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Surrey Archaeological Collections
Relating to the History and Antiquities of the County
published by the SURREY ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY
VOL. 54
Honorary Editor: Richard Offor, Ph.D.
THE SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY CASTLE ARCH, GUILDFORD
1955
The Council of the Surrey Arch;eological Society desires it to be distinctly understood that it is not responsible for any statement or opinions expressed in the Collections, the authors of the communica- tions and articles being alone accountable for the same.
In particular, the method of transcription of documents, their transliteration and spelling are left to the compiler of the contribution, the Honorary Editor being in no way responsible for the method adopted.
GIFTS AND LOANS TO THE SOCIETY Members and friends desiring to give or lend books, documents or objects of antiquarian interest to the Society, for the Library or Museum at Castle Arch, are earnestly requested to send such gifts or loans to the Hon. Secretary, Surrey Archaeological Society, Castle Arch, Guildford, with a covering letter stating whether the objects sent are a gift or loan to the Society. As regards articles intended for the Museum, these should be accompanied by full particulars, such as where found, date of finding, etc.
Members wishing to leave money, books or articles to the Society by Will are asked to make use of the following Clause :
"I GIVE to the Surrey Archaeological Society of Guildford free of duty the sum of £ (words and figures) (for books or other articles, a description is necessary). AND I DECLARE that the receipt of the Treasurer or other proper officer of the said Society shall be a complete discharge therefor."
The Honorary Editor will be glad to receive contributions of county interest, either in article form or in notes, with appropriate illustrations. Copy, preferably in typescript or very clear manuscript, should be complete in every particular for publication. Numerous corrections in proof are costly and lists of errata render consultation difficult.
CONTENTS
Farnham Terrace Gravels. By W. F.
By E. S
Articles:
Some Palasoliths from Rankine, F.S.A.Scot.
The Earth Circles on St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford. Wood ........
Report on the Excavation, 1946-7, of a Roman Site at Farnham Surrey. By A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A. .
A Surrey Charter of King John. By R. N. Bloxam
Blechingley Church: Recent Investigations and Discoveries. By A. Buckland Kent .......
The White Horse Hotel, Dorking. By T. E. C. Walker, F.S.A
The Manor of Batailles and the Familv of Saunder in Ewell. By Michael L. Walker
Ewell in 1577. By Philip Shearman
Richard Rawlinson and the Publication of Aubrey's " Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey." By Brian Enright
Excavations by the Society — Supplementary List .
Notes:
Abinger Hammer ....
Skeleton of Young Boy at East Horsley
Skeleton of Girl at Albury
A Palaeolithic Hand-axe from Banstead Heath, Walton-on-the-Hill
Gatton Hall .......
An Old Reigate Street Name ....
Thor's Stone or " Cricklestone " on Thursley Common
Dorking — Shrove Tuesday Football .
A View of Dorking, c. 1770-85 ....
Sir William More's Library at Loseley Weybridge Doric Column . Ockham Church — Rectors .
Reviews
Report of Council for 1954
Officers
Committees
List of Members
Societies which Exchange Publications
Libraries which Receive Publications
Report of Council for 1953
1
10
47 58
66 71
76 102
124 134
136 136 136 137 138 138 138 141 142 143 143 145
146 154 167, 168 176 171 190 192 194
ABBREVIATIONS
Ant. J . . . The Antiquaries Journal.
Arch. . . Archceologia.
Arch. J. . . ArchcBological Journal.
B.S.P.F. . . Bulletin de la Socie'te Pre'hisiorique Frangaise.
E.P.-N.S. . . English Place-Name Society.
J. R.A.I. . . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. .
M. &■ B. . . Manning and Bray, History of Surrey.
O.H.S. . . Oxford Historical Society.
P.C.C. . . Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
P.P.S. . . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.
P.S.A.S. . . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Pre. Farnh. . . A Survey of the Prehistory of the Farnham District.
Sx.A.C. . . Sussex Archesological Collections.
Sx. Rec. Soc. . Sussex Record Society.
Sy.A.C. . . Surrey Archesological Collections.
Sy. Rec. Soc. . Surrey Record Society.
V.C.H. . . Victoria County History.
Y.A.J. . . Yorkshire Archaeological Journal.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Some Pal^eoliths from the Farnham Terrace Gravels:
Fig. 1 . Acheulian Hand-axes ......
Fig. 2. Acheulian Hand-axes ......
Fig. 3. Middle Acheulian Hand-axe .....
Fig. 4. Acheulian Hand-axes from Ward's Pit .
The Earth Circles on St. Martha's Hill:
Fig. 1. St. Martha's, the Earth Circles and Tyting
Plate I. St. Martha's Circle No. 4 facing
Plate II. St. Martha's Circle No. 4
Plate III. St. Martha's Circle No. 4
Fig. 2. St. Martha's Circle No. 4.
Fig. 3. St. Martha's Circle No.
Ditch at D Fig. 4. St. Martha's Circle No. 4. Soil Diagram
Fig. 5. St. Martha's Circle No. 4. Generalised Section
across Circle in direction of slope Fig. 6. Sites and Finds in the Neighbourhood of St. Martha's
Fig. 7. Iron Age A Sherds from top of St. Martha's Hill,
found by Pitt-Rivers (Lane Fox), c. 1874 Fig. 8. Tyting. Pot 1st century a.d. ....
Fig. 9. St. Martha's, Saxon Pot .....
Excavation Plan . . Profiles of Bank
and
Report on the Excavation, 1946-7, of a Roman Site at Farnham, Surrey : Plate IV. Building No. 1 — View looking South . facing
V. Building No. 1 — View looking South-East
VI. Building No. 1 — Remains of Flue in Room 1 between
VII. Building No. 1 — North end; looking West
VIII. Building No. 2 — View from North . facing
IX. Building No. 2 — Remains of Stoke hole and North Wall ...... facing
Building No. 2 — Caldarium, looking North . ,, Building No. 2 — Caldarium, looking South ,,
Building No. 2 — South-East End . . between
Building No. 2 — Outer Angle of Apsidal Bath "Six Bells" Roman Site at Farnham . facing
Roman House, Farnham Roman Bath, Farnham
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII. Plan 1 . Plan 2. Plan 3.
Drawings of pottery Appendix No. 1
Plate XIV. Imprint of Antonine Coin (2M) on inner surface fragments of a jar . . . . between
XV. Building No. 1 — Lead Pipes from Plunge Bath ,,
XVI. Suggested appearance of the Site circa 350 a.d. facing
Blechingley Church — Recent Investigations and Discoveries: Plate XVII. Blechingley Church. Lancet and Quatrefoil facing
XVIII. Blechingley Church. Canopy
XIX. Blechingley Church. Double Piscina . ,,
11 18 18 19 22
23 24
26 36
38
40 42
46
46
46-47
46-47
47
47
54
54
54-55
54-55
50
50
50
51-54
57
54-55
54-55
55
68 69 70
VI ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
The White Horse Hotel, Dorking:
Plate XX. The White Horse, Dorking . . . facing 71
Ewell in 1577:
Map. Ewell today 103
Map. Ewell in 1577 106
Aubrey's "Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey":
Dr. Richard Rawlinson, 1690-1755 . . .127
Notes:
Palaeolithic Hand-axe from Banstead Heath, Walton-
on-the-Hill 137
Map of Parish of Thursley 139
Plate XXI. Shrove Tuesday Football. Outside the White Horse,
Dorking ...... facing 142
Plate XXII. A Cricket-match played at Deepdene, Surrey ,, 143
With key to above illustration . . . .143
SOME PALiEOLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS
BY
W. F. RANKINE, F.S.A.Scot.
Introduction
THE object of this contribution is to record some important palaeolithic data which have become available for study since the publication of the Society's Farnham volume,1 which contained a comprehensive study of the Farnham gravel terraces and their contained artifacts.2
Chief among these supplementary data now being described are two private collections of palasoliths of considerable importance, in that the implements were recovered under supervised digging and that the owners of the collections had acquired a good knowledge of palaeolithic types under the guidance of Mr. Henry Bury, the pioneer of research on the terraces, and the late Reginald A. Smith, who was greatly interested in the subject. One of these collections was built up by Mr. Harold Falkner, of Farnham, and the bulk of his material was recovered from his own gravel pit under continuous supervision. The majority of these implements carry some data. The other collection was made by the late Mr. Charles Borelli, also of Farnham, who for many years was a member of our Society. Here again the bulk of the assemblage derived from the collector's own gravel pit where the digging progressed under Mr. Borelli's personal supervision.
Falkner Collection
This principally comprises some seventy palasoliths which were recovered from a pit, covering approximately 1 acre, south of Great Austins Road and immediately west of Mavins Road off the Tilford Road: National Grid reference, 41/847458. A large area in this district was cleared of gravel about forty years ago and is referred to generally as Great Austins Pit (see Preh. Farnh., p. 53). The site is now built over. The pit from which the implements came was dug into the junction of Terraces A and B at 330.O.D., and the digging was spread over some thirteen years from 1912 to 1925. Two diggers were employed regularly by Mr. Falkner who recorded each find with date and, where ascertainable, depth data. Thus
1 A Survey of the Prehistory of the Farnham District (1936), hereafter referred to as Preh. Farnh.
2 "Geology and Palaeolithic Studies," by Dr. Kenneth Oakley, Preh. Farnh., pp. 3-58.
1
2 SOME PAL^EOLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS
OfK55.
Fig. 1. — Acheulian Hand-axes from Terraces A and B. Falkner Collection. See text. Half-size.
SOME PAL^OLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS 3
this collection may reasonably be regarded as deriving from the recorded provenance. It was not possible to differentiate between the terraces but it is known from the owner's digging plan that excavations during the period 1911 to 1914 were confined to the north edge of the pit, that is in Terrace B.
An analysis of the implement assemblage is noteworthy. Imple- ment types consist of ovates, cordates, pyriforms, a few shouldered ficrons and one cleaver. They range through Middle to Upper Acheulian. As regards the condition of the artifacts the majority are sharp and ochreous in colour. A few flakes are preserved which is very unusual in collections made thirty or more years ago since flakes had no market value and, consequently, were seldom retained by the gravel diggers.
Analysis of the Collection: Of the 70 implements 5 are "rolled" or derived from Terrace A; of the remaining 65 specimens 8 are frag- mentary and 8 are flakes apparently Acheulian in character. Of the other 49 implements 27 are ovates, 5 are pyriforms and 4 are shouldered ficrons, 12 are small cordates and there is 1 cleaver. Out of the 49 palaeoliths 32 are less than 4 inches in length. Only 1 of the 27 ovates shows the S-twist. Outstanding types are illus- trated in Figs. 1 and 2.
Descriptions of Figs. 1 and 2:
I, a: Small cordate, late-Middle Acheulian. 2£" x 2£" X 1". Colour, yel- lowish-brown, good flint with few inclusions. Shallow flaking with one edge carefully worked (right in figure). Thick porous cortex envelops the butt suggesting a pebble tool. Found 1913. Terrace B (?). Cf. with Preh. Farnh., p. 49, Fig. 24.
b: Small pyriform hand-axe. Late-Middle or Upper Acheulian. 3£"x2£"xl". Colour, ochreous. Sharp. Shallow flaking producing very thin section near tip. Butt carefully flaked. Found 1912. Terrace B (?). Cf. with Preh. Farnh., Plate 2, Fig. 3.
c: Small ficron. Middle Acheulian. 3£"xl£"xi". Sharp. Colour, chocolate brown. Clear flint with thin cortex on butt. Found 1912. Terrace B (?).
d: Late-Middle or Upper Acheulian ovate. 3£"X 2£"x 1". Colour, ochreous yellow with creamy patches. Incipient "toad belly" patina towards thick butt which has thin smooth cortex. Found 1911. Terrace B (?). Sharp.
e: Small beaked ovate. Late-Middle or Upper Acheulian. 3 \" X 2 \" X 1 \" . Colour, bluish-grey; numerous spherulitic inclusions. Sharp. Red- dish-brown cortex on butt. Shallow flaking; curved edge carefully worked to produce cutting edge (right in figure). Found June 17, 1914. Terrace B (?).
/: Late-Middle or Upper Acheulian cordate. 3J"x2|-"xlf. Sharp. Colour, deep bluish-grey. Some cortex. One edge very carefully worked from both sides (left in figure). Found June 10, 1921. Terrace A.
g: Small pointed hand-axe. Late-Middle Acheulian. Very sharp. Bold flaking with careful retouch at point. Bluish-grey flint with cortex on butt. 3£"x2£"xli". Found 1912. Terrace B (?).
Fig. 2. — Acheulian Hand-axes from Terraces A and B. Falkner Collection. See text. Half-size.
SOME PAL^EOLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS 5
h: Superb pyriform hand-axe. Late-Middle to Upper Acheulian. 4£"x2"xl£". Colour, deep brown with olive-green tingeing. Yel- lowish inclusions. Thick porous reddish cortex on both faces. Bold flaking; one edge vigorously flaked to produce cutting edge (left in figure). Found December 11, 1913. Terrace B (?).
i: Ficron type. Late-Middle Acheulian. 3i"x2£"xf". Colour, reddish- brown. Sharp. Cherty flint with thin cortex enveloping butt, pebble tool. Found February 20, 1913. Terrace B (?).
2, a: Upper Acheulian ovate. 5^"x3J"xH". Flat flaking producing very thin section at tip. Marbled flint, mottled with chert)' inclusions. Colour, reddish-brown to yellow. Thick cortex on butt. Very sharp. A superb implement. Found December 13, 1913. Terrace B (?).
b: Late-Middle Acheulian ovate. 5J"x3J"xlf". Colour, light ochreous on one face and deep ochreous on reverse. Sharp. Shallow flaking with one edge carefully worked (right in figure). Found January 24, 1913. Terrace B (?).
c: Late-Middle Acheulian ovate. 4£"x3£"xlj". Colour, light brownish- yellow tinged with grey. Cortex on butt. Shallow flaking with careful edge-work, particularly on one edge (left in figure). Found Novem- ber 27, 1912. Terrace B (?).
d: Ovate. Late-Middle to Upper Acheulian. 5-}" X 3 \" x 1 \" . Colour, ochreous. Some thick cortex on butt. Sharp. Bold flaking with much secondary retouch on one edge (left in figure). Found December 13, 1913, 1 foot from base of gravel. Terrace B (?).
e: Late-Middle Acheulian pyriform hand-axe. 5"x3^"Xl|". Sharp. Colour, chestnut brown with dark yellow inclusions producing an attractive mottling. Shallow flaking with line edge-work. Found August 4, 1920. Terrace A (?).
The outstanding implement in the Falkner Collection is illustrated in Fig. 3: it is a large rostroid hand-axe of Middle Acheulian date. It is one of the largest implements yet recorded from the Farnham terraces. It measures 9 inches in length and 5 inches in width while its thickness slightly exceeds 2 inches. It weighs just over 3 pounds. It has a remarkably thin section near the tip. It was dug by a Mr. Richard Warner on May 15, 1911, on the south side of the pit and therefore may be considered as deriving from Terrace B. In colour it is greyish-yellow with some bluish-grey patches. It is very sharp with very few inclusions, and free of cortex. The flaking is bold and economical and there is a minimum of edge- work. As indicated in the figure the implement is much frost-cracked.
It should be stressed that this collection is of special importance in that it is the only known assemblage of flints from the Farnham terraces with authentic discovery data ; also it is of interest to note that in this excavation 1 acre of gravel yielded some seventy palaeoliths and that a regular distribution of the artifacts is indi- cated by the progressive discoveries established by the dating of the finds.
Also in this collection there are four ovates from Dippenhall which demand record. They derive from the Dippenhall gravels which lie on the northern side of the Farnham valley; they have
6 SOME PAL^OLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS
been classed with Terrace A (Preh. Farnh., p. 24), and Bury re- corded an artifact from these gravels in 1916 but afterwards con- sidered it to be natural. However, Mr. Falkner obtained four Acheulian hand-axes from his land at Dippenhall — three from the surface and one from a depth of 3 feet in the gravels at Aberdenes, N.G. 41/817473. All the ovates are of medium size and patinated a creamy white.
Fig. 3. — Middle Acheulian Hand-axe. Half-size.
Borelli Collection The collection of palseoliths assembled by the late Mr. C. E. Borelli, of Farnham, contains many implements recovered in the early days of gravel digging on the terraces and some date prior to 1910. Notable among the exposures then being exploited were Ward's Pit, the Ridgway Pit, Shortheath Pit and Great Austins, all
SOME PAIwEOLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS 7
in Terrace A ; they were centres of attraction to numerous collectors and, unfortunately, also centres of dispersal so far as Farnham is concerned. However, a great many of the implements in the col- lection came from Mr. Borelli's own pit at Stoneyfields, in Terrace B, which was worked from about 1935 to 1950. These Stoneyfields palaeoliths are of particular interest in connection with the old con- troversy, now ended, concerning the origin of the Terrace B gravels. Among the many Acheulian hand-axes in this collection from Ward's Pit, now the site of the Bourne Church, are two implements almost identical in size and shape and of the same kind of flint material; they were found almost side by side at the same depth, some 8 feet from the surface. On account of their striking resem- blance to one another they were named "The Twins" by the late Reginald Smith, then of the British Museum. These two palaeoliths are illustrated in Fig. 4.
Description of Fig. 4.
A: Lingulate hand-axe. 7£"x4"x2". Boldly flaked and deeply notched on both edges. Similar notching has been observed by the writer on hand-axes, also Ungulates, from Chiver's Pit, Cupernham, near Romsey. Colour, creamish-buff with bluish-grey patches. Cherty inclusions with cortex on the butt.
B: Lingulate hand-axe. 7£"x4"xlf". Boldly flaked with careful edge- work near the tip (right in figure) . Colour and material as in preceding figure. Both implements show some frost-cracking and both are Acheulian types.
Among other interesting implements from Terrace A the follow- ing are noteworthy but are not illustrated :
From Mavins close by Ward's Pit is a sharp Middle Acheulian ovate, 4^"x3|"xl|", of creamy ochreous colour with an accentuated S-twist. Also from the same provenance is a remarkably symmetrical lingulate hand-axe with straight sides terminating in a sharp point. It is of Middle Acheulian type, measuring 5^"x3"x If, and pale ochreous in colour. From Shortheath Pit is a shouldered ficron 8J" in length, with slightly beaked tip and somewhat abraded. From Wakeford's Pit, Terrace C, is a Middle Acheulian cleaver, 7J"x3J"x 1|", similar in colour and preparation technique to the remark- able implement of the same type from the same pit figured in Preh. Farnh., p. 43, but 2 inches shorter. The collection contains some thirty palaeoliths from Stoneyfields Pit in Terrace B, the one-time controversial bone of contention as to whether the gravels there were peri-glacially disturbed or of glacial origin. Noteworthy among these implements are:
A shouldered ficron 6f in length, and another 5 ¥ long; a rostroid lingulate, 8|"x3f"x2", lustrous with slightly softened arretes ; a cleaver 6 J" x 3|" X 1 J", sharp, pale ochreous in colour and very economically flaked, and a sharp flake of Clactonian character. Among the 14 ovates 8 are large, exceeding 6" in length, and 6 are medium between 4" and 6" in length. There are 6 cordates of the type Fig. 2a.
8 SOME PALjEOLITHS from the farnham terrace gravels
The pit was exhausted in 1950 after some 9 acres of gravel had been excavated; the face of the pit clearly showed solifluxion of stratified gravel right to the western edge (Preh. Farnh., pp. 28, 29). The Borelli Collection is now in the writer's possession.
Conclusion
The amount of gravel now, in 1954, being taken from the Farnham terraces is practically negligible. The famous pits studied by Bury
Fig. 4. — Acheulian Hand-axes from Ward's Pit. Half-size.
and others are now obliterated by building. Bourne Church marks the site of Ward's Pit where the famous sunken channel yielded large numbers of palaeoliths and attracted many collectors, notably Frank Lasham. Broken Back is now a residential area, and so is Shortheath Pit where Thurbens Estate has been built. Similarly the Six Bells Pit is now the Roman Way Estate. The Great Austins Pit which at one time extended from Tilford Road to Ward's Pit is now completely built over, and the one-time Junction Pit is now the Farnham Trading Estate.
SOME PAL^OLITHS FROM THE FARNHAM TERRACE GRAVELS 9
Sections of the terrace gravels are now difficult and, in some instances, impossible to find. Tanners Pit, N.G. 41/827453, by the road leading from Abbotts Garage, Wrecclesham, to the Alton Road, shows Terrace D gravels bedded on Folkestone Sands, and Weydon Pit, N.G. 41/837458, also shows a similar section in the same terrace where the gravel is feathering out on the south bank of the Old Blackwater River. Terrace A has been nearly completely removed but stretches of Terraces B and C were never exploited and are now under houses. And of the thousands of palseoliths which have been turned out of these famed deposits none can be seen in a local museum.
A cknowledgements
My thanks are due to Mr. Harold Falkner, of Farnham, for kindly placing his palaeoliths at my disposal for study and recording, and to Dr. K. P. Oakley for much help in the compilation of this con- tribution.
THE EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
BY
E. S. WOOD
This paper deals with the folklore and customs of St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford, and neighbouring places, describes the excavation of an earth circle on the hill, discusses the type, and lists the other archceo- logical sites and finds of the vicinity.
ST. MARTHA'S HILL is the conspicuous eminence, 573 feet O.D., just north of Chilworth in the Tillingbourne Valley, 2 miles south-east of Guildford (grid reference 51/028483). The so-called Pilgrims Way runs up and down it, east and west, and the hill is crowned by the old church of St. Martha. Near the top of the hill, below the church, on the south side, are four circles, consisting of banks with external ditches, and a fifth is not far away to the south-east. (Fig. 1.)
The History of the Site
These circles have been the subject of casual references and inter- mittent interest for some hundred years, and it may now be useful to set out the known facts about them. The references will be made in chronological order, and the considerations arising from them discussed later.
It is curious, but not necessarily significant, that none of the older histories of Surrey (Aubrey, compiled 1673 onward, published 1719; Salmon, 1736; Camden, 16th century, revised by Gough, 1789; Manning and Bray, 1809; Allen, 1829) mention the circles at all; nor do the earlier works of local topography (Russell, 1801 ; Excursions Through Surrey, c. 1820; Smith, 1828) ; nor do the usually voracious Gentleman' s Magazine and its peers. The first notice is that by Brayley in 1850 r1
On the southern side of St. Martha's Hill, are two distinct but small circles; each formed by a single bank and ditch: one of them is about 30 yards in diameter; the other, 28 yards. Whether these circles were ever connected with Druidical rites, or not, must remain questionable. They have not hitherto been noticed in any published work; and the same may be stated with respect to a large Barrow,2 enveloped in foliage, and ob- scured by large trees growing upon it, which is situated about three-quarters of a mile from the hill, in the approach from Guildford.
1 Brayley, E. W., Topographical History of Surrey, Vol. V, 1850, p. 133.
2 This barrow is the platform mound at Tyting.
10
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 11
Thistleton Dyer, in 1876, x records a folk-custom whose significance will appear shortly :
A custom, the origin of which is lost in the obscurity of time, prevails in the neighbourhood of Guildford of making a pilgrimage to St. Martha's (or Martyr's) Hill on Good Friday. Thither from all the countryside youths and maidens, old folks and children, betake themselves, and gathered together on one of the most beautiful spots in Surrey, in full sight of an old Norman church which crowns the green summit of the hill, beguile the time with music and dancing. Whatever the origin of this pilgrimage to St. Martha's, it is apparently one that commends itself to the taste of the present generation, and is not likely to die out with the lapse of years, but to increase in popular estimation as long as the green hill lasts to attract the worshippers of natural beauty, or to furnish the mere votaries of pleasure with the excuse and the opportunity for a pleasant holiday.
TyKhflJ
CV\L$F0RJ>
Pktform b\ouY\cl i
V
V
\
7u- mile. N
Aceutey
O
s
Fig. 1. — St. Martha's, the Earth Circles and Tyting.
Clinch and Kershaw, in 1895, 2 repeat this, but add: "It [the custom] clearly has no reference to the solemn event celebrated upon Good Friday by Christians."
Lasham, in the same year,3 may be referring to these descriptions in his note on the circles, but goes a little farther in his interpre- tation :
1 Thistleton Dyer, T. F., British Popular Customs, 1876, p. 156, quoting The Times of April 18, 1870.
2 Clinch, G., and Kershaw, S. W., Bygone Surrey, 1895, p. 112.
3 Lasham, T., "Camps, Earthworks, Tumuli, etc., in West Surrey," Sy.A.C, Vol. XII, 1895, p. 151.
B
12 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
Covered more or less by furze and undergrowth may be seen four or five earth rings, but as to the origin or date, or use of these, one does not care to hazard an opinion. A theory has been started that they may be remains of Phallic worship (which is far from unlikely). If this is so, it makes the hill with its shrine of the Christian religion of the greatest interest.
Thompson and Moul, in 1902, 1 just touch on the matter, but add nothing :
On St. Martha's Hill there are three curious earth circles, the relics possibly of primitive worship.
Belloc, in his sweeping way, passed by here,2 and said, with every appearance of confidence:
It has been conjectured, upon such slight evidence as archaeology pos- sesses, that the summit was a place of sacrifice. Certainly great rings of earth stood here before the beginning of history ; certainly it was the sacred crown for the refugees of Farley Heath, of Holmbury, of Anstie Bury, and of whatever other stations of war may have crowned these defiant hills.
If it saw7 rites which the Catholic Church at last subdued, we know nothing of them; we possess only that thread of tradition which has so rarely been broken in Western Europe: the avenue, whereby, until the sixteenth century, all our race could look back into the very origins of their blood.
Much thought was devoted to the problem by Walter Johnson, in three books, published in 1906, 1908 and 1912. From his words it is clear that the Good Friday dancing, in whose future Thistleton Dyer in 1876 had had such faith, must have ceased by the end of the 19th century. Johnson says:
Another custom,3 the origin of which is not ascertainable by the historical method, was the annual pilgrimage of youths and maidens, on Good Friday, to St. Martha's Hill, Guildford. The fact that music and boisterous dancing formed the main features of the proceedings shows that the observances could have no connection with the solemnities of the Christian anniversary. Rather, perhaps, must we look for an explanation in the earth circles on the hill, and the later building of a church in such a conspicuous position. The circles may still be traced amid the bracken (1903), and flakes are abundant near the church, or rather chapel. On the North side, too, are two mounds, which may possibly be small tumuli, so a prehistoric site is indicated. Mrs. Gomme helps us in this matter,4 with the information that when the early Christians erected a church where a heathen temple had formerly stood, they performed a dance to their God as the heathen had done to theirs.
On St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford,5 are some curious earth-rings, which may represent the remains of a maze. In olden times, the youths and maidens of the district met there on Good Friday, and indulged in music and boisterous dancing. Such observances could have no connection with the solemnities of the Christian anniversary. History tells not the origin of such celebrations. What people carved out the rings is likewise a mystery. Yet a comparison of general customs points to ceremonial dances of painted heathen around some early camp-fire.
1 Thompson, G., and Moul, D, Picturesque Surrey, 1902, p. 130.
2 Belloc, H., The Old Road, 1904, p. 170.
3 Johnson, W., and Wright, W., Neolithic Man in North-East Surrey, 1906, p. 113.
4 Gomme, Alice B., Dictionary of British Folk-lore, Vol. II, 1898, p. 528. 6 Johnson. W., Folk Memory, 1908, p. 336.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 13
A similar Good Friday procession1 [to that at Chilswell Hill, near OxfordJ was formerly made to St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford . . . the loud music and the riotous dancing in which the crowd took part were so indecorous that few were found to lament the discontinuance of the custom. There are some curious earth-rings situated to the south of the church, half-hidden by heather, and I have elsewhere suggested [above] that these represent part of a maze, within which the sports were once held. If this be correct, there is an indication of a half-hearted attempt on the part of the church to modify the games, and to turn them to a penitential purpose. Some writers have thought that the morris-dancers made use of such circles for their performances. Here, too, we may have a link which binds these outdoor customs to the practice of dancing in church.
We shall have to return later to the various questions raised in these passages. Meanwhile, we are on firmer ground in the Victoria County History, which, while Johnson was speculating, was confining itself to the physical facts:2
On the hill, near the top and towards the southern side, were [sic] several curious earth-circles about 28 to 30 yards in diameter marked by a slight mound and ditch. The best was destroyed a few years ago by the Hambledon District Council, who made a reservoir on the hill to which water is pumped to supply houses on Blackheath. The persons responsible for the work made no effort to observe or record any discoveries. The next best marked lies nearly due south of the church. To the south-east is another, fairly well marked, but much overgrown by heather, ferns, and fir trees. The fourth, nearly obliterated, is south-east of the church.
But other writers remained fascinated by the custom: Walsh, in 1914, 3 records it, and adds another fact:
At Guildford, in Surrey, many people flock to St. Martha's Hill [on Good Friday]. Formerly they used to spend the day in singing and dancing; but this part of the festivities is no longer retained.
I can find no later mention until 1931, when Whimster produced his survey of the county.4 He merely refers to Lasham (see above), and records the laconic note "disc barrows" : one would like to know his grounds! Grinsell visited the circles, and gives the dimensions of three of them.5
An enigmatic note appears in Kirkham and Lake, 1948 :6
Possibly the site was of significance, even in pre-Christian times, for Saracen stones there may be the relics of a stone circle, with indications of a circular earthwork.
Presumably Saracen means sarsen, and is used as a generic term for sandstone; but there are no traces, to my knowledge, of a stone circle — the stones are all either outcrops or boulders.
Finally, the new edition of the Antiquities of Surrey,7 strikes the latest note:
1 Johnson, W., Byways in British Archaeology, 1912, p. 195.
2 V.C.H., Surrey, Vol. Ill, 1911, p. 104.
3 Walsh, W. S., Curiosities of Popular Customs, 1914, p. 484.
4 Whimster, D. C, The Archcsology of Surrey, 1931, p. 235.
5 Grinsell, L. V., "An Analysis and List of Surrey Barrows," Sy.A.C, Vol. XLII, 1934, p. 27.
6 Kirkham, Nellie, and Lake, W., The Pilgrims Way, 1948, p. 57.
7 Antiquities of Surrey (Surrey County Council, 4th ed., 1951), p. 82.
14 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
Curious earthworks of a different character will be found at St. Martha's and on Bullswater Common, Pirbright. These are described by archaeo- logists as Earth Circles, known from the excavation of similar examples elsewhere, to date circa 600-300 B.C., and to be connected with the sites of circular huts of the Ultimate Bronze Age and Early Iron Age periods. Those on Bullswater Common are the better preserved.
(The circles are shown on no map, neither the old ones such as Roque (1775) or Greenwood (1823), nor Estate maps, nor the Ordnance Survey maps in any edition or scale (the relevant 6-inch sheet is Surrey XXXII N.W.). They do not appear either on the O.S. aerial photo map 51/04 N.S. (1948)).
The Good Friday Customs
It is very evident that the writers cited above have not reached a final or even satisfactory solution to the problem, either of the procession and dancing, or of the earth circles. We must now con- sider these in turn in more detail.
(i) Good Friday. The choice of this day, if it is a choice, is clearly in favour of a pre-Christian origin for the festival. But it is very difficult to get further. Only one similar custom on this day can be traced (see below), and the other Good Friday practices (hot-cross buns, beating an effigy of Judas, etc.) do not help. Good Friday, however, was a general day of meeting for witches in certain parts of England;1 the connection of witches and the "Old Religion" is well known, and there may have been local reasons for holding the spring festival on this day. Most other comparable customs are on the other days of Easter, although Teignmouth had a Good Friday fair up to the 17th century.2
(ii) The Procession. Johnson cites a parallel in Oxfordshire (see above), but it stops there. At St. Martha's there is a link in the Good Friday fair, with stalls,3 which used to take place on the flat green at the foot of the hill on the western side, by Halfpenny Lane above Tyting (the Ben Piece or Bent Piece), and straggling up the hill on both sides of the path, nearly as far as the church.4 This seems very poorly documented, but a stall, selling nuts, sweets, oranges, mineral waters, etc., was set up here on Good Fridays as a lone survivor, until about 1900 or very soon after.4 The main fair was discontinued before this, and the dancing even earlier. It may have merely grown up to take advantage of the procession and dancing. The procession danced its way from Guildford, over Pewley Down, and passing Tyting; it used a processional dance for
1 E.g., Pendle, Lanes., see Brand's Popular Antiquities, Vol. I, 1853, p. 151 ; and Murray, Margaret A., The Witch Cult in Western Europe, 1921, p. Ill; in Germany there is a good deal of evidence for the association of witches with Good Friday, see Handworterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (ed. H. Bachtold- Staubli), Vol. IV, 1931-2, s.v. Karfreitag, p. 998.
* Wright, A. R., British Calendar Customs, Vol. I., 1936, p. 85.
3 Information from Mrs. E. Gardener, of Guildford, from her own recollec- tions.
4 I owe this fact to Mr. R. H. Tribe, senior.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 15
couples.1 Johnson's reference to a maze fits a procession, of course, better than the circles do. Ritual dancing fell broadly into two kinds, processional and round.2 The processional type, which could take complicated forms, and was often conducted in labyrinths or mazes, appears to have symbolized the passage from life to death and back again. The round3 type represented fertility, and the two ideas were, of course, linked. Both were often danced in churchyards, at the four great quarterly nature festivals. Dr. Murray says:4 "The round dance, whether of witches or fairies, was also on foot. The dancing ground was regarded as sacred, and often the dancers assembled in the village and danced their way to the holy spot."
Unfortunately, our descriptions are not too clear; they seem in fact to be reluctant to go into too much detail on something felt to be rather profane. But the dancing appears to have been partly in a mazy pattern, partly in rounds. It was not in the churchyard, but on the open space round it, which may bring it into relation to the circles. There was also dancing on the Fairground (the Ben Piece) but this may have been additional or later — in fact, probably only after it was prohibited round the church.5
(iii) The Dancing. The nature of this dancing is no doubt highly significant. We are told it was boisterous and unseemly, riotous and noisy. Assuming we have here a spring festival for the purpose of ensuring a good harvest, this fits in perfectly with the type of dancing studied by Miss Jane Harrison,6 in which the young men of ancient Crete and Greece danced as high as they could, in imitative magic, for the higher they danced the higher would grow the crops, while the cymbals clashed and the drums beat to make thunder to keep evil spirits away. ("Nine ladies dancing, ten lords a-leaping, twelve drummers drumming," as the carol says.) Naturally, such dancing would tend to get unseemly and boisterous; that, in a
1 Information from Mrs. K. Burgess, of Guildford, who as a child took part in the fun; the sweet-seller's name was Mr. Cannon. (These two testimonies were sent to me as a result of an appeal for information kindly printed by the Surrey Times, September 26, 1953.) Mr. N. J. Sampson also helped.
2 Possible comparisons are the Helston Furry Dance (see Sharp, Cecil J., and Butterworth, G., The Morris Book, Pt. V, 1913, p. 96), or the Castleton Dance (ibid., p. 104), or Winster (ibid., Pt. Ill, 1924, p. 76). I owe these references, and help on this subject, to Miss Sara E. Jackson, librarian of the English Folk Dance and Song Society.
3 Murray, M. A., The God of the Witches, 1931, 2nd ed., 1952, p. 106.
4 Kerenyi, K., Labyrinth-Studien, 2nd ed., Zurich, 1950; Lorenzo-Ruza, R. S., Petroglifas e labirintos, Revista de Guimaraes, Vol. LXI, 1951, p. 378; also Los Motivos de Labirintos, Rev. de Guim., Vol. LXII, 1953, p. 56; Levy, G. R., The Gate of Horn, 1948, pp. 247, 297.
5 It is recorded in a local newspaper (Surrey Advertiser, April 8, 1871) that in 1871 a Revivalist meeting in the church was violently broken up by the revellers, and it may have been this sort of thing that led to the banishment of the dancing to the Ben Piece, away from the church. I owe this reference to Miss Heath.
6 Harrison, J., Themis, 1927 ed., Ch. I and Ch. Ill; for examples from various places see Frazer, J. G., The Golden Bough (cf. 1 vol. ed., 1941, p. 28).
16 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
sense, was its object. Games were also played, hockey, shying orange-peel, and particularly "kiss-in-the-ring," which was also played at the Hove barrow (see below). Music was provided, in 1871, by three or four basses, a drum, a blind fiddler and his wife, and an accordion player.
The fact, moreover, that young people are expressly stated to be the prime characters in the festival, bears out this comparison. The presence of old people and children (not adults) is difficult to ex- plain, but I think it can be taken as a general phrase covering the rest of the villagers of Chilworth, or townspeople of Guildford, who came up to see, and no doubt join in, the fun.
(iv) The Church Site. That the hilltop is an ancient sacred site is evident from the presence of the church itself, which is kRown to go back to the Saxon period.1 There is no evidence at all that the earliest church was preceded on its present site by either a "heathen temple," to quote Mrs. Gomme, or another earth circle, but the conjunction of all the indications points to at least a sacred place. There are indeed indications in old prints that, before the churchyard assumed its present squarish shape, it was rounded, if not actually a circle; the present wall was only built about 1890. It may only, of course, have been irregular.
The dedication of the church seems securely rooted in one of the several Saints Martha, but it would not be wise, on that account, to reject out of hand the persistent tradition that Christian martyrs were put to death here.2 It seems indeed merely coincidence that St. Martha's Church was built on Martyrs Hill. The fact of the Good Friday dance itself permits the postulation of pre-Christian fertility rites, which, in their full form, may have involved the annual, or periodical sacrifice of the representative of a god. In the later stages of this phase, the sacrifice might well have been a Christian, and some such event, or series of events, may have given rise to the martyr tradition (see below).
(v) The Circles. Not a word, in all this, of the earth circles, and really the evidence by which they can be linked to the dancing or
1 Heath, O. M., Notes in the History of St. Martha's, 1933.
2 Sy.A.C, Vol. XLI, 1933, p. 132. The hill is referred to in 1273 asMomartre, "which evidently corresponds to Martirhill (1463) or Martyrhill (1510 and later)." Gough, in Camden, Vol. I, 1789, p. 175: "miscalled St. Martha instead of Sanctorum Martini m." Manning and Bray (Vol. II, p. 120) say the church "was probably erected as a chantry over the graves of some Christians who suffered on this spot; and this supposition is the more reasonable as it is not likely that a place originally intended for the ordinary services of religion would have been erected in a spot difficult of access, and so inconvenient, for the parishioners; and it is further confirmed by the Bishop's indulgence . . . being granted to those who should go there in pilgrimage." This is crystallized in Lewis, S., A Topographical Dictionary of England, Vol. Ill, 1849, p. 267: "This parish is called Martyr Hill from a tradition that in the early ages some Christians were burnt bv the Pagan Britons on the site where the church now stands." Wilfred Hooper however {Sy.A.C, Vol. XLIV, 1936, p. 63) was not convinced about this tradition.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL. NEAR GUILDFORD 17
to the martyrs is extremely slight. Their age and purpose is actually quite hypothetical, but it is curious that, although they have been recorded only a hundred years, there should be the continuous, if tacit, assumption that they are of great, if not prehistoric, age. Are we justified in continuing to make this assumption, or in continuing to link them with the rites?
(vi) Weston Wood, Albury. Before we leave this stage of our survey, a curious site should be mentioned, the circular mound in Weston Wood, about 1^ miles to the east. This is a round platform, about 5 feet high and about 135 feet in diameter1 (this is discussed below). Its origin is mysterious, but it stands close to an old road, and may therefore be pre-mediaeval. And nearby, in a field off Sherborne Lane, Manning and Bray record standing stones or the remains of a circle2 (see below). There was a fair at Sherborne, on Palm Sunday; and Miss Heath tells me that "an old parishioner of this parish told me many years ago that his grandfather told him that in old times 'there used to be dancin' and fiddlin' on that there mound' " (Weston Wood).3 The Sherborne Palm Sunday fair was stopped by the Rector in 1810 or 1811, who instituted instead a May Day fair in Weston Wood, with stalls, games and sports. One of the games played here has the appearance of being ancient: it was called "Tingling" — one man had a bell and ran in and out of a ring of people, pursued by others who were blindfolded. A man with a sack of sawdust tripped up anyone who was getting too near the bellman by throwing down the sack, which he fell onto. I am not sure whether the Rector's choice of the Weston Wood mound for the fair reflected a tradition of an earlier fair on this spot, but this, although probable, is unlikely now to be proved.
The coincidence is too great to be ignored. Albury must then have had fertility rites of its own. And here we must recall that Harrows Hill, in the same parish, may contain the Anglo-Saxon element hearh, a holy hill.4
(vii) Comparative Material. Close parallels to the St. Martha custom and its supposed association with the circles are not easy to find. The folklore of England has not been as methodically recorded as could be wished, and much has no doubt been lost. As it happens, however, the Good Friday customs have been recently studied by Mr. Ralph Merrifield,5 who has collected, for England, most of the surviving examples.
The famous tumulus at Hove, which produced the Bronze Age
1 Grinsell, loc. cit., p. 57.
2 M. & B., 1809, Vol. II, p. 123.
3 I owe not only this information, but much else, to Miss O. M. Heath, the historian of St. Martha's and Albury.
* Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXIV, 1921, p. 63.
6 Merrifield, R., Good Friday Customs in Sussex {Sx.A.C, Vol. LXXXIX, 1950, p. 85); see also Sussex County Magazine, 26, 1952, p. 58 and p. 122. Mr. Merrifield has discussed the matter with me.
18 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
amber cup, was once the scene, every Good Friday, of gatherings of young people playing "kiss-in-the-ring" round it. This game combines the old round of fertility ritual with a symbolic marriage, on which was later grafted, by the Church, the idea of the kiss of Judas. The great Roman barrows at Bartlow, Essex, were the scene of skipping on Good Friday until after the 1914-18 war;1 skipping is a relic of the leaping dances mentioned above, and many cases of it are known. The only other close English comparison which can be traced is that at Kirkby Ireleth, Cumberland,2 where Easter games took place at or in an earth circle. Dancing also took place at the Three Jumps at Thursley (a pagan Saxon place). All these are some distance from the nearest village, and involved a "pil- grimage." Mr. Merrifield cites other cases of dancing round a church,3 and of Good Friday games with no reference to churches or ancient sites. There was also the practice of "journeying to some selected eminence" on Easter Day morning "to see the sun dance."4 The French material has been recorded more fully, and admirably summarized by A. van Gennep;5 in many respects it is very in- structive, and is of value to us by reason of the close relationship, archaeologically speaking, between the populations of the two countries. No custom is recorded on Good Friday, but, as in England, Easter must be taken as a whole for this purpose, as being the spring festival. Games are reported from all over France, of various kinds, archery, feasting on various kinds of food, and mock-weddings. At Bussy-le-Chateau (Marne) a custom of drinking red wine out of bottles, and breaking them afterwards, took place on one of the three large hillocks (? barrows) there. But more im- portant perhaps for us is the numerous class of customs involving walks or "pilgrimages" by the people to an ancient or sacred site: at Tulle the mayor and corporation with great pomp went on Easter Day to a chapel of the Sainte Vierge, above a ground where there was a rock with healing associations. On Easter Monday eggs were eaten and dancing took place round the chapel ; perhaps a transfer of the rite from the prehistoric stone to the Christian holy place. At Gannat (Allier) the people went to a rock 2 km. away, where there was a footprint of St. Procule, patron of the town (? was this a prehistoric cup and ring or rock carving) ; there they ate brioches (not eggs) ; once there had been a chapel or at least an oratory there. In the Pyrenees-Orientales many villages make pilgrimages, with music and jollity; there is a pilgrimage to Notre-Dame-du-Vignal
1 Unpublished; information from Dr. Margaret Murray; I was led to this by both Mr. Merrifield and Dr. Bonser.
2 Allcroft, H., Earthwork of England, 1908, p. 139.
8 The famous Clipping Ceremony at Painswick (Gloucestershire) used to be matched by other similar customs at Easter time.
4 Wright, A. R., British Calendar Customs, Vol. I, 1936, p. 96 (see also p. 107 for "lifting" and p. 110 for minor games).
5 van Gennep, A., Manuel de Folklore fran$ais, I, iii, 1947, pp. 1381-95; the lack of such a compendium for England is deeply felt!
PLATE I
St. Martha's, Circle No. 4. Bank at A, from inside circle.
PLATE II
St. Martha's, Circle No. 4. Bank and ditch at D.
PLATE III
St. Martha's, Circle Xo. 4. Section at E8, showing humic layer, wash and " buried soil.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 19
(Puy-de-D6me) where eggs and cakes are eaten; and picnics are taken at Font-Ste. de Bruis (Htes-Alpes). Several places have pilgrimages to holy places or hills, which cannot be so firmly linked to Easter, but are probably cognate — these include Remiremont, Autun, Marseilles and Manosque.
Finally, some places have fetes or ceremonies belonging to guilds, corporations or young people, and these may have their origin in initiation rites.
So all the elements of the English customs, with much helpful detail, are present in France.
Unfortunately I am unable to trace any corresponding customs in Germany, but it is not likely that they would be confined to France and England.
The dancing that still goes on in Seville Cathedral every Easter is perhaps the supreme example of the continuing significance of this ancient rite.
(viii) The Martyrs. We have seen that there is no reason to reject the tradition that Christians were martyred by pagans on the hill. The story is that this was by fire. There are only a few periods when this could have happened :
(a) under the Romans, before Constantine's edict of 313 — e.g., under Diocletian ;
(b) in the sub-Roman period, by Saxon raiders or pagan Celts ;
(c) in the pagan Saxon period, against Augustine's missionaries and successors and their early converts (just after 597) j1
(d) by Vikings or Danes (9th- 10th centuries).
We know nothing really of the hill in the Roman period, nor in the period of the Saxon raids (5th-6th centuries) ; but a small Saxon pot was found in 1916 in circle No. 2 (see below), which dates from the 5th or 6th centuries, but probably the latter. This then is from the pagan period, and indicates either that the circle was already extant, and significant, or that the Saxons made the circles. Martyrs are more likely to have been made on the hill by its rightful owners, so to speak, than by chance comers; I think the probabilities are that the years around 600 are those in question. This part of Surrey was well settled in pagan times ; it has an unusually high proportion of pagan names2 — thus Tiw, the sky-god, was worshipped at Tuesley; Thunor or Thor, at Thursley, Thunder Hill, Thunderfield ;
1 For the extent of paganism in S.E. England in the late 6th and early 7th centuries see Sheldon, G., The Transition from Roman Britain to Christian England, 1932, p. 131.
2 See Stenton, F. M., Anglo-Saxon England, 1947, p. 99, and references given, especially the Surrey volume of the English Place-Xame Society; also Philippson, E. A., Germanisches Heidentum bei den Angelsachsen, 1929 (Kolner Anglistische Arbeiten, IV), pp. 1 and 6 ff . ; a convenient list, covering several counties, is in Copley, Gordon J., The Conquest of Wessex in the Sixth Centurv, 1954, pp. 204-7.
20 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
and Underslaw (Cranleigh). Holy places were at Peper Harovv, Besinga Hearh at Farnham, PHarrowhill (Albury), Cusanweoh near Churt, Willey at Farnham and perhaps Godley.1 No goddess names, although Frig or Eostre might be expected on such a hill. Indeed, the female dedication of the church is a reason for supposing that a goddess was formerly worshipped on its site ; this is known from a number of sites, churches and holy wells, where a pagan centre was too powerful for the Church to abolish, but was taken over and re-dedicated.2 There are also a few local -ingas names, representing early settlement, such as "Woking, Tyting, Godalming, Eashing, "Bintungas" (Binton Farm, Seale), Dorking and Tooting.3 The presence of the early name Tyting on the slopes of St. Martha's Hill is of course very significant for the present study.
I cannot find that any of the Saxon gods or goddesses demanded sacrifice by fire ; nor are there any examples of earth circles, on holy hills or not, in the Anglo-Saxon homeland in North Germany and South Denmark.4 So the Saxons must have found our circles there when they came, if they did not bring the idea with them ; and this is consistent with the archaeological considerations discussed below.
The martyr tradition, then, may have been coloured by later mediaeval modes of thought, in using a manner of sacrifice foreign to the Saxons. Yet this is not the only possible solution. The goddess Eostre or Eastre, after whom Easter is named, was goddess of spring, of dawn, of light, and her festival was peculiarly apt for assimilation with that of the Christian Resurrection. Fires (Easter fires) were lit on her holy hills, and her votaries leapt at her festival.5
1 The attribution of Wanborough, Wishanger and Wisley to Woden is no longer tenable.
2 For example, St. Helen, the mother of Constantine, was grafted on to Elen Luyddog, goddess of armies and military roads, and absorbed her functions (Rachel Bromwich in N. K. Chadwick: Studies in Early British History, 1954, p. 108, note). This no doubt explains the very ancient St. Helen's Well beside the Roman road at Thorp Arch, Yorkshire; many other examples could be quoted. France has even more instances than Britain ; at Aries the church of Notre-Dame de la Major succeeded a temple of Bona Dea; the rich and famous sanctuary of Sequana at the source of the Seine was replaced by the church of Notre-Dame des Fontaines ; at Melun an altar of Isis was found beneath the church of Notre Dame (Male, E., La Fin du Paganisme en Gaule, 1950, pp. 33, 37, 41). Although not invariable, it seems a general rule that gods were replaced by male saints, archangels, etc., goddesses by female. Continuity of occupation of places was commoner in France than England, owing to the Saxon settlement of new ground in this country, but the Church's express policy in both countries was to reconsecrate pagan sites to ensure continuity of worship; it may be no coincidence in the case of St. Martha's that this policy was reaffirmed by Pope Gregory when he sent Augustine to England (Gregory, Epist., Vol. XI, p. 56, quoted by Bede, I, XXX; see Male, op. cit., p. 33).
3 E.P.-N.S., Surrey, 1934, xi.
4 Although there are stone circles at the great holy place of Thorsberg (Schleswig-Holstein). See Jankuhn, H., "The Continental Home of the English," Antiquity, 1952, p. 14.
6 Grimm, J. L. C, Teutonic Mythology, 1880-3, p. 291.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 21
Here at once we have the three elements we are looking for, holy hills, fires and leaping. Indeed, Eostre's fires were serious and earnest compared with the gay midsummer fires on St. John's day, which could be lit anywhere, and mountains or hills were essential to them.1
Curwen has already invoked Eostre in connection with the barrow at Hove2 and if the suggestion here made is sound, we have a possible explanation of the martyrs' fires. Maybe certain Christians tried to stop the practice of Easter fires in honour of Eostre, but were thrown into them instead.
At any rate, there we must leave it, and turn now to the archaeo- logical aspects of the hill.
The E^rth Circles — Archaeological Aspects
Grinsell examined three of the circles in 1931,3 and I retain his numbering. No. 1 is about 100 feet in diameter, but is so much destroyed by the reservoir that it is now almost impossible to see. No. 2 likewise (105 feet diameter) has suffered; it is on the steep slope immediately below the churchyard wall, and has the mis- fortune to be across the path from Chilworth. So the action of human feet added to the wash of the rain down the slope has practically obliterated it. No. 3 (also 105 feet diameter) is better preserved, being in the bracken S.E. of the churchyard. Nos. 4 and 5 were pointed out to me by Mr. Carter, the verger of St. Martha's. No. 4 is just inside the trees W.-S.W. of the church and, in its upper part, is well preserved. No. 5 is nearly |-mile away to the E.-S.E., 50 yards S. of the lower path to Albury, in a patch of open ground, and contains a clump of ornamental trees, which make its investigation virtually impossible. Fig. 1 shows these five circles. They are scheduled Ancient Monuments.
It was decided to investigate one of these circles, as no previous excavation could be traced and no record of any finds in any of them. No. 4 was selected for this, as being convenient to deal with, typical of the series, well preserved and relatively undisturbed. Permission to dig was granted by Her Grace Helen, Duchess of Northumberland, the ground landlord, and by the Ancient Monu- ments Inspectorate of the Ministry of Works.
I was assisted by Mr. R. S. Glen, B.A., Dr. M. I. Machin, M.A., Ph.D., and members of Cranleigh School Archaeological Society (Hon. Sec. R. G. Seal), who formed a band of able and enthusiastic workers; photographs were taken by Messrs. Seal, Bloy and Sand- berg. Mrs. Machin, Mrs. Wood and other friends also helped, and
1 Grimm, op. cit., p. 626; Macbain, Celtic Myth and Religion, quoted by Allcroft; Circle, I, p. 164, says that at Callander the St. John's Day rite entailed the construction of a circular trench ; in other cases the ashes had to be arranged in a circle marked with stones, one for each person participating.
2 Curwen, E. C, Prehistoric Sussex, 1930, p. 34.
3 Grinsell, loc. cit., p. 57.
22 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
Mr. Carter showed a helpful interest throughout. The excavations took place at weekends from May 1953 throughout the summer and autumn. They were visited by Dr. I. W. Cornwall, of the Depart- ment of Environmental Archaeology of the University of London Institute of Archaeology, to whom I am indebted for valuable discussions and help on the pedological aspects of the site.
(i) The Circle, being covered in bracken and trees (which have since been cut down), was not easy to photograph, but Plates I
Fig. 2. — St. Martha's, Circle No. 4. Excavation Plan.
and II give views of the bank and ditch. It is on a slope of 1 in 3, which produced special features to be discussed below. Fig. 2, which is based on simple triangulation, and makes no allowance for the slope, gives a plan and shows the various excavations made. The circle is not quite true, being slightly wider from N. to S. than from E. to W. The diameter down the slope, from A to C, is 72 feet between the centres of the bank, that at right angles (B-H) is 77 feet. At D, a typical point along the bank, chosen for its relative
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 23
freedom from tree-roots, the bank was 10 inches high and had a spread over 6 feet 8 inches ; the ditch (outside it) was 7 inches deep and 4 feet 2 inches wide (Fig. 3). The bank gets lumpy and irregular in the lower half of the circle, but is clearly visible for most of its course.
(ii) Geology. It will prove convenient, for a better understanding of the results of excavation, to deal with the geology and pedology of the site at this stage.
The geology of St. Martha's Hill is well known,1 and need only be briefly recapitulated. The upper part of the hill is of the Folkestone Bed series of the Lower Greensand, consisting of soft sands with masses of ferruginous sandstone or "carstone," having a "honey- comb" structure simulating a thick, hard bed which has resisted erosion and now forms the top of the hill. The beds are steeply inclined, and calciferous sandstone of the Sandgate beds (Bargate rock) forms a subsidiary scarp slightly south of the Folkestone Beds scarp, and below the latter. But for the carstone, the Bargate
Fig. 3. — St. Martha's, Circle No. 4. Profiles of Bank and
Ditch at D.
(Present ground level, dashes; present bank and ditch, continuous line;
presumed original profile, dots.)
would probably form the top of a hill which would be considerably lower than the present one.
The presence of a ferruginous "pan" of Pleistocene Age has been noted in connection with Wealden iron- workings, but our excava- tions revealed a feature on St. Martha's Hill which has not been previously noticed: that is, the presence just below the surface of two layers of pan. These may be explained historically as follows: The Greensand was laid down in the Lower Cretaceous; in times just pre-Eocene, and reaching a maximum in the Miocene, earth movements affected the whole Wealden area. A short marine trans- gression in the Pliocene was followed by re-emergence and sub- aerial action on a planed surface to produce the present outlines. Thus the pan layers can be interpreted: the carstone began to be
1 See The Geology of the Country round Aldershot and Guildford, Geol. Survey Memoirs, Sheet No. 285, 1929, p. 37; The Wealden District, Geol. Survey, British Regional Geology, 1948, p. 65.
24 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
formed probably when the sands were being laid down (Lower Cretaceous) — they are hard and often massive. The pan, on the other hand, is still soft, and unconsolidated in many places, and could not have begun to form until the strata, tilted, were weathered at their present angle to their present level — i.e., not till the late Pliocene, continuing no doubt into the Pleistocene. This applies, of course, to the lower pan, which represents the concretion of the iron salts, etc., in the original (late Pliocene) topsoil; the upper pan would then relate to the late Pleistocene or (more probably) Recent top- soil. The diagram (Fig. 4) will make this clear. We have, in fact, two superimposed podsols, of which the pans are the B2 horizons,
2 3
4
S
|
*«WW |
|
WlWI'fl |
|
1 1 ' 1 1 ' |
|
I I l I I ' |
Fig. 4. — St. Martha's, Circle No. 4. Soil Diagram. 1, Surface humic layer (2 inches) ; 2, dark sandy (7 inches) ; 3, upper pan (1 inch); 4, yellow sandy (14 inches); 5, lower pan (1 inch) ; 6, natural greensand.
!!
i ' !
and of which the A horizons of the lower are missing, presumably through denudation before the upper soil formed.1
Both pans are in more or less friable slabs averaging 6 inches across, and between 1 and 2 inches thick. They form in some places a continuous and solid layer, but are thin, broken and scattered in others. It is not possible to estimate the rate of growth within useful limits, but it is clear that the pan would take anything up to two thousand years to form. These pans were a useful check as to whether the soil had been undisturbed.
1 For a definition of podsol see, e.g., P.P.S., Vol. XIX, 1953, p. 130.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 25
That the pan is of relatively recent growth may be shown by the presence of the blade at E7 above it (see below); this flint is of a type which lasted throughout the Mesolithic and is found in Secon- dary Neolithic contents also. The pan here, on the analogy of Flixton,1 could have formed later than the deposition of the flint, and, on the shortest view, could therefore not have begun to form before say 2000-1500 B.C., and perhaps much earlier. But as we do not know exactly how long it took to form, this does not help us with the age of the circle ; in any case, the pan went below the bank at D, so the circle was built after the pan had finished forming. Again on the shortest view of the pan, the circle could have been built about two thousand years ago (or, of course, more recently) and on a longer view anything up to four thousand, but this is, in fact, not nearly precise enough for any conclusions to be drawn from this kind of evidence.
(iii) The Bank and Ditch. To return to the circle. A trench cut across the bank and ditch at D (see Figs. 2 and 3) showed that the ditch was round-bottomed, and contained 18 inches of filling (homogeneous dark earth with loose stones), which in turn had piled against the bank and covered the original outside lip of the ditch to a depth of 13 inches. The ditch has been cut through the upper layer of pan, but had not reached the lower. The soil generally is so soft and sandy, being not strictly a soil at all, but still a sand with humic material in suspension, that much slipping and down- washing is to be expected, probably at a fairly rapid rate. The bank then, judging by the depth of ditch silting, must have stood about 9-12 inches higher than now, and have been rounded. There were no signs of supporting stones or posts, and no trace of post-holes on the bank itself.
Fig. 3 shows the reconstructed profile.
To test the presence of a bank and ditch of similar constitution at the lower part of the circle, under the present uniform surface, a trench was cut at F, and the dark ditch-filling was clearly seen.2 The bank could not be made out, but had no doubt merged with the surrounding soil piled against and over it.
Trenches across the ditch at B and G, and along it at A and from D, added nothing to our knowledge of it.
(iv) The Behaviour of the Surface Soil. It is evident that the exceptional steepness of the slope, coupled with the very soft and mobile soil, will tend rapidly to smooth out the surface indications
1 At Flixton, Yorkshire, Site 1, a Mesolithic occupation layer was below 2 feet of peat, and in the top foot of clayey soil above a layer of pan. Here the evidence showed the podsolization to have begun after the Mesolithic occu- pation. (Cornwall, I. W., thesis, London, 1952: Soils and Other Deposits from ArchcBological Sites in Southern Britain, p. 205; unpublished; this fact is quoted by kind permission.)
2 A sample of soil from this filling was examined by Dr. Cornwall for plant remains, but with no significant result.
26 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 27
of earthworks. From soil-profiles revealed in the cuttings made across the circle from A to C, in the direction of the slope, the fol- lowing results were obtained :
Above and at the centre (El to E4 and E5 on Fig. 2) the soil was :
1. Surface humic layer, 2 inches over dark sandy soil 7 inches
2. Dark yellow sand tailing 1 1 inches
off from top soil,
with pan, often scat- — tered at base
3. Yellow sand, —
with carstones 15 inches
pan at base —
4. Firm grey-green below 3 sand undisturbed —
vegetation layer
top soil (since circle cut)
"old" topsoil (before circle)
upper pan
"topsoil" of 4 tiary)
inches (Ter-
lower pan undisturbed Lower Greensand
But at E8, and other cuttings below the centre, this was modified to:
11 inches
1 1 inches 10 inches
"new" topsoil
hill-wash from upper part of
bank "old" topsoil
1 . Surface humus and dark sandy
2. Dark reddish-yellow sandy
3. Dark yellow sandy
4. Yellow sand (no pan at
E.8, but evidently only a patch without it)
5. Grey-green sand — - —
Plate III shows this profile. Evidently we have here the result of soil from the upper part of the bank piling against the lower part, and the whole process may be reconstructed as in Fig. 5. This is a good example of a process theoretically obvious, but not often seen. The pan was very patchy here; and it may be that the constant rapid downwash has inhibited its formation to some extent. This is borne out by the presence of pan below the old topsoil under the bank, which may help to point to a rate of growth.
The bank, as at F, could not be distinguished, being completely merged with the soils coming on and over it, but the old topsoil definitely and clearly continued under where the bank was pre- sumed to be (this is true of G also, where a thin dark line ran under the bank).
(v) Inside the Circle. The method of excavation was to cut squares, of 4-foot sides, in a line from A to C, leaving 2-foot baulks between them. The squares were cut for convenience in four smaller squares of 2-foot sides, and were taken in every case down to un- disturbed sand. At the centre other squares were cut at right angles (Gl and 2). A low mound 10 feet south of the centre was sectioned by a T-shaped trench, 2 feet wide, but found to be quite sterile. This mound was about 10 feet long by 6 feet wide, N.E.-S.W. ; it remains quite unexplained. Other lumps and irregularities are also visible, but equally sterile.
28 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
The soil was fairly homogeneous, but contained small dark patches, probably due to roots. It is dark, nearly black, at D, and pale brown at F, presumably influenced by the presence or absence of trees. No post-holes, stone-holes or traces of structures were seen. Small pieces of flint occurred at various places, at depths up to —29 inches, and two lumps of chalk. These, although not native, were un- doubtedly natural, being derived from the once overlying chalk formations. A few of the flints were calcined, and a fragment of charcoal turned up in El ; these no doubt represent small local heath fires at different times.
A thin flake of brown flint, dull and impregnated with limonite (the ferruginous agent causing the brown colour of the sand), came from E2 at —12 inches; a small chip from E5 at —15 inches; a patinated flake from G3; and a blade from E7. The two latter at least are of human workmanship, but do not of course lend any evidence for the date of the circle itself — they may have been dropped before or even after its construction, and have no demon- strable relation to it.
Fragments of red roofing tile turned up at E4 (—6 inches), E3 (top humus), E6 (curved, like a Roman imbrex), and Bl (—6 inches), and a thin brick at Al. These, although some have a vaguely Roman appearance, are more probably rubbish thrown down the hill when the church was restored in 1848, and again partly re-roofed about thirty years ago. This is not certain; however, an old print in the church, of 1763, shows a tiled barn -like building built on to the ruined church which Mr. Carter, the verger, thinks was built in the 16th or even 15th century. The present church is tiled, except the tower, which is roofed with Horsham stone with tiled ridges. In Mr. Carter's view it is unlikely that tiles from the church should have got as far as circle 4, although they are plentiful on the slope below the church. He says Roman tiles have been found nearer the church, also oyster shells. True, Roman coins are also said to have been found, but whether a Roman building stood on the site of the church is quite unknown, and the tiles and the shells could equally well be mediaeval, or even quite recent. I leave the question open, but incline to a "recent" explanation. The tiles found in the circle and those lying about on the slopes round the church look very similar, if not identical, but this is not of course necessarily con- clusive.1
In connection with the absence of organic remains it should be remembered, as Dr. Cornwall has said,2 with the Surrey Greensands, inter alia, in mind, that "Finds of any period made in acid permeable soils are conspicuous by their poverty. Unlike a lake or bog site
1 Miss Heath tells me that tiles from the re-roofing of the church were thrown into one of the circles, but I am not sure which one, probably not No. 4.
2 Cornwall, I. W., Ph.D. Thesis, London, 1952, op. cit., p. 132. Quoted by permission.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 29
(which may be equally acid) these soils are porous and abundantly aerated. Practically nothing is preserved save flint and other acid- resisting rocks and such organic remains as have been carbonized by fire. Even wood and plant remains do not persist unless they happen to lie in the B-horizon of the podsol, where there is already an excess of humic matter and a partial blockage of the drainage owing to pan-formation. Bone disappears without trace and, with no bases to fix the phosphoric acid as an insoluble, even chemical tests often fail to detect its former presence. The use of fire may be shown only by blackened stones, reddened earth and the presence of charcoal, all traces of ash having been leached out. Even turf structures, such as the core of a barrow built out of sods, may be hard to recognize as such owing to the persistent oxidation and leaching, whereby originally humic matter tends to become degraded by the general bleaching of the podsol."
These conditions are strongly present on this site, and the dis- appearance of evidence by chemical means cannot therefore be ruled out.
Discussion
At this point we might pause to review the various possibilities concerning the circles.
(a) There is a general, if tacit, assumption of great age on the part of all the authorities. Circles 1 and 4 are inside the line of mature and fairly thick trees (pine, oak and birch) which clothe most of the hill; circles 2, 3 and 5 are outside the trees, but circle 5 has an orna- mental clump inside it. It looks therefore as if the wood has en- croached over circles 1 and 4, and is later than they, whether planted or natural. It is difficult to ascertain whether all the pine trees were planted in the last hundred or two hundred years or not — these trees can be indigenous on sandy soils even in the south of England.1 Mr. Bruce, the late Head Forester of Albury, thought they were planted (and some indeed were in 1874), but no records of planting were kept by the Estate Office until recent years, and trees are shown on a map of Chilworth Estate dated 1845. In any event, the oaks and birches would have come naturally in the lee of the pines, thus forming a largely natural mixed forest. Scots pines have a normal life of say 150 years, but the total age of the wood is not capable of ascertainment.
(b) Arguments from rate of silting, rate of growth of topsoil, or of pan, all fail for lack of reliable data, leaving general considera- tions, and broad comparisons, as our only help in finding a solution.
(c) The Other Local Earth Circles.
(i) Bullswater Common, Pirbright. Grinsell refers to the two ring-ditches here, with that at Puttenham, as of the same type
1 Tansley, Sir A. G., The British Islands and their Vegetation, 1939, p. 254.
30 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
as those at St. Martha's.1 His description of them, however, reveals a certain hesitation as to the precise nature of the Bulls- water circles. I am by no means certain that these circles are in fact the same type as St. Martha's. The ditches are wide and deep, no banks are visible either inside or outside them, and one of the rings has a gap or causeway in its ditch about 20 feet wide on the south-west side. This may of course be a quite recent addition if the circle was used, say, as a stock-enclosure ; I am not aware that the circle has been excavated, or the problem solved. The Antiquities of Surrey (1951 edition) takes for granted that the circles are Iron Age huts, but gives no evidence in support.2 Whimster3 refers to "two round barrows, earthworks" here, and these may all, of course, be an associated group after all.
(ii) Puttenham Heath (100 yards S. of Frowsbury tumulus). The circle here, as Grinsell's sectional diagram shows, is certainly of the St. Martha's type. Nothing seems to be known about it. It is now not easy to trace ; the golf course has almost obliterated its northern part, except for a small piece of ditch where the grass shows brighter. The bank and ditch are visible on the southern (slope) side. A monkey-puzzle tree, railed in, is in the middle of the circle.
(d) The General Question of Ring-ditches. Comparative material on earth circles is scattered and unco-ordinated, and no recent general study has been made. But before this is discussed further we must clear the ground of various theories which have been put forward to account for the St. Martha's circles.
(i) Hut-circles. These have two features not observed in our examples, entrances and hearths.4 They are also normally much smaller.5 Remains of wooden structures could not be expected in the soil conditions at St. Martha's. The slope is steep enough also to make the presence of huts unlikely.
(ii) Farm enclosures, as at Little Woodbury,6 which enclosed
1 Sy.A.C, Vol. XLII, 1934, p. 48 and p. 56.
2 Indeed, from correspondence with the Clerk to the Surrey County Council it is clear that the passage relating to these circles need not be taken as authoritative.
3 Whimster, D. C, Arch. Surrey, 1931, p. 234.
4 But there is a rare type having continuous circular drainage ditches just outside the walls — e.g., Braidwood, Midlothian, P.S.A.S., Vol. LXXXIII, 1951, p. 1.
5 E.g., the mean internal diameter of the hundreds of huts on Dartmoor is 17 feet, and the median value 15£ feet; see Hansford Worth, R., Dartmoor, 1953, p. 103.
6 P.P.S., Vol. VI, 1940, p. 30. Rotherly Down, on the other hand, "has for nucleus a very regular circular precinct 120 feet diameter" (Allcroft, H., The Circle and the Cross, Vol. I, 1927, p. 70; Pitt-Rivers, Cranborne Chase, Vol. II, p. 51), and similar cases occur at Woodcuts, Oakley Lane, near Farnham (Dorset), and S. Tarrant Hinton Down; but these are clearly not circles of our class. At Castle Frazer is a circle, 70 feet diameter, containing hut-circles. (P.S.A.S., Vol. XXXV, p. 199.)
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 31
huts and other farm structures. Here again the absence of en- trances and internal features can rule this out.1 Moreover, few farm enclosures are circular, and most are ditches only, without banks.
(iii) Cattle pounds need entrances.
(iv) Tree-rings. Circle 5 is certainly now used as a tree-ring, but need not have begun as such. It may, on the other hand, actually be one, and not part of the same group 1-4 at all. The general situation of circles 1-4, particularly 1 and 4, makes this theory unlikely. Crawford,2 however, contrasts hut-circles with disc-barrows and tree-rings, and implies that all unbroken circles are either of the two latter types!
(v) Forts. This, I think, has only to be mentioned to be re- jected. True, there is a class of forts built on slopes,3 but these are quite different in appearance and size. Allcroft gives examples of miscellaneously-sited "ring-forts" and "plateau-forts" also.4 Forts, of course, are rarely in groups, and even temporary skir- mishes would demand something more effective, and not neces- sarily circular. Entrances are a necessity to forts.
(vi) Disc-barrows. These are monuments of a class peculiar to the Wessex culture of the Middle Bronze Age;5 they consist of a circular bank, with ditch inside it, and one or more small mounds on the space enclosed. They appear to be the graves of women, and may well have obscure links with henges and the Secondary Neolithic substratum of the Wessex culture (one actually has entrances, and the location of the mounds also shows significant correlations). They are often found in groups, with other barrows.
St. Martha's lay just inside the Wessex culture area in this period; there is in fact a disc-barrow, with three mounds, a rare type, as near as Elstead,6 while the bell-barrow in Deerleap Wood, Wotton,6 is the most easterly example of its class (also peculiar to the Wessex culture).
The inside ditch is, however, a regular feature of disc-barrows; only two Wessex examples are known with ditch outside, and they are suspected of being really tree-rings round earlier barrows. So the St. Martha's circles must be rejected as disc-barrows. All the same it would not be wise to ignore the vaguely sensed but
1 Caution is necessary ; at Playden, Rye, was a ring-ditch with a hut inside, but no apparent entrance. This is a Middle Bronze Age type, surviving probably into the local Late Bronze Age. {Ant. J., Vol. XV, 1935, p. 152 and p. 467; Curwen, E. C, The Archceology of Sussex, 1954 edition, p. 185; cf. "Sutton Courtenay," Arch., 76, 1927, p. 59.)
2 Crawford, O. G. S., Archceology in the Field, 1953, p. 147.
3 Arch. J., Vol. CIX, 1952 (153), 1.
4 Allcroft, H., Earthwork of England, 1908, p. 136 and p. 143.
6 See, for a general description, Grinsell, The Ancient Burial Mounds of England, 1953 ed., p. 21.
6 "Elstead," Sy.A.C, Vol. XL., 1932, p. 58; "Wotton," ibid., p. 62.
32 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
no doubt profound link between all earth circles, barrow circles or henges, of whatever type.
Other Circles. Apart from disc-barrows, henges1 and stone circles,1 there is another class of circles which also seems to embody the same idea of a sacred enclosure, and to come from the same period and cultural complex. This is the "ring-ditch," a continuous earth circle with outer ditch, that is, just the class with which the St. Martha's circles would appear at first sight to belong. It must be said at once that no positive evidence seems to have come from any of them, so there is no proof that they are all of the same age or purpose ; none the less, there is a strong likeness between most of them, particu- larly when, as so often, they are close to barrows or other Bronze Age monuments.
Greenwell records, at Askham, Westmorland, "a circular space, 68 feet in diameter, enclosed with an earthen mound of very slight elevation, the entire area being paved with water-rolled stones. At the south-east side of it is a monolith, called the Cop-stone, 5 feet high."2
A ring at Torver Beck, Cumberland, "is but 54 feet in diameter, without discernible fosse or entrance." A circle at Kirkbv Moor, Cumberland, 75 feet across, with bank 3 feet high, was associated with Easter games.3 In some cases there seems to be a link between circles and churches ; circular churchyards are found all over Western and Northern Europe.4 The famous circles at Knowlton, Dorset,5 consist of three circles, one 750 feet in diameter, with external bank; the middle one has the ruins of a church (12th century) within it. But just N.E. of this is a monument called The Old Churchyard, which is sub-rectangular and with bank internal to its ditch. Whether this was built before or after the rest of the group, or is contemporary, is not known. At High worth, Wilts., are about forty circles in five or six groups, having no entrances, but internal ditches.6
At Silk Hill, Milston, Wilts., is a group of disc-barrows, some of which have little or no central mound; there is also here a large circular mound with vallum and outer ditch, which does not seem to be a barrow.7 A circular vallum about 40 yards in diameter was standing in 1788 just north of the camp of Cambs Farm, Farnsfield, Notts.;8 Warne records a circle 117 feet in diameter at Slight, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorset.9
1 Which will not be discussed here.
2 Greenwell and Rolleston, British Barrows, 1877, p. 400.
3 Allcroft, Earthwork of England, 1908, p. 138 and p. 139 (see above).
4 Examples will be found in Allcroft, The Circle and the Cross, Vol. I, 1927, pp. 14 ff.
8 Arch. J., Vol. CIV, 1947 (1948), p. 1; see also Antiquity, 1939, p. 138 (which also deals with a ring-ditch at Litton Cheney, Dorset). 8 P.P.S., Vol. II, 1936, p. 51, note 1.
7 Grinsell, loc. cit., 1953, p. 171.
8 Arch., Vol. IX, 1839, p. 200; V.C.H., "Notts.," Vol. II, p. 26.
9 Warne, Ancient Dorset, 1865, p. 25.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 33
The most spectacular examples are the four great circles at Priddy, Somerset, each about 200 yards in diameter, consisting essentially therefore of a flat area enclosed by a bank and outer ditch. These are "called by the peasants 'The Castles'." Their bank is low; they are near two groups of barrows. There is another at Beacon Hill, north of Shepton Mallet and just east of the Fosse Way ; Grinsell says of all these: "Their period and purpose have yet to be discovered."1 Clark excludes them from the henge family, as having external ditches and no entrances.2
The oval earthwork in connection with certain disc-barrows may come within the same class;3 a few enigmatic oblong enclosures have also been recorded.
It seems then quite permissible to include the circles at Putten- ham and St. Martha's4 with these monuments; they have the same general characteristics and are near barrows. This fits well with the Secondary Neolithic concentration in West Surrey whose presence was deduced mainly from the flint industry in an earlier study.5
Actually, of course, the line between sepulchral, ritual and secular circles is hard to draw; and even the presence of burials inside a circle does not necessarily prove it to have been originally built as a barrow — they may be dedicatory or intrusive. Some circles indeed have central graves (e.g., on Danby Rigg, N.R., Yorkshire),6 and here there is a presumption of purpose, but more evidence is needed before the whole problem can be clarified.7
The above are only a few of the recorded examples. The aerial survey of Great Britain, and the archaeological air photographs of Major Allen, Dr. St. Joseph, etc., show innumerable circular ditches all over the country, some of which have no obvious burial mound or pit inside them, and may well be monuments of the type under discussion. The circles best and most recently studied are those of
1 Grinsell, loc. tit., 1953, p. 141 ; Arch. J., 1859, p. 150 and p. 157.
2 P.P.S., Vol. II, 1936, p. 50.
3 The oval bank at Grassington, W.R.Y., made much of by Allcroft and Elgee, seems on the evidence adduced by Raistrick to have been one of many enclosures inside the Iron Age fields there, whose purpose was no doubt domestic or agricultural. Villy's plan in Allcroft, Circle, p. 220, indeed, shows a (conjectural) entrance. (Allcroft, Earthwork of England, p. 592; Elgee, ArchcBology of Yorkshire, 1933, p. 114; Raistrick, A., in Y.A.J. , Vol. XXXIII, 1937, p. 166).
4 Pirbright is a more doubtful case — see above.
5 Sy.A.C, Vol. LII, 1952, p. 25.
6 Elgee, op. cit., 1933, p. 82.
7 Stonehenge has its ditch outside the bank, exceptionally for the henge series of monuments. This forms part of Phase I, which consisted of a ring of ritual pits (the Aubrey Holes), the ditch and internal bank, and is dated by Grooved Ware to the Secondary Neolithic (Piggott, S., "Stonehenge Re- viewed," in Aspects of Archeology, 1951, p. 275 and p. 278). Atkinson, how- ever, in Excavations at Dorchester, Oxon., 1st Report, 1951, p. 87, thinks the Stonehenge ditch to have been possibly just a quarry for the building of the bank.
34 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
Oxfordshire and Berkshire — Stanton Harcourt, Abingdon, Cassing- ton, Langford Downs, Clifton Hampden, North Stoke and Stand- lake — which are strictly comparable in size, form and proximity to barrows with the St. Martha's and Puttenham rings. Most of them have been shown to contain primary burials, some of Beaker age; but some had either no burial, or, like Standlake, were clearly old sacred monuments used for burials at a later date.1 In any case, this is the class of monument into which our circles best fit.
It is to be regretted that the St. Martha's circles have not con- tributed to a solution of the problem, which remains as intractable as ever; all that can be said is that, where dating can be inferred at all for any of these circles, it seems to lie between the Secondary Neolithic2 and the Late Bronze Age, or, say, 1800 to 500 B.C., with perhaps 1 500 as a central point ; and that the circles were primarily sacred and not secular monuments (if such a distinction can be made at all). But precision is not yet possible, and Grimes, speaking of Stanton Harcourt,3 has probably said the last word for a long time: "The results from these two sites are therefore consistent with those obtained from other ring-ditches4 in the Thames Valley. Those which have been definitely used as burial places cover the whole of the Bronze Age. The dates, as well as the purpose of those which have not been used (at any rate in the 'normal' way) for burial call for further consideration."5
Conclusions
(i) Such evidence as there is points to the earth circles on St. Martha's Hill as being sacred enclosures of the Bronze Age, with a Secondary Neolithic element in their background.
(ii) In the Saxon period they seem to have been used as sacred places, and fertility dances were either taken over from earlier times or begun then.
(iii) The martyr tradition may be centralized round a.d. 600, but no definite deity to whom the hill was dedicated can be proposed, although Eostre fits the requirements best.
1 See Oxoniensia, Vol. I, 1936, p. 7; Vol. Ill, 1938, p. 31 ; Vol. XIII, 1948, p. 1 (Radley); Vols. XI-XII, 1946-7, p. 27 and p. 44; Arch., Vol. XXXVII, 1857, p. 363 (Standlake); Vol. XVI, 1951, p. 1 (Cassington) . The whole series of this journal is a mine of research and thought on the subject of ring-ditches. I owe the Standlake reference to Mr. H. J. Case.
2 Site XIV at Dorchester (Oxon.) is a ring-ditch overlaid by the banks of a henge {P.P.S., Vol. XIX, 1953, p. 141).
3 Oxoniensia, Vols. VIII-IX, 1943-1, p. 47.
4 Ring-ditches, for Grimes, mean any closed circular ditch, with or without a bank, as opposed to Atkinson, who proposed the name for those with external bank only.
5 Oxoniensia, Vol. VII, 1942, p. 34; Vols. VIII-IX, 1943-4, p. 21, note 1.
earth circles on st. martha's hill, near guildford 35
The Other Antiquities of the Hill and District It may be found useful here to summarize the other finds and sites on the hill, and in the adjacent parishes of Albury, Merrow, the Chilworth part of Wonersh, and West Clandon. No connection is implied between any of these and the circles. (General map at Fig. 6.)
(a) Earthworks
(i) Platform mound, Tyting} Not excavated, and not certainly a barrow, or prehistoric ; it may yet prove to be a tree-ring, as Grinsell thought. Or was it the moot-hill of the Tytingas ? Investigation is desirable to solve the problem.
(ii) Two mounds, N. of church.2 Johnson and Wright said these may be small tumuli. Two slight mounds about 10 feet across and 1 foot high, 15 feet N. of the church wall, and about 20 feet apart, may be these, but investigation is necessary. The matter looks doubtful.
(iii) ? Hut-circles. V.C.H.3 says: "South-west of the church marks in the ground visible in a dry season may indicate nearly obliterated hut-circles. SmaU flint implements are to be found in them scratched out by rabbits." I have not been able to verify this.
(iv) The conspicuous pits and mounds just east of the churchyard wall I take to be the remains of quarries for stone used in building or restoring the church.
(v) Mr. Carter, the verger, pointed out to me a large mound I mile east of the church along the path to Albury. It is oval or wedge-shaped, about 40-50 feet long, and about 3 feet high. It lies N.W.-S.E., and the path cuts across its S. edge. It has a somewhat artificial appearance, and might repay investigation.
(vi) Merrow Downs. Banks and a well near the keeper's cottage in the valley have been taken for Roman, but need investigation.4 There are a few small banks and hollows elsewhere on the Downs which may be worth examining.
(b) Flint Implements
These are common all over the upper part of the hill, and range from Mesolithic (backed blades, micro-burins, etc.) onwards. Most are nondescript flakes of Neolithic or Bronze Age character, but polished axes, cores and arrows have also turned up.5 Blackheath,
1 V.C.H. , Vol. Ill, 1911, p. 104, and Vol. IV, 1912, p. 405 in list of Tumuli; Grinsell, Sy.A.C, Vol. XLII, 1934, p. 56 (quoting Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXIV 1921, p. 17, which adds nothing).
2 Johnson and Wright, loc. cit. (note 8 above).
3 V.C.H., Vol. Ill, 1911, p. 104.
4 Sy.A.C, Vol. XII, p. 155, and Vol. XIII, p. 27.
6 Johnson and Wright, loc. cit. (note 8 above; V.C.H., Vol. I, 1902, p. 253; Vol. Ill, 1911, p. 104; Whimster, Arch. Surrey, 1931, p. 235, quoting Sy.A.C, Vol. XI (Lasham, p. 244) and Vol. XII, p. 232 (Merrow).
36 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 37
with a great range of Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement, is not far away.1 Mesolithic flints also came from Tyting (sand pit) and Brook.2 A flint axe was found in 1874 at the top of the hill.3 Mr. J. Booth, the late verger of the church, found a pointed blade, two blades, one side scraper, one round-ended blade, a rough blade and a sharpening flake (Mesolithic), and five Neolithic flakes, on the eastern slope of the hill.4 Whimster also mentions Neolithic flints from Merrow Downs. Tranchet axes are reported from Tyting (near the barrow) and Albury (Ponds Farm).5 Mr. and Mrs. Russell, of Shere, have found part of a Neolithic polished stone axe on Birget Hill, Albury (unpublished). A perforated "mace head" also comes from Albury (? quartzite), a scraper from the foot of St. Martha's Hill, a tanged and barbed arrowhead from Postford Farm, and a Neolithic settlement site (various flint implements) is likely at the West end of the Chantries.6 Flints are, of course, constantly turning up all over the area.
(c) Bronze and Iron
(i) Whimster mentions a palstave from Albury, in the Charter- house Museum.7
(ii) Iron Age and Roman spears are recorded from Merrow Downs8 (also a British skull).
(d) Pottery
(i) Late Bronze Age and Roman, Blackheath. A biconical urn with high shoulder with five lugs accompanied a cremation at the Hallams. (This is Late Bronze Age 2, not Middle, as in the original publication.)9 Also from here, under a small barrow, was a crema- tion with a bucket urn of similar date, with an applied band under the rim decorated with round depressions. With it were two flint implements. Guildford Museum has also from this area a probably 2nd century a.d. pot, used as a cinerary urn, of dark grey burnished ware with lattice decoration.
(ii) Iron Age A Kiln, St. Martha's. This came to light in 1933 during the building of a house ("St. Martha's Priory") off Halfpenny Lane, at the western foot of the hill.10 The circumstances of this find
1 See Rankine, W. F., "A Mesolithic Survey of the West Surrey Greensand" {Sy.A.C, Res. Papers No. 2, p. 5 and p. 25; also Sy.A.C, Vol. LII, 1952, p. 26 and p. 28.
2 Rankine, op. cit., p. 30.
3 Information from Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.
4 Information from his son, Mr. T. A. Booth, who most kindly gave these flints to the Society.
5 Rankine, W. F., "Tranchet Axes of South-western Surrey," Sy.A.C, Vol. XLVI, 1938, p. 112.
6 Sy.A.C, Vol. XI, pp. 244-9. "Maceheads" may be weights for digging- sticks {B.S.P.F., Vol. LI (8), 1954, p. 89.)
7 Arch. S'y, p. 244.
8 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXV, p.139 (Whimster, p. 232).
9 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXV, p.15, and Plate IVB, p. 26.
10 Lowther, A. W. G., in Sy.A.C, Vol. XLIII, 1935, p. 113.
38 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
were such that few details or material could be obtained; but the flue was largely constructed of loom-weights, and sherds of pottery were recovered. Some, from the oven, could be reconstructed into a pot with wide outsplayed rim and prominent high shoulder; the
1 'ntfi
Fig. 7. — Iron Age A Sherds from Top of St. Martha's Hill, found by
Pitt-Rivers (Lane-Fox), c. 1874.
[Reproduced by kind permission of the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.)
paste is grey with red-brown soapy surfaces, and gritted. Two sherds also found in the oven are redder, more gritted, and not soapy ; they may form part of an urn, parts of which were found a few yards away (now at Castle Arch). This latter pot is comparable to some from Park Brow, the former being of a more local form.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 39
Dr. Kathleen Kenyon has recently studied the Iron Age A pottery of Southern England,1 and has fitted these pots into the general picture for Surrey; the Iron Age A pottery of Surrey {e.g., Cobham, Clandon,2 Wisley, Esher, St. Catherine's Hill) dates from late in the phase, and already shows Marnian influences, although retaining many of its ancestral traits from the Late Bronze Age. It dates from between the 3rd and 1st centuries B.C.
(iii) Iron Age A Sherds, St. Martha's. Fragments from the hill are in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.3 These were found about 2 feet below the surface by A. Lane Fox in 1874, while planting trees on the top of the hill. The Museum records are unable to throw any more light on the exact location of the find, or on any associations ; but its Secretary, Mr. R. C. Gurden, was kind enough to lend me a selection of five representative sherds, two of which (the decorated ones) are reproduced, by permission, in Fig. 7.
All five pieces appear to come from one and the same pot, and it can be assumed that only one pot is involved.
The sherds are of an irregularly-fired corky paste, with plentiful white flinty backing of various sizes up to 5 mm. (y$ inch) across; black inside, and outside varying from grey to grey-brown, brick- red, to dark red. The pot is y\ inch (5 mm.) thick. Fig. 7 shows two pieces, one a rim, the other from the same part of the pot, just below the rim. The rim is flat, with diagonal finger impressions. Within an inch below the rim the body of the pot begins swelling away to a rounded shoulder; in the hollow so formed is an applied ornamental band of clay, up to | inch (1*2 cm.) across and 5 mm. (-3Z2- inch) thick (broken off on one of the sherds, leaving a dark grey band on the brick-red surface). This is pinched into diagonal ridges. The inside of the sherds, along the shoulder, is marked by faint vertical flutings. This pot fits comfortably into the known picture of Early Iron Age pottery in the South-east of England (see above).
The band below the rim is unusual, but not out of character; and the impressions on the flat rim can be paralleled from as near as Cobham.4 It is not impossible, of course, that this pot is a product of the contemporary oven found on the western slopes of the hill (see above). The paste is very similar.
The previous attributions of these sherds to the Neolithic or Bronze Age must be abandoned.
(iv) Iron Age Site, West Clandon. See (ii) above, and note 2.
1 Kenyon, Dr. Kathleen M., A Survey of the Evidence Concerning the Chronology and Origins of Iron Age A in Southern and Midland Britain, Institute of Archaeology 8th Annual Report, 1952, pp. 58-67.
2 This site need not be further discussed here. See Frere, S. S., in Arch. J., Vol. CI, 1944, p. 50, for details.
3 Whimster, Arch. Surrey, 1931, p. 235.
4 Actually, this type of ornament lasted long; Mr. Bruce-Mitford excavated an example from a late 10th century a.d. context at Mawgan Porth, Cornwall.
40 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
(v) Romano-British, Tyting. In 1929 some local boys uncovered, on the sloping ground between the platform-mound (see above) and the road, three Roman cinerary urns and the base of a fourth. The matter was investigated by the Society, and a trench dug near the spot by Miss O. M. Heath (who communicated these facts to me), Col. North and Messrs. Noone, but without result. The urns are now in Guildford Museum (Nos. S22 19-22), and are somewhat misleadingly noted in Sy.A.C, 39 (1931), xii. They are of buff ware, with everted flattened rims over high shoulders tapering to narrow, flat, slightly projecting bases. S2220 is typical : it is 6 inches
i
"VCHEi Fig. 8.— Tyting. Pot, 1st Century a.d.
high, 5 inches diameter inside rim, 6£ inches at shoulder, 2| inches at base; the flat rim is \ inch wide; there are three girth grooves on neck and shoulder, and one on the base (Fig. 8). The others are similar but larger. Two still contain ashes and burnt bones, and one a piece of charcoal.
The exact type is not readily identifiable in the literature, but a close analogue is from 260B from Colchester, which dates from the 1st century a.d.1
1 Hawkes and Hull, 1st Report on Camulodunum, 1947, p. 270 and Plate LXXXIII.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 41
(vi) Romano-British, Tangley Hill, Blackheath. Two pots, used as cinerary urns, and one "rustic" pot, 2nd century a.d. (Guildford Museum).1
(vii) Romano-British, Merrow. Trenching in a field next to Merrow Downs revealed a large number of urns, of at least twelve types, with cremations.2 Mid-2nd century a.d. (Two of these are in Guildford Museum.)
(viii) Saxon Pot, St. Martha's. Guildford Museum has a small pot found in 1916 by Mr. T. A. Booth, of Chilworth, "on the site of a supposed pre-Christian burying place."3 This was submitted to Mr. Reginald Smith, of the British Museum, who pronounced the pot to be 5th or 6th century, but more probably 6th than 5th. The pub- lished note gives no very precise details of the finding of this pot, and in view of the crucial importance of this to the present enquiry, I discussed the matter with the finder, Mr. T. A. Booth. The facts are that Mr. Booth, when a boy, helping his father, then verger, strayed outside the churchyard and penetrated circle No. 3. Inside the circle he stumbled on the pot, which was lying on the surface not far from a rabbit-hole. This was later examined, but nothing was found in it. The bracken was high at the time, and Mr. Booth is unable to recall exactly where, within the circle, the pot lay. He himself is undecided as to whether it came from the rabbit-hole, or whether it was thrown from the churchyard by the workmen who were at that time digging holes to receive trees for the wartime camouflaging of the church (this was done because of the nearness of the then powder factory at Chilworth). Either provenance is possible, and it therefore seems that this pot has an insufficient claim to throw light on the origin of the circles, or even on their use in Saxon times.
The pot itself is thick and heavy, with globular body and everted rim with rounded lip. Base flattened but not sharply so. Paste black with dark grey patches and one rusty one; gritty. Surface smooth, but not burnished like most of the plain pots from the 6th century cemetery at Guildown, only 2 miles away.4 There are signs on one side and on the base that the pot had been cut smooth with a knife, when leather-hard before firing, perhaps to remove un- wanted excrescences. Height 2| inches; diameters, rim 2T3e inches, inside neck 1J inches, outside neck 2 inches, body 2f inches, base c. If inches. (Guildford Museum, No. S6999.) (Fig. 9.)
This pot may now be recognized as belonging to a type repre- sented at Wotton (site close to Deerleap Wood), Farnham (dated "perhaps 6th to 7th centuries"), and Ewell, dated by associated
1 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXVII, p. 231.
2 Sy.A.C, Vol. XIII, p. 26.
3 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXIX, 1916, p. 152.
4 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXIX, 1931, p. 30.
42 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
brooches to the "end of the 6th century or even later."1 The similar pottery of Lincolnshire, of which a pot from Ruskington is particu- larly comparable to this one, also dates from the late 6th to early 7th century.2 With these analogies we might then be justified in advancing the date of the St. Martha's pot to nearer the end than the beginning of the 6th century. (e) "Interments"
V.C.H.3 says: "Neolithic or Bronze Age interments found in 1874." I can find no details of these — they do not seem to be repre-
Fig. 9,
/ INCH
-St. Martha's. Saxon Pot.
sented by the Iron Age A sherds at Oxford (see above), although Lane-Fox was on the hill in this year. The records at the Pitt- Rivers Museum, Oxford, do not help, and I cannot clear up the matter.
(/) Roads
The so-called Pilgrims Way, the Greensand track, crosses the top of the hill from east to west. The two parallel ways, known to be
1 (Wotton) Ant. J., Vol. XIX, p. 325, Fig. 3; (Farnham) Sy. A. S. Farnham Volume, p. 259; (Ewell) Wheeler, R. E. M., London and the Saxons (London Museum Cat. No. 6 (1935)), p. 134, Fig. 17.
2 Arch. J., Vol. CVIII, 1951, p. 90, Fig. 10 (6).
3 V.C.H., Vol. I, 1902, p. 253.
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 43
prehistoric, pass not far to the north, the lower terrace-way, and the upper Drove Road.1 The Iron Age or Roman "iron way" from Farley Heath over Newlands Corner passes across the eastern foot of the hill.2 (g) Other Neighbouring Sites
(i) Barrow at Newlands Comer.3 Nothing seems to be known about this, and excavation is desirable. It, or they (there may be two), are described as "rifled" by V.C.H. Whimster's statement that Pitt-Rivers excavated it does not seem to be true — confusion with the Merrow Downs barrow seems to have occurred. Presumably Pitt-Rivers found it already "rifled," and spent no time on it.
(ii) Barrow on Merrow Downs.3 The site of this is now not pre- cisely known; it was probably levelled by the golf course. Excava- tion by Col. Lane Fox in the 1870's revealed holes, filled with chalk rubble, on the original floor of the barrow. Grinsell and V.C.H. refer to an "urn," but I can find no details of this. The Pitt-Rivers Museum has "a small tanged two-edged pointed iron knife" and two flint flakes, presumably from this tumulus; they have no "urn."
(iii) "certain mounds or tumuli within Albury Park."4 I cannot find where or what these may be (but see below).
(iv) Mound in Weston Wood, Albury.5 This is a circular mound, 5 feet high and about 135 feet in diameter. The top is quite flat. It lies on the edge of a steep slope falling away to the north ; round it on two sides is a kind of wide trench, with a bank on its outer side. This represents the old (at least mediaeval) road linking Albury with the cross-ridge6 which links the Greensand ridgeway from St. Martha's to the chalk terraceway, and using it to climb to Newlands Corner and so to London. Fig. 6 shows these relation- ships, and makes clear the chronological priority of the mound over the road, which makes a detour and a right-angled turn round it. This is well shown in a terrier of Weston Manor, temp. William Man Godschall, LL.D., F.R.S. (lord of the manor 1729-42); the mound appears as a round clump of dark trees. That of temp. Robert Godschall (lord ? 1793-1821), and the fine one by Abr. Walter of 1701, do not show the mound.7
Its age and purpose is uncertain, although Grinsell compares it to
1 Margary, I. D., "The North Downs Main Trackway and the Pilgrims Way," Arch. J., Vol. CIX, 1952 (1953), p. 39.
2 Margary, I. D., Roman Ways in the Weald, 1948, p. 82; Rowan Roads in Britain, Vol. I., 1955, p. 67.
3 Grinsell, loc. cit., p. 50 and p. 57; (Merrow) f.R.A.L, Vol. VI, 1877, p. 281 ; V.C.H., Vol. Ill, p. 357 gives Walnut Tree Bottom as the location of this barrow.
4 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXIV, 1921, p. 62.
5 Grinsell, Sy.A.C, Vol. XLII, 1934, p. 57; the Sy.A.C. "Prehistory of Farnham," 1939.
6 Margary, I. D., in Arch. J., Vol. CIX, 1952 (1953), p. 44.
7 I owe this information to the Agent of the Albury Estate, who allowed me to inspect the terriers.
D
44 EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
"similar" mounds on Crooksbury Hill, and on Botany Hill, near Farnham.1 The latter however have distinct low banks outside a circular ditch, while the platform inside the ditch has itself a bank, giving a "dished" appearance to the top of the platform: I suspect that theSe are a different type of monument.
The Weston Wood mound was excavated in the early 1920's by Mr. Nevill, who cut a trench right through it ; he found a few non- descript undatable objects,2 but I cannot trace their present where- abouts.
Flat-topped mounds are sometimes barrows, but are often moots or local assembly-places. The classic examples are those at Old Uppsala and Husby, Sweden.3 British examples are few, but the Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, has a flat top 6 feet in diameter.4 The barrows of New Grange, and Silbury Hill, whose purpose is still unknown, also have flat tops,5 but these should perhaps not be adduced as good comparisons here. Less grandiose and perhaps closer comparisons are in Derbyshire, where "a large flat barrow, called Moot-Lowe, is situated in a field of considerable elevation, the tumulus being about 15 yards in diameter and about 4 feet high, with a level summit." Another with the same name, the same height, and double the circumference, with the same flat level top, is half-way between Alsop Moore and Dovedale.6 At Hamilton, "in the haugh, to the north of the palace, there is an ancient moat-hill or seat of justice. It appears to be about 30 feet in diameter at the base, and about 15 or 16 feet high, and is flat at the top."7 The Mote- Hill at Stirling "is also known by the name of the Hurly-Haaky, probably from its being the scene of a childish sport known to have been practised at a later time.'8 This is interesting, because the mound in Weston Wood was the scene of games and dancing which may be of ancient origin (see above).
Greenwell records a flat-topped tumulus at Gilling (N.R.Y.) and a platform with ditch at Fylingdales (N.R.Y.), but both these had central cremations in graves, and can be regarded as aberrant Bronze Age barrows. Some flat-topped tumuli at Brimpton, Berks., seemed to Greenwell not to be barrows, but he could not be sure of their purpose.9
1 Classed as Iron Age A "camps" in Sy.A.C, "Prehistory of Farnham," 1939, p. 204.
2 Per Miss O. M. Heath.
3 Allcroft, The Circle and the Cross, Vol. I, 1927, p. 128; Ellis, H. R., The Road to Hel, 1943, p. 110.
4 Gomme, G. L., Primitive Folk-Moots, 1880, p. 92.
5 The comparison of these two mounds is made, and an affinity of function suggested, by Robert Graves in The White Goddess, 1952 ed., p. 294.
6 Gomme, ibid., p. 236; Bateman, Antiquities of Derbyshire, p. 51 and p. 68.
7 Gomme, ibid., p. 268; New Statistical Account of Scotland, Vol. VI, 1845, p. 270.
8 Gomme, ibid., p. 269; New S.A. of Scotland, Vol. VIII, 1845, p. 403. This seems however to be not a mound of the kind under discussion.
9 British Barrows, 1877 (BB CXXXIII and CCLXVII); Arch. 52, 1890 (BB CCXCIV-V).
EARTH CIRCLES ON ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD 45
Although the above comparisons may appear scanty and incon- clusive, I think this the most plausible explanation for the mound. It is unlikely to be a motte, or a mediaeval manor-house site; or a mill emplacement or the like ; or, apparently, a hill-fort ; or a tumu- lus (in any case this shape is highly abnormal).1 But it does fit into a definite class of monuments, here and abroad, and has clearly ancient associations. Excavation is perhaps unlikely to produce conclusive evidence, but until this is properly done the above suggestion seems as reasonable as any.2>3
(v) Former Stone Circle (?) in Sherborne Lane.* There do indeed seem to have been stones in the field, S. of the road, opposite the entrance to the Silent Pool, but there is no certainty that these were a circle, or standing stones, or a barrow. They seem to have been demolished by the farmer, because they were in his way ; a fragment of one is in the garden of Albury House, one near Wood Barn, one near the sandpit. There is also a possibility of a group above Sherborne Pools, but I am very doubtful of the whole matter, and cannot locate a genuine circle, if such ever existed.
(vi) Mound in Jubilee Ride, Albury Park. My knowledge of this unrecorded mound is due to Her Grace Helen, Duchess of North- umberland. It is circular, about 2 feet high, and about 30 feet in diameter. It carries a clump of tall firs and a yew. No apparent ditch; higher in centre — i.e., not a platform like that at Tyting. Mr. Bruce, the late head forester at Albury, did not regard it as a tree-ring. This will be investigated.
1 Allcroft, The Circle and the Cross, Vol. I, 1927, p. 36, mentions what he calls "table barrows," which are circular platforms with a level summit — they have a fosse, with commonly no entrance. They may be up to 10 feet high. Unfortunately he gives no examples, and I can find none.
2 There is however another possible explanation: that of a mound formed from the earth thrown up in the 18th century, laying out of the paths in the wood, some of which are excavated in the slopes. This is on the whole, I think, unlikely, in view of the lie of the mediaeval road, but should be men- tioned for completeness.
3 I am indebted to Dr. Gordon Copley for the comment that many Roman and Anglo-Saxon barrows in the S.E. of England are flat-topped. Further, the use of barrows as moots is well exemplified in this area— e.g., Thunderlow (Bulmer, Essex); "Spelberghe" (Littlebury, Essex); Mutlow Hill (Wendens Ambo, Essex) ; Sperberry Hill (Ippolitts, Herts.) ; Thurstable (Tolleshunt Major, Essex); Netley Hill (Cambs.) ; Swanborough Tump (Wilts.); Cuck- hamsley (Berks.); "Mudborow" (Harlow, Essex).
4 Manning and Bray, Vol. II, p. 123: "In a meadow of Mr. Thornton's, by the side of Shireburn Lane, and in an adjacent field, and a wood of Mr. Godschall's, are some remarkable stones, such as are not found elsewhere in the neighbourhood. In the meadow are five, three of them standing together, the other two are single, at a small distance from the three, and from each other. The largest is one of the three, which is 10 feet long, 5 feet 8 inches over, 4 feet 4 inches out of the ground. The one in Mr. Godschall's adjoining field is 10 feet 10 inches long, 4 feet 9 inches broad, and is little higher than the surface of the ground, lying in a hollow, which perhaps has been cleared out to shew it. The others are smaller."
46 EARTH CIRCLES OX ST. MARTHA'S HILL, NEAR GUILDFORD
(h) Various
(i) Farley Heath. The archaeological riches of this area are outside the scope of this paper. They range from the Palaeolithic onwards, culminating in the British and Roman temple and settlement. Accounts will be found in the Society's Collections from Vol. I on, particularly Vols. XXXVII and XLII.
(ii) Coins. Apart from the hundreds of British and Roman coins from Farley Heath (from Verica to Honorius), Roman coins have turned up in various parts of the area, including St. Martha's Hill itself. A first brass of Macrinus (a.d. 217-18) (Guildford Museum) comes from the Silent Pool or nearby.
(iii) Sherborne Upper Pond {The Silent Pool), Albury. This pool has been the centre of popular interest for a long time, and many legends have grown round it. The most spectacular is that of King John's instrumentality in causing the drowning of a girl there; this, if true, would be undeniably attractive, for John was a queer Christian, whence might arise the story that he sacrificed a girl to the spirit of the lake, or had this done on his behalf.1 The incident is described by Martin Tupper in Stephan Langton (1858), and has since then been repeated as fact or legend in local guide books and the like. Miss Heath, however, who knew Tupper and several of his friends personally, is quite categoric that the story was a pure invention of the novelist's; and there we must somewhat reluctantly leave it.
The local tradition that the lake is bottomless may mean it was one of the entrances to the underworld; that a stone thrown into it makes no ripples is less easily explicable, but looks early. Lastly, that its water was of unusual value is shown by the custom of those attending the Palm Sunday fair at Sherborne (see above), not only of plucking palms locaUy, but of buying "Roman water" from the Pool.2 For "Roman" is it permissible to read "pre-Roman" ?
All things considered, it is highly probable that this was an ancient sacred lake.
Acknowledgements
Apart from those who kindly replied to enquiries, and who are referred to in the text or the notes, I am indebted to Dr. Wilfred Bonser, Librarian of the Folklore Society, for much help, and for giving me facilities at the Society's library at University College, London; also to Miss E. M. Dance, Ph.D., the curator of Guildford Museum, for similar assistance. I am most grateful to Dr. I. W. Cornwall, Mr. R. Merrifield, Dr. Gordon Copley and Miss O. M. Heath for reading the manuscript, and making many valuable suggestions in their own fields. I would not, however, wish to bind any of these authorities to the conclusions I have reached.
1 1 uwe this suggestion to Dr. Margaret Murray.
2 Heath, O. M„ Walks Round Albury.
PLATE IV
Building Xo. 1 — View looking South.
PLATE V
Building No. 1 — View looking South-east.
PLATE VI
Building Xo. 1- — Remains of Flue in Room 1.
PLATE VII
Building Xo. 1 — Xorth end; looking West.
PLATE VIII
Building No. 2 — View from North.
PLATE IX
REPORT ON THE EXCAVATION, 1946-7, OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM, SURREY
BY
A. W. G. LOWTHER, F.S.A.
THE site concerned, situated beside the Hale Road towards Aldershot and a short distance out of Farnham on the east side, is now known as that of the "Roman Way Estate" but had previously, from a large and shallow gravel pit covering much of the site and the presence of the Six Bells Inn on the opposite side of the main road, been called the "Six Bells Pit."
It is probable that no excavations, certainly no "official" excava- tions, would have taken place on this site had it not been for the enterprise and initiative of our former member the late Dr. J. H. Gibson, who did so much for the archaeology of both West Surrey and Hampshire. In 1925, he observed, and had it placed on record,1 that the gravel working at this site had exposed a pit with a lot of Roman pottery and tiles and mortar of the same date, also that it was fairly certain that a Roman building, a "villa" as he conjec- tured, had existed in the vicinity. It was on this evidence that, most fortunately, and despite its uncertainty, the site was scheduled for preservation as that of a Roman villa. Therefore it could not be built upon in 1946, as the Farnham U.D.C. intended, without sanction of the Office of Works (Department of Ancient Monu- ments), and this sanction was only forthcoming on condition that the site should previously be excavated and the full nature of the remains there be determined.
Excavations were therefore carried out, in 1946 and 1947, with labour (German p.o.w.'s) provided by the Office of Works, and the work was supervised jointly by Mr. W. F. Rankine and myself and lasted for several months, much of it during the winter when con- ditions were very bad for such work. The reason for this was the discovery, after the first season's work had ended, of the two small buildings on the site whose excavation forms the major item in this report and which were able to be explored thoroughly through the kindness and co-operation of the Farnham Council, who afforded every facility for the work and altered their plan for the estate to per- mit the preservation of one of these buildings, towards the cost of which work the Surrey County Council made a generous contribution.
The Aqueduct The first stage of the work consisted of the digging, more or less at random, but designed to cover as much of the site as possible, of a series of trial trenches. It v/as during this part of the work that
1 Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXVII, p. 88 and p. 89.
47
48 EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
a silted-up Roman ditch, V-shaped and 5-6 feet wide by 4-5 feet deep, came to light in one of the trenches. It was followed up in either direction by a series of spaced-out trenches, and found to run from N.W. to S.E., the direction of the fall of the ground — i.e., from Farnham Park to the Bourne Mill. From what we learnt from the various sections cut across it, we can state with certainty that this ditch had served as an "aqueduct" and had first been dug not earlier than the mid-second century a.d., pottery of this date being found in the "rapid silt" at the bottom of the ditch. Water- borne, sandy clay-silt, containing further pottery in places, had gradually filled the lower two-thirds of the ditch and, particularly at the lower end (where the gravel pit had destroyed it and left a section exposed in the working face of the gravel which Dr. Gibson had observed, and taken to be a rubbish-pit) where a great deal of 3rd- and 4th-century coarse-ware pottery had been thrown into it, completely filling the upper part of the ditch.
It is clear that this ditch once served to bring a supply of water to what we now know to have been a Roman pottery works, which, established in the late- 1st or early-2nd century a.d., had continued in use well into the 4th century and possibly until the end of that century — certainly until the disruption of the economic life of the country made the continued existence of such works impossible.
It is apparent that, if continued into the S.E. corner of Farnham Park in the direction in which it is making, this aqueduct must have tapped the Bourne stream at about the point where it is still above ground level and before it disappears into a swallow-hole to reappear at a point several hundred yards distant in the "Bourne Mill" ravine, 20 or 30 feet below ground level. Clearly the Roman potters not only required their water supply to be somewhat east of this ravine, but to be at such a level that it was easily available for their work. One further point about it. The aqueduct was found to follow a somewhat serpentine course in part of its route and it appears probable that this was due to its having been dug so as to avoid certain trees then on the site. Almost certainly in those days the site was well timbered and the plentiful supply of wood re- quired for the potters' kilns or ovens (and for the furnaces of the two buildings described further on) was ready to hand as was essential, most of such potteries (e.g., the Late Roman potteries of the New Forest and the Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire) being on sites that are still forest land and well timbered now or were so a few cen- turies ago.
Building 1 — The Dwelling
The first structure located on this site (termed Building 1) proved to be a small dwelling1 with a range of bath rooms (3, 4, 5, 5a, 6 and
1 Possibly or rather, probably, a dwelling for the "manager" or "overseer" of the potteries, as with the dwelling attached to the Roman brickworks on Ashtead Common, and which was conjectured to have been the residence of a "manager"; v. Sy.A.C, Vol. XXXVII and Vol. XXXVIII.
EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM 49
7 on plan, Fig. 2) at its southern end, adjacent to a furnace, and with a large, warmed, main apartment at the north end, entered apparently from a verandah or porch at this end of the building.
A narrow compartment (2 on plan) between this "living room" and the bath apartments, probably originally housed a staircase leading to some upper rooms. The lower part of the hypocausts, and some of the supporting "pilae" for the floors still remained, as well as part of the plunge-bath (7 on plan) with its lead outlet pipe. A shorter length of pipe found in the debris filling the compartment, probably served to fill the bath and, from its position, it seems likely that a supply of hot water could be directed into the bath when required from a tank (possibly of the "testudo" type, as used in Pompeii) situated on top of the brick furnace tunnel at the western end of the bath. (Plate XV for illustration of pipes).
This furnace tunnel, which opened into hypocaust 5, beneath the hot room or Caldarium, had the stoke-hole from which it was operated at its southern end, and this had a rough flint-faced re- taining wall and was entered, presumably by steps, from the west. Its smaUness of size must have made the operation of firing or stoking the furnace-tunnel a difficult one, and prohibited use of the usual long-handled iron rakes and shovels.1 A few tiles which had formed the bottom course of the entrance arch to the tunnel were still in situ. The tile courses of the tunnel walls still stood for a height of 7 or 8 courses, and were not vertical but oversailed, narrowing as they went up, but their exposed inner edges were very heavily burnt and blackened and some of the apparent oversailing seems to be due to wear, through scraping and raking, when the furnace was in use. A layer of ash and charcoal, intensely black, sticky and several inches thick, was on the bottom of the furnace and of hypocaust 5.
A small apsidal Sudatorium or sweating compartment (5a) opened off the west side of the Caldarium. In its wall, used as building material, was the fragment of the rim and upper part of an excep- tionally large dolium or store jar (Fig. 18) which is of late 3rd cen- tury date to judge by its shape of rim and other similar, but smaller, jars from this site. This agrees with a layer of mid- to late-3rd century pottery from a level extending beneath the wall founda- tions of this building and, in places, cut through by the foundations. Also, the pottery, including a quantity of remains of flanged bowls, some colour-coated ("New Forest" type) red-ware,2 and part of the base of a purple-coated stoneware beaker,3 all of 4th century date, was found as "occupation debris" amongst the collapsed material of the building.
1 As were found at Wroxeter, v. Excavation Reports published by Prof. Atkinson, and Research Reports of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
2 For similar vessels v. Heywood Sumner's Excavations in New Forest Pottery Sites, Ashley Rails, Fig. VII, nos. 7 and 10. For others from "Chatley Farm," Cobham, v. Sy.A.C., Vol. L, p. 81.
3 For similar vessels v. as last, Fig. Ill, Nos. 3, 10, etc.
50 EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
The free-built portion of the walls (generally consisting of only two or three surviving courses) was of flint-rubble construction, but containing some few blocks of Chert stone (apparently "Bargate" stone) and some blocks of Greensand stone. The mortar used was soft and yellowish, having an excess of sand in it, and, as an ap- pended report on the mortar (Appendix 1) shows, agreed exactly with that used in the construction of additions (buttresses and an apsidal bath) to Building 2, thus reinforcing the 4th century date assigned to the rebuilding of this structure from the rather sparse quantity of stratified pottery found in the latest levels.
The flue-tiles, as also the roof-tiles of this building and of which the broken remains formed much of the overlying debris, were all uniform and of one "make" and not, as usual with late 4th century buildings (e.g., the bath building at Chatley Farm, near Cobham)1 constructed with tiles of many different makes and which had clearly come from (presumably the ruins of) a number of other buildings. This is in keeping with a date early in the century, and of about a.d. 300, as suggested by the pottery. Coin evidence was lacking entirely.
Building 2 — A Bath Building
While work was in progress on the excavation of Building 1 , the construction of a soakaway pit by the builders working a short distance to the south-east, disclosed the wall (the outer north wall as it turned out to be) of another building. This was made the subject of a separate excavation in the summer of 1947, lasting several weeks, and concluding the work on this site.
Both German prisoners-of-war and a small team of voluntary helpers formed the labour force, and, amongst those who assisted, thanks are especially due to Messrs. F. G. Carruthers, B. Hope- Taylor, A. T. Ruby, M.B.E., and others, especially to Mr. J. Lindus- Forge who kindly did all the survey work and prepared the plans illustrating this report.
In brief, Building 2 turned out to have been a "bath-building," of a type normally expected with Roman military "permanent," or "semi-permanent" camp sites, but which (as at the Roman brick- works on Ashtead Common) is now realised to have been a feature of Roman civilian industrial sites as well.
As previously stated, and unlike Building 1 , it was found to have two periods of construction ; the first, dated to the late 3rd century, through a layer of pottery and "kiln wasters" into which and through which its foundation-benches had been dug, some of the pottery being embedded in the foundation mortar. The second, of early 4th century date, had consisted of a repair, rebuilding and buttressing of the original (and, presumably, dilapidated) structure,
1 Sy.A.C, Vol. L, "The Excavation of a Late Roman Bathhouse at 'Chatley Farm,' Cobham," by S. Frere, M.A., F.S.A., p. 94.
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yix blllJ yiTL BUILDING 1
built
DI^AWINIC 2
ROMAN HOUSE
circa
300 A.D.
FARNHAM
50 /CALL =l OF FLLT
LEVEL/ FICUP.LD
FR.OM ORDNANCE DATUM
EXCAVATED to A W C LOWTHEIO F7A AMb A ond
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I. LIVING ROOM 2. 5TAIHS ?
3. APODYTERIUM
4. TEPIDAPJUM
5. CALDAR.IUM a. SUDATORIUM 6-7. FMGIDARJUM
VTOK.E-HOLE.
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DP^AWINIC
FAKNHAM
45
50 /CAU =a OF FLLT
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LIVING ROOM
2. STAIRS ?
3. APODYTERIUM
4. TEPIDARJUM
5. CALDAFUUM a.SUDATORJUM 6y. FWGIDARJUM
2.52 O?
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A «. I 6 A
delt '947
SIX blllS SITE
E X C A V A t t D
DRAWING
ROMAN BATH FAR N HAM
6Y w f t^AN^INt t J. A. ./cot. 4 AWG L O W T H E Ik. T. / A. A Ik. I 6 A, 194(0- 194/.
CONJECTURAL
c U LLEY FILLED
WITH P LA../-T E. R.
FK.ACM INT./
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[Block kindly lent by the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
S I X
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♦ 14? 4S- / CMLIC
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kindly lent by the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
SIX billS SITE.
EXCAVAttD
ROMAN BATH FAR N HAM
6Y My. f iO A, N K. I N t f. / *.../cot. 4 AW. G LOWTHE.IV. f. /A. K. K I b A. . I 9 4 to
9 * /•
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52
EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
together with the addition of an apsidal plunge-bath at the southern end, just to the left of the entrance. Remains of the stoke-hole and furnace existed at the opposite end of the building, and the original stone step down into the stoke-hole, a single block of Greensand measuring 2 feet 6 inches by 1 foot 9 inches and 1 foot in depth, the upper surface being worn into a hollow from use. A layer of ash and charcoal, in which a few pieces of pottery of late 3rd or early 4th
century date were found, lay on the clay floor of the stoke-hole and to a depth of about 6 inches.
A trial trench cut through the clay floor of the hypocaust in the part that had served as the caldarium of the bath series, disclosed the fact that the building had been erected on a "raft" of rammed chalk, 1 foot 7 inches in thickness and, that the ground on which it was set had been strengthened by means of timber piling, the piles, 9 inches in diameter and only 6 inches apart in places, had decayed away completely but had left cavities, once occupied by the timbers,
EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
53
54
EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
which had remained open through the compact nature of the over- lying chalk. (The need for such piling was evident from weak, un- stable patches in the underlying sandy-clay and which were a matter of concern to the builders of the present council houses on this site.) As to the later additions : only three of a probable six, or more, buttresses, which had been built against the outer walls, had any remaining masonry. "Robbing," apparently, from a silver farthing of Edward I which we found on top of the foundation of a robbed wall, of mediaeval date, had been extensive and somewhat more so than was the case with Building 1 . The apsidal plunge-bath added to the south-west corner, as well as the masonry inserted to take the steps down into this bath, were of the same yellowish mortar as that of the buttresses and of the walls of Building 1. Its foundations had been carried down to a depth of a foot or more below the level of the earlier foundations against which it abutted at either end of its
curve, and the 9- to 10-inch space beneath the opus signinum (red, brick and mortar concrete) floor of the bath, had been filled with a mass of pieces of painted wall-plaster, clearly that stripped from the earlier walls during the reinstatement and re-decoration of the build- ing. Much of this plaster could be pieced together, revealing panelled designs of red, yellow and green lines on a white ground, of the usual rather crude and garish nature. Some of the bands of colour divide the rectangular (? dado) panels diagonally.
A late-Antonine date for the original bathhouse was deduced not only from the types of pottery in the layer of debris into which its foundation trenches had been dug, but by the imprint of a coin (a "second brass" of which the inscription ...TONINV... can be read) on pieces of a large jar and on its inner surface. From other imprints, and those of a thumbnail and forefinger (presumably those of the potter who made the vessel) it can be seen that the
PLATE X
Building No. 2 — Caldarium, looking North.
PLATE XI
Building No. 2 — Caldarium, looking South.
PLATE XII
Building No. 2 — South-east End.
PLATE XIII
Building No. 2 — Outer angle cf Apsidal Plunge Bath, showing junc- tion OF WORK OF PERIODS 1 AND 2.
PLATE XIV
Imprint of an Antonine Coin (2^E) on inner surface fragments of a jar. Impression of thumb-nail below. Scale: l|x original.
PLATE XV
Building No. 1 — Lead Pipes from Plunge Bath. (Note the iron ring round end of lower pipe.) Six inch scale below.
PLATE XVI
EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM 55
coin had fallen on the sloping surface within the vessel (a wide- mouthed jar of hard, light-grey ware) and that the first efforts to retrieve it had only sent it further down the slope. Eventually it was recovered by the forefinger pressing the coin into the clay at one edge while the thumbnail (a fairly long one) was inserted into the clay under the opposite edge of the coin, levering it upwards (v. illustration, Plate XIV.)
The Small Finds and Pottery
Apart from iron nails, some iron hold-fasts (T-shaped and measur- ing 3 inches by 11| inches, used to secure the flue-tiles to the walls) some pieces of window glass and the pottery, finds were almost absent. No coins (apart from the silver farthing of Edward I mentioned above) were found and, apparently owing to the nature of the soil, nothing of bronze had survived, though the green staining produced by corroded bronze coins or small objects was observed at several places during the excavations.
The pottery found was considerable and only a selection from it is here figured.
Nos. 1-13 were found in the lower silt in the aqueduct, in the lowest or "rapid-silt" level of which was found the only piece of Samian ware from the site, a fragment of a late (and rather poorly made) dish of form 18-31. They are mostly of grey or blackish-grey coarse ware. No. 8 is a much distorted "waster."
The pieces 14-17 were found in the upper material in the ditch or aqueduct.
No. 18 is the fragment of a very large jar, or dolium, which was found built into the apse wall of Building 1. It is of hard, grey- coloured ware. Conjecturally, it is from a vessel of wide-mouthed type of 2 feet 2\ inches maximum diameter, and of 3rd century date.
The 4th century cooking pots represented by 19-22 were found in the latest levels of Building 1 , and similar ones in the charcoal layer in the furnace of Building 2.
No. 23, of red-brown ware with white slip-coating to its upper part, is typical of a number of pots and wasters, from the late- Antonine levels, and to which group (though a much larger version) the jar previously mentioned as bearing the imprint of a coin had belonged.
Animal Remains
Bones of sheep, ox and pig and the antlers of red deer and roe deer were found during the work. The mollusca, besides oyster shells and whelks, included a number of mussel shells. No human remains were found.
Summary and Conclusions
The site had, from about a.d. 100 to 400, been occupied by a pottery works, to supply which with water, an open ditch, or aque-
56 EXCAVATION OF A ROMAN SITE AT FARNHAM
duct, was dug from the upper waters of the Bourne stream to the site. Between a.d. 250 and 300 a bath house, apparently for the use of the pottery workers, was erected, but this by (or just after) the latter date had become dilapidated and required buttressing (possibly owing to outward thrust exerted by the pressure on the walls of a "barrel- vault," although this is conjectural). At the same time (about a.d. 300 or just after this date) a plunge-bath, of apsidal form, was added close to the southern or entrance end of this building. A small dwelling, built early in the 4th century, and just north of the bath house, probably was occupied by a " manager " of the pottery works. It had its own bath quarters and apparently, some upstairs rooms. As to the final date, when the buildings were abandoned, of this there was no evidence, largely owing to the absence of coins from among the objects found at this site, but the pottery suggests a date about a.d. 400.
A NOTE ON THE MEDIAEVAL COIN
BY THE LATE Mr. J. ALLAN, C.B., F.S.A.
"This is a farthing of Edward I. The 'londoniensis' is quite clear which points to E. I, and there are sufficient traces of the ob- verse legend to show it reads: 'e. r. angli^e' not 'edwardus rex', so it can be dated very closely to a.d. 1280-81."
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A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN
BY
R. N. BLOXAM
A bbreviations
D.B. Domesday Book.
Ekwall Ekwall, Eilert, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English
Place-Names, 3rd edn., 1947.
Heales Heales, Alfred, The History of Tandridge Priory, 1885.
Lambert Lambert, A. U. M., Parish History of Godstone, 1929.
P.-N.S. The Place-Names of Surrey, English Place-Name
Society, Vol. XI, 1934.
V.C.H. Victoria County History of Surrey, 1911.
IN the Minet Library, Camberwell, is an original Latin deed (H. 127) dated 1 Dec. 1202, by which King John granted to Odo de Dammartin right of warren in twelve places in England, eight of which are in Surrey. This document, although it has, I am informed, been in the library since 1930 at latest, seems never to have been printed or even quoted ; it is certainly not among the printed Patent or Charter Rolls, and was therefore probably never actually enrolled. Although it contains some interesting forms of place-names, it is not quoted by Ekwall nor in the Surrey volume of the Place-Name Society. It is one of a collection of mostly undated Tandridge deeds, but neither it nor any other is mentioned by Heales or by Lambert, although both Tandridge and Godstone are among the places mentioned in the deed. Its importance con- sists in the fresh light it throws on the connection of the places mentioned with the Dammartin family, and the evidence it offers for early forms of certain place-names.
The document— of whose genuineness there can, I imagine, be no doubt — is in excellent condition, except for a small hole (now re- paired) in one of the folds of the parchment, which affects two letters ; otherwise it presents little difficulty in transcribing. Being no expert palaeographer myself, I am much indebted to Miss Gibbs, the Archivist at the Minet Library, for making the following tran- scription— printed by permission of the library — and translation.
"Joh[ann]es dei gr[ati]a. Rex Angl[ie] Dominus Hib[ernie]. Dux Norm[annie]. Aquit[annie]. et Com[es] And[egavie] Archiep[iscop]is Ep[iscop]is Abb[a]tib[us]. Com[itibus]. Baron [ibus]. Justic[iis]. Vicecom[itibus]. et omnibus Bauli[v]is et fidelib[us] suis Sal[u]t[em]. Sciatis nos dedisse. et concessisse et
58
A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN 59
presenti carta confirmasse Odoni de Daumartin et h[er]edib[us] suis q[uo]d habeant Warennam p[er] terras suas de Tenregge. Welcnested'. Herewoldesle. Chepstede. Warlingeham. Mikele- ham. Effingeham. Occham. Suthewic'. Sumerd[en'(?)]. Tru- meshal'. Nortun'. ad Wlpem. Leporem. Catum silvestrem. perdices. et phasianos. et p[rohib]em[us] ne quis Warennam illam sine Licentia sua intret. sup[er] decern Libr[as] forisf[a]c- [t]ure. Test[ibus] R. Com[ite] Leicestr'. Willmo' Comite Arun- deh1'. W. Com[ite] de Ferrar'. Dat' p[er] manum. S. p[re]positi Beverl'. et Archid[iaconi] 'Well' ap[u]d Chin'. J. die Dec[embris] Regni Nostri Anno Quarto."
Plaited seal cords, seal wanting. On dorse: "Tannerygge D[e] Warrenna concess[a] p[er] D[o]m[i]n[um] Regem."
"John, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy [and] Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, Barons, Justices, Sheriffs and all Bailiffs and his faithful men, greeting. Know that we have given and granted and by [this] present charter confirmed to Odo de Daumartin and his heirs that they may have warren through their lands of Tenregge, Welcnested', Herewoldesle, Chepstede, Warlingeham, Mikeleham, Effingeham, Occham, Suthwic', 'Sumerd[en'(?)]', Trumeshal', Nortun', of wolf (?), hare, wild cat, partridges and pheasants, and we prohibit anyone to enter that warren without his licence, upon ten pounds for- feiture. Witnesses: R[obert] Earl of Leicester, William Earl of Arundel, W[illiam] Earl of Ferrers. Given by the hand of S. provost of Beverley and Archdeacon of Wells at Chinon, 1 day of December, in the fourth year of our reign."
The MS. Calendar of Deeds at the library gives a translation, and it is desirable to emphasise that Miss Gibbs had not seen this when she made her own, for there is no variation of any importance between the two versions : Miss Gibbs has, with a query, translated "Wlpem" as "wolf," whereas the calendar has "foxes," its meaning in classical Latin; she has also preferred "provost" rather than "reeve" for "propositi."1
The purport of the document is too clear to need comment.
Odo de Dammartin This Anglo-Norman family took its name from Dammartin, a
1 Quite rightly. The Provost of Beverley — that was his title in English — was in a sense the head of the Collegiate Church of St. John, but had no spiritual authority, being concerned solely with secular matters. The Provosts of Beverley occupied a most distinguished office. They included Thomas a Becket, Cardinal Wolsey and other archbishops of York. The Provost at the time of this charter was Simon de Apulia. See Hiatt, Beverley Minster, 1898, p. 24. [Ed., Sy.A.C]
F
60 A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN
small place some miles north-east of Paris; they had acquired land in England by the middle of the 12th century, but the English branch seems to have died out by the end of the century following. So far I have failed to find any connected account of them; many members of the family are mentioned in other deeds in the same collection at the Minet Library, but these, unlike our grant, are undated, and there are very few evidences of the degree of inter- relationship. The article on the Counts of Dammartin in the Memoires of the Societe des Antiquaires de France (xxxi, 189-258) does not help with the English branch. The following brief pedigree I believe, however, to be correct as far as it goes, and it should serve to illustrate the notes that follow.
William de Dammartin = ? Agnes, in possession of living 1166, ? ob. Ockham 1170
ante 1170
Geoffrey (2) —Margery = (1) Odo de Dammartin, living c. 1220 (Heales, p. 7) de Say sister of
(divorced Richard
by 1231 deLucy,
(V.C.H., living,
iii, p. 321) 1231
Odo John de Wauton (1) = Alice = (2) 1231 Roger de Clare
probably ob. s.p. [Walton-on-the-Hill] living (probably a
1248 younger son of
Roger ob. 1173), ob. 1241 (Lambert, p. 76)
The evidence on which this pedigree is based appears in the notes following. Heales and Lambert give a good deal of information about various members of the family, but offer no pedigree. The younger Odo, though his existence is certain, is a somewhat shadowy figure, and it is not always easy to be sure whether it is he or his father that is referred to.
The Place-Names
(a) Surrey
The first eight names are all in this county, and present no problems of identification; they are in their modern spelling: Tandridge, Walkingstead (the old name for Godstone), Harrowsley (in Home), Chipstead, Warlingham, Mickleham, Effingham, Ock- ham. All these were already known to have some connection with
A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN 61
the Dammartins, who in every case except Walkingstead held their land of the de Clares. In 11661 William de Dammartin held 1U- Knight's Fees in Surrey and though in most cases specific evidence for their identity is lacking, it is not unreasonable to suppose that they included all the places mentioned in this deed except Walking- stead.
Tandridge. This was already held by the Dammartins in the 12th century. William de Dammartin granted to Lewes Priory land in Chartham (in Lingfield) which, in the confirmation of the grant by his son and grandson, is described as of the fee of Tandridge.2 Tandridge Priory itself was founded by our Odo (see under War- lingham, below) ; for this and subsequent grants by members of the Dammartin family, see Heales (pp. 5 ff.), to which we may add an undated grant in the Minet Library (I, 127) by Alice, daughter of Odo. Alice held a Knight's Fee in Tandridge in 1242-33 and sold it, with Chipstead and Effingham, to Thomas de Warblington in 1248.4 Our charter thus offers no new evidence either for land tenure in Tandridge or for the form of the place-name.
Walkingstead. In 1212 Richard de Lucy, who held Walkingstead in'chief , gave half the vill to Odo de Dammartin with his (Richard's) sister Margery in marriage.5 The property descended to Odo's daughter Alice, who in 1231 granted her widowed mother Margery a yearly rent in it in exchange for Mickleham.6 In 1235 and 1238 she held a moiety of "Walknested,"7 which in 1248 she granted to Roger de St. John, who already held the other half.8 Our charter shows that Odo already held land in Walkingstead before 1212, and gives a form of the place-name which is apparently otherwise un- known; P.-N.S. quote no form between D.B.'s "Wachelestede" and the "Wolcnested(e)" of 1212.
Harrowsley has had a most confusing history. It is now in the parish of Horley, and has occasionally been so described in the past.9 In fact, however, it was until recently a detached part of the parish of Home,10 and was reckoned one of the tithings of Blechingley Manor, and as such was held in chief by the de Clares. A Dammartin
1 Red Book of the Exchequer, Vol. I, 405.
2 The Surrey Portion of the Lewes Cartulary, in Sy.A.C, xliii, 84-112; Nos. 21, 35, 36. The grants included half a virgate of land in Chipstead, and one-third of the tithe of the demesne of Mickleham. N.B. William is de- scribed as "uncle" of the younger Odo, but this must be a mistake of the scribe.
3 Book of Fees, Pt. II, 684.
4 V.C.H., IV, 323.
5 V.C.H., IV, 285.
6 Lambert, Blechingley (1921), 66.
7 Book of Fees, Pt. II, 1362, 1377.
8 V.C.H., IV, 285.
9 E.g., Surrey Hearth Tax, 1664, Surrey Record Society, Vol. 17, p. 3. 10 V.C.H., IV, 294.
62 A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN
connection was known for 1225, when, according to the V.C.H.,1 William Earl Warenne received the manor to hold as a quarter of a Knight's Fee of William Haunsard who held it of John de Wauton and Alice his wife in right of Alice heiress of Odo de Dammartin of the Honour of Clare. Our charter thus pushes the Dammartin connection back over twenty years and also offers the earliest known appearance of the place-name. P.-N.S. give as their first example a document of c. 1220 in the British Museum, with the same spelling as here.
Chipstead. The Dammartins held land here in the 12th century2 and, with Mickleham and Effingham, the manor formed part of the dower of Odo's widow Margery to whom it was conveyed in 12313 by her son-in-law Roger de Clare and her daughter Alice, who in 12484 sold it to Thomas de Warblington. Our charter offers no new evidence either for land tenure or the form of the place-name.
Warlingham. This is thought to have been the unnamed manor which in D.B. was held by Robert de Watevile and in 1144 given by his descendants to Bermondsey Priory.5 There were, however, other properties in Warlingham (possibly formed from the original manor by sub-infeudation), one of which, worth a quarter of a Knight's Fee, came into the hands of the Dammartins after 1198 and was given to Tandridge Priory as a foundation grant by Odo under the name of "all my land at Warlingham."6 After this grant Odo evidently held no more land in Warlingham, and our charter thus provides a terminus a quo for the date of the foundation of Tandridge Priory. The place-name form is not new.
Mickleham. For this, as for Chipstead, our charter adds nothing to what we already know either for land tenure or for the form of the place-name. William de Dammartin was evidently Lord of the Manor in the 12th century (Norbury Manor is suggested by the V.C.H.),7 since he was able to grant one-third of the tithes of the demesne lands to Lewes Priory.8 Like Chipstead, it was part of the dower of Odo's widow and was still held by Alice de Dammartin in 1242-39 — the last we hear of the family in connection with Mickleham.
Effingham. William de Dammartin must have been Lord of the Manor, since he was able to assign the advowson of the church of
1 Loc. cit.
2 See above, p. 61, note 2.
3 Feet of Fines, Divers Counties, Mich. 15-16, Henry III.
4 V.C.H., Ill, 191.
5 V.C.H., IV, 334.
6 Heales, 5, 6.
7 V.C.H., Ill, 305.
8 See above, p. 61, note 2.
9 Book of Fees, Pt. II, 684.
A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN 63
Effingham to Merton Priory.1 It was the third Dammartin manor to form the dower of Odo's widow, to whom, with Chipstead and Mickleham, it was released in 1231. 2 Like Chipstead, but unlike Mickleham, it was sold by Alice de Dammartin to Thomas de Warblington in 1248.3 Our charter offers no new evidence either for land tenure or for the form of the place-name.
Ockham. No mention is made in the County Histories of the Dammartins in connection with this place, but the Pipe Roll for 1170 gives Agnes Dammartin as holding it4 — no doubt as a sub-fee of the de Clares; in view of our charter it looks as if Agnes may have been the widow of William and the mother of Odo. The spelling "Occham" is a valuable piece of evidence, for in the only two known earlier mentions of the place — D.B. and the Pipe Roll — the forms are "Boceham" (a well-known slip) and "Hocham" respectively. It is thus the earliest of the comparatively few examples with a double "c," and P.-N.S. give their rarity as a ground for giving slight preference to the derivation from ac, "oak-tree," rather than from a personal name "Occa." The latter is the only one given by Ekwall, and is, I am convinced, the right one. For Ockham there- fore our charter is of prime importance, both as evidence of land tenure and for the place-name.
(b) Not in Surrey
Of these the first, third and fourth are certainly identifiable as Southwick in Sussex, Strumpshaw in Norfolk and Norton in Suffolk. Like the Surrey places, they are already known to have some con- nection with the Dammartins, whose chief holdings were in East Anglia, but unlike them they were not, apparently, held of the Honour of Clare.
Southwick. In 1231 Roger de Clare and his wife Alice [de Dam- martin] held land there which Alice had inherited from Odo.5 Our charter gives a precise date to the connection, and also provides what must be by far the earliest example of this form of the name — a form which is not given at all by the Place-Names of Sussex.
Strumpshaw — an identification which I owe to Lambert's index. This was Dammartin property from the 12th century until at least the end of the 13th century.6 In 12047 Odo de Dammartin "optulit se versus" Roger son of Hamo "de placito terre de Trumeshah,"
1 V.C.H., III, 325.
2 See above p. 62, note 3.
3 V.C.H., III, 321
4 Pipe Roll Society, 16 Henry II, 164.
s Calendar of Close Rolls, 1227-31, 578.
K Parkin, C, Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, 1807, Vol. VII, 255.
7 Curia Regis Rolls, III, 246.
64 A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN
and in 12381 Gilbert de Wauton, son or brother of Alice Dammartin's first husband, brought assize of novel disseisin against Roger and Alice de Clare in Trumeshal, which Alice had inherited from Odo. Ekwall quotes "Stromessaga" from D.B.; his next example is the Curia Regis Roll, than which ours is two years earlier. It is clear that the initial "s" was only temporarily dropped and that the final "1" of 1202 and 1238 is less correct than the final "h" of 1204.
Norton. There are several references to Alice de Dammartin's second husband Roger de Clare who, for example, held Norton of the king in 1230.2 Our charter suggests that Norton was another of the places inherited by Alice from Odo, a supposition which is con- firmed by an undated deed in the Minet Library (G. 127) by which Alberic "Comes Dommartini" grants Norton to William de Dono- mart' [his brother3]. Among the ten witnesses, all Dammartins, is Walter, a name which occurs also among the witnesses to the grant by William de Dammartin to Lewes Priory.4 Our charter offers no new evidence as to the form of the place-name, which is among the commonest there are.
It remains to consider the identity of Sumerd[en ?] ; the last two letters are those partly removed by the hole already referred to, and it is unfortunately one of the few places mentioned whose identity could not easily be guessed by the first syllable or two, since there is no mention in Gazetteers or in Ekwall of any place beginning with "Sumerd" — or any such form. Miss Gibbs has examined the whole document very carefully, and considers that the last two letters are very unlikely to have been anything but "en," followed by an apostrophe indicating the omission of a letter, presumably an "e," or possibly "i"; the Calendar has "Sumerd. . . ."
There can therefore be no reasonable doubt that the place referred to is the Somerden which gave its name to a Hundred in West Kent, and may be found on the 1-inch O.S. map about a mile north of Chiddingstone. In D.B. three holdings in the Hundred of "Summerdene" are mentioned, all in the section headed "Land of [Odo] Bishop of Bayeux." Two of these are held of him by Robert the Latin, one directly of the bishop; the other Robert "by new gift of the bishop has in the hand of the king of Richard son of Count Gilbert"5 — i.e., Richard of Tonbridge, ancestor of the de Clares. The phraseology is most curious, but in any case, in view of the proved connection between the Dammartins and the de Clares, it seems extremely likely, although I have no direct evidence, that at the time of our charter Odo held this land in sub-fee of the latter family, and that it is equivalent to the manor of Millbrook
1 Calendar of Close Rolls, 1237-42, 40.
2 Calendar of Close Rolls, 1227-31, 346.
3 Red Book of the Exchequer, Vol. I, 411, 412.
4 See above, p. 61, note 2.
5 "De novo dono episcopi habet in manu regis de Ricardo filio Gisleberti coinitis . . .," V.C.H., Kent, III, 241.
A SURREY CHARTER OF KING JOHN 65
alias Somerden in Chiddingstone,1 part of which parish is in the Hundred in question, which presumably took its name from the place where the Hundred Court was held. Note that Robert's two holdings are not actually named ; the third holding in the Hundred is Tickenhurst, which is held by Turstin directly of the bishop.
The spelling of the name in our charter is an earlier appearance of the form quoted for the name of the Hundred in 1274,2 and differs from that of D.B. in having only one "m."
I am much indebted to Miss E. M. Dance for help in the'prepara- tion of this article, but I am solely responsible for any errors.
1 For information as to the site of this manor I am indebted to the Manorial Committee at the Public Record Office. Sir William Burcestre in his Will made at Southwark in 1407 mentions the manor of "Sumerden," but names no county; see Sy.A.C, I, 192.
2 Cam, H., The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, 1930, 272.
BLEGHINGLEY CHURCH
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS AND
DISCOVERIES
BY
A. BUCKLAND KENT
THE bringing to light of some ancient features of the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Blechingley,1 aroused considerable local interest. Suggestions were put forward in an effort to establish the nature of a newly-found arched opening, and to explain alterations which were made to the south wall of the Clayton Chapel centuries ago, and which resulted in the sealing up of this opening, the lancet windows and quatrefoil. Eventually a proposal to seek authoritative opinion was adopted, and, in due course, such opinion was given, together with observations on certain other features of the church. A complete account of the investigations and finds, and of the subsequent visit of representatives of the Historical Monu- ments Commission, has been entered in the Parish Record Book. In order that similar information may be available well beyond the confines of the parish, and to provide ready reference, the Rector, Rev. L. S. Hawkes, M.A., has given full approval to its publication in this volume.
In February 1952 a Victorian radiator on the south side of the Clayton Chapel (South Chapel) was taken down, and in the process the plaster behind it sustained some damage. It became obvious that under the plaster was hidden some stone work which might be of interest, and under the supervision of the Rector and Mr. Uvedale Lambert, M.A., a well-known member of our Society, the wall was carefully examined and cut away. Eventually a "Decorated" shallow arched opening was revealed, positioned immediately above the present floor level, and measuring some 3 feet 6 inches in height (at centre) and 3 feet in width. The left side of the arch had to be rebuilt, and the whole is now exposed as a permanent feature of the church (Plate XVII).
Above the arch the remains of the centre and eastern of three 13th-century lancet windows were discovered: the outline of these has been left displayed. Attention was then turned to the blocked western lancet and a quatrefoil, which for long have been visible
1 For general description of the church and plan see V.C.H., Vol. IV, //. Blechingley Parish History, Lambert, 1921, and Blechingley, A Short History, Lambert, 1949.
66
PLATE XVII
Blechingley Church. Lancet and Ouatrefoil.
PLATE XVIII
Photo: C. E. Sexton
Blechingley Church. Canopy.
BLECHINGLEY CHURCH 67
from outside.1 This lancet was then unblocked from the inside, and found to be intact. Underneath, the quatrefoil window was also unblocked, and it was apparent that this had served as an air vent for the crypt under the chapel which, since 1707, had been used as a Clayton mausoleum. A stone slab has now been placed over the vent, to form a sill to the window. In the top right hand corner of the window splay was found a mark, which might have been either a mason's or a motive mark. Both the unblocked lancet and quatrefoil have been left to view as permanent features, and each is covered externally by clear glass within a frame (Plate XVII).
The unblocking of the lancet window brought the discovery of a fine 15th-century shrine canopy, about 4 feet in height and nearly 2 feet in width, built in, the wrong way round and upside down, and in a very good state of preservation. This was carefully removed, and has been set up in the north aisle to the left of the new Altar of the Holy Spirit (see note on dedication at the conclusion of this article) to form a canopy over the aumbry (Plate XVIII). A 13th- century capital head has been utilized as a support. At the same time the stone mural tablet to General Sir William Clayton was moved to the south wall of the aisle, west of the south door. The brass to Richard Glyd of Pendhill (d. 1665) was lowered to eye level, and the memorial to Dr. Nathaniel Harris (Rector 1609-25) was removed to the north wall of the north aisle, to balance the Northey memorial between the windows.
In March 1954 a visit was made by Mr. A. R. Dufty and Mr. E. A. R. Rahbula, Principal Investigators, Historical Monuments Commission, and with them in the church were the Rector, Mr. Uvedale Lambert, and our member, Mr. Bruce E. Money (church- warden). The following account of the inspection, and the con- clusions reached by the two investigators, is compiled from the notes made by Mr. Money.
Clayton Chapel
The large "Decorated" shallow arched recess in the south wall the investigators believe to be an early 14th-century (c. 1320) double piscina, the drains of which have been obliterated. This, with the three 13th-century lancet windows, and the low side quatrefoil window (c. 1250) underneath the westernmost lancet, was later blocked up,2 and the smaller early 15th-century piscina further east (still existing) was then formed. A possible reason for the blocking of these features was that the building of the double piscina obscured much of the lancet windows, and consequently the present Per- pendicular window was built above (c. 1450). It is probable that the piscina became obsolete owing to extensions that moved the high
1 Illustrated in Blechinglev Parish History, Vol. II, 1921, 339, and Blechingley Short History, 1949.
2 V.C.H., Vol. IV, 261-2 refers to such alterations. (The small piscina is therein dated 14th century.)
68 BLECHINGLEY CHURCH
altar out of convenient reach. It was unlikely that the 15th-century shrine canopy would have been diverted from its original purpose at this date, but more probable that the shrine which it covered was demolished, with many other ornaments (as the Church Records and Accounts indicate) at the Reformation in the 16th century, and the canopy then utilized as a handy piece of stone in blocking up the western lancet, where it was found. The Early English quatrefoil low side window1 was probably used by the clerk to ring the sacring or sanctus bell at the time of Consecration, to remind those outside the church of the solemn moment of the Mass. Later — about 1450 — the little turret containing the rood stair was built, and held the bell. The mark at the top right-hand corner of the deeply splayed western window reveal was considered to be only some graphic scribble made centuries ago, such as the cutting of initials by someone in an idle moment. A simpler mark on the left hand reveal is probably a mason's mark.
Features Elsewhere
The arcading of the north wall of the chancel was regarded as the most difficult problem of the church. The lancet windows were examined, and it was considered that probably they are of the 13th century, like the three opposite in the South Chapel, though part of the stonework of the jambs between is modern. The low pillars and capitals are 13th century, restored, and perhaps were moved from elsewhere in the church. Below the lancets are, or were, stone benches of the same date, and perhaps at one time sedilia;2 the three openings certainly suggest sedilia (three seats for the three ministers at High Mass). Remains of these seats are much restored. The various levels of the floor here are difficult to understand, and it was considered almost impossible to decide what had been done by Victorian or other restorers at various times.
The low stone doorway in the north wall of the chancel is Tudor, and possibly led to an early Tudor vestry. The angel corbels in the chancel are original — 15th century. Probably the chancel arch was rebuilt during the 19th century. In the first church the arched opening from the Norman tower to the Norman nave must have been much narrower, and when this arch was demolished, the opening was greatly enlarged in the mediaeval rebuilding. The stone capitals and the Norman pilasters have been pushed back, and re-set in their present positions. Cut Norman stone is clearly visible on the shafts of these piers to the present Transitional arch.
The original Norman church was probably the full length of the present church, though the nave and chancel roofs would have been considerably lower.
1 Its suggested association with an Anchorite's cell has been referred to elsewhere. See V.C.H., Vol. II, 43S, and Blechingley Short History, 1949.
2 V.C.H., Vol. II, 439.
BLECHINGLEY CHURCH 69
The immensely thick (9 inches) gravestones, at the head and foot of the grave in the churchyard beside the south wall of the church, immediately east of the porch, were examined; the grave is 17th century. The headstone has a faint inscription on its west face, now indecipherable. On the east face is carved a heart, pierced by crossed arrows. On the footstone an hour glass is carved between two sets of crossed bones. At the top of the stone are two skulls, one on either side.
The writer feels that a word of commendation is due to Mr. Bruce Money for his efforts to foster interest in this fine old edifice. He has inserted in a Church Photographic Record Book particulars of all architectural features; and new information is to be added as it comes to hand. Taking the view that some, at least, of the par- ticularly interesting items buried in old and valuable registers and the like — seen by the few — should be brought to light to interest all and sundry, Mr. Money has formed a collection of excellent framed photographs, adding descriptive matter. This has recently (1954) been displayed on the walls of the tower, where records of campanology dating from the 18th century are also to be seen. The subjects include certain entries from the Parish Registers of the 16th and 17th centuries, and from the Churchwardens' Register and Accounts of the 17th and 18th centuries, and Royal and other notable personages of the Tudor period closely associated with Blechingley. In this coUection is a photographic copy of the title page of the Parish Register 1538-97. This is accompanied by a transcription and explanatory note as follows:
Transcription
Thys is the bowke or Regystre of the paryshe Churc (damaged) of blechynglygh in the Countie of Surrey in the diocesse off Wynchest' ffor the Regystreng off all such names as schall be crystned buryed and wedded wythin the said Paryshe accordyng to the Commandement & Iniunctyons off our most noble and excellent prynce Henry by the grace of God Kyng off Englande and Fraunce defensour of the Ffaythe lorde of Irelande and in Erthe supreme Hed under Cryste off the Churche of Englande
Exiuyt to us (the XXVth daye of Octobre in the XXX yere off the Raegne off our sayd sov'ane) by Gryffyn Leyson Comyssyoner under Thomas lorde Crumewell Lorde privie seale vyce gerent to the Kyngs said Highnes for all Jurysdyctyon Ecclesiassticall wythin thys Realme.
Explanatory Note
In 1538 Thomas Cromwell, as Vicar-General for the King, ordered that registers of christenings, burials, and marriages, should be regularly kept in every parish.
This is one of the very rare original and paper registers begun in 1538, presumably by Benedict Mulsho, Rector of Blechingley, and continued until 1597, when the use of parchment was ordained.
70 blechingley church
Chapel of the Holy Spirit
This was set up and furnished by Uvedale and Melanie Lambert, in memory of certain members of the Lambert family connected with Blechingley. Together with the aumbry it was dedicated on November 20, 1952, by the Bishop of South wark.
As the church had no date established for its dedication festival, the Bishop appointed that this should be observed on November 20 each year.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the Rev. L. S. Hawkes, M.A., for his co-operation, and for permitting the taking of photographs; to Mr. Bruce E. Money for allowing me to refer to his own notes and those made by Mr. Uvedale Lambert, who was abroad at the time of writing, but who so carefully shewed our members round the church in 1954; and to our member Mr. C. E. Sexton, for undertaking the photography.
PLATE XIX
Photo: C. E. Sexton
Blechingley Church. Double Piscina.
PLATE XX
n .-;
THE WHITE HORSE HOTEL, DORKING
BY
T. E. C. WALKER, F.S.A.
OWING to the kindness of Trust Houses Ltd. in allowing use of their title deeds I am able, with the help of the late Dr. W. Hooper's notes at Castle Arch, to add to the printed history of the White Horse at Dorking. The earliest mention of the property occurs in Cottonian MS. Nero E.6 in the British Museum, this being a register (in Latin) of the Hospital of St. John of Jeru- salem in England, compiled in 1442. On folios 151 and 151d is an undated entry described as a charter of William, Earl Warenne : For the health of my soul and the souls of my ancestors and successors I have granted to the Templars, in frankalmoin, Pagan Wrong, my man, with his whole tenement that he held of me in the vill of Dorking; to hold freely of me and my heirs quit of all secular service.
Folios 152d and 153 contain an extent of the lands and tenements of Shepley (Shipley, Sussex) in 1308, and describe Dorking as a member of this manor.
In the said member of Derkyng that they had of the certain rent, of a free tenant, 2s.
They say that an ancestor of John, the now living Earl Warenne, whose name they do not recall, gave them the said rent in Derkyng, to hold in fee and frankalmoin.
This extent of 1308 was presumably drawn up on the occasion of the suppression of the Templars and the transference of their property to the Hospitallers.
In the absence of the original court rolls there is a gap in the history of the house until just before the suppression of the Hos- pitallers in 1540, from which point we can pick up the threads from another survey in the British Museum. This is Additional MS. 27535, a Survey of the Manor of Dorking and West Betch worth in 1622. The property under discussion is numbered 189 in "Dorkinge. Estburgh." We learn that on May 4, 1531 :
At the Court of Wm. Weston Prior of St. Johns of Jerusalem in England
holden at the Mannor of Clerkenwell Myles Hogg Clark surd a Cotag with
a curt el and a crofte adioyninge in Dorkinge late Wm. Lanes to the use of
George Rolle gen and Xtofer his sonn etc.
This Myles Hogg was vicar of Dorking, and had lived on the premises since at least 1520. In that year he had an alarming ex- perience which can be traced in the Star Chamber Proceedings at the Public Record Office (St. Ch. 2/24/148 and 2/33/13). Hogg complained that one day while he was sick by the visitation of God in his own house five local men with "dyvers yll dysposyd Ryotous
71
72 THE WHITE HORSE HOTEL, DORKING
persons" with bills and staves assaulted beat and wounded Thomas Averey his servant and pursued him to Hogg's house door, and these would have killed him had not help come to him from "dyvers discrete and honest men" who were at the time visiting Hogg. The vicar let his servant in, and shut the door against his pursuers, whereupon they tried to break down the door, and "with greate and detestable oaths" threatened to kill Averey in his master's presence although Hogg had given them no cause of complaint, and promised that Averey should be forthcoming to answer any charges his attackers might bring against him. Finally their threats were so alarming that the vicar was forced to send Averey away for safety at midnight, and himself though still sick to come to London to plead his cause before the Star Chamber. There it was alleged that Averey had started the trouble and "did lay in awayte with hys sword and buckeler to make affray and assaute uppon Rychard Reed," whereupon Reed took possession of the sword and gave it to his wife to take care of.
After 1531 the next relevant date in the Survey is May 3, 1574, when there are the following entries :
At the view of Francpleg and court baron holden at Clerkenvvell Tho. Wroth Styward there Recorded a sum to him pd out of courte by Xtofer Rolle gen to the use of Ellynor Gaynsford wid and her heires and assignes for ever, one Cottage with a Curtel and a crofte of land Adioyning in Darken alias Dorking in the County of Surr late Wm Lanes etc.
Ellynor Gaynsford wid hadd license att the Court holden att Clerkenwell for the Mannor of St. Johns of Jerusalem in England to let to farm a Cottage with a curtel and a crofte of land Adioyninge lyinge in Dorking called the Crosse howse for 21 yeres.
It is well known that the Templars marked their property with crosses, and in fact a papal bull of 1223 complained that the English Templars also put crosses on houses which did not belong to them.
We now come to the 17th-century entries in the Survey, before which time part of the now existing house appears to have been built, according to the County Council's Antiquities of Surrey.
On October 24, 1609:
Edw. Sackvile gen. for a some of money demised to Jo: Hatcher all his two messuages in the streete called Rolles boundinge betwen the messuage of Wm Radcliffe gen towards the west the ten of J. Goodwyns est the K: highwaye North And the land of Wm Radcliff South And ij acres of land upon Bunghams hill for 21 yeres from the date of the lease for the yerely rent of a Redrose at Midsommer with a proviso that if 45 li be pd on the 20th day of November 1610 to the sd Jo: Hatcher at this house the lease to be void etc.
In 1622, the date of the Survey, we find that:
The same Edward Sackvile gent., holdeth by Copie of the Mannor of Clerkenwell sometymes the Mannor of St Johnes of Jerusalem in England on ten in Estreete of Dorkinge sometymes called the crosse house and now called the Rolls, which premises were somtymes one Wm Lanes after Myles hoggs after George Rolles gen after Xtofer Rolles gen whoe surr the same premises to Ellynor Gaynsford wid mother of the sd Edw. Sackville. . . .
The name of Tho. James is bracketed against the property.
THE WHITE HORSE HOTEL, DORKING 73
Now we come to the title deeds, an abstract of which is at the County Record Office at Kingston. The earliest (T.D. 90/1/1) is dated January 2, 1643, and records an
Assignment by Thomas Godman of Lethered, esq., to Thomas James of Dorking, yeoman, of messuages in Dorking called Roulles and Tipsham, also a close called Bungham Hill (2 a.) and another parcel of land lying on the backside of the said messuage called Roulles (2 a.), leased 16th November 8 Jac. I (1610) by Edward Sackvill of Dorking, gent., to the said Thomas Godman for 100 years.
Here we break off for another survey, consulted by kind per- mission of the Duke of Norfolk's solicitors, Messrs. Holmes, Campbell and Co., at their office at Arundel Road, Littlehampton. It reads:
The Surveigh of the Manor of Dorking in the Countie of Surrie performed by William Foster Anno Domini 1649.
p. 74. Thomas James (now William Marter). Hee holdeth of the Mannor of Clarkenwell some tyme the Mannor of St. Johns of Jerusalem A Tenement and back-side (lying in the South side of the East streete of Dorking) called formerly the Crosse-house, now Rolls-tenement Bounded on the North East in parte with George Rose his Tenement called Rounds, in parte in parte [sic] with Chergate Crofte, and in parte with Tephams last men- tioned: On the South west with Richard Hollmans land. And on the South east with the land of Sir Ambr. Browne.
A contemporary map belonging to the Survey shows the house as being opposite Mill Lane, thus identifying it with the site of the present White Horse.
On May 30, 1659 (T.D. 90/1/2), Thomas James of Dorking, brasier, assigned the premises to Daniell Ryall, citizen and car- penter of London, and John Shoe of Horley, yeoman. Dated September 23, 1742, is a counterpart lease (T.D. 90/2/1)
for 50 years by Hannah Rose of Hounsditch, London, wid. of William Rose, late citizen and tallow chandler of London, and Elizabeth Rose of the same, spinster, dau. of the said William Rose, and Wilham Gardner of Guldeford, carpenter, eldest son and heir of Anne Gardner, deed., late wife of William Gardner late of Dorking, maltster, deed., to James Smith of Dorking, potter, of two moieties of two messuages on the south side of the East Street of the town of Dorking, one lately in the tenure of Joseph Dudley now deed, and the other lately in the tenure of William Dudley, blacksmith, with liberty of ingress, egress and regress to load or unload wood or goods into or out of the yards.
On November 7, 1750 (T.D. 90/2/2) comes the first mention of the house as the White Horse (and presumably as an inn), and also the beginning of the century-old connection with the Ansell family. This is a
Counterpart lease for 21 years by William Gardiner and Elizabeth Rose of Barbican, London, to Edward Ansell of Dorking, carpenter, of two moieties of a messuage on the south side of East Street, Dorking, formerly called the Cross house and now known by the sign of the White Horse and a piece of ground lying to the south thereof, adjoining the footway leading from Ram Ally, also a close of land containing 2 acres at Bungham Hill in Dorking Downs.
Dated August 17, 1772, are two deeds, T.D.s 90/2/12 and 13. One is a
74 THE WHITE HORSE HOTEL, DORKING
Counterpart lease for 14 years by Edward Ansell of Dorking, innkeeper, to Jacob Hewitt of Dorking, innkeeper, of a messuage and inn on the south side of East Street now in the occupation of the said Jacob Hewitt, re- serving to the lessor liberty to pass through the yard and to use the car- penter's yard adjoining the said premises, with liberty for the lessee to put a carriage under and in the passage that leads from the inn yard to the said carpenter's yard, and to use the two-stall stable and the granary over the passage.
The other deed is a
Bond of Jacob Hewitt by which he is bound to Edward Ansell in ^100 to pay £'10 per annum, part of the rent of the premises leased, the rent having been given in the lease at a lower figure to enable the lessee to pav lower taxes.
A deed of February 28, 1781 (T.D. 90/2/18) tells of the death of Edward x\nsell, and informs us that the parcel of land called Bunghams was sold to Joseph Denison, Esq. The Victoria County History, Vol. II, p. 278, indicates that Denison's property was that now called Denbies.
A 19th-century court roll book has been consulted by kind per- mission at Messrs. Holmes, Campbell and Co.'s Arundel office. From this we learn that at a court held at Dorking on October 18, 1802, it was presented that:
E dward Ansell late of Dorking Carpenter who held ... a Messuage called the White Horse in East Street in Dorking [has died] . And also that William Ansell of Dorking aforesaid Surgeon is his Brother and heir and now holds the said premises.
This was, of course, not the Edward Ansell of 1781, as is proved by the Land Tax returns at the County Record Office. There Edward Ansell the Elder is given as proprietor in 1780, and plain Edward Ansell from 1781 to 1801. Then, as we should expect, we read of William Ansell, whose name appears until 1830. It was in the latter's time that George Scharf the Elder painted his fine water- colour of the White Horse, dated 1823, now in the Department of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum. George Scharf, born in Bavaria in 1788, died in 1860 ; a valuable collection of his drawings was deposited in the British Museum in 1862. His son, Sir George Scharf (1820-95) was director of the National Portrait Gallery. The sign in the drawing bears the name of William Penn who, according to Rose's Recollections of Old Dorking, p. 29, claimed to be descended from the founder of Pennsylvania. A note on the back of the drawing quotes the inscription on the front of the inn as "The White Horse Inn and Original Posting House." Edwards's Companion from London to Brighthelmston, 1801, refers to the post- chaise and saddle horses to be had here, stating also that the inn, though the least of the three in the town, had the greatest share of business on market days. The Universal British Directory of 1793 stated that the Brighton coach via Steyning stopped here for meals. A brief note on the White Horse and the coaching revival
THE WHITE HORSE HOTEL, DORKING 75
is in the Lyne Collection ("ENYL. 1938," p. 4) at Castle Arch. Displayed in the hotel is a coach horn inscribed " 'Venture' Post Chaise. London to White Horse, Dorking. W.R.IIII, 1837."
(The view of the White Horse is reproduced by kind permission of the Oxford University Press.)
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES AND THE
FAMILY OF SAUNDER IN EWELL DURING
THE i6th AND 17TH CENTURIES
BY
MICHAEL L. WALKER
THE OWNERS OF THE MANOR OF BATAILLES TO THE END OF ITS TENURE BY THE SAUNDER FAMILY
THE Manor of Batailles, one of the three subordinate manors in Ewell, derived its name from its first owner, William de Bataille, who lived in the 12th century. At the beginning of the 15th century the manor was called Botayles and a century later Botalls. The name had become Buttall in 15771 and early in the 19th century had been corrupted to Botolphs.2
Although the Victoria County History of Surrey3 states that there is no certain history of the Manor of Bottals (sic) in Ewell until 1659, the year when its ownership passed from the Saunder family,4 yet in Manning and Bray5 the history of the manor is briefly sketched from the 12th to the 17th centuries. It is claimed that the manor originated in the grant of a tenement by Henry I to William de Bataille, who had estates in Essex.6 The Bataille family held the manor until the time of Henry III and possibly later, after which nothing is known of it until Thomas Hayton held it in the reign of Henry IV. Deedes7 records "a free tenement called Botayles fee, which Thomas Hayton holds" in the list of tenants of the Manor of Ewell, the date of which is 1408.
Thomas Hayton died in 1432,8 leaving his daughter Agnes heir to the manor. She married Thomas, younger son of Nicholas Carew
1 Register or Memorial of Ewell, C. Deedes, 1913, xxxvi.
2 History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, O. Manning and W. Bray, 1804 et seq., 1, 457.
3 3, 280.
4 Members of this branch of the family nearly always wrote their name with a "u" and without a final "s."
5 Op. cit., 1,457.
6 Morant's History of Essex mentions several Essex parishes connected with the family of Batailles in mediaeval times, including Stapleford Abbots (Battles Hall) and Bradwell-juxta-Mare (Battails Manor). No William Bataille living in the reign of Henry I is named by Morant. There are no remains today of the manor house of Batailles at Ewell; in Essex, however, Battles Hall at Stapleford Abbots and Battles Hall at Manuden are still standing.
7 Op. cit., 6.
8 See Pedigree II.
76
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 77
of Beddington.1 Thomas and Agnes had three daughters, who were their father's heirs at his death in 1430. One of the daughters, Joan, married William Saunder of Charlwood in or before 1450, her mother, Agnes, at that time being the wife of Thomas Sayer.2 Agnes appears to have had no other surviving children besides her three Carew daughters. In the list of tenants of Ewell Manor, Thomas Hayton appears frequently as holding lands which were subsequently held by Agnes Sayer; in several of these holdings William Saunder was her sub-tenant. Joan Saunder died in 1470; her youngest son, Henry, inherited her share in Batailles and acquired the rest of the estate by purchasing the interests of his two aunts.
Henry Saunder died between September 1518 and the following February. He called himself Henry Saunder of Ewell in his will.3 By this will he divided his estates into two parts, each with different trustees for its conveyance. One part comprised his Manor of Batailles (spelt "Botalls" throughout the will), his capital mansion in Ewell, in which he was living, together with the water mill called the Nether Mill in Ewell (held by Thomas Hayton in 1408 "with a large closed garden attached to the same")4 and other property in the village and in Epsom and Chessington. Henry bequeathed the capital mansion and the Nether Mill to his younger son William, while the land and tenements of this part of his estates and the use of Batailles manor house were left first to his wife Joan for life and then to Joan, the wife of his elder son, Nicholas, for her life. Sub- sequently Batailles, with the other Ewell, Epsom and Chessington property, was to go to William and his heirs male. In default of such heirs, the property was bequeathed to Henry's son Nicholas and his heirs male. If both sons should die without male heirs, the property was left successively to Henry, Richard and Thomas, the sons of Nicholas Saunder of Charlwood and grandsons of the testa- tor's brother Richard. Should the male line of all these fail, Batailles was bequeathed to William Saunder, nephew of the testator and brother of Nicholas of Charlwood.5
WiUiam Saunder, younger son of Henry, inherited the Ewell property. He was styled William Saunder of Ewell6 in his will7 of October 1570, which was proved just over a year later. William lived at the mansion in Ewell in comfortable circumstances. The
1 Manning and Brav, op. cit., 2, pedigree opposite 523.
2 V.C.H. Surrey, 3,^256.
3 P.C.C., 15 Ayloffe.
4 Deedes, op. cit., xxiv.
5 See pedigree I.
6 The memorial in Northwood Berningham Church, Norfolk, to John Palgrave, who married Urith, daughter of William Saunder, describes the latter as Sir William Sander, Knight. (Palgrave Family Memorials, C. J. Palmer and S. Tucker, 1878, 8, plate 5.) There is no evidence that he was knighted ; he was described as esquire in his will and in the will of his widow, made some years after his death.
' P.C.C., 42 Holney.
78 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
name Batailles does not occur in his wall, although he was called "Wm. Sanders of Buttailes in Ewel, co. Surrey" in a Harleian M.S. pedigree of the Mynne family, the family of his first wife's first husband.1 William Saunder directed in his will that the property in Ewell and elsewhere which he had inherited from his father, Harry Saunder, should remain according to his father's will. This in effect was that Batailles Manor should next descend to Nicholas, the eldest son of William.
Nicholas Saunder in 1581 suffered a recovery of the Manor of Batailles.2 It is likely that he took this step of barring the entail of the manor in order to provide for his widow Margaret. She survived her husband, who in his will3 charged his son Nicholas "upon my blessing to permit and suffer my said wife the aforesaid premises bequeathed quietly and peaceably."
Amongst the Northey MSS. is an indenture4 of September 1589 between Lord Lumley, Nicholas Saunder and Margaret Saunder, widow. A clause in this document asserted that Margaret should hold the Manor of Batailles during her life and subsequently that it should pass to Nicholas Saunder and his heirs. The date of Margaret's death is not known; she was alive in May 1597.5
Nicholas Saunder, junior, who had been knighted in 1603, died intestate in February 1648-9, whereupon administration of his property was granted to his only son Henry. Despite the assertion by Manning and Bray6 that the Manor of Batailles passed from the ownership of the Saunder family in 1638 when Sir Nicholas con- veyed it to Thomas Thurgis, yet Henry Saunder, the son of Sir Nicholas, held the manor in 16597 and sold it to Thurgis that same year.
The Properties in Ewell of the Saunder Family No visible part remains today of the three chief dwelling-houses of the Saunder family in Ewell: the Capital Mansion, the Manor House of Batailles or the Parsonage House. Their former positions can however be determined with fair accuracy from the Survey of the Manor of Ewell made in 1577 by Thomas Taylor.8
Particulars of an earlier Manorial Survey of the village are given by Deedes.9 This earlier Survey was made in 1408 and gives the names of tenants and their holdings. Batailles Manor House is mentioned thus: "On the west of the Rectory of Ewell lies a tene-
1 Hundred of Launditch and Deanery of Brisley, G. A. Carthew, 1879, 2, 491. 1 Manning and Bray, op. cit., 1, 458.
3 P.C.C., 7 Rutland*
4 Guildford Muniment Room, 10/136. Harl. Chart. Ill, B58.
Op. cit., 1, 457.
7 V.C.H., op. cit., 3, 280.
B Guildford Muniment Room, 10/158, see P. Shearman, this volume, pp. 102-23. The writer is grateful for permission to quote from Mr. Shearman's transcription.
9 Op. cit.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 79
ment called Cristianes Atte Tye between Parsons Lane on the north and a tenement called Botayles on the south, which Thomas Hay ton holds. And then next a free tenement called Botayles fee, which Thomas Hayton holds." The Rectory of 1408 was the Parsonage of the 1577 Survey1 and lay to the west of the (old) church, the tower of which is the sole authentic building of the 1408 era which remains to this day. There is some doubt as to the exact position of Parsons Lane, though the plan of the village constructed from the Survey of 14082 suggests that the lane led westwards from the north side of the church to Middle Street — the most northerly section of the present High Street. The parish map of 1408 also shows Austynes Lane lying approximately north-west from the north side of the church to the site of the present Spring Hotel. The triangle formed by Parsons Lane, Austynes Lane and Middle Street occupied roughly the present site of the grounds of Glyn House and hence Batailles Manor House stood to the west of Glyn House.
The Survey of 1577 is more generous in its description of the house: "Nicholas Saunder holdeth freely [i.e., freehold] the Mannor howse of Buttalls with a yarde barne stable a garden an orchard thereunto adioyninge and also a southe parte of a pightell [small field] of land enclosed with pics abutt' vpon the highway leding to kingston of the west parte and extendeth in length by the said wayc vnto a twisted tree of elme in the hedge there of the north parte and also abutteth vpon the parsonage landes of theste parte and extend in length by the said landes vnto a grete elme in the hedge there of the north parte directly over ageinst the forsaid twisted elme." The whole area was estimated by Taylor to be three-quarters of an acre. The twisted elm tree, adjoining the road to Kingston (the present- day Spring Street), appears to have been a landmark which became known as Buttalls Elm.3
Ewell Parsonage, also held freehold by Nicholas Saunder, had a somewhat similar description, though it had a "heyhouse" in place of a garden and orchard; perhaps the heyhouse was of more use to the parson for storing his tithes? The Parsonage grounds occupied \\ acres. The house stood on the site of Glyn House.
To the west of the site of Batailles Manor House and just over the Hogsmill river is a somewhat circular piece of land which now con- stitutes the grounds of Bourne Hall. Most of the land is bounded by Spring Street and Chessington Road. The position of these high- ways has not altered since the time of the earlier Survey of Ewell (though the names of the roads have been changed) and therefore this land can readily be identified in both surveys.
In 1408 this land was divided into about a dozen properties, only a few of which belonged to the Batailles estate. At the later period about the middle of the 15th century, to which the marginal names
1 Ibid., xxiv.
2 Ibid., map opposite xxii.
3 Short History of Ewell and Nonsuch, C. S. Willis, 1948, 122.
80 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
of the 1408 Survey refer, Agnes Sayer and her son-in-law, William Saunder of Charlwood, held only one or two of these properties. But by 1577 nearly all the land now forming Bourne Hall grounds had been acquired by the Saunder family, upon which had been built a mansion described in the Survey as a fair mansion house with a gatehouse, a forecourt, hall, parlour and other edifices and buildings with two backyards, stables and barns, also a dove house, two gardens and an orchard. The whole covered 5 acres according to Taylor's estimation. The house faced west and excavations indi- cate that it stood to the east of Bourne Hall. Nicholas Saunder's brewhouse, with another barn and stable, lay with a tenement to the north of the mansion.
It has been shown that the mansion had not been built in the middle of the 15th century; it is most unlikely that William Saunder, the father of Henry, built this house. He lived at the family resi- dence at Charlwood, where he was buried in 1481. Indications, though, make it apparent that Henry Saunder built the mansion, probably towards the end of the 15th century. He had two elder brothers, which made it unlikely that he would ever succeed to Charlwood. It was for this reason doubtless that his mother left him her share of the Manor of Batailles and he then acquired the remaining shares from his aunts and at the same time bought up land in Ewell in order to build a house on a site more spacious than the 3 roods of Batailles Manor House grounds; the house too was to be a larger one, more fitting for the largest local landowner than Batailles, which was retained as a dower house. The site of the new mansion was ideal for Henry's building project.
Yet a fourth Saunder house is named in the 1577 Survey of Ewell; this was a little banqueting house built about thirty years previously on half a rood of waste ground near the river adjoining the mansion. A stone wall enclosed the ground, and fish ponds had been laid out there.
According to the Survey of 1577 Nicholas Saunder owned 338§ acres of land in Ewell out of a total of nearly 1,600 acres; the next largest landowner was Elizabeth Horde of Fitznells with 252 acres. Nicholas had 250 acres (32 of them Parsonage lands) in the Common field and 77 acres in enclosed fields. In Ewell village he held nine houses and cottages besides the Parsonage. His lands in 1577 were assessed in the Diocesan Return of Recusants as yielding annually "200 marks at the least."1 This assessment would have included all Saunder's landed property, not only his Ewell estates.
Twenty years later his son Nicholas who had succeeded him held rather more than 250 acres in Ewell. Two years before this, in 1595, he had transferred a number of tenements, lands and crofts to Alexander Clifford and his wife Jane, who was a sister of the younger Nicholas Saunder. There are no particulars of transfers of land of Nicholas Saunder at the Court Barons of the Manor of Ewell held
1 Catholic Rec. Soc, 1921. 22, 43.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 81
between 1597 and 1632 recorded in "Translation, Manors of Ewell and Cuddington, 1592-1 706. 'M There is unfortunately a lacuna between 1632 and 1684, which prevents this source from providing evidence of the way in which the Saunder family disposed of the Ewell estate.
Manning and Bray2 declared that the Manor of Batailles was conveyed in perpetuity to Thurgis in 1638. This was not so, for the manor was sold to Thurgis in 1659 by Henry, the son of Sir Nicholas Saunder. The conveyance of 1638 would appear to refer to the sale of the mansion house with most of the land in Ewell held by Nicholas, for when Henry Saunder sold the Manor of Batailles twenty-one years later for £200 the estate only consisted of one messuage (pre- sumably the manor house) with a garden, orchard and 40 acres of land.3 When Sir Nicholas died in 1649 his daughter Isabella recorded that his death occurred at his house in Nonsuch Park, where he had previously been living with another daughter and her husband. Sir Nicholas Saunder in his closing years was in fact living in circum- stances much reduced from those he enjoyed at the time of his youth in the early years of the reign of Elizabeth I. He had been obliged to sell his mansion house to Thomas Thurgis, who in the 17th century was buying property in Ewell neighbourhood and was assuming the position which the Saunder family had held in Ewell for 150 years beforehand. Sir Nicholas Saunder probably gave up living at the mansion house in Ewell well before 1638, for his son Henry was described as son of Sir Nicholas Saunder "of Nonsuch, Surrey," when he matriculated at Christ Church in 1624. 4 In the grant of administration of the goods of Sir Nicholas Saunder to his son Henry a month after his death, Sir Nicholas was described as of Ewell; this would apply to a resident in Nonsuch Park, for the parish of Cuddington had been suppressed and merged with that of Ewell a hundred years earlier.
It is unknown when any of these houses of the Saunder family were demolished. The mansion must have gone before 1770, the date when Bourne Hall (formerly Garbrand Hall) was built.5
The Saunder Family of Ewell The foregoing description of the succession of Batailles Manor has disclosed that five generations of Saunders possessed the manor and resided at Ewell for about 180 years. The family was already of importance in Surrey when Henry came to live in Ewell, and he owned several other properties in the county. His son William added to these estates and took a prominent part in local affairs during the middle of the 16th century. It seems that William was a lawyer, as were his son and grandson who succeeded him at Ewell.
1 Guildford Muniment Room, 10/170.
2 Op. cit. 1 457.
3 P.R.O.,'cP. 25 (2) 602, Trim 1659.
4 Alumni Oxonienses, J. Foster.
5 Sy.A.C, 51, 126.
82 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
The descendants both of Henry of Ewell and of his elder brother Richard Saunder of Charlwood remained Catholics during Queen Elizabeth's reign, and after the death of William Saunder his sons had to contend with the penalties imposed on the well-to-do for adherence to Catholicism. Nicholas, the owner of Batailles during the years leading to the Spanish war, managed to retain his lands, though he suffered for his faith. He had not the religious zeal of his second cousin and contemporary of the same name, the prominent Catholic who did much from the Continent to continue the fight for the restoration of the old Faith, before his death in Ireland in 1581 after accompanying Desmond as Papal Nuncio in an attempt to stir up a rebellion there.
Sir Nicholas Saunder was head of the family in Ewell longer than any other of the Saunders. Like his father he was a recusant who later conformed to the Church of England. He was a Member of Parliament for many years and appears to have been a spendthrift, for he sold at least three estates and some Ewell property between 1591 and 1601. In later life he became involved in a scheme to supply water to London, which brought him financial disaster and probably was the cause of his selling his mansion in Ewell ten years before his death. After the disposal of Batailles Manor in 1659 by Henry Saunder, the son of Sir Nicholas, nothing more is heard of the family in Ewell.
Although descendants of two sons and at least one daughter of William Saunder are alive today the family has left no mark in Ewell. Probably three generations were buried there — Sir Nicholas was buried "with his ancestors"1 in Ewell Church in 1649 — and yet Aubrey less than sevent}' years later did not mention any family monument in the church.- Even in the lifetime of Sir Nicholas an inventor)- of the monuments in Ewell Church, taken in 1634, 3 only recorded one Saunder gravestone, that of Henry, son of Henry Saunder.4
Henry Saunder of Ewell, who made his will in 1518, was a younger son of William Saunder of Charlwood, as mentioned earlier. The family was one of property, who had lived for many years in Charl- wood and continued to dwell there down to the 19th century. An ample account of the Charlwood Saunders is given in The Free Men of Charlwood.5
Particulars in his will show that Henry was a rich man whose interests were not confined to Ewell, although they mostly lay within the county of Surrey. It has been observed that in his will
1 Addit. MSS., 34171.
2 Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, 2, 221-7.
3 Visitation of Surrey, Harl. Soc, 43, 51-2.
4 No date of the memorial is given, it was apparently to a child ; Henry Saunder had no son named Henry alive when he made his will in 1518; the two other Henry Saunders of later generations of the Ewell branch had no children.
5 R. Sewill and E. Lane, 1951.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLKS 83
he divided his estates into two parts, the iirst of which constituted the Manor of Batailles with other estates in Ewell, Epsom and Chessington. The second portion comprised property in Blechingley, Nuffield, Southwark, Charlwood, Newdigate and Ockley — all in Surrey. These Surrey estates were left as in the case of Batailles Manor to William, the testator's younger son. In default of the latter having a male heir this property was to pass to the children of Henry's nephew, Nicholas Saunder of Charlwood, just as the provision made for the succession of the Ewell property, with the noteworthy distinction that Henry's elder son Nicholas was entirely omitted from the succession.
Henry Saunder re-settled his lands by a deed of October 1517/ less than a year before he made his will. He appointed ten trustees for fulfilment of this deed and the same ten were named in the will as trustees for that part of his lands which did not comprise the Ewell, Epsom and Chessington estates. Seven of these trustees2 in fulfilment of his father's will granted William Saunder in 1529 lands, tenements, etc., in Charlwood, Newdigate and Ockley.3
Henry Saunder had bought property in Tolworth and Long Ditton in 1485.4 William, his son, bequeathed lands in Ditton and Kingston to his son Nicholas in 1570; it is likely that these lands descended to Sir Nicholas Saunder and were sold by him.
The property of Henry Saunder in Blechingley and Nuffield com- prised the Manor of Pendell, which he had acquired from Thomas Uvedale in 1509.5 The history of Pendell Manor under the Uvedale and Saunder lordships, which lasted from the middle of the 15th to the end of the 16th century, is followed by Lambert.6 The manor remained in the Saunder family for four generations until December 1591, when Nicholas sold it to William Brend for £900.7 The con- veyance for the sale mentioned a total of 340 acres of land in the estate, but Lambert suggests that this figure was too high.
The Southwark property mentioned in the will of Henry Saunder was the Three Crowns Inn in the parish of St. Margaret (". . . in hospicio meo vocat' le threcrownes," as the trilingual text reads). St. Margaret's parish was united in 1540 with St. Mary Magdalene to become the parish of St. Saviour.8 William Saunder in his will of 1570 referred to the property in the parish of St. Saviour, South- wark, which he had inherited from his father. It is unknown how long the Three Crowns Inn belonged to the Saunder family, pre-
1 Blechingley; A Parish History, U. Lambert, 1921, 1, 284.
2 The three others had died in the intervening period : Sir Richard Carew died in 1520, Thomas Polsted in March 1528-9 (Manning and Brav, op. cit., 1, 178) and Ralph Lepton in 1527 [ibid., 1, 69).
3 Sv.A.C, 13, 145, quoting Harl. Charter, 112F, 23.
4 Sy.A.C, Extra Vol., "Surrey Fines," 199. 3 V.C.H., op. cit., 4, 259.
6 Op. cit.
7 Lambert, op. cit., 1, 304.
8 Southwark Story, F. Higham, 1955, 102, reviewed in this vol., p. 152.
84 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
sumably William's son or grandson disposed of it. The Three Crowns lay just outside the city wall in a locality rich in accommo- dation for the traveller going to and from London. Little, however, appears to be known of this inn. Inns of Old Southwark1 says nothing about it other than2 that Three Crown Square on the west side of Southwark High Street marks the site of an inn and that an in- denture of 1617 mentioned a tenement adjoining the south side of the great gate of the inn called the Three Crowns. "Bryan Swvn- bank of the iii Crownes in Southwerk" was mentioned in a will' of 1520.3
Henry Saunder's property in Charlwood, Newdigate and Ockley (his son William also inherited land in Horley from him) would mostly be land inherited from his father. Unfortunately the 15th- century will of William Saunder of Charlwood does not seem to have been preserved. Nicholas, grandson of Henry, owned two farms in Charlwood at his death in 1587; he also held 100 acres of land, meadow and pasture at Charlwood in 1574, which he sold to Robert Whyteneld.4
The testament of Henry Saunder's will5 disposing of his personalty or movable property, is much shorter than that part dealing with his real estate. He directed that he should be buried in the hospital called the Savoy, near London. He made a number of bequests in connection with his funeral; these included 6/8d. each to four chaplains of the Savoy to say a mass; every priest, "presbitus" at the funeral service at Ewell church and at mass on the morrow was to have 14d., and "dinner where he will," but lOd. if at the mass only (and presumably no dinner!). Every parish priest, "clericus parochalis" at the high mass was to receive 4d. The poor of Ewell attending both funeral and mass were to have 4d. each; those present at one or the other Id. The two men who accompanied his body from Ewell to the Savoy holding two burning torches ("duas torchias ardentes in manibus suis") were to receive 4 shillings each beyond their expenses for the return journey. It was likely that these men fully earned their bequests, walking by the bier in the depths of the winter of 1518-19 the dozen or so miles along the rough road from Ewell to the Savoy, holding lighted torches.
Henry left 40 shillings to William Holgyll, Master of the Savoy, his friend who was trustee of his will, testament and settlement. Smaller bequests were made to the Prior of St. Mary Overie (Bar- tholomew Linsted, Prior from 1512 up to the dissolution of the Priory in 1539; he was an executor of the will of Henry Saunder's widow)6 and to the Priory itself, as also to St. Mary Magdalene, Southwark. Henry Saunder seems to have had strong associations
1 W. Rendle and P. Norman, 1888.
2 Pp. 416-17.
3 Sv.A.C, 1, 185.
4 Sy.A.C, 13, 147.
5 Some extracts from which appear in Lambert, op. at., 284-5.
6 Arch. Surrey, 133, Mathewe.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 85
with Southwark, for he also made bequests to the priest and high altar of St. Mary Magdalene, Southwark, which was not even the parish church of the Three Crowns Inn. Perhaps the Saunders had a house in this parish?
Ewell church was bequeathed 10 marks for repairs and 40d. for tithes negligently forgotten and withheld (this was a usual type of bequest in the Middle Ages; his son William in 1570 bequeathed 12d. and his grandson Francis in 1613 left 2 shillings for the same purpose to Ewell church). Both Henry and his wife Joan left money to the canons of St. Mary Overie for prayers for their souls. Henry had a private chaplain in Ewell, Thomas Wade by name, who was granted 4 marks a year for ten years so long as he lived at the Mansion in Ewell, ministered to his widow and said masses for his soul; if he did not reside with the widow, Wade was to be provided with living accommodation elsewhere.
Family bequests made by Henry included an annuity of £10 to his sister Joan Hunsterton; £60 to his daughters Margaret and Agnes, the latter of whom was betrothed to Richard Keys of East Greenwich (and had married him before the date of her mother's will in March 1518-19). Margaret was to receive her share when she came of age. Legacies of £60 were also left to Ursula, his eldest grand-daughter and to Margaret, daughter of Nicholas Saunder of Charlwood. Joan, Henry's wife, was bequeathed all his goods and chattels, except a gold cross and two coats left to his son William.
It may seem strange that Henry Saunder made no direct pro- vision for his elder son Nicholas in a will which was careful for the welfare of his family, even to the provision for Joan, the wife of this son Nicholas, to live at Batailles Manor House after the death of her mother-in-law. This omission of Nicholas from his father's bequests was probably because he was already provided for and he may have been living at Carshalton. The manor there had been settled in 1514 on Sir John Iwardby of Fitznells, Ewell, who was the husband of Senchia Carew,1 with remainder to their daughter Joan, the wife of Nicholas Saunder.2 Possibly Nicholas and Joan were living at Carshalton when Henry Saunder made his will in 1518; it seems unlikely that Sir John Iwardby himself went to live there, for his third wife was buried at Ewell in 1519,3 which points to his residence at that time at Fitznells. It is not known when Nicholas Saunder died.4
Henry Saunder appointed his nephew, Nicholas Saunder of Charlwood, executor of his will. Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, agreed to act as supervisor. Henry Saunder had participated in a minor way in the foundation by Bishop Fox of Corpus Christi
1 Pedigree II.
2 V.C.H., op. cit., 4, 182.
3 Manning and Bray, op. cit., 1, 460.
4 His name does not appear in the burial register of Carshalton for the 16th century; no record of the Ewell burial register survives prior to 1608.
86 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
College, Oxford, for the bishop bought the Manor of Milton, near Egham, in the names of William Frost, Ralph Lepton and Henry Saunder. Later this property was conveyed to John Claymond, the first President of the College.1
This Ralph Lepton, who was also a trustee of Saunder's will, was rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, from 1504 until his death in 1527.- He was a relative — possibly even brother — of Joan, Henry Saunder's wife, who was a daughter of John Lepton of Kipwick, Yorkshire. The arms on Ralph Lepton's brass in the church of St. Nicholas-3 were those of the family resident at Kipwick.
Henry Saunder's wife did not long survive her husband; she made her will4 March 2, 1518-19, and it was proved later in the same month. She directed that she should be buried next to her husband at the Savoy. She left her movable goods in Southwark to her son \\ llliam, while son Nicholas and daughter Agnes Keys were to share her household goods at Charlwood. After a few other bequests of clothes and household material the residue was left to Margaret, her unmarried daughter.
William Saunder, who succeeded to most of the property of his father Henry, was unmarried when his parents were alive. Lambert5 suggested that he came of age when he was formally inducted to the Pendell property; this was in April 1529,6 but he must have come of age long before 1529, for he signed the Pendell rent roll in
1520.7 He was twice married, his first wife was Joan, the daughter of Sir William Merston of Horton Manor, near Epsom. She had first married Nicholas Mynne of Norfolk, by whom she had a family; her eldest son John Mynne was aged 20 at her death in October
1539.8 hence her marriage to William Saunder hardly took place before 1525. The date of birth of none of William Saunder's children is known. William's second wife was Joan, the widow of Thomas Gittons, Citizen and Vintner of the City of London.
Lambert9 suggested that William Saunder was a lawyer, as his signature on the Pendell rent roll has a lawyer's hieroglyphic; facsimiles of his signature appear in Sy.A.C, 4, 139, 141. He held a sequence of high appointments in Surrey during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary, which demanded a legal training. Some of these were Treasury appointments, for which a knowledge of financial matters was also essential.10
1 Manning and Brav, op. cit., 3, 254. - Ibid., 1, 69.
3 Ibid., 1, 65.
4 Arch. Surrey, 133, Mathewe.
5 Op. cit., 285.
6 Harl. Chart. 112, F23.
7 Lambert, op. cit., 298.
8 Manning and Bray, op. cit., 2, 612; Cal. Pat. Rolls, Ed. VI, 5, 345.
9 Op. cit., 298.
10 The Return of Members of Parliament k'ives William Saunder as Member fur Gatton in 1529 and for the County of Surrey in 1553, 1554 and 1555, but there is no indication whether the Member was William of Ewell or his cousin who was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1556.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 87
In about 1539 William Saunder of Ewell became a Receiver of the Court of Augmentations, which administered Church lands sequestered from the monasteries.1 He was the Receiver for Surrey and Sussex and in this capacity was responsible for the payment of pensions to ten monks of St. Mary Overie after their eviction.2 It is to be hoped that he was generous to these former friends of his parents.
William Saunder's name regularly appeared as a member of the Commission of the Peace for Surrey in the 1540's. He was appointed a member of the Chantry Commission for Surrey in February 1545-63 and three years later he became Escheator in Surrey and Sussex.4 In this capacity Saunder supervised the collection of property which had lapsed to the Crown.
Saunder soon afterwards was a Commissioner for the Sale of Church Goods in East Surrey. He was busy in March 1548-9 certi- fying the inventories of the village churches near Ewell.5 Four years later, on May 7, 1553, Sir Thomas Cawarden, Nicholas Legh and William Saunder received to the king's use one chalice weight 11| oz. from St. Mary's Church, Ewell, and delivered to the church- wardens there a chalice of 15 oz. with other church property.6 Similar appropriations took place from other parishes. The goods taken from churches by the Commissioners did not always find their way "to the king's use." Perhaps the golden crosses which William Saunder bequeathed to his children had been church property before 15502
Queen Mary abolished the Court of Augmentations as soon as she acceded to the throne, but Saunder found employment in her reign as her Cofferer. He was involved in an incident in Wyatt's abortive rising in January 1553-4 to prevent the Queen's marriage with Philip of Spain. On January 25, the day fixed for the revolt, William accompanied his cousin Sir Thomas Saunder (who was at that time High Sheriff of Surrey) to Blechingley, where they seized the armoury of Sir Thomas Cawarden, whose loyalty to Queen Mary was in doubt.7 Cawarden's own account of the episode, recorded by Lambert,8 suggested that William Saunder did not go to Blechingley until a day or two later. Some of the equipment taken from
1 Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, ed. J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie, 14, Part I, 593.
2 Ibid., 13, Part II., 503.
3 Sy.A.C, 25, 5.
4 Cal. Pat. Rolls, Ed. VI, 5, 327.
5 Sy.A.C, 21 and 23. This Commission was set up by Somerset to curtail popish practices and enforce the new religion throughout the land. William Saunder is here actively supporting the new Church; it was during the forty or so years after Queen Mary's accession that the Saunder family of Ewell adhered to the Catholic faith.
6 Sy.A.C, 4, 171.
7 V.C.H., op. cit., 1, 377.
8 Op. cit., 264-7.
88 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
Cawarden's house was lodged at Ewell; Cawarden later claimed that all the property removed was worth £2,000 and had been taken away in seventeen great wains.
Sir Thomas Cawarden held an eminent position and was a Justice of the Peace for Surrey. As he was a staunch Protestant it was thought that he might side with those stirring up opposition to the Queen's intended marriage ; his armoury at Blechingley was there- fore impounded as a precaution. Cawarden had to bide his time for any attempted restitution until after Marj^'s death. He then im- mediately went to law for the return of his confiscated possessions, when he hoped for more sympathetic treatment under a regime that was not Catholic. He petitioned the Privy Council, who decided in 1559 that he might seek redress at common law, but he had no success. He died in August of that year and his widow in the following February. Lady Cawarden's executor was directed by the Privy Council in August 1560 to drop the proceedings against Sir Thomas and William Saunder.
The continued animosity between Sir Thomas Cawarden and William Saunder after the affair of the Wyatt rising is exemplified in the eviction of Cawarden from Nonsuch, which seems to have been contrived by Saunder and Lord Lumley, the lord of the manor of Ewell. Cawarden had been appointed Steward of the royal manor of Nonsuch, which was alienated from the Crown to Lord Arundel early in Queen Mary's reign; Lord Lumley was Arundel's son-in-law. Cawarden's account (written in 1557) of the events leading up to his eviction was found amongst the Loseley Papers.1 His graphic protest described his elimination step by step from the Stewardship thus : "Whie shold my Lorde Lumley and Mr. Saunder so colorablye, first shulder me from the kepinge of the banketing house, and then from the manc'on house, — thirdly, from the paler's lodge, — fourthly, from the garden romes, — fifthly, from the keper's lodge of the park, — sixthly from the keper's lodge of the hous, — and seventhly, to the pitt brink, with force of armes (to exclude all my sarvaunts, and after) dreyve out all the cattale from my sayed herbage that wear in by my appointment; and tooke away my paunage ?". Lumley and William Saunder remained friends for many years and Saunder appointed "my especiall good lord Lumley" an overseer of his will.
William Saunder was careful to sue out a pardon at the accession of Queen Elizabeth. His name and those of his sons Nicholas and Francis were included in the Pardon Roll of January 1 559-60. 2 The only appointment William seems to have held in the new reign was that of Surveyor of the Queen's Lands in January 1 562-3. 3 Probably his advancing age, rather than the new regime's distrust of his religious views, brought about his retirement from active service.
1 Topographical Htsh>tv of Sin rev and Sussex, G. L. Gomme, 1900, 108.
2 Cal. Pat. Rolls, KHz.," 1, 202.
3 Sy.A.C, 8, 302.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 89
Although he inherited Batailles and other estates in Surrey from his father, William later acquired other properties outside the county. He bought the Manor of Cardens with lands in the villages of Cliff, Higham, Cooling and Frindsbury in North Kent. This manor had belonged to the Charterhouse1 and after the suppression of the monastery the manor was granted to Thomas Gittons,2 Citizen and Vintner of London, who was at once granted a licence to alienate the manor to Sir Oliver Ledder. Thomas Gittons died in 1543; his will3 mentioned his wife Joan, five children and brother David. William Saunder's will records that Cardens and neigh- bouring lands were bought by William from Sir Oliver Ledder and David Gittons. William bequeathed the manor to his wife Joan for life ; he had in fact married as his second wife the widow of Thomas Gittons, once owner of Cardens. William's eldest son inherited Cardens after the death of Joan. Harshing Marsh in Cliff parish was left to his other sons, Francis and Erasmus. William had bought the marsh in November 1546,4 which was probably about the date that he acquired the other Kent property.
William Saunder bought the Manor of Parrock, near Hartfield in Sussex, in 1547.5 Also known as the Manor of Parrock and Parrock Inholmes, this manor was bequeathed with the iron mill by William to his son Nicholas. The latter in 1587 left it to his wife for life and then to his son Henry. However, in 1590 Henry disposed of the estate to his brother Sir Nicholas Saunder6, who sold it in 1593 to William Garway.7
William Saunder was twice involved in litigation concerning the Parrock property. The previous owner, a certain William Warner, had had complicated financial transactions with Saunder, and Warner's son claimed possession of the manor on the grounds that the sale was not absolute. The Court of Chancery decided in Saunder's favour.8
Meanwhile it seems that after William Warner's death his family had leased the iron mill and 40 acres of land for ten years to Denise Bowyer, mother of Sir Henry Bowyer, later Ironmaster to Queen Elizabeth. The lawsuit between Saunder and Denise Bowyer is vividly described in the Star Chamber Proceedings.9 Denise con- tended that three years after she had taken possession of the iron mill William Saunder bought the reversion of the premises. She alleged that he then came with his men and "distrained her cattle and broke up the said pools and waters so that she could not have
1 History of the County of Kent, E. Hasted, 1797, 3, 508-9.
2 Hasted's text is wrong in writing the name "Gibbons."
3 P.C.C., 23 Spert.
4 Gairdner and Brodie, op. cit., 21, Part II, 248.
5 Wcalden Iron, E. Straker, 1931, 242.
6 Sx. Rec. Soc, 20, 338.
7 Straker, op. cit., 244.
8 Ibid., 242.
9 Ibid., 242-4; Sx. Rec. Soc, 16, 61-4.
90 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
any recourse to the said iron mill or forge." There seems to have been a pitched battle between the followers of the two contestants, for Denise claimed that some of her servants had been assaulted while preventing the ponds from being drained.
Saunder for his part naturally denied the assault and riot alleged. He claimed that after he and his men had departed peacefully from the works and had almost reached his own house they were set upon by Denise Bowyer and her followers. He alleged that she struck the oxen drawing a wagon bearing tools and the bellows taken from the ironworks, and cried out : "Down with Greybeard, down with Grey- beard" until he picked her up and carried her out of the way. He seems to have been knocked down in the scrimmage, she thereupon was said to have cried: "Slay him, slay him, shoot at Greybeard." Needless to say Denise denied all this; she could hardly be blamed for making a determined effort to recover the furnace bellows and other equipment which William had loaded into his wagon. Who won this lawsuit is unknown; Saunder was in possession of the ironworks in 1564, which would have been the case whether he had won or lost, for Denise Bowyer only had a ten-year lease on the ironworks. Not until 1577 did the Warners formally renounce claim to the manor, when Vincent Warner quitclaimed it to Nicholas Saunder.1
William Saunder also acquired the Manor of Chessington-at-Hoke, described in his will as: "late parcel of the dissolved monastery of Merten Abbey." This manor was left to his son Nicholas, whose son Sir Nicholas conveyed it to Benedict Haynes in 1601. 2 William had obtained leases from the Crown of woods and coppices in Chessington in 1557,3 it seems perhaps a flight of fancy to suggest that Saunder rented these woods in order to supply fuel for his ironworks at Parrock twenty-five miles away and yet at this time there was a grave shortage of wood as a result of the felling of timber in certain areas.4
William Saunder showed generosity in his will to his servants, for he directed his son Nicholas "to kepe house at Ewell for my wyffe and all my servants one quarter of a yeare next after my death so that they maie gett maisters in the meane tyme." Two tenants were to be allowed to stay in their farms rent free for a year after his death. He directed that he should be buried in the chapel near his tomb5 in Ewell Parish Church. If he should die while away from Ewell he was to be given Christian burial where he died without any pomp. The brief and simple directions regarding his funeral are in marked contrast to the precise instructions of his father's will of half a century earlier and emphasize the changes in the ritual during that period.
1 Sx. Rec. Soc, 20, 338.
2 V.C.H., op. at., 3, 264.
3 Cal. Pat. Rolls, Phil, and Mary, 4, 156, 159.
4 Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution, T. S. Ashton, 1951, S, 9. 6 i.e., the grave of his first wife, who died at Ewell.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 91
Joan, the widow of William Saunder, made her will in April 1580.1 She gave instructions in the will that she was to be buried in the church at Narborough in Norfolk. Three months later she was buried there. Although her husband had left her the use of Cardens in Kent, she went to live at Narborough, probably with William's daughter Catherine, who was then living there with her second husband, John Spelman. Three others of William Saunder's daughters and possibly one or more of his sons were living in Norfolk in the 1570's and it was natural that she preferred to live near them, possibly paying visits to them on the "black amblinge nagge" which William Saunder had bequeathed her.
It is uncertain whether Joan, William Saunder's second wife, was the mother of any of his children. The Saunder pedigree dated 1679 compiled at the College of Arms and reproduced by T. Homer- Saunders2, names only William's first wife and five of his eight children. All these five are recorded as children of the first wife. Francis, the youngest son (omitted from the pedigree), was alive in 1546,3 his father could not have married his second wife until after the death in 1543 of her former husband. It seems unlikely there- fore that any of the children were issue of the second marriage. William's widow only mentioned one of his children, Catherine, in her will; Catherine was there described as "my daughter Spilman" wife of "my son Spilman of Narborough." Catherine was bequeathed a gilt cup and her husband a silver goblet and a pair of sables. Small bequests were also made to Catherine's daughter, Anne Kervill.4 These gifts were practically the sole bequests made by Joan Saunder beyond those left to her children by Thomas Gittons and their families, and were in all probability made because Joan was living with the Spelmans at Narborough. The bulk of Joan's property was left to her two sons, Oliver and Albey Gittons, both of whom had been mentioned in the will of Thomas Gittons. Oliver Gittons lived at Ewell (his house was recorded in the Survey of 1 577) and he and his wife were buried there in 1615 and 1618 respectively. William Saunder bequeathed Oliver a gown "furred with jennytts,5 my velvet jerkin and my cloke and a paier of my hosen."
William Saunder's five daughters had ten husbands between them
1 P.C.C., 27 Darcy.
2 The Saunders, Sanders, Sandars Family and Its Blood Connections, 1939, opposite 30.
3 Gairdner and Brodie, op. cit., 21, Part II, 248.
4 Anne, daughter of Catherine by her first husband, Edmund Kervill, was married in 1581 to Sir Clement Spelman, son by a former wife of Catherine's second husband, John Spelman. After Anne's death in 1602 Sir Clement married a sister of the wife of Sir Augustine Palgrave, the eldest son of TJrith Saunder.
5 Civet. The variety of furs in use in the 16th century is manifest in Saunder wills. William's mother bequeathed a gown furred with shankys (fur from the legs of sheep or kids) ; his widow used wolverine for one of her gowns, while his cousin, Sir Thomas Saunder, in his will (P.C.C., 19 Crymes) mentioned a velvet gown furred with martens.
H
92 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
and all five had married at the time he made his will. The eldest daughter Mary was left a widow with a young family by the early death of her husband, Nicholas Lusher. She remained a widow for over forty years, continuing to live at her husband's Manor of Shoelands at Puttenham, Surrey. Her only son Nicholas was knighted in 1603.
The other four of William's daughters aU married into Norfolk families. Urith, probably the second daughter, married John Palgrave of Berningham Northwood. A descendant through his grandmother (Anne Glemham) from Edward I, Palgrave was a Bencher and Treasurer of the Inner Temple, where two of Urith's brothers were Students. John and Urith lived together more than forty years at Northwood Berningham and the church there, which is practically all that now remains of the village, has a number of fine memorials to the family, although the veracity of some of the heraldic shields displayed on these is open to doubt.1 Urith's eldest son Augustine was a barrister of the Inner Temple and was knighted in 1604.
Frances, the next daughter, married twice. Her first husband was Barnard Jennings of Vann, near Godalming. He died childless only two or three years after their marriage. She afterwards married Henry, son of Sir John Spelman of Narborough. They lived at Congham, seven miles north of Narborough, where a brass plate records the deaths of Frances and Henry and gives the names of their children and grandchildren. Their eldest son, Sir Henry Spelman, was the famous historian and author of many works on antiquarian subjects.
The two youngest daughters of William Saunder, Elizabeth and Catherine, were each married three times. Catherine's first husband was Edmund Kervill or Carvill, of Wiggenhall. Elizabeth was first married to Roger Castell of Raveningham, whose sister married a brother of Edmund.2 Edmund Kervill died in 1570; within a year Catherine married John Spelman of Narborough, a nephew of the husband of her sister Frances. Tragedy overtook the family ten years later when John Spelman and Roger Castell were buried at Narborough within a few days of one another in 1581. 3 Catherine lastly married Miles Corbet of Sprowston, Norfolk, just over a year after the death of her second husband. Miles Corbet was a soldier who was knighted by Essex at Cadiz in 1596. On their alabaster tomb at Sprowston are the effigies of Catherine and the first wife of Sir Miles, kneeling side by side behind their spouse. Catherine died in 1608, the year after her husband's death.
Elizabeth married again about two years after the death of Roger Castell, her second husband being William Forthe of Hadleigh,
1 Palmer and Tucker, op. cit., 189-93.
- Vis. Norfolk, Had. Soc, 32, 69-70, 178-9.
3 This year was not a serious plague year in East Anglia and yet the husband of a third Saunder sister in Norfolk, Henry Spelman of Congham, died a few months after John and Roger.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES !J3
Suffolk. Her third husband was Thomas Garnish, also of a Suffolk family. Thomas, whom she married before 1613, was much younger than Elizabeth; his death did not take place until 1652.
Francis Saunder, the youngest son of William, made his will1 at Congham a few days before his death in August 1613. He probably lived here with his widowed sister Frances. Francis, apparently unmarried, was called Francis Saunder of Ewell in his will and yet the only property he held there in 1577 was a cottage on the north side of Gallows Street (now West Street) plus 3 acres in the Common held.2 He made his nephew Richard, son of Erasmus Saunder, his residuary legatee. At the Court Baron of Ewell held in 1615 Richard alienated the tenement with appurtenances which he held in Ewell. Francis left small bequests to about thirty of his relatives; the beneficiaries were chiefly grandchildren of Frances Spelman and the children of his brother Erasmus. Francis owned the rectory of All Saints at Congham ; the church of All Saints, one of the three in the village, had faUen into disuse at that time. Francis had quarrelled with his brother Nicholas at Ewell, who in his will in 1587 made Francis a bequest "in token of a perfect reconciliation and forgetting of all matters heretofore passed betwixt him and me."
Erasmus, the second son of William Saunder, was a barrister, having been admitted a Student of the Inner Temple in 1559. His name occurred in a number of official lists of recusants during the last twenty years of the 16th century, showing him to have been an ardent Catholic, who suffered imprisonment for this cause. His wife came from Tenby in Pembrokeshire and his descendants lived in that part of Wales. An account of this branch has been written by F. Green.3 The male line is now represented by the Saunders of Alton Pancras, Dorchester,4 the tenth generation from Erasmus. Two descendants in this line, a father and a son both bearing the name Erasmus, were eminent divines of the 18th century, who hnd a place in the Dictionary of National Biography.
Jenet Barrett's marriage to Erasmus Saunder took place in or before 1570. Her father had died when she was a child and she became a ward. It seems that she was carried away by night by a certain Peter Veale, who sold her wardship to Erasmus Saunder. No doubt he married her at once and went to live in Wales, for he was bailiff of Tenby in 1572 and mayor in 1577. Shortly afterwards he was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison as a recusant and in 1581 Jenet was a convicted recusant too, when she was called the wife of
1 P.C.C., 76 Capell.
2 It was not from want of trying that Francis held no more land in Ewell; at the Court Baron of Ewell Manor in 1598 it was declared that he had en- closed the meadow Dickard Mead, which had always been common land. He was ordered to lay it open under penalty of 39 shillings.
3 Saunders of Pentre, Tymawr and Glanrhydw, Hist. Soc. of West Wales Trans., 1911-12, 2, 161-88.
4 Burke's Landed Gentry, 1952.
94 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
Erasmus Saunder of Ewell.1 Erasmus was in the Fleet Prison again in 1 582-3, 2 in 1588 he appeared in the recusancy lists under Clerken- well3 and in 1592-34 he was described as having lately lived at Raveningham, Norfolk (where his sister Elizabeth lived). Finally in 1594 Erasmus was indicted as a recusant at the Great Session in Pembrokeshire.5 Despite this adventuresome life Erasmus and Jenet brought up eleven children. Erasmus was alive in September 1597 and died before October 1600. He owned no property in Ewell in 1577 and probably owned none there subsequently.
The other son of William Saunder was Nicholas his heir, who inherited the Ewell property. Besides inheriting the entailed property of his grandfather, Henry Saunder, Nicholas was left two estates bought by his father: Parrock in Sussex and Cardens in Kent, the latter after the life interest of his father's widow. Nicholas was a lawyer and was admitted a Student of the Inner Temple in 1556. Four years later he married Isabel Carew at Beddington, thus providing the third union between the Saunder and Carew families (Pedigree II). His wife was the youngest daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew, a close friend of Henry VIII in the earlier years of his reign. Carew was beheaded in 1539, only three years after he had received the Order of the Garter. Fuller6 called him a jolly Gentleman and attributed his downfall to a dispute with the king during a game of bowls, but the authenticity of this reason is con- sidered dubious. Carew's decided Catholic tendencies probably assisted in his misfortune. Isabel's mother was a descendant of Edward III.7
Nicholas Saunder had thus made a good marriage and was a man of much property and yet during the seventeen years he was lord of the manor of Batailles he did not hold any official position in the county. His recusancy was undoubtedly the cause of this. His name appeared in the Diocesan Return of Recusants of 15778 as having been presented for non-attendance at church. In the following year he was actually committed by the Bishop of London to the Fleet Prison on April 30. 9 He remained in prison less than two months, for he was freed on June 23. Nicholas must have recanted, although his brother Erasmus remained steadfast and was left in the Fleet.
There is a letter in the Loseley MSS.10 written in April 1580 by Robert Cole, Vicar of Epsom, to Sir William More, in which the vicar complained that he had been molested by Nicholas Saunder
1 A Century of Persecution, 1920, St. G. K. Hyland, 384.
2 Cal. State Papers, 1583, 159, 102.
3 Cath. Rec. Soc, 1921, 22, 131.
4 Ibid., 1916, 18, 376.
■' Cymru a'r Hen Flydd, 1951, E. G. Jones, 37.
6 History of the Worthies of England, 96.
7 Homer-Saunders, op. cii., pedigree opposite 30.
8 Cath. Rec. Soc., 22, 43.
9 Ibid., 131.
10 Hyland, op. cit., 327-8.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 95
because he had caused Saunder to be presented at the sessions for not receiving Holy Communion. Nicholas Saunder had been ordered to appear before Dr. Lewen, which he failed to do and thereupon "he stodc excommunicate." Cole claimed that as a result of this, Saunder molested him by all means he could devise. Nicholas Saunder accused Cole of being a barrator1 and a troublesome person. Cole, it seems, was probably the cause of Saunder's imprisonment in 1578.
The Vicar of Epsom presumably had the right to arraign Nicholas Saunder for non-attendance at church because Saunder held lands in Epsom.2 The benefice of Ewell might well have been vacant when the Vicar of Epsom caused Saunder to be presented at the sessions. William Thomas was appointed Vicar of Ewell in 1573, but perhaps he had sought a livelihood elsewhere as a means of avoiding destitution similar to that later suffered by his successor, Richard Williamson, Vicar from 1584 to 1589, who had to beg for his living3 because Nicholas Saunder (both father and son) kept the revenues from the parsonage lands. No doubt the Saunders con- sidered this only just, in view of what they suffered from the Established Church.
Although the elder Nicholas Saunder failed to appear before Dr. Lewen, he attended the sessions in the summer of 1580 — there is a warrant for his appearance at Kingston in August — and a letter of his, dated January 3, 1580-1, is preserved in the Loseley MSS.' in which he courteously replied to a summons from Sir William More and Sir Thomas Browne, Commissioners, to appear before them at Kingston. He wrote that he had appeared before the Council the previous autumn and was dismissed from the Council "in favourable terms . . . since which time my behaviour therein hath been such as I can and will be ready to yield you the reasonable account thereof." According to an endorsement on the letter "divers men of good credit" certified that Nicholas Saunder had from time to time attended divine service. Nicholas obviously had no wish to go to prison again and perhaps he was aware that the mood of those in power was hardening against the Catholics. Later in the year in which he wrote his letter an Act of Parliament made abstention from church liable to a fine of £20 a month, much greater than the penalty of a shilling a Sunday which had hitherto been imposed. The Act of 1581 also made those hearing mass liable to a large fine and a year's imprisonment. Nicholas Saunder would seem to have remained a Catholic at heart to the end of his days, for he bequeathed his brother Erasmus an annuity of £6-13-4 "so long as he shall
1 One who buys or sells ecclesiastical preferment, O.E.D.
2 His son Nicholas had one of the two largest assessments in Epsom in 1593 {Sy.A.C, 18, 208).
3 V.C.H., op. tit., 2, 28; Willis, op. tit., 19. * Hyland, op. cit., 324-5.
96 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
nede and untill he be restored unto some better livinge," demon- strating his approval of the fight made by Erasmus for the retention of the old religion. It appears pertinent that Nicholas omitted from his will any bequest to the church at Ewell or its vicar.
Nicholas was a sick man when he made his will in 1587. Nearly thirty small bequests were made to servants and others outside the family. The poor of Ewell and Epsom were left a hundred quarters of corn to be distributed in rye and barley during the five years after his death. He owned two farms at Charlwood, one of which was granted to his servant at the expiration of the lease then running.
The surprise of the will was the appointment of Sir William Cecil, Lord High Treasurer of England, as a supervisor, for it seems hard to understand how Saunder came to be on terms of such familiarity with Lord Burghley, when he had held no office of importance, but had in Elizabeth's reign been a thorn in the flesh of the official Church. The other supervisor was Sir Francis Carew, brother of Nicholas' first wife. For their trouble the supervisors were left rings set with emeralds ; Burghley was bequeathed the one with the best emerald.
The three daughters of Nicholas Saunder were bequeathed generous portions under their father's will when they married — 500 marks for one and 400 each for the other two. If Anne should marry John Abrahall her provision was to be increased to £300 ; she did not get her £300 dowry, for when she married Henry Whitney three years later she was a spinster. Her sister Mary's husband was named Bevill or Beavell. The third daughter Jane was married to Luke Ward in March 1589-90, but she was soon widowed, for she became the wife of Alexander Clifford of Bobbing, Kent, in June 1593. Her brother Nicholas in 1595 made over property in Ewell to her and her husband. Alexander Clifford was knighted at Cadiz in 1596, at the same time that Miles Corbet, the husband of Jane's aunt Catherine, was similarly honoured by the Earl of Essex (and much to Queen Elizabeth's annoyance).
Henry, the younger surviving son of Nicholas Saunder, matricu- lated at Balliol College in August 1583, when he was 14; he was admitted a Student of the Inner Temple seven years later. His father left him "a whole furniture of a chamber and bedding" and granted him an annuity of £20 during the life of Margaret, his step- mother; after her death he was to succeed to the Manor of Parrock, which he sold to his brother in 1590. Henry's name does not occur in any connection with Ewell and he may have gone abroad; he was probably unmarried.
The eldest son of Nicholas Saunder and his wife Isabel was named Nicholas. He matriculated at Balliol College at the age of 18 in 1581, two years before his younger brother Henry and likewise, according to Foster's Alumni Oxonienses, preceded Henry to the Inner Temple, both sons thus followed the profession of their father. In the summer of 1585 the list of certified recusants of Ewell in-
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 97
eluded "Mr. Nicholas Saunder gent, the younger and his wife."1 Nicholas was then only 22 and had already married Elizabeth, the daughter of Richard Blunt, who had owned property in Lambeth.
Nicholas was mentioned as a recusant "now to be dealth with"2 in 1586, but not subsequently. He succeeded to his father's property at the end of the following year (except that which was left for life to Margaret, his stepmother, who was granted the Manor of Batailles) and at once embarked upon a parliamentary career for which he had to conform to the Established Church and submit to the Oath of Supremacy. The sentence in his father's will that to Lord Burghley's "honorable favour, direction and protection I doe comend and comitt my said sonne Nicholas" may have influenced this change of face of Nicholas Saunder junior. The change was com- plete by January 1591-2, when Lord William Howard, Sir William More and Sir Francis Carew (uncle of Nicholas) informed the Privy Council that Nicholas Saunder was a member of the Surrey Com- mission for the detection and suppression of the Jesuits. Howard, More and Carew declared that all the ten members of the Surrey Commission were sound and well affected in religion to God and devoted in all duty to the service of Her Majesty.3 The report to the Privy Council had to disclose whether any of the Commissioners' wives were recusants; no comment was made on any of this report. It is therefore surprising to read in a Declaration of the Knights and Burgesses of Surrey:4 "And lykewise Sir Nicholas Saunders a Justice of the peace alsoe of the Countye, that ordinarilye he Comethe to the churche and is not suspected anye waye to be popishe, but his wife is of a popishe disposition as we are credibly e ynformed." This document is undated, but must have been written after Nicholas was knighted in 1603.5 It was easier for Elizabeth Saunder to adhere to the Catholic religion than for her husband, since women papists were not liable to imprisonment and did not surfer the heavy penalties and loss of property to which their husbands were exposed.
Nicholas Saunder was Member for Penrhyn, Cornwall, in the Parliament of 1588-9. Subsequently he is recorded as representing the Cornish boroughs of St. Ives in 1593, Helston in 1597-8 and Lostwithiel in 1601. He was also credited with representing Hasle- mere in the Parliament of 1593. This Parliament lasted less than
1 Ibid., 392.
2 Ibid., 393.
3 Ibid., 202-3.
4 Ibid., 231.
5 The Knights of England, W. A. Shaw, 1906, 2, 107, includes with those knighted at the Charterhouse on May 11, 1603, "Richard (Nicholas) Saunders (Sanders), of Co. Lincoln" which would serm to refer to Nicholas Saunder of Ewell. The mistake of the Christian name is understandable, but Nicholas Saunder had no connection with Lincolnshire. In the Translation of the Manors of Ewell and Cuddington (Northey 10/170) Nicholas is called Sir Nicholas Saunder for the first time in the Court Baron held June 5, 1603.
98 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
three months, and it may be that he sat for either St. Ives or Hasle- mere and that in the other constituency a writ was issued for a by -election, which was never held on account of the short duration of that Parliament. Subsequently he represented Gatton from 1604 to 1611 and finally YVinchelsea in 1626.
There survives a letter written by Nicholas Saunder on the last day of the Parliament which ended in April 1593.1 This letter was addressed to Sir William More at Loseley and recounted recent proceedings in the House. Saunder related that on one occasion they passed away the time reasonably pleasantly in arguing to a merry bill of the Brewers, though "the cheefeest matter of pleasure to ye house was through ye Bill of Cranbrooke, wch. I procured to be red." Later they sat until after 3 o'clock in order to pass a bill (he was glad that More was free from the wearisome attendance). "We were content to yield to anything so wee might rise . . . many of us cought such a faintnes there, so long fasting, having neyther meate in our bellies nor witt in our heddes yt wee shall not (I doubt me) be able to make a wyse speeche there while wee live." In this letter Saunder alluded to George More, Sir William's son, as "my brother George," and he concluded the letter "Your dutifull Sonne." George More's daughter Mary married Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, a nephew of Nicholas Saunder's mother, nearly five years after this letter was written, but no connection between the More and Saunder families before 1598 is apparent. Saunder probably addressed the Mores in this manner as a result of an intimate friendship which existed between Nicholas and George More, who as well as Sir William, represented a Surrey constituency in 1593. This familiarity between Nicholas Saunder and the Mores contrasts strongby with the formal letter (already considered) written thirteen years before- hand by his father to Sir William More.
Nicholas Saunder's name appears once or twice as a member of a Parliamentary Committee, such as that appointed in March 1592-3 for the relief of wounded soldiers and sailors.2 He looked after affairs near home, for he presented a petition from the local inhabitants for the repair of Talworth (sic) Lane, Surrey, in 1604- and he served as a Commissioner of the River Wandle in 1610. 3
His experience as a member of the Wandle Commission may have influenced Sir Nicholas to join an undertaking for supplying London with water. C. H. Dudley Ward5 credits Sir Nicholas with having been one of the principal partners in Sir Hugh Myddleton's New River Scheme for bringing water from springs near Ware in Hert- fordshire to Islington. Dudley Ward states that Saunder was em- barrassed financially in 1633 owing to the failure of the scheme, and in the end was ruined by his adventure. The New River Scheme,
1 Hyland, op. cit., 229-31; The Times, December 12, 1929.
2 Hatfield MSS., Part IV, 295. ■■> Ibid., Part XVI, 68.
* Sy.A.C, 21, 176.
6 Family of Twysden and Twisden, 1939, 141.
THE MANOR OF BATAILLES 99
although it encountered difficulties during the digging of the canal in 1609-13 and was not an economic proposition until twenty years afterwards, paid a maiden dividend in 1633 and became even more prosperous after 1640. If therefore Sir Nicholas had had a share in the scheme he would have had some return during the last fifteen years ot his life. There is no mention of Saunder in any record of the New River Scheme.
The venture with which Sir Nicholas was connected was not promoted until 1628 when a grant1 was made to him, his son Henry and Michael Parker for the conveyance of water by a covered aqueduct from springs near Hoddesdon, Herts., to London, in return for the payment to the Crown of a yearly rent of £4,000. Money for the scheme was to be raised by a lottery. Neither Sir Nicholas Saunder nor his son Henry is mentioned again in connec- tion with the scheme, which met with opposition both from the New River already constructed and from a proposal to draw water from Rickmansworth.2
The Hoddesdon scheme proposed to convey the water in a covered aqueduct, as distinct from Myddleton's open canal, which gave muddy water "found by experience not to be fit for many uses, and to fail many times for a whole week or fortnight together." Eight years after Saunder's grant the Hoddesdon supply had not been begun and its cost was assessed at £25,000. The last heard of the venture is the indenture of September 1639, between Sir Edward Stradling and others, who undertook to bring water from Hoddesdon to London within five years. £7,000 raised by lottery had been paid to the undertakers and £5,000 more was available. The rest of the £25,000 was to be paid "as it shall be raised by the lottery."3 Whether the other half of the necessary sum was forthcoming from lotteries is unknown, but the Hoddesdon water supply was never completed. The ruination of Nicholas Saunder by this failure is evident. In 1633 there was some hope of the venture being success- fully concluded; the establishment of the New River water supply on a sure basis a few years later meant the abandonment of the Hoddesdon scheme, probably with no redress to its promoters. It is pertinent to recall that Saunder sold his mansion at Ewell in 1638, presumably to recoup losses from the water scheme.
Isabella Twysden provides the epilogue to her father's long life, which began early in Elizabeth's reign and ended ten days after Charles I was executed. Isabella's diary4 describes how in the wintry weather of February 1649, the old man died at his house in Nonsuch Park. She says that he was buried "by torch lights" at Ewell by the side of his wife. Sir Nicholas Saunder made no wih; Dudley Ward5 said that Sir Nicholas was ultimately ruined and
1 Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1627-8, 114-15.
2 Sir Walter Roberts his Answer to Mr. Ford's Book . . ., 1641.
3 Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1639, 481.
4 Addit. MSS., 34171. 6 Op. at., 142.
100 THE MANOR OF BATAILLES
that his children inherited his heraldic distinctions but nothing else. This was an exaggeration, for his son sold Batailles Manor and 40 acres in 1659. If this were the only inheritance which Henry re- ceived from his father it was a pittance by comparison with the property that Sir Nicholas had inherited in 1587.
Sir Nicholas Saunder seems to have had two sons: Carew, who died in infancy, and Henry, born in November 1604 and hailed as heir to Sir Nicholas in the register of baptisms at Ewell. Henry matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in April 1624, his age being given as 17.1 Little is known of Henry Saunder, except that he participated in the Hoddesdon water scheme with his father and was present at his father's death. Dudley Ward2 says that Henry- died unmarried, while the College of Arms pedigree of 1679 states that he died without issue. It appears that he married Frances Watson at All Hallows, Barking, on November 28, 1636. The marriage licence describes the bridegroom as a bachelor aged 30 of Ewell, while the bride was a widow aged 30 of St. Martin-in-the- Fields. Nothing is known of Henry Saunder after his sale of Batailles in 1659, except that he must have died before the College of Anns pedigree was compiled in 1679, and that he had no children.
Frances, the eldest of the three daughters of Sir Nicholas Saunder, married Edward Warham of Osmington in Dorset. Frances and Edward lived at Nonsuch with her father, and continued to live there after his death. Frances was a widow in 1659 when she and Thomas Twysden sold their third part of Ruxley Manor to Thomas Thurgis.3 Elizabeth, the second daughter, married John Napier of Puncknoll, Dorset, whose family was connected with the War- hams. The youngest daughter of Sir Nicholas was Isabella, who became the wife of Sir Roger Twysden of East Peckham, the dis- tinguished historiographer. According to Dudley Ward4 Isabella Saunder had gone to live with the Twysdens in 1633 as a lady-in- waiting upon Roger's mother. The diminishing fortunes of her father made it essential for Isabella to marry soon; this she accom- plished at the beginning of 1635 and lived another twenty-two years, bearing her husband six children, all of whom survived their parents.
1 Alumni Oxonienses. - Op. cit., 141.
3 Manning and Bray, op. cit., 1, 461,
4 Op. cit., 140.
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EWELL IN 1577
BY
PHILIP SHEARMAN
I HE following account of the village of Ewell is contained in a Survey of the Parish of Ewell taken in 1577 by Thomas
A Taylor, Surveyor of Surrey. The manuscript is in the Muni- ment Room at Guildford, and consists of a book, some 12 inches by 8| inches, bound in parchment, and certified at the end as being in the handwriting of Thomas Taylor himself. It is in good condition, except for one or two of the pages at the beginning being torn.
When some forty years ago an earlier Survey, dated 1408, was published by the Rev. Cecil Deedes, entitled the Register or Memorial of Ewell, an article on the topography of Ewell was contributed by the late Miss Margaret Glyn. In this, she quoted extensively from the Survey of 1577, and produced a sketch map from the informa- tion it contained. I believe, however, that she did not have access to the original document, but to an 18th-century transcript of it, and there are several mis-spellings of names, e.g., Crach for Grace, Browningham for Browninges Hawe, and Heygate for Sleygate — the gate on the London Road leading into Nonsuch Park.
The Survey is headed "A Survey of all the hereditaments ... of Ewell with the particular bounds of the same taken in September and October 1577 ..." with a note of the names of the tenants whose evidence was taken. It opens with a description of the village itself — the portion here reproduced — finishing with a summary. Next follows a detailed description of the holdings in the Southfield, the great common field of the village, which lay to the south of it, and extended as far as Epsom and Banstead Downs. This is also followed by a summary, and occupies twenty-five pages. The Common Downs of Ewell are then described, and then the land to the north of the village. This comprises mainly closes and meadows, with scattered cottages and houses, and includes the Manor House and demesne of Ewell, and also the Manor House and demesne of Shaldeford. A summary again follows, and then the description of the three Commons, the Eastheath, the Westheath and the Marsh. These lay on both sides of the present Kingston Road as far as the Tolworth boundary. Finally, there is a complete summary of all the lands, tenements, etc., and their owners, and the Survey closes with a description of the boundaries of the parish. The whole document is too lengthy to be reproduced here in its entirety, and so I have confined myself to the opening portion of it, that describing the village itself.
102
PE LY OF
Pedigree II).
;n three bulls' heads caboshed argent, lied or.
-19.
Joj Liv
ma (d.
Joan y 1580. idow of Gittons . 1543).
= 2
10 >
Margaret iving in 1597 J. id wife, dau. oZic. 31 •holas Bostocl^Barnard of Newingtoni550). Surrey man
Elizabeth Living in 1613. mar. (1) Roger Castell (d. 1581). (2) Mar. Lie. 4 July 1583, William Forthe. (3) Thomas Garnish (d. 1652). d husband. Xo issue.
Catherine d. 1608. mar. (1) Ed- mund Kervill (d. 1570).
(2) 25 June 1571, John Spelman (d. 1581).
(3) 28 June 1582, Sir Miles Corbet (d. 1607). Issue by all husbands.
Jane jjry Living ir mar. (1) 1589-90 Ward, (i 1593 Sir Clifford Issue by
Erasmus John Jane Elizabeth Ann
Warham.
William
i
PEDIGREE I THE SAUNDER FAMILY OF EWELL AND SOME CONNECTIONS
William Saunder^Joan of Charlwood. Surrey
d 10 Aug. 1481 Dau. of Thomas Carew \su Pedigree II).
■ Mi' .1 , hevt.m , mini, I..-I »-.'. n 1 1,,,,- Lulls' |„.,„|s ,.,|„,sl„-,l .,,,-, nl
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■ n H..s hi Liugu.i
- U, Surrey
Will il.ii.-l I Sept 1518
i ■ : 1518 19
Will dated 2 March 1518 19. 17 March 1518 I"
Dau of John Lepton. of Kipwick. Yorkshire
Living in 1518
mar. Richard Hunsterton
(rf. 1500).
I ISSN
[wardby
J July 1580.
I wife widow of
1 hoin.is Gittona
1543
2 WILLIAM
Hill dated
2 Oct. 1570.
Proved
10 Nov. 1571.
loan ./. 28 Oct 1539
1st wife I Mil "
sir William Merston
of Hortnn, n
Widow of Nicholas Mynn
1518 "i 1519
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Issue Ly all husbands.
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in J 161(1
nl ' lull., I
1571 ,/ 1623
unmarried
IlLNm
imu in 1659, re I6K.1
JAM! Ml»V
i 1622 i iving i
mat. (I i *
1588-80 Luke Bevill
'■ 1698 Sir Alexander . 1621). 2nd husband.
1613 Living in IKm
l\ |„„, l son Henry Whitney.
I Planus
Living in los-.
Had issue
I.KIH
d 1642 mat
4 July 1626)
|. r (d. 1645).
WlLUAU mi. .i linn .i.i
i Mo ..I l 1655
Pi i. i Wall -.I
3. Isabella
/ 1 1 Mar. h 1656-57.
mar. 27 Jan 1634-35
Sir Roger Twysden (<f. 1672).
Saunders of Alton Pancras (Burke's Landed Gentry. 1952)
v^
W1X
TOMY
(Drawn by C. R. Haybittle.)
104 EWELL IN 1577
Ewell village, 14 miles from London, and now part of the borough of Epsom and Ewell, is now completely engulfed by the building developments of the last twenty-five years. Forty years ago, when Miss Glyn wrote her article, it was still an unspoiled village, and it was comparatively easy to visualize the parish as it was 400 years ago. Even now, the village still retains a great deal of its old appear- ance, although the surrounding fields and meadows have for the most part disappeared. The street plan is substantiaUy the same as in 1577, except that the main road from London to Epsom has been altered, and also that leading south to Reigate, while the main roads of 1577 are now mostly of lesser importance.
The centre of the village was then, as now, the crossroads, where the four main roads joined. The High Street ran north and south, leading to Kingston on the one side and Reigate on the other. It is the same now, except that at the southern end of the village the road bears eastward to Cheam, and the old road is only a foot- path over Priest Hill Farm, a new road to Reigate having been made as a result of the Enclosure of 1801. Church Street was the same then as now. Originally it ran eastward to Cuddington and Cheam, but some years before 1577 a number of changes had taken place, when the Great and Little Parks of Nonsuch were enclosed, and the Palace built by Henry VIII. This had caused the disap- pearance of the neighbouring village of Cuddington, and the closing of the road there. It still survives, however, as a footpath, called Vicarage Lane. At the same time the present London Road was made, leading between the two parks, and Church Street turned northward to meet it, as it still does, by the present church. The fourth road was the present West Street, then caUed Gallowstrete. It then led westwards towards Leatherhead. In 1408 it was called West Street, as it is today.
To the north of the crossroads are the springs which form the source of the Hogsmill River. Today the road here is wide, with water on both sides. It is difficult to decide the exact position of the river head in 1577, owing to road improvements, some of the springs being under the present road. Up to the early part of the 19th century there were watersplashes here. A lane leading from the church across Glyn House grounds came out about here, but was closed a century ago. On the western side, Spring Street and Chessington Road encircle the grounds of Bourne Hall, and join behind it. In 1577 Spring Street was called Beggars Rowe, and Chessington Road, Robertstretelane. From the latter, Old Schools Lane runs north-westward, and was then referred to as "the lane leding to Northcrofte." The Kingston Road ran as it still does, along the river as far as the Lower Mill, and then turns away.
The Survey opens with a description of the tenements from the S.E. corner of the village, going westward along what is now a foot- path, as far as the Cheam Road. The "Asshepytt" at the corner is still there, a hoUow planted with trees. Next come the houses in the Cheam Road, up to the crossroads in the centre of the village, and
EWELL IN 1577 105
then eastward again, along the southside of Church Street, here called the "strete towards the Church." The "lane leading into Southfield" is Ox Alley, called in 1408 Osemund's Lane. Of the houses described in this section none survive, except possibly the corner house at the crossroads, now a chemist's shop, and even this is probably somewhat later. The tenement called "Tabardes" still bears that name, although the house is of 17th century date. The Vicarage is now in a different place, and on its site stands Ewell Castle, now a school, a building dating from the early part of the 19th century, erected by Thomas Calve rley. The close called "thende of the Bitton" is all that remained in 1577 of a furlong called in 1408 the Butine, and mostly enclosed in Nonsuch Park.
The second stage describes the houses on the north side of Church Street, beginning with the church. All that is left of the old church is the tower, still standing in the churchyard. The rest was de- molished when the new church, 100 yards to the north, was built in 1848. The parsonage site is now occupied by Glyn House. Its grounds include the original parsonage grounds.
The Townhouse here described stood in the crossroads, probably a little to the N.E. of the centre — at least, that is how it appears in Rocque's Map of 1762. It was pulled down in the latter half of the 18th century.
Taylor then takes us round the corner, and along High Street to the northwards. Here still stands a row of houses with overhanging upper storeys, which may be the ones he describes, although Mr. C. S. Willis, who lives in No. 9, is of the opinion that they date from the early 17th century. The "Redd Lyon" Inn was apparently No. 9. It is in part a much older house than the rest, and was an inn up to the 18th century. Further up the road comes the Manor House of Buttalls. This has gone, and the site is now part of Glyn House grounds. Buttalls, called Botayles in 1408, was a subordinate manor, as also were Fitznell and Rookesley or Shaldeford. The "twisted tree of Elme," and the "grete Elme called Buttalls Elme" are, needless to say, no longer there. Opposite, there were then apparently a couple of cottages and their gardens between the river and the road.
Taylor's next section describes first a lane leading from the church to the river. This no longer exists. It survived as a church path until a century ago, when it was diverted. Then, we are taken along the Kingston Road as far as the Lower Mill. The names Wastells, Ballards Garden and Brownings Hawe have disappeared. Parsonage Lane is the lane leading from the London Road, opposite Church Street, towards the Kingston Road. In 1577 it continued through to that road. Nicholas Saunder's Mill is the Lower Mill. The mill house still stands, though the mill itself was burned down some years ago. It is of later date than the Survey. In 1408 it was described as the Abbot of Chertsey's Mill. The pound, too, has gone. It stood on the waste ground between the river and the road just south of the Lower Mill.
t'Wt'il in
Nortiicm Purr
ti B 'lhc boiindniie* t
*&i
JvunJiino' ol t)i«
lioUuws iur roajtcturut
Southern Pari if—
(Drawn by C. R. Haybittle.)
EWELL IN 1577 107
We then come to the houses on the west side of the present Cheam Road, starting from the south end of the village. The road to Epsom mentioned here is not the present road, but one that led off from the Cheam Road in a westerly direction a little to the south of the present one. There is no trace of it now. Taylor then takes us along West Street, here called Gallowstrete, first on the south side, then back along the north side. The "lane leading from Gallowstrete to Southfelde" is probably that now known as The Grove, the line of which, across the present Epsom Road, is con- tinued by the Reigate Road. The names Tobars and Ferebras, which also appear in 1408, have now gone.
Next we turn into High Street, up to Spring Street, which Taylor calls Beggars Row, and then the enclosed space between the river and Spring Street and Chessington Road, where Nicholas Saunder's mansion stood. The site is now occupied by Bourne Hall, an 18th century building, standing a little to the west of its Elizabethan predecessor, the foundations of which were discovered about forty years ago, between the present house and the river. Bourne Hall faces the river, but the earlier house had its back to it. There is still an enclosure with a stone wall, and "pondes and fishe therein," but the present wall is of later date. Incidentally, the fishing rights of the river here were the subject of much dispute between Saunders and Lord Lumley, the Lord of the Manor.
The Manor House of "ffennelles" still stands. It dates in part from the 17th century, and possibly earlier. The name was originally FitzNeel, from its 14th-century owner. In 1408 it was described as "late Fitzneeles." Taylor calls it Fenelles, and it is now known as Fitznells. It was one of the subordinate manors, the same as Buttalls, although in 1408 it is described as a tenement, while Buttalls is referred to as "Botayles fee." The Fitznell Mill is now the Upper MiU, in the same place then as now, at the end of the pool overlooked by Fitznells, perhaps the pleasantest spot in Ewell. The mill, mentioned in Domesday, was working until last year (1953). Now the great wheel is still, and the fate of the mill is uncertain.
108
EWELL IN 1577
Title page
A SURVEY of all the [Lands, Tenements and] hereditaments whatsoever [in the Parish] of Ewell being pte holden of the Lordship of EWELL with the ptic[ular and general] boundes of the same taken [in the months of] Septemb' & Octob' 1577. and in the [19th year of the reign] of our Soveraigne Lady Elizbyth "by the Grace] of god Quene of England ffraunce [and] Ireland defender of the faithe etc
[In a different hand] —
Note that the names of the tenanntes that were sworn and present at the taking of this survey appear and are mencened in the Rough book of the Survey viz
Allen Horde for Elizabeth Hord
Saunder Braye
Nicholas Waterer thelder
Edward Coddington
Thomas Kempe
Henry Roger
Georg Dowse als Taill [torn]
Oliver Gittons
Willm Cockes
Thomas Gonne
Thomas Newman
tent Tho: Tyllev
Ld. [Mrs More- scored through]
Mr. K.
ide
ide
"Heading torn. South end of Ox Alley, West to Cheam Road, North to Church St., East to Vicarage Lane].
Olyver gittens holdeth a litle Close by C[opy of the]
Mannor of Ewell abutt' vpon hatchfurlong afore
said of the southe vpon the lane leading from the
Churche of Ewell into Southfelde of thest pte and j acr' di'
vpon Asshepytt of the west cont' by estimacon
Horde holdeth a pece of hollow grownde inclosed
called Asshepytt as by Copy of the said mannor
abutt' vpon Hatchfurlong aforesaid of the southe
vpon the said landes of Olyver gittens of thest and j acr'
vpon the highe waye leading from Rigate
thorough Ewell of the west cont' by est'
The saide Horde holdeth1 of the said Mannor
one acre of land abutt' vpon the said Asshepytt
of the southe vpon the said lane from the Churche j acr'
to Southfeld of thest & vpon the said highewaye
thorough Ewell of the west lieng in pte vpon
the howse & pte vpon the garden & yde of hordes cont'
The same Horde holdeth by Copy of the said
Mannor a tente2 called [blank] with a forecourt
diu's edifices gardens orchard and a pcell of lande [Torn]
of thest pte of the orchard abutt' vpon the said
last named one acre of the southe vpon the forsaid
lane leding to southfeld of thest & vpon the forsaid
highwaye thoroughe Ewell of the west cont' by est'
1 " Ereely " scored through.
2 tenement
Marginal additions in a later hand.
EWELL IN 1577
109
Edward Codington holdeth by Copy of the said Edw: manor a tente a barne a stable an owtlett
Cuddington a garden an orchard and a Close of arr' abutt' [Fowle — vpon Hordes said howse & land of the south . . scored the said lane & highwaye of the . . .
through] cont' by est'
[Torn]
[Torn]
Page 2
[Aglond holdeth frjeely of fennelles & by Copy of Ewell twoo Closes of . . . vpon the said tente & landes . . . the southe & vpon the ... of thest & west ptes . . . ffennelles Manor & iij rod . . . Ewell by copy in thole cont'
j acr' di'
... by copy of Ewell a Cotage ... & land of the
backside cont . . . said lane & highwaye of . . . by est' di' acr'
[Lambert] holdeth by Copy of the said Manor . . . arr' land abutt' vpon the landes of olyver gittens of thest & vpon the said highwaye of the West cont' by est'
Marget Rogers the reu'con to Robert Rogers holde by Copy of the said Manor the southe pte of a tente cont' in the streteside lxiiij foote by measure & of a barne owtkitchen garden orchard & of a pightell of lande of the south pte of the said orchard abutt vpon the said Roger lambtes lande of the southe vpon the landes of Blaunche Wilkins of thest & vpon the said highwaye of the west & vpon the residue of the said tente & landes aboue the said measure belonging to the psonage there of the nurth pte cont' by est'
Henry Rogers holdeth freely of the said psonage
the Northe pte of the said tente cont on the
streteside by measure xlj foote with the garden
orchard & backeside abutt' vpon the said Copyhold
land of the south vpon the said highwaye or
strete leding thorough to kingeston & leading up
to the Church of Ewell of the west & north ptes
& vpon Blaunche Wilkins tente of thest pte cont' by est'
Thomas Grace holdeth freely of the said psonage a Cotage & a garden plott abutt' the landes of Henry Rogers of the southe & west ptes & vpon the strete going upp to the Churche of the northe pte & vpon the tente of Blaunche Wilkins of thest pte cont'
j acr' di' [A note crossed out]
j acr
di' rod
di' rod
Page 3
Blaunche Wilkins for tme of her lyffe (the reu' to theires of Richard Wilkins) holdeth a tente a yde & a barne called Tabardes abutt' vpon the said Thomas Graces garden of the west vpon the said strete towardes the Churche of the Northe vpon Copyhold landes of the said Blaunche of the southe & vpon the said Blaunches freehold holden of the psonage of thest cont by estimacon
di' rod
110 EWELL IN 1577
The same Blaunche holdeth by Copy of Ewell for
tme of her life the reu' as before A barne a
garden & an orchard abutt' vpon Roger Lambertes
landes of the southe vpon the landes of m'get Rogers iij rods
of the West vpon the said Blaunches freeholde
of the northe & vpon a garden & orchard of Olyver
gittens of thest cont' by estimacon
The said Blaunche holdeth for tme of her lyffe
the reu' as before a Cotage with a garden abutt' vpon
her said Copyhold lande of the south vpon the di' rod
barne pcell of the tente called Tabardes of the west
& vpon the said Strete towardes the Church of the
North & vpon the garden of the vicaredge there of
thest cont by est
The viccar of Ewell holdeth in the right of the
vicaredge there a howse with a garden abutt' vpon
the Copy holde landes of the said Blaunche
YVilkins of the southe & vpon a Cotage of freehold
holden of the psonage by the said blaunche of the j qrt of
west vpon the said strete towardes the church of a rod
the northe & vpon the garden of Olyu' gittens of
thest pte cont by est one qrt of a rod
Olyver gittens holdeth freely of the psonage there
a tente with a garden a foryde & pte of a backeside
with a hovell thereupon abutt' vpon a barne holden j rod
by him of Ewell by Copy of the southe vpon the
vicaredge there of the west vpon the said strete of
the Northe & vpon the lane leading from the
Churche to Southfelde of thest cont by est
Page 4
The said Olyver gittens holdeth by Copy of Ewell
a barne with a stable an owtlett an orchard & pte
of a backeside abutt' vpon Copyhold land of the said
Oliv' late Roger Lambertes of the southe & vpon
Copyhold landes of Blaunche Wilkins of the west j rod di
vpon the said freehold tente of the same Olyver of
the Northe & vpon the said lane leding into southfelde
of thest Also a little pightell of land late Rog'
Lambertes abutt' vpon the landes of Margett
Barnett of the southe vpon Copyhold lande late the
said Roger Lambert of the west vpon the barne and backside
of the same olyver of the north & vpon the said lane
leding to southfelde of thest cont in thole by
estimacon
Octavian Codington holdeth freely of the manor of
Buttalles one tente with half an acr' of pasture di' acr'
abutt' vpon the said strete of the northe & vpon the
said lane leding into southfelde of the west cont
by est
The said Octavian holdeth by Copy of Ewell one
barne a litle backeyde & an orchard abutt' vpon j acr' di'
his said tente of the Northe & vpon certen his land
also holden by copy & enclosed of the south pte cont
by est
EWELL IN 1577 111
The same Octavian holdeth by Copy of Ewell One close of arr' lande lieng in length betwixt the little pke pale of Nonesuche of thest pte & the
said lane or way leding into South feld of the west j acr' di'
pte & vpon the last named copyhold land of the said [" of large
Octavian of the north pte & vpon certen copyhold land measure " of the said Octavian called thende of the Bitton of scored
the south pte cont by est through]
The same Octavian holdeth also by Copy of Ewell
One close of arr' land called thende of the Bitton ij acres
lieng betwene the said pke pale of thest & the said of large
lane or waye into south feld of the west cont by est measure
The L of Ewell for certen wast lande whereupon
is sett upp a Cotage in the tenure of John oldale
withowt any rent paieng abutt' vpon the waye di' acr'
leding from Nonesuche to Ewell Churche of the
west vpon churchfelde of the northe cont by est
Here followeth the howses scituate on the north pte of the said highway from Ewell townehowse to London begynning from the Churchyarde of the est pte & so going westward
Page 5 ffirst is scituate the Churche of Ewell within the Churchyarde there abutt' vpon the said highewaye leding from Ewell townehowse to London of the est & south ptes & vpon the psonage & the landes thereof of the west pte & vpon landes of Saunder Braye of the north pte cont by est
Edward Dickens the yonger holdeth by Copy of Ewell a tente a garden & backeside abutt' vpon the landes of the psonage there of thest & vpon the said highwaye or strete of the Southe & vpon the landes of John Collyns of the west pte cont by est
John Collyns holdeth by Copy of Ewell a tente a yarde & garden abutt' vpon the landes of the said Edward Dickens of thest pte vpon the said highwaye or strete of the south pte & vpon the landes of Nicholas Saunder of the north & west ptes cont by est
Nichas Saunder gent holdeth by Copy of Ewell One tente being the Corner howse with a little backeside in the tenure of Willm Pkehurst and another tente a barne a backeside a garden an orchard in the tenure of Thomas Elliott scituate nere & by the townehowse of Ewell abutt' vpon the landes of the said John Collins of thest & vpon the highwaye or strete there of the southe & west ptes & vpon other Copyhold land of the said Nichas there in tenure of the forsaid John Collyns of the north pte cont by est in thole
Here in the strete is scituate and standing a howse late builded wch is called the Townehowse not letten but vsed to thuse of the Towne onely
di' acr'
j rod di'
Pcell of the copyhold land late Olyver gittens
j rod
di' acr'
112 EWELL IN 1577
2 The said Nichas Saunder holdeth by Copy of Ewell a tente being an Inne called the Redd lyon with a barne one stable a yde backeside twoo litle gardens abutt' vpon landes of the said nichas being Copyholde of the south vpon the said strete or highwaye leding thorough
Ewell to kingeston of the west vpon the pson' landes iij rod
of thest & vpon frehold landes of the said Nichas of the Northe cont by est
3 The same Nichas holdeth freely as pcell of his manor of Buttalls a Cotage a backeside a garden abutt'
vpon the landes of the said Nichas of the southe di' rod
est & North ptes & vpon the forsaid strete or highwaye of the west pte cont by est
Page 6
4 The forsaid Nichas Saunder holdeth freely The Mannor howse of Buttalles with a yarde barne stable a garden an orchard thereunto adioyninge and also
a [southe — inserted later] pte of a pightell of
land enclosed with pics abutt' vpon the highway
leding to kingeston of the west pte & extendeth in iij rod
length by the said waye vnto a twisted tree of elme
in the hedge there of the north pte & also abutteth vpon
the psonage landes of thest pte & extend in length
by the said landes vnto a grete elme in the hedge
there of the north pte directly over ageinst the
forsaid twisted elme cont in thole by est
5 n' The same Nichas holdeth by Copy as it is
supposed but not as of his manor of butt'
thother pece or pte being the north pte of
a pightell of lande enclosed abutt' from the
said twisted elme in the hedge by the said j rod
highewaye of the west pte and from the grete
elme in the hedge of thest pte therof and vpon
the waye leding from the Churche of the north pte
cont by est
6 Also the said Nichas Saunder holdeth frely the psonage howse of Ewell with a barne stable heyhowse a yarde of the backeside with a litle Close or Hawe adioyning abutt' vpon the landes of the same Nichas bothe free & Copyhold of the
west pte vpon the highwaye or strete leding from j acr' di'
the townehowse to the Churche of the south pte vpon the Churchyarcie of thest pte & vpon the waye leding from the Ryverside to the Churche of the northe cont by est
Tentes or Cotages scituate & being betwene the Ryver of Ewell & the waye nere vnt' the grete Elme called Buttalles Elme
The above said Nichas Saunder holdeth frely as
pcell of his said Manor of Buttalles a Cotage an
owtlett with a hovell a gardenplott & an litle
orchard abutt' vpon the said Elme called Buttalles
elme of the southe pte vpon said Ryver of Ewell of j rod
the west pte & vpon the said highewaye leding to
kingeston of thest pte cont by est
EWELL IN 1577 113
John Nye holdeth of the said Manor of Buttalles
in the right of his wiffe the reu'con to Edmond
Wattes & his heirs a Cotage with an orchard & a di' rod
litle garden abutt' vpon the said Ryver of the
west & vpon the said highway of thest in wch Cotage
diu's Inh'taintes are dwellinge cont by est
Page 7
Begynning now at thestende of the waye or lane leding from the Churche towardes the Ryver of Ewell & so northward
Saunder Braye holdeth by Copy of Ewell a Tente
wherein John Diggins inh'teth with a gatehowse
a foryarde ij barnes ij stables ij gardens & ij
orchardes abutt' vpon the waye leding from Ewell
to London of thest & north ptes vpon the Church-
yarde of the southe pte & vpon landes of Nichas j acr' di'
waterer of the west pte cont by est
Nichas Waterer thelder holdeth by Copy of Ewell
a tente a yarde a barne an owtkitchen a garden
& an orchard abutt' vpon the landes of Saunder
Braye last spified of thest vpon the waye leding j acr'
from the Church towardes the Ryver of the southe
cont by est
Jerom Vanderyerthbrigg holdeth by Copy of Ewell
a tente newly builded with a backeside a barne &
a pte of an garden & orchard (beside a pcell of the
orchard there of thest pte thereof called Wastelles
holden by Copy of the Manor of ffennelles) abutt'
vpon the higheway from Ewell to kingeston of the
southe pte vpon Saunder Brayes lande called
Browninges hawe of the Northe & vpon the lands j rod di'
of Alice Blundell of the west cont by estimacon
John Davys in the right of Alice Blundell
holdeth by Copy of Ewell a tente with a yde a
barne a garden an orchard abutt' vpon the said
landes of Jerom Vanderyerthbrigg of thest vpon iij rod
the highewaye from Ewell to kingeston of the
west & vpon the said browninges hawe of the Northe
cont by est
Saunder Braye holdeth by Copy of Ewell a Close
called Browninges hawe abutt' vpon the landes
of Jerom Vanderyerthbrigg & of Alice Blundell j acr' di*
of the southe pte vpon the landes of George
Dowce of the north pte & vpon the said highway
from Ewell to kingeston of the west pte cont
by est
Page 8
George Dowce holdeth by copy of Ewell a tente a yde a barne a stable a hovell a garden & orchard in the tenure of the same george dowce & James spike Also a Cotage & a litle garden in the tenure of Thomas ffitzharres abutt' vpon the landes
114
EWELL IN 1577
of Saunder Braye called Browninges hawe of the
south vpon the waye from Ewell to Kingeston of
the west vpon Ballardes garden of thest & vpon
the waye from the Ryverside there to Nonesucheward
of the Northe cont by est viz the first tente
j acr' di' & the Cotage the iiijth pte of a rod
in thole cont
j acr' di'
& the iiij pte
of a rod
He alledgeth Saunder Braye holdeth by Copy of Ewell A
this to be Cotage a yarde a garden plott & an orchard
frehold abutt' vpon his said landes called Browninges
his evidens haw of the west vpon ballardesgarden of the
is to be southe & est ptes & vpon the orchard & landes
seen of the said george dowce of the northe pte
therefore cont by est
di' acr'
Horde holdeth a Cotage freely of fennelles with a barne a yde an orchard and a Close called Ballardesgarden abutt' vpon the waye or lane from Ewell to London of the southe & est ptes & vpon the landes called Browninges hawe of the west pte cont by est
acr' di'
The L for Rookesleyland holdeth freely a close of arr' lande called Stephen Attenores abutt' vpon the waye from Ewell to kingeston of the west pte vpon the psonage lane of thest pte vpon the waye from Ewell to Nonesuche & london there- of the southe pte & vpon the landes of Alice Blundell of the northe pte cont by est
iij acr' di'
John Davys holdeth in the right of Alice blundell by Copy of Ewell three Closes of Pasture abutt' vpon the said waye from Ewell to kingeston of the west vpon the psonage lane of thest & vpon the landes of the said L of Rookesley of the southe cont by est
ij acr' di'
Page 9
Thomas Blundell holdeth by Copy of Ewell a Cotage & a garden plott abutt' vpon the said waye from Ewell to kingeston of the west & vpon the orchard of John Hitches of the north cont
di' rod
John Hitches holdeth by Copy of the mannor of ffennelles a Cotage with a garden a yarde & an orchard abutt' vpon the said higheway from Ewell to kingeston of the Northe & west ptes & vpon the psonage lane of thest pte cont by est
di' acr' wch is vpon the way going up from Nichas Saunders mill & from the pownde of Ewell
Here followeth the landes & tentes of the west pte of the highwaye leding from Rigate thorough Ewell towne & begynning at the south gate [?] & so going northward
EWELL IN 1577 115
Saunder Braye holdeth freely of Buttalles a
tente a yarde a barne a garden & orchard
abutt' vpon the landes of Jerom Vanderyerthbrigg
of the south pte vpon the said highway leding
from Rigat thoroughe the towne of Ewell of j acr'
thest pte & vpon the furlong in the comon feld
called Longfurlong als Owthawes of the west pte
cont by est
Thomas Kempe in right of theires of Aglond
holdeth freely of ffennelles a tente with twoo
owthowses a yde backeside barne a litle garden
& orcharde abutt' vpon the said landes of Saunder di' acr'
braye of the southe vpon the said highwaye of
thest & vpon the said Longfurlong Owthawes of
the west pte cont by est
John Chapman holdeth freely of Buttalles A
Cotage a garden plott & a pightell of lande
abutt' vpon the said landes of theires of Aglond di' acr'
of the south & vpon the said highwaye of thest & vpon
the said Longfurlong of the west pte cont by est
Page 10
Nichas Saunder holdeth by Copy of Ewell a pcell
of land letten with the said tente of the forsaid
John Chapman abutt' vpon the same tente of the
southe pte along & by Longfurlong als Owthawes j rod
of the west & vpon the said highwaye of thest skant
pte & vpon the landes of Roger Lambt of the
Northe cont by est
Roger Lambert holdeth by Copy of Ewell a garden
and orchard plott abutt' vpon the landes of the
said nichas Saunder of the south vpon longfurlong di' acr'
of the west vpon the said highwaye of thest & vpon
freehold landes of the said Roger of the Northe
cont by est
The said Roger Lambt holdeth frely of Butt' a
tente with a gatehowse barne stable foreyard &
backeside abutt' vpon his said Copyhold lande of di' acr'
the southe vpon Longfurlong of the west & vpon the
said highwaye of thest cont by est
Dawse of kent holdeth freely of ffennelles a
Cotage decaj^ed with a garden plott & backeside
abutt' vpon the said Roger Lambtes lande of the j rod
southe vpon the highwaye from Ewell to Ebbesham
of the west & vpon the highwaye through Ewell
strete of thest cont
Not how The L for Rookesley land holdeth [freely — struck through]
this is a Cotage with a hovell a backyarde & a garden
holden plott abutt' vpon the said [blank] Dawse lande
of the south vpon the highwaye from Ewell to j rod
Ebbesham of the west & north ptes & vpon the
said highwaye through Ewell of thest pte cont
by est
116 EWELL IN 1577
Thomas Codington in the right of his wife the reu'con to theyres of Thomas wilkins holdeth by Copy of Ewell a tente a kitchen a barne a yde a garden & an orchard cont di' acr' & a Close of arr' of the backeside cont j acr' di' abutt' vpon the said highwaye to Ebbesham of the southe vpon the landes of Nichas ffenn' of the west vpon the landes of Saunder braye and Horde of the Northe & vpon the said highway or strete throughe Ewell of thest cont by est in thole
ij acr
Page 1 1
Horde holdeth by Copy of owtlett a backeside & a gar landes of the said Tho Codin other Copyhold landes of the said of Ric' Wattes & of Cutbert & vpon the said highway or st thest cont by est
[Torn]
The said Horde holdeth by C
a yarde a barne a stable &
the said last tent of Horde of the
Copyhold landes in the tenure of
of the west vpon the Lane called
lane of the Northe & vpon the said strete
of thest cont by est
Now going from the high strete in Ewell vppward in gallowstrete westwtard & of southpte of the said strete
The same Horde holdeth also by Copy of Ewell a Cotage with a garden plott abutt' vpon the landes of theires of Wilkins of the south & vpon landes of Saunder Braye of the west & vpon the forsaid last named landes of Hordes of thest & vpon Gallowstrete of the Northe cont bv est
di' rod
Saunder Braye holdeth of fennelles Lordshipp a Cotage a yarde a garden & an orchard abutt' vpon the said landes of theires of wilkins of the southe vpon other the landes of same Saunder of the west vpon the said landes last named of Hordes of thest & vpon the said gallowstrete of the Northe c'ont by est
j rod
Note that The said Saunder Braye holdeth by Copy of
pte of the Ewell a tente a yarde a barne stable & an
orchard orchard abutt' vpon the forsaid
is holden landes of theires of Wilkins of the
by Copy southe vpon the landes of Nichas ffenner
of thelder of the west vpon the said Gallowstrete
ffennelles of the Northe & other landes of the same Saunder Bray of thest cont by est
j acr
EWELL IN 1577 117
Nichas fEenner thelder holdeth frely of Butt'
a pcell of land not inclosed abutt' vpon the
said Saunder brayes land of thest vpon
Ebbesham waye of the southe vpon the landes di' acr'
of the L of Rookesley of the west & vpon the
said Gallowstrete of the North cont by est
Page 12 ley land holdeth a Close of Ebbesham highway & vpon the of the southe vpon the landes st vpon the landes of the said ij acr* di'
[Tom] same L of Rookesley of the northe
same Nicholas ffenner of thest another Close of arr' abutt' sley his landes of the south vpon has ffenn' thelder of the west & strete aforesaid of the Northe cont est
Nichas ffenner thelder holdeth freely of Butt'
a Close of arr' abutt' vpon the landes of the di' acr'
said L of Rookesley of the southe & est ptes
vpon the landes of Thomas Goone of the west pte
& vpon Gallowstrete of the Northe pte cont by est
Margaret Rogers for terme of her lyfe the Reu'con
to theires of [blank] Rogers holdeth by copy of
Ewell a Close of arr' abutt' vpon Tayleshill
furlong of the Southe & est ptes vpon the landes j acr'
of Tho Goone & of Nichas ffenn' thelder of the
Northe pte & vpon a Lane leding from gallowstrete to
Southfelde of the west pte cont by est
Nichas ffenner thelder holdeth frely of Butt'
a Close of pasture called Tobars abutt' vpon the
landes of theires of Rogers of the southe vpon iij rods
the landes of Tho goone of thest vpon Gallowstrete
lane of the Northe & vpon the said lane leding
from gallowstrete to Southfelde of the west cont
by est
Thomas Goone holdeth by Copy of Buttalles a
tente a yde a kitchen twoo Barnes a stable twoo
owthowses with a garden orchard plott & a pcell
of land abutt' vpon Tayleshill furlong of the j acr'
southe vpon Nichas ffenners landes on the west &
vpon landes of the same Nichas & of the L of
Rookesley of thest & vpon gallowstrete of the
Northe cont by estimacon
Landes & tentes of the north pte of the said strete called gallowstrete
Page 13 Nichas ffenner thelder hoi a tente with a kitchen twoo
a yarde a garden & twoo orchardes [Torn]
landes of Edward Skeete of the w Whitfeldes landes of the Northe vpon the ffenner the yonger of thest & vpon Gall the southe cont by est
118 EWELL IN 1577
Nichas ftenner the yonger holdeth by Copy of
ffennelles a tente called fferebras with a kitchen
a barne a yarde a garden & orchard abutt' vpon j acr'
the landes of the said Nichas ffenner thelder of the west
vpon the orchard of Nichas Saunder of the Northe
vpon the landes of ffrauncis Saunder of thest
& vpon the said Gallowstrete of the southe cont
by est
ffrauncis Saunder holdeth freely of Ewell a
Cotage with a foryarde a garden & orchard
abutt' vpon the landes of Nichas ffenn' the
yonger of the west vpon the said orchard of hj rod
Nichas Saunder of the Northe upon landes of
Edward Horde of thest & vpon gallowstrete of
the southe cont by est
Edward Horde holdeth freely of ffennelles twoo
Cotages with twoo backsides & twoo gardens abutt'
vpon the landes of ffrauncis Saunder of the west di' acr'
vpon landes of henry hall of the Northe vpon a
sewer or water course & landes of theires of Peter
More of thest & vpon gallowstrete of the south
cont by est
Peter More or his heires holde of ffennelles
a tofte of lande with an orchard sometyme
Loftemans abutt' vpon Edward Hordes landes j rod
of the west vpon the landes of [blank] Otwaye
of the Northe & est ptes & vpon gallowstrete
of the southe cont by est
[blank] Otway holdeth by Copy of ffennelles
a tofte & a pcell of land sometyme tayllors
abutt' vpon the said Peter mores landes of the di' acr'
west vpon the landes of Nichas Saunder called
Sewers garden of the northe vpon Hordes lande
of thest & vpon gallowstrete of the southe
cont by est
Page 14 copy of Ewell a Cotage garden with a litle plott of I Torn] pon Otwayes land of the west j rod
Saunders land of the Northe vpon of the pishe of Ewell & of Bonaventure of thest & vpon gallowstrete of the southe cont by est
The pisshe of Ewell holde by vse a Cotage a
foryarde & garden abutt' vpon the landes of the
said Horde of the west & North ptes vpon the di' rod
landes of Colyar of thest & vpon gallowstrete
of the southe cont by est
Now entring into the highway thoroughe Ewell towne from Rigate to kingeston ou' ageinst the Townehowse there / of the west pte of the said highwaye
EWELL IN 1577 119
Agnes Coliar holdeth by Copy of Ewell for terme
of her lyfe the reuercon to theires of Henry
Collyar a tente a backyarde a stable an orchard di' acr'
abutt' vpon gallowstrete of the south vpon the
pishe land of the west & vpon the said highway
or strete of thest cont by est
Alice & Allen Taillor holde by Copy of Ewell
& by Copy of Buttalles viz by Copy of Ewell a
tente with ij sheddes a yde a barne & a garden
of the south pte cont j rod di' Also by Copy of
Butt' another & west pte of the said howse with di' acr'
a pece of a shedd & a htle Cowhowse with a yde &
a garden plott cont di' rod thole abutt' vpon the
landes of the said Agnes Coliar of the south pte
vpon the landes of Nichas Saunder & Horde of the
west pte & vpon the waye from Ewell to the Comon
called the Marshe of the North pte & vpon the said
waye from Rigate to kingeston of thest pte cont by est
Landes & tentes of the southside of the strete called Beggers rowe leding from the Elme called Buttalles Elme to ye said Comon called the Marshe begynning at the est ende thereof & so going westward
Page 15
Nichas Saunder freeland so holden as pcell of
his mannor of Buttalles viz twoo tentes one yde
one barne twoo gardens & one orchard abutt' vpon
the landes of the said Alice taillor of thest pte di' acr'
& vpon the landes of Horde & Otwaye of the southe
pte & vpon the said highwaye or strete called
Beggers strete of the North pte cont by est
Henry Hall holdeth by Copy of ffennelles a
tente with a kitchen barne & owtlett a yarde
garden & orchard abutt' vpon the landes of nichas
Saunder of thest & west ptes vpon the lande of di' acr'
Peter More of the south pte & vpon the said
Beggerstrete of the Northe pte cont by est
Nichas Saunder holdeth frely as pcell of
Butt' an orchard ou' ageinst his dwelling house
there called Kyppinges abutt' vpon the landes j acr'
of Henry hall of thest vpon landes of frauncis
Saunder & of Nichas ffenner the yonger of the
southe vpon the orchard of John Whitfelde of
the west & vpon beggerstrete of the Northe cont
by est
John Whitfeld holdeth [blank] an orchard abutt'
vpon Nichas Saunders orchard called Kippinges iij rods
of thest vpon landes of Nichas ffenn' thelder
of the southe & west & vpon the comon felde
called Lingcrofte of the Northe cont by est
Landes & tentes of the Northside of Beggers strete begynning at the estende thereof & so going westward.
120 EWELL IN 1577
Edward Horde holdeth freely of ffennelles a
tente with a yarde a barne a garden & orchard j rod di'
abutt' vpon the said strete or highwaye called
beggerstrete of the southe pte & vpon the Ryver
of Ewell of thest northe & west ptes cont by est
Of the west pte of this tente is thedd of the Ryver or springe called kateswell
Page 16
Nichas Saunder holdeth frely as of his manor of Buttalles A faire mansion howse with a gatehowse a forecourte hall p'lor & other edifices & buildinges with ij backyardes stables & barnes also a dove howse twoo gardens A rod of the & an orchard (in wch orchard he holdeth a pcell same orchard of the same at the southwest corn' thereof cont v acr'
holden by by est j rod by Copy of Ewell All wch abutt' Copy of * vpon the said hedd of the Ryver called Kateswell Ewell & vpon the Ryver of Ewell of thest pte vpon
the strete called beggerstrete of the Southe vpon the lane or highwaye to the Marshe comon of the west & vpon the landes of Edward Skeete of the Northe cont by est
The same Xichas holdeth a pcell of the wast grounde or Ryver of Ewell lately inclosed with a stone wall & within the same a litle bancketing
Note that howse late erected & pondes & hshe therein
the first within the same inclosure abutt' vpon the di' rod'
setting upp Ryver as now it is of thest pte & the said
of the said backeside of the said Mansion howse of the
inclosure same Xichas Saunder of the west pte cont by est
was abowte
xxx yeres past by
report & knowledge
of George dowse & diu's
other the tenntes &
inhtnntes of Ewell
John Whitfeld holdeth [blankj a tente a barne
a stable a yde a garden & an orchard abutt'
vpon the said highway to the comon called the j acr'
marshe of the south & west ptes vpon the said
land of Xichas Saunder of the North & est ptes
cont
Now begynning at the Ryver of Ewell of thest pte & so going westward of the south pte of the lane leding from the said Ryver to Northcrofte
Xichas Saunder holdeth by Copy of Ewell a
tente a barne a stable a brewhowse twoo
yardes twoo garden plottes & twoo hempstalles
abutt' vpon the said Ryver of thest vpon the
landes of the said Nichas adioyning to his
said mansion howse of the southe vpon the said j acr'
lane leding to Northcrofte of the north & vpon
Edward skeetes landes of the west cont bv est
EWELL IN 1577 121
Page 17
Edward Skeete holdeth by Copy of Ewell A
Tente a yarde a stable a barne an Owtlett
a garden & an orchard plott abutt' vpon the j acr'
landes of Nichas Saunder of thest & South ptes
& vpon the Waye from the said Ryver to
Robertstretelane of the north & west pte
cont by est
Begynning at the said lane leding from Robertstretelane & northcrofte to the said Ryver of Ewell / & of the north pte thereof
John Richardes holdeth of ffennelles a tente
a barne an Owtlett a yarde a garden & orchard
abutting vpon the said lane, or waye leding
to Robertstrete of the Southe vpon the landes j rod
of the said Edward Skeete of the west vpon
landes of Nichas Saunder of the Northe & vpon
the lane leding to northcrofte of thest pte
cont by est
Horde holdeth ffreely his Mannor howse of
ffennelles the yarde stable twoo barnes a
garden plott a kitchen a cowhowse an orchard
& a pightell of land abutt' vpon the said lane iiij acr
leding from Robertstrete & northcrofte to the
Ryver of the southe & west ptes vpon a Close
of the said horde called Milleclose of the
Northe pte & vpon the said Ryver of thest pte
cont by est
In a [?] terrier The said Horde holdeth freely as pcell of his
of the manor Manor of ffennelles, a Corne myll with a stable
of ffennelles scituate & being ou' the streame & course of the
appereth to Ryver of Ewell called ffennelles myll with a
be this sett ponde of the backe thereof being the Riu' streame
downe
Itm the manor wth garden & a Close
adioyning against the barne of the
said manor with other howses etc
Itm the mille
next the said Willm Underwood holdeth at will a hovell or shedd
Manor with lately sett upp in & vpon a pece of wast of the
the course of Lorde of Ewell abutt' vpon the said Ryver of thest
the water. pte & the orchard belonging to the said Mannor
John Rcardes howse of ffennelles of the west pte
feld cont by himself [?]
seu'ally xl [?] acres & more
|
Pagt |
18 |
||
|
Thole nomir <>i |
Olyver Git1 ens |
j howse & j barne |
ij acr' di' ru |
|
howses cotages |
& stable |
||
|
barnes & mylles |
Elizabeth Horde |
vij howses & Cotages |
|
|
in the towne of |
and j Corne myll |
x acr' j rod |
|
|
Ewell |
di' rod |
||
|
lx howses |
|||
|
iiij barnes & |
Edward Horde |
iij howses & Cotages |
iij rod di' |
|
j millhowse |
rod |
122
EWELL IN 1577
|
The nomb' of acres of the landes gardens orchardes etc to the said howses belonging or those |
Edward Codington Theires of Aglond John Barnett Roger Lambert |
j howse j howse j Cotage j howse |
ij acr' di' rod ij acr' di' acr' ij acr' di' |
|
adioyning Ixxvj acres j rod iij qrt rod |
Margaret Rogers and theire of [blank] Rogers |
j howse |
ij acr' |
|
That is to say |
Henry Rogers |
j howse |
di' rod |
|
Thomas Grace |
j Cotage |
di' rod |
|
|
Blaunche YVilkins |
ij howses & j barne |
j acr' |
|
|
The Viccar of Ewell |
j howse |
j qrt rod |
|
|
The Churchward' of Ewell |
Cotage |
di' acr' di' rod with the Churchyarde |
|
|
Octavian Codington |
1 howse j barne |
v acr' di' |
|
|
The L of Ewell |
cotage or shedd in the tenure of wm Vnderwocid |
di' acr' di' rod |
|
|
Edward 1 Hckens |
howse |
j rod di' |
|
|
John Collyns |
howse |
j rod |
|
|
Nichas Saunder |
ix howses & Cotagcs wth psonage howse & j barne |
xij acr' j rod di' |
|
|
John Nye |
Cotage |
di' rod |
|
|
Saunder Brave |
v howses & Cotagcs |
v acr' iij rod |
|
|
Nichas watcrer theld' Jcrom Vanderycrth- brigg John Davys in the right of Alice Blundell George Dowce |
howse howse howse howse |
j acr' j rod di' iij acr' j rod j acr' di' |
|
|
The Lord for |
cotage |
vj acr' j rod |
Rookesley landc Thomas Blundell
John Hitches John Chapman
Pat-e 19
j cotage
l j cotage
j cotage
di' rod
di' acr' di' acr'
EWELL IN 1577
[blank} Dawse j cotagc
Thomas Codington the j howsc reu'con to theire of Thomas Wilkins
Nichas ffenner theldr j howse
Thomas Gonne j howse
Nichas ffenner the yong' j howse
ffrauncis Saunders j cotage
Peter More j tofte
[blank] Otwaye j tofte
Agnes Coliar the j howse reu'con to theire of [blank] Coliar
Alice tailor the reu'con
to Allen Tailor j howse
Henry hall j howse
John Whitfeld j howse
Edward Skeete j howsc
John Richardes j howse
123
j rod ij acr'
iij acr' j rod j acr* j acr' iij rod j rod di' acr' di' acr'
di' acr' di' acr'
acr' iij rod
acr'
rod
RICHARD RAWLINSON AND THE PUBLICATION OF AUBREY'S NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SURREY?
BY
BRIAN ENRIGHT
TOWARDS the end of 1718 Edmund Curll published a five- volume work entitled The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey, begun in the year 1673 by John Aubrey . . . and continued to the present Time. Richard Rawlinson, the non- juring bishop and owner of the vast manuscript collections now bearing his name in the Bodleian, had, since 1714, co-operated with the notoriously unscrupulous publisher in issuing a series of county and cathedral histories based on the work of earlier antiquaries; later, in an autobiographical sketch, he admitted having a part in the publication of Aubrey's Surrey,1 while in 1730 Thomas Hearne incisively reminded his friend:
Many years since I have your Ed. of Mr Aubrey's Surrey ... I have the printed Advertisement, in wch you are mentioned as the Editor.8
Nobody doubted the value of Aubrey's work or the desirability of preserving it in print. John Evelyn was delighted with his friend's collections :
Sir, With incredible Satisfaction I have perus'd your Natural History of Surrey, &c. and greatly admire both your Industry in undertaking so profitable a Work, and your Judgment in the several Observations which you have made. It is so useful a Piece, and so obliging, that I cannot suffi- ciently applaud it.3
His praise was re-echoed by Manning and Bray who referred to Aubrey's labours "whereby many monumental inscriptions have been preserved, which have been since destroyed,"4 while Aubrey's latest biographer spoke of "the very creditable collection of in- formation, suitable to form the basis of a county history, and com-
1 MS. Rawl. J. 4°, 1, f. 345v. The main title-page of the work was dated 1719 but Curll was notorious for his habit of post-dating his publications, and the subsidiary title-pages are dated 1718 when the book was originally ad- vertised. R. Straus, The Unspeakable Curll, 1927, p. 254.
2 MS. Rawl. Letters 32, f. 79, Feb. 28, 1730. William Brome wrote in 1740: "I fancy you had a great hand in it. Is it so ?" MS. Rawl. Letters 31, f. 396. Richard Gough ascribed the edition to Rawlinson, British Topography, ii, p. 262, as did Manning and Bray, The History and Antiquities of . . . Surrey, 1814 hi, p. 685.
3 Aubrey's Surrey, i, signature A3r.
4 Manning and Bray, Surrey, iii, p. 6S5.
124
aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey" 125
parable in method to Ashmole's History and Antiquities of Berk- shire."1 It was Rawlinson's attempt to use Aubrey's notes as the nucleus for a county history that evoked so much severe criticism. Powell continued:
It was printed in 1718-19 by Curll, with Dr. Richard Rawlinson's memoir.
. . . Rawlinson made many minor, but wholly unnecessary, emendations in
Aubrey's text.2
Hearne at the same time as he attacked the interpolations in Ash- mole's Berkshire remarked that "the same Injustice is shew'd to . . . Mr. Aubrey in his Antiq. of Surrey."3
Rawlinson anticipated such criticism, explaining in the intro- duction :
The Work it self was printed from an Original MS. in the Possession of a private Gentleman, and collated with another preserved in the ASHMOLEAN MUStEUM in Oxford, both wrote with the Author's own Hand, and both huddled together in a very confused and immethodical Order.4
Many of the "minor emendations" causing so much complaint may well have been better readings in the first manuscript which cannot now be traced, while some were corrections; Aubrey's "copies are by no means exact"5 and Rawlinson later referred to the Collections as being "revised" and "corrected."6 Aubrey himself remarked on the disorder of his notes :
The Papers are like Sybillina Folia. I shall not take the Pains to digest them in better Order, (which would require the Drudgery of another Tran- scribing) and I now set Things down tumultuarily, as if tumbled out of a Sack, as they come to my Hand, mixing Antiquities and Natural Things together, as I have here done them. They will be of some Use to such as love Antiquities or Natural History.7
Rawlinson was not unaware of the value of printing Aubrey's notes as they stood, experimenting in the first volume, "but upon more mature Consideration, it was thought proper to revise care- fully these valuable Notes, reduce them into a more regular Method." A century later another scholar confronted with the task of pub- lishing Aubrey's collections for Wiltshire tackled the problem in much the same way as Rawlinson, rearranging the notes completely in the hope that he was doing what Aubrey "potuit, si non prius ipse periisset."8 Rawlinson omitted Aubrey's delightful maps and his finely blazoned coats-of-arms, but supplied a background to the
1 A. Powell, John Aubrey and His Friends, 1948, p. 279. The edition of Ashmole's Berkshire (1719) was another product of the Rawlinson-Curll alliance.
2 Powell, John Aubrey, p. 278.
3 Collections (O.H.S.), vii, p. 265, Aug. 5, 1721.
4 Aubrey, Surrey, i, p. ii. The manuscript in the Ashmolean is now in the Bodleian (MS. Aubrey, 4) and boasts to be no more than a fair copy.
5 Manning and Bray, Surrey, iii, p. 685.
6 The English Topographer, p. 229.
7 Aubrey, Surrey, i, signature A8V.
8 J. E. Jackson's edition, Wiltshire, The Topographical Collections of John Aubrey, 1862, p. viii.
126 aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey"
book by including Ogilby's and Evelyn's letters to the antiquary, and a short Memoir of the author, the obscurity of whose "retired Life, (for he always affected a Literatum Otium) has made it very difficult to procure many Materials concerning him." Rawlinson was the first to admit the shortcomings of the biography which Powell points out,1 but pleaded:
My Reader must . . . acquiesce in the Account following, till hereafter a
Third Volume of the Athena Oxonienses, in the Hands of a learned Divine,
supply us with one more exact.2
At the end of volume five Rawlinson's hand can be seen again adding an extract from the Bodleian Valor3 used so exhaustively in his cathedral histories. In addition to the print of Aubrey and the map of Surrey dedicated to Sir John Fellowes, he adorned the last volume with "eight plates of beautiful fragments of statues and bas-reliefs" which "Aubrey lost sight of."4 In July 1718 Hearne had noted :
A great many imperfect Statues of the Lord Arundel's were not removed into Northamptonshire, but are now remaining in the Gardens, near Lambeth, being judged to be useless, but there are many things to be learned from them, and, for that reason, Draughts of them are now taking by my Friends, Thomas Rawlinson, Esq., and his Brother, Mr. Richd Rawlinson.5
Rawlinson's editorial duties had they ended here would indeed have been slight, but "upon more mature Consideration" he de- cided to re-survey the whole County, as is very plainly perceivable by the Editors bringing down this Account to his own Time, to the very last Year; yet is this done in such a Manner as that Mr Aubrey's Materials are entirely preserved.
Here Rawlinson revealed the attitude of the 18th-century antiquary to the works of his predecessors. When he published the manu- script histories of the Elizabethan and Jacobean antiquaries, Rawlinson made no attempt to modernize their works, sufficient time having elapsed for him to realize that interpolation would be heretical. His technique with the works of the late 17th-century antiquaries was quite different, as for him the chasm between the study of antiquity then and in his own time which appears so plainly to modern scholars did not exist. There were many who could remember Dugdale and Wood, Aubrey and Ashmole, and important as Rawlinson realized their lives to have been it seemed only logical to attempt to complete works which they had been unable to finish before presenting them to the 18th-century public. Rawlinson was not primarily publishing material for a better
1 Powell, John Aubrey, pp. 115, 244.
2 Aubrey, Surrey, i, p. ii. Rawlinson referred to Tanner who hesitated before publishing the materials for a third volume of the Athence Oxonienses which Wood had left him.
3 MS. e. Mus. 21.
4 R. Gough, British Topography, ii, p. 130 n. 0 Collections, vi, p. 207.
AUBREYS NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SURREY" 127
Dr. Richard Rawlinson, 1690-1755.
128 aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey"
understanding of Aubrey, but rather an up-to-date history of Surrey, using the latter's collections as an authoritative basis. There was no question of deceit ; it was obvious to any careful reader of the introduction to the 1719 edition of Aubrey's Surrey that he could not have included epitaphs dating from after his death, though Rawlinson might have avoided much criticism had he indicated editorial interpolations whenever they appeared.
No complete record of a perambulation of Surrey has survived but in May 1717 Hearne, referring to the collections for the edition, informed Rawlinson that "some Memoirs of your intended Tour will be acceptable."1 Fragments of manuscript accounts reveal Richard Rawlinson, accompanied by his elder brother Thomas, the famous bibliophile, and Curll2 travelling through Surrey between April and September of 1717, not continuously as they were to do in 1718 in Oxfordshire, but for a few days or a week at a time, returning to London to digest what had been gathered.
Details of the Perambulation
|
1717 |
Charges to be |
Account of the |
Surveyed the |
||
|
allowed in my |
Times I visited |
Churches of |
|||
|
perambulation of Surrey |
the places men- tioned in this |
||||
|
churches. |
first Volume. |
||||
|
MS. Raid. D.1194, |
8 Rawl. 58 |
MS. Rawl. D .1054, |
|||
|
ff. 18, 19 |
End paper |
/. 157 |
|||
|
Apr. 12. |
Sett out. Battersea. |
0.0.6. |
|||
|
Putney. |
0.1.0. |
||||
|
13. |
Barnes. Mortlak. Petersham. Kingston. Maiden. |
0.0.6. 0.0.6. 0.0.6. 0.1.0. 0.1.0. |
|||
|
21. |
Tooting. Eshur. |
0.0.6. 0.0.6. |
|||
|
Cobham. |
0.0.6. |
||||
|
22. |
Riplev Chapell Guildford 2 churches. Godalming. Chidingford. |
0.0.6. 0.1.0. 0.0.6. 0.0.6. |
|||
|
26. |
Farnham. |
0.0.6. |
|||
|
27. |
Egham. |
0.0.6. |
|||
|
28. |
Richmond. Clapham. Camberweli. |
0.1.0. 0.0.6. 0.0.6. |
|||
|
May ? |
|||||
|
28. |
Stretham. Mycham. Sutton. |
0.0.6. 0.0.6. 0.0.6. |
|||
|
(but dated May 30) |
|||||
|
1 MS. Rawl. Letters 111, f. |
46, May 31, 1718. |
||||
|
2 Joseph |
Abell mentioned |
his visiting Farle; |
r though |
R. Straus, op. cit., |
makes no mention of the trip.
aubrey's "natural history and antiquities oe surrey" 129
|
29. |
Croydon. |
0.0.6. |
|
Bedington. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Caslhorton. |
0.1.0. |
|
|
Cheam. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
30. |
Ewell. |
0.0.6. |
|
Ashsted. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Letherhead. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Walton on the Hill |
. 0.0.6. |
|
|
OJun. 17. |
Dulwich. |
O.O.6.1 |
|
July 11. |
Chert'sey. |
0.0.6. |
|
12. |
Wimbledon. |
0.0.6. |
|
15. |
Upper Morden. |
0.0.6. |
|
Banstead. |
O.O.6.2 |
|
|
31. |
Long Ditton. |
0.0.6. |
|
Thames Ditton. |
0.0.7. |
|
|
East Moulsey. West Moulsey. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
0.0.3. |
||
|
Walton on the |
||
|
Thames. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Aug. 12. |
Chissington. |
0.0.6. |
|
Stoke Dauborn. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Fetcham. |
0.0.6. MS. Rami. D.1194, f.2\v |
|
|
13. |
Letherhead. 0.8.1. |
|
|
Great Bookeham. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Effingham. |
0.0.4. |
|
|
East Horseley. |
0.0.4. |
|
|
West Horseley. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
East Clandon. |
0.0.2. |
|
|
West Clandon. |
0.0.4. |
|
|
Meroe. |
0.0.3. |
|
|
Stoke nr Guildford |
.0.0.6. .. 0.1.6. |
|
|
St Martha's |
||
|
Chappell. |
0.0.2. |
|
|
14. |
Albury. |
0.0.6. . . 0.4.0. |
|
Sheere. |
0.0.4. |
|
|
Abinger. |
0.0.3. |
|
|
Wotton. |
0.1.0. |
|
|
15. |
Dorking. |
0.0.2. .. 0.5.6. |
|
Capell. |
0.0.4. |
|
|
Ockley. |
0.0.3. |
|
|
Newdigate. |
0.0.3. MS. J .4°, 1 1 , A 90 |
|
|
Horley. |
0.0.8. Charlewood. |
|
|
Burstow. |
0.0.2. |
|
|
Aug. 16. |
E. Grinstead. 0.4.6. |
|
|
Lingfield. |
0.1.0. |
|
|
Crowhurst. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Tanridge. |
0.0.6. |
|
|
Oxstead. |
0.1.6. |
|
|
Godstone. |
0.0.6. . . 0.4.0. |
|
|
Blechingly. |
0.0.6. .. 0.1.6. |
|
|
Nutfield. |
0.0.3. |
1 For June and July see Thomas Rawlinson's transcripts, MS. Rawl. C. 800, ff. 3-145; and also MS. Rawl. J. 4°, 11, f. 90.
2 Thomas Rawlinson's transcripts are dated July 17, MS. Rawl. C. 800, f. 91.
130 aubrey's "natural history
Aug. 17.
Sep. 21.
Sep. 22.
Sep. 23.
Sep. 24.
Sep. 25.
Sep. 26.
Mestham.
Gatton.
Chaldnn.
0.0.6. 0.1.0. 0.0.3.
AND ANTIQUITIES OF SURREY . . 0.3.6.
MS. Rawl. £>.1194, /. 22
Kingston. 0.3.2
Hampton Ferry
and Gates. 0.0.6
Wevbridge
Church. 0.1.2
Bvfleet Ch. 0.0.2
Wisley. ??
Ripley. 0.6.6
Occham Ch. 0.1.0
Purford. ??
Woking. ??
Guildford. 0.4.0.
Puttenham. 0.0.8.
Farnham. 0.7.8.
SeleCh. 0.1.0.
Elsted Ch. 0.0.3.
Frensham. 0.0.6.
Thursley Ch. 0.0.3.
Haslemere. 0.8.6.
Haslemere Ch. 0.1.0.
Hameldon Ch. 0.0.4.
Hascomb Ch. 0.0.6.
Bramley Ch. 0.0.2.
Wonish &
Shalford Ch. 0.1.0.
Guildford. 0.9.10.
Chilworth. Cranley. Ewhurst. Okewood. Ockley. Dorking. Mekvlham Ch. Hedley Ch. Reigate. Blechinglv.
MS. Rawl. D.1194, ff. 18, 19
Sep. 27.
0.0.6. 0.0.3. 0.0.4. 0.0.6. 0.8.0. 0.0.9. 0.0.6.
??
??
0.2.10.
0.0.6.
Godstone. Limpsfield Ch Limpsfield Supper. 0.6.6.
Titsey. 0.0.6.
Tatsfield. 0.0.6.
Coulsdon. 0.0.6. Croydon. ??
As in the perambulation of Oxfordshire and Middlesex Richard Rawlinson was most active having prepared himself by reading thoroughly manuscript and printed materials relating to the county before he travelled,1 making sure by his industrious transcriptions that the fees for consulting parish registers were not wasted, and undertaking the main editorial duties, crossing out the accounts of
1 See his extracts from Dugdale's Baronage and Tanner's Notitia in MS. Rawl. D. 1194, f. 23, and his article on Surrey in The English Topographer, p. 229 seq.
AUBREY'S "NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SURREY" 131
Maiden, Ewell and Sutton1 once they had been inserted in their proper place for printing. But his elder brother, Thomas, who had been educated at Cheam made copious extracts from the parish registers,2 and indulged in friendly rivalry with Richard to capture inaccessible inscriptions, noting curiously at Chilworth: "Bells cast abt 60 years ago. I could not read ye Inscriptions for feare of Danger to my Tenemt of Clay."3 He paused in his labours struck with the beauty of Banstead, pronouncing it to be "a Good Place ... for a Poet."4
Despite Hearne's wishes that the "Design upon Surrey goes on successfully"5 and John Hare's presentation of a manuscript account of Addington,6 nearly all of which Rawlinson printed, Richard realized that it was impossible to compile an up-to-date history without recruiting local support. For the Oxfordshire and Middle- sex histories he issued a printed query as a cheap and convenient method of acquiring reliable information in a digestible form. Although no such papers for Surrey survive, some sort of stereo- typed application,7 either in print or manuscript must have been circulated, for as with the companion histories several replies directed to Curll can now be found among Rawlinson's collections. Joseph Abell, vicar of Farley, sent all the information he possessed upon the Atwood family :
Since I saw you I have been very industrious in getting the Original Parchments belonging to Warlingha[m] & Chelsha[m] search'd; what I send vou now is a true & faithful Copy of what relates to ye vicarige of War- iingham wth the Chappel of Chelsha[m] annex'd. . . You must necessarily come this way again. You shal be welcome to me. Couldson Ch. seems to have somewhat worth yr view. Titsey contains ye Family of ye Greshams where are abundance of monuments in a Chancel belonging to yt Family. My most humble service to ye Gentleman [Richard Rawlinson], who was wth yOUj his Name I have slipt. If you have any thing more than ordinary amusing or instructive in Town, prithee send it to yr Friend & Serv', Jos. Abell.
1 MS. Rawl. D. 682, f. 85.
2 MS. Rawl. C. 791. Here Thomas Rawlinson would meet an old college friend, George Pickerne who, Richard noted, "is the present worthy Rector, to whom we are obliged for his generous Permission to make the foregoing extracts." Aubrey's Surrey, v, p. 393. Thomas's writing mingled with that of his brother's in transcribing parish registers. MS. Rawl. D.1194, f. 5. Thomas lent his transcripts of epitaphs (MS. Rawl. C. 800) to Hearne who copied them. (MSS. Hearne's Diaries 53, pp. 231-44; 80, pp. 98, 172.)
3 MS. Rawl. C. 800, f. 115v.
4 Ibid., i. 91v. The description is in Thomas Rawlinson's hand and not that of Richard as stated in H. Lambert, "Return of Conventicles in Surrey" in Surrey Archceological Collections, xxxii, 1919, p. 154; nor are Aubrey's collections for Surrey to be found among the Rawlinson collections. See note 4, p. 125.
5 MS. Rawl. Letters 111, f. 61\ Jan. 7, 1718, and later blotted out.
6 MS. Rawl. C. 946.
7 The query had a dual purpose in seeking information and advertising for subscriptions. See MS. Rawl. D. 1194, f. 37v. For the text of the printed query issued for Oxfordshire and Middlesex see F. N. Davis's edition of Parochial Collections made by Anthony a Wood and Richard Rawlinson, Oxford Record Society, 1929, hi, p. 368.
132 aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey"
He added an apologia:
These things I send to you upon the acct. of my earnestness in preserving any thing worthy to be transmitted to posterity. I may have several Things by me, which you would rejoyce to see if [you] come away.1
Some months later he sent another curious letter :
I can't deny the Receiving of yrs, dated Decr the 18th, but had forgot from that Time to this ; for sending my Coat the next day to ye Taylor's & the Letf in the Pocket & having no occasion to put it presently on again; I knew as little of yr Lett1" as if I never had recd it, but hope my Answr will come timely enough, at least so that the omission may be rectify'd by having the Srname inserted among the Addenda. I find you write my little Place Farley, whereas we comonly spell it Farleigh. . . I shal be wth you in a smal time & am, wth service to Mr Rawlinson. . . .2
Thomas Swift, the incumbent of Puttenham, was co-operative:
I should be glad to offer any helps yt lye wthin my knowledge towards yr Generous Design of Diverting ye Publick w"1 yr entertaining Remarks. ... I wish yr Labours a gratefull Reception from ye world.3
While Rawlinson's former tutor, Edward Morse, sent extracts from Gatton parish register:
This is all that I can find in Our Register relating to the family of the Copleys. The reason why you find so little mention made of baptisms or Marriages, is, I suppose, upon account of their Religion. I beg your excuse for not sending this sooner.4
From Godstone, William Jones replied:
According to yr Desire I went to Hourne and writ ye Inscriptions on ye Monuments in ye Ch. wch I have here sent you & would willingly know of ye receipt of ym & likewise an acct of ye Design wch I apprehend to be of very great Service.5
The most curious reply came from John Banastre of Chilworth who criticized the literary value of the inscriptions he copied:
I have but just now seen yr Letf or else I shou'd sooner have answer'd it & told you how sorry I am that I cannot assist you in so ingenious a design, as well as publick Good with my purse besides this insignificant frigid way. We have only two Inscriptions in our poor desolate Chappel. The first I transcrib'd for you with some pleasure; but the other, as it stands in an obscure place & brought me upon my knees, besides the use of my Spectacles, to find out some broken Letters; so the puns, especially of the latter part, nauseated me so, that I had much to do to eat my Dinner after. And, before I got from my Knees, I cou'd not but tacitly wish the poor Gent, a sweet Repose & an intrepid Resurrection; but at the same time told him; that if a Dryden or a Pope had had his place, they wou'd have broke their Tomb & until'd the Church to have got loose from such wicked Rhymes.6
Soon after the publication of the book, which incorporated many of the suggestions made by local incumbents, an unnamed anti- quary from the Cheam district sent Curll a page of corrections for
1 MS. Rawl. D. 1194, f. 37, no date.
2 Ibid., f. 38, Feb. 6, 1718.
3 Ibid., f. 8, Oct. 1, 1717.
4 Ibid., f. 7, Jan. 29, 1718.
5 Ibid., f. 39, Aug. 23, 1717.
6 Ibid., f. 34, Nov. 3, 1717. For the epitaphs referred to see Aubrey's Surrey, iv, pp. 54, 55.
' "''=:.>
■ .:
'
-, <v. '^ aajaifiaiit
.-jxdaifr
aubrfy's "natural history and antiquities of surrey" 133
that area.1 Rawlinson was well aware of the shortcomings of the book, and hoping that the taste of the time would change and a second edition would be called for, he continually searched for mistakes, and inserted notes and cuttings even as late as 1752 to amplify what had already been written.2 He called on other scholars for assistance. Thomas Rawlinson's unmistakable scrawl appears frequently in the margins of his brother's copy; Browne Willis sent extracts from the Rolls Chapel Returns,3 and Peter Whalley gave details of monuments set up at Blechingley since the 1717 visita- tion.4 Irritating as the book is to students of Aubrey, many scholars find the work useful.5 Rawlinson was sufficiently proud of his work to present a copy to Thomas Rawlins in 17366 and another to Joseph Taylor of the Bridewell Hospital in 1751 ;7 he felt obliged to indicate the importance of the work when he later described Salmon's Antiquities of Surrey: "The author owes much to the last-men- tioned book, as he honestly acknowledges in his preface."8
1 MS. Rawl. Letters 29, 82, no date.
2 See his insertions in his own copy (8° Rawl. 58-62) about a fire in a powder mill, 1741-2 (i, facing p. 48), another in Croydon Church 1734-5 (ii, facing p. 31) and a note of a seal received in 1749 (v, p. 281).
3 Ibid., iv, facing p. 217.
4 MS. Rawl. B. 250, f. 74, Aug. 3, 1746.
6 j. Aubrey, The Natural History of Wiltshire, ed. by J. E. Britton, 1847 p. viii; Notes and Queries, 1949, p. 379.
6 MS. Ballard 2, f. 12v, Nov. 20, 1736.
7 MS. Rawl. C. 811, f. 25.
8 The English Topographer (8° Rawl. 707) facing p. 229.
132 aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey"
He added an apologia:
These things I send to you upon the acct. of my earnestness in preserving any thing worthy to be transmitted to posterity. I may have several Things by me, which you would rejoyce to see if [you] come away.1
Some months later he sent another curious letter :
I can't deny the Receiving of yrs, dated Decr the 18th, but had forgot from that Time to this ; for sending my Coat the next day to ye Taylor's & the Letf in the Pocket & having no occasion to put it presently on again; I knew as little of yr Lettr as if I never had recd it, but hope my Answr will come timely enough, at least so that the omission may be rectify 'd by having the Srname inserted among the Addenda. I find you write my little Place Farley, whereas we comonly spell it Farleigh. . . I shal be wth you in a smal time & am, wth service to Mr Rawlinson. . . .2
Thomas Swift, the incumbent of Puttenham, was co-operative:
I should be glad to offer any helps yt lye wthin my knowledge towards yr Generous Design of Diverting ye Publick wth yr entertaining Remarks. ... I wish yr Labours a gratefull Reception from ye world.3
While Rawlinson's former tutor, Edward Morse, sent extracts from Gatton parish register:
This is all that I can find in Our Register relating to the family of the Copleys. The reason why you find so little mention made of baptisms or Marriages, is, I suppose, upon account of their Religion. I beg your excuse for not sending this sooner.4
From Godstone, William Jones replied:
According to yr Desire I went to Hourne and writ ye Inscriptions on ye Monuments in ye Ch. wch I have here sent you & would willingly know of ye receipt of ym & likewise an acct of ye Design wch I apprehend to be of very great Service.5
The most curious reply came from John Banastre of Chilworth who criticized the literary value of the inscriptions he copied:
I have but just now seen yr Letf or else I shou'd sooner have answer 'd it & told you how sorry I am that I cannot assist you in so ingenious a design, as well as publick Good with my purse besides this insignificant frigid way. We have only two Inscriptions in our poor desolate Chappel. The first I transcrib'd for you with some pleasure; but the other, as it stands in an obscure place & brought me upon my knees, besides the use of my Spectacles, to find out some broken Letters; so the puns, especially of the latter part, nauseated me so, that I had much to do to eat my Dinner after. And, before I got from my Knees, I cou'd not but tacitly wish the poor Gent, a sweet Repose & an intrepid Resurrection; but at the same time told him; that if a Dryden or a Pope had had his place, they wou'd have broke their Tomb & until'd the Church to have got loose from such wicked Rhymes.6
Soon after the publication of the book, which incorporated many of the suggestions made by local incumbents, an unnamed anti- quary from the Cheam district sent Curll a page of corrections for
1 MS. Rawl. D. 1194, f. 37, no date.
2 Ibid., f. 38, Feb. 6, 1718.
3 Ibid., i. 8, Oct. 1, 1717.
4 Ibid., f. 7, Jan. 29, 1718.
5 Ibid., f. 39, Aug. 23, 1717.
6 Ibid., f. 34, Nov. 3, 1717. For the epitaphs referred to see Aubrey's Surrey, iv, pp. 54, 55.
Aubrey's "natural history and antiquities of surrey" 133
that area.1 Rawlinson was well aware of the shortcomings of the book, and hoping that the taste of the time would change and a second edition would be called for, he continually searched for mistakes, and inserted notes and cuttings even as late as 1752 to amplify what had already been written.2 He called on other scholars for assistance. Thomas Rawlinson's unmistakable scrawl appears frequently in the margins of his brother's copy; Browne Willis sent extracts from the Rolls Chapel Returns,3 and Peter Wh alley gave details of monuments set up at Blechingley since the 1717 visita- tion.4 Irritating as the book is to students of Aubrey, many scholars find the work useful.5 Rawlinson was sufficiently proud of his work to present a copy to Thomas Rawlins in 17366 and another to Joseph Taylor of the Bridewell Hospital in 1751 ;7 he felt obliged to indicate the importance of the work when he later described Salmon's Antiquities of Surrey: "The author owes much to the last -men- tioned book, as he honestly acknowledges in his preface."8
1 MS. Rawl. Letters 29, 82, no date.
2 See his insertions in his own copy (8° Rawl. 58-62) about a fire in a powder mill, 1741-2 (i, facing p. 48), another in Croydon Church 1734-5 (ii, facing p. 31) and a note of a seal received in 1749 (v, p. 281).
3 Ibid., iv, facing p. 217.
4 MS. Rawl. B. 250, f. 74, Aug. 3, 1746.
6 J. Aubrey, The Natural History of Wiltshire, ed. by J. E. Britton, 1847 p. viii; Notes and Queries, 1949, p. 379.
6 MS. Ballard 2, f. 12v, Nov. 20, 1736.
7 MS. Rawl. C. 811, f. 25.
8 The English Topographer (8° Rawl. 707) facing p. 229.
EXCAVATIONS CARRIED OUT BY OR IN
ASSOCIATION WITH THE SURREY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The following list is supplementary to that published in Vol. 53 of the Society's Collections, pp. 42 and 43
Date Description Where Published
1945-1947 Roman and Mediaeval, various sites Sy.A.C, L,
in Southwark pp. xiv and xxv
Miss K. M. Kenyon (full report forth-
coming) .
1945 Inm Age field system, Farthing Sy.A.C, L,
Down, Coulsdon pp. 47-72.
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1947 Roman kilns, " Overwey," Tilford Sy. A. S. Farnham
Mr. A. J. Clark Volume, p. 212-1;
Sy.A.C, LI, pp. 29-56.
1947 Iron Age, Roman and Mediaeval, Old Sy.A.C, L,
Maiden p. xxii.
Mr. L. W. Carpenter
1947 Romano - British village, Hooley, Sy.A.C, 2,
Coulsdon p. xxii.
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1947 Romano-British village, Croham- Sy.A.C, 2,
hurst, Croydon p. xxiii.
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1947 Romano - British, Netherne, Couls- Sy.A.C, L,
don p. xxiii.
1947 Lime-kiln, Thursley Sy.AC, L,
Mr. W. Featherby and Mr. B. p. xxiv. Hope-Taylor
1947 Iron Age, Roman and Mediaeval, Sy.A.C, L,
Thorncombe, Hascombe p. xxiv.
Dr. J. F. Nichols and Mr. P. G. Inwood
1948-1949 Saxon cemetery, Farthing Down, Sy.A.C, LI, Coulsdon p. x.
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
134
Excavations
135
1948 Mediaeval, '* The Tolt," Hambledon
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor and Mr. T. K. Walls
1949-1950 Motte, Abinger
Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1949-1951 Roman and Mediaeval, Moorhouse, Limpsfield Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1949-1950 Neolithic and Mediaeval flint mine, East Horslev Cdr. K. R. U. "Todd
1950 Iron Age fort, War Coppice, Cater-
ham Mr. B. Hope-Taylor
1950 Saxon hut, Ham
Mr. S. S. Frere and Mr. Hope- Taylor
1950 Mesolithic hut, Abinger
Dr. L. S. B. Leakey
1952 Roman, Ewell
Mr. A. R. Laird and Mr. T. Walls
1953 Bronze Age earth circle, St. Martha's
Hill Mr. E. S. Wood
1952-1953 Manor House, Effingham Mr. A. T. Ruby
1953 Romano- British, Binscombe
Dr. J. F. Nichols
Sy.A.C, LI, p. xi.
Arch. J., CVII, pp. 15-43.
Sy.A.C, LIII, p. xi and LII, p. 101.
Sy.A.C, LII, pp. 11-28.
Sy.A.C, LII, "p. 101.
Sy.A.C, LII, p. 101.
Sy. A. S. Research Paper No. 3.
Sy.A.C, LIII, p. xxvii.
Sy.A.C, LIV.
Leatherhead and District L.H.S. Proceedings, I.
Sy.A.C, LIV, (note).
NOTES
Abinger Hammer. — Since the Mcsolithic and Neolithic surface site near Paddington Farm was published in Vol. LI I (p. 23), it has been kept under observation bv Mr. E. W. P. Jones, of Ewell, and the writer. Flints collected by them (to March 1955) in this way have clearly distinguished the two cultures on this site.
Mr. Jones has recovered:
(a) Mesolitbic (mostly patinated white) : 1 core, 1 core-scraper, 2 triangles,
1 broken rhomboid or obliquely backed blade, 1 backed point and 3 fragments,
2 Horsham points (both broken at the same angle), 1 blade with notch, 1 blade with 2 notches on one side (unpatinated), 5 microburins, 1 blade with saw edge, 4 pointed blades and 2 narrow points, 4 broad blades (1 unpatinated) and 3 blade fragments, 2 broken-off round-ended blades, 4 flakes, 1 side- scraper, and 1 multi-purpose core with nosed end, and two "plane" edges (bluish patination).
(b) Neolithic (little or no patination) : 1 fragment of polished axe with flattened oval section, 1 polished axe with oval section, 7 round or round- ended scrapers (2 on triangular-sectioned flakes), 1 cortical flake with rounded end, 1 straight-sided scraper, 1 side-scraper, 1 blade-scraper, 2 blades ( 1 pointed, 1 broad).
The writer has also found :
1 core, 1 thick flake used as side-scraper, 1 used as round-ended scraper, 1 blade, 1 flake, 1 side-scraper with corn-gloss along part of its edge (all unpatinated except the blade). E. S. Wood.
East Horsley. — The skeleton of a Saxon youth, buried about 400-700 a.d., was found at East Horsley during building work. An iron knife which gave the approximate period of the burial, was found with it and was examined bv me.
A. W. G.' L.
Albury. — The skeleton of a girl aged about 18 was found in the garden of " Ford Farm," Albury, during drainage operations. Dr. G. F. Watson examined the bones and suggested the date of death as approximately 150 years ago. A thimble found with the body under the legs, is dated to the late ISth century. The bones were reburied subsequently in Albury Churchyard. A. W. G. L.
A Paleolithic Hand-axe from Banstead Heath, Walton-on-the-Hill. — On
June 11 last, while making a final inspection of the newly ploughed heathland on Banstead Heath, Walton-on-the-Hill, in search of flint artifacts, the writer discovered a broken hand-axe embedded in the clay with gravel. The imple- ment was some 2 feet deep in the soil where the plough had cut away one of the many humps and hillocks of the heath. No associated Paleolithic finds were made in the vicinity where all worked flint so far discovered seems to be of late Neolithic or Bronze Age dates. The find spot is indicated by the map reference 51/234551 and is to the east of the track which leads from the windmill at Walton-on-the-Hill across the heath to some disused chalk pits now being used as a rubbish tip by the Banstead Urban District Council.
The specimen is thickly patinated cream to a pale ochreous colour with a smooth glossy texture. The original cortex of a reddish-brown colour has
136
NOTES
137
been left to form part of the butt which contains several small holes where fossil inclusions have dissolved or fallen out of the flint. It is estimated that some 2 inches of the pointed end have been broken off. The fractured surface is of the same gloss patina as the rest which suggests that the tool was broken by the original owner who then discarded it. Dr. Kenneth Oakley has kindly
Paleolithic hand^axc from Batislead heath. Walton*ottrtli£~ Hill.
examined the implement and states that it is a pointed hand-axe of early La Micoque type and that by comparison with other specimens of local flint it appears to have been manufactured on the site. The writer would be very interested to hear of any other Paleolithic finds which have been recorded from the area. L. \V. Carpenter.
138 NOTES
Gatton Town Hall. — The little 18th-century erection adjoining the mansion in Gatton Park, and known as the Town Hall, was in a state of disrepair when the property was acquired by the Royal Alexandra and Albert School. Re- cently it has been completely overhauled by the Trustees at considerable cost to themselves, even after allowing for grants later made by the Count)'- and Local Councils respectively.
The old ornamentation has been followed in renewing the woodwork, which, with the four columns, has had a finishing coat of off-white paint. Incidentally, the columns are made of iron — not stone, as visitors sometimes suppose. The stone ornament with square base and inscriptions has had a light but adequate cleaning.
The attention thus given to this link with the small and notoriously "Rotten Borough of Gatton" is welcomed; but some may regret the passing of its weathered and old-world appearance, and the replacement of a background of trees by buildings in the modern style.
A. Buckland Kent.
An Old Reigate Street Name. — When referring to William Ridgeway's MS.
History and Itinerary of Reigate of 1816, held by the British Museum, I noted that immediately above the list of tenements in Church Street, commencing with Baron Maseres house, the author had written "Silver Street." I have never before come across that name, and local enquiries have brought no light on the subject. Dr. Hooper had examined this MS. but I know of no comment of his upon the point.
A Manor of Reigate Title Book compiled in 1755 contains records of pro- perties in "Church Street," so it may be that "Silver Street" was simply a name used casually and unofficially by the townsfolk of the time. If the name has some reference to the little approach road by "The Barons," Ridgeway's entry "Silver Street" immediately before the house would be readily under- stood, although so insignificant a little turning — soon merging into the Church Path — certainly does not merit being called a street. It is apparent from a map of the town made in 1 773 that this was simply a footpath or track across fields, and Rocque's Map of 1762 shows it as a footway only.
As to the reason for adopting such a name, one's imagination might link it with the local silver sand, formerly dug near by, and referred to in the Survey of 1623, or even with silver coin, probably offered at the shrine in the vicinity (see Hooper's Reigate, p. 127). One can hardly doubt that the name in question was an accepted one, especially as another name shown in this MS. — Heath Street — is known to have formerly been borne by the present West Street.
I shall be grateful to have further light on this little point of local history.
A. Buckland Kent.
"Thor's Stone" or "Cricklestone" on Thursley Common.— On Cricklestone Hill, Thursley Common, is a low sandstone outcrop known as "Thor's Stone" and also as "Cricklestone." A nearby stretch of the Common is called "Crickle- stone Flat." This outcrop marks the boundary of the Peper Harow Estate as well as defining the Peper Harow-Thursley Parish Boundary. Brayley in his Topographical History of Surrey, when describing the Peper Harow Parish bounds, makes the statement: "In a southerly direction the parish extends in a long narrow slip as far as Cricklestone. ..." There is also the following reference to the stone in Vol. XII (p. 153) of Surrey Archaeological Collections: "On Thursley Common is a large piece of water called 'the Moat' which pro- bably may have been the Moteplace of the Saxons of Thursley (Thorsley) and Elstead (it is situated about midway between these villages) : near this Moat and dividing the parishes of Thursley and Peper Harow is a boundary stone still called 'Cricklestone' (from the British word 'Criccle' a stone) and near this again is a Farm, called 'the Borough'."
The stone has a number of initials cut into it, and a local resident tells me he has heard it is "lucky" to cut one's initials there on seeing it for the first time.
NOTES
139
Some three miles from "Thor's Stone" or "Cricklestone" are the Devil's Jumps where there is another outcrop of rock which has a mythical associa- tion with the god Thor. Thor is said to have caught the Devil jumping from hill to hill and to have knocked him down with the enormous stone to be seen on the top of Stony Jump! It is worthy of note the now nameless small stream at the foot of Stony Jump was formerly known as "the Cricklebourne."
At the south-east corner of Pudmore Pond on Ockley Common stands a large stone, about 3 feet in height, the site of which is the junction of the Parishes of Elstead, Peper Harow and Thursley. This stone is the "Thor's Stone" which figures so largely in S. Baring-Gould's novel The Broom-Squire
ELSTEAD PARISH
OCKLEY
COMMON
^Pcptr harow Btatt Boundary Stone.
THURSLEY' PARISH
PEPER HAROW PARISH
: THURSLEY-, PARISH '■
THURSLEY\CpMNON
'"****■* K^ Thor's Stone or i ' ;"-r, Cr,ckUstone 'l
^^"
(published in 1896). The author refers to it as a "grey block of ironstone"; actually it is a block of chert.
Local inhabitants assure me the true "Thor's Stone" is the sandstone out- crop on Cricklestone Hill, and it is evident only through the imagination of Baring-Gould was the name of the god ever connected with the Pudmore Pond Boundary Stone. The appearance and situation of the real "Thor's Stone" was, I would suggest, most unsuited to Baring-Gould's requirements and he therefore "transferred" the name to the stone at Pudmore Pond. He then "attached" to it a superstition similar to the one connected with the stone
L
1 40 NOTES
on the mysterious "Borough Hill" in a legend relating to the cauldron at Frensham Parish Church.
The skilful blending of fact and fiction in The Broom-Squire has, however, resulted in a great many people believing the Pudmore Pond Boundary Stone to be the actual "Thor's Stone." In fact, I am told "hundreds of pieces" have been broken off it and taken as "souvenirs." An indication of how widely Baring-Gould's story has come to be accepted as fact will be afforded by the following extract from Messrs. E. W. Swanton and P. Woods' Bygone Hasle- mere, a work published in 1914, 18 years after the appearance of The Broom- Squire: "Another deity of perhaps equal importance was Thunor or Thur, the God of Thunder. In Surrey his name is associated with Thursley, Thunders- field and Thunderhill. Two stones are also said to commemorate him, viz., Thor's Stone at Peper Harow, and Thor's Stone on the margin of Pudmore Pond, but as both are boundary stones, and were probably set up as such, the word 'trior' in these instances may be a corruption of the Keltic 'or,' a limit or boundary. The O.E. har stan 'greystone' suggests another derivation. Curious legends are often connected with boundary stones. Thus, Thor's Stone at Pudmore is said to have been frequented by money-lending elves, who advanced loans on the understanding that they were returned at an agreed time." From the reference to one of the stones being at Peper Harow, and the suggestion that both of them were "set up," it is obvious the passage was written without first-hand knowledge of the situation or nature of the stones.
Notwithstanding the Pudmore Pond stone is erected at the meeting-place of three parishes, its purpose appears to be to mark the Peper Harow Estate Boundary. I understand it is one of a series of estate boundary marks which formerly extended from Pudmore Pond, following the Peper Harcw Parish Boundary, to a point some 650 yards west of Borough Farm. They seem to have commenced again just to the south of Borough Farm, crossed Witley Common to Rodborough Hill, and then continued, on the opposite side of the main Portsmouth Road, down to the edge of the Common at Mousehill, Milford. The majority have now disappeared but there is still one near Borough Farm. It is a flat stone and, like that at Pudmore Pond, is composed of chert. A similar or "even larger" stone than the one at Pudmore Pond is said to have stood not far from the nearer of the two barrows on Thursley Common to that Pond. Another was formerly situated on top of the other barrow (which lies on the Peper Harow-Thursley Parish Boundary), and Mr. L. V. Grinsell makes the following reference to it in his "Analysis and List of Surrey Barrows" in Vol. XLII of Surrey Archaeological Collections: "At the south end of the mound is a large stone slab, probably of recent erection."
As to the source of these stones, the present owner of a portion of the Peper Harow Estate informs me he was told by an old estate hand they were brought from Boundless, near Hindhead, where there is a disused quarry to be seen. With regard to the date of their erection or placing, he considers this was not before the first Lord Midleton's ownership of the estate, i.e., not earlier than 1712-13.
The Boundary Stone at Pudmore Pond is set against the east side of a bank and ditch which extend from the northernmost point of Ockley Common to the south-east corner of Pudmore Pond and mark the Cosford-Peper Harow Estate and the Elstead-Peper Harow Parish Boundaries. They then continue as the Cosford Estate Boundary along the Thursley-Elstead Parish Boundary westwards to The Moat, and from the south side of The Moat run (in a frag- mentary condition) southwards to Truxford.
It would seem this estate and parish boundary may possibly be founded on that of the Manor of the Bishop of Winchester. The Surrey volume published by the English Place-Xame Society sets out the bounds of the Manor as given in the Charter of Edward of Wessex to the Church of Winchester (circa 909), and these include the following: "The next point is 'sumaeres ford,' i.e. Somerset Bridge. . . . The next point is 'ocan lea,' surviving in Ockley Com- mon, followed by 'pudan more,' i.e. Pudmore Pond. The boundary- here
NOTES 141
follows no definite natural feature. The next point is 'crudan sceat,' surviving in Critchet Field in Thursley, on the stream which here divides Thursley from Elstead."
In conclusion, my thanks are due to all those who have given me informa- tion and assistance — particularly to Messrs. G. Court, J. Kingshott, F. J. Baker and W. F. Pierce. (Incidentally, Mr. Court unveiled Thursley's "Thor" Village Sign in 1951, and Mr. Kingshott recently retired after fifty-three years service on the Peper Harow Estate.) I am also indebted to Mr. A. W. G. Lowther for his advice and for a geological report on fragments from the Peper Harow Estate Boundary Stones.
P. G. Inwood.
Dorking — Shrove Tuesday Football. — During the past fifty to sixty years Dorking, in common with other towns and villages in Surrey, has witnessed the passing of many old games and customs, to name a few: May Day, Oak- apple (Shicshag) Day the 29th May, Torchlight Procession on the 5th Novem- ber, the Cattle Fair in the streets on Ash Wednesday and Shrove Tuesday Football. No authentic record can be traced when the latter game first came to be played in the streets of Dorking but from the recollections of the older (over eighty years) inhabitants, in 1897, when the police first intervened to stop the game, it seems probable that the custom had been observed for about 100 years.
As the Shrove Tuesdays came round the first thing to attract attention was the barricading of shop windows where no shutters existed, and as the morning wore on the sound of a drum and pipes caught the ear, this was "Taffer Boult's Band" consisting of about half-a-dozen grotesquely dressed men, one with a side drum, others with whistle pipes, pipes and a triangle — the leader, a well-known character named Phil Stedman, carried a collecting box and donations were invited against possible window breaking or other damage. The band was conducted through the streets by a man carrying a cross-shaped framework upon which was suspended, in the fashion of a pawn- broker's sign, three painted footballs, one red and green, the second red, white and blue, and the third, a large one, in gold leaf, and on the crossbar of the framework was the inscription:
"Wind and water is Dorking's glory." (This museum piece is still in existence and well preserved.)
Mr. Charles Rose, in his Recollections of Old Dorking, 1878, suggests that "wind" refers to the inflation of the ball and "water" to the duckings in the mill pond and brook, at one time indulged in — he also states that in the early days "Kick away both Whig and Tory" was added to the inscriptions on the crossbar.
The photograph taken in 1895 by the late Mr. Thomas Molyneux, a well- known local amateur photographer, is of the last parade of "the Band."
Shrove Tuesday 1897 saw a force of seventy additional police under the command of the Deputy Chief Constable of Surrey, drafted into the town, and at two o'clock a crowd estimated at the time at 2,000 was in the High Street, it having been voiced abroad that the game "was on" and that Mr. J. T. Maybank, a member of the Society and up to the time of his death one of the local secretaries, intended to kick off the ball, as he had done for many years. Mr. Maybank kept his promise and at the appointed time set the ball in motion at the traditional spot, the top of Church Pavements and, as usual, the cry went up "East" or "West" the only known rules of the game being that those dwellers on the east of the church passage would kick to the west and vice versa.
During the afternoon many balls were released, several being in view at one time. The police were stationed at strategic points and at the close of play at 6 p.m. were credited with the capture of eight balls, the greater pro- portion of those liberated falling into friendly hands.
The sight of a burly constable marching to the police station hugging a
142 NOTES
prize ball "rugger fashion" and surrounded by four or five equally burly police officers is to be remembered, particularly as the escort was treated to good-natured if noisy hoots and cheers from the crowd.
As a result of the afternoon's sport the police took the names of some sixty persons actually seen kicking or handling the ball.
It was at the end of the game that "the Band" came into their own and retired to the Sun Beerhouse, their headquarters, to receive the report of damage, if any, and if not, proceeded to have a convivial time until the con- tents of the collecting box were exhausted.
Feeling ran high in the town when it was ascertained that it was the direct result of a petition from a few shopkeepers that the police took action to suppress the game, and the Dorking Urban District Council passed a res- olution criticising the action of the Surrey Standing Joint Committee and correspondence passed between the Chairman of that body and Mr. Howard Chaldecott, the then Chairman of the Urban Council.
Further, a Football Defence Association was set up and a fund created to brief Counsel to defend the accused and pay the fines. Amongst those who contributed generously to the fund was Mr. Henry Attlee (father of the ex- Prime Minister) and Mr. J. C. Deverell a prominent member of the Dorking Bench.
At the hearing before the magistrates on March 27, 1897, fifty-four towns- men were charged with playing football in the streets and both the police and defendants were represented by Counsel. Counsel for the defence argued that being an old custom which had been indulged in from time immemorial the inhabitants were immune from prosecution.
Counsel for the police successfully argued that no old custom could take away the powers given in Sec. 72 of the Highway Act 1835, and that no sub- stantial question of right had been estabhshed. With this the magistrates concurred and imposed a fine of Is. with costs 4s. on each defendant.
Shrove Tuesday 1898. The police contingent and the crowds were much less than the preceding year although the names taken by the police were approximately the same number. Mr. W. J. Shearburn, a well-known local Councillor and supporter of the game, kicked off on this, the last time the old custom was perpetuated.
At the Bench sitting at Dorking on March 26, 1898, fifty-seven persons were fined for contravention of the Highway Act 1835. Mr. Shearburn £2, another active local resident £\ and the remaining fifty-five 10s. each.
N.B.- — Sy.A.C, Vol. XIV: Mr. J. Lewis Andre makes a brief reference to the game in his article "Miscellaneous Antiquities of Dorking."
E. L. Sellick.
A View of Dorking. — By the kindness of the Marylebone Cricket Club, it is possible to reproduce a painting in their possession, which was formerly in the Denbies collection. It shows a cricket match in progress on Cotmandene Common, and is thus of special interest for cricketing history, but is also a rich and apparently accurate source of Dorking topography in the second half of the 18th century. The picture is unsigned and undated, and it is hoped that its publication may lead to the discovery of further information. Mean- while the facts at present available may be set down. The following houses and other features are definitely identifiable (see numbered key) :
1. Deepdene Temple; 2. Deepdene Stables; 3. Deepdene Mansion; 4. Pippbrook House; 5. Pippbrook Mill; 6. Pippbrook House Stables; 7. Ivy Holt House (once a school) ; 8. Moore's House (once Moore's School) ; 9. Londesdale House; 10. Ivery's Nursery Ground and House; 11. Garden to Londesdale House; 12. Cotmandene; 13. Shrub Hill House and grounds; (13* possibly the Archery Butts); 14. White Horse Hotel, High Street; 14*. The Dutch House; 15. Red Lion Hotel, High Street; 16. Dorking Church, demolished 1835; 17. The Dorking Tannery, whose buildings were
* See p. 143.
PLATE XXI
PLATE XXII
S in
o °C
z t^ —
a --73 o ^ c
Z „ 3
< 9 o
rt
o
<D
g II u £ .spa"
w
„ 3 -3
Z C ^
W ^-i
Q — O
ri U 3
« 3 o
N* 8
< <n c/3
B d Oh
SPPLh
5
o
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NOTES
143
afterwards converted into a brewery; 18. Rose Hill House and Butter Hill House. The London Road appears between Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 10, with a coach climbing the hill at the bend.
The houses shown in the picture agree very closely with those indicated upon the engraved survey map of the Dorking area, dated 1787, included in James Edwards' Companion from London to Brighthelmston; so far as it is possible to detect any discrepancies, they suggest a rather earlier date for the picture, and this would agree with the evidence of the two-stump wicket shown in the picture. The third stump is known to have been added soon after 1775, and the two-stump pattern was virtually obsolete ten years later, though it is found in artists' impressions of matches as late as 1793.
The date seems to be more closely fixed by the mansion at Deepdene, stated to have been built by Charles Howard, tenth Duke of Norfolk (1777-86) before his succession to the title (Gentleman's Magazine, 1787, Part II, pp. 1061-2), and thus before 1777; while the house does not appear on the 1st edition of Rocque's Map of Surrey, and was therefore built after c. 1768 (see Sy.A.C, XL, p. 65). As the Dorking Cricket Club is first heard of in 1771, the evidence is in favour of a date for the picture in the early years of the club's history, c. 1770-85. Against this is the evidence of the inscription formerly in the Deepdene Temple, that it was built in 1810 ; but it is impossible to reconcile this with the fact that the mansion shown in the picture is un-
questionably in its original state before the extensive alterations and addi- tions of 1800-10. Either the Temple also was simply altered at that time, or it replaced an earlier building on the same site.
Thanks are due to the Committee of the M.C.C. and to Miss Diana Rait Kerr, Curator of Lord's, who has kindly supplied a photograph and much information.
E. L. Sellick.
Sir William More's Library at Losely. — I gladly draw attention to the excellent series of "Studies in the History of Libraries" that are appearing in the Library Association Record: they are written by Mr. Raymond Irwin, M.A., Director of the School of Librarianship and Archives at University College, London. In the third number, June 1954, are interesting details of the manorial library of Sir William More at Losely House, near Guildford, from an inventory of 1556. Mr. Irwin has utilised "Extracts from the Private Account Book of More," published in Archceologia, 1855. Maps and office equipment arc re- corded in detail, whilst the library was unusually rich in manuscripts and printed books, theology, geometry, law, English, French, Italian and Latin literature being conspicuous. A number of particular authors are mentioned.
R. Offor.
The Weybridge Monument on the Village Green. — A feature of the Weybridge Village Green, facing the old Ship Inn, is the Monument erected by the people of Weybridge to the memory of H.R.H. the Duchess of York. This Monu- ment, 30 feet high, erected over 130 years ago, has a curious history and is of far greater interest than appears at a first inspection.
It has been scheduled for preservation as a Surrey antiquity, as not only is
144 NOTES
it of historic interest but it is claimed to be the only example in Surrey of the work of the great 17th-century English sculptor, Edward Pierce. Pierce, who died in 1698 in Surrey Street, Strand, and was buried in the Savoy, was for some time assistant to Sir Christopher Wren, and re-built St. Clement Danes in the Strand in 1680 from Wren's designs (vide Diet. Nat. Biog. and Vertue's note that "Pierce the carver, lived and died at his hse lowr end of Surrey Street in the Strand, buried at St. Mary le Savoy abt 23 or 24 yrs that is 1698. He built under the care of Sr Chris Wren St. Clement's Church.")
Three of his finest works were the heads of Milton (Christ's College, Cam- bridge, and formerly owned by Vertue), Cromwell and the incomparable bust of Wren, both in the possession of the Ashmolean.
To return to the Weybridge Monument. It was originally the old Seven Dials Column, designed by Edward Pierce to stand at the junction of seven streets in a district in the Parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. It was originally capped by a great hexagonal stone with seven sundials attached, six on the sides and one lying flat on the top. Each sundial faced one of the streets, two of which were joined like a V, so that the Column formed a focal point from which the streets radiated. The whole area became known as Seven Dials, later very unsavoury in reputation.
The work was probably completed in 1694, because John Evelyn in his Diary writes on October 5, 1694:
"I went to see the building near St. Giles, where 7 streets make a star from a Doric pillar, placed in the middle of a circular area, said to be built by Mr Xeale, introducer of the late lotteries."
Evelyn makes no mention of the sculptor who designed the Column; but proof that it is the work of Edward Pierce can be found at the British Museum where in the Print Room is a valued drawing to scale by Pierce's own hand, with the following inscription:
"A stone Pillar with Sun-Dyals, to which are directed 7 streets in St. Giles' Parish commonly called the Seven Dyals, formerly a Laystall, de- signed and drawn by Edwd Pierce, sculptor."
About 1778 an attempt was made by some of the more lawless of the in- habitants to uproot the Column, as a rumour had spread that treasure or a sum of money had been buried beneath its base. This was frustrated by the parish authorities; but a later attempt was more successful and the Column, in spite of its height and weight, was overthrown. No treasure was discovered at its base. The Parish of St. Giles could not meet the cost of re-erecting the Column and it was put up for sale and purchased by "a gentleman living at Sayes Court." This was probably James Payne who built both Chertsey Bridge and the second Walton Bridge, and who for some years lived at Sayes Court, Addlestone. The Column lay neglected in the fields for years, until it was bought by a Weybridge stonemason.
When the Duchess of York died at Oatlands in 1820 the people of Wey- bridge wished to erect a Monument to her memory, for she was genuinely beloved as a great benefactress to the whole neighbourhood during the thirty years she had lived there. A Mr. Tod who kept the old Ship Inn collected a sum of money for the purpose, but it was insufficient to meet the cost of an imposing monument. Therefore, in consultation with the stonemason, the old Seven Dials Monument was purchased, the famous Dial Stone was re- morselessly removed, and in its place the apex of the Column was topped with an insignificant pinnacle and coronet, spoiling to a large extent the grace and dignity of Pierce's design. On the north side of the plinth the following inscription may still be read :
"This column was erected by the inhabitants of Weybridge and its vicinity on the 6th day of August, 1822, by voluntary contribution in token of their sincere esteem and regard for her late Royal Highness the most excellent and illustrious Frederica Charlotte Ulrica Catherine Duchess of York, who resided for upwards of thirty years at Oatlands in this Parish exercising every Christian virtue, and died universally regretted on the 6th day of August 1820."
NOTES 145
Heretofore the Village Green had always been known as "Bull King Square," the scene of bull-baiting and Maypole festivities; but with the erection of the Monument the name was changed to Monument Green and the road leading thereto from Oatlands to Monument Hill.
For many years the Dial Stone lay neglected outside the Ship Inn and was used as a mounting-block for customers, until the late Dr. Eric Gardner arranged for its removal for safe custody to the forecourt of the "Weybridge Council Offices in Church Street. There it remains, with a tablet giving its history. A reproduction of Pierce's original design and many other prints and photographs of the Column of varying dates are on view at the Weybridge Museum.
The village pump which stood between the Monument and the Ship Inn has disappeared, and the size of the Green has been grievously curtailed, but the Column still brings a sense of dignity to the busy High Street.
Dorothy Grenside.
Ockham Church — Rectors. — Further to my list in Sy.A.C, XLV, 44-47 — cor- rections and additions XLVI, 138, 139 and XLIX, 120 — I have since found mention of " Magister Radulphus de Mailing [South Mailing, Sussex] de Occham rector " as witness of a deed dated 14 Oct. 1294 (Reg. Winchelsea, Archbishop of Canterbury, Canterbury and York Soc, p. 6). Ralph was pre- sumably instituted before 1282, the year in which the first extant Register of Winchester begins. R. N. Bloxam.
REVIEWS
The Editor had it in mind to attempt the compilation of a list of articles of Surrey interest in newspapers, journals, and so forth, but this is obviously a large order, and he has little or no spare time at present for such a project. The help of someone who has access to sources for such work would be welcome. For instance, among the pictures which have been produced by The Times are: May 14, 1954, Spring at Winkworth Arboretum, near Godalming; July 3, 1954, Brockham Green, near Dorking; September 10, 1954, Report of a gift by Lord Hylton of a footpath through his land at Merstham [article] ; March 18, 1955, Preservation of a Surrey estate [the Harewoods, Outwood].
In the Surrey Advertiser, October 23, 1954, there was an article on and picture of the ill-timed "excavations" at Chertsey Abbey.
Other books noted have been Hilliek, Old Sin rev Water Mills, Skeffington, 21s. (Geographical Magazine, March 1952), and S. W. Wooi.dridge and F. Goldring, The Weald (Kent and Sussex, but touches on Surrey and Hampshire), noticed in The Times.
Archaeology (Teach Yourself Books). By S. Graham Brade-Birks. English Universities Press. 1953. 6s.
There are two ways to review a book of this kind. One is to dismiss it impatiently in a few lines as being unworthy of its subject, the other is to point out its qualities and its shortcomings in detail. The first way has been followed elsewhere, it may therefore be helpful here if the second were attempted.
I do not pretend that this is an easy book to review at all; it is a puzzle why this well-known series did not have what might have been a work of permanent value done by an acknowledged authority. The result is a sketchy, unequal and often irritating survey, parts of which are definitely inadequate to their subject. The stress throughout is on what the amateur can do. This is admirable, but the amateur needs guidance to enable him to see where in this vast field he can best work, and sufficient facts to give him confidence to begin, but positive discouragement from destroying evidence on his own account. The book really consists of headings to foster this amateur interest. The later chapters, from the Anglo-Saxon period omvards, are better than the Roman and before.
But even in the later chapters much is left out — the architecture of parish churches is dealt with, but not the typical growth of a church, which might well interest a beginner. Nothing either is said about crafts and techniques, so essential for an understanding of any archaeological matter; but too much v> said on matters like scripts, runes, oghams, heraldry and the like, which, in British archaeology, are surely side-issues, and in any event need more ex- pertise than a beginner could hope for, or need. Further, it is a tall order, and may discourage many, to tell readers to learn Latin and Anglo-Saxon — why not Old Welsh as well ?
To go back. Many of the illustrations are too small ; for instance, Fig. 9 is almost obscure, and cannot be very informative. The bibliographies are not up-to-date or full enough; on p. 30 surely the standard works like S. Piggott, British Prehistory, and V. G. Childe, Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles, Childe's Dawn and Zeuner's Dating the Past, and great journals like A rch. J. and P.P.S., are worth a mention. Curwen's Prehistoric Sussex is mentioned at least twice ; but if there are respects in which this is not superseded by his later Archceology of Sussex (of which an excellent new edition has just appeared) these might be stated. Piggott's Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles could have been mentioned as forthcoming (p. 75), and Curwen's Plough and Pasture is missing from p. 89.
146
REVIEWS 147
The Palaeolithic chapters arc muddled, and arc better done, for the beginner, in Oakley's and Watson's books referred to. Surely mussels on pp. 34-5 should be cockles ? Repetitions like that of soil texture on pp. 47-54 and sources of Dark Age history (later) might have been avoided, or room found for more new material, such as mention of Wurm maxima (p. 65), more of Stonehenge in the light of recent work (p. 72), pictures of A and B Beakers and Food Vessels (p. 77). Hallstatt is misspelt throughout, and there are some other misprints. The Belgae are scamped, but the Roman Emperors, few of whom had much bearing on the history of Britain, set out in full. (It would have helped a beginner to have those who were important to us set out in different type.)
One of the few definite early facts, the Thames Pick on p. 68, is misleading — this is put with the Tardenoisian, and its strong Forest affinities not men- tioned.
I have selected these points at random, and they merely touch the fringe of criticism. The moral seems to be that there is really no short cut to expertise in this field ; the standard text-books, which give the evidence for their views, are really best for the beginner, and this glittering temptation to discursive ignorance, laid before him under a popular imprint, is a danger. But let me also say that the book could be the basis of something of real value. Its sincerity is not in doubt, and even its wide reach may stimulate many. But the publishers might consider, at a future date, issuing a series of volumes on archaeology, so that each period can be adequately treated.
E. S. Wood.
Anthropology (Teach Yourself Books). By J. E. Manchip White, M.A. Cantab. English Universities Press. 1954. 6s.
This is an adventurous series, which aims at a comprehensive outline of a variety of subjects of current significance, acquaintance with which their several votaries claim to be essential for our well-being. The enthusiastic pioneers have all the ardour and self-confidence which possess those who feel they are entering new and untilled fields. Such an impression may be gained from this volume. Elsewhere in this series, the very wide range of treatment may lead to a rather superficial outline of the whole story when so com- pressed. But the author of this little manual has avoided that charge as far as he could do within the prescribed limits.
In a Study which by its very name comprehends the nature and the acti- vities of primaeval man, anthropos, one might soon be hopelessly engulfed if a limit were not set by precise boundaries. The author delimits certain sections: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, social anthropology, each of which can easily be entangled with kindred studies, such as archaeology, anatomy, sociology, or psychology. Even so, the necessity for restricting the limits of investigation excludes matters vital to man's welfare: economic science (narrowly defined) is chiefly confined to a discussion of the origin of coinage. Western religion. Christian theology, are warily avoided : it is out of fashion. "Guns, liquor and Bibles" is a terribly hackneyed and evilly associated sneer, despite the lofty disdain of "From Greenland's icy moun- tains" and the Europeanizing tactics of early missionaries, not at all in accord with our present-day gospel. In the kindred subject of "human geography" the reviewer recalls on this matter the arid conclusions of his professor of geography based on the despotic dictates of his "science" : missions were impracticable in certain areas where, owing to the angle of the sun's rays, the sutures of African skulls thickened and prevented intellectual ex- pansion beyond the age of 12: to an ardent young student who retorted on the success of Scottish mission work at Livingstonia, it was explained that Nyasaland was so many thousand feet above the sea!
Our author rightly spurns dogmatic tyranny in facing the infinite variety of human problems such as once seemed to threaten from "human ecology." He has the great merit of carefully qualifying absolute statements by the unknown factors that always beset man. "Life," he says, "from the begin-
148 ' REVIEWS
nings has flown strongly and unpredictably." By restricting the subject to primitive man in the past and the present, he succeeds in touching upon a very wide range of topics, which will be highly informative to all interested readers. There is a good survey of the races of man in prehistoric days and in the present time. The influence of environment, the struggle to survive, the "diffusion" of discoveries, psychological and spiritual factors, all are discussed with painstaking care. The anthropologist's scientific terminology is duly set out, even if a "humanist" may slightly demur to this subjection of human problems to scientific classification.
In the concluding pages the author refreshingly lets himself go in belauding his primitive friends and the pathetic remnants of existing races. "Primitives are more whole with nature than we ourselves." "There is a kinship between the savage and his prey." He is rightly emphatic in his denunciation of Soviet imperialism and colonization. Even Cromwell in Ireland has been surpassed by the Muscovite in the inhuman suppression of those interesting Baltic, Tartar, Crimean and Greek populations that are of such profound importance to the ethnographer, each with its own cultural inheritance. Mr. White is outspoken, on the other hand, in his championship of the often derided British colonial and Indian official. Like the 18th-century philosopher, the author tends to idealize primitive man, despite his discredit of a "golden age." He lightly glosses over tribal warfare in Africa, as resulting in trifling casualties compared to the manly qualities engendered. There is no mention of the deluging of Southern African blood by Tshaka and his stabbing assegai or the racial suicide of the Kosas in 1857 at the behest of the witch-doctors.
These are small points. The whole volume is a mine of worthwhile informa- tion and will well repay perusal by all who are concerned with the future of mankind, and not least by those of our own people who study anxiously our relations with backward and primitive races overseas.
R. Offor.
English Mediaeval Architects. A biographical dictionary down to 1550. By J. H. Harvey, F.S.A. With contributions by Arthur Oswald. Bats- ford. £3 15s.
This was noted at the last moment in The Times Literary Supplement for March 1 1, 1955. The review there is most commendatory as befits the careful work of the author, a Surrey resident and a distinguished member of our Society. Our editor for many years was closely associated with the late Professor Hamilton Thompson, one of whose constant themes from close perusal of records was that the romantic idea that Bishop this or Abbot that was the actual designer of the great churches under their care must be heavily discounted. There were then, as now, specially trained "architects," although they did not have that actual designation and relations between client and designer were on a more intimate and spiritual plane than nowadays. Mr. Harvey has so developed this subject that his book is rightly stated to be an "essential work of reference."
R. Offor.
Kent Churches 1954. By H. R. Pratt Boorman and V. J. Torr. Kent Messenger, Maidstone. 20s.
A volume with a Foreword by Mr. Torr, 173 pages of text and illustrations, and with 325 good-sized photographs covering almost every aspect of church fabrics and fittings, this book may fairly be regarded as very good value today at 20s. Format and get-up combine to convey the impression of the "semi- popular" classification, and with its wealth of illustrations this book will doubtless appeal to many who might be put off by a more purely technical approach. The text throughout (which one may be forgiven for deducing to be principally the result of the researches of Mr. Torr) is consistently on a level, both in matter and presentation, that should not fail to command the attention of the technically equipped because it also aims at interesting the more prosaic lover of these Kentish examples of our country's greatest in-
REVIEWS 149
heritance from the past; and these latter will learn much from what the authors have to tell over a wide compass, both architectural and ecclesio- logical.
The Foreword, which one could wish might have been developed at greater length, is in the nature of a general introduction to the old churches of the county, their relationship to the landscape, their frequency and appearance as conditioned by geography and geology, special local features, e.g., the well- known Kentish west towers, and a survey of the styles of building throughout the centuries. This is followed by an all-too-brief reference to furniture and monuments, but these are examined in extended form in the text accompany- ing the illustrations. Also, both in the Foreword and in the principal text, there is a judicious integration of related history, as well as references to liturgical requirements and other observances where these throw into relief the raison d'etre of both architecture and appointments. The Foreword con- cludes with data as to authoritative sources of information, such as diocesan visitations (which may be consulted at Canterbury and Lambeth) and the invaluable Streatfeild collection at the British Museum.
The main work consists of photographs, each with its supporting caption, and averaging two to a page, grouped and arranged to illustrate the many aspects of the subject, starting with fabrics, first as entities and followed by individual features: towrers, doorcases, roofs, general interiors, windows, arcades, corbels, structural furniture such as sedilia and piscina?; and going on to other furniture, fittings, etc.; fonts, screens, benches, monuments, and so on. The photographs (the vast majority being the personal work of Mr. Torr as can be seen from the Acknowledgments) have apparently been taken over an extended period. The critical eye will detect in some interiors older styles of artificial lighting now mostly superseded. Indeed such a large number and variety of pictures could only have been acquired over the years by one devoted to this quest.
It should be stressed that the reader will find throughout the captions a praiseworthy assignment of dates for the architectural illustrations, so that the work may also serve as a guide to building periods for those more par- ticularly interested in the finer shades of transition in mediaeval architecture, as well as supplying a source of comparison with nearly similar examples in other regions.
Not a few will appreciate the attention given to the less familiar, e.g., Royal Arms in churches, of which there are examples from the 16th to the 19th centuries covered by fifteen photographs, some of these being among the best in the book, with equally good and rewarding text. Those specially interested in this particular subject may care to know that at Sutton-at-Hone in the north-west corner of the county a framed painting of the Queen's Arms (1953), traditional in size and appearance, has been set up over the south doorway of the church.
Some will perhaps cavil because this or that particular church has not found a place among the illustrations, but it is obvious that a guide to all the
anripr4- "'""•'■'«"' ~* IT™-*- -..-oo unt the. intention Of the authors (the hnnlr r1r,oo
150 REVIEWS
There are in Kent over 400 old churches, including rebuildings and those in ruin, and of this number (with the inclusion of the two Cathedrals) 179 are illustrated, many being served by several pictures, such as New Romney with five, Warehorne with six and Brookland seven, so that altogether we arrive at a total of 325 photographs. From the book's Index it can further be ascertained that just on 300 of the county's churches find mention in the general text, while others are referred to only in the Foreword.
Surrey churches are mentioned a few times. On what would be pages 3 and 4 of the Foreword reference to Compton will be found on the former and what are described as the mid-Surrey group on the latter, with Lambeth on page 9. In the general text YVotton occurs on page 44, Thames Ditton on page 57, and Coulsdon and Stoke D'Abernon on pages 102 and 145 respec- tively. Sussex does better with references on page 5 of the Foreword and pages 22, 42, 58, 62, 66, 73, 78, 90, 93, 95, 112, 121, 139 and 159 of the general text, but six of these are confined to one church, Winchelsea.
On the debit side the absence of a map of the county must be regretted. The eleven-page Foreword is not paged, and therefore not included in the Index. At least one historical generalization will not find favour with all, and there are one or two "asides" which could with advantage have been omitted. The knapped-rlint cross at Eastwell, with photograph and text on page 31, happily still survives. It is on the south face of the tower, and the reference to its having been embodied in the east wall of the church is therefore in- correct. The book's title, Kent Churches 1954, seems unfortunate. It is not, as some might at first suppose, a Directory to the churches of the county for the year 1954. If Kent Churches without further addition might be feared to infringe a copyright, surely something else might have been devised. But these are small things when set against the great interest and pleasure which those to whom the quest of the English parish church is so fascinating will assuredly find in the pages of this new offering. A. W.
Metalwork and Enamelling. By Herbert Maryon, F.S.A. 3rd edition, revised. Chapman and Hall. 36s.
Those of us who gather each month round Mr. Wilson-Haffenden and a small band of folk who are interested in archaeology and museums have a warm heart for Mr. Maryon, who has just produced this new edition of his book which was first published forty years ago. Mr. Maryon is one of the associates of Dr. Plenderleith at the remarkable British Museum laboratory, and thus he has had his share of the amazing restorations, in the best sense of the word, of precious relics of antiquity, which have recently been dis- covered in a mangled and disjointed condition, such as the Anglo-Saxon boat relics at Woodbridge, or the helmet at Sheffield whose ornamentation had been totally obscured. Accordingly, all who are interested especially in the repair of gold and silver objects of historic worth, will find this new edition - invaluable. R. Offor.
REVIEWS 151
Roman Roads in Britain. Vol. I, South of the Foss Way — Bristol Channel. By Ivan D. Margary, M.A., F.S.A. With 17 plates and maps. Phoenix House Ltd. London. 1955. 42s. net.
A copy of this work of outstanding importance had been sent to the Society for review after Volume LIV had been placed in the hands of the printer. Consequently there can only be inserted in that volume a brief notice, pending the appearance of an adequate treatment of the book in our next issue.
There is a peculiar reason for all members of the Society joyfully to hail the appearance of this copy on the shelves of our library in that Mr. Margary 's generous gift to our publication fund has rendered possible the appearance in print of important research work by our members that might not otherwise have seen the light of day for some time.
All through my academic career, I have heard a succession of distinguished historians comment, regretfully, on the absence of a thorough and compre- hensive description of our Roman roads in the light of the very latest dis- coveries. A very great deal of careful surveying and archaeological investiga- tion has been undertaken in these last years, and now Mr. Margary, based on his own painstaking perambulation and critical study, is giving us a work which must be a classic for all time. I cannot but sadly recall how rejoiced old friends like the late Mr. Crump and the late Dr. Whitaker would have been to have lived to see this volume and also our Dr. Gardner of Weybridge, if only for the sake of this perfecting of our knowledge of the road maps and system of Roman Britain, and this is of course but one side of the story.
This volume includes Surrey with Stane Street and its subsidiary branches. The roads are carefully numbered for ready reference ; their route is not only shewn on a long series of maps, but they are described in itinerary, with special reference to the agger and to relevant topographical features. The photographs, including those from the air, are excellent, and the printing is attractive, so that, considering all these features, the price is moderate as things go. The whole work is well worth acquisition by our members.
R. Offor.
St. George's Fields. The Parishes of St. George the Martyr, Southwark, and St. Mary, Newington. By Ida Darlington. Vol. XXV of the Survey of London. General editor: Sir Howard Roberts. Published by the London County Council. Staples Press Ltd., Mandeville Place, W.l. 1955. 41s., including postage.
Notice of this work was only received just before taking our material to the printer, so a review must await the next volume. The series and the author need no introduction. In addition to churches, there are Bethlem Hospital and the Trinity House Estate which are described and illustrated, as well as the prisons of King's Bench, Marshalsea, and Horsemonger Lane.
R. Offor.
Slyfield Manor and Family of Great Bookham, Surrey. Compiled by John H. Harvey, F.S.A., and Gordan N. Slyfield. 16 pp. Printed by Price and Co., Horsham, Sussex.
The title of this pamphlet speaks for itself. The family of Slyfield dates from at least 1280, and its history is briefly described. There is a frontispiece shewing what remains today of the Manor House, and there is a sketch plan ; one shudders to think of this lovely place being one day engulfed in a suburban building estate. The tale is well told, but, if there is a re-issue, a few spelling errors should be corrected. Also, it is far better to give extracts from wills in their contemporary spelling: Tudor English is not difficult to decipher and all research workers in history and language need to read the original version. At any rate, the fact of modernization should be generally recorded. All who know Great Bookham should see this little publication.
R. Offor.
152 REVIEWS
Southwark Story. Bv Florence Higham. Hodder and Stoughton. 1955. 20s.
A copy of this volume was presented to Her Majesty the Queen when she visited Southwark Cathedral for the Maundy Thursday ceremony and this was a well-earned testimony to an admirable work. The occasion was the jubilee of the foundation of the diocese of Southwark, with the Collegiate Church of St. Saviour as its Cathedral of St. Mary Overie (its original dedication) and St. Saviour.
This volume should be acquired by all who have real interest not only in the cathedral but also in the area around it, "the Borough," the Parish of St. Saviour, and all those adjuncts which have witnessed so many remarkable events and beheld the lives of such famous persons in our national history. It is not an archaeological study or a laborious unfolding of hitherto unknown historical facts; rather it is an exhaustive story, pleasantly told, of the group of parishes of which the mother church and life centre is St. Saviour's or St. Mary Overie: relatively little is said of the detailed architecture of the cathedral which is, after all, a simple matter, so ruthless has been its later treatment until the careful and loving restoration of the last sixty-five years.
Romans, Saxons, Danes, Normans, all played an important part in South- wards early history, and a host of famous names and thrilling events illuminate every period: the Conqueror, Peter des Roches and King John, William of Wykeham, Cardinal Beaufort and the ill-fated James I, King of Scots, the incursion of Wat Tyler and Jack Cade, Bishops Fox and Gardiner with the trials of the Protestant martyrs, Hooper, Rogers; Marbecke had a more sssthetic vision and escaped. Then the glory of the Elizabethan period with the famous dramatic interlude: Shakespeare (his brother is buried in church), Beaumont and Fletcher, Nash, Massinger and their promoters Alleyn and Henslowe. Lancelot Andrewes was the last great bishop who graced the palace, Winchester House, still a Southwark saint and a splendid exponent of the best Anglican traditions. Later we have the rise of nonconformity amongst the traders and merchants of Bankside and the Borough, Baxter and Bunyan, and afterwards the Methodists, balanced by the violent irruption of Sacheverell and High Church. Lastly, Cruden, Goldsmith, Mrs. Thrale and Dr. Johnson all come into the picture.
Whilst little is known of the Augustinian foundation, such was the destruc- tion of the records of what must have been a place of entrancing beauty, on the other hand the author has found a rich mine of information among parochial records and printed material to present a tale of the post- Reforma- tion period which is not always one of degradation and ugliness until the 19th century. Prior to that age of enlightenment a long succession of sturdy and loyal parishioners strove hard in the thankless task of maintaining a great church that was never designed for parochial worship. Miss Higham gives these men and women high marks for their achievements amid an increasingly hostile and indifferent population. Bingham, Emerson, Thomas Cure, the Austins, the Overmans, the Bromfields, Elizabeth Newcomen, Dorothy Applebee may not be great national names, but they were worthy citizens whose labours are here piously recorded.
If a good deal of well-known national history is retold in these pages, the author cleverly endeavours to relate such to the local stage: most of what is said about William of Wykeham, Cardinal Beaufort and Stephen Gardiner is popular knowledge, but then these Bishops of Winchester were busy par- ticipants in Southwark history. There are a few slips which can be corrected in a subsequent edition. Louis VII, the King of France who led the Second Crusade was not St. Louis (p. 31). The name of Sumner is sufficiently familiar to members of our Society to puzzle them when it is also spelt Summer. "Grey's Inn" should be correctly given. The odd circumstance of the parochial cure being held by two elected chaplains till almost our own young days is familiar, but its origin creeps in incidentally and one wonders how and why such an anomaly arose.
And so the sad story of later daj^s goes on. Even in the 18th century, we
REVIEWS 153
hear of the great stage coaches, the inns, tine brick houses, pleasant gardens. Then came the appalling wrongs of the 19th century. The "Tabard" was pulled down in the lifetime of some of us, incredible in the country of Chaucer, although it was a 17th-century rebuilding. The lovely nave of St. Saviour's was demolished in the time of the reviewer's father and replaced by a hideous excrescence, which, thank God, was only given some fifty years life, until the original nave was again restored in facsimile. The reviewer talked in his boyhood to a man who remembered Evening Communion and the old pews where Mrs. A. and Mrs. B. sat, who could be troublesome parishioners accord- ing to the author. And so the railway viaducts, the ill-placed market, the foul slums all came to what our author rightly calls in 1877 a "bastion of ungodliness." South London has become a hideous nightmare, but there, half sunk beneath all the welter, still stands this jewel, the Cathedral Church of St. Mary Overie, lovingly adorned once more in our time. The picture is well worth an ample record in the pages of a Surrey journal. One dreams of a future putting of the railways underground, the shifting of the market with all its chaos and traffic jams, even the re-creation of cloisters, refectory (a terrible loss) and riverside gardens, with the unveiling of the rose window of Winchester House, now immured in a factory. Such a vision, counterbalancing the weird fantasy of the other "South Bank" must occur to all who read with delight this volume and who dream, as does the author, of Southwark Cathedral becoming once again a focal point of the spiritual and civic life of South London.
R. Offor.
Stone Basins. (Some examples from the West of Scotland as guides to typology.) By A. D. Lacaille. Offprint from Transactions of the Glasgow Archceological Society, New Series, Volume XII. 1953. This is not a Surrey publication, but it gives the opportunity of introducing to our members the work of this distinguished archaeologist. Mr. Lacaille is well known to many of us, for his interest and activity cover Western Europe from Spain northwards to Scotland, and he has recently carried out excava- tions in Caldey Island, off the coast of Pembrokeshire. This article contains careful observations on pre-Christian and post-Christian specimens of the class indicated that should be useful to all interested.
E. S. Wood.
Surrey Educational Research Association. Catalogue of an Exhibition
illustrating some aspects of the History of Education in South-west
Surrey. May. 1954.
There were most interesting exhibits from Guildford Grammar School,
Charterhouse, Farnham, Witley and many other schools. A copy was sent to
the Editor, who was present at the opening, by the Chief Education Officer
of the Surrey County Council.
R. Offor.
Photography for Archaeologists. By M. B. Cookson. Max Parrish. 1954. 15s. Photography is one of the most difficult aspects of archaeology confronting the ordinary excavator (for whom this book is written). Many of us have been faced with a problem in the field, a bank obscured by trees, a beautifully, but faintly, stratified section, an object in situ merging with its background, and have been dissatisfied with the result of our own or our friends' amateur photography, not only in the first print, but still more in the final publication, where fine, clear photographs are an essential. Too often when a site is visited, or an object seen, and compared with their published photograph, the two are unrecognizably different. The camera, in fact, as Sir Mortimer Wheeler says in his foreword, is an awful liar. Confidence in its record of features now destroyed or filled in is not increased by these comparisons with objects still visible.
1 54 REVIEWS
This book illuminates all this, and snows how to make the camera tell only the true facts. Of Mr. Cookson's supreme competence to write it there is no question; he is not only a skilful photographer but a sensitive artist. He understands his problems, feels as well as thinks out their right solution, and makes his camera almost come alive. His results give the impression some- times, not of a flat if accurate record of a scene, but of a three-dimensional model. Mr. Cookson has been the leader and inspiration in this field of whole generations of archaeologists, old and young, and his book will carry on his work for many years. There was nothing previously so full on this subject, and he has done it with a persuasiveness and finality which must inevitably raise the level of archaeological photography from its present patchy state.
Mr. Cookson shows us how, with intelligence and the right lighting, to get the results which Sir Mortimer says we must and can get if we try. Inci- dentally, the book brings out in a pleasant way the necessity for clean and orderly excavating, and the proper preparation of objects in situ, a hint which cannot be given too broadly. 1 will not comment on the technical matters — let Mr. Cookson speak for himself.
A word of praise also to the publishers for interpreting so well Mr. Cookson's points in their plates, and for the production of the book generally.
E. S. Wood.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
for the Year ended December 31, 1953
The Council of the Surrey Archaeological Society has much pleasure in presenting its 99th Annual Report, with the Accounts for the Year 1953.
Editorial
Volume LII of the Collections appeared and was distributed in June 1953. The Editor expresses his thanks to all concerned and to Messrs. Billing, the printers. Volume LIII is being issued as a centenary volume under the editorship of Miss Giuseppi, so that, whilst material is now to hand for Volume LIV, the publication date of the latter volume is not yet in sight. Articles on prehistoric subjects are promised, but it is much to be desired that more interest could be shown in the mediaeval period ; the Editor appeals for con- tributions on ecclesiastical and secular antiquities for that time in Surrey's history. He hopes to find room for a substantial article on a Surrey town on the lines of the excellent account of Epsom in Volume LI. The Editor has in mind also the compilation of some kind of bibliography of recently issued books and periodical articles of specifically Surrey import, but the difficulty is for him to find time for what must be his own laborious effort. In any case reviews are much needed.
Members are reminded that copies of all Research Papers may still be obtained from Castle Arch, price 2s. 6d. plus 3d. postage, or to non-members 5s. Surrey Local History Guide, compiled by the Local History Committee, price to members Is. plus 3d. postage, non-members Is. 6d.
The Council still holds a large stock of the Society's Publications, obtainable from the Assistant Secretary, Castle Arch, Guildford.
Offprints from Volumes of the Surrey Archaeological Societ Collections are also available from Castle Arch.
Local History
No publication was issued during 1953.
Visits and Lectures, 1953
The following were held during the year:
March 14. Two lectures were given at the British Legion Hall, Quarry Street, Guildford. In the morning Mr. Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A., gave a talk on "Mediaeval Pottery." In the afternoon Mr. J. Mclntyre, B.A., spoke on "Illustration in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts." 63 tickets issued. Organizers: Mr. and Mrs. E. S. Wood.
155 M
156 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
April 14. Visit to Weybridge and Esher. Members and their friends visited the Museum where a talk on the "Histo^ of Wey- bridge" was given by Mrs. Grenside, the Curator. Brasses in the Parish Church were inspected. The following houses were seen: Nuffield House, Eastlands, the remains of the Royal Palace. In the afternoon the party moved on to Claremont. This was described by the Headmistress of the School, Miss M. McAfee, B.A. The old Church was seen and described by the Rector, the Rev. Canon E. A. Hone. The old House, dated 1616, was the last on the pro- gramme. 100 tickets issued. Organizer: Mr. H. V. H. Everard, assisted by Mrs. Grenside, Mr. M. Wilson and Mr. T. E. C. Walker.
May 12. Salisbury and Old Sarum. The Salisbury and S. Wilts and Blackmore Museum was visited. Mr. H. de S. Shortt, F.S.A., Curator, described the exhibits and model of Old Sarum. Mr. R. S. Simms described St. Thomas's Church, famous for its Doom Mural. The site of the old Cathedral at Old Sarum was seen and described by Mr. R. S. Simms. The Castle was later seen by all the members. 100 tickets issued. Organizer: Mr. M. St. J. Hope.
June 13. Lewes, Sussex. Barbican House Museum was inspected. Mr. N. E. S. Norris, the Curator, described the Castle and then the exhibits in the Museum. Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon exhibits were particularly described. In the afternoon the party moved on to Caburn and Glynde. The party divided; some climbed to the top of Mount Caburn and the rest visited the garden at Glynde, also the Church. 87 tickets issued. Organizers : Mr. and Mrs. Wood.
July 14. Westerham and Hever Castle. The garden at Squerreys
Court was seen by permission of Major Warde. A talk was given on
the "History of Westerham" by Mr. Leveson Gower. The Church at
Westerham was described by the Vicar, the Rev. P. P. Kirwin. He
also showed the members the Vicarage. The home of General Wolfe
was seen, Quebec House. In the afternoon Hever Castle was seen
by permission of Colonel the Hon. J. J. Astor. Hever Church was
described by the Rector, the Rev. D. B. Lisle Foster. 113 tickets
issued. Organizers: Dr. Billinghurst and Mr. R. H. G. Leveson
Gower.
i
August 15. Cowdray, West Chiltington and Amberley. The ruins of Cowdray Park were described by Mr. R. S. Simms. Lieut.-Colonel G. B. Kensington described the Church at West Chiltington. The small Museum was also open for inspection. Amberley Church was described by the Rector, Bishop Gwyer. Mr. R. S. Simms conducted members round the outside of Amberley Castle and described it. 118 tickets issued. Organizers: Mr. M. St. J. Hope and Mr. R. S. Simms.
September 15. Selborne Church and the ruins of Selborne Priory were described by Dr. W. S. Scott. The members were interested in the excavations of the Priory which were in progress. In the after- noon Farnham Castle was seen. Mr. W. H. Griffin described the
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 157
Castle and conducted parties over the building. The Parish Church was next seen and was described by Canon J. M. C. Crum. 130 tickets issued. Organizer: Major H. C. Patrick.
October 10. Lectures at the British Legion Hall. In the morning Mr. B. H. St. J. O'Neil, M.A., V.P.S.A., Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments, gave a talk on "War and Archaeology." In the after- noon Dr. R. C. Carrington spoke on "Pompeii." 60 tickets issued. Organizers: Mr. and Mrs. Wood.
November 7. Lectures at the British Legion Hall. In the morning Mrs. Grenside gave a word picture of "Surrey in the late Tudor Period." In the afternoon a lecture on "Family Heraldry" by Mr. C. W. Scott Giles, O.B.E. This was illustrated by painted Coats of Arms from the Society's Collection. No tickets were issued but 60 members of the Society were present. Organizer: Miss Sumner.
December 5. In co-operation with the Leatherhead and District Local History Society. Tea and lecture at the Old Rising Sun at Leatherhead. Mr. Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A., gave a lecture on "Stained Glass" with special reference to Surrey churches, illustrated by slides.
New Agreement
New agreement between the Corporation of Guildford and the Surrey Archaeological Society extending the tenancy of Castle Arch.
Prior to the Annual Meeting of the Society at The Guildhall, Guildford, on Saturday, May 9, 1953, the Mayor of Guildford handed a copy of the new agreement to Sir Hilary Jenkinson, a Vice-Presi- dent of the Society and Chairman of the Meeting. Also present were Mrs. Currie, Chairman of the Museum Sub-Committee in 1952; Alderman Lawrence Powell, Chairman of the Library, Museum and Arts Committee, Guildford Corporation; Mr. A. W. G. Lowther, Hon. Secretary; Mr. S. E. D. Fortescue, Hon. Legal Adviser to the Society; and Major H. C. Patrick, Chairman of the Farnham Urban District Council.
Excavations
Preston Haw, Tadworth
During this, the second season of excavation on this site (directed as before by Mr. B. Hope-Taylor, F.S.A., for the Ancient Monu- ments Inspectorate of the Ministry of Works), the work fell into four main phases. First, the earlier manorial building formerly postulated was located and explored. It proved to have been very severely robbed, and the plan recovered is incomplete in several particulars; but the mere fact of its former existence is an important link in the chain of evidence. Secondly, the few small areas of the chapel un- excavated in 1952 were examined; further burials were found, the rubble wall surrounding the "churchyard" was more fully investi- gated, and many useful general data were recorded (for instance, it
158 REPORT OF THE COUISXIL
was confirmed that the chapel had leaded glass windows). Thirdly, a pit 17 feet deep — probably a small catchment well — was found outside and to the east of the inner earthwork: its excavation pro- duced a very fine series of late 13th-century pottery. Immediately to the north, a small building of like date was found, and produced successive ovens. This was probably a bakehouse. Fourthly and last, the droveway was sectioned, and found to consist of a heavily- cambered roadway, with a rounded drainage gully at each side.
The final season of excavation on this site will begin in March 1954, and the work will be concluded by late May.
Earth Circle, St. Martha s Hill
During 1953, excavations were carried out on one of the five earth circles on St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford, by Mr. E. S. Wood, assisted by Mr. R. S. Glen, B.A., Dr. M. I. Machin, M.A., Ph.D., M. R. G. Seal (Hon. Sec), and other members of the Cranleigh School Archaeological Society. Permission to excavate was kindly given by Her Grace Helen, Duchess of Northumberland, and the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate of the Ministry of Works. So far the work has produced no evidence for the date and purpose of the circles, but they may, on comparative grounds, be taken as examples of the numerous class of ring-ditches which, with or without central burials, have been dated from Beaker times to the Late Bronze Age at several sites. Knowledge was, however, gained on the pedo- logical features of St. Martha's Hill, and on the behaviour of earth- works on steep slopes in sandy soil. The hitherto unrecorded fact of two layers of iron-pan near the surface was established — these represent superimposed podsols, of which only the B horizon of the lower is present ; this may be of late Tertiary (Pliocene) age, while the upper probably represents a Pleistocene or Recent soil after partial denudation of the earlier soil. Work will continue in 1954, and it is also hoped to investigate other earthworks in the St. Martha's and Albury districts. The account of this work which will appear in the Collections will also deal with the folklore and other antiquities of the district.
Lee Wood, Effingham
Excavation at this site was carried out during 1953 in continuance of the week's work there in 1952, under the direction of Mr. A. T. Ruby. The object of the excavation was purely exploratory and made to confirm the suggestion in the Victoria County History (Surrey, Vol. 3) that this was the site of the ancient manor house of Effingham La Leigh. The excavation has clearly revealed a site full of promise and interest and worthy of a full excavation when one can be undertaken. Foundations of the manor house walls, hearths and indications of interior walls with reconstructions were revealed, while a large quantity of pottery sherds, building material and other objects indicate — from a preliminary examination — a period of
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 159
occupancy from the late 11th to the early 14th century. The work was carried out by members of this Society and of the Leatherhead and District Local History Society. The whole excavation will be fully published in the Local Society's Proceedings 1953, Vol. 1, No. 7.
Binscombe, near Godalming
The chance discovery, during building operations on the Bins- combe Housing Estate (MR 973.457) of a late 1st century Roman- British vessel containing burnt bone and ash revealed the possi- bility of an early occupation of the site and a small excavation was carried out during the Easter vacation under the direction of Dr. J. F. Nichols with the co-operation of the Godalming Branch Librarian, Mr. J. K. Mealor, and a party of volunteer workers. The area available for excavation was necessarily limited but evidence was obtained indicating the existence of a primitive farming com- munity. A shallow V-shaped trench about 3 feet 6 inches in depth yielded nothing from the rapid silting but coarse pottery of the late 1st or early 2nd century was found in the later filling, and fragments of a rotary hand quern. There were indications of a possible working floor with post holes. Well over a thousand sherds of pottery were found, mostly cooking vessels or storage jars of coarse ware, almost all of a period between a.d. 60 and 120, but these were much scat- tered and abandoned and very few had any significant stratification. There was only one fragment of Samian ware (form 18) and only a few sherds of the middle 4th century. The site is being closely watched and a detailed report is in preparation but it is unlikely that opportunity will arise for further extended investigation for the building operations have been conducted with great promptitude.
Note: Pottery similar to that from this site has been described by John M. Holmes's "Romano British Cemeteries at Haslemereand Charterhouse" {Surrey Archceological Collections, Volume LI).
Farley Heath Roman Temple
A stone to indicate the site of this Temple was erected in 1952 and the work completed in 1953, when the surrounding low walls were cleared and now reveal the site clearly.
Library
A copy of the Rules for the Government of the Library will be found on page 146 in Volume LII of the Collections.
Gifts to the Library during the Year
Case of 90 Ordnance Maps first edition, given by Mrs. Wilfred
Hooper in memory of her husband, the late Dr. Wilfrid Hooper,
LL.D., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Society from 1938 to 1947
and a Vice-President. Slyfield Manor and Family of Great Bookham, Surrey, by J. H.
Harvey, F.S.A., and Gordon Slyfield. 1952. Given by G. N.
Slyfield.
160 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
A finals of an old Manor House, by F. Harrison. Given by Mr.
Wilson Haffenden. History of Winchester. Two vols, illustrated. Given by Mr. R. F.
Philpott. Grammar of English Heraldry, by Sir William N. St. John Hope.
Revised by A. R. Wagner. Given by Mr. M. St. John Hope. Genealogical Magazine, 1938-50. Given by Mrs. L. C. E. Currie. Sussex ArchcBological Society Volumes Nos. 85, 86; and ArchcBologia. Volumes 85, 86, 87, 88, 90. Also numerous pamphlets.
The above given by Mrs. Montgomerie. In addition to the above gifts, current volumes from Societies in
Union have been added to the Library.
Gifts to the Society
Silver "Gros" of Charles Duke of Burgundy, 1467-77. Found in
Bar Hatch Lane, Cranleigh. Given by Mr. H. R. Tadgell. Late Bronze Age Urn from Leigh Hill, Cobham. Given by Mr. J. S.
Gordon Clark.
Roman Coin (worn), Tetricus I. Found when digging a grave in St. Dunstan's Parish Churchyard, Cheam, by the verger, and at a depth of about 3 feet. Given by Mr. G. T. Bellamy.
Model of a Flint Mine. Made by Mr. W. B. Collier and given by him.
Graduated Cross Staff. Given by Mr. W. J. Pickering.
Wall Map of Surrey, 1823, by Greenwood. Given by Mr. J. F. Sale.
Photograph of Shiremark Windmill near Capel. Given by Dr. G. E. Jennings.
Library, Museum and Arts Committee of the Guildford Borough Council
The Society's Representative on this Committee continued to be Mr. Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A. Dr. Billinghurst was empowered to act as deputy.
Council
The following members retire under Rule IV and are ineligible for re-election for one year: Mr. W. J. Pickering, Mr. R. H. G. Leveson Gower, Mr. T. E. C. Walker, Lieut. -Colonel J. G. Wain- wright, Miss D. Weeding.
There are six vacancies to be filled and the following are the names nominated: Mrs. Gibson, Dr. W. B. Billinghurst, Mr. F. E. Bray, Mr. Philip Corder, M.A., Mr. J. A. Frere, F.S.A. (Bluemantle), Major H. C. Patrick.
Membership
December 31, 1953: 777. During the year 53 members resigned from the Society. Eight members were removed under Rule VII of the Rules of the Society. There were 56 new members.
report of the council 161
Deaths
It is with great regret that the Council announce the death of a Vice-President of the Society, Mr. M. S. Giuseppi, I.S.O., F.S.A.
In Mr. M. S. Giuseppi, who died in his 84th year on February 12, 1953 ,the Society has lost its oldest member, and one who held a very special place in the regard and affection of all the friends he made in this and other Societies, and in the Public Record Office, where he served from 1891 to 1934. He is remembered with particular grati- tude by users of the Guide to the Public Records, a complete revision of which appeared under his editorship in 1923-4; and at the '.time of his death he was still engaged on a volume of the Cecil MSS. for the Historical Manuscripts Commission, for which he had edited several volumes, and he had done preliminary work on these MSS. over sixty years earlier.
He joined the Society as its Honorary Secretary in 1896: his work in that capacity for fourteen years was recognized by his election as a Life Member in 1911, and his continued service on its Council by a Vice-Presidency in 1930.
His contributions to our Collections include papers on "Surrey Iron-Works," on the "Parliamentary Survey of Southwark," and on the "River Wandle in 1610"; and his admirable General Index to the first twenty volumes rendered the compilation (with which he also assisted) of the next (to Volumes XXI — XXXVIII) a com- paratively easy task.
He was one of the founders of the Surrey Record Society to which he contributed the first section of the General Guide (dealing with Surrey Material in the Public Records) and recently completed the still unpublished second section of the Chertsey Cartulary.
His genial presence will be sadly missed at the Society's centenary celebrations, and his promised recollections of his Secretaryship would have been a valuable feature of this volume.
The Council regrets to record the deaths of the following members during 1953: Mr. N. C. Armitage, Mr. H. W. Castwood, Mr. F. J. Clarke, Mr. B. Campbell Cooke, Mrs. S. E. M. Gardner, Miss M. M. Hooper, Mr. M. S. Giuseppi, Sir Ralph Oakden, Mr. P. A. Robson, Lieut.-Colonel H. G. F. Stallard, Mr. S. W. G. Tringham, Mr. H. F. Watkins.
Finance
The Accounts for 1953 are set out overleaf and the income and ordinary expenditure are compared below with those for 1952:
1952 1953
Income £1,101 £1,083
Ordinary Expenditure 591 577
Net Income £510 £506
162 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
The above Ordinary Expenditure excludes the cost of publications, which are to be met from Net Income. In 1952 £648 15s. was charged on this account, including a reserve of £600 for publishing Vol. LII. This latter sum has been shown in this year's Balance Sheet as the opening balance of a Reserve Fund for publications. The Fund has been credited also with the net Income of 1953 and has been debited with the expenditure on Vols. LII and LIII. The balance of the fund available at the end of the year was £505 18s. 5d., which will go towards the cost of issuing Vol. LIII.
The greatly increased cost of printing the Collections and the con- sequent difficulty of financing an annual publication from revenue, was referred to by the Council last year and this consideration is the main reason for forming a Publications (Reserve) Fund. The balance in the Fund will be the expenditure which may be incurred without encroaching on the Society's investments. Unless income can be increased the alternative before the Council is to reduce either the frequency or the unit cost of publishing the Collections.
In the Report for 1952 the Council looked for an increase of income — preferably by an increase of membership; but the member- ship has fallen from 831 at the end of 1952 to 777 at the end of 1953, also it has been necessary to write off £89 14s. 6d. for unpaid subscriptions.
The tax recovered on 131 covenanted subscriptions was only very slightly more than in the previous year. This source of income is likely to be greater in 1954 from revised Covenants for full subscrip- tions, but the Council feel that members are not giving the Society all the benefits which the tax regulations offer. It should be possible to raise at least another £100 income from additional Covenanted subscriptions.
There was a small surplus from the Visits Committee and the balances held by this Committee have been brought on to the Society's Balance Sheet. The contribution to allied Societies was unusually heavy owing to a special payment of £21 for certain arrears of subscriptions. The amount due from sundry debtors has since been paid.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
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CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
Covering the Year ended December 31, 1954
The Council of the Surrey Archaeological Society has much pleasure in presenting its 100th Annual Report with the Accounts for the Year 1954.
Centenary Celebrations: The Centenary of the Society (1854-1954)
The Celebration of the Centenary of the Society was held at Guildford on Wednesday, May 12. In the afternoon the Annual Meeting was held at The Guildhall with the President, Sir Hilary Jenkinson, C.B.E., F.S.A., in the Chair; The Lord Lieutenant of Surrey, Sir Robert Haining, K.C.B., D.S.O., and His Worship the Mayor of Guildford, Alderman Donald Wilkins, J. P., were also present. Tea was served in the Old Council Chamber after the meeting. A Special Exhibition was held at The Guildford Museum, the theme being "Founders and Benefactors of the Society 1854- 1954." This had been arranged by Miss E. M. Dance, the Curator.
At 7.30 p.m. a Dinner was held in the Assembly Rooms of the Lion Hotel, Guildford, The President, Sir Hilary Jenkinson, being in the Chair. The Guest of Honour was His Worship the Mayor of Guildford, Alderman Donald Wilkins; other guests included the President of the Sussex Archaeological Society, Mr. L. F. Salzman, F.S.A. ; the Chairman of the Council of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, Commander G. Bridgemore Brown; Mr. J. K. Mealor, representing the Mayor of Godalming; Mr. Herbert Weller, the Town Clerk of Guildford.
The Toasts :
H.M . The Queen, proposed by the President. The Society, proposed by the Mayor of Guildford. The Guests, proposed by Mr. R. L. Atkinson, O.B.E., F.S.A., a Vice-President of the Society.
A Centenary Luncheon was held at the Griffin Hotel, Kingston- upon-Thames, on Wednesday, June 30, 1954. This was 100 years to the day when a similar luncheon and meeting at the Town Hall was held by the Society, the luncheon then as now taking place at the Griffin Hotel and in the same rooms.
In the morning members assembled at The Guildhall, Kingston- upon-Thames, when a talk on "A Century of Excavations" was given by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A. This was followed by a lecture on "The Crystal Palace" by Mr. Lindus Forge, A. R.I. B. A. A lecture on the Crystal Palace, which had then just been re-erected at Sydenham, was given in 1854.
165
166 CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
At 1.15 p.m., as in 1854, a "Cold Collation" was served to mem- bers of the Society and their friends at the Griffin Hotel, the Chair being taken by the President, Sir Hilary Jenkinson, the chief guests being the Lord Lieutenant of Surrey, Sir Robert Haining, K.C.B., D.S.O., and His Worship the Mayor of Kingston, Alderman Geoffrey R. Lines. Other guests included the Clerk to the Surrey County Council, Mr. W. W. Ruff; the Town Clerk of Kingston, Mr. A. Rogers; the County Archivist, Dr. C. H. Thompson; the Archivist- Curator, Guildford Corporation, Miss E. M. Dance; Assistant Librarian, Kingston Public Library, Mr. F. J. Owen; Mr. C. L. Rook, of the Surrey County Council Records and Ancient Monu- ments Committee.
Toasts :
H.M. The Queen, proposed by the President. The Society, proposed by the Mayor of Kingston.
At 2.45 p.m. the members re-assembled in the Guildhall and a paper was read by Mr. F. E. Manning on "The Kingston Charters." In an adjoining room an exhibition of some of these Charters had been arranged by Mr. F. J. Owen and his assistants.
A delightful conclusion to the day's proceedings was provided by a tea served in the Guildhall and at which the Society were the guests of Mrs. Finny.
Editorial
Volume LIV has not yet been printed pending the issue of Volume LIII.
The Editor is now assembling all the material to hand and has asked all contributors to send in their contributions and notes by March. Articles on Palaeolithic, Neolithic periods of Pre-history, Roman remains and on Mediaeval and later subjects are already to hand.
It is hoped that by the time this Report is issued Volume LIII, the Centenary Volume for 1954, will be in the members' hands. It went to press in what was hoped would be good time for its appear- ance by the end of the Centenary year, but it would appear that printing and binding delays are still inevitable. The volume differs from the Society's usual publications in that the subject matter is wholly concerned with the history, aims and achievements of the Society during its hundred years of life. There is also a chapter on the Surrey Record Society, founded in 1913 by our President, then Mr. Hilary Jenkinson, the Hon. Secretary of the Surrey Archaeo- logical Society, and the late Mr. M. S. Giuseppi, his predecessor as Hon. Secretary. This chapter has been most admirably written by Miss E. M. Dance, Ph.D., who came to the Editor's assistance after the original plans for writing it had had to be abandoned, and pro- duced a first-rate account at remarkably short notice. The Editor
CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 167
would like to express her gratitude to her and to all the other con- tributors, whose punctual delivery of their chapters and prompt attention to proof correcting enabled the volume to go through in record time after a rather belated start. There are forty-four plates, which include portraits of many of the prominent Founders and Members to whom we are indebted for the existence of the Surrey Archaeological Society and the Surrey Record Society today. The Centenary Volume was edited by Miss M. Giuseppi.
Members are reminded that copies of all Research Papers may still be obtained from Castle Arch, price 2s. 6d. plus 3d. postage, or to non-members 5s. Surrey Local History Guide compiled by the Local History Committee, price to members Is., non-members Is. 6d. History of Blechingley , by Uvedale Lambert, price to members 3s. 6d.
The Council still holds a large stock of the Society's Publications, obtainable from the Assistant Secretary, Castle Arch, Guildford.
Offprints from Volumes of the Surrey Archaeological Society Col- lections are also available from Castle Arch.
Local History
No publication was issued during the year, but copies of Surrey Local History and of Notes on Recording Local History were dis- tributed to all Local Secretaries of the Society, to Corresponding Members of the Committee and to local Societies in the County, and to all Public Libraries within the area of the ancient county. At the same time suggestions were made for further activities and co-operation in this field, and have met with a gratifying response. Particularly valuable assistance has been received from the Surrey Librarians Group and its members in producing a census of files of local newspapers held, and a list of stray items of archive character in the custody of libraries.
Mr. J. H. Harvey, F.S.A., has resigned the post of Honorary Secretary to the Committee owing to pressure of work, and Lieut. - Colonel J. G. Wainwright has resigned from the Committee on his removal from the county.
Visits and Lectures, 1954
Visits during the Centenary year included Southwark and King- ston, where the inaugural meetings were held in 1854, and the following homes of Founder Members: Lambeth Palace, Clandon Park, Albury Park, Wotton House, Loseley House and Titsey Place.
The following were held during the year :
March 13. The Friends Meeting House, Ward Street, Guildford. In the morning Mr. John Summerson, C.B.E., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., spoke on "The Georgian Country House." In the after- noon Mr. George W. Edwards on "Shakespeare's London." 80 tickets were issued. Organizers : Mr. and Mrs. E. S. Wood.
168 CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
April 13. Visit to Farley Heath and West Clan don Church and Clandon House. At Farley Heath the site of the Romano-British Temple was described by Mr. E. S. Wood. West Clandon Church was described by the Rector, the Rev. D. E. A. Scott-Gardiner, M.C. Clandon Park House was described by the Countess of Onslow, who also showed members round the rooms. 160 applied for tickets. Organizers: Mr. and Mrs. E. S. Wood.
May 8. Visit to Southwark and Lambeth. Southwark Cathedral was described by Mr. C. D. Hawley. Bankside was described by Mr. H. V. H. Everard. At Lambeth Palace, where members were able to see the Library and part of the interior of the Palace, their guide was the Librarian. 97 applied for tickets. Organizer: Mr. H. V. H. Everard.
June 15. Visit to Great Tangley, Wonersh and Albury Park. The gardens of Great Tangley were seen by permission of Mr. and Mrs. Abrahams. Dr. Billinghurst gave an historical sketch of the Manor House and its owners from the 13th century to the present day. Albury House and gardens were visited by kind permission of Her Grace Helen Duchess of Northumberland. Dr. Billinghurst described the old Church in the Park and gave an account of the life and work of Henry Drummond, the Chairman at the Inaugural Meeting of the Society in 1854, who lived at Albury Park from 1820-60 and is buried in the Church. 98 applied for tickets. Or- ganizer: Dr. W. B. Billinghurst.
July 13. Wotton Church, Wotton House, Oakwood Church, Leith Hill Place. Wotton Church was described by the Rev. Finlay Sanderson and Mr. M. St. J. Hope. Wotton House was seen by kind permission of the Commandant of the Fire Service College. Members of his staff acted as guides and lecturers. Oakwood Church was described by the Vicar, the Rev. A. F. V. Thomas. Leith Hill Place was shown and described by Sir Ralph and Lady Wedgwood. The collection of Wedgwood pottery was described b}^ a member of the famous pottery firm, Mr. Lythe. The gardens were also on view. Permission was given by Major E. Beddington Behrens for members to see the Motte in his garden at Abinger Manor, and also the Museum and Pit Dwellings. 130 applied for tickets. Organizers: Mr. and Mrs. M. St. J. Hope.
August 14. St. Catherine's Chapel, Loseley House, Compton Church. Dr. Billinghurst gave a short talk on the Hill and Chapel of St. Catherine's, Guildford. Loseley House was seen by kind per- mission of Major and Mrs. More Molyneux. Miss E. M. Dance, the Archivist of Guildford, gave a lecture on this historic house. Major- General R. L. Bond described Compton Church and took members round and pointed out the main points of interest. Later the Gardens of Eastbury Manor were viewed by kind permission of Mr. Hagart Spiers. 116 applied for tickets. Organizer: Dr. W. B. Billinghurst.
CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 169
September 28. Blechingley Church, Lingfield Church, Titsey Church, Titsey Place. Blechingley Church was described by Mr. Uvedale Lambert; Lingfield Church by Lieut. -Colonel J. G. Wain- wright; Titsey Church and Titsey Place by Mr. R. H. G. Leveson Gower. Tea was most kindly provided by Mrs. Leveson Gower and members enjoyed this hospitality. The Gardens were also seen, and a few more active members walked across the Park to the site of the Roman Villa. 122 applied for tickets. Organizers: Lieut. -Colonel J. G. Wainwright and Mr. R. H. G. Leveson Gower.
October 16. Chiddingfold and Haslemere. Members assembled in the Chiddingfold Hall where a talk on the history of the parish was given by Mr. A. Clare Robinson. Chiddingfold Church was described by the Rector, the Rev. Michael Bruce. The Crown Inn was seen by kind permission of the Manager and Manageress, Mr. and Mrs. Houchin. Later Ropplelegh's, the home of Mr. and Mrs. Clare Robinson, was seen. Haslemere Museum was the next to be visited. The Curator, Mr. John Clegg, had arranged a film showing the work of this Museum and gave a lecture thereon. Later parties were shown round the Museum by members of the Haslemere Natural History Society. 150 applied for tickets. Organizers: Major H. C. Patrick and Clare Robinson, Esq.
November 20. Lectures at The Friends Meeting House, Ward Street, Guildford. In the morning Miss Kathleen Kenyon, C.B.E., D.Litt., F.S.A., lectured on "The Recent Excavations and Dis- coveries at Jericho." In the afternoon Dr. Gordon J. Copley spoke on "Place-Names and Archaeology in Surrey." At the close of the day's proceedings at the suggestion of members a retiring collection was taken, and £7 15s. was forwarded to Miss Kenyon as a token of goodwill towards her future excavations at Jericho. 100 applied for tickets. Organizers : Mr. and Mrs. E. S. Wood.
December 11. In co-operation with the Leatherhead and District Local History Society. Lecture and tea at the New Bull Hotel, Leatherhead. Lecture by Mr. J. H. Harvey, F.S.A., on "Thomas Clay: Survey of Great Bookham in 1615 — an Interim Report." 29 applied for tickets. Organizers: Mr. A. T. Ruby, M.B.E., and Mr. P. G. SheUey.
The Council wishes to record its thanks to all the Owners of Houses, Incumbents of Parishes, Lecturers and all those who ex- tended facilities to the Visits Committee and thereby helped to make this Centenary Year a successful one.
Excavations
Preston Hawe, Tadworth, 1954
A final season of excavations on this site was directed by Mr. Brian Hope Taylor, F.S.A., on behalf or the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate of the Ministry of Works.
170 CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
St. Leonards Chapel, partially excavated by Sir Henry Lambert (Sy.A.C, Vol. XXX VII, Part 1, pp. 71-4) was re-investigated. It proved closely to resemble the earlier chapel on the main site. A detached mediaeval bell-tower or pigeon house was found immedi- ately to the west of St. Leonards. On the main site, a metalled late mediaeval road was exposed; the southern guard-mound was excavated and further work was devoted to final amplifications and confirmations of detail.
Gifts to the Library during the Year
Bravlev's History of Surrey. Four volumes. Published 1848.
Happv Thoughts from Bvfleet, by Rev. Granville Erskine, M.A.
1918. The County of Surrey, by Cassell. N.D. Egham, Surrey. A History of Parish under Church and Crown, by
Frederick Turner. 1926. Notes and Articles on St. George's Hill, Weybridge.
All the above given by Mr. P. E. Tarrant.
Chronicle of Battel Abbey, by M. A. Lower. Given by Mr. P. E. Moon.
Christ Church, Richmond. Booklet by Miss M. S. Johnson and given by her.
History of Surrey and Sussex. Two volumes by Allen. N.D. The Church in Dorking and District, by Rev. Neville Stiff. 1912. The above given by Sir Eric Miller.
"Reigate," by G. R. S. Taylor. 1906. Surrey Churches, by J. E. Morris, B.A. 1910.
Treasures of Surrey Churches, by Rev. C. K. Francis Brown. 1943. The above given by Mr. J. Wilson Haffenden.
English Goldsmiths and their Marks, by Sir Charles J. Jackson. 1949. Given by Mr. F. G. Gilbert-Bentley, F.S.A.(Scot.)
North Downs Main Trackway, by I. D. Margary, F.S.A. ; reprint from Archceological Journal. Given by the author.
List of Surrey Quaker Records, mostly of Dorking. Compiled and given by Mrs. M. Kohler, of Dorking.
List of additions and corrections, Ancient Stained and Painted Glass in Surrey Churches. 1953-4. Compiled and given by Mr. E. E. Smith.
Kent Churches. Illustrated. By H. R. Pratt Boorman and V. J. Toor. 1954. Given by the authors (review copy).
Mortlake and her Church. By Maurice S. Cockin. 1954. Centenary of St. Mary Magdalen Parish Church, Mortlake. 1954. Richmond Park. Extracts from the Records of Parliament and the
Corporation of London. 1883.
The above given by Mr. R. C. Gill.
CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 171
The Conquest of Wessex in the 6th Century. Illustrated. By Gordon J. Copley. 1954.
Archceology from the Earth. By Sir Mortimer Wheeler, F.S.A. 1954. The above given by Mr. Anthony J. Clark.
A Collection of Pamphlets, Prints, Notes, Photographs, Maps, etc., belonging to the late Dr. W. St. L. Finny and given by Mrs. Finny.
A Bi-Monthly Magazine, The Amateur Historian, given by Major H. C. Patrick.
In addition to the above gifts, current volumes from Societies in union have been added to the Library.
An Unrepentent Victorian. Rise and Fall of Martin Tupper. By Derek Hudson, 1949. Purchased for the Library.
The Council would like to draw the attention of all members to the facilities provided in the Society's Library and would suggest greater use of it being made by members. Books may be borrowed and taken away for a period of two months, although there is some material which may only be studied in the Library. In special cir- cumstances facilities are extended to those who are not members of the Society but who are introduced, and vouched for, by members.
A copy of the Rules for the Government of the Library will be found on page 146 in Volume LII of the Collections.
Gifts to the Society
Two Insurance Plates, one of the Sun Insurance Co. and one of the
Britannia Insurance, previously removed from Shalford Mill.
Given by Mr. Bernard F. Grillo. Neolithic Flint Arrowhead. On loan from Mr. P. Ozanne. Miscellaneous Collection of Flints belonging to the late Dr. Wilfrid
Hooper and given by Mrs. Wilfrid Hooper. Glass Topped Display Cases 12 inches by 1\ inches. Given by
Major E. Beddington Behrens. Oak Case and Mounted Brass Rubbings. Given by Executors of the
late F. W. Walton, of Claygate, Surrey. Photograph of Tunnel leading to Well under the White Horse
Hotel, Dorking. Surrey Prints. Richmond, Putney and Barnes. Given by Mr.
R. C. Gill. 73 Negatives. 15 Lantern Slides of Surrey Windmills. One Negative
of My Lady's Tower. Broadmoor. Documentary Copyright.
Given by Mr. S. H. Chalke, of Cheam. 24 Deeds (Conveyances). Given by Mr. P. E. Tarrant.
172 centenary report of the council
Library, Museum and Arts Committee of the Guildford Borough Council
The Society's Representative on this Committee continued to be Mr. Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A. Dr. W. B. Billinghurst was empowered to act as deputy.
Council
The following members retire under Rule IV and are ineligible for re-election for one year: Mr. B. Hope Taylor, F.S.A. ; Mr. G. C. B. Poulter, F.S.A. (Scot.); Mr. F. G. Carruthers, F.S.A.; Mr. J. G. W. Lewarne.
There are six vacancies to be filled and the following are the names of those nominated: Mr. R. H. G. Leveson Gower; Lieut. - Colonel J. G. Wainwright; Mr. J. L. Nevinson, F.S.A.; Mr. T. E. C. Walker; Miss D. Weeding; Mr. A. R. Cotton, M.B.E., F.S.A.
Vice-Presidents
Three Vice-Presidents were nominated by the Council at their meeting held in September 1954:
His Grace the Lord Archbishop of York, Dr. Cyril Garbett,
G.C.V.O. The Right Hon. The Earl of Iveagh, K.G., C.B., C.M.G. Lord Hamilton of Dalzell.
Membership of the Society
This was made up as follows at the end of 1954, namely, a total of 766 members, of whom 639 were full subscribing members, 71 Associate members, 53 Life members, and 3 Hon. members.
46 new members joined the Society during 1954. 18 were lost through death, 38 by resignation and 1 member removed under Rule VII.
Deaths
It is with regret that the Council records the deaths of the follow- ing members during 1954: Mrs. Barnes, Mr. A. L. Cadman, Miss J. M. Cooper, Mr. J. A. Chamberlain, Miss M. Grant, Mr. R. H. Haslam, Mr. E. S. Layton, Mr. H. Moore, Mr. J. E. Morris, Mr. A. E. Oddy, The Venerable Archdeacon NewiU, The Dowager Countess of Onslow, Sir Frederick Pilditch, Miss Dora Roscoe, Mr. Jasper Shallcrass, Mr. H. C. Smither, Mr. L. J. Ward.
Finance
The principal features of the Accounts for 1954, which are set out overleaf, are the generous donations from two members of £600 to
CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 173
the Publications Reserve Fund and £100 to the Excavation Fund. The ordinary income and expenditure of the year — excluding these two items — compare with corresponding figures of the previous year as follows :
1953 1954
Income £994 £967
Ordinary Expenses . . . . . . 488 483
Net Income . . . . £506 £484
Receipts from members increased slightly, but there was some diminution in receipts from the sale of publications and from visits, so that the gross income was £27 less than last year. Ordinary costs of administration were less, but the cost of two Centenary meetings brought the expenditure to almost the same amount as in 1953. The net Income was £22 below that of 1953, and was credited to the Publications Reserve Fund.
The balance in the Publications Reserve Fund is now £933, from which has to be met the cost of Volume LIV now in preparation. It is satisfactory that for some time to come it will not be necessary for lack of funds to defer the issue of the Society's publications. The sum of £300 has been transferred from Capital Account to a Life Members Fund which has been formed to represent the Society's obligation to members who have paid a Life Composition under the rules. The balance in the Fund is £285. The balance in the Excava- tion Fund is £242.
Mention was made in previous reports of the need to increase the Society's income and although financial difficulties have been re- moved at least temporarily, the need for additional regular income remains. The slightly higher income from members in 1954 resulted from the recovery of arrears ; the membership is not increasing, and the income due from the 710 subscribing members on the register at the end of the year is only £708. The execution of Covenants remains the chief means by which members can help the Society. The income from this source was £80 in 1952, £82 in 1953 and £97 in 1954. At the present time 146 members have entered into covenants for £140, which should provide £114 in 1955, but it is hoped that more members will assist in this way.
The Council desire to place on record their gratitude to the two members who have given generous donations to the Society during this Centenary Year: £600 for the Society's Publications from Mr. I. D. Margary, F.S.A., and £100 for Excavations from an anonymous donor.
174
CENTENARY REPORT OF THE COUNCIL
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REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS, 1954
The 99th Annual General Meeting of the Society was held at The Guildhall, Guildford, on Wednesday May 12, 1954.
The Chair was taken by Sir Hilary Jenkinson, C.B.E., F.S.A., after he had been elected as President of the Society.
The Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, General Sir Robert Haining, K.C.B., D.S.O., a Vice-President of the Society, and His Worship the Mayor of Guildford, Alderman Donald Wilkins, J. P., were also present.
The Minutes of the Annual General Meeting held in 1953 were read, confirmed and signed.
The Report of the Council and the Accounts for the year ended December 31, 1953, were presented and approved by members present.
Officers re-elected at the Annual General Meeting 1954:
Hon. Secretary: A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A. Hon. Treasurer: C. W. Lloyd Jones, CLE. Hon. Editor: Dr. R. Offor Hon. Legal Adviser: S. E. D. Fortescue Hon. Deputy Secretary: W. J. Pickering
17b
SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
CASTLE ARCH, GUILDFORD
Patron: HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF SUTHERLAND, P.C., K.T.
President: SIR HILARY JENKINSON, C.B.E., LL.D., F.S.A.
Vice-Presidents:
GENERAL SIR ROBERT HAINING, K.C.B., D.S.O., J.P., Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey
The Most Reverend His Grace The Lord Archbishop of York, DR. CYRIL GARBETT, G.C.V.O.
The Right Hon. the EARL OF IVEAGH, K.G., C.B., C.M.G. Colonel the Right Hon. the EARL OF ONSLOW, M.C., T.D., D.L. LORD ASHCOMBE LORD HAMILTON OF DALZELL C. J. EVELYN J. R. WARBURTON, F.S.A. I. D. MARGARY, M.A., F.S.A. R. L. ATKINSON, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., F.S.A. J. WILSON HAFFENDEN W. C. BERWICK SAYERS, F.L.A. H. S. GOODHART RENDEL, C.B.E., P.P.R.LB.A.
177
Council:
Retire 1956 Mrs. G'RENSIDE Miss O. M. HEATH S. S. FRERE, F.S.A. E. L. SELLICK W. H. C. FREND, Ph.D. C. S. WILLIS, F.S.A.
Retire 1957 BERNARD RACKHAM, C.B.,
F.S.A. HERBERT POINTER, M.A. Miss E. M. DANCE, B.A., Ph.D. E. S. WOOD, B.A. M. ST. JOHN HOPE H. V. H. EVERARD, B.Sc.
Retire 1958
Mrs. GIBSON
Dr. W. B. BILLINGHURST
F. E. BRAY
PHILIP CORDER, M.A.
J. A. FRERE, F.S.A. (Bluemantle)
Major H. C. PATRICK
Retire 1959
Miss D. WEEDING
R. H. G. LEVESON GOWER
J. L. NEVINSON, F.S.A.
A. R. COTTON, M.B.E., F.S.A.
T. E. C. WALKER, F.S.A.
Lieut.-Col. J. G. WAINWRIGHT
Trustees: A. W. G. LOWTHER, F.S.A., Honorary Secretary S. E. D. FORTESCUE, Honorary Legal Adviser
Honorary Secretary: W. G. LOWTHER, F.S.A.
Honorary Treasurer: C. W. LLOYD JONES, CLE.
Honorary Editor: RICHARD OFFOR, Ph.D.,
Honorary Legal Adviser: S. E. D. FORTESCUE
Librarian and Assistant Secretary: Miss D. M. SUMNER
178
COMMITTEES
General Purposes Committee: Sir Hilary Jenkinson, C.B.E., F.S.A.; W. C. Berwick Sayers, F.L.A.; Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A.; W. J. Pickering; S. E. D. Fortescue; A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A.; C. W. Lloyd Jones, CLE.
Local History Committee: A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A.; Mrs. Grenside; T. E. C. Walker, F.S.A.
Library Advisory Committee:
Dr. R. Oefor; Bernard Rackham, C.B., F.S.A. ; T. E. C. Walker, F.S.A. Miss D. M. Sumner.
Excavations Committee:
A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A.; Philip Corder, M.A.; Brian Hope Taylor, F.S.A.; S. S. Frere, F.S.A.; E. S. Wood, B.A.
Visits Committee: Major H. C. Patrick; Lieut. -Colonel J. G. Wainwright; Miss D. M. Sumner; H. V. H. Everard; Mrs. E. S. Wood; E. S. Wood; M. St. John Hope; Captain M. Wilson.
179
Honorary Local Secretaries:
Albury. — Miss O. M. Heath, Albury House, Albury.
Aldershot. — Mrs. Gibson, J. P., The White House, Lansdowne Road,
Aldershot. Ashtead.~A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A., The Old Quarry, Ashtead. Bagshot and Chobham. — G. C. B. Poulter, F.S.A.Scot., F.R.S.A.I., Colling-
wood Place, Camberley. Banstead. — M. A. Hicks, 107 Shelvers Way, Tadworth. Barnes. — R. C. Gill, LL.B., 74 King's Road, Richmond. Bookhams. — J. H. Harvey, F.S.A., Half Moon Cottage, Preston Cross, Little
Bookham. Camberley. — R. L. Atkinson, O.B.E., F.S.A., Upper Portesbery, Camberley. Chipstead. — Major A. Talbot Smith, Flint Cottage, Chipstead. Clandon, East and West. — E. S. Wood, B.A., 21 Ganghill, Guildford. Cobham. — T. E. C. Walker, F.S.A., Spring Grove, Water Lane, Cobham. Cranleigh. — H. R. Tadgell, Collindon, Grove Road, Cranleigh. Croydon. — W. C. Berwick Sayers, 52 Blenheim Crescent, S. Croydon. Dorking. —
Epsom and Ewell. — Cloudesley S. Willis, 9 High Street, Ewell. Farnham. — Major H. C. Patrick, Gwanda, Compton Lane. Godalming. — Dr. J. F. Nichols, F.S.A., 15 Minster Road, Godalming. Godstone. — C. M. Flood Page, M.A., 3 Rushton Avenues, S. Godstone. Gomshall. — A. E. P. Collins, Wayside, Wonham Way, Gomshall. Haslemere. — -Dr. G. R. Rolston, Crofts, Haslemere.
Holmbury St. Mary. — A. E. P. Collins, Wayside, Wonham Way, Gomshall. Horsell. — F. E. Bray, Woodham Grange, Horsell, Woking. Horsleys. — ■
Kingston-upon-Thames. F. E. Manning, 50 Latchmere Road, Kingston. Kingswood. — J. M. Prest, 21 Tower Road, Tadworth. Leatherhead. — A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A., The Old Quarry,
Ashtead. Merstham. — A. B. Kent, 28 Fengates Road, Redhill. Mitcham —
Mortlake.—R. C. Gill, LL.B., 74 King's Road, Richmond. Old Maiden. — L. W. Carpenter, The School House, Church Road, Worcester
Park. Peaslake and Abinger. — Dr. G. R. Watson, Corran, Peaslake. Redhill. — C. E. Sexton, Coheld, London Road, Redhill. Reigate. — A. B. Kent, 28 Fengates Road, Redhill.
Richmond. — Gilbert Turner, The Librarian, The Public Library, Richmond- Seale and Runfold. — T. L. Griffith, Barfield, Runfold, near Farnham. Sanderstead. — B. Hope Taylor, F.S.A., War Coppice, Caterham. Shere. — A. E. P. Collins, Wayside, Wonham Way, Gomshall. Surbiton. — S. Willy, 34 Amis Avenue, West Ewell. Tadworth. — Mrs. Leslie Easton, Hunter's Hall, Tadworth. Weybridge. — Mrs. D. Grenside, Lob's Wood, Weybridge. Witley. — Miss M. Hewson, St. Margaret's, Witley.
180
LIST OF MEMBERS
Corrected to June 30, 1955
Copies of Rules, etc., may be had on application to the Honorary Secretary.
Any member intending to resign must signify this intention in writing before 1st January, otherwise he will be liable to pay his subscription for the current year.
It is particularly requested that speedy intimation of any change of residence, or
errors in addresses, may be sent to the Honorary Secretary.
The date preceding each name indicates the year in which the name first appears
in the List of Members.
HONORARY MEMBERS 1898 Page, G. F., J. P., F.S.I., F.A.I., Coombe Barton, Kingston-upon-Thames. 1932 Giuseppi, Miss M., 72 Burlington Avenue, Kew Gardens. 1950 Phillips, C. W., M.A., F.S.A., Ordnance Survey, 103 Ditton Road, Surbiton.
MEMBERS
1943 Abbey, Miss Joan, 74 Chart Lane, Reigate.
1944 Adams, R. G., Kingsdown, 10 The Glebe, Worcester Park.
1952 Aitkin, Miss A. M., Robin Cottage, Westcott, Dorking.
1942 Allden, Miss M. E., Headley Lodge, Ockford Road, Godalming.
1949 Allen, Mrs. Agnes, Br af Dene, Claremont Road, Redhill.
1932 Allen, Chas J., F.R.B.S., Yew Tree Cottage, Farley Green, nr. Albury.
1953 Allen, Brigadier H. I., C.B.E., D.S.O., Beverley, Dunsfold. 1953 Allen, Mrs. H., Beverley, Dunsfold.
1948 Ames, E. F., Holmesdale, Horseshoe Lane, Merrow, Guildford.
1950 Andrews, Miss A. M. L., 28 Fairway, Merrow, Guildford.
1952 Andrews, Miss B. V., Amberley, The Fairway, Merrow, Guildford. 1939 Antrobus, P. K., Prestbury, Oxted.
1953 Arber-Cooke, A. T. 61 Pepys Road, West Wimbledon, S.W. 20.
1939 Architects, South-Eastern Society of, c/o J. A. Brownrigg, B.A., A.R.I.B.A., 163 High Street, Guildford.
1949 Ashcombe, Lord, Denbies, Dorking.
1944 Atkins, Mrs. C. M., Downside, Merrow, Guildford.
1912 Atkinson, R. L., O.B.E., M.C., M. A., F.S.A., Upper Portesbery, Camberley.
1951 Audric, Mrs. M. L. M., B.A., 32 Broadmead Avenue, Worcester Park.
1952 Austin, John D., April House, Eyhurst Close, Kingswood.
1931 Ayres, F. Robson, Dunstable, The Mount, Guildford.
1932 Bacon, Ernest, 72 Oatlands Drive, Weybridge.
1929 Bailey, T. A., L.R.I. B.A., 12 Anne Boleyn's Walk, Cheam.
1954 Baker, J. A., B.A., The Old Vicarage, Churt.
181
182 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1948 Baker, R. G. M., 13 Down Street, West Molesey.
1925 Ballantyne, Horatio, Copt Hill Court, Copt Hill Lane, Burgh Heath.
1943 Balthazar, Miss A., Hotel Constance, 25/26 Pembridge Square, W.2. 1918 Bamber, Mrs. B. C, Clifton House, Castle Hill, Guildford.
1929 Bamfield, Mrs. K. B., Purser's Piece, Peaslake, Guildford. 1953 Banks, Mrs. B. M., Dukes Hill House, Bagshot.
1952 Barber and Partners, Messrs. Frederick, 5 Apple Market, Kingston- upon-Thames.
1942 Barford, Miss M. A., The Park Gate Hotel, 57 Bayswater Road, W.2. 1929 Bargman, Donald Cedric, Handycot, Calvert Road, Dorking.
1953 Barham, H., 29 Trinity Church Square, S.E.I.
1948 Bartlett, Mrs. D. W., 40 The Grove, Horley, Surrey.
1942 Barton, W. T., Shepheards Hurst, Outwood, Surrey. 1955 Bastian, F., B.A., 100 Newton Wood Road, Ashtead. 1952 Batley, J. C, 204 Burntwood Lane, Caterham.
1944 Batstone, R. F. S., 1 Baskerville Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18. 1891 Battersea Public Library, Lavender Hill, S.W.I 1.
1933 Baxter, E. A., Esq., 28 Rosehill Gardens, Sutton, Surrey.
1949 Bayetto, R. A., A.M.I.B.A.E., 55 South Street, Epsom.
1921 Beddington, Carshalton and Wallington Archaeological Society {Hon.
Sec, 14 Park Close, Carshalton). 1952 Beddington and Wallington Public Library, The Town Hall, Wallington. 1936 Bee, A. R. W., Cloncos Kraine, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford, Eire.
1945 Behrens, Major E. Beddington, M.C., Ph.D., 99a Park Lane, W.\ and Abinger Manor, nr. Dorking.
1902 Bell, W. A. Juxon, Little Alces, Seaford, Sussex.
1951 Bellamy, G. T., 124 St. Dunstan's Hill, Cheam.
1945 Bellis, Miss Josephine, Pearemount Cottage, Chilworth, Guildford.
1951 Benger, F. B., Duntisbourne, Reigate Road, Leatherhead. 1936 Benger, R. B., Burntwood, Headley Road, Leatherhead.
1954 Benyon-Winsor, Miss G., 42 Broadhurst Gardens, Reigate. 1936 Bermondsey Public Library, Spa Road, Bermondsey, S.E.I 6.
1952 Bertughi, Miss G. J. W., Northfield, 39 The Chase, Coulsdon.
1909 Bidder, Lt.-Col. H. H. F., D.S.O., F.S.A., The Malthouse, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.
1938 Billinghurst, Dr. W. B., M.A., B.M., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 24 The Fairway, Merrow, Guildford.
1919 Binney, Charles N., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Edgecombe, Walton-on-the-Hill.
1954 Birch, Rev. H. L., 9 Beechcroft Drive, Guildford.
1949 Bird, Mrs. A. M. W., Raglans Hotel, Reigate.
1947 Bird, Miss M. E., 39 Gunnersby Court, Bolls Lane, Acton, W.3.
1939 Birmingham Public Libraries, Reference Library, Birmingham 1.
1944 Birmingham University Library, Edmund Street, Birmingham 3.
1943 Blackman, Mrs. I. S., Hadi, West Humble, nr. Dorking.
1947 Blackwood, B. G. W., F.R.S.A., Linden, Linden Park, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1949 Blake, F. M., 2 Worcester Close, Mitcham.
1951 Bland, K. \V., A.R.I.B.A., Chandlers, Avenue Road, Epsom.
1945 Blaxland Stubbs, S. G., O.B.E., Bell Cottage, Fetcham, Leatherhead
1948 Blick, F. N., 24a Beaufort Road, Reigate.
LIST OF MEMBERS 183
1925 Bloxam, R. N., Ripley Court, Woking.
1942 Bolsover, Miss Eva, 221, Commonside East, Mitcham.
1955 Booker, D. E., 93 Manor Road South, Hinckley Wood, Esher
1955 Booker, Mrs. E. M., 93 Manor Road South, Hinckley Wood, Esher.
1919 Boston Public Library, U.S.A., per Bernard Quaritch Ltd., 11 Grafton
Street, W.\.
1948 Boucher, P. W., 22 Fromondes Road, Ckeam.
1948 Bourdon Smith, P., Forge Cottage, Hurst Green, Oxted.
1949 Bourke, D. E., Fircone Cottage, Hart Hill, Hytke, nr. Southampton. 1949 Bowen, H. C, 7 Manor Way, Onslow Village, Guildford.
1924 Box, Donovan E. Hazell, 53 Farnham Road, Guildford. 1922 Boxall, Miss Hilda, 30 Ember Gardens, Thames Ditton.
1951 Boyd, Miss P., Morcote, 102 London Road, Guildford.
1943 Brachi, R. M., Moorlands, The Marld, Ashtead.
1955 Brand, Mrs. V. G., Edgewood, Wheeler Avenue, Oxted.
1945 Brandon, Miss Constance, Pearemount Cottage, Chilworth, Guildford.
1949 Bray, C. A., Woodham Grange, Horsell, Woking.
1931 Bray, Francis E., Woodliani Grange, Horsell, Woking.
1931 Bray, Mrs. F. E., Woodham Grange, Horsell, Woking.
1949 Breen, Miss M. M., B.A., Ashmead, Redhill.
1949 Bridges, T. E., Goodmans Furze, Headley, Epsom.
1948 Bridgewater, G. V., Lucas Green Manor, Chobham. 1910 Brighton Public Library.
1953 Bristol University Library, Bristol, 8.
1949 Broadwood, Capt. E. H. T., M.C., C.C., J. P., Lyne, Capel.
1947 Brounger, Miss, M. G., Orchard End, Chart, nr. Farnham.
1945 Brown, Miss Jane, Alder shot County High School for Girls, Alder shot, Hants.
1948 Brown, J. F., 6 Poyle Road, Guildford.
1952 Browne, A. H., 63 Reigate Hill, Reigate.
1943 Bruzaud, G. J., F.R.I.C.S., Highfield End, West Byfleet.
1943 Buck, A. G. Randle, Dunkery House, Weare, Axbridge, Somerset.
1949 Buckell, L. E., The Hatch, Epsom Road, Leatherhead.
1955 Bumstead, W. H., Newley, Durfold Wood, Plaistow, Billingshurst, Sussex.
1948 Burgess, S. L., Hill Cottage, Logmore Lane, Westcott, Dorking.
1946 Bushell, A. C, 2 Albury Road, Merstham.
1949 Butcher, D. J., LL.B., Roselea, Springfield Meadows, Weybridge. 1921 Butler, Lt.-Col. William J. A., Percy House, West End, Esher.
1945 California University Library, U.S.A., per B. F. Stevens & Brown Ltd., 77-78 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\.
1953 Carpenter, Miss G. E., 20 Lees Road, Hillingdon, Middlesex.
1947 Carpenter, L. W., The School House, Church Road, Worcester Park. 1941 Carruthers, F. G., B.A., F.S.A., 40 Gloucester Road, Kew.
1955 Carslake, Miss F. S. S., Thatchways, Wonersh Park, Guildford.
1950 Carter, Hector, 30 Warren Road, Guildford. 1945 Carter, Miss J. M., Woolpit Hatch, Ewhurst.
1948 Carter, W., C.B.E., M.A., 5 Comiston Springs Avenue, Edinburgh 10.
1944 Cash, Miss Margaret E., Shepherd's Crown, The Avenue, Tadworth.
1954 Caswell, J. C. W., Guleston, Holland, Oxted.
184 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1954 Caswell, Mrs. M. P., Guleston, Holland, Oxted.
1952 Caterham and Warlingham District Public Library, Dist. Lib., 76 Croydon Road, Caterham.
1955 Caton, B. J., Flat 1, 64 Palace Road, East Molesey.
1943 Chadwick, V. R., M.I.Mech.E., 10 Laurel Road, Barnes, S.W.V3.
1929 Chance, Miss M. M., Meryon, Blackheath, nr. Guildford.
1947 Chandler, G. E., 91 High Street, Aldershot.
1945 Chandler, H. J., F.L.A., Public Library House, Finkle Street, Workington, Cumberland.
1954 Charlton, L. W., 137 Manor Road, Ash.
1945 Charlwood, Mrs. S. E., 58 Fengates Road, Redhill.
1906 Charterhouse School Library, Godalming.
1945 Chater, Miss Margaret, Brendon, The Chase, Kingswood.
1952 Chesterman, Miss Joyce, North Bank, Yorke Road, Reigate.
1915 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., Newberry Library, per B. F. Stevens &■ Brown Ltd., 77-78 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\.
1948 Child, Maurice, F.R.S.A., Gortraney, Horseshoe Lane, Merrow. 1947 Chiles, Mrs. R. K., 38 Court Hill, Sanderstead.
1946 Chipstead Residents' Association (Hon. Sec. F. W. Tye, Esq., Broad- mead, Rickmanhill Road, Chipstead).
1949 Chisholm, J. D., The Greenings, Haider swood, Reigate.
1944 Chivers, C. W., Woodacre, Horsham Road, Cranleigh.
1947 Christie, Miss M. G. C, 47 Chatham Road, Caterham-on-tke-Hill.
1945 Clark, A. J., Downderry, The Drive, Farnham Road, Guildford.
1954 Clark, Miss E. C, Flat 3, 6 Albury Road, Guildford. 1940 Clark, Frederick S., The New Inn, Worplesdon.
1945 Clark, Miss Jessie E., M.A., Aldershot County High School for Girls,
Aldershot, Hants. 1949 Clark, Mrs. K. I., Downderry, The Drive, Farnham Road, Guildford.
1947 Clarke, Miss Mildred A., Gowdhurst, Chart Lane, Dorking.
1948 Clarke-Williams, A. R., M.A., LL.B., F.R.H.S., F.Z.S., Cradlebridge Cottage, Ashington, Sussex.
1928 Cleveland Public Library, per Henry Sotheran Ltd., 2 Sackville Street, IF. 1 . 1932 Coggin, Mrs. M., Darenth, Deepdene Drive, Dorking.
1930 Coggin, Capt. T. G. C, Darenth, Deepdene Drive, Dorking.
1953 Cole, Mrs. M., Highfield, West Humble, Dorking.
1955 Coleman, Mrs. M. J., 24 Nightingale Road, Guildford.
1953 Collier, W. B., 1 Lime Grove, Westfield Aveyiue, Woking.
1935 Collins, A. E. P., Department of Archaeology, Queens University, Belfast.
1949 Collins, F. J., Russet Cottage, Station Road, Effingham.
1936 Collison-Morley, L., Nostra, Shamley Green, Surrey.
1937 Colyer, Harold G., Brendon, Chesham Road, Guildford.
1954 Comber, R. J., 15 Beech Grove, Guildford.
1931 Combridge, J. T., M.A., 15 Campden Grove, W.8 1912 Constitutional Club, Northumberland Avenue, W.C.2.
1947 Cook, J. B., M.D., B.Ch., D.P.H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 2 Pembroke Villas,
The Green, Richmond, Surrey. 1926 Copenhagen Royal Library, per Francis Edwards Ltd., 83 Marylebone
High Street, W.\. 1944 Corder, Philip, M.A., 108 Riddlesdown Road, Purley.
LIST MEMBERS 185
1925 Corfield, Dr. Carruthers, Broadmark Place, Rustington, Sussex. 1953 Corfield, Mrs. A. L., Tregenwyn, The Warren, Kingswood.
1953 Corfield, R. Holbeche, Tregenwyn, The Warren, Kingswood.
1919 Cornell University Library, U.S.A., per Messrs. E. G. Allen & Son Ltd.,
14 Grape Street, W.C.2. 1949 Cornish, F., Lonsdale, 63 Cheam Road, Ewell East. 1949 Costar, N. E., Brendon, Portsmouth Avenue, Thames Ditton.
1926 Cotton, Arthur R., M.B.E., F.S.A., Inward Shaw, Park Lane, Ashtead. 1930 Cotton, Mrs. A. R., Inward Shaw, Park Lane, Ashtead.
1946 Cotton, Mrs. Enid, Taresmocks, Anstie Grange, The Holmwood, Dorking.
1927 Cottrell, Mrs. F. M., Dunedin, Giggs Hill, Thames Ditton.
1948 Coulsdon and Purley Public Libraries, Central Library, Banstead Road, Pur ley.
1942 Couzens, Mrs. D. L., c/o H. C. Foulger, Esq., Tilehouse, Tilford, Farnham.
1952 Cowie, Mrs. M., Waverley Abbey, Farnham.
1942 Cox, Miss Dorothy, Westholme, 50 Chestnut Avenue, Esher.
1942 Cox, Miss H. M., Westholme, 50 Chestnut Avenue, Esher.
1954 Cox, Mrs. K. H. E., Three Ways, St. Nicholas Drive, Cranleigh. 1942 Crandell, Miss E. G., 15 Balfour Road, Ilford, Essex.
1945 Crandell, Mrs. F. K., 15 Balfour Road, Ilford, Essex.
1935 Cranleigh School Archaeological Society, Cranleigh School, Cranleigh.
1926 Crawley, J. P., The Holt, Canon's Hill, Old Coulsdon.
1940 Cresswell, Rev. Cyril L., C.V.O., M.A., F.S.A., Three Barrows Place,
Elstead. 1937 Croke, Dr. A. E., The Gables, London Road, Guildford.
1927 Cross, Miss Dorothy L., Windlecote, Worplesdon Hill, Woking.
1946 Cross, F. T., Southernwood, West Humble, Dorking.
1946 Cross, Mrs. M. A. W., Southernwood, West Humble, Dorking.
1907 Crosse, Miss Kathleen M., Caterham Hotel, Harestone Valley, Caterham.
1952 Crossland, E. A., Briarwood, Irene Road, Cobham.
1952 Croudace, Oliver, Brooklands Annexe, Carlton Road, S. Godstone. 1944 Croydon Natural History Society, 34 Raleigh Avenue, Wallington.
1892 Croydon Public Library, Central Library, Town Hall, Croydon (L. A. Sharp, F.L.A., Librarian).
1955 Cullen, Mrs. S. K., 3 Monteagle, Summerhouse Road, Godalming. 1951 Currie, Mrs. L. C. E., 17 Ennismore Avenue, Guildford.
1953 Curtis, S. R., 8 Field End Road, Eastcote, Pinner, Middlesex.
1950 Dahlgren, J. O., Southemhay, Westcott Road, Dorking.
1947 Dance, Miss E. M., M.A., Ph.D., The Museum, Castle Arch, Guildford.
1949 Dane, Mrs. D. M. Surrey, Wychanger Fields, Shere.
1942 Davey, H. J., Grantley Villa, Cranleigh.
1943 Davies, M. R., F.C.A., Cartref, Ladyegate Road, Dorking. 1940 Davies, W. E., 30 St. James Road, Purley.
1943 Dawkins, A. R., Pendennis, Sea Lane, Torquay, Devon. 1955 Dawkes, Miss M. E., 20 Condor Court, Guildford. 1949 Dawson, P. A., 1 Tanners Lane, Haslemere.
1946 Deanesly, (Miss) Professor Margaret, Royal Holloway College, Englefield Green.
186 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1947 De Roemer, Major C. W., J. P., Overwey, Tilford, nr. Farnham.
1952 Dering, Douglas, May field, Steels Lane, Oxshott.
1915 Detroit (Michigan) Public Library, U.S.A., per B. F. Stevens & Brown
Ltd., 77-78 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\. 1946 Disney, Alfred A, Plain Cottage, Dockenfield, Farnham.
1946 Dixon, A. H. Merle Hill Cottage, Oxted.
1944 Dixon, Mrs. Marjorie, Merle Hill Cottage, Oxted.
1950 Djurklou, Baroness E., Penlan House, Southerns Lane, Chipstead. 1938 Dobson, C. G., 0 Anne Boleyn's Walk, Cheam.
1952 Dobson, Mrs. M. E., Cedar Court, Castle Hill, Farnham. 1955 Dolphin, Mrs. E. M., 148 Epsom Road, Guildford.
1947 Dopson, L. H., Wildwood, Broad Lane, Newdigate.
1941 Dowson, Lady Evelyn, The Cobbles, Walton-on-the-Hill.
1953 Druce, B. W., 4 Hilltop Road, Whyteleafe.
1945 Duke University Library, per B. F. Stevens cS- Brown Ltd., 77-78 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\.
1953 Dumas, Miss H. M., 31 Woking Road, Guildford.
1932 Duncan, C. M., J. P., Green Loaning, The Chase, Rcigate.
1952 Dunn, Miss E. B. J., Upmeads, Reigate.
1942 Durrant, T. V. S., 14 Chelsea Square, S.W.3. 1952 Dutfield, D. H. N., Vann Cottage, Ockley.
1952 Dutton, Dr. F. B., Boscarne, Chantry View Road, Guildford.
1955 Eagar, W. McG., C.B.E., M.A., Spange Hawe, Ewhurst.
1925 Eason, Edward William, 20 The Green, Kew, Richmond.
1944 Easton, Mrs. Dora, Hunters Hall, Tadworth.
1950 Easton, L. H., Hunters Hall, Tadworth.
1939 Edwards, H. L., 65 Church Street, Epsom.
1950 Egerton, Mrs. E. M., Godstone Place, Godstone.
1930 Egerton, Major G. W., Godstone Place, Godstone.
1946 Elger, L. C, M.I.Mech.E., Greenlea, Winchester Road, Four Marks,
Alton, Hants. 1953 Elliott, A. J., Mardyke, Shalford Road, Guildford.
1949 Elliott, R. F., A.R.I.B.A., Bridge Cottage, Dorking Road, Leatherhead. 1943 Ellwood, Mrs. Alma, Highlands, Abbot Road, Warwick's Bench, Guildford. 1943 Ellwood, L. A., M.A., LL.B., Highlands, Abbot Road, Warwick's Bench,
Guildford.
1950 Elston, Mrs. M. R., The Old Vicarage, Shere, Guildford. 1943 Ely, Alan, 3 Undercroft, Raglan Road, Reigate.
1932 Ely, Milton, Highlands, Brighton Road, Sutton.
1950 Epsom and Ewell Corporation, Public Library, Waterloo Road, Epsom.
1939 Epsom and Ewell Corporation, Public Library, Ewell Court, Ewell.
1953 Esher District Libraries, Council Offices, Esher.
1946 Evans, David J., Castle Cottage, Castle Road, Horsell, Woking.
1939 Evans, Miss E. M., High Elms, Clifford Manor Road, Guildford.
1937 Evans, H. G., High Elms, Clifford Manor Road, Guildford.
1943 Evelyn, C. J. A., Flat 6, 98 Mount Street, WA.
1941 Everard, H. V. H., B.Sc, 63 Summerville Gardens, Cheam, Surrey.
1932 Evershed, W. L., F.S.I., 23 Pp-verel Road, Worthing, Sussex.
LIST OF MEMBERS 187
1931 Fagg, C. C, 58 Birdhurst Road, South Croydon.
1948 Fairer, T. J., F.R.I.C.S., L.R.I. B.A., Queninglon, Hawks Hill, Leather- head.
1931 Falkner, V. M., D.Sc, D.I.C., A.M.I.Mech.E., 63 Elmfield Avenue,
Teddington. 1939 Farmer, James A., C.C., The Old Rectory, Ifield, Sussex.
1941 Farnham Field Club (Hon. Sec. and Hon. Treas.: G. H. Bacon, B.A., Albar, Ridgeway Road, Farnham).
1954 Farnham Public Library, Vernon House, West Street, Farnham.
1954 Farnham Society, 11 South Street, Farnham.
1942 Farrer, The Dowager Lady, 1 Upper Phillimore Gardens, W.S.
1943 Fawcett, Walter, Hartsfield County House, Betchworth. 1938 Fearon, Mrs. E. G., Clear Down, Westcott, Surrey. 1912 Fearon, J. Granville, Clear Down, Westcott, Surrey.
1931 Fearon, Major Philip Vivian, Daneway, High Trees Road, Reigate.
1950 Fenston, F. D., Br aboeuf Manor, Guildford.
1945 Fielder, G. H., A.R.I.B.A., Meadowsweet, East Lane, East Horsley.
1932 Finny, Mrs. E. A. St. Laurence, J. P., 41 Liverpool Road, Kingston Hill.
1955 Fisher, Miss N., Flat 7, St. Martin's, Clandon Road, Guildford.
1949 Flint, M. F., 108 Cornwall Road, Cheam.
1951 Flood Page, Colin M., M.A., 3 Rushston Avenue, S. Godstone.
1951 Flood Page, Mrs. M., 3 Rushton Avenue, S. Godstone.
1950 Florance, R. V., Briarley, 9 Leas Road, Guildford, Surrey.
1933 Forge, James W. Lindus, Green Gables, Cavendish Road, Weybridge. 1954 Forsyth, P. J. E., A.I.M., Fressingfield, Pankridge Street, Crondall,
Farnham.
1954 Fortescue, Mrs. M., Englands, High Street, Great Bookham.
1946 Fortescue, S. E. D., Englands, High Street, Great Bookham. 1949 Francis, Mrs. D. L., 10 Wodeland Avenue, Guildford.
1943 Francis, Thos. R., 23 Bavant Road, Norbury, S.W.I 6.
1955 Franklin, Miss M. E., Brocton, Guildown Road, Guildford.
1942 Freeth, Miss C. M., Purser's Piece, Peaslake, Guildford.
1947 Frend, W. H. C, D.Phil. (Oxon.), 226 Milton Road, Cambridge.
1943 Frere, J. A., F.S.A., Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms, College of Arms, Queen Victoria Street, E.CA.
1938 Frere, S. S., F.S.A., 8 Blenheim Gardens, Sanderstead.
1952 Frye, Mrs. A. M., 85 Carshalton Park Road, Carshalton.
1948 Fuller-Clark, H. H., West Lodge, Rookery Hill, Ashtead.
1955 Furness, Miss P. M., F.S.A.Scot., Greenhill Brow, nr. Farnham.
1919 Gardner, Mrs. D. C, Portmore House, Weybridge.
1948 Gaywood, Major L. R., 17 Nightingale Road, Carshalton.
1951 German, A. E., 79 West Street, Farnham. 1927 Gibson, E. Morris, Great Halfpenny, Cheam.
1932 Gibson, Mrs. M. F., J. P., The White House, Aldershot.
1952 Gilbert, A. S., Shawley Corner, Great Tattenham, Epsom. 1954 Gilbert-Bentley, F. G., F.S.A.Scot., Chudleigh, Shalford. 1952 Gilcrist, Mrs. E. T., Vachery, Shere.
1936 Gill, R. C, LL.B., 74 King's Road, Richmond. 1951 Gillham, Miss W. A., 14 Deerings Road, Reigate.
188 SURREY ARCHiEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1937 Giuseppi, J. A., F.S.A., 19 Ember Lane, Esher.
1942 Glover, Major J. H., Catbells, West Humble, Dorking.
1948 Gluckstein, K. M., Cobdens Farm, Alfold, Cranleigh.
1943 Godalming Museum, Boro. Treasurer, 35 Bridge Street, Godalming. 1955 Godfrey-Faussett, Mrs. M. G., Waverley Abbey, Famham.
1950 Golding, P. E. H., 47 York Road, Guildford.
1935 Goldsmiths Librarian, University of London Library, Bloomsbury, W.C.I.
1937 Goodchild, Capt. R. G., Woodlands, The Great Quarry, Guildford.
1945 Goodhart-Rendel, H. S., C.B.E., P.P.R.I.B.A., Hatchlands, East Clandon,
Guildford. 1955 Gordon, Miss I. V. I., 9 Draycott Place, Chelsea, S.W.3.
1937 Gordon, Major The Lord Adam, Fulbrook House, Elstead. 1952 Gough, Derek W., 329 Sutton Common Road, Sutton.
1952 Gould, John, Forge Cottage, Merrow, Guildford. 1955 Gover, R., 20 Ewell Downs Road, Ewell.
1953 Niedersachsische, Staats-Gottingen, Germany, per B. H. Blackwell Ltd., 48-51 Broad Street, Oxford.
1952 Gower, J. W., Chamwood, Ganghill, Guildford.
1952 Gower, Mrs. V. F., Chamwood, Ganghill, Guildford. 1930 Graham, James, C.B.E., Heathside, Limpsfield. 1945 Graham, Miss M. I., Heathside, Limpsfield.
1944 Gravett, K. W. E., 85 Seaforth Avenue, New Maiden.
1938 Gray, Mrs. Rosa, Ravensmort Hotel, Yorke Road, Hove, Sussex. 1937 Green, Alfred C. Case, Tof trees, Heathfield Drive, Redhill. 1947 Green, A. J. B., M.A., 13 Pewley Hill, Guildford.
1945 Green, Mrs. Ada M., Rookery Cottage, Hazelwood Lane, Chipstead. 1947 Green, Mrs. J. K., M.A., 13 Pewley Hill, Guildford.
1926 Grenside, Mrs. Dorothy, Lob's Wood, Weybridge.
1953 Grenside, H. R., Lob's Wood, Weybridge.
1949 Griffith, T. L., Barfield School, Runfold, Famham.
1944 Guildford Corporation, Public Library, 10 High Street, Guildford. 1898 Guildford Institute, Ward Street, Guildford.
1952 Hadfield, Dr. C. F., Redboume, New Road, Esher.
1955 Haggard, Mrs. B. A., 3 Queen Street, Gomshall.
1955 Haggard, D. J., 3 Queen Street, Gomshall.
1949 Haining, General Sir Robert H., K.C.B., D.S.O., J. P., Lord Lieutenant of Surrey, Chart House, Ash Vale.
1949 Hale, Mrs. E. L., 1 Wentworth Terrace, Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
1944 Haler, David, M.B., B.S.(Lond.), D.C.P.(Lond.), Wey Manor House, Wey Manor Road, West Weybridge.
1944 Haler, Mrs. Doris, Wey Manor House, Wey Manor Road, West Wey- bridge.
1955 Hall, G. L. D., F.R.I. B.A., Greville Lodge, Ashtead.
1944 Hall, W., Allan, Arthur's Seat, Whitehill, Caterham.
1954 Hamilton of Dalzell, Lord, M.C., Snowdenham House, Bramley.
1903 Hammersmith Public Libraries, Carnegie {Central) Library, Hammer- smith, W.6.
1949 Harding, Miss J. M., 20 Horsham Road, Dorking.
LIST OF MEMBERS 189
1948 Harries, Miss J. M., B.A., F.L.A., Copsley, Shere Road, West Horsley.
1944 Harris, Lady Alice S., Lockner Holt, Chilworth.
1947 Harrison, David, LL.D. (Lond.), 27 St. Lawrence Drive, Eastcote, Middlesex.
1922 Hart, J. H., Vine Cottage, Vine Place, Brighton, Sussex.
1942 Hart, P. Dorney, la Addiscombe Grove, Croydon.
1916 Harvard University Library, U.S.A., per Edward G. Allen &■ Son Ltd., 14 Grape Street, W.C.2.
1954 Harvie, C. J., 45 Strawberry Lane, Carshalton.
1944 Harvey, John H., F.S.A., Half Moon Cottage, Little Bookham.
1917 Haslemere Natural History Society, Educational Museum, Haslemere. 1947 Hatch, Miss E. M. B., B.R.C., Sunbeams, Oakdene Road, Godalming.
1947 Hayes, Capt. C. A., Old Manor Hotel, Witley.
1953 Heagerty, P. J., Copley Dene, Walton-on-the-Hill, Tadworth.
1953 Heath, Mrs. F. E., The Mead, Rydens Avenue, Walton-on-Thames.
1912 Heath, Miss O. M., Albury House, Albury, nr. Guildford.
1948 Hemphrey, M. B. K., Tabor a, Lynchford Road, Farnborough, Hants.
1953 Henniker-Gotley, Mrs., Little Afton, Abinger Hammer.
1942 Henri, Mrs. L. R., Warren Lodge, Brighton Road, Kingswood. 1936 Hewson, Miss Margaret, 5/. Margaret's, Witley.
1946 Hicks, Mrs. M. A., M. A. (Cantab.), The Alton, St. Albans Road, Reigate.
1947 Hicks, Michael A., cjo C.M.S. (Nigeria) Bookshops, 6 Salisbury Square, E.CA.
1952 Higgins, C. A., O.B.E., Wintonsyde, Forest Road, East Horsley. 1952 Higgins, Mrs. M. E., Wintonsyde, Forest Road, East Horsley.
1946 Higginson, J. A., 8 Chesterfield Drive, Esher.
1950 Higham, C. S. S., M.A., F.R.Hist.S., 97 Church Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19.
1947 Hill, Mrs. E. E., M.A., Torwood, Pirbright Road, Farnborough, Hants.
1954 Hill, P. L., A.L.A., The Fire Service College, Wotton House, Abinger Common, Dorking.
1949 Hills, Miss B. C. F., Hurst Cottage, Chiddingfold.
1943 Hind, Capt. H. W., D.S.O., M.C., F.A.I. , 32 High Street, Sutton.
1944 Hipkins, W. S., Dacre House, 9 The Drive, Banstead.
1950 Hobbs, Miss K. M., M.A., 110 High Street, Guildford.
1935 Hodgins, R. C, 39 High Street, Godalming.
1936 Holmes, J., St. Edmund's College, Old Hall, Ware, Herts. 1950 Holmes, Canon R. E., Ways End, St. Alban's Road, Reigate. 1933 Hooper, Miss Hilda J., 97 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, S.WA6. 1936 Hooper, Mrs. J. L., 31 West Street, Reigate.
1949 Hope, M. St. J., Dormer Cottage, Abinger Hammer.
1949 Hope, Mrs. V. C, Dormer Cottage, Abinger Hammer.
1942 Hope Taylor, B., F.S.A., War Coppice, War Coppice Lane, Caterham.
1955 Hoskin, Mrs. A. E. R., Post Office, Chiddingfold. 1941 Howard, J., 177 Banstead Road, Carshalton.
1915 Hughes, A., J. P., F.R.I.B.A., Farleigh, Claremont Lane, Esher.
1954 Hughes, Miss G. M., Field End, Ridgeway Close, Oxshott.
1955 Hunt, D. A., L.L.C.M., 62 Elmwood Road, West Croydon.
1946 Hutcheson, Miss Agnes, M.A., 40 Wolsey Road, Esher.
1947 Hutchings, G. E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., Juniper Hall, Mickleham 1955 Hutchins, Miss M. I. O., Chaldon Court, Chaldon.
190 SURREY ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY
1938 Illinois, University of, Library, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. 1954 Inch, R. F., F.C.A., 19 Thorn Bank, Onslow Village, Guildford. 1954 Ingrain, Mrs. L. L. E., Sirron Lodge, Vine Road, Barnes,- S.W.13. 1954 Ingram, Major T. L., Sirron Lodge, Vine Road, Barnes, S.W.13.
1949 Iowa, State University of, per B. H. Blackwell Ltd., 48-51 Broad Street, Oxford.
1948 Irving, A. H., 5 Fernwood Crescent, Bitterne Park, Southampton, Hants. 1909 Iveagh, The Earl of, K.G., C.B., C.M.G., Pyrford Court, Woking.
1933 Jabez-Smith, Jabez, Winshields, Ashley Road, Walton-on-Thames. 1952 Jackson, Mrs. A. E., St. Bridget's, Church Lane, Cobham.
1949 Jameson, Mrs. M. G. E., Woodland Cottage, Downs Wood, Epsom.
1943 Jarvis, R. C, 31 Hitherfield Road, Streatham, S.WA6. 1949 Jasper, R. H., 2a Lower Hill Road, Epsom.
1939 Jeal, Eric G., West Winds, St. Minver, Wadebridge, Cornwall.
1954 Jeans, Rev. R., M.A., Mayfield, London Road, Dorking. 1924 Jell, G. C, Broome Park, nr. Canterbury, Kent.
1955 Jenkins, R. J., 8 Recreation Road, Guildford.
1908 Jenkinson, Sir Hilary, C.B.E.; M.A., F.S.A., Arun House, Horsham. 1949 Jobson, P. A., The Wolery, Bagshot Road, Knaphill. 1942 Johnson, H. B., M.R.I. , 33 Cornhill, E.C.3.
1946 Jones, Mrs. A. Tarran, 40 Broadhurst Gardens, Reigate. 1955 Jones, Mrs. Basil, The Abbey, Chertsey.
1922 Jones, Miss M. Farewell, Highfield, Sidmouth, Devon. 1951 Jones, Mrs. Menna, 33 Hedgeway, Guildford.
1951 Jordan, Professor Wilbur K., 76 Blattle Street, Cambridge 38, Mass., U.S.A.
1930 Jupp, Charles Stedman, Netherbury, Cobham.
1942 Kee, Mrs. H. M., 6 Hillway, A". 6.
1952 Keevil, Colonel Sir Ambrose, C.B.E., M.C., D.L., Bayards, Warlingham. 1912 Kelly, A. L., Hockley Lands, Worplesdon.
1944 Kennedy, Lady, Woodstock, Chinthurst Lane, Shalford. 1911 Kensington Public Library, Kensington High Street, W.8.
1947 Kent, Alfred B., Sunnylea, 28 Fengates Road, Redhill.
1951 Kent, John MacLeod, 15, Orchard Drive, Woking.
1934 Kenyon, Miss K. M., C.B.E., D.Litt., F.S.A., Old Brands Lodge, Terriers, High Wycombe, Bucks.
1938 Kernahan, Mrs. Joan, Horseshoe Cottage, Shackleford, nr. Godalming. 1901 Kingston-upon-Thames Public Library.
1955 Kirk, Mrs. C, Des Esporis, Burwey Road, West Humble, Dorking.
1932 Lambert, Uvedale, South Park Farm, Blechingley.
1948 Lane, Mrs. E. A. C, Lomond, Horley.
1939 Langham, Ernest W., Over Compton, Waverley Lane, Farnham.
1945 Law, Miss Maud D., 19 Fengates Road, Redhill.
1936 Lawrence, Mrs. Mary, Wood Croft, Merrow, Guildford.
1923 Lawson, H. P., Lynbrook, Knaphill, Woking.
1947 Lawson, Peter H., The Mount, Chobham.
1955 Lea-Wilson, Mrs. J. D., Garry Cottage, Raleigh Drive, Claygate.
1952 Leicester University College, The Library, Leicester.
LIST OF MEMBERS 191
1945 Leighton, Robert B., J. P., F.R.G.S., Tangley Cottage, Wonersh Common, nr. Guildford.
1947 Leleux, S. V. F., B.A., A.C.W.A., A.C.I. S., 77 New Road, Chilworth, nr. Guildford.
1927 Leveson Gower, Richard H. G., Titsey Place, Limpsfield.
1946 Lewarne, J. G. W., Feock, Cobham Road, Fetcham, nr. Leatherhead. t?" 1946 Lewington, D. C, Avalon, Smallfield, Horley.
1950 Lewington, W., 27 Homersham Road, Kingston-on-Thames. 1955 Liddle, L. A., 12 Cromwell Close, Walton-on-Thames.
1946 Lieberg, H. Martin, Flat 1, Pinehurst, Aldersey Road, Guildford.
1942 Liggett, Miss M. D., B.A., Guildford Public Library, 187 High Street,
Guildford. 1938 Lightfoot, Miss F. M., Hartford House, Blackwater, Camberley. 1949 Lillie, Rev. H. W. R., S.J., 114 Mount Street, London, W.\.
1938 Lindner, A. F. H., M.A., Rowan Lodge, 2 Ridgway Gardens, Wimbledon, S.WA9.
1940 Lindner, Mrs. G. A., Rowan Lodge, 2 Ridgway Gardens, Wimbledon, S.W. 19.
1954 Litchfield, S. L., 114 Thames Street, Weybridge.
1955 Liverpool, The University.
1955 Lloyd, A. W., M.C., Hartford House, Hartley Wintney, Basingstoke, Hants.
1939 Lloyd, C. W., c/o Barclays Bank, Preston, Lines.
1928 Lloyds Bank Ltd., Guildford.
1948 Lloyd-Jones, C. W., CLE., Round Hay, Pit Farm Road, Guildford.
1949 Lloyd-Jones, Mrs. E. K., Round Hay, Pit Farm Road, Guildford.
1948 London County Council Members Library, County Hall, Westminster Bridge, S.E.I
1891 London Library, St. James Square, S.W.I.
1865 London, The Corpn. of, Guildhall Library, E.C.2.
1935 London, Institute of Historical Research, Senate House, University of London, W.C.I.
1955 Lou vain, The University Library, Place Mgr. Ladeuze, Louvain, Belgium. 1927 Lowther, Anthony Wm. G., F.S.A., A.R.I. B.A., The Old Quarry, Ashtead.
1949 Lucas, Mrs. A. M., B.A., 75 Farnham Road, Guildford.
1947 Lucy, R. M. H., 58 Northwood Avenue, Purley.
1949 Ludford, J. H., B.A., LL.B., 3 Poplar Road, Leatherhead.
1936 Lund University Library, Lund, Sweden.
1912 MacAndrew, Miss, The Innerfold, Park Road, Rottingdean, Brighton,
Sussex. 1938 MacAndrew, A. G., 185 Coombe Lane, S.W. 20.
1950 McDermott, B. M., B.A., Onslow County Secondary School, Queen Eleanor's Road, Guildford.
1941 Macgregor, J. E. M., F.R.I. B.A., The Mill, Shalford, Surrey.
1955 Mcintosh, A. J. C, L.D.S., R.C.S.(Edin.), 26 Orchard Court, Walton-on- Thames.
1951 MacLeod, Lt.-Col. Donald, Yew Trees, Horley Row, Horley.
1950 MacNeill, Mrs. M. W., M.A., F.S.A.Scot., 40 Devon Road, Cheam. 1954 McDonnell, K. G. T., B.Sc, 2 Sandal Road, New Maiden.
192 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1953 Maguire, C. E., Bracken, Blackheath, nr. Guildford.
1953 Maguire, Mrs. Y., Bracken, Blackheath, nr. Guildford.
1954 Maisey, Miss E. C. M., Trevervyn, Pit Farm Road, Guildford.
1954 Maisey, Miss I. V., Trevervyn, Pit Farm Road, Guildford.
1943 Maiden and Coombe Public Library, Kingston Road, New Maiden, Surrey.
1955 Malin, Mrs. S. L., Ramdsean Preparatory School, Shalford. 1910 Manchester, John Ry lands Library.
1949 Mann, S. E., LL.B.(Lond.), Hill House, Upper Deepdene Drive, Dorking. 1955 Manners, Miss A., Quiet Corner, Pyrford.
1949 Manning, F. E., M.A., 50 Latchmere Road, Kingston-on-Thames. 1945 Maplesden, Mrs. G. E., 2 Glenside, South Terrace, Dorking.
1927 Margary, Ivan D., M.A., F.S.A., Yew Lodge, East Grinstead, Sussex.
1954 Marks, Mrs. Leonard, Flat 6, Shagbrook, Reigate Heath.
1944 Marsden, W. J. M., M.A., 29 Fairway, Merrow, Guildford. 1932 Marsh, Miss Florence, Anderida, South Holmwood, Dorking.
1928 Marson, Miss K. M., Cranley Lodge, Cranley Road, Guildford.
1949 Martin, Miss E. M., Thakeham, 32 Brockenhurst Road, Alder shot, Hants-
1945 Martin, Miss M. M. A., B.A., Thakeham, 32 Brockenhurst Road, Aldershot. Hants.
1935 Master, Capt. C. E. Hoskins, Barrow Green Court, Oxted.
1953 Matthews, Mrs. J. D., 2a The Oaks, Hawley, nr. Camberley 1948 Maude, Sir John, K.C.B., Hall Hill, Oxted.
1952 Maw, Miss M. E., Pendell Cottage, Hambledon, Godalming.
1955 May, Mrs. J. E., Lodge Hill Wood, Lodge Hill Road, Famham. 1945 Merriman, Mrs. Louise, Somerdown, 26 Somers Road, Reigate.
1945 Merriman, Commander R. D., R.I.N. (Retd.), Somerdown, 26 Somers
Road, Reigate. 1930 Michigan University Library, per Henry Sotheran Ltd., 2 Sackville
Street, W.\. 1947 Miles, Capt. Errol C, 27 Meadway, Coulsdon.
1936 Miller, Sir Eric, Old House, Ewhurst Green.
1930 Millett, Lt.-Col. S. C, 2118 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, 8, D.C.,
U.S.A. 1947 Milner, Harold, 27 Salisbury Road, Carshalton. 1891 Minet Public Library, Knatchbull Road, Camberwell, S.E.5. 1952 Molyneux, W. E., 3 Myrtle Road, Dorking.
1950 Money, B. E., 69 Onslow Gardens, S.W.7.
1937 Money, Edward Douglas, Buckstone Farm, Chobham. 1950 Moon, Mrs. J. B., Flat A, 104 London Road, Guildford. 1950 Moon, P. L., Flat A, 104 London Road, Guildford.
1954 More-Molyneux, J. R., Loseley Park, Guildford. 1954 More-Molyneux, Mrs. J. R., Loseley Park, Guildford. 1945 Moore, Mrs. Ivy F., The Dell, Send Hill, Send, Woking. 1954 Moore, Miss M. A., Chippings, Icklingham Road, Cobham. 1912 Morris, J. E., B.A., Mount Pleasant, Totnes, Devon.
1954 Mostyn, Major J., M.C., M.A., T.D., Master's House, Abbots Hospital,
Guildford. 1954 Mostyn, Mrs. J., Master's House, Abbots Hospital, Guildford. 1954 Mulleneux, Mrs. M. J., 77 Epsom Road, Guildford.
LIST OF MEMBERS 193
1948 Munk, H. W., Two Magpies, Wood Lane, Fleet, Hants.
1914 Musgrave, Miss F., Olivers, Hascombe, Godalming.
1952 Nash, S. G., The Cottage, Sapperton, Peaslake.
1936 Nation, Norman, Clevedon, 24 St. Omer Road, Guildford.
1928 Nevill, Humphry, 15 Bath Street, Palmer ston North, New Zealand.
1948 Nevill, Lt.-Col. S. S., O.B.E., 34 Hatherley Grove, W.2.
1933 Nevill, W. H., C.V.O., R.D., 2 Penlee, Cavendish Road, Weybridge.
1955 Netherton, P. A., 1 Pirbright Cottage, Henley Park, Normandy.
1928 Nevinson, John L., F.S.A., 18 Hyde Park Place, W.I.
1939 New England Historical Genealogical Society, per B. F. Stevens & Brown, 77-79 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\.
1915 New York Public Library, per B. F. Stevens cS- Brown Ltd., 77-79 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, W.\.
1926 Nichols, Dr. J. F., M.C., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S , 15 Minster Road, Godalming.
1948 Nonsuch Society, The (Hon Sec. A. R. Laird, Ivy Cottage, London Road, Ewell).
1933 Norman, W. H., M.B.E., Witley, Salisbury Avenue, Cheam.
1949 Oates, R. W., Durrant House, Western Road, Branksome Park, Bourne- mouth, Hants.
1952 Offor, Mrs. Eveline, 24 Tangier Road, Guildford. 1949 Offor, R., Ph.D., 24 Tangier Road, Guildford.
1941 Ogburn, Mrs. E. E., 28 Fernhill Gardens, Kingston-on-Thames.
1955 O'Keeffe- Wilson, Mrs., Abinger Manor Cottage, Abinger Common,
Dorking. 1951 Onslow, Colonel The Rt. Hon. The Earl of, M.C., T.D., D.L., Little
Clandon, nr. Guildford.
1947 Ordnance Survey, Director of Establishment and Finance, Ordnance Survey Office, Leatherhead Road, Chessington.
1946 Oxted and Limpsfield Central Library, Public Library, Station Road East, Oxted.
1949 Ozanne, P. C, 27 Trafford Road, Thornton Heath.
1940 Parker, Miss A. C, 30 Museum Chambers, W.C.I.
1950 Parker, C. H., M.B.E., Alderbrook, Holmbury St. Mary.
1948 Parrish, E. J., Killasser, Tadworth.
1955 Parrott, Miss S. E. M., 2 The Quarry, York Road, Guildford.
1943 Parsloe, Guy, B.A., F.R.Hist.S., 1 Leopold Avenue, Wimbledon, S.WA9.
1943 Parsons, The Rev. Canon R. E., c/o Coutts Bank, 440 Strand, London.
1949 Pater, J. E., 157 Coombe Road, Croydon.
1951 Paterson, Miss Constance A., Winster, Brockham Lane, Betchworth, Dorking.
1938 Patrick, Major H. C, Gwanda, Compton Lane, Farnham. 1937 Patterson, Joseph A., 134 Salisbury Road, Totton, Hants. 1949 Penty, Miss D. H., Round Hay, 3 Pit Farm Road, Guildford.
1953 Peters, H. R., Old Gables, Wood Street, Guildford. 1953 Peters, Mrs. C. L., Old Gables, Wood Street, Guildford.
1948 Petree, J. F., M.I.Mech.E., 36 Mayfield Road, Sutton, Surrey.
1949 Philpott, R. F., 18 Cleardene, Dorking.
194 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1946 Physick, J. F., 133 St. James Drive, S.W.17. 1931 Pickering, W. J., 9 Heathcote Road, Epsom.
1931 Pierce, Ernest A., Knowle Hill Cottage, Cobham.
1952 Pile, J. S., 47a The Market, Rose Hill, Sutton.
1953 Pilkington, Mrs. E. M., Norham, Aldersey Road, Guildford. 1953 Pilkington, Miss U., Norham, Aldersey Road, Guildford.
1941 Pinches, Mrs. H. L., Warren Hill Cottage, Beachy Head, Eastbourne,
Sussex. 1904 Pinckard, G. N., J. P., M.A., Queen's Hill, Sunningdale.
1950 Pinder, T. G., 23 Tiesco Road, London, S.E. 15.
1938 Plant, Charles, The Bungalow, Brighton Road, Lower Kingswood. 1948 Plant, Mrs. H. C, The Bungalow, Brighton Road, Lower Kingswood. 1936 Pointer, H. W., M.A., The Flat, Old Bakehouse Cafe, Brantley.
1947 Pope, Mrs. S. R., Chart Croft, Limpsfield.
1951 Porter, Roger, The Rookery, Westcott, nr. Dorking.
1950 Porter, Mrs. R., The Rookery, Westcott, nr. Dorking.
1938 Poulter, G. C. B., F.S. A.Scot., F.R.S.A.I., Hut 1, Collingswood Place, Camberley.
1944 Powell, Laurence, The Weir House, Guildford
1948 Prest, J. M., 21 Tower Road, Tadworth.
1945 Preston, Mrs. D. W., Deganwy, Warren Drive, Kingswood 1945 Preston, R. H., Deganwy, Warren Drive, Kingswood.
1943 Price, Sir Keith, Winter shall, Bramley.
1932 Price-Hughes, Miss Cecil, Cider House, Pilgrims' Way, Guildford.
1951 Pringle, Miss E. R., Cutty Brae, Charmouth, Dorset.
1933 Queckett, Mrs. M. A. W., Ridgefield, Horsell Park, Woking. 1947 Quinton, C. L., Lindene, 57 Grove Road, Sutton.
1938 Rackham, Bernard, C.B., F.S. A., 20 Fort Road, Guildford. 1945 Raison, C. E., Barnet Cottage, Westcott, Dorking.
1935 Rankine, W. F., F.S. A. Scot., Great Austins House, Tilford Road Famham.
1947 Rankine, Mrs. W. M., Great Austins House, Tilford Road, Famham. 1955 Rathbone, A. W„ O.B.E., M.S.M., Oldberrow, Clock House, Mead, Oxshott.
1944 Rathbone, Mrs. D., Oldberrow, Clock House Mead, Oxshott. 1915 Reading Public Libraries, Central Library, Reading.
1951 Rees-Thomas, Mrs. R. F., C.B.E., High Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer, Dorking.
1951 Rees-Thomas, Dr. W., C.B., M.D., F.R.C.P., High Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer, Dorking.
1949 Remnant, E. A., T.D., F.R.I. B.A., F.R.I.C.S., 15 Fernshaw Road. Chelsea, S.W .10.
1955 Rice, Miss L. E. Talbot, 13 Ganghill, Guildford.
1941 Rich, Theodore, O.B.E., Didmarton Cottage, Woldingham.
1924 Richardson, Mrs. A. M. Baird, Haversham Rectory, Wolverton, Bucks.
1936 Richardson, E. F., The Lodge, Maids Moreton, Buckingham. 1891 Richmond Public Library, Surrey.
1952 Rickman, Mrs. C. M., Warren Cottage, The Glade, Holmbury St. Mary.
LIST OF MEMBERS 195
1952 Rickman, Major E. R., Warren Cottage, The Glade, Holmbury St. Mary.
1953 Ridgers, M. L., Homefield, Wotton, Dorking.
1944 Riley, Major Gen. Sir Guy, K.B.E., C.B., 26 Nightingale Road, Guildford.
1954 Robinson, A. Clare, Ropplegh's, Nr. Haslemere.
1955 Robinson, Mrs. D. M., 29 Ember Lane, Esher.
1932 Rolston, G. R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Crofts, Haslemere.
1948 Rolston, Dr. Mary E., Crofts, Haslemere.
1952 Rose, Miss K. A., 35 Eastnor Road, South Park, Reigate.
1952 Ross, Mrs. H., Grasmere, Tadome Road, Tadworth.
1948 Rossiter, F. C, 7 Coulsdon Rise, Coulsdon.
1948 Rossiter, S., Farringford, Stoneyfield Road, Coulsdon.
1954 Rowe, A. S., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., 1 Boxgrove House, Guildford.
1949 Ruby A. T., M.B.E., 53 Nutcroft Grove, Fetcham. 1949 Russ, Miss D. K., 14 Rectory Close, Long Ditton. 1949 Russ, Miss P. M., 14 Rectory Close, Long Ditton. 1938 Ruston, E. T., M.B., 28a South Molton Lane, WA.
1946 Rutherford, Mrs. B. O., Chesterton, Parkwood Avenue, Esher. 1938 Ryde, E. H. N., Poundfield House, Old Woking.
1945 Sale, J. F., Cedar Court, Castle Hill, Farnham. 1943 Sanders, A. E., 75 Broadhurst, Ashtead.
1952 Sanders, Mrs. M., Underhill Farm, Buckland, Betchworth. 1938 Sanderson, Chas., West Garth, High Trees Road, Reigate.
1943 Sanderson, Rev. Finlay, Denham, Deepdene Park Road, Dorking. 1952 Sanson, C. D., Kennel Moor, Godalming.
1949 Sawtell, E. J., Woodbury, Castle Road, Horsell, Woking.
1927 Sayers, W. C. Berwick, F.L.A., 52 Blenheim Crescent, South Croydon.
1931 Scears, Ernest, B emend, Yew Tree Road, Dorking.
1955 Schlich, Mrs. J. C. M., Sackleford, Sutton Green, Guildford. 1955 Schlich, S. W., Sackleford, Sutton Green, Guildford.
1935 Scott, Miss A. M., 3 Hawley Grange, Hawley, Camberley.
1942 Scott-Willey, H. H. S., F.R.I. B.A., Homewood, Chipstead, Surrey.
1955 Scragg, R. S., 19 Deepdene Avenue, Dorking.
1949 Searle, E. W., 10 Dowanhill Road, Catford, S.E.6. 1920 Secretan, Spencer D., Swaines, Rudgwick, Horsham.
1936 Sellick, E. L., 3 Arden Road, Finclhey, N.3.
1944 Seth-Smith, David, Brabourne, 1 Poyle Road, Guildford.
1947 Sewill, Mrs. Ruth, Staggers Avon, Charlwood.
1940 Sexton, C. E., Cofield, London Road, Redhill.
1941 Sexton, Miss Lucy, Cofield, London Road, Redhill.
1948 Seyler, C. A., D.Sc, 3 Rodney Road, New Maiden. 1955 Shackle, Mrs. M. M., 12 Guildown Road, Guildford.
1954 Sharpe, Miss D. C. K., Stanway School, Chichester Road, Dorking.
1950 Sharpies, F. H., M.A. Barclays Bank, Guildford.
1945 Shaw, R. B., Colinton, Deans Road, Merstham. 1936 Shearman, P., 46 The Glade, Stoneleigh, Ewell.
1954 Shelley, Mrs. D. M., Beechcroft, Hawk's Hill, Fetcham.
1941 Shepherd, Miss Olive A., Rose Bungalow, Norbury Park, Dorking.
1948 Sherriff, R. C, F.S.A., Rosebriars, Esher.
196 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1942 Shirley, The Revd. Timothy, 6 Eccleston Square, S.W.I.
1953 Side, Mrs. B., Druid Stoke, Littleworth Road, Esher.
1947 Simms, R. S., M.A., The Oxford and Cambridge University Club, Pall
Mall, S.W.I. 1944 Simpson, Miss C. A., St. Margaret's, Barnett Lane, Wonersh, Guildford. 1951 Skelton, R. A., F.S.A., Street Farm, Tilford, Farnham. 1932 Skinner, Mrs. M. Montagu, Inglewood, Brantley, Surrey 1946 Slyfield, G. N., 47 North Parade, Horsham. 1942 Smeaton, Mrs. Marjorie, Beauchief, Parkwood Avenue, Esher.
1921 Smith, Miss Beatrice, 37 St. James Road, Surbiton.
1922 Smith, C. W.( LL.M.(Lond.), 1 1 Claremont Gardens, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1944 Smith, E. E., 49 Mayford Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.12. 1949 Smith, F. J., F.R.I. C.S., Fivewents House, Swanley, Kent.
1945 Smith, Miss Mary, Alder shot County High School for Girls, Alder shot, Hants.
1953 Smith, Group Capt. S., 20 Castle Street, Farnham.
1946 Smith, Mrs. Winifred Sidney, 20 Castle Street, Farnham. 1937 Southwark Library, Town Hall, Walworth Road, S.EA7.
1949 Sowden, Miss D. E., The White Cottage, Hoe Lane, Abinger Hammer,
Dorking. 1927 Sowerbutts J. A., M.C., F.R.A.M., Mus.Bac, 2 Annandale Road,
Guildford.
1951 Spencer, Major H. A. V., Mount Rosie, Ockham Road, W. Horsley. 1948 Spreckley, W., Pilgrim Cottage, Buckland, Betchworth.
1945 Squire, A. Pepys, Olive House, Pickering St. Loose, Kent. 1944 Squire, Miss Dawn, Olive House, Pickering St. Loose, Kent.
1947 Squire, Miss O. F., Olive House, Pickering St. Loose, Kent.
1937 Stafford, Mrs. V. L., 1 William Street House, William Street, Knights- bridge, S.W.I.
1952 Stanley, Dr. H. M., 6 Kingswood Road, Tadworth.
1901 Stebbing, W. P. D., J.P., F.S.A., Five Ways, Upper Deal, Kent.
1948 Stevens, A. J., B.A., F.R.G.S., Burton Cottage, Wings Road, Upper Hale, Farnham.
1941 Steventon, A. A., 20 Arundel Avenue, Ewell.
1941 Steventon, Mrs. A., 20 Arundel Avenue, Ewell.
1952 Steward, Mrs. V. G., 2 Normanton, Reigate Heath.
1955 Stewart-Smith, E. B., South Park Farm, South Godstone.
1946 Stewart-Smith, Geoffrey, The Pantiles, Oakfield Glade, Weybridge. 1955 Stewart-Smith, J. E. M., South Lodge, Chipstead.
1955 Stirling, Miss M., Drumsell, Limpsfield.
1952 Stokes, Adrian D., Hurtwood House, Albury, Guildford.
1953 Stopford, Mrs. A. H., Wyndley, Deepdene Park Road, Dorking. 1951 Stopford, B. B. D., Wyndley, Deepdene Park Road, Dorking.
1939 Strange, F. W., F.R.S.A.I., F.S.A.Scot., 122 Lexham Gardens, W.8.
1945 Stratton, Mrs. E. E., Northcote, Reigate.
1937 Streatham Local History Society, 7 Abbots Wood Road, Streatham.
1902 Streatham Public Library, High Street, Streatham, S.W. 16.
1943 Strickland, Mrs. V., 137 Ember Lane, Esher.
1953 Strivennys, J. W. A. G., 26 Lorna Road, Cromwell Road, Hove, 3.
1945 Stuart, Peter R., Wyncote, Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford.
LIST OF MEMBERS 197
1947 Stuart, Miss S. E., 1 Darjeeling, Jenner Road, Guildford.
1947 Summers, Martin D., Penhay, Poughill, nr. Crediton, Devon.
1934 Summers, R. F. H., National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, P.O.
Box 240, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. 1944 Sumner, Miss D. M., Broad Oak, New Road, Wonersh. 1946 Surbiton Corporation, Council Offices, Ewell Road, Surbiton. 1955 Surbiton and District Historical Society, 24& The Avenue, Surbiton. 1955 Surman, A. H., M.A., 4 The Headway, Ewell.
1928 Surrey County Council, County Hall, Kingston-upon-Thames.
1950 Surrey County Council, County Record Office, County Hall, Kingston- upon-Thames.
1927 Surrey County Library, 140 High Street, Esher.
1922 Sutherland, His Grace, The Duke of, K.T., Sutton Place, nr. Guildford.
1942 Sutton and Cheam Central Public Library, Manor Park Road, Sutton.
1946 Swayne, G. O., 6 Hillgay Close, Guildford.
1942 Sykes, Mrs. A. E., Sandway, Upper Rose Hill, Dorking. 1949 Sykes, Mrs. O. B., Elthorpe, Bollards, Limpsfield.
1931 Sykes, Percy D., Sandway, Upper Rose Hill, Dorking.
1954 Symmons, G. R., F.R.I.C.S., F.A.I. , Birds Hill Farm, Oxshott.
1943 Tadgell, Mrs. Ethel, Collingdon, Grove Road, Cranleigh. 1942 Tadgell, H. R., Collingdon, Grove Road, Cranleigh.
1929 Talbot Smith, Major Alfred, Flint Cottage, Chipstead, Surrey.
1946 Tarrant, P. E., Selborne, Mount Hermon Road, Woking. 1934 Tassie, James A., Compton, West By fleet.
1947 Tattersall, J. U., Lynn, Downs Court Road, Purley.
1941 Tattersall, V. M., Lynn, Downs Court Road, Purley.
1954 Tatton-Winter, J., 33 St. fame's Road, Kingston-upon-Thames.
1952 Taylor, Linton, Lamaris, The Ridgeway, Oxshott.
1953 Taylor, Mrs. S., Lamaris, The Ridgeway, Oxshott.
1954 Tharby, W. G., 26 Rickman Hill, Coulsdon.
1942 Thomas, Miss Jean, Matton, Window Road, Chobham.
1947 Thompson, D. W., Sandy, Bluehouse Lane, Limpsfield.
1938 Thompson, Mrs. Kathleen, Wheeler's Farm, Pyrford, Woking.
1953 Thorley, Dr. A. S., 28 Willis Avenue, Sutton. 1931 Thorp, T. S. C, 149 High Street, Guildford.
1941 Thorpe, Miss Margaret, 19 Fengates Road, Redhill.
1941 Tinkler, Miss E. G. Fane, Jericho, Ridgeway Road, Dorking.
1942 Todd, Mrs. A. M., Chanctonbury , Croydon Road, Reigate.
1948 Toosey, Miss C. B., Gate End, Guildown Road, Guildford.
1944 Topping, Mrs. J., Ph.D., An Groban, Fir Tree Road, Leatherhead. 1952 Traill, Miss H. M., 29 Lime Meadow Avenue, Sanderstead.
1948 Traylen, C. W., 87 North Street, Guildford.
1952 Tregidgo, Reginald, B.Com., 10 Pewley Hill, Guildford.
1943 Tricker, E. S., 64 Ember Lane, Esher.
1931 Tringham, Rev. Canon H. J. F., Longcross Vicarage, Chertsey.
1954 Turbett, Miss I. F., 21 Condor Court, Guildford.
1949 Turner, Dr. A. G., 17 Alexandra Road, Farnborough, Hants.
1955 Turner, Miss C. A., 17 Vicarage Close, Tandridge, Oxted.
198 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1948 Turner, D. J., 60 Harcourt Road, Thornton Heath.
1948 Turner, Miss E. M., c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd., 50 Notting Hill Gate, WM.
1951 Turner, J. R., 42 Selbourne Avenue, New Haw, nr. Weybridge.
1949 Turner, Mrs. M. M., 17 Alexandra Road, Farnborough, Hants.
1943 Turner, Sydney R., F.R.I. B.A., Rosegarth, 27 West Drive, Cheam. 1955 Tyler, Bartholomew, 71 Hartswood Avenue, Reigate.
1953 Upton, Mrs. S., Lockner Farm House, Chilworth.
1955 Urquhart, Mrs. B., M.A., 40 Beckingham Road, Guildfora.
1945 Utah, The Genealogical Society of, 80 North Main Street, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
1926 Van Lessen, Mrs. D. M., East Manor, Bramley.
1952 Varney, Keith, 6 Wood Road, Upper Hale, Famham.
1946 Veall, H., Tregenna House, Smithy Lane, Lower Kingswood, Tadworth. 1945 Veitch, Mrs. K., Westcott, Buckland Road, Lower Kingswood.
1945 Veitch, Louis H., Westcott, Buckland Road, Lower Kingswood. 1916 Victoria and Albert Museum Library, South Kensington, S.W.7. 1916 Victoria Public Library, Melbourne, Australia, per W. H. Smith &■ Son, Strand House, W .C.I.
1945 Vinter, Mrs. E. T., Brackendene, Clock House Close, By fleet. 1952 Vye, John H., Corfe, 11 Sterry Road, Ewell.
1949 Wainwright, Lt.-Col. J. G., Keld Cottage, Penn, Bucks.
1 950 Walden, Miss H., The Hollies, Flint Hill, North Holmwood, Dorking. 1903 Walford Brothers, 69 Southampton Row, W.C.I.
1954 Walk, Dr. A., Cane Hill Hospital, Coulsdon.
1952 Walker, Miss K. B., B.A., Daneholme, Ashley Road, Thames Ditton. 1926 Walker, T. E. C, F.S.A., Spring Grove, Cobham.
1952 Walker, W. D., O.B.E., Grafton Cottage, Bentley, Famham, Surrey. 1942 Wallis, B. J., Holman House, Epsom College, Surrey.
1946 Walls, T. K., c\o R2> Lloyds Bank, Cox's and King's Branch, 6 Pall Mall, London, S.W.I.
1889 Wandsworth Public Library, West Hill, Wandsworth, S.W. 18.
1946 Warburton, J. R., F.S.A., Glenmuir House, Branksome Road, St. Leonards-
on-Sea, Sussex. 1946 Ward, Miss Irene E., Tilway, Tilford Road, Famham. 1920 Ward, W. E., 9 Grove Park, Denmark Hill, S.E.5.
1953 Warren, Miss Iris, 2 Oval Road, N.W.I.
1946 Warren, Miss R. L. M., Coombe End, Shere, Guildford.
1947 Waterhouse, Sir Nicholas E., K.B.E., M.A., F.C.A., Norwood Farm, Effingham.
1943jWatkin, Mrs. Helena, Fairmead, Chichester Road, Dorking.
1948 Watson, Dr. G. I., M.D., M.R.C.S., Corran, Peaslake.
1945 Watson, Miss Maud J., Tanglewood, Sole Farm Road, Great Bookham.
1944 Watson, Miss M. T., The Quest, St. Paul's Road, Dorking.
1949 Watts, H. S. F., Downs Cottage, 100 Kingsdown Avenue, S. Croydon. 1942 Webb, Miss I. C, Rayleigh, 79 Ember Lane, Esher.
1946 Webber, John V., 138 Hillbury Road, Warlingham.
1946 Wedgwood, Sir Ralph, Bart., C.B., Leith Hill Place, nr. Dorking.
LIST OF MEMBERS 199
1937 Weeding, Mrs. Daphne, Tatlon, Hook Heath, Woking.
1946 Weeding, Miss E. Maude, Tatton, Hook Heath, Woking. 1930 Weekes, Miss E. H., Woodmancourt, Godalming.
1950 Welch, Sir Gordon, B.A., C.B.E., 9 Smitham Downs Road, Purley.
1942 Westminster, City of, Public Libraries, Administration Department, St. Martin's Street, W.C.2.
1953 Weston, A. R., 31 The Mead, West Wickham, Kent. 1934 Wheatley, Wm, M.A., 4 Castle Gate, Richmond.
1947 Wheeler, J. C, Headley, White Lane, Guildford.
1954 Wheeler, Mrs. M. H., 17 Old Compton Lane, Farnham. 1947 Wheeler, Mrs. V. H., Headley, White Lane, Guildford.
1922 White, Augustus, 14 Florida Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 1953 White, Brigadier J. D., D.S.O., M.C., 67 Epsom Road, Guildford.
1943 White, J. F., c\o Macdonald & Co. Ltd., 19 Ludgate Hill, E.CA. 1947 Whitgift School, Haling Park, South Croydon.
1945 Whitmore, R. F., 439 London Road, West Croydon. 1945 Whitmore, Mrs. W. I., 439 London Road, West Croydon.
1945 Whitton, K. R., Hillside School, Reigate.
1953 Wickham, A. S., 32 Waddon New Road, West Croydon.
1952 Wickings, Rev. H. F., M.A., The Manse, Sandlands Grove, Walton-on- the-Hill, Tadworth.
1944 Wigan, Mrs. C. M., Bradstone Brook, nr. Guildford. 1944 Wigan, E. C, Bradstone Brook, nr. Guildford.
1954 Wilkie, K., Farley Heath Cottage, Albury, nr. Guildford.
1954 Wilkie, Mrs. M. E., Farley Heath Cottage, Albury, nr. Guildford. 1949 Williams, Mrs. A. M., The Mount, Coulsdon Rise, Coulsdon.
1930 Williams, Harold B., Q.C., LL.O., West Moushill, Milford, Godalming. 1947 Williamson, Mrs. E. L., 5 Camdin House, Guy Road, Beddington.
1923 Willis, Cloudesley S., F.S.A., 9 High Street, Ewell. 1944 W'illy, Stephen, 34 Amis Avenue, West Ewell, Surrey. 1944 Wilson, Mrs. A., 16 The Woodlands, Esher.
1953 Wilson, C. M., Laleham, Godalming.
1946 Wilson, M. A., Captain R.N.R., 16 The Woodlands, Esher.
1930 Wilson-Haffenden, J., Grimston Cottage, 93 Bouverie Road West, Folke- stone, Kent. 1930 Wiltshire, R. G., Meirgingen, Copley Way, Tadworth. 1903 Wimbledon Free Library, Wimbledon, S.W.I 9.
1947 Windebank, Miss May, Turrets, 98 Grove Road, Sutton.
1944 Winton-Lewis, B. A. P., A.R.I. B.A., 29, Manchester Street, W.l.
1944 Wisconsin University, The General Library, University of Wisconsin,
816 State Street, Madison 6, Wis., U.S.A., per Henry Sotheran Ltd.,
2 Sackville Street, W.l.
1947 Woking Public Library, The Librarian, Woking.
1943 Wood, Miss Dorothy, 1 Mickleham Hall, Mickleham, Dorking.
1948 Wood, Eric S., B.A., 21 Ganghill, Guildford.
1948 Wood, Mrs. M. C, 21 Ganghill, Guildford.
1949 Woodley, G. M., A.R.I.C.S., 11 Kingsway, Ewell.
1934 Woods, Miss Edith M. C, Glebe Lodge, Shalford Road, Guildford.
1955 Woods, Mrs. E., B.Sc, 91 Manor Road South, Esher. 1955 Woods, Mrs. Rex, Ferry Den, St. Catherine's, Guildford.
200 SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1955 Woods, Rex, Ferry Den, St. Catherine's, Guildford.
1922 Worsley, C. Francis, 36 St. Stephen's Gardens, Twickenham.
1954 Worster-Drought, Dr. C, M.A., F.R.C.P., White Hill House, Blechingley.
1952 Wostenholm, Miss M., 55 Alexandra Drive, Surbiton.
1950 Wright, Edward John, 67 Holmesdale Road, Reigate.
1944 Wright, F. R., M.A., Midway, Oxted, Surrey.
1949 Wylie, A. A., A.C.A., Winton, 46 London Road, Guildford.
1911 Yale University Library, U.S.A., per E. G. Allen &■ Son Ltd., 14 Grape Street, W.C.2.
1945 Yeatman, D. G., Tregenna House, Smithy Lane, Lower Kingswood. 1926 York, The Most Rev. His Grace The Lord Archbishop of, Dr. Cyril
Garbett, G.C.V.O., Bishopthorpe, York.
SOCIETIES, &c, IN UNION
WHICH EXCHANGE PUBLICATIONS
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Belgium, Societe Royale d'Archeologie, Musee de la Porte de Hal,
Bruxelles. Berkshire Archaeological Society, c/o P. S. Spokes, F.S.A., 59 Five Mile
Drive, Oxford. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, c/o The City
Library, Brunswick Road, Gloucester. British Archaeological Association. 11 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square,
London, W.l. Buckingham Architectural and Archaeological Society. c/o The \-
Curator and Librarian, Bucks County Museum, Aylesbury. Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Museum of Archaeology and Ethno- ,1
graphy, Downing Street, Cambridge. V
a
<;
Chester Architectural and Archaeological Society. "/" H r ^"i-bnrr1
13-Sl. Julm OUliL, Cheater. C/ ^ 0-OV*X>««-^ ^TUL-PjuuL-UJ. JL*-U< out*. ^
Derbyshire Arch.eological Society. St. Mary's Bridge Chapel House. cr,
Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. County Museum,
Dorchester. Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History Society. c/o The
Dumfriesshire Library, The Ewart Public Library, Dumfries, Scotland. East Hertfordshire Archaeological Society. 27 West Street, Hertford. East Riding Antiquarian Society. The Museum, Hull. Essex Archaeological Society. Holly Trees, Colchester. Hamburg Museum. The Curator, The Museum, Hamburg, Germany. Hampshire Field Club, c/o Frank Warren, Staple Gardens, Winchester. Hereford Woolhope Field Club, The. Hon. Librarian, F. C. Morgan,
F.S.A., F.L.A., 267 Upper Ledbury Road, Hereford. Institut Archeologique Liegeois. 40, rue de la Charrette, Tilff, Belgium.
SOCIETIES &C, IN UNION 201
Institute of Archeology (University of London). Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London, N.W.I.
Ireland, The Royal Society of Antiquaries. 63 Merrion Square, Dublin .
Kent Archaeological Society. The Museum, Maidstone, Hon. Gen. Sec., Robert D'Elbeux, Whitelands, Battle, Sussex.
Kung. Vitterhets Historie Och Antikvitets Akademien. Storgatan71, Stockholm, Sweden.
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. ..r/o G, II. Tupling, Ph.D. (Hon. Edilui), 10" AJejuuidia Terpaoo, Haolingdorij Bontir-nrlale, ■T anrs. ^)Vfc. (Lft-rrJU. <»-$ ^jCJUXflUU^ , Vw <*^ cJU^vCLa , H
Leatherhead and District Local History Society. Hon. Sec, A. T. Ruby, Esq., M.B.E., 53 Nutcroft Grove, Fetcham, Leatherhead.
Leicestershire Archaeological Society. The Hon. Librarian, The Guild- hall, Leicester.
Lincolnshire Architectural and Archaeological Society. Jews Court, Steep Hill, Lincoln.
London, The Society of Antiquaries. Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l.
London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. Bishopsgate Institute, London, E.C.2.
Montgomery, Powysland Club, Welshpool, Wales.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, The Society of Antiquaries. The Library, The Castle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Rome, The British School at. Valle Giulia, Rome 51, Italy.
Royal Archaeological Institute. Lancaster House, St. James's, London, S.W.I.
Royal Historical Society. 96 Cheyne Walk, London, S.W.10.
Royal Institute of British Architects. 66 Portland Place, London, W.l.
Scotland, The Society of Antiquaries of. National Museum of Anti- quities, Queen Street, Edinburgh.
Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Public Library and Museum, Shrewsbury.
Societe Jersiaise. The Museum, 9 Pier Road, Jersey, C.I.
Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society. The Museum, Taunton.
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. The School of Art, Bury St. Edmunds,
Suffolk. Sussex Archaeological Society. Barbican House, Lewes. Switzerland, Schweizerisches Landesmuseum, Zurich. Thoresby Society, The. c/o The Librarian, Brotherton Library, The
University, Leeds 2. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. The Museum,
Devizes. Worcestershire Archaeological Society, c/o John A. Copson, County
Record Office, Shirehall, Worcester. Yorkshire Archaeological Society. The Library, 10 Park Place, Leeds.
LIBRARIES
WHICH RECEIVE COPIES OF PUBLICATIONS FREE
The Bodleian Library, Oxford.
The British Museum.
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge.
Trinity College Library, Dublin.
National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.
The Library, Public Record Office.
The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh.
202
OBITUARY
MR. ERIC PARKER
The death of Frederic Moore Searle (Eric) Parker on February 13, 1955, in his 85th year, has deprived the Society of one of its most distinguished members. No one loved Surrey with greater ardour and certainly no one else could so happily convey to others his sense of enjoyment of our countryside and its associations. As a King's Scholar at Eton and Postmaster at Merton he acquired a sound training in the classics that was reflected in the scholarly and sensitive literary style of all that he wrote. In 1900 he became assistant editor of St. James's Gazette but soon afterwards devoted himself more particularly to English country life as editor of the Country Gentleman and Land and Water, of the Lonsdale Library of Sport and of The Field, from which he resigned in 1937 in order to be able to give more time to broadcasting and literary work. His output was truly prodigious, averaging one considerable work for each year of his life, in addition to many regular features and articles, and this was continued until within a few weeks of his death. Great learning was carried very lightly and he wrote with charming freshness on such diverse matters as Eton (for which he retained a strong filial piety throughout his life), cricket, shooting, fishing, gardening, nature study and dogs. His deep religious con- victions were revealed in such works as the Sinner and the Problem, an Anthology of the Bible and a Book of Comfort written during the second World War, in which he lost two sons. Among the best known of his books on Surrey are Highways and Byways in Surrey, a West Surrey Sketch Book, Surrey in the County Book series, A Surrey Anthology and Surrey Gardens. Bird-lovers will remember gratefully his passionate protests, in broadcasts and writings, against the cruelties of trapping and caging which led to the passing of the Wild Birds Protection Act in 1933.
In 1910 he came to live in the beautiful home he had built at Feathercombe, near Godalming, of which the architect was his friend Mr. Ernest Newton. The site, with its extensive views to the Hog's Back and the South Downs, must be reckoned one of the finest in Surrey: the gardens planned by him with consummate skill and taste, based on a deep appreciation of the natural beauty of their setting, gave rare enjoyment to the visitors he loved to entertain there, and provided a sanctuary for bird life. He took a very active part in all local affairs as Rector's Warden of Hambledon Parish Church, as president of the Hambledon Cricket Club, and as chairman of the Hydon Ball committee of the National Trust; he was also president of the West Surrey Society. His was a full life, the more so because he shared so much with others: few men can have won so much affection from so many.
203 P
INDEX
Abell, Joseph, vicar of Farley, 12S n., 131, 132
Abinger, 129; excavations at, 135, 136; at the Motte, 135; visited, 168
Abrahall, John, 96
Addington, 131
Addlestone, see Chertsey
Aglond, — , 109, 115, 122
Abrahams, Mr. and Mrs., 168
Albury, 129
Old Church, visited, 168 finds in, flints, 37, skeleton, 136 places in: Albury House, visited, 168; Albury Park, Jubilee Ride mound, 45; Harrowhill, 17, 20; Newlands Corner, barrow at, 43; Sherborne Lane, 17, stone circle in, 45; Sherborne Upper Pond (the Silent Pool), 46; Weston Wood earthworks, 17, 43-44
Amberley (Sussex), Church and Castle, visited by Society, 156
Ansell family of Dorking, their con- nection with the White Horse, 73 Edward, carpenter and innkeeper,
73, 74 William, surgeon, 74
Anthropology (Teach Yourself Books), reviewed, 147
Apulia, Simon de, Provost of Bever- ley, and Archdeacon of Wells, 59
Archeology (Teach Yourself Books), reviewed, 146
Armitage, N. C, death of, 161
Artington: St. Catherine's Chapel in, visited, 168 Loseley House in, visited, 168; Sir William More's Library in, 134
Arundel, Earl of, see Aubigny; Fitzalan
Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, 126
Ashtead (Ashsted), 129
Askham (Westmorland), 32
Astor, Col. the Hon. J. J., 156
Atkinson, R. L., O.B.E., F.S.A., Vice-President, 165
Attenores, Stephen, 114
Attlee, Henry, 142
Atwood, family, 131
Aubigny, William de, Earl of Arundel (d. 1222), 59
Aubrey, John, his Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey, 124-133
Augmentations, Court of, 87
Averey, Thomas, 72
Banastre, John, 132
Banstead, 129, 131
St. Leonard's Chapel in, further excavations on, 170
Baring-Gould, S., 139
Barnes, 128
Barnes, Mrs., death of, 172
Barnett, John, 122 Marget, 110
Barrows, disc and bell, 31
Bartlow (Essex), 18
Bataille family (de Bataille), their estates in Essex, 76 William de, 76
Batailles (Botalls, Botayles, Botolphs, Bottals, Buttailes, Buttall), manor of, see Ewell
Battersea, 128
Beddington (Bedington), 129
Behrens, Major E. Beddington, 168; gift to society, 171
Bellamy, G. T., gift to Society, 160
Belloc, H., quoted, 12
Bermondsey Priory, 62
Berningham Northwood (Norfolk), 92
Beverley, Provost of, see Apulia, Simon de
Bevill (Beavell), Mary, see Saunder
Billinghurst, Dr. W. B., Council member, 160; on Museum Com- mittee, 160, 172; as organizer, 156, 168; describes Albury Old Church, and Wonersh Manor House, 168, St. Catherine's Chapel and Hill, 168
Binscombe, see Godalming
Blackheath, see St. Martha with Chilworth
Blackwater River, the, 9
Blechingley, 129, 130, 133
Church (St. Mary the Virgin), recent investigations and dis- coveries, 66-70; Clayton Chapel (South Chapel) in, 13th-century lancet windows and 14th-century arched recess (? double piscina) revealed, 66-68, 15th-century shrine canopy uncovered, 67, 68
— memorials to Sir William Clayton, Richard Glyd and Dr. Nathaniel Harris in, 67
— Chapel of the Holy Spirit dedi- cated, 70; Parish Register, 1538- 1597, 69
— visited, 169
— rectors of, see Rev. L. S.
205
206
INDEX
Bletchingley (could) :
Hawkes; Dr. Nathaniel Harris;
Benedict Mulsho manor, Harrowsley a tithing of, 61 Pendell manor in, 83, 86 Bloxam, R. N., on a Surrey Charter
of King John, 58-65 ; on Ockham
Church rectors, 145 Blundell, Alice, 113, 114, 122
Thomas, 114, 122 Blunt, Richard, 97; his daughter
Elizabeth, see Saunder Boceham, see Ockham Bond, Major-Gen. R. L., 168 Bonser, Dr. Wilfred, 46 Bookham, Great, 129 Booth, J., late verger of St. Martha's
Church, 37, 41 Borelli, Charles, his collection of
pala^oliths, 6-8 Boundaries, parish, use of stones
for, 138-141 Bourne stream, tapped by Roman
aqueduct at Farnham, 48, 56 Bowyer, Denise, 89, 90
Sir Henry, Ironmaster to Queen
Elizabeth, 89 Bradwell-juxta-Mare (Essex), 76w. Bramley Church, 130 Bray, F. E., Council member, 160 Braye, Saunder, 108, 111-117 passim,
122 Brayley, E. W., quoted, 10 Brend, William, 83 Brome, William, 124k. Bronze Age excavations, 135; urn
from Cobham, presented to
Society, 160 Brown, Comm. G. Bridgemore, 165 Browne, Sir Ambrose, 73 Bruce, Rev. Michael, rector of
Chiddingfold, 169 Burcestre, Sir William, 65n. Burleigh, Lord, see Cecil Burstow, 129 Burv, Henry, 1, 8 Byfleet Church, 130
Caburn (Sussex), 156
Cadman, A. L., death of, 172
Calverley, Thomas, 105
Camberwell, 128
Capel (Capell), 129
Cardens manor (Kent), 89, 91, 94
Carew, Sir Francis, 96, 97
Isabel, see Saunder
Joan (Saunder), 77
Nicholas, of Beddington, 76; Sir Nicholas, 94
Sir Richard, 83m.
Thomas, 76, 77, his wife Agnes, see Saver
Carpenter, L. W., excavations by, 134,
136; on Paleolithic hand axe, 136
Carrington, Dr. R. C, lectures on
Pompeii, 157 Carruthers, F. G., F.S.A., 50, 172 Carshalton (Caslhorton), 129
manor, 85 Carter, Mr., verger of St. Martha's,
21, 22, 28, 35 Carvill, see Kervill Caslhorton, see Carshalton Castell, Roger, 92 Castwood, H. W., death of, 161 Caterham, war coppice, excavations,
135 Cawarden, Sir Thomas, J. P., steward
of Nonsuch manor, 87, 88 Cecil, Sir William, Lord Burghley, 96 Chaldecott, Howard, 142 Chaldon, 130
Chalke, S. H., gift to Society, 171 Chamberlain, J. A., death of, 172 Chapman, John, 115, 122 Charlwood (Charlewood), 129
Saunder familv possessions in, 82-84, 96 Charter, Surrey, of King John, 58-65 Charterhouse, the, 89 Cheam, 129, 132
rector of, see Pickerne, George Chelsham, 131 Chertsey, 129
Addlestone in, Sayes Court at, 144 Chessington (Chissington) , 129 Chessington-at-Hoke manor, 90 Saunder family's possessions in, 77, 83 Chiddingfold (Chidingfold), 128 Church, visited, 169; rector, see
Bruce, Michael Crown Inn, visited, 169 Chiddingstone (Kent) manor of Milford alias Somerden in, 64 Chilswell Hill (Oxford), 13 Chiltington, West (Sussex), visited,
156 Chil worth, see St. Martha with
Chilworth Chinon (France), 59 Chipstead (Chepstede), grant of right
of warren in, 59-63 passim Churt, Cusanweoh in, 20 Clandon, East, 129 West, 129 Church, visited, 168; rector, see
Scott-Gardiner Clandon Park House, visited, 168 Clapham, 128
Clare, de, family of, 71, 63, 64 Richard of Tonbridge, 64 Roger, 60-64; his wife Alice, see Dammartin
INDEX
207
Clark, Anthony J., excavations by,
134; gifts to Library, 171 J. S. Gordon, gift to Society, 160 Clarke, F. J., death of, 161 Claymond, John, president of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, 86 Clayton, Gen. Sir William, mural
tablet to, 67 Clegg, John, curator of Haslemere
Museum, 169 Clerkenwell, manor of. Steward of,
see Wroth, Thomas see also St. John of Jerusalem Cliff (Kent), 89 Clifford, Sir Alexander, 80, 96;
his wife Jane, see Saunder Cobham, 128 Cockes, William, 108 Coddington, Codington, see Cudding-
ton Coins: presented to Society, 160;
silver farthing of Edward I.
found in Farnham, 54 Cole, Robert, vicar of Epsom, 94, 95 Collier (Collar, Collyar, Colyer) :
— , 118, 133
Agnes, 119, 123
Henry, 119 W. B., gift to Society, 160 Collins (Collyns), John, 111, 122 Compton: Church, visited, 168
Eastbury manor in, visited, 168 Congham (Norfolk), 92, 93 Cooke, B. Campbell, death of, 161 Cookson, M. B., his Photography for
Archceologists reviewed, 153 Cooling (Kent), 89 Cooper, Miss J. M., death of, 172 Copley, Dr. Gordon J., 46; lectures
on Place Names and Archaeology
in Surrey, 169 Corbet, Sir Miles, 92, 96 Corder, Philip, M.A., 160 Cornwall, Dr. I. Wr., 22, 28, 46 Cornwall, see Helston; Lostwithiel;
Penrhyn; St. Ives Cotton, A. R., M.B.E., F.S.A.,
Council member, 172 Coulsdon (Couldson), 130, 121; ex- cavations in, Farthing Down,
134, Hooley, 134, Netherne
Hospital, 134 Cowdray (Sussex), 156 Cranleigh (Cranley), 130
Underslaw on, 20 Cranleigh School Archaeological
Society, 21, 159 Cricklestone, see Thursley Cristianes Atte Tye, see Ewell Cross Staff, presented to Societv, 160 Crowhurst, 129 Croydon, 129
Crohamhurst in, excavations at, 134
Crum, Canon J. M. C, 157
Cuddington (Coddington, Codington) : Edward, 108, 109, 122 Octavian, 110, 111, 122 Thomas, 116, 123
Cuddington, Nonsuch (Nonsuchward) in: 114, manor, steward of, see Cawarden; Palace, 104, Park (Great and Little), 104, 111, Sir Nicholas Saunder's house in, 81, 99
Cumberland, see Torver Beck; Kirk- by Ireleth ; Kirkby Moore
Curll, Edmund, and Aubrey's Surrey, 124, 125, 131, 132
Currie, Mrs. L. C. E., 157; gift to Library, 160
Customs and games, old, 13-19, 141-5
Dammartin (Dommartini, Dono- mart, Daumartin) : family and pedigree of, 59-64 Agnes, 69, 63 Alberic, 64
Alice (wife of John de Wauton, q.v. and Roger de Clare, q.v.), 60-64 Margery, 60, 61, 62 Odo, 58-65 Walter, 64 William, 60-64 Dance, Miss E. M., Ph.D., curator of Guildford Museum, 46, 65, 165, 166; lectures on Loseley House, 168 Darken, alias Dorking, q.v. Daumartin, see Dammartin Davys, John, 113, 114, 122 Dawse, — , of Kent, 115, 123 Deedes, Rev. Cecil, 102 Deeds (Conveyances) presented to
Society, 171 Denison, Joseph, of Dorking, 74 Derbyshire, barrows in, 44 Deverell, J. C, 142 Devil's Jumps, see Frensham Dickens, Edward the Younger, 111,
122 Diggins, John, 113 Dippenhall (Hants), 5 Ditton, Long, 129; Tol worth (Tal-
worth) in, 98 Ditton, Thames, 129 Dommartini, Donomart, see Dam- martin Dorking (Darken), in Rawlinson's survey, 129, 130 as a member of manor of Shipley
in Sussex, 71 places in, shown in an 18th-century
208
INDEX
view, 142-143; Bungham (Bung- hams) Hill, 72, 73, 74; Chergate Croft, 73; Deepdene, 143; Denbies, 74 ; East Street (Estreet), 72, 73, 74; Mill Lane, 73; Ram Alley, 73; Rolls (Roulles, Rolles), tenement, see Dorking, White Horse Hotel; Rounds tenement, 73 ; Sun Beer- house, 142; Tipsham (Tephams), 73; The White Horse Hotel, 71-75, previous names: the Cross House, 72, 73, the Rolls, 72, 73; painting of, 74 Cricket Club, 143 Shrove Tuesday football in, 141
Dowse, alias Taill, George, 108, 113, 114, 120, 122
Drummond, Henry, Vice-President, 168
Dudley, Joseph, of Dorking, 73 William, blacksmith, of Dorking, 73
Dufty, A. R., Historical Monuments Commission, 67
Dugdale, Sir William, 126
Dulwich, 129
Dyer, Thistleton, quoted, 11
Earth Circles on St. Martha's Hill,
10-46 Eastbury, see Compton Eastlands House in Weybridge, q.v. Edward I, King, coin of, 54 Edwards, George W., lectures on
Shakespeare's London, 167 Effingham (Effingeham), 129
grant of right of warren in, 59,
60, 61, 62 Lee Wood in, excavations of manor house site, 135, 158 Egham, 128
Milton manor, in, 86 Elliott, Thomas, 111 Elstead (Elsted), Church, 130
parish boundaries of, 140
Enright, Brian, on Richard Rawlin-
son and Aubrey's Natural History
and Antiquities of Surrey, 124-133
Epsom, vicar of, see Cole, Robert
Saunder family's possessions in,
77, 83 Horton manor, in, 86 Esher (Eshur), 128
Church, visited, 156; rector of, see
Hone, E. A. Claremont in, visited, 156 Old House (Esher Place) visited, 156 Essex, estates in owned by Batailles family, 76 see also Bartlow, Beadwell, Staple- ford Abbots
Evelvn, John, and Aubrey's Surrey,
124, 126 Everard, H. V. H., organizer, 156,
168; describes Bankside, 168 Ewell, Church, 85, 87, 105, 109-11
passim; churchwardens, 122;
vicar, 110, 122, see also Thomas,
William ; Williamson, Richard excavations at, 135 Survey (1577), 102-123, (1408),
78, 79, 102 perambulation of (1717), 129, 131 tenants of (1577 survev), 108-123 places in: Ash Pit, the, 104, 108;
Austynes Lane, 79; Ballards Garden, 105, 114; Batailles (Buttalls) manor, its connection with the Saunder family, 76- 100, previous owners, 76, in the survey of Ewell (1577), 105, 107, 110-120 passim, see also Buttalls, infra; Beggars Row (Spring Street, q.v.), 105, 119, 120; Bitton, see Butine infra; Bourne, formerly Garbrand, Hall,
79, 80, 81, 107; Browning's Hawe, 105, 113, 114; Butine (Bitton), 105, 111 ; Buttalls Elm, 79, 105, 112, 119; Capital Mansion, 78; Castle, the, 105; Cheam Road, 104, 107, 108; Churchfelde, 111; Church Street, 104, 105, 108; Chessington Road (Robertstretelane, q.v.), 104; Common Downs, 102; Cristianes Atte Tye, 79; Dickard Mead, 93k.; Eastheath, 102; Ewell Manor, survey of, 78-79, 108- 122 passim; manor house, 102; Ferebras, 107, 118; Fitznell (Fenelles) Mill (Upper Mill), 104, 121; Fitznells (formerly Fenelles) (manor), 80, 85, 107, 109, 113-121 passim; Gallows (now West) Street, 93, 104, 107, 116-119 passim; Garbrand Hall, see Bourne Hall; Glyn House, 79, 104, 105; Grove, the, 107; Hatchfurlong, 108; High Street, 104, 105, 116; Hogsmill River, source of (Kateswell spring), 104, 120; Kippinges, 119; Ling- croft, 119; Longfurlong alias Owthawes, 115; Marsh, 102, 119, 120; Middle Street, 79; Mill, Lower or Nether (Nicholas Saunder's, Abbot of Chertsey's), 77, 104, 105; Mill, Upper, see Fitznell Mill, supra; Mill close, 121; Nonsuch, see Cuddington; Northcroft, 120, 121; Owthawes, see Longfurlong, supra; Ox Alley,
INDEX
209
formerly Osemund's Lane, 105, 108; Parsonage (Rectory) House, 78, 79, 80, 112; Parsons (Parson- age) Lane, 79, 105, 114; pound, the, 105; Priest Hill Farm, 104; Red Lion Inn, 105, 112; Robert- stretelane, 121, see Chessington Road, supra; Roxley (Rookes- ley, Ruxlev) manor, 100, 105, 114, 115, 117; lord of, 122; Sewers garden, 118; Shaldeford, 102, 105; Southfield, 102, 107, 108, 110, 111, 117; Spring Street (Beggars Row, q.v.), 104, 105; Stephen Attenores, land, 114; Tabardes, 105, 109, 110; Tavleshill furlong, 117; Tobars, 107, 117; Townhouse, 105, 111, 112, 118; Vicarage Lane, 104, 108; Wastells in, 105, 113; Westheath, 102; West Street, formerly Gallows Lane, q.v. supra Ewhurst, 130
Falkner, Harold, his collection of pateoliths, 1-6, 8
Farley, 128 n.
vicar of, see Abell, Joseph Heath, Roman Temple site, com- pletion of working, 159; visited, 168
Farnham Castle and Church, visited, 156 flint pit sites in: Great Austins, 1, 6; Broken Back, 8; Junction, 8; Mavins, 7 ; Ridgwav, 6 ; Short- heath, 6, 7, 8; Six Bells, 8, 47-57; Stoneyfields, 7; Tanner's, 9; Wakeford, 7; Ward's, 6, 7; Weydon, 9 palaeoliths from, 1-6 in Rawlinson's perambulation, 128,
130 Roman site at, excavated 1946- 1947, 47-57; aqueduct, 47; buildings, 48-55; finds from, 55; analysis of mortars from, 57 places in: Besinga Hearh, 20; Bourne Church, 7, 8; Tilford, excavations at, 134; Willey, 20
Featherby, W., excavations by, 134
Fellowes, Sir John, 126
Fenelles, Fennelles, see Ewell, Fitz- nells in
Fenner, Nicholas, elder and younger, 116-119 passim, 123
Ferrers, de, William, Earl of Ferrers and Earl of Derby, 59
Fertility rites, 15-17
Fetcham, 129
Finny, Mrs. W. St. L., gifts to
Library, 171 Fitzalan, Henry, Earl of Arundel,
88 Fitzharres, Thomas, 113 Fitz Neel, family, 107 Fitz-Parnell, Robert, Earl of
Leicester, 59 Flints: from St. Martha's Hill, 35-37 loaned or presented to Society, 171 mine, model, presented to Society,
160 see also Palaeoliths Flixton (Yorks), Mesolithic site at,
25n. Forge, J. Lindus, 50; lectures on the
Crystal Palace, 165 Fortescue, S. E. D., Hon. Legal
Adviser, 157, 176 Forthe, William, 92 Foster, Rev. D. B. Lisle, rector of
Hever, 156 William, his survey of manor of
Dorking, 73 Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester,
85 France, ritual customs in, 18 Frensham, 130
Devil's Jumps in, 139 Frere, J. A., F.S.A. (Bluemantle),
Council member, 160 S. S., excavations by, 135 Frindsburv (Kent), 89 Frost, William, 86
Garbett, Dr. Cyril, G.C.V.O., Arch- bishop of York, elected a Vice- President, 172 Gardner (Gardiner) : Anne, 73 Dr. Eric, 145
Mrs. S. E. M., death of, 161 William, carpenter, of Guildford,
73 William, maltster, of Dorking, 73 Garnish, Thomas, 93 Garway, William, 89 Gatton, in Rawlinson's perambula- tion, 130, 132 parliamentary representation
(1604-11), 98 Town Hall, 138 Gaynsford, Ellynor, 72 Gennep, A. van, 18 Gibbs, Miss, 58 Gibson, Mrs., Council member, 160
Dr. J. M., 47 Gilbert-Bentley, F. G., F.S.A.(Scot.),
gift to Library, 170 Giles, C. W. Scott, O.B.E., lectures on Family Heraldry, 157
210
INDEX
Gill, R. C, gifts to Library, 170; to
Society, 171 Gittons (Gittens) : Albey, 91 David, 89
Oliver, 91, 108-111 passim, 121 Thomas, vintner, of London, 86,
89, 91 ; his wife Joan, see
Saunder Giuseppi, M. S., I.S.O., F.S.A.,
obituary, 161 Miss M., 167 Glass, stained, list of additions and
corrections to Ancient Stained
and Painted Glass in Surrey
Churches, 170 Glemham, Anne, 92 Glen, R. S., B.A., 21, 158 Glyd, Richard, of Pendhill, Bleching-
ley, brass to, 67 Glyn, Miss Margaret, 102 Glynde (Sussex), 156 Godalming, 128
places in: Binscombe, excavations
at, 135, 159; Tuesley a tithing
of, 19; Vann, 92 Godley hundred, 20 Godman, Thomas, of Dorking, 73 Godstone (Wachelested, Walknested,
Welcnested, Wolcnested) : 129, 130, 132
grant of right of warren in, 58-61 Good Friday customs on St. Martha's
Hill, 11-21 Goodwyns, J., of Dorking, 72 Gonne (Goone), Thomas, 108, 117,
123 Gough, Richard, \2An. Grace, Thomas, 109, 122 Grant, Miss M., death of, 172 Grenside, Mrs. Dorothy, on the
Wcybridge Monument on the
Village Green, 143-145; lectures
on History of Weybridge, 156;
on Surrev in late Tudor Period,
157 Gresham, family, 131 Griffin, W. H., 156 Grillo, Bernard F., gift to Society, 171 Grinsell, L. V., 13, 21 Grinstead, East (Sussex), 129 Guildford, St. Nicholas, rector of, see
Lipton, Ralph Rawlinson's perambulation, 130;
churches, 128 Borough Council, Library, Museum
and Arts Committee of, 100, 172
Hadleigh (Suffolk), 92 Haffenden, J. Wilson, 150; gifts to Library, 160, 170
Haining, Sir Robert, K.C.B., D.S.O., Lord Lieutenant, 165, 166
Hall, Henry, 118, 119, 123
Hambledon, excavations at, 135
Hamilton of Dalzell, Lord, elected a Vice-President, 172
Hampshire, places in, see Dippenhall; Selborne
Hampton (Middlesex) Ferry and Gates, 130
Hare, John, 131
Harris, Dr. Nathaniel, rector (1609- 1625) of Blechingley, memorial to, 67
Harrowhill, see Albury
Harrowsley (Herewoldesle) [now in Horley], formerly in Home, q.v.
Harvey, J. H., F.S.A., 151; lectures on Thomas Clay : survey of Great Bookham (1615), 169; resigns as Hon. Secretary of Local History Committee, 169; his English MedicBval Architects re- viewed, 148
Hascombe Church, 130
Thorncombe in, excavations at, 134
Haslam, R. H., death of, 172
Haslemere, 97 Church, 130 Museum, visited, 169 Natural History Society, 169
Hatches, John, of Dorking, 72
Haunsard, William, 62
Hawkes, Rev. L. S., M.A., rector of Blechingley Church, 66, 67, 70
Hawley, C. D., describes Southwark Cathedral, 168
Haynes, Benedict, 90
Hayton, Thomas, 76, 77, 79
Haytor, Agnes, see Sayer
Headley (Hedley), 130
Hearne, Thomas, antiquary, 124-126 passim, 128, 131
Heath, Miss O. M., 17, 40, 46
Hedley, see Headley
Helston (Cornwall), 97
Herewoldesle, see Home, Harrowsley in
Hertfordshire, see Hoddesdon
Hever (Kent) Church and Castle, visited by Society, 156
Hewitt, Jacob, innkeeper, of Dorking, 74
Higham, Florence, her Southwark Story reviewed, 152
Higham (Kent), 89
Hitches, John, 114, 122
Hocham, see Ockham
Hoddesdon (Herts), water scheme, 99, 100
Hogg, Myles, vicar of Dorking, 71, 72
Hogsmill River, 104
INDEX
211
Holgyll, William, master of the
Savoy, London, 84 Hollman, Richard, of Dorking, 73 Holmes, Campbell and Co., Messrs.,
73, 74 Hone, Rev. Canon E. A., rector,
describes Esher Church, 156 Hooper, Miss M. M., death of, 161 Mrs. Wilfred, gifts to Library, 159;
to Society, 171 Dr. Wilfred, F.S.A., 16«., 71, 159 Hope, M. St. J., organizer, 156, 168; describes Wotton Church, 168; gift to Library, 160 Mrs. M. St. J., 168 Hope Taylor, B., F.S.A., 172; ex- cavations by, 50, 134-135; at Preston Haw, Tadworth, 157, 169 Hord (Horde) family, of Ewell, 109, 114, 116, 119, 121 Allen, 108
Edward, 118, 120, 121 Elizabeth, of Fitznells, 80, 108, 121 Horley, 129
Harrowsley in [formerly in Home, q.v.] Home (Hourne), 132
Harrowsley (Herewoldesle) in, grant of right of warren in, 59, 60, 61 ; a tithing of Blechingley manor, 61 Thunderfield in, 19 Horsley, East, 129
excavations at, 135, 136; Saxon skeleton found, 136 Horsley, West, 129 Horton, see Epsom Houchin, Mr. and Mrs., 169 Hourne, see Home Hove (Sussex), 17, 21 Hunsterton, Joan (Saunder), 85
Iron Age excavations, 134, 135 Insurance Plates, presented to
Society, 171 Inwood, P. G., excavations by, 134;
on Thor's Stone on Thursley
Common, 138 Iveagh, Rt. Hon. Earl of, K.G., C.B.,
C.M.G., elected a Vice-President,
172 Iwardby, Sir John, of Fitznells,
Ewell, 85
James, Thomas, alias William Marter, brazier, of Dorking, 72, 73
Jenkinson, Sir Hilary, C.B., F.S.A., 157; elected President, 176; presides at Centenary Celebra- tions, 165, 166
Jennings, Barnard, 92
Dr. G. E., gift to Society, 160 Jesuits, see Roman Catholics John, King, Surrey Charter of,
58-65 Johnson, Miss M. S., gift to Library, 170 Walter, quoted, 12-13 Jones, E. W. P., excavations by, 136
Kempe, Thomas, 108, 115 Kensington, Lt.-Col. G. B., 156 Kent, A. Buckland, on Blechingley Church, recent investigations and discoveries, 66-70; on Gat- ton Town Hall, 138; on an Old Reigate Street name, 138 Kent, see Cardens; Chiddingstone ; Cliff ; Cooling ; Frindsbury ; Hever ; Higham ; Somerden ; Tickenhurst ; Westerham Kent Churches 1954, reviewed, 148 Kenyon, Miss Kathleen, C.B.E., D.Litt., F.S.A., 134; lectures on Recent Excavations at Jericho, 169 Kervill (Carvill) : Anne, 91
Edmund, 91w., 92 Keys, Richard, of E. Greenwich, 85;
his wife, see Saunder, Agnes Kingston-on-Thames, 128, 130 Griffin Hotel, 165 Ham in, excavations at, 135 Kirkby Ireleth (Cumberland), 18 Kirkby Moor (Cumberland), 32 Kirwin, Rev. P. P., vicar of Wester- ham, 156 Knights Hospitallers, 71 Knights Templars, 71, 72 Kohler, Mrs. M., gift to Library, 170
Lacaille, A. D., his Stone Basins
reviewed, 153 Laird, A. R., excavations by, 135 Lambert (Lambtes) :
family, in Blechingley, 83 Sir Henry, 170 Melanie, 70
Roger, 109, 110, 115, 122 Uvedale, M.A., his work in con- nection with Blechingley Church, 66, 67, 70, 169 Lambeth Palace, visited, 168 Lambtes, see Lambert Lanes, William, of Dorking, 71, 72 Lasham, Frank, 8
quoted, 11 Layton, E. S., death of, 172 Leakey, Dr. L. S. B., excavations by,
135 Leatherhead (Lethered, Letherhead), 73
212
INDEX
Leatherhead (contd) : Old Rising Sun at, 157 New Bull Hotel, 169 in Rawlinson's perambulation, 129
Leatherhead and District Local His- tory Society, 157, 159, 169
Ledder, Sir Oliver, 89
Legh, Nicholas, 87
Leicester, Earl of, see Fitz-Parnell
Leith Hill, see Wotton
Lepton, John, of Kipwick, Yorks, 86; his daughter, see Saunder, Joan Ralph (d. 1527), Rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, 83«., 86
Lethered, see Leatherhead
Leveson Gower, R. H. G., Council member, 160, 172; lectures on Westerham, 156 ; describes Titsev Church and Place, 169; Mrs., 169
Lewarne, J. G. W., 172
Lewes (Sussex) Museum and Castle visited, 156; Priory, 61, 62, 64
Leyson, Griffin, Commissioner under Thomas Cromwell, 69
Limpsiield Church, 130
Moorhouse in, excavations at, 135
Lines, Alderman G. R., Mayor of Kingston, 166
Lingfield Church, 129; visited, 169 Chartham in, 61
Linsted, Bartholomew, prior of St. Mary Overie, 84
Lloyd Jones, C. W., CLE., re-elected Hon. Treasurer, 176
Loftemans, — , 118
London, Bankside of Thames, visited, 168 supply of water to, 98, 99
Loseley, see Artington
Lostwithiel (Cornwall), 97
Lowther, A. W. G., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary, 157, 176; Report on the Excavation, 1946-1947 of a Roman site at Farnham, 47-57; lectures on a Century of Ex- cavations, 165
Lucy, Richard de, 60, 61
Lumley, de, John, Lord Lumley (d. 1609), 78, 88, 107
Lusher, Nicholas, 92; his son Sir Nicholas, 92
McAfee, Miss M., B.A., 156 Machin, M. I., M.A., Ph.D., 21, 159 Mclntyre, J., B.A., lectures on Illus- tration in Anglo-Saxon MSS., 155 Maiden, Old, 128, 131; excavations
at, 134 Margary, I. D., F.S.A., 150, 151; gift to Library, 1 70 ; donation to Publications Fund, 173
Marter, William, see James, Thomas Martyrs, tradition of, relating to
St. Martha's, 19 Mary I, Queen, 87 Maryon, Herbert, his Metalwork and
Enamelling reviewed, 150 Maseres, Baron, 138 Maybank, J. T., 141 Mealor, J. K., 159, 165 Mediaeval excavations, 134, 135, 157,
158, 170 Mekylham, see Mickleham Merrifield, Ralph, 17, 18, 46 Merrow (Meroe), 129
Merrow Downs in, earthworks in,
35; finds in, 37, 41; barrow on,
43 Merstham (Mestham), 130 Merston, Sir William, of Horton, 86;
his daughter Joan, see Saunder Merton Priory, 63, 90 Mesolithic, excavations, 135, 136;
finds, 136 Mestham, see Merstham Mickleham (Mekylham, Mikeleham),
130 grant of right of warren in, 59,
60, 62, 63 Norbury manor in, 62 Middlesex, see Hampton; Seven Dials Milford alias Somerden, manor of
(Kent), see Chiddingstone Miller, Sir Eric, gift to Library, 170 Minet Library, Surrey, Charter of
King John in, 58 Mitcham (Mycham), 128 Molesey (Moulsev) East, 129 Molesey West, 129 Momartre, see St. Martha's Hill Money, Bruce E., his work in con- nection with Blechinglev Church,
67, 69, 70 Montgomerie, Mrs., gifts to Library,
160 Moon, P. E., gift to Library, 170 Moore, H., death of, 172 Morden (Upper Morden), 129 More, George, 98 Mrs., 108
Peter, 118, 119, 123 Sir William, 95, 97, 98; his Library
at Loseley, 143 More-Molyneux, Major and Mrs., 168 Morris, J. E., death of, 172 Morse, Edward, 132 Mortlake (Mortlak), 128 Moulsey, see Molesey Mulsho, Benedict, rector of Blech- inglev, c. 1538, 69 Murray, Dr. Margaret, 15, 18 Mycham, see Mitcham Myddleton, Sir Hugh, 98
INDEX
213
Mvnne family, 78 John, 86 Nicholas, of Norfolk, 86
Napier, John, 100; his wife Eliza- beth, see Saunder Narborough (Norfolk), 91 Neolithic, excavations, 135, 136;
finds, 136 Nevinson, J. L., F.S.A., Council
member, 172 New River Scheme (1628), 98, 99 Newdigate, 129
Saunder family's possessions in,
83, 84 Xewill, Venerable Archdeacon, death
of, 172 Newlands Corner, see Albury Newman, Thomas, 108 Nichols, J. F., excavations by, 134,
135, 159 Nonsuch, see Cuddington Norbury, see Mickleham Norfolk, His Grace, the Duke of, 73 Norfolk, see Berningham Northwood ;
Congham; Narborough; Raven-
ingham; Sprowston; Strump-
shaw; Wiggenhall North Downs Main Trackway and
the Pilgrims Way, reviewed, 150 Northumberland, Her Grace, Helen,
Duchess of, 21, 159, 168 Norton (Suffolk), 59, 64 Nuffield, 129
Saunder family's possessions in,
83 Nuffield House, in Weybridge, q.v. Nye, John, 113, 122
Oakden, Sir Ralph, death of, 161 Oakley, Dr. Kenneth P., 9, 137 Oakwood (Okewood), Church, 130;
visited, 168; vicar, see Thomas,
A. F. V. Oatlands (in Walton-on-Thames and
Weybridge), 144 Ockham (Boccham, Hocham, Occ-
ham) : Church, 130; rectors, 145 grant of right of warren in, 59, 60,
63 Ockley, 129, 130
Common, Pudmore Pond on, 139-
140 Saunder family's possessions in,
83, 84 Oddy, A. E., death of, 172 Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, 64 Offor, Dr. R., re-elected Hon. Editor,
176; on Sir William More's
Library at Loseley, 143 Ogilby, John, 126
Okewood, see Oakwood
Oldale, John, 111
O'Neil, B. H. St. J., M.A., V.P.S.A., Chief Inspector of Ancient Monu- ments, lectures on War and Archaeology, 157
Onslow, Countess of, 168
Dowager Countess of, death of, 1 72
Otwaye, — , 118, 119, 123
Owen, F. J., 166
Oxford University, Corpus Christi College, 85; president of, see Claymond, John
Oxfordshire, places in, see Chilswell Hill
Oxted (Oxstead), 129
Ozanne, P., 171
Pagan Wrong, 71
Palaeoliths, from Farnham, 1-9; hand
axe from Banstead Heath, 136;
see also Flints Palgrave, Sir Augustine, 91m., 92 John, 92; his wife Urith, see
Saunder Parker, Eric, obituary, 203
Michael, 99 Parkhurst, William, 1 1 1 Parrock, manor, in Hartfield (Sussex),
89, 94, 96 Patrick, Major H. C, Council
member, 160; organizer, 157,
169; Chairman of Farnham
Urban District Council, 1 57 ;
gift to Library, 171 Payne, James, 144 Pembrokeshire, see Tenby Pendell, manor of, see Blechingley Penn, William, of Dorking, 74 Penrhyn (Cornwall), 97 Peper Harow, 20
parish boundaries of, 138-141 Somerset Bridge in, 140 Petersham, 128
Philpott, R. F., gifts to Library, 160 Pickerne, George, rector of Cheam,
131rc. Pickering, W. J., 160; re-elected Hon.
Deputy Secretary, 176; gift to
Society, 160 Pierce, Edward, sculptor, 144-145 Pilditch, Sir Frederick, death of, 172 Pirbright, Bullswater Common earth- works in, 14, 29 Polsted, Thomas (d. 1528), 83w. Pottery works, Roman, site of, at
Farnham, 48 Poulter, G. C. B., F.S.A.(Scot.), 172 Powell, A., 125, 126
Alderman Lawrence, 157 Preston Haw, see Tadworth Priddy (Somerset), 33
214
INDEX
Pudmore, see Ockley Purford, see Pyrford Putney, 128 Puttenham, 130
rector of, see Swift, Thomas
Heath earthworks, 30, 33
Shoelands manor in, 92 Pyrford (Purford), 130
Rackham, Bernard, C.B., F.S.A., on Museum Committee, 160, 172; lectures on Mediaeval Pottery, 155; on Stained Glass, 157
Radcliffe, "William, of Dorking, 72
Rahbula, E. A. R., Historical Monu- ments Commission, 67
Rankine, W. F., F.S.A.(Scot.), on Some Palasoliths from the Farn- ham Terrace Gravels, 1-9
Raveningham (Norfolk), 92
Rawlins, Thomas, 133
Rawlinson, Dr. Richard, and Aubrey's Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey, 125-133; his perambu- lation, 128-130
Rawlinson, Thomas, bibliophile, 126; his perambulation of Surrey, 128-133
Reed, Richard, 72
Reigate, 130
" Silver Street" in, an old street name, 138
Richardes, John, 121, 123
Richmond, 128
Ripley, see Send
Robinson, A. Clare, lectures on Chiddingfold, 169
Robson, P. A., death of, 161
Rogers, A., Town Clerk of Kingston, 166
Rogers (Roger) family, of Ewell, 122 Henry, 108, 109, 122 Margaret, 109, 110, 117, 122 Robert, 109
Rolle, Christopher, of Dorking, 71, 72 George, of Dorking, 71, 72
Roman coin (Tetricus I) from Cheam, presented to Society, 160 excavations, 134, 135, 159; at Farnham (1946-1947), 47-57, pottery works site, 48, bath house site, 50, 56
Roman Roads in Britain, Vol. 1 re- viewed, 151
Romans, British excavations and finds, 134, 135, 159
Roman Catholics, Surrey Commission for detection and suppression of Jesuits, 97
Rook, C. L., 166
Roscoe, Miss Dora, death of, 172
Rose, Elizabeth, of Barbican, Lon- don, 73 George, of Dorking, 73 Hannah, of Hounsditch, London,
73 William, tallow chandler, of London, 73 Ruby, A. T., M.B.E., organizer, 169;
excavations by, 50, 135, 158 Ruff, W. W., 166 " Rvall, Daniell, carpenter, of London, 73
Sackvile, Edward, of Dorking, 72, 73
St. John, Roger de, 61
St. Ives (Cornwall), 97
St. John of Jerusalem, manor of, in Clerkenwell, owning property in Dorking, 71, 72, 73; prior of, see Weston, William
St. Leonard's Chapel, see Banstead
St. Martha's with Chilworth:
Church — St. Martha's Chapel, 10, 12, 16; in Rawlinson's perambu- lation, 129, 132; vergers of, see Booth, J., and Carter, Mr. St. Martha's Hill, known as Momartre, Martirhill or Martyr- hill, 16m.
— antiquities of hill and district, 35-46
— flint, iron and pottery finds on, 35-43
— folk customs on, 11-21
— earth circles on, history, 10-21 ; archaeological aspects, 21-29; possible date, 34 ; compared with neighbouring sites, 29-34; ex- cavated, 135, 158
— geology of, 23-25
places in, Bent (or Ben) Piece, 14 15; Blackheath, pottery finds in 41; Chilworth, 130, 131, 132 Halfpenny Lane, 14; Tyting earthworks, 10h., 14, 20, 35 Hint finds, 37 ; pottery finds, 40 Sale, J. F., gift to Society, 160 Salisbury (Wilts), St. Thomas Church, Museum and Old Sarum visited, 156 Salmon, Nathanael, 133 Salzman, L. F., F.S.A., President of Sussex Archaeological Society, 165 Sanderson, Rev. Finlay, 168 Saunder, family, their connection with Batailles manor in Ewell, 72-100; their lands in Ewell, 78-81 ; history of family in Ewell, 81-100; pedigrees, 101 Agnes (Keys), 85, 86 Anne (Whitney), 96
INDEX
215
Saunder (contd) : Carew, 100
Catherine (Kervill, Spelman, Cor- bet), 91, 92 Elizabeth (Napier), daughter of
Sir Nicholas, 100 Elizabeth, daughter of William, 92 Erasmus, 89, 93, 94, 95; his wife
Jenet (Barrett), 93 Frances (Warhan), daughter of
Sir Nicholas, 100 Frances, daughter of William, 92 Francis of Ewell, 88, 89, 91, 118,
119, 123; his will, 93 Henry (d. 1518), 77-85 passim;
his will, 84-85; his son Henry,
85; his wife, see Joan infra Henry, son of Nicholas of Charl-
wood, 77 Henry (b. 1569), 89, 96 Henry (b. 1602), 78, 81, 82, 99,
100; his wife Frances (Watson),
100 Isabella (Twysden), 81, 99, 100 Jane (Clifford), 80, 96 Joan (Hunstanton), 85 Joan (Lepton), wife of Henry, 77,
84, 85; will of, 86 Joan (Merston), 1st wife of William,
(d. 1539), 86 Joan (Gittons), 2nd wife of William,
86, 89, 91 ; will, 91 Margaret, 85, 86 Mary, daughter of William, 92 Mary (Bevill), 96 Nicholas (c. 1518), 77, 85; his wife
Joan, 85 Nicholas of Charlwood (d, 1553),
77 83 85 Nicholas (d. 1581), 82 Nicholas (d. 1587), 78-84 passim,
88-96 passim, will of, 96; his
wives, Isabel (Carew), 94, 96;
Margaret (Bostock), 78, 96;
his lands in Ewell Survey (1577),
111-122 passim Sir Nicholas (d. 1648), 78-83 passim,
89, 90, 95»2., 96-100; his wife
Elizabeth (Blunt), 97 Richard of Charlwood (d. 1480),
77, 82 Richard, son of Nicholas of Charl- wood, 77 Richard (d. 1655), 93 Sir Thomas of Charlwood, M.P.,
77, 87, 88, 91w. Urith (Palgrave), 77»., 91w., 92 William, of Charlwood, c 1450, and
his wife Joan (Carew), 77, 80, 82 William, of Ewell (d. 1571), 77, 78,
81-85 passim, 86-90, 91-94 pas- sim; his will, 90; his wives, see
Joan (Merston) and Joan
(Gittens) supra Saunder family, of Alton Pancras,
Dorchester (Dorset), 93 Savoy, hospital of, near London, 84 ;
master of, see Holgyll Williams Saxon, excavations, 134, 135; finds,
136 Say, Geoffrey de, 60 Sayer, Agnes (n6e Haytor), wife of
Thomas, formerly wife of
Thomas Carew, 76, 77, 80 Thomas, 76, 77 Sayes Court, see Chertsey, Addlestone
in Scharf, George, the elder, 74
Sir George (the younger), 74 Scott, Dr. W. S., 156 Scott-Gardiner, Rev. D. E. A., M.C.,
rector of West Clandon, 168 Seal, M. R. G., Hon. Sec. Cranleigh
Archaeological Society, 21, 158 Seale (Sele) Church, 130
Binton Farm in, 20 Selborne (Hants) Church and Priory,
visited, 156 Sellick, G. L. on Dorking Shrove
Tuesday Football, 141; on a
view of Dorking, 142 Send, Ripley in, 130; Ripley Chapel
in, 128 Seven Dials, in St. Giles-in-the-Fields
(Middlesex), 144 Sexton, C. E., 70 Shalford Church, 130 Shallcross, Jasper, death of, 172 Shearburn, W. J., 142 Shearman, Philip, on Ewell in 1577,
102-123 Sheere, see Shcre Shelley, P. G., organizer, 169 Shepley, see Shipley Shere (Sheere), 129 Shipley (Shepley) (Sussex), manor
of, 71 Shoe, John, yeoman, of Horley, 73 Shoelands, see Puttenham Shortt, H. de S., F.S.A., Curator
of Salisbury Musuem, 156 Shrove Tuesday football in Dorking,
141 Simms, R. S., 156 Skeete, Edward, 117, 120, 121, 123 Slyfield, G. N., gift to Library, 159 Slyfield Manor and Family of Great
Bookham, reviewed, 151 Smith, E. E., gift to Library, 170 James, potter, of Dorking, 73 Reginald A., 1, 7, 40 Smither, H. C, death of, 172 Somerden ? (Sumerd [en ?]) hundred
of (Kent), 59, 64, 65; manor of
216
INDEX
Milford alias S., in Chidding- stone, 65 Somerset, see Priddy; Wells Somerset Bridge, see Peper Harow Southwark Cathedral, visited, 168 excavations in, 134 parishes in, St. Margaret, 83; Three Crowns Inn in, 83, 84; St. Mary Magdalene, 83, 84, 85 ; St. Saviour, 83 Priory of St. Mary Overie in, 84, 85, 87; Prior of, see Linsted, Bartholomew South wick (Suthewic) (Sussex), 59, 63 Spelman, Sir Clement, 91n.
Henry, 92 ; his son Sir Henry, 92 John, 91, 92
Sir John of Narborough, 92 Spiers, Hagart, 168 Spike, James, 113 Sprowston (Norfolk), 92 Stallard, Lt. Col. H. G. F., death of, 161 Stapleford Abbots (Essex), 76w. Star Chamber, proceedings in, by Myles Hogg, vicar of Dorking, 71 Stedman, Phil, 141 Stoke next Guildford, 129 Stoke D'Abernon (Stoke Dauborn),
129 Stonehenge (Wilts), 33m. Stones, used for parish boundaries,
138-141 Stradling, Sir Edward, 99 Streatham (Stretham), 128 Strumpshaw (Stromessaga, Trume- shah, Trumeshal) (Norfolk), 59, 63, 64 Suffolk, see Hadleigh; Norton Sumerd [en?] PSomerden, q.v. Summerson, John, C.B.E., M.A., F.S.A., lectures on the Georgian Country House, 167 Sumner, Miss D. M., 157 Surrey: Charter, of King John, 58-65 Commission for suppression of
Jesuits, 97 excavations, list of, 134-135 Richard Rawlinson and Aubrey's Antiquities of, 124-133; peram- bulation of, 128-130 Surrey Archaeological Society: Annual General Meeting (1954), 176 balance sheet (1953), 164; (1954),
175 Centenary Celebration Dinner and
Luncheon, 165 excavations by, supplementary
list of, 134-135 — Preston Haw, Tad worth, 157, 169; St. Martha's Hill, 158; Lee Wood, Effingham, 158; Bins- combe, 159; Farley Heath, 159
excursions (1953), Weybridge and Esher, 156; Salisbury and Old Sarum, 156; Lewes, 156; Wester- ham and Hever Castle, 156; Cowdray, W. Chiltington, Am- berley, 156; Selborne, Farn- ham, 156; (1954) Farley, Clan- don, 168; Southwark and Lam- beth, 168; Wonersh and Albury, 168; Wotton and Oakwood, 168; St. Catherine's Chapel, Loseley, Compton, 168; Blechingley, Lingfield, Titsey, 169; Chidding- fold and Haslemere, 169 finance (1953), 161-162; (1954),
172-173 gifts to, 160, 171 income and expenditure account
(1953), 163; (1954), 174 Library, gifts to, 159, 160, 170,
171 Local History Committee, 167 membership (1953), 160; (1954),
172
new agreement with Guildford
Corporation for tenancy of Castle
Arch, 157
publications and editorial, 155,
166; centenary volume LIII, 166
Publications Reserve Fund, 162,
173 Report of Council (1953), 155;
Centenary Report (1954), 165 Vice-Presidents, election of, 172 Survey of London, St. George's Fields,
noticed, 151 Sussex, see Amberley; Caburn; Chil- tington, West ; Cowdray ; Glynde ; Grinstead; Hove; Lewes; Par- rock; Southwick; Winchelsea Suthewic, see Southwick Sutton, 128, 131 Sweden, mounds in, 44 Swift, Thomas, rector of Puttenham,
132 Swynbank, Brian, 84
Tadgell, H. R., gift to Society, 160 Tadworth, Preston Haw in, ex- cavations at, 157, 169 Taillor, see Taylor Talworth, see Tolworth Tandridge (Tanridge, Tenregga), 129
grant of right of warren in, 58, 59, 60, 61
Priory, 61, 62 Tangley, see Wonersh Tarrant, P. E., gifts to Library, 170;
to Society, 171 Tatsfield, 130 Taylor (Tavllor, Taillor) :
— , 118
INDEX
217
Taylor (contd) :
Alice, 119, 123
Allen, 119, 123
Joseph, of Bridewell Hospital, 133
Thomas, his survey of manor of Ewell, 78-79, 102-123 Tenby (Pembroke), 93 Tenregge, see Tandridge Thomas, Rev. A. F. V., Vicar of Oakwood, 168
William, vicar of Ewell, 95 Thompson, Dr. C. H., County Arch- ivist, 166 Thor, as a place name, 138-140 Thor's Stone, see Thursley Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 98 Thunderfield, see Home Thurgis, Thomas, of Batailles manor,
Ewell, 78, 81, 100 Thursley, 19
Church, 130
excavations at, 134
Common, Thor's Stone or Crickle- stone on, 138-141 ; Cricklestone Flat, 138
Critchet Field in, 141
Three Jumps in, 18 Tickenhurst, co. Kent, 65 Titsey Church, 130, 131; visited, 169
Place, visited, 169 Todd, Cdr. K. R. V., excavations by,
135 Tolworth (Talworth), see Ditton, Long Tonbridge, Richard of, see Clare, de Tooting, 128
Tower Beck (Cumberland), 32 Tringham, S. W. G., death of, 161 Trumeshal, see Strumpshaw Tuesley, see Godalming Twysden, Sir Roger, 100; his wife Isabella, see Saunder
Thomas, 100 Tylley, Thomas, 108 Tyting, see St. Martha with Chilworth
Underslaw, see Cranleigh Underwood, William, 121, 122 Uvedale, Thomas, 83
Vanderyerthbrigg, Jerome, 113, 115,
122 Vann, see Godalming Veale, Peter, 93
Wachelestede, see Godstone Wade, Thomas, chaplain, 85 Wainwright, Lt.-Col. J. G., Council member, 160, 172; describes Lingfield Church, 169; resigns from Local History Committee, 169 Walker, Michael L., on the manor of
Batailles in Ewell and the family of Saunder, 76-100 T. E. C, F.S.A., 156; Council member, 160, 172; on the White Horse Hotel, Dorking, 71-75 Walkingstead (Wachelestede, Walk- nested, Welcnested, Wolcnested), see Godstone Walls, T. K., excavations by, 135 Walsh, W. S., 13 Walton, F. W„ 171 Walton-on-the-Hill (Wauton), 60 in Rawlinson's perambulation, 129 Banstead Heath in, excavations, 136 Walton-on-Thames, in Rawlinson's
perambulation, 129 Wandle, River, 98
Warblington, Thomas de, 61, 62, 63 Ward, Luke, 96
L. J., death of, 172 Warenne, William de, Earl of War-
enne and Surrey, 62, 71 Warham, Edward, 100 Warlingham (Warlingeham), 131; grant of right of warren in, 59, 60, 62 Warner, Richard, 5 Vincent, 90 William, 89 Water, New River Scheme for supply
of, to London (1628), 98, 99 Waterer, Nicholas, the elder, 108,
113, 122 Watevile, Robert de, 62 Watkins, H. F., death of, 161 Watson, Dr. G. F., 136 Wattes, Edmond, 113
Richard, 116 Wauton, de, Gilbert, 64
John, 60, 62, 64 Wauton, see Walton-on-the-Hill Wedgwood, Sir Ralph and Lady, 168 Weeding, Miss D., Council member,
160, 172 Welcnested, see Godstone Weller, Herbert, Town Clerk of
Guildford, 165 Wells (Somerset), Archdeacon of, see
Apulia, Simon de Westerham (Kent), Church, Vicar- age, Squerreys Court and Quebec House, visited, 156 Westmorland, see Askham Weston, William, prior of St. John
of Jerusalem, 71 Weybridge Church, 130; visited, 156 Eastlands House in, visited, 156 Green, Monument on, 143-145 Museum and Palace visited, 156 Nutfield House in, visited, 156 Ship Inn, 143, 144
218
INDEX
Whalley, Peter, 133 WMmster, D. C, 13
Whitfield (Whitfelde, Whytefield) : — 117
John, 119, 120, 123 Robert, 84 Whitney, Henry, 96; his wife Anne,
see Saunder Whytefield, see Whitfield Wiggenhall (Norfolk), 92 Wilkins, Alderman Donald, J. P.,
Mayor of Guildford, 165 Wilkins, of Ewell, Blanche, 109, 110, 122 Richard, 109 Thomas, 116, 122 Williamson, Richard, vicar of Ewell,
95 Willis, Browne, antiquary, 133 Wilson, M., 156
Wiltshire, see Salisbury; Stonehenge Wimbledon, 129 Winchelsea (Sussex), 98 Winchester, Bishop of, bounds of manor of, 140, see also Fox, Richard
Wisley, 130 Woking, 130
Wolcnested, see Godstone Wonersh (Wonish) Church, 130 Manor House, visited, 168 Tangley, Great, in, visited, 168 Wood, Anthony a, 126
E. S., describes Romano-British Temple at Farnham, 168; on the Earth Circles on St. Martha's Hill, near Guildford, 10-46; excavations by, 135, 136, 158; work as organizer, 155, 156, 157, 167, 168, 169 Mrs. E. S., work as organizer, 155, 156, 157, 167, 168, 169 Wotton Church, 129; visited, 168 House, visited, 168 Leith Hill Place, visited, 168 Wroth, Thomas, steward of manor of Clerkenwell, 72
York, Frederica, Duchess of, monu- ment to, at Weybridge, 143-145 Yorkshire, barrows in, 44 see also Flixton
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