c MONTANA STATE UBRARY tPliliillili 3 0864 1001 6076 4 SUPPORT OF AQUATIC LIFE USES IN THE UPPER BLACKFOOT RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES BASED ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Michael Pipp DEQ Contract No. 200012-3 Prepared by Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 103 2 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 August 29, 2001 'T/\TF DOCUMENTS COLLECTION OCT 1 5 2002 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. -■ELEfJA, MONTANA 59S20 Printed oa 100% Pr:>mt-Coaavncr Recycled Paper SUMMARY In June of 2001, 12 periphyton samples were collected from the Blackfoot River above Nevada Creek and from four tributaries of the upper Blackfoot River in western Montana for the purpose of assessing whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Diatoms with deformities were found in periphyton samples collected from all 12 sites on the upper Blackfoot River and tributaries. In samples from two sites- -BlckftR-01 and SbrC-02-- teratological diatoms accounted for more than 10% of the cells that were counted, indicating severe impairment and nonsupport of aquatic life uses. At five sites- -BlckftR-02 , SbrC-01, AraC-01, PoorC-02, and PoorC-01- - the percentage of teratological cells indicated moderate impairment and partial support of uses . The most likely cause of this impairment is elevated concentrations of heavy metals. The remaining 5 sites suffered only minor impairment and fully supported their aquatic life uses. In addition to having large percentages of teratological cells, the two sites on Sandbar Creek also supported very large populations of individual diatom species. At SbrC-02, Achnanthidium minutissimum accounted for 86% of the cells in the diatom association. Streams receiving mining wastes in western Montana often support very large numbers of Achnanthidium minutissimum, an indicator of chemical disturbance and elevated concentrations of heavy metals. The upstream site on Sandbar Creek (SbrC-01) supported a large number of Diatoma mesodon, a cold-water stenotherm that is common in streams receiving mine adit discharge water and flows recharged by groundwater. INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the biological integrity, support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses, in the upper Blackfoot River and in four tributaries of the upper Blackfoot River in western Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The" federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water- quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of the periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) community at 12 sites that were sampled from mid to late June in 2001. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al . 1992) . Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts; • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, dissolved salts, and toxins,- • Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; • Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; • Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; • Excessive algae growth in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public. • Periphyton and other biological communities reflect the biological integrity^ of waterbodies; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; • Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and • Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients) . Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with a slippery brown film. ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . k Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog water filters and irrigation intakes, create tastes and odors in drinking water, and cause other problems. PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is located in Lewis & Clark and Powell Counties in western Montana. The surface geology of the upper Blackfoot River watershed consists mostly of Precambrian Belt Series rocks in the uplands and Quaternary basin fill in the valleys (Renfro and Feray 1972) . The Blackfoot River heads near Rogers Pass (elevation 5,610 feet) north of Helena. Most tributaries arise at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. At 4,300 feet, the Blackfoot ^ River above Nevada Creek is the lowest site in the study area. Vegetation is mainly mixed conifer forest with alpine tundra on the highest peaks and open parks of fescue grassland near the mouth of Poorman Creek and near the mouth of Nevada Creek at the lower end of the study area (USDA 1976) . The upper Blackfoot River watershed is within the Northern Rockies Ecoregion of Montana (Woods et al . 1999). The main land uses are recreation, livestock grazing, logging, and mining. The Blackfoot River is popular for fishing and floating, mainly below the study area. The upper Blackfoot River drainage has many abandoned mine sites and a long history of hardrock mining. Periphyton samples were collected at 12 sites on the Blackfoot River and four of its tributaries (Maps 1-7, Table 1). Most sampling sites are on public (USPS, BLM, or State) land. The Blackfoot River and its tributaries are classified B-1 in the k Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. METHODS Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Dillard (1999) , Prescott (1978) , Smith (1950) , and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft algae, along with Palmer (1969, 1977) . After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . Between 400 and 494 diatom cells (800 to 988 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 197-5. Lowe (1974) was also used as an ecological reference for the diatoms . The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999). Metric values from the Blackfoot River and tributaries were compared to numeric biocriteria or threshold values developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain Ecoregions of Montana (Table 3) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least- impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . The criteria in Table 3 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and the samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 2156-01. The first part of this number (2156) designates the sampling site (Blackfoot River at Flesher Pass Road) ; the second part of this number (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that have been collected at this site for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. After completing the diatom proportional count, the slide used for the count will be deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection at University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. 6 On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Figure 1 and Tables 4 through 7, which are located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species' pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES Blackfoot River. Deformed diatom valves were noted in all three of the periphyton samples from the upper Blackfoot River. Arras tra Creek. Algae were very sparse in the sample from AraC-01, and the usually colonial alga Hydrurus was present only as individual cells. This implies that algal colonization and succession at this site were at a very early stage. Poorman Creek. All three of the samples from Poorman Creek were dominated by moss. Spirogyra in the sample from PoorC-03 was senescent. Willow Creek. The sample collected at WilC-01 was dominated by moss. Ulothrix zonata was the species of Ulothrix present at WilC-02. Sandbar Creek. The sample from SbrC-01 was dominated by moss . Algae were sparse and diatoms were very sparse in the sample from SbrC-02. NON-DIATOM ALGAE Blackfoot River. Filamentous green algae dominated the periphyton community at all three sites on the upper Blackfoot River, and a different genus dominated at each site (Table 4) . Zygogonium dominated at the upstream site (Flesher Pass Road) . This unusual alga, which is rare in periphyton samples, is primarily aerial and grows on moist acid soils, rocks, and peat (Smith 1950) . When growing on soil, it may develop in patches several yards in diameter. "The remarkable capacity of Zygogonium for taking up and returning large quantities of water plays no inconsiderable role in colonization of bare soil by the smaller phanerogams" (Smith 1950) . Diatoms ranked second in biovolume at BlckftR-01, followed by Tolypothrix, a cyanobacterium that requires cool water. In total, 12 genera of green, blue-green, and golden nondiatom algae were found in the sample from this site (Table 4) . These algae indicate cool waters with relatively low levels of nutrients. StigeocloniujT] dominated the periphyton at BlckftR-02, above Landers Fork. This alga is often found in waters that are enriched with organic wastes (Palmer 1969) . The source of this organic load may be swampy areas upstream or old pit toilets at the Forest Service campground (Aspen Grove) just above the sampling site (Michael Pipp, MDEQ, pers . comm. ) . Diatoms ranked 2nd in biovolume at this site, followed by the cyanobacterium Nostoc, which indicates cool waters where nitrogen is limiting. A total of 9 genera of non-diatom algae in three divisions were recorded at this site (Table 4) . Ulothrix dominated the periphyton community at BlckftR-03, above Nevada Creek, followed by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria. These algae indicate increasing nitrogen enrichment. Diatoms 8 ranked 3rd at this site. Ten genera of non-diatom algae were recorded here, in four different divisions, including the red alga Audouinella (Table 4). Poorman Creek. Diatoms dominated the periphyton community in all three samples from Poorman Creek (Table 4) . Cyanobacteria ranked second at the upper two sites: Nostoc at PoorC-Ol and Phormidium at PoorC-02. These genera indicate cool waters with relatively low levels of nutrients. The filamentous green alga Spirogyra ranked second at PoorC-03. This alga, also known as "pond scum", indicates warmer water temperatures, which may be due to a large beaver dam complex just upstream (Michael Pipp, MDEQ, pers . comm.) . The number of non-diatom genera was lower in Poorman Creek than in the upper Blackfoot River: only 2 to 6 genera of non- diatom algae were recorded at each site (Table 4) . This may be due to the smaller size of Poorman Creek and natural stresses associated with shading and cool waters of low mineral content . Diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria were present at PoorC-01, whereas only diatoms and cyanobacteria were present at PoorC-02. Cyanobacteria were absent at the downstream site (PoorC-03), but green algae and red algae were present here (Table 4) . Arastra Creek. On average, Arrastra Creek supported even fewer non-diatom algae than did Poorman Creek (Table 5) . Only diatoms and the cold-water chrysophyte Hydrurus foetidus were found with regularity in the sample from AraC-01. Hydrurus dominated the sample from AraC-02, followed by diatoms and the filamentous green alga Ulothrix. These algae indicate cold waters with relatively low levels of nutrients. Sandbar Creek. Diatoms dominated the periphyton sample collected at SbrC-01 and the cyanobacterium Phormidium accounted for the most biovolume at SbrC-02 (Table 5) . Among the non- diatom algae, both sites supported a mix of green algae and cyanobacteria, and a single genus of chrysophyte {Tribonema) . Ten genera of non-diatom algae were found at the upstream site and seven genera at the downstream site (Table 5) . As with the other streams in this study, the algal flora of Sandbar Creek indicated cool waters of low mineral content. Willow Creek. Diatoms accounted for most of the biovolume in the periphyton sample collected at WilC-Ol and the chrysophyte Tribonema ranked second at this site (Table 5) . Nine other genera of green algae and cyanobacteria, most of them indicating cool waters of low nutrient and low mineral content, made up the rest of the flora. The filamentous green alga Ulothrix dominated the periphyton sample from WilC-02, followed by Chaetophora (filamentous green), Audouinella (filamentous red) , and Tolypothrix (filamentous cyanobacterium) (Table 5) . These algae also indicate cool waters with relatively low nutrient and mineral content. DIATOMS Blackfoot River. Most of the major diatom species in samples from the upper Blackfoot River are sensitive to organic enrichment (Table 6) . However, Synedra rumpens , the dominant species at the Flesher Pass Road, is somewhat tolerant of organic loading (Lange-Bertalot 1979) . Organic loading at this site, which is also reflected by the borderline pollution index (2.50), may be internal and due to the naturally swampy nature of the stream at and above this location. Aside from minor organic loading and disturbance, and a slightly elevated percent dominant species value at the upstream site, the most serious problem in the upper Blackfoot River 10 appears to be chronic metals toxicity resulting in large percentages of abnormal diatom valves (Table 6) . The largest of these percentages (11.40%) is comparable to that found in the Eagle River of Colorado, a federal superfund site (McFarland et al . 1997). Large percentages of teratological diatom valves have also been observed in Tenmile Creek near Helena (Bahls 1998) and in Elkhorn Creek near Wise River (Bahls 2001) . Both sites have elevated heavy metals associated with historic mining activities. The percentage of abnormal diatom valves in the upper Blackfoot River decreases in a downstream direction (Figure 1, Table 6) . This likely indicates dilution of heavy metals by cleanwater tributaries and/or an increase in buffering capacity as the river becomes more alkaline. The percentage of abnormal valves at the Flesher Pass Road (BlckftR-01) indicates severe impairment and nonsupport of aquatic life uses. The percentage above the Landers Fork (BlckftR-02) indicates moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses, and the percentage above Nevada Creek (BlckftR-03) indicates minor impairment but full support of aquatic life uses. Other than unusually large percentages of teratological diatoms at the two upstream sites, diatom metrics indicate good to excellent biological integrity and full support of aquatic life uses in the upper Blackfoot River. Diatom diversity, species richness, and the pollution index all increased in a downstream direction, indicating a decrease in organic loading and heavy metals concentrations. Except for small increases in the siltation index, the diatoms indicate that biological integrity improved from upstream to downstream in the upper Blackfoot. Adjacent sites in the upper Blackfoot River had about 40% of their diatom floras in common (Table 6) , indicating that moderate environmental change (recovery) occurred between them. Poorman Creek. The upper two sites on Poorman Creek also 11 had an elevated number of teratological diatom valves, but the percentages here were much smaller than they were at the upper two sites on the Blackfoot River (Table 6) . These resulted in ratings of moderate impairment and fair biological integrity at PoorC-01 and PoorC-02. This impairment is probably due to elevated concentrations of heavy metals. Otherwise, diatom metrics indicated only minor impairment and full support of aquatic life uses in Poorman Creek. Diatom diversity and species richness in Poorman Creek increased in a downstream direction, perhaps in response to a decline in concentrations of heavy metals. Slowing current velocities and warmer water temperatures may also contribute to an increase in diatom diversity. A slightly elevated siltation index indicates minor impairment from sedimentation at PoorC-02 (Table 6) . Most of the major diatom species in Poorman Creek are sensitive to pollution (Table 6) . Pollution index values for Poorman Creek were relatively low for a mountain stream and were about the same at all three sites. The one major species present that is somewhat tolerant of organic enrichment- -Synedra ulna-- was most abundant at the upstream site (PoorC-01) . In Table 6, the similarity index indicates a much greater floristic change occurred between the upper and middle sites (26% similar floras) than between the middle and lower sites (52% similar floras) . Arastra Creek. The upper site on Arrastra Creek had a high percentage of abnormal diatom valves (3.67%) that indicates moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses (Table 7) . As with Poorman Creek and the upper Blackfoot River, this impairment was likely due to elevated concentrations of heavy metals. The percentage of teratological diatom valves dropped to an acceptable level at AraC-02. 12 Diatom species diversity and species richness also declined from AraC-01 to AraC-02 (Table 7) . This decline in diversity was due mainly to an abundance of Hannaea arcus at AraC-02. This diatom and Hydrurus foetidus, which dominated the periphyton at this site, both indicate cold waters of high quality. Hence the low diatom diversity and species richness values at this site are likely due to natural stressors, such as cold water temperatures, low concentrations of dissolved solids, and moderate current velocities . Sandbar Creek. Both sites on Sandbar Creek had elevated percentages of abnormal diatoms (Table 7) . The percentage at SbrC-01 (3.71%) indicated moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses; the percentage at SbrC-02 (10.26) indicated severe impairment and nonsupport of aquatic life uses. In addition, both sites on Sandbar Creek had depressed diatom diversity and species richness values, indicating moderate to severe stress (Table 7). Diatoma mesodon, the dominant diatom species at the upstream site, is a cold water stenotherm (Lowe 1974) . I have recorded large numbers of this species in mine adit discharges and in streams that receive mine adit discharges (unpublished data) . It appears to be a good indicator of stream sites that are fed primarily by groundwater. The dominant diatom species at the downstream site (SbrC-02) was Achnanthidium minutissimum (synonym: Achnanthes minutissima) (Table 7) . This is a pioneer species which, when present in very large numbers, indicates some form of chemical, physical or biological disturbance (Barbour et al . 1999). Although diatom associations in unpolluted streams in Montana may be composed of up to 70% Achnanthidium minutissimum, much larger percentages of this diatom aln\ost always occur in streams that receive mining wastes (unpublished data) . The large percentage of this diatom 13 (86.5%) at SbrC-02 and the resulting low diversity index (0.96) both indicate severe impairment and nonsupport of uses. The two sites on Sandbar Creek shared only about a quarter of their diatom floras (Table 7) . This indicates that a moderate amount of environmental change (impairment) occurred between the two sites. Willow Creek. Willow Creek was the only one of the study streams where diatoms indicated that both sites suffered only minor impairment and fully supported their aquatic life uses (Table 7) . The upstream site (WilC-Ol) had a slightly elevated siltation index and a few abnormal diatom valves. The lower site (WilC-02) had somewhat depressed pollution index, indicating some organic loading. This organic loading may be natural and due to the swampy nature of this stream. Both sites supported relatively large numbers of small, free-living Fragilariaceae {Fragilaria vaucheriae, Staurosira construens , Synedra rumpens) (Table 7) . These diatoms indicate highly stable stream flows and reflect the low gradient and stable flows of Willow Creek. The two sites on Willow Creek had almost half of their diatom floras in common, indicating only minor environmental change occurred between them. Both sites on Willow Creek supported a few abnormal diatom valves (Table 7) but these sites had two of the three lowest percentages of abnormal valves of all the sites in the study area (Figure 1) . The upper Blackfoot River and the tributaries sampled for this study are unusual in that abnormal valves were recorded at all study sites (Figure 1) . This probably indicates the influence of elevated heavy metals in these waters. 14 LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci . 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L. 1998. Biotic Integrity of Upper Tenmile Creek Based on Periphyton Community Structure and Composition. Prepared for the Lewis and Clark County Water Quality Protection District, Helena, Montana. Bahls, L.L. 2001. Support of Aquatic Life Uses in Selected Tributaries of the Big Hole River Based on the Composition and Structure of the Benthic Algae Community. Prepared for the State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Monitoring and Data Management Bureau, Helena, Montana. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles . 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., and E.E. Weber. 1988. Ecology and distribution in Montana of Epithemia sorex Kutz . , a common nitrogen-fixing diatom. Proc. Mont. Acad. Sci. 48:15-20. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Dillard, G.E. 1999. Common Freshwater Algae of the United States. J. Cramer, Berlin. Johansen, J.R. 1999. Diatoms of Aerial Habitats. Chapter 12 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.). The Diatoms, Cambridge University Press, New York. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. 15 Kranuner, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonewa, Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst. 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304. Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Palmer, CM. 1969. A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. Journal of Phycology 5:78-82. Palmer, CM. 1977. Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water. EPA-600/9-77-036. Patrick, Ruth, and CW. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae . Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia . Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae. Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in 16 Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Renfro, H.B., and D.E. Feray. 1972. Geological Highway Map of the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map) . U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A.J., Omernik, J.M., Nesser, J. A., Shelden, J., and Azevedo, S.H. 1999. Ecoregions of Montana (color poster with map), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 17 H Oi II E CO (M u. O U} u r-- S J > 2 o 9 J£ o U II 0) O »- (0 u CO c (0 (0 o 0} 0) O a s o ■a "/>■>/ -"^.c ^f^ i vy Kf I fvcfi^''^' 'ify-. ^0\ \ . 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Co CO 03 Q) jJ C O u QJ U 3 jj •rl to Sh Q) > to « X QJ QJ QJ ■H T) X) u q q QJ M M ft (/) C C O O •H -rl C O q q 03 rH rH x: o ■H CO Dj CO JJ JJ 3 03 r-\ JJ QJ jJ q o u X to QJ QJ 03 ■rl q u M QJ ft QJ CO U q 4H m o X3 Vh Sh 3 QJ JJ ^ CO g ■H 3 Q S CO QJ •H CO U rH QJ r-i ft QJ CO U JJ r-i q 03 fci £ q C ■H O g q S^ JJ JJ q q QJ QJ U CJ Sh Sh QJ QJ ft ft X 0 0 03 x; q Jj M ■H ft >, W JJ ■H JJ Sh q 03 0 rH U ■H ^ g 0 -H ft CO 4H O 0 Sh O g Sh O jJ q 0 u 0 ft o a . g rH W Sh "3 ° q 4H H CO JJ q q o u u 03 JJ 03 JJ 0 q o CO 03 03 0 q -H 4H 0 03 0 Sh 0 x; to CO 0 ■H U 0 ft CO g o JJ fC3 n CO q o ■H JJ m jj CO 0 u o g Sh O 0 q o jj 03 n 0 jj q o u 0 Sh 0 jJ m CO 0 u g O •H 03 Sh O ■n g 216501 Aulacoseira islandica 3 0 onn 216501 CalnnRis hadllum 2 12 1 31 216501 Calnneis hyalina 2 2 0 22 216501 Cocconpis plar.pntula 3 s 0 55 216501 Diatoma mesodon 3 69 7 55 216501 Fnr.yonfima aiiftr5;waldil 2 8 0 RR 216501 Fncyonfima miniitum 2 2 0 22 216501 Encynnema siiesiar.um 2 2 0 22 216501 Encyonopsis microcephala 2 5 0 55 216501 Fpithemia srirey 3 0 000 216501, Fpithemia turgida 3 n 0 00 216501 iFragilaria capucina 2 18 1 97 216501;Fragilaria vaucheriae 2 223 24.40 216501,nnmphnneis miniifa 3 1 0 11 216501 Gomphonema angustatum 2 6 OfiR 216501 Gnmphnnema kohayasii 3 2 0 22 216501 Gomphonema mexicanum 2 4 044 216501 Gomphonema mir.rnpiis 2 S3 5R0 216501 Gomphonema piimilum 3 8 0 88 216501 Gnmphnnema sp 3 22 241 216501 Hannaea arous 3 14 1 53 216501 Karayevia latemstrata 3 1 011 216501 Melosira varians 2 0 0 00 216501,Meridion circulare 3 51 5 58 21650l!Navicula arvensis 1 14 1.53 216501 Navicula r.ryptooephaJa 3 0 0 00 216501 Navicula r.ryptoteneiia 2 2 0 22 216501iNavir,ijla minima 1 7 0 77 216501 Navicula miniisciila 1 2 0 22 216501 Navicula radiosa 3 1 0 11 216501 Navicula reichardtiana 2 12 1 31 216501 Nit7schia acicularis 2 2 0 22 216501 Nit7schia archihaldii 2 21 2 30 216501 Nit7schia dissipata 3 34 3 72 216501 Nit7schia flexoides 2 6 0 66 216501 Nit7schia fontir.ola 3 30 3.28 216501 Nit7schia laciiiim 3 2 0 22 216501 Nit7?;chia linearis 2 0 0 00 216501 Nit7schia perminuta 3 5 0 55 216501 Nit7snhia pura 2 0 0.00 216501 Pseuriostaurosira hrevistriata 3 0 0 00 216501'Rhnico.sphenia curvata 3 4 0 44 216501 Staurosira constnjens 3 30 3 28 216501 iStaiirosirella leptostaumn 3 0 0 00 216501 Staurosirella pinnata 3 8 0 88 216501:Surirella angusta 1 2 0 22 216501,Synp(-|ra ma7amaensl.s 3 9 0 98 216501'Synedra rumpens 2 137 14 99 216501 Synedra lenera 2 2 022 21650rSynedra ulna 2 14 1 53 Page 1 Sandbar Creek (upper) (SbrC-01) 8/11/01 Sample Gef»us/iSp€C}esA)'aSniety PoUutJon Tbtefance Cfass CeKint Percent 216601;Achnanthes biconfusa 3 8 0.96 216601iAchnanthes lanceolata 2 31 3.71 21 6601 lAchnanthidium biasolettianum 3 3 0.36 216601 Achnanthidium minutissimum 3 165 19.74 216601 Caloneis tenuis 3 8 0.96 216601 piatoma mesodon 3 434 51.91 216601 lEncyonema minutum 2 2 0.24 216601JEncyonema silesiacum 2 4 0.48 216601 Epithemia adnata 2 2 0.24 216601 Eunotia bilunaris 3 4 0.48 216601 Eunotia minor 2 1 0.12 216601 Gomphonema angustatum 2 1 0.12 216601 216601 Gomphonema clavatum 2 4 0.48 Gomphonema pumilum 3 8 0.96 216601 Meridion circulare 3 12 1.44 216601 Navicula atomus 1 1 0.12 216601 Navicula cryptocephala 3 3 0.36 216601 Navicula minima 1 48 5.74 216601 Navicula radiosa 3 0 0.00 216601 Nitzschia archibaldii 2 5 0.60 216601 Nitzschia dissipata 3 4 0.48 216601 Nitzschia fonticola 3 2 0.24 216601 Staurosira construens 3 5 0.60 216601. Synedra rumpens 2 81 9.69 9 Page 1 Sandbar Creek (lower) (SbrC-02) 8/11/01 Sample Genus/SpeCma^/Slnily-"^^'^^ PoUutSoit TjJteranDS Class Count' ~ iiiiireenfWi 216701 Achnanthes lanceolata 2 2 0.23 216701 lAchnanthidium biasolettianum 3 0 0,00 216701 Achnanlhidium minutissimum 3 742 86.48 216701 Aulacoseira distans 3 0 0.00 216701 Caloneis tenuis 3 0 0.00 216701 Cymbella naviculiformis 3 0 0.00 216701 Diatoma mesodon 3 15 1.75 216701iFragilaria capucina 2 2 0.23 216701 Frustulia rhomboides 3 0 0.00 216701 jGomphonenna acunninatum 3 1 0.12 21670l!Gomphonema clavatum 2 0 0.00 216701'Gomphonema mexicanum 2 0 0.00 216701 Gomphonema parvulum 1 2 0.23 216701 Gomphonema pumilum 3 2 0.23 216701 Meridion circulare 3 0 0.00 21670i:Navicula cryptocephala 3 2 0.23 216701 Navicula minima 1 16 1.86 216701iNavicula seminulum 1 2 0.23 216701;Nitzschia acicularis 2 2 0.23 216701iNitzschia archibaldii 2 0 0.00 216701;Nitzschia dissipata 3 0 0.00 216701 Nitzschia flexoides 2 0 0.00 216701 Nitzschia palea 1 0 0.00 216701 Nitzschia pura 2 2 0.23 216701 Pinnularia microstauron 2 1 0.12 216701 Pseudostaurosira brevistriata 3 6 0.70 216701 iSellaphora bacilium 3 0 0.00 216701 Sellaphora pupula 2 0 0.00 216701 Staurosira construens 3 41 4.78 216701 Staurosirella pinnata 3 0 0.00 216701 ISurireila angusta 1 0 0.00 216701 Synedra rumpens 2 20 2.33 Page 1