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SURVEY AND EXCAVATIONS
IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

BY

DONALD COLLIER

CURATOR, SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
AND

JOHN V. MURRA

mtR&ltY n

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 35

MAY 15, 1943
PUBLICATION 528 W

SURVEY AND EXCAVATIONS
IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

SURVEY AND EXCAVATIONS
IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

DONALD COLLIER

CURATOR, SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
AND

JOHN V. MURRA

iHfc LIBKAKY OF THE

MAY 2 01943

own/Easily of iujnp'>

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 35

MAY 15, 1943

PUBLICATION 528

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIEID MUSEUM PRESS

) J2-.

5

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

THE PUBLICATION OF THIS PAPER HAS BEEN
MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM THE
INSTITUTE OF ANDEAN RESEARCH. A LIST
OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE INSTITUTE, OF
WHICH THIS PAPER IS NUMBER 9b, APPEARS
ON PAGES 107-108.

A

CONTENTS

PAGE

List of Illustrations 9

Preface 11

Introduction 15

I. The Survey 18

Southern Chimborazo 18

Zula 18

Maguaso 22

Alausi 23

Azuay-Cahar Region 26

Loja Province 30

Carapali 31

Chilpas 32

Guando 32

Catamayo Valley 33

II. Cerro Narrio 35

Introduction 35

Excavations 36

Pottery 44

Cerro Narrio Wares • 46

Narrio Red-on-Buff 46

Variant A 49

Variant B 49

Variant C 49

Variant D 50

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine 50

Canar Polished 53

Granulated Ware 54

Narrio Gross 54

Clay Seats or Drums 56

Intrusive Wares 56

Group X 58

Quartz-Studded 58

Red Engraved 58

Black Engraved 59

Gray Engraved 59

Glossy Red Engraved 59

7

8 CONTENTS

PACE

Glossy Red Negative 60

Red Banded Incised 61

Puruha-Tuncahuan 62

Elen Pata 62

San Sebastian 63

Tuncahuan 63

Peruvian Influences 66

Artifacts 67

Stone 67

Bone 68

Shell 69

Metal 69

Clay 70

Houses 70

Burials 72

III. Other Sites in the Canar Valley 74

IV. Prehistory of Canar Valley 79

V. Conclusions 86

Appendix A: Paste Analysis of Cerro Narrio Wares, by Sharat K.

Roy 91

Appendix B: Distribution of Sherds by Trench Levels at Cerro

Narrio 92

Bibliography 95

Index 103

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

1. Pottery and metate from Zula.

2. Pottery from Zula.

3-4. Pottery from Hacienda Maguaso.

5. Pottery from Alausi and Guasuntos.

6. Sherds from Alausi.

7. Sherds from Macas.
8-10. Pottery from Azuay.

11. Sherds from Sumay Pamba and Guando.

12. Sherds from Trapichillo, Catamayo Valley.

13. Cerro Narrio: general views.

14. Cerro Narrio: views of site and Trench 6.

15. Cerro Narrio: Trench 1 and hearth in Trench 4.
16-17. Narrio Red-on-Buff.

18. Narrio Red-on-Buff: decorative features.

19. Narrio Red-on-Buff: Variants A, B and C.

20. Narrio Red-on-Buff: Variant D.
21-23. Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine.

24. Cerro Narrio: anthropomorphic and zoomorphic decorations.
25-26. Canar Polished.

27. Cerro Narrio: granulated ware and compoteras with painted feet.

28. Narrio Gross.

29. Narrio Gross and Quartz-Studded.

30. Clay seats.

31. Red Engraved and Black Engraved.

32. Glossy Red Engraved.

33. Glossy Red Engraved and Gray Engraved.

34. Glossy Red Negative, Glossy Red Engraved and Red Banded Incised.
35-36. Elen Pata.

37. San Sebastian.

38. Tuncahuan: Variant A.

39. Tuncahuan: Variant B.

40. Tuncahuan: Variant D.

41. Tuncahuan: Variants C, E and F.

42-43. Cerro Narrio: unique sherds of possible coastal affiliation.

44. Cerro Narrio: unique sherds.

45. Inca pottery.

46. Inca and Chimu pottery.

47. Cerro Narrio: stone artifacts.

48. Cerro Narrio: bone artifacts.

49. Shell artifacts.

50. Metal artifacts.

51. Clay artifacts.

52-54. Vessels and sherds of Cashaloma type.

10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIGURES

PAGE

1. Ground plan and section of Churo de Llullin, Zula 19

2. Ground plan of corrals at Zula 21

3. Map showing archaeological sites at Sumay Pamba 30

4. Plan of north section of Trench 1, Cerro Narrio 37

5. Vertical section of east wall of Trench 1, Cerro Narrio 39

6. Plan of Trench 3, Cerro Narrio, showing postholes of Late house ... 40

7. Plan of Trench 4, Cerro Narrio, showing postholes of Late house ... 41

8. Plan showing postholes and stones of upper house in Trench 6, Cerro

Narrio 43

9. Plan showing postholes of lower house in Trench 6, Cerro Narrio ... 45

10. Narrio Red-on-Buff rim forms 47

11. Rim forms of Narrio Red-on-Buff, Variant C 49

12. Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine rim forms 51

13. Carlar Polished rim forms 55

14. Narrio Gross rim forms 57

15. Narrio Red-on-Buff rim forms at Shillu 74

16. Percentage distribution by trench level of Cerro Narrio wares 79

17. Schematic representation of Narrio ceramic chronology 80

18. Chronological positions of sites in Cahar Valley 83

MAPS

PACING

TAGE

1. Map of Ecuador, showing archaeological sites 11

2. Map of Canar Valley 36

3. Map of Cerro Narrio, showing trenches excavated 38

%^s^? "^

PREFACE

This report presents the results of field work carried out in
Ecuador during the fall and winter of 1941. The authors spent
three months in the southern highland making a brief survey of
the general region and excavating in the Province of Canar.

The expedition was one of ten archaeological projects in Central
and South America sent out by the Institute of Andean Research
under the sponsorship of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.
The Institute financed the field work and largely financed the cost
of publishing this report. We are particularly indebted to Dr.
George C. Vaillant, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Institute, and to Dr. Fay-Cooper Cole, of the University of Chicago,
who was Director of the Ecuador project.

We wish to express our gratitude to Colonel Clifford C. Gregg,
Director of Field Museum, through whose co-operation and inter-
est it was made possible for the senior author to be absent
from the Museum in order to participate in the expedition, and who
made available to us the facilities of the Museum while we were
organizing the expedition, and during the time that this report was
in preparation. Field Museum also contributed to the cost of
publishing the report.

During our stay in Ecuador we made many friends and received
hospitality and assistance from numerous individuals. Foremost
among these was Sr. Anibal Buitron Chaves, who spent three months
with the expedition. Sr. Buitron was an ever-cheerful companion,
and undertook enthusiastically and efficiently the tasks of survey
work and excavation. To him should go a share of the credit for
the results that were achieved. We shall remember with warm
pleasure the days passed with him in the field.

Without the good will and assistance which we received from
officials of the Ecuadorean government, our work would have been
impossible. To Dr. Julio Tobar Donoso, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Dr. Abelardo Montalvo, Minister of Education, and Dr.
A. Aguilar Vasquez, Minister of Interior, we wish especially to
acknowledge our indebtedness for issuing letters of recommendation
to public officials in the area where we travelled, and for facilitating
our work in other ways.

We were cordially received and materially assisted by the
National Academy of History in Quito. This organization took a

11

12 PREFACE

lively interest in our plans and problems, and through its good
offices we made essential contacts with government officials and with
other persons who were helpful to us. The Academy further assisted
us by appointing a commission to inspect the archaeological material
which we recovered. Through the recommendation of this commis-
sion, and of the Academy, we received the necessary official permits
to bring the material to the United States for study. We wish
to thank the following officials of the Academy: Dr. Julio Tobar
Donoso, Director; Cristobal de Gangotena y Jijon, Sub-Director;
J. Roberto Paez, Secretary; Senator Isaac Barrera, Editor of the
Boletin; and Dr. Jose Gabriel Navarro. We are especially grateful
to Sr. Carlos Vivanco, Chief of the Boundary Archives and Pro-
Secretary of the Academy, for many kindnesses.

Dr. J. Jijon y Caamano, the leading archaeologist of Ecuador,
graciously gave us access to his magnificent archaeological collection
in Quito, and permitted us to photograph specimens from southern
Ecuador. He was very helpful while we were becoming oriented, and
made useful suggestions concerning the material we collected in
the field.

United States Ambassador Boaz Long took a personal interest
in our work and helped us in innumerable ways. For his friendship
and assistance we are most grateful. He enthusiastically supported
the plan to have an Ecuadorean participate in our field work, and
he gave us material help in arranging for Sr. Buitron to accompany
us. We wish also to thank Messrs. Gerald Drew, Harry Reed,
Sam Olden, Jr., and Alexander Hurd, all of the Embassy staff, for
technical assistance, encouragement, and friendship.

We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr. Since 1939 Mr. Ferdon has been conducting
an archaeological survey in Ecuador for the School of American
Research and the University of Southern California, under the
auspices of the National Academy of History in Quito. To the
Ferdons we are grateful for many kindnesses, and for advice and
invaluable assistance while in Ecuador and after our return to the
United States.

While in the field, we received hospitality and assistance from
many individuals. Sr. Bolivar Guevara and his brother, Alonso,
were our hosts at Hacienda Zula, and generously gave us every
facility. We carried away with us from Zula happy memories
of our visit. Sr. Carlos Arias Eguiguren gave us valuable informa-
tion about Loja, and arranged for us to stay at his three haciendas,

PREFACE 13

Carapali, Seucer, and Sumay Pamba, in the Canton of Saraguro.
Sr. Carlos Burneo, National Deputy for Loja, made available to us
the facilities of Hacienda Uduzhi in Saraguro.

We are greatly indebted to Sr. Leandro Torres, of Cuenca, and
his son, Alfonso, for permission to excavate at Cerro Narrio and
Shillu, and to Sra. Esther Palacios de Martinez and her mother
for allowing us to work at Cashaloma. Sr. Ezequiel Clavijo, of
Cafiar, was helpful to us on our first visit to Canar, and later in
selecting undisturbed areas for excavation at Cerro Narrio. Special
thanks are due our obreros at Canar, who worked faithfully and
took turns guarding the excavations at night.

For permission to study and photograph their archaeological
collections we are grateful to the following persons: Sr. J. Jijon
y Caamano, of Quito; Padre Eugenio Goetz and Sr. Angel Alberto
Gallegos, of Riobamba; the Mother Superior of the Convento San
Francisco de Sales, Alausi; the Rector of the Colegio Benigno Malo
(Arriaga Collection), Sr. Joaquin Cordoba (Cordero Collection), and
Padre Miguel Duran, all in Cuenca; Sr. Jose' Pio Eguiguren (Le-
querica Collection), Loja; and Sr. Max Konanz, Guayaquil.

Ing. Jacobo Vorbeck presented interesting specimens to the
expedition. Sr. Carlos Zevallos Men^ndez, Director of the Museum
at the Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte in Guayaquil, gave us help in
becoming oriented in Ecuador. We wish to mention also the warm
hospitality and friendship of Misses Anne B. Cacioppo and Bertha
Marsch in Quito.

The following persons also were generous in giving us help and
information: Dr. Victor Gabriel Garc6s, Quito; Sr. Alfredo Chaves,
Quito; Mr. Juan L. Gorrel, Quito; Sr. Pablo Hanibal Vela, Director
del Departamento de Turismo, Quito; Dr. W. C. Mclntyre, Banos;
Sr. Miguel Wagner, Guayaquil; Sr. Arturo Montesinos Malo and
Dr. Tomas Vega Toral, Cuenca; the Rector of the Colegio Bernardo
Valdivieso, Loja; Mr. John McClung, Loja; and Mr. Maurice
Stacey, San Lucas.

In the preparation of this report we have received the help of
numerous individuals. We are especially grateful to Dr. Paul S.
Martin, Chief Curator of the Department of Anthropology in Field
Museum, for wise advice and constant encouragement. We wish
also to thank the following members of the Museum staff: Dr.
Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology, for identification of minerals and
for the preparation and examination of micro-sections of pottery;
Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, for identification

14 PREFACE

of shells; Mr. George Quimby, Assistant Curator of American
Archaeology, for help in pottery analysis; Mr. John Pletinckx, for
ceramic restoration; Mr. Robert Yule, Assistant in Archaeology,
for his careful execution of maps and plans; and Mr. John Janecek,
Staff Illustrator, for making drawing and charts. We are indebted
to Mrs. Iva Osanai Schmitt and Mr. Leonard Johnson for aid in
sorting and classifying pottery. Finally, we are grateful to Miss
Lillian Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications, for seeing
the report through the press.

Donald Collier
September 2, 19^2 John V. Murra

INTRODUCTION

Our original intention in going to Ecuador had been to conduct
a survey in the extreme southern highland to determine the relation
of earlier archaeological material to the known late Inca horizon, and
to discover what tie-ups there were, if any, with northern Peru.
Upon our arrival in Quito in September, 1941, this plan had to be
modified because of the conflict between Peru and Ecuador, which
made work in southernmost Ecuador impossible.

After further reading in the literature, we decided to work in
the southern highland, even though we could not penetrate as far
south as originally planned. The central and northern highlands
were already known from the extensive work of Sr. Jijon (1914,
1920a,. 1927) and others. The central coast was known from the
work of Saville (1907, 1910). For the past two years Edwin N.
Ferdon, Jr., had been carrying out an extensive survey in the coastal
region, as well as excavations on Santa Elena peninsula (1940b,
1941a). Verneau and Rivet (1912, 1922) had illustrated pottery
vessels from the southern highland. Uhle had done some preliminary
work in the region, and both he (1922c, 1928b, 1931) and Jijon
(1930) had published interpretative discussions of the area, although
systematic descriptive data were few. The southern coast was
and is archaeologically unknown, but the military situation there
eliminated that area as a place to work.

It was therefore decided to make a reconnaissance in the southern
part of the Province of Chimborazo, and in the provinces of Canar,
Azuay, and Loja, with the hope of finding one or more sites that would
yield stratigraphic data.

Uhle reported finding in the southern highland a clear Inca
horizon, as well as two other cultures, one of which he called
"Mayoid" and traced directly from Central America, and the
other which he believed to have been derived from the "Mayoid" cul-
ture. He related this early "Mayoid" culture to Proto-Nazca in Peru.

The month of September was spent in Quito for orientation and
in order to secure the necessary government permits. Very helpful
contacts were made with members of the National Academy of
History and with other persons interested in Ecuadorean archaeology.
Arrangements were made with Sr. Bolivar Guevara to visit his
hacienda in southern Chimborazo, and with Sr. Carlos Arias to
visit his haciendas in the Canton of Saraguro in Loja.

15

16 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

It was our intention to take with us into the field a young
Ecuadorean to gain experience in archaeology. Through the efforts of
Dr. Jaime Barrera of Quito we met Sr. Anibal Buitron Chaves, a
young Quito school teacher with a keen interest in the prehistory and
present-day Indian population of his country. As a result of the
interest of Dr. Abelardo Montalvo, Minister of Education, Sr.
Buitron was given a leave of absence from his teaching duties, and
he spent three months with us in the field.

The month of October was spent in the Province of Chimborazo.
For ten days we were the guests of Sr. Guevara and his brothers
at Hacienda Zula, on the high paramo on the upper Chambo drainage
in southern Chimborazo. Here we carried out a surface survey and
made test excavations in several places.

From Zula we returned to Riobamba, where we made brief
trips along the Chambo River and to Punin, and studied and photo-
graphed the collections of Padre Goetz, at the Colegio San Felipe,
and of Sr. Alberto Gallegos. The former collection contained pottery
from Zula, as well as from the general vicinity of Riobamba, and the
latter consisted of pottery from Hacienda Maguaso on the middle
Chambo.

From Riobamba we went to Alausi in order to study a collection
at the Convento San Francisco de Sales. This collection was of
special interest because it contained sherds which tied up with finds
made later in Canar to the south.

From Alausi we proceeded by train to Tambo, and thence by
automobile to Cuenca. The month of November was spent in a
rapid survey in the provinces of Azuay, Canar, and Loja, and in
the study of three important collections in Cuenca, namely, the
Arriaga Collection at the Colegio Benigno Malo, the collection of
Padre Miguel Duran, and the Cordero Collection. The most im-
portant site visited from Cuenca was Cerro Narrio near Canar, one
of Uhle's "Mayoid" sites. The trip from Cuenca to Loja was made
by plane. While in Loja we inspected the Lequerica Collection,
and visited one local site and two sites in the Catamayo Valley to
the west of Loja. From Loja we proceeded by muleback northward,
and in the Canton of Saraguro we visited four sites. These were
Carapali, Chilpas near Hacienda Seucer, Guando, which we reached
from Hacienda Uduzhi, and Sumay Pamba on the Rio Jubones. The
last site was of special interest because it tied up with Cerro Narrio.

Upon our return to Cuenca, we had reached the conclusion that
the most favorable place to carry out excavations was in the Canar

INTRODUCTION 17

Valley, because of the variety of ceramic types found there and be-
cause there was good promise of encountering stratified deposits
at Cerro Narrio. Accordingly, we established headquarters at
Cafiar, and during December we excavated at Cerro Narrio and at
two other sites in the valley.

Although Cerro Narrio had been gutted by treasure hunters
and was literally covered with pits and craters, we were able to
find small undisturbed areas on various parts of the site. Strati-
graphic excavation in deposits two to three meters in depth revealed
a clear transition from early to late ceramic types, with intrusive
influences from the north in late times. The cross-checking of the
Narrio sequence with the ceramics from Shillu and Cashaloma, two
shallow, late sites in the same valley, confirmed the coming in of
northern wares in late times, and added the final Inca horizon.

Upon completion of the work in Cafiar, the excavated material
was sent to Quito, where it was washed and packed for shipment to
the United States. The material is deposited at Field Museum of
Natural History in Chicago.

The period of three months spent in southern Ecuador was too
brief to accomplish more than a preliminary attack on the area.
Our reconnaissance, in particular, barely scratched the surface, and
it was weakest in the Province of Azuay, where there are remains
definitely related to those of the Cafiar Valley. The principal con-
tribution of our work has been the establishing of a stratigraphic
sequence for the Cahar Valley, and the placing in this sequence of
certain intrusive wares from the Puruha region and elsewhere to
the north.

I. THE SURVEY

One of the first problems facing the survey was the gap between
the Puruha area, north of Riobamba, which had been investigated
and reported on by Sr. Jijon y Caamano, and the southern provinces
for which "Mayoid" cultures had been reported by Uhle. At the
time of the survey, only one small collection from this area was
known in the literature (Uhle, 1931, pp. 32-36) but the published
data were promising.

Southern Chimborazo

zula

Before our departure from Quito, Sr. Bolivar Guevara invited
us to visit his property lying in the southeast corner of the Province
of Chimborazo, at the headwaters of the Chambo River. Some
archaeological remains had been excavated in the past in this area,
and several structures, allegedly of Incaic origin, had been reported.
From the point of view of our interests the ranch was ideally located,
and we went there early in October.

The Zula ranch house lies in a valley at an elevation of 3,650
meters on the paramo, southeast of Palmira and due east of Alausi.
The rest of the ranch lies between 3,800 and 4,000 meters, high on a
windswept, grassy plateau just north of the great Nudo del Azuay,
the natural wall connecting the two Cordilleras and separating
Chimborazo from southern Ecuador.

Near Palmira we saw the "queen's steps" (Proano, 1918g)
which seemed to be nothing but agricultural terraces. Certainly
their size prevented them from being steps for anybody but a race
of giants in forty-league boots.

In the Zula area we were told of six churos, allegedly Inca tambos
or resting stations for messengers or the armed forces. Their name,
which in Quechua means "snail," comes from their alleged spiral
character. We visited two of these structures: Churo de" Llullin
and Churo de Chuqui Pucara. The following other churos were
listed for the area: Pomamarca, Chiniguayco, Potrero, and Rey
Llilla. The last is supposed to be the largest. The churos are usually
placed on high points dominating the neighboring countryside and
have stone-faced terraces built concentrically. There is no. spiral
ramp of any kind connected with them. The walls are made of
irregular rocks piled up without any mortar. At Llullin (Fig. 1),

18

THE SURVEY

19

about 3 km. northeast of Zula, the topmost platform carries a small
circular stone structure about 2 meters high, with a small rectangular
chamber north of it. At the eastern end of the basic platform there
is a large rectangular stone structure.

At Llullin several pits were sunk on the different platforms, in
the central circular structure and in the eastern chamber, with
disappointing results. The few sherds found were coarse and non-

FlG. 1. Ground plan and section of Churo de Llullin, Zula.

descript, and did not help in identifying the builders of these
structures. These churos differ from lambos and other structures
of the Incas described by Verneau and Rivet (1912, pp. 76-78) for
the area, in size, configuration, and absence of worked stone. Who
their builders were is as yet not clear, although the Incas probably
did not do the job.

We were also unable to identify the builders of numerous corrals
spread through the countryside. They are multicameral structures
with floors somewhat below ground level. The stone walls are about
2 meters thick and from 1 to 2 meters high. At Challan, on a ridge
above Zula, a test trench 1 by 2 meters was sunk in the corner of
one of these enclosures, which was 24 by 16 meters (Fig. 2). The
soil was very hard, with a few nondescript sherds, and hardpan was
reached at 63 cm. The walls, which were 2 meters thick and about

20 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

2 meters high, were carelessly constructed of large, undressed
boulders. The floor appeared to have been sunk below the base of
the wall. There is no indication as to the possible use of these
structures. There were more than twenty on this ridge alone.

Several other spots in the area were examined, and several
trenches eventually sunk on a flat ridge to the east of Challan
(called by us Z6). A trench 3 meters long and 1.5 meters wide was
sunk into the brown soil, and a profusion of sherds was recovered.
Apparently this place was an interment ground, as nine burials
were opened within a very limited space. We were not able to
locate the village site to which this burial ground belonged.

From the ceramic evidence, the people of Z6 were a jire-Jncaic
group clearly related to Puruha groups farther north (Jijon, 1927).
Though it may be possible, and quite likely, that they were the
builders of the churos and corrals discussed above, no concrete
evidence was uncovered to support such a hypothesis. Injury case,
they appearjto have been a fairly late group, practicing agriculture,
Ujsing theMlama. and possessing a knowledge of metallurgy.

The most prevalent ceramic type in burials at Z6 is the globular
jar with one lug (PI. 1, Figs. 1, 2, and 4). In one instance there
are two lugs, both on the same side of the vessel. Some of the jars
are unslipped and unpolished, while others show red slip and are
somewhat smoothed and polished. In a few cases there is a negative
black design between shoulder and rim, with white painted lines
delimiting the field (PI. 1, Fig. 4).

A red-slipped, polished compotera1 also was found in a burial.
The supporting foot is perforated in three places (PI. 1, Fig. 5).

A small jar with flaring rim is slipped white all over the outside.
Just inside the rim is a band of red, and there may have been some
red dots on the outside also.

Several bowl forms are present in the sherd material. One of
them is polished inside and out, except for an area on the outside
of the bottom. There is some dark red slip on the inside of the
vessels. Other bowls are plain and unslipped.

Some of the rims also suggest larger jars with flaring rims, of
coarser pottery. They are heavily grit- tempered, and are less well
finished than the forms described above. Some notched rims, ears,
and lugs on and below the rim, and an occasional handle complete

1 The compotera ("fruit bowl") is a footed bowl found frequently in Ecuador,
Colombia, and Panama.

THE SURVEY

21

the picture of Z6 ceramic forms. In the case of one of the larger
vessels, a band of crudely incised chevrons, reminiscent of Puruha
designs, is found on the upper shoulder.

Various members of the family owning the land have excavated
at one time or another on their property, and their finds have been
dispersed among collectors. Father Eugenio Goetz of Riobamba,
who owns an interesting collection, has received several Zula pieces

SITE Zi (ZULA)

Fig. 2. Ground plan of corrals at Zula.

which expand our knowledge of Upper Chambo ceramics and rein-
force their bonds to the north. Thus a vessel with anthropomorphic
neck and two double ears or handles (PI. 2, Fig. 4) Is clearly Puruha,
although it lacks the negative design so characteristic of Elen Pata
(Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, pis. 53-71).

Other Zula types found in the collection include a polished red
cantimplora1 with white bands on the neck (PI. 2, Fig. 1), several
jars and cantimploras with negative designs on the body (PI. 2,
Figs. 3 and 6), and several bowls, round or shaped like a truncated
cone, with "drinking tube" (PI. 2, Figs. 2, 5, and 7). All have their
parallels in the Puruha area (Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, pi. 109).

1 The cantimplora ("canteen") is a jar with tall neck and is flattened from
front to back, suggesting an army canteen. The term is applied to this form of
vessel throughout the Andes.

22 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

The forms in this collection are not the product of stratigraphic
excavation, and may have come from several levels. The parallels
with Puruha crosscut the periods established for that area by Sr.
Jijon and are simpler and cruder than the prototypes. Only addi-
tional excavation will clear up the exact relationship, but it appears
that Puruha people drifted up onto the paramo, leaving some of
the fancier trimmings farther north.

We recovered few artifacts from the Zula area. A large stone
metate (PI. 1, Fig. 3), a well-worn and sturdy object, points to the
agricultural occupations of the people. Today barley and potatoes
are grown at this altitude, but not maize. Although numerous
llama bones were found in the debris, we did not encounter any bone
tools. This lack could probably be overcome through excavation
in house sites. A slim, fairly well-worked copper topu was found
in Burial 9 at Z6.

MAGUASO

Following the Chambo River north, there is a site south of
Pungala on the Maguaso hacienda belonging to Sr. Angel Alberto
Gallegos. It is quite probable that the site was a stratified one,
but it was not scientifically excavated. The collection is now in
Riobamba where we had the opportunity to examine it. Pungala
is listed as being within the main area of Puruha occupancy (Jijon,
1927, vol. 1, p. 2). The ceramics seem to fit the general Chimborazo-
Puruha pattern, but there are several new forms and decorations.

The following types were noted in the Gallegos Collection.
Incised jars are numerous and are incised on the body. Triangles
and chevrons are the main decorative elements (PI. 3, Figs. 1, 2,
and 4).

There are eight bowls placed on low tripods (PI. 3, Fig. 6).
Most of these have lugs below the rim and triple incised lines along
the body. The inside of one bowl is divided into quadrants filled
ith incised hatchings and concentric diamonds (PI. 3, Fig. 3).

The compotera, that ubiquitous Chimborazo form, is also present.
The supporting foot is sometimes perforated. Most of the vessels
are shallow and undecorated. In one case a negative design, 4 cm.
wide, is found on the rim of the bowl. The inside is painted red
along the rim and has a red circular spot in the center. The tie-up
with Tuncahuan compoteras from farther north is unmistakable.

A very unusual compotera is illustrated in Plate 4, Figure 5.
The foot is white, slipped, and hollow. The bottom, between foot

T

THE SURVEY 23

and shoulder, has a black slip, while from there to the rim the
vessel is slipped white again. On this white slip black chevrons and
diagonal lines have been painted, some of them with an orange
outline.

Another vessel, a double tripod with hoja de cabuya1 legs, has a
similar red band on the inside of the bowls, and a red spot in the
center of each. The two bowls are connected through a hole in
their joint wall. The arc connecting them is not functional (PI. 3,
Fig. 5).

A red-slipped tripod jar with four double, incised welts is a more
unusual piece (PI. 3, Fig. 7). The bottoms of the feet are incised,
to imitate toes. This ornamentation shows affiliation with Huavalac
pottery, in the Puruha region, as does a black jar (PI. 3, Fig. 4).

Another ware, represented by two bowls and a tall jar with
flaring rim, has pink or reddish slip with geometric white painted
designs (PL 4, Figs. 1, 2, and 4).

A jar unusual in both shape and decoration is illustrated in Plate 4,
Figure 3. The whole body is covered with a whitish slip. There
are several black parallel negative lines around the neck. The area
between the lines is painted red. On the body there are several
double and single scrolls outlined in negative painting with the
whitish dots shining through. The scrolls are then painted red.
It looks like an exuberant Tuncahuan form.

ALAUSI

The one collection from the area which was mentioned in the
literature came from Alausi (Uhle, 1931, pp. 32 fl\), a town in
southern Chimborazo, on the Quito-Guayaquil railroad. Here the
Salesian Mothers had assembled in their convent2 a small museum
containing numerous pieces from the coast of Ecuador and also some
from the Alausi area. Most of these local wares came from one
pit and were quite different from archaeological materials to the
north as well as from those of Zula, located due east from Alausi.
Their known affiliations are clearly to the south, in the Cafiar Valley,
though even there they are distinctly intrusive.3

1 "Leaf of century plant" (agave), a name suggested by Sr. Jijon (1927, vol. 2,
p. 149).

2 San Francisco de Sales.

3 These unusual wares at Alausi were found on the property of Sra. Cristina
Ricaurte.

24 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

These ceramic forms are characterized by very good, thin pottery,
slipped and polished on the outside and ornamented with engraved
designs from rim to shoulder. According to Uhle (1931, p. 33,
footnote 1) the best pieces of this type were taken to Quito and
lost in the fire which seriously damaged the Universidad Central there
in 1929. Incidentally, a manuscript dealing with these wares was
also lost.1

The fragments still available are not numerous and fall into the
following categories:

Glossy Black Engraved is a type of varying thickness, having
numerous rows of punctates (PI. 5, Figs. 1-4). Punctate zones are
separated by engraved lines from polished zones which may be
plain or engraved with single or double circles. The grooves created
through engraving are filled with limonite. The shapes seem to
run to straight-walled jars.

Black Engraved is less polished and designs are created through
alteration of hatched and plain polished fields (PI. 5, Figs. 5-7). Rhom-
boids, triangles, and step-designs are frequent.

Gray Engraved, with the exception of the paste color, is similar
to Black Engraved (PI. 5, Fig. 9).

Brown Engraved is probably a variety of Black Engraved (PI. 5,
Fig. 10). The shoulder of a jar with flaring rim is decorated with
engraved triangles, the alternating areas being hatched.

Glossy Red Engraved is a buff ware with red slip on the out-
side surface, and is characterized by the absence of punctate zones.
While the shapes are similar to Black Engraved, the lines here are
really linear punctates, which are also filled with limonite. Straight
lines, cross-designs, hatched rhomboids, and occasionally curved
lines are the ornamental motifs (PI. 6, Figs. 1-5, and 8). The ware
is highly polished. A variety of this ware, while polished all over,
is slipped only in certain delimited areas. Thus, in Plate 6, Figures 6
and 7, the inside of the step-design and the group of concentric circles
are red, while the rest is the natural color of the clay. This suggests
that the engraving took place after the vessel was sun-dried, but
before it was painted and fired.

A very thin variety of Gray Engraved is represented by only
two sherds, with engraved groups of three concentric circles (PI. 6,
Figs. 9-10).

1 Communication from Uhle to Sr. Vicente Merchan, editor of the Alausi
weekly newspaper.

THE SURVEY 25

A few fragments of globular jars with carelessly engraved zones
on a red-slipped body are also found (PL 5, Figs. 11-13). They
differ in thickness, shape, and surface treatment from other engraved
wares and have no parallels elsewhere.

The collection at Alausi also contains an interesting ware with
bands delimited by incised lines. Alternate areas are painted red
and polished. Owing to the fragmentary nature of these vessels it
is hard to make out the designs employed. A T-form band is fre-
quent, with additional sharp-angled bands (PI. 6, Figs. 11-12, and
15). This ware is much thicker than any others in the collection.
It is found farther south and also at Macas, in the Oriente. We
have applied to this ware the name Red Banded Incised.

Large vessels, of cruder pottery, with tall upright walls and
bottoms studded on the inside with bits of quartz are also found
(PL 6, Figs. 13-14). Each studded row is separated by an incised
line. Presumably these were yuca (manioc) graters, and similar
vessels have been found to the south and west.

Finally, a few sherds of Narrio Red-on-Buff (see detailed dis-
cussion in Chapter II) are also found (PL 5, Figs. 14-17).

Besides the unusual wares described above, the Alausi area has
produced ceramic evidence that ties it up with the rest of the
Province of Chimborazo and its aboriginal inhabitants, the Puruha.
Thus, Sr. Merchan has in his possession a globular jar with one lug,
with white painted designs all around the rim. This jar strikingly
resembles the negative painted vessel from Zula (PL 1, Fig. 4).
Also a small compotera, well smoothed, with negative design on
body and rim, and red overpaint, seems to tie up very well with
similar Tuncahuan vessels discovered in the heart of the Puruha
country.

The Salesian Mothers have also witnessed excavations at Gua-
suntos, where apparently Incaic-influenced vessels were recovered.
Their similarity with Puruha-Incaic vessels from farther north is
close (Jijon, 1927, vol. II, pi. 134). The same burial yielded a
triple red bowl with communicating sections, with white painted
designs (PL 5, Fig. 8).

Other pieces in the convent's museum confirm the tie-up with
Zula, already suggested by Sr. Merchan's vessels. They come from
all over the Alausi area and are the usual globular jars and com-
poteras. One undecorated cantimplora and a small, well-smoothed
truncated conical vessel from Gonzol complete the collection.

26 excavations in southern ecuador

Azuay-Canar Region

Cuenca is the largest city in southern Ecuador and the natural
urban center for the area. After finishing our work at Alausi, we
went to Cuenca to examine its collections and determine our future
line of activity.

Southern Ecuador was occupied in pre-Incaic times by the
Cafiari people and was conquered by the Incas during the reign of
Tupac Yupanqui in the middle of the fifteenth century. The in-
fluence of the Incas can be clearly seen in this region, where they
built Tomebamba, a large imperial center, near whose site modern
Cuenca is located. They also built Inga-pirca, a fortress near
Cafiar, and many other smaller places. These structures have been
studied and described in various publications (see Uhle, 1923c; also
Jijon, 1929; Arriaga, 1922; Vega Toral, 1920, 1928, 1929; Matovelle,
n.d., and 1921).

On the other hand, the pre-Incaic peoples in the area, the Canari
in Azuay and Cahar and the Paltas in Loja, are much less known,
particularly in so far as identification of archaeological remains
with ethnographic data is concerned. The Canari language is
insufficiently known; it became extinct some time during the seven-
teenth century and only a limited vocabulary based mostly on
place names and patronymics has been worked out (Cordero Palacios,
1924; Jijon, 1919b, pp. 375-380; Verneau and Rivet, 1912, pp. 29-
36). Several affiliations of this language have been suggested.
Arriaga felt that the Canari had Carib affiliations (Arriaga, 1922,
pp. 79-95), but his evidence is insufficient. Uhle had thought at
an earlier time that there was a close relationship between Canari
and Mochica, spoken on the north coast of Peru (Jijon, 1927, vol. 2,
p. 201). At a later date (Uhle, 1931, p. 11) he felt that the Canari
spoke a Chorotegan language, which is not so great a contradiction,
as he felt that the Chimu civilization of the North Coast and the
"Mayoid" cultures of Carlar were both of direct Central American
descent. Sr. Jijon (Jijon, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 201 ff.) has proposed
a grouping of several southern Ecuadorean and north Peruvian
languages into a Puruha-Mochica family, of which Canari would
be a member, although it is admitted that Puruha and Canari
were apparently mutually unintelligible. The whole matter requires
additional investigation, which Sr. Jijon has undertaken and which
may be forthcoming in his latest work, of which only the first volume,
dealing with the northern part of the country, is now available
(Jijon, 1941).

THE SURVEY 27

Whatever the linguistic affiliations, there was no archaeological
complex available which could be definitely labeled as Canari.
Antiquities from this area had been discussed and photographically
reproduced, but it was clear that the authors were dealing with
several complexes which had not been separated through strati-
graphic excavation (Gonzalez Suarez, 1878, 1892; Verneau and
Rivet, 1912, 1922; Arriaga, 1922). It can be presumed that at
least the later horizons within the area, particularly those showing
strong Incaic influences, are representative of' the Canari people.
These late horizons vary considerably within the area here under
consideration.

Preoccupied with the relation of the "Mayoid" cultures reported
for the area by Uhle (Uhle, 1922c) to the expected Canari remains,
as well as with their alleged Central American origins, we under-
took a study of the local collections.

The largest ceramic group in the area is housed in the local
colegio. It was collected by Sr. Ezequiel Clavijo in the Province
of Cafiar and sold by him to the school, which has decided to use
it as the nucleus for a museum, named after the late Jesus Arriaga.
Most of the materials in this collection are from Cerro Narrio,
although Inga-pirca and several other sites in the Canar region
are also represented. There was no doubt of the Inca horizon
in this area, as many ceramic specimens have an indubitable Cuzco
cast. It was hard to distinguish clearly among the numerous other
forms, and a trip to Cerro Narrio seemed indicated.

The abundance of surface sherds found by us at Cerro Narrio,
their obvious relation to the "Mayoid" wares described by Uhle,
and the apparent existence of stratified remains there, induced us
to return eventually to this place for an intensive excavation.

In Cuenca we also visited the collections of the late Luis Cordero
and of Padre Miguel T. Duran. Most of the material in these
collections came from east and southeast of Cuenca in the Chordeleg,
Sigsig, and Quinjeo areas. Several attempts to deepen our under-
standing of these forms through a visit to Chordeleg were frustrated
because the bridges were washed out. The problem of why late
horizons in the Canar area are so different from similarly late horizons
in the eastern Azuay area is as yet unsolved. Both areas were
presumably inhabited by the Canari people before the coming of
the Incas and both have an early "Mayoid" horizon. The careful
survey of eastern Azuay is most important for future archaeological
work in southern Ecuador.

28 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

A detailed description and discussion of Canar ceramics and
artifacts will be found in Chapters II, III, and IV.

At present, there are no archaeological data based on systematic
excavation for the Province of Azuay. Azuay pottery, as known
from the above collections and from the abundant illustrations in
Verneau and Rivet (1922), seems to contain numerous anthropo-
morphic forms usually represented by human faces engraved or
modeled on necks of jars. Three different treatments of the human
face can be distinguished.

A. The eyes are an incised circle with a central punctate. The
nose is modeled with lateral punctates for nostrils. The mouth
is usually an incised line. In some instances the eyes and
mouth are engraved rather than incised. The ears are small
and modeled, with a punctate. These vessels are slipped red
and some have no other decoration on the body (PI. 8, Figs.
1-4); others are engraved all over the body with a charac-
teristic step-and-zigzag design (PI. 9, Figs. 1-4, and 6).

B. The second type is characterized by modeled, coffee-bean
eyes, long, prominent nose with punctate nostrils, large,
modeled ears, and a modeled ridge outlining the lower face.
The body may be slipped but otherwise plain (PI. 9, Fig. 5), or
it may be decorated with engravings (PI. 9, Figs. 7-9).
This type is found through much the same area as type A,
as well as in late horizons at Cerro Narrio.

C. The two vessels of the third group came from the region of
Azogues and Chordeleg and are slipped a deep red, both
inside and out. The eye is a modeled ellipsoid, surrounded
by a modeled ridge. The nose is modeled, with flaring nostrils.
Eyebrows are also modeled. Ears are in low relief, while
the mouth is made of two semi-lunar ridges with prominent,
pendent, lower lip. One of the vessels has handles and
one has a series of modeled loops above the maximum diameter
(PI. 10, Figs. 1-3; cf. also Verneau and Rivet, 1922, pi.
46, fig. 1). There are two similar vessels in the Lequerica
Collection in Loja, but their provenience is not known.

There are other forms reported for the area, but they are not
very numerous and the sample is not large enough to allow classifica-
tion. A very interesting vessel (PI. 10, Fig. 4) in the Duran Collec-
tion is reported to have come from the Descanso area between
Azogues and Cuenca. It is of coastal Chavin type and is supposed
to have been washed out of a bank by the rains. A diligent search

THE SURVEY 29

by our group on the hills from which the find was reported failed
to reveal any sherds of similar type. The fragments found there
showed definite Incaic decorations and were usually of a coarse,
utilitarian ware.

Also of interest is a double communicating jar with overall
negative painting on the outside (PI. 10, Fig. 5). Such negative
polka dots are suggestive of early ceramics in the Province of
Chimborazo.

Gold objects have frequently been found in the area, sometimes
in amazing quantities. Detailed description and discussion can be
found in Uhle (1922b), Gonzalez Suarez (1878), Saville (1924), and
Heuzey (1870).

Uhle (1922b, p. 112) has made an attempt to classify the cultures
of the area and has published a chronology for them. He finds a
Maya period, a Tiahuanaco-influenced era, two post-Tiahuanaco
periods and the Incaic wave. His descriptions are very limited and
unsatisfactory. No proof of any kind is brought in support of his
views. Duran (1938a) follows Uhle in this classification.

Obviously only stratigraphic excavation will clarify the relations i
existing between the different Azuay cultures. Uhle has reported
finding what he calls his "Mayoid" culture throughout Canar,
Azuay, and Loja. In our survey we were quite interested in this
distribution, and although frequently we were unable to find what
we now call the Early Narrio horizon, it was possible to confirm
its presence at the confluence of the Rircay and Saraguro rivers in
southernmost Azuay. So far as our survey is concerned this is
also its southernmost authenticated extension in Ecuador.

At the confluence of the Rircay and Saraguro rivers, at an
elevation of about 800 meters, there is a large hacienda called
Sumay Pamba, belonging to the Arias family. Numerous remains
have repeatedly attracted attention and sites by that name have
been described and illustrated by Verneau and Rivet (1912, pp.
106-113) and Uhle (1923c, Maps 8, 9, and 10). By comparing the
data discussed by them, one can see that they refer to two different
ruins at Sumay Pamba. A third site was located by our party.
For purposes of clarification we are presenting a map (Fig. 3) show-
ing the geographic relation between Sumay Pamba A, described by
Rivet; B, mapped by Uhle; and C, visited by us.

The first two sites are large stone-walled enclosures which Rivet
and Uhle believe to be Incaic. Discussion of a similar site in the
Catamayo Valley can be found on page 34.

30

EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Sumay Pamba C, examined by us, consists of a buried stone
structure and sherd areas on the bluff above the river confluence.
The sherds there showed close affinity with Narrio Red-on-Buff
wares (PL 11, Figs. 1 and 3; cf. Chapter II). There were some
Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine sherds, and some Narrio Gross. Canar
Polished bowls with ring bases were also present. The general
impression is one of close similarity to Narrio wares. Intrusive

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Fig. 3. Map showing archaeological sites at Sumay Pamba.

wares of northern provenience found in late horizons at Cerro
Narrio are absent here. There is no evidence of Incaic influence.

Some of the ceramics at this site were different from those
farther north. Thus, shallow bowls with rows of large punctates
on the outside of the rim, polished red slip and white paint are
occasionally found (PI. 11, Figs. 5-6).

Other bowls are red-slipped and decorated with applique
quartered bumps (PI. 11, Fig. 2), while a third type of red-slipped
bowl with very straight rim is highly polished.

Some engraved sherds are also found. The outside is gray and
polished, with parallel grooves and rows of bullet-shaped punctates
(PI. 11, Fig. 4).

Loja Province

Beyond the Jubones we continued our survey into Loja Province,
which is virtually terra incognita archaeologically. Different
occupations have been reported, particularly by Uhle, but these

THE SURVEY 31

have not been substantiated by evidence. In pre-Incaic times, the
Palta Indians, of Jivaro and therefore of presumed Arawak affilia-
tion, occupied the area (Verneau and Rivet, 1912, pp. 36-39,
113-115; Jijon, 1919b, pp. 380-392). Certain ceramics, to be dis-
cussed below, have been identified with the Palta occupation. On
the whole, however, information of archaeological nature about the
group is minimal.

Of the different other occupations postulated for this southern-^
most Ecuadorean province, the "Mayoid" would be the earliest J
(Uhle, 1922c). In our survey we found no evidence for this con- >
tention, either in the sites we visited in Canton Saraguro or in the
Catamayo Valley. A site which Uhle dug near the city of Loja
was visited and the original pits were found. Even the laborers
used by the German investigator were located. There was no
evidence of Red-on-Buff ceramics whatever, and the peones could
not remember finding anything beyond a figurine, which is probably
the one figured by Uhle (1935, fig. 3). The sherds jiLthe area are
coarse and nondescript. In a large collection in the city of Loja
belonging to the late Father Lequerica, there were three or four
tiny sherds which might have been "Mayoid," but the bulk was
peculiar to the area. This, of course, does not preclude the possibility
of eventual location of these Canar-Azuay wares in Loja, although
we found none.

Proto-Panzaleo II, an early culture of north and central Ecuador,
is also represented in Loja, according to Uhle (1927a, p. Ill) and
Jijon (1930, pp. 141-142, pis. 17, fig. 1; 19, fig. 2). Similarly, the
Tuncahuan period, allegedly represented over most of Ecuador, is
also found in Loja (Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, p. 91; and 1930, p. 179,
fig. 26 [2]). Another occupation postulated for the area is Tia-
huanaco. Jijon (1927, vol. 1, p. 134) feels that Loja was the province
in Ecuador which showed strongest Tiahuanaco influence, while
Uhle claims that figurines of an "Epigonal" character have been
found in Loja (Uhle, 1920b, p. 52, note). The evidence for these
statements has never been discussed or published. If we accept
Tiahuanaco influence in some of the gold objects from Azuay
(Means, 1931, pp. 162-167) it is quite probable that it came by way
of Loja. Unfortunately, so far nothing concrete has been shown to
come from that province that could be definitely labeled Tiahuanaco.

CARAPALI

Our survey party visited several sites in the Saraguro area on
the properties of Messrs. Arias and Burneo. At several points

32 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

called Ayaloma and Llunlli, above the Carapali hacienda at an
elevation of 2,700 meters, there was abundant evidence of aboriginal
occupation. The tops of hills were terraced and the ceramics were
of a coarse, undecorated type. Only this utilitarian ware was
found. The dominant forms are wide-mouthed jars and com-
poteras, the feet of which show an occasional touch of red slip.
The ware is coarsely tempered and dull orange in color.

CHILPAS

The same ware was found in abundance at a ridge called Chilpas
(elevation 3,200 meters), midway between Hacienda Seucer and
Hacienda San Jose\ There it was sparingly mixed with Incaic forms
and the tempering was less coarse than that of the ware found
at Carapali. More vessels show evidence of painting, particularly
on rims, and one bowl has alternate bands of red and white on the
outside. Shallow compoteras with perpendicular walls and a single
perforation in the foot are frequent, as are coarse bowls with similarly
straight walls. Tripod vessels and wide-mouthed jars with slightly
flaring rims, all coarse and poorly smoothed, are also frequent.
A multicameral structure with stone walls of Incaic construction is
located on top of the ridge.

GUANDO

A large site which was probably inhabited by the same people
is located at Guando, a high ridge (elevation 3,400 meters) about
15 km. south of Hacienda Uduzhi. Here the northern and southern
approaches to a flat ridge top are terraced, and some of the terraces
are faced with stone. The terraces are 1.5 to 3 meters high. Ceramic
material is very abundant and forms a mound in one spot at the
center of the ridge. The sherds are piled up very densely and form
a deposit 1.5 meters deep and 5 meters in diameter. Several smaller
trash-pits were also found.

The ceramics here follow the pattern found in the area. The
ware is utilitarian and crude. Only a few vessels are slipped or
polished. Mica temper which could be seen at Chilpas is more
frequent here. Shallow and flat-topped compoteras are in evidence.
As at Chilpas, the feet of the compoteras have a single perforation
just below the bowl (PI. 11, Fig. 8). Perforated feet are common
in central Ecuador, but vessels from that area usually have three
windows cut into the clay. Tripod bowls, crude shallow dishes and
other utilitarian shapes are frequent. A ring-based bowl and a
scalloped rim were peculiar to Guando, as was the evidence of

THE SURVEY 33

/fabric impression_on the inside of bowls (PI. 11, Fig. 7). This two-
strand, plain twined pattern is the only fabric impression reported
for Ecuador. The fragments on which it occurs are in no way dif-
ferent from typical Saraguro wares in other respects.

CATAMAYO VALLEY

After an unsuccessful search for "Mayoid" sites around the
city of Loja, and because of our inability to proceed to the Peruvian
border on account of the conflict then going on, we descended into
the Catamayo Valley, which is west of Loja.

The Catamayo Valley is much lower (elevation about 750
meters) than the surrounding highlands. It is a dry, hot area, with
tropical vegetation near the river and arid wastelands beyond. Its
importance lies in the fact that the Catamayo becomes the Chira
River which flows southwest and empties into the Pacific well down
on the north coast of Peru. Eventual tie-ups with that coast would
be of considerable interest.

Trapichillo is located two kilometers west of La Toma. It was
an area of dense aboriginal occupation as shown by the numerous
remains spread over a large area. The most typical pottery for the
area is a coarse utilitarian ware, orajige jn_cpk>r, with irregular appli-
que" rims, some straight and some flaring (PI. 12, Figs. 1-2). This
pottery is barely smoothed, showing no evidence that it was polished
or slipped. Bowls, jars with flaring rims, and tripods are present.

A different ware, somewhat coarser than the preceding, uses
applique" bands of clay just below the rim on the exterior of vessels.
These bands, 1.3 to 2.2 cm. in width, sometimes parallel the rims;
in others they zigzag on the neck. The bands are decorated with
double rows of reed punctates (PL 12, Figs. 3-5). In one case the
applique" band undulates in wide loops, suggesting a snake. It, too,
shows a double punched line (PI. 12, Fig. 6).

The third common ware is thinner and finer than the others.
It is not slipped, is orange in color and well smoothed. The shapes
for the most part are bowls, and jars with flaring rims. The outside,
below the rim, is decorated with painted lines running vertically or
horizontally, and sometimes crisscrossing each other (PL 12, Figs.
7-10). Their color varies from purple through maroon almost to
black. In a few cases there is a narrow band of purple festoons
painted on the inside of the bowl just below the rim.

These wares are also abundantly represented in the Lequerica
Collection already mentioned. They are presumably from the

34 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Province of Loja, though not necessarily from Trapichillo. Sr.
Jijon y Caamafio has indicated in a private communication that he
believes the sherds to be of Palta manufacture.

Another site in the same valley, located six kilometers south of
La Toma on the property of Dr. Jose Maria Eguiguren, is known
as Valle Hermoso. The sherds there were few and nondescriptly
utilitarian. A large stone- walled structure, 650 meters long by about
500 meters wide, is also located on the property. It is very similar
to structures mentioned in the Jubones Valley (p. 29). The outside
wall, paralleling the road, is about one meterjugh, and the cross
walls, which divide the whole enclosure into long, narrow stalls,
barely protrude above the surface. Verneau and Rivet (1912, p.
112) suggest that such structures could have been used for ware-
houses or barracks by the Incas. If they had been used in this
way, the walls would be considerably higher, or if they had fallen,
the ground would be full of rubble. Such is not the case. Uhle
(1923c, p. 12) thinks that they were irrigated fields. Whatever
their use, the builders of the enclosures are not certain to have been
the Incas. No ceramic evidence of Inca occupation was found.
The senior author of this report has seen somewhat similar walled
enclosures on the north and central coast of Peru, particularly in
the Casma Valley, where they are pre-Inca, though definitely late.

A visit to the oft-mentioned Lequerica, Collection was not as
fruitful as it might have been, because of the loss of the collector's
catalogue. Father Lequerica died a few years ago, after accumulat-
ing a large collection from the area. Each item was recorded and
catalogued, but unfortunately the heirs misplaced the records.
Therefore we were unable to consider a group of vessels of Late
Chimu type, because their exact provenience was unknown. Had
they been found at Loja, the importance of this collection would
have been great.

As mentioned earlier, there were a few sherds in the collection
which tied up with the Canar area. The presence of engraved and
polished fragments suggests a late intrusion from the north. We
are not sure that these sherds came from Loja.

One interesting sherd is reddish and shows grooving or incising
with a wide and rounded tool, besides some punctates. Such
"pressed out" decoration is extremely rare at Narrio but appears
to be frequent in the north Peruvian highlands.

II. CERRO NARRIO

Introduction

In familiarizing ourselves with the literature on Ecuadorean
archaeology there was one site that kept reappearing in both Uhle's
and Jijon's writing. Concrete data were few, but the value of the
site in theoretical consideration appeared to be great. It was one
of the most important "Mayoid" sites in the Cuenca-Canar region
and it was said to be the type site for a later, derived civilization —
that of the "clay seats." Here and there hints were dropped about
connections with Tuncahuan horizons to the north and Tiahuanaco
to the south. Its name, Cerro Narrio, appears in text or footnotes
in every article dealing witlfEcuadorean prehistory published after _
1922. The large collection of Narrio ceramics at the Colegio Benigno
Malo in Cuenca convinced us that the significance of the site had
not been exaggerated.

Contact was made with Sr. Ezequiel Clavijo of Cafiar, who had
sold the above collection to the colegio. Sr. Clavijo had been
active for the past twenty-five years in the Cafiar region, deriving
a fair income from his devotion to treasure-hunting.

Cerro Narrio, a steep-sided hill approximately 100 meters high,
is 700 meters west of and across the Rio Quillohuac from the town
of Cafiar, at an elevation of 3,100 meters (PI. 13, upper; Maps 2
and 3). A desolate place, virtually without any vegetation, it
attracted Sr. Clavijo as early as 1914, because of the abundance of
potsherds and other evidence of aboriginal occupation. Through the
years he dug here and there, occasionally being rewarded for his
efforts with a whole pot, a row of beads, or other Indian trinkets,
the market for which was always steady in Cuenca.

In January, 1922, this idyllic picture was blasted wide open.
A local boy, Pepe Are>alo, found some gold objects while playing
on the hill. What happened next is best described by Max Uhle
(1922 f):

All Cafiar is extremely excited by the finds made some time early last
week. Digging folk have invaded Narrio hill and their numbers are growing
every day. They consider themselves masters of the situation and no pro-
vincial force available could dislodge them, if you remember their naturally
obdurate character. Saturday there were perhaps two hundred persons
working on the hill; yesterday and today there were four hundred or so. An
even larger mob hung around curiously watching the proceeding. Five
tents have so far been installed. Many people work day and night; the dawn
finds them digging, and they live, eat and sleep on the hill. From far or

35

36 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

near, Narrio reminds you of an ant hill with expeditions going forth in all
directions to investigate the neighboring area. The road to the hill is full
of working ants — food vendors, spectators, and diggers going back with or
without loot.

The digging folk are getting nobler; lawyers and society people are forming
excavating companies. Recently a new company with ample resources was
formed, mostly made up of lawyers, 32 in all, ready to go into action any
minute now. Other companies are formed constantly on the hill itself. The
whole surface has already been parcelled out and the end of this madness
cannot yet be seen.

And here are the facts. Occasionally gold has been found and is still
being found. It is rarely solid gold. Most of the time copper shines brilliantly
and blinds the masses. It is very doubtful if even two pounds of gold were
recovered. '

The finds did not improve as time went by, and in 1941 only
three men kept the faith and continued digging. Clavijo had
meanwhile accumulated a large collection of pottery and other
artifacts which he sold in 1940 to the colegio in Cuenca.

The hill showed the signs of these efforts. A heavy, crunching
carpet of Red-on-Buff sherds covered its lower reaches and upper
platform. Large holes and yawning caves, only half filled by wind
and rain, were everywhere, and in places the contours of the hill had
been considerably altered (PI. 13, lower; PI. 14). It seemed as if every-
thing had been disturbed and no place was available for excavation.
But the remarkable quality and wide variety of our surface collec-
tions, as well as the assurance of Uhle that the site was stratified,
indicated that a concerted effort should be made to find undisturbed
spots where the "Mayoid" cultures could be dug for and studied.

Excavations

Eventually we stayed in Canar a month, and with a crew of
eight laborers sank sixteen trenches and test pits on various parts
of the hill (Map 3). These trenches varied from 1 by 1 to 4 by 12
meters and they usually were more than 2 meters deep, some going
even beyond 3 meters. Interest in treasure-hunting was still suffi-
cient in Canar to make it necessary to guard our excavations at
night to prevent looting.

An excavation technique was employed that was adapted to
such a disturbed site. Frequently, separating walls were left stand-
ing between the holes dug by treasure hunters. Such land-bridges

1 Uhle was present at the height of these activities and observed the treasure
hunters at work. He acquired pottery and objects of metal from the diggers,
and this is the material he has reported on. He did not carry out systematic
excavations at Cerro Narrio.

VA

£■

%,

%K

:\

iHt Libhfchl
OF THE

VALLE DE CANAR

ij^js*; lower edges 01 hills
-...: higher hills
0 100 Z50 500

—r-—- — ~~^^ ■ . • •• .• : ■ ■ ■ • ■ wr^

' %. ;

^W***

y.:}::'y^9S!giitia0

MAP 2. MAP OF CANAK VALLEY

P pit \
# postholes \
limit of excavation ^

\

MMMMffT

METERS

Fig. 4. Plan of north section of Trench 1, Cerro Narrio.

37

38 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

represented perfect testing grounds, and after preliminary clearing
to see any possible natural strata in the soil or any evidence of
disturbance, these were stratigraphically excavated. In such cases
the vertical cutting method was used, with objects and sherds from
every level carefully separated. Where pits had to be sunk, the
levels were always 15 cm. thick, while in cases where natural strati-
fication could be seen before digging, excavation followed natural
lines, returning to artificial 15 cm. levels only when no strata could
be discerned.

The trenches on the top platform of Cerro Narrio, Nos. 6-10,
were shallower than the rest. This proved significant, as later
analysis showed that this part of the hill was inhabited only during
the later period of occupancy.

Apparently the whole hill had been occupied at one time or an-
other, and houses were located in trenches 1, 3, 4, and 6. On the
whole, however, there seems to be some discrepancy between the
number of houses and the immense quantity of ceramic material
found. Uhle has suggested that parts of the hill were used only for
ceremonial purposes. It has also been suggested that this pottery
was used as grave goods by a people attaching considerable impor-
tance to seeing that their dead went to the other world fully equipped
with ceramic utensils. Be this as it may, the hill gives the impression
of a gigantic ceramic trash heap, and 33,434 sherds whose provenience
was certain were recovered, not counting several thousand sherds
picked up on the surface because some special feature of shape,
texture, or finish had caught the eye of the investigator.

The trenching and test pitting were done in an attempt to cover
methodically the different parts of the hill.

Trench 1 was 10 meters long and 2 wide. It was sunk in the lower
reaches on the west side of the hill in a relatively undisturbed area.
The levels were all 15 cm. thick, and the trench was 2.20 meters
deep. Five burials, flexed and apparently in sitting position, were
uncovered. Four of these burials contained no grave goods, and the
fifth, which probably contained copper objects, was robbed during
the night, before guards had been posted. These burials were
covered with piles of boulders. The northern part of the trench con-
tained charred maize in level 9, and a pit and postholes cut into
the hardpan at a depth of 1.80 meters (Fig. 4; PI. 15, upper).

A 6-meter profile (Fig. 5) was drawn on the east side of the
trench and a 1 by 1 meter test pit sunk in an apparently undisturbed

El. of
Confoi

C

I

/'""

• • • •"■- •

OUHMWTI « V®*

. ...

(A

CERRO NARRIO

39

area of this face, in order to check through vertical cutting the
results achieved through horizontal excavation.

Trench 2 (2 by 2 meters) was on the east side of the hill.
Hardpan was reached at a depth of 60 cm. But for some intrusive
engraved sherds, little was recovered from this trench.

Trenches 3 and U were sunk in a terrace on the east shoulder
of the hill. Originally 2 meters square, these trenches were enlarged
to follow out posthole structures which were uncovered.

surfoce soil
light brown soil
dark brown loam
white, lumpy earth

0 25 50

light brown soil
brown soil
dark soil

too

yellow sandy soil
dark brown fill
orange hardpan
red hardpan (burned)

CENTIMETERS

Fig. 5. Vertical section of east wall of Trench 1, Cerro Narrio.

Trench 3 was begun as a pit 2 meters square and cut down in
15 cm. levels. Postholes were found in the fill at a depth of 50 cm.
The trench was then enlarged to follow out the postholes, revealing
a rectangular posthole structure measuring 4 by 4 meters in the
north end of the trench (Fig. 6), and a profusion of small, shallow
postholes in no discernible order in a southern extension of the
trench. The original 2-meter square was then cut down in 15 cm.
levels until hardpan was reached at a depth of 2.45 meters. In
level 7 an alignment of rocks was uncovered. Below these were
three adult burials. The bodies were tightly flexed, two lying on
the right side and one on the face. There were no artifacts asso-
ciated with these burials.

Trench 1+, on the terrace to the northeast of Trench 3, was like-
wise begun as a pit 2 meters square. At the bottom of 60 cm. of

• postholes
/////. test section

limit of excavation

• •

\
\
\
\

• *
\

• \

H M l-l l-l l-l I-

\ •
\
\
\
\
\
\
? \

Fig. 6. Plan of Trench 3, Cerro Narrio, showing postholes of Late house.

40

• pestholes

h hearth lined with stones
7/////, test section
limit of excavation

Fig. 7. Plan of Trench 4, Cerro Narrio, showing postholes of Late house.

41

42 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

fill rich in coarse, thick sherds, four postholes were found in a line
parallel to the direction of the terrace. The line of these holes was
followed by means of a narrow trench, revealing a rectangular struc-
ture 4 by 11 meters, with rounded corners on the inner side of the
terrace (Fig. 7). The fill inside the structure was then removed.

Next the whole structure was cut down 25 cm. in two levels
in an attempt to find a floor. Sections of well-packed floor were
found at the bottom of the second level but did not extend over
the whole structure. At this level there was much ash, evidence
of charred, matted paja, and a well-made stone-lined hearth (PL 15,
lower). The postholes extended from 15 to 25 cm. below this level.
The original 2-meter square, enlarged to 2 by 4 meters, was then cut
down in 15 cm. levels until hardpan was reached at a depth of 2.50
meters. Six small postholes in a line parallel to the terrace were
found cut into the hardpan.

Trench 5 was on the west slope of the hill; 2 meters wide, 1.10
meters deep, it was abandoned after one meter of excavation be-
cause of the poor sherd yield.

Trench 6 was on the top platform of Cerro Narrio, one of the most
pitted places on the hill. Huge holes, 10 meters and more in diameter,
had been sunk by the treasure hunters, and folklore had it that some
were from 7 to 10 meters deep.

Many boulders studded the place and the local people claimed
that "walls" were to be found everywhere. It was decided to
investigate this claim and to see what new data could be obtained
about ceramics.

A rectangular structure of boulders and some postholes were
found, evidently a room in a large multicameral structure (PL 14,
lower). Unfortunately this was impossible to follow out because of
the pitting. Even the walls of this one room had been bitten into
twice (Fig. 8). Several test pits were sunk inside and outside the
structure. Another posthole wall was found lower down, in the
hardpan at 1.60 meters (Fig. 9), but could not be followed out
because of the coming of the rainy season, which made impossible
the removal of the large amount of overburden.

Trench 7 was dug near Trench 6 in an attempt to check the
data from the latter. A combination of natural and artificial levels
was used, and the trench was carried to a depth of 1.25 meters.

Trench 8 had some very clearly delimited natural levels, though
it also showed mostly evidence of a later occupation. It was 1.45
meters deep.

/
n

a

it

t> o^ ^ tW

SP

c^\axS

I Q^Qkj

w

'---/

'~o<

9 postholes
Q^) stones
IH^I modern pits
limits of excovation

Fig. 8. Plan showing postholes and stones of upper house in Trench 6,
Cerro Narrio. Superimposed transparent sheet shows stones which lay immediately
above postholes.

43

4-'

EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

fill rich in coarse, thick sherds, four posthdles were found in a line
parallel to the direction of the terrace. The line of these holes was
followed by means^f a narrow trench, revealing a rectangular struc-
ture 4 by 11 ;^^^^pivith rounded corners -on the inner side of the
terrace (Fig. ||||g||pe fill inside-the structure was then removed.
Next the "w^^^stfucture was cut down\ 25 cm. in two levels
in an attenipt torfind a
founl

u^ections of-, well-packed floor were

the bo^toftj,^ t$ie seconcb Igvel but\xUd- fiot ektend over

s^ructfrre. J^At this level there $as (mftcfeFasm evidence

atted^fe, and^ well-madejS^-foedEJarth (PI. 15,

poath^le^Q^teAd^^OWft) ft) 25 cm. below^his level.

^€imarged to 2 wy 4 meters; was then cut

ifpardpan wa^^^ied at a depth of 2.50

les in a linej|pi||pl to the ^errace were

as on tr^^vest <sJope of the^nill; 2 meters wide, 1.10

t Was a^^dor^^after one fleeter of excavation be-

ielg. <0 CS.

la^prm of Cerr

e holes, 10 met
$3$mters, and i

p.

al^ pc>st]
the Ware'*

Tar|io, one of the most

ore in diameter,

had it that some

t^ Local people claimed

fhgf^UJ w>^' ^ided to

at new data ce^jld be obtained

cr^

cause of;^p||poor sher^

Trench tfjvas"6n the x<
pitted plajipQn the hillV-1
had beenjpik by the tr€
were fr6jff|f to 10 meters/

Many^oulqers studd<
that "jdpfs" were to be0
investfgprte this <?laim and
about^flramics. '

A rectangular\ structure of boulders ~and some postholes were
found, evidently a^ room- rn"a large multicameral structure (PI. 14,
lower). Unfortunately this was impossible to follow out because of
the pitting. Even the walls of this one room had been bitten into
twice (Fig. 8). Several test pits were sunk inside and outside the
structure. Another posthole wall was found lower down, in the
hardpan at 1.60 meters (Fig. 9), but could not be followed out
because of the coming of the rainy season, which made impossible
the removal of the large amount of overburden.

Trench 7 was dug near Trench 6 in an attempt to check the
data from the latter. A combination of natural and artificial levels
was used, and the trench was carried to a depth of 1.25 meters.

Trench 8 had some very clearly delimited natural levels, though
it also showed mostly evidence of a later occupation. It was 1.45
meters deep.

IP

---/

••:.••

--/

# postholes
Q^) stones
^^^ modern pits
limits of excavation

I 0

BHHHHE

Fig. 8. Plan showing postholes and stones of upper house in Trench 6,
Cerro Narrio. Superimposed transparent sheet shows stones which lay immediately
above postholes.

43

44 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Trench 9 was sunk at the northern edge of the platform, and
although it went deeper than the other trenches it was notably
late in time. At a depth of 1.80 meters we encountered a row of
boulders which could have been part of a wall surrounding the plat-
form, but time prohibited closer investigation. Hardpan was reached
at 3.10 meters.

Trench 10, one of the smaller pits, was quite shallow and was
excavated in natural levels alone. It was 1.70 meters deep and
one meter square. It was consistent with the other trenches on
top of the hill.

Trenches 11-1 U were sunk on the northeast promontory of the
hill, which had been declared peculiarly "Mayoid" by Uhle. The
promontory proved to have been unevenly occupied, for Trench 11
contained only the Early horizon of occupation, while in the other
three trenches both Early and Late horizons were found, although
there the early horizon was not as rich or as deep as in Trench 11.

Trench 11 was 2.30 meters deep, and pottery typical of the later
period was almost completely lacking. The Early wares in this
trench were remarkably rich and abundant.

Trench 12 was 1.50 meters deep and dug in artificial levels of
15 cm. It was shallower than the other trenches excavated in this
part of the hill because it was farthest out on the promontory, where
apparently the hill had been less intensively occupied. Both Early
and Late horizons were represented.

Trench 13 went down to 1.95 meters into what probably was
an area of fluctuating use, as the sherd yield varied considerably
from level to level.

Trench 14- was 2 meters deep, and the sherd yield was poor,
although conforming to the pattern of trenches 12 and 13.

Trench 15 was on the southwest side of the hill. Hardpan was
reached at a depth of 2.60 meters. The sherd yield was abundant
and typical.

Trench 16, not far from Trench 15, was carried to a depth of
2.10 meters. Postholes were found in level 8, but the rains prevented
closer investigation.

Pottery

The basic ceramic type found in all the trenches at Cerro
Narrio, the type which so attracted Uhle, is a buff pottery that
is decorated with red painted bands: Narrio Red-on-Buff. There are
several varieties, and the one that particularly attracts attention

• pos tholes ~~ *"
5$$$ modern pit
limit of excavation

BHHHH1

Fig. 9. Plan showing postholes of lower house in Trench 6, Cerro Narrio.

45

46 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

is Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine, an unusually delicate and characteristic
ware.1 Although these wares have been found elsewhere in the
southern highlands, their description was attempted only once
(Uhle, 1922c) and in that case it followed non-stratigraphic exca-
vation. As whole vessels of this ware are exceedingly rare, care-
ful excavation is doubly important. It was therefore felt by the
authors of the present report that new names had to be devised to
designate the separate wares and their subdivisions.

The names heretofore applied to Cerro Narrio pottery are not
limited to pottery forms alone, but are terms applying to whole
"civilizations," established sometimes on only one trait. Thus the
terms "Mayoid" ware or "Chaullabamba" pottery refer to a whole
series of ceramic forms, some of which belong to a later horizon,
that of the "clay seat" or "clay drum" period.

The method used in this report is to give a separate name to
each ware, regardless of the "civilization" or period to which it
belongs. According to accepted procedure, such a designation
contains a geographic name, usually the focal site, and a neutral
descriptive term (e.g., Narrio Red-on-Buff). Qualifiers can be
added to distinguish sub-types.

As will be seen, we have been sparing in our creation of ware
names. Many different wares of intrusive character are represented
among our pottery. We have avoided any designation which might
be misleading, and have added a geographic name only when origin
was certain. In all other cases, our references are purely descriptive
(e.g., Black Engraved, Glossy Red Engraved).

Whenever such intrusive wares belong to ceramic types identified
elsewhere, we have refrained from tampering with the original
designations (e.g., Elen Pata, Tuncahuan). For the sake of con-
venience we have used these already published names, despite the
fact that they are unsatisfactory because they designate simulta-
neously a ware or group of wares and a civilization or cultural period.

CERRO NARRIO WARES

Narrio Red-on-Buff

Narrio Red-on-Buff is the basic ware in the Canar Valley,

13,028 sherds, or 39 per cent of the total excavated at Cerro Narrio,

belonging to this ware. It is found throughout all periods at Cerro

1 In this report we have used the term "ware" in a general sense to refer to
pottery types and to broader ceramic groupings.

V~A

»l

^\\

U'<

WW

Fig. 10. Narrio Red-on-Buff rim forms. First and third rows, flaring rims of
jars; second row, vertical and flaring rims of jars, and tall jar rims with sharp
ridges; bottom row, Late jar and bowl forms. All rim profiles are shown with
exteriors to right. Scale 1:2.7.

47

48 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Narrio, although minor specialized forms and variants occur only
at certain levels.

Color and Paste. — The color is usually light buff and the range
is not wide. It is well worked and finished pottery. The core of
the sherd is rarely blackened in this basic ware. Thickness varies
from 3.5 to 8.5 mm. Hardness varies from 3 to 4.5 (Moh's scale).

Form. — The globular jar with flaring rim, standing 20 to 30 cm.
high, is the common shape (Fig. 10; PL 16, Fig. 1). This jar is found
consistently through all levels. In addition, the occupants of the
upper levels made smaller jars, usually low-shouldered but other-
wise similar to the basic form (Fig. 10; PL 16, Fig. 11; PL 17, Fig. 1).
Bowls were also found in upper levels. For additional discussion
of these see Variant D.

Surface Finish and Decoration. — The vessels are well smoothed
and uniform. The inside of vessels frequently shows impressions
of the grass-covered tool used to smooth and build the vessel. The
outside was probably smoothed by clay or stone tools, which are
described under "Artifacts."

In the immense majority of cases the lip of Narrio Red-on-Buff
vessels is painted red and well polished. There are usually several
red bands painted on either the inside or the outside of the vessels
(PL 16, Figs. 2, 3, 5, and 7). The outside at the widest diameter is
usually girdled by a red band. All such red bands are polished, while
the buff original paste is not. In Narrio Red-on-Buff such coinci-
dence between painted and polished areas, while close, is not so
perfect as in Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine.

The painted bands on a few jars of the late type discussed above
are not red, but a mottled red and white, red and black, or white
and black, with uneven polishing (PL 17, Fig. 1).

Line luster, a polishing technique which consists of single stroke
polishing of the unfired vessel in such a way as to obtain a design,
is frequently employed on Red-on-Buff pottery (PL 17, Figs. 2-6),
although regular patterns are less frequent than in Red-on-Buff Fine.

Besides those mentioned above there are certain other decorative
elements that occur only occasionally. Thus small handles are some-
times found low on the neck where it joins the body of the vessel.

Some jars with flaring rims and taller necks have a sharp ridge
on the neck midway to the body (Fig. 10, second row; PL 17, Fig. 7;
also Verneau and Rivet, 1922, pi. 24, fig. 6). On rare occasions the
body is ornamented with a low pinched line at shoulder level (PL 18,
Figs. 1-3). A few of these sherds come from low, wide-mouthed

CERRO NARRIO 49

jars, and in addition to a line of punching or wide incisions on shoulder
or neck, these have a series of painted, unpolished, thick and irreg-
ular purple lines, running from rim to shoulder where they meet a
band (PI. 18, Figs. 4-6). Applique festoons and notched welts are
found occasionally on the upper part of the body (PI. 18, Figs. 7-12).
Beyond these standard forms and decorations, we also found
several variants. They are characteristic but infrequent forms.
Two of them (A and B) are limited to a few sherds, and their connec-
tions with the basic Red-on-Buff, while probable, are not certain.

FIG. 11. Rim forms of Narrio Red-on-Buff, Variant C. Scale 1:1.8.

The two others (C and D) are a little more frequent and their
affiliation with Red-on-Buff is undoubted.

Variant A. — Limited to early levels of the hill are shoe-shaped
vessels, with a notched or punched-in welt running to the toe along
the middle of the upper (PI. 19, Figs. 1-4). From this vertebral
welt, parallel, thick luster lines run perpendicularly towards the
bottom. The uppers are slipped a dull red.

Investigation may prove this variant to be a ware by itself.
Shoe-shaped vessels have a wide distribution in the Andean area.

Variant B also occurs rarely. These small, squat jars with
flaring rims are limited to the earlier levels (PI. 19, Figs. 5-8).
The rim is flattish and shows numerous short, white painted lines
on the red-slipped lip. On the body, a white line runs in wide
scallops around the vessel, circumscribing the polished area below.
The white line may be limited by an incision or by punctates. In
one case scallops are replaced by triangles, similarly delimited.

Variant C is much more frequent than variants A and B, and
runs up to 2.6 per cent of all sherds, and 6 per cent of Narrio Red-
on-Buff. It is consistently found in lower levels. The vessels are

50 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

usually globular or elongated jars with flaring rims (Fig. 11). But
for a thin red polished line on the lip, they are unslipped and un-
polished. The area between rim and shoulder is always incised
(PI. 19, Figs. 9-13). It is usually first divided into triangles which
are then hatched in with parallel lines. This pottery frequently
shows signs of fire blackening on the bottom. It is thinner than
standard Red-on-Buff ware, ranging from 2 to 4.5 mm. in thickness.

Variant D differs from the others by being limited to the upper
trench levels. It contains two new shapes in Narrio Red-on-Buff
ceramics: the bowl (Fig. 10, bottom row) and the compotera. It
also introduces two new decorative elements, inside painting of a
vessel and zoned punctates.

The bowl and the compotera are closely related forms, the second
being a footed bowl. In Variant D these forms are both fairly small
and quite thin-walled, the average thickness being less than that of
standard Red-on-Buff pottery. The lip is painted and polished red.
Usually, below the lip the inside shows several thin, parallel, painted
and polished bands (PI. 20, Figs. 1, 3-4). The inside of the bowl is
customarily divided into quadrants by red lines. The quadrants
are filled with diverse painted designs, red dots being the favorite
decorative element. Wavy and zigzag lines, short lines perpendicular
to the two axes, and loose scrolls or hooks are also used (PI. 20,
Figs. 4-7). On the outside there are several painted and polished
bands. In between painted bands there are punctate lines and zones,
frequently delimited by incised lines (PI. 20, Figs. 8-11).

Feet of Red-on-Buff compoteras are quite low. They are un-
perf orated. The outside is usually incised, the step-design being a
preferred motif (PI. 20, Figs. 12-13). Occasionally there are no
incisions on the foot, but only a red band around its base (PI. 20,
Fig. 14), an analogy with the painted lip, a basic and standard
characteristic of all Narrio Red-on-Buff pottery.

A peculiarly shaped, though probably related vessel is pear-
shaped and has several red stripes running from the neck and
meeting a red band below the shoulder. Zoned punctates are
punched into the unslipped corridors (PI. 20, Fig. 18).

Finally, similar to Variant D, though not necessarily identical,
is a small group of jars with nail impressions on neck and upper
body (PI. 20, Figs. 15-17, and 19).

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine
Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine is a spectacular pottery, thin and
very delicate, which is typical of the lower levels at Cerro Narrio.

CERRO NARRIO 51

This was the prototype for Uhle's "Mayoid" ware, or, as Jijon
called it, Chaullabamba. Although 10,566 sherds of this type were
found (31.6 per cent of total sherds from Narrio), not a single com-
plete vessel was recovered. One whole jar is owned by the colegio in
Cuenca (PI. 21, Fig. 3). It is so light that the breeze in the corridor
blew it about when we were photographing it. Uhle illustrates
some reconstructed vessels which seem also to belong here (PI. 21,
Figs. 2 and 10).

<CS(

{

Fig. 12. Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine rim forms. Scale 1:1.8.

Color and Paste. — As stated, it is very thin, uniformly light buff
pottery. The thickness varies between 1.3 and 4 mm., with most
sherds falling between 2 and 3 mm. Rims are considerably heavier.
The whole is well kneaded and very well fired, the core being con-
sistently black. The hardness varies between 3.5 and 5. When
dropped, the fragments give a characteristic metallic ring. Although
it would seem that such thin ware could not be readily used for cook-
ing, the bottoms of some of the vessels have been blackened by fire
and have carbonized matter adhering to the inside.

Form. — As in standard Narrio Red-on-Buff, globular jars with
flaring rims are the usual form (Fig. 12; PL 21). Elongated jars
occur infrequently, and so do short vertical rims. Small bowls
are rare.

Surface Finish and Decoration. — The vessels are well smoothed.
Red bands are frequently painted on the rim and the shoulder of

52 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

the vessel. Of 2,087 rims examined, only 46 have no red painted
band. All others have at least a band on the lip proper, while 693
(33 per cent) have one or more bands on the inside, 522 (or 25 per
cent) on the outside, and 396 (19 per cent) are painted on both sides
(PI. 21, Figs. 4-9). These painted bands are usually polished, partic-
ularly those on the inside of the rim. Outside bands are sometimes
left unpolished. Whenever polishing occurs it is very carefully
limited to the painted band, with the exception of the rim insides
which have overall polishing. The inside of the vessels is usually
undecorated.

The plain area between rim and shoulder is occasionally painted
with spirals, commas, dots, zigzag and vertical lines or other geo-
metric figures (PI. 22, Figs. 4-12; PI. 23, Figs. 5-11).

Line luster (see p. 48) is not as frequent as in standard Red-on-
Buff pottery, but is usually more delicate and forms clearly dis-
cernible patterns (PI. 22, Figs. 10-19; PI. 23, Figs. 1-4).

In less than one per cent of cases, the vessels are not smoothly
globular, but have several bulbous areas separated by depressions,
which may be incised (PI. 23, Figs. 5-7). Short, vertical rims are
frequently associated with such forms. Each projection is painted
red and polished, and may be bordered by a row of red, unpolished
dots (PI. 23, Figs. 5, 8-11).

Small, snug-fitting handles are found infrequently on the neck
(PI. 21, Fig. 5; PI. 22, Fig. 3). They are not functional.

Occasionally, particularly on bulbous vessels, zoomorphic heads
are placed on the body near the rim or projecting from it (PI. 21,
Fig. 2; PI. 23, Figs. 12-14). Tiny lugs protrude on rare occasions
from the lip.

Sometimes also, but very infrequently, vessels from lower levels
have anthropomorphic decoration below the rim. As no whole
vessels showing this decoration have been found, our understanding
of them is limited. The nose and ears are usually in low relief
while the eye is a depressed circular area in which a pellet of clay
has been placed (PI. 24, Figs. 1, 2, 4, and 6; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 76B).
So far as we know there is no parallel for this type of face elsewhere
in Ecuador.

In the upper levels the face changes, with the nose in more
salient relief, with perforated nasal septum (PI. 24, Figs. 7, 10-12).
The eye is a "coffee-bean" eye (see Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, pis. 25, 40,
and 46).

CERRO NARRIO 53

Canar Polished

Color and Paste. — The color of this ware is buff, occasionally
varying to gray. The paste is fine, even, and very well fired, the
core being black to within 0.5 mm. or less of the surface. The
temper is fine and evenly distributed. The paste varies in hardness
from 4 to 5. Walls are 3.5-6 mm. thick.

Form. — The only forms are bowls and plates (Fig. 13). The
bowls usually have ring bases, but not always. Bowl walls may be
straight or curved. The plates are usually quite flat. The rims of
a few bowls are finished in wide scallops (PI. 25, Figs. 1-2; PI. 26,
Figs. 1-3). There are two examples of large shallow bowls with
wide flaring rims (the larger is 28 cm. in diameter). These are
atypical in form in their large size and in the fact that they lack
polish on the interior surface; but in all other respects they fall into
this classification (Fig. 13, third row).

Surface Treatment and Decoration. — The pottery is uniformly
smooth and well finished. There is usually a red slip on one or
both surfaces, as follows:

Per cent

Slip on both surfaces 39

Slip on interior only 20

Slip on exterior only 17

No slip 24

All surfaces are usually highly polished. It should be noted,
however, that the bottom exteriors of bowls with ring bases are
almost never slipped and are often unpolished. The interiors of
the bowls with flaring rims mentioned above are unpolished, as well
as unslipped. Cylindrical bowls generally have unslipped and
unpolished interiors. These bowls are lightly engraved with parallel
straight and curved lines on the exterior surface, and have small,
unslipped, polished lugs on the outside near the base (PI. 25, Fig. 5).
The unslipped interiors of bowls and plates are sometimes decorated
with negative dots, hooks, scrolls, or wavy designs (PI. 26, Figs. 5-9).

Canar Polished is found largely in lower levels, and it comprises
4.06 per cent of all sherds. The outer surfaces are never fire-black-
ened. A type found in lower levels which appears related to Canar
Polished consists of large jars with flaring necks and constricted rims
(Fig. 13; PI. 26, Fig. 10). The lips and the outside of the rims have
a red slip, and are well polished. The necks are unslipped and
unpolished and bear applique" buttons. Occasionally on the exterior
of the body (probably on the shoulder) are small, circular, molded
faces. These faces are placed on the vessel before slipping, and are

54 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

made by applying to the vessel wall a circular lump of clay into which
are punched round holes for eyes and a horizontal groove for the
mouth (PI. 26, Figs. 12-13). Interiors are unslipped and unpolished.
Exteriors of bodies are slipped and polished. Frequently the polish
consists of line luster forming a criss-cross pattern (PI. 26, Fig. 11).

Granulated Ware

There is only one type of heavy, thick pottery coming from lower
levels. It is not very frequent (666 sherds, or 2 per cent of the total
number). The type is most abundant in trenches 1 and 4, and is
completely absent from the trenches on the upper platform, on which
is found a later occupation.

It is thick pottery, 4 to 11 mm., and is heavily tempered. The
color is gray to buff.

The forms seem to run to large globular storage jars. The out-
side is finished with a brushed technique, giving it a bumpy, granu-
lated surface (PI. 27, Figs. 1-3). The inside is smoothed, with
clearly discernible marks of the bunch of grass used in smoothing.
The body is frequently fire-blackened.

Because of the small number of sherds and the fact that only
one is a rim sherd this ware is not clearly understood. In preliminary
investigation we called it "Granulated" and recommend the name
for use until more is known about this type.

Even less is known about 22 other sherds, mostly from upper
levels, which on bowl rims and compotera feet show red painted
lines, going diagonally, criss-crossing, or branching from a central
stem. The color is buff to dark gray and there is no evidence of
polishing (PI. 27, Figs. 4-10). It may well be that this ware is but
a late variety of Narrio Red-on-Buff , but the evidence at the present
time is not conclusive.

Narrio Gross

Color and Paste. — The paste is gray to buff in color, and is coarse
and granular, and relatively soft (3-3.5). The core is rarely blackened
by firing. The temper is coarse and is unevenly distributed in the
paste. Vessel walls range from 5 to 20 mm. in thickness.

Form. — The forms are large jars with flaring rims, sometimes
with tall necks, and tripod vessels with hoja de cabuya legs, shallow
bowls, and deep bowls with horizontal handles (Fig. 14; Pis. 28
and 29). Many of the jars are very large (ranging up to 76 cm. in
height and 68 cm. in diameter) and apparently were used for storage.

-1

JiuJjj

f

a

1;/

//

Fig. 13. Caiiar Polished rim forms. First and second rows, profiles of plain
and ring-base bowls; third row, profiles of large shallow bowls with wide flaring
rims, large jar with flaring neck and constricted rim, and plates; bottom row,
unusual jar and bowl forms. Scale 1:2.7.

55

56 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Surface Treatment and Decoration. — Surfaces are poorly smoothed
and unpolished. Lips of jars and bowls sometimes have a red slip,
and the slipped area may be carelessly polished (18 per cent of
sherds are slipped, while 10 per cent are slipped and polished).
Around the shoulder of one large jar (PI. 28, Fig. 3) is a raised welt
on which are circular depressions about 10 cm. apart.

Narrio Gross is found in the upper levels, and comprises 14.04
per cent of all sherds. It is a thick, coarse, largely undecorated,
utilitarian ware. Abundance of fire-blackening on the exterior
surfaces indicates its culinary uses. The larger jars were no doubt
used for storage purposes.

Clay Seats or Drums

The second "civilization" which Uhle postulated for Cerro Narrio
was the "clay seat" or "drum" civilization. In an earlier work
(1922 f, p. 243) he called it the Tacalzhapa civilization, but he
eventually abandoned this name in favor of the descriptive one,
which has also been used by Sr. Jijon (1927, 1930).

The clay artifacts which gave this "culture" its name are large,
heavy, cylindrical objects of Narrio Gross pottery (PI. 30). Frag-
ments are consistently found in the upper levels at Cerro Narrio.

The paste is typical Narrio Gross, and walls are 11.2 to 21.4
mm. thick. These "seats" differ in size and height, some being quite
squat, 10 cm. high and 25 cm. wide, others being as much as 30 cm.
high. They have cylindrical walls and are hollow. There is no
bottom. The upper platform is perforated by a circular hole and
is always painted. The design approaches that found on the inside
of Narrio Red-on-Buff compoteras and bowls (Variant D)., The
outside of the cylinder is ornamented with painted or incised designs.
The perforated platform is always painted red, or red and white.
The step-design is frequently used, as are opposed chevrons, hatched
triangles, parallel bands, and occasionally punctates. The use of
these objects is unknown. Uhle (1931) believes that they are
not seats, but drums, and that they have Chiriquian parallels, but
the evidence for these contentions is not conclusive.

INTRUSIVE WARES

Beyond the several wares described above, which form the bulk
(30,502 sherds, or 91.2 per cent) of recovered pottery, there are
numerous other ceramic forms at Cerro Narrio. They are all in-
frequent, and have been found elsewhere in the Andean area. It
is assumed, therefore, that they are intrusive sherds which have

<<

«

)J

Fig. 14. Narrio Gross rim forms. First and second rows, flaring rims of jars;
bottom row, profiles of bowls (bowl at right with horizontal handle). Scale 1:2.7.

57

58 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

reached the Canar Valley through contact or trade. Their impor-
tance is of course much out of proportion to their small number
at Cerro Narrio. They indicate the inter-relations existing between
Ecuadorean groups at a given time, and through cross-dating they
establish chronological relationships of the Canar Valley with
surrounding areas.

All these intrusive varieties are characteristic of the late occupa-
tion of Cerro Narrio. The early levels are much more uniform in
their ceramic material.

Group X

Quartz-Studded. — An interesting though very infrequent ware is
one which for convenience we have called "Quartz-Studded." The
ware itself is very similar to Narrio Gross in composition. The basic
form is the large "lemon juicer" (PI. 29, Figs. 3-5), with a central
cone raised inside the bowl. The cone is studded with bits of quartz,
arranged in linear formation, with incised lines separating the rows.
The outside of the bottom (the inside of the cone) is carelessly polished.
There is also a fragment of a bowl or plate with ring base, with the
bottom of the interior quartz-studded.

Similar quartz-studded vessels are found at Alausi (PI. 6, Figs. 13-
14) and Huigra (PI. 29, Fig. 6), both in the Chanchan Valley. Talbot
(1924, p. 88) found some at Joyaczhi, midway between Huigra and
Canar. The type is also found on the eastern slope of the Andes,
at Macas (PI. 7, Fig. 17) in the Upano Valley, and Uhle (1927a,
pi. 34) has reported some for the Esmeraldas coast. According to
Uhle these objects were yuca-graters.

Red Engraved. — Red Engraved is the temporary name given to
a group of small jars and bowls found in the upper levels. The
collection at Alausi had a few examples, but the variety is larger at
Cerro Narrio.

The pottery is thin (2.3-4 mm.) and characteristically sandy.
Both the inside and outside are very well smoothed.

Small jars, 7 to 10 cm. high, straight-sided but with slightly

flaring rims, are the typical shape. The walls are sometimes bulging

where the bottom meets the wall. Occasionally the rim is straight
(PI. 31, Figs. 1-7).

The outside of the jar is almost completely slipped red. An
occasional unslipped band below the rim is the only exception. The
engraved designs are within a wide band, occupying most of the out-
side wall of the jar. The band is delimited by engraved, horizontal

CERRO NARRIO 59

lines. The engraving was apparently done in the sun-dried clay,
after slipping but before firing. The engraved designs are contrasting
hatched and non-hatched rectangles, concentric diamonds, triangles,
rectangles, and occasionally step-designs or zoned punctates. The
bottom of the vessel is slipped but not engraved. As at Alausi,
the grooves are sometimes filled with limonite, a whitish yellow iron
oxide.

The inside of the vessel is smooth and undecorated, but for a
circular, red painted band below the rim.

So far this ware has been reported only for Alausi and for
Narrio and Shillu in the Canar Valley.

Black Engraved. — Black Engraved is a type of the same family.
Its shapes are much the same as those of Red Engraved, but for an
increase in frequency of straight-sided jars and the appearance of
incurved rims and cylindrical vases.

The pottery is black throughout, well smoothed but not really
polished. There is one example here of what we called Glossy Black
Engraved at Alausi. There is no decoration on the inside of these
jars. The outside is ornamented similarly to the Red Engraved,
although there is virtually no identity of design. Circles, punctates,
zigzags, and crosses are found along with the more typical alternate
hatched and unhatched rectangles and concentric diamonds (PL 31,
Figs. 8-14). Limonite is more frequently used in filling the grooves
of this black pottery than is the case with Red Engraved. We
found Black Engraved at all three sites in the Canar Valley and at
Alausi (Uhle, 1931, pp. 32-33). Jijon (1930, pi. 28, fig. 8) shows a
black vessel with similar ornamentation, from the Manabi coast.

Gray Engraved. — Gray Engraved (PI. 33, Figs. 4-7) is quite sim-
ilar to Black Engraved. It usually has a polished area below the
rim on the inside. One vessel shows a combination of Gray En-
graved rim and plain red-slipped body (PI. 33, Fig. 3).

Glossy Red Engraved. — As at Alausi, there is characteristic Glossy
Red Engraved, a fine, thin pottery (2.6-3.5 mm.) with a buff paste.
Cylindrical vases and small open-mouthed jars are the prevalent
forms. There are no flaring rims. Small lugs are sometimes found
below the rims on jars.

Besides form, this group can be separated from Red Engraved
by surface finish and design (PI. 32; PI. 33, Figs. 1-2). The outside
is slipped red and highly polished. The inside varies, sometimes
being polished and at other times plain, but is never slipped. The

60 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

only exception (PL 34, Figs. 3, 5-6), a vessel which is red-slipped and
polished inside and out, diverges also in design.

The step-design is very frequent on the outside of vessels. Circles,
crosses, wavy lines and concentric diamonds are also used (PL 32).
No yellow pigment is found in engraved lines. On several sherds
there is a suggestion of tone difference between the engraved zones
(PL 32, Figs. 2-3), indicating that polishing could have occurred
after the engraving had been done.

Tone differences become important in a variant of this ware,
which is similar in most respects to the standard described above.
While the whole outside of the vessel is polished, paint is applied
only to selected areas, circumscribed by engraved lines (PL 32,
Figs. 5, 7-15). This ware definitely confirms the method suggested
above of engraving a sun-dried vessel, then painting it, and finally
polishing it. There are no incised vessels in any of these wares.
Painting is sometimes carefully circumscribed, in others it is not.
Polishing immediately after painting also contributes to the irregular
spread of red pigment onto unslipped areas.

The designs are much the same as in the standard Glossy Red
Engraved, with the addition of more frequent curved lines, concentric
circles, and parallel hatchings of triangles.

Glossy Red Engraved ceramics are found at Shillu and Cerro
Narrio in the Canar Valley, and at Alausi. Additional examples from
Narrio are figured in Jijon (1930, pi. 28, fig. 14). This type is related
to Black Engraved and Red Engraved, described above and mentioned
in our discussion of Alausi. The three are found consistently in
similar levels at Cerro Narrio, in close association. Although some
sherds were found in almost every trench there are very few in the
hill as a whole. Only 116 engraved sherds of all types were found,
amounting to 0.35 per cent of the total.

Through design and treatment these Engraved wares show
similarities to others found farther south in the Cuenca area men-
tioned above (p. 28; PL 9), which have step-designs on jars with
anthropomorphic necks (Verneau and Rivet, 1922, pi. 53).

Glossy Red Negative. — Resembling Glossy Red Engraved in
paste and finish, but with different decoration is Glossy Red Negative.
There are very few of these sherds available — no more than ten,
including some picked up on the surface. The pottery is very thin,
almost like Red-on-Buff Fine. The most frequent forms are small
jars and cylindrical vases. The outside shows a negative design on
a polished red or orange slip (PL 34, Figs. 1-2, and 4). In the case

CERRO NARRIO 61

of one bowl, the slip stops two-thirds of the way down from the rim,
but the whole outside is polished. The inside is plain. The negative
designs are uniformly very faint, with polka dots, chevrons or con-
centric rectangles most usual.

These sherds are found at Narrio and Shillu and are not reported
from other areas.

Red Banded Incised. — Associated with the above Engraved wares
is an incised pottery, which, although very infrequent at Cerro
Narrio, deserves attention because of its distribution. It has not
before been distinguished from similar wares, and we feel that
additional excavation in the area will benefit from cross-dating
through this characteristic ceramic form.

The color ranges from light gray to buff. It is a thicker ware
than the intrusive wares we have thus far described, varying from
5.2 to 9 mm. Although heavy, it is in no way crude. The paste
is very uniform and slightly porous.

The shapes are hard to distinguish, because few fragments are
available. Wide-mouthed, straight-sided jars with low shoulders
seem to be most common.

The inside and outside of these vessels are very well smoothed
and in some cases polished. There is no other decoration on the
inside. The outside walls are ornamented with red painted designs
within incised areas (PL 34, Figs. 7-14). The incisions are shallow
and were apparently made with a blunt instrument while the clay
was wet. The red zones are not very carefully filled out. In one
case the shoulder carries marks punched with the same blunt in-
strument. In some cases the incised lines are very faint or are miss-
ing. Some of the designs, such as steps and bands, are similar to
those on Glossy Red Engraved sherds. But there are also other
designs: rows of isosceles triangles rising from a common base, which
may be a circle, a rectangular scroll or the like.

On the whole, because of its designs and its associations, this
ware, which we have temporarily called Red Banded Incised, appears
to be related to the Engraved ceramics. Its peculiar features, how-
ever, separate it distinctly from them and from Narrio Red-on-Buff.

Only nine sherds were found at Narrio, of which five were picked
up on the surface. A few more were found at Shillu, and some at
Alausi (see p. 25). Several more have come from Macas,1 on the

1 We are indebted to Sr. J. Jijon y Caamano for this lead on Macas pottery.
A small collection of sherds, made by Sr. F. Talbot, is now in the Museum at
the Universidad Central, at Quito.

62 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

eastern Andean slope, where several other wares common to Alausi
and Narrio were found (PI. 7).

At the present time we feel that Quartz-Studded, Red Engraved,
Black Engraved, Glossy Red Engraved, and Red Banded Incised
form a consistent complex, typical of the Nudo del Azuay region
(Alausi, Canar, and Macas). We have called this complex, Group X.

PURUHA-TUNCAHUAN

A group of intrusive ceramics, different from the complex dis-
cussed in the preceding pages, and probably later in time, is found
at Cerro Narrio, particularly in the trenches located on the upper
platform of the hill. The affiliations of these forms are with ceramics
found in the Province of Chimborazo.

Elen Pata. — A few sherds and whole vessels from Narrio show
unmistakable relation to Puruha ceramics described by Jijon (1927).
They are very infrequent, only five bowls and a few sherds belong-
ing to this category. The most common shape is the small, globular
jar. A conical lug usually projects from the rim (PI. 35, Figs. 2
and 4; PI. 36, Figs. 2 and 4). Two such jars can be connected
through a tube (PI. 35, Fig. 1) or can be placed one above the other
(PI. 35, Fig. 4). Some are unique specimens like the zoomorphic
form (PL 35, Fig. 3) or the truncated cone with a drinking tube
(PI. 36, Fig. 3).

The inside of these vessels is unslipped and undecorated. The
lip is painted red and polished, both inside and out. Some jars
have a white, painted lip, and this seems to be limited to the outside
only. On the outside wall are incised two parallel lines forming a
band, within which opposing triangles are incised (Pis. 35 and 36).
Each triangle has several incised chevrons within it. The opposing
chevrons do not meet. In the space left between them a zigzag
line runs all the way around the vessel. This line is usually painted
red and polished. It merges with the red and polished band at the
lip. The rest of the incised area is not slipped or polished. Bottoms
are also slipped red and sometimes polished. In the cases where
white paint is used at the lip the central zigzag line is red, but the
bottom is white again (PI. 36, Fig. 4).

In two cases, there is an additional band below the rim into
which rectangular scrolls are incised (PI. 36, Figs. 5-7). In another,
the incised chevrons are red and polished, while the main zigzag
is white. A third variant shows opposing chevrons unseparated by
any main zigzag, the whole incised area being slipped red (PL 36,

CERRO NARRIO 63

Fig. 9). Finally, one diminutive red-slipped vessel with low shoulder
shows a faint incised zigzag line within an area similarly delimited
(PI. 36, Fig. 11).

The forms described above tie up quite closely with some Elen
Pata vessels illustrated by Jijon (1927, vol. 1, pis. 98-103), who
also shows a similar Huavalac form (op. cit., vol. 2, pi. 115). An
example of each of these is here reproduced in Plate 35, Figures 5
and 6, respectively. It is very interesting that a vessel of Elen
Pata type (PI. 35, Fig. 3) is allegedly from Inga-pirca, a site pre-
dominantly if not wholly Incaic.

While the specific decoration is not repeated, shape, lugs and
incised chevrons are found not only in the Puruha area around
Riobamba, but also at Alausi and Zula in southern Chimborazo.
Such plain globular jars have also their Narrio parallels in Narrio
Gross ware to reinforce the thesis of Puruha influence in late Narrio.

San Sebastian. — Another element of Puruha influence is the
compotera with incised bowl interior. Made of pottery closely
resembling Narrio Gross, 7.5-9.2 mm. thick, the bowl stands on a
perforated, low foot. The vessel is unpolished and unslipped,
although occasionally the inside of the bowl may be slipped red.

The insides of bowls may also be decorated with incised lines.
The area is divided into quadrants ; two opposing ones have chevrons,
the others parallel curved lines (PI. 37, Figs. 1-2). Some are divided
into several triangles with a common apex. Alternate triangles
may be filled with punctates and incised lines (PL 37, Figs. 3 and 5).

These incised compoteras are very similar to those from the earlier
San Sebastian period at Guano (Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, pis. 43-44), of
which two are shown in Plate 37, Figures 4 and 6. At Cerro Narrio
they are found side by side with other forms stated to be typical of
Puruha such as Elen Pata and Huavalac.

Tuncahudn. — A final group of intrusive ceramics can be dis-
cussed in terms of the Tuncahuan civilization, postulated by Sr.
Jijon y Caamano (1927, 1930). According to Sr. Jijon's view, this
is a basic culture of Central American origin and early chronological
position, found on the Ecuadorean coast and throughout the northern
Andes as far south as Recuay. In Chimborazo, Tuncahuan is re-
ported to be earlier than any of the Puruha horizons discussed above
(Jijon, 1927, 1930).

Sr. Jijon believes that Tuncahuan is very well represented at
Cerro Narrio (1927, pp. 62-63). In so far as its chronological
position there is concerned, he was hesitant at first (1927, p. 35,

64 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

footnote 2) but later he decided that Early Narrio ("Mayoid" or
Chaullabamba) was older (1927, pp. 62, 117) because contemporane-
ous with Proto-Panzaleo II; still later he concluded that Tuncahuan
was older (1930, pp. 138-139, 147, footnote 2), although he conceded
that stratigraphic proof from Cerro Narrio was lacking.

Uhle first ignored Tuncahuan as a component at Cerro Narrio
(1922d, pp. 25-26). Later he agreed that Tuncahuan was present,
having occupied the top of the hill (1931, p. 36, footnote 2). Uhle feels
that the "Mayoid" civilization was earlier (1931, p. 34, footnote 1).

At Cerro Narrio we have six different ceramic types that could
qualify as Tuncahuan. The ceramic forms of this civilization else-
where are well illustrated in color by Verneau and Rivet (1922,
pis. 32, 54-56), and are pictured by Jijon (1927, vol. 1, pis. 19-26;
1930, pis. 20-27, and figs. 25-27). According to Jijon (1930,
pp. 162-164):

The civilization of Tuncahuan is characterized by a peculiar technique —
negative decoration with overpaint; that is, the vessels have been ornamented
first, through a lost color procedure, and then adorned with red, yellow or white
transparent paint, many times without obscuring the (original) design, and
frequently making mistakes in covering the negative figures with paint or
ignoring those figures completely. It seems as if some time had passed between
the application of the lost color design and that of the transparent paint;
when the red paint is not applied regardless of the negative, its purpose is
to complement this design.

As stated, six different varieties have been found at Cerro Narrio
that could fit this description with fair accuracy. For all categories,
however, there are only 208 sherds, or 0.6 per cent of the total yield.

Variant A is the most numerous, over half of the sherds belonging
to it. The vessels are of medium thick ware (3.9-5.4 mm.), frequently
well-fired, varying from reddish through gray to well-fired black.

Bowls and compoteras with perforated feet seem to be the only
shapes in Variant A. The outside of these vessels is plain, unslipped
and unpolished, but for a narrow band just below the rim, which
is decorated like the inside or is simply a thin, polished band. The
inside is decorated with a negative design painted on a cream slip
found all over the bowl. Concentric circles, dots and parallel lines
are the common designs. The whole inside of the vessel is highly
polished. In the center of the interior of compotera bowls, there
is a red painted positive disk covering the negative design. There
is also some red on the rim, and on the outside band (PI. 38; see
also Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, pi. 24).

Variant B maintains the similarity in paste. Bowls, double
bowls, and annular-base bowls are the prevailing shapes. The

CERRO NARRIO 65

insides are unpolished and unslipped. The outside shows a negative,
dark design painted on the natural clay, which varies in color
between orange-pink and buff. The most frequent design is
that of a rayed arc. Squares, dots, zigzag lines and opposing triangles
with chevrons are found also (PI. 39) . Most of the outside is polished,
but for the bottom.

There is a certain similarity between Variant B and the out-
side treatment of Variant A. This is obviously due to similarity
in polished negative design on the natural paste.

Variant C has a paste much like that of Variant A. The common
shapes are bowls, communicating double bowls, and long-necked
jars or bottles of the cantimplora type. As opposed to A, there is
no design whatever on the inside of the vessel. An overall pink
slip covers the bowls and the necks of the bottles. Irregular lines,
painted in lost color technique, form dark concentric circles on
bowls and vaguely parallel lines on bottle necks (PL 41, Fig. 1).
In addition, bowls have a fairly wide white painted line around the
rim, covering some of the negative design (PI. 41, Figs. 2-3). An
aberrant form has negative designs on a white slip covering the body,
and an orange band below the rim (PI. 41, Fig. 4).

Variant D shows considerable range in paste, shape and decora-
tion. It has a greater range of thickness (3.2-6.7 mm.) than the other
varieties. The dominant shapes are cylindrical jars with slightly
flaring rims (kero), bowls, triple bowls, bottles with or without
anthropomorphic necks, compoteras, cantimploras with small
handles, and an unusual vessel with a very small aperture (PI. 40).
One kero has a small animal head at the rim (PI. 40, Figs. 2-3, and 5).

The inside is unpolished and unslipped. The outside is usually
slipped red or orange throughout. Negative designs are painted
over the slip, and spaces within this design are filled in with white
overpaint (PL 40, Figs. 1-6).

Some of the vessels show no evidence of negative painting — only
white paint on a red slip (PL 40, Figs. 7-13; Jijon, 1930, pi. 25, fig. 6).
These are temporarily included in Variant D because this has been
suggested by Sr. Jijon (1927, vol. 1, pp. 34-35). White-on-Red,
as we have called it in preliminary classification, is also found at
Joyaczhi, north of Canar, at Guasuntos, near Alausi (see p. 25),
and at Macas (PL 7, Fig. 16). These sites and Shillu have yielded
only the non-negative White-on-Red, which seems to be another
argument in considering it apart from Tuncahuan.

66 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Variant E is limited to a single fragment (PI. 41, Fig. 8). It
is a bowl with incurved wall. There is no decoration on the inside.
The outside is polished all over. On the buff polished surface of
the walls there are small step-designs and vertical lines done in lost
color. The bottom is similarly darkened. Part of the wall has
red overpaint covering some of the negative design, in alternate
patches. The red overpaint does not extend to the bottom.

Variant F shows no evidence of negative painting but has been
included as a Tuncahuan type because of its other similarities. It
is one of the more frequent varieties. The shapes run to compoteras
and bowls similar to those in Variant A. The outside is smoothed,
but is not otherwise decorated except for a band of white polished
paint below the rim. The inside is painted and polished throughout
and is painted red below the rim and in the center of the bowl, the
space between the two red areas being cream color. The circular
center spot gives it an unmistakable Tuncahuan appearance (PI. 41,
Figs. 5-7).

As stated, the different varieties of Tuncahuan found at Cerro
Narrio are not very numerous and all come very consistently from
the upper levels, which bear evidence of a late occupation.

In addition to the above intrusive wares, there are additional
forms represented at Narrio by only one or two sherds. They are
illustrated in Plates 42-44. Certain incised or engraved sherds in
this group may have coastal affiliations.

PERUVIAN INFLUENCES

There is no clear-cut evidence of any Peruvian influence at Narrio.
The Tiahuanaco people, although alleged to have occupied the Canar
area (Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, p. 134), did not leave any remains which
would prove that contention. More specifically, Uhle claims that
"the drums [Late Cerro Narrio] have been found in absolute temporal
vicinity with the Tiahuanaco style." (1931, p. 39.) He does not
enlarge on this statement, nor does he bring any data to support it.
There is no evidence in our material to prove any Tiahuanaco
influence.

Apparently Late Chimu vessels have been found at Narrio and
in Canar (PI. 46, Figs. 4-7). Only one of these came from an authenti-
cated source. Their number prevents any doubt as to the reality
of Chimu trade connections with the Cafiaris. As yet this connec-
tion cannot be securely dated, because we have only three or four

CERRO NARRIO 67

sherds that may be of Chimu manufacture. Whatever evidence
exists points to a late date.

Max Uhle, who was present in 1922 when the site was being
torn apart by treasure hunters, insists that he saw no Cuzco artifacts
whatever (1922b, p. 113; 1922d, pp. 25-26). Our excavation, while
once or twice producing a sherd that showed familiar Incaic decora-
tion or an occasional horizontal lug (PI. 53, Fig. 11), was not
conclusive in this respect. The only evidence of Incaic occupation
is found in the collection at the colegio in Cuenca. A score or
more of pots, of undoubted Cuzco cast, allegedly coming from Cerro
Narrio, are deposited there (PI. 45, Figs. 3-9; PI. 46, Figs. 1-3).
The person who assembled the collection, Ezequiel Clavijo, is known
to have dug at many other sites in the region, some of which have
undoubtedly been inhabited by the Incas. As Clavijo did not
keep records until many years after he started digging, the proveni-
ence he assigns to given vessels is uncertain.

Even if we conclude that Narrio was not occupied during the
Inca period, the site must have been abandoned only shortly before
the arrival of the Incas, because at nearby Cashaloma typically
Late Cerro Narrio ceramics are clearly associated with Incaic forms.

Artifacts
objects of stone

Only twenty-three stone artifacts were found at Cerro Narrio
(PI. 47). Most numerous are tubular or cylindrical beads, of which
eight are of serpentine, one is of shale, one of sandstone and one of
amphibole schist. The serpentine beads were found in both upper
and lower levels, the shale bead came from the lowest level, and
the other beads are from upper levels.

A single stemless chipped point of chert came from the upper
levels. Two other stemless chipped points from Cerro Narrio are
in the Jijon Collection. Chipped projectile points appear to be rare
throughout Ecuador (cf. von Buchwald, 1909, p. 156; Markham,
1864, p. 57; Uhle, 1889, pi. 20, figs. 13, 18; Verneau and Rivet,
1912, pi. 6, fig. 11).

Two small limestone figurines came from intermediate levels.
These are similar in form to numerous figurines of spondylus shell
which have been found at Cerro Narrio (Uhle, 1922c, figs. 133-135;
Jijon Collection).

A polished celt of amphibole schist and a fragment of a ground
and perforated ax of basalt came from upper levels. Two spindle

68 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

whorls, one of slate and one of talc schist, also came from upper
levels. Two ground slate knives were found, one in a lower level
and one in an intermediate level.

Three fragments of carved ornaments similar to a large number
from Cerro Narrio in the Jijon Collection were found. Uhle (1922c,
fig. 114) illustrates similar ones from the Cuenca region. One of
slate was found on the surface; one of slate and one of calcite came
from lower levels.

Two sandstone pottery-smoothers came from lower levels.

A serpentine estolica (atlatl spur) came from an upper level.
Similar spurs from the Canar and Cuenca regions are illustrated by
Verneau and Rivet (1912, pi. 11).

OBJECTS OF BONE

Most numerous at Cerro Narrio were bone tools (PI. 48). Bone
awls were found throughout the different levels (PL 48, Fig. 1).
They are usually made of long bones of deer. Those from the upper
levels, though slightly more numerous, are cruder.

Needles (4) were rare and limited to the upper levels (PL 48,
Fig. 2). They are long and highly polished. Bodkins (3) are also
restricted to upper levels (PL 48, Fig. 3).1 A spatula of fine quality
came from an upper level. A small, highly polished rod of unknown
use came from an upper level. A notched spatula, which may have
been used as a rasp, was similarly found.

Whistles were also from upper strata. One was made from a
bird bone. Two bone rings made of sections of deer long bones
came from about the same stratigraphic position. Three small
flat fragments of worked scapula were found in various levels.

There were also many miscellaneous objects made of antler.
There were ten worked antlers from lower levels, belonging to the
white-tailed deer (Odocoileus) . In the upper levels some of the
antlers are those of the brocket deer (Mazama) and are better
smoothed than the preceding ones.

In the lower levels, bones of white-tailed deer and rabbit (Syl-
vilagus) are frequently found, kx-the upper levels, besides the
hrockej^deer, the llama appears to have been known .

In upper levels were found two fragments of carbonized sting-
ray spines. These appear to be from the fresh-water ray of the

1 Similar perforated bone implements are used by modern Ecuadorean Indians
for corn-husking. The hole is for a wrist-cord.

CERRO NARRIO 69

Amazon, but it is impossible to be certain that they are not from
a marine species of the Ecuadorean coast. Wallace (1853, p. 486)
observed war-arrows tipped with sting-ray spines among the tribes
of the Rio Uaup£s (northwest Amazon). The spines were dipped
in poison, and the foreshafts notched in several places so as to
break off in the wound. Roth (1924, p. 155) reports a similar
practice on the upper Orinoco. We cannot assert positively that
the spines from Cerro Narrio were used as projectile points, although
the scarcity of stone and bone points makes such an assumption
plausible. Thus these spines may offer a further suggestion of
Amazonic influence in the highland of southern Ecuador.

OBJECTS OF SHELL

Private collections are full of shell figurines from Narrio (PL 49).
They apparently come from the lower levels, though evidence on
that point is not conclusive. Uhle lists them as a "Mayoid" trait.
They have been identified as marine shells, probably spondylus.

Different shells have also been used as ornaments such as pend-
ants, beads, etc. Thus one perforated Marginella curtu, one spon-
dylus bead, and several doubly perforated pendants of fresh-water
clam shell were found. Most of these came from lower levels.

Two worked fragments of fossilized marine shell were found
in lower levels and another unworked Polycapod fragment came from
the same horizon. The lower levels also showed considerable use
of spondylus shells, probably Spondylus crassisquama.

Very frequently in the lower levels we found unworked large
land snail shells, Straphocheilus, species probably popelainianus.
One of the shells had an engraved design. Another had been worked
and was probably used as a pottery-smoother. A different land
snail, Thaumastus thompsoni, is very frequent in graves of the later
horizon. Both snails are edible, similar species being eaten in
Brazil today.

OBJECTS OF METAL

The minor "Klondike" of 1922 started when gold objects were
found on Cerro Narrio. According to Uhle, there was not much
gold to be had. Our investigation brought none to light, and most
of that which was dug up earlier has been lost.

Uhle mentions that gold bells, pendants, pins, nose-plugs and
ear-plugs were turned up during his stay at Narrio. In Mr. Konanz'
collection in Guayaquil we saw several ornamental gold pieces from
the same hill (PL 50, Figs. 1-4, and 12).

70 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Copper and gilded copper are apparently more frequent in the
late horizon. We found a copper ax, typical of the area, and in
Sr. Jijon y Caamano's collection there is a large number of such metal
artifacts from this site (PL 50, Figs. 5-11, and 15). Our copper
ax came from an upper level (PL 50, Fig. 13).

OBJECTS OF CLAY

Clay artifacts (PL 51) were relatively numerous at Cerro Narrio.
A fragment of a pottery figurine, consisting of the feet and lower
body, came from Trench 6. Two similar figurines from Azuay are
illustrated by Verneau and Rivet (1922, pi. 44, Nos. 5 and 11),
and another from Chimborazo is illustrated by Sr. Jijon (1927, vol. 2,
pi. 122, No. 2) as of late Puruha (Huavalac) type.

A small clay object whose form is similar to an eared ax (Verneau
and Rivet, 1912, pi. 4) was found in a lower level. It also resembles
a small quartz object from Gualaceo, Azuay (Verneau and Rivet,
1912, pi. 12, No. 32).

Nineteen pottery-smoothers of clay were found. These are all
made from sherds. Eleven came from upper levels and ten from
lower levels.

Twenty pottery spindle whorls were recovered, seventeen from
upper levels and six from lower levels. All are made from sherds.

Pottery seats or drums have been described on page 56.

Uhle (1923a, p. 91; pi. 3, fig. 15) reports a set of pottery panpipes
as coming from Cerro Narrio.

Houses

The nature of Cerro Narrio — a pitted, virtually demolished site —
and the short time of our stay there, prevented our making extensive
excavations that would have shed light on Narrio houses.

We have only a faint idea as to what the Early Narrio houses
were like. In Trench 1, postholes sunk in the hardpan were found
(Fig. 4), still containing some of the original wood. They seemed
to form a round or oval pattern, which we were unable to investigate
further because of the depth of the trench at that point and the
accompanying overburden. This structure was cut into by another
line of postholes, apparently straight. If the houses were ellipsoid
in this early time, as they were later, there is no contradiction
between the two forms found in Trench 1.

In the hardpan just outside the oval structure we found a
trash-pit full of the usual household refuse. Another pit sunk

CERRO NARRIO 71

into the hardpan showed no sign of refuse. It may have been a
storage pit.

Similarly, in Trench 4, five postholes were found sunk into the
hardpan, but closer investigation was again impracticable. These
holes ran in a line parallel to the terrace where the trench was
located.

In the upper levels of Trench 4 were found the remains of a
posthole structure. The tops of the postholes were hit in the rich
fill 60 cm. from the surface. No floor was discernible at this level.
In form, the structure was rectangular, with a curved wall on the
inner side of the terrace and rounded ends, the long dimension
running parallel to the terrace into which Trench 4 was cut (Fig. 7).
The postholes were from 5 to 10 cm. in diameter, with the exception
of some larger ones in the center and on the outer side of the house.
Many of the postholes contained remains of wood. Twenty-five
centimeters below the tops of the postholes were sections of well-
packed floor, although these did not extend over the whole structure.
The postholes extended 15 25 cm. below this floor. Above the floor
was a great deal of ash, and evidence of charred paja (paramo grass) .
Cut into the floor on the inner side of the house was a stone-lined
hearth pit full of ashes. The entrance was probably on the north-
east side facing the outward edge of the terrace. This house, because
of its upper stratigraphic position and the Late pottery associated
with it (Narrio Gross and late northern intrusive wares), is definitely
late in time. It is unfortunate that we do not know enough about
the posthole structure in the bottom of this trench to determine
whether it was similar to or different from the upper structure.

In Trench 3, on the same terrace as Trench 4, there was a post-
hole structure (Fig. 6) at the same level as the Late house in Trench 4.
The form of this structure is not very clear, but it appears to be
circular or square. Most of the postholes are smaller than those
in Trench 4, and they are more irregularly placed.

In Trench 6, which was late in occupancy, we found two super-
imposed house structures. The lower and earlier post structure,
found at a depth of about 1.60 meters (Fig. 9), shows a straight
wall and the turning of a corner. A larger posthole, with abundant
remains of wood still in it, was found just inside the structure and
probably belonged to a roof-supporting pole. It was impossible to
follow this structure out as treasure hunters' pits had destroyed
the evidence at each end. The house floor inside the structure was
full of ash and carbonized organic matter.

72 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

The later occupancy at this site used the structure shown in
Figure 8. The stones do not form a wall, but a mere outline in
single stones of a rectangular room. This room was part of a multi-
cameral structure of which we could see some evidence, and the
presence of which was recalled by the local treasure hunters. Parts
of the east and the south wall are duplicated by a line of
postholes appearing immediately beneath the stones. They are
larger than the holes of the lower structure and more crumbly,
being sunk into refuse instead of hardpan. We presume that the
walls of the structure were made of poles, reinforced at the bottom
with a few stones. This supposition is not certain because such
postholes could not be found in the west wall, although a large
and deep hole was found just inside the west wall of the house.
This hole is quite similar to the large posthole found in the earlier
house and probably served similar supporting purposes. The houses
at Trench 6, particularly the upper one, were quite rich in intrusive
sherds, characterized on pages 56-66. While both were quite late,
they help to distinguish between different intrusive periods, the
lower house having only Engraved sherds as intrusive, while the
upper one was rich in Puruha and Tuncahuan ceramics.

Although the problem of Narrio dwellings is one of considerable
interest, it is impossible at the present time to make more detailed
statements. However, we are able to deny Uhle's assertion (1922c,
p. 208) that large stone walls, made of small, flat stones, are to be
found at Narrio. There is no equivalent there of the Cerro Llaver
structures that are shown in the same publication (pi. 2).

Burials

There was no special attempt made by the expedition to locate
a large number of burials. We concentrated on stratigraphic excava-
tion and therefore opened only five graves in Trench 1 and four
more in Trenches 3 and 4. They all belonged to the Late period,
and had no grave goods beyond a few snail shells. A Late burial
consisted of a pit about 1.5 meters deep and 60 to 80 cm. wide, into
which the body was lowered in a flexed position, apparently sitting
up. The entrance to the grave was then covered with a pile of
boulders, which today give much help to the eager treasure hunter,
who locates them by testing the ground with his large probe. Numer-
ous such graves were found on the western slope of the hill during
the 1922 "gold rush."

We were unable to locate any burials of the Early period. Ac-
cording to Uhle (1931, p. 36, footnote 2) the cemeteries were located

CERRO NARRIO 73

on the southwest side of the hill. Trenches 15 and 16 dug on that
promontory failed to locate any graves. Their presence was also
denied by the treasure hunters.

III. OTHER SITES IN THE CANAR VALLEY

In order to check and augment the information from Cerro
Narrio, three other sites in the Canar Valley were investigated. A
surface sherd collection was made at Quillohuac, and test pits were
dug at Shillu and Cashaloma.

Quillohuac (Map 2), which we named after the nearby Indian
settlement, lies 700 meters southwest by south of Cerro Narrio

IS

Fig. 15. Narrio Red-on-Buff rim forms at Shillu. Compare with Late forms
of Narrio Red-on-Buff at Cerro Narrio (Fig. 10). Scale 1: 1.8.

on a flat knoll on the ridge which runs along the west side of the
Rio Quillohuac.1 The ground is covered with sherds, but there are
no surface indications of structures. The 209 sherds collected were
predominantly Narrio Red-on-Buff and Narrio Gross. There were
a few Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine sherds, five Glossy Red Engraved
sherds, two White-on-Red sherds, and two sherds from a bowl of
the Glossy Red Negative type.

1 Uhle (1931, p. 36, footnote 2) calls it the Rio Zhamzham.

74

OTHER SITES IN CANAR VALLEY 75

Shillu (Map 2) is about 200 meters above the valley floor on the
summit of a ridge 1.7 km. northwest of Cerro Xarrio. The flat top
of the ridge and the southeast slope have an abundance of surface
sherds, and the whole area has been very extensively pitted and
trenched by treasure hunters. In many places the hardpan comes
within 50 cm. of the surface; the areas of deeper deposits have been
pretty thoroughly disturbed, and there is evidence that many
burials have been removed. According to local treasure hunters,
very little gold has been found at Shillu.

After considerable search for undisturbed areas, four test pits 1 by
0.5 meters were cut down in 15 cm. levels. In two of these, hardpan
was reached at 90 and 105 cm., respectively. In the third no sherds
were found beyond a depth of 45 cm., and the sherd yield was even
poorer in the fourth pit. From these pits 1,396 sherds were recovered.
There was no significant variation in sherd distribution from top
to bottom, which is not surprising in such a shallow site. The com-
bined sherd yield for all the pits is divided as follows:

Per cent

Narrio Red-on-Buff . 68

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine 15

Cafiar Polished 1

Narrio Gross 13

Glossy Red Engraved 1

Others 2

100

Included in "others" are a few Red Engraved, Black Engraved,
and Red Banded Incised sherds, and fragments of two pottery
seats. Three Quartz-Studded sherds and one White-on-Red sherd
were found on the surface. Frequent forms in Narrio Red-on-Buff
are bowls, wide-mouthed jars with flaring bottoms (Fig. 15; PL 16,
Fig. 9), and compoteras with bottom of inside decorated with red
lines and dots.

No burials were uncovered, nor was any evidence of structures
encountered.

Cashaloma (Map 2) lies on a low hill 2.5 km. north of Cafiar
and 200 meters west of the Canar-Tambo road. Plowing and the
activities of treasure hunters have brought to the surface a large
number of sherds. There is no surface evidence of structures.
Five test pits one meter square were excavated in different parts
of the site. The pits were cut down in 15 cm. levels until hardpan
was reached. The depth of the different pits was as follows:

76 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

cm.

Pit 1 75

Pit 2 75

Pit 3 90

Pit 4 165

Pit 5 45

In Pit 1 an ash pit and two postholes were found in level 4,
and there was a burial at the bottom of the pit. The skeleton was
an adult male tightly flexed and sitting upright. The burial pit
extended from a depth of 40 cm. to the hardpan and was excavated
15 cm. into the hardpan. No artifacts were associated with the
burial. In Pit 4 the first level was 30 cm. thick, reaching down to
the plow line. The remaining nine levels were 15 cm. thick. In
level 6 three small, shallow postholes in line were encountered.
Fragments of a Red-on-Buff jar were found in level 6. In level 7
were found fragments of a well-polished Red-on-Buff tripod jar
with hoja de cabuya legs (PL 52, Fig. 4), and beneath it an infant
burial. In level 8 were fragments of two Red-on-Buff jars (PI.
52, Figs. 1-2).

A total of 2,495 sherds was recovered from the five pits at Casha-
loma. This was divided into the following types:

Per cent

Gross 62

Red-on-Buff 26

•Red-on-Buff Fine 1

Others 11

There are no significant changes in the distribution by level, except
that sherds showing Incaic influence are more frequent in the upper
levels.

The Gross at Cashaloma appears to be closely related to Narrio
Gross, but certain differences are apparent. In the former, the
proportion of slipped and polished sherds is higher. At Cashaloma
23 per cent of Gross sherds are slipped and 31 per cent are slipped
and polished, while the corresponding percentages for Narrio Gross
are 18 and 10. The polishing referred to is not a high polish and has
little luster. The red on the Gross sherds at Cashaloma is much
less constant than at Narrio, varying from purple-red through red
to orange. The common Gross forms at Cashaloma are jars with
flaring rims, tripod vessels with hoja de cabuya legs, compoteras,
and shallow bowls, the latter being more frequent than at Narrio.

The Red-on-Buff at Cashaloma is related to Narrio Red-on-Buff,
but differs from it somewhat. In general, the walls and particularly

1

OTHER SITES IN CANAR VALLEY 77

the rims of vessels are less well smoothed than at Narrio. Fairly^-
frequent are vessels on which the red slip has been applied to the
outside walls, as well as to the rim, in contrast with Narrio. These
vessels usually have carelessly made, irregular line luster over the
whole slipped surface. The predominant forms are globular jars
with flaring rims and elongated jars with flaring rims and lugs just
below the neck. In level 1 we encountered several typical Late
Narrio Red-on-Buff compoteras decorated on the inside with red
dots, circles, and hooks.

The few Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine sherds found at Cashaloma
were in no way different from those of Cerro Narrio.

The sherds listed above as "others" include two Red Engraved
sherds, four Black Engraved sherds, one Glossy Red Engraved sherd
and one Gray Engraved sherd, as well as a number of types which
we believe to exhibit Incaic influence. The latter are as follows:

(a) Large, thick, rough jars with flaring rims and with pro-
nounced shoulder ridges which may be notched. The surface
is unpolished and bears a white slip from rim to shoulder
(PI. 53, Figs. 1-3, 7-9; PI. 54, Figs. 1-2, 5-6). Within the
slipped area are reed punctates within incised triangles,
small, multiple reed punctates in groups of two, or triangular
punctates in groups of three. Occasionally there are un-
polished red bands bordering the incised areas. Sometimes
incised rectangles alternately hatched, giving a checkerboard
effect, are placed on the unslipped surface below the shoulder.
Below the shoulder are placed vertical handles which are
decorated with reed punctates and small lugs. This type is
found largely in the upper levels. It definitely shows Incaic
influence, and has been found in association with Incaic
wares farther north at Joyaczhi (Jijon Collection).

(b) Jars with brush marks cutting through white slip (PI. 53,
Figs. 4-6). This type, found in the upper levels, is probably
related to type a.

(c) Horizontal lugs with parallel incisions appear Incaic (PI. 53,
Figs. 10-12).

(d) Polished white-on-red bowls, and plates with rim lugs (PI. 53,
Figs. 14-17). This type is found in the upper three levels.

(e) White-on-red bowls and bottles with tall necks and flaring
rims (PI. 52, Fig. 6; PI. 54, Figs. 3-4, and 7). Bowls with
incurved walls have white bands around the outside of the

78 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

rim with red below, while bowls with outcurved walls have
red bands with occasional white dots around the outside of the
rim with white below. Some of these bowls are polished. The
bottles have alternating bands or areas of white and red,
with red or white flaring rims. Some of the red rims bear
white dots and crosses (PL 53, Figs. 13 and 18). These are
similar to decorations found by Uhle at Tomebamba (cf.
Uhle, 1923c, pi. 5, fig. 19 [9]). Another white-on-red decoration
is characteristic of compoteras with perforated feet (PL 52,
Fig. 5; PL 53, Figs. 20-21). On the outside of the rim is a
red or orange band on which are one or two horizontal rows
of white dots. The base of the foot is red and bears a hori-
zontal row of white circles bordered above and below by
lines of white dots. Fragments of certain other bowls and
vessels bearing white and red ornamentation may be Incaic,
but their number and size are insufficient to say anything
positive about them.

One White-on-Red and one Quartz-Studded sherd were found
on the surface.

IV. PREHISTORY OF CANAR VALLEY

The cultural remains found at Cerro Narrio fall into two distinct
groups with respect to their stratigraphic positions. While the two
groups are clearly differentiated, there is at the same time a con-

1
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Fig. 16. Percentage distribution by trench level of Cerro Narrio wares.
These graphs are based on the tables in Appendix B. For the sake of readability
only the curves for the four basic wares at Cerro Narrio (Narrio Red-on-Buff,
Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine, Caiiar Polished, and Narrio Gross) are shown. Note
that the critical point at which the rising curve of Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine in-
tersects the falling curve of Narrio Gross in each case falls between levels 3 and 4.
Narrio Red-on-Buff reaches its maximum at about the same point and thereafter
decreases, while Canar Polished is at its maximum near the bottom of each trench
and fades out near the critical point. This critical point may be taken as the divi-
sion between the Early and Late periods.

tinuity from early to late, which makes us feel that only one people
has occupied this area and that the changes described are due to
the normal cultural development of an aboriginal group. Thus,
Narrio Red-on-Buff ceramics are found throughout the different
trench levels, and while certain new forms and decorative motifs

79

80

EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

appear in this ware in later times, the basic ceramic component
remains virtually unchanged.

We have given the names of Early and Late Cerro Narrio to
the two complexes found on that hill. There is no doubt of their
temporal relationship. While the Late period is not isolated by a
sterile layer from the Early one, it is made up of ceramic forms,

No rn'o R-on-B

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Fig. 17. Schematic representation of Narrio ceramic chronology.

artifacts and other cultural evidence of peculiar cast which were
found consistently in the sixteen trenches, where the two horizons are
clearly stratified. The stratigraphic relationships of the Early and
Late ceramic types are shown in Figures 16 and 17 (cf. also Appen-
dix B). It was not a sudden invasion or a break-up of the old
culture that we are witnessing in the valley, but rather a gradual
change of the culture patterns. Ceramic forms grew rougher, there
was less evidence of contact with the sea, metals appeared, there was
contact and probably trade with at least two new and different cul-
tural centers. At the end of the Late period it appears that the Inca
conquest terminated the occupation of Cerro Narrio.

PREHISTORY OF CANAR VALLEY 81

Below are listed the known cultural traits comprising the Early
and Late complexes at Cerro Narrio. Revision and particularly
amplification of the Early complex will obviously be needed before
the prehistory of this area can be clearly understood.

Early Complex
Ceramics

Narrio Red-on-Buff (pp. 46-49).

Variants A, B and C (pp. 49-50).
Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine (pp. 50-52).
Canar Polished (pp. 53-54).
Granulated ware (p. 54).
Anthropomorphic designs; depression with applique clay pellet for eye.

Artifacts

Stone (pp. 67-68).

Ground knives, pottery-smoothers, beads, flat carved pendants,
figurines.
Bone (pp. 68-69).

Awls of deer long bones, worked deer scapulae, use of deer antler for
tools (presence of deer and rabbit bones indicates use of these
animals for food; no evidence found of llama or guinea pig).

Shell (p. 69).

Pendants and beads of marine and fresh-water shells, probably spon-
dylus shell figurines, large land-snail shells with engraved spiral
design, possible use of land snails for food.

Clay (p. 70).

Pottery-smoothers and spindle whorls made from sherds, one mini-
ature ax head of clay found.

Metal

No evidence of use of metal; probably little used.

Houses (pp. 70-72).

Vertical pole structures of undetermined shape.

Burials

No evidence found.

Agriculture

Maize; probably other crops, though no direct evidence found.

Late Complex
Ceramics

Narrio Red-on-Buff, continued (pp. 46-49).

Variant D.
Narrio Gross (pp. 54-56);
"Coffee-bean" eye.
Intrusive.

Group X (pp. 58-62).
Red Engraved.
Black Engraved.
Glossy Red Engraved.

82 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Quartz-Studded.

Red Banded Incised. '

Northern group (pp. 62-66).

Puruha (San Sebastian, Elen Pata, Huavalac).
Tuncahuan.

Variants A, B, C, D, E and F.

Artifacts

Stone (pp. 67-68).

One chipped projectile point, celts, perforated ax heads, spindle whorls,
atlatl spurs, beads.

Bone (pp. 68-69).

Awls, needles, bodkins, spatula, small polished rods, notched sticks,
whistles, rings, fragments of worked scapulae, brocket deer
antler points, sting-ray spines, use of llama and deer.

Shell (p. 69).

No shell artifacts (apparent decrease of contacts with sea).

Land snail shells used as grave goods.
Clay (p. 70).

Flat gross figurines, vessel fragments used as pottery-smoothers and as
spindle whorls. Drums or seats.

Metal (pp. 69-70).

Copper axes and topus. Gold ornaments and gilded copper appar-
ently introduced in this period.

Houses (pp. 70-72).

Pole houses, ellipsoid or rectangular in form, with thatched roofs of coarse
grass. In very late times and possibly only for special purposes house
poles were reinforced with stones.

Burials (pp. 72-73).

Flexed, apparently sitting. Covered with boulders.

Grave goods frequent; include artifacts, ornaments, land snail shells.

Agriculture

Maize and other crops (?; no evidence found); manioc imported (?).

The picture presented above is confirmed by additional survey
and excavation at Quillohuac, Shillu and Cashaloma.

Shillu, through its lack of Red-on-Buff Fine pottery and because
of the presence of Red-on-Buff Late forms and of intrusive wares
of Group X, can be dated as Late Cerro Narrio. The absence of
intrusive Northern wares is in accord with the physical evidence
of shallow, short occupation. It confirms the evidence that the
two different outside influences during Late Cerro Narrio came at
different times, with only the earlier affecting the people of Shillu.

Cashaloma, while basically of Cerro Narrio type, is considerably
later than Shillu. The dominant outside influence here is the
Incaic, reflected both by typical Cuzco forms and native vessels
showing the southern empire's influence. Thereby the sequence

PREHISTORY OF CANAR VALLEY

83

established at Narrio is extended into the fifteenth century, con-
firming simultaneously the possibility of Incaic influences at Narrio
proper, which were none too certain. The temporal relations of the
sites in Canar Valley are shown in Figure 18.

Early Cerro Narrio ties up with the different "Mayoid" sites
in Azuay listed by Uhle (1922c, pp. 206-207), of which Chaulla-
bamba, Carmen and Huancarcuchu seem the most important.1 In
this article he unfortunately discusses pottery and artifacts without

Inca

Narrio

Shillu

Cashaloma

Horizon

Loie
Period

Early
Period

Fig. 18. Chronological positions of sites in Canar Valley.

regard for provenience. It is impossible to tell where the majority
of forms came from. But it is clear that these sites share Narrio
Red-on-Buff and Red-on-Buff Fine pottery, line luster and bulbous
decoration, and some forms of Canar Polished, as well as certain
characteristic shell and stone figurines and ornaments.

Some of the unique sherds from Early levels at Cerro Narrio
(Pis. 42-43) show similarities to coastal forms, but the latter are
still insufficiently known for definite commitment.

In later times, the associations to the south become less marked.
It is very possible that similarity will become apparent when a
stratigraphic excavation is undertaken, with due attention to statisti-
cal frequencies. There is little in common between Late* Cerro
Narrio and the more spectacular forms discussed in the Survey
(p. 28) as being late on the headwaters of the Santiago in Azuay.

1 Uhle has proposed the term "Mayoid" for the Early Cerro Narrio complex
(1922c, 1928b, 1935), while Jijon (1930) prefers to call it Chaullabamba.

84 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

To the north, the earliest influence within the Late period at
Narrio (Group X) has also affected the Chanchan and Upano
valleys. This influence, reflected at Alausi through Engraved, Red
Banded Incised, Quartz-Studded and White-on-Red wares and at
Macas through the latter three only, has not yet been traced to its
focal point. The evidence is clear that Group X is just as much
intrusive at Alausi as it is at Narrio, and this is probably true at
Macas also. The group does not seem to be found in the northern
, highlands, which are fairly well known. Because of resemblance to
Quartz-Studded vessels from Huigra and Esmeraldas and black
engraved pottery from Manabi, Group X may have come from the
coast. The geographic position of Macas suggests the Oriente jungles
as another possible point of origin. The evidence seems to favor
most the coastal side, but an adequate answer will require additional
investigation.

Shortly after Group X, Puruha influences began to be felt at
Narrio. This wave connects not only three diverse Puruha periods
(San Sebastian or Guano, Elen Pata and Huavalac) but also allegedly
earlier Tuncahuan levels with the latest occupation at Cerro Narrio.
While not very strong, this influence cross-dates the Canar Valley
with aboriginal cultures of the Chimborazo Province and tends to
alter the succession proposed for them (Jijon, 1927, 1930) by tele-
scoping several periods.

Finally, this late dating of some northern forms is confirmed by
finds made at Joyaczhi, high up in the Nudo del Azuay. There
several variants of Tuncahuan (Jijon, 1930, pi. 25) are found along
1 with sherds decorated with Incaic-influenced Cashaloma reed-punc-
tates (Jijon Collection). There seems little doubt that in the
period just preceding the Inca conquest the Puruha people were
increasing their sphere of influence to the south.

In the Late period, as in the Early levels, contacts with the
littoral are hinted at by the presence of a few intrusive sherds of
coastal cast, but the data are insufficient for a definite statement.

There remains the problem of identification of the different
periods discussed above with aboriginal tribes inhabiting the area
in historic times. There seems to be little doubt that the Canari
people lived on the upper reaches of the Naranjal before, during and
after the Incaic conquest. Incaic artifacts and evidence of Incaic
influences are found in direct association with a Late Cerro Narrio
complex at Cashaloma and probably at Narrio. As no other ethnic
group besides the Canari has been reported for the area, we are bound

PREHISTORY OF CANAR VALLEY 85

to conclude that Cerro Narrio ceramics and artifacts were manu-
factured and used by Canari Indians. If this be true, Early Cerro
Narrio represents the cultural equipment with which the Cafiaris
moved into the area. Where they came from is unknown at present.
Even discounting Uhle's Totonac-Chosotegan-Panamanean hypoth-
esis (1931), it is still logically possible that the group represented
by our pottery came from the Ecuador coast, although there is no
evidence to prove this. They spread through the provinces of
Azuay and Canar, the different units eventually pursuing their
individual lines of development in comparative isolation. From
the survey evidence it seems that the area around Cuenca and the
upper reaches of Rio Santiago was a center of Canari development
from the early Cerro Narrio or Chaullabamba base. As stated in
the Survey (p. 27), this later development, consistent in itself,
differs from a chronologically similar horizon across the range in the
Canar Valley. Isolation of the two areas from each other, and diverse
outside contacts, with southern and perhaps eastern influences in
Azuay, would account for this diversification. Thus, the late
differences between Canar and Azuay are not necessarily an argu-
ment against our tentative equation of Early and Late Cerro Narrio
with the Canari Indians.

V. CONCLUSIONS

Our survey and excavations in southern Ecuador have produced
the following results. We have established a stratigraphic chronology
for the Canar Valley. At its upper end this chronology is tied in
with the Inca horizon, thus giving it a terminal date of 1450-1500.
The early part of the chronology can be extended into the Province
of Azuay to the south on the basis of similar ceramics found there,
and through the presence of intrusive wares it is possible to relate
the Canar sequence to the aboriginal remains in Chimborazo, the
next province to the north. We are unable to see in Canar ceramics
the close resemblances to Central America which have been em-
phasized by Uhle and Jijon, and which first attracted us to Cerro
Narrio. Rather, we are inclined to identify the Canar remains with
the Canari Indians, who are known to have occupied the region at
the time of the Inca conquest. Although vessels of apparent north
Peruvian coastal provenience occur sporadically in southern Ecuador,
Peruvian influence is not evident in the local ceramics.

The Canar Valley chronology consists of an early period (Early
Cerro Narrio), a late period (Late Cerro Narrio), and a final Inca
horizon. The Early and Late period complexes are described in full
in Chapter IV. The Early and Late periods were found clearly
stratified in the deep refuse deposits at Cerro Narrio. There was
no clear break between the two periods but a transition in which
early wares faded out and new ones appeared. A basic ware lasted
throughout the occupation of Cerro Narrio, showing only minor
changes in form and decoration. There is therefore reason to believe
that the two periods represent not separate occupations of the hill
but the developing culture of a single people, who probably were
the Canari Indians.

Intrusive in the Late period at Cerro Narrio were found two
groups of ceramics. The first (Group X), which we believe to be
slightly earlier in time at Cerro Narrio than the second, includes
Black Engraved, Red Engraved, Glossy Red Engraved, Quartz-
Studded, and Red Banded Incised, as well as White-on-Red. These
wares were found consistently in a horizon near the beginning of the
Late period. The second and later group includes Puruha wares,
typical of the Province of Chimborazo to the north, and Tuncahuan
wares, found in Chimborazo and still farther north, all of which were
found closely associated in the latest horizon of occupation at the
summit of Cerro Narrio. In these intrusive Puruha wares we

86

CONCLUSIONS 87

have identified types which Sr. Jijon has placed in three separate
periods, namely, San Sebastian, Elen Pata and Huavalac.

That these two intrusive ceramic groups were not contempora-
neous was confirmed by our excavations at Shillu. This was a shallow
site containing Cerro Narrio wares of Late type associated with
Group X intrusives; no Puruha-Tuncahuan intrusives were found.

Some Incaic and Inca-influenced vessels have been reported
from Cerro Narrio, but we found no clear Inca horizon there. How-
ever, at Cashaloma, a site of Late Cerro Narrio period, definite
and ample evidence of Inca influence was found in the upper levels.

To sum up the situation in the Canar Valley, at Cerro Narrio
we have represented an early and a late period, with two groups
of northern intrusives in the Late period, and scanty evidence of
Inca influence. At Shillu we have a pure Late period site with
Group X intrusives only. Cashaloma is a Late period site showing
definite Inca influence toward the end of its occupation.

Early Cerro Narrio wares have been reported by Uhle for several
sites in the Province of Azuay to the south of Canar, and their
presence at Sumay Pamba on the Jubones extends the distribution
to the northern edge of the Province of Loja.

The presence of Late Cerro Narrio wares in Azuay has not been
established, although future stratigraphic excavation may well
reveal them there. The Late Cerro Narrio sherds at Sumay Pamba
make it likely that this period is represented farther north in Azuay
also. Certain non-Narrio and presumably late ceramic types in
collections from Azuay suggest the possibility that in Azuay in the
Late period ceramic development followed a different line from that
in the Canar Valley.

Group X intrusives are present at Alausi on the western slope
in Chimborazo, and at Macas at the eastern foot of the Andes.
Group X thus came to the Canar Valley from the north. Too little
is known as yet to determine the focus of this influence, and it may
ultimately prove to have come either from the coast or the jungle.
The former is the more probable place of origin.

We found late Puruha pottery at Zula on the upper Chambo and
at Alausi. These places are within the area of extension of Puruha
already suggested by Sr. Jijon.

South of the Rio Jubones in Saraguro our survey revealed no
evidence of Cerro Narrio pottery or of other wares typical of Azuay.
Saraguro wares are crude and utilitarian, and at present cannot

88 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

be tied up with surrounding areas. There is evidence of an Inca
horizon here.

Local painted wares were found in the Catamayo Valley west
of Loja. These do not affiliate to the north, nor can we at present
see much resemblance to known Peruvian types, although more
knowledge of the Peruvian highland and coast immediately to the
south may make evident some sort of tie-up. Large stone enclosures
in the Catamayo Valley are similar to ones on the Jubones reported
by Verneau and Uhle as being Incaic. In the former place we
found no Incaic sherds. These structures are somewhat suggestive of
late stone enclosures on the coast of Peru (e.g., in the Casma Valley).

The problem of Central American connections remains unsolved.
Southern Ecuador is the area showing clearest Mayoid, Chorotegan
and Panamanean connections of any of the Andean cultures, accord-
ing to Uhle. We are convinced that these direct connections are not
realities and that the concrete similarities, when graphically pre-
sented, cannot be confirmed.

The difficulty seems to lie in the fact that in all of his comparative
work Uhle uses the isolated trait as the comparable unit. Whenever
he does engage in concrete examination of data, which is none too
frequently, he tends to extract the unique and favorable fact from
its context, consistently ignoring the larger pattern (1923a, 1924,
1931). Also, as Lothrop has pointed out (1940, p. 423), he neglects
the chronology which has been developed and improved for Middle
America. His only attempt to reconcile the calendar of the Mayas
with their supposed migrations consists in criticism of Lehman's
correlation (1923b), and in suggestions as to the relative antiquity
of Maya and Totonac remains.

On the other hand, Uhle was right in feeling that Tuncahuan
influences in Canar were later than Early Cerro Narrio (his "Mayoid"
levels). As has been pointed out, Tuncahuan ceramics are part of
the latest outside wave to penetrate the Canar area, shortly before
the Incaic conquest. This would seem to throw some doubt on the
feeling of Sr. Jijon (1927, vol. 2, p. 182, footnote 2) that Tuncahuan
peoples worked and lived in Chimborazo in the period before a.d.
750. The Puruha Indians allegedly entered the area shortly after-
wards and were still there when the Cuzco legions marched through.
The evidence at Cerro Narrio clearly places Tuncahuan and the
various Puruha levels in the same late chronological position.

This evidence does not necessarily contradict the temporal
differentiation of the Tuncahuan occupation from that of the

CONCLUSIONS 89

Puruha in Chimborazo. But it does shrink highland chronology to
at most four or five centuries prior to the arrival of the Incas in
Ecuador. It supports Means' contention (1931, pp. 157-164) that
the different Puruha periods can be telescoped, although his argument
in terms of the "Archaic" style is not acceptable today. The
occurrence side by side of Elen Pata ceramics dated 850-1300 by Sr.
Jijon with Tuncahuan pottery believed to go back to the beginning
of the Christian era, raises legitimate doubts as to the validity of the
chronology proposed.

It is only through additional work that the problems confronting
Ecuadorean archaeology will be solved. The systematic survey of
the country undertaken by Mr. Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr., for the
School of American Research is in that respect an excellent project.
Although Mr. Ferdon has as yet been unable to work in the southern
highland, this area is included in his future program and should
yield important results.

The region included in the Azogues-Cuenca-Cumbe-Sigsig-Paute
pentagon is the one that demands most immediate survey and
excavation. Stratified sites probably exist there, and careful work
will check our Canar chronology as well as extend it. The placing
of Tiahuanaco influences, suggested by the Chordeleg gold artifacts,
into our Cafiari chronology will also be very helpful. Finally, the
relation to other Peruvian cultures such as Chavin and Chimu might
be cleared up.

The same problem can be fruitfully attacked in Loja, with a
survey of the Jubones and the Catamayo-Chira drainages indicated
as the most pressing project. The Palta occupation of Loja,
whose linguistic affiliations are in the Oriental jungle and whose
archaeology is virtually unknown, presents the problem of Amazonic
influences in Andean development, variously suggested by Rivet
and Lothrop but never archaeologically tested.

To the north, a survey of the Naranjal and Chanchan drainages
might shed light on the origin of the Cerro Narrio complex, and
clarify Group X and its affiliations.

Finally, the Macas area and if possible the entire Upano Valley
should be investigated. The correlation shown there with Alausi
and Narrio, through Group X wares, raises again the problem of
Amazonic intrusion, already suggested for Loja. Only additional
work, however, can remove these relationships from the realm of
pure speculation.

90 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

We have mentioned certain evidence of outside cultural in-
fluence in the highland of southern Ecuador: evidence of contact
with the Ecuadorean coast and the Amazonic jungle, of trade with
the north coast of Peru in pre-Incaic times, and of possible Tia-
huanaco influence in metal objects from Azuay. Despite the hints
of contacts with Peru, Peruvian influences in southern Ecuador
appear to have been surprisingly slight. In general, we have the
impression that Ecuador affiliates more closely with Colombia than
with Peru.

Ecuador occupies a strategic position for studying the problem
of cultural interchange between the Andean region and Central
America. Such traits as certain styles of stone sculpture, methods
of constructing tombs, forms of pottery (e.g., tripod vessels), nega-
tive painting on pottery, and metallurgical techniques link Ecuador
to the south with Peru and to the north with Colombia and Central
America. These and other traits held in common by the Andean
region and Central America have varying geographical distributions
and appear to be of different ages. It is therefore highly improbable
that the spread of these traits can be explained satisfactorily in
terms of a single cultural wave or a number of closely related cultural
waves. It appears at present that the cultural resemblances between
South and Central America resulted from diffusion in both directions
and over a long period of time.

These general considerations, as well as the fact that we cannot
see the very specific resemblances claimed, lead us to disagree with
Uhle's and Jijon's theories of direct Maya and Chorotegan influence
in Ecuador. Apparently there are no short cuts to the solution of
the problem of Central American connections with Andean civili-
zations. Systematic excavations to establish as fully as possible
the patterns of aboriginal life, as well as reliable chronologies, are
needed before comparative work can yield decisive results.

APPENDIX A:
PASTE ANALYSIS OF CERRO NARRIO WARES

BY

Sharat K. Roy

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine. — The clay consists of a base or ground
mass of microcrystalline micaceous substance, probably mont-
morillonitic, with a large proportion of pumice particles (temper)
showing a moderate degree of rounding. Pale green and brown
augite, brown biotite, sodic plagioclase, and quartz grains, make
up the rest. Also present are relatively large masses of tuff of lighter
color, but otherwise similar character; these may represent an earlier
ashfall, which has been washed into the basin of deposition during
the settling of the latter. Apparently the clay is obtained from a
bed of volcanic debris, not too far from the site of eruption. The
recognizable mineral components are quite fresh, and show little
alteration by weathering or firing.

Narrio Red-on-Buff. — The paste is easily distinguishable from
that of Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine. The microcrystalline base is
finer-grained, and darker, containing much black or dark brown
opaque oxide. No pumice fragments are present, but calcic plagio-
clase (temper) is abundant. Particles of fine-grained rhyolite are
also numerous. Quartz, green hornblende, green augite, and red-
brown biotite are also present.

Narrio Gross. — The paste contains considerable quartz (temper)
and is more like Red-on-Buff than Red-on-Buff Fine.

Canar Polished. — Temper consists of fragments of plagioclase,
quartz, rhyolitic ash, green and brown hornblende and augite, red-
brown biotite, and some pumice of the type seen in Narrio Red-on-
Buff Fine. The matrix is similar to that of Narrio Red-on-Buff.

Apparently all the samples are of the same general derivation,
volcanic debris. Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine differs from the others
in the abundance of pumice fragments, and paucity of plagioclase.
Merely from examination of the sections it cannot be said whether
the respective samples represent distinct ashfalls, or merely phases
of one fall, the differences being due to natural sedimentation proc-
esses, or possibly treatment (washing, etc.) by the potter. Probably
more than one fall is indicated.

91

APPENDIX B: DISTRIBUTION OF SHERDS
BY TRENCH LEVELS AT CERRO NARRIO

In tables 1-5 are shown the percentages for each ware in each
level for trenches IN, 4M, 15, 16 and 6 (inside house).1 The first
four are typical of the trenches dug on the shoulders and lower
platforms of Cerro Narrio, while Trench 6 is representative of the
trenches dug in the Late deposits on the top platform of the hill.
Certain minor types, because of the small number of sherds belong-
ing to them, have been grouped together for convenience. Thus
Variants A, B and D of Narrio Red-on-Buff have been included
with Narrio Red-on-Buff, the intrusive engraved types have been
lumped under one heading, and the Puruha and Tuncahuan groups
are each listed under their respective names.

It should be noted again that we use the term "ware" in a general
sense to refer to pottery types and to broader ceramic groupings.

Table 1. — Distribution by Level of Sherds in Trench 6 (inside House)

Percentage of total sherds in level

Wares Lev. 1

Narrio Red-on-Buff 67.7

Narrio Red-on-Buff

(Variant C)

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine 3.2

Cariar Polished 3.2

Granulated

Narrio Gross 22 . 7

Engraved

Puruha 3.2

Tuncahuan

Others

Lev. 2

Lev. 3

64.9

42.9

6.3
0.9

3.9

24^3
1.8

51.4
0.6

i'.k

0^6
0.6

Lev. 4

Lev. 5

Lev.

41.0

39.0

65.

7.7

51^3

58.2
2^8

34 '.

Lev. 7

Total
No.

58.9

268

7.7
2.6

20
3

2.6

28.2

224

14

1

7
1

All wares.

Total number of sherds
31 111 154 39

141

23

39 538

1 The dimensions of these trenches are as follows: IN is 2 by 3.3 meters, and 1.8
meters deep; 4M is 2 by 4 meters, and 2.5 meters deep; 6 (inside house) is approxi-
mately 3 by 6 meters, and 1.6 meters deep; 15 is 1 by 1 meter, and 2.6 meters deep;
16 is 1 by 1 meter, and 2.10 meters deep.

92

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94

BIBLIOGRAPHY

In an attempt to compile a complete bibliography on the archaeology of
Ecuador we have included, in addition to the works we have consulted and those
cited in the text, many publications which we have not seen. The most important
specific and general works are marked with an asterisk.

Abbreviations

AUC Anales de la Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador

BANH Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Historia, Quito, Ecuador

BSE Boletin de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Historicos, Quito,

Ecuador
AMNH Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, New

York
FMNH Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
RCHC Revista de la Sociedad de Historia de Cuenca, Ecuador
JSAP Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris

Anthony, Raoul, and Rivet, Paul

1908. Recherches anatomiques sur les ossements (os des membres) des abris
sous roches de Paltacalo. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie
de Paris, ser. 5, vol. 9, pp. 314-430.

Arriaga, Jesus

1922. Apuntes de arqueologia Canar. Cuenca.

Bamps, Anatole

1879. Les antiquites ecuatoriennes du Musee Royal d'Antiquites de Bruxelles.
Compte Rendu du Congres des Americanistes, 3rd Session, vol. 2, pp. 47-143,
40 plates. Brussels.

1887. Tomebamba, antique cite de l'empire des Incas. Louvain.

1888. Les antiquites ecuatoriennes du Musee Royal d'Antiquites de Bruxelles.
Bulletin de la Societe Royale Beige de Geographie, vol. 12, pp. 121-152,
253-284. Illustrated.

Barbarena, Santiago

1893. Origen de las tribus indigenas del Ecuador. Repertorio Salvadoreno,
pp. 13-23. San Salvador.

Barrera, Isaac J.

1918. El Padre Don Juan de Velasco. BSE, vol. 1, pp. 136-144.
1938. La prehistoria ecuatoriana. Realidades Ecuatorianas, Publicaciones
de la Universidad Central, pp. 9-42.

Bergsoe, Paul

*1937. The metallurgy and technology of gold and platinum among the pre-
Columbian Indians. Ingenio'rvidenskabelige Skrifter, No. A44. Copen-
hagen.

*1938. The gilding process and the metallurgy of copper and lead among the
pre-Columbian Indians. Ingeni0rvidenskabelige Skrifter, No. A46. Copen-
hagen.

Beuchat, H.

1912. Manuel d'archeologie americaine. Paris.

95

96 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Bollaert, William

1860. Antiquarian, ethnological and other researches in New Granada,
Equador, Peru and Chile. London.

1870. On the ancient or fossil pottery found on the shores of Ecuador. Mem-
oirs of the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 3, pp. 163-166.

Buitron Chaves, Anibal

1942. Reconocimiento arqueologico del alto Ecuador austral. BANH, vol.
22, No. 59, pp. 153-173.

Cermak, Kliment

1894. Prahistorische Altertiimer von Ecuador in America. Zeitschrift fur
Ethnologie, vol. 26, pp. 470-471.

*Cieza de Leon, Pedro de

1553. Parte primera de la chronica del Peru. Seville.

Clement, Andre

1932. Note sur la durete des haches pre-colombiennes de l'Equateur et du
Mexique. JSAP, n. ser., vol. 24, pp. 85-91.

1935. Contribution a l'etude de la metalurgie pre-colombienne. JSAP, n. ser.,
vol. 27, pp. 418-458.

Cody, Bertha P.

1941. Gold ornaments of Ecuador. Masterkey, vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 87-95,
3 figs. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.

Corbett, John M.

1941. A copper mould from Ecuador. El Palacio, vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 34-37.

CORDERO PALACIOS, OCTAVIO

1924. El Quichua y el Canari. Cuenca.

Crespo Ordonez, Ricardo

1923. Exportation de objetos arqueologicos.

*Dorsey, George A.

1901. Archaeological investigations on the island of La Plata. FMNH, vol. 2,
No. 5.

Duran, Miguel T.

1930. Entierros en Huapan. RCHC, No. 16, pp. 168-176, 2 plates.

1931. La civilization tiahuanaquense en Hatun-Canar. RCHC, No. 18,
pp. 190-202; No. 19, pp. 310-319.

1936. Introduction a nuestros estudios arqueologicos. RCHC, No. 26,
pp. 99-104.

1937. Dos cartas. RCHC, No. 29, pp. 1-8.
1938a. Cuyes y Jima. RCHC, No. 31, pp. 201-209.

1938b. Las ruinas de Xochicalco y Chimu. RCHC, No. 32, pp. 328-333.

Espinosa, Luis Dario

1931. Discurso. RCHC, No. 18, pp. 166-171.

Etzelt, Franz

1936. Restos de mamiferos de las tobas pleistocenas de Punin, Ecuador.
AUC, No. 298.

Farabee, W. C.

1921. A golden hoard from Ecuador. The Museum Journal, vol. 12, pp.
43-52. Philadelphia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 97

Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr.

1940a. Investigacion arqueologica en el Ecuador. BANH, vol. 29, No. 55,

pp. 103-108.
1940b. The archaeological survey of Ecuador. El Palacio, vol. 47, No. 6,

pp. 137-144.
*1 940. Reconnaissance in Esmeraldas. El Palacio, vol. 47, No. 12, pp.

257-274.
*1941a. Reconnaissance in Esmeraldas. El Palacio, vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 7-15.
*1941b. The excavation at La Libertad. El Palacio, vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 38-42.
1941c. Preliminary notes on artifacts from La Libertad, Ecuador. El Palacio,

vol. 48, pp. 204-210.
1942. Excavaciones arqueologicas cerca de la Libertad, provincia de Guayas.

BANH, vol. 22, No. 59, pp. 75-81.

and Corbett, John Maxwell

1941. Depositos arqueologicos de La Tolita. BANH, vol. 21, No. 57, pp. 5-15.

Gonzalez de la Rosa, Manuel

1908. Les Caras de l'Equateur et les premiers resultats de l'expedition G.
Heye sous la direction de M. Saville. JSAP, n. ser., vol. 5, pp. 85-93.

Gonzalez Suarez, Federico

*1878. Estudio historico sobre los Caharis, antiguos habitantes de la provincia

del Azuay en la Republica del Ecuador. Quito.
*1892. Atlas arqueologico ecuatoriano. Quito.
1904. Prehistoria ecuatoriana. Ligeras reflexiones sobre las razas indigenas

que poblaban antiguamente el territorio actual de la Republica del Ecuador.

87 pp., 5 plates. Quito.
1910. Investigaciones arqueologicas sobre los aborigenes del Carchi y de

Imbabura. Quito.
1915. Notas arqueologicas. Quito.
1922. See 1878. Second edition published in Cuenca.

Grijalva, Carlos E.

1921. Nombres y pueblos de la antigua provincia de Imbabura. BANH,
vol. 1, Nos. 3-4, pp. 33-70.

1938. La expedition de Max Uhle a Cuasmal o sea la proto-historia de Imba-
bura y Charchi. Quito.

Hamy, E. T.

1882. Le tombeau de Tres Molinos, pres Guano. Decades Americanae,

Nos. 1-2, pp. 27-28.
1897. Galerie americaine du Musee d'Ethnographie de Trocadero. 50 plates.

Paris.

Heuzey, M. L.

1870. Le tresor de Cuenca. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, vol. 4. Paris.

HUERTA RENDON, FRANCISCO

1940. Una civilization precolombina en Bahia de Caraquez. Revista del
Colegio Nacional Vte. Rocafuerte, No. 51, pp. 85-96. Guayaquil.

Jijon y Caamano, Jacinto

1912. El tesoro de Itschimbia. London.

*1914. Contribution al conocimiento de los aborigenes de Imbabura. Madrid.
1918a. Una punta de Jabalina de Puengasi (Pichincha). BSE, vol. 1, No. 2,
p. 109.

98 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

1918b. Artefactos prehistoricos del Guayas. BSE, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 253-275,

14 plates.
1919a. Artefactos prehistoricos del Guayas. BSE, vol.2, No. 5, pp. 169-172.
*1919b. Contribucion al conocimiento de las lenguas indigenas, que se hablaron

en el Ecuador interandino y occidental, con anterioridad a la conquista

espafiola. BSE, vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 340-413.
*1920a. Nueva contribucion al conocimiento de los aborigenes de la provincia

de Imbabura. BSE, vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 1-120; vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 183-245.
1920b. Los tincullpas y notas acerca de la metalurgia de los aborigenes del

Ecuador. BSE, vol. 5, Nos. 13-14, pp. 4-45.
1922. La edad del bronce en America del Sur. BANH, vol. 4, No. 9, pp.

119-126, 1 plate.
*1927. Puruha: contribucion al conocimiento de los aborigenes de la provincia

del Chimborazo. 2 vols., Quito. (Reprinted from BANH, Nos. 6, 12, 14,

17-26, 1921-24.)
1929. Notas de arqueologia cuzquefia. Dios y Patria, Nos. 22-23. Riobamba.
*1930. Una gran marea cultural en el noroeste de Sudamerica. JSAP,

n. ser., vol. 22, pp. 107-197.
1933. Curso de prehistoria ecuatoriana dictado en la Universidad Central

de Quito. Printed by Universidad Central. Quito.
*1941. El Ecuador interandino y occidental. Vol. 1. Quito.

and Larrea, Carlos M.

1918. Un cementerio incasico y notas acerca de los Incas en el Ecuador.
Revista de la Sociedad Juridico-Literaria, vol. 20, pp. 159-260. Quito.
(Reprinted by Universidad Central. Quito, 1918.)

Joyce, T. A.

1912. South American archaeology. London.

*Kidder, Alfred, II

1940. South American penetrations into Middle America, in The Maya and
their neighbors, pp. 441-459. New York.

Larrea, Carlos M.

1919. Notas acerca de dos objetos arqueologicos de oro hallados en Imbabura.
BSE, vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 208-216, 2 plates.

and Jijon Y Caamano, Jacinto

1919. Notas acerca de la arqueologia de la provincia de Esmeraldas. Con-
tribucion al conocimiento de los aborigenes de La Tola. BSE, vol. 3, Nos.
7-8, pp. 87-109.

Le Gouhir, Jose Maria

1922-24. Tesis de la prehistoria ecuatoriana. Series I— III in Revista de la
Asociacion Catolica de la Juventud Ecuatoriana. Series IV, Los Caras,
RCHC, No. 9, 1923, pp. 436-452; No. 10, 1924, pp. 1-20.

1939. Estudios de la prehistoria ecuatoriana. BANH, vol. 18, No. 54, pp.
38-58.

1940. Estudios de la prehistoria ecuatoriana. BANH, vol. 19, No. 55, pp.
68-103.

Leon, Segundo

1935. Excavaciones de tolas realizadas en la region de Intag. AUC, No. 293,
pp. 187-207.

Leon, Tito de

1939. Ingapirca; monumento incasico que el Ecuador esta perdiendo. Re-
vista Municipal, Guayaquil, vol. 14, No. 59, pp. 54-59.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 99

*Lothrop, Samuel K.

1940. South America as seen from Middle America, in The Maya and their
neighbors, pp. 417-429. New York.

Markham, Clements R.

1864. On quartz cutting instruments of the ancient inhabitants of Chanduy,
near Guayaquil. Anthropological Review (Journal of the Anthropological
Society of London), vol. 2, pp. 57-61.

Matovelle, Julio J. M.

n.d. Las Ruinas de Tomebamba. Cuenca.

1921. Cuenca de Tomebamba. Cuenca.

Means, Philip Ainsworth

1931. Ancient civilizations of the Andes. New York.

Mera I., Juan Leon

1919. Las cuevas de San Pedro. BSE, vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 196-207.

Mora, Alfonso M.

1938. Apuntaciones de prehistoria sobre restos de civilizaciones americanas.
RCHC, No. 30, pp. 170-192; No. 31, pp. 243-266.

Moreno Mora, M.

1922. Contribution al estudio de la linguistica y etnologia canaris. Revista
de Colegio Nacional Benigno Malo, vol. 1, No. 1. Cuenca.

Orchard, W. C.

1925. Minute gold beads from La Tolita, Ecuador. Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, Indian Notes, vol. 2.

Pastor, Cesar Alfonso

1918. Barros precolombinos del Ecuador. Boletin de la Real Academia de
Historia, vol. 72, pt. 6. Madrid.

Proano, Juan Felix

1918a. Tradiciones de Cacha — La familia Duchicela. El Observador, No. 75.

Riobamba.
1918b. Tradiciones de Puruha — La fortaleza de Cacha. El Observador, No.

76. Riobamba.
1918c. El Ilustrisimo Sr. Gonzalez Suarez y la historia del antiguo reino de

Quito del P. Juan de Velasco. El Observador, No. 77. Riobamba.
1918d. La historia del antiguo reino de Quito del P. Juan de Velasco y la

arqueologia ecuatoriana. El Observador, No. 79. Riobamba.
1918e. El baluarte de Macaji (Callana Pamba). El Observador, No. 86.

Riobamba.
1918f. La tola de Macaji. El Observador, Nos. 81 and 89. Riobamba.
1918g. Los monumentos incasicos de Palmira. El Observador, No. 91.

Riobamba.
1918h. Monumentos arqueologicos en el valle de Guano. El Observador, Nos.

108 and 139. Riobamba.

1923. Puruha, su arqueologia, sus tradiciones. Dios y Patria, vol. 1, No. 1.
Riobamba.

Rivet, Paul

*1908. La race de Lagoa Santa chez les populations pre-colombiennes de
l'Equateur. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris,
ser. 5, vol. 9, pp. 209-274.

100 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Roth, Walter E.

1924. An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana
Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, 38th Annual Report.

Rumazo Gonzalez, Jose

1933. El Ecuador en la America prehispanica. 207 pages, 10 plates.

Saville, Marshall H.

*1907. The antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. Contributions to South American
Archaeology, George G. Heye Expedition, *vol. 1. New York.

1909. Archaeological researches on the coast of Esmeraldas. Sixteenth Con-
gress of Americanists, Vienna, pp. 337 ff.

*1910. The antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador. Contributions to South American
Archaeology, George G. Heye Expedition, vol. 2. New York.

1914. Precolumbian decoration of teeth in Ecuador. American Anthro-
pologist, vol. 16, pp. 387-390.

1924. The gold-treasure of Sigsig, Ecuador. Leaflets of the Museum of the
American Indian, No. 3.

Spillman, F.

1928. Estudio comparado de craneos humanos antiguos procedentes de la
provincia del Carchi, Ecuador. AUC, vol. 40, No. 264.

Spinden, H. J.

1939. Archaeological survey of the northern Andes. Transactions of the
New York State Academy of Science, ser. 2, vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 83-87.

Stoepel, K. Th.

1913. Archaeological discoveries in Ecuador and southern Colombia during
1911. Eighteenth International Congress of Americanists, pp. 251-258.
London.

Sullivan, M. L. R. and Hellman, Milo

*1925. The Punin calvarium. AMNH, vol. 23.

1938. El craneo de Punin. AUC, vol. 60, No. 304, pp. 729-742.

Talbot, Francisco

1924. Ruinas de Joyaczhi. RCHC, No. 10, pp. 85-90.

Uhle, Max

1889. Kultur und Industrie sudamerikanischer Volker. Vol. 1. Leipzig.
*1920a. Los principios de las antiguas civilizaciones peruanas. BSE, vol. 4,
No. 12, pp. 448-458.

1920b. Los principios de la civilization en la sierra peruana. BSE, vol. 4,

Nos. 13 and 14, pp. 44-56, 7 plates.
1922a. Origenes centro-americanos. BANH, vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 1-7.
*1922b. Sepulturas ricas de oro en la provincia del Azuay. BANH, vol. 4,

No. 9, pp. 108-114.
*1922c. Influencias mayas en el alto Ecuador. BANH, vol. 4, Nos. 10-11,

pp. 205-240, 50 plates; vol. 5, Nos. 12, 13 and 14, pp. 1-3.
1922d. The excavations at Caiiar. The Panamerican Magazine, vol. 34, No. 4.

London.
1922e. El problema paleolitico americano. BANH, vol. 5, Nos. 12, 13 and

14, pp. 302-316, 5 plates.
1922f. Las Huacas de Canar. JSAP, vol. 14, pp. 242-244.
*1923a. Civilizaciones mayoides de la costa pacifica de Sudamerica. BANH,

vol. 6, Nos. 15, 16 and 17, pp. 87-92, 4 plates, 1 map.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 101

1923b. Toltecas, Mayas y civilizaciones sudamericanas. BANH, vol. 7,
No. 18, pp. 1-33, 15 plates.

*1923c. Las ruinas de Tomebamba. 6 plates, 11 maps. Quito.

1924. Cronologia y relaciones de las antiguas civilizaciones panamenas.
BANH, vol. 9, Nos. 24, 25 and 26, pp. 190-207, 8 plates.

1926a. Los elementos constitutivos de las civilizaciones suramericanas. AUC,
vol. 36.

1926b. Excavaciones arqueologicas en la region de Cumbaya. AUC, vol. 37.

*1927a. Las antiguas civilizaciones esmeraldenas. AUC, vol. 38.

1927b. Estudios esmeraldefios. AUC, vol. 39.

1928a. Las ruinas de Cuasmal. AUC, vol. 40.

1928b. Desarollo y origen de las civilizaciones americanas. Proceedings,
Twenty-third International Congress of Americanists, pp. 31-43. New York.

1928c. Spate Mastodonten in Ecuador. Proceedings, Twenty-third Inter-
national Congress of Americanists, pp. 247-258. New York.

1929. Estado actual de la prehistoria ecuatoriana. Quito.

1930. El reino de Quito. BANH, vol. 10, Nos. 27, 28 and 29.

*1931. Las antiguas civilizaciones de Manta. BANH, vol. 12, Nos. 33, 34

and 35, pp. 5-72, 11 plates.
1933. Estudio sobre las civilizaciones del Carchi e Imbabura. Quito.
*1935. Die alten Kulturen Perus im Hinblick auf die Archaeologie und

Geschichte des amerikanischen Kontinents. Berlin.

1936. Las antiguas civilizaciones del Ecuador y Peru. BANH, vol. 13,
Nos. 36-39.

1937. Las ruinas de Cochasqui. Revista del Museo Nacional de Lima,
vol. 6, pp. 86-91.

1939. Las ruinas de Cochasqui. BANH, vol. 18, No. 54, pp. 5-14.

Vega Toral, Tomas

1920. La Tomebamba de los Incas. Cuenca.

1928. El castillo de Inga-Pirca. RCHC, No. 14, pp. 87-99.

1929. El castillo de Inga-Pirca. RCHC, No. 15, pp. 43-100.

Velasco, Juan de

1841-44. Historia del reino de Quito en la America meridional. Quito.

Verneau, R.

1907. Les collections anthropologiques ecuatoriennes du Dr. Rivet. JSAP,
n. ser., vol. 4, pp. 209-224.

and Rivet, Paul

*1912. Ethnographie ancienne de l'Equateur. Vol. 1. Paris.
*1922. Ethnographie ancienne de l'Equateur. Vol. 2. Paris.

Villiers, Cecil H.

1931. Observaciones sobre las ruinas incasicas de Molleturo (Azuay). RCHC,
No. 19, pp. 277-289, 1 plate.

Von Buchwald, Otto

1909. Ecuatorianische Grabhiigel. Globus, Braunschweig, vol. 96, pp.
154-157.

1917a. Tolas ecuatorianas. El Grito del Pueblo, Nos. 5532, 5534. Guaya-
quil.

1917b. Tolas ecuatorianas. Physis, vol. 3, pp. 250-262, 6 figs. Buenos
Aires.

102 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

1918a. Migraciones sud-americanas. BSE, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 227-236.
1918b. Notas acerca de la arqueologia del Guayas. BSE, vol. 1, No. 3,
pp. 237-252.

1920. Notas etnologicas del Ecuador occidental. BSE, vol. 4, No. 11, pp.
285-293, 7 plates.

1921. Un sello cilindrico. BSE, vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 155-156, 1 plate.

Wallace, Alfred Russel

1853. A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. London.

Wilson, J. S.

1886. Geological notes of the Pacific coast of Ecuador and on some evidences
of the antiquity of man in that region. Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society of London, vol. 22, pt. 1, pp. 567-570.

Wolf, Theodor

1880. Hieroglyphische Steinschrift aus Ecuador. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie,
vol. 12, pp. 222-223.

INDEX

Agriculture, 22, 81, 82

Alausi, 23-25, 84, 87

Amazonic influence in highland of

Ecuador, 31, 68, 69, 84, 89
Arawak, Palta affiliation with, 31
Artifacts from Cerro Narrio, bone, 68,

69; clay, 70; metal, 69, 70; shell,

69; stone, 67, 68
Atlatl spur, 69
Awls, bone, 68
Ax, copper, 70
Azuay, 27-29

Beads, shell, 69; stone, 67
Burials, 20, 38, 39, 72, 73, 76

Cahar Valley, prehistory of, 79-85;
temporal relations of sites in, 83

Cahari, language, 26; people, 26, 84,
85, 86

Carapali, 31

Carmen, 83

Carved ornaments, stone, 68

Cashaloma, 75-78, 82, 83

Catamayo Valley, 33, 34, 88

Celt, stone, 67

Central America, relation of Ecuador
to, 15, 26, 56, 63, 85, 86, 88, 90

Cerro Narrio, activities of treasure
hunters at, 35, 36; description of
site, 35; excavations at, 36-44;
periods at, see Early and Late
Cerro Narrio

Chambo River, 18, 22, 87

Chanchan Valley, 58, 84, 89

Chaullabamba, 51, 64, 83, 85; see also
"Mayoid"

Chavin, 28

Chilpas, 32

Chimu, 66

Chira River, 33

Chiriqui, relation of clay seats to, 56

Chorotegan language, relation of Cahari
to, 26

Chronology, 29, 63, 64, 66, 79, 80,
86-89

Churo de Llullin, 19

Churos, 18, 19, 20

Clavijo, Ezequiel, 27, 35, 67

"Clay seat" culture, 35, 56, 75

Collections, archaeological, 13; Arriaga
27; Central University of Quito
Museum of, 61; Cordero, 27, 28
Duran, 27-29; Gallegos, 22, 23
Goetz, 21. 22; Jijon, 12, 70, 84
Konanz, 69; Lequerica, 28, 31, 33,
34; San Francisco de Sales, Con-
vent of, 23-25

Copper, objects of, 70
Cordero Palacios, Octavio, 26
Corrals, Zula, 19, 20
Cross-dating, 82-84, 86, 88

Deer, 68

Early Cerro Narrio, 80-87
Ecuadorean coast, relation of southern

highland to, 58, 59, 66, 69, 83-85,

89
Elen Pata, 62, 63, 84, 89
Esmeraldas, 58, 84
Estolica; see Atlatl spur

Ferdon, E. N., Jr., 12, 15, 89
Figurines, pottery, 70; shell, 67, 69;
stone, 67

Gold, objects of, from Azuay, 29, 89;

from Cerro Narrio, 35, 36, 69
Gonzalez Suarez, Federico, 27
Guando, 32

Guano; see San Sebastian
Guasuntos, 25

Hearth, 42, 71

Houses, 38, 39, 42, 70-72, 81, 82

Huancarcuchu, 83

Huavalac, 63, 84, 87

Huigra, 58, 84

Inca: conquest of Cahari, 26, 80;
horizon, in Azuay, 26, 29, in
Canar, 26, 67, 76, 82-84, 87, in
Saraguro, 32, 88, in southern
Chimborazo, 19, 25, in southern
Ecuador, 15, 86; influence, at
Cashaloma, 76, 77, 78, 82, 84, at
Cerro Narrio, 67, 83, at Chilpas,
32, at Guasuntos. 25, at Joyaczhi,
84, at Sumay Pamba, 29, 88, at
Valle Hermoso, 34 ; see also Pottery,
Inca

Inga-pirca, 26, 63

Jijon y Caamano, Jacinto, 15, 25, 26,
31, 34, 35, 61, 63, 64, 70, 83, 84,
87, 88, 89

Jivaro Indians, 31

Joyaczhi, 58, 77, 84

Jubones River, 29, 30, 87

Land-snail shells, used as food, 69; in

burials, 69, 72
Late Cerro Narrio, 80, 81, 83-87
Llama, 20, 68
Loja, 30-34, 89
Lothrop, S. K., 88

103

104

EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

Macas, 25, 58, 61, 65, 84, 87, 89

Maguaso, Hacienda, 22

Maize, 22, 38, 81, 82

Manabi, 59, 84

Manioc, 82

Manioc-grater, 25, 58

"Mayoid" culture or period, in Azuay,

26, 27, 29, 83; in Cafiar, 26, 27;

at Cerro Narrio, 35, 44, 64; in

Loja, 31; in southern Ecuador, 15;

see also Pottery, "Mayoid" ware
Means, P. A., 31, 89
Metate, 22
Mochica language, 26

Naranjal River, 84

Needles, bone, 68

Nudo del Azuay, 18, 62, 84

Paja (paramo grass) probably used for

thatch, 42, 71, 82
Palta Indians, 26, 31, 34, 89
Panpipes, pottery, 70
Pendants, shell, 69
Peruvian coast, 33, 34
Postholes, 38, 39, 42, 70, 71, 72
Pottery

Black Engraved, 24, 59, 75, 76
Brown Engraved, 24
Cafiar Polished, 53, 54, 74, 79, 83, 91;
color and paste, 53; decoration, 53;
form, 53; surface treatment, 53
Chavin, Coastal, 28
Chimu, 34, 66

"clay seats" or drums, 35, 56, 75
decoration: anthropomorphic, 21, 28,
52, 53, 54, ears, 20, 28, eye, treat-
ment of, 28, 52, 54, face, treatment
of, 28, 52, 53, 54, mouth, 28, 54,
nose, 28, 52; brushed surface, 54;
engraved, 24, 28, 30, 58, 59, 60;
fabric impression, 33; incised, 22,
23, 25, 49, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 76;
limonite in grooves, 24, 59; nega-
tive design, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 53,
60, 61, 64, 65, 66; painting, 49, 50,
51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,
66; polish, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56,

59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 76, line
luster, 48, 49, 52, 54, 76, 83;
punctates, linear, 24, reed, 33, 76,
84; slip, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,

60, 62, 64, 76, 77; rims, notched,
20; zoomorphic, 52, 62

Elen Pata, 62, 63, 84

form: bulbous vessels, 52, 83; cantim-
plora, 21, 25; compotera, 20, 22,
25, 32, 50, 63, 75, 76, 77, 78; cooking
vessels, 50, 51, 56; double jar, 29;
"drinking tube," 21, 62; fruit-
bowl, see compotera; plates, 53;

ring base, 53; shoe-shaped, 49;
triple bowl, 25; tripod vessels, 22,
23, 32, 33, 54, 75, 76, hoja de
cabuya legs, 23, 54, 76; storage
jars, 54, 56
Glossy Black Engraved, 24, 59
Glossy Red Engraved, 24, 59, 60,

74, 75, 76

Glossy Red Negative, 60, 61, 74

Granulated ware, 54

Gray Engraved, 24, 59

Group X, 58-62, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89

Huavalac, 63, 84

Inca, 27, 77, 78

Intrusive wares at Cerro Narrio, 56-
66, 80, 84, 86, 87

Localities and sites: Azuay, 27-29;
Cafiar, 27; Carapali, 32; Casha-
loma, 75-78, 82, 83; Catamayo
Valley, 88; Cerro Narrio, 44-66
Chilpas, 32; Gonzol, 25; Guando
32, 33; Guasuntos, 25; Macas, 25
58, 61, 65, 84, 87, 89; Maguaso, 22
23; Quillohuac, 74; Saraguro, 87
88; Shillu, 75, 82; Sumay Pamba
30; Trapichillo, 33; Zula, 20-22

"Mayoid" ware, 51

Narrio Gross, 54, 56, 74, 76, 79, 91 ;
color and paste, 54; decoration, 56;
form, 54; surface finish, 56

Narrio Red-on-Buff, 25, 46-50, 74,

75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 91; color and
paste, 48; decoration, 48; form, 48;
Late forms, 48, 50; surface finish,
48; Variant A, 49; Variant B,
49; Variant C, 49; Variant D, 50

Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine, 50-52, 74,
75, 76, 77, 83, 91; color and paste,
51; decoration, 51; form, 51; sur-
face finish, 51

paste analysis, 91

Peruvian influences, 28, 66, 67

Puruha, 21, 62, 63, 86, 87

Quartz-Studded, 25, 58, 75, 78, 84

Red Banded Incised, 25, 61, 75, 84

Red Engraved, 58, 59, 75, 76

San Sebastian, 63, 84

Tacalzhapa, 56; see also "Clay seat"
culture

terminology, 46

Tuncahuan, 22, 23, 25, 63-66, 86, 87
Variant A, 64; Variant B, 64
Variant C, 65; Variant D, 65
Variant E, 66; Variant F, 66

White-on-Red, 65, 74, 75, 78, 84
Pottery-smoothers, clay, 70; stone, 68
Projectile points, stone, 67; possible

use of sting-ray spines as, 68, 69
Proto-Nazca, 15
Proto-Panzaleo II, 31, 64
Puruha, area, 18, 22, 25, 87; influence
in Cafiar, 84, 88; movement south-

INDEX

105

ward, 22, 84; people, 25; see also
Pottery, Puruha
Puruha-Mochica, proposed language
family, 26

Quillohuac, 74

Rabbit, 68

Rivet, Paul, see Verneau and Rivet

Roth, Walter E., 69

San Francisco de Sales Convent, 23, 25

San Sebastian, 84, 87

Santiago River, 82, 83, 85

Saraguro, 30-33, 87, 88

Shell, engraved design on, 69

Shillu, 75, 82, 87

Sites; see Pottery, localities

Spatula, bone, 68

Spindle whorls, 67, 68, 70

Sting-ray spines, 68, 69

Stratification, 17, 79, 80, 86

Sumay Pamba, 29, 30, 87

Tacalzhapa, 56; see also "Clay seat"
culture

Tambos, Inca, 18, 19, 34

Thatch, see Paja

Tiahuanaco, 29, 31, 35, 66, 89

Tomebamba, 26, 78

Trapichillo, 33

Tuncahuan; chronological relation, to
Early Cerro Narrio, 63, 64, 66, 88,
to Puruha, 63, 88, 89; period, in
Canar, 35, 63, 64, 84, in Loja, 31;
see also Pottery, Tuncahuan

Uhle, Max, 15, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35,
36, 44, 46, 51, 56, 64, 66, 67, 69,

72, 83, 85, 87, 88
Upano Valley; see Macas

Valle Hermoso, 34, 88
Verneau, R., and Rivet, P., 19, 26,
27-29, 31, 34, 64, 70

Wallace, A. R., 68
Whistle, bone, 68

Yuca; see Manioc; Manioc-grater

Z6, site, 20
Zula, 18-22, 87

PLATES

Plate 1. FOTTERY AND METATE FROM ZULA, SITE Z6
Fig. 1. Burial 8; diameter 16 cm. Fig. 3. 78 cm. long and 66 cm. wide.

Fig. 2. Burial 8; diameter 12.5 cm. Fig. 4. Burial 7; diameter 13 cm.

Fig. 5. Burial 8; height 17 cm.

THE UBRMtf
OF THE
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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 1

2 alas.

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Plate 2. POTTERY FROM ZULA; GOETZ COLLECTION
Fig. 1. Height 37 cm. Fig. 4. Height 39 cm.

Fig. 2. Diameter 12.5 cm. Fig. 5. Diameter 14 cm.

Fig. 3. Diameter 13 cm. Fig. 6. Diameter 19.5 cm.

Fig. 7. Diameter 15 cm.

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 2

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Plate 3. POTTERY FROM HACIENDA MAGUASO
GALLEGOS COLLECTION
Fig. 1. Diameter 16 cm. Fig. 4. Diameter 13 cm.

Fig. 2. Diameter 17 cm. Fig. 5. Height 10.5 cm.

Fig. 3. Diameter 16 cm. Fig. 6. Diameter 13 cm.

Fig. 7. Diameter 12 cm.

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 3

Plate 4. POTTERY FROM HACIENDA MAGUASO
GALLEGOS COLLECTION
Fig. 1. Diameter 12.5 cm. Fig. 3. Diameter 17 cm.

Fig. 2. Diameter 13 cm. Fig. 4. Diameter 18 cm.

Fig. 5. Diameter 10 cm.

THE UBBM1
Of THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 4

Plate 5. POTTERY FROM ALAUSI AND GUASUNTOS
COLLECTION OF CONVENTO SAN FRANCISCO DE SALES

Figs. 5-7. Black Engraved; Alausi.

Figs. 1-4. Glossy Black Engraved; Fig. 10. Brown Engraved; Alausi.
Alausi.

Figs. 11-13. Carelessly Engraved Red;

A 1 mi m
Fig. 8. White-on-Red; Guasuntos;

height 6.5 cm. FlGS. 14-17. Narrio Red-on-Buff;

Fig. 9. Gray Engraved; Alausi. Alausi.

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 5

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Plate 6. SHERDS FROM ALAUSI
COLLECTION OF CONVENTO SAN FRANCISCO DE SALES
Figs. 1-8. Glossy Red Engraved. Figs. 11-12, 15. Red Banded Incised.

Figs. 9-10. Thin Gray Engraved. Figs. 13-14. Quartz-Studded.

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Field Museum of Natural History

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Plate 7. SHERDS FROM MACAS
COLLECTION OF UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL
Figs. 1-9. Red Banded Incised. Fig. 16. White-on-Red.

Figs. 10-15. Local wares(?). Fig. 17. Quartz-Studded.

Of THt

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate

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Plate 8. POTTERY FROM AZUAY

Fig. 1. Type A face; probably from Quinjeo; diameter 31 cm.; Cordero Collection.

Fig. 2. Type A face; probably from Quinjeo; height 16 cm.; Duran Collection.

Fig. 3. Type A face; provenience unknown; diameter 12 cm.; Cordero Collection.

Fig. 4. Type A face; provenience unknown; height 24 cm.; Cordero Collection.

Fig. 5. Aberrant type A face (Janus type); provenience unknown; diameter 22
cm.; Cordero Collection.

THE LI6HAKY
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 8

Plate 9. POTTERY FROM AZUAY

Fig. 1. Type A face; Cullca, near Cuenca; height 16.5 cm.; Verneau and Rivet,
1922, plate 53.

Fig. 2. Type A face; Paute; height 12 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 50.

Fig. 3. Type A face; Paute; height 18 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 53.

Fig. 4. Type A face; provenience unknown; height 12 cm.; Duran Collection.

Fig. 5. Type B face; provenience unknown; height 17.5 cm.; Cordero Collection.

Fig. 6. Type A face; Paute; height 14.7 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 53.

Figs. 7-8. Type B face (Janus); Cojitambo; height 13.5 cm.; Verneau and Rivet,
1922, plate 52.

Fig. 9. Type B face; provenience unknown; height 14.5 cm.; Duran Collection.

THE UBRM

OF THE

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 9

Plate 10. POTTERY FROM AZUAY; DURAN COLLECTION

Fig. 1. Type C face; Chocar, Caiiar; height 14.5 cm.

Fig. 2. Type C face; Gualaceo; height 11 cm.

Fig. 3. Type C face; Charatsol, near Azogues; height 15 cm.

Fig. 4. Coastal Chavin type; Puente de El Descanso, Azuay; height 23 cm.

Fig. 5. Non-communicating double vessel with negative design; provenience
unknown; height 6 cm.

I hi. u......

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 10

w

Plate 11. SHERDS FROM SUMAY PAMBA AND GUANDO

Scale 1 : 2

Fig. 1. Red-on-Buff; Sumay Pamba, site C.

Fig. 2. Red-slipped ware; Sumay Pamba, site C.

Fig. 3. Red-on-Buff; Sumay Pamba, site C.

Fig. 4. Gray ware; Sumay Pamba, site C.

Figs. 5-6. Red-slipped bowl rims; Sumay Pamba, site C.

Fig. 7. Sherd with fabric impression on interior; Guando.

Fig. 8. Red-slipped compotera; Guando.

BBiifiiiftfv at Mjuifti*

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 11

■•■•

Plate 12. SHERDS FROM TRAPICHILLO, CATAMAYO VALLEY

Scale 1: 2.5

Figs. 1-2. Orange ware with applique rims.

Figs. 3-6. Brick-red ware, applique bands with punctates.

Figs. 7-10. Orange ware with purple painted bands.

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 12

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Plate 13. CERRO NARRIO: GENERAL VIEWS

Upper: General view of Cerro Narrio, looking west from the town of Caiiar;
higher hills in background and Rio Quillohuac in ravine in foreground.

Lower: Pitted surface on the summit of Cerro Narrio near Trench 6.

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 13

■■

Plate 14. CERRO NARRIO: VIEWS OF SITE AND TRENCH 6
Upper: Pitted surface on the west slope of Cerro Narrio near the summit.

Lower: Upper (Late) house in Trench 6, Cerro Narrio. Note pits left by treasure
hunters and the line of stones that supported a pole structure.

THE LIBRARY
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 14

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Plate 15. CERRO NARRIO: TRENCH 1 AND HEARTH IN TRENCH 4

Upper: North end of Trench 1, showing postholes and pit cut into the hardpan.
The right-hand trench wall is that shown in Figure 5. Note the light-colored
stratum that roughly separates the Early from the Late period.

Lower: Hearth in the floor of the upper level (Late) house in Trench 4.

TOE USi'MM
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate_15

Plate 16. NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF
Scale (Figs. 2-10) 1: 3.5

FlGS. 6-11, Late forms of Narrio Red-on-Buff; others found in all trench levels

Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4M, level 5; diameter 16 cm.

Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 1M, level 10.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 6.

Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio, Trench 15, level 8.

Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 1M, level 9.

Figs. 6-7. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 8. Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 9. Shillu, Pit 1, level 1.

Fig. 10. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 11. Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 4; diameter 13.5 cm.

Jjlitiiii

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 16

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Plate 17. CERRO NARRIO: NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF
Scale 1: 3.1

Fig. 1. Late jar type with mottled red and white band; surface.

Line luster decoration
Fig. 2. Trench IN, level 10. Fig. 4. Trench 4M, level 5.

Fig. 3. Trench IS, level 13. Fig. 5. Surface.

Fig. 6. Trench 4M, level 9.

Fig. 7. Jar with flaring rim and ridge on neck; Trench 1M, level 11.

OF THE

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 17

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Plate 18. NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF: DECORATIVE FEATURES

Scale 1 : 3

Fig. 1. Pinched line low on shoulder; Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 5.

Fig. 2. Pinched line on shoulder; Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 10.

Fig. 3. Punctates on neck; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 4. Pinched line on shoulder, purple lines; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 5. Punctates on neck, purple lines; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 6. Pinched line on shoulder, purple lines; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 7. Punctates on neck; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 8. Notched welt on neck; Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 9. Notched welt on body; Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 9.

Fig. 10. Punched welt below neck; Shillu, Pit 1, level 1.

Fig. 11. Notched welt; Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 11.

Fig. 12. Notched welt; Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 12.

THE LIBHAtllf

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 18

fr

Plate 19. CERRO NARRIO: NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF
Scale 1: 3.1

Fig. 1. Trench IN, level 9.

Fig. 2. Trench IN, level 10.

Fig. 5. Trench IN, levels 11-12.

Fig. 6. Trench IN, level 7.

Variant A

Fig. 3. Trench 1M, level 10.

Fig. 4. Trench IS, level 13.

Variant B

Fig. 7. Trench 1M, level 13.

Fig. 8. Trench 1M, level 9.

Fig. 9. Surface.

Fig. 10. Trench IN, level 10.

Fig. 11. Trench 4M, level 6.

Variant C

Fig. 12. Trench 1 (stratification test),
level 11.

Fig. 13. Trench 3, level 4.

OF THE

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 19

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7

10

Plate 20. NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF
Scale 1: 3.2

Variant D
Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, surface.
Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 3.
Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, surface.
Figs. 4-6. Shillu, surface.
Figs. 7-8. Cerro Narrio, surface.
Figs. 9-12. Shillu, surface.
Figs. 13-14. Cerro Narrio, surface.
Figs. 15-17. Nail impressed; Cerro Narrio, surface.
Fig. 18. Pear-shaped jar; Cerro Narrio, Trench 2, level 2.
Fig. 19. Nail impressed; Cerro Narrio, surface.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

D

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Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 20

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Plate 21. NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF FINE

Scale (Figs. 4-9) 1: 3

Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4M, level 4; height 19 cm. •

Fig. 2. Provenience unstated; diameter 12.2 cm.; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 26.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, diameter 19 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 4. Rim interior; Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 12.

Fig. 5. Rim exterior; Cerro Narrio, Trench 1M, level 12.

Fig. 6. Rim interior; Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 10.

Fig. 7. Rim interior; Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 11.

Fig. 8. Rim interior; Cerro Narrio, Trench 15, level 12.

Fig. 9. Rim interior; Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 5.

Fig. 10. Provenience unstated; diameter 14 cm.; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 22, A.

OF THE
tMW&WTy ft? NUilMM*

Field Museum of Natural Historv

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 21

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Plate 22. CERRO NARRIO: NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF FINE

Scale 1 : 3

Painted decorations
Fig. 1. Trench 15, level 6. Fig. 5. Surface.

Fig. 2. Trench 1M, level 13. Fig. 6. Trench 11, level 9.

Fig. 3. Surface. Fig. 7. Trench 15, level 4.

Fig. 4. Trench 11, level 3. Fig. 8. Surface.

Fig. 9. Red spiral, and vertical line luster; surface.

Fig. 10. Trench 11, level 12.
Fig. 11. Trench IN, level 10.
Fig. 12. Surface.

Line luster

Fig. 13. Trench 11, level 5.
Fig. 14. Trench 15, level 9.
Figs. 15-19. Surface.

OF THE
lUttMUWTV ft* MWm

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 22

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13

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Plate 23. CERRO NARRIO: NARRIO RED-ON-BUFF FINE

Scale 1: 2.6

Line luster
Figs. 1-3. Surface. Fig. 4. Trench 11, level 5.

Jars with bulbous bodies
Fig. 5. Trench 15, level 10. Fig. 7. Trench 4M, level 7.

Fig. 6. Trench IS, level 11. Figs. 8-10. Surface.

Fig. 11. Trench 11, level 9.

Zoomorphic heads
Fig. 12. Trench 11, level 11. Figs. 13-14. Trench 4M, level 7.

THE LIBRARY
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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 23

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Plate 24. CERRO NARRIO: ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND

ZOOMORPHIC DECORATIONS

Scale 1: 2.5

Fig. 1. Trench 1M, level 13.
Fig. 2. Trench IN, level 9.
Fig. 3. Surface.

Early forms

Fig. 4. Trench IS, level 9.

Fig. 5. Surface.

Fig. 6. Trench 1M, level 10.

/

Fig. 7. Trench 14, level 5.

Fig. 8. Surface.

Fig. 9. Trench 6, level 2.

Late forms

Fig. 10. Trench 10, level 5.
Fig. 11. Trench 6, level 2.
Fig. 12. Surface.

THE LlSfl
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 24

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Plate 25. CANAR POLISHED
Fig. 1. Provenience unstated; diameter 10.5 cm.; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 44.
Fig. 2. Provenience unstated; diameter 27 cm.; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 45.
Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 12; diameter 16.5 cm.
Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 9; diameter 12.5 cm.
Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 11; diameter 12.5 cm.

• -

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 25

Plate 26. CERRO NARRIO: CANAR POLISHED
Scale 1: 3.2

Bowls with scalloped rims
Fig. 1. Trench IN, level 5. Fig. 2. Trench 1M, level 13.

Fig. 3. Trench 11, level 11.

Engraved bowl with vertical wall
Fig. 4. Trench 4M, level 3.

Negative design on interior surface
Fig. 5. Trench 4M, level 8. Fig. 7. Trench 4M, level 8.

Fig. 6. Trench 4M, level 7. Fig. 8. Trench 13, level 12.

Fig. 9. Trench 3, level 5.

Jars ivith flaring neck and constricted rim
Fig. 10. Trench 1M, level 10. Fig. 12. Trench 1M, level 8.

Fig. 11. Line luster; surface. Fig. 13. Trench IS, level 3.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 26

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Plate 27. CERRO NARRIO: GRANULATED WARE AND

COMPOTERAS WITH PAINTED FEET

Scale 1:2.5

Granulated ware
Fig. 1. Trench 4M, level 9. Fig. 2. Trench IN, level 8.

Fig. 3. Trench 4M, level 8.

Compotera feet with red painted lines
Fig. 4. Trench 9, level 8. Fig. 6. Trench IS, level 6.

Fig. 5. Trench IS, level 9. Figs. 7-10. Surface.

- -

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 27

Plate 28. CERRO NARRIO: NARRIO GROSS

Fig. 1. Trench 6, level 2; height 42 cm. Fig. 2. Trench 6, level 2; height 17.5 cm.

Fig. 3. Trench 6, level 2 ; height 76 cm.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 28

Plate 29. NARRIO GROSS AND QUARTZ-STUDDED
Scale (Figs. 1-5) 1: 3.2

Narrio Gross
Fig. 1. Bowl with horizontal handle; Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.
Fig. 2. Tripod leg; Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 3.

Quartz-Studded
Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, surface. Figs. 4-5. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 6. Huigra; diameter approximately 32 cm.; Konanz Collection.

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 29

Plate 30. CLAY SEATS

Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, surface; height 6 cm.

Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, height approximately 28 cm.; Jijon Collection.

Fig. 3. Shillu, Pit 1, level 5; height 11 cm.

Fig. 4. Shillu, Pit 3, level 3; length 16 cm.

Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 8, level 3; length 12 cm.

Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio, diameter 25 cm.; Duran Collection.

Figures 1, 3, and 5 are fragments of seat bottoms and are shown upside down.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 30

Plate 31. RED ENGRAVED AND BLACK ENGRAVED
Scale 1: 3.2

Red Engraved
Figs. 1-2. Cerro Narrfo, surface. Fig. 5. CerroNarrio, Trench 1M, level 4.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, Trench 2, level 2. Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio, surface.
Fig. 4. Shillu, surface. Fig. 7. Shillu, Pit 1, level 5.

Black Engraved
Figs. 8-9. Cerro Narrio, surface. Fig. 12. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.

Fig. 10. Cerro Narrio, Trench 1 (strati- „ ,0^ x, .^ uoi io
_ _ ^ n , \ _ v FlG. 13. CerroNarrio, Trench 2, level 2.

ncation test), level 3.

Fig. 11. Shillu, surface. Fig. 14. Cerro Narrio, surface.

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 31

12

13

Plate 32. GLOSSY RED ENGRAVED
Scale 1: 3.2

Fig. 1. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 7.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 2.

Fig. 4. Shillu, Pit 1, level 1.

Figs. 5-7. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 8. Shillu, Pit 1, level 4.

Fig. 9. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 4.

Figs. 10-11. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 12. Cerro Narrio, Trench IS, level 4.

Fig. 13. Shillu, Pit 1, level 3.

Figs. 14-15. Cerro Narrio, surface.

OF THE
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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 32

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Plate 33. GLOSSY RED ENGRAVED AND GRAY ENGRAVED
Scale (Figs. 4-7) 1: 1.3

Glossy Red Engraved
Fig. 1. Shillu, Pit 1, level 1; height 14.5 cm.
Fig. 2. Shillu, Pit 1, levels 2-3; height 13.5 cm.

Gray Engraved
Fig. 3. Red-slipped body below engraved area; Shillu, surface; height 9.5 cm.
Figs. 4-5. Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio, Trench 1 (stratification test), level 3.
Fig. 7. Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 3.

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wmm * mm

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 33

Plate 34. GLOSSY RED NEGATIVE, GLOSSY RED ENGRAVED

AND RED BANDED INCISED

Scale 1: 2.7

Figs. 1-2. Glossy Red Negative; Shillu, surface.

Fig. 3. Aberrant Glossy Red Engraved; Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 4.

Fig. 4. Glossy Red Negative; Shillu, surface.

Fig. 5. Aberrant Glossy Red Engraved (fragment of same vessel as Figure 3);
Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 4.

Fig. 6. Aberrant Glossy Red Engraved (fragment of same vessel as Figures 3
and 5); Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 4.

Red Banded Incised
Figs. 7-8. Cerro Narrio, surface. Fig. 11. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 4.

Fig. 9. Shillu, Pit 2, level 5. Fig. 12. Shillu, surface.

Fig. 10. Shillu, surface. Fig. 13. CerroNarrio, Trench IS, level 5.

Fig. 14. Shillu, surface.

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OF THE
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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 34

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Plate 35. ELEN PATA

Fig. 1. La Capilla, near Caiiar; length 16.5 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922,

plate 38.

Fig. 2. Cafiar; diameter approximately 12 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 3. Inga-pirca; length approximately 18 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio; height 13 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 5. Elen Pata, Chimborazo; Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, plate 98.

Fig. 6. Huavalac period, Chimborazo; Jijon, 1927, vol. 2, plate 115.

THE
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 35

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Plate 36. CERRO NARRIO: ELEN PATA

Scale (Figs. 1, 4-11) 1:2.8

Fig. 1. Trench 6, level 2. Figs. 4-7. Trench 6, level 2.

Fig. 2. Trench 6, level 2; diameter Figs. 8-9. Surface.
10.5 cm.

Fig. 10. Trench 6, level 3.
Fig. 3. Cup with drinking tube; Trench

14, level 1; height 7 cm. Fig. 11. Trench 6, level 5.

THE
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 36

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Plate 37. SAN SEBASTIAN
Scale (Figs. 1-3, 5) 1:2.9

Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4, level 2.

Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4M, level 5.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4M, level 3.

Fig. 4. San Sebastian, Chimborazo; Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, plate 44.

Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, surface.

Fig. 6. San Sebastian, Chimborazo; Jijon, 1927, vol. 1, plate 43.

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iukvebity OF liWg

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 37

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Plate 38. TUNCAHUAN
Scale (Figs. 1, 3-6) 1: 2.3

Variant A
Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 4.
Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 3; diameter 15 cm.
Figs. 3-4. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 3.
Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 4.
Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio, Trench 3, level 3.
Fig. 7. Joyaczhi; Jijon, 1930, plate 25.

Fig. 8. Cerro Narrio; diameter 12.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 9. Cerro Narrio; diameter 14 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

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OF THE

mvmvt of *uws*«

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 38

Plate 39. TUNCAHUAN

Variant B

Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio; diameter 12 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio; diameter 12 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 3. Cafiar; diameter approximately 14 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio; diameter 10 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 5. Canar; diameter approximately 12 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 6. Canar; diameter approximately 11 cm.; Konanz Collection.

LIBRARY

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 39

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Plate 40. TUNCAHUAN

Scale (Figs. 1-5, 9-10) 1: 3.8

Variant D

White-on-Red with Negative
Figs. 1-2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.

Fig. 3. Fragment of same vessel as Figure 2; Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.
Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.
Fig. 5. Fragment of same vessel as Figures 2 and 3; Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 2.

White-on-Red without Negative
Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio; Jijon, 1930, plate 25.
Fig. 7. Cerro Narrio; diameter 12.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 8. Cerro Narrio; diameter 13 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 9. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 3.
Fig. 10. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4, level 2.

Fig. 11. Canar; diameter approximately 13 cm.; Konanz Collection.
Fig. 12. Cahar; diameter approximately 15 cm.; Konanz Collection.
Fig. 13. Canar; diameter approximately 18 cm.; Konanz Collection.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 40

Plate 41. CERRO NARRIO: TUNCAHUAN

Variant C
Fig. 1. Height 35 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 2. Trench 6, level 2; total length 19 cm.
Fig. 3. Diameter 13 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 4. Aberrant; Trench 6, level 2; height 5.5 cm.

Variant F
Fig. 5. Surface; maximum length 10 cm.
Fig. 6. Trench 4M, level 3; maximum length 9 cm.
Fig. 7. Trench 13, level 4; diameter 19 cm.

Variant E

Fig. 8. Surface; height 8.5 cm.

tut LIBHMi«

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 41

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Plate 42. CERRO NARRIO: UNIQUE SHERDS OF POSSIBLE

COASTAL AFFILIATION

Scale 1 : 2

Fig. 1. Trench 6, level 1. Fig. 4. Trench IS, level 12.

Fig. 2. Trench 12, level 3. Fig. 5. Trench 9, level 9.

Fig. 3. Trench 14, level 6. Figs. 6-11. Surface.

THE U&HMit
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 42

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Plate 43. CERRO NARRIO: UNIQUE SHERDS OF POSSIBLE

COASTAL AFFILIATION

Scale 1: 2.6

Fig. 1. Cord-marked; Trench IN,
level 11.

Fig. 2. Cord-marked; Trench 1 (strati-
fication test), level 8.

Fig. 3. Surface.

Fig. 4. Trench 4S, level 3.

Fig. 5. Trench 4M, level 1.

Fig. 6. Surface.

Fig. 7. Black-on-red; Trench 15, level 4.

Fig. 8. Trench 4M, level 11.

Fig. 9. Trench 1M, level 10.

Fig. 10. Trench 6, level 2.

Fig. 11. Trench 15, level 11.

Fig. 12. Trench 4M, level 8.

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Plate 44. CERRO NARRIO: UNIQUE SHERDS
Scale 1: 2.6

Fig. 1. Trench 1M, level 12. Figs. 4-9. Surface.

Fig. 2. Trench 6, level 4. Fig. 10. Trench 15, level

Fig. 3. Trench 9, level 11. Fig. 11. Surface.

Fig. 12. White-on-red; Trench 4, level 2.

THE LIBRAE
OF THE

Mivagmr of mm

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 44

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Plate 45. INCA POTTERY

Fig. 1. Canar; height approximately 30 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 2. Azuay; height approximately 30 cm.; Konanz Collection.

Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio; diameter 9 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio; height 16.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio; height 12 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio; height 27 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 7. Cerro Narrio; height 10 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 8. Cerro Narrio; height 7 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 9. Cerro Narrio; height 11.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

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Plate 46. INCA AND CHIMU POTTERY

Inca
Fig. 1. Cerro Narrio; height 20 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio; height 8.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 3. Cerro Narrio; height 12.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Chimu

Fig. 4. Canar; height 16 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 47.
Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio; height 12.5 cm.; Uhle, 1922c, fig. 75.
Fig. 6. Canar; height approximately 25 cm.; Konanz Collection.
Fig. 7. Canar; height approximately 22 cm.; Konanz Collection.

THE UBMM
OMHE

I n£ iUW&

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 46

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Plate 47. CERRO NARRIO: STONE ARTIFACTS
Fig. 1. Celt; Trench 3, level 2; length 12.5 cm.
Fig. 2. Chipped point; Trench 6, level 7; length 3.5 cm.
Fig. 3. Pottery-smoother (?); Trench 11, level 9; length 5 cm.
Fig. 4. Knife; Trench 1M, level 10; length 10 cm.
Fig. 5. Spindle whorl; Trench 3, level 7; diameter 4.5 cm.

Carved ornaments

Fig. 6. Trench 1M, level 6; length Figs. 7-9. Jijon Collection. Scale
4.5 cm. about 1: 3.

Fig. 10. Surface; length 3.4 cm.

s Beads

Fig. 11. Trench 4, level 6; diameter 0.8 cm.

Fig. 12. Surface; length 1.4 cm.

Fig. 13. Trench 4, level 13; length 2.4 cm.

Fig. 14. Trench 15, level 14; length 2.7 cm.

Fig. 15. Trench 11, level 4; length 1.4 cm.

Fig. 16. Trench 4, level 2; length 1.2 cm.

Figurines
Fig. 17. Trench 4, level 5; length 7.5 cm.
Fig. 18. Trench IN, level 7; length 4.4 cm.

Fig. 19. Atlatl spur; Cerro Narrio, Trench 3, level 3; length 2.4 cm.
Fig. 20. Pendant; provenience unknown; length 4.5 cm.

THE UB»MW
OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 47

2

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Plate 48.

Fig. 1. Awls.

Fig. 2. Needles.

Fig. 3. Bodkins.

Fig. 4. Polished rod.

Fig. 5. Spatulas.

CERRO NARRIO: BONE ARTIFACTS
Scale 1: 2.6

Fig. 6. Notched point.
FlG. 7. Ornament.
Fig. 8. Rings.
FlG. 9. Whistle or plug.
Fig. 10. Bird-bone whistle.
Fig. 11. Scraper.

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mw Of HUiW

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 48

Plate 49. SHELL ARTIFACTS

Figurines
Fig. 1. Chuquipata; length 6.5 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1912, plate 16.
Fig. 2. Chordeleg; length 8 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1912, plate 16.
Fig. 3. Pindilig; length 7 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1912, plate 16.
Fig. 4. Provenience unknown; length 6 cm.
Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 1; length 3 cm.

Fig. 6. Ornament; Cerro Narrio, Trench 3, level 7; length 4 cm.

Fig. 7. Point; Cerro Narrio, surface; length 5.5 cm.

Fig. 8. Bead; Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 13; length 2.4 cm.

Fig. 9. Sting-ray spine; Cerro Narrio, surface; length 1.1 cm.

Fig. 10. Sting-ray spine; Cerro Narrio, Trench 4, level 2; length 1.2 cm.

Fig. 11. Bead; Cerro Narrio, Trench 4, level 6; length 3.1 cm.

FlG. 12. Ornament; Cerro Narrio, Trench IN, level 13; length 5.1 cm.

Fig. 13. Bead; Cerro Narrio, Trench 7, level 1; length 2.6 cm.

Fig. 14. Engraved ornament; Cerro Narrio, surface; length 5 cm.

!H£ LibhMi.t
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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 49

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Plate 50. METAL ARTIFACTS
Various scales

Gold ornaments

Figs. 1-3. Cojitambo, Cafiar; Konanz Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio, Konanz Collec-
Collection. tion.

Gilded copper ornaments
Figs. 5-6. Cerro Narrio; Jijon Collection.

Gold ornaments
Figs. 7-10. Cerro Narrio; Jijon Collection.

Gilded copper bell
Fig. 11. Cerro Narrio; Jijon Collection.

Gold pin
Fig. 12. Cerro Narrio; Konanz Collection.

Copper axes and pin

Fig. 13. Cerro Narrio, Trench 4, level Fig. 14. Azuay; length 12 cm.

2; length 11 cm. Fig. 15. Cerro Narrio; Jijon Collection.

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 50

Plate 51. CLAY ARTIFACTS

Figurines
Fig. 1. Penipe; length 13 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 46.
Fig. 2. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 3; length 13 cm.
Fig. 3. Quinjeo; length 10 cm.; Verneau and Rivet, 1922, plate 44.

Spindle whorls
Fig. 4. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 4; diameter 5 cm.
Fig. 5. Cerro Narrio, Trench 16, level 8; diameter 2.5 cm.
Fig. 6. Cerro Narrio, Trench 3, level 3; diameter 1.7 cm.

Pottery-smoothers or polishers
Fig. 7. Cerro Narrio, Trench 12, level 7; length 7 cm.
Fig. 8. Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 9; length 7.5 cm.
Fig. 9. Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 6; length 5 cm.
Fig. 10. Cerro Narrio, Trench 16, level 4; length 5.5 cm.

Fig. 11. Palette(?); Cerro Narrio, Trench 1M, level 9; length 9 cm.

Fig. 12. Model of an eared ax(?); Cerro Narrio, Trench 11, level 10; length
4.5 cm.

Fig. 13. Pottery-smoother; Cerro Narrio, Trench 15, level 12; length 6 cm.

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Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 51

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Plate 52. VESSELS AND SHERDS OF CASHALOMA TYPE

Fig. 1. Red-on-Buff; Cashaloma, Pit 4, level 8; height 35 cm.

Fig. 2. Red-on-Buff; Cashaloma, Pit 4, level 8; height 28 cm.

Fig. 3. Inca-influenced vessel ; Cerro Narrio; diameter 18 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 4. Red-on-Buff; Cashaloma, Pit 4, level 7; height 32 cm.

Fig. 5. Inca-influenced vessel; Cerro Narrio; diameter 20 cm.; Arriaga Collection.

Fig. 6. Inca-influenced vessel; Cafiar; height approximately 32 cm.; Konanz
Collection.

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Plate 53. SHERDS OF CASHALOMA TYPE, SHOWING

INCA INFLUENCE

Scale 1: 3

Figs. 1-3. Cashaloma, surface.

Fig. 4. Cashaloma, Pit 1, level 1.
Figs. 5-6. Cashaloma, surface.
Fig. 7. Cashaloma, Pit 3, level 2.
Fig. 8. Cashaloma, Pit 3, level 3.
Figs. 9-10. Cashaloma, surface.
Fig. 11. Cerro Narrio, Trench 6, level 1.
Fig. 12. Cashaloma, surface.

Fig. 13. Cashaloma, Pit 3, level 1.

Fig. 14. Cashaloma, Pit 3, level 2.
Figs. 15-16. Cashaloma, surface.

Fig. 17. Cashaloma, Pit 1, level 2.

Fig. 18. Cashaloma, surface.

Fig. 19. Cashaloma, Pit 2, level 4.

Fig. 20. Cashaloma, Pit 3, level 2.

Fig. 21. Cashaloma, surface.

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 53

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Plate 54. VESSELS AND SHERDS OF CASHALOMA TYPE,
SHOWING INCA INFLUENCE
Fig. 1. Canar; height approximately 45 cm.; Konanz Collection.
Fig. 2. Canar; height 15 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 3. Cashaloma, surface; length 10 cm.
Fig. 4. Cashaloma, Pit 4, level 3; length 10.5 cm.
Fig. 5. Canar; height 22.5 cm.; Arriaga Collection.
Fig. 6. Canar; height approximately 20 cm.; Konanz Collection.
Fig. 7. Canar; height approximately 34 cm.; Konanz Collection.

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

>< A* UJJMDIS

Field Museum of Natural History

Anthropology, Vol. 35, Plate 54

THE LIBRARY
OF THE

PUBLICATIONS

FOR

THE INSTITUTE OF ANDEAN RESEARCH

Projects in Latin America

Under the Sponsorship of

The Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

NORTHEASTERN MEXICO

la. Ekholm, Gordon F. Excavations at Tampico and Panuco in the Huasteca.
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History,
vol. 39, pt. 1.

NORTHWESTERN MEXICO

2a. Kelly, Isabel. Excavations in western Jalisco. University of California,
Ibero-Americana, No. 25.

CENTRAL COAST OF PERU

3a. Strong, William Duncan, and Willey, Gordon R. Archaeological notes
on the central coast of Peru, in Archaeological Studies in Peru, 1941-42.
Papers in Archaeology and Ethnology of the Department of Anthropology,
Columbia University, vol. 1, pt. 1.

3b. Strong, William Duncan, and Corbett, John M. A ceramic sequence
at Pachacamac, Peru, in Archaeological Studies in Peru, 1941-42. Papers
in Archaeology and Ethnology of the Department of Anthropology,
Columbia University, vol. 1, pt. 2.

3c. Willey, Gordon R. Excavations in the Chancay Valley, Peru, in Archaeo-
logical Studies in Peru, 1941-42. Papers in Archaeology and Ethnology
of the Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, vol. 1, pt. 3.

3d. Willey, Gordon R. A supplement to the pottery sequence at Ancon, Peru,
in Archaeological Studies in Peru, 1941-42. Papers in Archaeology and
Ethnology of the Department of Anthropology, Columbia University,
vol. 1, pt. 4.

CHILE

4a. Bird, Junius. Excavations in northern Chile. Anthropological Papers of
the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 38, pt. 4.

VENEZUELA AND THE WEST INDIES

5a. Howard, George D. Excavations at Ronquin, Venezuela. Yale University
Publications in Anthropology, No. 28.

5b. Osgood, Cornelius. Excavations at Tocoron, Venezuela. Yale Univer-
sity Publications in Anthropology, No. 29.

107

108 EXCAVATIONS IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR

5c. Osgood, Cornelius. The Ciboney culture of Cayo Redondo, Cuba. Yale
University Publications in Anthropology, No. 25.

5d. Osgood, Cornelius, and Howard, George D. An archaeological survey
of Venezuela. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 27.

5e. Rouse, Irving. Archaeology of the Maniabon Hills, Cuba. Yale Uni-
versity Publications in Anthropology, No. 26.

COLOMBIA

6a. Bennett, Wendell C. Archaeological regions of Colombia: a ceramic
survey. Yale University Publications in Anthropology.

6b. Ford, James A. Excavations in the vicinity of Cali, Colombia. Yale Uni-
versity Publications in Anthropology.

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS OF PERU

7a. Kidder, Alfred, II. Some early sites in the northern Lake Titicaca basin.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University, vol. 27, No. 1.

7b. Rowe, John Howland. An introduction to the archaeology of Cuzco.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University, vol. 27, No. 2.

7c. Tschopik, Marion Hutchinson. Some notes on the archaeology of the
Department of Puno, Peru. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American
Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 27, No. 3.

SOUTHERN COAST OF PERU

8a. Newman, Marshall T. Some Indian skeletal material from the coast of
Peru. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and
Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 28, No. 1.

8b. Tello, Julio C. Paracas. University of San Marcos, Lima.

NORTHERN PERU AND ECUADOR

9a. McCown, Theodore D. Survey of northern Peru: Huamachuco. Uni-
versity of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology,
vol. 42, No. 1.

9b. Collier, Donald, and Murra, John V. Survey and excavations in
southern Ecuador. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological
Series, vol. 35.

CENTRAL AMERICA

10a. Longyear, John. Excavations in Salvador. Memoirs of the Peabody
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 9, No. 2.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

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