieboldii, Gray, 1. c. p. 96; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 1,
t. 1. f. 2 (baleen).

Balena japonica, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8 Ter. p. 15, tab. 1*. fig. 2 (ba-
leen).

Balena alutiensis, Meyer; Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Belgique, xx.
1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast whalebone of com-
merce, which is quite distinct from the South-sea whalebone,
brought from the Cape. |

Balena japonica, Eschricht, Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. ser. 5. ix. p. 1, Kjébenh.
1869, pl. 1 (skull of foetus), pl. 2 (head) ; Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1870, vi. p. 202.

Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of foetus 53 feet long, in Mus.
Copenhagen.

See also the following doubtful species :—

1. Baleena japonica, Lacépéde, Mém: Mus. iv. p. 473.
Baleena hamislnies Lacép. Mém. Mus. iv. p. 475.

These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings.

2, Baleena australis, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, Taf. 28 & 29 (not Des-
moulins).
Balena Sieboldii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. p. 349.

From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay.

3. Eubalena? cisarctica.
Eubaleena ? cisarctica, Cope.
Balena cisarctica, Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p.1; Gray,
Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, vi. p. 200.
Baleena biscayensis, Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 7. figs. 4, 5, 6 (ear-
bones only).

Inhab. Atlantic.

“There is a skeleton of the Balena cisarctica in the Museum of
the Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli
16 feet in length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A sca-
pula in the Museum, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J., mea-
sures 36 inches in height, and 48 5 inches in width, indicating an
adult of 57 feet in length. A young individual of 45 feet, line-
measurement, awaits mounting in the Museum Compar. Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will shortly give a detailed
description in an essay on the species. Like the other specimens,

44 BALENIDA.

it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the manus exhi-
bited an important difference from those of B. australis. In it they
number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3,3, while Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss.
227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4.”

4. HUNTERIUS.
Hunterius, Gray, 1. c. pp. 78,98; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 1;
Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.

First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tym-
panic bones square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebree
57 or 58; the five first cervical united. Five phalanges in the
fourth or ring finger, and four to the second, third, and fifth fingers.
The first rib bifid and articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last
cervical and the first dorsal ; the second rib very thick at the free
end. The nasal bones very large.

1. Hunterius Temminckii.
Hunterius Temminckii, Gray, 1. c. p. 98, fig. 8; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 1; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1870, p. 191.
Balzena australis, Temm. F. Japon, t. 28, 29.
Baleena australis, var., Van Ben. Ostéogr. Cét. p. 35.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

M. van Beneden regards the* character on which this genus is
established as merely a variation of Balena australis (Ostéog. Cét.
p- 35).

The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Hor-
stock. It is described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841,
p. 37 (Flower, P. Z. 8. 1864).

2. Hunterius biscayensis.

Hunterius biscayensis, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, i. p. 244;
Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2.

Baleena biscayensis, Eschricht, Compt. Rendus, 1860, Act. Soc. Linn.
Bordeauz, xiii.; Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1870, p. 200 (not Van
Beneden).

Baleena eubalena, Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 391.

Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Mus.
Copenhagen, from the Museum of Pampeluna.

Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus
Hunterius, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe
(which easily splits into strips), and a bifid first rib.

3. Hunterius Swedenborgii.

Hunterius Swedenborgii, Lilljeborg, N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal. vi. 1867,
p. 35, t. 9,10, 11 (skeleton) ; Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 1.

Inhab. North Sea ; Sweden (subfossil).

6. MACLEAYIUS. 45

5. CAPEREA.
Caperea, Gray, lc. pp. 78, 101; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2; Lill-
jeborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.

First: rib ? Baleen ? Tympanic bones irregular,
rhombic ; aperture irregular, much contracted at the upper end;
the wide part not half the lerigth of the bone. <“‘ Cervical vertebra
all united. First rib single at the upper, and very broad at the
lower end. Bladebone (acromion) rudimentary. Coracoid process
none.” —Lilljeborg.

Vertebre 55; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and
the spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and
of the two last into a separate crest; each has a distinct upper lateral
process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper
lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent up-
wards ; lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Ostéogr.
Cét. t. 3. f. 4,5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of
the acromion (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartilaginous, with
five small bones. Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw
subcylindrical, thick near the condyle, rather attenuated in front.

The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very
broad below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces
nearly the whole length of the sternum; upper end with a single
head. Second rib equally large at the free end, and not notched.
Phalanges 1, 4, 5, 4,3.

I believe that the “bonnet” of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is
only the ‘“ topknot” of the old male whale of this genus, or of a
nearly allied species.

1. Caperea antipodarum. B.M.
Caperea antipodarum, Gray, l. c. p. 101, f.9; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
2

Balzena australis, Desm. Diction.
Balena antipodarum, Van Ben, Ostéogr. Cét. p. 46, t.3; Gray, Dief-
fenbach, t. 1.

Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.

The seven cervical vertebree are completely soldered by their bodies;
and the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the
two last form a separate crest (Ostéogr. Cét. t. 3. f. 4, 5), The
petrous portion of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer
than broad, with only a slight indication of a process on the front
edge. Upper lateral process of the axis square, bent back; lower
process rounded at the end and prominent.

6. MACLEAYIUS.
Macleayius, Gray, /. c. pp. 103, 371; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2.
Cervical vertebree united into a single mass ; upper lateral process
of the atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of
the side, truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower

46 BALENOPTEROIDEA.

lateral process. Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather
swollen in the middle, truncated at the end and bent forward, the
upper processes of the second and third cervical vertebra forming a
crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75).
Baleen ?

1. Macleayius australiensis.
Macleayius australiensis, Gray, /. c. pp. 105 (figs. 10, 11), 371 (figs. 74,
75) ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.

Inhab. Australian seas.

Atlas vertebra—the width, measuring from the extremity of the
lower processes, 281 inches; width of the atlas 25 inches ; height
from the base of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last
cervical vertebra 10 inches.

2. Macleayius britannicus. B.M.
Macleayius britannicus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. pp. 198

& 204.

Baleena biscayensis, Van Beneden (part.), Ostéogr. Cét. tab. 7. fig. 7
(copied from Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 85, fig. 3).

Baleena britannica, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 200.

Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Cervical vertebrae of Balena from Lyme Regis (Gray, Cat. Seals
& Whales, p. 83,f. 3) copied on plate of Balena biscayensis, Ostéog.
Cét. t. 7. f.7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of
this bone are much more like those of Macleaytus australiensis than
those of any other species; yet it differs in the outer edge of the
broad lateral process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and
in the lower lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and
the outer end obliquely truncated and subangular below. This
massive vertebra has no affinity with B. biscayensis, and indicates
the existence of a completely different new species of Right Whales,
which appears to be an inhabitant of our seas.

Suborder II. BALAZNOPTEROIDEA (cf. p. 36).

Balenopteride, Gray, J. c. pp. 61, 106,
Baleenopteroidea, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.

Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fin distinct, rarely
wanting. Belly longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen
short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate ;
arms elongate; radius and ulna much longer than the humerus.
Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebree of the neck free, or partially
united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate.

AGAPHELID. 47

Family 2. AGAPHELIDE. Serag Whales.

Head moderate; body elongate ; hinder part of the back keeled
and notched. Cervical vertebre free. Pectoral fin lanceolate.
Fingers 4, Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. Ribs single-
headed.

Mr. Cope “ mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a
portion of a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, Balena gibbosa
of Erxleben, and ascertained that it represented a genus not previ-
ously known. It was a Fin-back Whale; but without dorsal fin or
throat-folds, resembling superficially the genus Balena. The baleen
short and curved. The genus was called Agaphelus.”

1. AGAPHELUS.

Cervical vertebre free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No
dorsal fin. Ribs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope,
Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 16).

Agaphelus, Cope, Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, pp. 159, 225; Gray,
Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 200.

«Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebre 2? Lumbar
and anterior caudal vertebre longer than their greatest diameter.
Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Sca-
pula with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow,
short, curved.

«The baleen is peculiar; throughout the length of the maxillary
bone it nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the
band, or length of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a
creamy white; the fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs’
bristles.

«The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina,
towards which the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The
longitudinal opening is much contracted, especially anteriorly, where
the bone is pinched up into a keel; and there is no abrupt concavity
of the inner lip at that point. External surface not very rugose.
Total length 3 in. 2°5 lines.

«The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed
acromion and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of Bale-
noptera and Physalus; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate
than in Stbbaldius laticeps and borealis, being 1:5 as long as the
humerus, thus resembling Physalus.

“The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin
of the type of those genera,

‘The ear-bone is much more compressed than in Physalus anti-
quorum or Sibbaldius laticeps.

“The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and
with a more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have
seen.

“The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and

48 AGAPHELID”,

anterior caudal vertebrae; they are of a much more elongate form
than any I have seen or found figured, excepting those of the Bale-
noptera rostrata (as figured by Gaimard in ‘ Voyage de la Recherche’),
which, however, are relatively shorter. Those of the present species
are of greater length than transverse diameter, the lumbars most
elongate ; all furnished with an acute hypapophysial keel and con-
cave sides, and entirely transverse diapophyses. This peculiarity is
consistent with the account of my informant, who stated the animal
to have been of an unusually elongate and slender form. When it
came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days; the flukes and
muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had been de-
voured, probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region
much lacerated; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of
some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the
muzzle to the end of the third caudal was 35 feet, which may be
reduced to 33 feet axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, ac-
cording to my informant, entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or
sear of one; hence I suppose the fin (if present) to have been situ-
ated, as in Sibbaldius &e., at the posterior fourth of the length, and
not, as in Balenoptera, on the posterior third. It may then be safely
assumed, bearing in mind the form of vertebra, that ten feet of the
whale’s length had been removed, making in all 43 feet. That the
species attains over 50 feet is probable, as the present individual
was quite young, the epiphyses separating from the vertebrae with
the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal is corroborated
by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, one attached
beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower than the
corresponding ones in Stbbaldius. I therefore think it most probable
that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed.”—Cope, 1. c.
p. 223.
1. Agaphelus gibbosus. The Scrag Whale.

Agaphelus gibbosus, Cope.

Balzena gibbosa, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 90.

Scrag Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans. xxxiii. p. 259.

Inhab. North Atlantic.

2. RHACHIANECTES.
Rhachianectes, Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Se. Philad, 1869, pp. 14 & 15.

Cervical vertebre free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin
none, Scapula without acromion.

1. Rhachianectes glaucus. Zhe Californian Grey Whale.
ee glaucus, Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad. 1869, pp. 17
Agaphelus glaucus, Cope, ibid, 1868, p. 225.
Inhab. California, San Francisco.
“The points in which this species differs from those of the genus
Balena previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be in-
creased on a further knowledge of the animal.

2. RHACHIANECTES. 49

“The head, between one-fourth and one-fifth of the total length,
allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the B. australis the
number of dorsal vertebra, and the colour and shortness of the baleen,
distinguish it ; and no doubt other features will be brought out when
we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is
not known to occur in any species of the genus Balena, though said
to be characteristic of the A. gibbosus, whose characters I have just
given.

“Two Balene have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific
Ocean, Balena Sieboldii, Gray (Catal. Cet. 1865, p. 96), and Balena
cullamach, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cees. xii. p. 251, tab.)

«* Both have been established on figures carved by the natives, of
the Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under-the
supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of
the B. cullamach, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can
but doubtfully represent any species ; but if the species exist, it will
rest on the following diagnosis of its describer :—‘ Rictu amplo forma
litteree 5 curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-czruleis, spiraculis flexuosis,
in medio capite, tuberculo in apice rostri (ex imagine), pectore pin-
nisque pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.’

“These are, however, true Balene. A species of Agaphelus
exists in the Kamtschatkan seas, according to Pallas, who, however,
derives his information solely from wooden models made by the
Aleutian Islanders. This is not sufficient basis for an introduction
to the scientific system ; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name
Balena agamachschik. 'The pectoral limb of this species is said,
however, to be white, with the underside of the flukes, characters
not found in the A. glaucus. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.)
indicated that this, if reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him.

“The Agaphelus glaucus is the Grey Whale of the coasts of Cali-
fornia. ‘Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H.
Dall, of the scientific staff of the U. 8. Russian-American Telegraph
Expedition, one of them near Monterey; and descriptions, as com-
_ plete as the state of the specimens would allow, were made.

“These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and
placed in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a
Whale of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its
future identification.

“‘ Dorsal vertebre and ribs 13; lumbar and caudal (those in the
fluke cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very
different, with a short broad coracoid process ; its head opposite first
rib. Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest.
145 lamin of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long ;
colour bright yellow.” —Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 226.

50 MEGAPTERIDE.

Family 3. MEGAPTERIDAE. HAumpbacked Whales.
Megapterina, Gray, J. c. p. 113.
Megapteridxe, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2.
Dorsal fin low, broad; pectoral fin very long, with four very long
fingers of many phalanges. Vertebre 50 or 60; cervical vertebrae

often anchylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neu-
ral canal large, high, triangular. Ribs 14 or 15.

1. MEGAPTERA.

Megaptera, Gray, l. c. pp. 113, 117; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2:
Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi.

Bladebone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cer-
vical vertebree subcircular.

1. Megaptera longimana. B.M.

Megaptera longimana, Gray, J. e. pp. 119 (fig.), 378 ; Synops. Whales
& Dolph. p. 2.

Megaptera boops, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. tab. 80 (baleen and
jaws with rudimentary teeth), t. 33. f. 12 (vertebra).

Inhab. North Sea.

2. Megaptera Nove-Zelandiz. B.M.

Megaptera Novee-Zelandiz, Gray, l. c. p. 128, fig. 20; Synops. Whales
&§ Dolph. p. 2.

Inhab. New Zealand.. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus.

3. Megaptera ? Burmeisteri.

Megaptera ? Burmeisteri, Gray, Cat. Seals §& Whales, p. 129.
Megaptera Lalandii (part.), Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét.

Inhab, Buenos Ayres. Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres.

4, Megaptera americana.
Megaptera americana, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 129.

Inhab. Bermuda.

“The norwega is a Humpback which has the belly white and
smooth (?), back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale
gives more oil than the mystica.” —Hartt, Geology & Physical Geo-
graphy of Brazil, p. 182.

«<The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the
whales are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There
must be the bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried
on at Bahia on a much larger scale than at Caravellas.’’—L. c. p. 185.

5. Megaptera kuzira.
Megaptera kuzira, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 180.
Inhab. Japan. Skull, Mus. Leyden.

2. PORSCOPIA. 5]

6. Megaptera osphyia.
Megaptera osphyia, Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 4.

Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton, Mus. Niagara.

«A second and more full examination of the Megaptera osphyia,
Cope, furnishes the following additional points and characters. The
specimen is young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet.
It has, however, lost a considerable number of caudal vertebre, and,
from the posterior part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages
also; add to this the shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the
increase of length would perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all.
The asserted length of 50 feet, line measurement, which I quoted in
my original description, is no doubt an exaggeration.

“ The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the
rudiment of the coracoid, precisely as in the IM. brasiliensis. The
diapophysis of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from op-
posite the base of the foramen dentatum to opposite the widest point
of the spinal canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad,
slightly concave mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong
angular process, which extends from behind, round the side, project-
ing as far as the condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove.
The third and fourth cervicals are united by the neural arch. The
first rib is very broad at the extremity ; length 37 inches, width at
end 8-22 inches. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are not
contracted at the extremities as in MZ. longimana, but are more as in
Balenoptere ; entire width over and within edge of orbit 153 in. ;
length to vertical plate of maxillary 31 inches. The baleen mea-
sures 2 feet in length, is black, with three rows of coarse bristles.
Its base is one curve; its length is spirally twisted. The species is
probably one of the largest of the Balenide.”—Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Ser. Philad. 1868, p. 194.

7. Megaptera versabilis.

Megaptera versabilis, Cope, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phil. 1869, p. 17,
figs. 5 & 6.

Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast.

2. POESCOPIA.
Poescopia, Gray, l.c. p. 113; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.

Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical ver-
tebree nearly square.

1. Poescopia Lalandii. B.M.

Poescopia Lalandii, Gray, 1. c. pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. 125), 373; Synops.
Whales 8 Dolph. p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3,4 (vertebrae, from Cuwer).

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris.
E2

52 PHYSALID &.

3. ESCHRICHTIUS.
Eschrichtius, Gray, 1. ¢. pp. 113, 181; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2;
~ Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. p. 12, 1867.

Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebrae
separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and
high.

1. Eschrichtius robustus. B.M.

Eschrichtius robustus, Gray, J. c. pp. 133 (fig.), 873; Synops. Whales

& Dolph. p. 2; Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-8;
Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 4.

Inhab. North Sea; coast of Devonshire, Sweden; Atlantic.

“ The Eschrichtius robustus is admitted on the evidence of a ramus
of the under jaw in the Museum, Rutger’s College, which is of pe-
culiar form, and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of
that portion of this rare species.” —Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1868, p. 194.

Family 4, PHYSALIDAE. Finner Whales.

Physalina, Gray, . c. pp. 114, 134.
Physalinide, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2.

Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, faleate, about three-fourths the
entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short
fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebree 55 or 64. Cervical ver-
tebree not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse.

* Vertebre 60 or 64; first rib single-headed (cf. p. 54).

1. BENEDENIA.
Benedenia, Gray, l.c. pp. 114, 185; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 2.
Rostrum of skull narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges.

Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes.
The first rib single-headed.

1. Benedenia Knoxii. B.M.
Benedenia Knoxii, Gray, /. c. pp. 188, figs. 24-26: Synops. Whales
& Dolph. p. 2.
Benedenia boops, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. tab. 52. f. 1, 2 (cer-
vical vertebree).

Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales.

2. PHYSALUS.
Physalus, Gray, J. c. pp. 114, 189; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2;
Lilijeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, p. 72.
_ Rostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping
sides. Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a
large perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum

2. PHYSALUS. 53

trifoliate, with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than
the forearm-bones. Scapula very broad; acromion and coracoid
process well developed.

+ Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter of the
body of the vertebra.—Gray, I. c. p. 874; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2.

1. Physalus antiquorum. B.M.
Ribs 14. 14.

Physalus antiquorum, Gray, l. c. pp. 144 (figs. 29-32), 374; Synops.
Whales § Dolph. p. 2, t.1. f. 6 (baleen), t. 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical
vertebree); Flower, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 604, pl. 47 (male).

Balenoptera musculus, Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 12 & t. 18.
figs. 11-24.

Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, &c.

2. Physalus Duguidii.
Ribs 15.15.
Physalus Duguidii, Gray, /. c. p. 158, figs. 33-35; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 2.
Inhab. North Sea, Orkneys.

tt The lateral rings of the cervical vertebre shorter than the diameter of the
bodies of the vertebre.—Gray, 1. c. p. 8574; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
p. 2.
3. Physalus patachonicus.
Physalus patachonicus, Gray, l. c. p. 374, figs. 76-86; Synops. Whales
&§ Dolph. p. 2.
Tnhab. River Plata.

+. Physalus brasiliensis. B.M.
Physalus brasiliensis, Gray, J. c. p. 162.
Baleenoptera brasiliensis, Gray, Zool. Ereb. § Ter. p. 6.

Inhab. Bahia.

“* Mystica differs from the norwega in having the back black and the
belly and throat furrowed. Sometimes there are white spots on the
side.

«‘The first Whales appear in the Abrolhos waters at about the end
of May, and they stay until October. The females often bring young
calves with them, and appear to seck the shelter of the reefs. The
headquarters of the Abrolhos fishery is at Caravellas, or, rather, at
the mouth of the river Caravellas, where are situated the armacées
or trying-houses.”"—H. Hartt, Geology and Physical Geography of
Brazil, p. 182.

«The fishery begins at Bahia, according to Castelnau (Expédition
dans Amérique du Sud, tome i. p. 750), about the 13th of June,
and lasts till the 21st September. At Caravellas I was assured that
the Whales always appeared later than at Bahia, and the fishery does
not always begin until the last week in June, continuing through
the month of September.”—#. Hartt.

-

54 PHYSALIDZ.

3. CUVIERIUS.
Cuvierius, Gray, l. c. pp. 114, 164; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 3.

Rostrum of the skull broad, the outer sides curved, especially in
front. The second cervical vertebra with two short, thick lateral
processes. First rib single-headed. Sternum oblong-ovate, trans-
verse. Hands elongate ; fingers slender, second finger much longer
than the forearm-bone. Scapula with a broad acromion and a rudi-
mentary coracoid.

1. Cuvierius Sibbaldii. B.M.
Cuvierius Sibbaldii, Gray, J. c. p. 880; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 3.
Cuvierius latirostris, Gray, 1. c. p. 165.
Physalus Sibbaldii, Gray, /. c. pp. 160 (fig. 36), 380.
bese ate Sibbaldii, Van Beneden, Ostéogr, Cét. t. 12 & t. 18.
igs. 25-34,
Baleenoptora caroline, Malm, Monog. Iilust. t. 44.
Balznoptera musculus, Sars, Vid. Selsk. Forhand. 1865, t.1, 2, & 3.
as oe Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1867; Ann. N. Hist.
868.

The Grey Fin Whale, Turner, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1869, p. 34 (from
Londonderry).
Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Hull.
The great northern Rorqual of Knox probably belongs to this
species. Its skeleton is in the Edinburgh Museum.

** Vertebre 58-60. First and second ribs double-headed (cf. p. 52) ;
second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, perforated at
the base. Lower jaw compressed, with distinct coronoid process.—

Sibbaldius, Gray, /. c. pp. 114, 169; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.

4, RUDOLPHIUS.

Rudolphius, Gray, l.c. p. 170; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.
Sibbaldius, Lilijeborg, Nova Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.

Dorsal fin compressed, faleate, two-thirds the entire length from
the nose. Ribs 13.18; first rib short, dilated at the external end.
Sternum elongate, not narrow at posterior lobe. Fingers elongate ;
the second finger rather shorter than the forearm-bone. Scapula
very broad, with a large broad acromion process and a moderate
coracoid one.

1. Rudolphius laticeps. B.M.

Sibbaldius laticeps, Gray, J. c. p. 170, figs. 87, 88.
Rudolphius laticeps, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8.
Balenoptera laticeps, Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 10 & t. 11. figs.
11-36.
Inhab. North Sea.
Nose of skull more than twice the length of brain-cavity from the
nasal bones.

5. SIBBALDIUS. 55

5. SIBBALDIUS.
Sibbaldius, Gray, 1. c. p. 175, 1865 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8.
Flowerius, Lilijeborg, Nova Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.

Dorsal fin very small, far behind, and placed on a thick promi-
nence. Ribs 14.14; first short, sternal end very broad and deeply
notched. Sternum trifoliate, with a short broad hinder lobe. Sca-
pula broad, with very long acromion and short slender coracoid pro-
cess. Fingers ?

1. Sibbaldius borealis.
Sibbaldius borealis, Gray, 1. c. p. 175, fig. 89; Synops. Whales §
Dolph. p. 3.
Flowerius gigas, Lilljeborg, Nova Acta Upsal. vi. 1867.
Inhab. North Sea.
Mr. Flower considers B. borealis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1866, p. 297, from North Atlantic, as very nearly allied to
Balenoptera Schlegelit.

2. Sibbaldius Schlegelii.
Sibbaldius Schlegelii, Gray, 1. c. p. 178, figs. 40-48; Synops. Whales
& Dolph. p. 3.
Baleenoptera Schlegelii, Van Beneden, Ostéogr, Cét. t. 14 & 15.

Inhab. Java.

Cervical vertebre separate (t. 14. f. 5-12); the second with a
broad short lateral expansion, having a moderate-sized oblong per-
foration. Beak of skull very long, three and a half times the length
of the brain-cavity.

3. Sibbaldius ? antarcticus.
Sibbaldius ? antarcticus, Gray, J. c. p. 381, fig. 87; Synops. Whales §
Dolph. p. 3.
Balzenoptera antarctica, Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. p. 254.
Inhab. Buenos Ayres.
Van Beneden regards it as a doubtful species.

4, Sibbaldius sulphureus.

Sibbaldius sulphureus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1869,
pp. 10, 19, f. 11.
Sulphur-bottom of the Whalers on the North-west Coast,
Dorsal fin very far back.
Inhab. North Pacific, north-west coast of America, California.

56 BALHNOPTERID®.

5. Sibbaldius tectirostris.
Sibbaldius tectirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1869, p. 7.
AL aru '
Inhab. North Paerfe. Skeleton, Mus. Philad.

6. Sibbaldius tuberosus.
Sibbaldius tuberosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867, p.
Sibbaldius laticeps, Cope, 1. c. 1866, p. 297.

Inhab. North-east coast of America.

Family 5. BALAANOPTERIDA. Pike Whales.

Baleenopterina, Gray, 7. c. p. 114.
Balenoptera, Gray, lc. p. 114; Lilljeborg, Nova Acta Upsal. vi.
Balenopteridee, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.

Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, about two-thirds of the entire
length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short
fingers. Vertebre 50; cervical vertebrae sometimes anchylosed.
Neural canal broad, trigonal. Ribs 11..11. The second cervical
vertebra with a broad lateral expansion, perforated at the base.
First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with a conical coronoid process.

1. BALANNCPTERA.
Balenoptera, Gray, /. c. pp. 114, 186; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.
Fabricia, Gray, l.c. p. 382.

The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical ver-
tebree with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fingers short,
the length of the forearm-bone.

Scapula broad ; acromion and coracoid elongate, slender.

1. Balenoptera rostrata. B.M.

Balenoptera rostrata, Gray, l.c. p. 188, figs. 49-53; Synops. Whales

§ Dolph. p. 3, t. 1. f. 5 (baleen), t. 2 (skull), t. 32. f. 3,4 (cervical
vertebre) ; Van Beneden, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 12 & t. 18. figs. 1-10.

Inhab. North Sea. -

2. Balenoptera velifera.

Balanoptera velifera, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad, 1869, p. 18,
f. 9, 10.

Dorsal fin large.
Inhab. Oregon (Finncr Whale); California, Queen Charlotte's

A

bound.

PHYSETEROIDEA. on

2. SWINHOIA.
Swinhoia, Gray, l.c. p. 382 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 3.

The lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical verte-
bre slender, regularly curved, without any prominent angle on the
lower edge.

1. Swinhoia chinensis. B.M.

Baleenoptera Swinhoei, Gray, J. c. p. 382, figs. 88-93.
Swinhoia chinensis, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 3.

Inhab. Formosa.

Section II. DENTICETE (cf. p. 35).

Denticete, Gray, 1. c. pp. 62, 194; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 3.
Odontoceti ov Delphinoidea, Flower, /. c. p. 111.

Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous.
Palate without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tym-
panic bones two, dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a
cavity in the base of the skull. Gullet large.

The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other
by which they may be arranged in two parallel series :—

A. Nostrils separate, | B. Nostrils united,

elongated. transverse.
Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cer- . J aoee
vical vertebre often united ...... os Ziphioidea.
Teeth well developed in both jaws. Gasnoiden TDalshaeides
Jaws beaked ||... .220c..-05 abECOSCLE ; P ;

Division I. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging ; each covered
with a valve (cf. p. 62).

Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.

Physeteroidea, Gray, l. c. p. 195; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.

Physeteridze (Physeterine), Flower, Tr. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 113.
Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each
covered with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in
the lower jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one.
Lachrymal bone none distinct. “ Costal cartilages not ossified. The
hinder ribs losing their tubercular and retaining their capitular ar-
ticulation with the vertebre. The greater number of the cervical
vertebree ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones thick, produced
backwards, meeting in the middle line, and not involuted to form

038 CATODONTID Z&.

the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Symphysis of man-
dible of moderate or excessive length. No functional teeth in the
upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in num-
ber. Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the
skull raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind
the anterior nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs
small. Dorsal fin usually present.”—Flower.

Family 6. CATODONTIDA.

Catodontina, Gray, 1. c. pp. 386, 387.
Catodontidee, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 3.

Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers sepa-
rate, linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior,
linear. Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded.
Skull elongate. Crown concaye, surrounded by a high perpendicular
wall formed by the doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper
jaw toothless. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebra united by their
bodies and spines into a consolidated mass.

1. CATODON.
Catodon, Gray, l. c. pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
3

p- 3.
Physeter, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 809.

The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the
central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the
entire length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygo-
matic process is formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough
and rather spongy. Vertebre 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar,
24 caudal. The atlas separate; the other 6 cervical united by their
bodies and spines into one consolidated mass, and sometimes united
to the first dorsal vertebra. The atlas subquadrangular, broader
than long. The transverse process truncated. Upper edge nearly
straight, lower slightly curved. Neural canal triangular, one of the
angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal triangular, thick in
front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. The basi-
hyal and thyro-hyal united. ‘The ribs long, all but the first slender
and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near the
lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards.
The broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior
and a small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher
than broad; outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very
large, dilated at the end. Coracoid large, narrow, aud about half
the length of the acromion. Humerus compressed. Radius and
ulna not quite so long as the humerus, often united at the ends and

2. MEGANEURON. 59

separate in the middle. The carpus wide and short. The carpal
bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers five, all well deve-
loped, the second, third, and fourth not differing greatly in length,
the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, the second and
third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four joints; the
second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.

The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than
in the adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).

1. Catodon macrocephalus. BM.
Catodon macrocephalus, Gray, J. c. pp. 196 (£. 54), 202, 887; Synops.
Whales § Dolph. p- 4, 5s a Seniics spc ts
Physeter macrocephalus, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 809,
tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.

Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.

Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers C. australis,
Gray, l. c. p. 206, fig. 55, the same species ; and certainly there does
not appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.

Maury remarks :—“ The Sperm- Whale, according to the result of
this chart, appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It
doubles Cape Horn. Since this fish delights in warm water, shall
we not expect to find off Cape Horn an under-current of warm
water heavier with its salt?” —Maury, Whale-Charts, p. 267.

How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence
they were received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt
their range is influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities
in the currents, and disposition of the food) that are not easily ob-
served or understood.

2. MEGANEURON.
Meganeuron, Gray, J. c. pp. 886, 887 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The
central canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened

above.

The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in Catodontide
because this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from
the cervical vertebre and of the simple form.

1. Meganeuron Krefftii.
Meganeuron Krefftii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 440; Cat. Seals § Whales,
p. 888, figs. 94-97 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Inhab. Australian seas.
Atlas 13 inches wide.

60 PHYSETERID.

Family 7. PHYSETERIDA.
Physeterina, Gray, l. c. pp. 386, 390.
Physeteride, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.

Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only
the one on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth
small, inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral
fin elongate, falcate. Skull short; crown concave ; hinder part of
the wall formed by the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two
subequal parts by a central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted
towards the right side. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical
vertebree all united into a solid mass.

1. PHYSETER.

ee Gray, l. c. pp. 196, 210, 886; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
Pp

Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull

Only eee from Sibbald’s description, which, fs his others, is
very specific ; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved

_ to be correct.

Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and
says, “If the Linnean genus Physeter is tebe kept in abeyance
until the rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘Balena macrocephala tripinna,’ it
is to be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoo-
logical literature.”— Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 369.

1. Physeter tursio.
Physeter tursio, Linn., Gray, l. c. p.212 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (Szbbald, 1687). Length 52 or 53
feet.

2. KOGIA.

Kogia, Gray, 1. c. pp. 196, 215, 386, 891; Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc.
vol. vi. p. 114.

Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open.
Skull short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the
skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.

1. Kogia breviceps.
my breviceps, Gray, 1. c. pp. 217, 391; Synops. Whales 8 Dolph.
zp
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
Perhaps the next is the same species.

SUSUOIDEA. ; 61

2. Kogia Macleayii. B.M.
Kogia Macleayii, Gray, l. c. p. 891; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 4.
Physeter simus, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 80, t. 10, 11, 12,
13, 2 (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).

Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.

The difference between Kogia and EHuphysetes does not depend on
the sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor
Owen a female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of
the same specimen for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions
surreptitiously made to Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions,
especially the penis, are not represented on the plates, and the artist
(Mr. Willis) says he received no directions to leave out any part of
the drawing, and accurately copied them. The measurements given
in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. Elliot’s notes made from
the living animal; and reference to them would have prevented all
this confusion.

3. EUPHYSETES.
Euphysetes, Gray, 1. ¢. pp. 196, 215, 3886, 892; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 4.

Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad.
The septum that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple,
longitudinal, only slightly curved.

Vertebre 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14,
caudal 40. Basihyal broad and flat, as in Catodon.

1. Euphysetes Grayii.
Euphysetes Grayii, MacLeay; Gray, l. c. pp. 218, 892; Synops.
Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Physeter simus, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. t. 11. f. 2 (skeleton
only).

Inhab. Australia.

Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.

Susuoidea, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.

Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve
(the right often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, com-
pressed. Crown of skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin
broad, truncate. Fingers 4, nearly equal, the outer the shortest.

62 DELPHINOIDEA.

Family 8. PLATANISTIDA.

Platanistide, Gray, 1. c. pp. 62,220; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Platanistine, Flower, Trans. Zool, Soe. vol. vi. p- 114.
Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown co-
vered with the converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.
“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical _
vertebree all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their
mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very
long and narrow; both with numerous teeth having compressed
fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length
of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not di-
stinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudi-
mentary. Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved crests.
No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth.
Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External
respiratory aperture longitudinal, linear.” —F lower.

1. PLATANISTA.
Platanista, Gray, l.c. p. 221; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Vertebre 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8;
caudal 25.
1. Platanista gangetica.
ae gangetica, Gray, l. c. p. 223; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
p. 4.
Inhab. India, Ganges.

2. Platanista Indi.
Platanista Indi, Gray, 1. c. p. 224; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Inhab. India, Indus.

Division lI. Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or crescent-
shaped blower on the back of the crown (cf. p. 57).

Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.

Delphinoidea, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.

Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic
blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent,
or rarely deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or trun-
cated. Head generally beaked. Dorsal fin faleate or wanting.
Skull beaked ; maxillary bone spread out over the orbit.

INIID#. 63

I. Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers elon-
gate, longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much
the longest ; the rest short. Forearm-bones close tog gether, only sepa-
rated by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7 (cf. p. 85).

A. Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six or
eight phalanges (cf. p. 82).

Family 9. INIIDZ.

Iniide, Gray, 1. c. pp. 62,226; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4.
Platanistidee (Iniinz), Flower, Trans. Zool, Soc, vol. vi. p. 114.

Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, ru-
gulose, crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin
large, elongate, subfaleate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal
fin. Skull—jaw compressed ; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, ex-
tending for more than half its length. Overlooking the form of the
blower, Mr. Flower places this genus with Platanistide.

Vertebre 41. C.7. D.13. L.3. ©.18. The smallest num-
ber of any Cetacean known.

“ Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular ar-
ticulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical ver-
tebree all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode
of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long
and narrow, both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs.
Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the
entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct
from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.”
—F lower.

‘Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of
the teeth with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the
base of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”— Flower.

1. INIA.

Inia, Gray, 1. c. p. 226; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.4; Flower, Trans.
Zool. Soc. vi. p. 87.

Cervical vertebra free: the first with an inferior posterior pro-
cess, bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second
with a strong dorsal process. Dorsal vertebre with very high dorsal
processes. Scapula very high, with very long acromion and cora-
coid processes. ‘The arm-bone short. Forearms thick and short,
scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. Metacarpal bones seven,
imbedded in cartilage. The second and third fingers very long, with
six phalanges ; the first finger very short, of two phalanges; the
fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two phalanges of the
third finger, of four phalanges ; the fifth finger very short, slender,
of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, notched in
front.

64 DELPHINID®.

1. Inia Geoffroyii.

Inia Geoffroyii, Gray, lc. pp. 226, 3893; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p. 4; Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 87, t. 25, 26, 27 (skeleton).
Delphinus amazonicus, Spix, Reise in Brasil, t. iii. pp. 1119 and 1113,

fig. 34 (bad).
Inia Geoftrensis, D’ Orbigny, in Ann. Mus. Paris, vol. iii. p. 23; Ger-
vais, Ostéog. Cet. t. Xxxii.

Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.

“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of Inia exa-
mined shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they
all belong to one species. In the one now described there are
a a= 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum,

28—28

from Ega, has [—-=109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth

in the gum behind the last in the left maxilla. Inthe smaller skull
from the same place there are a= 110. In the skull in the
Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Ger-
vais = = 132; but in the type specimen in the same museum,
taken from Lisbon, the number is given by De Bainville as

26-26 104. In the Berlin skull the teeth are “4@?—131. Von

26—26 33—32

. 5 . . . ° ° 28—9 r 5
Martius, in his diagnosis of the species, gives sap = 114.” Flower.

Family 10. DELPHINIDZ.

Delphinide, Gray, 1. ¢. pp. 228, 393 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 4;
Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc, vi. p. 118.

Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, per-
manent, without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole
length of the jaws. Back rounded, with a faleate dorsal tin; rarely
absent. Skull with the maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more
or less turned up on the edges.

“ Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capi-
tular articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of
the vertebree by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, an-
kylosed together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form,
with a process of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpala-
tine air-sinus. Numerous teeth in both jaws (Monodon excepted),
sometimes deciduous. Symphysis of mandible short or moderate,
never exceeding one-third the length of the ramus. Bones of the
skull not raised into a distinct crest behind the anterior nares.
Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the
jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. Dorsal fin
usually present.”— Flower.

1. STENO. 65

Tribe I. STENONINA.
Stenonina, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 5.
Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender,
compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw
elongate.

1. STENO.
Steno, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p. 5. F

Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of

the lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. ‘“ Pectoral fin moderately

long, triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short,

without any bony phalange; the second with six, the third five,

the fourth two, and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all

separated by broad cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the

posterior angle. Acromion broad, and coracoid rather small.” —
Flower.

a. Shull large, solid; the beak compressed, high.
* Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin

of the jaw.
1. Steno frontatus. B.M.
Steno frontatus, Gray, 1. ec. p. 233.n. 3; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.5,

t. 21. £7, 8
Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt.
Teeth 24.24, large, two in an inch.
Inhab. Indian Ocean.

2. Steno compressus. B.M.
Steno compressus, Gray, /. c. p. 233. n. 4; Synops. Whales § Dolph.

p. 5, t. 27.

Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth
26 . 26, large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).

Inhab. South Sea.

Steno rostratus appears to belong to this section.

** Teeth three in an-tnch.

3. Steno chinensis.

Delphinus chinensis, Osbeck’s China; Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 266.
Delphinus sinensis, Desmarest, Mam. p. 514; Flower, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).
Vertebre 51:—C. 7... Di 12, ..10.... C:,22:
Inhab. China, Canton (Osbeck), Formosa (Swinhoc).

66 DELPHINID.

b. Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about four
or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw.

* Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in
Front. Teeth four m an inch.
4. Steno capensis. BM.

Steno capensis, Gray,/. c. p. 894. n. 4*; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 5.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

5. Steno lentiginosus. B.M.

Steno lentiginosus, Gray, 1. c. p. 394. n. 4**; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 5; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. t. 5. f. 2,3.

Inhab. India (W. Hihot). Skull, B.M.

1. Steno roseiventris, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p.233. no. 2.
Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.

** Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front.
Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile. Tucuxa.
6. Steno tucuxi. B.M.
Steno tucuxi, Gray, 1. c. pp. 236, 394; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p.5.
Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (Bates).

See also S. (?) fluviatilis and S. (?) pallidus, Gray, 1. ¢. p. 237 ;
same locality, if distinct.

**® Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly compressed
on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch. Stenella.
7. Steno attenuatus. B.M.

Steno attenuatus, Gray, l. c. pp. 235, 895 ; Syn. Whales § Dolph. p. 5.
Inhab. India.
The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).
This section is nearly intermediate between Steno and Clymenia.

8. Steno fuscus. B.M.
Steno fuscus, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 5, t. 26. f.1.
Only known from a foetus in spirits.

2. Steno? brevimanus, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 236.
Inhab, Banda, Singapore. Teeth 2.

3. Steno ? coronatus, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 238.

Inhab. Spitzbergen (/'réeminville). Not seen since 1806, and no
remains of it In any museum.

3. DELPHINUS. 67

4. Steno ? rostratus, Gray, Cat. S. & W.p. 238.
Dauphin de Breda, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. p. 400.

Inhab. North Sea.

2. SOTALIA.

Sotalia, Gray, J. c. pp. 393, 401; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 6.
Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-
cavity. Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin
ovate, obliquely truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-
bones. Carpal bones small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.

Vertebre 55:—C.7. D.12. L. 14. ©. 22
Scarcely distinct from Steno.

1. Sotalia guianensis.

Sotalia guianensis, Gray, lc. p. 401; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6.

Tursio guianensis, Gray, 1. c. p. 257.

Delphinus guianensis, Van Beneden, Mém, Acad. Brux. p. 27, t. 2
(skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.

Inhab. British Guiana.

Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index
the longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The
caudal vertebre very strong. ‘The first two of the cervical vertebree
united, the five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.

Tribe II. DELPHININA.

Delphinina, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 5.

Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer
than the brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal
triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping.
Dorsal fin subcentral, rarely wanting.

a. Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind.

; 3. DELPHINUS.
Delphinus, Gray, 1. ec. pp. 230, 239, 393; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p. 5.

Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or
six in aninch. Fingers clongate, unequal; the second much the
longest, 8- or 9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the
length ; the rest short.

Foetus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and
Dolph.

68 DELPHINID A.

* Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 25 or 28,

1. Delphinus longirostris. B.M.
Delphinus longirostris, Gray, J. c. p. 241. no. 2; Synops. Whales &

Dolph. p. 5.
Inhab. Southern Ocean ; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.

** Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case.
Teeth +5 to £9.
2. Delphinus delphis. B.M.

Delphinus delphis, Gray, 1. c. pp. 242 (n. 3), 896; Synops. Whales 5
Dolph. p. 5; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1866, t. 1.

Black, sides grey, beneath white.
Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.
Vertebre 75:—C. 7. D.13. L. 24. C. 31.

3. Delphinus Moorei.

Delphinus Moorei, Gray, 1. c. p. 396, fig. 99; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p. 5.

Inhab. South Atlantic.

- 4. Delphinus major. BM.
Delphinus major, Gray, l. c. p. 896; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 5.
Inhab. ?

5. Delphinus Walkeri.

Delphinus Walkeri, Gray, 1. c. p. 397, fig. 100; Synops. Whales §
Dolph. p. 5.

Inhab. South Atlantic.
Burmeister (‘ Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously
considers it a synonym of D. microps, which is a Clymenia.

6. Delphinus Janira. B.M.

Delphinus Janira, Gray, l. c. pp. 245, 398; Zool. Hreb. § Terror, t. 23;
Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 5, t. 23.

Inhab. Newfoundland.

7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. B.M.

Delphinus fulvifasciatus, Pucheran, Voy. Dumont d’Urville, Mamm.
t. 21. f. 1, t. 28, £1, 2 (skull); Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 252.

Tnhab. Van Diemen’s Land.

4. CLYMENIA. 69

8. Delphinus obliquidens.

Delphinus obliquidens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 12.
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad, 1865,
p 17z:

Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.

9. Delphinus pomeegra. B.M.
Delphinus pomeegra, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. t. 6. f. 3, t. 8; Gray,
Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 5. :
Inhab. India (W. Elliot) Skull, Brit. Mus.

10. Delphinus Forsteri.

Delphinus Forsteri, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6, t. 24 (copied
from Forster's drawing).

Skull not known.

b. Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.

4, CLYMENIA. .

Clymene, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p- 949; P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 237,
1866, p. 214.
Clymenia, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 6. | 56%

Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal
triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin faleate; hand
larger than the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case
spherical; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case ; in-
termaxillaries convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.
The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate.

* Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an inch.
Micropia.

1. Clymenia stenorhyncha. B.M.

Clymene stenorhyncha, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214. ee
Clymenia stenorhyncha, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 6./ °7°
Delphinus stenorhynchus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 396. n. 1*. / 66
Delphinus microps, Gray, /. ¢. p. 240.

** Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity.
Teeth six in an inch. Euphrosyne.

2. Clymenia microps. _ BM.

Clymene microps, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia microps, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6.
~ Delphinus microps, Gray, Cat. S. & W. pp. 240, 395; Zool. Ereb. &
Yt. Ter. t-25-

Inhab. Coast of Brazil.

70 DELPHINID®.

3. Clymenia Alope. BM.

Clymene Alope, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia Alope, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6, t. 82.
Delphinus Alope, Gray, Cat. S. §& W. pp. 252, 399.

Inhab. Cape Horn.

4. Clymenia Styx. BM

Delphinus Styx, Gray, 1. c. p. 250.
Clymenia Styx, Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 6, t. 21.
Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.’ 7 UA. b. eA,

5. Clymenia Euphrosyne. B.M.

Clymene Euphrosyne, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214. :

Clymenia Euphrosyne, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6, t. 22 &
t. 31.

Delphinus Euphrosyne, Gray, J. c. p. 251; Zool. Ereb. § Ter. t. 22.

Inhab. North Sea.

*** Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth
large, four in an inch. Gudamu.

6. Clymenia gadamu. B.M.

Clymenia gudamu, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6.
Delphinus gadamu, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. t. 3 (animal), & t. 4
(skull).

Inhab. India (W. Eiliot).. Two skulls, Brit. Mus.

*kk* Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length of
the brain-case. Teeth five or six in aninch, Clymenia.

7. Clymenia normalis. Baus
Clymene normalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia normalis, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6.
Delphinus Clymene, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 249.
Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40,
nearly six in an inch.

*kkE Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, and
as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch.

8. Clymenia Doris. B.M.
Tursio Doris, Gray, 1. c. p. 255; Zool, Ereb. & Ter. t. 20.
Clymenia Doris, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6, t. 20.
Clymene Doris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214.

4, CLYMENTA. rat

9. Clymenia euphrosynoides. B.M.
Clymenia euphrosynoides, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 6.
Delphinus Euphrosyne, Gray, /. c. t. 31 (skull); Owen, Trans. Zool.
Soe. vi. t. 8. f. 5.

kee Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five
m an inch.
10. Clymenia dorides. B.M.
Tursio dorcides, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 400.
Clymene dorides, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215.
Clymenia dorides, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 6.

Inhab. "4

eeEEKEK Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or
six nan imeh. The aperture of the blower large.

ie Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.) B.M.

Tursio obscurus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. pp. 264, 400 ; Zool. E. & T. t. 16.
Clymene.obscura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147, fig. 1.
Clymenia obscura, Gray, Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 6, t. 16 (skull).

Inhab. South Pacific.

Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull.
Fig. 3. Clymenta obscura. Fig. 4. Clymenia similis.

fe DELPHINID A.

12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.) B.M.
Clymene similis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.
Clymenia similis, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 6.
Skull like C. obscura, but palate contracted behind ; side of ptery-

goid bone keeled.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.
Clymenia crotaphiscus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 13.
Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa
shorter than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half
times the breadth at notch ; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.
Inhab. Unknown.

14, Clymenia esthenops.
Clymenia esthenops, Cope, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 12.
Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; tem-
poral fossa much longer than the postorbital process ; width of the

muzzle at notch two and a half times or less in the length.
Inhab. Unknown.

Var. Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length ;
triangle long.
Inhab. Unknown.

5. DELPHINAPTERUS.

Delphinapterus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 276; Synops. Whales
§ Dolph, p. 6.

Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal
finnone. Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.

1. Delphinapterus Peronii.

Delphinapterus Peronii, Gray, J. c. p. 276; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p- 6, t. 15 (animal).

Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.

c. Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove.

6. TURSIO.
Tursio, Gray, /. c. pp. 254, 400; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p. 6.

Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical,
convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large,
thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity. The beak rather
longer than the brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the

‘qrupe ‘( P ) sngnoune, owing JO TMA *@ “SUT

‘s0upINS UO oY} SurMoYs ‘al roddn ayy Jo sovzins JepugQ ‘9 ‘Shy

6. TURSIO. 73

74. DELPHINID®.

sides. Teeth large, 22 or 22. The blower large. Nasal triangle
produced considerably before the notch.

Vertebree 62:—C. 7. D.13. L.17. C. 25.

Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of
three pieces, linear, dilated in front.

1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.) B.M.

Tursio truncatus, Gray, /. e. pp. 258, 400. no. 6; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215,
1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 6, (D. tursio)
F108 £

Tursiops tursio, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. tab. 34. figs. 3-9.

Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette
(Gervais).

2. Tursio erebennus.

Delphinus erebennus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad.
Delphinus tursio, Cope, /. c. 1865, p. 199.

Teeth 28 ; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.

Inhab. Philadelphia.

3. Tursio Metis. B.M.

Tursio Metis, Gray, 1. c. p. 256. no. 3; Zool. Ereb. & Ter. t. 18;
P. Z, 8. 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 7,
t. 18.

Inhab. West Africa.

4. Tursio Cymodoce. B.M.

Tursio Cymodoce, Gray, J. c. p. 257. no. 4; Zool. Ereb. § Ter. t. 19;
P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 215; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.7, t. 19.

Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.

5. Tursio abusalam.

Tursio abusalam, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 261. no. 7.
Tursiops aduncus, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (Gervais); Red Sea (Hhrenberg).
Rather larger than Tursiops tursio. Teeth acute.

6. Tursio Eurynome. B.M.

Tursio Eurynome, Gray, 1. c. p. 261. no. 8; Zool. Ereb. § Ter. t. 17 ;
P. Z. S, 1866, p. 215; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 7, t. 17.

Inhab. South Sea; India ?, Bay of Bengal.

7. EUTROPIA. TBs)

io

. Tursio catalania. B.M.

Tursio catalania, me lc. p. 262. no. 10; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215
Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 7.
Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.
These skulls are all very much alike.

7. EUTROPIA.

Eutropia, Gray, l. c. p. 262; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215; prey Whales
& Dolph. p. 7.

Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull
depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch.
The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than
the length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad.
Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.

The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of Phoceena,
Neomeris, Beluga, and Monodon in the bending down of the sides.

1. Eutropia Dickiei. B.M.
Eutropia Dickiei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p.7, t. 34.
Tursio Eutropia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 145; Cat. S. § W. p. 262.
no. 9. °

Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.

2. Eutropia Heavisidii. B.M.
Eutropia Heavisidii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 215; Synops. Whales
&§ Dolph. p. 7.
Tursio Heayisidii, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 263.
Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, Gervais, Ost Cét. tab, 56. fig. 1 (skull).
Inhab. Cape seas.
Vertebre 65:—C. 7. D.13. L.15. C. 30.
The D. cephalorhynchus of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of
the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.
See Stigmatias (Amblyodon), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1866, p. 294.

Tribe II]. LAGENORHYNCHINA.
Boe el Cas: Gray, Cat. 8S. § W. p. 267; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.
tab. 36.
Lagenorhynchina, Gray, Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 7.

Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long
as the length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly
reflexed and bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate.
Symphysis of the lower jaw short.

76 DELPHINID®.

8. ELECTRA.

Electra, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 268; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 7.

The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of
the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of
the notch.

* Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of the
brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw
rather larger.

1. Electra obtusa. B.M.

Lagenorhynchus Electra, Gray, l.c. p. 268; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 216 ;
Zool. E. § T. t. 13.
Electra obtusa, Gray, Synopsis of Whales § Dolph. p. 7, t. 18 (skull).
Beak tapering, rounded in front.
Inhab. ?

2. Electra Asia. B.M.
Lagenorhynchus Asia, Gray, /. c. p. 269. no. 3; Zool. E. & T. t. 14;
Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. tab. 36. fig. 6.
Electra Asia, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 7, t. 14 (skull).
Beak attenuated, acute in front.
Inhab. ?

3. Electra fusiformis. B.M.

Electra fusiformis, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 7.
Delphinus fusiformis, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. t. 5. f. 1, t. 7
(skull).
Beak broad, and rounded in front.
Inhab. India (W. Elliot). B.M.

4, Electra acuta.
Electra acuta, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p
Lagenorhynchus acutus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 270. no. 4.
Delphinus Eschrichti, Poelman, Ac. Roy. Belgique, 1864, vol. xvii.
Use
Inhab. North Sea.
According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged
in this section.

by
of

5. Electra breviceps.
Lagenorhynchus breviceps, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét, tab. 36. fig. 3,
Inhab, ——?

~I
“I

8. ELECTRA.

** Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity.
Teeth small, five or six in an inch.

6. Electra clancula. B.M.

Electra clancula, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 7, t. 35.
Lagenorhynchus clanculus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 271. no. 5; Hector,
Trans. New-Zealand Instit. 1870, p. 27.
Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the
width of the notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.
Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.
In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.

si athe
Miatellenimtan ee ee rete eee tee ete arte ore 1G
Cervical vertebre seven, anchylosed ...... higel b
Morvalaviouticei 1 eee ne a ee ee 0 11:5

Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have pro-
cesses, and may be considered lumbars.

Skull :— in.
AUG Ia SO eae tah ad Rel eae Sie CS A a 14:0
Length of beak .....: Wa a yer ae 7:5
Wat AUMULC rst eso, fare seco oe ee Le 3°5
WielthGateOriiis si. cnrny. ahaa Si wee 6-0
Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole ...... 2:7
Width at middle‘of beak“)... of. eo 2-5
erent /Oe OEM, en. Leones Shere sy Ye tae ee os 57

Were pHl On Mappers: is © ees Ae os, oc, os, con ene 12-0

Scapula, transverse diameter....... ........ 4:5

Scapula, longitudinal diameter .. ........ “ey COD

This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and
appears to be the common Dolphin of the coast.
Lower jaws of two others.

7. Electra crucigera.
Lagenorhynchus cruciger, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. tab. 36. fig. 3.

8. Electra thicolea. B.M.
Electra thicolea, Gray, Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 7, t. 36.
Lagenorhynchus thicolea, Gray, Cat. 8. 8 W. p. 271. no. 7.
Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at

the notch. Teeth small, six in an inch.
Inhab. West coast of North America.

78 DELPHINID®.

9. FERESA.

Orca (Feresa), Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 77.

The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from
the notch to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering *
in front ; the width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of
the beak. Lower jaw slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not
reaching the notch.

This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr.
Flower, that the skull described under the name of Orca intermedia
belongs to a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very
young individual, probably of one of the large species,” as Mr.
Flower supposed, apparently from the examination of the figure
(sce Flower, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 425). Indeed, when the animal
is known, I should not be at all astonished if it should prove to be
a species of Hlectra rather than of Orca, or perhaps a new genus.

This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species
of Electra ; the teeth are much smaller than those of Orca.

1. Feresa intermedia. B.M.
Orca intermedia, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 283; Zool. Erebus
and Terror, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); P. Z. S. 1870, p. 77.

Inhab. ?

This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so
large as the skull of a newly born specimen of Orca. Mr. Flower,
judging from the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young
animal; but on examining the skull along with me he became
satisfied, from the solidity and definite form of the bones, that it is
the skull of a full-grown though not aged specimen.

10. LEUCOPLEURUS.

cee a, Gray, P. Z, S. 1866, p. 216; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p: 7.

Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the
edge in front of the notch, narrow bekind, as long as, or slightly
longer than, the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching
nearly to the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second
cervical vertebrae united by their bodies, third and fourth by the
spinous processes.

Vertebree 81 :—C. 7. D.15. L. and C. 59.

1. Leucopleurus arcticus. B.M,
Leucopleurus arcticus, Gray, Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 7,'t. 6.
f, 3-5 (foetus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f£ 3 (tongue).
Lagenorhynchus levcopleurus, Gray, Cat. 8S. & W. p. 273. no. 9;
Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 56. fig. 4.

12. PSEUDORCA. 79

Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth
small, five in an inch.
Inhab. North Sea.

11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.

Lagenorhynchus, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1866, p. 216; Cat. S. § WW. p. 272;
Synops. Whales 8° Dolph. p. 7.

Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front
of the notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of
brain-case. Tceth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three
in an inch. First and second cervical vertebre united by their
bodies ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh free.

Vertebre 88:—C. 7. D.14. L. and C. 67.

1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris. B.M.
Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 272. no. 8; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull); Gervais, Ostéogr.

Cét. tab. 36. fig. 5.
The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at

the notch.
Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.

Tribe IV. PSEUDORCAINA.

Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. ‘Tecth conical.
Beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-
cavity.

12. PSEUDORCA.

Pseudorca, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8.

Head rounded, convex: body moderate ; dorsal fin moderate, in
the centre of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the hu-
merus rather the shortest.

Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute,
permanent. Pectoral fin faleate. Arm-bone short, broad. Meta-
carpal bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and
third much longer than the rest, six-- or seven-jointed ; first finger
very slrort, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather
longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of
the upper jaw nearly to the notch; ofthe lower jaw rather shorter.
Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space
occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.

Vertebre 50:—C. 7. D.10. L.9. C. 24.

The first to the sixth cervical vertebre united by their bodies

80 DELPHINID&%.

and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and
acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual.

* Beak blunt, truncated in front. Pseudorca. *

1. Pseudorca crassidens.

Pseudorca crassidens, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 290. no. 1; Synops.
Whales § Dolph. p. 8; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 50. f. 7-17.
Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad,
rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front ; teeth 8.
Inhab. North Sea.

** Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front. Neoorca.

2. Pseudorca meridionalis. B.M.
Pseudorca meridionalis, Gray, J. c. p. 291. no. 2, figs. 58,59; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p. 8; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 50.
Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and
rounded in front. ‘Teeth 8.
Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.

13. ORCAELLA.

Orcaella, Gray, 1. c. p. 285; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 7.

Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin
moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back ; the pectoral
fin broad. Skull:—brain-case subglobular ; beak very short, two-
thirds the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermax-

: . . 19,42 o> 1k
illary half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, >—5 or 4;

1. Orcaella brevirostris. B.M.
Orcaella brevirostris, Gray, 1. c. p. 285; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
p: 7; Anderson’s Icon. ined. (animal and skull).
Phoczena brevirostris, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. t. 9.
Globiocephalus indicus (part.), Blyth.
Black ; body stout ; dorsal fin subcentral.
Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (Dr. Anderson) ; Madras (Elliot).

«

2. Orcaella filuminalis.
Orcaella fluminalis, Anderson’s MS. § Icon. ined.
Dolphin of the Irawady, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 220, 544.
“ Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”
Inhab, River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles
from the sea (Dr. Anderson).

16. NEOMERIS. 81

Tribe V. PHOCANINA.

Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Tri-
angle in front of the blower convex. ‘Teeth compressed.

14. PHOCANA.
Phoceena, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 801; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8.
Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small

spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed,
truncate.

Vertebre 64 to 66:—C. 7. D.13. L. and C. 44 to 46.

1. Phocena communis.

Phoceena communis, Gray, /. c. p. 802; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8.
Var.? Phoczena tuberculifera, Gray, le. p. 304.

Inhab. North Sea.

1, Phoceena brachycium, Cope, Proc. Acad, N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 6; 1869,
p. 28.

Inhab. Harbour of Salem.

2. Phoceena vomerina, Gill, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1865; Cope,
Proc, Acad. N. S. Philad. 1869, p. 13.

Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.

15, ACANTHODELPHIS.
Acanthodelphis, Gray, l.c. 804; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8.
Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back,
in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the

front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled
tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical.

1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.
Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, Gray, /. ¢. p. 304; Synops. Whales &§
Dolph. p. 8.
Phoczena spinipinnis, Burmeister, Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres, vol. i.
t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).

Inhab. Coast of Brazil.

16. NEOMERIS.
Neomeris, Gray, l. c. p. 306; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8.

Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly
notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate.
The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion
process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones
five, large. ‘The hand rather large ; the second and third fingers

G

82 GRAMPIDZ.

elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger
shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short.
Vertebre 63:—C.7. D.13. L. and C. 43.

1. Neomeris phocenoides.
Neomeris phoceenoides, Gray, l. ¢. p. 806 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
8

i Dotptinastenns molagan,”’ Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 24, a name
given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!
Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.
Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed
figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebre, the chest-bone, and the fore
limb of this animal.

B. Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third
Singers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges (cf. p. 63).

Family 11. GRAMPIDZ.

Head rounded ; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper
jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short
symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back.
Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral
expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit
and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries
dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical
vertebre and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two
middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges ; the
other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone
single, broad in front.

1. GRAMPUS.
Grampus, Gray, 1. c. pp. 230, 295, 393 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.

+ Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the

vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the
width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its
length.

1. Grampus Rissoanus.

Grampus Rissoanus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 298; Gervais,
Ostéog. Cét. t. 54. figs. 1-6; Murie, Journ. Anat. & Physiol. 1870,
y. p. 129, t. 5 (good).

Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the
front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the
height three-fourths the width.

Inhab. Nice.

GLOBIOCEPHALID&. 83

2. Grampus Cuvieri. B.M.
Grampus Cuvieri, Gray, l.c. p. 295, fig. 60; Synops. Whales & Dolph.

p. 9.
Grampus griseus, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 54, figs. 1-6.
Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.

tt Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad.

3. Grampus Richardsonii.
Grampus Richardsonii, Gray, /.c. p. 299; Synops. Whales § Dolph.

Bee Z
7

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDE.
Globiocephalidse, Gray, l. c. pp. 62, 313 ; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 8.
Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both
jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the
tooth-line. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides
of the body ; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of
cervical vertebre united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular,
with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short.
Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long,
of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or
four phalanges ; index finger short, slender, four-jointed; ring-
finger shorter, three-jointed ; little finger very short, of one pha-
lange. Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder
one narrow.

1. GLOBIOCEPHALDUS.
Globiocephalus, Gray, 1. c. p. 313 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8.
Skull :—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth

cervical vertebrae anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.
Vertebrae 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.

* Black, with a white streak beneath.

1. Globiocephalus svineval. B.M.
Globiocephalus svineval, Gray, 1. c. 314; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p..8:
Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.

1, Globiocephalus melas, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 51.
Delphinus globiceps, Risso, Europe Mérid. vol. iii. f. 1.

Inhab. Mediterranean.
Gus

84 GLOBIOCEPHALID &.

2. Globiocephalus affinis, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 317.

Inhab. North Sea.

3. Globiocephalus intermedius, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 318.
Globiocephalus, n. sp., Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Se. Phil. 1865, p. 7.

Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.

4, Globiocephalus Edwardsii, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 320.
Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.

5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.
Globiocephalus intermedius, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. (skull).
Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), Gray, Cat. S. §& W. p. 319.

Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.

2. Globiocephalus Grayi.

Globiocephalus Grayi, Burmeister, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 52,
t. 2. f. 2, 3; Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres; Gray, Synops. Whales §
Dolph. p. 9.

Inhab. Buenos Ayres.

** Black, or only slightly paler beneath.

3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus. B.M.

Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Gray, /. c. p. 820; Synops. Whales §

Dolph. p. 9; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 52. f.4; Hector, Trans. New-
Zealand Instit. 1870, p. 38.

Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (Gervais).

“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand,
one in longitudinal section ; one lower Jaw; six cervical, four lum-
bar, thirteen caudal vertebra; two scapule; two hyoids. Both
skulls are of the same dimensions :—

inches.
20 U2) 0 (8d epee teem ee, Shai! Kaye 8 barrage oar Sa 26
eneth of ise. oot eh. ne eee, cee 15
ihenethvaf teoth-senies..../ ual elves eee 8
Lhengthrollower-jaw Ar. ei ais act eek eee 15

(This is of a different individual.)

NWadith sabrmouclh er de Si icons ook ents co aye ae 11
WWadth ator bitac. Scie atee tlre 2 een te oe ene 17

Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole ........ v5

Widthiat middlesof noses 4. .oa re en eee ae 95
Heist otoecipub aie a. cauieienale mentees Gen eee 14
Scapula, transverse diameter ...............- 15
Scapula, longitudinal diameter .. ........... 12

“‘ Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.

“ Sternum 10 x 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches
long.

“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an
arch of 5 inches.

ORCADA. 85

«The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The
compound ceryicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical
diameter of foramen magnum 22 inches. Conjoined length of the
four lumbars 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 8°5
inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches ; two of
these are anchylosed. Teeth >.” —Hector.

6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N.S. Philad. 1869, p. 11.
Black above and below.

Inhab. North Pacific.

7. Globiocephalus australis.

Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.
8. Globiocephalus indicus, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 322.

Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.

9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, Gray, 7. c. p. 825.
Inhab. Japan.

10. Globiocephalus chinensis, Gray, /. c. p. 325.
Inhab. China.

11. Globiocephalus sibo, Gray, 1. c. p. 823 (sub G. Sieboldii).

Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot
behind the dorsal fin.

2. SPHAROCEPHALUS.
Spheerocephalus, Gray, 1. c. p. 823; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.

Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong,
of nearly the same width the greater part of its length.

1. Spherocephalus incrassatus. B.M.

Spheerocephalus incrassatus, Gray, l. c. p. 324, figs. 63 & 64 ; Synops.
Whales § Dolph, p. 9.

Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.

Il. Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter than
the arm-bones ; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter ;
phalanges of the second finger six or eight (cf. p. 63).

Family 13. ORCADZE.
Orca, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 278; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p- 8.
Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy;
wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of

ORCADA,

86

Fig. 7.

Nees

SS

Ss

Orca stenorhyncha,

1. oRcA.

Zs

———
=
ZEEE

SE

SSS

=

==

=

———

Orea capensis.

8

~~

88

ORCADE.,

) VY,

‘Ze 4
Lijijfii

if, Mie

- Wf

= tig

Zz.

Orca stenorhyncha.

1. ORCA. 89

Fig. 10.

Orca capensis.

90 ORCADA.

the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short.
Teeth large.

Vertebre 51 or 52:—C. 7. D.1llor12. L. and C. 33.

The first three cervical vertebre united into one mass by their
bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral
fin broad and rounded at the end. ‘Carpal bone single, in a large
mass of cartilage.”

1. ORCA.
Orea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 70.

Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length
as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-
fifths of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull
slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on
the sides, very thick and solid in front.

A. The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow.
Gladiator.

1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.) B.M.
Orea stenorhyncha, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 (skull).
Orca gladiator, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 279.
Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from
the English coast. B.M.
Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front ;
but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.
The examination of the four skulls of Orca found on the English
coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much
more attenuated beak than the other.

B. Beak of the skull spatulate ; sides of the hinder half nearly parallel, of
the front half arched and converging ; end rounded, middle rather wider
than at the notch. Orca.

2. Orea capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.) B.M.
Orca capensis, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 283; P. Z. 8.1870, p.71,
figs. 2 & 4.
Delphinus orca, Owen.
Grampus gladiator, Smith, South-African Zool. p. 126,
_ Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (Viney, B.M.; Villette, Mus. Coll,
Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (Swinburne Ward).

In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same
width in the whole of their length ; in the Seychelles skull they are
contracted in the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in
front.

Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a
«Killer ” taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands.

1. ORCA. 91

To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls
of the genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do
from time to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often
arrive when I am occupied on other subjects, and consequently are
put aside for future examination.

In this examination I have observed that in the ‘ Catalogue of
Seals and Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under
the name of Orca capensis one from the North Pacific, the former
being the true Orca capensis, and the skull now received from the
Seychelles Islands being of the same species.

The skull figured in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under
the name of O. capensis is from a specimen received from the Zoolo-
gical Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said
he obtained it in the North Pacific(?). Itis quite a different species,
for which I propose the name of Orca pacifica. I doubt its being
from the North Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same
species in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to
have come from Chili.

3. Orca africana.
Orca gladiator, var. australis, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. f. 2.
Inhab. Algoa Bay.
Skull much smaller, 24 inches long.

4, Orca latirostyris. B.M.
Orca latirostris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76.
Orca gladiator, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 48. f. 2, 3.
Delphinus orca, Cuv. Oss. Foss. vy. tab. 22, fig. 4 (skull).

The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much
smaller; but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries mo-
derately broad, slightly dilated in front.

Inhab. North Sea.

An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 a), and anitiiier with-
out the lower jaw, are in the British Museum.

These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European Orca are
distinguishable from those of 0. gladiator by the smaller size and
the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-
Hope species by being of a much smaller species, and having a de-
pressed crown of the head.

I believe the skull figured under the name of Delphinus orca by
Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species,
from the form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this
figure has been copied by various British and other authors.

1. Orca getetor, var. arcticus (O, Eschrichtii), Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.
t. 47. fig. 3

Inhab. Faroe Islands.

92 ORCAD A.

2, Orca gladiator, var. europeeus, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. f. 4.
Orca gladiator, Gervais, /. c. t. 48. f. 1

Inhab. the Atlantic.

Skull about 40 inches long.

3. Cie eee eee var. europeus, Van Beneden § Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét.
t. 47. f. 5.
Delphinus orca, Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Frangaise, t. 37. f. 3, 4.

Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette.

Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the Orca
from Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the
beak is not so acute in front.

Gervais, in the ‘ Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the
skull of a young Delphinus orea, taken on the coast of Cette, which
is now in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this spe-
cies ; or it may be that the Orca of the Mediterranean does not grow
to the usual size ; or, again, it may be of a different species ; for the
skull is only fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad.

5. Orca magellanica.

Orca magellanica, Burmeister, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. xviii.
p- 101, t.9. £5; An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres, i. p. 378, tab. 22 ;
Gray, Synops. Whales 8 Dolph. p. 8; P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76.

Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres.
This species, according to the figure, is very like Orca latirostris.

6. Orca tasmanica.
Orca gladiator, var. australis, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. fig. 1.
Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long.

7. Orca rectipinna.
Orea rectipinna, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scr. Philad. 1869, p. 12.

No white spot behind eye.
Inhab. California.

8. Orca atra.
Orca ater, Cope, J. c. 1869, p. 12.

Black above and below, with white spot behind eye.
Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands.

The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the

BELUGID A. 93

genus in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully
taken with calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard.

| O. stenorhyncha. Coeel eae O. pacifica. a8 =
3861 d. 861 c. 1065 6, e.| 361 a. 1065 a. 362 a.
= a sae one in. lin.)in. lin.}in. lin.|in. lin.| in. lin. |in. lin.
en rom end of nasal to F :

makes of occipital Serer BO oe anes ee Goo eee’
Jeri WOES Vanmeadnace a LP COIS, OFFA CAT Opes Oe oan O
Of tooth-lines= «+. .c| Lon O42 OG TOs Oi S14 6a 74a5719

of lower jaw ........|27 6/30 0/31 0/26 O| 29 6/11 38
Breadth at the notch ....... LOG LES OLAS OOO eG
ANE OLEDIGM he et eo ON LO Gl 2ORVONLS: SO Ole Onsen

—at temple above ..../18 0/19 6/20 0/18 0} 20 0] 9 O
atmddlevon beak wn. |) Oo ON LOeNO ile O95 64 10! 2033 6
————— a mnpermand larieserss|— Ome es os)| 4:5) Oller ell ont ln One)

|
|
|

2. OPHYSIA.
Ophysia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8.
Skull :—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as
from the notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the
entire length of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly
dilated in front ; brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower
jaw very broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front.

1. Ophysia pacifica. B.M.
Ophysia pacifica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76.
Delphinus globiceps, Grant, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 65.
Delphinus orca, Eydoux, Mus. Paris.
Orca capensis, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terr. p. 34, tab. 9, not Cat. Seals
&§ Whales, p. 283; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 48. fig. 1.
Orca (Ophysia) capensis, Gray, Synops. Whales &- Dolph. p. 8, tab. 9
(skull).
Inhab. North Pacific (Capt. Delville, R.N.).
Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection.

Family 14. BELUGIDZ.
Belugine, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 115.

Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early
deciduous, rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without
any dorsal fin. Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral
expansion of the maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak,
shelving downwards. Fingers short; index and middle fingers
nearly the same length, the rest rather shorter; phalanges 2,5,6,4,3.
Cervical vertebre generally free; the second with a large dorsal
process.

9+ BELUGIDA.

“The Narwhal and the Beluga appear to separate themselves
from all the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions,
especially the characters of the cervical vertebre. As these two
animals are in almost every part of their skeleton nearly identical,
even to the number of the vertebra and phalanges, I am disposed to
look upon the exceptional dentition of the former as an aberration of
secondary importance, and to unite the two genera into a distinct
subfamily, placing it next to the Platanistide.”——-Flower, 1. c. p. 114.

1. BELUGA.
Beluga, Gray, Cat. S. & W. pp. 231, 306, 393; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 9.

Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward.
Teeth conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any
spiral horn-like tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded
with cartilage. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion pro-

cesses. Second cervical vertebra with a large dorsal process.
Vertebree 50:—C. 7. D.10. L.and C. 33.

1. Beluga catodon. B.M.

Beluga catodon, Gray, 1. c. p. 307, fig. 61; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
p. 9, tab. 29. f. 5 (tongue).

Delphinus canadensis, Gray, Synops. Wales § Dolph. t. 5 (head false,
with beak).

Beluga albicans, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 44. f. 1-4.

Delphinapterus, Lucas, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Reekke 5, Band ix. tab. 8
(skull and teeth, showing how they are worn).

Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers.

1. Beluga rhinodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad. 1865, p. 5,
1869, p. 18, fig. 1.

Inhab. Arctic seas.

2. Beluga declivis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1865, p. 5, 1869,
p. 14.
Inhab. Arctic seas.

3. Beluga angustata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1869, p. 20,
figs. 2 & 3.
Beluga concreta, Cope, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 5.
Inhab. Arctic seas.
These are probably varieties of B. catodon, showing that the at-
tachment of the cervical vertebra, the number of ribs, and the form
of the acromion are liable to vary.

4, Beluga canadensis, Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1865,

Inhab. Canada.
I believe it to be the same as the former.

.

PONTOPORIAD. 95

2. Beluga Kingii.
Beluga Kingii, Gray, Cat. S. § W.p. 309 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
Doo vhs f.
Inhab. Australia.

2. MONODON.

Monodon, Gray, l.c. pp. 231, 310; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.
Monoceros, Gray, Cat. S. § W. Pp: ’393.

Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both
jaws very early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long,
projecting, spiral tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical
vertebree:—first free, thin; second and third united by the spinal
processes. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes.
Fingers short.

Vertebre 50:—C.7. D.11. L.6. C. 26.

‘“‘In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of

Surgeons, the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebre are
firmly united.”—Flower.

1. Monodon monoceros. B.M.

Monodon monoceros, Gray, . c. Pp. 311; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.9;
Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét, t. 44. £. 6-9.

Inhab. North Sea.

Family 15. PONTOPORIADA.

Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the
nape, crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with
a swollen ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pecto-
ral fin short, truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very
short, of one joint ; the index finger the longest, the rest gradually
shorter to the little finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges.
Skull long-beaked, the beak compressed. Lower jaws united to-
gether nearly to the base. Cartilages of ribs ossified.

Vertebre 42:—C. 7. D.10. L.7. C. 18.

1. PONTOPORIA.

Pontoporia, Gray, Cat. S. § W. pp. 230, 231 & 393; Synops. Whales
& Dolph. p.5; Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 87 ; Burmeister, An.
Mus. P. Buenos Ayres, p. 389.
Stenodelphis, Gervais, 1847.
Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw
very long.

96 HYPEROODONTID 2.

1. Pontoporia Blainvilii. B.M.

Pontoporia Blainvillii, Gray, 1. c. p. 231; Synops. Whales & Dolph.

p. 5, t. 29 (skull); Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull);

Burmeister, An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres, 1. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal),
tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton).

Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video.

The animal figured by Gervais as Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blain-
villii (Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in
haying an elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and
a broad white streak, commencing from the blower and extending
down the back to near the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal
seen at sea, which I suspect it must be, it must bea different species.

Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA.

Ziphiide, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 326.
Ziphioidea, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.

Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or
crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth
only in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the
upper one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down
on the side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second
- and third the longest ; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather
short.. Cervical vertebre more or less united into one mass.

Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDA.
Hyperoodontina, Gray, l. c. p. 827.
Hyperoodontide, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 9.

Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side
above, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the
blower. Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical
vertebre united into one mass.

1. HYPHROODON.
Hyperoodon, Gray, 1. c. pp. 827, 328; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.
Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak
sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput.
Vertebre 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9.
L0. v.13 or ao:

EPLODONTID 2. 97

1. Hyperoodon butzkopf. B.M.

Hyperoodon butzkopf, Gray, 1. c. p. 330; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
p- 9, t. 3.

Hy eroodon rostratum, Reinhardt, in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk. v. t. 7
(male foetus and skeleton); Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. t. 3.
. 14.

Inhab. North Sea.

1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865,
p- 15 (280), 1869, p. 21.

Inhab. Charlestown Harbour.

Most likely a variety of H. butzkopf.

2. LAGENOCETUS.
Lagenocetus, Gray, l.c. pp. 327, 336; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9.

Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than
the occiput.

1. Lagenocetus latifrons. B.M.

cay rar latifrons, Gray, 1. c. p. 839; Synops. Whales & Dolph.

- 9. ph

Bee nutes Gray, Zool. Ereb. § Ter. t. 24; Reinhardt, in
Eschricht’s Vidensk, Selsk. Skr. v. t. 6 (skull).

Inhab. North Sea.

“‘ Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of Hyperoodon latifrons
(Gray), from the Faréer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet
long, is preserved in the University’s Museum.

‘«* Eschricht believed, as is known, that H. latifrons was established
on a very old male of the common Dégling, Hyperoodon rostratus ;
but Gray’s species must now be regarded as well grounded.

“‘ Plate 7 represents the male (foetus) of the common H. rostratus.
All figures of half the natural size.”—Reimhardt.

Family 17. EPIODONTIDZ.

Epiodontina, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 327.
Epiodontidx, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 9.

Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated
above; intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less
deep cavity round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower
jaw, conical or cylindrical. Cervical vertebre :—first, second, and
third united inte one mass, which is produced and truncated above:
the rest thin, free.

98 ’ EPIODONTID.E.

“yp eae 1. EPIODON.
Epiodon, Gray, l. c. pp. 327, 8340; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 10.

Skull :—vomer simple, small ; eh ah elevated, and form-
ing a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils.
Fingers 5; carpal bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4,3, 3. Sternal bones
separate from the front, lanceolate. Vertebre 42; the “front
caudal with chevron bones. First four cervical vertebrae united by
their bodies into one mass ” (Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f. 4).

1. Epiodon Desmarestii.
Epiodon Desmarestii, Gray, 1. c. p. 341; Synops. Whales § Dolph.
Ziphius aresques, Gervais, Ostéog. Cétac. t. 21. f. 1-4.

Ziphius decayirostris (de Z. aresques), Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 22.

f. 4-11.
Ziphius cavirostris, Gervais, Zool. et Paléon. Francaise, t. 38. f. 1,

t. 39. f. 2-7.
Inhab. North Sea = pa Satan Herault.

3, Spiodon australis.
sleep cay ves Burmeister, sl ee: N. H. 1866, xvii.

p- 94, t. 3. / (Skuse
Epiodon arppinden, Burm. 1. ec. p. 803, t. 6; Gray yy, Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 10. Neo siiae

Delphinorhyncus australis, Burmeister, Zeitsch. Nat, vol. xxvi, 1865,
p- 262; An. Mus. Buenos Ayres, t. io2L *
Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, Gervais Ostéog. Cét. t. S1. f. 5,

Inhab. Buenos Ayres.
Vertebre 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20.

Asian’ 2, PETRORHYNCHUS.
Bomumhenstes Gray, Cat. S. & W. 327, 342; Synops. Whales
§ Dolph. p. 10. es a
Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tu-
bercle between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries form-
ing a deep basin round the nostrils.

1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus.
Ziphius cavirostris, Gervais, Zool. et Paléon. Frang. t. 38. f. 2, t. 39.
ou:
Ziphius du Canton Gironde, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21. fig. 6.

Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhone, Ostéog. Cét. $OL£7
Ziphius de Corse, Ostéog. Cét, t. 21. figs. 8, 9.

Inhab. Mediterranean.

2. Petrorhynchus capensis. B.M.

Petrorhynchus capensis, Gray, 1. c. p. 346, figs. 67, 68; Synops.
Whales & Dolph. p.10. @

ZIPHIID®. 99

Ziphius indicus, Van Beneden ; Gray, Cat. S. §& W. p. 346, fig. 69.

Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21.
f. 10.

Ziphius de la mer des Indes, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21. f. 11-18.

Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (H. Layard).

Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales,
p. 347. f. 69) is so unlike the figure of Petrorhynchus capensis in
the Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of
the beak of M. van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure
and our specimen.

Family 18. ZIPHIIDA.
Ziphiina, Gray, Cat. S. §& W. pp. 327, 348.
Ziphiide, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 10.

Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries
linear, rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the
sides of the lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebre more or less
united into a consolidated mass.

* Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth.

1. BERARDIUS.
Berardius, Gray, l. c. pp. 827, 348; Synops. Whales §- Dolph. p. 10.
Teeth 2 . 2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, com-
pressed. Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis mo-
derately long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip.

1. Berardius arnuxi.
Berardius arnuxi, Gray, /. c. p. 348, fig. 70; Synops. Whales & Dolph.
p- 10; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 23 (skull).
Inhab. New Zealand.
“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, pad-
dles, and pelvic bones of one individual.
« Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains.

in.
Seu sE Mh OF MEAT gh cna t-orects = tie np wee ce PS 234
Me Gin OMRON Cain, na a oeit ear aie tos Actas ee 1a
Henesth of dental sroove 0)... i ens ee et 7
Here. OF LOWeRsaw rd Me ae aes Sel it ae sere een 19
NV aCTE neta sete P52 08 xcitel okey ahh eyo SOE sie wie at <neee a 53
AGL ORD Ee Si Pie Man Rijs rs wade le teats 93
Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes............ 43
SECC TES 0 GTS 2 nar A erat ft oc, 0 Re ana eee 2
LEGATO BMT CLOT: so 0 eee te oe a A eo 93

_ “One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left
side, 1 inch high, weight 384 grains, irregular triangular shape.
H 2

100 ZIPHIID &.

“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing
a strong ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with
the snout is deeply imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The
snout is described as long and flexible. Atlas and axis anchy-
losed. Length of cervical vertebre 334, inches. Scapula, lon-
gitudinal diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 inches. Pad-
dles, length 14 inches, width 3} inches. Hyoid arch 54 x 4 inches
high. Pelvic bones 24 inches.

“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and
prepared by Dr. Knox.”—AHector.

“ Your Berardius proves to be quite different from the first one
we got, both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had
several good papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful
preparation, showing that the tooth does not pass through the
gum.”— Dr. Hector, letter dated 30th October, 1870.

“A fine specimen of Berardius arnuat has been east ashore on
the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skele-
ton, which is now in the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is
eomplete, only wanting one of the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet
long, and a young animal; not a single epiphysis is anchylosed.
The cervical vertebree, which, in the old animal evidently form a
compact mass, are still partly free; the first three vertebre (in-
cluding the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two completely,
and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not com-
pletely united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—Julius Haast.

The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long.

Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes
61 feet broad. The pectoral fins are a little above the middle of
the body, 17 inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form.
Dorsal fin small, faleate, not very far from the chin(?). ‘The
animal has the power of protruding the four teeth at will.” They
live on cephalopods. The stomach contained about a half-bushel of
the horny beaks of the Octopus, which were nearly all the same
size. It was evidently a young-animal, as all the disk-like epi-
physes of the vertebrae are still separate, as was the case with
the limb-bones.

The seven cervical vertebrae were beginning to coalesce; the first
three are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the
second and third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse
processes are not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal ver-
tebre ; the lumbar and caudal vertebrz were not observed. (Dr.
Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1870.)

** Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth.

. ZIPHIUS.

Ziphius, Gray, l. ¢. PP. 997, 348 ; Synops. eS Dolph. p. 10.
Micropteron, Flower, /. c. p. 328.

Teeth 2, in the fe of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of

4, NEOZIPHIUS. 101

the male large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female
small, curved. Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth,
gradually tapering in front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to
the middle of the teeth in the male, and beyond it in the female.
Cervical vertebre free. Scapula with large coracoid and acromion
processes.

Vertebre 46:—C. 7. D.10. L.10. ©. 19.

“* Micropteron: cervical vertebre all united in one solid mass.’
—Flower, l. c. p. 328.

1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis. B.M.

Ziphius Sowerbiensis, Gray, /. c. p. 350, fig. 71; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 10, tab. 5. f. 8, 4 (skull).

Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 22 & 23 (skull and
ear-bone) ; Van Beneden, Mém. de Acad. Brux. vol. x. t. 3.

Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Francaise, t. 30.

Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea.

3. DOLICHODON.
Dolichodon, Gray, J. c. p. 353; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10.

Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of
male) very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, trun-
cated at the end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal
edge. Lower jaw weak, very slender in front.’ Symphysis elon-
gate.

1. Dolichodon Layardii. B.M.

Ziphius Layardii, Gray, J. c. p. 353, fig. 72.
Dolichodon Layardii, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (H. Layard).

4. NEOZIPHIUS.

Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed,
short, triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the
middle, and suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis
to the back edge of the teeth.

1. Neoziphius europzus.
Dioplodon europzeus, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 24 (skull).
Inhab. Mediterranean.

102 ZIPHIID ®.

5. DIOPLODON.
Dioplodon, Gray, 1. c. pp. 827, 855 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10.
Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw.

Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis
moderate, not reaching halfway to the teeth.

1. Dioplodon sechellensis.

er sechellensis, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. t. 6. f. 1, 2

skull).

Ditplodon sechellensis, Gray, Cat. 8S. § W. p. 855; Synops. Whales

& Dolph, p. 10, t. 5. £4; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 343, fig.
(skeleton) ; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 25 (skull).

Dioplodon densirostris, Gervais, Zoul. Paléont. Frang. t. 43. f. 3-6.
Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (Krefft).
The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to

the skeleton. The cervical vertebre are united together by their
bodies and large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical
process. The bodies of the dorsal vertebree are very small, en-
larging in size towards the tail; they are thirty-six in number.
The four terminal caudal ones are very small, forming a kind
of cylindrical process. There are eight chevron bones. The tho-
racic cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on each side. The
dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebra have an anterior basal
process, which becomes gradually smaller.

Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-
bones moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer
than the upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end,
and gradually tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly
eylindrical.

«The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet
8 inches; the head measures 2 feet 54 inches in length, and the
lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical ver-
tebre are anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the
remaining three are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in
number, the last bearing a short rib 8 inches in length. Five of
these ribs are jointed direct to the sternum ; the following two meet
the cartilage of the fifth rib.

“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a
width of between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned
to enable me to have it photographed ; this, however, will be done as
soon as possible, and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars
number twenty, the last nine having V-bones attached. The fifth
lumbar is 173 inches high, 4 inches wide at the top, and 11? inches
at the base, including the side processes. The eleventh lumbar is
the widest, being 4? inches at the top. The caudals probably
amounted to 13; but five of these are missing ; the basal one is very
small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly attached to the
second last, there can be no mistake about it.

5. DIOPLODON.

“‘ The head is 2 feet 53 inches long
and 14 inches across at the widest
part ; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches
long and 63 inches high behind the
tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches
in length, 33 inches in width, and is
12 inch thick [not well represented in
the figure]. The space between the
teeth measures 7} inches. The limbs
are very imperfect; all the smaller
bones are missing ; and there is only
a part of one scapula. I did not find
the pelvic bones.

“This animal was captured about
a year ago, near Lord Howe’s Island.”
—Krefft, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 426.

THE END,

<
Vy

Dioplodon sechellensis,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

son 4% agi

vow TAS

awit

; phe
Xe