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NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
3 3433 08178242 1
A SURVEY
STATE OF MAINE,
IW REFEREirCE TO ITS
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES,
STATISTICS AND POLITICAL, ECONOMY
ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS.
BY MOSES GREENLEAF.
PORTLAND :
PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY AND HYDt. 1839.
DISTRICT OF MAINE, SS.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twenty-ninth day of February, A. D. 1828, in the United States of America. MOSES GREENLEAF, Esquire, of the said district, hath deposited in this oflfice the title of a book, the right whereof he claim3 as author, in the words following, to wit :
"A survey of the State of Maine, in reference to its Geographical features, Statistics, and Political Economy, Illustrated by Maps. By MOSES GREENLEAF."
In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled "As Art for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned : and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of design- ing, engraving and etching historical and other prints."
JOHN MUSSEY, Clerk of the District Court of Maine.
SHIRLEY AND HTDE, EJ^TEitS.
TT — rm
riSW YORK //public LIBRARY
As'cr, Icnox and Tilden Founditions.
c5/y-/.
;"^» • «;
PREFACE.
Ix\ offering to the citizens of Maine a work relating to their own State, under a title so comprehensive as that prefixed to this, a hazard is incurred, either that expectations may be excited, which neither the talents of the writer nor the means at his com- mand will enable him to satisfy ; or that a just estimate of those talents and means will repress all expectations of any thing deserv- ing the degree of attention which the title may seem to claim. — With some it may seem questionable whether materials can be found for any satisfactory, or even tolerably accurate, account of the subjects referred to ; while with others it may be supposed that the most abundant materials are easily attainable for their exhibition and elucidation in the most perfect manner. — Antici- pations founded on either of these opinions will probably fail to be realized. Materials ought to exist in the archives of the State for a detailed view of its concerns in all respects. To some extent they do exist ; but they are far from perfect in most particulars ; in some they are exceedingly limited and loose, even in cases where a sufficient degree of fulness and accuracy might reasonably have been expected ; and on some subjects are totally deficient. — Such as have been obtained from this as well as from other sources, are exhibited or referred to in the course of the work, and of their extent, and of the use which has been made of them, the public will judge.
An apology is due for many errors and imperfections, and for the entire omission of some articles which might have been ex- pected to appear. The first of these will find an excuse in the fact that circumstances, not under the control of the writer, un- avoidably delayed the preparation of the work for the press until
IV PREFACE.
the time when it should have been published, and that therefore the compilation and arrangement of a considerable part of the materials, and final revision of the whole, were necessarily in hand simultaneously with the correction of the press. To those acquainted with such subjects, this will account for and excuse many errors. — With respect to the second, it was intended to devote some portion of the work to a distinct consideration of the absolute and relative wealth of the State, and its different component parts — value and importance of its lands — facilities for — kinds, extent, and expediency of, internal improvements — and its general resources ; but the time when the publication must be completed was limited, and an important part of the materials for these subjects could not be obtained until after this time. It was thought better therefore to omit their intro- duction altogether for the present ; in the hope that circumstan- ces will permit, at a future time, a more extended notice of them, and under greater advantages for useful results, than was possible at present.
With this apology the work, such as it is, is submitted to the candor of the public.
WilUamsburgh, Maine, 1829.
COSfTEWTS.
CHAPTER 1.
Page.
Extent and Boundaries ••• ••§
British pretensions • • 11
Maps and reports of surveyors- •• • 23
CHAPTER 2.
Face of the country • •••37
Mountains and highland ranges 39. Vallies -SS
Elevation of road from Hallowell to Quebec 60. Rivers* • '70
CHAPTER 3.
Climate • 85
Table 1 . Meteorological observations at Brunswick 92
Table 2. " " at Williamsburgh •••94
Table 3. Mean temperature at Portland 9Q
Table 4. Comparative do. at Portland, Brunswick and Williamsburgh* -97 Table 5. Comparative means and extremes at New Haven, Williams- town, Brunswick and Williamsburgh 97
Table 6. Extreme monthly range at do. 98
Table 7- Mean Temperature at Charleston, Philadelphia, &c. 101
Table 8. Meteorological observations at Gosport, (Eng.) — •••102
Table 9. Comparative results. ••• •• ibid.
CHAPTER 4.
JVatural products* • • — 11<>
Forest 110 Minerals- • 114
CHAPTER 5.
Divisions 119
Results of natural divisions ibid
Local centres — extent of dependencies, &c.» • • 126
CHAPTER 6.
Population 132
Table 1. Aggregate of Maine — ratio, amount, and sources of increase. -134 Table 2. Aggregate of the several counties^ •• • .140
VI
CONTENTS.
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Table 8. |
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Table 9. |
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TaMe 10. |
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Table 11. |
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Table 12. |
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Table 13. |
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Table 14. |
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Table 15. |
Table 3. Estimates of future increase, and average density 141
Table 4. Gain and loss of the several counties from migrations 143
Table 5. Number of square miles, and average density of the settled
parts of each county ibid
Table 6. Census of 1790, 1800, 1810, and 1820 ...144
Appendix to Table 6 — Progress of new settlements since 1790. .149 Table 7. Summary of the census of 1800 — numbers and proportions
engaged in Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures....l50
Aggregates of the United States, and ratio of increase*. 152
Elements of the pop. of U. S. in 1790,1800, 1810, and 1820- . .156 Proportions of different ages in the United States, and of
slaves and free colored persons 158
Absolute physical strength of the several States 159
Relative physical strength of the several States 160
Fluctuations among the U. S. or gain and loss from migrations 'IBS
Progressive densities in each State 167
Population of New Brunswick 189
CHAPTER 7.
Agriculture •.•181
Table 1. Official statement of agricultural capital and products 186
Table 2. Summary of each county • 201
Table 3. Average proportions of the same 208
Table 4. Estitmated value of agricultuial products 211
Products of agriculture exported to foreign places '.•212
Live cattle and sheep exported 214
CHAPTER 8.
Commerce » 217
Table 1. Tonnage of the shipping of Maine .220
Appendix to Table 1. Vessels built in Maine 226
Table 2. Tonnage of the United States 227
Table 3. Duties on imports and tonnage— Payments, allowances and
bounties — in Maine <=.»• • 228
Table 4. Duties on imports and tonnage— payments, allowances and
bounties — in the United States 240
Table 5. Value of imports and exports — American and Foreign ton- nage— in Maine 242
Table 6. Value of imports and exports — American and Foreign ton- nage— United States • 243
Articlr.s and value of Foreign export • 244
Coasting tonnage articles and value of coasting export in each
collection district 247
Total exports 253
Fisheries i^^-
eo^^fiTNT!;.
Vll
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Table 7. |
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Table 8. |
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Table 9. |
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Table 10, |
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Table 11. |
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Table 12, |
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Table 13. |
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Table 14. |
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Table 15. |
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Table 16. |
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Table 17. |
Table 1.
Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6.
Table 1.
Table 2. Table 8. Table 4.
Table 5. Table 6. Table 7.
Table 1. Table 2.
SearnCTi" ■•-•• •••••••••••••• •■•• ••••»■•■••-••• •-••%••••• •■•••• •25S
Commercial capital • • «• • *». • ••¥•...».............. .256
Comparison of different acctmnts of tonnage of Maine 257
Statement and comparative view of stock in trade ihtd
Number and value of buildings employed in comraerce««»»«.259
Amount of tonnage and value of vessels 260
Estimate of commercial circulations for each county 262
Estimate of goods, wares, and merchandize in each county* ••26S
Total commercial circulations 264
Proportions of population, wealth, and direct foreign trade* «• •265 Proportions of tonnage, imports, population, and taxable
property ibid.
Co'nparisons of tonnage and population in 1810 267
Proportions of duties to amount of merchandize imported 269
Proportions of commerce conducted in foreign vessels* ibid,
CHAPTER 9.
Manufactures •
Amount of manufactures in Maine, Massachusetts, and the United States in 1810
Comparison of manufactures of Maine with other Sfates* •• • •
Number of manufacturing establishments
Manufacture of ships and vessels for exportation
Capital vested in manufacturing establishments* ••••.•••• .. Estimate of annual value of manufactures
.271
.274
275 *276 •279 *282
CHAPTER 10.
Revenues and public burdens 286
Sources of revenue • 287
Details of Receipts into the State treasury •** .290
Abstract and digest of receipts into the State treasury 298
Objects and classification of expenditures •*•* 299
Details of expenditures from the State treasury 305
Abstract of expenditures from the State treasury 315
Classification of disbursements ••• 316
Abstract of receipts and disbursements on account of admin- istration of justice • 317
Estimate of indirect receipts into the county treasuries •318
Amount of County taxes • .321
Estimate of amount and objects of county expenditures.*.* 322
Appendix to chapter 10 — Circulating medium -.327
Aggregate amount of bank bills in circulation 333
Condition of banks • 335
Appendix to chapter 10— Military .* 337
Abstract of Militia returns .•••••.••.•..... .33$
Vm CONTENTS.
Amouat and value of arms and milifarv stores* • t*. ••••••••• 340
Expense of militia system • • •••••841
CHAPTER 11.
Education •• • • -342
Table 1. Statement of common schools.. • 347
Summary and proportions of the same • • 362
Table 2. Acadamies and endowments • .367
Table 3. Funds, receipts, expenditures, and amount of in instruction
in Academies 369
WaterviUa College 374
Bo wdoin College • 376
CHAPTER 12. Grants and sales of lands 380
Patents and charters, from 1606 ro 1691 ibid.
Consequences • 388
' Grants of CouncU of Plymouth from 1629 to 1631 390
Indian deeds 394
French Grant 396
Province grants and sales from 1756 to 1783 397
Sales and grants by Massachusetts from 1783 to 1820 400
Table 1. Statement of all lands alienated prior to 1820 402
Table 2. Lands.sold by Lottery in 1827 419
Table 3. Grants to literary institutions, &c. in Massachusetts and
Maine, prior to 1820 425
Table 4. Annual aggregate of sales from 1 783 to 1820 428
Aggregate of contracts made before and executed after 1820 ••430 Table 5, Divisions and assignments between Maine and Massachusetts .431
Table 6. Sales by Massachusetts to 1826 438
Table 7. Sales by Maine to 1829 441
Grants by Maine to literary institutions, &c. 447
APPENDIX.
A Extract, on revolutions of climate 449
B Number of buildings and principal manufacturing establishments .451
Valuation of specific articles 452
C Account of tonnage and stock in trade 453
D Relative wealth of each County 456
Relative wealth of towns ibid
E OflBcial value of wood and unimproved land 459
F Amount of Post Office revenue in each town .... 462
Proportion ot Post Office revenue to population and wealth 466
G School funds, &c. of New York 467
H Supposed claim of United States ibid.
SURVEY OF MAINE.
CHAPTER I.
Extent and Boundaries,
The State of Maine, extending from 43'' 5' to 48" north latitude, and from 66*" 49' to 70° 55' west longitude from London, is bounded on the west by the State of New-Hamp- shire, from which it is separated by Piscataqua river, from the sea to the source of its main branch, a distance of about 35 miles in a direct line ; and from thence by a hne running north two degrees west, about 115 miles farther, to the highlands, which in this place divide the United States from Canada. — This line was run and marked in the year 1741, by Walter Bry- ant, under the direction of Governor Belcher, but it appearing that Massachusetts, though equally interested with New-Hamp- shire, had no voice m the establishment of the line ; and that Bryant, the surveyor, had made some mistakes in running the line, and also in the place which he assumed as the true source of the river Piscataqua, from which the Une was to proceed, the States of New-Hampshire and Maine have adopted measures for its revision and adjustment, which it is understood have re- sulted in an amicable agreement between the commissioners of the two States, appointed for that purpose ; and it now re- mains only to be ratified by their respective Legislatures.
On the south this State extends from Kittery point, at the entrance of Piscataqua river, to Quoddy-head at the entrance 2
16 BOUNDARIES.
of Passamaquoddy Bay. The distance, in a direct line, about 221 miles.
The boundaries on the east are the bay and river of Passama- quoddy and St. Croix, following the Cheputnetecook or eastern branch of the St. Croix to its utmost source,* and thence a line due north to the north-west angle of the ancient British prov- ince of Nova-Scotia, now^ the province of New-Brunswick.
The northern boundary is formed by the highlands which separate the w^aters falling into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, and extends from the north-w est angle of Nova-Scotia, to the sources of Connecticut river. These boundaries on the east and north separate Maine from the British provinces of New-Brunswick (formerly Nova- Scotia) and Lower Canada ; and form the frontier of the United States as far as they extend.
As no actual survey has yet taken place to define and mark these boundaries in their whole extent, it cannot be expected to determine with accuracy the precise area of the State : But surveys have been so far made, and the true situation of the points and highlands which form the boundaries are so nearly known, that it may be estimated as accurately as is necessary for all purposes of importance at present ; and taking the gen- eral outline as far as it is now understood, the State may be estimated to contain about 33,223 square miles, or 21,263,000
acres.f
A large portion, however, of the territory of the State, has re- cently been claimed by a foreign power, which insists with great pertinacity upon a very different boundary from that here de- scribed ; and as this claim is yet unsetded, and provision is
* Thi<! point was ascertained and finally settled, in the year 1797, by the commissioners of the United States and Great Britain under the treaty of 1794, and a yellow bircli tree was surrounded with an iron hoop, and marked as the monument from whence the Ime to be run due north was to commence. In the year 1817 the surveyors of the two Govern- ments, appointed under the 3th article of the treaty of Ghent, erected a new monument a fpw feet north of the former, consisting of a square cedar post with large rocks on each side-, the post and rocks, marked with the date July 31, 1817, the names of the two coun- tries and tliose of the surveyors, Jos. Bouchette and John Johnson.
t The elements of which this estimate is composed, will be found under the head of Grants and Sales of lands.
BOUNDARIES. 11
made for its final determination by an umpire, it may by some be thought proper that, in a work of this kind and at this time, so much of the territory as -is in dispute should be the subject of a separate consideration, or perhaps be altogether omitted. But to either of these there are two objections : First the un- certainty in determining ^vhere the boundary may be fixed, if not in the place heretofore understood by all parties : — And second, tlie entire conviction that the boundary as thus under- stood, is described by the treaty of 1783, with a precision so nearly accurate as now to be easily traced in its general out- Imes by any unprejudiced observer ; — that any uncertainties which may exist with respect to the position of the line of the boundary along the highlands, or any variations which may take place in its actual demarkation, must be too slight to aftect materially the general form or extent of the State ; — that though its final adjustment may be determined by an umpire, yet no umpire, without farther powers than are yet given, or probably will be given, will undertake to vary it essentially from the place always heretofore asserted by the American government ; — and that this government is not bound by any treaty, nor any prin- ciple of good faith, and will not so far forget its dignity, and surrender its rights, as ever to submit to umpirage any question which will by possibility admit of an essential departure from that bound aiy.
The deep interest in the subject felt by the people of this State, and the value of the territory as it respects the resources, and even the safety, of the State, as well as its importance as a frontier to the nation at large, will at least justify, and per- haps require, an assignment of the reasons for these opinions, and some nodceofthe origin, extent, and merits of the British claim to a new boundary. The limits, however, and the prm- cipal design of the work, will not permit an extended detail on this subject. A summary abstract will be sufficient for general readers ; and those who may feel an interest to pursue the in-.
12 BOUNDARIES.
vestigatioii to its full length, will be able to refer to the original authorities.
That the northern boundary of Maine, at the time of the trea- ty of 1783, and ever before, was a part of the southern boun- dary of Lower Canada, and that the eastern boundary of Maine formed the w estern boundary of Nova-Scotia in its whole ex- tent, are facts which have never been called in question, not even by Great Britain. On the contrary, she has always fully maintained them, until her recent pretensions seem to render it rather inexpedient.* These boundaries were defined by Great- Britain herself, while the whole country was in her own posses- sion. As early as the year 1621, the western boundary of Nova- Scotia was fixed at the river St. Croix, and from its source by a line due north to the river St. Lawrence. This boundary, as far as to the source of the St. Croix, was definitely ascer- tained under the treaty of 1794. In 1691, the eastern boun- dary of Maine, then annexed to Massachusetts, was fixed at the western limit of Nova-Scotia. Maine and Nova-Scotia both then extended to the river St. Lawrence. Li 1763, the northern limits of Maine and Nova-Scotia were both curtailed by the establishment of the province of Quebec, the bounda- ries of which on this side were described to run *' along the highlands which divide the waters that emptii themselves into the said rive?' St, Lawrence, from those which fall into the sea, and also along the north coast of the Bay Iks Chaleurs, &i,c." — In the same year, in the commission to Montague Wilmot, as Governor of Nova-Scotia, this boundary was recognized also to be the norfliern boundary of Nova-Scotia ; and the western
* Bouchettc's Mip of th° Canadas in 18 15, assigns the northern part of Maine to Can- ada, an<l iho more recent maps of New Brunswick assign it to that province. The gov- ernment also of New-Brunswick claims and exercises the jurisdiction over it, while the people of Lower Canada claim the same territory as a part of the county of Cornwallis in that province. How these conflicting claims between the two provinces, and the discrepancies between the maps by the official servants of the crown in each province respectively, are to be nconciled with their pretensions to the territory at all ; and especially how the' sanc- tion of the government to Bouchette's map (dedicated by special permission to the Prince Regent) which plact;s the nr-rth-west angle of Nova-Scotia to tlie northward of the river St. John, is reconcilable wilh the claim of New-Brunswick to the territory on the St. John westward of the line forming this angle, are questions which require some ingenu^ ity to answer.
BOUNDARIES. 13
boundary of Nova-Scotia was recognized to be a line drawn north from the source of the St. Croix to this same southern boundary of the province of Quebec ; consequently the north- west angle of Nova-Scotia was definitely fixed and known to be at the intersection of these two lines. In 1767 and again in 1771, the same boundaries of Nova-Scotia are recognized in the commissions to Campbell and Legge, successively Gov- ernors of that province. In 1774, by an Act of the British Parliament, relating to the province of Quebec, the establish- ment of that province by the Royal proclamation of 1763 was referred to, and its boundaries more fully described and con- firmed. On the side next to Nova-Scotia and Maine, it was again stated to be " bounded on the south by a line from the Bay of Chaleurs, along the highlands which divide the rivers which empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the sea.^^
In the same year (1774) by another Act of the British Par- liament, the river St. Croix was again stated as the boundarjr between Massachusetts and Nova-Scotia, and defined to be " the river wliich emptieth itself into Passamacadie or Passamaquod- dy Bay on the western side."
During the whole time from the charter of William and Mary in 1691, to the peace of 1783, and indeed ever since, the whole territory lying between Nova-Scotia, New-Hamp- shire, Canada and the Atlantic, was known and acknowledged by Great-Britain and her colonies, to be an integral part of the Province of Massachusetts, and was designated as the Prov- ince or District of Maine. The whole country however, not only of Maine but also of Canada and Nova-Scotia, excepting on the sea coast and margins of navigable rivers, being a vast unoccupied forest, there was no necessity as yet, for explor- ing and establishing by visible artificial monuments, the precise line which should constitute the limits of the contiguous Prov- inces ; and the general natural monuments, to which that line should eventually be confined, were too well defined and
14 BOUNDARIES.
known, to leave any room for an apprehension that, when the borders should become occupied, and it should be requisite to ascertain and mark the lines exactly, there could be any serious misunderstanding between the parties as to any territory of considerable extent. All which could be necessary, would be to trace the line described to run " along the highlands, and from thence to the Bay of Chaleur, and by its north coast" which formed the southern boundary of the Province of Que- bec ; and then to ascertain the source of the river St. Croix, and from thence to run and mark the line due north, until it should meet that boundary. This point of intersection must necessarily constitute the north west angle of Nova-Scotia and the northeast angle of Maine.
The source of the St. Croix being ascertained, the only practical difficulty which could arise in the demarkation of the angle, and the lines proceeding from it, results from the fact, that no range of highlands in a situation, and of an extent and elevation sufficient to divide the sources of rivers, is ever found to terminate in a mathematical point at the sea, more espe- cially at the head of a bay ; and as the general range of the highlands in question passes along the whole extent of the Bay of Chaleur, on its northern side, and nearly parallel to its north coast, and the southern boundary of the Province of Quebec is described in general terms as extending by the north coast of that bay, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to its western ex- tremity, and from thence by " a lijie" to the highlands, a dispute might arise as to what point constituted the " western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur," and more especially as to what course from that point the line should run to the highlands, and to what part of tlie highlands. A little attention however to the geo- graphical features of the country in that vicinity, will show, tliat whatever might be the differences in opinion between intery ested parties on this subject, the result must affect chiefly the provinces of Canada and Nova- Scotia, and the different linei> which might be contended for, to run from the Bay of Chaleur
BOUNDARIES. 15
to the highlands, must necessarily all unite on the highlands at so little distance within the line of the eastern boundary of Maine, that the difference in the extent or importance of the territory to be gained or lost by either party could never be worth a national quarrel, and would come within the limits of those questions which civilized nations usually determine by negoci- ation or umpirage, and which may always be so determined without compromitting the rights, dignity or essential interests of either party. And it is absurd to suppose that any other " uncertainties or disputes," than such as might naturally arise from the question, where this line was originally intended to meet the highlands ; or in other words, whether the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia was to be found at Sugar-Loaf-Hill, on the southern branch of these highlands, or at the source of Beaver river, which flows from their northern or main branch, or at some intermediate point, were in the contemplation of the American Commissioners w^ho signed, or Government which ratified, the treaty of Ghent,* nor that that treaty was predica- ted upon the expectancy of any other.
The highlands in question are exceedingly well defined by nature, in their whole extent from the sources of Connecticut river northerly, dividing the waters of the Kennebeck, Penob- scot, and St. John, on one hand, from those of the St. Lawrence on the other, until they arrive to the northernmost sources of the St. John, within about 20 miles of the line run due north from the source of the St. Croix. In the whole of this extent, no branch is sent off to any considerable distance eastward, or which can afford ground for a reasonable doubt as to the iden- tity of the boundary described in the treaty of 1 783, with that asserted by the United States.f At th'S point, viz. about 20 miles from the eastern boundary of Maine, the highlands begin to give rise to waters which flow eastward into the Bay of
* Nor could the British themselves have contemplated any other fairly— they had pre* eluded that by jill their former acts.
t As will appear in the sequel of this and part of the aext chapter.— Se« plate f.
16 BOUNDARIES.
Chaleur, through the river Ristigouche, and they here also be- gin to send off spurs or branches tending south-eastward, dividing the different waters of the Ristigouche from each other, and also dividing the whole waters of the Ristigouche from the contiguous branches of the St. Jolin. The main ridge continues eastward, dividing the w^aters of the Ristigouche from those of the river St. La\iTence ; and passing to the northward of the river Matapediac, it proceeds between the Bay of Chal- eur and the river St. Lawrence, until it subsides to the shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence near Cape Rozier. The southern- most branch of the highlands passes south-easterly, dividing the waters of the Memkeswee, Memticook, and Great Wagansis, branches of the Ristigouche, on one hand, from those of Green river, Siaugas, and Grand river, or little Wagansis, branches of the St. John, on the other, and crossing the eastern boundary of Maine at Susrar-loaf-hill,* about 20 miles north of the river St. John, it proceeds north-easterly towards the Bay of Chaleur.
Between the main ridge and tliis southeni branch of the highlands, are lesser spurs or branches tending easterly, which divide the different waters of the Ristigouche from each other, and terminate at no great distance east of the boundary line. The whole extent, on the due north line, from the southern spur or branch, to the northern or main ridge of the highlands, is about 45 miles. From the point where the line due north from the St. Croix intersects the main ridge of highlands, the course to the western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur is due east, distance about 80 miles, and the waters which flow into this bay from the west, which are only the Ristigouche and its branches, are entirely embosomed between the main ridge and the southern branch of the highlands just described.
It must be evident therefore, to the most obtuse understand- ing, that though the natural construction of the line of 1763
* The elevation of this branch of the highlands is about 2450 feet above the level of tb» sea ; and about 850 feet higher tJian the summit of Mars Hill •, but is not so high as some ofthe lands farther north,— 5ce Bouchette^a section of eastern boundary— Flate 4, No. 5. und Johnson's Report.
BOUNDARIES. 17
would be either a due west, or a north-westerly course to the highlands, yet it is of comparatively little importance in the present case, for that any hne, extending in any direction westerly from the western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur, must unavoidably meet in its course some part of these liigh- lands ; and whichever branch of the higlilands it shall first meet, it must, if it follows along its course, find the point where they all unite, but about 20 miles westward of the point maintained by the United States as its extreme north-eastern boundary ;
AND THE DETERMINATION OF THIS LINE MUST, IN ITS CON- SEQUENCES, NECESSARILY DETERMINE ALL QUESTIONS OF ANY IMPORTANCE, RESPECTING WHICH THERE WAS LEFT ANY ROOM FOR "uncertainty OR DISPUTE" IN THE TREATY OF 17S3; AND MUST SUBSTANTIALLY FULFIL ALL THE INTENTIONS OF THE 5th ARTICLE OF THE TREATY OF GhENT.
The inquiry now arises, what acts are known which afford any indications by which to ascertain the proper direction of this line, and define the northern boundary of Nova-Scotia from the w^estera extremity of the Bay of Chaleur to the north- west angle of that Province, and north-east angle of INIaine.
Taking the most natural and obvious sense of the Proclama- tion of 1763, on the basis of which ?11 subsequent descriptions of this boundary are predicated, the line should proceed from the north-western extremity of the Bay of Chaleur, north- westerly to the nearest point in the main ridge of highlands ; thence following the general direction of this ridge, it would intersect the line due north from the St. Croix, near the source of Beaver river, which discharges into the Lake Metis, and is tlie " first water falling into the great river of Canada" de- scribed in the grant of Nova-Scotia to Sir William Alexander. At this point the American government has always understood the north-w^est angle to be found.*
The first grant of the territory since known as Nova-Scotia,
''■- It is believed that facts sufficient may be shown to prove that the British government ajso has in reality understood it so, although it seems to them most couvenient recently to undcrsfind it otherwise.
3
18 BOUNDARIES.
vvasTiiade inthe year 1603, by Hemy 4th of France, to the Sieur De Montz. This grant was Ixmnded on the north by the 48th degree of latitude. In all the revolutions which Nova- Scotia has since undergone, whether as to limits or sovereignt}-, its northern boundary has never been essentially varied from this line.
When England had succeeded France in the sovereignty of the provinces on both sides of tliis line, she established by the Proclamation of 1763, their respective limits near to it; bound- ing Nova-Scotia and Canada by the Bay of Chaleur to its w^estern extremity, which is at, or very near to, the 48th degree of latitude ; and thence by " a line''' to the highlands, &c. The direction of this line was not expressly defined ; but from the nature of the country none otlier could have been intended than eitlier a due west line, or else a line in the shortest and most convenient direction to the nearest point in the high- lands, the main ridge of which passes along nearly parallel to the nortli coast of the bay. Under die existing circumstances of the country at die time, the precise course of the line was immaterial for the present, and would continue so until the settlement and ciicumstanees of the country should render a more specific definiuon necessary.
In the year 1784, immediately after die disjunction of die United States from Great-Britain, the Province of Nova-Scotia was divided into two governments, the northern part being formed into the Province of New-Brunswick. This was done by an order of the King in Council. In designating the boun- daries of that part of Nova-Scotia which should constitute the Province of New-Brunswick, it is understood diat the northern boundary was declared to be the Bay of Chaleur, and a line drawn due west from its western extremity to the liighlands, &ic. It is said also that a copy of this order in Council was produced before the Commissioners appointed to determine the true St. Croix, in 1797, but was afterwards withdrawn from the files, and is now withholden by Great-Britain. Tlie
BOUNDARIES. Tfl'
line drawn due west from the Bay of Chaleur will Intersect the Ime due north from the St. Croix, exactly at or very near the place where this due north line intersects tlie main ridge of the highlands, viz. very nearly in latitude 48'' near the source of the Beaver river, and it is perfectly immaterial whether the north line of Nova-Scotia from the western ex- tremity of the Bay of Chaleur, is a line drawn due west or any other course to the main ridge of the highlands in the vi- cinity.
We have then, the grant to De IMontz, the proclamation of 1763 in its most natural and obvious sense, and the recogni- tion of the boundary in the order of 1784, besides a number of other acts, all agreeing substantially as to the point where the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia has been from the ear- liest period always understood to exist, and not a single act or pretension of any kind to call it in question, until the war of 1812 awakened in Great-Britain a hope of obtaining a new boundary between her' Proi^nces and the United States. But we have still farther testimony.
In the discussion of 1797 — -8, on the settlement of the east- ern boundary,* it was admitted, and even contended for by the British agent, that the eastern line of Maine must in any event cross the St. John, and include the whole ofthat river westward of that line within the United States ; and if established at the Cheputnetecook branch of the St. Croix, where it finally was established, must also cross the sources of the rivers ivkich fall into the Bay of Chaleicr ; and the British minister, under a full view of ail 'the facts and arguments on the subject, officially expressed his unqualified preference for the establishment of the boundary as then proposed and finally agreed to, for the reason that, to use his own words, it " would be attended with considerable advantage, would give an addition of territory tor the Pro\ince of New-Brunswick, together with a greater ex- tent of navigation on St. John's rivers ' Not the ivhole of St. John's river, but simply a greater extent of navigation on it .
20 BOVNDARIES.
This, ill connection with the prececjing, amounts to a com- plete acknowledgement on the part of Great-Britain, that the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, and the north-east angle of Maine, is to be found to the north of the sources of the Risti- gouche.*
Prior to the treaty of 1783, all the British maps of Canada and of Nova-Scotia agree in representing the line between those two provinces as on, or to the northward of, the river Risti- gouche. But subsequently to the year 1798, the British maps of the Province of New-Brunswick describe it along the main southern branch of that river, intersecting the line due north from the St. Croix at the southern branch of the highlands before mentioned, near Sugar-Loaf-Hill,f and about 45 miles south of the true point claimed by the United States. It is not known however, that any such maps were published until after the commencement of the war of 1812, nor is it of con- sequence. It is sufficient that those of the highest authority published during and since that tiraef prove that the north fine, and consequently the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia or New-Brunswick, was understood at the date of their publi- cation, as being altogether to the nordiward of the St. John.
After such a combination of facts, witli others not necessaiy here to enumerate, so clearly proving that the territory of Nova- Scotia, and by consequence that of the United States, must extend to the range of highlands which passes along to the north of all the waters of the St. John, and at least to the waters of the Bay of Chaleur ; and after the strong and decided as- sertion and argument on the part of Great-Britain in 1798,
* That the British implicitly admitted the fact to a still later day, eren to the negocia- tion at Ghent in 1314, (so far at least as to the northward of the St. John) will appear in the sequel.
t See Bouchefte's map ofUpper and Lower Canada, 1815, and Lockwood's E>ap of New -Brunswick, 1826.
J Bouchette, Surveyor-General of Lower Canada, and Lockwood, Assistant Surveyor- General of New-Brunswick. They both agree in fixing the line between Canada and Netv- Brunswick, on the fii-tigouche.— Bouchette"^ map mu^t necessarily have been prepared, and probably in the hands ol the engraver, before ilie treaty of Ghent. It was finished and published in London soon after that treaty, and under tlie express patronage and sanctior. «»f the Prince Regent.
BOUNDARIES. 21
that, if the Clieputnetecook was taken as the true source of the St. Croix, the line must of necessity extend to the nortli- ward of the sources of the Ristigouche, and at any rate, to the northward of the St. John ; it could not have been expected, that Great-Britain would have claimed that the insulated emi- nence of Mars-Hill, many miles soudiward of the St. John, was a part of the range of highlands forming the southern boundary of the Province of Quebec, and intended in the treaty of 1783, as the highlands dividing the waters which fall into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the At- lantic ; and it does not appear that they ever entertained, cer- tainly never divulged, such an idea, until at least after the commencement of the war of 1812.
Early in 1814, a pamphlet appea,red in London, under the eye of the British ministry, stating the terms to be insisted on in the pending negociations ; among which was proposed, a vari- ation of the boundary, or rather a new boundary, to give to Great-Britain the whole of the territory watered by the St. John.
Pursuant therefore to the intimations contained in the pam- phlet before mentioned, thus thrown out to the world, the Bri- tish plenipotentiaries, at the opening of the conferences which resulted in the treaty, officially* proposed as one of the subjects suitable for discussion, " a revision of the boundary hue, with a view to prevent uncertainty and dispute.'''^ In the progress of the negociation, they stated their object to be, to obtain a cession of so much of INIaine as should give them a direct communica- tion between Quebec and Halifax ; which must necessarily in- clude the greater part of the country watered by the St. John and its branches. In their explanation of this proposition, they refer it to the American plenipotentiaries themselves to " de-
* It has been stated, on what is considered as high authority, that they also at some pe- riod of the conferences, proposed unofficially, that the navigation of the river St. John, in its whole length, should be free to bath parties, and that Great-Britain should be secured in the right to carry her mails between Canada and New-Brunswick, through the Ameri- can territory ; which the American plenipotentiaries very promptly rejected, except Jo al- low the passage of mails as a matter of couitesy, not of right. This does noi appear how- ever on the public records of the negociation, and therefore is not properly to be used in the present argument.
22 BOUm)ARIES.
mand an equivalent for such cession, either in frontier or oth' erwise.^^ This proposition was met, by the American plenipo- tentiaries, with a prompt and decided negative, on thie ground that the territory which the British required for their accommo- dation, was not a subject of " uncertainty and dispute," and therefore w^as not embraced in the qualified proposition for a settlement of the boundary; and that they would subscribe to "no stipulation \v\Ui shouM have effect ta cede any part of it, for any equivalent whatever. With this pro"}X)sition for cession of the country on the St. John thus utterly rejected; and this assertion uncontradicted, that there was no uncertainty in rela- tion to it, but that it was within the acfenowledged limits of the United States ; and this declaration that the United States would not, for any equivalent whatever, agree to any stipulation which should have e^ecttacede any part of the territory to Great- Britain, the parties proceeded to the conclusion of the treaty.
The 5th article of this treat)' provides that, " Whereas nei- ther that point of the highlands Ipng due north of the source of the river St. Croix, and designated in the former treaty of peace* between the two powers, as the nortli-w^est angle of No-
*The treaty of pcarc ir, 1783, r a? not & ccsnoii of new territory for the formation of new States-, but was a rocoenition of certain province* whose territorial limits, at least so fitr a^ relates to lbequ<?sti»n n«)W at issue, were "well u- derstood-, and an acknowledg'- ment of them, according: to their pre-existing boundaries, as sovereisrn and independent States. T^h& words of that treaty embracmsr the pre=ent subject, are these -.
" Article I. His Brilanuic iMaje-^ty acknowl'.-d^es tlie said United Sftes. to wit: New- Hampshire, Massachusetts. (&c.) to be free, sovereign and independent States-, and that be treats with them as sucli. .md for himself, his heirs aud successors, rebnquishes aU claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same aixl every part iliere-^ of. And that all disputes which n)iE;ht arise in future on the siU^iect of the boundaries of the said United Stales may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, tliat the follow- in" are, and shall be their lioundaries : to wit,
" Arliclt 2. Fr>>m the north-west angb of Nova-Scotia, to wit, that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source t)f the St. Croix river to the highlaird- -, along the said higldands which 'livule those rivers that empty themselves into thi- St. Law- rence, from those which fall into the Aflftntic ocea , to tbe north-westernmost bend of Connecticut river." [The article then proceeds to describe the northern, western and south- em limits of the United Stales, and tcturns to the eastern.] " East, by a bne to be drawn along tlic middle oi the river St Croix, fiom its mouth in the Bay oi Funday to its source, and from its source directly north to the tiforesaid highlands^ which divide the rivers tliat fall into the Atlantic ocean, from those which fall mto the nver St. Lawrence."
Comparing the expressions of this treaty with the facts stated in the text, we see a dis- tinct admisMon and (Jesciiption of pre-existii>g boundaries, which it is evident were under- stood by 'he British themselves, always before thu, and for at least 15 j'ears aftcrwaids, to extend -, and in 1798 tliey even claimed and argued upon the fact, that they did and must necessarily exiend, to a point to the rorthward, not only of the St John, but of all tlie sour- ces of the Ristigouche. Thus proving incontestibly, that from the lirst designation o( uiim boundaries on this part of the AinericHin Cimtinent, to a period sometime after the year 1793, and it may be asserted, even offer ike treaty of Ghent, the British, as %\ ell as the Americans, understood the north-west angle (>{ Nova-Scotia and norlli-east angle of tiie United States, as existmg at or very near the 48tJi degree of Latitude, on the main ritlge of the highlands which form the southern barrier of the river St. Lawrenca
BOUNDARIES. 23
va-Scotia, nor the north-westernmost head of Connecticut riv- er, have yet been ascertained ; and whereas that part of the boundary line between tlie dominions of the two powers which extends from the source of the river St. Groix directly north to the above mentioned north-west angle of Nova^Scotia, tlience along said highlands which divide those rivers that empty them- selves into the river St. Lawrence from^tliose which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the north-westernmost head of Connec- ticut r'V:3r, thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifdi degree of north latitude, thence by a line due west on said latitude until it sti'ikes the river : Iroquois, or Cataraguy, has not yet been surveyed, it is agreed," &£c. . [The article then proceeds to provide for die appointment of Commissioners to ascertain, survey and determine the boundary ; and in case of their disagreement, or either of them refusing to act, then to refer the subject to some friendly sovereign or state for a final decision of the question.]
It is incredible that the British government, at the conclusion of this treaty, supposed the American government to believe, or even themselves beheved, its legitimate practical effect to ex- tend fardier than to ascertain the precise point of the highlands of the Ristigouche, at which the true north-west angle of No- va-Scoda was to be found, and survey and mark the line from the source of the St. Croix to that angle, and from thence north of the St. John, along the highlands to Connecticut riv- er.
In August, 1815, a topographical account, with a splendid Map of Lower Canada, and anodier Map of Upper and Lower Canada, by Joseph Bouchette, Surveyor General of the former province, wqs published in London, under the pati'onage, and dedicated by special permission, to his Royal Highness tl>e Prince Regent, now His Majesty George the Fourth.
In his topographical description Col. Bouchette says, "From the high banks opposite the city (Quebec) the land rises in a gradual ascent for a distance of probably ten leagues towardg
24 BOUNDARIES.
the first range of mountains ; pursuing a northeasterly course this chain ends upon the river in the neighborhood of the river Du
Loup" " Beyond this range, at about 50 miles distance,*
is the ridge generally denominated the Lands Height, dividing the waters that fall into the St. Lawrence from those taking a direction toward the Atlantic Ocean, and along whose summit is supposed to run the boundary Hue between the territories of Great Britain and the United States of America. This chain commences upon the eastern branch of Connecticut river, takes a north-easterly course, and terminates near Cape Rozier, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." He then proceeds, in another place, " From the Connecticut river the height of land, on which the boundary is supposed to pass, runs to the north-east, and divides the waters that fall into the St. Lawrence from those flowing into the Atlantic Ocean ;f and which height, after running some distance upon that course, sends off a branch to the eastward, that separates the heads of the streams falling into Lake Temiscouata and river St. John, and by that channel into the Bay of Fundy,from those that descend in n more direct course to the Atlantic.^^X The main ridge, con- tinuing its north-easterly direction, is intersected by an imagin- ary line, prolonged in a course astronomically due north from the head of the river St. Croix, and which ridge is supposed to
* He is here speaking of the distance from Quebec. This ridge as it proceeds north- easterly approaches to within lO or l2 milo« of the river St. Lawrence. It is so high as to be visible from the hiirhlands lying to tlic north-west of Quebec to the distance of lOO iniles •, yel the British surveyors under the treaty of Ghent, afterwards attempt to prove that this ridge does^not in fact exist.
t Thus far Col. Bouchette is substantially correct, but no farther.
+ These descriptions and assumptions, in italics, do not agree exactly with the facts. Col. Bouchette was doubtless well acquainted with the existence of the " Lands Height," or ^' main ridge," fur to this ridge the country on the Canada side had long before been sur- -veyed, and he admits without hesitation that the line due north from the St. Croix would intersect this main ridge, evidently to the north of the present British pretensions. His authority in this respect is undoubted. But bnyo.id, or to the southward of the *' maiu vidge," he evidently was at fault. His imaginary " branch to the eastward," might as well and with as much geographical propriety have been made to terminate at Merry- meeting Bay, on the west side of the Kennebec, or at Frankfort on the Penobscot, or vari- ous other places, a- at Mars Hill or in that direction ; and lhi< with his confusion of waters falling into the St. John, evidently on the southern side of that river, with those falling in- to Lake Temiscouata on the noiihern side, suflRciently manifest his ignorawce of, or gro$s misinformation with respect to, the true features of the territory on the side of Maine.
The true situation «f the highland ranges will appear in Plate 1, their comparative ele- vations in Plate 4.
BOUNDARIES. 25
be the boundary between Lower Canada and the United States ; at least such appears to be the way m which the treaty of 1783 is construed by the American Government ; hut which ought more fairly to he understood as follows, namely^ that the astro- nomical line running north from the St. Croix should extend only to the first or easterly ridge, and thence run westerly along the crest of the said ridge, to the Connecticut ; therehy equit- ably dividing the ivaters floiving into the St. Lawrence from those that empty into the Atlantic within the limits of the United States, and those that have their estuaries within the British Province of JVew-Bru7isiuick.^^^
In illustration of the descriptions, and support of the argu- ments above quoted, Col. Bouchette has delineated on one of his maps, a range of highlands branching froni+he " main ridge" near the sources of the Penobscot and Chaudiere, and thence passing eastward to Mars-Hill ; with a subordinate branch near its eastern extremity, extending still farther south, to the source of the river St. Croix. He has also delineated another branch, leaving the " main ridge" a little to the northward of the former, ^nd passing along nearly parallel to that, and between the Aroostook and St. John, intersects the astronomical north line, 20 or 30 miles to the north of Mars Hill. On each of these imaginary ranges of highlands, he has traced a line as a boundary from the main ridge eastward, to the line which runs due north from the St. Croix. This due north line he then prolongs across the St. John to the southern Branch of the Ristigouche, along which he traces the northern boundary of New-Brunswick to the Bay of Chaleur.f Thus making the north-west angle of New-Brunswick or Nova-Scotia far to the north of Mars-Hill, and even of the river St. John.
These descriptions and map of Bouchette, seem to have given rise to the hope on the part of Great-Britain, that a range of highlands might be found, which should afford them an argu-
* See preceding notes. i See plate 2.
4
2[|^ BOUNDARIES.
ment on which to sustain a claim to a different boundary from that heretofore understood, even by themselves, as established by the treaty of 1783, and give them not only a right of passage, but the sovereignty of the whole territory on the waters of the St. John.
Pursuant to the provisions of the treaty, commissioners and surveyors were appointed on both sides. The surveyors on the part of Great-Britain, were Col. Bouchette, Mr. Odell, Mr. Campbell, and others. On the part of the United States, were Col. Johnson, Capt. Partridge, Mr. Loring, and others. The country w^as explored and surveys, more or less general, were made of its principal features during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820; the surveyors on both sides proceeding in con- junction, but each party making their surveys, maps and reports separately.
Animated by the idea suggested by Bouchette, the British agents directed all their operations to establish, if possible, tlie existence of his imaginary range south of the St. John, or of some other in its stead ; and to prove that the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia intended by the treaty of 1783, was, not a point at the western termination of its northern boundary, but a point in its western side, distant 60 to 100 miles farther south. They even went farther, and attempted to prove that the range of highlands referred to in all former treaties and acts, and de- scribed by Bouchette liimself, as "the Land's Height," or " main north-easterly ridge," extending all along the course of the St. Lawrence, from Connecticut river to Cape Rozier, did not exist.
These surveys, tliough nmnerous and extensive, were far from perfect.* The reports and maps of the opposite parties
* It is worthy of remark here, that in the whole course of the surveys, conducted both by the American and British surveyors for four years, neither the well known range of high- lands forming the boundary of 1783, as always before understood, nor the pretended range claimed by ihe British have been sui-veyed, nor any line explored in the direction of either of them. The American boundary was generally known, and was visited at each extrem- ity, and at several intermediate stations •, but the British claim rests only upon views ne- cessarily deceptive, being taken only from the two extremities of their pretended range, and from one point near the center, viz. Mount Katabdin, the report from which, even of their own surveyor, in some respects contradicts bis own testimony, and is others is con- tradicted by all other testimony.
BOUNDARIES. 27
are in some instances contradictory to each other, and some of those of the British, inconsistent with themselves. Other ac- counts however, derived from authentic sources, with a care- ful comparison of facts stated at different times, and with differ- ent views, by some of the surveyors, and their assistants, to- gether with the information afforded by the accounts and Maps in which both parties agree, are sufficient to ascertain the gen- eral features of the country in all particulars of importance to the present question, and to estabhsh a result very different from that aimed at in the reports and Maps of the British surveyors.
The substance of the American reports, and also of the British, so far as they are not known to be erroneous, will be found embodied in the general description of the surface of the country in the next chapter ; and it is not necessary to advert to tliem in this place any farther than to notice some of the lead- ing features of a part of the reports and Maps of the British surveyors.
It will be proper, in considering these reports and Maps, to bear in mind the circumstances that any tract of elevated or hilly country of considerable extent, when viewed at a distance, always appears to the eye of a spectator who is placed on an equal or less elevation, to constitute a range, the direction of which subtends, more or less obliquely, his angle of vision ; and when, fi-om a more elevated station, the spectator views a suc- cession of hills nearly in his direct line of vision, however de- tached from each other they may be in reality, yet from his point of view, they may naturally enough appear to him as a continued range, receding indefinitely from his sight, or ending abruptly upon some point which intercepts his farther view : And when successive ranges of highlands nearly parallel, though actually detached and distant from each other, are viewed in a line oblique to their general direction, especially if viewed from less elevated ground, they appear to form but one range, subtending the angle of vision, and transverse to their true direc- tion : And when one is placed in an elevated country, partak-
28 BOUNDARIES.
ing of, or approximating to, the character of a table-land, having no prominent peaks of much greater elevation, nor valleys of much greater depression, than its general level within his imme- diate vision, that countiy appears to him comparatively low, its real altitude is not perceptible by him, and is only to be observed distinctly when it can be viewed at a distance, in connection with a lower country.
Col. Bouchette exhibits a Map, from barometrical observa- tions, of the line due north from the sources of the St. Croix, 100 miles, to the southern branch of the Ristigouche. This Map shows that the general surface of the country increases in elevation the whole distance, so that the summit of Mars Hill is very far below the summits of most of the ridges to the north- ward of it, and is lower than even the bed of the Ristigouche. From the south branch of the Ristigouche, the due north line was explored by Messrs. Johnson and Odell to the " main ridge" described by Bouchette as before quoted, viz. to the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia as claimed by the United States ; and to Beaver river, the first water descending to the river St. Lawrence. Their reports agree in substance that this part of the country is at least as high, and Johnson states some vpart of it to be higher, than any part of that on the line as far as it was explored and exhibited by Bouchette,* in his vertical Map. This Map, and these reports, so far as they bear upon or illustrate the subject at all, tend altogetlier to support the American ground.
Mr. Odell reports a chain of highlands extending directly from Mars Hill to Mount Katahdin, of which he exhibits a Map,f and also a view of the same in profile, as seen from a point just without die boundary, near Houlton. Mr. Odell's observations were made firom this place and from the summit of Mars Hill and Katahdin, stations 70 miles apart, and from neither of which is it possible to perceive the true directions,
* See plate 4— No. 5. t See plate S.
BOUNDARIES. 29
and the connecting bases of the intermediate ranges of highlands, if highlands they may be called. His representations also are contradicted in the most positive and unequivocal terms, by the reports of Col. Johnson and Capt. Partridge, and also by the concurrent accounts of all the surveyors employed by Maine and Massachusetts in dividing the whole of that section of the country into townships of six miles square ; and by many others who have explored it. The truth being that this part of the country is but very moderately hilly, and the direction of the ranges in general lying nearly north and south, Mr. Odell's Map and profile therefore must be considered as a mere deceptio visus, such as might naturally result from the peculiar conformation of the country, and the points of view^ from which his observations are made, unless corrected by farther observa- tions fi^om other points ; which it is evident would not comport with the object intended.
Mr. CaiTipbell reports, as seen from Katahdin, " a chain of mountains and ridges extending towards the St. John in the neighborhood of Mars Hill, which chain appears to split or fork at the distance of about 30 miles from Katahdin, one range taking a course towards Mars Hill, and the other running nearly parallel to the Ristook* river. This ridge or chain of moun- tains and hills appears connected with a very high moun- tain at the source of the Ristook,f which lies N. 15° E. dis- tant 15 miles. In a south-western direction the chain con- tinues as far as the eye can reach, by ridges and mountains, first towards the Spencer Mountains, which lie south SO*' west, distant about 25 miles, and then more northerly to very high lands, supposed to be those dividing the Kennebeck waters from those of the Chaudiere, which are to be plainly seen extending in a direction nearly N. 50" E. and S. 50*^ W. In every other quarter the land is comparatively low, except one long blue
* Aroostook.
t This seems to differ from Mr. Odell, who malifs his range to connect with Katahdin or pass to the S. E. of it. The cause of the di.screpancy between them may be worth an ing^uiry.
30 BOUNDARIES.
ridge in a N. W. direction, extending N. E. and S. W. distant about 30 miles,* and some detached hills said by the Indians to be at the sources of Union and Narraguagus rivers."
" From the highlands in Dixmont, near the 15 mile tree, had a clear view of Katahdin, bearing N. 13° E. A very high ridge of mountains apparently extending from the south-west extremity of it, in a south-western direction ; the distance from Katahdin to this station must be nearly 80 miles."
He also, from a station on the main ridge, between the sources of the Kennebeck and the Chaudiere, describes " Ka- tahdin bearing S. 80 degrees E. distant about 60 miles,f and a number of mountains and ridges extending towards it ; J also a high broken ridge of mountains extending from the N. E. •side of the Great Bald Mountain, and then stretching southerly towards the Spencer Mountains and Katahdin.^ This said Bald Mountain ridge is here about 8 or 9 miles distant from the one we are on, and divides the Penobscot waters from those of the Kennebeck. It is the same seen by me from Katahdin last fall, and described in the second page of my report." ||
Mr. Campbell appears to have traced the main ridge of high- lands from the road bet\veen the Kennebeck and Chaudiere, to the highlands near the sources of the north-west branch of the Penobscot and south-west branch of the St. John, which are very near each otlier, issuing from the same swamp, with scarcely a perceptible elevation of the land between them ; being near the summit level of the main ridge, and about 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Beyond this point, in the direction of the
* This ridge is that called by some the Quacumgaraooksis, or Kahkoguamook hills, dis- tant more than 50 miles from Katahdin. It extends from the sources of the Penobscot north-easterlv, between the waters of the Walloostook or main St. John, and the Allaga5.h, to their junction, dividing the waters of those two branches of the St. John from each other.
\ In fact about 70 miles.
J What number, and from whence ? when on the top of Katahdin itself he could see but one.
§ Reports from better points of view, and even bis own report from Katahdin disagree with this.
II Before quoted.
BOUNDARIES. 31
ixiain ridge, he says, " some smaller detached hills lie N. to N. W. distant 3 to 4 miles, beyond which we had a view of 30 to 40 miles in those directions, and there is no ridge of any de- scription, but the land continued low."* He then describes mountains and ridges lying eastward of the sources of the Pe- nobscot and St. John ; but his descriptions are not easily intel- ligible, and so far as they are so, are irreconcilable with the reports of those who had better opportunities of ascertaining their real situation, and even with his o^vn reports in other places.
From these distant, and of course imperfect and deceptive views, Mr. Campbell has constructed a Map, exhibiting con- nected ranges of mountains from the sources of the Kennebeck to Mars-Hill. These imaginary ranges, with that of Mr. Odell, and the apparent range reported by Mr. Campbell as seen from Dixmont, are shown in plate 3, a comparison of which, with plate 1, which exhibits the ti'ue situation of the mountain and highland ranges, will best show the errors of the partial and imperfect Maps and reports of the British surveyors.
Mr. Campbell's view from Katahdin eastward, stretched from summit to summit, across ridges d'stinct and detached from each other, the connecting range of whose bases passes in a direction transverse to his line of vision, and from his position must have been concealed from view. His report of the view westward seems extremely imperfect. He first discovers a ridge extending south 80'' west to the Spencer Mountains, dis- tant 25 miles. This ridge tlien must stretch across the broad and deep valley of the Penobscot which lay at his feet, and
* His elevation here must have been more than 1000 feet above the level of the surround- ing country, to have seen land at such a distance from it on the same level. CoL Bouchette, who must be supposed much better informed than Mr. Campbell as to this region, has delin- eated on his Maps of Canada before mentioned, a strongly marked range of mountains in this place, which he denominates the " north-easterly ridge, or Height of Land." He de- scribes it also as such in his topographical account of Lower Canada. The discrepancy between the twoy is to be explained by the fact, that this " main ridge" in this part of it, spreads out on the east and south-east into a broad elevated table-land ; that Mr. Camp- bell was now near its summit level, and that its elevated and mountainous character is exhibited in this quarter only on the side next to the St. Lawrence. A comparison of Capt. Partridge's survey, with the other reports and accounts, will show that its immediate base, that is, the level of the waters which flow from it, must be from 1500 to 2000 feet abore the level of the sea.— (Seo plate 4~No. i and 3.)
32 BOUNDARIES.
which the accounts of those who are familiarly acquainted with it say is traversed by no such ridge. In every other quarter, except the few points before quoted, he says the land is com- pai'atively low ; yet from - Dixmont, he reports " a very high ridge of mountams apparently extending from the south-west extremity of Katahdin in a south-western direction." These are the Ebeeme mountains which lie about 1 5 miles south-east of the Spencer Mountains, and about 25 miles nearly south from, and in full view of Katahdin, with nothing but the valley of the Penobscot to intercept the vision ; and they are wholly unconnected with any other mountains or ranges of highlands. From Dixmont these mountains and other detached hills and mountains, scattered irregularly over the face of the country to Mount Abraham and Mount Bigelow, 20 miles west of the Kennebeck, are distinctly visible, and from their dis- tance and the local position of the point of view, may appear to an unpractised eye as a continued range, though they are in fact entirely unconnected and distant from each other. It seems somewhat surprising, not that Mr. Campbell should, from Dixmont, from which they are distant 55 to 60 miles, see the Ebeeme mountains apparently connected with Katahdin, which lies behind them ; but that he should not see them, in a fine clear day, from Katahdin, from which they are in full view, and distant but about 20 to 25 miles.
From thfe Spencer mountains, Mr. Campbell continues his range of mountains and highlands round the head of Moose- Head Lake, and along the south bank of the west branch of the Penobscot to the Bald Mountain ridge. The next year he surveyed this branch of the Penobscot from its source to tlie Lake Chesuncook. Li making this survey, it does not appear that he saw any such ranges of higlilands, though he passed for more than 40 miles close to their supposed base. The truth is, that from the immediate vicinity of the Spencer IVIountains to that of Bald ^lountain ridge, for a distance of nearly 30 miles, there is no such ridge as he describes, nor any ridge or
BOUNDARIES. 33
range of highlands deserving the name ; but in their stead is the valley of the Kennebeck and the Penobscot, which here unite, with elevation barely sufficient to confine the waters of Moose-Head Lake and PenobscQt west branch within their respective beds.
Mr. Campbell also reports, that in a north-w^est direction from Katahdin, the land is comparatively low, except one long blue ridge, distant, as he supposes, about 30 miles ; but which in reality is distant more than 50 miles, and forms the dividing line between the w^aters of the Walloostook or main St. John on one side, and those of the AUagash, and some of the north- western branches of the Penobscot on the other. To this de- scription the reports of all the other surveyors, British and American, agree, and it appears that there are no considerable highlands of any description between the Lakes of the AUa- gash and the west branch of the Penobscot in one direction, and the Aroostook Mountains, and the long blue ridge above mentioned, in the other : Yet, from a station on the "maia ridge," 25 or 30 miles westward of this " long blue ridge," Mr. Campbell fancied he could discover, at the distance of 30 to 40 miles, a ridge stretching south-easterly towards the Spencer Mountains and Katahdin. From this distant and uncertain view he has constructed another range of mountains, pass- ing for more than 30 miles across tlie country before described by himself as comparatively low, and agreed on all hands to be a level low country, the ridge of which, dividing the waters of the St. John and Penobscot, is elevated but 52* feet above the level of Cheruncook Lake.
Dr. Tiarks, astronomer and surveyor on the part of Great Britain, reports that the ground directly between the waters which flow into the St. Lawrence, and those which flow into the St. John, near the north-eastern boundary, is not elevated, but almost a perfect dead level ; and that the highlands in this vicinity run in directions transverse to the supposed direction
7i6ring's Report.
34 BOUNDARIES*
of the main ridge, and parallel to the small streams issuing from it ; and hence he labors to establish the inference that there is no such range of highlands as are referred to in the ' treaty of 1783, and described by Bouchette in 1815 as the " Land's Height" — " North-easterly ridge or Height of Land." It is to be observed however, that the same peculiarity of con- formation is found in the highlands between the sources of the Connecticut and the St. Francis, and those of the Kennebeck and Chaudiere, where the existence of this ridge is fully ad- mitted on both sides ; and in general it is the case, in greater or less degree, between the sources of all rivers running in op- posite directions in any part of the country between the Atlantic and St. Lawrence ; and the argument appHes with especia! and increased force, to the pretended range from Mai's-Hill. A comparison of Bouchette's vertical survey of the eastern boun- dary with Johnson and OdelPs continuation, Johnson's obser- vations on the elevation of the northern boundary, and Part- ridge's vertical survey of the portage road from the St. Lawrence to Lake Temiscouata, show that the country here noted by Dr. Tiarks, is an elevated hilly country ; in fact more elevated in general than any other part between this and the Atlantic*
All the surveys of the northern or main ridge northward of the sources of the Chaudiere and Kennebeck, excepting the vertical survey of the portage from the St. Lavnrence to Lake Temiscouata,f were conducted only from the St. John, which
* Compare plate 4, No. 1, 2, 5 and 8.
tit should be observed, that the results griven by Capt. Partridge's barometrical survey from the Si. La'wrrence, to St John and down that river to the mouth oi the De Chute, appear Tvhen crirapared with the observations of Col. Johnson, and the deductions naturally to be drawn fr^m the survey of the eastern boundary, to be several hundred feet too low for the general height of the range. That tliis is the case may also be inferred from the fact that he states the elevation of the surface of the St. John at the mouth of the De Chute to be only i5 feet above the level of the sea ; which, as this is about 90 miles from the head of the tide at Fredericton, would mike the average declivity of the river to be but two inches per mile. A declivity not sufficient to overcome the specific gravity of the water so far as to prevent it from becoming perfectly stagnant. Now it is well known that the current of the St. John from this place to Fredericton, though in general smootli. yet is strong, and m some places quite rapid. Col. Johnson's observations at and below Madawaska, where the cur- rent is, to say the least, quite as gentle as it is below the De Chute, make the di divity of the river to be 3 feet per mile ; and fiom a comparison ot such observations as have been made, which afford any tolerable indications of the general declivity of the river, it appears
BOUNDARIES, 3B
jflows for a great distance, in an elevated canal* along the rear of this ridge, and nearly parallel to its general direction. The reports of the surveys between the sources of the Chaudiere, and those of the rivers Quelle and St. Fi-ancois represent the ridge comparatively as but moderately elevated above the waters of the St. John. They are however evidently limited in their descriptions, and from the direction and circumstances in which they were made, they necessarily exhibit but a very imperfect and inaccurate view of the true distinctive features of the ridge. The inferences attempted to be deduced from them are, that from the north-western sources of the Penobscot northward and eastward, it is in general a low country, which from its con- figuration and supposed moderate elevation cannot be the range of highlands intended by the treaty of 1783 as the boundary. A careful comparison however of the whole of the reports and maps exhibited in the case, destroys this inference, and estab- lishes a fact of some importance which seems to have escaped the notice of all parties, viz. that the base, or connecting points of the highlands of this northern range, that is, the vallies or swamps from which the waters flow in opposite directions to the St. John and St. Lawrence respectively, and by which the true mear. elevation of the ridge should be estimated, is from 700 to 1000 feet higher than the corresponding points of the pretended Mars Hill range, and in general even higher than the very summit of Mars Hill itself, f
that, from its source to the Grand falls, cannot be less than 5 feet per mile ; and as far as can be judged from the accounts of those who have ascended the river in boats, it appears that the resistance of the current below the Grand falls is quite as great as that above ; the inference therefore is tliat the declivity is as great. If this be correct the elevation of the mouth of the De Chute must be about 450 feet above the level of the tide, which is 435 higher than is given in Oapt. Partridge's sui-vey, and affords inferences agreeing pi ctty nearly with those to be deduced from the surveys of Bouchette and Johnson. And even if the estimated declivity of the river be only two and a half feet per mile, which would create but a very moderate current, still it proves the point intended, viz, that the results ofCapt. Patridge's barometrical observations, fall considerably short of the true elevition particularly at this place, and by inference at others. It may be observed also that this survey does not profess to give the elevation of the highest points of the land, nor that of the sources of the rivers, but only that of the several points along the road, which undoubt- edly was made on that which was thought to be the most level and practicable ground.
The skill and science of Capt. Partridge are too well known to admit the assignment of this error, if U be one, to any other cause than the imperfection of instruments, and the known uncertainties attending barometrical operations, especially in circiUBStances like those of this survey.
* See plate 4— No. 1 and 3.
t Seo plate 4— No. 1 and 2.
36 BOUNDARIES.
The foregoing is but a brief outline of the statements and representations of the British surveyors ; but it is believed to contain the substance of the whole as far as is of any importance in the present question, and that it is a fair summary of the evidence on which that Government rests its pretensions to a new boundary.
The commissioners under the 5th Article of the treaty of Ghent, having differed in opinion, a Convention was concluded in September 1827, providing for the reference of the subject to an umpire, and for the mode of proceeding, and the evidence to be adduced in the case ; and the question now remains to be setded under that Convention, pursuant to the treaties.
If, on any pretence, the principle on which the issue is to be decided, can be transferred from the narrow and definite ground of the true north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, as it was understood at and prior to the treaty of 1783, and the sub- ject thrown open for the introduction of other principles ; then a new " uncertainty" is created, which did not exist at the formation of the treaty of Ghent, and if new uncertainties maybe created and brought witliin the purview of that treaty, then no reason appears why the umpire may not decide upon and allow the British claims, to any extent to which they may, or might have chosen to, advance them. If the ti'eaty requires us to submit to arbitration any point respecting which the acts and admissions of the parties were before agreed, and which there- fore were not the subjects of " uncertainty and dispute," then constructions must be admitted which tend to subvert the foun- dations of public faith, and the umpire may, if he pleases, form a new north-west angle of Nova-Scotia in one of its sides, or projecting from the southward into its centre, and may establish a new boundary to the United States to the southward of tlie St. John, and even to the soutli and west of the Penob- scot, or the Kennebeck : —
But— the northern boundary of Nova- Scotia being, beyond
FACE OP THE COUNTRY. S7
all dispute, somewhere to the north of the St. John ; — It being admitted, and even contended for by Great Britain, in the year 1798, that the eastern bomidary of the United States, running due north from the St. Croix, must pass the St. John, and in a certain case, which has since been agreed upon, the Ristigouche also ; — The treaty of Ghent recognizing the prin- ciple of that of 1783, as the basis of its provisions with respect to this boundary ; and being predicated, as far as relates to thi^ subject, on the principle only of preventing uncertainty and dis- pute ; and on the uncontradicted declaration on one part, and repeated admission on the other, that the territory on tlie St. John was clearly within the United States, and therefore was not a subject of " uncertainty and dispute ;" and the Conven- tion of September 1827, recognizing Mitchell's Map, (which extends the boundary beyond the St. John) as that by which the treaty of 1783 was formed ; it is evident beyond tlie pos- sibility of a reasonable doubt, that the submission to an umpire, provided for in the treaty of Ghent, was intended to submit no farther question of importance, than that resulting from the definition of the true northern boundary of Nova-Scotia, from the western extremity of tlie Bay of Chaleur,to its north-west angle; or in other words, on what precise point of the highlands of the Ristigouche that north-west angle is to be found : — But, any question whether tliat angle shall be found at Mars-Hill ; or whether the northern boundary of Maine shall be drawn any where to the southward of the northernmost sources of the St. John, is utterly excluded.
CHAPTER II.
Face of the Country.
The various configurations of mountains, plains, hills ^nd Tallies, lakes and streams, which diversify the face of a country.
38 FACE OP THE COUNTRY.
have so important an influence on its climate, agriculture, na- ture and value of its productions, and the occasions and facili- ties for internal improvements, especially with respect to the intercourse between its different parts, by means of rivers, lakes, canals, roads, railways, &c., that an accurate knowledge of its exterior forms, is one of the first objects to be sought, in deter- mining the degree of attention which it is necessary or useful to bestow on some of the most important branches of its political economy. But that degree of knowledge which is requisite as the basis of extensive systems of internal improvement, is not to be obtained without numerous and extensive surveys of vertical sec- tions, traversing the country in all directions, and executed with much skill and care. Few surveys of this kind however, are known to have beeri executed in the State of Maine. Those which have been made for purposes connected with the Cumber- land and Oxford Canal, and those of the Kennebeck and Andros- coggin for similar purposes, are all, of any considerable extent, which are known to have been made with a view to the exten- sion of inland navigation by means of canals ; and the surveys of Capt. Partridge on the road from Quebec to Hallowell, and from the St. Lawrence ,by the British post route to the Lake Temis- couata and river St. John, are the only vertical surveys known to have been made across any of the more elevated parts of the State. All descriptions therefore of the surface of the State, with regard to absolute elevations, must as yet be in a great measure general, except so far as the limited sur- veys above mentioned, and the observations of the surveyors employed by the United States and Great Britain in pursuance of the 5th Article of the treaty of Ghent, with a few other ob- servations by private individuals, may afford data for specifica- tion in some few instances, and for general deduction in others. In a general and comprehensive view, the surface of the State of Maine may be considered as moderately hilly. A comparatively small part rises into mountains, some of which attain an elevation above the region of ordinary vegetation, but
FACE OP THE COUNTRt, $9
few however, which will not admit of some degree of cultiva- tion over a considerable part of their surface. Near the sea- coast, and along the margins of many of the rivers, and in some few other places, are plains of small extent, none of which however form exceptions to the general feature, of sufficient importance to require a particular description. The residue, so far as to include all that part which has yet been settled, except the northerly parts of the counties of Oxford and Som- erset, though infinitely diversified with hill and dale in all their various forms and features, and though in some parts differing considerably from others, yet possess a general character too much alike to need a more particular description for the pur- poses of this work, than will be sufficiently understood by a simple reference to the well known general character of the surface of New England within 40 or 50 miles of the sea. The interior and more northern parts of the State may demand a more particular description ; and the general outline of its conformation, as far as it is known, will appear in the course of the chapter.
Mountains and highland Ranges,
The different ranges and groups of mountains, extending from Georgia to the Gulf of St. Lawrer.ce, and dividing the waters falling more directly into the Atlantic, from those which are tributary to the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, have been T)y geographers comprehended under the general name of the Alleghany ridge. The principal summit of the northern part of this ridge, or the highlands which form the barrier be- tween the eastern and western waters, passes rather centrally through Vermont to its north-east angle, thence, passing the northern part of New-Hampshire, it touches upon the State of Maine at its north-western extremity, and from thence contin- uing round the Chaudiere, and supplying the sources of that riv- er on the one hand, and those of the Kennebeck, Penobscot, and St. John on the other, it approaches to within 15 to 20 miles
i
40 FACE OP THE COUNTRT.
of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec ; and following at various distances, the general course of that river, it subsides at length into the Gulf near Cape Rozier. This ridge from New- Hampshire to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, has been variously denominated, but by the best British authorities it is called the " Main Ridge" — " Height of Land" — " North-easterly Ridge or Land's Height ;" and it forms the northern boundary of Maine, in the whole extent of the State.
The elevation of this ridge from the level of the sea has been but imperfectly ascertained ; but has been so far observed as that it may be estimated with sufficient accuracy for general purposes at present. In the surveys made from 1817 to 1820, in pursuance of the treaty of Ghent, the elevation of some points was tolerably ascertained, and the reports of the survey- ors, descriptive of certain features of the country in other points, afford indications from which their relative height may be rationally inferred. Capt. Partridge, surveyor on the part of the United States, ascertained the height of the ridge at the place where it is crossed by the road from Hallowell to Que- bec, to be 2002 feet. This was not at the highest point of the ridge, but at a place selected as most easily practicable for a road, avoiding the high mountain peaks, which in some places in the vicinity are supposed to ascend to more than 4000 feet. At the place where the road crosses the branches of Penobscot river, at some distance from their sources, Capt. Partridge found the elevation to be 1683 feet; the sources themselves must be still higher, and are probably somewhere between this and 2000 feet, most probably nearest to the latter.
In prosecuting the surveys along the summit of this ridge, to the source of the west branch of the St. John, a distance of 40 to 50 miles, there appears no indication that it suffers any general depression ; but all the representations favor the idea that it maintains much the same elevation.
The sources of the streams that flow from this ridge in op- posite directions, take their rise near each other in the same
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 41
■Rallies, separated in general by very small elevations, and in some instances they proceed from the same swamps, so level that it is difficult to decide which way the water should run, but by observing its actual course. The waters of the south-* west branch of the Penobscot, which rise near to those of the Kennebeck and Du Loup ; and those of the north-west branch of the Penobscot, which issue from the same swamps with those of the Metiamette, and of the south-w^est branch of the St. John, are described by the surveyors who explor- ■ed them as being exceedingly rapid and full of falls, in about tlie same degree, to their junction, a few miles to the west of the northern extremity of Moose-Head Lake. This circumstance seems conclusively to confirm the idea that the general horizontal line of this ridge, that is, the line of the sources of the different rivers, or the general base of the moun- tain peaks, sustains thus far much the same elevation. From some accounts it would seem that in proceeding thus far to the north the elevation is rather greater than less.
From the sources of the St. John and Penobscot, northerly, the summit of the ridge assumes more the character of an el- evated table land. Its surface is described, when viewed from a distance on the southern side, as comparatively low and level ; and when viewed nearer, and more on the eastern side, is de- scribed as an undulating country, the hills scattered irregularly with rounded summits, but with no eminences remarkably prominent aboye the rest.* On the northern and western side, next to the St. Lawrence, the ridge exhibits its proper eleva- tion and mountainous character. On this side it descends, rugged and mountainous in its aspect to the verge of the St. Lawrence. The great distance from which it may be seen on this quarter, marks its elevation. From the highlands 24 miles to the northwest of Quebec, " the mountains behind the river
* It would appear from Ihe report of Mr. Hunter, (one of the American surveyors) that the general elevation of tbe lulls in this region is about 400 to 600 feet above th^ level of the St. John-
42 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANG£S.
Quelle^ are distinctly visible, and are followed by the eye without interruption, to the highlands between the sources of the St. John, the Penobscot, the Kennebeck, and the Connec- ticut ; and the Etchemin, the Chaudiere, the Besancour and the Nicolet."t
Col. Bouchette, in his Topographical account of Canada, also fully establishes the mountainous character of this range j and it would seem hardly necessary to add more upon the sub- ject, had not the recent pretensions of the British Government given rise to attempts in their support to call in question, if not its existence, yet at least its continuity and comparative eleva- tion.
It is well ascertained, and agreed on all hands, that the sources of the Penobscot and the Kennebeck are at a great elevation. The known rapidity of their currents, and the nu- merous falls over which they are precipitated, leave no room for doubt on this point. It also appears, from the reports both of the British and American surveyors, that the source of the main branch of the St. John is on the same level with, and within a very short distance of, one of the most elevated sour- ces of the Penobscot. The course of the St. John, for more than 60 miles in a direct line, is nearly parallel to the general course of the main ridge of highlands before described, and at an average distance of about 15, or in some places, 20 miles from it. For more than half this distance in its course, the channel of this river is almost a dead level, passing through swamps and bogs with a current scarcely perceptible. After this, when it begins to recede farther from the main ridge, the current becomes more sensible, is in some places rapid, but still unbroken, and the general declivity of the river gradual. The tributary streams from the west, which have their sources in the main ridge, are, in some places of their descent, rapid
* *' Behind the river Quelle" from this point of view must be about the sources of the Madawaska, more than lOO miles distant.
t See Quebec Gazette, 26ih October 1826. The elevation of the point of view here takeu is stated to be 2000 feet-, an t this ridge, to be seen so distinctly from such a distance, tnust be elevated noit less than 2500 feet.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 43
and obstructed by falls, but as they approach the main river are gentle, flowing through swampy lands of very little percep- tible elevation. These circumstances show that the bed of the St. John for a great distance from its source, is an elevated canal passing nearly on the back of the " great north-easterly ridge j" and they easily account for the representation of this ridge as appearing to be a comparatively low, or moderately elevated country, when seen only from this quarter.
Passing omvard towards the portage road from the St. Law- rence to the Lake Temiscouata, the ridge assumes a more broken and mountainous form, though it does not appear that its absolute elevation increases. The highest point on the portage road is at the passage of the Grand-Fourche mountain, about 25 miles (in the direction of the road) from the St. Lawrence. The elevation of this appears, from the observa- tions of Capt. Partridge, to be 1336 feet above the level of the sea.* The hills or peaks at a distance from the road however in all directions are stated to be much higher. The highest water over which this road passes is a branch of the river Trois-Pistoles, the elevation of which Capt. Partridge found to be 1167 feet from the level of the sea. Its source however, is much higher among the surrounding hills.
From the highlands about the sources of the waters falling into Lake Temiscouata, to the northern boundary, the ridge sustains about the same general elevation. A comparison of the barometrical surveys of Col. Bouchette, on the line of the eastern boundary, and of Capt. Partridge — across the the port- age road, and down the St. John, with the observations of Col. Johnson, with the theodolite from Mars-Hill to Green River Mountain, and thence to the northern ridge, makes the general elevation of the ridge to vary from 2100 to 3300 feet above the level of the sea. A conjectural average however, deduced from vertical surveys in other parts of the State, and from other
* From the reasoning in the preceding chapter, note page 34, it appears thai the elevd<i. tioD here stated is probably too low.
44 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
data which have been stated, would give about 2800 feet as the most probable general elevation of the ridge, and from 1400 to 1800 feet, or perhaps more, as the elevation of the sources of the rivers.
From the foregoing it will be seen that this ridge sustains its elevation (declining however, a litde as it proceeds north-east- erly) with a degree of uniformity somewhat remarkable, from the sources of the Kennebeck, where its existence and eleva- tion are fully admitted, to the north-eastern boundary of the State. Its apparent character however, when viewed from the side of Maine, differs considerably in its different parts ; the southern being broken, irregular, abounding with lofty sum- mits of clearly mountainous aspect ; the central presenting a more uniform surface, of comparatively level land, or rounded swells, witli few if any detached peaks of much superior eleva* tion, the north-eastern becoming more irregular, with broken ridges and swells traversing it in various directions, giving rise to and separating the various streams which flow from it to the north, soutli, and east ; but still preserving its distinctive fea- tures as the grand line of division between the waters of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence.
The White Mountains in New-Hampshire form a branch of what has been termed the great Alleghany ridge ; they rise in the central part of that State, and extend nortli to the main ridge among the source? of the Connecticut and Androscoggin ; and from their proximity may be considered as in some meas- ure connected with a part of the mountainous region of Maine. Any description of them however, here is umiecessary.
The mountains of Maine which may be considered in this connection lie scattered in irregular groups over the country included within a line which may be traced from the south- western part of the County of Oxford, passing to the eastwai'd of the Androscoggin Lakes, and thence northward, on the west of Kennebeck river and Moose-Head Lake, until it unites, witli the main ridge among the western sources of the Penob-
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 45
Sc6t. These form collectively a lateral expansion of the gen- eral base of the White Mountains, and the main Alleghany range ; they however in some places exhibit the fonii of sub- ordinate ridges or spurs, projecting eastward from the main body, and subsiding into the vallies of the Androscoggin and the Kennebeck.
The southernmost of these subordinate ranges passes along the south of the Androscoggin, from the White Mountains about 40 miles, and terminates gradually in the hilly country near the towns of Hartford and Peru. This spur is broken and irregu- lar in all forms and degrees of elevation, from moderate rounded swells, to mountains of the lower grade, the most of which are capable of cultivation for a considerable part of their ascent- North of the Androscoggin, and to the Lakes at its source, and thence to Dead river, the country grows more mountain- ous, and attains a greater general elevation. In this region may be traced a succession of mountains, from Shelburn in Kew-Hampshire, to the southern bend pf Dead river ; among the principal of which are Speckled Mountain, White-Cap, Saddleback, Abraham, and Bigelow, the elevation of these in general, is estimated to be about 4000 feet from the level of the sea.* In general, the summits in this range are the high- est in the State, excepting those of the Katahdin group, and the mountains near the sources of the Kennebeck ; their im- mediate bases however, are much lower than those on the main *' northern ridge or Land's Height." The vallies and lesser hills in this region abound with excellent land, and are adapted to all agricultural purposes.
Northerly of the Androscoggin Lakes, and north-westerly of the region just described, and from this to Moose river, and the north-west boundary, the mountains are scattered promiscu- ously in all directions, and at all distances. Lnagination can- not easily assign them a collective form.
* A series of observations, at long distances, from Mount Waldo in Frankfiirt, to Wilt- iamsburg, and thence to Mount Abraham and Mount Bigelow, gives a rfsult of 4961 and <832 feet, as the elevation of these two mountai is It i- not supposed however, that this is very accurate, but is probably somewhat near the truth,
46 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND) RANGES.
Between Moose river and the south-west branch of the Pe- nobscot, is the Bald Mountain ridge, stretching east from the main ridge about 20 or 24 miles, and terminating about 10 or 12 miles west of Moose-Head Lake. The elevation of the highest points of this ridge, from the principles hereafter stated with regard to the extreme point of vegetation, is supposed to be upwards of 4000 feet.
Proceeding north-easterly from the south-west branch of the Penobscot, the higher parts of the country assume the form of a range extending from the main ridge north-easterly, dividing the waters of the Walloostook, or main branch of the St. John, from those of the Allagash, and terminating near the junction of those two rivers ; the continuity of this range however, is interrupted by the principal western branches of the Penobscot ; it does not arrive to the mountainous character of those before described, but still it is considerably elevated. Some of its detached summits may perhaps be higher than those opposite to it on the main ridge, but its general elevation, or the line dividing the waters which flow from it in opposite directions, is much lower.
Eastward of this, and of the range previously described, the vallies of the Kennebeck and of the Penobscot and St. John unitedly form one broad irregular valley, embracing the waters of Moose-Head Lake, Chesuncook with part of its principal tributaries, the Lakes of the Allagash with the whole of the river of that name, to its confluence with the St. John. This valley is bounded on the west by the highland ranges last de- scribed, and on the east by tlie Ebeeme and Spencer Moun- tains, the Katalidinauguoh,'^ and the Aroostook range. Its gen- eral breadth may be about 20 miles, its length about 120 miles. Betw^een the Kennebeck and Moose-Head Lake on die west, the west branch of the Penobscot on the north-east, and the Piscataquis on the south, is a detached irregular group, the general base of which is rather of a triangular form. The
' Or, mountains about Katahdin.
IJIOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 47
central and most elevated part of tliis group is distinguished by the name of the Ebeeme Mountains. About 15 miles north- west of these are the Spencer Mountains — southward of which and westward of the former about 6 miles, is Baker Mountain. The former of these is not thought to be so high as the Ebeeme, the latter somewhat higher. The principal summit of the Ebeeme group is computed to be 4050 feet above the level of the sea, the elevation of other summits varies from this down to 3200 feet.
Betw^een the eastern and western branches of the Penob- cot, lies the Katahdin.* This mountain is famous in the tra- ditionary legends of the Aborigines, for the residence of su- pernatural beings ; but in modern times is remarkable only for its physical features ; its ahnost isolated situation, the steep- ness and ruggedness of its sides, and its great elevation. Va- rious estimates of its height have been made by different per- sons, none of which perhaps are perfectly accurate. Mr. Loring, United States surveyor under the treaty of Ghent, deduces the height from a series of barometical observations in 1820, taken by himself and Mr. Odell, surveyor on the part of Great-Britain, and gives the result as 4685 feet from the level of the west branch of Penobscot river, at the con- fluence of the Auboljokomegassic. This is distant about 5 or 6 miles in a horizontal line from the summit of the mountain, and would make its average ascent from the river to the sum- mit to be about 900 feet per mile. The elevation of the sur- face of the Penobscot at this place, Mr. Loring computes at 650 feet, making the whole height of Katahdin, from the level of the sea, 5335 feet. — From a series of observations made in 1828, from Mount Waldo, in Frankfort to Williamsburgh, and thence to Katahdin, its height is computed to be 5623 feet. Other reported accounts, but from what data is not known, give it from 6000 to 6400 feet.
* The name of this mountain has been variously written. The Indian pronunciation would probably be better expressed by the letters Ktaadn, all in one syllable with the sound of a as in father, but this pronunciation is next to impossible for organs accustom- ed only to English; ii is wiitten theiefore in such a manner as will most naturally CX-" press in English form the nearest approximation to the Indian sound.
48 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGE^.
On the south and west of Katahdin lies the valley of the Penobscot west branch. This valley is about 20 miles wide, extending from the Katahdin, on one side, to the Ebeeme and Spencer mountains on the other ; its surface is broken with smaller ridges, and very much intersected with lakes and streams ; near its centre are two eminences of considerable ele- tation, distant about 12 miles north-east and south-west from each other, and nearly the same distance from the mountains on either side the valley, their bases are entirely distinct, and there is no connection between the mountains on the eastern and western sides of this valley, nor very little among those on the western side with each other.*
On the east of Katahdin there are mountains of less magni- tude, extending nearly to the east branch of Penobscot river. On the north-west and north, a cluster, termed by the Indians Katahdinauguoh, extends to a considerable distance, and is con- nected with or separated only by small and narrow ravines and vallies from a succession of mountains and ridges which form the Aroostook and Allagash range, and the whole collectively may be appropriately denominated the Katahdin range ; bound- ed on the south by the river and lakes of the Penobscot, on the west by the Allagash, on the east giving rise to tli« waters of the Seboois, the Aroostook, and the Upquedopscook (or Fish river,) and subsiding on the north to the moderately undulating or level country on the margin of the St. John.
Of those on the north-west of Katahdin, the most conspicu- ous is the Chinskiheegan, or Ootop, of a conical form, cleft at the summit, distant about 8 miles from the summit of Katahdin, and from its appearance estimated to be elevated between 4000 ane 5000 feet from the level of the sea. Directly north from the Katahdin, and about 6 miles distant, is the Wassataquoik mountain, the elevation of which is computed to be 5245.—
* This description is confirmed by the observations of surveyors employed, in May and June 1828, in exploring: ih>- townships in this region for the Commonwealth of Massachu- setts ; and proves the d( « cption <)f Mr. Gampbell's vision in his reported view from KatW: din, quoted in the preceding chapter.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 49
About 8 miles north from this summit is that of the southern peak of the Aroostook range, computed to be 3685 feet high. Within 5 miles of this, proceeding north, are two other peaks, the elevations of which are 3414 and 3105 feet. A few miles nortl>westerly from this are the summits of a lower ridge, ex- tending north 6 or 8 miles, the elevations of the principal of which are 1861 and 1805 feet. Inclining again to the east- ward, at about 8 miles distance, are the northern Aroostook mountanis, occupying a space from 10 to 15 miles square, and having many prominent eminences, the south-western of which rises to the height of 2849 feet, the others to various heights from that down to 1790 feet. About 12 miles north of the Aroostook mountains we come to those of the Allagash and Upquedopscook (or Fish river.) The highest point of the western of which, or the Allagash mountains, is 2209 feet, and that of the eastern, or Fish river liills, 1989 feet.*
The distances here stated between the different mountains are taken from summit to summit ; their bases being in most cases nearly contiguous, or connected with lower ridges of highland country. In some instances however they are sepa- rated by small streams and valleys, but not of sufficient conse- quence to form exceptions to the general continuity of the range, which extends with obvious distinctness from 90 to 100 miles from Katahdin, directly north to the St. John ; and this is the only range which can with any propriety be said to be connected with the Katahdinf .
East of Katahdin, Hes the valley of Penobscot east branch, or Seboois, which extends without interruption from Nicke- tou, or the junction of the main east and west branches of the Penobscot, nearly due north to tlie main branch of the Aroos- took, about 60 miles, forming a broad and distinctly marked
* The elevations here given, as well as tlie most of those in the northern part of the State, are deduced from Johnson's report of observations in exploring the country under the provisions of the treaty of Ghent, assisted by inferetiQes from tbose of Bouchette and Partridge.
t See Plate I.— Also Plate IV. No. 7.
50 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
line of separation between the Katahdin and all other moun- tains or highland ranges to the eastward.
Alons: the eastern bank of the Seboois and Penobscot east branch, and at the distance from them of one to five miles, is a range of moderate elevation, rimning parallel to them, nearly north and south, for 40 or 50 miles. The only emi- nence worthy of notice on this range is Chase's mountain, ly- ing about three miles east of the Seboois, and 15 miles south of the source of that river. The height of this mountain from the sea, is computed at 2608 feet.
Eastward of this range, are several other ranges of less ele- vation, the general direction of which is nearly north and south. Between these ranges, or rather swells of land, as they would more properly be termed, flow the branches of the Aroostook and the Madawamkeag, interlocking and projecting by each other with but a very moderate, and in some places scarcely a perceptible, elevation of land between them ; the southern part of the ranges separating the different branches of the Madawamkeag from each other, and from the waters of the Meduxnekeag ; and the northern separating those of the Aroostook from each other, and from the sources of the Me- duxnekeag, Presque-Isle stream, and De Chute. The coun- try over which these ridges or swells are scattered, embraces an extent of 1000 to 1500 square miles, lying at an average^ about 140 miles distant from the sea, and about 100 miles from .the nearest tide water. The general elevation of its base, or of the beds of the streams which traverse it, is computed to vary from 600 to 900 feet above the level of the. sea ; the av- erage not far from 750 feet ; making the direct descent of the waters to the head of the tide to average about 7 1-2 feet prer mile.
The highest summit of any of these ridges lies near tlie sources of the south-eastern branches of the Aroostook, and the north-western branches of the ^leduxnekeag, about 15 miles south-west of Mars-Hill, and is computed to be 1683
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 51
feet from the level of the sea*. The next in height lies be- tween the Madawamkeag and the western sources of the Me- duxnekeag, about 1 8 miles north-west of the source of the St. Croix. The elevation of this is 1671 feet. The third in height is 1610 feet. This lies betw^een the branches of the Aroos- took, about 20 miles west north-w^est from Mars-Hill. The rest of the summits in this region, the height of which has been observed, are 35 in number^ occupying the ground between the Aroostook, Madawamkeag, Penobscot East Branch, and the eastern boundary of the State. These vary in height from 1575 to 1032 feet above the level of the sea, or from 825 to 262 feet above the computed average level of the beds of the rivers, which will give probably about 400 feet as the average perpendicular measure of the undulations of the country. The average elevation of the summits of these ridges collectively, above the level of the sea, is 1314 feet, and above their esti- mated average base, 564 feet. The average ascent from the tide at Bangor, to the average summit of the hills in this re- gion, being about 1 3 feet per mile ; and to the extreme highest summit, less than 17 feet per mile.
Though the ranges of these highlands are totally separated from each other, and the distinction is easily perceived in an orthographic projection,! and is also observable when viewed in a line wdth their general direction, viz. nearly north and south ; yet when viewed in any other direction, especially at a considerable distance, the relative position of the higher parts so closes the view of the intervening vallies as to give the whole collectively the appearance of a continuous range in a very dif- ferent direction, varying according to the point of view. Thus> from the open countiy near Houlton, they exhibit the appear- ance of one range of highlands extending from Mars-Hill south-west, passing between the eye of the observer and Katah-
* The elevation of the highest of these summits, from the level of the sea, is lower than that of those of corresponding distinction in any part of the country between the Kenne-~ beck and the Penobscot, south of tlie Ebeeme mountain t^o the sea-coast.
4 See Plate J.
52 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
din, and subsiding from the view at about 40 miles west-south- west from Houlton, and about 30 miles east-south-east from Katahdin, between the east branch of the Penobscot and the Molumkus.*
The whole of the region now under consideration, is by far the most level of any part of the State of equal extent. Large portions of its surface are quite level. The higher lands in gen- eral are broad undulating swells, the moderate elevation of the highest points of which is already shewn ; and, considering the distance from the sea, and the character of the other parts of the State, this region will be regarded in the comparison as remarkably low" and uniform.
Mars-Hill, but for the adventitious importance attached to it by the recent pretensions of Great-Britain, that it forms the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, would not deserve a distinct notice. " It is an insulated eminence having no connection with any ridge of highlands, situated about one mile and 6 chains due west from the boundary line of the United States. It consists of two peaks, the northern and the southern, which are, in a right line, 2 miles 6 chains 60 links apart. The south peak is 1504 feet above the level of the St. John at the mouth of the river De Chute, the north peak 1363. f The hill itself appears to be a mass of small loose stones, covered with a thin layer of earth, on which is a thick growth of sugar maple, birch, and some beach, interspersed with spruce and fir. The ground around its base on all sides, is low and in general w^t and swampy. The nearest eminence observed from its summit, lies in a north-west direction at about 9 miles distance, the
* Under these illusory circumstances, Mr. Odell has delineated a " Profile of the country between Mars-Hill and Iho Katahdin Mountains, as seen tVom Parks, near Houlton," which is filed among the maps to be submitted to the umpire under the 5th Article of the treaty of G'lent. The circum^tames here noticed will shew that maps taken on so slight grounds should be received with great caution.
t These measurements were made by Capt. Partridge. Col. Bouchette's vertical section of the bounda y line, makes Mars-Hill al)out llOu feet lii',Mjer than the source of the St. Croi-^;. Col. Jo'-n .n states it at about 1000 feet above the level of the surrounding country. Com;>aring tb^^c and other estimates and observations together, and adding a conjectural estimate of thp descent of the S:. John from the mouth of the Ue Chute to the tide at Fred- erictun, the height of this hill fr..m the level of the sei, is taken to be about 1600 feet -, and from thr. i- computed the elevation of all the highlands whose position -nii height were obsei-ved by C,u\. Johnson, from Mar?-Hid and from Green River Mountain, viz. all the mountains and highlands from the Katahdin, to the northern and eastern boundaries.
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 53
height of which, from the level of the intervening country, is but 488 feet. The next bears about south-west by south, dis- tance 12 miles,* and is about 14 feet higher than Mars-H]ll."f
P'forthward of the Aroostook are a few scattered detached summits, the highest of which is about 500 feet lower than Mars- Hill ; but tliey form no connected ranges of any considerable extent.
South of the Madawamkeag, and between that and the Passadumkeag and Schoodic Lakes, is a range of highland extending between those rivers from within about 6 miles of the Penobscot to the lakes at the source of the St. Croix. The height of the summits of this range is not known ; but as seen from a distance, in comparison with other highlands whose height is known, they are judged to vary from 1200 to 1600 feet.
Between the St. Croix and Union River, a considerable part of the country lies in gently undulating swells and ridges run- ning in various directions, more generally nearly north and south, but of no remarkable elevation. The Schoodic hills near the town of Sullivan, and Mount-Desert, on the island of that name, are the most distinguished. The elevation of the latter of these is variously estimated from 1600 to 2000 feet.
Between Union and Penobscot Rivers is a range of hills extending from Orland and Bluehill to the margin of the Pas- sadumkeag. The highest of these is the Passadumkeag Moun- tain, situated between the river of that name and the source of Union River. Different measurements of the elevation of this mountain vary from 1939 to 2227 feet; the truth is probably between them. The highest peaks along the central part of the range, are stated to be about 1818 feet.
South of the Piscataquis, is a ridge of somewhat remarkable uniformity of height and appearance, for about 20 miles, from
* Subsequent surveys find this distance from Mars-Hill to be some miles greater than is here estimated.
t This description is abstracted from the reports of Oapt. Partridge and Col. Johnson, and substantially in their words.
54 MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
Blakesburgh to Dexter. It then becomes more broken and irregular in proceeding westward, until its character as a range of highlands, is lost in the diversified hilly country of the east part of the County of Somerset. The general height of the summits of the continuous part of this range is computed to be about 1742 feet.
Between the tide waters of the Penobscot and Kennebeck, is a hilly irregular tract, whicl^ m some parts, particularly nearest to the Penobscot, assumes somewhat of a mountainous aspect. The most prominent elevations of this tract may be traced in a succession of hills lying in a circular form so as to include the principal part of the County of Waldo within its area, leaving it open to the south-east at and about Belfast. This range or group commences at Camden, and passing irregularly through the tovms on the outline of the County, with the exception of a few at its north-westernmost part which it excludes, it returns again to the Penobscot, at the south part of Frankfort. The conformation of these highlands, is in general exceedingly irreg- ular and diversified. The elevation of the southern part is not known ; that of some of the principal summits of the northern part is — Mount Waldo in the south-east part of Frankfort, 1357 feet — Butman's hill in Dixmont, 1906 feet — Peaked Mountain in Dixmont, 1612 feet.
Westward of the Kennebeck, and south of the mountains and highlands first described, the country is exceedingly diversified with hill and dale of all possible forms and sizes, and may in some parts be connected together in groups of various figure, in others as variously intersected and detached ; but they form no connected ranges of any extent worthy of notice as such. The particular elevation of any of the summits of this region is. not known.
It can be hardly necessary to observe that the absolute ele- vation of any tract of country does not always convey a just idea of its distinctive character, whether as mountainous or hilly ; these distinctions being nwre frequently applied by war
MdUNtAINS AND HIGHLAJfD RANGES. 55
of comparison, or perhaps implying greater or less degrees of abruptness or irregularity in the general aspect of the surface.
Excepting the great " north-easterly ridge or land's height," which forms the northern frontier of the State, and is collec- tively the highest mass of country between the Atlantic and the St. Laurence ; and excepting also some small tracts near the sea-coast, which partake of the character of mountainous, though of comparatively moderate elevation, those tracts within the State which may more properly be termed mountainous are all included within an irregular line which may be drawn from the western boundary of the State, near Fryeburghr thence proceeding north-easterly and crossing the Androscog- gin near Dixfield, Sandy River above Farmington, Kennebeck river above Bingham, Penobscot river at Lake Pemmidumcook (or Bamadumcook,) to the east braijch of the Penobscot, near the mouth of the Wassataquoik, and thence north to include the Aroostook mountains ; thence turning rather suddenly south to the Penobscot at the outlet of Lake Chesuncook, thence west, to the south of the north-east bay of Moose-Head Lake, thence westerly and north-westerly to the highlands, forming the northern boundary of the State, near the sources of the Du Loup. The whole area included within this irreg- ular line contains nearly one seventh part of the State ; but it includes also some large tracts of comparatively level country, and is traversed in many places by extensive vallies, among which those of the Penobscot and Kennebeck entirely intersect the tract, sever the continuity of the different mountainous parts, and connect the lower country towards the sea-coast whh the upper valley of the St. John.
The elevation of the waters which traverse this region, so far as it has been ascertained, varies from 456 to 1244 feet above the level of the sea ; their average elevation is estimated to be about 800 feet. No observations are known to have been made to ascertain the average elevation of the general surface of the country. The heights of several of the princi-
5G MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES.
pal mountain summits have been before stated. And, taking this section in its whole extent, it may be said that though its average base, or general level of the surface of its waters, is vastly lower than that of the northern ridge ; as is also its gen- eral surface ; yet, scattered irregularly over its surface, it presents, in detached instances, the highest points of land be- tween the Atlantic and St. Lawrence.
Though the elevation of a few of the principal peaks in this extensive tract have been stated with numerical precision ; yet the observations, from which they have been deduced, have not been made with that care and attention, and under those circumstances, which would warrant a perfect re- liance on their correctness. They may be regarded how- ever, as approximations to the truth, sufficiently near for all ordinary purposes. The elevation of other summits in the tract may be estimated in some measure by the distance at which they are visible, and perhaps more satisfactorily by the state and character df the vegetable productions on, or near their summits.
It is well known that in all parts of the globe certain species of plants vegetate only within certain distances from the level of the sea, and these distances are nearly the same in the same latitudes, varying only so far as the general tempera- ture of the climate may be affected by local causes. That this is a general law of nature is evident from the fact that dif- ferent plants are adapted to different climates, and though by gradual training they may be cultivated with more or less suc- cess in regions beyond their usual range, yet there are limits beyond which they cannot exist, and these limits are found correlative to the degree of recession from the equator, and of elevation from the surface of the sea.
The highest limit of forest trees at the White Mountains has been found, by a barometrical measurement, to be about 4428 feet ; perhaps farther observations, and at different places in the same latitude may find it somewhat different, but probably
MOUNTAINS AND HIGHLAND RANGES. 57
not far from it. The proximity of this point of observation to the tract now under consideration, and the comparatively small extent of the whole tract, will justify the conclusion that this may be taken as very nearly the limit of the growth of forest trees in Maine, allowing however, in proceeding toward the north, a gradual diminution in proportion to the general decrease of the mean temperature.
From the observations of Humboldt and others on the de- crement of heat in ascending from the level of the sea, and from the mean temperature of the different parallels on the earth's surface, it has been calculated that the mean height of perpetual congelation, in latitude 45° is about 7658 feet, and in latitude 46° about 7379 feet above the level of the sea. The former is a httle north of the latitude of the White Moun- tains, the latter about that of Katahdin, and the same law of decrement of heat which determines the point of perpetual con- gelation at each place, must doubtless be applicable to, and regulate, the extreme limits of vegetation. Taking therefore 4428 feet as the highest limit of forest trees at the White Mountains, we may suppose that at Katahdin to be nearly 300 feet lower ; and with this law in view^ we may arrive at esti- mates of the heiirhts of those peaks which approach to or exceed this elevation, in different parts of the State, sufficiently near the truth for general purposes.
In the north-w^estern parts of the tract in question, about the sources of the Kennebeck and Androscoggin, are many de- tached summits, elevated considerably above the region of for- est trees. On its southern verge, points of similar elevation present themselves to view, at occasional distances, the whole length of the country, from the W^hite Mountains to Katahdin ; and when sufficiently near to be viewed in connexion with ei- ther of these extremes, they exhibit the appearance of compar- atively little less elevation. The elevation of Mount W^ashmgton, the highest peak of the White Mountains, is stated to be 6634
feet : that of Katahdin, 5623 feet : Rnd from a comparison, pf-
8
58 VALLIES'i
ten made by the eye, between these mountains and those visi-' ble in connexion with them respectively, and from the circum- stances stated above, respecting the limits of the growth of for- est trees, it may be concluded that the elevation of the princi- pal mountain summits in this part of the State, varies from near 4000 to something more than 5000 feet above the surface of the sea.
So far as the elevations of mountain summits may affect the various meteorological phenomena of the surrounding regions, some knowledge of them will be of use in those investigations concerning the climate and seasons, which serve, not only to amuse the mere philosophical theorist, but which are connect- ed with and lead to direct beneficial results, in the pursuit of some of the recondite principles of agricultural science. But, for the practical, and more obviously important, purposes of political economy, which lie more immediately within the reach, and prompt more powerfully the art and industry of man, an acquaintance with the elevation and general configuration of those highlands which are practicable for cultivation, of the in- termediate valleys, the channels of the rivers, and the surfaces of the lakes, is far more important.
Vallies,
Of the numerous vallies which traverse the State in all di- rections, and present favorable channels of communication be- tween its different parts, none have been extensively surveyed with much accuracy ; but in some of them a few surveys have been made, which will serve as data for some general esti- mates of their elevation, and in some measure as a guide to fu- ture operations.
The principal vallies of sufficient extent to form a conspicu- ous feature in a comprehensive view of the State, are those of the Kennebeck, the Penobscot, and the St. John.
Besides these, the vallies of the Saco, Androscoggin, St.
VALLIES. 59
Croix, and many of less note and extent, form subjects ija themselves worthy of consideration. But their number, and comparatively limited extent, will not admit of a detailed no- tice of them in this place, without exceeding the limits which . can be assigned to this chapter.
The great vallies of the Kennebeck, Penobscot and. St. John, with their various ramifications, are so far connected with each other, that in some sense they may be said to form but one irregular valley, traversing and intersecting nearly the whole State, and affording facilities for internal improvements, which at a future day, will open convenient communications between its remotest parts.
The surface of the valley of the Kennebeck is exceedingly diversified and irregular, presenting to the view, in its whole extent, a succession of hill and dale of every description. In the southern part the hills are of moderate elevation, but in proceeding northerly, they increase in height until, towards the sources of the river, they assume the mountainous form des- cribed in the former part of this chapter. Below the county of Somerset, the hills in general press close upon the margin of the river ; ascending through this county, they recede farther from its banks, leaving, in many places, level alluvial tracts along the banks, and rising into more broad rounded swells as they recede. On approaching the confluence of Dead River, the whole valley becomes more broken and irregular, with scattered mountain peaks, some of which approach the verge of the river, and nearly obstruct the passage along its banks. On arriving at Moosehead Lake, the valley again expands, un- til, continuing northerly to the extremities of the Lake, it loses itself in the broad, and comparatively level upper valley of the Penobscot.
The general inclination of the Kennebeck valley, from the tide at Hallowell, to the place where the road from thence to Quebec crosses Moose river, may be deduced Jlrom the barom-
60
VALLIES'.
etrical survey of that road by Capt. Partridge*, the results of
|
which are exhibited in the following table. |
||||||
|
5 '5 |
?i |
■^2 |
ii |
11. |
||
|
STATIONS. |
ii c |
H 7 |
If < 2 |
if |
s * c « c; is |
''I |
|
HaUowell, |
miles. |
Feet. |
Feet. |
Miles |
Ftvi. 25 |
Feet. |
|
Waterville, |
20 |
219 |
11 |
20 |
219 |
11 |
|
Fairfield, |
10 |
9 |
1 |
30 |
228 |
7 2-i |
|
Norridgwock, |
12 |
132 |
11 |
42 |
360 |
8 1-2 |
|
Anson, |
12 |
49 |
4 |
54 |
409 |
7 2-3 |
|
Bingham, |
14 |
47 |
3 1-2 |
G8 |
456 |
6 2-3 |
|
Upper Settlements, |
14 |
19 |
7 |
82 |
555 |
6 3-4 |
|
Forks of Dead River ) and Kennebeck, > |
10 |
15 |
1 1-2 |
92 |
570 |
6 |
|
Dead River, |
2 |
70 |
35 |
94 |
640 |
7 |
|
Moose River Bridsje, |
27 |
604 |
22 1-3 |
121 |
1244 |
10 1-4 |
|
Penobscot west bianrh, |
439 |
1683 |
Capt. Partridge's observ^ations from Hallowell to Dead River, were made at the road along the banks of the river ; but from Dead River to IMoose River bridge, they were made on the road across the country, leaving tlie main branch of the river far to the eastward. The elevation therefore of Moose-Head Lake, [he source of the main branch of the Kennebeck ; and the general inclination of the river from that to the mouth of Dead River, is only to be conjectured from a comparison of the two observations at the mouth of Dead River and at Moose River bridge. The distance of Moose River (following its windings) from the bridge to its outlet in the Lake, is supposed to be not far from 30 miles, and from the Lake to Dead River about 20 miles. If we suppose the relative declivity of each to be nearly the same, it would give about 840 feet as the ab- solute elevadon of IMoose-Head Lake ; but as the course of Moose River from the bridge to the Lake, in a direct line, is about the same distance as that of the Kennebeck from the
' Sec Plate IV.— No. 9.
VALLIES. 61
Lake to Dead River, the elevation of the Lake, deducfed from this circumstance, would be rather more than 900 feet. If however, we consider that Moose River keeps its way in the mountain country, without making any direct approach to the sea in its whole course ; and that the Kennebeck trom the Lake to Dead River is approaching directly the lower country towards the sea, and by the time it reaches Dead River, has nearly passed the confines of the mountainous region, we must suppose its declivity much greater than that of Moose River, and of course the elevation of the Lake considerably higher than would result from the ratio of the distances and elevations of the two points mentioned ; and we may be not far from the truth if it is computed, in round numbers, to be about 1000 feet.
The subject of the elevation of Moose-Head Lake has been dwelt on with more paiticularity because that, connected with tliis there are certain data from which can be deduced, with some tolerable degree of certainty, the elevation of Chesun- cook Lake on the Penobscot ; from this the elevation of the source of the Allagash, or principal south branch of the St. John, has been actually ascertained ; and these collectively de- termine the question of the elevation of the base of the suppos* ed range of highlands across this part of the State from Mars Hill ; or, more properly speaking, prove the solution of its con- tinuity in this, as well as may be proved in other places ; and is one among other evidences that no such range exists but in the imagination of those whose interested vision " can see w^hat is not to be seen."
In taking the elevation of Moose-Head Lake at 1000 feet, as the basis of ulterior estimates respecting the Penobscot and St. John, it will be perceived that the greatest probable meas- ure is assumed, so that if any erroneous inferences are drawn from this with regard to the comparative elevation of the pre- tended Mars-Hill range and the main northern ridge, they will be on the safe side. So far also as the elevation of the waters,
621 VALLIES*
and the general inclination of the country, shall be the subject of inquiry in the consideration of measures for internal improve- ment, such as canals, railways, &lc. it is safer to adopt the high- est estimate in all cases the certainty of which is not accurately ascertained.
It has been before stated, tliat the valley of the Kennebeck, at its northern extremity, expands and loses itself in diat of the Penobscot. The northern part of IVIoose-Head Lake may be considered in fact as within the latter valley.
The valley of tlie Penobscot from Moose-Head Lake to the source of the Allagash, or principal south branch of the St. John, is near 40 miles wide in a direct line. The shores of the valley, or points of division between this and the waters of the Kennebeck on one side, and St. John on the other, are ele- vated not more than 50 feet above the surface of the respec- tive waters. From the northern extremity of Moose-Head Lake the distance to the main west branch of the Penobscot is about 2 miles. At the north-western arm of the Lake, it is supposed that tlie Penobscot is somewhat the highest. The land between them is low and level, and it is supposed that al a moderate expense, a canal niight be opened to discharge die waters of that river into the Lake. Below this the Penobscot descends over a succession of falls and rapids for about 8 miles, when it approaches the north-eastern arm of the Lake ; be- tween which and the river tlie land is also low and level. This place was explored in the year 1816, with a view to estimate the comparative elevation of the two waters, and the practica- bility of a canal at some future day, between them ; and it was judged that the waters of the river here were considerably lower than those of the Lake, and therefore that a canal in tliis place would discharge the waters of tlie Lake into the Penob- scot.
From this place to tlie Chesuncook, the river descends rather more than 20 miles, in an unbroken and generally some- what strong current, but not remarkably rapid. By a conjee-
VALLIES. 68
rural estimate, drawn from a comparison of certain parts of the Kennebeck and St. John, between which the declivity of this river in this place, appears to be a medium, the perpendicular descent of this is estimated to average about 4 feet per mile ; which, with its probable depression below the surface of Moose- Head Lake, would make the elevation of Chesuncook, to be- about 900 feet above the level of the sea.*
From the Chesuncook, north by way of the Umbazukscus, to the portage between the Penobscot and the Allagash, the ascent is very moderate, the highest point of the land on the portage being but 52 feet above the surface of the Chesuncook. f The valley of the Penobscot here is low, and is merged almost imperceptibly in that of the Allagash, or south branch of the St. John.
It has been seen that the general inclination of the valley of the Kennebeck is not too great for the purposes of internal communication by means of railways, provided the irregulari- ties in the surface of the country shall not be found too great to admit of sufficiently level passages between the hills ; and if the channel of the river presents no other obstruction to its navigation than occasional falls to break the surface into dif- ferent levels, the ascent to be overcome by means of locks, would be but a comparatively small obstacle to the communica- ion by water, through its whole extent ; but how far the ir- regularities in the surface of the valley may present obstacles to the one, or the shoals, long rapids, low banks, droughts and freshets, m^y impede the other, are questions, a satisfactory answer to which, requires more extensive and scientific surveys than have yet been made. J
* That this estimate of the level of the Ghesuncook is sufficiently high, is also rendered probable from the baiometrical observations of Messrs, Loring and Odell, on the level of the Peaobscot opposite to Mount Katahdui, about 20 miles below ihe Chesuncook ; which they there find to be 650 feet above the tide at Bangor ; which leaves 250 feet for the per- pendicular descent of the Penobscot in 20 miles from Chesuncook tu their place of observa- tion.
t Loring' s R.epoi-t.
X No surveys to any extent, with a view to this subject, are known to have been made, excepting from Gardiner to the Androscoggin, and from Augusta to Bloomfield, the results of which could not be obtained hi season to be here cvmraunicated.
64 V ALLIES.
The valley of the Penobscot exhibits collectively an aspect^ in some respects, considerably different from that of the Ken- nebeck. At its commencement near the sea coast its general surface is elevated, broken, and in some places even mountain- ous. Proceeding northward, a little below the head of the tide it sinks and expands rather suddenly, into a gently undu- lating country, rather low when compared with other parts of the State at an equal distance from the sea, but sufficiently el- evated for all useful purposes. This description extends from the highlands on the east, which divide the waters of the Pen- obscot from Union river, to the waters of the Kennebeck, where it connects itself with the valley of that river, by the way of the Sebasticook ; and from the highlands of Dixmont to those of the Piscataquis. Above Orono, the surface becomes still more level and uniform for a number of miles on each side of the river, to the Piscataquis. Above this, it becomes more un- dulating at a little distance from tlie river, but still of moderate elevation, to the Madawamkeag. Proceeding up the Madawam- keag, the valley retains the same level, or moderately undulating character, until it reaches the confines and blends itself with, the vallies of the St. Croix and the St. John.
The general inclination of this valley, from the tide at Ban- gor to the sources of the Madawamkeag, has been before noti- ced. The perpendicular ascent of the river from Bangor to Old-Town, has been ascertained to be about 100 feet. The el- evation of its surface at the mouth of the Passadumkeag, has been computed at 150 feet* ; and judging from the distance, and apparent strength of the current from that to the Mada- wamkeag, the elevation of this place may be estimated at from 270 to 300 feet.
From this place the valley of the main river begins to as- sume a different character — its surface becoming more broken, irregular and elevated. Ascending the river to Nicketou, (or the junction of the East and West branches) the valley tliere
* Loring's Report.
VAt.LIES,
65
divides, one part extending along the east branch and the Se- boois, until it unites with the valley of the Aroostook, as before described*, and the other following the course of the west branch to its source. x
From Nicketou to Chesuncook Lake, the valley on eacli side is broken, and much diversified w ith a multitude of lakes, ponds, morasses, streams, hills, and some few detached moun- tains of considerable elevation. Its general breadth here is about 25 miles. Its margins ascending upon the Katahdin on one side, and the Ebeeme and Spencer mountains on the other.
The general acclivity of the valley from the Madawamkeag to the Chesuncook can only be estimated from the supposed elevation of the mouth of the Madawamkeag, the observations of Messrs Loring and Odell at the Auboljokomegassic, and the computed elevation of the surface of the Chesuncock, which have been before stated. These would give the average ac- clivity of the river from the Madawamkeag to the Auboljoko- megassic about 12 feet per mile, and from that to Chesuncock about 16 feet per mile.
From the outlet of Chesuncook, the surface of the valley subsides into a comparatively level, or moderately undulating form, and expanding laterally, it unites with the valley of the Kennebeck on the south-west, and that of the Allagash on the north-east, as before describedf . Proceeding westward along tlie Penobscot, it rises to and terminates in the highlands which form the north-western boundary of the State; and north-west- ward along the KahkoguamookJ, passing the hills of that name, it loses itself indefinitely in the upper valley of the St. John, among the extensive; level swamps and morasses at the sources of the south branch of the WalloostookH.
The acclivity of the western part of the valley, after passing Moose-Head Lake, is somewhat rapid ; the branch of the riv-
* Page 46.
I Page 62.
X Quonquongamooktook,
II Oolashlook — Oolastook— .or OolastooguongamoH?. ■ -
9
66 TALLIES .
er which crosses the road from Hallowell to Quebec, being found at the elevation of 1683 feet, which, if the elevation of the river near Moose-Head Lake, is taken at 1000 feet, w^ill give an average acclivity of about 24 feet per mile. The as- cent in the north-western direction from Chesuncook, is much more moderate ; but no data are known from which to com- pute its actual ratio.
The extensive valley of the St. John occupies the whole breadth of the northern part of the State, and, with that of the Aroostook, includes about one third part of its whole territory. This great valley, so far as it is included within this State, may be considered as distinguished into three lesser ones. The first, or lower valley, from the boundary line to the junction of the Allagash with the Walloostook, or main branch of the riv- er ; the second, or upper valley, from this along the main branch to its source, where, on the south-west, it is terminated by the highlands of the Chaudiere, and on the south-east, it unites with the north-western part of tlie upper valley of the Penobscot ; the third, that of the Allagash, which at its sou- thern extremity, is merged in the northern part of tlie upper valley of the Penobscot*.
The first of these forms a basin bounded on the north by the mountains and highlands of the northern boundary of the State, and the highlands of the Ristigouche. South, and east- erly, by the lesser highlands of the Grand-Falls-Ridge, and an interrupted tract of, in general but moderate elevation, which partially separates it from the basin of the Aroostook. On the south and west, by the highlands of the Fish river, Allagash, and St. Francois. These however form no continuous range, but are separated by the Allagash and St. Francois. Along the margin of the river, the surface is generally a level alluvion, receding in some places by steps to higher levels, and then ris- ing, as it recedes still farther from tlie river, to a moderately
* This distinction may not be perfectly accurate nor well defined, except as to the valley of the Allagash. It fs adopted however for the sake of more convenient reference.
VALUES. 67
liilly form, which on the north increases to the height of the main ridge of the boundary. The lower part of this basin is thought by some, to have once formed the bed of an extensive lake, the waters of which w^ere confined by what is called the " Grand Falls Ridge," near the eastern boundary of the. State. The general inclination of this basin, in the direction of the river, is very moderate.
• The highlands which separate the waters of the Allagash from those of the Walloostook, approach close upon the river at the junction of those two branches, and with those which form the western barrier of the St. Francois, serve to form a line of separation between the lower and upper vallies. Above these the valley, in the direction of its length, assumes the form of almost a dead level. The current of the river is very moderate, flowing through extensive swamps and bogs, but lit- tle elevated above its waters. In the transverse direction, the surface, at a distance from the river, rises to the westward but very moderately, to tlie summit of the table-land, which here forms the main ridge or height of land between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence. To the east it rises more rapidly to the highlands which divide it from the Allagash.
The whole length of the general valley of the St. John, from its junction VA'ith that of the Penobscot, at the source of the south branch of the Walloostook, to the Grand Falls near the boundary line, is computed, following the course of the riv- er, to be about 180 miles. Its general declivity, for the first 40 or 50 miles, is exceedingly small ; thence, descending to the St. Francois, it becomes more rapid ; from this, until it ap- proaches the eastern boundary, it is in general more moderate. In the whole of this extent it is uninterrupted by falls, and is safely and conveniently passable for boats, ascending and de- scending. The few observations which have been made res- pecting its elevation at different places, would give the whole valley collectively, a general declivity, from the sources of the river to the Grand Falls, of about 5 feet per mile..
68 VALUED.
The valley of the Allagash extends, from its junction with that of the Penobscot, about 70 miles in a northerly direction to the river St. John. The southern part of this valley is broad, low, and comparatively level. Proceeding northerly it becomes narrower, the surface rises into swells of moderate height ; and on approaching nearer to the river, at the falls, about 12 miles from the St. John, the hills are broken, and rise to considerable elevation, and continue of this description to the confluence of this river with the St. John.
The general inclination of this valley appears to be less than that of any of the others before described. The river, at its southern part, is formed principally of a chain of Lakes, and it includes several smaller ones in its course. Between some of these Lakes, the current of the river has in some places con- siderable rapidity, but in general is gentle and smooth. About 12 miles from its confluence with the St. John, the river ab- ruptly descends over a fall, the perpendicular height of which is estimated by different observers, at about 20 feet, below which are rapids estimated to descend from 10 to 15 feet. The whole perpendicular descent of this valley from the place of its union widi that of the Penobscot, to the mouth of the river, is estimated not to exceed 200 feet, and probably to fall shoit of that ; making its average declivity to be something less than 3 feet per mile.
The valley of the Aroostook, belongs, properly speaking, to the great valley of the St. John. This basin is in general a level or moderately undulating country, inclining principally to the east. It is interspersed with occasional detached swells and ridges, whose general direction is chiefly about north and south ; between which the valHes connect themselves with those of the Penobscot on one hand, and the St. John on the other. The general elevation of the southern part of this region above the level of the sea is described at pages 50 and 51. The general declivity of the central part of the valley is to the east, and is esthnated to be about 2 1-2 feet per mile, following the
TALLIES. 69
windings of the river, but in a direct line probably much more.
The vailey of the Saco has been too long and too well kno\Mi to need any particularity of description. It presents a favora- ble channel of communication from a part of the interior of New- Hampshire and Vermont to the sea-board, and offers facilities for important improvements of this communication to Portland by the way of the Cumberland and Oxford Canal.
The irregular form and relative position of the valley of the Androscoggin, are such as will not readily invite enterprises for making it the channel of any important line of communication through its whole extent, but some parts of it offer facilities for connecting together parts of the country naturally separated frorti each other, which probably will be noticed hereafter.
The valley of the St. Croix, lying on the frontier of the United States, the river at the centre of which forms the boun- dary line, presents on that account some interesting considera- tions, which need not however to be discussed particularly in this place. Circumstances resulting from the political and commercial relations of tlie two nations which occupy the op- posite sides of this territory, will always tend to attract to the common centre greater numbers than would otherwise be the case ; and, under some of these ever-varying relations, an easy and expeditious mode of communication to it, and through some of its parts, must be an object of much importance. The river itself may be made a practicable hne of communication along the frontier, if both parties agree ; but the valley of its west branch, which connects itself with that of tlie Penobscot by the way of the Passadumkeag, offers favorable opportunities for opening a communication which under some circommuni- cumstances may be of great importance. Other channels of cation also may be opened to connect parts of this valley with other parts of the State, but sufficient information has not been obtained to point out their direction and the facilities they offer, with much precision.
70 RIVERS.
Rivers,
The chief rivers of this State are the Saco, Androscoggin, Kennebeck, Penobscot, St. John, and St. Croix. These, with their numerous branches, some of which form considera- ble rivers of themsekes, water the whole State, except a com- paratively small proportion which, stretching along the sea coast, is watered by smaller rivers extending but little distance into the country, and sustaining comparatively no very impor- tant relation to the mass of the interior territory, the design and limits of this work will not admit any special notice of them. The principal rivers of this description are the Piscataqua, Mousum, Kennebunk, Presumpscot, Sheepscot, Damariscotta, Muscongus, St. George, Union, Narraguagus, Machias, widi many lesser ones.
Some notice of the larger rivers occurs incidentally in the preceding descriptions of their great vallies or basins, and their local position, with that of their tributary streams, as well as of the smaller rivers, will be better understood by consulting the Map, than by any written description. A more particular, though brief, description of some of them however, will be necessary.
The Saco rises in the White Mountains in New-Hampshire, and descending thence to Conway, it enters this State at Frye- burgh, and after winding in its course about 30 miles within that town, and approaching within two miles of the placew here it first enters, it proceeds south-easterly to the sea, which it reaches at the distance, in a direct line, of about 45 miles. The current of this river is in some parts gentle, affording convenient passage for boats ascending for short distances, but it is frequently interrupted by falls and rapids, so that it can- not be made navigable for any considerable extent, without great expense. It meets the tide at the foot of the great falls between the towns of Saco and Biddeford, from which it is navigable for ships of small size, about 5 miles to the sea. The
RIVERS. 71
principal use made of this river has been for the transportation of logs, of which immense quantities are annually floated to the market, and for the driving of mills. Its numerous falls afford many excellent mill sites, and a vast amount of water power for manufacturing purposes. Its principal branches are the Kezer, Great Ossipee, and Little Ossipee Rivers, the two latter of which rise in New-Hampshire. The territory watered by the Saco and its branches within the State, contains about 650 square miles.
The Androscoggin rises in the highlands at the north-western boundary of the State, near the sources of the Chaudiere, thence descending through a succession of lakes it turns into New-Hampshire at Errol, from whence it proceeds southerly to Shelburne, and there turning suddenly east, it re-enters Maine at Gilead ; thence it proceeds east to Jay, and there bends again to the south, and continues generally in that direc- tion until it unites with the Kennebeck below Topsham, at Meriymeeting Bay. The whole course of this river, from its source to the tide at Topsham, is broken by rapids and falls, some of which are of great height, particularly Pennicook falls, in the lower part of Rumford, the perpendicular descent of which in the course of one mile is estimated to be nearly 300 feet. These falls and rapids entirely prevent any extensive use of the river for transportation except of logs and other timber descending ; but many of them afford excellent mill sites, some of which are already extensively occupied.
The principal branches of this river are the Magalloway, which unites with it at Errol, Bear River at Newry, Ellis* at Rumford, Swift at Mexico, Webb's at Dixfield, Dead at East Livermore, Twenty Mile at Turner, Little Androscoggin at Danville, and Little River at Lisbon. The extent of territor}^ within this State, which supplies the waters of this river and its various branches, is about 3300 square miles.
The Kennebeck takes its rise in the same general range of highlands with, and but a little to the northward of, the Andro-
72 RIVERS.
scoggin ; its two principal sources, the Dead and Moose rivers, pursuing different courses until they unite their waters about 20 miles below Moosehead Lake. Properly speaking the riv- er bears the name of Kennebeck only from the outlet of Moose- head Lake. From this place it descends in various courses, but its general direction nearly south, with a current generally strong, and in many places obstructed by rocky rapids, and abrupt falls, wliich render its navigation of little use for the pas- sage of boats or rafts, to Skowheagan falls between Broomfield and Milburn. From the foot of the rapids below these falls the river at times admits of the transportation of rafts to the dde at Augusta, but the passage is in some places attended with diffi- culty and hazard, especially at Ticonic falls between Water- ville and Winslow^ From Ticonic falls the river is navigable for flat boats to Augusta, where it meets the tide. From Au- gusta it is navigable for vessels of 100 tons, and from Hallo- well and Gardiner for merchant vessels of any ordinary size to the sea.
The principal branches of the Kennebeck, besides those al- ready mentioned as its sources, are Seven-Mile-Brook', which enters it at Anson, Sandy River at Starks, Wesserunset at Millburn, Emerson's Stream at Waterville, Sebasticook at Wins- low, Cobbisseconte at Gai'diner, and Eastern River at Dresden. These, and many other smaller branches, afford facilities for the transportation of lumber, and abound with innumerable mill-sites ; and some of them, with the lakes and ponds with wliich they are connected, will at some future day, when their natural obstacles shall be overcome by locks and canals, fur- nish means of extensive internal communications.
What is known respecting the elevation and general declivity of this river, is stated at page 60 and sequel. The territory included in its whole basin, is about 5280 square miles.
The principal sources of the Penobscot take their rise in places widely distant from each other, from tlie eastern to the western borders of the State. The main river, or great west
RIVERS. 73
branch, as it is called, rises in two branches, distinguished as the south-west and north-west branches ; the former of which rises in the highlands which form the north-western boundary of the State, near the sources of Du Loup and Moose rivers ; the latter in the same range of highlands, near the sources of La Famine and the south-west branch of the St. John. These two branches, descending with great rapidity for about 30 miles, unite in township No. 2 — 4th range ; thence proceeding with less velocity in general, but passing over steep falls and long rapids, near the head of Moose-Head Lake ; after which, the river passes with a more moderate current about 20 miles, to Chesuncook Lake, a fine sheet of water about 18 or 20 miles in length, and from 2 to 3 miles wide.
Another principal source of the great west branch is the Kahkoguamook,* which rises in a swamp or morass, which gives rise also to the south branch of the Walloostook. The Kahkoguamook descends in general rather moderately, but in some places rapid, for about 30 miles, in the course of which it passes through several lakes and ponds, and discharges into the Chesuncook at the north-west extremity of that Lake.
The Umbazukscus is a small sluggish stream, discharging into the Kahkoguamook at its northern side near its entrance into the Chesuncook. This stream is distinguished only as it rises near the source of the Allagash, and forms the channel of communication between that river and the Penobscot, the wa- ters of which are separated only by a low portage of about two miles.
From the Chesuncook the river precipitates itself down a steep fall into the small Lake Nolangamoik, and from thence over a succession of falls and sU'ong rapids, and passing through the Lakes Umbojeejoos, Bamedumpcook, Wallenipteweekeek, and Quakis, it proceeds south-easterly witli considerable rapid- ity to Nicketou, or the Grand Forks, where it unites with the main east branch of the river.
* Called by the surveyors under ihe treaty of Ghent ; " Black River."
10
74 RIVERS.
The east branch rises among the highlands in the rear of Mount Katahdin, and near the south-western sources of the Aroostook, and proceeding south-easterly about 30 miles, it meets with the Seboois, which takes its rise in a lake within about 3 miles of the main south-west branch of the Aroostook, at a considerable distance from the source of that river. The Seboois runs nearly due south to its junction with the main east branch. After receiving the Seboois, this branch proceeds nearly south. In a few miles it receives from the west the Wassataquoik which issues from the northern side of the Ka- tahdin, and proceeding in the same direction about 25 miles, it terminates in the main river at Nicketou. The general cur- rent of this branch is strong and in some places rapid and in- terrupted by falls, but less so than the west branch.
From Nicketou the river proceeds nearly south-east nearly 12 miles to the Madawamkeag, in which distance it receives Salmon Stream and several smaller branches on the eastern side, and includes several small islands.
The Madawamkeag is the principal north-eastern branch of the Penobscot. It takes its rise in the vicinity of the waters of the St. John, and in its course passes within a very few miles of the lakes of the St. Croix, which form a part of the eastern boundary of the State. The current of this river, for long distances, is very moderate ; in some few places it is obstructed by falls and rapids ; but, with the exception of a few short portages, it affords a passage with little difficulty, for loaded boats ascending to within 20 miles of Houlton on the eastern frontier.
From the Madawamkeag the river runs nearly south-west about 25 miles to the mouth of the Piscataquis, and thence southerly about 20 miles to Old-Town falls, at the ancient In- dian village of that name. In this distance it embraces about 110 islands of different descriptions and sizes, some of which are large, and most of them excellent land. The banks in general are low, the current in most places smooth and mod-
RIVERS. 75
erate, but in some rapid. It is passable at proper seasons for boats and rafts, though in some places the ascending passage of bouts is rather difficult. The average descent this distance is estimated to be about 4 feet per mile.
From Oldtown is a succession of falls and rapids 12 miles to the head of navigation at Bangor. At high water however the falls are covered by the tide to Eddington, 4 miles. The river for this distance affords passage for boats and rafts descen- ding, and sometimes, though with much difficulty, for boats as- cending. The most valuable property of the river in this dis- tance is in the numerous fine mill sites and immense water power it affords.
From Bangor the river affords an easy and safe navigation for the largest class of merchant vessels to the sea. The dis- tance to the head of the bay into which it discharges itself is near 30 miles: and from this down the bay to the open sea about as much more.
The whole distance on this river passable for rafts and boats descending, and (though with some difficulty and labor) for boats ascending is from Nicketou to the tide at Bangor about 70 miles ; rafts however may pass down and boats ascend, the east and west branches, for some distance above this, though with more difficulty. By the way of the Madawamkeag the passage extends more than 100 miles from Bangor. The falls and rapids however in some places render the ascent of loaded boats a difficult and laborious undertaking, and at some seasons the river is too shallow for the descent of rafts.
The principal branches of the Penobscot, besides those al- ready noticed, are the Baskaheegan, Skitticook, Wytopidlot, and Molumkus, which fall into the IMadawamkeag ; the Mattan- aucook, the Piscataquis with the Sebec, Ebeeme (or Pleasant river) and Schools its branches ; the Passadumkeag, Kukun- sook (or Push aw) Kenduskeag, Sowadabscook, Marsh and Eastern rivers. These afford extensive facilities for the trans- portation of lumber to the market, and are well furnished with
76 RIVERS.
mill sites ; and some of them are susceptible of important im- provements for the purposes of inland navigation.
The central position occupied by the Penobscot and its branches, and their near approach to, and facilit}^- of communi- cation with, the waters of the Kenebeck, the St Croix, and the St John, together with the excellence of its navigation into the heart of the State, and its easy susceptibility of extensive im- ])rovement, render this river by far the most important in the State. The territory lying on its \vaters, exclusive of that on the bay at its mouth, is about 8200 square miles, or one fourth of the whole State.
The St Croix, forming in its whole length a part of the boundary of the State, presents on that account but limited in- ducements as a channel of internal communication, so far as respects its northern or main branch. About one half of this branch consists of a chain of Lakes, the residue is rapid, and comparatively of not much importance except for the transpor- tation of the lumber found on the territory which it waters with- in this State. Its western branch consists almost wholly of a chain of lakes known by the name of the Schoodic lakes which with but little obstruction, easily to be overcome, afford a somewhat extensive channel of internal navigation. From the junction of this branch with the main river there are a number of fiilis which inpede the passage, except for lumber descend- ing, untill it meets the tide at Calais. It affords many valua- ble mill-sites, and abundance of water for all manufacturing purposes. The sources of the western branch approach very near to those of the Passadumkeas;, and it is said that a com- munication between tliem may be made at a comparatively small expense, and with occasional dams and locks, a boat navigation of great importance may be opened from the Pe- jiobscot to Passamaquoddy bay. From the Schoodic lakes also a trifling expense may open a communication with the rivers of INIachias, by which the products of the interior may find their passage to the sea at that port. The extent of the territo-
RIVERS. 77
ly on the waters of the St Croix and Bay of Passamaquoddy, within this State, is about 1500 square miles.
The St John with its numerous and extensive branches wa- ters nearly one third part of the State, or a territory occupy- mg something more than 10 000 square miles. Its main branch takes its rise in the highlands which form the northwest- ern boundary of the State, and is formed of subordinate braiich- es distinguislied by the names of the South, the South-west, North, and North-west branches. These in courses of from 15 to 20 miles respectively, all unite to form the main branch; which to its junction with the Allagash, is known by the name of Walloostook, or Oolastook.
A part of the waters of the South branch rise in a level swamp which also gives rise to die waters of the Kahkogua- mook, one of the north-western branches of the Penobscot. Others of its waters rise in the same swamps which also give rise to other waters of the Penobscot. From this source the St. John proceeds with a gentle current northerly about 8 or 10 miles to a small lake called Oolastooguongamook, or by some. Baker's lake. From this it proceeds with the same gentle cur- rent northerly about 20 miles, in the course of wdiich it unites with the south-west and west branches.
The South-west, west, and North-west branches rise in the highlands of the boundary, which also give rise to the waters of the Medamette, Famine, and other branches of the Chau- diere. Their descent to the main branch is more rapid than that of thie South-west branch, their length about the same. The highlands here form an elevated table land, varied with moderate eminances scarcely perceptible on the side of the St. John, but rugged and mountainous on the side next to the St. Lawi'ence, towards which the streams on that side flow with great rapidity.
From the junction of the branches above described, the riv- er flows in a general course nearly north-east with a gentle, unbroken current, about 40 miles to Black river, or Petit St.
78 RIVERS.
John, a stream which rises in level swamps among the high- lands at the source of the river Quelle, and thence with a cur- rent generally moderate, and broken but by few rapids, flows south-easterly about 30 miles to the Walloostook. The Quelle, on the opposite side of the liighlands, is precipitated over a steep succession of falls and rapids to within a few miles of the St. Lawrence, where it becomes more gentle and soon unites with that river.
From Black river, the Walloostook tends more easterly, with a current still unbroken, but becoming rather stronger, until, at the distance of about 100 miles from its sources, it unites with the Allagash, below which it is known exclusively by the name of St. John.
In its whole length, from the Allegash to its source, the Walloostook is easily passable for boats, ascending, the current being wholly uninterrupted by falls, and no where impeded by rapids of any considerable force. This circumstance, recol- lecting also that its sources are in the same elevated swamps, and on the same level, with those of the south-eastern branch- es of the Chaudiere, and the north-western branches of the Penobscot, exhibits in a striking light the singular fact, of the passage of a large river in an elevated canal, along the back, and nearly at the summit-level, of the lofty table-land of which, in this part of its course, the " main ridge or height of land" between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence consists ; — and die precipitous and rapid course of the Penobscot, which flows in- to the Atlantic on one hand, and of the Chaudiere and other rivers, which flow with no less precipitancy into the St. Law- rence on the other, demonstrate the great elevation of the mass of this ridge, above that of any other in this part of the conti- nent.
As the Walloostook approaches to its confluence with the Allagash, its course inclines more to the east ; and receding from its parallelism with the main ridge, which it has hitherto
RIVERS. 79
held for 60 or 70 miles from its southern source, its current becomes more strong, and in some places somewhat rapid, as it descends gradually from the elevated table-land, to the still elevated, but lower valley of the main St. John.
From the junction of the Walloostook and Allagash, the St. John pursues its course, in a general direction, about east-north- east, about 50 miles, to the Madawaska. The current for the most of this distance is smooth and gentle. In this distance, it receives the Pecheenegamook, or St. Francois, and the Mari- umpticook, or Turtle river, from the north ; and the Upque- dopscook, or Fish river, from the south. Near the Madaw^as- ka, the St. John takes a general direction about south-east, 36 miles, to the eastern boundary of the State. In its course to this place, it receives from the north, the Walumkuas, Quad- otchquoik, (or Green river,) Siaugas, and Grand rivers. The current thus far continues gentle, unbroken by falls or rapids of any consequence, and navigable for boats ascending and de- scending, the whole length from its source.
The Allagash* rises in a small pond in the low grounds which form the point of union between the valley of the Pen- obscot and that of this branch of the St. John, about 2 miles north-east from the source of the Umbazckuous, a sroall tribu- tary of the Penobscot. The perpendicular elevation of this pond above the level of the surface of Chesuncook Lake, on the Penobscot main west branch, can be but very small, as the highest point of land intervening between the two waters, is but 52 feet higher than the surface of the Chesuncook. Its abso- lute elevation from the level of the sea, is vastly lower than that of the sources of the Walloostook before described, as is clearly indicated by the fact that the Penobscot, the north-west branch of which, rises on the same level with the south-west branch of the WaUoostook, descends over an almost constant succession of falls and rapids for 70 miles, before it reaches
*An abbreviation or corruption of Wahlabgasqucraook, the Indian name of one of its priacipal lakes.
80 RIVERS.
the level of the Chesuncook, which it appears can be but very little lower than that of the source of the AUagash.*
From the pond at the source of the Allagash the river de- scends with a current in some places rapid, but in general mod- erate, about 2 1-2 miles to the Lake Baamcheenungamook,t which is about 18 miles long and from one to four miles wide. Leaving this Lake at about 10 miles from its inlet, the river descends with a rapid current 2 miles farther to the Lake Pon- gokwahem,t which is about 14 miles long and 2 to 3 miles broad. The river issues from this Lake broad and deep, with a current hardly perceptible for about 3 miles to the Lake Wahlahgasquei^amook. From this Lake the river, considerably augmented, proceeds with a somewhat rapid current about 10 miles to a long narrow lake or chain of lakes, called Um- saskis, 10 or 12 miles in length. From this about 30 miles it runs with a rather uniform gentle current to the falls ; in its course expanding for shoil distances into two small lakes, called upper and lower Pataguonganiis. At the falls the river is sud- denly precipitated about 20 feet, below this are rapids for a short distance, in the course of which it descends from 10 to 15 feet more, and from this 12 miles to the mouth of the river, the current is in some places smooth and gentle, in others rapid, though not of great perpendicular descent.
The whole length of the Allagash is variously estimated from 77 to 90 miles. More than half tliis distance its surface is a dead level, with harrlly inclination sufficient to give the water currency. The residue, though in some places rapid, vet has in general but a very moderate inclination, except at the falls and rapids about 12 miles from its mouth.
* Through thi^ valley between the AUapash and Chcbuncook the British claim iheii- range o<" hTghUnds ns the boundary of the treaty of 1783. And Mr. Campbell, one of their surveyors under tlie ire'ty of Ghent, has deliiie:itP<l an Lis !Hap, uhirh i* to bo suhn-.itted in evidence under this treaty, a range of mountains across this valley, nottviih'>tandin{j his own report of his own view from Katahdin. where he had a perfect view of this valley and for 30 miles beyond it, declares there are i:« .-ucb hig^hlauds. The accounts of all the surveyors employed on this occasion a^rec tuat no highlands are visible here for 20 or SO" miles ; and with thi- all i.tht r accouiits aprce.
t Or, Abpmoojeenfgamook. as it is sometimes pronounced.
^ Or, sometimes written Bungah-quohem.
RIVERS. 81
Notwithstanding the imperfect data we have for ascertaining the absolute elevations of the several points above the level of the isea, yet the facts with regard to the general inclination of the Allagash, with those before stated, respecting the Penobscot from ]\Ioosehead Lake to Chesuncook, and from Chesuncook to the source of the Allagash, indicate in a remarkable and conclusive manner, the comparatively little difference of lev- el between the Moosehead, Chesuncook, and St. John at the mouth of the Allagash, and they prove to a moral certainty that, if any point or line of highlands south of the main ridge, which separates the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of the St. John, can with any show of propriety be denominated the height of land between the Atlantic and St. LawTence, it cannot be between the Penobscot and St John, but must be between the Kennebeck and Penobscot, or still farther to the south. But the existence of such any where, except to the north o( the St. John, is believed to be sufficiently disproved.
The Pecheenegamook, or St. Francios river rises in the highlands of the great northern ridge, interlocking with the sources of the rivers Verte, and Trois Pistoles, which in a short but rapid course to the north precipitate themselves into the St. Lawrence. The St. Francois proceeds south, becoming in many places broad and gentle, but in many others much ob- structed by falls, shoals and rapids. At the length of about 70 miles it falls into the St. John a few miles below the mouth of the Allagash.
It will be perceived on consulting the Map, that the x\lla- gash and St. Francois take their rise respectively at points di- rectly opposite to, and very distant from, each other. The one near to the central part of the State, the other directly north, at the highlands of the northern boundary ; from these opposite points they respectively flow directly towards each other until, at nearly equal distances from their sources, they meet and mingle their waters in the St. John. The very gen- tle declivity of the Allagash, and the comparatively rapid 11
82 RIVERS.
course of the St. Francois, in connexion with the facts before stated, afford an additional indication of the superior elevation of the northern ridge, above that of any other dividing line of the waters, from that southerly to the Atlantic.
The various waters of the Aroostook take their rise on every side of a circular, or rather elliptical basin, the longest diameter of which does not exceed 60 miles, and the shortest is not far from 50 miles, through the central part of which the river winds, with a current for the most part smooth and gentle, in an ex- ceeding serpentine course. Its south-western, or main branch, rises among the highlands north of the sources of the east branch of the Penobscot, and descending easterly, passes with- in a short distance of the lake, at the source of the Schools (to which there is a portage over comparatively low land) thence continuing easterly it receives, from the south, branches which interlock with the waters of the Madawamkeag, then bending north it receives the great and litde Machias from the west, then turning again easterly it receives branches from the north, which rise near the waters of Fish river, and from the south others, the sources of which approach those of the Meduxne- keag, Presque-Isle stream, and De Chute; and passes the eastern boundary of the State about 4 miles before its conflu- ence with the St. John.
The very gentle declivity of this river for 106 miles, (fol- lowing the coufse of its current) above the boundary line, is exhibited in Mr. Odell's vertical section*, and appears to be 274 feet, making the average descent about 2 1-2 feet per mile. Just below the boundary, it descends over a fall of 25 feet, and in its course of three miles, from this to the St. John, the descent is about 20 feet more.
The vallies, among which spring, and are interlocked, tlie respective sources of the Aroostook, with the Madawamkeag on one hand, and Fish river on the other, are in general broad spaces of level land, which will afford easy communications in
' See Plate IV.— No. 4.
RIVERS. 83
a northerly and southerly direction between the several waters, and so from the Penobscot to the St. John, at and about the Madawaska.
The whole length of the St. John, in its various meander- ings, from the source of its main branch to the eastern bounda- ry of the State, is not accurately agreed on by the different surveyors and others who have explored it ; but correcting the aggregate of their several observations by such parts as ap- pear to have been more accurately measured, will give a result of about 211 miles.
After passing the eastern boundary of the State, the St. John, at the distance of about 4 miles, precipitates itself over the Grand Falls, the perpendicular descent of which is vari- ously stated from 50 to 75 feet. At this place it turns sud- denly to the south, and holds nearly this course, within a few miles of the boundary, for a long distance. At 26 miles below the Grand Falls it receives the Aroostook, 10 miles farther, the De Chute, and 31 miles farther, the Meduxnekeag ; from this it takes an eastern direction 53 miles to the tide at Frederic- ton ; from thence to the sea is about 90 miles, making the whole length of the river, from its source to the sea, to be about 420 miles.
The current of this river from the Grand Falls to the tide water is generally smooth and strong. In some places there are shoals and rapids of rather laborious ascent ; but in gene- ral it is navigable for loaded boats, towed by horses, or pro- pelled with poles, for the whole distance. Its actual declivity has not been satisfactorily ascertained ; the various accounts of its elevation from the level of the sea, which have been giv- en by barometrical measurement, disagreeing with each other exceedingly. Col. Johnson ascertained the declivity from the Madawaska to Green river, to be about 3 feet per mile. Capt. Partridge's observations make the average descent, from Mad- awaska to the De Chute, a distance of 75 miles, to be about 3 1-5 feet per mile ; or, excluding the descent at the Grand
84 RIVERS.
Falls, about 2 1-5 feet per mile. From the ^accounts of the general current of the river, and the labor and time requisite for ascending it with loaded boats, compared with that of other rivers of the State, whose actual declivity is better known, it is believed that this last computation, (2 1-5 feet per mile) is less than the fact, and that the ascent from Fredericton to the Grand Falls, will be found to be near to the average of that from the De Chute to Madawaska, which will give the per- pendicular ascent of the river at 387 feet, while the lower computation would be only 264 feet. Some observations and estimates make it vastly higher, others somewhat lower. From the general appearances of the face of the country, at and be- tween the two places, and from what is known of the labor of ascending the two rivers, it is believed that the actual eleva- tion of the St. John at the boundary line, must be very nearly equal to that of the Penobscot at the junction of its great east- ern and western branches.
From this general sketch of die principal valHes and rivers of the State, it will be perceived that it is intersected in every direction with vallies of so httle general acclivity, and rivers so extensively and variously approaching and interlocking with each other, with so many and easily practicable points of com- munication between their respective waters, that unless local irregularities of the surface of the country, or other circum- stances, should, upon a more accurate examination, be found to present impediments not to be surmounted nor avoided, the time must come when the intercourse of the remotest interior with the ports on the sea-coast, and of all the different parts of the State with each other, may be facilitated, and the population, wealth and strength of the whole be promoted, by means of canals, roads and railways, to a degree, of the practicability and utility of which the community in general has at present perhaps but a very inadequate conception. — And it is a question of vast importance in the political economy of the State, when the time will arrive at which it will be expedient to commence
CLIMATE. 85
a course of examinations with a view to this subject ; and to adopt an extensive, liberal, and efficient system of measures for ulterior improvements to the utmost practicable extent. Con- sidering some of the pecuHar circumstances of the State, par- ticularly with respect to its wild lands, it may be questioned whether the best time is not near at hand, or has not already arrived — indeed whether it is not already, in some respect, rapidly passing away.
CHAPTER III. .
Climate,
That the climate of any country may have some influence on the productions of its soil, the pursuits of its inhabitants, and its general political economy, will not be doubted ; yet, where the chmate is so well known as is that of New-England, it may seem of little benefit to bestow much time upon the peculiarities of one of the component parts of a country so nearly similar throughout. There exists however, even in New-England, some considerable mistakes with regard to the climate of Maine, and this, with its relation to the subjects first suggested, will render some notice of it not wholly irrelevant in this place.
The advantages or disadvantages to which a country is sub- ject, through the influence of its climate, are generally better understood by comparison with that of other countries ; but in some degree may be known from its own positive characteris- tics ; of which the degree and variations of temperature — fluc- tuations of atmospheric density and humidity — length and character of the different seasons — ^Idnds and quantities of vegetable productions, are the chief. The relation of some of these to the means of subsistence and accumulation of wealtli, and the effects of the character of the different seasons on the means of intercourse between distant parts, and on the pursuits
86 CLIMATE.
of the inhabitants, and their productive ability, render some observation of the climate necessary to a correct understanding of the advantages to be improved, or difficulties to be overcome, in the prosecution of many important measures of public and private utility.
The effect of the climate upon the productions of tlie earth Tvill be indicated in a great measure by the degrees and means of summer temperature, and the length of the usual vegetating season. The mildness or severity of the winters however, will have an effect upon them, as it respects at least some kinds, though the temperature of the summer is much the most im- portant. The quantity of rain may also be thought equally important ; but probably this is of much less consequence than the frequency or unfrequency of its occurrence, and the propor- tionate quantity which usually falls at a time.
With regard to temperature, means for some knowledge of that of this State, and comparison with other States and coun- tries, are to be found ; but the quantity of rain occurring at different seasons is, as is thought, so considerably different in different parts of the State, and so few accurate observations are known to have been made or kept in this respect, that no attempt can usefully be made at this time to investigate this part of the subject.
So f&r as the climate affects that branch of public interest which relates to the intercourse between the different parts of the State, the transportation of commodities to tlie market, the improvement of the intercourse by means of roads and canals, and the navigation of rivers and lakes, the attention will naturally direct itself to the length and severity of the win- ters, the depth and regularitj^ of the continuance of snow on the surface, the frequency and extent of sudden thaws, the effect of the transitions between winter and summer, &,c. This sub- ject is open to the observation of every one, and if its various phenomena, and their attendant circumstances, were accurately noted in different parts of the State, and carefully compared
CLIMATE. 87
for a succession of years, it might furnish data for some impor- tant political results.
The general direction and force of the winds, atmospheric pressure, and the various changes of the face of the sky, have also some bearing on the pursuits of practical science, and therefore would be entitled to some consideration ; but their study is less certain, the causes and effects of their vaiious phe- nomena less known ; and the very limited observations, which are known to have been made of them in this State, in an ac- curate and scientific manner, and with a view to practical results, will necessarily exclude them from any thing more than passing notice in this place.
The staple productions which are found to succeed in the climate of Maine are Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, pulse of various kinds, flax, hemp, grass, and most of the plants of northern climates. It is not known that the most, if not all, of these do not succeed as well, and in general yield as great crops, with the same cuhivation, as in any other part of New- England. An exception perhaps may be made with respect to Indian corn, but it may be doubted whether the exception is just, or is chargeable to the climate or to accidental circum- stances. The first settlement of the State began on its south- ern border, and by persons from more southern or milder cli- mates, and its population and agriculture have ever since pro- ceeded gradually north into the forest. Of course the seeds of the first plants, of the kinds usually cultivated, were brought from warmer climates, or longer seasons, and those whose hab- its required the whole summer to bring their fruit to maturity, would in most cases be met by the diminished temperature of autumn, before they had arrived at perfection. Still those whose seeds would ripen at all in any season would serve to propagate the species, until, in the course of successive years, the plants raised firom seed grown in the countr}^, conformed then- habits to the change of chmate, and were afterwards cul- tivated with success. As those parts of the country which
88 CLIMATE.
were earlier settled became populous and cultivated, and tlie plants first introduced into them with difficulty, became inured to the climate, other settlements were commenced fardier to the north, and jKOCuring their seed also from places farther south, had in some measure to experience the same difficulty, and wait the slow progress of natural assimilation to the climate, unless they could, as has sometimes been the case, procure their seed in the first instance directly from more northern regions. The consequence has been a popular opinion that, in some parts of the State, Indian corn, and some other plants, which require great heat and long seasons, could not be generally cuhivated with success. Experience however has proved that though Indian corn, beans, and other late plants, the seeds of which were brought from more southern places, into the new settle- ments on the northern verge of the cultivated part of the State, would not in some instances ripen well for several years, yet by continuing to sow from the earliest ripe seed grown in the same vicinity, the species soon conformed its habits to the cU- mate, and now^ succeeds as well, and produces as great crops, for ought that is known or can be judged to the contrary, as in other parts of New-England generally. The fact however may in part be owing to the effect of clearing the country gen- erally, in lengthening the season and increasing the temperature of the summer months ; and it is believed that such effects will result fi'om this cause ; but it can not yet have operated to suffi- cient extent in the new settlements to account wholly for the effect stated.
Besides the staple productions necessary for the sustenance of man, the climate of the State, as far north as experiments have yet been made, is favorable also to the cultivation of most of the fruits of similar latitudes which contribute to his comfort. The apple, pear, various species of plum, cherry, melons, &tc. kc. are found to succeed perfectly. The peach in all its varieties has not yet been successfully raised. Some varieties have with much care been produced in some parts of
CLIMATE. 89
liie State, and perhaps the progress of reproduction from seed gradually assimilated to the climate, may in time furnish them in plenty and with success. The same also may be the case with other fruits of the more tender kinds.
The object aimed at in these remarks is to show, that all of the most important vegetable productions of New-England, may be cultivated with success in Maine ; that the impedi- ments to the production of some of them, heretofore supposed to arise from the permanent character of the climate, may be imputed with more truth to the circumstance of their first in- troduction from a more southern region ; and to that tempora- ry lower state of mean temperature in summer, which is to be expected in a country just emerging from the shades of the for- est, with but a very small portion of its surface exposed to the direct action of the sun's rays.
In a thickly peopled and cultivated country, much the larg- est portion of its surface receives the sun's direct rays, and the temperature of the earth is increased to a considerable deptli. In the evening, when the temperature of the atmosphere is aba- ted, a part of this increased heat of tlie earth will be given off to the air, and, unless driven off by cold winds, will presei^ve the temperature of the night to a higher degree tlian it otherwise would have been. If this description of country is extensive^ this increased temperature of the night will generally continue, and thus the mean temperature of the season, stand higher than it would if the country were covered with forest. It is easy to see that the reverse must be the case in a country every where shaded by thick forests.
In a series of observation^ s by Dr. William.s of Vermont, in the year 1789, to ascertain the difference of temperature in the earth at two places, one of which was exposed to the action :)f the sun, and the other shaded by trees, he found that from the 23d of May to the 16th of November, the temperature of the earth in the woods, at ten inches below the surface, was, on the
average, 8 degrees below that in the open land at the r^^me 12
90 CLIMATE.
depth. About the last of June the difference was 13 degrees, thence it gradually diminished to nothing, at the middle of November, and from that time remained alike in both places*. These facts support the preceding reasoning, and they both lead to the natural conclusion that, in a country just beginning to be cultivated, and when but a small part of its surface is cleared and exposed lo the sun, though the tempera- ture in the day time may be sufficiently high in the open ground for all purposes of vegetation, even of exotic plants, yet, in the absence of the sun, the lower temperature of the extensive for- est which surrounds the small spot of cleared land, will rapidly absorb all the excess of caloric from the atmosphere of the lat- ter, as fast as it is received from the earth ; and thus the mean temperature of the whole day will not be sensibly increased by the clearing of the forest during some years of the first begin- nings of the settlement of the country, nor until the clearing shall extend over considerable portions of its surface. ^
From these observations, together with those respecting the cultivadon of plants in the early part of the settlement of the country, from seed brought from a climate of higher summer temperature, we should expect to find that, in the earlier years of the settlement of every part of Maine, Indian corn and other late plants, do not in general ripen so well as they do after some years of cultivation, and a more extended clearing of the coun- try ; — and such appears to be the fact ; at least it is so as far as many years residence among the new setdements, and some personal observation, has afforded means to judge. The ex- perience and observation of otliers, has in some instances also, verified the fact ; but whether universally is not known. It results also that as the countiy becomes setded and cleared, the climate will become more and more favorable to the production of all those plants which are now cultivated, or which can ra- tionally be desired.
Correct observations of the actual temperature for a regular
* Hist, of Vermont, p, 60.
CLIMATE. 91
courjs 3 of time are not known to have been made and preserved but at few places in the State. The meteorological journal of Professor Cleaveland at Brunswick, will furnish all that can be desired on the subject as it respects that vicinity ; and from the local position of that place, this, with an abstract of observa- tions made at Portland, will serve as a sufficiently correct index to the temperature of the southern part of the State. The northern part being yet chiefly uninhabited, no account of that region will be expected. In the central part no observations are known to have been recorded to any considerable extent, except for a few years at WilHamsburgh. These therefore, so far as they may be depended on, must necessarily, for the pre- sent, be adopted as indicating the character of the climate of that region. A comparison of the observations at these two places in Maine, with simultaneous observations at New-Haven, in Connecticut, and Wilhamstown, in Massachusetts, may per- haps afford a tolerably just estimate of the differences between the climate of Maine and that of tlie rest ©f New-England.
92
CLIMATE.
TAB1.E I.
Abstract of Meteorological observations, at Brunswick, Maine, Lat. 43" 53' 0" Lon. 69" 55^ I" for 8 years, from 1820 to 1827 inclusive.
|
1820 |
• |
18^ |
>1. |
||||||||
|
T!i<> 'T' - . 1 Buomet. r. |
_ |
) Tlieriai.m -i. . Uaroiiicter. |
^ |
||||||||
|
3 1 |
1 1: 5 .' |
3 |
ll |
ll' ■ 7% |
i2?r |
5 |
I 2 |
3 |
S3 vs |
||
|
Jan. |
17.1 48.5;- 8.0 |
29.85 |
0.89 |
NW.NE |
30.0 |
-25.5 |
29.74 |
1.14 NW.NE |
|||
|
Feb. |
27.3 54.0 i-l4.0 |
29.82 |
1.51 |
NW.NL |
27.b |
60.0 |
0.0 |
29.70 |
l.77jNw.Nje |
||
|
Mar. |
31.6,60.0, 8.5 |
29.92 |
{.28 |
N V\ . v. |
31.6 |
54.0 |
- 6.5'29.80 |
1.16|NW.S \v |
|||
|
Apr. |
41.1|74.5 19.5 |
29.82 |
I. Ob |
NW. W |
41.6 |
63.0 |
- 5.5 29.86 |
1.29 |
NW.NE |
||
|
May. |
51.8 76.5 38.5 |
29.90 |
1.14 |
NE.NW |
157.4 |
78.0 |
36.5 29.74 |
.74 |
NW.&W |
||
|
June. |
63.2 91.5 49.5 |
29.7h |
0.88 |
NW.8 E |
|66.9 |
89.0 |
53.5 29.70 |
.36 |
NW.SW |
||
|
July. |
77.1|95.5 6.3.5 |
29.85 |
1.08|nw.sW |
69.8 |
92.5 |
51.0 29.83 |
1.76 |
NW. W |
|||
|
Aug. |
61.988.5 51.5 |
29.77 |
l.l0|xVvV.8W |
69.0 |
93.0 |
52.0 29.75 |
1.29 |
NW.SW |
|||
|
Sept. |
57.9189.5 36.5 |
29.88 |
1.74;nw.8W |
i55.5 |
79.0 |
32.5i29.93 |
1.49 |
NW.SW |
|||
|
Oct. |
47.779.0 25.0 |
29.76 |
1.32 |
NW.NE |
'44.6 |
69.0 |
18.029.79 |
1.45 |
NW.NE |
||
|
Nov. |
34.0153.5 6.6 |
29.72 |
1.24 |
NW.NE |
35.6 |
55.0 |
15.5 29.7612.02 |
NE.NW |
|||
|
Dec. '20.3 44.0-22.0 |
29.68 |
l.'.O |
NW.NE |
'23.1 |
43.0 |
- 6.5 29.87 |
1.28 |
NlvN.W |
I't 40.1 71.2
niPhiis.
20.6
29.81jl
.191
mil- r 26tb, Frnsi— •• .»i e .l>cr I2lii. Siiuv
i42.3 67.1: 18.8 29.79,1.311
, inn, Iro^t— Oct. )9ih, Snow,
1822.
1823.
T'lorrmiinepr | Ba m
. , ^
5 5 5. - -.2 ^2
™ d. =. 5 5 3 =■ 3
w c: C M .■* 2 • =
Jan. 14. Feb 21. Mar. 39. Apr. j39.
May [57. June 65. July j65. Aug. 65. Sep. ;55. Oct. 147, Nov. |36. Dec. I2I.
8!48.0-25
3:46.5-11
8155.7 tlO.O 29.80
6|62.ol 22.0|29.81
184.0
0 29.6911 0 29.74|l
1
5,91.0! "90.0!
85.0
70.5i
"1 57.01 59.0'
0:29.75 0!29.87 o!29.88 029.67 029.66 0 2!).90il 0129.951 1 29.8611
.37 n.w.s.w .39 n.w.n.e .16 n.w.s.w .9l's.w.n.w .89|n.w.s.w .16'n.w.s.vv .I7ls.vv.n.w .69|s.w.n.w .79:s.w.n.w .0! n.w.n.e .OS.n.w.n.e .24'n.w.n.e
total I44.1i69.5| 21.8 29.801. 07, mcuns-l I I . ! i
PeptfiniliRr 2.1. Fro«t— O. loUflr ^5. Soi
Therm <
3 2-
b. 5. '^
C = j«
3 c
16.0 45.5 14.6 36.0 28.6 59.0 38.6,59.0 47.2;78.0| 64.8|96,0i
71.1 93.0 68.890.0
56.2 45.0 31.2
24.6
82.0, 74.0 52.0 44.0:
-22.0 -20.0' -12.0 16.0 29,0, 42.0 54,0 41.5 290 32.0 1.5 1-5
29.82 29.90 29.88 29.74 29.91 29.96 29.70 29.94 29.73 29.91 29.97 29.97
:55
n.w.n.e.
n.w.n.e.
n.w.s.w
sw.n.w .39;s.w. ii.w 60 s.w.n.e.
9.W. n.e.
s-w.n.e. .68|S.w.n.e. .071s. w. n.e. .97jn.e,n.w. .26| n.w.s.w
42.2 67.3 16.0, 29.87,1, 191
U. rr..st-Oct
CLIMATE.
TABLE I. CONTINUED.
1824. 1825.
93
|
3 1 |
Thermometer. ] Barometer. |
Tiiemioniet- ■ [ Barometer |
— — |
||||||||
|
i s |
5 S) 1 |
3_ 5' r- |
1 |
_oro il |
3 |
3 3 |
2 |
5 2^ |
II 7^- |
||
|
" |
3 |
3 |
' |
'^ |
T!) |
3 |
3 |
0, |
|||
|
Jan. |
22.0 39.0 |
- 4.0 29.73 |
1.25 |
n.e.s.w |
20.2 40.0-14.0129.951. 65 n.w. .w |
||||||
|
feh. |
21.6 47.5:-20.0 29.63 |
1.43 |
••-i.w.svv |
22.047.0|- 6.0|29.99|1.12 n.e.n.w |
|||||||
|
Mar. |
31.2 51.0 • 7.0 29.89 |
1.18 |
n.w.n.e |
37.6 58.0 20.029.77 .95 n.w.nu |
|||||||
|
Apr. |
44.2 58.0 26.0 29.73 |
.87 |
n.e.s.w ij51. 7 76.0' 23.0 29.68 1.40 n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
May |
53 3 79.0 37.0 29.70 |
1.26 |
n.w.s.ejj59.8 78.0 38.0 29.84i .80| n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
June |
63.7 93.0 47.0 29.7! |
.89 |
s.\v.s.e.i;68.4 97.o! 53.0 29.73' .6o| n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
July |
67.599.0 60.0 29.75 |
1.60 |
s.w.nwj, 73.9 96.6 61.0 29.72 .53; n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
Aug. |
66.7 92.0 52.0 29.75 |
.90 |
s.w.nw 67 3 90.0 51.0,29.87 .89 |
n.w.sw |
|||||||
|
Sep. |
56.2 87.0 36.0 29.88 |
.57 |
s.w.nw |55.0:70.0 35.0 29.89^ .84 |
n.w.sw |
|||||||
|
Oct. |46.2 72.0 22.0 29.72 |
.60 |
s.w. e. '50.8 86.0i 22.029.94 1.09 |
n.w.n.e |
||||||||
|
Nov. 3I.l|46.0 10.0 29.62 |
1.23 |
n.w.n.e- 34.6 65.01 8.029.97 1.07 |
n.w. sw |
||||||||
|
Dec. 128.645.0 8.0 29.84 |
1.37 |
n.w.n.e!j27.2 50.01-15.0 29.82 1.10 n.w.n.e |
|||||||||
|
t" 144.3 67.3 23.S 29.76 Tne-i!! 1 |
1.07: |
47.3 7 i.l! 23.0 29.84|1.00, |
|||||||||
|
j5do'>i.i;r Jo. r'lo': - -.^ ()V iibe.- 5iii, Sik>\v |
I ?', , .'.'.■. .;ai: 26, /'>■ '^t— >Jov i(j Snow. |
1820.
1827.
|
o sz; H |
Tli-M-moi.i-ter. j i.aromeler. |
Tbenno-r- :e . | Bav. :.. -■ ■: |
|||||||||
|
1 |
3, 5' B |
i |
If |
S S) |
t |
3 S5 i* 5 |
3 3 |
||||
|
1 |
3 |
WJ |
.= |
3 |
|||||||
|
Jan. |
21.8 49.0-29.5 29.70,1.39 |
n.w.n.e |
18.1 42.0-12.5 29.92 |
1.51 |
n.w.s e |
||||||
|
Feb. |
24.0'46.0-27.5;29.97 1.44 |
n.w.n.e |
23.l!48.0!-l 2.5 29.79 |
1.46 |
n.w.sw |
||||||
|
Mar. |
31.6;50.0 a0.o|29.80|l.42 |
n.w.n.e |
35.8'60.0| 00.0 30.07 |
1.44 |
n.w.s w |
||||||
|
April |
42.6 59.0^ 15.0:29.71jl.l0 |
n.w.s w |
50.6 76.0 21.0 29.70 1.40 n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
May June |
49.8'94.o! 30.0 29.831 .80 |
n.w.s w |
54.7 83.0 33.0 29.79, .86,8 w.n.w |
||||||||
|
69.0l92.5j 52.0 29.86' .67 |
n.w.s w |
64.3 86.0! 48.0 29.96; .68'swn.w |
|||||||||
|
July |
75.i;98.0. 60.0 29.90i .59 |
s w.n.w |
70.3 89.0 59.0 30.16] .86| |
s w.n.w |
|||||||
|
Aug. |
71.0!84.0' 54.0 29.97J .51 |
s.e. s.w |
68.1196.0 50.0 30.031 .59 |
n.w.s w |
|||||||
|
Sep. |
61. i> 77.0 36.5 29.84'1.16 |
s w.n.w |
60.4:82.0 46.0 30.04! .80 |
s w.n.w |
|||||||
|
Oct. |
47.5'69.0; 23.5j29.88ll.23 |
n.w. s.w |
49.2,72.0 26.0j29.90 1.00 n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
Nov. |
35.6i60.0l 12.0 29.80!l.l4 |
n.w.s. wi |
32.7,50.0 16.0 29.761.09 n.w.sw |
||||||||
|
Dec. 25.6!58.0!'-16.0'29.8lil.lO |
n.w.s. w |
23.2'48.0-11.0i30.04 1.40 n.w.n.o |
|||||||||
|
^Volal I46.3| means; | |
69.7; 18.3!29.84jl.04 |
45.8169.31 21.9|29.93jl.09! |
|||||||||
|
SpvU |
rrrbei |
17, Frost— Novpmber 14. Pnow. [ |
Oct 6 ami I9. Frost— Kov. 7, .Snovf. |
TABLE II.
Abstract of Meteorological observations, at Willi am sburgh, Maine, Lat. 4.5*' 15' Lon. 6 59 '—elevation above the level of the sea 1627 feet. For tbe years 1820. 1826 and 1827.
1820-21.
|
3 |
Extremes of temper- ature. |
Mean Temperature. |
Prevailing Winds. No. ofdays. |
Weather- No. days. |
|||||||||||
|
o |
5 H 3' c |
3 5 3 B 0 |
3 O |
Of coldest day. Of warm- est day. |
^5 y r. |
c a 9 |
2 |
z |
S CO a 0 1 ^ |
< |
a |
0 0 s a. |
< 1 I |
1 |
|
|
1820. Apr. May Jun. |
67.0 |
8.0 |
39.0 |
1 1 58.0 17.048.0,32.0 |
12 |
7 3 |
2 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
151 4 |
i |
||
|
75.0 |
32.0f52.5'.60.0l 37.0162.0144.0' |
11 |
6 8 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
I6'il6 |
4 |
||||||
|
90.0 40.0i62.5'84.0l 50.0'69.0'55 0 |
19 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
3 1' |
24! 2 |
2 |
|||||||
|
July Aug Sep. Oct. |
88.01 56.0 71.7;82.0l 62.0 76.0 |
68.5 |
9 |
2 |
4 |
16 |
2 |
5 |
19 |
5 9 |
|||||
|
87.01 52.0I65.5I77.0' 61.0|72.0 |
59.0 |
14 |
2 |
1 |
13 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
20 |
8|6 |
|||||
|
90.0 |
31.0 55.0 81.0 40.0 63.0-47.0 |
15j 6' 2; 6i 1 |
3. 4 |
21 2 |
|||||||||||
|
73.0 |
22.0 44.065.0; 32.0,49.0 38.0 4.o!30.0l43.0, 7.0 33.0 25.0 |
8 7 9 |
5 2 |
7 |
7 |
16 1 |
|||||||||
|
Nov |
45.0 |
11 4 3 |
10 2 |
4 |
3 |
7 |
10 6 |
||||||||
|
Dec |
33.0-10.0 15.0 29.0- 5.0 |
18.0 |
10.0 |
14 7 7 |
2 1 |
7 |
6 |
16 2 |
|||||||
|
Jan. |
44.0-22.0 8.5158.0-19.0 |
12.5 |
3.(J |
911 3 |
8 |
2 1 |
9 |
18 1 |
|||||||
|
Feb |
40.0- 4.0 19.0 34.0|+ 5.0'23.5|l5.0 |
9 7 5' 7 |
6 |
1: 3 19 |
|||||||||||
|
Mar |
50.0!-10.0l9.0 |
42.0| 0.0,31.5 19.5 |
13 4 2 11 1 |
5 |
Ij 5 17 T9 |
19, 1 176128 |
|||||||||
|
Summer |58.5 |
82.8| 38.9165.2 51.9 |
7ll26 23 51 12 |
|||||||||||||
|
Winter j |
46.5 21.7 23.817.41 65 40J27 40 5 |
28' 8136 |
97 14 |
||||||||||||
|
Total year 40.1 |
j46.3 34.8|l36;66;50;91 17|28,25i55 |
213 42 |
_. |
The lowest temperature at which com (grrain) will vcgotate is supposed to be 40". Mean temperature of a pood vegetating season 36.* The first day in which the mean tempera- ture was about 40<» was l2th April— first mean above 56^ was 7th May. The means were every day above 56° from 1st June to 19th !»ept. descended between 40° 18th October. Ex- treme season of vegetation fror* l2tu April to 18th (jctober. Extreme of vigorous uninter- rupted do 1st June to 19th Sept. "See Appcndiz A.
1826.
|
Fxtn.mc |
||
|
s |
tempera. uri |
|
|
0 |
||
|
z |
p |
~. |
|
H |
||
|
g |
3 c |
3 |
|
~ |
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
48.0 -26.< 52.0:t 6.( 62. 0| 12.- 93.0J 35. (
90.0 1 50. < 97.0 54.(
85.0 48. <
50.01 34.( 76.01 24.{ 55.0 15. ( 54.0;-16.f
Summer
Winter
Total year.
Frost 26th SepU bnow 7th Nov Extreme season ot vegetation from 2=>tli Ma.cb to 23d Oct. Extreme season of uninterrupted vigorous vegetation, from 3lst May to 16th Sept.
CLIMATE.
93
|
1" 1 1 |
ThuBier Showors. |
F-l C 1-4 |
l> |
t* |
|
Variable. |
■^eo(N©'<j't^QOcocot«coc<i 1-1 i-i |
<N r* (35 1 CO eo CO |
||
|
Cloudy |
lO(M»OC<l'^(N'M(N'*cqcO(N |
104 16 85 24 189i40 |
||
|
Fair. |
WSO5C5©l>t^t^C0X(N»CO |
|||
|
Rain. |
w-cocoTj.Ti<Ti.eo»oc»Wrt |
s:2g |
||
|
Sn.iw |
ineO(N(M(N <Nco© |
•«f QO W -N CO |
||
|
1 5 3 ■a >> 1 |
Varie.' L |
-^-.tTji COt>C0lOT}<CqclO5 |
t-"©-tT C<J eg Tf |
|
|
S. E. |
'I' -< -< CO —1 r-l i-l |
<X> CO (N |
||
|
S. W. |
-<COI>000DC5 — C<IO5iOQ0C0 |
CO eo O) |
||
|
N. W. |
|0©t^COt*;Ot-©Tl<S5(M — |
CO -H rl* 'S" CO © |
||
|
N. E. South |
COCO-^t^QOrf (NOO-^COCO |
CO CO (M (M CO CO |
||
|
-< f-l r-l r-H j(N C^ -^ I |
||||
|
North. |
^ ^ -^ -4 |
.-^ -^ o |
||
|
West. ' '"'~E7s"t |
Of-*,-<-HCO(N"^i-i-<1< |
lO © lO |
||
|
■ |
||||
|
3 1 "3 H |
E .•5 |
Sunrise |
© — ■ CO ■^' rlJ CO Oi lO" ^' — * "it CO -<-^«NCO-<*iO»niOW5-*(N-< ©©©©©©©©©©©© — ' O J> C<j CO oi t" •^ QO C^ (N -- 'M'MOOOCOXit-t^COOCON ©©©©©©©©©©o© in ^' -^ _<■ co' iM* — ■ '^' — * ©■ CO TjJ ; -- eo CO lO CO in lO eo — © © © © o © © © ©©"©"© ■^-o'o6»oN'^'*uric^C5-ico coco-^tot^t-t^t^coioxnco o©"© \a © »o © © © ^©'cT© 0(31— 'COCO— Jt^'cooDcooico .---co-^uncococo»o-^(M-< ©©"©<©©©©©©© ©~© -* ""I* CO c^ © »n ci -t 30 ;£ <^ 5^- -H— <M{0TtlO-.t<C0Cvi-H 1 ■• "- . . „ . ( ©©©©©©©©©©©o CO -^ -^i* 00 -t X CO *»* ci ©' co' ©■ CO-^COCOXQC/GOXi>i>lOT}< |
51.0 19.7 35.3 |
|
2 o'clock P M |
?q eo CO t^ ^ c^ CO eo -* |
|||
|
(•oldes- -'ny |
||||
|
rl: V |
||||
|
Of til^ month. |
58.6 25.7 42.1 |
|||
|
1 minimuri) ..j niaximui. . |
||||
|
1 |
\I0 |
NTHS. |
Sumi Wint Tota |
Extreme season of vegetation from 21st April to 16th October.
Season of vigorous uninterrupted vegetation from 3d June to 12th September.
The account of prevailing winds expresses the quarter from which the winds principally prevailed during the day. — The account of snow and rain expresses the days on which they oc- curred, and not their prevalence during entire days. — The days on which thunder showers have occurred are also included in the account of rainy or variable days. — The account of fair weath- er expresses the number of clear bright days, many of the varia- ble, and some on which snow and rain occurred, were generally a considerable part fair. The abstracts of means for the sum- mer and winter months , are divided at the last of April, and last of October, a division at the middle of those months would give the summer temperature higher, the winter lewer.
96
CLIMATE.
pa
o b
o GO
o
>
CO
■§
I- 1
♦^ >
o o
s.s
is o
CO
|
J o |
w |
N |
«N |
«<l |
|||||
|
J3 -^ |
?^ |
i-i |
J< |
J( |
-^ |
||||
|
S 0) |
e^ |
■«* |
i-( |
eo |
IfS |
o |
eo |
||
|
s « |
-* |
T3* |
rr |
■* |
•^ |
-^ |
■^ |
||
|
ki |
|||||||||
|
V |
|||||||||
|
.1 |
_ |
||||||||
|
CO |
CO |
CO |
C5 |
^ |
^ |
2 |
|||
|
•N |
<M |
«^ |
(N |
C^ |
eo |
(M |
|||
|
ll |
|||||||||
|
i |
|||||||||
|
0 |
t>. |
o |
CO |
CO |
C5 |
© |
C5 |
||
|
en |
in |
O |
<o |
o |
o |
o |
|||
|
c5 |
|||||||||
|
<S |
%. |
iM |
eo |
CO |
00 |
OD |
CO |
t- |
|
|
C^ |
e<i |
(N |
IN |
(M |
|||||
|
>' |
|||||||||
|
1 |
0 |
C5 |
b- |
^ |
<M |
CO |
p |
o |
|
|
eo |
CO |
eo |
eo |
00 |
eo |
eo |
|||
|
■5 O |
CO |
CO |
»^ |
CO |
CO |
S5 |
OS |
C5 |
|
|
rf |
-«? |
-1* |
-^ |
||||||
|
Q- |
0 |
||||||||
|
,J^ |
» |
o |
CO |
Oi |
1^ |
9 |
s |
||
|
JJ |
«) |
lO |
CO |
»o |
CO |
O |
|||
|
3 |
|||||||||
|
5" |
?o |
<o |
■^ |
CO |
eo |
-♦< |
P |
■t |
|
|
X |
<_ |
» |
'O |
CO |
CO |
CO |
CO |
||
|
C_i |
>> |
||||||||
|
O |
3 |
eo |
to CO |
J§ |
in CO |
*^ |
S |
o |
|
|
O |
|||||||||
|
c |
|||||||||
|
•-» |
;ii |
^ |
w |
X |
00 |
•r |
'N |
o> |
|
|
^ |
<» |
CO |
V£5 |
to |
to |
||||
|
>» |
~ |
||||||||
|
%. |
1^ |
eo |
oo |
as |
^ |
to |
^ |
||
|
M3 |
»o |
»o |
•rf |
1* |
IC |
||||
|
^ |
?§ |
o |
Tf |
n |
-9« |
||||
|
J3 |
|||||||||
|
o |
|||||||||
|
C4 |
t;. |
QO |
^ |
»* |
(M |
eo |
•M |
•4 |
|
|
<N |
iM |
eo |
(M |
eo |
eo |
eo |
|||
|
ja |
0 |
cd |
m |
(N |
eo |
eo |
|||
|
U. |
5 |
M |
w |
<M |
/N |
<M |
|||
|
e3 |
?o |
W |
kfi |
o |
<N |
r^ |
<M |
CO |
|
|
"^ |
l-l |
i-< |
ea |
<N |
•^ |
||||
|
0< |
^i |
90 |
-r |
O |
CO |
»-* |
|||
|
w |
<M |
'M |
<N |
<N |
(M |
(N |
|||
|
CO |
00 |
QO |
OO |
QO |
00 |
OO |
00 |
||
|
>^ |
CLIMATE.
97
TABLE IV.
Comparative mean temperature at Portland, Brunswick and
Williamsburgh
|
Portland. |
0" |
Brunswick - |
H |
tVilliamsburgh. |
|||||
|
> |
Six months. |
Six moi'-hs. |
gix mnnibs. |
? |
|||||
|
i 2 |
3 |
5 1 |
<; 5' |
0 V -1 |
f 5 |
s |
1 |
||
|
1820 |
590 |
27» |
430 |
55.7 |
28.5 |
40.1 |
58.5 |
21.7 |
40.1 |
|
1821 |
57 |
28 |
42.5 |
60.3 |
25.3 |
42.3 |
- |
||
|
1822 |
60 |
28 |
44 |
59.3 |
28.9 |
44. i |
|||
|
1823 |
56 |
26 |
41 |
58.8 |
25.6 |
42.2 |
|||
|
1824 |
58 |
29 |
43.5 |
58.9 |
29.g |
44.3 |
|||
|
1825 |
59 |
31 |
45 |
62.5 |
32.':; |
4~.3 |
|||
|
1826 |
60 |
29 |
45.5 |
62.4 |
30.2 |
46.3 |
60.3 |
24.3 |
24.S |
|
1827 |
59 |
28 |
43.5 |
61.4 .59.9 |
30.4 28.8 |
45.8 |
58.6 |
25.7 |
42.1 |
|
mea. total |
58.5 |
28.2 |
43.5 |
44.5 |
|||||
|
mea.syrs. |
59.3 |
28 |
44. |
59.8 |
29.7 |
44.4 |
59.1 23.7 |
41.5 |
TABLE V.
Comparative view of the means and extremes of temperature observed at New-Haven, Conn. Williamstown, Mass. Bruns- wick and Williamsburgh, Maine, during the year 1827.
|
Mean Temper at |
are. |
Maximum. |
1 |
Minimum. |
||||||
|
0 |
|: ^ |
H 3. |
Z |
^ |
a |
5: |
z |
^ |
w |
^ |
|
? 5- |
g 1 i" |
^ |
=■ S3 |
3 |
a' |
i |
K |
a |
2 |
|
|
t3 on |
mstown. Haven. |
msburgh swick. |
1 1 |
pr |
a- c |
"v |
i 0 |
^ f |
3 1 s |
|
|
January. |
22.3 |
16.4 18.1 15.5 |
4.5.0 44.5,42 ;38.0 |
- 7.0 |
-18,0-12.5 - 14.0 |
|||||
|
February. March. |
29.8 |
25.6 23.1 19 |
49 |
47.3148 44 |
- 2. |
-13. |
-12.5-14. |
|||
|
36.9 |
33.235.8 31 |
63 |
66.7160 !64 |
tl4. |
- 0.7 |
0. - 3. |
||||
|
April. |
48.4 |
48. 150.6,43.5 |
73.573.3:76 68 |
33 |
+31. |
+21. 22 |
||||
|
May. |
54.9 |
57.354.756 |
78 177 |83 |
84 |
35 |
36 |
33 30 |
|||
|
June. |
63.9 |
65.4 64.3 61.5 |
83.5,89.1 86 |
88 |
42 |
44.8 |
48 1 45 |
|||
|
July. |
69.0 |
69.5 70.3 67.5 |
38 87.7 89 ,86 |
55 |
52 |
59 |
52 |
|||
|
August. |
67.5 |
66.6 68.l|63 |
93 |
89.8 96 |
87 |
50 |
43 |
50 |
44 |
|
|
September. |
62.9 |
59.8160.458 |
80 |
81.3.82 |
79 |
45 |
40 |
46 |
88 |
|
|
October. |
55.8 |
49.2j49.2 |
46 |
71 |
75 72 |
70 |
33 |
25 |
26 |
26 |
|
Nc^vember. |
35.8 |
35.432.7 |
29 |
60 |
53.6!50 |
56 |
18 |
6. |
16 |
10 |
|
December. |
34.1 |
29.2l23.2il6 |
55 |
50 i48 |
40 |
8 |
- 4 -11. |
- 2 |
||
|
Sommer |
62.5 |
61.3}61.2|58.6 82.2'84.9j84.7 80.6 |
43.3 |
40.1 43.7 |
39.2 |
|||||
|
Winter |
39. |
31.3 30.6i25.6 57.2;55.9 47.3 51. t |
10.7 |
0.2 0.1 |
2.5 |
|||||
|
Total |
148.4 |
46.3145.8142.1 69.8.70.4I66 |66.2 |
27 |
20.2 22.0 |
21.9 |
98
CLIMATE.
TABLE VI.
Extreme monthly range of temperature at New HBven, WilliamstowD, Brunswick and Williamsburgh, for the year 1827, with the average monthly range at Brmiswick for 8 years, from 1820 to 1827 inclusive, and at Brunswick and Williamsburgh, respectively, for three years, 1820, 1826 and 1827.
|
1827. ■ |
it |
1 t li |
•^ • |
||||
|
MONTHS. |
li |
u |
h |
II § ^ |
|||
|
^^. |
62.5 |
1 |
^^ |
S" |
^1 |
p" |
|
|
January |
52.0 |
54.5 |
52.0 |
62.3 |
57.7 |
63.2 |
|
|
February |
51.0 |
61.0 |
60.5 |
58.0 |
62.0 |
49.3 |
6T.2 |
|
March |
49.0 |
67.4 |
60.0 |
61.0 |
51.9 |
55.7 |
50.5 |
|
April |
40.5 |
42.3 |
29.6 |
46.0 |
46.8 |
51.7 |
51.3 |
|
May |
43.0 |
51.0 |
50.0 |
54.0 |
46.4 |
51.7 |
51.3 |
|
June |
41.5 |
44-3 |
38.0 |
43.0 |
42.6 |
44.3 |
40.2 |
|
July |
33.0 |
35.7 |
30.0 |
34.0 |
36.3 |
36.3 |
33.S |
|
August |
43.0 |
46.8 |
46.0 |
43.0 |
40.5 |
38.3 |
37.7 |
|
September |
35^^ 0 |
41.3 |
36.0 |
41.0 |
46.0 |
48.6 |
39.6 |
|
October |
38.0 |
50.0 |
46.0 |
44.0 |
50.6 |
49.0 |
48.5 |
|
November |
42.0 |
47.6 |
34.0 |
46.0 |
44.0 |
42.3 |
48.0 |
|
December |
47.0 |
54.0 |
59.0 |
42.0 |
56.7 |
51.7 |
66.3 |
|
Average Summer mo's. |
1 38.9 |
44.8 |
41.0 |
43.0 |
1 43.7 |
144.7 |
i 41.7 |
|
Average winter months |
1 46.9 |
55.8 |
49.6 |
50.8 |
1 53.9 |
1 51.4 |
1 56.9 |
|
Average the year. |
1 42.9 |
50.3 |
45.3 |
47.0 |
1 48.8 |
48.0 |
49.3 |
If we would estimate the average temperature of the State from the data afforded by the preceding tables, it may be observed, diat the Latitude of Brunswick being nearly at the central point of the extreme latitudes of the sea coast, and tlie position of the College, where the observations were made, some miles from the sea, the temperature observed there may be considered as very nearly representing the general mean temperature of the whole extent of the country bordering on the sea coast. The position of Williamsburgh being near the centre of the State, observations made there might be thought to seiTe as a fair indication of the average of the whole, but probably this would require some corrections. The elevation of the place of observation at Williamsburgh, is about 1627 feet above the level of the sea, and is estimated to be about 400 feet higher than the general level of the surrounding coun- try, and about 700 feet higher than the average level of the habitable part of the surface lying in the same parallel across
CLIMATE. 99
ihe State (exclusive of the mountain summits in the counties of Somerset and Oxford.)
From a comparison of observations made by scientific men, on the decrement of mean heat in departing from the equator, or in ascending vertically from the level of the sea, it appears that the mean heat in departing from the equator di- minishes from r. to 1'-' 45 of Farenheit for every degree of latitude, and the diminution in ascending is found to vary from 1^ for every 210 feet to 1° for every 300 feet perpendicular elevation.* In this State the ratio of 1'^ temperature to 1^ latitude, or to 300 feet elevation may be assumed as probably nearest the truth.
Taking these principles as the basis of correction, it would give 42^' 9 as the mean temperature of the country about Willi amsburgh, and 43^^. 8 as the mean of the same paraJlel across the centre of the State. — The observed means at Will- iarasburgh will be found in the tables.
As a farther correction, and to assist future investigation, it may be observed, that the mean temperature of the interior of the earth, at some depth below the surface, is doubdess very near, and probably exactly, that of the mean temperature of the atmosphere at the surface in the same latitudes ; and as the temperature at considerable depths is more uniform, and less li- able to sudden changes from transient causes, more depen- dence can be placed on the results of such observations, where they can be obtained, for instance at tlie bottom of deep wells, or in permanent springs on the surface, which are shaded from the sun. Dr. Williamsf found the temperature of the water of a well 45 feet deep, in Rutland, Vermont, to be uniformly ex- actly that of the annual mean temperature of the atmosphere ; and the temperature of other wells of different depths, and at different places in New-England, to approximate so nearly to the supposed mean temperature of those places, as strongly to
* See Humboldt's personal narrative of travels in South America, p. 262, and Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Article Meteorology p. 172, and Article Physical Geography p. 566. t Hist. Vermont, p. 43.
100 CLIMATE.
corroborate the argument. The writer of the article on mete- orology in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, in a course of observa- tions in the year 1813, on the water of a well 25 feet deep, found that the temperature of the water varied very little at dif- ferent seasons, the extremes differing only 5 deg. 9 min. ; and the mean differing only four tenths of a degree from the ob- served mean between the extremes of temperature of the at- mosphere for the same year. The temperature of a well 25 feet deep in Williamsburgh, situated at the same level where the observations of the temperature of the atmosphere were made, near the summit of a high hill, and supphed, not by springs flowing from higher grounds, but by the water with which the earth at that depth appears, to be saturated, is found in August, September and October, to be 46 1-2 degrees, v.hich is a few degrees higher than the observed annual mean of the atmosphere ; but as the observations have not been continued through the year, the variations of the interior heat at different seasons are not known. So far however as can be inferred from this experiment, and from the theory stated above, it would seem, that the observations for the annual mean temperature at Will- iamsburgh, were made in a manner to give a result rather be- low than above the true mean.
The observations at different places given in the preceding tables being made simultaneously, they will as far as they ex- tend, exhibit a fair comparison of the climate of Maine with that of the other places to which they relate. Observations also made at different places in different years, will afford a proxi- mate comparison, which often may be very near the truth, and not usually very far from it. For this purpose the following ta- ble of the mean temperature of several places, distant from each other, on this continent, is extracted from Williams's History of Vermont, p. 47. And to assist and extend the comparison, the mean of the summer and winter months respectively, is added in a form to correspond with the division of seasons in the pre- ceding tables.
CLIMATE
101
TABI.I3 VII.
MEAN TEMP^RATUKtS.
|
o |
1.2 Ml |
s |
Hi Si |
C6 1 |
6 li |
it |
1 & |
1 =1 |
|
s |
5 years, |
1 year, |
6 years, |
1 year, |
5 years, |
1 year. |
I year, |
1 1 year, |
|
1738—42. |
1753—4. |
1772—7. |
1748- 9. |
1784-8. |
1789. |
174i- 4. |
l!7<.8-9. |
|
|
Jan. |
51O0 |
44«. |
41°.2 |
28*. |
220.5 |
18^. |
lOe. |
-25.6 |
|
Feb. |
54.0 |
43.0 |
44.2 |
37.0 |
23.9 |
18.5 |
10.0 |
-17.5 |
|
March |
59.0 |
48.0 |
51.2 |
44.0 |
32.9 |
32.0 |
22.0 |
- 9.2 |
|
April |
70.0 |
53.0 |
59.2 |
50.0 |
45.i |
41.0 |
40.0 |
^21.2 |
|
May |
75.0 |
65.0 |
66.7 |
62.0 |
54.4 |
50.0 |
52.0 |
38.0 |
|
June |
79.0 |
79.0 |
74.9 |
70.0 |
66.1 |
64.0 |
67.0 |
50.0 |
|
July |
81.0 |
73.0 |
79.7 |
72.0 |
69.6 |
67.5 |
69.0 |
56.4 |
|
August |
79.0 |
76.0 |
78.6 |
70.0 |
69.4 |
67.5 |
67.0 |
53.0 |
|
Sept, |
73.0 |
72.0 |
71.9 |
72.0 |
60.0 |
57.0 |
51.0 |
44.0 |
|
Oct. |
62.0 |
60.0 |
63.9 |
53.0 |
50.1 |
41.0 |
44.0 |
28.0 |
|
Nov. |
53.0 |
49.0 |
50.6 |
39.0 |
40.2 |
37.0 |
36.0 |
1.7 |
|
De . |
51.0 |
40.0 |
45.9 |
33.0 |
29.4 47.0 |
30.0 |
20.0 ~42.0 ~ |
-15.5 |
|
me a.; ot |
66.0 |
60.0 |
60.8 |
52.9 |
18.7 |
|||
|
year. |
||||||||
|
max m. |
101.0 |
93.0 |
9«.0~ ~6ro~~ |
93.0 |
92.0 |
86.0 |
85.0 |
|
|
min'm. |
18.0 |
10.0 |
-12.0 |
-21.0 |
58.3~ |
-45.0 |
||
|
mean |
74.1 |
69.3 |
72.6 |
66.6 |
61.6 |
57.8 |
44.9 |
|
|
summer |
||||||||
|
mean |
56.3 |
46.1"~ |
48.7 |
38.5 |
32.3 |
29.4 |
23.0 |
- 7.5 |
|
wmter. |
105.0 |
|||||||
|
ext. ran. |
83 0 |
83.0 |
92.0 1 |
113.0 |
135.0 |
A farther view of the climate of Maine may be obtained by a comparison with that of England, as exhibited by an abstract from the journal of Dr. Burney, given in table eight.
102
CLIMATE.
TABLE VIII.
Meteorological observations at the Royal observatory, Gosport, Eng, Lat. 50** 47' N. Long. 1° 7' W. for'the year 1326.
|
MONTHS. |
Thermometer. |
Larometer. |
Prevailing Wind«. |
|||||
|
Means. 35e.6 |
maKimuaj ~49^ |
miuimura |
means. |
er. ranpe. |
||||
|
January. |
17= |
.0 |
29.98 |
0.97 |
n. e. n. w. |
|||
|
February. |
45 |
.9 |
56 .0 |
33 |
.0 |
29.95 |
1.11 |
s. w. s. |
|
March. |
4.5 |
.5 |
59 .0 |
31 |
.0 |
29.95 |
.99 |
n. e. s. w. |
|
April. |
51 |
.9 |
68 .0 |
33 |
.0 |
30.01 |
1.19 |
n. w. w. |
|
May. |
55 |
.2 |
74 .0 |
38 |
.0 |
30.01 |
.64 |
n. e. n. e. |
|
June. |
65 |
.3 |
86 .0 |
50 |
.0 |
30.23 |
.64 |
n. w. n. e. |
|
July. |
66 |
.8 |
81 .0 |
51 |
.0 |
29.98 |
.77 |
s. w. s. e. |
|
August. |
67 |
.5 |
83 .0 |
51 |
.0 |
29.97 |
.75 |
s. vv. s. |
|
September. |
61 |
.3 |
74 .0 |
48 |
.0 |
29.89 |
1.04 |
s. w. n. e. |
|
October. |
56 |
.3 |
68 .0 |
38 |
.0 |
29.90 |
.75 |
n. w. s. w. |
|
November. |
44 |
.9 |
59 .0 |
29 |
.0 |
29.77 |
1.80 |
n. n. w. |
|
December. |
46 53 |
.4 76 |
57 .0 |
32 |
.0 |
29.84 "29796 |
1.32 |
n. w. n. e. |
|
Total means. |
67 .8 1 37 |
.7 |
||||||
|
Sum. months |
61 |
.9 |
77 .7 1 46 |
.0 |
||||
|
Winter mon's |
45 |
.0 |
58 .0 |
29 |
.1 |
1 |
Dr. Burney remarks, that the mean temperature of 1826, was 1 deg. 42 hun. ahove the mean of the preceding 10 years. The mean temperature of Brunswick, it will be observed, (see table IV.) was also in the same year, 1 deg. 80 min. and that of Portland, 2 deg. above the mean of 8 years ; and that of Williamsburgh, half a degree above that of 3 years.
To facilitate a comparison of the whole, some of the princi- pal results of the preceding tables are exhibited at one view in
TABLE IX.
|
£ |
u j_; |
1 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE. |
|||||||
|
ii.-£ ii-.r |
m(j. means. |
Extremes. |
|||||||
|
«^f S = |
fe 1 u |
summer. | winter. |
|||||||
|
Places of Observation. |
Years. |
¥ Hi III |
noon |
morn |
Doon |
raorn |
|||
|
New-Haven, Conn. |
1827. |
100». |
48.4 |
62.5 |
39.0 82.2 |
43.3 |
57.2 |
10.7 |
|
|
Williamstown, Ms. |
same. |
107.1 |
46.3 |
61.3 |
31.3 84.9 |
40.1 |
55.9 |
0.2 |
|
|
Brunswick, Me. |
same. |
108.5 |
45.8 |
61.2 |
30.6 84.7 |
43.7 |
47.3 |
0.1 |
|
|
Williamsburgh, Me. |
same. |
102.0 |
42.1 |
58.6 |
25.6 80.6 |
392 |
51.6 |
2.5 |
|
|
Gosport, England. |
1826. |
69.0 |
53.6 |
61.9 |
45.0177.7 |
46.0 |
58.0 |
29.1 |
|
|
Brunswick, Me. |
same. |
127.5 |
46.3 |
62.2130.2 |
85.7 |
45.2 53.7 |
-6.0 |
||
|
Williamsburgh, Me. |
1820, 1826 |
||||||||
|
and 1827. |
123.0 |
41.5 |
59.1 |
23.7 |
|||||
|
Brunswick, Me. |
same 3 years. 8 years. |
127.5 |
44.5 |
59.8 |
29.7 |
' |
|||
|
Brunswick, Me. |
1820 to 1827 |
128.5 144.5 |
59.9 |
28.8 |
CLIMATE. 103
On a review and comparison of the foregoing tables, it will be seen, that the difference between the climates of Maine and the other places whose temperature is given, is not so much, nei- ther in the means nor extremes, of the heat of the summer, as in the extremes of cold in the winter ; and that the difference between the annual mean temperature of New-England gene- rally, and that of Old-England, is owing in part, to the longer continuance of summer heat in the latter, and more especially to the lower temperature of the winter mornings in the former. The extreme heat sometimes experienced in the summer, is but seldom much higher in the former than in the latter.
The comparative temperature of the places here mentioned, will be illustrated in a manner more easily perceived at once, in a series of diagrams, Plate VII. of the Atlas, accompanying this volume.
That the character of the sunmiers of Maine is well adapted to all the necessary purposes of agriculture, and is favorable for the cultivation of all those plants in the production of which consists the true wealth and independence of a people, cannot be doubted by those who are acquainted with the facts. The character of the winters affects not so much its agricul- ture directly, though it is not without some influence upon it ; but it has a necessary and considerable influence upon the pur- suits of the inhabitants generally in other respects ; and with all the disadvantages which mankind usually attach to the idea of winter, or with which it may be actually attended, it still presents some advantages of great importance in the present situation of the State.
In the interior of the State, at distances from the sea-coast varying from 10 to 30 miles, in different places and seasons, the ground is usually covered i^dth snow from three to four months in the year. In some seasons it continues, in the for- ests of the central and northern parts of the State, nearly five
104 CLIMATE.
months. The deptli, moderate at first, increasing more or less gradually to three or four, and in some seasons hi the moun- tain regions, to five feet. Approaching towards tlie sea, the regularity of its continuance is frequently interrupted by rains and thaws, which for short periods lay the surface of the ground nearly bare, and render the roads inconvenient and of- ten ex( eedingly diiiicult to pass. But in general, farther in- land, the snow aflT)rds a foundation for the transportation of heavy commodities, which in a new country thinly peopled^ and not yet provided witli soHd and permanent roads to an ex- tent adequate to its wants, is of incalculable advantage. The immense forests of timber with which the country is covered, can be of little value at the distance of even but a few miles from water carriage, unless a solid and smooth road is made fi'om the landing place to almost every tree ; and to make such roads on the surface of the earth in summer, to the necessary extent, would require time and expense beyond the ability of the population to accomplish, and perhaps beyond the value of the timber to reimburse. The snows of winter however provide a substitute, and at this season a large part of the farmers, released from the agricultural labors of summer, employ themselves and thoir teams in cutting and transporting the timber of the forests to the banks of the streams and rivers for a market. The uniform continuance of the snow in the for- est is calculated upon, with a degree of certainty which is sel- dom disap|)ointed ; and the steady cold winters of the interior of the State furnish, in relation to the lumber business, means of subsistence and wealth to its citizens, which are denied to those of regions which boast a milder climate and longer sum- mers.
At the approach of spring the thawing of the great body of snow which had accumulated on the ground, swells the rivulets and streams sufficiently to bear the lumber collected on their banks, to its ultimate destination for a market on the tide wa- ters. Without tliis peculiarly of the deptli and continuance of
CLIMATE 105
the snow in the winter, and the freshets occasioned by its melt- ing in the spring, a very large portion of what now constitutes an immense source of wealth to the State, must have been, not only without value, but absolutely an incumbrance.
Along the course of the sea-coast, the winters are less regu- lar. The snows generally fall to as great depth as in the inte- rior, and often greater, but are frequently succeeded by heavy rains, which break up the roads, and for a time render travel- ling difficult, and the transportation of heavy commodities ex- tremely expensive. At the breaking up of winter in all parts, both on the sea-coast, and in the interior, the ground being loosened by the frosts, the melting of the snow and the heavy rains of the season, injure the roads exceedingly, render them in many places almost impassable with safety, and subject the community to continual and heavy expenses to repair them. The same effect takes place in a less degree on the approach of winter. The result of these changes as it affects the means and facility of transportation and communication between the different parts of the State is that, in the country bordering on the sea-coast, the communication is uninterruptedly good, only a few months in the summer season, and sometimes for a very few uncertain weeks in the winter. In the interior it is good for about the same time in the summer, and with but compar- atively slight interruptions nearly an equal time in the winter. The communication betw^een the interior and the sea-board, is however subjected, in a degree, to the same interruptions in winters, as are experienced along the line of the coast ; and these fluctuations often occasion expenses in the intercourse of persons, and the transportation of commodities, which, though often small, and but little noticed in individual cases, yet from the innumerable instances in which they occur every year, must in the aggregate, form a very considerable item in the expendi- tures of the community, not the less real for the shape in which it occurs, nor the less important for the numbers among whoni it is divided. 14
106 CLIMATE.
Whether there are any, and if any what, improvements in artificial means of intercourse, may be made to over- come the difficuhies presented by the fluctuations of the ch- mate, and materially diminish the aggregate expense they oc- casion, is an inquiry of more importance than perhaps at first may appear ; but it cannot properly be discussed in this place.
It is a question of some interest in a prospective point of view, whether the present temperature, and other characteris- tics of the climate of the State, result from causes which are in their nature permanent, so that no change is to be expected at a future day, or from temporary causes, liable to changes which will produce a corresponding change in the climate. The rea- soning in the former part of this chapter, concerning some of the phenomena of the climate in new settlements, as they affect the ripening of some plants, proves, if well founded, that the progress of the settlement, and clearing of the country, will have an effect in increasing tlie mean temperature of the sum- mer months, and of amehorating the climate generally. Per- haps it may also for a time render the seasons more irregular. The observations of our old men, will also assure us that the climate of the State, has in fact undergone some amelioration since hs first settlement. The statements of Mr. Jefferson,* and of Dr. Williams,f as well as of others in our own country and in Europe, tend to confirm the opinion. Another circum- stance, existing within the State, may also be adduced in cor- roboration.
Near the centre of the State, is an extensive tract in which the ancient forest is principally destroyed, and its place but pardally supplied with a young growth, which, in very few pla- ces of considerable extent, is yet sufhcient to shade the ground from the direct action of the sun's rays. In this tract the snow disappears earlier in the spring, and does not permanently cov- er the earth so early in the autumn, as in the contiguous forests.
* Notes on Virginia, p. 111.
t History of Vermont, chap. 4, p. 57, et seq.
CLIMATE. 107
The leaves appear on the trees, and the surface exhibits the lively green of spring, from one to three weeks earlier, than is seen witliin 30 miles to the south of it. The temperature in the summer is sensibly warmer, particularly during the night. The wild fruits also ripen eatlier, and the whole appearance of the tract, indicates the favorable change produced in the climate by the extensive destruction of the original forest.
The preceding observations collectively will go far to war- rant the opinion, that at some day not very distant,'^ the cli- mate of the State must undergo a considerable change. The access of the vegetating season will probably be earher, its re- cess in autumn later, the mean temperature, and perhaps the extreme heat of summer, higher, the winters in general less se- vere, and probably less regular. ^
Whether the clearing of the surface of the earth which must take place with the increase of population and agriculture, will produce such a change in the climate of North-America as to bring it to the same temperature as is found in the correspond- mg parallels of latitude in Europe ; or whether any of the more occult operations of the laws of nature will ever produce this effect, are questions which we need not now undertake to con- sider. The reader who is curious on the subject, may find some interesting speculations pertaining to it. in the Appen- dix.f
Though it may seem rather remote, yet perhaps it is not among the subjects of least importance, for the statist to in- quire how far the peculiarities of the climate may affect the pursuits, ajid the moral and physical character of the inhabi- tants, and how far they indicate the policy which should gov- ern the Legislature in the enactment of laws in relation to these objects, or control any system of internal regulation bearing upon tlrem. The great mass of the people of Maine are agri- cultural, but a respectable proportion are engaged in the pur-
* See chap. 6.
t See Appendix A.
108 CLIMATE.
suits of commerce and manufactures. Nearly one third part of the year the operations of agriculture are principally at a stand. At this season the families of farmers have leisure for the cultivation of their understandings and morals ; and they are also exposed to the temptations to dissipation and immor- ality, which are always sure to present themselves to those who are at leisure to admit them. This season also affords a stim- ulus and opportunity for the employment of many in those branches of manufacture which may be profitably pursued a part of the year, and will admit of interruption. The shortness of the opposite season creates a demand for all the labor, and all the activity and energy, which can be brought to bear upon the pursuits of agriculture. This demand has an effect upon tlie wages of labor, which is unfavorable to the extensive and permanent pursuit of manufactures, and this activity and ener- gy has an important effect in regulating the moral, and increas- ing the physical force of the community. The same effect on the wages of labor, and on the accumulation of physical energy, will result from the great demand for labor in the winter for the prosecution of the lumber business, so long as the yet unculti- vated wilderness shall afford such vast quantities of timber ; but whether the effect of this particular pursuit, upon the moral character of the community, is so favorable, may perhaps be questioned. It is probable however that the day is not ex- tremely distant when this business must cease.*
As the country becomes cleared of its forests, and the op- portunity for profitable employment, in the winter, in the manu- facture and transportation of lumber, shall cease, the length of time in which many must be unemployed in the business of ag- riculture, will excite a part of them to abandon that pursuit altogether, and turn their attention to those manufactures which will employ them the whole year. This subduction of hands from the labors of the field, will increase the demand for the products of agriculture, produce a market near home, and bet-
* See chap. 6.
CLIMATE. 109
ter reward the farmer for the time in which he can be employ- ed. Thus whatever disadvantages result, in some respects, from the nature of the seasons, they may be counterpoised by the control which they may naturally exercise over the pursuits of the people ; especially if assisted by sound discretion and judgment in those who may have an influence in regulating or directing public opinion with regard to the best means to pro- mote the permanent interests of the community.
That the leading characteristics of the climate operate in va- rious ways and degress to influence or control the schemes of people for the acquisition of wealth, and indirectly affect even the moral character of a community ; — that it is within the pow- er of intelligence and foresight to improve the advantages, and surmount or mitigate the disadvantages of the climate, and turn them both to good account ;— and that more attention to this point may be necessary to the most successful prosecution of many measures for the promotion of the public weal, whether by the operation of Legislative acts, or the more limited enterprises of private individuals, — will be admitted by all ; — but opinions will differ as to the degree of importance to be attached to, or use to be made of them. To discuss the subject fully would much transcend the proper hmits of this w^ork ; but the suggestions here offered, it is hoped, may have their use in exciting inquiry and examination, which may result in more extended observa- tions, and just conclusions.
110 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
CHAPTER IV.
JVatural products.
The extensive field of natural history has been as yet but very imperfectly explored in this State ; and of the little wliich is accurately known of it, much less has been given to the public, or can easily be procured for that purpose. The design of this work would require some account of the native productions of the State, so far as they are knov/n, especially of such as are, or may be, of use in the arts and pursuits of life; but a simple and brief Ust of some of the principal is all which can be given at this time.
The most important native production of the State, so far as known at present, whether as it regards quantity or utility, is its forest trees. •
PiNus Strobus. — ( White Pine) — Abundant originally in all parts of the State — now most plentiful about the sources of the Penobscot and Kenebeck, and on the waters of the Aroostook. Uses. — For masts, plank, boards, shingles, clapboards, beams, scanthng, laths, he.
PiNus Rubra. — (Red Pine, JSTorway Pine, Yellow Pine) — Originally in greatest quantity in the south-west parts of the State — now become scarce in most parts. Uses. — Deck plank and other materials for ship-building, masts, spars, boards, plank, scantling. — Norway pine is the common name in Maine, but improperly. The true Norway pine is the Mies Pinea.
PiNus RiGiDA. — (Pitch Pine) — Chiefly in the south and westerly parts of the State — scarce, a small quantity on Penob- scot west branch.
PiNus RuPESTRis. — (Shrub Pine) — Scarce and of little val- ue.
NATURAL PRODUCTS. Ill
Abies Canadensis. — (Hemlock) — Abundant, except on some parts of the river St. John. Uses. — Boards, plank, joists, laths — very durable — not prised at its worth where pine is plenty — bark extensively used for tanning leather.
Abies Nigra. — (Black Spruce, Double Spruce) — Abies Alba. — (White Spruce, single Spruce) — Abundant, tall, strait, slender. Uses. — Spars, knees for shipbuilding, joists, boards, plank, laths, frame timber, &ic. he. Light, elastic.
Abies Balsamifera. — (Fir, Silver Fir) — Grows in low lands — cold soil — not much used.
PiNus Larix. — (Larch, Juniper, Hackmatack, Bald Spruce) — Grows in low boggy lands. Uses. — Knees for ship- building, trenails, plank, posts, &;c. A very durable and valua- ble tree — grows rapidly — does not attain a very large size. It is most commonly, but improperly, called Juniper.
Juniperus Virginiana. — (Red Cedar) — Little except in the southern part of the State — small size.
QuercusAlba. — (White Oak) Quercus Prinus Disco- lor,— (Swamp White Oak) — most abundant near the sea- cost and tide waters — none at any great distance in the interi- or, nor much east of the Penobscot. Uses. — Ship building, staves, machinery, &:c. — The latter species not abundant, nor so valuable as the former.
Quercus Rubra. — (Red Oak) — Abundant on the seaboard — a little in the interior. Uses. — Nearly the same as white- oak — less valuable.
Quercus Ambigua. — (Grey Oak) — Rare.
Quercus Pumila. — (Shrub Oak) — On Gravelly plains and barrens— of no known value.
Juglans Cathartica. — (Oilnut, Butternut) — On rich al- luvial lands — abounds on the Kenebeck. Its bark yields a strong colouring matter, and ^ is a powerful cathartic — wood little used.
Juglans Squamosa. — Shagbark Walnut Juglans Alba.
I 12 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
( Wliite Walnut) — ^A little only in the south-west part of tlie State.
Betula Lutea. — [Yellow Birch) — Abundant in all parts. Uses. — Ship building, cabinet work, machinery, &lc.
Betula Lenta. — (Black Birch) Rare.
Betula Papyracea. — (White Birch) — Abounds most near the sea and tide waters. Uses. — Cabinet work, &ic. &;c. Bark, used by the Indians, for canoes, &tc.
Betula Rubra. — (Red Birch) — Probably the same with the preceding ; the only observed difference being in the color of the heart wood, and this supposed to be only owing j;o age. Uses. — The same.
Betula Populifolia. — (White Birch) — All the differ- ence between this and the two preceding, appears to be such as results from age and circumstances.
Betula Alnus. — (Alder) — Li low grounds. Of httle val- ue.
Fagus Sylvestris. — (White Beech) Fagus Ferrugina. — (Red Beech) — Abundant in all parts of the State. The differ- ence between these two is supposed to be only owing to age and circumstances of growth. The latter species very dura- ble. Uses. — Ship-building and other purposes.
Acer Saccharinum. — (Rock Maple^ Sugar Maple) — Abundant in most parts of the State. Uses. The sap yields sugar. The wood very hard and heavy, some sorts valuable for cabinet-work. Sometimes used in ship-building, mill-work, and machinery. Not durable when exposed to air and mois- ture alternately.
Acer Eriocarpum. Acer Negundo. — (White Maple) — Not very abundant. Uses. — The bark for dying — wood for various purposes — light, durable.
Acer Rubrum. — (Red Flowering Maple, Swamp Ma- ple)— Often confounded with the former.
Acer Striatum. — (Striped Maple, Moose Wood — Small — of little value.
NATURAL PRODUCTS. 113
Fraxinus Excelsior. — (White Ash) — In all parts of the ■State; a light, elastic, tough wood. Uses. — Oars, staves, plank, blocks, various implements and machinery.
Fraxinus Americana.. — (Black Ash, Swamp Ash, Yellow Ash.) Uses — Various ; Very durable. (F. Sambucifolia of Michaux ?J
Ulmus Americana. — (Elm) — In moist rich lands, a large handsome tree, tough, not easily split. Uses — Various.
Carpinus Ostrya. — C. Americana. — C. Betulus. — (Hornbeam, Hornbine, Lever Wood, Iron Wood) — Small size, exceeding strong and close-grained. Not abundant.
Larrus Sassafras. — (Sassafras) — A little in York coun- ty-
Thuya Occtdentalis. — (White Cedar. — Arbor Vitce) — Abundant in some low moist grounds. Uses. — Shingles, rails, posts, &tc. ; very durable and light. The name arbor vita, is also given by some to the Juniperus Virginiana.
TiLiA Americana. — (Bass Wood. — Lime Tree) — In all parts of the State. In moist rich grounds; large size ; a veiy light soft wood. Uses. — ^Various.
. White Wood — Nearly similar to the pre- ceding. Found between the sources of the Aroostook and the Madawamkeag.
PopuLUs Tremuloides. — (Poplar, American Aspen) — A common growth after fires have overrun the original forest.
PopuLUS Balsamifera. — (Balsam Poplar, Balm of Gile- ad. Sycamore) — In the northern parts of the State this tree is found of a large size. Its buds and leaves aromatic, and said to possess medicinal qualities.
Cerasus. — (Cherry) — Several species, some of which are used in cabinet work ; common after fires have overrun the forest.
Prunus. — (Plum) — Several species, of little value, except the Moose-plum, or Kennebeck-plum. Wood hard, brittle, fine grained. Would probably be of use in some of the arts. 15
114 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
Salix. — (Willow) — Several species, of little value.
Rhus Glabrum. Rhus Typhinum. — (Sumach) — Ap- pears in some places after clearing the forests. Valuable in fanning and dyeing.
There are many species of lesser shrubs, and of perennial and annual plants indigenous to this State, some of which have valuable properties, but the enumeration is hardly necessary, and may be dispensed with.
A full account of the mineral productions of the State would be highly desirable and important, but this department of its natural history has, as yet, been but very partially explored ; and a bare mention of such minerals as are known to exist in a few places, is aU that can be given. We are indebted for nearly aU that is known upon the subject, to the labors of Pro- fessor Cleaveland. The account which follows of some of them, with those few localities wliich are known, is principally extracted from his valuable work on Mineralogy.*
Iron. — Is very extensively diffused in all parts of the State ; but few of its localities however have been explored sufficient- ly to ascertain the kinds, quality, or quantity of its ores. In some the quantity has been found to be considerable ; in some supposed to be very extensive ; the kinds less known. Among them, so far as known are the following kinds and localities: —
SuLPHURET OF Iron. — (PyHtes^ Iron Pyrites) — Found at Brunswick, Wintiu'op, Albion, and other places — Often in Ar- gillite and mica slate — Specimens have been found near Will- iamsburgh, but not in great quantity — used chiefly for the man- ufacture of Copperas.
Sulphate of Iron, — ^Near Andover. Other ores of iron exist also in this vicinity.
Magnetic Sulphuret of lR0N.-.-At Brunswick."
* It is to be hoped that his professional duties may, at some future time, allow him t» prosecute bis researches, and five to the public an account of the miaeralogy and geology of the State, which is much wantod, aad to which no otker in tb« State can pretend to be equal.
NATURAL PRODUCTS 115
Magnetic Oxide of Iron.
Var. 1. Native Magnet. — At Topsham.
Var. 2. Iron Sand. — In small quantity at Williamsburgli.
Var. 3. Micaceous Oxide of Iron. — Near Belfast.
OcHREY Red oxide of Iron. — [Red Ochre)-\ large quan- tity, supposed to be of this species, is found on the west branch of Pleasant river near the Ebeeme mountains. In its vicinity are other species also, supposed to be Red and Brown Hem- atite.
Bog Ore. — Clinton. Near Ebeeme mountains, and various other places.
Phosphate of Iron. — York.
Beds of Iron ore, but of what kind is not known, have been discovered in various parts of the interior .^ — One of some ex- tent on the bank of the Penobscot, above Sunkhaze. — A large one on the bank of the St. John, about 2 miles above the mouth of Fish river. A large quantity is found in township No 6, 9th range Penobscot County ; and there are indications of its existence in abundance in the Ebeeme mountains, and in Katahdin — also in the eastern part of the State, near the Me- duxnekeag.
Lead. — Is found, in the form of its sulphuret, or Galena, at Topsham and at Thomaston. In what quantities is not known. It has been found also at Exeter, Penobscot County.
Oxide of Manganese. — At Thomaston.
Sulphuret of Molybdena. — At Brunswick, and Mount Desert.
Oxide of Molybdena.— At Brunswick — connected with tlie preceding.
Red oxide of Titaniuji. — At Topsham.
Graphite. — Often improperly called black lead. Found at Brunswick, Freeport, Bath, Gorham, Paiis.
Peat. — Exists abundantly in swamps and bogs. The great quantities of fuel furnished as yet by the forests, leaves the peat hitherto of but little value.
116 IVATURAL PRODUCTS.
Lime. — Is found in various parts of the State, but nowhere so abundantly as at Thomaston and Camden. In both those places it is ^^TOught in great quantities for ordinary' purposes as a cement ; and its exportation forms a large part of the trade of the inhabitants. In Thomaston particularly, the rock is principally a handsome marble, much of which is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. Lime in some of its vai*ie- ties, principally its carbonate, is diffiised over various other parts of the State. In some it is manufactured, but not exten- sively; a handsome marble, as well as ordinary- varieties of the carbonate of Hme, is found on the w^aters of the Meduxnekeag. An extensive bed of fine statuary marble forms a part of tiie bed of the west branch of the Penobscot, a little below the Chesuncoofc. A variety of Phosphate of lime has been found at Topsham.
-Granite. — And Granitic rocks, suitable for building, are found in every variety of form and situation in most parts of the State. Quarries of the most valuable kinds for the purposes of architecture, have been opened near the banks of the Kenne- beck in Hallowell and Augusta, near the shores of Penobscot bay, and in other places. Most of these are conveniently ac- cessible, are easily wrought, and the working and exportation of them is becoming a business of some extent and impor- tance.
Slate. — In several varieties, exists extensively between tlie Kennebcck and Penobscot rivers ; and has been discovered in several instances from the Penobscot to the waters of the St. John. The basis or substratum of a large proportion of the hills between the Kennebeck and the Penobscot consists of Slate. Near tlie sea coast they appear to be composed princi- pally of mica slate. Proceeding northerly the external charac- ter becomes less distinct. On the Piscataquis, Argillite prevails, and many of the hills are founded entirely on this. It appears also in the vallies, and beds of the rivers. Occasionally the Rrgillite is alternated with silicious slate, frequently traversed by
NATURAL PRODUCTS. 117
veins of quartz and sometimes is alternated with mica slate. The argillite and silicious slate are sometimes found passing into each other, in various proportions. Towards the sea board the mica slate occurs in a few places, in very thin laminae, not regularly stratified, and very friable. Generally it exists in irregular strata of all variety of forms, sometimes nodulous. The irregularity in general becomes less as it recedes from the sea. On the Piscataquis the argillite is in general regularly stratified, and, in a number of instances has been found capa- ble of being split into roof slate, of a superior quality. An in- stance of this kind exists in large quantity at Williamsburgh, where tables have been obtained from six to nearly ten feet in length, of the best quality, suitable for roof or writing slate. It is said that a large body, of a similar quality, has been found in township No. 9, 9th range, in the county of Somerset. It is found also at Houlton, and at various places on Penobscot riv- er and its eastern branches.
One peculiarity of the roof slate which has been examined in some parts of the State, will serve to indicate its superiority over much tliat is found and used in other parts of the United States, for the covering of buildings ; viz. its power of resis- tance to the force of frost ; as is shown in instances where, in its native situation, it has been exposed to all changes of the seasons, in the open air, for ages, and yet exhibits no marks of decomposition, nor change of its original structure.
From the general appearance of the hills, connected with the appearance of the argillite which has been discovered, it is supposed that the tract of country, from 10 to 20 miles in width, extending from the eastern part of the county of Som- erset, and perhaps from Kennebeck river, in a northeasterly direction, on and north of the Piscataquis and the Madawam- keag, to the country about Houlton, and probably northerly to the Aroostook and St. John, will be found to be based princi- pally upon argillite, of a suitable form and quality for roof and writing slates. The waters of the Penobscot will afford con-
118 NATURAL PRODUCTS.
venient means for its transportation to market, and its quality, and the increasing demand for its use, throughout the United States, must one day render its manufacture and exjx)rtation a profitable employment for many of the inhabitants of the State. It is probable, that this tract of slate formation extends south- westward to Waterville on the Kennebeck, where it has been found, said to be of a good qualit}'.
Among others of the natural products which may stimulate the enterprize and reward the industry of Che inhabitants of the State, may be classed those of the sea which washes its shores, and the -rivers which water its interior. It is suf- ficient however merely to mention them in this place ; their kind and value are well known ; and it will at once be perceived that the great extent to which the taking and curing of fisli, and the manufacture of sah, may furnish em- ployment, and the means of subsistence and wealth, to a nu- merous population, inhabiting around the multitude of bays and harbors with which the State is indented, will by conse- quence extend, as it were, the territory of the State into the ocean, and increase its numbers, wealth, and physical strengtli, to a degree not easily calculated. Some further notice of this article will be taken in Chapter 8.
Those natural products which require the aid of the labor of man, in agriculture, as also the products of manufacturing industr\% will be noticed under their respective heads.
How far, and in what manner the parental care of the Le- gislature, or the enterprize of private citizens, may avail to in- crease the value of the natural products with which the State abounds ; to promote the production of such as are most use- ful, and require the hand of culture ; to preserve from waste those which are exposed to destruction ; to explore the extent to which valuable native products may be foimd to exist, or be made useful ; and to improve, in tlie best manaer, the ad-
DIVISIONS. 119
i^antages which the whole, in various ways, may afford to the State, as sources of individual and public wealth and comfort; are questions which cannot fail to be interesting, and which may be of very great interest to the future welfare of the State ; but, to an intelligent and enterprizing people, it will be sufficient merely to make the suggestion.
CHAPTER V.
Divisions.
The artificial divisions of the State, which are formed for po- litical purposes, or for the convenience of distinct portions of the people, will be most readily understood by consulting the general Map of the State, and the Adas, Plate 6. Those nat- ural divisions which result from the relative position of moun- tains, lakes, rivers, &tc. will appear in some measure in the gen- eral Map, but more especially in the Atlas, Plate 1, to which Plate 4 may also be added ; and these, with the descriptions in chapter 2, may suffice for tliis part of the subject.
There is however another kind of natural division, or, perhaps more properly, a result of natural divisions, which occurs in a greater or less degree, in most countries of any considerable ex- tent, and exists, in some degree, in Maine. This division arises chiefly from the mutual wants and conveniences of the inhabit- ants respectively in different parts of the State — the number and local position of the places where they find the means to supply those wants, or increase those conveniences — the direc- tions and facilities of the usual channels of intercourse — the transient or pemianent character of any obstacles to the inter- course between different secuons — the position, and natural and artificial advantaires of the commercial towns, or focal points, which concentrate the business of particular districts;
120 DIVISIONS.
and perhaps sometimes to natural or artificial rivalships, com- petitions, or combinations among different classes of the com- munity. It is not intended to suppose that such divisions have uniformly or necessarily an injurious effect. They may some- times be beneficial. The object here is to show that they must exist, in a measure, in this State ; and to suggest some of the possible results, in order that the minds of those, who deem it of any importance, may be excited to the inquiry whether any practicable course of policy or enterprise may be available to improve whatever advantages, or obviate the disadvantages, which might result to the community, fi-om the existence or ef- fects of such natural divisions.
We may for a moment suppose a country of any extent, possessing but one port, — one point of commercial correspond- ence, and of general communication, with other countries. It will be perceived at once that this port will be tlie general de^ pot for all the surplus products of the country, whether of agri- culture or manufactures, and the place at which these will be exchanged for the products of other countries. The mutual wants and convenience of all the inhabitants of this country will bring them frequently together at this place, and will lead them to connections in business, acquaintances, friendships, &;c. which will tend to assimilate their habits of thinking and act- ing, and to form a general homogeneous character in the whole community. The interest and feelings of the whole, will be- come in some measure identified with those of each part, they will generally act together on all subjects of general interest, and all measures of public improvement will tend directly to draw closer the connection, and promote the intercourse be- tween the centre and the extreme parts of the country.
Suppose next, that there are two or more such posts, each conveniently accommodating a particular district of the coun- try, but none situated so as sufficiently to accommodate die whole, nor so as that their respective necessities, nor conveni- ence, require any connection with each other. Here then
DIVISIONS. 121
there must be two or more classes of the population, having but little intercourse or acquaintance with each other. Their real interests may be substantially the same, and require, in general, the pursuit of the same pohcy, and the adoption of the same measures ; but their respective views on the subject may be different, and their feelings selfish, local, and exclu- sive. Hence jealousies and discord will arise, and often pre- vent the adoption of measures, both of a general and local na- ture, which would have been highly beneficial to the whole community. It is possible too that a spirit of emulation may excite them to greater activity and exertion, each in fair meas- ures to promote the interests of their respective sections ; and the general interests of the whole country may be advanced by the competition.
Suppose also that the position, or natural advantages of these several ports, and the circumstances and geographical features of the country, are such that the enterprize and industry of the inhabitants of one district may improve the means of inter- course with, or offer some superior advantages to, a part of the inhabitants of others, so as to induce them to form their commercial connections and acquaintance with themselves, and unite their interests and view^s and feelings in the same system of local and sectional policy. Such a course would be open to either. It might be pursued in a spirit of honorable enter- prize, and ardent competition, resulting in improvements highly beneficial to the whole counti'y. It might also be pur- sued differently, and in some cases, much to the physical and moral injury, not only of the rival parts, but of the whole.
These remarks may apply, at least in a measure, to possi- bilities arising from some of the local circumstances of this State ; and it will be well if a consideration of the subject should prompt to a course of thinking and acting, which, when applied to all questions of a public nature, should result only
In measures the best calculated to obviate whatever disadvan- 16
122 DIVISIONS.
tages, and improve to the utmost whatever advantages may per- tain to, or flow from, these circumstances.
The State of Maine has no common centre, to which the wants or convenience of its inhabitants would induce them nat- urally to resort, or with which to form connections which should combine the whole in one general interest. Such con- nections and combinations therefore, if formed at all, must re- sult only from the general principles of patriotism, virtue, and liberahty, sustaining themselves against the counteracting in- fhience of local attachments, and sectional and exclusive inter- ests. Of course it is evident, that besides, and in aid of, the force of physical enterprize, a high degree of moral culture, in the mass of the people, is necessary in order to overcome whatever disadvantages may exist, and to elicit, . in the best manner, the natural advantages which the state affords, and to bring them to their proper bearing on the wealth, strength and happiness of the community.
The most of the numerous bays and harbors with which the sea coast of the State is indented, afford suitable sites for com- mercial and manufacturing villages, which form so many focal points, for a greater or less extent of country around them. At some point in the intermediate distances between them, will be a dividing line, beyond which their commercial con- nections with the interior will not extend, unless through the influence of adventitious circumstances, which will ever vary with the numbers, captital, and enterprize, of those at these focal points.
At a distance firom the sea shore, the head of navigation on the several rivers will naturally form other points, which, from their local position, will intercept more or less of the trade which otherwise would fall to the share of towns on the sea coast. Farther in the interior there are also points which offer some superior advantages, for manufacturing and trading villa- ges ; and the circumstances under which they may be formed will give a direction to the current of trade beyond them, and
DIVISIONS. 123
from them to the sea coast. The multitude of such points along the sea coast and navigable rivers, without any one of such commanding superiority, with respect to natural advanta- ges, as to absorb or concentrate the capital, or divert it materi- ally from all the rest, affords a foundation, and stimulus to, a •spirit of enterprize and competition, which, if well directed, and regulated by ulterior views of public good, may result in im- proving the means of intercourse between the different portions of the interior and the seaboard, and promoting in various ways the convenience of the inhabitants of each, in a manner, and to a degree, highly advantageous to the common interests of the whole. It may also, on the other hand, be obstructed by want of power to overcome the obstacles presented by local author- ities, or want of authority, and partial conflicting interests ; or may result in narrow rivalships, and selfish combinations, which will prevent the general progress of public improvement, and produce a spirit of discord and bitterness, highly injurious, not only tojhe external prosperity, but to the moral character, and happiness of the State.
It will not be doubted that possibilities of these opposite na- tures exist, not only in relation to cases of the particular kind alluded to, but in a multitude, of all forms and descriptions, throughout the State.
It is well known that a considerable portion of the time and attention of the Legislature, is often taken up in the considera- tion of applications for, and objections against, some projected objects of internal improvement, or local convenience, such as turnpikes, bridges, canals, locks, milldams, he. which in some instances may be beneficial to the public at large, in others may operate only to promote sectional or personal interests, to the disadvantage of other sections or persons. And though, in the abstract, they are decidedly measures of public improve- ment, yet it often requires much intelligence and foresight to discern, whether, from their circumstances, they may not pre- vent other measures of greater advantage than may be derived
124 DIVISIONS.
from the projected improvement ; or destroy, or materially di- minish the value of, some natural advantages belonging to the community at large, or to some of its members ; or whether the enterprize, though it appears to promise ad'equate advan- tage to the projectors, or to some particular section of the country, may not absorb more of the energies and capital of the community, than its results will eventually compensate x)y reimburse.
Related to this subject also, are schemes of civil and politi- cal arrangement, such as incorporation of towns and counties, establishment of Hterary and other institutions, &;c. w^hich sometimes may originate in, or receive a direction from, sec- tional or personal interests and rivalships, incompatible with the general good ; and though in many cases they may be, and are, necessary and beneficial, yet in some they may be direct- ly or indirectly injurious, or may prevent future and more im- portant advantages.
The continual and increasing enterprizes for the opening of new, and alteration of old roads, in all parts of the country ; with the long contests and delays, with which some of these enterprizes are attended, afford additional evidence, not only of a spirit of improvement highly beneficial and credhable to the State, but of the existence, in some instances, of a counter spirit, and also of former deficiencies in the projection and prosecution of measures of public utility ; and it indicates too, the importance of liberal and expanded views, and of the cul- tivation of a high tone of public spirit, in all those who possess the power or influence to promote or impede any such meas- ures.
The slightest reflection on these subjects will show that they afford room for endless injurious divisions, and demand the ex- ercise of the united wisdom of the Legislature, and of the proper constituted authorities, with the highest moral sense and intelligence among the people, in adopting and pursuing that system of policy which shall produce, on the whole, the great- est sum of advantages, to which they may be made to conduce.
DIVISIONS. 125
Where the current of commercial intercourse among th6 in- habitants is not controlled nor led by the course of the rivers, nor obstructed by mountains, or other natural impediments, and where mercantile capital is found at all points, in sufficient amount for the supply of the vicinity, the connections of the inhabitants of the interior, with those of the market towns, on the navigable waters of the sea-board^ will be regulated chiefly by their respective distances. An exception may be made, so far as the circumstances of the different markets may offer paramount inducements in the relative prices of commodities. The courses of the rivers, in the facility they afford for the transportation of lumber, will naturally direct so much of the trade as consists in that article, to the towns on their respective borders, and generally to those situated near the head of navi- gation.
With these exceptions, the different sea-port and market towns in the State may be expected to command the interior frade, and form the centres of business, connections, and inter- ests, of distticts nearly proportioned in size to the respective distances from the different parts of the interior to these cen- tral points. This supposes, however, that the state of the roads, or other means of transportation, renders the communi- cation equally easy and cheap to all parts in proportion to the distance.
The ultimate size, wealth, and importance of the market towns respectively, may be expected to be determined prin- cipally by the extent of territory^ and amount of population, the business of which each can attract to itself.
It will be obvious that superior enterprize, and skill in its direction, on the part of the inhabitants of one market-town, in improving the natural, or creating artificial, means of com- munication with the interior, may extend their mercantile con- nections into districts, which otherwise would naturally be con- nected with some other market ; and thus would increase their own wealth and importance, at the expense of some of their
126 DIVISIONS.
neighbors. This affords a fair field of competition which, it' properly conducted, may be made to result much to the ad- vantage of the whole collectively. It is only necessary that it be left free to all, be entered upon with a liberal spirit, and that no sinister measures, on the part of one, be suffered to arrest or impede the enterprize of another.
It would not be easy to jassign to any one port, or focal point, in the State, the precise limits of the district to which its connections or operations should or may extend ; nor if practicable would it be of jiiuch importance. It will not, however, be wholly uninteresting, nor useless, to notice some of the principal points, and the general extent of the districts with which their mercantile connections will naturally be form- ed, and from which they will, in a measure, derive their rela- tive consequence.
In the present early stage and unequal distribution of the population of most parts of the State, very little of the future importance of any central point, or its adjacent districts, is to be measured by the present numbers of either. Extent of territory only must be the basis of any present calculations* ; and the rapid increase and distribution of the population of the State may be expected to realize any reasonable anticipa- tions in this respect, at a period not very remote.
In relation to this subject the State may be considered as naturally divided into four principal districts, and these again subdivided into many lesser ones. It will not be necessary to notice the minor divisions, but merely in a general manner, the principal ones, of which Portland, Hallowell, (including Au- gusta and Gardiner,) Bangor, and Calais, may be considered as forming or representing the central points. There are oth- er towns which possess as great, and in some respects greater, commercial advantages than are possessed by some of these, but a part of them may be considered as included in, or con-
* Fertility and other natural advantages of the territory shoald also be taken into the consideration, but estimates on these grounds can not bo made with any tolerable cer^ tainty, at present.
DIVISIONS. 127
nected with, some of these — others will depend principally on foreign commerce, and therefore are not within the design of this Chapter — others command too small an extent of interior country to form an item of much importance in a comprehen- sive view of the State. Kennebunk and Saco may be con- sidered partly as connected, and partly as competing with Portland. Bath will share the connections of Hallowell, and also in some measure compete with Portland. The lumber trade of the Androscoggin will give it, in connection with Brunswick, an interest and connection with a part of the dis- tricts otherwise naturally assigned to Portland and Hallowell respectively. Its open navigation in the winter will give it an advantage which, at that season, will attract a part of the inte- rior trade from the country otherwise naturally falling to Hal- lowell. The same circumstance will enable Belfast, at times, successfully to compete with Hallowell and Bangor. Machi- as and Eastport possess advantages of their own, and may share a part of those of Calais, and compete with that place, and with each other, for the trade of that section of the State. Machias, by perhaps a trifling expense in canals, may take a share of the lumber trade of the Schoodic lakes, and, by suitable improvements in the means of internal communica- tion, Machias, Calais and Eastport may compete with Bangor for some part of the trade of the district naturally belonging to that place ; and Bangor and Hallowell, and Hallowell and Portland, may claim a share of that of each other* The in- termediate ports along the sea coast will compete, in various degrees, and with various success, with each other, and with some of those which have been mentioned.
The territory, within the State, to which Portland, including Kennebunk and Saco, affords the nearest market, contains about 1800 square miles.* Its open harbor in the winter, and
* It will be remembered that all reference to the present population of any part of the territory, is here thrown out of the question. The reader who is inclined to speculate on this subject, and conjecture its future bearing, may peihaps find some data, from which to reason, in Chapter 6.
128 DIVISIONS.
its superior mercantile capital at present, attract to it the principal part of the trade of about 1000 square miles more, which lie nearer to Hallowell and Bath. Besides the territo- ry within the State, dependent on this market, there are about 5000 square miles in the upper part of New-Hampshire and Vermont, which lie nearer to Portland than to any other sea- port ; and are, partially at least, connected with it. Any im- provements in the means of communication, to compete with the facilities of transportation rendered by the improvements on Connecticut river, would connect this whole tract with Port- land, except so far as similar improvements should connect such part of it as lies nearer to Hallowell, with that place. The district then which will naturally, and principally, be con- nected with Portland, by ties of interest and habit, may be considered as equal to about 2800 square miles within this state, besides what connections are, and may be, formed with parts of New-Hampshire and Vermont.
The territory naturally connecting itself with Hallowell,* so far as the distance is concerned, contains about 4500 square miles, within the State, of which there are nearly 1000 square miles, as before mentioned, connected with Portland by other circumstances tl;an proximity ; and about 2000 square miles in the upper parts of New-Hampshire and Vermont, of which the principal part, under present circumstances, connects itself with Portland and other markets. The field therefore of com^ petition, in the career of internal improvements, between Hal- lowell and Portland, to attract, each to itself, the trade and influ- ence of a more extended terrhor}^, may be considered as about 3000 square miles ; (viz. 1000 within the State, and 2000 in New-Hampshire and Vermont) — that between Portland and Hallow^ell on one side, and other places westward, and out of the State, on the odier, as about 5000 square miles, 2000 of which however is also included in the field of competition with Hallowell,
* Inclttdmj also Augusta and Gardiner, and hi some respects Bath.
DIVISIONS. 129
The local position of the upper waters of Kennebeck river will give to Hallovvell the lumber trade, and probably with it a part of the other trade of the territory which otherwise would naturally fall to the share of Bangor. And a considerable dis- trict on either side of the line of equal proximity to those two places, will be a field for the competition of enterprize, in im- proving the means of communication to each of them respec- tively.
A large portion of the northern part of the State would find its market nearer, and form its connections more conveniently with Quebec, or Fredericton, if the inipediments which must result from the situation of those places under a foreign gov- ernment, were out of the way. At times, it may be expected that some portion of its trade will take tliat course, notwith- standing such impediments. Its lumber, it would seem, must necessarily follow the course of the waters, and find its mar- ket at Fredericton. It is far from impossible, however, that a proper system of internal improvement, aided by the political relations of the two countries, may retain a considerable por- tion, of even that heavy commodity, to the markets within the State.
It will be obvious at a glance, that Bangor* will be the point naturally to concentrate the business of more than half the State, so far as it is transacted within the State. Such cir- cumstances as have been before alluded to, may divert a part of this to Hallowell on one side, and to Machias, Eastport and Calais, on the other. Belfast also, at certain seasons, will com- pete for a share of its trade and connections with a part of the interior, as it will also for that of Hallowell ; — but the territory which will naturally connect itself with Bangor, independent of all competition, will be about 9000 square miles, or more than one fourth of the State ; and a liberal spirit on the part of this State, and of Massachusettes, in opening and improving the
* With Bangor is to be included m part, the towns in its vicinity on the Penobscot. The situation of Frankfort, at the head of winter navigation, gives it a share of the busi- ness of Bangor.
17
130 DIVISIOiNS.
communication to the public lands in the northern parts of the State, may, as before intimated, eventually lead to districts within the State, and principally to this, the whole trade of the country on the Aroostook and St. John, and secure to the State and to the Nation, the benefits of the circulation of the capital necessary to supply the whole of that extensive region.
Machias, Eastport and Calais, will naturally share, between them, the trade and connections of about 2500 square miles. Their situation, on and near the frontier of the State and na- tion, will occasion fluctuations in these connections, among themselves; and, under seme circumstances, will very consid- erably vary the extent of their connections with the interior and other parts of the State.
On a bare inspection of the Map of the State, it will be seen, that though there are many ports along the sea coast, each of which will form the central point of a district of small extent, yet there are none which can enter extensively into successful competition with the districts which have been here described, excepting Saco, Bath, and Belfast. These may, under some circumstances, form extensive permanent connections with some parts of the territory, which otherwise would attach itself to one or another of the preceding places ; and a liberal compe- tition for this object, may, if rightly conducted, result in per- manent advantages to the whole.
Overlooking the fluctuating connections which will always exist near the verge of different districts, and those of small ex- tent which will be confined to the minor ports along the sea- coast, the population of the State, when it becomes fully settled, will, as it appears, naturally form itself into four distinct bodies, connected with, and moving round, as many separate central points, united, each within itself, by ties of mutual convenience, and common interests and habits ; but severed from all the rest, except so far as an elevated and liberal tone of public sentiment may unite them. The result of these circumstan- ces may be mutual jealousies, narrow and discordant \iews.
DIVISIONS. 131
and illiberal competitions, which will injuriously and deeply af- fect the general prosperity : — Or, it may be a liberal spirit of enterprize, and honorable competition, which shall awaken the energies, stimulate the exertions, and extensively promote the improvement, wealth, and respectability of the State at large, as well as of all its individual members. Much will depend on those w^ho may have it in their power to give the tone to public opinion and action, and to direct or control the meas- ures which respectively tend to good or ill ; and the most lib- eral and expanded views and feelings, among the predomina- ting classes of the community, will be necessary to promote the one and prevent the other.
More particular observations to prove, or enforce, the im- portance of the subject, on either side, might be deemed par- tial or invidious, and will not be necessary. It wil be suffi- cient to have noticed, in general terms, the leading divisions into which the State is cast by its natural features, and to have adverted slightly to the evils which may possibly result, from the tendency of these natural divisions to excite and foster a spirit of sectional and exclusive policy, in the management of public affairs, and in the schemes of private adventure. The intelligent and upright portion of the community imbued with the spirit of true patriotism, will not need extensive details, neither of facts nor argument, to excite in them a profound consideration of the subject, in its remotest bearings, and to prompt them to a proper direction of their powers in relation to it ; and to other portions of the community, proper motives of action, however sustained by fact and argument, would be addressed in vain.
132 POPULATIO>\
CHAPTER VI.
Population,
In considering the subject of the population of Maine it wil! be proper to notice in the outset — that its actual present num- ber IS very far below that which it is capable of sustaining, even on the same part of the territory wliich it now occupies j that it is, and unless under circumstances of great adversity, will be increasing for many years ; that the increase may consist, not only of those born, more than those who die with- in, or remove from, the State, but of immigrants from other States and countries ; that to provide for the future welfare and usefulness of this increase, as well as for that of the pres- ent residents, forms an important part of the political duties of legislators and people ; that there is a point, beyond which any increase of numbers may cease to be beneficial to the commu- nity ; that it may^ under some circumstances, be questionable whether it is for the interest and happiness of the State col- lectively, to encourage its increase by immigration from a- broad ; that though these circumstances may not now exist, yet, in the natural course of events, they may exist hereafter ; and it cannot be determined how soon they may occur, even in this State, and that a time may arrive when any increase of numbers may operate as a dead weight upon its energies, ma- terially diminish its resources, and impair the happiness, and deteriorate the moral character of the community.
No registers have been kept within this State, from which the amount of the natural increase of its population could be ascertained with tolerable accuracy. In some few instances, registers of births and deaths in particular towns and par- ishes have been preserved ; but the fluctuating state of the
POPULATION. 133
jpopulation, in a new and rapidly increasing country, renders these partial accounts of very little use as data from which to determine the natural increase of the whole State ; — therefore, in all reasonings upon this subject, such ratio must be assumed, as experience and observation, in other countries, under cir- cumstances somewhat similar, in regard to the probabilities of life, and the means of subsistence, have found to be near the truth.
In the United States in general, and in other countries where the means of subsistence and competence are easily obtained, and where the genius and circumstances of govern- ment and people present no artificial checks to early marriages, and every one is secure in the acquisition and enjoyment of his property, this ratio has been found by attentive observers, to be, in general, nearer to 3 per cent, per annum, than to any other which could be satisfactorily ascertained or assumed.
The healthiness of the climate of Maine, however, and the circumstances and habits of its inhabitants, are, at present, more favorable to a higher ratio of natural increase, than in the aver- age of the whole United States. And from the most careful ebservations which the nature of the case, and means of in- fei'mation, would allow, it is believed that the ratio of the nat- ural increase of Maine is often, though not constantly, nearest to 3 1-2 per cent per annum. But perfect accuracy in this respect is not to be attained, and numerical precision, in all calculations on the subject, is to be understood only as the most convenient mode to obtain a reasonable approximation to the truth ; and so far as comparisons with other States may be necessary or useful, it will be sufficiently accurate for such purposes, and much the most convenient, to assume the same ratio for the natural increase of the whole. When, therefore, we attempt to estimate the amount of immigrations to Maine, by deducting the amount of 3 per cent, per annum, for any given period, from the total increase during that period, we arrive at a result which exhibits, as the increase by immigra-
134
POPULATION.
tion, a number compounded of the number of actual immi- grants, and their natural increase during the given period, to- gether with whatever may have been produced by the excess of the natural increase of INIaine, over that of the assumed ratio of the average natural nicrease of the United States ; — or, in other words, the amount stated, as the result of immigration, might be more correctly stated as the combined result of immigration and extra natural increase.
With this explanation, the statements on the subject of mi- gration in the tables of this chapter, will be a fair approximation- to the truth, in a general point of view ; and will be under- stood as intended only to exliibit the results of a strict applica- tion of the principles on wliich they are calculated, and not as pretending to perfect accuracy in point of fact, nor any thing more than an indication, as near to the trutli as the data from which they are derived will afford ; and as probably nearer than the results of any other mode by which any tolerable es- timate may be obtained.
TABLE I.
Aggregate of the popuhition of Maine at diflerent periods, will} the ratio, amount and sources, of its annual increase.
|
A.D. |
Number of in liabit^nt*. |
Annual ni- tio of iHcrease jT'i- c ;nt. |
Av lug. .:,- crease per ann. |
natural in- crca>e. |
Amo nt of imig ration. |
Total in- crease. |
|
1750 |
10.000 |
|||||
|
1772 |
29.100 |
5 |
868 |
19.088 |
||
|
1777 |
42.300 |
8 |
2.240 |
3.655 |
9.545 |
13.200 |
|
1784 |
56.321 |
4 1-2 |
2.003 |
9.116 |
4.905 |
14.021 |
|
1790 |
96.540 |
9 1-2 |
6.703 |
10.700 |
29.519 |
40.219 |
|
1800 |
151.719 |
4 3-4 |
5.517 |
30.879 |
24.300 |
55.179 |
|
1810 |
228.705 |
4 1-4 |
7.698 |
50.151 |
26.835 |
76.986 |
|
1820 |
298.335 |
2 3 4 |
6.963 |
* |
* |
69.630 |
* Tbe natural inci case during this 10 ycar> would have been, according lo tho .«ssumed ratio, ab )Ut 78000, but the whole increasr b°ing: but 6H,630, leaves a deficit of more than 8000 tu be accounted for by, wbat was familiarly termed, the Oliio fever.
POPtfLATTON. T35
The numbers stated in the foregoing table, as the pupulation at, and prior to, the year 1784, are estimates deduced from the number of rateable polls, returned at those periods. The numbers at, and since, the year 1790, from the general cen- sus.
The annual ratio of increase, exhibited in the table, indi- cates that, in proportion to the population of Maine, and of New-England, at the period just prior to, and during the early part of the revolutionary war, there was an extraordinary cur- rent of immigration to Maine ; that from the close of the war to the year 1790, the proportion of immigrants was still great- er ; that, from ISIO to 1820, the current was reversed, and the emigration from the State carried off a number equal to nearly one eighth part of its natural increase during that peri- od ; but that at all other times, since the earliest accounts we have of the number of its inhabitants, the proportion of their in- crease has been remarkably regular, and about one third part of it has been derived from immigration. During 70 years, in which we have accounts of the progress of the population of tlie State, about 50 years have produced a regular accession of numbers, equal to about 50 per cent upon, and in addition to, the assumed natural increase ; for about 10 years the accession of immigrants was equal to nearly double the natural increase ; and, in the last 10 years, the balance of migration has been against the State, equal to near one eighth of its natural in- crease. The causes of this fluctuation may probably be dis- <;overed in the following facts.
During the earlier part of the revolution, the dangers and burdens of the war were felt and apprehended more sensibly in Massachusetts proper, and the other New-England States, than in Maine. The interior of the counties of York, Cumber- land, and Lincoln, presented to many, a retreat from the im- mediate dangers of the war, an opportunity of obtaining sub- sistence for tlieir families, by clearing and cultivating the wilderness, and, for a time at least, an exemption from the
136 I POPULATION.
burden of the taxes* which, during the stagnation of business, and increase of public burdens, occasioned by the war, were excessive. At this period, notwithstanding all the demands for men to recruit the army, and all the other checks to population in the sea-board towns, the interior and new settle- ments increased to a degree which raised the average increase of the whole District, to nearly 3 times the amount of the nat- ural increase. — This too was at a period when the average annual increase of the United States, was but about 2 per cent, or one third less than its usual natural increase.
After the revolution, the multitude of hands thrown out of employment, the general stagnation of business arising from the unsettled state of the government, and the uncertainties and difficulties incident to the first existence as a nation, left many with no tolerable prospect of comfortable subsistence, and support for their families, but to establish themselves on some of the vacant lands, with which the country abounded. Tliis, among perhaps other causes, increased for a time the immigration to Maine, to a degree more than double its natural increase. After a short time, this extraordinary impulse aba- ted, and the ratio of increase of course diminished ; and, for about 20 years subsequent, the increase apppears to have con- tinued in a very uniform ratio, of which nearly one third ap- pears to have consisted of immigrants.
During a later period howev^er, there seems to have been a remarkable change, and the population of the State, for a short time, instead of increasing, as had always been the case here- tofore, by tlie accession of large numbers from other States, now experienced a diminution of its own natural increase to the amount of about 8000 souls. Some part of this abate-
* That this was the case, to a considerable extent, may be inferred from occa«ioral orders of the Legislature that, such of these new settlements as had considerably increased in numbers, should be taxed, in connection with the incorporated towns adjacent to them. A somewhat curious instance occurs near the close of the war. It was represented to tb* Legislature that a certain plantation was qualified, by its numbers and wealth, to be in<-or- porated into a town, but neglected to apply for the privilege in order to avoid payng taxes. The Legislature ihereupon ordered ibe inhabitants to appear and shew cause, if any tbey bad, why they should not bf iiicortiur;t»e(I into a town Ir later years, when the State taxes are light, an opposite course is generally pursued. Inhabitants of new settlemaits appear voluntarily, and shew cause why tbey should be taxed.
POPULATION. 137
inent was undoubtedly occasioned by the check given to tiie prosperity of the State by the embargo, and still more by the war ; but to these were added other causes, the operation and effects of which were perceived the most sensibly in the short space of about 3 years, from 1815 to 1818.
About this time a number of circumstances, such as probably can never be found to exist again in coincidence, and some of vvhich can never recur at all, combined their influence to pro- duce a remarkable emigration from this State, and from the whole of New-England. The result of this, upon the numbers of this State at the year 1820, will appear to be the comparative loss of, from 25,000 to 30,000, which it might rationally have expected to have received from other States, and the absolute loss of about 8000 of its own inhabitants ; and the effect of this unusual state of things upon the population of the State at the present time, will be a diminution of not less than 50,000, and probably near 60,000 from the number to which it would now have arrived.
These causes were — first, the impulse given towards the va- cant parts of the western States, by the circumstances of the war. Its seat in that region had attracted the general atten- tion that way ; afforded many opportunities of profitable spec- ulation, and produced a plentiful circulation of money ; which did not immediately cease, after the removal of the principal •cause. The fertility of the soil, and other advantages of the country, became more extensively known. Its disadvantages were not observed. A new spirit of enterprize and specula- tion was awakened, among those who were interested in pro- moting its settlement. The public mind, just relieved from the excitements of the war, was in the state exactly fitted to seize with aridity any new object, and easily receive, and obey, any new impulse ; and circumstances remarkably concurred to favor this impulse in particular.
About the same time, occurred the remarkably cold summer
ofl816,preceded and followed by seasons which, though nots© 18
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138 POPULATION.
cold, yet, were not the mostlavc- a it . Comparisons were imme- diately made with the warmer climates of the south and west, which, added to the partialities already existing towards them, produced, among many of the inhabitants of Maine, and other parts of New-England, a very extensive discontent with the countiy of their birth and residence.
At the same time also the change fi*om war to peace pro- duced changes in the current of enterprize, speculation, and business of every kind throughout the country, which had just before adapted itself to a state of war ; this unsettled and forced many from their regular pursuits, occasioned partial embarrassments, or total bankruptcies, and prepared an addi- tional class to seize the opportunity, and attempts© reap the promised golden harvest in the west.
These causes operated equally in the other New-England States, as in Maine, and so far tended to divert from Maine that portion of the surplus population of those States, which it had before been accustomed to receive, and which, in the usual state of things it would have received.
Another cause, affecting Maine alone, co-operated with the preceding, to produce the emigration of another and addidon- al class.
In some parts of the State, a large portion of the inhabitants were in debt for the land on which they had settled. In not a small number of cases the titles were unsetded ; disputes and lawsuits had arisen, and disturbances had taken place, from time to time, for many years. A short time previous to tliis, measures had been adopted by the Legislature, to cut short the grounds of these disputes, allay the disturbances, and quiet the settlers ; and at this time these measures were ex- tensively taking effect, and the questionable udes were becom- ing settled, either by compromise, or by the operation of the re- cent laws. This produced a sudden, and, for the ability of the settlers, a somewhat extensive demand for money to pay for their lands, and confirm their titles ; which taking place ai
POPULATION. 139
a lime of general embarrassment, dissatisfaction, and scarcity of money, could not easily be satisfied.
The result of the whole of these concurring circumstances, was a spontaneous movement, among a very considerable por- tion of the population, towards the unsetded countries of the western part of New- York, and the States farther west and south ; the eifect of which, as it respects the population of this State, has been already stated. The excitement was ex- tensive, deep, and to many, alarming — but it was transient. At the year 1818 it had principally ceased ; the minds of die people, and the current of setdement and improvement, had begun to return to their wonted course, and from that dme, to the present, the State has, in general, steadily advanced in numbers, and prosperity, in a degree probably equal, if not superior, to that of any former period.
A review of the circumstances here but briefly alluded to, and an examination of the history of those days respectively, will probably result in the concluson, that the ratio of increase of the population of the State will never again arrive to so high a point, as it has, at some times before arisen ; .nor, until it shall have become so dense, that there is no longer any vacant land, to be obtained at a moderate price, will it, un- der any ordinary circumstances, nor under any circumstances but those of deep, and extensive public calamity, be reduced to a rado below, if so low, as that experienced from 1810 to 1820 — nor probably below that of its usual natm-al increase.
Hidierto the immense tracts of uncultivated and ferdle land, with which Maine abounds, have afforded room for the popula- tion to diffuse hself at pleasure, as inclinadon or convenience dictated ; so that no occasion has existed for the population of any part of the State, to condense itself beyond the degree most convenient for its comfortable support ; and this must be the case for some time yet to come ; but, in the natural pro- gress of human increase, a time must arrive when the surplus
140
POPULATION.
population must look for its support, not to the cultivation ol va- cant lands, for there will then be none, but to a superior degree of industry, economy, and frugality in themselves and others. — When such a time will arrive, and what will be the population requisite to produce such a state of things, is not perhaps to be determined ; but some probable conjectures on the subject may be formed, by cariying forward the ratio of increase at any for- mer period, to the future, and reasoning from the density of the population of places now well known, to the general densi- ty which may be most desirable, for the convenience of the whole, when the now vacant wilderness, shall be fully occupi- ed.
TABIiE Il.t
Aggregate amount of the population of the several Counties, at dif- f{ rent periods.
|
NUMBEB |
OF INHABITANTS. |
||||||
|
COUNTIES. |
c 2 i653 |
A. D. 1772 |
A. D. 1777 |
A. D. 1784 |
A. D. 1790 |
A. D. 1800 |
I A. D.JA. D. 1810 1820 |
|
York, |
13.398 15.908 |
19.909 |
27.560 34.284 |
41.877l46.283 |
|||
|
Cumberland, |
1760 |
10.1.39 13.476 |
15.621 |
23.481 31.898 |
42.83ll49.445 |
||
|
Lincoln |
1760 |
5.563 12.916 |
20.791 |
18.608 27.998 |
38.5701 46.84S |
||
|
Waldo |
1827 |
2.432! 6.695 |
13.941122.253 |
||||
|
Hancock |
1789 |
5.763 8.947 |
I3.499|l7.856 |
||||
|
Washington |
1789 |
2.526 4.536 |
7.870112.744 |
||||
|
Kennebeck |
1799 |
9.105I17.995I31. 565140.150 |
|||||
|
Oxford |
1805 |
3.333i 9.896|l8.630j 27.104 |
|||||
|
Somerset |
1809 |
2.1461 5.509 12.286|21.775 |
|||||
|
Penobscot |
1816 |
1.154; 3.009 7.831|13.870 |
t The nuinhcrs in this table, previous to the year 1790, assigned to Yoik and Cumberland, include also all which at that time were settled in the present County of Oxford ; and those assigned to Lincoln, include all the residue of the State. At and since the year 179'», the numbers express the population of the towns and plantations which now form ths re- spective Counties, without regard to their extent at the tinif^ utthe e.mmc'aiii'i'.
From this table it appears that the whole extent of territory included within the hmits of all the towns and plantations, in which there were any settlements in the yeai' 1820, amounted to 10.227 square miles; and the density of the population, within tliose limits, varied ia dijfferent counties from 12 to 56
POPULATION.
141
^rsons to the square mile ; and on the average of all the coun- ties, was 29 persons to the square mile. The whole territory of the State contains rather more than 33.000 squaie miles, and, rejectmg water, may be supposed, in round numbers, to be about 80.000 square miles ; consequently, more than two thirds of it was at that period (1820) wholly a wilderness. The whole number of inhabitants necessary to give tlie State an average density equal to that of so much as was included within the limits of the towns and settlements, at and before 1820, will be 870.000. The whole number requisite to give it an average density equal to that of the county of York in 1820, will be 1.680.000.
TABLE III.
Estimates of the future population of Maine at different periods and different rates of increase — with its average f!e^;sity persqunre mile.
|
Increase equal Increase equa. Increase equal to the average to the average to tiie present of 70 yrs. past of 49 out of 70 natural increa. — 5 i>cr cent. yrs. 4 1-2 p^' ct. Maine. 3 1-2 p.c |
iHcr. equal to the av nat. in- crease of the wholeU.S.3 p c |
Inc. equal to \h* lowest ratio ev- er experienced in V;e. 2 3-4 p.c. |
||||||||
|
YEARS. |
Number of mhfbitaots |
■^ ! Number < f g liDhabittail- . |
"i 1 Number of := linbttbitants |
>> 1 |
Number of inhabitants |
>> |
Number of inhabitants |
1 |
||
|
1830.- 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. |
4S?.302 782.949 1.268.378 |
16 26 42 |
462.419 716.749 1.110.960 1.721.988 |
15 23 37 57 |
420.662 593.132 8.36.316 1.179.205 1.662.679 2.344.397 |
14 19 27 39 55 78 |
399.768 535.689 717.823 961.882 1.288.921 1.727.154 |
13 17 24 32 43 57 |
390.818 511.971 670.682 878. .593 1.150.956 1.507.752 |
,13 17 22 29 3S 50 |
The average increase of the population for 70 years, from the year 1750 to 1820, has been in a compound ratio of a small fraction less than 5 per cent per annum. The ratio dur- ing those periods when no extraordinary excitement existed, to produce any unusual degree, either of immigration or emigra- tion, was, on the average of the whole time (49 years) a fraction over 4 l-2per cent. The ratio of the natural increase of Maine alone,is supposed to be very near 3 1-2 per cent. That of the average of the whole United States, 3 per cent. That which was experienced in Maine during the period of the embargo.
142 POPULATION.
nonintercourse, war of 1812, uniisally cold seasons, and other causes which combined to produce that remarkable efflux of population toward the west, which was familiarly known by the distinctive appellation of " the Ohio fever," was 2 3-4 per cent. The prospective views of the population, given in table 3, are predicated respectively upon an increase at each of those different ratios ; and from this, as far as future circumstances can be expected to correspond with the past, the future pop- ulation of the State, at any given period short of that of re- dundancy, may be estimated, with a "degree of rational pro- bability sufficiently accurate for all important purposes.
Many readers will perhaps form a clearer, and more satisfac- tory, conception of the different degrees of density of popula- tion, and of its effects, by reducing it to an estimate of the num- ber of families, and the number of acres, on the average to each iamily. It may here be observed therefore, that the usu- al estimate for the United States is about 5 persons to each family on the average. In some parts of Maine the number will average 6 to each family. In others it is probable that it will fall short of 5, and perhaps may not exceed 4. It will therefore be sufficiently accurate for general purposes, to con- sider it as not far from 5. And if, for tlie sake of round num- bers, we deduct about 6 per cent for land wholly uninhabitable, or to be wholly unoccupied, then the average density of so much of the State as would include all the towns and planta- tions, in which settlements were commenced at or before the year 1820, would be very nearly equal to the assignment of 100 acres of land to each family ; and to give to the whole State a family for every hundred acres, will require a popula- tion of 900.000 persons. The county of York, in the yeai' 1820, contained about one family to every 55 acres on the av- erage.— The incorporated towns and plantations in Penobscot and Washington, contained, on an average, about one family to
every 250 acres. This part of the subject will be farther
noticed in a subsequent part of this chapter.—
POPULATION.
143
The following table exhibits the amount of that part of the increase of each county, at different periods, which has been derived from immigration ; and the amount which each coun- ty has supplied from its own natural increase, to aid that of other counties or places.
TABLE IV.
Gain and loss among the several Counties, from migrations only, in- dependent of their natural increiise.
|
From |
1784 |
|
||||||
|
1772 t. |
1777 to 178'^ |
to |
1790 to 1800. |
1800 to I8!f |
Id 10 to 1820. |
|||
|
1777 |
-MO |
|||||||
|
COUNTIES. |
367 |
r. .n,L,. |
. |
(.ain. \V.> ■ |
f-aiii |
L 4063 |
Odiii i I..)ss. |
|
|
York, |
.343 |
4.5301 i 234 |
9730 |
|||||
|
Cumberland, |
2.7.5 |
954 |
V.964 .334 |
88,' |
7830 |
|||
|
Lincoln, |
6.463 |
4.905 |
18.025 |
3.(64 |
1.053 |
4820 |
||
|
Waldo, |
3.337 |
4.970 |
3573 |
|||||
|
Hancock, |
1.225 |
1.510 |
220 |
|||||
|
Washington, |
1.152 |
1.752 |
2199! |
|||||
|
Kennebeck, |
5.795 |
7.452 |
2130 |
|||||
|
Oxford, |
5.430 |
5.370 |
2140 |
|||||
|
Somerset, |
2.7341 |
4.904 f |
5312 |
|||||
|
Penobscot, |
9.545 |
29.519 |
1.463! 30^879 ~ |
3.?99| 26.835. |
3377 |
|||
|
Average of i |
4.294 |
18388 |
||||||
|
Iht p -i . 1 |
1 |
1 |
TAIiLK V.
JSumber of square miles and average density of the population of the several towns and pl.intations within each County respectively, which were settled, or in which settlements had been commenced, at the several periods stated.
|
|A.D 1790 |
1800. |
1K]0. |
i8:p. |
|
|
COUNTIES. |
squa dfn- niil.'^ hi;-. |
quare Id'ii mile-;. Isity |
stji :! Iden- niil' 1 ^!3^ |
squari j den- mile- (sity. |
|
York, |
81733 |
817 42- |
817,50 |
817 !56 |
|
Cumberland, |
95525n |
955 33- |
988143 |
988 isO |
|
Lincoln, |
912123 |
950 29 |
9OOI42 |
941 |49t |
|
Waldo, |
245 10 |
440 15 |
715|19 |
812 27 |
|
Hancock, |
4i614 |
496 18 |
706 19 |
850 21 |
|
Washington, |
646 4 |
668 7- |
856" 9 |
1039 12 |
|
Kennebeck, |
720 13 |
985 18 |
1047 30 |
1047 38t |
|
Oxford, |
474i 7 |
623 16 |
907 20 |
1228 22 |
|
Somerset, |
298^ 7 |
790 7 |
1080 11 |
1362 16 |
|
Penobscot, ' |
120 9 390 8 I |
970 8i. |
1143 |l2f |
|
|
Average of the settled towns, \ |
560311? |
7104 i21 j |
9092125 1 |
10227 |29 |
144
POPULATION.
A comparison of tables 4 and 5 will show, among other facts, that when any county has gained a population of about 40 per- sons on an average, to the square mile, it ceases to receive any addition to its increase from immigrants, and soon begins to furnish a part of its increase as emigrants to other places. This circumstance, and the different degrees of density among the several counties at different times, will serve to mark the progress of the difiusion of the population, and be a tolerable index, to guide, in some measure, any calculations which may be of use, respecting the dif!lision of the future population over the still unsettled parts of the State. Some of the succeeding tables will show the tendency of the circumstances of Maine, as compared with others of the United-States, to condense or diffuse its population, and perhaps may be of use, among other indices, in forming any estimates of the comparative population which, at some future day, it may, under different circumstan- ces, be able to or probably may, support.
TABLE VI.
Enumeration of inhabitants of the several towns and plantations in each County at different periods.
COUNTY or YORK.
|
TOWNS. 1790|180011810|1820| TOWNS. |
179O|18OO|I81OJ1820 |
||||||
|
Alfred |
311' 900 |
110611271 Lebanon. |
1275 1657|193S |
2223 |
|||
|
C Berwick ( S. Berwick |
3984 3891 |
4455 |
2T36 Linjerick. |
411 829,1117 |
1377 |
||
|
1 |
1475Limington. |
607 132311774 |
2l2i |
||||
|
Buxton |
15641938 |
2324 |
25991 C NewfieJd. 17381 I Shapleigh. |
566 |
815 |
114t |
|
|
Biddeford |
10181296 |
1563 |
13291778 |
2362 |
2815 |
||
|
Cornish. |
262i 734 |
971 |
lOSS'Parsonsfield. |
655 1350 |
1763 |
235ft |
|
|
( Elliot : Kittery |
1650 |
1649jSanford. |
1802 1363 |
1492 |
1831 |
||
|
3250 3114 |
2019 |
1886,Saco. |
1352 1842 |
2492 |
2532 |
||
|
Holhs |
662:1097 |
1427 |
1762iWaterborough. |
965 |
1253 |
1375 |
13i)5 |
|
Kennebunk-Port |
14581900 |
2371 |
2478York. |
2900 |
2776 |
S046 |
3224 |
|
C Kennebunk |
1 |
2415 Lyman |
775 |
995 |
1118 |
1387 |
|
|
< Wells |
3070;3692|4489 |
2660| |
|||||
|
■ ■ i' |
PAPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF CUxMBERLAND.
145
|
TOWNS. |1790|1800| |
1810|18201 TOWNS. |1790il800 |
181011820 |
||||||
|
C. Elizabeth, |
1355 |
1275 |
1415 16941 C Harrison, |
439 |
789 |
|||
|
r Falmouth, |
2991 |
3422 |
4105 |
1679! ^Ofisfield, |
197 |
450 |
912 |
1107 |
|
} Portland, |
2240 |
3704 |
7169 |
8581; (Phillips' Gore, |
145 |
|||
|
(.West brook, |
2494 Harpswell, |
1071 |
1049 |
1190 |
1256 |
|||
|
Baldwin, |
190 |
370 |
546 |
1124 C Mmot, 1160! ( Poland, |
2020 |
2534 |
||
|
Bridgton, |
329 |
64G |
882 |
1276 |
2125i 850 |
1353 |
||
|
Brunswick, |
1387 |
1809 |
2682 |
2954 New Gloucester, 1358 1378 1649 |
1628 |
|||
|
Danville, |
701 |
805 |
1083 C N. Yarmouth, il978!2599 3295 |
3646 |
||||
|
Durham, |
7241242 |
1772 |
1560! ( Cumberland, j |
i |
||||
|
C Freeport, ( Po vnal, |
1330 2237 |
2184 |
2177 Raymond, |
345 |
438 826 |
1396 |
||
|
1 |
872 |
105lStandish, |
716 |
1226 137« 1619 |
||||
|
Gorham, |
2244 2503 |
2632 |
2800Scarborough, |
22352 '99 2094::^232 |
||||
|
Gray, |
577 987 |
1310 |
1499j Windham, |
938;1329 1613: 1793 |
||||
|
1 |
1 |
iThompson pnd pi. |
164 |
191 |
180 |
COUNTY OF OXFORD.
|
TOWNS. |
1790|1800 |
1810|1820 |
TOWNS. |
179011800 |
1810 |
1820 |
|||
|
Ando«er, |
22 175 |
264 368 |
Bethel, |
IOC |
616 |
975 |
;267 |
||
|
Albany, |
69 |
165 |
288 |
C Frveburgh, |
547 |
7341004 |
057 |
||
|
Brownfield, |
250 287 |
388 |
727 |
< Fry 'b. Addition |
129 |
||||
|
Buckfield. |
453 1002 |
1251 |
160i |
i — Acad, grant |
40 |
||||
|
Berlin, and plant. No.6 |
323 |
Gilead, |
88 |
215 |
328 |
||||
|
Greenwood, |
273 |
392 |
|||||||
|
Carthage, |
4 |
171 |
Hebron, |
530 |
981 |
1211 |
1727 |
||
|
Denmark, |
436 |
792 |
Woodstock, |
236 |
50<^ |
||||
|
Hiram, |
192 |
203! 336 |
700 |
Bradley & East- |
|||||
|
Howards g're |
25 61 |
67 |
man's grant. |
8 |
|||||
|
C Hartford, I Sumner, |
243 720 |
1113 |
Newsuncook, |
202 |
|||||
|
189 330 611 |
1058 |
Chandler's gore. |
9 |
4?. |
|||||
|
Jav, |
103 4301107 |
1614 |
Plantation No. 2, |
28 |
79 |
97 |
|||
|
Livermore, |
* 8631560 |
2174 |
Bachelder, |
91 |
|||||
|
C Lovell, ( Sweden, |
147 |
365 |
430 |
Hamlin's grant |
66 |
||||
|
249 |
W. surp. Andover |
41 |
31 |
||||||
|
i Mexico, I Dixfield, |
14 |
148 |
Township A. 1, |
16 |
44 |
||||
|
137 |
403 |
595 |
A. 2, |
34 |
|||||
|
Norway, |
448 609 |
1010 |
1330 |
B. |
6 |
||||
|
Newry, |
1 92 202 |
303 |
E. |
40 |
|||||
|
Porter, |
272 |
292 |
487 |
No. 7, |
13 113 |
||||
|
Peru, |
* |
92 |
343 |
No. 8, |
! 155 |
||||
|
Paris, |
844 |
1820 |
1894 No. 1— 1st range |
' 158 |
|||||
|
Turner, |
849; |
722 |
1129 |
1726 No. 3— 2d ran. ) 871 Rangely. > 1035 |
23 |
||||
|
Rumford, |
* 262 |
629 |
|||||||
|
Waterford, |
150 535 |
860 |
|||||||
|
Weld, |
318 |
489 |
- |
||||||
|
• No return. |
19
146
POPULATION.
TABLE VI CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF LINCOLN.
|
TOWNS. |
11790;180011S10|1820| TOWNS. |
11790 1800 |
1810il82O |
|||||
|
Bath, |
949 1 2 15 |
249' |
3026 C Gushing, 2927, I St. George, |
y42 |
!415 |
532 |
600 |
|
|
Bristol, |
1718 2062 |
275o |
1168 |
1325 |
||||
|
Bowdoinham, |
455 792 |
i4-'- |
2259 ( Friendship, |
322 |
380 |
480 |
587 |
|
|
Bowdoin, |
983 1260 |
i b4:: |
777i ( Medemac, |
121 |
||||
|
Booihbay, |
997 1240 |
!.5- - |
950iEd2ecomb, |
855 |
989 |
1288 |
1629 |
|
|
r VViscasset, |
2055 1678 |
iOSS |
2^31 |
r Lisbon, |
439 |
766 |
1614 |
2240 |
|
^Alna, |
1 636 |
7:' . |
■375 |
Little River, |
299 |
|||
|
('Dresden, |
! 700 |
1 0<-.b |
! 838 |
1 Th'mps'nboro |
64 |
360 |
||
|
Litchfield, |
1044 |
184: |
2 20 |
1 Wales, |
471 |
519 |
||
|
Lewiston, |
532 948 |
JO.-; |
i3; 2 Warren, |
646 |
939 |
5 443 |
1826 |
|
|
C Georgetown ( Phipsburgh, |
J 333 1584 |
i9, |
Ii65Thomaston, |
801 |
1397 |
2106 |
2653 |
|
|
.119 Woolwich, |
797 |
868 |
1050 |
1330 |
||||
|
C Jefferson, |
120.3 |
1577, Washington, |
652 |
|||||
|
2 Whitefield, |
9bo |
]429 Canaan planta. |
486 |
|||||
|
('Balltown, |
10721S59 |
Patncktown pi. |
98 |
138 |
292 |
|||
|
New Castle, |
896 996 |
123 |
-40 Coilamores ridge |
46 |
||||
|
Nobleboro' |
516 804 |
i20( |
583iMonbegan I. 1429lpinhook, |
43 |
68 |
|||
|
Topsham, |
826 942 |
127 |
86 |
|||||
|
Union, |
200 573 |
126: |
391 'Waldo's claim, |
55 |
||||
|
Waldoborough |
1210,1511 |
2161 |
22441 |
COUNTY OF KENNEBECK.
TOWNS. C Augusta, I Hallowell,
Belgrade,
Clinton, C China, ( Harlem,
Chesferville,
Dearborn,
Albion, (Pittston, \ Gardiner, Monmouth, Mt. Vernon,
New- Sharon
Greene,
Leeds,
Fayette,
Readfield,
79011800|18I0|1820| TOWNS. |1790|1800
1805 2457!Rome^ [215
2068'29l9|Temple | 83
996 1121 ( Vassalborough 12401188
• 0501356 I Sidney, 1011
7791250
|
1211 |
|
|
1194 |
!364i |
|
1.59 |
295 |
|
278 |
533 |
|
262 |
555 |
|
112 |
|
|
24 |
|
|
605 |
1408 |
|
* |
701 |
|
618 |
740 |
|
359 |
|
|
639 |
933 |
|
2631 607| |
|
|
166 |
1 532 1 |
939 430 481 924 05 8 029 1262 1098
944 1277 1273
804 93811396
2457!Rome,
29l9|Temple
1121 ( Vassalborough
1356 ( Sidney,
894 C Winslow,
862 I Watcrville,
612 V.enna,
463 Wilton, 1204 Wayne, 1337 Wmthrop, 2053 Wmdsor, 1596 Farmington, 1293Smithstown,
r i.;p -.'djo'g Fairfax 1219 0akhili, 1309 Nelson tract, 1 534 No. 3,
823 Thompsontown, 1513
270
I 244
297 572
1240 1219
494 521
350
181011820
585] 53S
482; 615
2063,2434
1558|1890
658 935
1314 417 770
1719
665
1115
942 44
819 1051 14441619
4681054 1639 1938
26
POPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED
COUNTY OF WALDO.
147
|
TOWNS. |
1790|1800|181011820| TOWNS. |
1790|1800[1810|1820 |
||||||
|
Appleton, |
f 114 316 511 Belfast, |
245 67411274J2026 |
||||||
|
Hope, |
173 |
425 787 1179;Prospect, |
770 |
1300 |
1771 |
|||
|
Camden, |
331 |
872 1607 1825 |
Frankfort, |
891 867 |
1493 |
2127 |
||
|
: Montville, Davistown, |
308 |
864 1266 |
Monroe, |
189 |
630 |
|||
|
269 |
Jackson, |
275 |
375 |
|||||
|
Liberty, |
130 409 |
Thorndike, |
224 |
438 |
||||
|
Palermo, |
444 |
76 11 056 |
Knox, |
414 |
560 |
|||
|
Freedom, |
' 788 |
rtrooks, |
212 |
318 |
||||
|
Unity, |
441 |
793 978 |
Belmont, |
744 |
||||
|
Burnham, |
192 202 |
Svvanville, |
251 |
503 |
||||
|
Troy, |
11 |
214 505 |
Searsmont, |
675 |
||||
|
Islesborough, |
382 |
483 |
583 639 |
Waldo, |
240 |
|||
|
Lincolnville, |
278 |
68611013 1294 Canaan plant. |
132 |
|||||
|
Northport, |
4821 780 439 Quantibaycook, |
118 |
COUNTY OF SOMERSET.
|
TOWNS. |
1790|1800|1810|1820| TOWNS. |
1790|1800I1810|1820 |
|||||||
|
Anson, |
264 3731 633] 948|Norridgwock, |
376 |
633 |
880,1454 |
|||||
|
Athens, |
118 |
374 590! New-Portland |
136j 421 817 |
||||||
|
Avon, |
304! 450 New- Vineyard, |
336| 484 591 |
|||||||
|
Abbot, |
45 |
44 Phillips, |
275 624 |
||||||
|
C Bmgh'ra&r ( Brighton, |
(103 136 |
409 > |
336!Parkman, |
255 |
|||||
|
48liPalmyra, |
188 336 |
||||||||
|
f Canaan, I Bloomfield |
454 |
720 |
1275 |
1470 Ripley, |
117, 325 |
||||
|
889 Siarks, |
327 |
502 |
828 1043 |
||||||
|
Cornville, |
204 |
504 |
652 Solon, |
38 |
302 468 |
||||
|
Corinna, |
117 |
325,Strong, |
145 |
424 |
862 |
||||
|
Concord, |
94 |
250 St. Albans, |
20 |
116 |
371 |
||||
|
Embden, |
367 |
351 |
646 No. 5 — 2d range. |
155 |
|||||
|
Eastpond pi. |
59 |
-.3' 144 No. 2, 1 |
130 338 |
||||||
|
Fairfield, |
492 |
872 |
1348 1609 Bingham tract, ) 237 517'^^- of the river j 1 |
||||||
|
Freeman, |
35 |
12; |
|||||||
|
Harmony, |
109 |
351 |
584^0. 2— 1st range |
81 |
93 |
||||
|
i Hartland, |
41i:No. 1— 2d do. |
76 |
66 |
||||||
|
< Pirtsfield, |
315!No. 1— 3d do. |
27 |
|||||||
|
( Sebastic'k |
(40 |
105) |
No. 2— 2d do. |
28 |
|||||
|
Industry, |
562 |
778 |
2— E. of Moscow |
19 |
|||||
|
Kingfield, |
100 |
464 |
1— 3d, E. of river |
41 |
|||||
|
Mercer, |
41 |
562i 743 |
No. 3 — 3d range, |
20 |
|||||
|
Madison, |
180 |
686 |
88\lNo. 4, |
37 |
|||||
|
Monson, |
73' |
Residue of Bing- |
|||||||
|
Moscow, |
286 |
ham tract. |
91 |
148
l»OPULATION.
TABLE VI— CONTINUED. COUNTY OF HANCOCK.
|
TOWNS. |
1790 |
i800 |
}8i0 |
;820| TOWNS. 117901180011810] |
1820 |
||||
|
f Penobscoi. |
1048 |
935,1302 1009 Vinalhaven, ; 578 |
858 |
1052 1 306 |
|||||
|
^Castine, |
655 |
1036i 975!Township No. 8i |
163 |
113 98 |
|||||
|
f Brooksville, |
j 972'Lofy. town'sps.j |
||||||||
|
Bluehill, |
274 |
494 |
658 957 p,^^.,- 5 No. 8 1403 1658 ^'^^"^^"^i No. 9 |
144 173 |
|||||
|
Buck sport, |
3!6 |
624 |
105 |
183 |
|||||
|
CEden, I Mt. Desert, |
400 |
657 764 |
7 |
9 |
82 |
||||
|
744 |
721 |
1047 1349 |
14 |
10 |
67 |
||||
|
Gouldsboro', |
267 |
379 |
471 |
560 |
15 |
41 |
|||
|
Orland, |
240 |
294 |
480 |
[ 610 |
po |
200 |
|||
|
Orphan Island, Deer-Isle, |
124 682 |
1094 |
1057 |
1842 |
Mariaville, I ^ |
224) |
15 103 |
||
|
Ellsworth, |
227 |
614 |
892 |
[27 |
47 |
||||
|
Surry, |
239 |
422 |
360 428 |
33 |
i 14 |
||||
|
Sedgwick, |
.569 |
760 |
13.52 1420 |
38 |
29 |
||||
|
Sullivan, |
504 |
533' 711] 872 N. Division, 1 |
49 |
||||||
|
Trenton, |
1 312 |
294 501 1 639. Islands, 1 66 |
84 |
214 |
481 |
PENOBSCOT COUNTY.
|
TOWNS. 11790ll800il8l0|1820| |
TOWNS. |179011800 |
1810 |
1820 |
||||||
|
Atkinson, |
169: 245Kirkland, j |
54 |
72 |
||||||
|
Bangor, |
♦567 |
277 |
850 |
122l,Kihnarnock, ] |
55 |
61 |
|||
|
C Brewer, \ Orringfon, |
734 |
Levant, |
*129 |
146 |
143 |
||||
|
*477 |
786 |
1341 |
1049 |
Milo, |
\ |
34 97 |
|||
|
Blakesburgh, |
62 |
83 |
Newburgh, |
€2 |
216 328 |
||||
|
Brownville, |
131 |
172 |
Newport, |
178i 512 |
|||||
|
Carmel, |
t |
123 |
153 |
Orono, |
177 |
351 415 |
|||
|
Corinth, |
t |
189 |
296 |
Sebec, |
157; 431 |
||||
|
Charleston, |
210 |
344 |
Sangerville, |
126' 310 |
|||||
|
Dixmont, |
59 |
337 |
515 |
Stetson PI. |
108 131 |
||||
|
Dutton, |
89 |
207 |
Wilhamsburgh, |
71, 107 |
|||||
|
Dover, |
94 |
215 |
No. 1— 6th range, |
2 |
|||||
|
Dexter, |
136 |
461 |
No. 7— 8th do. |
4 |
|||||
|
Eddington, |
110 |
167 |
205 |
276 |
No. 6— 9fh do. |
12 |
|||
|
Exeter, Etna, Foxoroft, |
140 78 65 |
583 194 211 |
Townships 1 xr -i nobscot, S^«^ |
149) |
46 |
60 108 |
|||
|
Guilford, |
62 |
325 On States Land, |
_ |
71 at 99 |
|||||
|
Garland, |
236 |
275E. of Penob.No. 1 |
|||||||
|
Hampden, |
unc. |
904 |
1279 |
1478 |
No 2 |
39 18 |
|||
|
Hennon, |
82 |
179 |
277 |
(Sunkhaze,) No.3 |
98| 146 |
||||
|
C Ho .viand. |
150 |
No. 4 |
136 |
125 |
|||||
|
i Maxfield. |
Madawaska. |
1114 |
|||||||
|
Jarvjs" Gore, |
50 |
139iNorth Harwich, j |
130 |
' AtMJ adjacent places. i See Levant.
POPULATION.
TABLE VI CONTINUED.
COUNTY OF WASHINGTON.
149
|
TOWNS. |
1790 |
1800|18I0 |
1820 |
TOWNS. 1 |
1790 |
18001 1810|l«20^ |
|||
|
Addison, |
177 |
315 399 |
:i9 |
Robbmston, |
54 |
127 |
37 1| 424 |
||
|
Alexander, |
. 15 |
114 |
Steuben, |
208 |
347 |
552, 780 |
|||
|
Baring, |
37 |
6. |
Trescott, |
29 |
45 |
116i 264 |
|||
|
Columbia, |
223 |
353 51S |
537 |
Whitjng, |
54 |
67 |
92 182 |
||
|
Cherrytield, |
160 18^ |
241 |
Township No. 7, |
52 |
51 74 |
||||
|
Calais, |
84 |
112 372 |
418 |
10, |
42 |
47 |
76 |
154 |
|
|
Charlotte, |
87 |
211 |
13, |
7 |
20 |
45 |
47 |
||
|
Cutler, |
37 |
224 |
362 |
14, |
8 |
12 |
16 |
29 |
|
|
Cooper, |
20 |
17, |
14 |
28 |
|||||
|
Dennvsville, |
144 |
265 |
397 |
557 |
" 18, |
20 |
|||
|
East port, |
244 |
562 |
15i. |
1937 |
19, |
12 |
34 |
||
|
Lubec, |
430 |
20, |
50 |
||||||
|
Harrington, |
95 |
298 |
469 |
723 |
23, |
70 |
|||
|
Jonesboro.' |
212 |
50. |
566 |
675 |
Houlton plant. |
117 |
|||
|
Machias, |
879 |
1014 |
i37(t |
JG33 |
New-Limerick pi. |
27 |
|||
|
Perry, |
66 |
137 |
240 |
407 |
APPENDIX TO TABLE VI.
Progress of new settlements from lime to time since the year 1790.
|
NUMBEU OF INHABITANTS. |
|||
|
In 00 |
In 1810 |
In 1820 |
|
|
c -o |
c nr |
C TS |
|
|
3 C |
3 C |
3 fi |
|
|
be* |
!M) C3 |
be a |
|
|
•Sg |
^% |
^ 2 |
|
|
CO f. O |
^ QO o |
i£ <» o |
|
|
COUNTIES. |
§;^ |
<» - 00 |
2 c 00 |
|
E S"^ |
s s-^ |
£ S*^ |
|
|
iO V |
<o 9 |
0) V |
|
|
•S ^ |
- ^ |
||
|
V V |
« o |
||
|
(XI A |
VI Si |
(» ja |
|
|
York, |
556 |
||
|
Cumberland, |
309 |
||
|
Lincoln, |
2,987 |
297 |
652 |
|
Waldo, |
1,565 |
||
|
Hancock, |
1,283 |
2,094 |
232 |
|
Washington, |
246 |
329 |
366 |
|
Kennebeck, |
3,000 |
546 |
|
|
Oxford, |
2,347 |
1,037 |
1,072 |
|
Somerset, |
1,751 |
2,398 |
1,443 |
|
Penobscot, |
875 |
2,880 |
2,427 |
|
Total |
13,354 |
9,581 |
7,557 |
150
POPULATION.
TABLE VII.
Summary of the census of 1820, with the numbers and proportions of persons ?ng;igecl in Agricniiure. Commerce, and Manufactures.
|
. . 1 i.!.:hUai.'r |
Lu: -■:. • A: u!. (■;o'.. & >)an,.i':.ures. |
|||||||||
|
i 1 s |
i s y "o ? iZ 102 |
1 |
5 = 23 |
Whole No Person^ |
Proportion. ..t'.ach. |
|||||
|
§ |
3 < 8.674 |
1 533 |
1 3 S a "746 |
1 "a hi, < 87"l |
6 054 |
I 3 3 B |
pro- per, to each J009 wh'l pop. |
|||
|
York, |
46.181 |
46.283 |
075 213 |
|||||||
|
Cumber'd |
49.030 |
349 |
49.445 |
117 |
5.638 |
662 |
163iii710j084 |
206'l61 |
||
|
Lincoln, |
53.020 |
169 |
53.189 |
120 |
8.U6 |
1265 |
1574|;741|116 |
143:206 |
||
|
Hancock |
31.249 |
41 |
31.290 |
147 |
5.250 |
1085 |
706 |
746|154 |
100 225 |
|
|
Wash'g'n |
12.688 |
^6 |
12.774 |
934 |
1.994 |
452 |
377 |
706 160 |
134 |
222 |
|
Kenneb. |
42.457 |
166 |
42.623 |
137 |
9.785 |
211 |
1309 |
865 019 |
116 |
266 |
|
Oxford, |
27.086 |
18 |
27.104 |
30 |
6.809 |
13 |
571 |
921 002 |
077 |
272 |
|
Somerset, |
21.775 |
12 |
21:787 |
55 |
5.907 |
16 |
478 |
923 002 |
074 [298 |
|
|
Penobs't. |
13.854 |
16 |
13.870 298.335 I |
117 |
2.858 |
140 |
251 7643 |
880 043 |
0771239 |
|
|
total. |
297.3401 |
929 |
16801 |
55.03l| |
4297| |
821 |
064| |
115 |
227 |
The number of persons employed in the various pursuits of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, may be considered, m general^ as the relative measure of the physical force, or productive ability of the whole population ; but it is not always so ; nor does it always indicate precisely the proportion of able- bodied men to be found among the whole people, or the pro- portion of physical strength which it might employ, upon an emergency. All civilized communities must ordinarily employ a proportion of their inhabitants in the administration of justice, in the liberal and learned professions, the instruction of youth, and other pursuits, which add notliing directly to the produc- tions of the community, yet are not the less necessary and use- ful. The greater or less degree also, in which habits of activ- ity and industry pervade the community in general ; the equal or unequal distribution of w ealth ; and the greater or less fa- cility with which a part of the community may subsist without the necessity of personal labor ; all tend to vary the proportion between the actual productive efficiency of the population, and that which it might exert ; and between ehher of these, and
POPULATION. 151
die aggregate of the whole numbers. As far however as niay be judged from this criterion, it appears that the actual pro- ductive ability, which the circumstances of Maine call into op- eration, is equal to nearly one fourth of its whole population, or 225 to 1000. The proportion however varies considerably in different parts of the State ; and the preceding table ex- hibits the fact, in general, that the greatest relative productive ability is in those counties which are the most agricultural ; and a comparison of this with table 4 will show also that the least productive ability is found in the counties of the most dense population, and which are furnishing a part of their surplus in- crease for the setdement of other coundes. It may not be certain how far the inferences to be drawn from those two cases may have any necessary connecdon with, or may qualify each other. When drawn separately, they tend to show, the one, the superior importance of agricultural pursuits, in eliciting the physical strength of the community, the other, that a density of population beyond some certain degree, varying according to the different circumstances, is not attended with a propordon- ate degree of physical strength. In some cases it may be at- tended with a propordonate subducdon fiom the disposable strength of the country. Some of the succeeding tables will exhibit the relations, in this respect, which Maine may sustain towards the other States of the Union.
It will require no argument to prove, that any increase or decrease of the populadon of any country will be affected by, and may in a great measure depend on, the population and circumstances of the surrounding countries; particularly of those with which it has the most numerous reladons, and the strong- est affinides. And it will be at once admitted, that in all cal- culations respecting the future populadon of Maine, that of the rest of the United States must form an important element. It
im
POPULATiaN,
will therefore be pertinent to the present subject, to introduce, in this place, some views of the population of the United States.
TABLE VIII.
Aggregate of the population of the United States, and the ratio of its increase at different periods — with the relative proportion of that of Maine.
|
tEARS. |
Number of Inhab- itants. |
Rati.» ot increase per an- unm. |
Proprotion of Maine to United |
|
1750 |
1.179.259 |
,008 |
|
|
1774 |
2.141.307 |
2 1-2 |
,016 |
|
1784 |
2.389.300 |
2 |
,020 |
|
1790 |
3.929.326 |
6 |
.024 |
|
1800 |
5.309.758 |
3 1-4 |
,028 |
|
1810 |
7.329.903 |
3 |
,031 |
|
1820 |
9.625.734 |
2 3-4 |
,031 |
The last column of this table exhibits the relative proportion of the population of Maine, at different periods, to that of the whole United States. This proportion, which, in the year 1750, was 8 to 1000, or 1 to 125, has increased in favor of Maine with remarkable uniformity, during all the vicissitudes of peace and war for 60 years, to the year 1810. At this time it had arrived to the proportion of 31 to 1000, or about 1 to 32. From 1810 to 1820, during the general mania for mi- grating to the western States, the relative proportion between Maine and the United States, remained stationary ; and not- withstanding the diminution of increase, which has been before noticed, Maine still kept up to its relative proportion with the rest. If tlie subduction from the usual increase of this State, wliich was occasioned by that mania were restored, the pro- portion of the inhabitants of Maine to those of the United States, at the year 1820, would have been 34 to 1000, or about 1 to 29, instead of the number stated in the table.
In view of tliese facts the important inquir}" naturally sug- gests itself, whether this constant tendency of the relative in- crease of Maine to advance upon that of the United States in general, is the result of adventitious circumstances, which must cease before the densities of both shall become equal :
POPULATION. 153
or, whether Maine, notwithstanding its supposed relative disad- vantages in respect to climate and soil, does not in reality pos- sess advantages more than sufficient as a counterpoise. It is not intended to discuss the question at length, but it may be remarked, that w^iatever may be the relative advantages or disadvantages of Elaine, its population has made its way against very considerable disadvantages in popular opinion. Very generally throughout the United States, and extensively even in New-England, the climate and soil of Maine have been represented as harsh and rugged, unfavorable to the successful pursuit of agriculture, or to the comfortable support of a dense population. It will be seen however, that agricul- ture employs a greater proportion of its inhabitants than is the case in any of the Atlantic States, north of Virginia, excepting only New^-Hampshire and Vermont ; that the density of its population, in proportion to the territory over which it has yet extended hself, is at least equal, and even superior, to the av- erage of the northern and middle States ; and that the density of some of its counties, surpasses that of some of those States, and is greater than that of any one of the States was,. at the period when a part of tlieir natural increase began to find it necessary to seek room elsewhere. It may be argued too, that in a country whose inhabitants are active and enterpri- zing, as are those of Maine, they would not employ themselves in agriculture, if it were not profitable ; nor condense them- selves on a limited territory, while so much lay vacant at their -doors, and in other parts of the Union, if that territory were not amply sufficient to sustain them, at least as comfortably as any other to which they might have access ; and surely enough other vacant and fertile territory, has been whhin their reach, and temptations enough have been held forth, to induce them to ocupy it, if they chose.
It should be remarked also, that this constant relative in- crease of Maine has been maintained ^vithout the artificial ex- citements w^hich have taken place in other States ; and has 20
154 POPULATION.
continued under all varieties of circumstance, in peace and war, which have occurred for 70 years, with but a single in- terruption, which existed but for a ver}' short period, and was occasioned by a singular concurrence of circumstances, which it is almost morally impossible can ever take place again. The same also, in a measure, may be said of the circumstances which led to the extraordinan,- rano of the relative increase of the period between the year 1772 and 1777. The circum- stances of these two periods therefore, may be laid out of the question, in any estimates for the future ; and it is not easy to imagine any to take place hereafter, which shall bear much analog}- to either of them.
The object of all who remove from the country of their birth and education to another, is to better their condition ; and this g^enerally by the acquisition of wealth, or of comforta- ble subsistence. And when it is found, that for a long course of years, including almost every possible variety of political condition, the population of any particular section of a country or nation advances its relative proportion to that of the whole countr}', in a constant and nearly uniform ratio, it is difficult to avoid the inference that this section must possess, on the whole, a balance of advantages for the accumulation of wealth, or the acquisition of a comfortable subsistence, superior in general to the average of the rest of the country* ; and that these advan- tages must be such as are witiiin the reach of the general mass of the community' ; and also such as are of a permanent char- acter, not radically affected by the fluctuations which usually take place, in the commercial or political relations of the world.
The elements of which the population of the United States, in its principal sections, is composed ; the proportions of sexes, ages, and emplojTTients, and the circumstances of its various increase, densities, and fluctuations, would form an extensive and interesting subject of inquiry ; and afford perhaps, some important deductions with regard to the future relative charac- ter and circumstances of Maine. It would be foreign to the
POPULATION. 155
proper object of this work to pursue this enquiry to any length ; but its relation to Maine vriW justity some notice of it, as a basis for, or stimulus to, the investigations of such as have a dis- position to trace the subject farther. So much as is contained in the subsequent tables, may perhaps be sutficient.
l^
POPULATION.
^ 1
M S
H i
PQ I
H ^
|
M |
O |
|
~ |
CO |
|
bD |
|
|
■3 |
|
|
b( |
"" |
|
bJU |
|
|
< |
|
^ <» A (» |
1. |
© |
|||
|
W C^ O CO |
CO |
■^ |
|||
|
5 |
'^ J> t^ cc |
w |
»n |
||
|
o |
2 *^ e^' si |
3^ |
CO |
||
|
H |
2 r «i ® |
CO |
05 |
||
|
o © t- -^ |
Oi |
||||
|
'^ '^ •-<* |
cc |
||||
|
?© FH (M l» |
CO |
||||
|
oi |
Xi t^ Ci -^ |
O) |
|||
|
g |
QC eo in Qo |
?o |
c3 § |
||
|
S |
cc lo ci o |
l> |
|||
|
M |
■^ CO ^ |
s |
|||
|
^ c |
— CO cc lo |
~ |
00 cc |
||
|
- ? |
© in 00 t^ |
_< |
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|
Is |
- 00 O 't |
»n |
in |
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|
_ & |
CO t-* od |
ci |
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|
<s |
PH PN 5<» |
»n |
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^ |
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|
- « |
t, Tf « r^ |
00 |
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|
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|
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|
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|
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■^ |
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|
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|
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|
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POPULATION,
159
TABLC XI.
ABSOLUTE PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
Numbers and proportions of persons engaged in Agriculture, Com- merce and Manufactures, in the year 1820.
|
1 Whole number of persons en- 1 gaged m |
Number of male slaves over 14 yrs old. |
Proper, to ea. lOOO perons |
'' c = |
|||
|
Agriculture. |
1 |
1 i |
engaged m |
S»23 |
||
|
States and Territories. |
1 |
i £ o |
1 s a 1 |
Proportion of slaves over 14 old, to ea. 1 000 Agricul. Com. |
||
|
Maine |
55.031 |
4.297 |
7.643 |
821 64115 |
||
|
New-Hampshire |
52.384 |
1.068 |
8.699 |
843 17|l40 |
||
|
Vermont |
50.951 .776 |
8.434 |
846 I3il41 |
|||
|
Massachusetts |
63.469 J13.301I 33.464 |
560 121 303 |
||||
|
Rhode-Island |
12.5591 1.162J 6.091 |
26 634 59 307 |
1 |
|||
|
Connecticut |
50.518^ |
3.581 |
17.541 |
37705 |
50 245 |
Total North'n states! 284.912|24.185| 81.872| 631728| 62;210| 1
|
New-York |
247.6481 |
9.113 |
60.038 |
3.217|781 29|189| |
10 |
|
New- Jersey |
40.812 |
1.830 |
15.941 |
3.128 697 31j272 |
52 |
|
Pennsylvania |
140.801 |
7.083 |
60.215 |
84 677 34 289 |
1 |
|
Delaware |
13.259 |
.5.33 |
2.821 |
1.311798 321170 |
81 |
|
Total Middle states |
442.520J |
18.559jl39.015| |
7.7401738| |
311231 |
12 |
|
|
Maryland |
79.135 |
4.771 |
18.640 |
31.3671772 |
46J182 |
304 |
|
District of Columbia |
.853, |
.512 |
2.184 |
1.7621240 |
1441616 |
53 |
|
Virginia |
276.422 |
4.509 |
33.336 121.388 883 |
14103 |
386 |
|
|
North Carolina |
174.1961 |
2.551 |
11.844| |
57.6471924: |
13; 63 |
305 |
|
South Carolina |
161.560! |
2.588 |
6.4881 |
76.7691947' |
151 38 |
451 |
|
Georgia |
101.185 |
2.139 |
3.577 |
42.712947: |
20 33 |
249 |
Total South'n states] 793.351) 17.070| 75.069133 1.645l773| 36ll72j 374
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Arkansaw
Missouri
Tennessee
Kentucky
|
30.642 |
452 |
1.412 |
|
22.033 294 |
650 |
|
|
53.941 6.251 |
6.041 |
|
|
3.613 77 |
1791 |
|
|
14.247 |
495 |
1.952 |
|
101.959 |
882 |
7.860 |
|
132.161 |
1.617 |
11.779 |
12.1151942
9.8.341958
24.891 814
497l933|
2.850 852| 19.433 9211 32.445 9071
44 14'
29 13|
94| 92'
18: 49; 29 1191
8^ 7l!
Ill 82|
378 521 376 123 175 178 224
|
Total S. W. states |
1 358.596jl0.068| |
29.8731102.065,8991 25i 76 |
1 256 |
|
|
Ohio |
110.991| 1.451 |
18.9.56 |
]844| 11|145 |
|
|
Indiana |
61.3151 429 |
3.229 |
55943 6 51 |
|
|
Illinois |
12.395 233 |
1.007 |
378 909 17 74 |
21 |
|
Michigan |
1.4681 392' |
.196 |714!l90l 96 |
Total N. W. states I 186.169] 2.505] 23.388] 533 877] 17)116) 2
Total United States] 2.065.499{72.397l349.247j442.211)831j 29)140) 177
160
POPULATION,
TABLE XII.
Relative Physical strength. IN 1820.
states and Territories.
Maine
New-Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New-York
New-Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Total Middle States
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Total Southern States
Proportions to each lOOG ; Proportio')s to lOOQ.
3'c
£ 5.
J"2
5)5
S's
|
996 |
996 |
|
|
995 ! |
995 ; |
|
|
995 |
995 |
|
|
986 |
986 |
|
|
951 |
951 |
|
|
971 |
971 |
|
996 |
252 |
|
|
995 |
259 |
|
|
995 |
269 |
|
|
986 |
275 |
|
|
951 |
265 |
|
|
971 |
269 |
225 255 251 21S 227 265
3 ( 228
638 I 263 I 769 666 I 182 I 757 567 ! 399 I 7€6 656 ; 321 ] 816 471 i 514 I 728 558 : 441 779
507 575 368 496 214 337
579 I 387 i 772 | 386"
|
2(j9 |
120 |
251 |
|
272 |
80 |
107 |
|
255 |
201 |
294 |
|
241 |
137 |
296 |
|
251 |
330 |
346 |
|
247 |
223 |
344 |
|
253 |
194 |
273 |
|
Alabama |
685 |
307 |
848 |
522 |
264 |
138 |
.53 |
|
Mississippi Louisiana |
560 |
426 |
773 |
347 |
285 |
234 |
304 |
|
477 |
451 |
702 |
252 |
329 |
339 |
366 |
|
|
Arkansaw |
828 |
112 |
884 |
772 |
256 |
40 |
221 |
|
Missouri |
848 |
151 |
923 |
77.^ |
267 |
50 |
242 |
|
Tennessee |
802 |
189 |
896 |
708 |
225 |
58 |
261 |
|
Kentucky |
, 760 |
224 |
872 |
648 |
239 |
74 |
258 |
|
Total South Western States| 756 |
232 |
872 |
640 |
248 1 |
97 |
1 272 |
|
|
Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan |
991 986 963 966 |
1 16 1 |
991 987 966 966 |
991 985 960 966 |
246 241 259 250 |
7 |
226 442 236 222 |
|
Total North-Western Statesj 989 |
989 1 |
989 1 |
250 1 |
i 281 |
|||
|
Total United States \ 816 |
i 159 |
"l95 |
787 |
256 1 |
56 |
258 |
POPULATION. 161
Table 12, compared with table 9, exhibits the fact that, on the average of the United States, the number ol' persons actu- ally engaged in the pursuits of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, is very nearly equal to the number of free white males of 16 years old and upwards. In the free States it is somewhat less, and in the slave-holding States considerably greater. The actual productive ability of a people can not al- ways be determined by the numbers of inhabitants of any giv- en age, and all estimates of its amount must be in some meas- ure uncertain, unless an exact account could be obtained, of the pursuits, habits, health, and muscular powei-s of every indi- vidual ; but as this cannot be, we must judge only from num- bers.— As on the average, about half the male population is under the age of 16, and of these there are, especially in agricultural districts, a considerable number constantly em- ployed in productive labor, we may suppose that the amount of production from that class is an equivalent for the labors of tlie infirm and professional men over that age ; therefore the number of males above the age of 16, may be fairly consider- ed, as the measure of the absolute productive ability ; and the proportion of that number to the whole population, as the meas- ure of the relative productive ability, or physical strength ; and the number and proportions of those actually engaged in agricul- ture, commerce and manufactures, will be the measure of the productive ability actually exerted. The difference between these two numbers may indicate the proportion of the profes- sional men, those employed wholly in the administration of jus- tice— and idlers ; except in cases where a larger proportion of the operative class is taken from those below the age of 16, and its amount is equal to, or greater than, the whole number above that age. In this case the data cease to furnish evi- dence, except perhaps to indicate, in general, a superior degree ©f industry and economy in the application of the physical pow- ers of the community.
These remarks however apply only to a free popidation. 21
162 POPULATION.
lu the slave-holding States the operatives are principally slaves, and are put to labor at as early an age as they are capable ; the indications therefore, vi^hich the numbers in the table afford with re2;ard to the productive ability exerted in those States, must be qualified by a deduction of the difference between the labor of slaves, and that of freemen. That this difference is great no one will doubt, but how great, can not be ascertained with precision. Some degree of approximation towards it however may be made by comparing the respective propor- tions of the free white and the slave population, to the whole. The physical strength of the free white population by itself, in- dependent of any qualification on account of the slave, or the free coloured, population, may be inferred in some measure, from the proportions of males of different ages, in table 10. The same table will also exhibit the respective increments of population, in the different divisions of the United States ; and afford some ground to estimate their probable productiveness, and duration. In table 12 is given the proportion of free white males to 1000 of the whole male population, and that of the whole numbers employed in agriculture, commerce, and manu- factures, to the whole population of every description. A comparison of these two numbers, as has been before observed, may furnish some means of conjecturing the relative produc- tive ability of different sections or States.
If the proportion of free white males to the whole male pop- ulation, is taken as the criterion, it will appear, that in propor- tion to its numbers, Maine ranks higher in physical strength, or productive ability, than any other of the Adantic States. Its measure being 996 — that of the average of the United States 816. New-Hampshire and Vermont stand next, being 995. And South Carolina least, being but 471.*
Perhaps some nearer approach to accuracy may be obtained
* Ilmay be ramarkcd, however, that Maine does not appear to empl«y its productive ability, to the degree it mig^ht. In this respect it stands below all the Northern States.except Massachusetts. As far as we c^n reason from the table, tlie i>alm of industry ^.ud economy of time and numbers, belongs to (Jonnec'icat. And thin r 3sun.ng coriesponds with flit well known general character of that etate, as the " land of steady habits."
POPULATION. 163
by a comparison of the free white, and the slave population, separately.
The value of a slave population, in point of productive labor, can never be equal to that of freemen ; though, in some cir- cumstances, there may be individual cases something near to it. If on the whole, it is estimated at half as much, it will probably be as great as is generally realised. In time of war, a numerous slave population, so far from adding to the strength of a country, must be considered rather as a subduction of strength, in proportion to its numbers and circumstances. If then w^e suppose, that in time of peace, the reluctant labor of two slaves will be equivalent to the voluntary labor of one free person ; and that, in time of war, two slaves, under the excite- ment and hopes which the war may produce, will probably re- quire at least one free person to guard against their attempts to obtain their freedom, we may arrive at a probable estimate of productive ability, in the ordinary pursuits of peace, by adding one half of the number of the slave population, to the number of the free ; and may estimate the efficient physical strength in war, by deducting one half the number of slaves from that of the freemen. That the application of this principle will give indubitable results, is not assumed ; but it is believed, that in the absence of more definite methods, it will aiFord a tolerable indication of the general truth. The effect of the principle is illustrated in table 12 ; from which will be seen that the rela- tive importance of Maine, not only to its own inhabitants, in the measure it exhibits of their productive ability to supply its own wants ; but to the Union, in the ratio of physical strength which it may present, on a frontier exposed more than any other, to the incursions of an enemy, should the country ever again be placed in a state of war with its nearest neighbor.
If this principle should be correct where there are no other descriptions of population than those which have been men- tioned ; still, in the circumstances of the United States, it will require some qualification, on account of another race, of a
164 POPULATION.
character so anomalous that it is exceedingly difficult to deter- mine its relative weight in the scale, in either of the cases un- der consideration. The free colored population may, it is true, add something to the productive abihty of the whole, in time of peace, and it may not be dangerous in war ; but per- haps its disadvantages in the former case, may compensate for any advantages to be derived from its productive labor, and, in the latter case, it will not be safe to calculate on it, under all circumstances, as any thing better than neuter, and it may also be far worse. In the table- therefore it is wholly omitted, which has the effect of considering it, on the average of cir- cumstances, merely as a subduction from the efficient force of the community, in proportion to its numbers.
The result of these principles, it will be seen from the table, states the efficient force of Maine, in proportion to its popula- tion, as 996 at all times, while that of the everage of the United States, in time of peace will be 895 — in time of war 737.
It appears also from the table, that with regard to the pro- portion of numbers employed, Maine as an agricultural State, ranks the third among the States nordi of Virginia — New- Hampshire and Vermont being the only ones which precede it. As a commercial State Maine ranks second in the Union, Massachusetts being the first. As a manufacturing State, it is inferior to any north of Virginia ; superior to any south of that, and about equal to the average of the northwestern States.
The second division of table 12 exhibits the proportions of the elements of which the operative classes are composed ; but there are no data for ascertaining the proportions of operatives derived from each cla?s of elements.
P©P0LATION.
165
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POPOLAttO-N.
16t
TABLE XIV.
Progressive density of the population of tiie several United States.
|
Years wlien ead* |
|||||||||
|
Population per square mile. |
may average one |
||||||||
|
Square |
famii} |
te 100 acres |
|||||||
|
States and Ter- |
^ii |
, £ |
|||||||
|
ritories. |
miles. |
1782 |
1790 |
1300 |
1810 |
1820 |
1853 |
It 1850 |
|
|
Maine |
33.367 |
1 1-2 |
3- |
4 |
7 |
9- |
1840 |
||
|
N. Hampshire |
9.491 |
8 |
15- |
19. |
23- |
25 3-4 |
|||
|
Vermont |
10.212 |
8t |
15 |
21 1 |
23- |
1829 |
|||
|
Massachusetts |
7.500 |
46 |
50 1-2 |
561-2 |
63- |
69 1-2 |
|||
|
Rhode-Island |
1.580 |
31 |
43 1-2 |
441- |
481-2 |
521-2 |
|||
|
Connecticut |
4.764 |
44 |
49 1-2 |
52 3-4 |
55- |
57 3-4 |
|||
|
To;. N. States |
66.914 1 |
15 |
I8t 122 |
2.5- |
182Si ! |
||||
|
Ne.v_York |
46.085| 4 |
47 1 |
12 3-4120 3-4 |
29+ |
1831 |
||||
|
New-Jersey |
8.32015 |
22t |
26+ |
30- |
33+ |
||||
|
Pennsylvania |
46.800, 6 |
9t |
13- |
17t |
22- |
1831 |
, |
||
|
Delaware |
2.12016 |
27t 30+ ',34+ |
34+ |
||||||
|
To:.M.d. St's.| |
103.325| 7 |
9+ |14+ |20+ 1 |
261-2 |
1 |
^,.. |
||||
|
MarJand |
13.950 15 |
22 3-4 25t |
27+ |
29t |
1831 |
||||
|
Dist. Columbia |
lOOJ |
1 |
240 |
330 |
|||||
|
Vira^mia |
64.000 6 |
11 1-2 |
14- [ |
15f |
16 1-2 |
1840 |
|||
|
N. Carolina |
48.0001 4 1 |
8t |
10- |
113-4 |
13; |
1849 |
|||
|
S. Carolina |
28.000! 6 1 |
9- |
12^ |
15- |
17 1-2 |
1837 |
|||
|
Georgia |
62.000: |
01-3 |
It |
2 3-4 |
4t |
51-2 |
1876 |
1864 |
|
Tot. S. States |
21.6.0501 1 8^- 110 |12 113 1-2 !l847il84M |
||||||||
|
Alabama |
46.000, |
3 |
. |
||||||
|
Mississippi |
45.000 |
11-2 |
|||||||
|
Louisiana |
48.220 |
St |
|||||||
|
Arkansaw |
40.000 |
0 1-3 |
|||||||
|
Missouri |
42.000 |
1 1-2 |
|||||||
|
Tennessee |
72.099 |
6- |
|||||||
|
Kentucky |
42.000 |
13 1-2 |
|||||||
|
Tot.S. W.Sts. |
335.339| 1 |
' |
1 ! 4 11887 |
1 864 j 1852 |
|
Ohio Indiana Ill.OOIS Michigan |
39.1281 37.000 52.000 30.0001 |
1+ 1 6 115- 0 1-6 0 1-21 4 01-2, 0 3-4' 1 01-8: 01-3 |
||||
|
Tot. N. W. St. |
158.1281 |
1 |5 |
1885 |
1869|1847 |
||
|
W. Territory |
147.0001 1.478.000| |
1 |
V. States ex-l elusive of W.i and N. W.| Territories \
879.786
41-2' 6t
8t
11-
1855
Tot U. StatesL and Territo. I
504.582
u
168 POPULATION.
TABLE XIV— CONTINUED.
Estimated number of inhabitants in the United States in^
the year 1855, exchisive of the W and N. W. Terri J ^g gg^ ^^^ tories — natural increise, 3 per cent, without the aid of j ' foreign immigration, J
Ter-ritory beyond Missouri unsettled, except by Indians, 7 - .-g ^^^ square miles, \
Population necessary to give this a family to every 100 } .. ^^^ qq^ acres on the average, \
Tinif when the surplus natural increase of the United ^
Stales will be suffi ient to furnish that number, exclu- V a. d. 1890
sive of an equal density in the whole, )
Amount of the whole population of the United Staies at ) „. .^^ ^nn ^u * *• / '3. 13/. 000
that time, ^
* Notfi to table 14. The last column in this table shows the years at which time the emigratirig surplus of the Northern and Viddli State? will have been sufficient to furnish the Noitb-wostern States •, and that of the Southern States to furnish the South-western; and that (.f Massachusetts to furnish Maine, each respectively with a family of 5 persons to ea:b lOOaaes of land on the average, leaving; 6 per cent, lor water and wasteland.
Tables 13 and 14 afford data from which may be drawn some interesting conclusions with regard to the future popula- tion of Maine. It will appear that those states in which the greatest relative numbers are employed in commerce, have in general, arrived to a density of population of from 40 to 50 per- sons to the square mile, before they afforded any part of their surplus increase as emigrants to other States ; that is, the most commercial of the States, so far as numbers employed may be the criterion, will sustain the most dense population. Tlie rea- son is obvious. The inhabitants of such States draw their sup- port not only from their o\vn territory but from that of all the world besides ; and this, not in proportion to the amount of revenue they produce to the government, nor to the amount of capital they employ, but to the amount of numbers engaged^ and the activity with which they pursue their vocation. The same indication is also afforded by the state of the counties of York, Cumberland, and Lincoln -y"^ and, as far as can be judged in the present early stage of the settlement of the inte- rior of the counties of Waldo, Hancock and Washington, those counties also will eventually afford similar evidence, f
* See tables 5 and 7.
t See relative proportions, in table 7.
POPULATION* 169
It has been already observed, that according to the propor- tion of numbers employed, Maine is the second commercial Sta»:e in the Union. It will be seen hereafter that it is second also in point of actual amount of tonnage, notwithstanding it ranks but as the twelfth in point o^ present number of inhabit- ants ; — and if to the natural, and legitimate, inferences to be drawn from these facts, we add the consideration of the situa- tion and circumstances of JMaine, as affording superior advan- tages for, and inducements to, the pui'suit of commerce and navigation (including also the fisheries) and at least equal ad- vantages with any other State for manufacturing purposes, and a climate and soil favorable to the support, and encouraging to the exertions, of a healthy, vigorous and industrious agricul- tural population, it will not be unreasonable to conclude that it will, at a future day, support an aggregate population at least as dense as any other part of the United States, of equal ex- tent, and much superior to that of some of the States which are now far before it in point of numbers, and of some also which are greater in extent of territory.
Among other circumstances, affecting the density of popu- lation, are the habits and laws, which, in different States, are more or less favorable to the equal distribution of wealth, es- pecially of territorial possessions. The accumulation and re- tention of large landed estates in the hands of a few wealthy individuals and families, seldom tends to promote a great de- gree of density of population, with a proportionate degree of activity, intelligence, and enterprize among its members. The easy subdivision, and secure possession of estates in Maine, as well as in New-England generally, from its natural tenden- cy to excite and reward industry and enterprize, will always add to the effect of other causes, in sustaining the population of the State at a greater density, and promoting a higher de- gree of cultivation, and exercise of, its collective physical and intellectual powers, than will be the case in States whose cir- cumstances, laws, and habits, are more favorable to monopn- 22
170 POPULATION.
lies, or less stimulating to the industry and talents of the class- es in moderate or poorer circumstances, which form the great mass of every community. In the States south of New-Eng- land, these circumstances, laws, and habits, are of the latter class, when compared with New-England, and, so far as they operate, will tend to counteract their commercial or manufac- turing enterprize, or advantages, in their effect upon the den- sity of population. The north-western States, or some of them at least, are supposed to partake more of the character of New-England in this respect, but these, being altogether in- land counties, cannot derive any very extensive additional den- 5ity from the pursuits of commerce, and comparatively little from those of manufactures, beyond what may be necessary for their own immediate consumption.
As far as can be judged, at the present day, from the statements of tables 13 and 14, it may be conjectured, with some degree of probability, that, in proportion to the prepon- derance of agricultural, commercial, or manufacturing pursuits respectively, or the different degrees of distribution among them, other circumstances being supposed equal, the different ratios of maximum density to be expected, will be nearly as 6, 7, and 8 ; and combined with other circumstances may be as 3, 4, and 5 — viz. If the density of the maximum population of a con.paiatively agricultural conmiunity be 3, agricultural and commercial will be 4, commercial and manufacturing 5 ; with fractional differences between them, proportioned to the greater or less preponderance of the different pursuits. If however we take into view the densities exhibited in, and the migrations from, the States which most abound with a slave popula- tion, we must deduct something from this ratio when applied to any such State : and on these principles it may be reasona- bly assumed, that the relative rank of Maine in point of num- bers, compared with some of the principal States in the Union, when'all shall have attained the maximum density which they will support without inconvenience, may be represented by
POPULATION. 171
numbers nearly as follows, viz. New- York 184 — Maine 166 — Pennsylvania 162 — Virginia 160 — Massachusetts 38 — New- England States collectively 335.
It is not presumed that there is much certainty in these es- timates, but only that the facts exhibited in the tables, when viewed in connexion with the circumstances of the different States, will lead to a result which probably will not be materi- ally different from the numbers here given, as indicative of the relative population of the several States, at some future lime.
But the most important indication of these tables, is that which points to a time when some of the present circumstan- ces of the State will have undergone a most material change ; when its now extensive vacant lands will be occupied, and no longer afford encouragement nor room for immigrants from other States ; and when even its own young men will no longer be able to obtain lands, at an easy rate, on which they may establish themselves as independent farmers, and must be content with a less quantity, if indeed they can obtain any ; or, must resort to other pursuits for a livelihood, or remove to other States or countries (if such can then be found) w^hich af- ford more room, and where wild land can be obtained with more facility. That the arrival of such a period will produce important changes in the pursuits, habits, and interests of the people of the State, will not be doubted. It may also produce changes in its system of legislation ; and perhaps, improve- ments in economy of time, and other methods of rendering its aggregate physical ability more productive. But, it has here- tofore been generally thought that such a period must be too far distant to form a proper subject for the consideration of Legislators and Statesmen of the present ;'ay ; or even for generatio s yet to come. — Perhaps this may be the case, — a summary review, however, of some of the facts exhibited in the tables, will show, that however remote such a period may have appeared yet there are circumstances which unless coun- taracted by some great public calamity, or other extraor-
172 POPULATION.
dinary events, may produce such a change in this State, with- in a period, the arrival of which, even during the present gen- eration, is to say the least, within the limits of possibility ; and fnay even, w-ithout violating any sound principle of human cal- culation, be considered as within the hmits of rational pro- bability.
At the year 1790 the population of the New-England States, exclusive of Maine and Vermont, had attained an average density of 34 persons to the square mile, or about one family, on the average, to every 90 acres. From this period to 1800 those States, besides an addition of about 100 000 to their own numbers, furnished an emigrating surplus, of about 160- 000, to other States ; of which Maine and Vermont received about 60 000. From 1800 to 1810 those States retained about 98 000 of their own natural increase, and an emigrat- ing surplus of more than 200 000 ; of which Maine and Ver- mont received about 37 000. From 1810 to 1820 the whole of the New-England States furnished an emigrating surplus of more than 300 000, exclusive of that from Maine, which has been before noticed. A part of this emigration should be charg- ed to the same extraordinary circumstances which produced that from Maine before noticed. Making allowance for this there- fore, and estimating the increasing surplus at the same ratio with that of the preceding period, it should be token at about 250 000. The average density of the New-England States, exclusive of Maine, was at this period about 40. New- Hampshire had begun to furnish an emigrating surplus be- fore its density was 20 ; and afforded a large surplus of emi- grants when it had arrived at 23.
Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, and Connecticut, being, in a greater measure, commercial and manufacturing States, at- tained greater densities before their increase began to seek room elsewhere. Connecticut afforded a surplus for emigra- tion at the density of 44. Rhode-Island received but few innnigrants at the same density. Massachusetts had suppliefl
POPULATION. 175
\ipwards of 80 000 to other States, when its density had reach- ed 56.
It would seem then, that even in that quarter of the United States where tlie pursuits and habits of the people are the most favorable to a condensation of the population, a part of their increase will prefer to remove to new States and coun- tries, by the time their average density has arrived to tliat degree which allows for each family about 100 acres of land, •or not much less. This however is to be supposed the case only when there are large quantities of vacant land to be ob- tained in favorable situations, at no very great distance j which has hitherto been the case in all parts of the Union. This degree of density, in general therefore, may be considered as the maximum at which, under the present, or past, circum- stances of the country, the population will all remain contented at home ; or, beyond which there will be a part of the people who will find, or at least imagine, it for their interest to em- igrate.
It will be perceived however, that in the Stated farther south, the disposition to emigrate has discovered itself at a less density. Delaware furnished to other States a large pro- portion of its surplus increase, before its density had arrived to 30. New Jersey and Maryland at 25. Pennsylvania had nearly ceased to receive immigrants at 17, and furnished a large supply to other States at 22. And with all the advanta- ges of New-York for commerce, as well as for agriculture, and under all the excitements, from 1815 to 1820, in favor of its western counties, the amount of emigration to that State had very much abated when its density had arrived to 29.
The southern and slave-holding States have furnished a sur- plus of emigrants at a still less density. None of them have exceeded an average of 15 per square mile, before a part re- quired more room.
On the whole, therefore, it may be reasonably concluded,
174 POPULATION.
that until the new States shall have attained a density, which will create a demand for nearly all their vacant lands, or hgve thrown them, in not very large parcels, into the hands of the body of the people, who will each generally wish to reserve what he has, for the use of his own descendants, these States will afford encouragement to emigration from the older and more populous States, and a part of the increase of these latter States will believe they may improve their condition by removing.
The northern States have long supplied the western and other States with a part of their natural increase, and the amount of this supply has been constantly increasing. From the year 1810 to 1820, it had averaged about 30 000 souls per annum ; and though we should allow for the excitement of the years from 1814 to 1818, it still cannot be rated at less than 25 000, increasing constantly with the increasing density at home ; and may reasonably assume 30 000 as the probable average number for years to come.
The Middle States, (exclusive of New- York, the western part of which may be classed with the western States, as also mav the western part of Pennsylvania) already furnish an em- igrating surplus of more than 10 000 per annum ; and the Southern States more than 50 000 per annum ; constituting, from the whole of the original Atlantic States, a body of emi- grants of nearly 100 000 souls per annum, to add to the natu- ral increase of the Western States,* assist to occupy their remaining vacant lands.
If there were no natural limits to the territory of the United States, or to vacant countries on its borders, then this immense tide of emigration might continue to flow, in perpetual accum- ulation— but, on the north, the Canadas will soon furnish a supply for all the vacant lands in that country, which offer any ^rong inducement to emigration from other places. On the
* A part oi tli.s number, from 1810 to 1820 must have g;one to other couiuries,— prmci- -^ pally lo U!)per Cannda. — T nle-s (he whole ot" iho dimimition ot increase during this pe- riod is to be attributed to the destruction ol lives, and decrease of births occasioned by the war.
PePULATION. 175
South, Mexico with a population already dense and increasing, presents its barrier. And the Indian tribes, the deserts of the Rocky Mountains, and finally the Pacific, must present a check to the flood, and arrest its progress.
To reduce any estimates on this subject to a point, it will be necessaiy to assume some particular degree of density, as the point beyond which a country, in the circumstances of the United States, will not be likely to afford much en- couragement to immigration, or when the lands in gener- al, though not fully occupied and under cultivation, yet will be principally in the hands of cultivators, or of those who will reserve them for the use of their own children. This, it is supposed for the present purpose, will be when there is on the average, a family for every hundred acres, or about 30 persons to the square mile. This particular degree of density however is not important, except as some degree is necessary to be assumed, as a resting place for the mind, in making any calculations on the subject ; — and, as it respects the average of the United States, this comes, as near as any which can be hypothetically assumed, to the point on either side of which, important differences may occur in the pursuits, habits, and circumstances of the people.
It has been already observed, that apart of the population of the southern States has found it eligible to remove when their average density had reached 15 to the square mile, or one family to 200 acres. The results of tables 13 and 14 show, that if they should retain all their own natural increase, they would attain the density of 30 by the year 1847. New York and Pennsylvania, without the aid of immigration, will attain that density in the year 1831. The northern States, exclusive of Maine, have akeady much past that degree. The emigrating surplus of the southern States, with the natural increase of the south-western States, will produce that density in the latter, at the year 1852. And the emigrating surplus of the northern
176^ POPULATION.
and middle States, will produce the same in the north-western States, at the year 1847.
It will be easily perceived then, that should the population of Maine receive no additions at present by immigration, yet its increase must be great, of itself, and the period can not be far distant when the surplus increase of the northern States will find no room to diffuse itself westward, miless it is fai' beyond the State of Missouri. Maine therefore must necessarily be- come the recipient of at least a part, and probably the principal part, of the surplus ; and we may, from the data given in the tables, calculate with rational probability upon the degree of future population of the State, at least to the time when its in- creased density shall operate as a discouragement to immigra- tion ; and perhaps to the time when it shall operate as a res- triction to the means of support, and of course as a check upon early marriages, and the present rate of nntural increase.
An examination of tables 3, 13, and 14 will show, that if the population of Maine should increase no farther than it did at the lowest rate of its past increase for 10 years, while it was suffering under the accumulated checks occasioned by the em- bargo, war, cold seasons, and other circumstances which occa- sioned the transient flood of emigration, known familiarly in this State by the name of " Ohio fever," it must still, about the year 1862, have arrived to a number which would give the State an average density of 30 persons to the square mile ; if the increase should be equal to that of its average nntural in- crease, this event will occur at the year 1853 ; and if the ratio of increase should be equal to that, which under all the advan- tages and disadvantages of war and peace, or other circum- stances favorable and unfavorable, which it has averaged on the whole for tO years past, this degree of average density will be attained in the year 1844. If the extensive interest possessed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the wild lands of this State, together with other circumstances, should operate to induce the emigrating surplus of that State, or one
POPULATION. J77
half of the emigrating surplus of the New-England States, to direct itself to Maine, then the degree of 'density under consid- eration will have been attained at the year 1840.
Either of these different degrees of increase is within the limits of ordinary possibilities ; and either, except the two ex- tremes, are within those of sober, rational probability ; such probability as, in most cases, is considered among cool, thinking men, a sufficiently safe ground on which to adventure their money in speculations for future profit.
It is to be recollected here, that within the limit of the aver- age of the periods before mentioned, the whole of the western States must have reached that degree of density, beyond which the emigrants from New-England can no longer obtain land on which to establish themselves, at so easy rate as they have heretofore done, if at any rate within the means of the greater part of them.
It may be observed also, tliat on the north and east, Maine is already bounded by countries considerably peopled, and which by the time the population of this State shall have pene- trated to those hmits, must necessarily meet it with a population more dense, and which by that time, will have so fully occupied the ground in those directions, as to prevent any farther diffu- sion from this quarter.
It is farther to be observed, that wliile the fields for the ac- commodation of the emigrating surplus of the New-England States are growing more remote, and must soon become fully occupied, the population of those States is also in- creasing at home, becoming more crowded, and a larger sur- plus annually must be looking for room to establish itself else- where ; and tliat Maine presents a climate and soil, and its in- habitants a character and habits, more congenial to those of New-England, while at the same time its access is more ready, and its connections with those States more easily main- tained, and from the mutual interests and sympathies of the
respective inhabitants, will more probably be permanently con- 23
178 POPULATION.
tinued, than can be the case, under any probable circunlstan- ces, with regard to any other part of the Union.
These circumstances all taken into consideration, would lead to the belief that the time is, compai-atively speaking, very near at hand, when the increasing population of this State will create a demand for the whole of its now v^acant lands, and will give it a rank, in point of numbers at least, among the first of the States of the Union,
It is not however to be supposed, that with no greater aver- age density than the degree now under consideration, the pop- ulation will have diffused itself very equally over all parts of the State ; or that it wiU ever be so diffused. The mercantile towns on the seaboard, the manufacturing and trading towns in the interior, with those in their more immediate vicinity, and the more fertile districts of the purely agricultural parts of the State, must always sustain the most dense population ; yet, if a portion ot the State, equal to the whole of that which is now settled, should have attained an average density of 55 to the square mile, and another equal portion of the territory be sup- posed to have attained the density of 25, this would leave 10 to the square mile, for the remaining third part of the State, last settled, and would give to this part an average of 72 fami- lies to each township of six miles square.
Unless some public calamity, imposing greater checks on the increase ol Maine, than has ever heretofore existed, for any period of 10 years during 70 years past ; or some inducements to emigration elsewhere, greater than have yet been known, should take place, its population must amount to the degree now supposed, within 33 years from this time (1829) at far- thest ; and if it should receive no immigrations, but barely retain its own natural increase, this amount must necessarily occur within 24 years ; and if it should continue to receive the same proportion of the migrating surplus of the other New-England States, which it has always heretofore received, excepting du- ring the short period immediately subsequent to the late war,
POPULATION. 179
this amount must be realised in about 16 years from the pres- ent.
Which of these several circumstances will take place ; or how far they may be variously blended ; and how far any ad- verse circumstances may occur to check the increase of popu- lation, or qualify the deductions to be made from the facts ex- isting, is a matter somewhat of conjecture, and an inquiry into these need not here be instituted. The facts are before us, and of the conclusions, or probabilities to be drawn or inferred from them ; and of the counteracting possibilities, which may occur to quahfy such conclusions, every reader will judge for him- self. It may however, without impropriety, be remarked in this place, that the facts and conclusions here exhibited, ap- proaching, as must be admkted, to some degree of probability, ought to be sufficient to awaken, in the minds of the people of Maine, an attentive consideration to the results which may flow from them ; and perhaps it may not be too early, even at the present day, to admit these possible results to a share in those deliberations which have for their object, the future in- terests and happiness of the State.
180
POPULATION.
TAeJLE XV.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI.
Population of the several Counties and Parishes in the British ProT- ince of New-Brunswick in the year 1824.
CHAi'.LoTTt COl'.>.TV
I No. inha
XORTMUMBhHLAND Parishes. |Nu
inU
SUNBUKY COUNTY.
Parislies
iiih.
|
St. James |
453 |
|
Sf. D.viM |
1005 |
|
St. Stephen |
1673 |
|
St. Andrew |
2263 |
|
St. Patrick |
762 |
|
St. George |
1446 |
|
Penntield |
558 |
|
Campo Belle I. |
509 |
|
Grand Manan I. |
598 |
|
West Isles |
|
|
Total, - - - |
9267 |
Beresford
Northesk
Saumarez
New-Castle
Alnwick
Ludlow
Cliatham
Glenel
Nelson
Carleton
Wellington
YORK COLNTY.
Total,
1086 1443 2777 1657
618 1308 1452
836 1132 1965 1555
Burton Lincoln Magerville Sheffield
Total, - - -
1338 670 448 735
3277
I Whr'^TMURKLAND CO.
15.829
Keni
Wakefield
Woodstock
Northampton
Prince William
Queensbury
Kingsclear
Fredericton
Douglas
St. Mary
Total,
2297 1010
816
568
545
716
832 1849 1367
972 Total,
KING S COLNTY.
Greenwich
Hampton
Kingston
N rton
Springfield
Sussex
Westfield
744 1559 1655
502
924 1833
7i3
Botsford
Dorchester
Hillsborough
Hopewell
Monkton
Sackville
Salisbury
Westmoreland
7930
- (10.972 QLhKVS COUNTY.
ST. JOHN'S CULM V
St. John (city) Portland Lancaster St. Martin
Total,
8488
3043
793
583
Brunswick
(iagetown
Hampstead
Waterborough
Wickham
12.307 Total,
Total,
774 2737 1152 1005
342 1744
9303
RKCAPITULATION.
Charlotte
York
St. John
Northumberland
King's
Queen's
Sunbury
Westmoreland
289
606
723 2023 1100
474)|Tot. of the Prov.. 73.626
9.267 10.972 12.307 15.829 7.930 4.741 3.277 9.303
AGRICULTURE. 181
CHAPTER VII.
Agriculture,
The vast quantities of valuable timber with which the forests of Maine abounded, during the early period of its settlement, and the multitudes of fish of every kind, with which its rivers, and the bays and sea in its vicinity were stocked, yielded so speedy, and often large, returns to the enterprize and labor of those who were in the pursuit of wealth or subsistence, that a comparatively few were satisfied to wait the slower, though more certain and permanent, returns from the clearing of the forest and cultivation of the soil ; agriculture was hardly thought of, as of much importance, by a large proportion of its early inhabitants ; and it has, to the present day, formed but a sec- ondary consideration with many in the new settlements, even of those whose ultimate views are to that pursuit as their per- manent occupation. The consequence of this has been, to a ve- ry considerable degree in some parts of the State, and to some degree in all, an inattention to the riches of the soil, a slight and superficial mode of cultivation, temporary expedients, and want of economy and judicious enterprize in the pursuits of agriculture, which have tended to produce an unfavourable impression with regard to the productive ability of the soil, and in a measure to discourage efforts for eliciting the solid advanta- ges, which its extensive and judicious cultivation will abundant- ly afford.
It is not to be understood however that this account is of imiversal application. In some parts of the State, and among a respectable portion of the community in all parts, agriculture of later years has assumed, to a good degree, the elevated rank which its importance demands, and is prosecuted with a
182 AGRICULTURE.
spirit and intelligence honorable to the character of the State, and promising fair to yield the most beneficial and permanent results. Still however, the qualifying influence of the circum- stances before mentioned, though diminishing every year, is felt in a considerable measure, in its reduction of the . gross amount of the products of the State, and of their average rela- tive amount, when compared with the extent of territory under cultivation and number of persons employed ; and, in forming any estimate of the agricultural character of the State from the comparison of the amount of its products, with that of the acres under cultivation, and number of persons employed, great al- lowance must be made for the effect of those circumstances ; and it must also be considered, that as the population increas- es, the lumber and other temptations to neglect or slight the cultivation of the soil, continually diminish, and the compara- tive productiveness of agriculture is continually increasing.
The agricultural products of Maine are Indian corn^ wheat, oats, barley, rye, peas and beans, potatoes, flax, hops, ^Q — in general all those articles for the subsistence and com- fort of man, which are produced in the New-England States, and other countries of similar climates ; and they are too well known to require a more particular enumeration or description. These not only furnish directly the food of the inhabitants, but support a numerous stock of horses, oxen, cows, sheep and swine, which, besides the quantity required for the use and con- sumption of the inhabitants, form already from some parts of the State, a considerable article of export, and must eventuaUy form the basis and chief support of the commerce and manu- factures of the State, as well as the wealth of its agricultural population.
The fertility of the soil is in general equal to that of any part of the northern States, in proportion to its extent — that of the northern part of the State, on the Aroostook and St. John, is considered as far superior, unless it may be some portions of comparatively small extent ; but the fertility is to be fairly cs-
AGRICULTURE. 183
timated only when the mode of culture is ascertained. In a large part of the State, as has been before observed, circum- stances have led to a negligent and wasteful mode, which, as might have been expected, has often rewarded the laborer but with meagre crops ; and when the amount of the whole pro- duct of the State is compared with the quantity of land under cultivation, the numerous instances of this description tend to reduce the average very considerably, and lead to very incor- rect inferences with regard to the general productiveness of the soil when properly cultivated. But there are not wanting instances of judicious cultivation, which of late years are much on the increase. Wherever these have been adopted, they have been successful, and the crops have been sufficient, abundantly to reward and encourage the cultivator. The crops of Indian corn, in different parts of the State, and different seasons, have varied from 30 to 50 bushels per acre ; in some instances 80 bushels ; wheat from 1 5 to 40 ; rye rather more ; hay from 1 1-2 to 3 tons — other products in proportion.
There are no data existing from which the amount of the products of every kind in the whole State, can be ascertain- ed ; nor indeed of the whole amount, nor the average crop per acre of any kind. The inventories returned by order of the Legislature in 1820, ought to exhibit this, but they are in many cases deficient, and in many obscure, not only on this, but on ^other subjects. They must be supposed however to give a nearer approach to the truth, than any other known evi- dence, and they must necessarily form the basis of the state- ments on the subject in the subsequent part of this chapter. Yet when the occasion and circumstances under which these returns were made, are taken into consideration, it will be per- ceived that they must exhibit the agriculture and productive ability of the State, in a light far less favorable than it justly <iemands, and that they must be received with much allow- ance.
It has been the long established practice in Massachusetts^,
184 AGRICULTURE.
and adopted by Maine since the separation, once in 10 years to require of the assessors of every town, an inventory of all the estates, real and personal, within the town, specifying th© various descriptions and incomes or annual productiveness of each. Among other subjects, and with a view to ascertain the comparative value of the land in different towns, the amount of the principal articles of agricultural product is required. The enumeration of articles required however, extends only to those which constitute the great bulk of the production, and leaves others unnoticed ; and as the whole number of acres employed in tillage is required to be returned, and but a part, (though a principal part) of the annual products, a conjectural allowance must be made for the proportion of land employed in the production of articles not enumerated, otherwise the av- erage product per acre, of enumerated articles, will appear much too low. Allowance must be made also for another cir- cumstance. These returns are required by the Legislature as the basis on which to apportion the annual taxes of the respect- ive towns, and their accuracy is made to depend, not only on the integrity and judgment of the assessors in the respective towns, but also, in a measure, on diat of each individual inlfab- itant of each town, in rendering an account of his own prop- erty, it is naturally to be supposed therefore, that in every particular in which the judgment is concerned in estimating the amount, it will be sure to be stated low enough, and in a multitude of instances may be expected to be much top low.
There is also another circumstance, tending to reduce the aggregate returned amount of agricultural products, below tht quantity actually produced.
In the more recently settled parts of the State, a large pro- portion, and in some parts the whole, of the Indian corn, wheat, &LC. is raised from new lands just cleared, and never yet sub- jected to the plough. The requisitions of the Legislature are for an account of the amount of the product of those articles from tilled lands. The blank hsts, furnished to the assessors.
AGRICULTURE. 185
contain the different kinds of land to be returned, the whole included under the several descriptions of mowing, tillage, pasture, wood, unimproved, and unimprovable lands. The as- sessors of some towns understand the lands just cleared, and cultivated by the hoe and harrow, as falling properly under no other of the required descriptions than that of tilled lands, even though their surface has not yet been turned over with the plough (which is not generally done for a number of years) and they therefore return these lands and their products as such. The assessors of other towns, understanding (as is ap- parently for the interest of their towns that they should do) that by tilled lands can be intended only those cultivated by the plough, make no returns of these new lands but as unim- proved, and entirely omit their products. How extensively these different modes of construction prevail respectively is not known. From what is known however, it is conjectured that the latter, being supported by the argumentum ad hominem, to assist the judgment of the interested party in his understanding of the law, is the prevailing construction. It will be proper therefore to make some allowance for it, in the estimates of the average agricultural productiveness of the state, so far as it is to be drawn from the official returns.
It is impossible perhaps to estimate with much accuracy the amount of allowance, to be made in the aggregate, for the cir- cumstances here noticed. Different persons, acquainted with different- facts, and in different parts of the State, will form opinions as different. It will assist the judgment however in this respect, and be interesting in other respects, to examine an abstract from the returns alluded to, which is given in ta- ble 1.
24
186
AGRICULTURE.
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202 AGRICULTURE.
It has been observed that the enumerated articles in the pre- ceding tables do not comprise the whole products of the land employed in tillage. That part which is employed in horti- culture, and in the field culture of potatoes and other roots for the food of man or beast, (which includes a considerable pro- portion of the tillage of all farmers, and of some a large part) flax, and other articles, should be deducted from the number of acres returned, if we would ascertain their productiveness from the quantity of enumerated articles exhibited in the re- turns. How great deduction should be made on this account, must be only conjectural, but it is believed that it will be found not less than a fourth part, and on this principle is founded the estimate of products per acre in table 3,
A«R1CULTURE.
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204 AGRICULTURE.
The value of the agricultural capital in the State, like the value of all other articles, is arbitrarily expressed by certain sums of money, and when we intend by the value of any arti- cle, the sum of money for which it may be exchanged in tlie market, we express a number which is constantly fluctuating with the tide of events, and often affords no definite idea of the intrinsic worth of the article, or in other words, of the amount which that article will permanently afford to the sub- sistence and comfort of man. We have, however, no common representative of value but money ; and if we compare our ideas of the value of an article, with the sum of money for which an equal amount of articles for the subsistence and" com- fort of man,may be obtained in exchange, or which at its ordi- nary rate of interest, or ordinary income, when vested in per- manent stocks, or public funds, will produce an equal annual reveriue, we shall obtain a correct expression of the perma- nent intrinsic value of that article ; which, however it may dif- fer from the current exchangeable value in the market (which is always fluctuating) still, if the article is not of a perishable nature, and especially if it is of a kind which can not be pro- duced permanently, in greater quantities than to supply the de- mand, is a more certain measure of its true intrinsic value, than any other measure attainable. * Thus, if the annual sur- plus product of an acre of land, after deducting so much as shall compensate the laborer who cultivates it, and defray all necessary chari^es, can always be exchanged for a given sum of money, then that acre is permanently worth as much money (or as much of any other property whose value may be repre- sented by, or which may be obtained in exchange for money) as, if vested in any other stock, will yield an equal annual net revenue. For instance, if money vested in public funds, or in any other permanent and safe stock, will yield an annual interest of six per cent, and if one acre of land will regularly
* This mode of rstimatinp the value is still more safe T^hen applied to an aiticle which, not only can not be producnd in greater quantity, but in the nature of things must always meet with an increasing demand, and competitions for its possession— as must bt the case with land.
ASRICULTURE. 206
yield a product, which after deducting all charges and expen- ses of cultivation and superintendence, will leave a surplus which can be exchanged for six dollars in money, then that acre must be intrinsically worth one hundred dollars, or in other words, be of equal value,to the owner, with one hundred dollars, or any other property which is currently represented by that sum. And whenever a country contains as many inhabitants as are sufficient to cultivate all the land in it, which is capable of cultivation, then every owner of land will be sure to find a demand for the use of all his land, at a price or rent which will amount to the value of all its surplus products, after deduc- ting a fair compensation for the charges and expenses of culti- vation ; and this demand must constantly increase with the in- crease of population. This, with the secure nature of the in- vestment, and its capacity for increasing productiveness, will create an increasing demand for opportumties to invest money in, or exchange other commodities for this species of estate, . and make it the best property at market.
And farther — though in a new country Hke the United States, the abundance of vacant land at market, and the rela- tive deficiency of purchasers, must operate to reduce the cur- rent exchangeable value of land, for a time, while the quantity at market is greatly above the current demand, yet when the quantity of vacant land becomes so far diminished, as that pur- chasers can perceive sensibly that it must soon be exhausted, and that, in any given time, not exceeding the time to which men of prudence and forecast extend their speculations, the demand must exceed the supply, then those who have capital to spare, and wish to invest it securely for the benefit of theu^ children, will be eager to purchase land, in proportion as the time of its full population draws near 5 and the current prices of land will begin to be predicated upon its ultimate intrinsic value, abating interest and expenses of preservation and super- intendence.
If these principles are sound, then the measure of the intrin-
206 AORICULTURL.
sic value of the agricultural capital of the State, should be de- duced from the average net value of its annual product, over the charges of cultivation ; and the same principle will deter- mine the value of the still vacant lands, at the time when the increase of population shall create a demand for the whole, and ihc\r jj resent value by a discount of ordinary annual rent of money, or interest, for the number of years supposed to be* intervening. This latter article however does not strictly per- tain to the subject of this chapter ; but an attempt may be made to estimate the value of the former, by tlie application of the principle assumed.
In Maine, as in other parts of New England, the easy rate at wliich lands hitherto have been obtained in fee simple, and the scarcity of laborers, compai-ed with the quantity of land to be occupied, have rendered it, in general, difficuh to obtaia rents for land, on any extensive scale, by which their average value could be measured with any accuracy ; but there are oc- casional instances which may serve as the basis of a general estimate. In some such instances it has been a custom for the landlord to furnish the implements, cattle, half the seed, and pay half the taxes, and to receive half the products ; in others, the tenant furnishes the whole of these, except die taxes ; and in some the landlord and tenant furnish different propor- tions according to circumstances. In most cases it is consid- ered that one half of the crops, deducting one half the value of the seed and taxes, pays the expense of cultivation. The taxes however, being assessed upon the value of property of nearly every description, do not enter into nor affect the value of one ardcle more than another, and therefore should be left out of the question. If therefore we can satisfactorily estimate the average net value of the products, we obtain data from which we can deduce, with some certainty, the intrinsic value of the land.
The average products per acre of the lands in Maine, so far as the returns can be depended on, are stated in table 3
A«RlCULTURt:. 207
at sixteen bushels of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, he. per acr© from the lands under tillage ; about four fifths of a ton of hay per acre from mowing lands; and as sustaining one cow, through the summer season on two acres and six tenths of pas- turage. Any one acquainted with the agricultural products of the land in Maine, must at once perceive that this statement is in general far below the truth ; or that it exhibits proof of ve- Tj extensive habits of bad husbandry ; or is the estimate of the worst seasons and worst husbandry ; which last is believed to be generally nearest the fact.
It is well known that land of average quality, under good cultivation, yields more frequently 40 bushels of Indian corn, from 20 to 40 bushels of wheat, rye, oats, and barley, and from one to two and three tons of hay per acre, and the knowl- edge of every intelligent farmer throughout the State, with the considerations before suggested, as the probable cause of the reduction of the amount returned to the lowest possible esti- mates, may be safety appealed to in support of the opinion, that the product of the lands in the State, if estimated wholly from these returns, must be very much too low. Yet these returns will probably serve to furnish a tolerably correct idea of the relative state of agi'iculture, and value of the land in the different counties ; and as there are no other accounts so ex- tensive, they must be adopted, deficient as they are, as the best evidence at present attainable.
The average product of tillage lands, has been stated at about 16 bushels per acre, principally Indian corn and wheat. Its price may be estimated, on the average, at 75 cents per bushel, or 12 dollars for the value of the crop per acre. Deducting one half of this for the cultivator, leaves S;x dollars for the income of the land ; and if money vested In safe and permanent funds, is considered as good estate at 6 per cent annual income, then the intrinsic value of the land is as cer- tainly one hundred dollars per acre. It may be said however tkat the expense of cultivation is more than half the value of
208 ASRICULTUftE.
such a crop. This may be true, but it is true also that many acres are actually cuhivated, or rather pretended to be culti- vated, at no greater, and even at a less expense ; and that a more expensive and judicious cultivation is always attended with an increase of crops, more than proportioned to the increase of expense. The resuh therefore must be considered sufficient- ly low, and the error, if there is any, on the safe side.
The product of hay is stated in tlie table, at about four fifths of a ton per acre. It is miserable husbandry that does not pro- duce at least one ton on the average. The value of hay per ton is exceedingly variable in different seasons and different parts of the State. Within a convenient distance of the market towns it may be estimated from 8 to 10 dollars ; in remote districts at never less than 4 dollars, and it probably will not be consider- ed a high estimate if, on the average, it is taken at 5 dollars. One half this, viz. 2 dollars 50 cents per acre, may be consid- ered tlien as the average net income of an acre of mowing land. Its intrinsic value therefore must be stated at about 42 dollars, or is equal to that sum vested in any permanent or safe fund or stock yielding an annual revenue of six per cent.
The pasturage of a cow during the summer can not be worth less to the farmer than three dollars, which is equivalent to the revenue of 50 dollars vested in permanent funds. This requires no expense for cultivation, and but an expense not worth naming for repairs. To produce this it appears that, on the average of the State, 2 acres and 6 tenths are requisite ; which exhibits tlie intrinsic value of pasture lands, on the aver- age, at about 19 dollars.
The proportionate quantities of the different descriptions of improved lands to each other, are found to be, tillage 1.8, mowing 7.3, pasture 6.8 ; and on the foregoing principles it will appear, that the average intrinsic vakie of the whole of these descriptions, is a little less than 36 dollars per acre. This value varies in the different counties, as will appear in table 4, tmd probably still more in different towns in each county ; —
AGRICULTUKE. 209
und it must be very raich increased when a spirited and judi- cious system of husbandry shall generally pervade the State, and fully elicit the productive powers of its soil.
The improved lands constitute the principal part of tlie fix- ed agricultural capital of any country, and are all which may be termed fixed and directly productive. There are other ar* tides however which though not so permanent, nor directly productive, yet may be classed with the fixed capital. We have no returns, nor enumeration, of any of this description, ex* cept barns, of which the whole number, in each county, is sta- ted in a subsequent table. Of these, probably one eighth be- long to persons employed in commerce and manufactures, the remainder may be considered as forming a part of the fixed agricultural capital. Their average value must be conjectur- ed, but it is thought will be low enough if estimated at 40 dol- lars.
The amount vested in implements of husbandry, forms anoth- er item, which may be attached either to fixed or active capi- tal ; but there are no means of ascertaining it, better than a random conjecture — it is therefore wholly omitted.
Horses, oxen, cows, and steers of 3 years old, are all which are enumerated among the articles which form the fluctuating or active agricultural capital ; but a large part of the horses are employed for other purposes, besides those directly or indi- rectly connected with agriculture ; and in estimating their val- ue therefore in relation to agriculture, we should deduct from their number, perhaps one half. The others also, after a few years, are transferred into the class of products, and their place, as forming a part of the capital, is supplied by the growth of younger animals.
The value of these several species will be estimated, horses at 40 dollars, oxen at 20 dollars, and cows and steers 3 years old at 12 dollars each.
Swine are also among the articles enumerated, but there
may be different opinions whether they should be classed with
27
21© AGRICULTURE.
capital or products. There are considerations however whick, as it respects those of the age enumerated, induce the classing them with the capital ; but it is of little consequence ; their short existence, and continual reproduction and income, will perhaps justify the assignment of the number returned to the capital ; as those of less age, more than to replace the original stock, and the flesh of those older, after one year, wiU proper- ly be considered as products. The value of those enumera- ted may be considered as, on the average, not less than four dollars each.
Young neat cattle, and horses under 3 years old, must be considered more properly as ])roducts, and their average value classed with the amount of revenue — but no returns were made of these, and their numbers and value must be left to conjecture.
Sliecp form an important part of the active agricultural cap- ital '-li the State; their product forms nmch of its annual in- come, and will probably, at some day, constitute one of the principal, if not the first, of the staple commodities of the State. It is to be regretted that no returns have been made of the numbers of this valuable animal, with which the State abounds, nor any data exist from which an estimate, to be de- pended on for any tolerable degree of accuracy, can be drawn. It is known however, that besides furnishing the material for a large portion of the clothing of the inhabitants, and not a small portion of their food, large numbers are annually driven from Maine to odier New-England States for a market ; but what numbers, we have no means of conjecturing, except from an account of the numbers from this State which passed Haverhill and Piscataqua bridges in the year 1827, which was some- thing m.ore than 3300. How many may have passed west- ward out of the State by other avenues is wholly uncertain.
So far as the data here given may be considered as evi- dence, and the principles assumed correct ; the intrinsic value of the different enumerated species of the agricultural capital of the State is exhibited in table 4.
AGRICULTURE.
211
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212 AGRICULTURE.
The agriculture of the western and older counties of the State, including those on Kennebeck river, produces not only a sufficiency for their own consumption, but a considerable quantity for foreign exportation, and also some for exportation coast- wise to other parts of the United States. The eastern counties, being but of comparatively recent settlement, and, in proportion to their numbers, being more largely engaged in the lumbering business, and in commerce, * have not yet devoted their attention so much to agriculture ; and tliis, with the con- linual accession of immigrants to them, has occasioned a de- mand for more of the products of agriculture, than as yet has been supplied by their owti cultivation. The deficiency has been made up by importations from the western counties of the State, and from other of the States of New-England, and far- ther south. There are no means of ascertaining the amount or proportion thus imported to the newer counties, and no very accurate means of determining the amount exported from the older counties. The judgment however on the subject may derive some assistance from a few statements and estimates, which have been politely furnished by the Collectors of some of the ports and by intelligent merchants in the State, in an* swer to inquiries addressed to them for this purpose.
From these statements and estimates it appears, that in the
year 1826, the exports of agricultural products from Maine
to Foreign ports, were as follows.
From Eastport — bread stuflfs and salted provisions, val- 7 ^^^^ ^^^ ue about ^
But a very small proportion of this could have been the product of the country in the iramedinte vicinity; and how much of it was produced in Western counties, or in other Stales is not known.
Belfast, estimated value about $1 000
VViscasset, estimated value about 500
Bath, corn, wheat, potatoes, apples, oats, value 16 000
Portland, Beef, 2481 bbls. value $20 351
Butter, 16 660lb3 . ^ ^^^
Cheese, 3,525 lbs. S " See Tables 14 and 15 of chapter S.
Saco,
|
AGRICULTURE. |
"Zl^ |
|||
|
Poi-k, |
873 bbls. ) |
|||
|
Bacon, |
19,9&8lbs. } |
value |
£0 959 |
|
|
Lard, |
74,280 lbs. ) |
|||
|
* Flour, |
5, 133 bills. |
;} |
26 016 |
|
|
Corn, |
4,789 bushels |
J? |
4 500 |
|
|
Bread, |
1,590 bbls. |
»> |
5 197 |
|
|
Potatoes |
, 4,316 hushels |
♦J |
1 871 |
|
|
Other products |
not enumerated |
» |
4 166- |
— 86 61iJ |
|
Beef, |
135 bbls. |
value |
^886 |
|
|
Flour, |
15 5 bbls. |
>j |
881 |
|
|
Candles, |
21 i)oxes. |
>9 |
221 |
|
|
Beans, |
49 bushels, |
)i |
52 |
|
|
Pork, |
27 bbls. |
» |
373 |
|
|
Butter, |
l.niibs. |
?> |
110 |
|
|
Live Stock & other articles, " |
2523- |
— 5 046 |
||
|
ebunk, Beef, pork, corn, meal, and |
' |
|||
|
other articles, estimated at |
50 400 |
Total, S409 561 It may be a question whether a part of the flour exported tfom Portland and Saco, may not be of the produce of south- ern States ; as also may be some part of the foreign exports of Kennebunk and Eastport ; but except the article of flour, and probably some part of the salted provisions from Eastport, the residue is the product of this State ; making a deduction there- fore of the article of flour, from the exports of agricultural pro- ducts, from Portland and Saco ; with a conjectural allowance for flour from Kennebunk and Eastport, and a part of the salt- ed provisions from Eastport, we may reasonably estimate the value of the annual export of agricultural products of Maine, to foreign ports, as not less than J250 000 ; and when the great demand for home consumption, created by the lumber business, as well as for the supply of the commercial and manufacturing part of the population, is considered, and w^e also take into view the quantity of bread stuff", sahed provisions, and other ar- ticles required for victualling 175,000 tons of shipping belong- ing to the State, (a part of which, to say the least, is furnished within the State) and add to this the quantity consumed by the agricultural population itself, it cannot reasonably be doubted ^at the products of the agriculture of the State is much great-
214 AGRICL^LTURE.
er than is exhibited m the retunis to the Legislature, wliich have been stated.
An additional estimate of the amount of the agricultural pro- ducts of the State may be deduced from the numbers of horn- ed cattle and sheep annually driven to Boston, Brighton, Sa- lem, and other places westward, for a market, and also into die province of New Brunswick. But very limited accounts of these however, have been obtained, yet the probable amount, in round numbers, may be inferred from tliem with a tolerable degree of fairness.
The principal channels through which tlie live cattle from Maine are driven to markets, at Boston and elsewhere in New- England, are — 1st. Across the Piscataqua at Portsmouth. Those which take this road are sometimes sold in Portsmouth, or driven farther, across the Merrimack at Newburyport or .\jiiesbur\-. — 2d. Across the Piscataqua bridge, at Newington. A part of these may find their market at Portsmouth ; the resi- due pass the Merrimack also at the same places with die for- mer.— 3d. By New ^larket and Exeter. These pass the Mer- rimack at the former places mentioned, and at Haverhill bridge. — 4th. Other roads farther north, are the more frequent chan- nels for the cattle of the upper parts of the count}' of York and of Oxford. These generally cross the Merrimack at Haverhill and Andover bridges.
Accounts from all these bridges, v.hich might easily be taken liy the toll gatherers, would furnish a very nearly accurate state- ment of the exports of the State of this kind, in this direction. None such however, are known, except an account kept at Haverhill bridge, for the year 1S27, and an estimate made at Piscataqua bridge for the same year. The former enumerates 3766 oxen, cows and other horned cattle, passing that bridge from Maine, within that year, and 1368 sheep; the latter esu- mates 1000 homed cattle and 2000 sheep. It may be presu- med that the number passing in this direction through all the other avenues, is at least equal to those passing these two, anii
AGRICULTURE. 215
probably somewhat greater. The result therefore would be, about 10.000 neat cattle, and about 7000 sheep, annually ex- ported through these channels.
From Lubeck, Eastport, Robblnston and Calais, large num- bers of cattle are annually exported into tlie province of Xew- Brunswick ; and a considerable number also through the ^^il- derness to Houlton, and thence to the seltlements on the St. John. The estimates of gentlemen residing on tlie several roads through which these pass, and near the places from which they are exported, agree that 1500 is the lowest number probablv passing the St. Croix, and 500 the lowest number passing up the Penobscot, and by Houlton. The amount of these, added to those before mentioned, would make an aggregate of about 12,000 horned cattle, and 7000 sheep, annually exported bv land.
The value of the live stock thus exported, must be principal- ly conjectural ; but considering that oxen are often worth from 30 to 40 dollars each, and sometimes more ; and that young eattle of various ages may be from S to 15 dollars, it cannot be extravagant to suppose them to average 20 dollars ; and sheep cannot be esdmated as worth less tlian one dollar and fifty cents. At these estimates, the value annually exported in tliis way will be about 250,000 dollars ; — wliich, added to tliat be- fore stated as exported by sea to foreign places, wiD make the aggregate export of the agricuhural products of the State, to be about half a million of dollars annually.
When in addition to the amount of known actual exports, and the known amount of products, it is considered that there is much also, the amount of which is not known ; also — that tlie whole territory included within the exterior hmits of the present settlements, forms less than one diu'd pai't of the State : — that the whole amount of improved land, of every descrip- tion, is less than one nmth of tliat within diese limits, or little more than one thirtiedi part of tlie whole State ; — that die for- ests with wliich tlie vacaat laud is covered, present strong in-
216 AGRICULTURE.
ducements lo the neglect of agriculture, for the cutting, mana- factui'ing and transporting of wood, ship timber, and other lum- ber ; — and take into view the vast demand for the products of agriculture occasioned by the numbers, in many parts of the State, employed nominally as agriculturalists, but principally in |irocuring lumber, as weD as many engaged in commerce and manufactures ; and by the employment of so large an amount of shipping in the foreign and coasting trade, and the fisheries; it will be evident that whatever causes have heretofore, and may for a time continue to produce an importation of provisions to some parts of the State, it can not be from any want of pro- ductive ability of the soil, or congeniality of the climate. And when with the preceding accounts and considerations, we con- nect the fact that Maine is, and probably must continue to be. one of the most commercial States in the Union, we must come to the conclusion, not only that it is rich in agricultural resources, and capable of sustaining, from the products of its own soil, a very numerous population, in comfort and compe- tence ; but that the extensive demand for the products of ag- riculture, for the consumption of the large proportion of the population engaged in commerce and the fisheries, and in the pursuit of the lumbering business, and manufactures, gives to the farmer of Maine the best of markets for his surplus pro- ducts— the market near home ; and mast always give to the agriculture of the State the decided advantage of a sure sale, and comparatively uniform prices; which is not to be found in those countries, the whole or an undue proportion of whose population depends upon agriculture alone for its support ; — and that its commerce, which always has contributed largely to the life and activity of its agriculture, will at a future day con- tribute vastly more, and in return will itself, eventually, be sus- tained by the same agriculture which it has and will continut so extensively to invigorate and support.
COMMERck. 217
CHAPTER Vm.
Commerce,
From the earliest settlement of Maine, the character of its inhabitants has been, in a great proportion, that of a commer- cial people. Its numerous and excellent bays and harbors ; its abundant materials for ship-building, its vast quantities of lumber suitable for foreign markets, as well as for those of the United States, and the immense quantities of fish which fre- quent its coasts and rivers; and the facility with which all these eould be procured in the vicinity of the rivers and harbors, with very little capital except sufficient for the temporary sub- sistence of the hands employed in procuring them, were strong temptations to the early inhabitants, in every part of the State, to engage in the pursuits of commerce and the fisheries, rather than in those of agriculture.
That part of the country also, which was first known, namely the sea-coast, presented apparently fewer inducements to agricultural enterprize, than are found in other States farther south ; and hence the early immigrants to this part would be, in a great measure, of such a description, as in a choice of circumstances, would prefer the activity and excitement of commerce and the fisheries, to the more quiet scenes of agri- culture. And though since the interior has become known, it is found that its soil is fertile, and its circumstances favorable, in a high degree, for the pursuit of agriculture ; and though in fact, at the present day, agriculture forms the chief employ- ment and support of five-sixths of its inhabitants, and affords competence, and even wealth, with much more uniformity, and less hazard, than any other pursuit ; yet the commercial cast of its early character is transmitted to the later inhabi- 28
218 COMMERCE.
{ants ; and the peculiar situation and circumstances of the State aided by the enterprising disposition of its inhabitants, from the earliest times to the present ; and the natural tendency of hab- its once formed in a community, to perpetuate themselves, will warrant the conclusion, that Maine will continue to be largely a commercial State, and as such, will sustain, among those of the Union, a rank, to say the least, but little inferior to the first, and perhaps, in some respects altogether superior to any other of ihem.
The commerce of this State consists principally in exports of timber, masts, spars, boards, plank, scantling, staves, and other lumber, wood, bark, dried and pickled fish, beef, pork, live stock, butter, cheese, cider, corn, and various other pro- ducts of agriculture ; — candles, soap, shoes, boots, nails, bricks, lime, marble, house-hold furniture, and some other articles of manufacture ; — and in imports to some parts of the State of similar articles to those exported from others, also of manufactured articles of various kinds, the products of other New England States ; tobacco, rice, flour, pork, tar, pitch, turpentine, he. from the Southern States ; grindstones and plaster from New Brunswick and Nova-Scotia ; molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, he. Sic, from the West Indies ; salt, iron, earthern, woollen, and other manufactures from Great Britain ; hemp, duck, iron, he. from the north of Europe ; and a por- tion of all the various manufactures and products of other countries, which are imported into the United States.
The complex nature and circumstances of the commercial transactions of this State, render it impossible to ascertain, with any degree of precision, its real amount. The Custom- house books will exhibit the amount of the imports and ex- ports directly to and from foreign ports ; but this will be far from affording an adequate idea of its actual foreign trade. Many of the cargoes entered in ports of this State are imme- diately shipped, partly or wholly, coast-wise to Boston, New York, and other ports, for their final market ; and a very large
COMMERCE. 219
proportion of the foreign articles consumed in Maine, are en- tered first in the ports of other States, where the cargoes are subdivided, and distributed, in smaller parcels, coast-wise to the several ports in this and other States. Perhaps the amount of the tonnage of Maine, employed in foreign trade, may be the safest criterion of the extent of the concern of the State in that trade ; yet even this must probably be qualified by the consideration that a part of it is employed in the foreign trade of other States, and a part of the foreign tonnage of other States, is sometimes also employed in the trade of Maine ; but in what degree the proportions in these two cases may approach towards a balance of each other, is not easy to de- termine.
Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, exhibit the tonnage, and amount of revenue collected, in the several districts of this State and that of the aggregate of the United States, for six years ; and will furnish evidence, from which to judge of the direct foreign commerce of the State, and its proportion to that of the whole United States ; but, for the reasons before given, this affords no tolerable index to the amount of the real indirect foreign trade of the State, which is conducted through the ports of other States, and, on the Custom-house books appears to the credit of those ports. A better relative idea of the commer- cial importance of the State, will be obtained by a comparison of the tonnage with the population. From this, it will be found that Maine possesses nearly four times its numerical proportion of the foreign tonnage of the United States, and more than four times its proportion of the whole tonnage ; — its popula- tion being but about 3 per cent of the whole population of the United States, its tonnage employed in foreign trade is 11^ per cent, its coasting and fishing tonnage near 13 per cent, fishing tonnage alone 19\ per cent, and its whole tonnage 12| per cent, of the whole, and of each respective class of the tonnage of the United States.
220
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244 COMMERCE.
Inquiries have been addressed to the Collectors of the dif- ferent ports in the State, and to other mercantile gentlemen, with a view to obtain such facts, or estimates, as they might respectively be able to furnish, on which to ground some general estimate of the extent of the commerce of the State, and form some opinion of the amount of its mercantile capital. These inquiries were in most cases answered with much promptness and politeness ; and they collectively contain a mass of infor- mation on the subject, for which much credit is due to the gentlemen who have respectively furnished it. The nature of the subject was such that much minuteness of detail could not be reasonably expected ; and in many respects, the answers could only be matters of opinion ; but being the opinions of intelligent men, practically conversant with the subject, they may doubtless, be depended on as substantially correct, as far as the nature of the case will admit, and sufficiently near the truth for a fair general estimate.
The account of the commerce of the State given in this chapter, is drawn from the information thus obtained, assisted by the evidence afforded by the preceding and subsequent tables.
The amount of direct exports, from the several collection districts in this State, to foreign ports, for tlie year 1826 (ex- clusive of exports coastwise) is in substance stated as follows :
District of York,
principally boards, total value about $ 800
Kennebunk, (estimated)
lun)ber, various kinds, value $ 50 400
products of agriculture, &ic. &-c" 50 400 100 800
Saco,
1 340 668 feet boards, value 10 550
65 200 Staves " 622
276 M Shingles 312
1616 Shooks and heading - - - 1006
4000 Hoops 65
135 bbis Beef 1860
155 bbIs flour 881
251 quintals dried fish 541
COMMERCE.
245
220 bbls pickled fish» value m uoxrs Candles 49 bushels beans £7 bbls pork 1111 lbs butter
64 head live stock corn, nteal, potatoes, apples, poultry, Spars, Stc. &£,c. Portland, Specie
18 790 quintals dried fish 6 879 bbls pickled fish
£6 004 lbs Spennai.eti candles
2 410 M. Shingles 32 212 676 ft. boards
all other lumber
303 bbls tar, pitch, &c. 2481 bbls beet 16 660 lbs butter )
3 525 lbs cheese \
19 55 lbs bacon ) 74 280 lbs lard I
5 333 bbls. flour
4 789 bushels corn 1 590 bbls bread 4 316 bushels potatoes
293 tierces rice 303 hhds. tobacco 94 987 lbs tallow candles > 157 307 lbs soap ^
Leather, shoes and boots 4 884 Gallons domestic distilled spirits Household furniture 25 308 lbs nails Castings and all manufactures of iron
21 798 lbs powder manufactures not enumerated raw products not enumerated Bath. boards, shingles and other
lumber
corn, wheat, potatoes. ) apples, oats, &,c. ^
Wiscasset. boards
staves, shingles, masts, spars &tc.
products of agriculture Belfast, boards, scantling, shingles,
sugar box shocks, hhd. shooks spars, staves, oars, kc. &tc« products of agriculture
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246 . COMMERCE.
pickled fish, dry fish, soap, } qfmo
candles, bricks, &,c. &^c. ^ " * 26 000
Frenchman's bay, lumber, various kinds 5 000
20 000 7 000
93 000 250 000 156 250 499 250
|
Bangor Machias Eastport |
lumber (estimated) boards boards, scantling, timber, staves, Stc. bread stuftand salted |
|
provisions, tea, tobacco, nails, silks, and American manufactures |
Total— Dollars 1 524 27a From the foregoing statements and estimates, it appears that the direct foreign exports of this State, exclusive of those from tlie ports of Waldoborough and Penobscot, (from which no accounts have been obtained,) amount in one year to more than $1.500.000.f The exports coastwise however, which constitute the principal trade of the State, do not appear ; and the only method we have to arrive at any tolerable estimate of the amount of this trade, is by a conjectural computation from the quantity of coasting tonnage, and the time in which vessels are generally employed, with an average estimate for the value of their cargoes. Yet even in this metlwd there must be a considerable degree of uncertainty. A part of the coasting tonnage of IMaine may be occasionally employed in the coasting trade of other States, (though probably not a large part) and it is difficult to form any tolerable estimate of the average value of cargoes, except those of lumber. A part also of the coasting trade of Maine is conducted by vessels of other States, which take cargoes directly from the ports of this State to those of their respective States. Any estimates therefore on this subject must be received with due allowance for these circumstances.
* Before tht closinof of the British Colonial ports, the exports from this port were much gi-eater (as they probably were from other ports.) The exports from Belfast to the Brit- ish provinces in 1820 were 60 000.
t This exceeds the official account of exports for the same year, stated in table 6, by about 50 per cent. Whether tliis is owing to inconipleteness of the official returns, or to lower slniements of the value in those rptvrns, or to errors in thr ej-timates here griven : Or, whether it may not be owing to the JiiTerencc in the time for which the several ac- counts are stated (the one bring for the year ending 30th September, tho other for the vear ending 3lst December) is uncertain.
COMMERCE. 247
From the information communicated in answer to the in- quiries before mentioned, with regard to the coasting trade of the State, a calculation predicated upon the tonnage of the several ports for the year 1825, is made respecting the ex- port coasting trade of the State, which though it must be far from a correct account, yet will serve to give some tolerable idea of its extent and value. The following is a summary of the accounts and estimates — the tonnage is as it stood on the Custom house books for 1825 — the exports are estimated for 1826:—
York. — Coasting tonnage 825 tons. About one third part finds its employ in other ports. — Export, — wood — principally to Boston. Vessels make about 20 trips per annum, — cargoes valued at about $220 per 100 tons of vessels. The resulting estimate gives the annual value of exports coastwise $24,200.
Kennebunk. — Coasting tonnage 851 tons — export, w^ood, principally to Boston, — value of cargoes $220 per 100 tons — vessels make about 20 trips per annum, — estimated amount of exports $37,400.
Saco. — Tonnage 2387, in addition to which about one third of the export coastwise is in vessels from other States. — principal exports — ^boards, plank, dimension stuff and other lumber, to Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Portsmouth, New Bedford, Bristol, Warren, Providence and New York. — Vessels make about 15 trips per annum. — Average cargo about 80.000 feet of boards, (or other lumber equal) per 100 tons of vessel — value about $500. Total coasting export $162.500. — Sawed lumber at this port the year ending 30th September 1827, about 21.000.000 feet.
Portland. — Tonnage 11.931. Probably a larger share of the coasting tonnage of Portland than of any other port in the State, is employed in carrying part of the cargoes of foreign importation to Boston and elsewhere for a market. The value however of its own coasting export, of the products of the State, may perhaps be measured nearly, by estimating it at
24S COMMERCE.
that of the quantity of the cheapest article which its tonnage would carry — viz. lumber, and the number of trips somewhat less than from Saco — say 12 per annum. — It exports boards, shingles, staves, shooks, fee. he. The value, on the principles assumed, may be estimated at $800,000.
Bath. — Tonnage 9538. — Exports boards, shingles, wood, spars, staves, &ic. he, — to Salem, Boston, Providence, New York, &ic. Coasters make about 10 trips per annwm, — about one half its produce is carried by vessels of other States. The value of its coasting export therefore must be estimated at $1,064,000. It will be observed that the estimate for Bath includes the whole trade of Kennebeck river.
WiscAssET. — Tonnage 7705. About 'j of its exports are in vessels of other States. About J- of its tonnage is estimated to be employed in carrying boards, sugar boxes, &£c. ; and | in wood, bark, &:c. Vessels make about 15 trips per annum. Cargo of wood valued at $150. Total value of exports $320,400.
Waldoborough. — Tonnage 17.455. The principal ex- ports from the ports composing the district of Waldoborough, are lumber and lime — we have no account nor estimate of their quantity. A considerable part of the coasting tonnage of this district is employed in the trade from Ban?or and other places; any estimate therefore, of the exports of this district, drawn from the amount of its tonnage, would be exceedingly fallacious. On the other band, the tonnage of the district of Belfast, which includes Bangor, and other places on Penob- scot river is far from sufficient to carrj' all its exports, and a large proportion of them is carried by vessels from the dis- tricts of Waldoborough, Penobscot, and Frenchman's bay. The estimate therefore of the value of exports by means of the tonnage of these three districts, must be understood as made up, in a considerable part, from the district of Belfast j that is from Bangor, Hampden, and Frankfort ; and perhaps from other places. The value of cargoes from Bangor is ej-
COMMERCE. 249
timated at f 800 each. From Waldoborou2;h, to avoid over- rating, they are considered as at .f 500 each ; average trips 1 1 per annum. — Estimated exports from Waldoborough and other places, by the shipping of Waldoborough is ^1.244.000.
Belfast. — Tonnage 6691. Exports, — wood, bark, shin- gles, timber, spars, he. he. Wood and bark principally to Boston and other ports in Massachusetts bay. Lumber to ports south of Cape Cod, and to Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Sic. Hay, potatoes, oats, butter, fresh beef, pork, mutton, poultry, he. to Eastport and other places on or near Passamaquoddy bay. About ^ of the export is in ves- sels of other States. Vessels make about 14 trips per annum. The tonnage of Belfast district includes that of all ports on the west side of Penobscot river, and the estimate of exports is blended with those of Bangor. Estimated value of ex- ports is $672,000.
Bangor. — Included in Belfast district. Exports, — boards, shingles, clapboards, timber, laths, oars, staves, heading, hoops, Sic. &;c. About } of the exports of this place is carried in vessels from other States. The tonnage owned here is enrol- led at Belfast, and is included in the statement of the tonnage of that port. The transportation of the lumber from this place employs, besides the tonnage owned here, and that above stated from ports out of the State, a large amount of tonnage from the districts of Waldoborough, Penobscot and French- man's bay. The amount exported coastwise in 1826 is esti- mated as follows :
Boards, plank, and joists, surveyed 23.473.180 feet, do shipped without survey 3,354 000
29.8i>7.180 at g8. 14— ^218.471 4338 tons timber, average price 5^75 per ton 11.9-29
99.671 feet ranging timber " 2 50 " " 2.491
Shingles, clapboards, and laths 96 000
Oars, staves, heading, hoops, &ic. &c. 7.000
Total estimated value ^335. 891
32
250 COMMERCE.
* Penobscot. — tonnage 14.353. The prmclpal exports from this district coastwise, are wood, lumber and fish. Its tonnage finds a large share of its employment at Bangor, and other places out of the district. The value of the cargqes it exports from this, and other ports and places, may be estima- ted at $ 1 030 000.
Frenchmans bay. — Tonnage 6454 — Exports, pine boards, sprLice joints &;c. &ic. to Boston and Providence. About 1-20 of its exports is in vessels from other States. — Average val- ue of cargoes estimated ar$515. A part of the tonnage of this ■ district finds its employment on Penobscot river and elsewhere. Estimated amount transported by its tonnage $ 385 000
Machias. — Tonnage 3620 — Exports, principally boards, plank, scantling, pine and spruce timber, shingles, laths &tc. and some furs. About 1-3 of the sawed lumber, and timber, goes to New-York, the best pine boards to Boston and Salem, the residue chiefly to Rhode Island and Connecticut. About 1-20 of the tonnage is employed in the plaster trade from Pas- samaquoddy ; and about an equal proportion of the export from this port is in vessels from other States. Vessels usual- ly make 6 trips per annum to places beyond Cape Cod, and 10 to places this side. Value of sawed lumber exported per annum, is estimated to be, boards $165 000, laths $21 000. other lumber uncertain. Furs $1500 — total estimated $ 187- 500. Besides shingles clapboards &:c. he. which may be conjectured as not less than $40 000.
PASsAMAq,uoDDY. — Tonuagc 2693. Exports, boards, plank, scantling, laths, he. &tc., to Boston and New- York: plaster, grindstones, fish, oil, herrings, mackerel, salt, potatoes, &tc. to Boston, New-York and other places. The ports in this dis- trict, Lubec, Eastport and Calais, carry on an extensive coast- ing trade with other ports of this State, and of the United States, and also with the neighboring British provinces, \ i
* To prevent inisunderstandin°: it should be observed that the district of Penobscol, in- cludes only the ports and places On the ea-^t side of Penobscot bay and river. Those on tlie west are included in the district of Belfast.
COMMERCE. 251
amount of which is not easy to ascertain. The shipments coastwise annually from Eastport are estimated as about
|
200 cargoes lumber, total value |
at |
^128 000 |
|
500 cargoes (140 tons each^ piaster |
" 105 000 |
|
|
800 barrels oil |
8 000 |
|
|
SO 000 quintals fish |
60 000 |
|
|
800 tons grindstones |
8 000 |
|
|
40 000 boxes herrings |
22 000 |
|
|
500 tons salt (iOOOO bushels) |
8 000 |
|
|
20 000 bushels potatoes |
8 500 |
Total $ 342 500
The exports from Lubec and Calais are generally of a similar kind with some of those from Eastport ; those from Calais are principally lumber from Lubec ; plaster forms the chief article ; but we have no data for discriminating or con- jecturmg the amount of exports from each of these ports res- pectively.
The following notice of the trade of Passamaquoddy is from the pen of a respectable and intelligent merchant, who is evi- dently well acquainted with the subject, and from whom also is derived the preceding account of the trade of Eastport.
" The principal articles, which support a great trade from the port of Passamaquoddy, are lumber, plaster, and fish. The resources for the first are vast, and the trade rapidlv* in- creasing. The plaster trade is always dependent on the quan- tity required, and that is closely connected with the price of flour; more or less being used as the price of flour lis low or high ; and if other causes, growing out of a supposed inutility in its permanent and constant use, exist, no data are yet fur- nished to warrant the conclusion that the trade has declined in consequence.
The fish trade in this bay, has been nearly stationary for some years ; but that part arising from the taking of fish, at the Labrador coast, is an increasing one, and has well rewarded the recent attention given to it from this port.
The shipping of the State of Maine have nearly the whole carrying trade fi'om this port, and must continue to monopo-
252 COMMERCE.
lize it, owing to their contiguity, and perfect knowledge of the coast, added to an economy and enterprize which can com- pete with any nation on the globe.
All the exchanges growing out of the trade of this port, do- mestic and foreign, are estimated not much short of two mil- ions of dollars annually. Much of the export is made in small boats, and goes to supply the neighboring British provinces ; and the largest portion of the lumber is taken down through the sluices on the British side (boards being in a degree common above these sluices) and thence exported in British vessels to the West Indies.
Owing to the great depth, and saltness of the w^ater, and rapidity of the current in the bay of Passamaquoddy, there is no ice in the coldest winter, and the navigation is always open, 20 miles at least, above Eastport. The access to this spa- ci'jus harbor is easy at all times ; and a fleet of men of war of the largest class, would be able to enter with the wind from any quarter, and come to safe anchorage from all v/inds.
Communications are opening with the interior settlements on the St. Croix, which promise great benefit to the general trade."
It is far from probable that the preceding account of the coasting export of the State, is very accurate in its amount, and still less so that it exhibits, in every instance, the relative proportion of the exports of each port. The shipping of the several ports is so much concerned in the trade of other ports than those to which they belong, that to separate them wholly in the account is impossible, unless there were some official record of the coasting import, and export, which might be re- sorted to as authority.
The value of the whole amount of the coasting export of this State, so far as the preceding estimates afford ground to judge, appears to be upwai'ds of six millions of dollars per an- num ; of which about 220 000 dollars is in articles principally
COMMERCE. 253
the products of other states, and a small portion those of for- eign countries.
The amount of exports direct to foreign countries, is up- wards of 1 524 000 dollars ; of which about 204 000 is the product of other States or countries, leaving about 1 220 000 the product of Maine. These, with the value of live stock ex- pouted by land, as stated in the preceding chapter, to the es- timated amount of 250 000 dollars, makes the total export trade of Maine more than 8 000 000 dollars, annually ; of which about 424 000 dollars is the product of other States, and the residue the surplus fruits of the industry of the inhabit- ants of Maine.
That these estimates are accurate, cannot be affirmed, but it is believed that they approach tolerably near to a general view of the gross amount of the exterior trade of the State. If this is the case, it resuhs that, taking the whloe population of the State upon the average, the labor of the inhabitants pro- duces annually, besides what is necessary for the consumption within the State, an average surplus of about 29 dollars for each individual, or about 143 dollars for each family of five persons, exclusive of its own direct consumption, and is the surplus which it has to exchange for those articles of its con- sumption, which it requires of the growth or manufacture of other States, or of foreign countries.
The fisheries of Maine are conducted partly by boats, and small vessels near the shore, which are employed at all seasons when practicable, and at other times hauled up, idle ; and part- ly by large vessels employed in the Bank and Labrador fish- eries from 4 to 6 months in the year, and the residue of the time in the coasting trade, or sometimes laid up for a few months in the winter. The average amount of fish taken by these different descriptions of vessels, must be expected to vary considerably. The quantity annually taken by the boats and vessels of all descriptions, from the different ports in the State, is estimated to differ in value, according to the
254 COMMERCE.
time respectively employ-ed annually, and other circumstan- ces, from 1300 to 3500 dollars per 100 tons of vessels em- ployed. Taking the whole amount of the fishing tonnage of the several ports throughout the State, with the estimated amount taken annually by the boats and vessels from each port respectively, the average annual value of the fish taken by each 100 tons of vessels, is 2314 dollars, and the gross value of the whole of the fish taken annually is 470,987 dollars.
From a statement of the Cod-fishery of Massachusetts, in Pitkin's statistical View of the Commerce of the United States, it appears, that from the year 1765 to 1775, Maine employed in that fishery about 60 vessels annually, amounting to 1000 tons, and manned with 230 seamen ; and exported annually to Europe and the West Indies, about 12,000 quintals, the value of which is stated at 2 dollars to 6 dollars per quintal ; at the average of which the total amount is 48,000 dollars. At the revolutionary war this branch of trade was nearly cut off, and from the year 1786 to 1790 its annual extent was 30 vessels, amounting to 300 tons, manned with 120 seamen. The ex- ports were, to Europe 1000 quintals valued at 3 dollars per quintal ; and to the West Indies 3500 quintals at 2 dollars. Total annual value 10,000 dollars.
The statements, and estimates in this chapter exhibet a great increase of this trade. The whole fishing tonnage of the United States, from the year 1820 to 1826 inclusive, amounts to an average of 63,987 tons per annum, of which that of Maine alone is 12,326 tons, being 19 1-4 per cent, or nearly one fifth of the whole. The export of fish to foreign ports, in the year 1826, is stated, in the preceding pages from the ports of Portland and Saco alone, to amount to $73,124 ; and the ex- port of fish and oil coastwise, from the port of Passamaquoddy alone, is estimated to amount to 90,000 dollars. If the export of fish to foreign countries, fi-om those ports in the State from vvhicii no account has been obtained is equal, in proportion to their foreign tonnage, to the export from Portland and Saco,
COMMERCE. 265
then the whole annual export of fish from this State to foreign countries would be upwards of 288,000 dollars ; but the great amount exported coastwise, (judging from that of Passama- quoddy,) added to the quantity consumed within the State, renders it improbable that the direct foreign export from other ports has been so great in proportion. The whole accounts, however, are sufficient to show that this branch of the industry and commerce of the State is of no small importance, whether as it regards the inhabitants of the State, or the Union at large.
The number of seamen employed in the whole commerce of Maine, may be estimated, in some measure, from the tonnage ; but as some part of the time, particularly in the winter season, a part of the vessels are unemployed ; and as a part of the ves- sels are, for some months in the year, employed in the fishe- ries, '^vhen they require more hands ; and for other months in the coasting trade, when they require few^er, the estimate will not be found very accurate, yet will probably approach nearer to the truth than any other mode of estimating, which is at present to be obtained, and near enough, on the average, for general purposes.
The number 'of seamen, including officers, requisite to navi- gate vessels averaging about 100 tons, or upwards, is stated vari- ously at different ports, (varying principally according to the size of the vessel,) being from 4 to 7 men per 100 tons of vessels employed in the coasting and foreign trade, and from 12 to 15 men per 100 tons of fishing vessels. The average of the whole will be about 5 men, including officers, per 100 tons employed in coasting and foreign trade, and 13 in the fisheries. The re- sult, predicated on the tonnage of 1825, gives 4023 men em- ployed in foreign commerce, 3700 in the coasting trade, and 2639 in the fisheries. Total 10,362 seamen, including officers.
It is not to be supposed that these are constantly employ- ed at all times ; but, as during the time in which the ves- sels are out of employ, the seamen in general have very little opportunity to find steady employment in other business, it
256 COMMERCE. ^
may be reasonably estimated that the number of seamen general^ ly employed or attached to, and dependent on the naviga- tron of Maine, is, on the average, not far from 1 0,000.
It is highly important, in a view of the statistics of the State, or in any attempt to estimate its productive ability, or strength and resources, to ascertain, as nearly as possible, the amount of its available capital of every description ; and perhaps that of no description infuses more life and vigor into the political sys- tem than mercantile and navigating capital. The amount of the several species of this capital ought to be exhibited in the decennial inventories, which are required by the Legislature, for the purpose of obtaining an accurate knowledge of the amount of capital, in order to equalize the assessment of taxes.
The inventory of 1820, which is the only one taken since the separate existence of the State, purports to be a true ac- count of the tonnage, goods, wares and merchandize of every description, &ic. &z-c. constituting the active and fixed capital of every town in the State. But the remarks made in Chapter 7, respecting the returns of agricultural capital, apply also to the case of this. The account is rendered by each individual, of his own capital, under the expectation that his own account is to be the relative measure of his own taxes ; and by the as- sessors of the towns, under the same expectation with regard 10 the taxes of their respective towns. And, without implica- ting the integrity of any one, it may be said that, where tlie principal object is to obtain a relative valuation, to compare fair- ly with that of other towns, there may be modes of reasoning, on the subject of estimating the amount and value of property, by which, even honest men, interested in the resuh, may be led to estimate it very far below its real worth. Table 7 exhibits the amount of tonnage returned in the inventory of 1820, com- pared with the amount officially stated from the books of the Treasury department of the United States for the same yeai-.
COMMFRCE.
257
And Table 8 the whole amount of stock in trade, or goods, wares, or merchandize, of every description, at home or abroad, paid for or not paid for, according to the returns of each coun- ty, together with a comparison of the same with the number of persons engaged in commerce, and A\ith the average families for whose supply, or to meet whose annual exchanges, these re- turns exhibit the annual stock in trade.
TABL.E Vlf.
Comparison of the tonnage of the severRl districts in the State, as sta- ted on the books of the Treasury department of the United States, with that returned by order of the Legislature of the State, in the vef^r 1820.
|
True amount from Ports in the Counties of the Custom- House Books. |
Amount returned to the State Legislature. |
|
Washington - - - Hancock, Waldo and Penobscot, Lincoln and Kennebeck, Cumberland and York, |
9.305 tons 3.635 tons 30.182 18.379 54.004 43.661 46.882 36.803 |
|
Total - - - . |
140.373 1 102.478 |
TABLE VIII.
Statement and comparative view of the stock in trade, viz. gooffs, wares, and merchandise of every description, at home or abroad, paid for or not paid for — returned to the Legislature in the inventories of 1820.
|
Amount of |
Estima- |
Av. stock ill |
\uinLier of |
Average stock return |
|
|
Stock in trad^ |
ted No. |
trade for |
oersnus en- |
||
|
COUNTIES. |
returned in |
famili-s |
exchanges |
gaged in |
ed to each |
|
A. D. 1820. |
in 1820. |
& supply of each larnily |
Commerce. |
person en^ a 'U comnterc^ |
|
|
York |
$.186,598 9.257 |
$20 |
533 |
$ 350 |
|
|
Cumberland |
.668.120' 9.889 |
67 |
662 |
1009 |
|
|
Lincoln |
.121.945 9.768 |
12 |
1265 |
96 |
|
|
Waldo |
39.180 4.450 |
9 |
J * ] I 1085 5 |
1 101 |
|
|
Hancock |
70.542 3.571 |
19 |
|||
|
Washington |
.169.957 3.549 |
47 |
452 |
876 |
|
|
Kennebeck |
.136.081 8.030 |
16 |
211 |
645 |
|
|
Oxford |
26.349 5.420 |
5 |
13 |
2026 |
|
|
Somerset |
24.364 4.357 |
6 |
16 |
1522 |
|
|
Penobscot |
40.0051 2.774 |
14 |
140 |
285 |
|
|
Total |
1.483.14l|61.065 |
24 |
4297 |
345 |
Waldo is included principally in a, few towns irom Kennebeck.
33
rcturss from Hancock— with a part ofl,inc»ln arfK
258 COMMERCE.
A moment's reflection, with a single glance at the tables, will satisfy any intelligent person that such returns, notwith- standing their official character, are not to be depended on as affording any even tolerable evidence of the amount of capital, neither positive nor comparative. The stock employed by merchants and traders in different counties, though very differ- ent among individuals, can not be so different, in the average of the counties, as exhibited in the tables. Nor can the average sum of 24 dollars annually be the whole amount of the stock in trade, to supply the consumption, and exchange for the sur- plus products and labors, of an average family. We must, therefore, in the absence of sufficient official data, resort in pait to conjectural estimates, to obtain any tolerably correct idea of the amount and value of the commercial capital of the State.
The principal articles which constitute the fixed capital per- taining to the concerns of commerce and navigation, are wharves, shops, stores and warehouses, vessels, he. Vessels, however, sometimes constitute a part of the articles of mer- chandize, but in this case they perhaps more properly belong to the account of manufactures ; of which ship-building forms an important part, and, in many ports, constitutes, in its various branches, the principal business of a large part of the inhabi- tants. The goods, wares and merchandize, raw and manufac- tured products, foreign and domestic, which constitute the sub- jects of commerce, form an endless variety, impossible to enu- merate, and are all embraced in the general term, stock in trade.
The capital vested in wharves varies so much with the na- ture of the harbor, and its value depends so much, not on its cost but on local and contingent circumstances, that no satis- factory nor useful estimate can be formed of it on the whole.
^hops, stores, and warehouses vary also in their value, from local and contingent circumstances ; but their general value may be, in some measure, conjectured, though not with much accu- racy, yet sufficient to obtain some general idea of the amount.
COMMERCE.
259
The cost of different buildings of this kind, will be found to va- ry from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. It will probably be not a high estimate, if we consider the average value of shops, stores, and warehouses, including the land on which they stand, throughout the State, as not less than 300 dollars. And if we take the medium between the extreme values affixed, by the committee on the valuation in 1820, to the average of this description of buildings, in the different towns in each county, as the relative average vahie of the ag- gregate of each county, and from this deduce the proportion- ate value of those in each county, to the value here assumed, as that of the average of this description of buildings through- out the State, it will give results probably as near the truth as are at present to be obtained.
TABLE IX.
Estimated number and value of buildings employed in Commerce.
|
[ No. of Shops, |
|||
|
COUNTIES. |
Stores and Warehouses. |
Average value. |
Total value. |
|
York |
230 |
$290 |
$ 66.700 |
|
Cumberland |
396 |
850 |
836 600 |
|
Lincoln |
169 |
240 |
40.560 |
|
Waldo |
76 |
210 |
15.960 |
|
Hancock |
70 |
260 |
18.200 |
|
Washington |
78 |
330 |
25.740 |
|
Kennebeck |
225 |
270 |
60.750 |
|
Oxford |
75 |
ISO |
9.750 |
|
Somerset |
31 |
190 |
5.890 |
|
Penobscot |
37 |
230 |
8.510 |
|
Total |
1377 |
300 |
$588,860 |
The value of the shipping oftlie State may perhaps be more accurately estimated than that of most other articles, yet this is not w^ithout some difficulties. Different descriptions of vessels, fitted for sea, cost different sums per ton, and there are no means of obtaining a knowledge of the respective amount of tonnage of such different descriptions. They also cost more or less at different times, and under different circumstances, which can not be discriminated. The only mode therefore, is
260
COMMERCE.
to attempt to obtain an average estimate for the whole, distin- guishing, as far as means are afforded, the average value of those at each port.
The cost of the different descriptions of vessels built at the several ports, is stated by the collectors of the ports, and other gentlemen conversant with the subject, to be various, accord- ing to the kinds most generally built at the respective ports ; and probably also may be affected by a difference in the pri- ces of labor and raw materials at different ports. The average cost, resulting from the different estimates and descriptions of vessels built at different ports, together with the aggregate amount of the tonnage of each, is given in
TABL.E X.
|
Amount of tonnage |
and estiin;ited va |
lue of vessels fitted for sea. |
|
|
Amount of ton- |
Estimated aver- |
Total value. |
|
|
PORTS. |
nage in 1825. |
age cost per ton |
|
|
York |
1.093 tons. |
$40 |
$43,620 |
|
Kennebunk |
8.681 |
40 |
347.240 |
|
Shco |
4.798 |
35 |
167.930 |
|
Portland |
45.693 |
45 |
2.056.185 |
|
Bath |
27.872 |
35 |
958.020 |
|
Wiscasset |
11.564 |
40 |
462.560 |
|
Waldoborough |
22.163 |
40 |
886.520 |
|
Belfast |
9.542 |
45 |
429.390 |
|
Penobscot |
20.194 |
40 |
807.760 |
|
Frenchman's Bay |
10.700 |
38 |
374.506 |
|
Machia» |
4.524 |
35 |
158.340 |
|
Passamaquoddy |
8.192 |
46 |
376.832 |
|
Total |
174.790 |
$40.50 |
7.078.907 |
The amount of goods, wares, and merchandize, or what may be considered the stock in trade, or active commercial capital, annually exchanged in the State, is perhaps only to be conjec- tured. The statements in table 8, which ought to exhibit an accurate account, it must be evident afford scarcely a ground for conjecture, whether of the absolute amount, or the relative proportions among the several counties. It may be supposed, that, taking the whole number of persons engaged in commerce, from the larger capitalists in the seaport and principal towns,
COMMERCE. 261
to the smaller traders in the country towns, some conjecture may be made of a sum which each, on the average, employs as his annual stock in trade. What that sum may be, will be estimated very differently by different persons, and in different parts of every county. It can not, however, be supposed that there are many, even of the smallest class of country dealers^ who can support themselves wpon the fair profits of a less capi- tal than 1000 dollars, and there are not many who do not an- nually employ four times that sum, while there are not a few who employ from 10 to 20, and some upwards of 50 times as much. It will therefore be at least a reasonable, and probably very low estimate, to allow that for each person engaged in commerce, the annual commercial exchanges, or the stock in trade annually employed, amounts to not less than 2000 dollars. Another mode of estimating the amount of capital of this de- scription, may be from the probable amount of that part of the products, or income, or labor of each family, on the average, which is annually exchanged lor such other articles of con- sumption as usually form the stock in trade of merchants and traders of all sorts. This, judging from the amount of the for- eign and coasting export trade, as well as from other circum- stances, it is believed can not, on the average to each family, be less than 140 dollars. The estimated number of families in each county is given in table 8 of this chapter ; and the number of persons engaged in commerce will be found in table 7 of chap- ter 6. Upon these principles, as applied to the probable amount of the surplus or exchangeable products, or income, or labor of each family, the commercial capital annually employed in the inland trade, or exchanges of eaqh county, will be near- ly as stated in table 1 1 .
262 COMMERCE.
TABL.E XI.
Estimate of the circulating- Commercial Capital, or surplus products and exchanges of the aggregate of the families of each County.
Y„,k - - - ~ - - - r.295.980
Cumherland ----- 1.384.460
Lincoln 1.S67.520
"VValdo ------ 623.000
Hancock - - - - - 499.940
Washington ... - - 496.860
Kennebeck 1.124.200
Oxford - - - - - - 758.800
Somerset 609.980
Penobscot 388.360
Total ' ^ ' - ' • pTbiyTToo
This table will not be understood as exhibiting the amount of mercantile capital actually deposited in each county ; but merely the amount deposited somewhere within the State, to supply the demand for the exchanges and consumption of each county. A considerable proportion of the exchanges of the inland counties is transacted at places near the seaboard, out of the county ; and circumstances, in several instances, oc- casion the transaction of the exchanges of some parts of the seaboard counties in the ports of other counties. Thus, the trade of Oxford and Somerset is conducted in considerable proportions, respectively, with Cuniberland, Kennebeck, and Penobscot. A part of that of York and Kennebeck with Cumberland, he. &ic. The actual distribution of the capital, or amount of stock actually vested within each county, will probably be better estimated from the number of persons en- gaged in commerce, taking the average amount of the stock of each at the estimate before made, viz. 2000 dollars.
COMMERCE. 263
TABLiE Xlf.
Estimate of the value of Goods, Wares and Merchandize exchanged, or amount of Stock in trade annually employed in the domestic trade of each County.
York - ^ ^ I 111.066.000
Cumberland - - - - 1,324,000
Lincoln - - - , 2.530.000
Waldo .... *
Hancock . . , . 2.170.000
Washington - - - . 904.000
Kennebeck - . - . 422 000
Oxford - - - - . 26.000
Somerset - - - - - 32.000
Penobscot - - - - - ?80.000
Total - - I ^8 7&4.0U0
* The amount for Waldw is iucluded in that of Hancock and Lincoln, with a small part In Kennebeck
The aggregate result of this table does not differ materially from that of the preceding ; but the relative results among the several counties, differ exceedingly. Still more do both dif- fer from the official returns stated in table 8. But the whole are so far the results and subjects of conjecture, that they must, be considered only as attempts to approach to the truth ; and which of them approaches nearest, every one will judge for himself. It seems hardly probable that the amount of the whole stock in trade annually circulated within the State, can be much less than 10,000,000 dollars, but in this opinion the concurrence of no one is to be expected, farther than the facts here exhibited, or other circumstances shall warrant, in the judgment of each individual.
If the principles of the preceding statements and estimates approach near to the truth, then the whole amount of the cap- ital annually employed in the foreign, coasting and inland trade of Maine, including the tonnage employed in the fisheries, and excluding articles of which no estimate has been attemp- ted is, in the aggregate.
264 COMMERCE.
Vessels of all sizes and classes, including their tackle, appa- rel, and furniture - - - - $7 078 000. Shops, Stores and Warehouses - - 588 000
$1 666 000 Admitting the average net earnings of the shipping, exclu- sive of fishing vessels, to be one dollar per ton per month, the insurance and losses annually to be 10 per cent per annum of the capital, and the value of the rent of stores and warehouses, or the amount which they add, directly or indirectly to the convenience or value of the circulating capital, to be 3 per cent on the estimated cost, then the net income, or annual cir- culation derived from or created by this fixed capital, is nearljr 23 per cent on its amount, or the gross sum of f 1.752.000 Annual exchange of goods, wares and mer- chandize, 8.754.000
Gross amount of fish annually taken, 470.000
Total commercial circulation within the State, $10,976,000 Another view of the relative foreign commerce of different parts of the State, so far as it may be indicated by the amount of revenue paid on the direct foreign importations, may be ob- tained by a comparison of the proportions of population and absolute wealth, as it is represented in the State valuations of taxable property, with the proportions of gross revenue collect- ed in different sections of the State. For this purpose, if we divide the State into parts ; the first, including the Counties of York, Cumberland and Oxford ; the second, Lincoln, Kennebeck and Somerset ; the third, Waldo, Hancock, Wash- ington and Penobscot ; we shall obtain sections, the for- eign and inland trade of which are very nearly connected within themselves, and but comparatively httle intermixed or in- terfering with each other, except the last may be subdivided by considering Washington by itself ; and the proportions between the population, wealth and amount of revenue collected in these
COMMERCE.
265
different sections respectively, will suggest some interesting subjects of inquiry and reflection.
TABL.E: XIII.
Proportion of P')pii!rition, Wealth, and direct Foreign Import trade, each to 1000 parts of the whole.
|
Population. Taxable prop. |
Revenue paid to Government, |
||||||
|
COUNTIES. |
1805 |
18101820 i 1 |
1805 |
1810 1820 |
-o © C 00 o — |
1© 2-= eo $ |
Is CO ^ |
|
York, Cumb. & Oxford, Lin. Kenne. & Somerset, Wald. Han. Wash. & Peno.' |
453 4.50' 412 .5911 4781 457 815 363 385i 362' 299 362! 354 148 184 165 -»56 110 160 189! 37 |
689 151 160 |
573 314 113 |
A farther and more detailed view, of a similar kind, is given
m
TABL.E XIV.
Proportions of the tonnage, n)erchandise imported, population and tarable property of ditferent districts of the State at the year 1820.
|
TONNAGE. |
Merchandise directly impor |
||||
|
Average to eacli lOOG per |
sons. |
av'age to ea. $1000 tax'blc prop'y |
|||
|
Districts in and comprising the Counties of |
empl. I in in far- coa<l- rign ing trade, trade. |
in Ives'L- the lun. 20 fish- t. coas eriP'^. 1&. fisli |
total ton. all descr |
to each 1000 per. of wh.pop. |
to ea. $1000 tax'bl e^^t'te |
|
York, Cumb. and Oxford, Lincoln, Ken. & Somerset, Waldo, Hancock and Penob. Washington Average of the State. |
261 202 145 396 223 |
82 23 223 30 280 68 215' 63 178| 38 |
16 35 66 57 33 |
382 496 5591 7311 472| |
n 1!'. lutiis. 4.8 3.968 50 7.8 2.304 37 9.3 2.309 40 8.8 11.526 141 6.7 1 3.375| 48 |
|
Average of the United States. |
68 |
61| 11 |
• 7 |
147| 1 6.502| |
|
|
Average of U. S. exclusive of the fishing tonnage |
126| |
From the preceding table it appears that the commei'cial enterprize of different parts of the State, bears no equal pro- portion to the population nor wealth of the several parts ; nor do the direct foreign trade, and the tonnage, to the population nor wealth, nor to each other. The greatest amount of tonnage employed in foreign trade, in proportion to the population, is 34
266 COMMERCE.
found in the county of Washington, the least in the counties on Penobscot bay and river. The greatest proportion of the coasting tonnage is in the Penobscot counties, the least in the western section of the State. The same is tlie case with res- pect to the proportions employed in the fisheries, and also in the coasting and fishing trade in vessels under 20 tons.
In the aggregate of the tonnage, the proportion appears to be nearly in an inverse ratio to the density of the population, be- ing relatively much the greatest in the county of Washington, and diminishing with considerable regularity in proceeding westward.
The proportions of tonnage to absolute wealth, vary in a dif- ferent manner, being greatest in tlie Penobscot counties, next greatest in Washington, next in Lincoln and Kennebeck, and least in the western counties. In this respect they agree near- ly with the proportions between the population and the whole tonnage employed in the fisheries, and also in a measure with that of the tonnage of vessels under 20 tons.
The proportions however between the value of merchan- dize imported directly from foreign countries, and the amount of the population, and also that of the taxable property, differ considerably in their relation to different districts. In both cases, the proportion of direct imports is greatest in Washing- ton, next greatest in York and Cumberland, and least in the counties on the Kennebeck and Penobscot.
The proportions exhibited on the average of the whole Uni- ted States, show the superior importance of Maine to the general commerce of the Union, in relation to the proportion of its tonnage to the population. And if we suppose that Maine consumes an average proportion of foreign commodities, as is probably nearly the case, it shows also that much the largest proportion of foreign imports to Maine, is made coastwise from ports in other States, where they were originally entered ; and the amount of duties accruing on them, which are paid, event- ually by the consumers in Maine, appear wholly to the credit
COMMERCE.
267
of the commerce of the States or ports of their original entry. A view of the relative progress of the commerce of Maine and that of the United States, may be obtained by a compar- ison of the preceding with the following table ; which exhibits also the proportions of the tonnage and population of Maine, and that of each of the United States.
TABL.E XV.
TVbstract of the Foreign and Coasting Tonnage of the several Dis- tricts in Maine, and of the several United States (exclusive of the fisheries) on the last day of December 1809 — compared with the population of 1810.
|
Employed |
liimployed in |
Total Ions to each 1000 persons of |
||||
|
in foreign trade. |
Coasting trade. |
the whole populatior |
. |
|||
|
tons in foreign |
tons in coasiing. |
Total |
||||
|
Tons. |
Tons. |
ves. over|b«,ats.&.c |
tons. |
|||
|
1 |
trade. |
20 tons, iunder 20. |
||||
|
Passamaquoddy Machias |
.645 .760 |
1.126 ) 1.316 5 |
178 |
310 |
488 |
|
|
Frenchman's Bay Penobscot |
1.369 6.624 |
2.779 ) 8.840 5 |
375 |
541 |
916 |
|
|
' Waldoborough |
6.018 |
11.266 i |
||||
|
Wiscasset |
13.933 |
3.563 > |
469 |
229 |
698 |
|
|
Bath |
18.766 |
4.124) |
||||
|
Portland |
21-370 |
6.289") |
||||
|
Saco Kennebunk |
4 730 7.666 |
1.310 .615 ' 1.647 |
343 |
95 |
438 |
|
|
York |
1.682 |
|||||
|
Total of Maine |
83.664 |
43.075 |
365 |
200 |
565 |
|
|
New-Hampshire |
23.010 |
3.183 |
106 |
14 |
120 |
|
|
Vermont |
.476 |
|||||
|
Massachusetts |
241.025 |
72.271 |
510 |
153 |
663 |
|
|
Rhode-Island |
28.403 |
8.626 |
369 |
111 |
480 |
|
|
Connecticut |
21.306 |
20.910 |
81 |
79 |
160 |
|
|
Total Northern States |
397.884 |
148.065 |
269 |
100 |
369 |
|
|
New-^ork |
169.535 |
82.330 |
176 |
85 |
261 |
|
|
New-Jersey |
15.596 |
25.818 |
63 |
107 |
170 |
|
|
Pennsylvania |
106.621 |
14.921 |
131 |
17 |
148 |
|
|
Delaware |
1.461 |
7.005 |
20 |
95 |
115 |
|
|
Total Mindle States | |
293.213 |
130.074 |
140 |
62 1 1 202 |
||
|
{ Maryland |
88.188 |
55.205 |
232 |
144 |
376 |
|
|
} Dist. of Columbia |
7.482 |
6.332 |
311 |
260 |
571 |
|
|
( Virginia |
36.699 |
36.018 |
37 |
36 |
78 |
|
|
North Carolina |
23.161 |
13.610 |
41 |
24 |
65 |
|
|
South Carolina |
42.675 |
8.144 |
102 |
19 |
121 |
|
|
Georgia |
10.942 |
3.499 |
43 |
13 |
56 |
|
|
Orleans Territory |
9.805 |
2.616 |
101 |
33 |
134 |
|
|
Total Southern Slates |
218.952 |
125.424 |
79 |
45 j I 124 |
||
|
Total United States | |
910.059 1 |
405.162 1 |
112 |
55 ; 1 167 |
268 COMMERCE,
This table exhibits the navigating interest of Maine, in pro- portion to its population, as nearly four times as great as that of the average of the United States, and greater than that of any other individual State, except Massachusetts. Compared with table 14, it also exhibits an interesting fact wdth regard to the relative decrease of the tonnage from 1810 to 1820; and this, with the statements of tables 1 and 2 show that from 1810 to 1820, the shipping of the State had increased more thaB 13,000 tons, while the }X)pulation, notwithstanding all the check it suffered during that period, had increased in so much great- er degree that the comparative ratio of the tonnage to the popu- lation had diminished 93 in 1000. At the same time the ton- nage of the United States, exclusive of that employed in the fisheries, had diminished nearly 93,000 tons, and its relative ratio to the population had diminished 41 in 1000. And it re- suhs also that the rank, which Maine sustains, in relation to the commerce of the United States, has advanced in the propor- tion of 96 to 105, while its population, though under singularly unfavorable circumstances, still kept pace with the average of the nation.
This table also, compared with table 5, chapter 6, shows nearly the same relative ratio between the proportions of the tonnage and density of population, as in table 14, except with regard to the county of Washington. The effect of the fron- tier position of that county upon its commerce, and relative proportion of tonnage to population, will be seen by the differ- ence between its relative tonnage stated in tables 14 and 15, and the relative amount of merchandize imported, as stated in table 14.
COMMERCE.
26^
TABi-E XVI.
Proportions of the gross amount of duties paid on Imports, Tonnage, &c. to the gross amount of Merchandize miported for 5 years.
|
YEARS, |
In Maine. |
In the whole U.S. |
|
1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 av. 5 yrs. |
41 1 per ceut. 39t " 42 1-4" 48 1-4 " 31 1-2 '* 39 |
30 1-2 per cent. 29 1-4 " 24 1-4 " 31 3-4 ♦• 33f «« 30 3-4 «« |
TABLJb} XV II.
Proportions of the Commerce of Maine, and of the whole United Slates, conducted in foreign vessels.
|
IMPORTS. , EXPORTS. |
TGNNAGii |
|||||||
|
i i |
15 1 |
Maine. |
Total U. States. |
Maine. |
United States. |
|||
|
Years end- ing 30th September |
11 |
If |
U |
M |
1 |
|||
|
1821 |
.000.71.072.8 .000.0 none. |
.210.8;.027.7[.000.1 |
.000.4 .096.8;.093.4 |
|||||
|
1822 |
.001.31.075.1 .000.3 " |
.199.1 .067.41.006.3 |
.e04.0J.113.6|. 106.9 |
|||||
|
1823 |
.000.2|.078.2 .000.2 ♦• |
.171.4.047.31.001.8 |
.001.7.133.1 .127.1 |
|||||
|
1824 |
.000.2.065.5.002.8 " .142.2,.054.0 .003.3 .000.8 .107.1|.099.9 |
|||||||
|
1825 |
.000.8|.046.0'.003.9 " .128.8 .064.6i.003.0 .002.8i.094.8|.090.0 |
|||||||
|
1826 |
.000.41.049.31.007.6.012.9 .129.2 .048.3,1002.7 .00l.4|.100.3|. 094.1 |
|||||||
|
av. 6yrs.|.000.6|.063.4|.002.5|.002.1|.160.3|.052.4|.003.0i.001.8|.107.4|.101.9 |
Table 16 is deduced from a comparison of tables 3 and 5, and table 17 from a like comparison of tables 5 and 6. It may here be remarked, that a large proportion of the foreign voyages from the ports of Maine, do not exceed 3 or 4 months continuance, and few more than 6 months. From this it results, that many of its vessels enter and clear at the custom houses several times in a year. Consequently, if all the foreign tonnage of the State was employed in voyages directly from the ports of this State to foreign ports, and directly returning, the amount of American tonnage entered and departing, in table 5, would be 2 or 3 times the amount of foreign tonnage exhibited in ta- ble 1. And, as the account of entries and departures, is mani-
270 COMMERCE.
festly much less than it would have been in such a case, we, by this consideration, arrive at a tolerable indication of how large a share the shipping and seamen of Maine contribute to the foreign commerce of others of the United States ; and when, from the amount of merchandize imported, or revenue collected, a comparison is instituted between the commerce of Maine and that of other States, the same consideration proves that, for a very considerable proportion of the indications thus afforded, in regard to the commerce of other States, they are indebted to the enterprize and industry of Maine.
The importance of Maine as a commercial State, in relation to the rest of the Union, is farther illustrated by the propor- tions, exhibited in table 16, between the amount of duties paid, and that of foreign merchandize imported. From this it ap- pears, that on the average of 5 years, every 100 dollars im- ported into Maine, contributes 39 dollars to the treasury of the United States, while the same amount of imports into the ave- rage of the United States, contributes to the treasury but 30 dollars and 75 cents. IMaine thus contributing to the support of Government about 22 per cent, more than her share of the value of the merchandize directly imported from foreign countries.
On the whole, when it is considered that the extent of the territory of Maine, and the fertility of its interior, will allow it to sustain a population superior to that of most of the States of the Union, and surpassed by few if any ; — that its superior ad- vantages for commerce and the fisheries, by drawing the subsis- tence of a large class from the ocean, and from foreign coun- tries, and adding largely to the means of subsistence in the in- terior, enable it to support a population more dense than proba- bly any other State, except IMassachusetts ; — that the ratio of its physical strength, or productive ability is nearly one tenth greater than that of the rest of the United States ; — that the proporiion of its inhabitants engaged in commerce, and the proportion of the fields it cultivates upon the ocean (measured
MANUFACTURES. 271
by its tonnage) are vastly greater than the rest of the United States, and considerably greater than any State, excepting only Massachusetts ; — that it pays relatively much more than its proportion to the support of Government ; that while one sixth of the exported products, and a considerable share of the whole commerce of the Union are conducted by foreign vessels, Maine conducts a large share of the remainder, and almost the whole of its own ; — that its vast fund of materials for ship- building, and the numerous facilities for that branch of busi- ness, afforded by its ports and harbors, must continue to con- tribute annually a great amount to the increasing tonnage of the nation ; — that of the great national nursery for seamen, the fisheries, Maine now forms one fifth of the whole ; — and that the industry and enterprize of its inhabitants are surpassed by none in the union ; it will, upon a review of these collective circumstances, become evident that Maine actually sustains a high degree of importance among her sister States, in some respects already exceeding that of any other State, and eventu- ally, from the concurrence of so many causes, must, as a com- mercial and maritime State, take precedence not only of the greater part of the States, but far from impossible, of any one of them.
CHAPTER IX.
Manufactures.
In those branches of manufacture and handicraft trades, which are immediately connected with and indispensably neces- sary to, the ordinary pursuits of agriculture, and are necessary to be obtained in the neighborhood of every farming establish- ment, Maine has already made a progress, in general nearly sufficient for its wants, and perhaps in most cases quite so. In ship building, and the various branches dependent on or per-
272 MANUFACTURES.
taining to it, she greatly exceeds most of the States in the Union, and, with a few exceptions, is probably equal to any ; as is also the case with respect to many of those which are con- ducted by the females of families whose principal occupation is agriculture, especially in the important article of cloths of which wool forms the chief or entire material. But in respect to many other kinds of manufacture, this State is yet in its in- fancy, and, in some, it depends wholly upon Massachusetts and other New-England States, or upon foreign countries.
The principal articles, manufactured in any quantity for ex- portation, are, lumber of various kinds, ships and vessels, which constitute an extensive and important branch, iron castings, nails, bricks, lime and marble, paper, gunpowder, rum and whiskey, candles, soap, cotton cloths, leather, shoes, boots, ^ household furniture, &:c.
Most of the manufactures of the State are conducted in small establishments, and many of them in private families, a part of whose time is employed in agriculture. Establishments for the manufacture of cotton and woollen cloths, nails, leather, on a somewhat extended scale, have of late years been intro- duced in a few places ; one for the manufacture of sah, from the raw mineral imported from England, has been recently es- tablished at Eastport ; and there are other manufactories of different articles on smaller scales, in various parts of the coun- try ; but taken collectively, a much smaller proportion of the inhabitants devote themselves wholly, or principally, to manu- factures, than in any other State north of Virginia.*
No authentic accounts are known to exist from which the amount af all the various manufactures of the State can be ac- curately known ; and to collect any tolerable account of them, from individual information, would be next to impracticable. At the census of 1810, a return was made of the principal articles of manufacture ; but it was deficient in several counties, and probably in many towns in every county ; besides this, many
* Tlw proportion in eaeb State will be fonnd is table 11 of chapter 6.
MANUFACTURES. 276
articles were not enumerated, some of which are manufactured to 9 considerable extent. In 1820 the returns made to the Legislature, by the assessors of the several towns, exhibit the number and kinds of the principal manufacturing estabhsh- ments, but 2;ive no account of their annual products. These two sources are all, from which can be derived any extended and comprehensive view of the manufactures of the State ; and though the materials are very deficient in some respects, and far from perfect in any ; yet by comparing them with the popu- lation, and taking into consideration the circumstances and ad- Tantages of the State in respect to its agriculture, commerce, and fisheries, we may arrive at some general comparative idea of hs manufacturing interests ; which is as much as, in the present state of information on the subject, can be expected.
35
274
MANUFACTURES,
TABI.E I.
Statement of the Manufactures of Maine, as returned to Congress in the year 1810, with the amount of the corresponding articles i» Massachusetts, and in the whole United States respectively.
|
MANUFACTURES |
In Maine. |
Massachusetts. |
U. States. |
|
|
Cotton Cloth ~~ |
yards |
811.912 |
16.581. 29§ |
|
|
Blended and unnamed dc |
>. yds. |
1.020.047 |
22.131 533 |
|
|
Woolen |
yds. |
4.53.410 |
4.004.280 |
|
|
Total |
yds. |
2.285.369 |
4.055.069 |
42.717.112 |
|
Average to each person |
yds. |
11 |
8 |
« |
|
Looms |
No. |
16.057 |
22.564 |
325.392 |
|
Carding Machines |
No. |
75 |
180 |
1.776 |
|
Wool Carded |
lbs. |
450.255 |
797.236 |
7.417.261 |
|
Average carded by each |
lbs. |
6.003 |
4.429 |
4.232 |
|
Fullmg Mills |
No. |
59 |
221 |
1.682 |
|
Cloth dressed |
yds. |
357.386 |
730.948 |
5.452.96* |
|
Average by each Mill |
yds. |
6.057 |
3.307 |
3.241 |
|
Spindles |
No. |
780 |
19.448 |
122.64T |
|
Hats |
No. |
60.123 |
142.645 |
457.666 |
|
Furnaces and Forges |
No. |
2 |
37 |
153 |
|
Tr>p Hammers |
No. |
14 |
316 |
|
|
Naileries |
No. |
6 |
36 |
410 |
|
N*.ils |
lbs. |
1.265.594 |
15.240.320 |
25.727.914 |
|
Average by each |
«» |
210.932 |
423.342 |
62.751 |
|
Augers |
value |
$;2.000 |
$10,000 |
|
|
Soap |
value |
$31,650 |
$239,697 |
$409,508 |
|
Shoe? and Boots |
value |
$135,281 |
$2,201,671 |
$4,686,624 |
|
Saddlery |
value |
$24,678 |
$188,726 |
$834,787 |
|
Tanneries |
No. |
200 |
299 |
4.316 |
|
Hides and Skins dressed |
No. |
55.153 |
507.020 |
1.242.235 |
|
Leather |
value |
$231,174 |
$1,352,639 |
$8,358,250 |
|
Flax-seed Oil |
value |
$3,000 |
$46,982 |
$848,809 |
|
Spirits Distilled gallons |
160.300 |
2.852.210 |
22.977.167 |
|
|
Carriages made |
value |
$9,000 |
$122,674 |
$1,449,849 |
|
Paper |
value |
$16..500 |
$257,451 |
$1,689,718 |
|
Rope Walks |
No. |
11 |
29 |
173 |
|
Cordage |
value |
$234,600 |
$1,030,661 |
$4,243.36$ |
MANUFACTURES.
fl5
TABIiE II.
Excess and deficiency of Manufactures in Maine, in proportion to its population in 1310, compared with Massachusetts and the United States respectively.
|
Cim.i) 'Ted |
witJi Massncliu |
Coinpart-J w |
itiit^.p u s. |
|
|
Manufactures. |
E.xcess. |
Deficit. |
Excess, |
Deficit. |
|
Yards of Cotton Cloth |
277.032 |
|||
|
Do. blended and unnamed do. |
306.095 |
|||
|
Do. Woolen do. |
324.271 |
|||
|
Total |
340.450 |
907.398 |
||
|
Number of looms |
4.211 |
5.561 |
||
|
Number of carding machines |
3 |
18 |
, |
|
|
Pounds of Wool carded |
64.522 |
210.989 |
||
|
Number of Fulling Mills |
27 |
4 |
||
|
Yards of Cloth dreased |
23.542 |
190.781 |
||
|
Number of Spindles |
5.425 |
3.176 |
||
|
Number of Hats |
2.075 |
45.360 |
||
|
Number of Furnaces, &c. |
10 |
3 |
||
|
Number of Naileries |
7 |
7 |
||
|
Pounds of Nails |
3.797.569 |
459.143 |
||
|
Value of Augers |
$1,665 |
|||
|
Value of Soap |
$51,585 |
$19,440 |
||
|
Value of Shoes and Boots |
$581,575 |
tl5.90 |
||
|
Value of Saddlery |
$40,770 |
$2,250 |
||
|
Number of Tanneries |
47 |
61 |
||
|
Number of hides & skins dressed |
117.476 |
15.081 |
||
|
Value of Leather |
$254,658 |
>*39.414 |
||
|
Value of Flax-seed Oil |
$12,330 |
.?'24.380 |
||
|
Gallons of Spirits distilled |
763 782 |
580.899 |
||
|
Value of Carriages |
$31,390 |
537.769 |
||
|
Value of Paper |
$67,534 |
$38,007 |
||
|
Number of Rope- walks |
' |
6 |
||
|
Value of Cordage |
$153,576 |
$97,718 |
276
MANUFACTURES,
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COUNTIES. |
York Cumberland Lincoln Waldo Hancock Washington Kennebeck Oxford Somerset Penobscot |
MANUFACTURES. 277
The preceding tables, though they exhibit but a very lim- ited and imperfect view of the manufacturing interests of the State, yet they afford results of some importance, in respect to its industry and character, and furnish grounds for some useful estimates with regard to the future.
For the manufacture of cloth, which is one of prime neces- sity, it appears that (exclusive of household manufactures) there are but comparatively few factories in the State. These are principally employed in the manufacture of cotton, and send, a part at least, of their products to Boston and elsewhere out of the State for their market. The great number of car- ding machines and fulling mills, which are employed only in the previous preparation of the wool, and in dressing the cloth after it is fabricated, together with the great number of yards of cloth of various descriptions stated in table 1, indicate clear- ly that this important manufacture is conducted chiefly in pri- vate families ; and it is well known that it is confined almost wholly to the female part of the families, to whom other modes of profitable employment, are not generally open ; and a large part of whom, wnhout this manufacture, would probably have opportunity to contribute but very little to the general wealth of the State. Th<^ fact is highly creditable to the character of the inhabitants for domestic economy and industry ; and this will appear in a still stronger light from the comparisons in ta- ble 2, exhibiting the excess of this household manufacture in proportion to the population, when compared with Massachu- setts, but especially when compared witli the average of the United States ; this excess being about 17 per cent, over the proportion compared with Massachusetts, and more than 65 per cent, over that of the average of the United States.
It may be farther remarked with respect to the manufacture of woollen cloth, that the climate and soil of Maine, fit it espe- cially for a grazing country, and more particularly for the growth of sheep, and of the finest kinds of wool ; that every circum- stance of the country is favorable to the growth and manufacture
278 MANUFACTURES.
of this highly important article ; and considering the evidence of the quantity manufactured already, with the character, hab- its, and wants of the inhabitants, and the nature of the climate, soils, and face of the country, it may be anticipated that, when- icver Maine shall be distinguished in any considerable degree for its manufactures, that of wollen cloths, manufactured in the families of farmers, will form the principal article ; the interior of Maine will become to the United States, in a measure, what the west riding of Yorkshire is to England ; and the growth and manufacture of wool, will form the employment of a large por- tion of its inhabitants, and one of the most productive sources of its general wealth.
In other branches of manufacture (except ship-building) Maine does not compete with the other New-England States ; but in several, it exceeds its proportion compared with the av- erage of the Unhed States. In some, however, it is consid- erably deficient, among which, it may be mentioned, to the comparative credit of the State, the impoverishing and de- moralizing manufacture of distilled spirits, appears among the articles enumerated in the greatest relative deficiency.
From the kinds of raw materials which the State produces, and is best fitted to produce, and from the habits and wants of the inhabitants, it may be expected that manufactures of ships and vessels of various descriptions, cloth, cordage, castings and other articles of iron, nails, leather, shoes, saddlery, soap, candles, bricks, household furniture, Sic. will be always among the principal articles it will furnish. Those of less impor- tance to the first wants of mankind, though already produced to a considerable extent, yet will advance more slowly, so long as the inducements to agricultural and commercial pursuits re- main in their present comparative state ; and will always have to encounter the competition of the older and more perfect establishments of the other New-England States.
The manufacture of ships and vessels of various descrip- tions, constitutes one of the most important branches of the
MANUFACTURES.
279
industry of the State ; and, considered in all its multiplied connections, gives employment and support to a large portion of the most effective part of its population. Its own com- merce requires, and absorbs a large proportion of this manu- facture ; but in its supply to the commerce of other States of the Union, it constitutes one of principal articles of the coast- ing export of the State ; and in its whole amount it is one of the chief, if not the very first, of its manufactures. The to- tal amount of this manufacture for 8 years, is given in the Ap- pendix to table 1, of Chapter 8, (page 226) ft* om which, com- pared with the tonnage employed, as stated in that table, is deduced the amount of this manufacture exported for 5 years, as exhibited in
TABLE IV»
Manufacture of ships and vessels, more than to supply the losses and consumption of the State.
|
Variation of tonnage employed in |
the State from the |
Tonnage built and |
|
|
year 1820 |
exported, for sale out |
||
|
Increase. |
Decrease. |
of the State. |
|
|
Tons. |
Ton- |
Tons. |
|
|
to 1821 |
402 |
14.649 |
|
|
1822 |
6.319 |
5.960 |
|
|
1823 |
.147 |
11.611 |
|
|
1824 |
15.055 |
3.790 |
|
|
1825 |
13.297 |
11.841 |
|
|
total |
47.851 |
||
|
A\erage of the 5 \ears |
9.570 |
The value of the vessels thus exported from this State to ether ports in the Union, if equal, on the average, to the esti- mated value before stated, would amount for the five years, to the sum of 1,928,000 dollars ; or the average sum of 387,00d dollars per annum. The estimated value of the whole quan- tity built annually for the use of the citizens of the State, as well as for exportation to other States, is given in table 6 ol this Chapter.
There are many manufactures devoted solely to the supply of the population in the immediate vicinit}^, or at no very great
distance from their establishment. Of these no estimate can be made, other than from the probable wants of any given por- tion of the population. Some of these establishments must al- wavsbe in the vicinity of the demand, and of course are distri- buted nearly in proportion to die population ;— others may transpon their products more easily ; and hence are not always to be found in that proportion ; but are distributed according to otlier circumstances. Table 3 exhibits the number of es^ tablishraents, of the principal kinds, in each count^•, in the year 1820, with their relative proportion to tlie population ; but it affords no indication of the productiveness of any of them.
Of the establishments enumerated in the table, grist-raillSf saw-mills, carding machines, and fulling; mills, are srenerally* distributed in some decree proportioned to the population ; and the number of these which are required to supply the usual de- mand of the inhabitants ; or the amount of population, which on the average, will support one of these establishments, may br inferred, with tolerable certaint}', from the relative proportions exhibited in the table ; making allowance however, for the cir- cumstances of different counties, to account for the dispropor- tions between them.
It will also be observed in the table, that the nimiber of work- shops for mechanics and manufacturers is distributed, with a considerable degree of uniformity, in proportion to the popula- tion of most of the cowrties. The average number is^ to 1 000 of ihe whole population of the State ; or 1 to evert* 33 families of five persons each, on the average. The number of tanne- ries is also diffused through ever\' count}-, but not ver>' uni- formly. Other establishments are found, respectively, in but a part of the counties ; but these are of kinds, the establishment of which, requires large capitals, or the product of which, may be easily transported to di^ant places. They are all of the most important and useful kinds, except one — which to the credit and advantage of the State, exists but in four counties —
MANfFACTURES. 281
and it is devoutly to be hoped, will, at some time, disappear from even' part of the State.
With respect to the amount of capital vested in manufactu- ring establishments, or to the annual value 6( manufactured ai- ticles produced, we have verj^ scanty data on which to found an estimate. From the returns of 1810, an estimate may be for- med, so far as respects the articles enumerated at that time ; and supposing the increase no m jre than to have kept pace with the increase of population to 1820, an estimate may be made of the probable amount of the annual value of the same articles, at the latter period ; but the probable amount of other articles (exceptinz ships and vessels.) must depend so much on mere conjecmre. that no attempt will be made to estimate them.
The asCTegate amount of the fixed capital vested in manu- facturinsj establishments, may, from the number reported in each county, be conjectured rather more nearly than the an- nual value of products ; and mi^ht be estimated with some certaint\% if we could obtain a fixed value as the averasre of that of the establishments of each kind ; but as this is impossible or nearly so, h will be of litde use to make the attempt, ex- cept so far as, by assumins a conjectural sum as the av?raffe cost, we may obtain a comparative estimate of the fixed man- facturing capital of the respective coimties ; and this, imper- fect as it must be, will not be without its use in investigations respecting the relative state of the several counties in this ve-pect.
36
282
MANUFACTURES.
3 C re X
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15.600 2.800 8.800 50.400 2.000 800 |
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i),.r 21,000 1.200 3.600 14.000 48.600 5.600 4.000 1.000 |
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•UIODUIT |
50.000 1,000 2.400 17.200 800 40.40(1 70.200 10.800 7.200 2.000 1.500 |
© |
© |
||
|
■puBiJaqinno |
54.0001 84.000 400! 10.000 600| 10,000 300; 1,800 17.200' 21.200 400 2,600 48.000 35.200 87.H00 51.000 7.600 10.000 7.600 8.000 2,000' 3.000 4.000 1 1.500 1.200 1.500 |
i ©■ eo |
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||
|
•j[.ioA |
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||||
|
Shops and Work Houses Rope Walks Distilleries Pot and Pearl Ash Works Tanneries Bakehouses Grist M lis Saw Mills Carding Machines Fulhng Mills. Spinning Machines Cotton and Wollen Factories Slitting Mills Iron Works and Furnaces All other Mills |
z 0; 1 0 B 3 Jl |
11 c c 0 •- |
l.f
MANUFACTURES,
283
The estimated cost of the establishments enumerated in this table, it is believed, is in most cases rather below than above the truth. In several it is stated from a knowledge of facts ; but in some it is merely conjectural, having however for a guide, the value affixed to them by the Legislature, in the year 1820, as compared with the value of others, the cost of which is better known. In the aggregate, the estimate is about four times the amount of that affixed by the Legislature as the relative value.
From the statement of the amount and value of manufac- tured articles in table 1, with a conjectural allowance predicated upon the increase of population since 1810; and from other sources, an estimate of the probable annual value of manufac- tures, since 1820, is formed as in
TABLE VI.
Estimate of the annual value of Manufactures.
I aver, for eiuh fam.
|
D.MlUi- . |
::■). |
|
|
Cloths, of all kinds |
1.528.600 |
25.65 |
|
Hats |
160.300 |
2.69 |
|
Nails |
135.000 |
2.26 |
|
Augers |
3.000 |
05 |
|
Soap |
42.200 |
71 |
|
Tallow & Sperm. Candles |
30.700 |
51 |
|
Shoes and Boots |
182.000 |
3.06 |
|
Leather |
.308.000 |
5.17 |
|
Skins dressed |
73.500 |
1.24 |
|
Saddlery |
33.900 |
57 |
|
Flax-seed Oil |
4.000 |
6 |
|
Distilled Spirits |
213.000 |
3.57 |
|
Pleasure Carriages |
12.00Q |
20 |
|
Paper |
12.000 |
20 |
|
Cordage |
312.800 |
5.25 |
|
Ships and Vessels |
1.037.000 |
23.15 |
Total enumerated
|4.088.000i 74.33
It will be observed that the foregoing enumeration comprises'' but a part of the manufactures of the State ; and omits some, of which the annual products very considerably exceed many of those which are ennmerated. Of those omitted are lime.
284 MANUFACTURES.
marble, bricks, iron castings, edgetools and other manufactures of iron, brass and copper foundry, tin, gunpowder, cabinet work and household furniture, casks and other wooden ware, clocks, silver ware and jewelry, combs, he. &lc. It is known that most of these are manufactured to a very considerable extent, but no account, or estimate of their amount has been obtained.
But, notwithstanding all these omissions, it still appears that, in the manufacture of only the few articles enumerated in the tables, the industry of Maine exhibits a gross amount of pro- ducts which must be sufficiently gratifying to its friends. And it is satisfactory also to observe that, (witli one solitary excep- tion, to qualify the satisfaction) its principal manufactures are of those essential articles, which are best adapted to its cir- cumstances and necessities, and for which it has abundant materials, and in the production of which it has no occasion to apprehend any serious disadvantages from the competition of other States, nor from an excessive production, nor deficient demand.
The account of boards and other lumber manufactured has already been noticed in chapter 8, so far as it respects the quantity and value of the articles exported. The quantity manufactured for home consumption must be immense, but can only be left to conjecture.
When it is considered that die increase of an active industri- ous population, with the direction of its labor to the produc- tion of articles of general necessity and convenience, econo- my and. intelligence in the employment of its time, and fru- gality in its expenditures, are the foundations on which any addition to the wealth and resources of the State must be built ; that these almost inevitably imply an extended culture of the earth, either by additional improvement of that already un- der partial cuhivation, or by clearing and subduing the now
MANUFACTURES. 285
vacant lands ; that, in the present state of the country, the lat- ter will, most probably, be the principal course pursued for many years ; that, in doing this, vast quantities of lumber and potasii, with comparatively very little additional labor, may be prepared from the raw^ material now utterly useless, and profi- tably exchanged for the manufactures of other States ; that the crops produced from the labor bestowed in clearing new lands, and the consequent improved value of the lands, yield to the laborer a much greater profit than he can earn in the same time, from the same labor in any other employment ; and that they also conduce more effectually to the ultimate resources of the State ; that there are yet vast forests to be subdued, and extensive vacant lands, waiting for the increasing population to furnish hands for their cultivation ; that the soil and circum- stances of the State offer great inducements to agricultural en- terprize ; and that it possesses superior advantages tor com- merce, navigation and the fisheries ; it will become evident, that, in manufactures generally, and especially in those of the first importance, Maine is as far advanced, and produces as much, as is expedient on the whole, or as its present circum- stances and situation require. Should these advantages be properly improved, by a wise and liberal system of internal policy ; and proper facilities be rendered, so that all classes of the inhabitants may avail themselves to the utmost, of tlie op- portunities which nature affords ; the reciprocally beneficial action of these several pursuits upon each other, will render the clearing and improvement of the wild lands, and the ex- portation or exchanges of the surplus products of the forest, the field, and the sea, and such manufactures as may be pro- duced without disproportionate encouragement, more condu- cive to the real wealth and indedenpence of the State, and contribute more to the efficient resources of the nation at large, than can possibly be experienced from the diversion of the physical energies of the State, in an undue proportion, to the purposes of manufacture, at tliis early period.
286 REVK^UES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
But, a time must arrive, when manufactures will form a more extensive branch of the employment of the inhabitants of the State. The vast quantity of its lumber must diminish be- fore the increasing population, and finally cease, as an article of exportation. Its place will be occupied with fields and pastures, and the products of agriculture must sustain the man- ufactures which the necessities of the population will require, and both of these must continue the commerce which the lum- ber trade, and the fisheries, have created. The immense quantity of water power, distributed over every part of the State, will suffice for the most extended system of manufac- tures which may require its aid. The raw products of its soil and its commerce will furnish abundant materials for every manufacture which can be necessary or useful, and the indus- trious and enterprising character of its inhabitants will not fail to prompt them to avail themselves of all those facilities, to produce every important manufacture, which may be required for their own consumption, or be advantageously exchanged by means of their commerce with other States and countries.
CHAPTER X.
Revenues and public burdens.
The revenues derived from Commerce, being by the Con- stitution of the United States, under the control of the General Government ; and the expense of erecting and maintaining fortifications, and national arsenals ; the administration of maritime law, and the laws of the United States in general, and those laws of the State which affect the rights of citizens of other States, being exclusively at the national charge ; they do not fall within the object of this chapter, and any notice of them will be unnecessary.
The proper revenues of the State of Maine, are derived
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS. 287
principally from direct taxation on the polls and estates of the inhabitants. The taxes are assessed by the Legislature, on the several towns and plantations, in proportion to the number of polls, and the estimated value of the aggregate real and personal estates within each respectively. The amount annu- ally to be derived from this source, depends wholly on the discretion of the Legislature* to impose, and the ability of the people to pay. In some sense it may be said, that tlie practicable amount of revenue from this source, may be equal to the aggregate of all the annual incomes of the skill, indus- try, and property, of all the inhabitants of the State ; except so much of it as is indispensably necessary for their ordinary- subsistence. This perhrps may be true under the extreme pressure of extraordinary emergencies ; but, between tliis, and the point which may be safely approached by ordinary Legislation, there is a wide difference. To form a right esti- mate of this difference, and to ascertain the amount which may, without oppression, be derived from direct taxation on the value or income of estates, in proportion to their amount, requires an investigation of the nature, extent, and distribution of the wealth or productive ability, and the necessary consump- tion, of the mass of the people, wliich will not form the proper subject of this chapter.
Besides the amount derived from assessments on the value of polls and estates of all classes of inhabitants equally, the
* It will be observed that reference is here had only to revenues appropriated to thi se objects of disbursen^ent which come within the ex'^Uisive control of the Legislature. There are objects of disburse- ment, to a much greater amount in the aggregate, some of which are under the direction of the courts and officers of the respective coun- ties, and the revenues for which are prhicipally from taxes assessed by the Courts of Sessions of each county, under the sanction of the Leg- islature, and m part from fees fcc accruing within the county, all of which pass through the county treasuries only ; and others which are confined wholly to the several towns, under the direction of their re- spective inhabitants ; and, the revenues to meet which, are derived wholly from taxes assessed by the inhabitants, on the polls and estates within their respective towns. These different subjects will be no- ticed in their place, in the subsequent part of this chapter.
288 REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
State receives no other direct revenue, except from a tax of one per cent, on the capital stock of the several banks incorpo- rated within its jurisdiction. The amount of this is necessarily limited by the extent to which banking institutions will bear tax- ation, and sustain their standing ; and the amount of capital they can employ ; and this mast depend upon the service which they may render to the public, in furnishing a convenient circu- lating medium, with sufficient security for its redemption in spe- cie whenever it may be required ; or, in other words, on the confidence which the public may place in their paper. So that when by due vigilance on the part of the Legislature, and due prudence and integrity on the part of the managers of the bank- ins; institutions, this conventional substitute for the precious me- tals, is kept within the limits of a healthy circulation, and sup- plied in sufficient quantity to meet the ordinary occasions of commercial operations, the revenue to be derived from this source may be considered as permanent ; increasing with the increase and prosperity of the country ; without any oppressive exaction upon the fair profits of the stockholders.
The revenues from these two sources will be considered as permanent direct revenue. Others equally direct might be found, but have not yet been sought for, in this State, to any extent worth noticing.
The indirect revenues of the State, have been derived hith- erto from but few sources; and may be considered chiefly, as taxes on litigation. They are levied in the form of duties on commissions to public officers ; fees to the officers of the judi- cial courts ; and, fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost, continually occurring, with more or less fluctuation, in different counties of the State.
The existence of this branch of revenue must be considered as permanent, but its amount must necessarily be fluctuating. The amount derived from the first part, depends on the num- ber of appointments to office, the frequency of their renewal, and the tax which the incumbents may be willing to pay,,
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS. 289
for the honors, or can afford to pay, for the emoluments, of the office. The amount of the second depends on the number of lawsuits ; and therefore may be expected to increase or di- minish, with the general diffusion or diminution of virtue and in- telligence, prudence or imprudence in commercial and other speculations, and general prosperity, or misfortune, of the com- munity. It can not be desirable that its product to the public coffers should ever be very great. The third, though it flows from causes which, in the consitution of society, are unavoid- able, and therefore may be considered, in its kind, as of a permanent character, yet can, in no community, long constitute a large source of revenue, and must always be the most unde- sirable. These three have formed, hitherto, the only perma- nent indirect sources of revenue within the State.
There are also receipts into the Treasury, occasionally, of small amount, transient and accidental. These may be clas- sed under the general description of temporary and miscel- laneous.
Besides the foregoing, however, there are monies derived to the treasury of the State from other sources, which have hith- erto been applied, with the ordinary annual revenues, to the discharge of current annual expenditures ; but which, in all calculations upon the resources of the State, should be careful- ly distinguished from ordinary revenue ; as they belong in fact, not to that, but to the capital stock of the community ; from the income, or product, of which, ordinary revenue is to be deri- ved ; and any consumption of this capital, for the purpose of ordinary annual expenditure, is just so much subduction from the fund which should afford only its annual income for that purpose, and the principal of which should be preserved, and carefully cherished, to be touched only on great and pressing emergences.
The capital here referred to is, that received fi:om Massa- chusetts in the distribution of the joint property of the two
States, and the proceeds of the sales of the public lands and
37
290
REVENUES AiND PUBLIC BURDENS.
timber. Maine has no other permanent funds, nor resources for creating any other, unless by a direct draft uqon the fruits of the labor of its individual citizens.
It needs no argument to prove that the proceeds of the sales of lands and timber, though they have been received, and will still be receivable, for a length of time, perhaps for many years, yet they possess no part of the character of permanent revenues, or annual incomes, or products. The application, therefore, of these sums, to the purposes of ordinary annual expenditure, introduces a distinct article in the classification, for which no name is thought more appropriate than that of '* capital consumed."
The amount of monies received into the State Treasury, from the first organization of the Government, to the close ol the year 1827, is abstracted from the Reports of the Treasu- rers, as follows: viz.
From the organization of the Government to the close of the year 1821.
Received from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 8.000
from loans, 33.500
Tyxes on the several Banks withm the State, 29.6S1.47
State Tax, (on polls and estates) of 1820, 27.b87.9l
State Tax, 1821, 6.24^^.50
Clerks of Courts, for Justices' fees, S. J. Court, 544.40
Treasurers f)f Counties, 1.352:40
Treasurers of towns, 138
Duties on Comniissions of civil officers, 864
Refunded the Treasury, 114.76
107.482.51
Total,
Dollars
|
Receipts during the year 1822. |
||
|
Cash in the Treasury Jan. 1, 1822, |
9.703.81 |
|
|
Received on State Tax of 1820, |
1.250.36 |
|
|
State Tax of 1821, |
43.569.40 |
|
|
State Tax of 1822, |
7.844.27 |
|
|
Taxes on Banks^ |
14.625 |
|
|
from Treasurers of Counties, viz. |
||
|
Oxford, 273.24 |
||
|
Penobscot, 397.10 |
||
|
Lincoln, 121 |
.73 |
79« n? |
REVNUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
291
from Treasurers of towns, received by theni for iDiiitary exemptions, for commissions to fish inspectors, for Justices' commissions, Justices' fees, S. J. Court, viz. York County, Cumberland, Lincoln,
Hancock, (in part,) Washington, Oxford, Kennebeck, Somerset, Penobscot,
124.£0 145.40 324.70
75.80 103 70
56.48 230
61.70
45.30
|
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz. |
|
|
York, |
490.10 |
|
Cumberland, |
242 30 |
|
Lincoln, |
557.40 |
|
Washington* |
290.40 |
|
Oxford. |
134.40 |
|
Kennebeck, |
625.90 |
|
Somerset, |
241.90 |
|
Penobscot. |
137.60 |
|
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost, viz. |
|
|
In Cumberland, |
193.06 |
|
Lincoln, |
231.07 |
|
Somerset, |
131,46 |
Unexpended balance of appropriations for the Conven- tion on the Constitution, Received on loans,
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts- award of Commissioners, Premium on loans,
foi timber sold on publiclands,
Total.
248.90
105 200
1.167.20
S.690
555.59 215.03
40.000
15.717.50
1.000 290
139.999.13
Receipts during the year 1823. Cash in the treasury Jan. 1, 1823, Received on Stale tax of 1821, State tax of 18ii2, State tax of 1823, Taxes on Banks, Justices' Xees, S. J. Court, viz.
York County, 84.80
Cumberland, 90
Lincoln, 103
Hancock, 132.20
Washington, 60.40
25.501.52
190.15
32.431.60
4.492.62 13.000
292
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
|
Oxford, |
18.40 |
|
|
Kennebeck, |
77 70 |
|
|
Somerset, |
40 £0 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
51.80 |
658.5« |
|
Justices' fees, C. C. PJeas, viz. |
||
|
York. |
655.80 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
828 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
8£1 |
|
|
Hancock, |
788 90 |
|
|
Washington, |
538.40 |
|
|
Oxford, |
S£9.20 |
|
|
Kennebeck, |
976 |
|
|
Somerset, |
406.£0 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
264.20 |
5.602.70 |
|
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of cost. viz. |
||
|
In Cumberland, |
621.85 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
752.50 |
|
|
Oxford, |
10.19 |
|
|
Somerset, |
35.21 |
1.419.75 |
|
Balance from Treasurer of Kennebeck, |
21.05 |
|
|
Fees received by Secretary of State, |
71,65 |
|
|
Military exemptions, |
124 |
|
|
Duties on commissions, viz. |
||
|
Sheriff of Oxford, |
25 |
|
|
Fish Inspectors, |
20 |
|
|
Justices of the peace, |
100 |
|
|
Coroners, |
15 |
|
|
160 |
||
|
Sales of timber, and interest, |
366.68 |
|
|
do. |
42.25 |
|
|
do. |
216 |
624.95 |
|
Sales of land. |
82.47 |
|
|
do. |
228 |
|
|
do. and tenements |
400 |
71047 |
|
Assigned from Massachusetts |
166.12 |
|
|
Miscellaneous receipts |
398.70 |
|
|
Received from Massachusetts, on account c |
.f> |
30.000 |
|
engagements to Indians |
||
|
Premiums for exchange on Boston |
1824. |
124.19 |
|
Total |
115,697.95 |
|
|
Receipts during the year |
||
|
Cash in the treasury Jan. 1. 18£4 |
19.035.92 |
Received on State tax of 1821 30.15
State tax of 1822 31.15
State tax of 1823 35.811.24
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS,
293
State tafx of 1824
5.379.1
|
Taxes on Banks, |
|
|
Justices' fees, S. J. Court.— viz. |
|
|
York, |
80.40 |
|
Cumberland, |
153.40 |
|
Lincoln, |
134.20 |
|
Hancock, |
63.50 |
|
Washington, |
71.70 |
|
Kennebeck, |
109.60 |
|
Somerset, |
53 |
|
Penobscot, |
83.90 |
|
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz. |
|
|
York, |
784.90 |
|
Cumberland, |
848.40 |
|
Lincoln, |
940.40 |
|
Hancock, |
510.10 |
|
Washington, |
5S4.80 |
|
Oxford, |
274 10 |
|
Kennebeck, |
1.135.50 |
|
Somerset. |
431.10 |
|
Penobscot, |
444.40 |
Fines, forfeitures and bills of cost, In York,
Cumberland,
Lincoln,
Oxford,
Kennebeck,
Somerset.
Received on Notes due the State, Interest on do.
80. 851 04 1.164.04 143.57
12.03 187.50
618.55 44.98
Duties on commissions to civil offieers
For military exemptions,
On claims assigned by Massachusetts,
Of land agents for timber and grass sold, viz.
OfMarkTrafton, 604.50
Of James Irish, 1.000
For land sold under Mrssachusetts, From Secretary of State, for fees received by him, From A. K. Parris, Governor, balance of contingent fund,
Total receipts of revenue,
Net proceeds of lottery for benefit of Oxford and Cumberland Canal,
41.251.65 14.420.81
749.70
5.803.70
1.938.U
663.53
287
44
1.274.92
1.604.50
24,28 62.16
85
87.245.35
2.437.50
Total receipts
89.682.8 5
294
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS,
Receipts during the year 1825.
Cash in the treasury Jan 1825
received on State lax of 1822 0.36
State tax of 1823 10.
State tax of 1824 59.691.05
State tax of 1825 4.938.51
Taxes on Banks,
|
Justices' fees, S. J. Court, viz. |
|
|
York, |
89.40 |
|
Cumberland, |
141.80 |
|
Lincoln, |
100.80 |
|
Hancock, |
81.80 |
|
Washington, |
40,60 |
|
Oxford, |
85.80 |
|
Kennebeck, |
'95.60 |
|
Somerset, |
33.20 |
|
Penobscot, |
122.40 |
Justices' fees C. C. Pleas, viz. York,
Cumberland, JLincoln, ^ Kennebeck,
Penobscot, Hancock, Oxford, Somerset, "VVashir.gton,
Duties on commissions, viz.
Of Justices of the peace. Other officers. On apppointments, viz.
Of Justices of the peace, Other officers.
On commissions to fish inspectors.
On Notes due to the State, Interest on do.
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of costs, viz. In Lincoln, Cumberland, Somerset,
For military exemptions. On claims assigned by Massachusetts, Fees recetved in Secretary's office, Received of land agents, viz.
Anson G. Chandler,
Janies I^ish,
734.40 741.60 756.30 967.80 303.80 481.80 325 10 337.70 402.10
110 71
505
185
260 52 90
116.26 4089 49.09
11.100.65
44.639.92 15.972,54
791.4e
5.050.60
60
292.90
206.24
6 306.05 43.76
1.149.90
RBVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
295
Of IiKlian Agent, unexpended balance, Unexpendeded balance of contingent fund,
Total receipts, Excess of expenditure over receipts,
Proceeds of lottery for the benefit of Cumberland and Oxford Canal,
Receipts during the yeas 1826.
On State taxes of 1823, 10.35
State taxes of 1824, 41.34
State taxes of 1825, 40.148.02
State faxes of 1826, 4.064.94
|
Taxes on Banks, |
|
|
Justices' fees in S. J. Court, viz. |
|
|
York, |
77.20 |
|
Cumberland, |
140 |
|
Lincoln, |
142.40 |
|
Hancock, |
66.80 |
|
Washington, |
42.60 |
|
Oxford, |
55 40 |
|
Somerset, |
51.20 |
|
Kennebeck, |
69-80 |
|
Penobsoct, |
129.70 |
|
Justices' fees, C. C. Pleas, viz. |
|
|
York, |
912.90 |
|
Cumberland, |
960.50 |
|
Lincoln, |
933.30 |
|
Hancock, |
369.50 |
|
Washington, |
498.20 |
|
Oxford, |
212 |
|
Somerset, |
611.60 |
|
Kennebeck' |
1.06670 |
|
Penobscot. |
600,80 |
®uties on Commissions, viz
Justices of the peace, Other civil officers,
On Fish inspectors, On outstanding notes. Interest on do.
Fines, forfeitures, and bills of costs, viz. Sundry persons. In Penobscot Co.
895 196
778.45 44.28
7. 66.38
42.26
227.23
80.758.2* 6. 18- .48
86.945.76 11.077.55
44.264.65 17.871.97
778.70
6.165.60
1.091. 45.
822.73 73.38
296
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS-
For Military exemptions,
On claims assigned by Massac husets,
Of James Irish, land agent,
Miscellaneous.
Appropriation for expense at Arsenal, refunded,
Unexpended balance of contingent fund,
Temporary loan,
Appropriated of Cumb. and Oxf. Canal money )
to discharge temporary loan, and other debts, 5
Total,
£. 158.69 1.000 30. 200. 83 40 10.000.
15.000
97.587.12
Receipts during the year 1827.
Cash in the treasury Jan 1. 1327
Received on State tax of 1821 9.11
State tax of 1822 7.43
State tax of 1823 7.43
State tax of 1824 8.27
State tax of 1825 18.27
State tax of 1826 45.927.03
State tax of 1827 S. 60^.96
|
Taxes on Banks, |
|
|
Justices' fees, in S. J. Court, viz. |
|
|
York, |
161 |
|
Cumberland, |
£33.60 |
|
Lincoln, |
171.40 |
|
Hancock, |
90.80 |
|
Kennebeck, |
115 |
|
Penobscot. |
305,40 |
|
Oxford, |
35.80 |
|
Somerset, |
45.80 |
|
Washington. |
S38.40 |
JuBtices' fees in C. C. Pleas viz.
, York, 1.366.50
Cumberland, 1.308.90
Lincoln, 1.069.70
Hancock, 687 20
Kennebeck, l,31»-..70
Penobscot, 1.001.50
Oxford, S8r>.60
do deficit of last year, 8
Somerset, 474.20
Washington, 639.10
Waldo, 62 10
Buties on commissions, viz.
To Justices of the peace, 855
Other civil officers. 369
2.097.17
49.581,46 19.967,97
1.397.2®
8.269.5(JI
REVNUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
For commissions to fish inspectors, On notes due the State,
Interest,
90.
23,61
For military exemptions,
Fines forfeitures and penalties,
On claims assigned by Massachusetts,
Of James Irish, land agent,
From loans,
Appropriated from Cumberland and
Oxford canal fund,
Overdrawn by mistake on pay roll of Council 1825,
Proceeds of Sullivan bridge lottery,
Total,
Proceeds of Cumberland and Oxford Canal fund,
Interest on appropriations from said fund to the use of the Stale,
4.051.36
297
50.
113.61 4
£ 18 13.037.39 22.000
3.900
100 S.1TS.55
124.935.85
4.944.08
38
^298
REVENUES AND PUBLIC BURDENS.
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EXPENDITURES. 299
Expenditures,
The expenditures of a State, or nation, as well as its popu* lation, have been arranged by political economists, under dif- ferent titles as suited their respective systems ; and no small ingenuity has been displayed, by the partizans of different the- ories, each in illustrating, and defending his own theory, and disproving the propriety of those of others. The various heads under which the different items of expenditure, or classes of the population have been arranged, may be chiefly, if not whol- ly, included in the terms, guardian, distributive, directly, indi- rectly or partially productive, unproductive, consumptive ; and different writers have sometimes refered the same subject to different classes ; but it is not within the design of this work to enter into disquisitions upon the propriety or impropriety, of any particular mode of arranging these different subjects ; Yet as some principle of classification, is to say the least, con- venient, an attempt will be made to assign to each of the dif- ferent branches of the public expenditure of the State, a dis- tinctive title ; without, however, undertaking to defend the pro- priety of the assignment, any farther than by a simple state- ment of the principles on which it is made ; and each reader, as his own judgment shall dictate, will suffer the assignment to remain, or remove it to some other class, to which, in his opin- ion, it may more properly be referred.
Those expenditures of public monies, which are made for objects which do not <lirectly reproduce money, or other cap- ital equivalent; nor partake of the character of those public improvements, which of themselves, either directly yield a rev- enue to the government, or facilitate the acquisition of wealth by the citizens of the State, or increase the intrinsic value of the property of the individual citizens of the State, or that of the community, may, in some sense be with propriety con- sidered as unproductive ; or, perhaps without much impropri- ety, as cconsumptions of the public revenue.
300 EXPENDITURES.
T^his however is not always correct, and these terms some- times convey an idea stronger than is intended. There are many objects of expenditure, which do not directly reproduce capital nor revenue, yet which are equally necessary and ad- vantageous with those which do so ; and without which the welfare of the people could not be efficiently promoted, nor their rights and liberties securely exist ; and the terms guardi- an, or distributive, will express their character with much more accuracy.
To this class belong all that pertains to the Executive, Legis- lative, and Judicial departments, whh all their circumstances and contingencies, so far as is necessary for the discharge of tlieir proper functions ; but any excess, beyond this point, must be termed consumptive, or waste expenditure. To these also, within certain limits, and under certain qualifications, may be added the Military department.
Expenditures for the education of youth, and for public in- struction generally, in all its various forms, are also, by some, included in this class ; and no doubt with propriety ; but when it is considered that these may have a direct, and powerful, bearing on the means of increasing the wealth of the commu- nity (as unquestionably its happiness) and diminishing many of the public burdens ; that the proper intellectual and moral cul- ture of the rising generations, forms the surest basis for any in- crease, or even the continuance, of the power of the commu- nity ; and that virtue and intelligence, the foundation of which must be laid in youth, and preserved by continual instruction, may be said to be incorporated with, and form an essential part of the capital stock, from which the disposable public wealth and strengtli are to flow ; or, are qualities without which all capital must fail of accomphshing its proper end, and may be mischievous instead of useful ; this article may with great propriety be classed with those of productive expendi- ture ; qualified however, by the condition that it is properly directed. With some, the propriety of this may be questiona-
EXPENDITURES. 301
ble ; and it may be admitted that if this can be in any sense properly assigned to the productive class, it is less directly so j but it is not intended to enter the lists of debate on the question, and it will merely be said, that, for the purposes of this work, and for the reasons here assigned, this subject will be consider- ed as belonging to those of productive expenditure.
Those public expenditures the objects of which directly pro- duce wealth, or reproduce the capital expended, with a profit ; or which, by the facilities or conveniences they render to the people, enable them to increase their wealth or comforts ; or which give an intrinsic value to the property of the individual citizens in general, or to that of the State at large, must be styled productive expenditures ; and, however large may be their amount, yet, if they are made judiciously, and with pro- per economy,, they can not be considered as consumptions of the public revenue, but are in fact secure investments of so much of the floating public capital, and additions to the public resour- ces, or in many cases, the actual creation of new capital.
And, even if these expenditures are made, not from capital, or revenue actually existing and disposable ; but from anticipa- tions on the faith of future reimbursement, with an annual rent, or interest, for the use of them ; still, if they add to the annual wealth or income of the community, any thing more than sufficient to re-imburse the annual rent, or interest requir- ed as a compensation for the anticipation, they add to the public capital, precisely the amount of this surplus.
The importance of the distinction between the effects of expenditures of this and the preceding, or any other class; and the extensive interest which this State peculiarly, may have in the result of such distinctions, will justify the introduc- tion of some illustrations of the different principles.
If the Stale should adopt the system of borrowing money to defray the ordinary annual expenses of government ; or, to meet those expenditures which are considered as belonging to the unproductive, or guardian class ; the interest annually paid
302 EXPENDITURES.
for the loan, is a perpetual subduction from the annual revenues of the Stale, or from the aggregate of the individual revenues of the community. And, if the process is repeated, from year to year, it must eventually produce an accumulation of public debt, to discharge which, or even the interest of which, nothing but a correspondent, or superior, accumulation of gen- eral wealth and prosperity will be equal ; and, whenever the wealth and prosperity of the country become stationary, the additional interest on the continual additional loans, must ac- cumulate until the whole disposable annual revenues of the country v/ill be unequal to its discharge, and the end must be a general bankruptcy. So with a private individual, who borrows continually to defray the current expenses of his fam- ily. In process of time he must mortgage his estate. The accumulating interest on his annual loans, must, by degrees, arrive to a sum which, exceeds his annual revenues ; and, at length absorb his capital stock, and leave him bankrupt. . Or if, instead ol borrowing money for these purposes, they are effected by means of revenue annually accruing, still, as they directly reproduce nothing, the amount of the expenditure is so much subduction from the means of effecting other ob- jects, and therefore should be carefully guarded, and limited to the least possible sum ; but as these objects, though not di- rectly productive, yet are indispensably necessary for the well being of the community, this least possible sum should not be less than that which will command the talents of the best and ablest men to perform the services required, and prompt their utmost diligence and economy in the administration of the public concerns.
On the other hand, if the State borrows money, or creates a stock, to be appropriated to expenditures of the productive class ; for example — internal improvements, such as roads, ca- nals, railways, &ic. for the accommodation of the citizens at large, or for the promotion of the sale and settlement of its pub- he lands ; and if these improvements enable the people gene-
EXPENDITURES. SOS
rtrtly to transact their business with an annual saving of time and labor, the available value of which is equivalent to the in- terest of the money borrowed, or stock created ; then the ex- penditure takes nothing from the capital, nor revenue, of the community; and if the available value of the labor, which the improvements enable the community to save annually, exceeds that of the labor requisite to produce the sum necessary to de- fray the interest of the loan, or stock created ; then the expen- diture becomes productive, or is an investment of capital, or creation of new capital, to an amount equal to the value of the surplus of the labor it saves, over the value of the labor requisite to produce the means of discharging the annual interest : — Or, if the improvements consist in opening its va- cant lands, to the access of settlement and improvement, and facilitating: the means of transporting their products to a market, then they impart an additional value to the lands ; and the available excess of this value, over that of the expen- diture, is a creation of so much additional public capital. It is not material to the principle, whether this excess of value, or actual increase of capital, is drawn into the public trea- sury, in the shape of the increased price which may be paid by purchasers for their lands, or by the people generally, in the shape of tolls, or compensation for their individual use of the improvements effected ; or whether it remains in the hands of the community who may have received the benefit, as a fund from which they may be better enabled to meet any tax- es, which the public exigencies may require at a future time. The increased ability exists somewhere — either in the hands of the 9:overnment or people ; and is available when occasion may require.
So it is in individual cases ; and the principle may be illus- trated in various ways, and its application may be made to va- rious other subjects ; but these will suffice.
The difFerent objects of public expenditure, which occur within this State, may be considered separately, as falling un-
304 EXPENDITURES.
der the more immediate supervision of the Legislature, local authorities of the several counties, and the inhabitants of the towns respectively, in their corporate capacities. The funds appropriated to them, are received at, and expended directly from, the treasuries of the State, counties and towns respect- ively ; and administered under the immediate control of these respective authorities.
Those expenditures which are within the direct care of the Legislature may be classed, and distinguished, as follows :
First. Guardian, or distributive.
To this class belong, I. The support of the Executive and Legislative departments, including the pay of their members, officers and servants, with all tlie expenses, permanent and contingent, which pertain to the discharge of their functions. 2. That of the administration of civil and criminal justice ; so far as relates to the salaries of the Judges, and a part of the officers of the Supreme Court, and Court of Common Pleas — support of the State Prison — costs in criminal prosecutions, he. 3. Milida establishment, except so far as is borne by the officers and soldiers, in their personal services, and incidental expenses, of which no account is made. 4. Miscellaneous contingencies.
Second. Productive.
I. Surveys and general management of the concerns and sales of the public lands and timber. 2. Location, opening and maintenance of public roads, generally those connected with the public lands — occasional grants for the support of oth- er public roads, and bridges. 3. Promotion of education, by- grants of land, or annuities, to colleges and academies.
Third. Unproductive.
1. Support of paupers. 2. Grants and pensions to, and agencies for the care of the Indians. 3. Pensions and gratu- ities for services rendered, or injuries sustained in public service..
Fourth. Miscellaneous.
The following is an abstract of the amount of disbursements
EXPENDITURES,
305
from the State treasury from the first organization of^he gov- ernment to the close of the year 1827, viz.
From the organization of the Government, to the close of the year 1821.
Pay of the House of Representatives, 33.052.50
Senile, 5.581
Council, 3.193.50
Appropriations, 20.134.16
S.l.ries, 14.965.95
Interest on State debt, l.V;3.32
Miscellaneous Accounts, 1820, 1.329.91
do. do 1821, 3.487.92
Milittry accounts, 1821, 3.486.53
Court mirtial at Bucksport, 1.313. TO
Pay of Committee on valuation, 2.001.70
Electors of President and Vice President, 182
Pauper accounts, 7.276.51
Total, 97.778.70
Disbursements during the year 1822. Pay of the House of Representatives,
Senate,
Council, Reimbursement of loans. Interest on State debt, Salaries, viz.
Governor, 1.230.45
Secretary of State, 700
Adjutant General, 700
Treasurer, 900
Chief Justice S. J. Court, 1.800
2 Associates, do. 3.000
Attorney General, 950
Reporter, 600
former Chief J. C. C. C.P. Commissioners under the act of Separation, Board of Jurisprudence, Annuities,
To Bovvdoin College, To Medical School, To Waterville College, Costs in Criminal Prosecutions, viz.
In York County, 952,39
14.104.00
2.349
1.764 ' 46.800
3.368.90
11.493.85 294.80 3.127 750
3.000 1.000 1.000
306
EXPENDITURES.
Cumberland,
Lincoln,
Hancock,
Washington,
Oxford,
Kennebeck,
Somerset,
Penobscot,
1.466.38
1.947.42
1.446.77
937.57
54.81
1.559.81
215.58
466.50
9.047.23
To Land Agents, per special resolves, 81.80
Clerks in Sec'ry. Adj. Gen. and Treas. Offices. 337.50
Engrossing clerks, 260
Chaplains, 65
Indians, 412
Pensions, 132
Reward to Informer, 40
State Printing, 2.232.01
Fuel, 407.81
Postage, 83.70
Removal of Ordnance and Military Stores 400.
Military expenses, 7.259.24
Paupers, 2.579.39
Sheriffs' accounts, 490.29
Coroners' accounts, 147.98
Miscellaneous accounts, 1.470.11
Total, 114.497.61
Disbursements during the year 1823.
|
Pay of the House of representatives, |
14.582.56 |
|
|
Senate, |
2.521 |
|
|
Council, |
1.729 |
|
|
Pay roll of accounts, No. 4. viz. |
||
|
Paupers account, |
20427 |
|
|
Military accounts, |
7.173.44 |
|
|
Sheriffs', |
195.29 |
|
|
Coroners', |
130.23 |
|
|
Printers', |
715.64 |
|
|
Miscellaneous, |
1.422.33 |
|
|
9.841.19 |
||
|
Deduct an unpaid balance, |
51 |
9.790.10 |
|
Salaries, viz. |
||
|
Governor, |
1.500 |
|
|
Secretary of State, |
700 |
EXPENDITURES. 307
Adjutant General, 700
Treasurer, 553.85
Chief Justice S. J. Court, 1.800
2 associates, 3.000
3 Justices C. C. Pleas, 3.291 Attorney General, 1.000 Reporter, 600 ^
|
Annuities, |
13.144.85 |
|
|
To Bowdoin College, |
3.000 |
|
|
To Medical School, |
1.000 |
|
|
Waterville College, |
1.000 |
|
|
Gardiner Lyceum, |
1.000 |
6.000 2.250 |
|
Interest on State debt. |
||
|
Costs in criminal prosecutions, viz. |
||
|
York county. |
1.599.28 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
4.072.01 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
1.583.07 |
|
|
Hancock, |
1.129.69 |
|
|
Washington, |
331.60 |
|
|
Oxford, |
772.23 |
|
|
Somerset, |
248.60 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
592,13 |
|
|
Kennebeck, |
953.14 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
1.801.09 |
13.083.70 |
|
Pay of commissioners under the act of |
Separation, |
1.345.42 |
|
Miscellaneous services, |
614.14 |
|
|
Pensions and gratuities, |
534 |
|
|
Engrossing clerks, |
400 |
|
|
Chaplains, |
70 |
|
|
Miscellaneous, |
2.481.73 |
|
|
Military, |
700 |
|
|
Printing, |
500 |
|
|
Reports, |
600 |
|
|
To land agents. |
||
|
William Vance, |
75 |
|
|
James Irish, |
240.50 |
315.50 26.000 |
|
In part for Stale prison, |
ifear 1824. |
|
|
Total, |
96.662.03 |
|
|
Disbursements ditring the |
||
|
Pay of the House of Representatives, |
16.985.50 |
308 EXPENDITURES.
|
Pay of the Senate, |
2.719.50 |
|
|
Touncil. |
2.538 |
|
|
On roll of accounts No. 4. |
41 |
|
|
On roll of accounts No. 5. viz. |
||
|
Military accounts^ |
5.530.50 |
|
|
Sheriffs', |
463.28 |
|
|
Coroners', |
1.033.60 |
' |
|
Indian agents', |
65.6 |
|
|
Miscellaneous, |
1.836.30 |
|
|
9.029.18 |
||
|
deduct unpaid balance. |
107.25 |
8.921 .95? |
|
Salaries, viz. |
||
|
Governor, |
1.500 |
|
|
Secretary of State, |
850 |
|
|
do. extra. |
200 |
|
|
Treasurer, |
639.86 |
|
|
do. |
595.02 |
|
|
Justices S. J. Court, |
4,800 |
|
|
Justices C. C. Pleas, |
3.609 |
|
|
Attorney General, |
750 |
|
|
Reporter, |
600 |
14.243.8S |
|
Annuities. |
||
|
Bowdoin College, |
3.000 |
|
|
Medical school, |
1.000 |
|
|
Waterville College, |
1.000 |
5.000 1.750 |
|
Interest on State debt, |
||
|
Cost in criminal prosecutions, riz. |
||
|
In York, |
1.278.70 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
575.56 |
|
|
Oxford, |
450.23 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
2.124.51 |
|
|
Hancock, |
471.08 |
|
|
Kcnnebeck, |
1.507.88 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
630.58 |
|
|
Somerset, |
426.80 |
|
|
Washington, |
609.05 |
8.074.39 |
|
On account of State prison. |
||
|
Commissioners, |
163.72 |
|
|
Superintendant, |
2.914.35 |
|
|
Warden, for supplies, |
3.500 |
6.578.07 2.00<l |
|
State arsenal. |
EXPENDITURES. 309
duarter Master General's department, 400
To Land Agents, viz.
Mark Trifton, 650.19
Eben. C. Wilder, 104.85
James Irish, 100
805.04
Rewards for informing, 120
Pensions, 444
Ch^plams, gO
Contmgent fund for 1823, 14.50
do. do. 1824, 649.96
Indian Agents, 732.81
Clerks, viz.
In Secretary's Office, 674
Treasurer's Office, 100
Adjutant Gen's. Office, 150
8.570.13 Error and unpaid bal. 101.66
Salaries, viz.
Governor, 1.500
Justices Supreme J. C. 4.800
Justices C. C. P. 3.900
Secretary of State, 900
924
State Printing, ^ 500
Sec'ry of commissioners under act of Separation, 98
Airenta for opening public roids, 610
Messengers, door keepers, &lc. 450
Electors of President and Vice President, 198
Miscellaneous, 1.171.13
Total, 76.144.71
DisbursementSi during the year 1825.
Paj? of House of Representatives, 18.055
Senate, 3.233
Council, 2.365
Balance of toll of accounts, No. 5, 167
Roll of accounts. No. 6, viz.
Military Accounts, 5.248.96
Sheriffs' 247.61
Coroners' 66.40
Printers' 1.114.77
Miscellaneous, 1.892.39
8.468.4t
310
EXPENDITURES.
|
Treasurer, |
900 |
|
|
Adjutant General, |
700 |
|
|
Attorney General, |
1.250 |
|
|
Reporters, |
600 |
|
|
Warden of State Prison, |
875 |
1 5 425 |
|
Gdsts in Criminal Prosecutions, viz. |
i-fj-t.^/tj |
|
|
In York, |
2.624.27 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
2.790.47 |
|
|
Oxford, |
766.96 |
|
|
Somerset, |
775.56 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
1.963.42 |
|
|
Hancock, |
1.356.39 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
850.01 |
|
|
Kennebeck, |
523.97 |
|
|
Washington, |
376.15 |
12.047.20 |
|
Annuities and Grants, |
||
|
To Bowdoin College, |
3.000 |
|
|
Medical School, |
1.000 |
|
|
Waterville College, |
1.500 |
|
|
Gardiner Lyceum, |
1.000 |
6.500 500 |
|
Annuity to American Asylum at Hartford, |
||
|
Interest on State debt. |
2.250 |
|
|
Support of State Prison, |
3.652 |
|
|
State Arsenal, |
541 |
|
|
Quarter Master General's department, |
100 |
|
|
Land Agent, James Irish, |
1.000.10 |
|
|
Indian Agents, for supplies and services. |
3.404.14 |
|
|
Pensions, |
336 |
|
|
Commissioners under the act of Separation, |
||
|
For expenses. |
750 |
|
|
For services, |
255 |
1 005 |
|
Surveyors of public lands. |
298.68 |
|
|
To Agents to locate and clear roads, viz. |
||
|
Daniel Wilkins, |
600 |
|
|
William Vance, |
279 |
|
|
Joseph Fairbank, |
400 |
1 Q7Q |
|
For Reports of decisions of Sup. J. Court, |
J. .<4 f i7 731.25 |
|
|
State Printing, |
850 |
|
|
Stationary, |
300 |
|
|
Ciiaphins, |
80 |
|
|
Duties on commissions refunded. |
50 |
|
|
Fuel, |
263.62 |
EXPENDITURES. 311
Engrossing Clerks, &,c. 815.50
Contingent Fund, 58-2.95
Tax on township No. 1, 7th range, remitted, 4.05
Miscellaneous, 2.686.05
Total, 86.945.76
Amount of State debt at the cfese of this year viz. Loan, 40.000
Due the Treas. for adv. 6.187.48
Sundry outstanding balances, 4.633.01
|
Disbursements during the |
year 1826. |
*J\J.^/it\f.'*U |
|
Paid corrected balance due the Treas. |
last year, |
6.185.48 |
|
Pay of House of Representatives, |
21.271 |
|
|
Senate, |
3.344 |
|
|
Council, |
2.364 |
|
|
Balance of roll of accounts. No. 6, |
80 |
|
|
Roll of accounts, No. 7, viz. |
||
|
Military accounts, |
5.097.77 |
|
|
Sheriffs' |
89.12 |
|
|
Coroners' |
85.07 |
|
|
Pauper |
52 |
|
|
Printers' |
1.102.52 |
|
|
Miscellaneous, |
1.101.30 |
|
|
7.527.78 |
||
|
Deduct unpaid balance, |
2.50 |
7.525.-2S |
|
Salaries, viz. |
||
|
Governor, |
1.500 |
|
|
Secretary of State, |
900 |
|
|
Treasurer, |
900 |
|
|
Adjutant General, |
700 |
|
|
Justices Sup. J. Court, |
4.800 |
|
|
Justices C. C. P. |
3.600 |
|
|
Attorney General, |
1.000 |
|
|
Reporter, |
600 |
|
|
Warden of State Prison, |
525 |
14.5-25 |
|
Costa in criminal prosecutions, viz. |
||
|
York, |
531.40 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
626.73 |
|
|
, Oxford, |
246.49 |
|
|
Somerset, |
318.56 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
1.391.08 |
312 EXPENDITURES.
Hancock, 189.40
Kennebeck, 452.48
Penobscot, 139.27
Washinorton, 431.52
Annuities and Grants,
To Bowdoin College, 3.000
MedicaJ School, 1.000
Waterville College, 2.000
Gardiner Lyceum, 1.000
Indian Agents,
For Penobscot tribe, 1.726.89
For Passaniuquoddy tribe, 225
4.327.43
7.00«
American Asylum at Hartford, * 385
State Prison, 2.080
State Arsenal, 1.692.35
Quarter Master General's department, 2.900
Land Agent, (Jnn.es Irish,) 1.000
Commissioners under the act of separation,
for services, 401.87
for surveys, 1.250
1.651.87
Surveyors of public lands, 644.62
Agents for opening public roads, viz.
Ohcd AVilson, 500
Luther Eaton, 100
600
1.951.89
Reports of decisions of S. J. Court, 150
Stationary, 300
Purchase of Laws, Alc. of United States, 100
Postage, 222.69
Chaplains, 75
Attorney General, for extra services, 23L26
Taxes on Township No. 8, 8th range, remitted, 32.44
Duty on commissions, refunded, 50
Pensions, 480
Enorrossing clerks, &.c. 850
Interest on State Debt, ^ 2.000
Temporary loan refunded, 10.000
Interest on do. 281.97
Contingent fund, 200
Miscellaneous, 1.088.67
Tetal, 95.489.95
EXPENDITURES. 313
Amount of State debt at the close of this year,
Contracted previous to this year, 40.000 this year, to Canal fund, 15.000 Sundry unpaid balances, 4.844.71
|
Disbursements during |
the |
year 1827. |
— tji/.ij'*-* |
|
of House of Representatives, |
191.047 |
||
|
Senate, |
3.236 |
||
|
Council, |
2.151 |
||
|
Military accounts. |
4.687.79 |
||
|
Coroners' |
8.28 |
||
|
Sheriffs' |
270.98 |
||
|
Printers' accounts, |
1.670.17 |
||
|
Miscellaneous, |
1.979.46 |
8.616.68 Deduct unpaid balance, 19.
Salaries, viz.
8.597.68
|
Late Governor, balance, |
391.44 |
|
|
Present Governor in part, |
1.108.56 |
|
|
Secretary, |
900 |
|
|
Treasurer, |
900 |
|
|
Adjutant General, |
700 |
|
|
Justices S. J. C. |
4.800 |
|
|
Atorney General, |
1.000 |
|
|
Reporter, |
600 |
|
|
Justices C. C. P. |
3.300 |
|
|
Warden of State prison. |
700 |
|
|
do. balance of former year, 175 |
||
|
14.575.00 |
||
|
Costs in criminal prosecutions, viz. |
||
|
York, |
2.081.78 |
|
|
Cumberland, |
1.727.25 |
|
|
Oxford, |
445.08 |
|
|
Somerset, |
199.13 |
|
|
Lincoln, |
1.755.34 |
|
|
Hancock, |
1,449.50 |
|
|
Penobscot, |
1.509.19 |
|
|
Kennebeck, |
641.22 |
|
|
Washington, |
426.07 |
10.234.56 |
|
Annuities, viz. |
||
|
Bovvdoin College^ |
3.000 |
|
|
Medical School, |
1.000 |
' |
|
Waterville College, |
2.000 |
40
314> EXPENDITURES.
Gardiner Lyceum, 1.000
7.000
American Asylum at Hartford, 1.028.75
State prison, 9.810.25
State Arsenal, 632.09
Commissioners under act of Separation, 549.17
Surveyors of public lands, 2.170
Preparations for permanent seat of Government, 373.13 Indian Agents, viz.
For Penobscot tribe, 1.769.62
Passamaquoddy tribe, 150
1.919.67
State Printing, 500
Reports of decisions of S. J. Court, 787
Books and Stationary, 550
Postage, 200.30
Chaplains, 75
Pensions, 753
Engrossing clerks, 956
State taxes on Thompson Pond plantation, Houl- ) qq ^^
ton and Howlind, remitted, }
Temporary lo ins refunded, 23.000
Interest on State debt, 3,093.57
Sullivan Bridge, 3.173.55 Miscellaneous, viz.
Military 15.00
Supplies for laying out ) ^o on
road to Houlton )
Sundry contingencies 229.91
313.73
Counterfeit and uncurrent money received 14
Total,
Amount of State debt at the close of this year Unpaid balances of accounts and warrant*
Cash in the treasury
Balance $54,483.49
|
$124,035.03 57.900 4.790.31 |
|
62.690.31 8.206.82 |
EXPENDITURES.
315
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316
EXPENDITURES,
I-
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C_i 3
EXPENDITURES.
317
It is not uncommon to consider as the revenues and expen- ditures of the State, those sums only, which pass directly into the State Treasury, and from thence are appropriated directly to purposes, under the immediate cognizance of the Le- gislative body ; but these, in reality, constitute but a compara- tively small part of the aggregate of the public burdens.
So much of the expense of the general administration of justice as arises from the support of the Judiciary, and princi- pal law officers ; and so much of that of the administration of criminal justice, as arises from the costs of prosecutions for certain crimes and offences ; and for the support of the State prison, passes through the State Treasury. The amount of this branch of the public receipts and disbursements, is exhib- ited in
TAB1.E IV.
Abstract of the amount of receipts and disbursements of the State Treasury on account of the administration of Civil and Criminal Justice.
|
KKCEIPTS |
1 i)I?BUF{s |
EMENTS. |
|
|
Jus-tices' tees, |
Salarifs, bills |
Expenditures for |
|
|
fines, foifeit. |
of cost, &.C. |
building and sup- |
|
|
YEARS. |
&.C duties on |
porting the State |
|
|
Commis <fcc. |
Prison. |
||
|
1822 |
$5,404.86 |
17.050.73 |
|
|
1823 |
7.767.00 |
22.774.70 |
26.000.00 |
|
1824 |
8.778.58 |
17.953.39 |
6.578.07 |
|
1825 |
6 916.64 |
22.597.20 |
4.527.00 |
|
1826 |
8.108.38 |
14.327.43 |
2.605.00 |
|
1827 |
10.892.70 |
29.934.56 |
10.510.00 |
But, much the greater part of the expense of the adminis- tration of justice is received and paid at the several county treasuries, and does not appear in die annual reports of the finances of the State, rendered by the State treasurer to the Legislature.
And, besides these, the expenses of the administration of justice, in petty concerns between individuals, amounts in real- ity to a large sum in the aggregate ; but being paid wholly by the litigant parties it is not generally viewed in the light of a
318
REVENUES,
public expenditure ; yet it is so in fact, as the money so ex- pended is the representative of so much time employed in the most unproductive of labors, and is a perpetual sinking fund of the aggregate productive abihty of the community. There are no means however of ascertaining, nor of forming any tolerable conjecture of its amount.
In addition to the various expenses incident to the adminis- tration of justice, the several counties incur some comparatively trivial expenses in the location of public roads ; and sometimes, but not frequently, for their maintenance. To defray these expenses in part, certain fees and duties are levied, on certain transactions within the respective counties ; and the residue is assessed upon the inhabitants at large, in proportion to the re- lative amount of their State taxes.
For the purpose of a proper supervision of the county au- thorities, and to judge of the extent and necessity of the annual county taxes proposed, the laws require an annual account of the receipts and expendhures of each county, and an estimate of their probable amount for each ensuing year, to be laid be- fore the Legislature, previous to the grant of any county tax. From these estimates, as they appear on the files of the Legis- lature, a general view of the classification and amount of county receipts and expenditures is attempted in tables 5 and 7 ; but as the accounts and estimates are rendered differently in dif- ferent counties ; and in some rather loosely and imperfectly, the attempt can be considered only as an approximation towards the truth.
TABLE V*
Estimate of receipts into the several county treasuries, exclusive of direct taxes.
YORK.
|
YEARS. i 1821 1 1822 |
1823 1 1824 ! 1825 | 1826 | 1827 |
|||||
|
Jury fees, fines,costs,&c. |
$706 |
$2001 $280] $250 |
||||
|
Probate fees |
$815 |
2501 1 |
||||
|
Entries |
350| 310| 320 |
|||||
|
1-2 overplus clerk's fees |
200 100 150 |
|||||
|
Justices fees |
200 200 |
|||||
|
Duty on deeds |
150 |
REVENUES.
319
TABLE V CONTINUED.
CUMBERLAND.
1S21
1822 j 1823
1824 I 1825 I 1826 [ 1827
Entries Jury fees Duties on deeds Probate fees
400.00 300.00 200.00
270.00 250.00 200.00
350.00|350. 001280. 0OJ450.0O
400.00 350.00'300.00 250.00;250.00|250.00
jioo.oo'ioo.oo
300.00 250.00
LINCOLN.
1 1821 I 1822 I 1823 | 1824 ) 1825 [ 1826 | 1827
Licenses
Jury fees
Unclaimed bills of costs
Of state for poor pris'ners
Duties on deeds
Surplus court fees,ent.&c
1-2 surplus clerk's fees
Probate fees
Received of Co. Treas
46.00
42.00
9.05
483.00259.00
239,55;501.69l 126.00-251.47 257.06
490.00 427.001357.00 I i 26.00
|380.4i;
261.90130.00'30l.OO
906.8l;979.66 352.00 401.20 329.00 414.00 |551.44 128.44;455.91|604.96 145.21 153.75 223.401193.9^
483.001 I
HANCOCK.
|
1821 |
1822 |
1823 |
1824 |
1825 1 1826 |
1827 |
|
|
Lie, duties, jur)' fees,&c |
435.76 |
1 |
||||
|
Jurv fees |
140.00 259.00 |
|||||
|
Costs in crim. pros. |
417.25 |
|||||
|
Duties on deeds |
116.79 |
131.62 150.28 |
||||
|
Probate fees |
71.96 |
68.65 |
||||
|
Fines, &c. |
6.50 |
|||||
|
Entries |
142.40 252.00 |
195.60 221.60 |
WASHINGTON.
1821
1822 I 1823 I 1824
1825
1826 I 1827
Jury fees Entries Bills of cost Duty on deeds Probate fees
91.00 98.00 104.80|l88.S6j407.90 61 61| 24.311
103.67;
99.17! 39.201
97.24 49.90
I 386 92.31
391.20371.40
54.81 1
86.53j 83.18 41.10 58.05
320
REVENUES.
TABLE V— CONTINUED.
KENNEBECK.
The returns from this county exhibit no general estimate but detailed accounts without irrangeinent.
OXFORD.
|
|1821 1 1822 1 1823 |
1824 |
1825 |
1826 |
1827 |
||
|
Fines & costs of Co. Att. |
91.91! |
|||||
|
Duties on deeds |
11.25129.68 |
|||||
|
Fines &c. of Jus. Peace |
' 7.50 |
|||||
|
En nes |
102.80 60.40, |
|||||
|
Probate fees |
91.45 177.84| |
|||||
|
Jurv' fees |
28.00' 42.001 |
SOMERSET.
1821
Duties on deeds
" on Att'y. at S.J.C. Jury fees Licenses Fines & costs Entries Probate fees
1822 I 1823 I 1824 j 1825 | 1826 | 1827 125.45; 1 24.95|129.45|156.11|162.8"7[l 56^
30.00; I 1
91.00 1 19.00il89.00;119.00 133.00 196.00 40,00, ! I '
58.74 96.041 17.25 54.50 230.85; 34.28 117.5.20 215.20 202.00 216.80ll28.40 30.70 60.60, 81.44 41.90'
|
PENOBSrOT. |
|||||
|
1821 ! lf'.22 1 1823 | 1824 | 1825 j |
1826 |
1827 |
|||
|
Jury fees Licenses Dui ies on deeds Entries Costs and fines Probate fees 1-2 surplus clerk's |
fees |
13.5.68 220.12 91.96 |
196.00 217.001203.001 1 1 7V..97,116.29'175.60 34.00 83.20 102.00 10.50J 3.OO1 50.75 24.85 50.00 |
343.00 158.27 217.20 30.00 52.38 |
The incomplete and evidently loose form of most of these estimates, renders it difficult to draw from them any very ac- curate account of the aggregate revenue derived from these sources; but they may afford some indication of the relative productiveness of each source, in a general point of view ; and may be of some use as a guide, should any more perfect sys- tem of exhibiting the financial concerns of the community be attempted hereafter.
The direct revenues accruing to each county, are more easily ascertained, and are exhibited in
REVENUES.
321
C 2
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322
EXPENDITURES.
Expenditures.
The different objects of the expenditures of the several counties belong almost wholly to the guardian or distributive class. Some small part, such as the laying out and repair of roads and bridges, which sometimes are defrayed by the coun- ties, may be assigned to the productive ; and a part must be considered as unproductive. Their specific objects, and amount, in each county, are not very accurately known ; but, from such returns as have been made of them, a partial and imperfect estimate is exhibited in
TABLE VII.
Estimated amount and objects of the expenditures of the several Counties.
YORK.
|
1821 |
1822 T7.50 |
1823 |
1824 1 1825 1 |
1826 1 1827 |
|||
|
Jurors |
1.750 |
2.200 |
2.000 |
2.000 |
|||
|
Justices C. S. |
160 |
160 |
200 |
200 |
200 |
||
|
Jbdge of Probate |
60 |
275 |
275 |
275 |
300 |
||
|
Re^nster of Probate |
500 |
||||||
|
Sher-ffs and Cners |
320 |
500 |
550 |
550 |
650 |
||
|
Constables & Coroners |
80 |
lOOJ |
165 |
165 |
260 |
||
|
Expen. of goals & pris. |
540 |
500, |
490 |
500 |
540 |
||
|
Clerk's Bills |
200 |
1 |
120 |
120 |
120 |
||
|
Treasurer |
220 |
200 |
|||||
|
Contingencies |
60 |
100 |
|||||
|
Laving Roads, dam. &c. |
320 |
200 |
3.000 |
4.055 8.300 |
|||
|
Cop<s in Crim. Prosecu. |
1.000 |
1.000 1.000 |
CUMBERLAND.
|
1821 1 '2.600 |
1822] 1823 |
1824! 1^25 |
1826 |
1827 |
||
|
Jurors |
3.300 3.000 |
3.000 2.8002.800 |
4.800 |
|||
|
Prisons and Prisoners |
1.400 |
1.400 1.500 |
1.550 800 400 |
450 |
||
|
Crirqinal Prosecutions |
800 |
800 800 |
1.000 700 |
500 |
||
|
Sheriff's &c Bills |
800 |
8001.200 |
1.300 1.000,1.000 |
|||
|
Conistables for services |
200 |
200 250 |
255i 230| 230 |
|||
|
Coroner's Inquisitions |
200 |
200 200 |
225! 250! 100 |
|||
|
Judffe of Probate |
50 |
400 |
||||
|
Register of Probate |
900 |
|||||
|
Municipal Judge |
850 |
|||||
|
Jnstices C. S. &c. |
500 |
500 400 |
725': 570 450 |
|||
|
Treasurer |
450 |
500 400 |
410' 410 400 |
|||
|
Record Books and Sta. |
100 |
too 350 |
400 400 |
|||
|
Roads and Bridges |
12.000 |
600 4.400.75 |
2.200,1.150 1.500 |
11.181.32 |
||
|
Contingencies |
i 500 |
600 600 |
1 1 |
EXPENDITURES.
323
TABLE VII— CONTINUED.
LINCOLN.
|
1 |
1821 |
1822 |
1823 |
1824 |
1 1825 i 1826 |, 1827 |
||
|
Jurors |
1123.8 |
2409.99 |
2932.25 |
2742.49 |
3068.55 2484.40 2412.79 |
||
|
Sheriffs Bills |
200.SS |
784.13 |
|||||
|
Constables |
279;0i |
284.51 |
289.50 |
257.52 |
283.45 |
268.06 |
|
|
Coroners |
57.28 |
||||||
|
Treasurer |
841.22 |
333.35 |
398.59 |
394 62 |
558.45 |
||
|
Justices C. S. |
149.50 |
181 |
260.50 |
202.50 |
210 |
180 |
|
|
Criers |
144 |
||||||
|
Clerk |
118.67 |
||||||
|
Criminal Pros. |
1200 |
||||||
|
Costs bef. J. P. |
2103.92 |
2471.11 |
80.46 |
90.79 |
42.29 |
59.84 |
81.37 |
|
Judge of Prob. |
276 |
122.40 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
300 |
|
|
Reg. of Probate |
500 |
||||||
|
Repairs & rent |
225 |
370 |
120 |
1620 |
2420 |
||
|
Prison & pris'rs. |
1771.90 |
1369.83 |
Si 0.70 |
774.60 |
|||
|
Miscellaneous |
1932.93 |
1625.14 |
1447.63 |
1223.69 |
|||
|
Laying roads, ) and damages. ) |
1212.60 |
HANCOCK.
|
I 1821 |1822!l823il824| 1825 | 1826 | 8127 |
|||||||
|
Court Orders |
1725.75 |
||||||
|
Jurors |
1090.70 |
1791.26 |
1965.77 |
1800 |
|||
|
Sheriffs and Crier |
1 |
550.39 |
425 |
||||
|
Constables |
112.00 |
175.42* 244.58 |
|||||
|
Justices C. S. |
248.50 |
150 |
|||||
|
Expense of C C. P. |
1800 |
800 |
1800 |
||||
|
Expense of S. J. C. |
1200 |
12001400 |
|||||
|
Treasurer's commissions |
337.17 |
233.80 |
|||||
|
Clerks |
132.69 |
||||||
|
County House |
700 |
500 |
249.18 |
||||
|
Gaol and prisoners |
700 |
1186.65 |
|||||
|
Criminal prosecutions |
1424.58 |
610 |
|||||
|
Contingencies |
500 |
500 |
500 |
400 |
|||
|
Roads, &c. |
100.20 |
400 |
|||||
|
Probate Salaries |
575 |
WASHINGTON.
|
|1821 |
1822|1823|1824!1825| 1826 11827 |
|||||
|
Jurors |
950 |
1] 50 11.50 |
1150 |
• i25 764.83 lOOO |
||
|
Sheriff, Clerk, and Attorney |
300 |
500 500 |
500 |
700 230.001 750 |
||
|
Constables |
80 |
160 150 |
150 |
125 105.05, 125 |
||
|
Treasurer |
70 |
70 85 |
85 |
85 |
85 |
|
|
Judge of Probate |
100 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
150 |
|
|
Register of Probate |
1 |
300 |
||||
|
Roads |
200 |
400 200 |
200 |
300 |
300 |
|
|
Contingencies |
400 |
400 400 |
400 |
315 |
300 |
|
|
County Buildings |
1500 |
1000 1000 |
1000 |
1500 |
1000 |
|
|
Criminal Prosecutions |
' |
221.25 |
324
EXPENDITURES. TABLE Vll— CONTINUED.
OXFORD.
Jurors
Poor Prisoners
Road Committees
Coroners
SheriHs, &c.
Clerk
Constables
Stationary
Justices C. S.
Treasurer
Criminal Prosecutions
Contingencies
Building Gaol
1821|18221
1250|i250 1
300 300!
300 300|
150 150;
200 200i
50 50;
100 lOOi
50 50l
200 200|
150 150,
250, 250;
500: 500
i3000|
|
1823 |
,1824il825| 1826 |
11827 |
|
|
12501250 |
125011040.27 1250 |
||
|
300 300 |
300 |
300 |
|
|
300 300 |
300 367.13 |
300 |
|
|
150 150 |
150 |
150 |
|
|
200, 200 |
200 253.75 |
200 |
|
|
50i 50 |
50 |
50 |
|
|
1001 100 |
100 127.31 |
100 |
|
|
50 |
50 |
50 |
50 |
|
200 |
200 |
200 67.75 |
200 |
|
150 |
150 |
150| |
150 |
|
250 |
250 |
2501 436.78| 250 |
|
|
500 |
500 |
500 1 500 |
|
|
1500 |
1 |
SOMERSET.
Jurors
Constables
Sheriffs, &c.
Treasurer
Crier
Clerk & staf'ry.
Judge of Prob
Justices C. S.
Criminal pros.
Support of pris,
Rosds
Contingencies
1821. I 1822. I 1823. | 1033.63 ~550.60l 693.52 1088.«8, 67.131 97.17!
357.181 195.65, 245.59i I 73.201 88.45.
104.281 61.80 79.15
104.3ll
214.811
52.32; 73.09!
117.14 125.00,
80.70! 90.301
284. i6i 529. 29i
106.04| 203.56
400.001 86.441
1824. I 834.05'
91.84
253.941
87.73
54.00
66.08i
125.00;
80.30!
414.46
129.82
377.65
1825. I 760.46^ i00.3l 203.40
48.00
57.99 125.001
58.10 470.31 227.90
62.00
1826. I 1827.
992.57:1255.39
80.43 321.90
75.00
125.00
87.75 943.85 452.12 172.82
127.59 312.46
117.86
111.50
67.00
94.61 53.50
KENNEBECK.
|
1 1821. I 1822. |
1823. |
1824. |
182.5. |
1826. |
1827. |
|
Jurors |
2416.65| |
1720.00jl550.00 1525.00i 1450.00|1300.00 |
|||
|
Constables |
83.47j |
||||
|
Justices C. S. |
141.40 |
250.00 250.00 200.00 |
150.00 150.00 |
||
|
County Orders |
2001.58 |
1160.00; |
|||
|
Jud^e of Prob. |
, 200.00, 200.00 |
200.00 |
200.00 300.00 |
||
|
Register of Pro. |
1 |
500.00 |
|||
|
Sheriffs, &c. |
1 290.00 290.00 |
750.00 |
|||
|
Treasurer |
300.00' 300.001 300.001 |
||||
|
Coroners |
1 100.00, 76.00 |
||||
|
Support of pris. |
1000.00 600.00 450.00! 400.00 |
||||
|
Lavintf out roa. |
470.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 |
300.00 |
|||
|
Damage for do. |
1 800.00 lOOO.Oo! 750.00 |
750.00 |
|||
|
Committees |
' 120.00! 1200.00, 70.00 |
EXPENDITURES,
325
TABLE VII— CONTINUED.
PENOBSCOT.
|
1821. 1 1822. |
1823. |
1824. 1 1825. |
1826. |
1827. |
||
|
Jurors |
JOO.OO |
1000.00 |
1000.00 |
1100.00 900.00 |
1380.71 |
1330.62 |
|
Jus; ices C. S. |
75.00 |
iOO.OO |
100.00 |
100.00 100.00 |
120.53 |
110.. 53 |
|
Sheriffs, &c. |
200.00 |
260.00 |
2.50.00 |
300.00 300.00 |
524.55 |
369.66 |
|
Constables |
80.0U |
83.00 |
liO.OO |
150.00 120.00 |
95.72 |
115.52 |
|
Criraina' pros. |
250.00 |
300.00 |
300.00 |
800.00 200.00 |
300.00 |
481.33 |
|
La\ ng out roa. |
250.00 |
42.50 |
||||
|
Damages on do. |
500.00 |
250.00 |
||||
|
Poor prisoners |
200.00 |
200.00 |
200.00 |
200.00, 100.00 |
200.00 |
444.83 |
|
Interesr on debt |
50.00 |
300.00 |
||||
|
Trea-uier |
240.00 |
200.00 |
150.00 |
175.00 150.00 |
||
|
Judije of Prob. |
75.00 |
80.00 |
100.00 100.00 |
150.00 |
150.00 |
|
|
Reikis. er of do. |
125.00 |
|||||
|
Crer |
40.00 |
50.00 50.00 |
69.00 |
|||
|
Contingencies |
125.00 200.00 |
200.00 |
||||
|
Court House |
i |
1000.00 |
From the foregoing, some tolerably accurate idea ma)^ be obtained respecting that part of the revenues and disbursements of the State, which passes through the State and County treasuries ; and it will be perceived that but a small proportion of it is applied to what are, by way of distinction, termed pro- ductive expenditures ; — but the amount thus far exhibited, con- stitutes only a minor part of the subject.
The greatest share however of the aggregate revenues of the community, is confined to the direct care of the inhabitants of the respective towns in which they are raised and applied ; and does not appear in any of the foregoing accounts. With the exception of some trifling sums, they proceed from direct taxes on the inhabitants and estates within each tovm. Their ex- penditure is chiefly on objects of the productive class ; and though the amount is vastly greater than that of all other of the public expenditures, and accrues in the generally unacceptable form of direct taxation, yet they are in most cases borne with more cheerfulness than any other contributions to the common w^elfare.
The objects to which these revenues are applied, may be, in
326 EXPENDITURES.
general, comprised under the descriptions of 1 st. Education of youth in the primary schools of the respective towns ; 2nd. Making and repairing of roads and bridges ; 3d. Support of the poor, and 4th. Incidental charges of administering the con- cerns of the several towns.
Of the amount of the expenditures for the two latter objects, viz. the support of the poor, and the aggregate of the contingent expenses in the administration of the local affairs of towns, there are no means of obtaining an accurate account, nor of forming any tolerable estimate. They pertain respectively to the unproductive and guardian classes, and from their nature, and the immediate supervision exercised over them by the peo- ple collectively, who perceive and feel directly the burdens they occasion, it cannot be supposed that, in general, they are suffer- ed to accumulate to any great degree above the point of the strictest necessity.
The expenditures for the education of youth, and the making of roads, are considered as belonging to the productive class, and though the amount of the revenues appropriated to them, is much greater than that applied to all other objects of a pub- lic nature within the State, yet there is no danger that they can ever, in general, become excessive beyond die ability of the people at large to furnish. In particular instances, they may be at times burdensome to some parts of the community ; and viewing them as a common concern, in which all are equally interested, and directly or indirectly receive the benefit, there are perhaps no public burdens which are borne so unequally ; yet, whatever may be the amount which the people in general may impose upon themselves for these objects, within the limits of their utmost ability to pay, it is eventually no subdoc- tion from their wealth, or means of enjoyment, but increases them ; the expenditure being, in reality, only an exchange of a part of their present labor, for the future attainment of objects which, next to mere subsistence, form the ultimate enJ to which the desires and the labors of all mankind are directed
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 327
— -convenience and happiness — convenience and facility of communicating with each other, conducting their ordinary busi- ness, and necessary exchanges, by means of good roads ; and happiness, in that intellectual and moral culture and enjoyment, the foundation of which is laid in the early education of youth, and without which, government must prove a curse, our re- publican institutions, and most valuable privileges become the prey of unprincipled aspirants for power, and the people them- selves the servile tools of the most cunning demagogue.
The amount and appropriation of the revenues applied to objects of the first class, will form the subject of a subsequent chapter ; but that of those pertaining to the second, there have been heretofore no means of ascertaining, nor of estimating with any tolerable accuracy. It will however doubtless be found in the rtJiurns which may be expected in obedience to the law of 1828, requiring the statement of their highway taxes from ev- ery town ; and it would have been desirable to have obtained an abstract from them in season for the introduction, in this place, of such results as they may afford ; but the nature of the subject, and the length of time necessary to examine and di- gest them, preclude, under existing circumstances, the pos- sibility of any present use of them. They may however be given to the public hereafter.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.
Circulating Medium.
The long established usage of mankind, in making the pre- cious metals the representatives of wealth, or of the value of other commodities, has led to the consideration of them as wealth itself; and so long as the quantity of them remains within certain limits, this tacit consideration and usage gives to the possessorof them all the practical advantages which wealth bestows ; that is, they avail him in the acquisition of tlie means
328 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
of subsistence and comfort, in as much as he can, at all times, procure in exchange for them a certain quantity of the labor or services of others, or of any other commodity equally desir- ed by himself, and which also may, if he chuses, be again exchanged for whatever may by him be deemed an equivalent. But, this value of the precious metals is only conventional, by the tacit consent of mankind ; and is liable to continual fluctu- ations, diminishing whenever any other substance, of equal convenience, and security, and possessing either of these, or some other desirable quality, in a superior degree, shall be found to supply its place ; or whenever its quantity shall be greatly increased, without any proportionate increase of the labor necessary to procure and prepare it for general use ; — and increasing whenever circumstances shall withdraw any considerable proportion of them from th^ general circulation. The intrinsic value however, of these metals, in many cases when applied to the arts, and the durability of their structure, are qualities which, even if they should become too abundant for general and convenient use as the medium of exchange, yet will always render them in some measure the sisns of wealth, or in other words, they will always be exchangeable to 507^ extent for other commodities ; and the possessor of them therefore will not be liable to a totfd loss in any event.
Yet any other article, more conveniently portable, which it is known can be, at all times, exchanged at a certain rate, for a given quantity of the precious metals, will be received as the representative of those metals, in the same manner as those are received as the representative of other commodities ; and as long as the community can with safety rely upon obtain- ing for such articles the expected equivlent in the metals, or other commodities, so long that article will be currently received as their substitute, and wll be the usual medium of exchanges, and representative of wealth ; but its value, for this purpose, will be lost whenever the quantity becomes abundant beyond, certain limits.
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 329
With all the convenience and security attending the precious metals as the medium of exchange, there is the disadvantage that the use of them in so large quantities as, at their present conventional value, would be necessary for the numerous and extensive exchanges in the financial and com- mercial operations of the civilized world, subjects the possessor to expenses and inconveniences in their transmission, which often embarrass and limit the extent, and sometimes prevent altogether the success of his operations. Hence, when com- merce had extended itself, and merchants became acquainted with, and confident in, the integrity and ability of each other to fulfil their engagements, the promise of a respectable man, in whom confidence could be placed, to deliver a certain quantity of these metals, at a certain time and place, was in many in- stances more desirable and convenient than the metals them- selves ; and, from the extent of the convenience, and the immense facilities it afforded for the increase and dispatch of commercial ^nd financial operations, the promissory notes of merchants, and bills of exchange, assumed the place of the metals, in a considerable part of the large and distant exchanges among civilized nations, and often, in some descriptions of cases, acquired a higher current value in the market. To increase the security and extend the use of these promises, as substi- tutes for the metals, and representatives of exchangeable wealth, the association of a number of individuals, whose property and personal integrity should stand collectively pledged for the re- demption and fulfilment of such promises, became expedient. Hence arose what is called the banking system ; and modern times have witnessed the introduction of a new article, of no intrinsic value in itself, to represent and take the place of the metals, as the medium of exchanges, and sign of wealth. As long as the quantity of this article shall be no more than the necessities or convenience of the community shall require, and it can, at any time be exchanged, in any reasonable quantities,
for its expressed equivalent in the current coin of the country, 42
330 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
SO long it will possess all the practical advantages of an intrin- sic value ; and, being more convenient, will remain the princi- pal circulating medium of the community.
But, the extreme facility with which this medium may by created, and the strong temptation to its indefinite multiplica- tion beyond the ability of its sponsors to redeeiB at all times when required, render the very extensive use of it somewhat hazai-d- ous, and produce a necessity for the utmost vigilance and cau- tion to confine the quantity within the limits of a healthy cir- culation, and secure its redemption, by the precious metals, whenever the convenience or security of the community shall demand.
The evils which may be apprehended from the general and unguarded juse of this system are —
1st. The issuing of more bills than are necessary to conduct the usual exchanges of the community.
This unavoidably diminishes the value of the paper, increases the nominal value of the necessaries of life, and of all other commodities, injures and sometimes ruins, those whose subsis- tence depends on fixed salaries, as well as those who have en- trusted their capital, or laid up the savings of their labor in the hands of others, for a periodical rent, and final reimbursement ; and produces, though sometimes almost imperceptibly, serious distress among the middling and poorer classes of the commu- nity, without a corresponding benefit to any.
2d. The want of due caution and integrity of the managers of banking institutions, in neglecting to provide sufficient means, not only for the final redemption, with interest, of all such of their bills as, by the fears of the communit} , or the efforts of other banks, or individual speculators, are accumulated upon them faster than they can command payments from their debt- ors to redeem at once ; but also for the prompt redemption of all such as are presented for payment in due course of business, and in all ordinary enjergencies.
This evil always results in the bankruptcy of the institution —
CIRCULATING MEDIUM. 331
often in that of individuals. It is a breach of trust, and a fraud upon the public; injures the community, in unsettling the foundations of mutual confidence among its members ; and tends to lower the standard of the moral sense of society. Its remedy, or preventive, is only in the strictness of Legis- lative provisions, vigilance and promptness in their execution, and due caution on the part of the public, as to the extent of the confidence they may repose in the bank paper.
3rd. On the other hand, an evil sometimes results from combinations of individual capitalists, or of rival banking institu- tions, to collect together the bills of particular banks, and make sudden and extensive demands of specie from them, more than the public security requires as a check upon the evils and dan- gers before mentioned. Measures of this kind often embar- rass the operations of banks whose ability is ample to supply the ordinary circulation, with perfect security to the communi- ty ; and who, in the usual course of business can always re- deem their bills as fast as there is any necessary occasion for their redemption. The result next is, that the confidence of the public, in the security of the circulating medium, is un- necessarily shaken ; the holders of the bills suffer a loss in their exchangeable value ; embarrassments and sometimes bank- ruptcies, occur among individuals, who otherwise would have continued in the successful prosecution of business, to the gen- eral advantage ; and sometimes important derangements take place in the whole machinery of society ; — yet, these meas- ures may sometimes have a salutary effect, in assisting to pre- vent, or restrain, the excessive emission of bank paper, and in limiting the extent to which the public may be injured by any misplaced confidence in the prudence and integrity of those to whose bills they may be disposed to give currency, widiout due precaution that adequate security is provided for their prompt and final redemption when it may become necessary. In view of these dangers, and others real or imaginary, much
332 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
difference of opinion has arisen, and many schemes have been proposed, to check them by regulations, or avoid them altogeth- er, by the overthrow of the whole system ; — but any useful dis- cussion of this complicated subject, in detail, would far tran- scend, both the ability of the writer to do it justice, and the proper limits which can be assigned to it in this place.
The circulating medium of the State of Maine, hke that of the other United States, consists principally of the notes or bills of banks incorporated within the State, and under the super- vision of the Legislature. A portion, however, of the bills of banks out of the State, may be found in circulation, but they constitute no very important part. It is supposed, by those conversant with the subject, that the amount of the notes of other States circulating within this, can not be far from equal to that of those of this State circulating in others ; or perhaps including, with the notes of other States, the specie in actual circulation; and that, though this may not hold exactly true at. all times, yet in general, under a healthy circulation, not only in this, but in the neighboring States, it will probably be very near the truth.
If this supposition approaches near to the fact, then the quantity of circulating medium within the State, may be near- ly measured, by the aggregate amount of the Liils oi its several banks in circulation on an average ; and ordinarily, this amount of bills in circulation, may be considered as expressing the quantity of gold and silver which would be necessary for tlie transaction of the usual business and exchanges of the State, provided that those metals retain their present relative value, as compared with other articles.
On this principle, the amount of the usual circulating medi- um of the State, may be indicated by the semi-annual returns of the several banks made to the Legislature ; the sum of which is stated in table 1. The fluctuations exhibited in these returns, would indicate that the amount of bank bills in circulation at any particular period, is not an infallible criterion of that of
CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
333
the circulating medium necessary for the ordinary exchanges of the country ; but the average of them may afford means of judging, in some degree, of the quantity which the confidence of the public in tlie solvency and good faith ot the banks in general, will enable the directors ol those institutions to keep generally in circulation ; and trom this also may be drawn an inference of the amount of circulating medium requisite lor the convenient transaction of the usual exchanges of each individu- al on the average of the community.
TABi.E I.
Aggregate amount of the bills of the several banks of Maine, in circu- lation at ditfereni periods.
|
Dates of returns |
Amount of Bills |
1 Date of returns |
Amount of Bills |
|
|
from Banks. |
in circulation. . |
from Banks. |
in circulation. |
|
|
June 1820 |
$469,014 |
June |
1824 |
$1,096,944 |
|
January 1821 |
781,816 |
January |
1825 |
1,172,499 |
|
June 1821 |
1,062,370 |
June |
1825 |
1,040,113 |
|
January 1822 |
1,270,201 |
January |
1826 |
867,294 |
|
June 1822 |
1,148,753 |
June |
1826 |
588,691 |
|
January 1823 |
8^9,681 |
January |
1827 |
685,718 |
|
June 1823 |
728 199 |
June |
1827 |
597 ,092 |
|
January 1824 |
1,050,608 |
January |
1828 |
764,251 |
|
Average fr. June |
Average from June| |
|||
|
1820 to Jan 1824 |
923,955 |
1824 to Jan. |
1828.1 1 June| |
851,575 |
|
Average fr. June| |
1 |
Average fron |
||
|
1820 to Jan 1825 |
966,105 j |
|1826 TO Jan. |
1828.J |
757,193 |
It may be remarked, with respect to the amount of bills in circulation, exhibited in the returns from banks, of which the preceding table is an abstract, that the returns are required to be made semi-annually on a fixed day, and, the credit of the banks being promoted by the appearance of as small an amount of bills in circulation, in proportion to that of the specie on hand, as can be consistent with truth ; that is, by the evidence ex- hibited of means known to be available for \he prompt redemp- tion of the bills, rather than merely for \he\v final redemption ; the managers of those institutions are therefore interested, at the time immediately previous to the day of making up their returns, to restrict their issues of bills, and increase their de-
334 . CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
mands upon their debtors, for specie payments, and also to collect the bills of other banks, and draw the specie from them to replenish their own vaults, as much as possible ; and this interest or necessity ceasing, in some measure, immediately after the return day, a greater amount of bills may then be issued, and continued in circulation, until immediately previous to the next return. The amount therefore of bills in circula- tion, for the average of the year, may be supposed to be con- siderably greater than appears from the actual returns at those stated periods.
The value of these bills, as an efficient representative of the precious metals, and a safe medium for the current ex- changes of the country, depends upon the condition that the respective banks have always in their vaults, or perfectly within their commaud, a sufficient quantity of specie to exchange promptly for all of their bills which the wants or the fears of the community, or the pohcy of rival banks, or designs of speculators, may at any time demand. As the widely diffijsed circulation of bills will not permit tliem all, nor, in general, anv very great proportion of them, to be easily collected to- gether on a sudden, and presented for payment at once, it is not necessary that, in order to sustain the current expressed value of the bills, the amount of specie always on hand should be equal, nor very nearly equal, to that of the bills issued and in circulation. But, to give something in the nature of an in- ti-insic value to the bills, and secure the public from any even- tual loss by their circulation, it is necessary that the banks should at all times possess estates or securities, the exchange- able value of which, in a reasonable time, and under ordinary circumstances, should be equal to the expressed value of the bills, together with a reasonable compensation for any loss or damage sustained by any delays of payment, to which tlie hold- ers of them may be subjected.
The condition of the several banks within the State, may be, in a measure, understood by the subjoined abstract.
CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
335
^ a
5: -^ ~ —
cr "^ i; -•
111!
p 0
bii
w
'•-■«C<<N — — — — — (M"
'S" CO O CO o <
SiOt^ooiWiO— IXNC^Tfo
O 00 O CO lO^ L'j — -^^ O CD^ — t- C0_ ?^l (N "C CO -^ iO C
(N O =0' iC* —' 00' '*' o' o' ''i CN V (N o" (N « <n' t-' CD
c; o a o c< y,
00 O CO lO^ L'j — - do 05 ic* —' 00 _ . (r>»C — «NCNOC-!'»-,;oCN'N " ' " ~ CO CO - — -
«;'co'
.. . _ . - f- Tf CM -^ CO
31 0^ t» CO CD_^ o^ co__ co__ c c; t~; co_^ 03 -^o^ro co^oot
w'lO'ufw" CO' 'S" J-rC^'cD'<»'«S"'"O*t-'c0
CN 3; O so CD (N f-__0 O O CO O^CO_^o R.®.®. ^,^,P
cc'-^ CO t- ai'c^T— *(n"— t-*»rj irTcN -rT — 'co^fNcTo a.
— COCO CDJCNOi -ij.MG^t-.^lO— — C-. — -
c50t~ o-^i^cN c^cocDcoco O3c:;oo2ir
— — __c:>^-^__— _,co__CD_cc__ ■^ CO c' co' co' ctT t-'tN'
t -T CO —
o cj; •->_ CO CO OT CN o
iC -*' Co' ■^' C tN O (N
C CN 00^ CN( O C0_^3S C^ So S^ — O <T IC V ■*' rS — t,' TjT TJ-* ^'
~ ot_ ?5 f;_ s^ '_
X— ^--■^-;Dxa)Coc:t~-<r^.- t~ CO t~ <r c^ co_^ 3-^ "- co__ c; Tf .c lO
'O" (N 'N 00 IC tT — ' CN O' — 03' 03' Co" 30 <n' t^ — ' V 10' CO"~lt-CO(N<NOt-050'2-0«>=C003<N-. - C;_^ C.( — t-; CD^ O. t-; lO CO CO ■^. — CO "O. l>» CO Xi C.
r-" co' — * o' t-' co' CO* V T* of cT ■* ^r-crcoco-c^csicij —
CO O CO O :
CN
o -oooxooooc-
o"-* o cT cs o' o o o' (N O -oocoocooco co__ — __ cc_^ t-_^ m o ©^ o» t~ co__ rT — *" lo ^c' •^* -.' (N — —"
CO — t^ CO CO ■* X! t- - ' CO 3t t^ i-O TJ" ~« O ~ CO
CO^^C — X — ^. t~.'^,t~,^,'R.^.t^.'^,'".^, ^'.f'". — — ' o" cc ■>!)< o -" co' — 'g^' — "5 — * co' — ' os' jTo coTj'a^oo'-'O'rt^'^cO'fl'oooox — 03 — co_^cK m t- (N r- "^,■^,'•'5 — t~, •^^^x^co "5,— ,o,co_ lo'io'co'o'r-'-^'o'— '•<5*'ri'« o'-^x x't'x'(n •Cr-r-xcj-^cO'^Ttco — •^coocooo'-^
c ^O : UO 0,<^li
ifo'co'^o't
CO 03 X O >0
X-*(NXX<M — O CO"3'nO5(NCO0OM<
o -^ o r^ "5
<N
eOX050-*COlOMCDCn!N'N<Nl~OX— X03CO
— ;n -"r t» CO u3 -^ o t%o_ ^ ff<_ ~ ifl x_, X <N_ r-_ — r-_
Iff ir; r-' <r 03' co' C3 cT co' 03 — ■^ — — '
CTiOO(M-^wri''C"; — coocococo
t~ "O M 03 VO
wt-cor< — ■vuoir;
iccocNcir-cocr^ooi..,- -
!-^ C^ X_ — CD. CO ifj r- X CN C0__ ' ^ -. — ' x' cT "0 IN
' :^ >o
kC CO CO ^
— ».,.-._ — coco -.»«r-OTrc;<M33 0»o — ot^ :C0o;cNkO - x-^coxcr— oxt^cot-xxcoo
'— X l^ c: —
■CN'TCOCNCNe^MCOlNCM-
o^ccs^cocrooocrccoooOwC
COOCCOC OOOOCiOOOOOOOC
oococrccooc-ooowooooc
ocooocoo
SiCN -^COCN
) C O O O O "O
-O m »0 lO i
■p_c^2 a
1^^
II
S36 CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
The resulting averages of table 1, show that, as the vehicle or medium of its current exchanges, and representative of that part of its capital which is daily passing through different hands, the convenience of this Stale requires the circulation of a sum averaging bet\Aeen 7G0,(j( 0 and 970,CG0 dollars annually, and that it will sustain the circulation of at least 800,000 dollars, and perhaps much more, without any diminution of the value of the circulating medium. And it appears from table 2, that, at the commencement of the year 1829, the amount of bills in circulation, and deposits (which are loaned) and other debts, was near 1,000,000 dollars ; to redeem which, in part, the banks, in the aggregate, were in possession of about 126,000 dollars in specie, with upwards of 235,000 dollars in deposits in, and bills of, other banks out of the State, for which specie could be drawn from abroad, at a short warning ; and, for the residue, something near to 3,000,000 dollars in the hands of theii' several debtors. The general credit therefore to which the bank paper of this State is entitled, when viewed in the aggregate, must rest upon the questions whether the deposits and bills of banks out of the State exhibited in the returns, can safely be relied on to command specie at any time when ne- cessary, and the debts collectively due to the banks of the State can be at all times available for 25 per cent of their nominal amount. It can hardly be supposed that these ques- tions will not be readily answered in the affirmative ; yet it can not be denied that some degree of uncertainty must always attend any circulating medium, the value of which is wholly conventional, and the final redemption of which is necessarily made to depend upon the personal responsibility of any limited number of individuals.
This view however of the solidity of the bank circulation of the State collectively considered, will not apply with equal force to all its component parts. But of the extent to which it may apply, and the cases in which it may not, the reader will best judge by consulting the table in detail, and the official accounts from which it is drawn.
' MILITARY. 337
The relation of the banking institutions of the State to Its revenues, and the important influence they may have on its general circulation, and commercial prosperity, have Induced the belief that this general and rapid sketch would not be ir- relevant in this place. It is hov/ever but a sketch, — drawn with- out any practical acquaintance with the subject, — imperfect and perhaps very erroneous. But, if it shall serve in any measure to excite a more accurate mode of thinking upon the subject ; lo quiet, in any degree, any unreasonable fears of ruinous con- sequences from a general bank circulation ; to restrain any un- reasonable expectation of benefits from its extension; or to promote that vigilance for its security, which is necessary for its beneficial operation upon the affairs of the community ; the object of the attempt will have been sufficiently attained.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.
Military.
The numbers and organization of the Military force of the State, with the amount and estimated value of arms, accoutre- ments and ammunition, ordnance and ordnance stores, he. are given In the subjoined abstracts from copies of returns furnish- ed by the Adjutant General. The increase of the Militia since the separation of the State, will be perceived from a comparison of the returns for the years 1820 and 1827, which exhibit the numbers of officers and soldiers of the various grades and de- partments respectively. The account of arms, ammunition and military stores, is condensed from a detailed statement 6f those articles, in the State Arsenals and laboratories, with the lowest value of each article, as estimated by the Adjutant General. The value of those belonging to the individual officers and sol diers, or in possession of the troops in the field. Is supposed to he the same as that of the corresponding articles in the Arsenals.
43
858
MILITARY.
and is added to the list, in order to assist in forming a more complete view of the military statistics of the State.
Abstract of the annual returns of the Militia of the State of Maine for the years 1820 and 1827.
1820.
William King, Commander in Chief,
GENERAL STAFF.
Samuel Cony, Adjutant General Lt. Col. Thomas D. Robinson,")
George Thatcher, Jr. Charles d. < lapp, Robert Howard,
Aids>
to the Commander in Chief
Lt.
1827.
Enoch Lincoln, Commander in Chief
GENERAL STAFF.
Samuel Cony, Adjutant General. Col. Charles S. Daveis, John Ruffsles, Daniel Goodenow, Edward Williams.
Aids to the Commander in Chiij.
DIVISION STAFF.
Number of Divisions 6
Major Generals 6
Aids 10
Inspectors 6
Qu .rter Masters 6
Judge Advocites 6
BRIGADE STAFF.
Number of Brigades 12 Brigadier Generals 10 Aids 11
M jors and Inspectors 11 Quarter Masters 12
REGIMENTAL STAFF.
Number of Regiments 45
CoU^nels 41
Lieutenant Colonels 45
Majors 42
Adjutants 43
Quarter Masters 37
Paymasters 44
Chaplains 40
1820 1827
8
8
14
7 7 8
16 15 15 16 15
55 54 50 55 55 bo 54 47
1820 1827
Surgeons 42 51
Surgeons' Mr^tes 37 51
Serje nt M jors 41 53
Qr. Master Sergeants 35 55
Drum M.ijors 79 53
Fife Majors 52
Masters of Reg't. bands 1 1
Deputy Masters do. 10
Musicians do. 124
INFANTRY, LIGHT INFANTRY AND RIFLEMEN.
No. of Companies
of Infantry No. of Companies ( .^
of Lt. Infantry ) ^'^ No. of ■ ompanies ) r
of Riflemen ]
374 431
61
16
Captains
Lieutenants
Ensigns
Serjeants
Corporals
399 399 406 1.515 459
481
491
490
1.873
1.131
|
MILITARY. |
5;3y |
|||
|
J 820 |
1827 |
|||
|
Musicians 1.150 1.589 |
Chaplains |
1 |
||
|
Privates 23.465 27.862 |
Surgeons |
7 |
1 |
|
|
Conditional exempts * 2.186 |
Surgeons' Mates |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Aggregate 27.793 36.981 |
Qr. "Master Serjeants 1 |
1 |
||
|
CAVALRY. |
Serjeant Major |
1 |
2 |
|
|
|Number of Regiments ) . or Battaliions ) ^ |
11 |
No. of (. ompanies |
j« |
33 |
|
or Troops |
||||
|
Colonels 1 |
1 |
Captains |
23 |
29 |
|
Lieutenant Colonels 1 |
1 |
Lieutenants |
48 |
49 |
|
Mijors 9 |
9 |
Cornets |
24 |
29 |
|
Adjutants 9 |
9 |
Serjeants |
90 |
114 |
|
Quarter Masters 9 |
9 |
Corporals |
9 |
60 |
|
Paymasters 1 |
Trumpeters |
33 |
38 |
|
|
Privates |
752 : |
1.060 |
||
|
Aggregate |
1.620 ; |
1.432 |
||
|
j fl Regiment, 5 Battaliions, and 2 detached |
Companies. |
|||
|
{ 1,1 Regiment, 8 Battaliions, and 3 detached |
Companies, |
|||
|
ARTILLERY. |
||||
|
1820 J |
827 |
|||
|
*Number of Regiments |
Qr. Master Serjeants 2 |
6 |
||
|
or Battaliions * |
t |
Drum Majors |
2 |
|
|
Colonels 1 |
2 |
Fife Majors |
1 |
|
|
Lieutenant Colonels 1 |
2 |
No. of Companies |
27 |
29 |
|
M. jors 9 |
8 |
(. aptains |
27 |
27 |
|
Adjutants 9 |
9 |
Lieuten.aits |
54 |
56 |
|
Q,u irter Masters 9 |
9 |
Serje nts |
94 |
110 |
|
Paymasters 1 |
4 |
Corporals |
29 |
60 |
|
Chaplains 1 |
2 |
Musicians |
99 |
112 |
|
Surgeons 6 |
5 |
Privates |
1178 |
1393 |
|
Surgeons' Mates 1 |
2 |
Aggregate |
1522 |
1814 |
|
Serjeant Majors 1 |
4 |
*1 Regiment, 11 Battaliions, & 3 detached Companies. t2 Regiments, 7 Battaliions, & 4 detached Companies. RECAPITULATION.
|
General, Field and Staff Officers |
J 820 613 |
1327 778 |
|
Company Officers |
1.380 |
1.652 |
|
Non commissioned Officers |
2.196 |
3.428 |
|
Musicians |
1.361 |
1.989 |
|
Privates |
25.395 |
32.501 |
|
Total, |
30.939 |
40.348 |
|
Aggregate of Infantry &c. |
28.397 |
37.102 |
|
Cavalry |
1.020 |
1.432 |
|
Artillery |
1.522 |
1.814 |
Total,
30 939 40.348
340 MILITARY.
The whole of the Militia of tha State are paradetj by Re- giments, BattallioES, or Companies, lor review, inspection, and drill, 3 days in each year. The Cavalry, Artillery, Light In- fantry, and Riflemen, are volunteers, and assemble for drill aud parade much more frequently. The officers and soldiers respectively are mounted, armed and equipped, each at his own expense.
The amount of the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, and military stores in possession of the troops on the field, as ex- hibited in the returns for 1827, with those belonging to the State, in the public arsenals or laboratories, are
|
2 |
If |
o •f > |
^11 |
> |
1 |
|
|
"* |
Number. |
Dollars. |
Number. |
Dollars. |
Dollars. |
|
|
Muskets, Bayonets, |
n.90U 17.682 J |
174.400 |
6.953? 6.953 i |
90.389 264.789 |
||
|
Cwrtr. bxs. & belts, Bay't. scabboards,&/C. |
17.087? 17.70U |
21.611 |
2.898? 2.8845 |
3.539 |
25.150 |
|
|
Musket accoutrem'ts. |
4.000 |
2.245 |
6.245 |
|||
|
Ball catiidges, |
268.138 |
3.199 10.141 |
121 |
3.320 |
||
|
Rifles, |
822 |
13.152 |
440 |
7.040 |
20.192 |
|
|
Powder-horns, |
656 |
134 |
1.082 |
44 |
178 |
|
|
Loose balls, |
7.308 |
32 93.600 |
416 |
448 |
||
|
Pounds of rifle powder, |
257 |
36 |
36 |
|||
|
Rifle accoutrements, |
442 |
884 |
884 |
|||
|
Horsemen's pistols, |
1.222 |
9.776 |
250 |
2.000 |
11.776 |
|
|
S\vords,scab'ds.&' belts, L510 |
8.110 |
650 |
3.496 |
11.606 |
||
|
Kn .psdcks. |
18.319 |
9.000 |
9.000 |
|||
|
Canteens, |
797 |
79 |
79 |
|||
|
ILiversacks, |
51 |
76 |
76 |
|||
|
Drums, |
r557 |
2.228. |
2.228 |
|||
|
Fifes, |
# |
443 |
220 |
220 |
||
|
Bugles and trumpets, |
^ |
35 |
350 |
350 |
||
|
Brass field pieces, and |
||||||
|
apparatus, |
55 |
27.500 |
4 |
4!094 |
31.594 |
|
|
Iron cannon from 3 to |
||||||
|
44 pounders, |
53 |
11.668 |
11.66S |
|||
|
Shells and shot, |
15.881 |
|||||
|
Gun carriages, |
15 |
4.150 |
4.150 |
|||
|
Pounds of powder, |
475 |
75 |
75 |
|||
|
Brass Howitzers, |
3 |
48« |
480 |
MILITARY* 341,
Entrenching, pioneers &>
other tools &. implein'ts. 959 959
Mirquee, tents, and ap- paratus, 472 7.115' 7.115 Ordnance stores, &c. &c. 1,700 1,700 Colours and instruments, 500 500 TotJ, 273.824 140.994 414.818 * Furnished to the troops at the expense of 30.298
the State.)
171.292 The Militia system of the State, in its various details and bearings upon the community, is too well known to all its citi- zens to require in this place, any farther elucidation, than may be derived from the preceding statements. It is only in refer- ence to its statistics, and its relation to the revenues and pubhc burdens of the State, that it is introduced in this work ; and in view of these relations, it may be proper to suggest to consider- ation the inequahty with which the weight of the burden is proportioned to the ability to sustain it. From the statement of the value of arms, military stores, Sic. it will be perceived that the capital stock of the State vested in these articles, is about 171,300 dollars, exclusive of that belonging to the individual soldiers; and from table 2, of this chapter, (p. 315) it appears that the annual expei se incurred by the State at large and paid out of its Treasury for the military department, since the year 1821, is on the average about 7,400 dollars. The inter- est on the capital invested, at 6 per cent, added to this average annual disbursement from the treasury for current expenditures, amounts to about 17,7i30 dollars annually, borne by the State at large. At the same time, the aggregate value of the arms, amunition, he. furnished by the individual officers and soldiers, each at his own private expense, is about 243,500 dollars ; the annual interest of which, at 6 per cent, is 14,610 dollars ; and if to this is added the value of the time required by law of each officer and soldier annually for military trainings, which at the lowest computation cannot be estimated as less than three days, at one dollar per day, the aggregate amount, added to th^
34f EDUCATION.
interest on the value of the arms and equipments above stated^ is upwards of 135,000 dollars annually. This is borne individ^ ually by the citizens between 18 and 40 years of age, and virtually, in the form of a cap'itation tax, without any discrimin- ation with regard to the wealth or poverty of the individuals. The aggregate annual expense therefore, to the whole commu- nity, is evidently upwards of 150,000 dollars, of direct and certain occurrence, exclusive of probably a vastly greater sum in collateral and consequential expenses, of which no account- is known, and no estimate can be here made.
CHAPTER XI.
Education,
It needs no argument to prove the truth of the maxim that ^'knowledge is power ;" and it will be admitted at once, by every intelligent person, that a well educated people possess a moral and physical energy far superior to diat to which an ig- norant unenlightened people can attain ; and that the diffusion of the means of moral and intellectual cultivation, among all classes of the community, and rendering them equally accessi- ble to the children of the poor, as weH as of the rich, are the surest methods to perpetuate the privileges inherited from our ancesters, and the strongest safeguards to our republican insti- tutions.
One of the most important principles adopted in the prac- tice of the first founders of New England, was, that the chil- dren of each individual member of the community, were, in a highly interesting sense, the children of the whole ; — that, as such, tliey were entitled to a sufficient provision for their edu- cation at the public expense, &. that the most liberal measures for this purpose were dictated by the soundest policy, and consistent with the most rigid economy. And it is perhaps to the opera-
EDUCATION. 348
tion eind legitimate consequences of this principle, more than to any other second cause, that these States are indebted for the virtue, intelligence, and enterprize which distinguish the mass of their inhabitants ; and for that determined spirit of freedom, and that enlightened and sound discretion and fore- sight which, under the blessing of Heaven, achieved the inde- pendence of the nation, reduced to order its agitated elements, and cemented its union, by the adoption of the federal cohsti- twtion*
* The long and universal ditiusion of the means of education, among all classes in this country, leaves no opportunity for a statisti- cal comparison of its advantages, in the result exhibited with respect to the wealth, and moral and physical energies, of the State. It will not, however, t>e useless, nor unacceptable to the citizens of Maine, to learn the results of an investigation, on this subject, made recently in France
M. Dupin, in an address delivered at the opening of the normal course of Geometry and Mechanics, at the conservatory of arts and trades at Paris, divides the kingdom into two sections; the norfhern, comprehending 32 departments, with a population of 13,000,000, but of which 740,846 pupils are sent to school, he denominates " enlight- ened France," The southern, comp-ehending 54 departments, with a population of 18.000,000, which sends 375,831 pupils to S(;hooi, he deno ninates "unenlightened France." The former sends one pupil to 17 12 inhabitants, the latter one to 48. The comparisons between these two sections of the kingdom are given as follows.
" in the north of France, notwithstanding the rigor of the climate, which entirely prevents the cultivation of olives, capers, oranges and lemons, and scarcely allows the growth of Indian corn and the mal- berry tree in some of the Departments; which deprives Normandy, Picardy, Artois, French Flanders, and Ardennes, of the culture of the vine; notwithstanding this absence of natural riches, the mass of the people in the north, having more instruction, activity and indus- try, obtain from the soil a revenue sufficient to pay 127,634,785 franca land-tax on 18,692,111 hectares;* whilst the fifty-four departments of the south pay only l'^5,412,969 land tax on the superficies of 34,841,- 235 hectares. Thus, for each million of hectares the public treasury receives from
Enlightened France, 6,820.000 fr. land-tax.
Unenlightened France, 3,599,700 ditto.
The superiority of the public revenues furnished by the enlightened .part of France, is particularly observable in the tax for licenses; which is calculated on the same scale throughout the kingdom. The 32 Departments of the north pay into the public treasury, for licenses, 15,274,456 francs; and the 54 Departments of the south pay only
* An hectare is a superficial measure, containing lOO area. An are is rather less than four English perches.
844 EDUGA'TION.
In pursuance of this principle, provision \^as made, by bur ancestors, at an early period, for the general education of yoiith, especially for the elementary instruction of all classes, in pri- mary schools, established in every town, and supported by taxes on the polls and estates of all the inhabitants, without distinc- tion. The laws of Massachusetts provided for the establish- ment of elementary English schools in every town containing sixty families, and for that of grammar schools of a higher
9,623,133 francs : so that, owing to the superior industry produced by a wider spread of knowledge, a million of Frenchmen in the nortli bring into the public treasury, for licenses, 1,174.958 francs, while a million of Frenchmen in the south pay only 534,652 francs for licenses. If we sum up these taxes, it will appear that a million of hectares pays as follows : —
In the North. In the South.
Land-tc.x, 6,820.000 ffancs. 3,590,700 francs
Licenses, 81/,000 276,216
7,637,000 3,875,916
That is to say, a million of hectares in the north pays exactly twice as much as a million of hectares m the south. Now, the north of France sends 740,846 children to school, and the south 375,831, or about half as many as the north.
We will now endeavor to point out certain indications of the rela- tive progress of the arts in these two great divisions of France. I have examined the list of patents from Jidy 1, 1791, to July 1, 1825 ; and from this it appears, that the thirty two Departments of enlighten- ed France have obtained 1689 patents; and the fifty-four Departments of unenlightened France, 413 patents.
The colleges of Paris have aftbrded me another means of forming a comparison. The University annu;il!y bestows on all the colleges of Paris and Versailles an immense number of prizes, second prizes, and acessits. In the University almanac are printeil the names of the pupils rewarded, and the places of their birth. I commenced by taking away all the pupils born in Paris, so as not to give any undu'e advantage to the northern departments. I then reckoned separately — 1. All the pupils from the thirty-one Departments of the north, leaving out the Seine ; 2. All the pupils from the fifty four Depart- ments of the south, and the following was the striking resiilt —
Pupils rewarded from the thirty one northern Departments, 107.
Pupils rewarded from the fifty-four so»uhern Deparlmants, 36.
But another fact has appeared to mc still more remarkable. The 143 rewards consisted of 37 prizes and 106 aicessits : now of the thirty-seven prizes granted by the University to the children from the Departments, 83 were obtained by the children from the north, and four by the children from the south.
The PolytechniG School, which is noted for the equity of its regM
EDUCATION. 345
grade, in every town containing two hundred families. They also provided for the support and regulation of the schools, and for the morals and qualification of the instructors, as far per- haps as Legislative provisions alone could advantageously reach those objects.
When Maine became a seperate State, one of the earliest objects of the attention of its Legislature was an improvement of the system of common schools. The principal variation howev^er, which was made in the system already established, consisted in omitting any limitation of the number of families which any town should contain before it should be required to support a school, and instead of this, requiring that every town, of whatever size or numbers it might be, should raise annually, for the support of schools, a sum equal at least to 40 cents for each person in the town, and distribute this sum among the
lations, requires that the pupils, who otter themselves from all parts of Prance as candidates for admission, should have already acquired a considerable stock of mathematical and literary information. I have exannned the list of pupils admitted during thirteen consecutive years, and have found, that, of 1933 pupils admitted, 1233 were sent from the thirty-two Departments of the north, and 700 from the fifty-four Departments of the south.
The Academy of Sciences, which it is universally acknowledged, chooses its members with impartiality from the learned throughout the kingdom, offers a result still more favourable to the north. Of the 65 members composing the Academy, 48 are from the thirty two northern Departments, and 17 only from the fifty- four southern De- partments.
I have reserved, as a last mode of comparison, the rewards granted by government at the periodical exhibitions of the products of nation- al industry. At the exhibition of 1819, the rewards were in the fol- lowing proportion: —
32 North. Depart. 54 South. Depart.
Gold medals, 63 28
Silver medals, 136 45
Bronze medals, 94 36
293 107
The exhibition of 1823 presented results not less striking. Thus, in whatever point of view we regard the two portions of France, whether with respect to their agriculture op their commerce; at whatever period of life we observe the population of the nortii and that of the south — in tender infancy, at college, at the polytechnic school, at the Academy of Sciences, in the invention of improve
44
346 . EDUCATION.
several schools, or districts, in proportion to the respective rtum- ber of scholars in each. , The expenditure of the sunri is left principally to the discretion of the town, and its committee or agents appointed for that purpose. The schools are required to be established in convenient districts, and the inhabitants of the several districts are invested with corporate powers, to build and repair school houses, and for some other purposes of minor consequence. The parents are required to furnish their children with such books as may be prescribed by the superin- tending school committee of the town ; and all are entitled equally to the benefits of the school.
In the year 1825 the Legislature required a report from each town in the State, of the situation of their schools, so far as re- spected the number of school districts, and of children usually attending the schools, the time during Avhich they were open for instruction in each yeai*, and the funds by which they were supported. These reports were made in the winter of 1826, an abstract from which is given in the following table : —
nients in the arts, and in tlie national rewarfis bestowed on industry— every where we find an analagous, and ahnost always a proportionate diflference. To men capable of cotnp-iring effects with causes, this constant unifoiniity of results, this pervading superiority in favor of that p:'rt of the kingdom where instruction has been the njosi spread, will demonstrate clearly the advantage of this instruction in promoting trade, arts, and sciences, as well as private and public opttlence."
No part of Maine, nor of New England, sends so few of its chil- dren to school, as in what M. Dupin calls the '* enlightened" part of France ; nor is there any such difference, between ihe proportions sent to school in any considt rable part of this country, as will afford an opportunity for comparisons like those instituted by him in rela- tion to the difllerent sections of France. VVe have therefore no means, ill our own coutitry, of obtainmg so accurate estimates of the different eflte :ts of knowledge and ignorance on the wealth and prosperity of the country : neither do any distin-it portions of it exhibit so remarkable diff -rcK-eS in this respect, as appear in the statement above cited from M. Dupin. But, this statement exhibits facts, and affords just ground for inferences tvhich will lead us to appreciate the more correctly the wisdon) of our ancestors, in laying so broad foundatfons for the edu- cation of their descendants ; and should excite us the more highly to prize the institutions they have left us, and the more sedulously to cherish, and improve upon them, as the surest means, not only to pro- duce, and sustain, aumng the people at large, an elevated tone of moral sentiment, and intellectual character; but to increase the wealth, pro- ductive ability, and physical energies of the State.
EDUCATION.
347
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46
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EDUCATION. 363
A comparison of the statements in the table, with the popu- lation, wealth, and circumstances of the respective towns, will suggest many useful reflections ; but it will not be necessary, at this time, to enter into detailed examinations. Some gene- ral observations, however, upon the aggregate of the table, will not be useless.
When instead of requiring every town, containing a speci- fied number ol families, to establish and maintain schools of certain descriptions, and certain portions of the year, (as had been required under the laws of Massachusetts,) it was deter- mined that each town should annually raise and expend, for the support of schools, a sum equal to the amount of 40 cents for each inhabitant of the town at the latest census, it was un- doubtedly thought to be an improTcment on the former laws, and, by some, a very great improvement. The amount thus to be raised annually, throughout the whole State, would be 119,334 dollars; which, divided among the whole number of school districts, would give 47 dollars and 75 cents, on an ave- rage, to the support of each school. This sum, at the expense which the schools have actually been found to cost per month, on the average, would furnish the means of instruction to each school rather short of four months in the year ; more than half of whicJi must be of the description usually provided, only for little children, in the early stages of education. But, it ap- pears that, on the average of each county, they have all raised more than their proportion of the sum required by law ; and some of them, from one fourth more, to nearly double ; yet even this, on the whole, has sufficed only to maintain the schools to an average of 4 1-2 months in the year; viz. 2 months under male teachers, and 21-2 months under female teachers. There is no evidence that, before the passage of the law, schools were maintained, in general, throughout the State, any less number of months annually, than they have been since ; and the amount actually raised per annum shows, conclusively, that the requisitions of the new law fell below the
364 EDUCATION.
tone of public sentiment, and were, in effect, merely nominal, unless so far as they affected new towns, having less than fifty families, which were not touched by the former laws. In the case of such towns, the law takes effect, by preventing them from determining, as some towns have sometimes, in a popular freak, determined, that they would have no schools at all for the year.
There is another provision of the law, the effect of which is worthy of serious consideration. The money raised by each town is required to be apportioned among the several school districts, according to the number of children and youth be- tween the ages of 4 and 21 years, residing within the exterior limits of the district, whether they auend the schools or not. This, in many instances, operates to give to different scholars, of the same town, who on every consideration are entitled to an equal opportunity for instruction, very unequal portions of the means to obtain it. In country towns the school districts are usually formed of a size proportioned principally to the dis- tance from which the scholars can conveniently attend the schools ; and it often happens in new towns, and sometimes in older ones, that some districts contain but a comparatively very small number of scholars. By this mode of dividing the money, each scholar in such a district obtains but a very small share of instruction ; and in some districts, its amount is next to nothing. The money expended therefore in such cases is nearly a total waste, and the public loses the benefit to be derived from the education of some who, but for this, might be among its most useful citizens. Whether there is any mode by which this evil may be remedied, without producing greater evils, is a question which will naturally present itself to tlie mind. It is not, however, the design in this place to discuss, but merely to suggest it.
It appears that, in the aggregate of the State, about three fourths of the children and youth between the ages of 4 and 21 years, usually attend the public schools some part of \\w
EDUCATION. 365
year ; and that these constitute nearly one third part of the whole population. It is not to be supposed, however, that they attend the schools regularly, during the whole of the time they are open for instruction. The schools instructed by male teachers are usually open only in the winter, and for the average term of two months in a year. These are principally attended by the larger scholars; while the schools under the care of fe- males, which average ^1-2 months in a year, are kept open, in general, only in the summer, and ai*e attended chiefly by the smaller children. A part, however, of both descriptions of scholars attend the schools both summer and winter ; but, on the average, it cannot be supposed that the time for instruction, afforded to each scholar, is equal to more than three montlis in the year, and it probably does not, in reality, amount to so much.
The average annual expense, (exclusive of books and sta- tionary,) incurred for the instruction of each scholar, in the common schools, varies very considerably in different towns; but less in tlie aggregates of the different counties. In the average of the whole State, it is but one dollar and thirty-five cents per annum. The proportion of the whole expense, to the whole taxable property of the State, as valued by the Le- gislature in 1820, is as 6 to 1000; but to the real value of the property, is probably not more than 2 to 1000. The propor- tion, however, is borne very unequally among the several towns and counties; — varying from 5 in 1000, as in the ave- rages of Cumberland and Washington, to 11 in 1000, as in the average of Penobscot. The proportions vary still more among the several towns in each county; the difference in different towns being, in York, from 3 to 9 in 1000, in Cumberland, from 3 to 17, Lincoln, 4 to 15, Waldo, 4 to 21, Hancock, 4 to 20, Washington, 3 to 40, Kennebeck, 5 to 20, Oxford, 5 to 25, Somerset, 6 to 29, and Penobscot, 6 to 33.
Whether the State collectively can afford to appropriate any greater sum, or provide for any greater length of time annual-
366 EbucATidN.
ly, or devise any more equal provision for the expense of the education of those, who are continually advancing from the condition of pupilage to that of manhood, in which they are to constitute not only its " bone and muscle," but its heart and in- tellect, and in which they will direct its energies, and frame and execute its laws, are questions for the people themselves, and their Legislators, to solve.
The provision made by our ancestors, for the establishment of free grammar schools, in every town containing 200 fami- lies, was a proof of their wisdom and foresight in securing to such of the children of the poorer classes, as possessed the genius or talents for higher spheres of usefulness, the means of qualifying themselves for such spheres, and advancing to the highest seminaries which the country afforded, at the public expense. The public schools of this grade, however, seem lo have been gradually superceded by the establishment of pri- vate Academies, founded by individual exertion, in many parts of the country, and aided in most instances by special grants of land for their endowment, by the Legislature. These Acade- mies, in general, occupy nearly the same rank, in the scale of education, with the public grammar schools contemplated by the ancient laws. The principal difference is, that the free schools were supported by taxes on the property of the whole commu- nity, and were equally open to, and within the reach of, the poor as well as the rich ; while the academies are founded in the first instance by private donations, and supported principal- ly by funds derived from the income or proceeds of lands af- terwards granted by the Legislature, and by charges npon the individual scholars, as the price of their tuition.
There are 28 of these Academies in the State, of which 24 were incorporated and endowed by Massachusetts, and 4 by. Maine.
EDUCATION.
367
TABLE II.
List of AcHdemies, with the date of their incorporation, and amount of eiidowineiils by the Legislature.
NAME & PLACE
I Date of IncDriioiatioii |Am of land grant
Berwick at South Berwick Hillowell— Hillowell Fryeburgh — Fryeburgh Washington — Machias Portland— Portland Lincoln — New Castle Go r ham — Gorham Hampden Bluehill— Bluehill Hebron — Hebron Bath— Bath
Farmington — Farmington Bloomfield — Bloomfield Warren — Warren Belfast— Belfast Bridgetown — Bridgetown Bath, Female — Bath Limerick — Limerick Monmouth — Monmouth Thornton — Saco
11th
5th
9th
7th
24th
23rd
5th
7th
8th
10th
6th
18th
18th
25th
29th
8th
11th
17th
19th
16th
North Yarmouth — N. Yarmouth 4th
Young Ladies — Bangor Cony, Female — Augusta China — China Foxcroft — Foxcroft Brunswick — Brunswick Anson — Anson Oxford, Female — Paris
27th 10th 12th 31st 23rd 8th 7th
March
March
Feb'y.
March,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
March,
March,
March,
Feb'y.
March,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
March,
March,
Nov.
June,
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
Jan'y.
Feb'y.
June,
Jan'y.
Jan'y.
Feb'y.
Feb'y.
1791123.
1791123.
1792J12.
1792 23
1794
1801
1803
1803
1803
1804
1805
1807
1807
1808
1808
180S
1808
1808
1808
1811
1811
1818
1818 1818 1823 1823 1853 1827
040 acres
040
000
040
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520
520 upw.
520
520
520
520
520
5^0
The grants made by the Legislature to the several Acade- mies, have been only in wild land, and, with but few excep- tions, the amount of the grant to each has been equal. The actual value, however, realized by the several institutions, from the sale of their lands, has been very various ; owing to the different value of the soil or situations where they have lo- cated them, and to more or less favorable circumstances under which they have sold them.
Some of the Academies have also funds arising from private
368 BDDCATION.
donations, and these, with the different sums realized from the lands granted by the Legislature, produce a veiy considerable difference between the available annual income of different Academies, and of course in their comparative usefulness.
To ascertain, as far as practicable, the amount of the actual funds of each Academy, with some indications, also, of the ex- tent of its usefulness, inquiries have been addressed to gentle- men near, or connected with, each Academy in the State; answers to a part of which have been received ; and from these, with an abstract from the returns made to the Legisla- ture, in obedience to a resolve of February 1828, so far as they have been yet received, are deduced the statements in
EDUCATION.
369
TABLE III.
Statement and estimate of funds, receipts, and expenditures, and amount of instruction of tiie several academies in the State.
|
Aniouiu ot PennaiieiJt i Aiuouiit ol 1 ;^|Av. .Nooi |
~ = |
^ |
||||||||||||
|
ment |
Funds. |ann. receipts. |
1 |
Sch.rs. |
.1 * |
■1^ |
|||||||||
|
Places of estalish |
hi |
•0 s a |
53 1 = |
_s. |
i |
1 |
3 |
-p fe |
||||||
|
l3^-3 |
U -- Q. |
5 |
5*0 |
. .1. |
• |
1 |
2, |
C |
"n |
~ |
y |
3 =^ |
||
|
o S J |
« y a^ |
0 |
0 |
!S |
0 |
c |
o |
|||||||
|
X — |
a. S n |
f- |
vb |
tn ~ |
H |
tn |
S |
'a. |
r- Z |
Z^ |
.:a |
|||
|
Augusta |
a |
6.050 |
3.935} 9.985 |
1 |
I |
50 |
.50] |
20 |
1.25 |
|||||
|
Bath |
b |
4.300 |
3.750 8.050 |
400 |
480 880 |
600 30 |
30 |
60 1116 |
2.00 |
|||||
|
*Bridgton |
c |
1.300 |
9.141 10.441 |
|||||||||||
|
♦Belfast |
d |
5.723 |
||||||||||||
|
Bluehill |
6.652;393 |
94 487 |
42510 |
10 20|l0 5 1.67 |
||||||||||
|
Bloomfield |
3.000 3.000 180 |
300480 |
\ |
30,11 10,1.33 |
||||||||||
|
*Buxton |
e |
1.501 |
.725 I.775I |
1 |
||||||||||
|
China |
f 2.500 |
2.432 4.932;i80 |
400 |
580 |
450 30 |
10 |
40 |
11 |
10 |
1.25 |
||||
|
♦Fryeburgh |
g js.ooo |
1 1566 |
1 |
|||||||||||
|
♦Farmington |
h 1.000 |
1.294 2.2941 |
•: |
|||||||||||
|
Foxcroft |
i 1.200 |
3.750: 4.900 220 |
190 |
410 |
39017 |
15i32! 9 |
611.25 |
|||||||
|
Gorham |
1 |
^10.000 600 |
320 |
920 |
780 |
I4OII |
8 |
1.67 |
||||||
|
Hebron |
k 2.275 |
5.731 |
8.006 300 |
175 |
475 |
400 22 |
8i30,10 8 |
1.25 |
||||||
|
Hampden |
4.500150 |
280 |
430 |
400 18 |
17 35 |
9 7 |
1.50 |
|||||||
|
*Limerick |
I 2.500 |
1.551 |
4.051! |
|||||||||||
|
Machias |
!4.000 |
17.000 |
21.000780 |
324 |
1104 |
860 28 |
12 40 |
11 |
9 |
1.50 |
||||
|
*Monmouth |
m ;3.438 |
3.212 |
6.650 |
|||||||||||
|
New-Castle |
16.000 |
2.000 |
8.000 320 |
240 |
560 |
50015 |
15 30 |
9 8 |
1.25 |
|||||
|
*N. Yarmouth |
n il-500 |
.9520 |
11.020 |
|||||||||||
|
*Readfield |
0 6.500 |
12.574 |
19.074 |
|||||||||||
|
*South Berwick p\ .700 |
6.837 |
7.587 |
||||||||||||
|
Saco |
q 1.000 |
6.180 |
7.180 360 |
480 |
840 |
600 |
|45 |
11 |
12 |
1.50 |
||||
|
*Wiscasset |
r 4.400 28 |
4.428 |
I |
* The account of those to which this mark is prefixed is taken from returns made to the Legislature, the. residue is from iuformation derived from private sources.
a $3225 donation from the Founder, remainder of funds derived from sale of lands, grant- «d by the State. Library, J200 vols. Jonations. b Whole funds derived fi'om sale of lands.
c $3000 by voluntary contributions, remainder from sale of lands. d $5020 of this fund is the estimated value of land granted by Massachusetts. e Whole fund private donation. / $3400 of this is from sale of half township.
fThis annual income is principally from sale of lands srranted by Massachusetts. The personal estate is derived from sale of half township granted by Massachusetts.
i $3338 from sale of half township granted by the State,
k $3409 from individvals, remainder from safe ot lands.
1 The real estate donations from individuals, the personal from the State.
m $4906 from Massachusetts. 1746 from individvals.
n $5949 from sale of lands, remainder from individuals— original cost of buildings ^2626 —now worth $1500, °
o Maine Wesleyan Seminary. It is noticed in another place
p Real estate private docati«n, personal from sale of lands— buildings and lot cost .43550 now worth 700.
q $2500 from sale of lands, remainder from individuals.
r Funds wholly individual donation.
47
370 EDUCATION.
This statement, it will be perceived, embraces the principal part of the Academies of the State, but not the whole. If those from which no particular accounts, or from which but partial accounts, have been obtained, will bear any tolerable cx)mparison, on the average, with the rest, then the amount and expense of the instruction afforded by the whole, may be deduced from these accounts, with an approach to accuracy entirely sufficient for general purposes. On this principle, with an allowance for Academies not endowed, it will appeal' that the whole amount of capital, permanently invested for the establishment and support of all the Academies in the State, including their buildings, libraries and apparatus, is not far from, or probably over, 220,000 dollars. The available annu- al income of their permanent funds, 9,500 dollars. Annual receipts for tuition, 8,000 dollars. Number of youths annual- ly under instruction, 560 males, 390 females, total, 950. Av- erage terms of instruction each year, 10 months. Average expense for each student — paid out of the income of funds granted by the State, or private donors, 10 dollars — paid by the student for tuition, 8 dollars 42 cents — for board and inci- dental expenses, more than the net cost of their subsistence in the families of their parents, about 32 dollars. Total expense for the education of each scholar, on the average, about 50 dollars.
It will be observed that the first item, of 10 dollars, in the expense of educating each scholar, is furnished principally by the State, in the income derived from its original endowments ; and that the last item is an estimate for the extra expense, in- curred by the scholar, for board and incidental charges of maintenance from home. The whole, however, is equally an expense to the community' in the aggregate, from whatsoever source it may be immediately derived.
Taking the whole together, and comparing this amount of expense with that stated in Table 1 . as the expense of instruc- tion afforded in the primary schools, it will appear that, while
EDUCATION. 371
the average expense for the instruction of each scholar 10 months in the primary schools, is but 3 dollars, that of instruc- tion in the academies is about 50 dollars. Or, in other words, the education afforded to one scholar, in the academies, costs the community nearly or quite as much as that afforded to 17 scholars in the primary schools, an equal length of time. And it is farther observable that, as four- fifths of this expense falls on the scholar, or his parents, individually, very many children, of even the first rate native capacities are, from this circum- stance, utterly precluded from the benefits of that grade of ed- ucation which it was the intention of the ancient laws of Mas- sachusetts, respecting free grammar schools, to furnish alike to all classes, the poor as well as the rich ; and the communi- ty thereby loses the benefit which might be expected to result from the developement of a large mass of native talent, which, for want of the ability to defray the expense, is now con- demned to obscurity, and comparative uselessness.*
The foregoing facts may suggest the inquiry, whether there has been, in reality, any substantial improvement made, on the whole, in our system of popular education, (so far as it is affect- ed by Legislative provisions,) since the days of our ancestors, the fathers of New-England ; or, if any, whether it has been Commensurate with our means and opportunities, or has kept pace with the advance of science throughout the civilized world ; and whether the means of intellectual and moral cul- ture, diffused among the mass of the children of the State, par- ticularly among those of the poorer classes, are equal to the ability of the State to supply, or in any m&asure correspondent to the demand resulting from the nature of its political institu- tions, and the basis on which its permanent prosperity and hap-
* The author hopes he may not be understood to entertain views hostile to the esi.ab- lishment and endowment of Academise, and other literary institutions, in the abstract, nor unfavorable to those bow existing^. His intention is only to exhibit the com arative ef- fect of these institutions as far as they supercede the ancient free grrammar schools, which were equally accessible to all, and as they affect the relative diffusion ot learning among all classes, the poor as well as the rich. He would say, encouiage the one, as far as may be usefiil-, but neglect not the other.
372 EDUCATION.
piness must be founded. It is believed that the mere sugges- tion of the inquiry will be sufficient in this place.
The course, and amount, of instruction afforded by the dif- ferent academies has been various. In general it has pro- fessedly been an elementary induction into almost the whole circle of intellectual and moral science. The funds of most of them, have not been sufficient to support more than one in- structor; and the multifarious nature of his duties, and the transient terms of the attendance of many of the pupils, have, in general, necessarily tended to prevent their acquisition of more than a superficial smattering of various branches of sci- ence, without a radical knowledge of any. In some, however, their circumstances have permitted a more thorough instruc- tion, and numbers in them have been prepared for a more complete education, in higher seminaries, or for respectable degrees of usefulness in the ordinary walks of life.
In January, 1822, an institution, on a plan different from any heretofore existing in this country, was established at Gai*- diner, by the name of the Gardiner Lyceum. This institution was designed, as is expressed in its charter, " to prepare youths, by a scientific education, to become skilful farmers and mechanics." For its establishment the community is originally indebted to the hberality and public spirit of Robert Hallowell Gardiner, Esq. The novel character, and evident utility of its design, immediately obtained the public sentiment in its favor, and the Legislature soon extended to it a portion of the patronage, which had been bestowed on other literary and scientific institutions. Its effective support, however, has been largely derived from the munificence of the |;entleman whose name it bears, and other individuals, and from receipts from the students for their tuition. The aid afforded by the Legislature has been an annuity of 1000 dollars per annum for five years past ; but its funds are not yet sufficient to carry into full execution, the broad and liberal design of its foun- dation.
EDUCATION. 373
The studies pursued at the Lyceum are, Arithmetic, Book- keeping, Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation, Algebra, Per- spective and Isometrical Drawing, Chemistry, Natural Phi- losophy, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Agriculture, Natural History, &1C. he. Lectures also are given on the theory of Agricul- ture, Chemistry and its applications, and the sciences; and the course of instruction and exercises is designed to form a radical system of mental discipline.
The expenses of the students are not materially different from those at the ordinary academies in the State. Measures, however, are provided that, in the course of their discipline, students may also defray a part of their expenses, and the meritorious and indigent may receive instruction gratis.
The Maine Wesleyan Seminary, at Readfield, was incorpo- rated in January, 1825, and a half township, of 11,520 acres, granted for its endowment in February, 1827. The original, and principal, object of this seminary is understood to be, to educate candidates for the ministry, of the Methodist denomi- nation of Christians. Students, however, designed for other pursuits, are admitted, and afforded the instruction usual in other academies. From its recent establishment and endow- ment, it cannot be expected that the ultimate benefits it is de- signed to produce to society, are, at present, to be fairly esti- mated. The amount of its funds is stated in table 3.
Bangor Theological Seminary and Classical School, wa» incorporated in 1814, by the name of the Maine Charity School. This institution was first opened at Hampden, in the year 1816, with the special view to the instruction of young men, of the Congregational denomination, intending to enter the ministry. It was afterwards removed to Bangor, where it is now permanently established. The institution has passed through several slight changes of character, gradually improv- ing, and has now two distinct branches, both under the man- agement of the same board of trustees, and the same execu- tive government. By its present form, the theological depart-
374 EDUCATION.
ment is elevated, and conformed essentially to the other theo- logical schools in our country. It is under the instruction of two Professors ; one of systematic theology and pastoral du- ties ; the other of Biblical literature and sacred rhetoric. The literary acquirements necessary for admission to this depart- ment, are those of a college course, or such attainments as, by the Faculty, shall be judged substantially equivalent, so far as they relate to a preparation for commencing the study of the- ology. The course of study is three years. Protestants of suitable character, of every denomination, are admitted.
The other department is strictly classical, and has one in- structor. Tn this department, young men are furnished with the elementary instruction necessary for admission to a college course, or for any other pursuits. A course of instruction is also furnished for such persons as, for sufficient reasons, intend to enter upon theological studies without a college course.
Tlie operations of this institution, in its various departments, liave been sustained entirely by the contributions of drivale in- dividuals. Its productive funds do not exceed 14,000 dollars. The whole number of its students, on an average, is about for- ty-five.
Waterville College wns originally incorporated in 1813, by the name of the Maine Literary and Theological Institution. This was primarily intended for the education of young men for the ministry, in the Baptist denomination. In June 1 820, its powers were enlarged by the permission to confer such degrees as are usually conferred by Universities ; and, in February 1821, its name was changed to that of Waterville College.
The permanent property and funds of this College, consist
of a township of land, containing about 38.000 acres, which
was granted by the Legislature of Massachusetts. The value
of this is estimated (at a very low rate)
To be about $10,000
About 178 acres in Waterville, valued at 2.500
|
14.00ft 2.000 1.000 |
|
29:500 1.000 300 500 640 240 2.680 |
|
4.000 |
|
2.300 240 |
EDUCATION. 375
College buildings, &lc.
Library, containing about 1700 volumes,
Philosophical apparatus,
Total permanent property. The present annual income is stated to be — Annuities
from the State, Annual subscriptions by individuals, Average income of township, Receipts from Students for tuition, Rent of rooms for Students^
The debts of the College amount to about
The annual expenses of the College are
Salaries of President, 2 Professors, and 2 Tutors,
Interest of debt,
2.540
The average number of students is about 40 ; the length of the terms of study in each year is 38 weeks ; their annual ex- penses are.
For tuition, $16.00
Room rent, 6.00
Fuel, 5.00
Board, $1.25 per week, 47.50
Other expenses, about 14.50 — 89.00
To compare this expense with that of the education at the common schools, a deduction must be made for the difference between the net actual cost of the subsistence of the students at home, and that paid at college. This is various, and can only be conjectured. In general, it may be estimated at about one half, viz : $23.75, which leaves the net expense to the scholar about $65.25.
The whole annual expense to the community at large, which is incurred for the education of each student, may be stated as follows :
Interest of the fixed capital, invested in college funds,
lands, buildings, library and apparatus, $1,770
Annuity from the State, and private subscriptions, 1.300
3.070
376 EDUCATION.
which, apportioned among the scholars individually,
gives, as the share incurred for each, 76.75
Estimated net expense paid by the scholar himself, 65.25
Total 142.00
BowDOiN College. This institution was incorporated by the Legislature oi Massachusetts, in June, 1794. The first class was graduated in September, 1806. Upon the separa- tion of Maine from Massachusetts, this institution became the object of the fostering care of the new State. Its trustees con- fiding fully in the interest felt by the pubhc in its prosperity, surrendered its former charter, and received a new one from the State of IVlaine, with a liberal annuity in aid of its funds. Since this time the College has flourished, and whether we regard its resources, its means of instruction, or the number of its students, it is justly considered as the principal literary insti- tution of the State ; and holds a highly respectable rank among the principal colleges of the United States.
Its funds consists of, or are derived from, lands granted by the Hon. James Bowdoin for its original endowment, and other subsequent donations ; lands granted by the Commonwealth of Massachuse ; tts and an annuity from the State of Maine. Their amount, or interest is not known, but is understood to to be no more than adequate to the necessary expenditures of the College on its present establishment, without the means of extending its operations, to the degree which the increasing wants of the State, and the progress of literature and science require. Its permanent estabhshment in Brunswick consists of two large, commodious, brick edifices for the residence of the students, a brick building containing public rooms for Medical, Chemical and Philosophical Lectures, a Building for a chapel and library, and two houses for college officers. It has a li- brary of 8000 volumes, a large cabinet of minerals, and good Philosophical and Chemical apparatus. Its collection of paint- ings, principally donatioi^ from the Bowdoin family, contains
EDUCATION. 371^
works of the first artists, and is exceeded by few, if any, in the United States.
The officers of instruction are, a President and six Profes- sors, in the departments of Ancient and Modern Languages, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Rhetoric and Oratory, Intellectual and Moral Philosophy ; with Lectureships in Sacred Literature, and in Political Eco- nomy. The course of instruction extends through four years, and is similar to that pursued in the other principal Colleges and Universities in the United States.
The Medical School of Maine, attached to this College, has a high reputation, and its annual courses of lectures are attend- ed by a large class of students.
The necessary annual expenses of Students, through their college course, are.
Tuition, .... 24.00
Room-rent, .... 10.00 Board, in commons, . . 45.00 Other college charges, . . 10.00 Fuel, light, books, furniture, and ) oi qq other necessary expenses, j
#120.00 The amount of one fourth of the annuity from the State, is annually appropriated to diminish the charge of tuition to the meritorious and indigent. From this appropriation more than 50 young men receive assistance in their course. The whole number of students, on the average, is about 110, exclusive of medical students. The terms of study, 39 weeks in each year.
As a result of the preceding statements, it will be observed that, out of a population, estimated in the year 1825, at 337,- 000 souls, about 100,000 children and youth are annually af- forded the means of instruction, a part of the year, at the pri- mary schools, at the average expense of 1 dollar and 35 cents for each scholar ; about 1000 are under instruction the princi-
48
378 EDUCATION.
pal part of the year, at the several Academies, at the averaee expense of about 50 dollars for each scholar; and about 160 annually are deriving the benefit of a college course, at the ex* pense, for each, of about $150.*
The number of scholars here stated, includes females as well as males, excepting those at the colleges, which are whol- ly males ; and there are no means of determining exactly, the numbers of each sex respectively, who receive the benefits of instruction at the public primary schools. An estimate, how- ever, may be formed, probably not far from the truth, by at reference to the comparative numbers of the sexes in die whole population, of the ages approaching nearest to those re- turned as attending the schools. The proportions exhibited, on the average of the enumerations in 1800, 1810, and 1820, of the numbers of the two sexes of, and under, the age of 26 years, is as 976 females to 1000 males. It is highly proboble that the same proportions will hold good in relation to those between the ages of 4 and 21 years. Taking this for granted, it appears that, of 100,000 children and youth educated at the primary schools, about 50,oOO are males ; and, from the returns of the academies, it may be computed that the num- ber of males who there receive instruction, is about 590 out of 1000, the whole estimated number. It follows, then, that the proportions of the males, who respectively receive the differ- ent grades of instruction afforded by the public schools and seminaries throughout the State, are as 1 in the colleges, and 6 in the academies, to 625 in the primary schools. The proportion of females, who receive instruction at the public schools, as far as can be judged from the numbers at the acad- emies, is less than that of the males. It is to be observed, however, that this account of the public schools and semina- ries, does not include all the means of instruction in operation within the State. In all the larger towns, and in many of the
* Having no 8rcoi:ni of th'» amtU'nt < f the funHs ot B<:wdoiii CoUe^f, and ihe value of its fixed < -taMi^hments, ti is si.m cwn only be coi j' cmral. It is pvident. however, that it H higher at Buwdoiu than at Wateirdle \ and this sura is taken as probably a meaa.
EDUCATION. 879
smaller, there are private schools, sustained at the expense of individuals, which are generally of superior grade to most of the town or primary schools, and some of them equal to any of the academies. These private schools are not confined to the instruction of either sex, but a larger proportion of them is supposed to be appropriated to female education. In estima- ting the different degrees of instruction actually afforded to the whole number of children and youth, these private schools also should be taken into the account, and probably be classed with the academies ; but there are no known means of ascer- taining their precise extent, and each, therefore, will make the estimate of them, as his means of judging will allow.
About one half of the expense of the education of the scholars at the Colleges, and one fifth of that at the Academies, is de- rived from the grants of the Legislature, or the munificence of private individuals. The whole of that afforded by the com- mon schools, is defrayed by taxes on the respective towns ; and, being required to be raised in proportion to the number of inhabitants, it has, as it respects the inhabitants of different towns, the same disadvantages which result from a capitation tax among individuals ; though these disadvantages are miti- gated, as it respects the inhabitants of the same town, by its distribution among themselves, in proportion to their estates.
The different proportions, whether as to their respective numbers or wealth, in which the expense of educating the chil- dren of the State, in the primary schools, is borne by the in- habitants of the different towns and counties, will be seen by examining the details of table 1 .
With respect to the kinds and degrees of instruction afforded by the different schools and seminaries, some account would have been desirable ; but, on this subject, it will be at once perceived, that nothing like precision is to be obtained ; and but little can be added to the stock of information already in possession of most of the intelligent part of the community. It will be recollected also, that the principal design of this work
380 ANCIENT GRANTS.
relates rather to that part of its several subjects which comes more immediately within the reach of the direct powers of the people in their primary assemblies, or of Legislative enact- ments ; — and the actual state, or the various comparative de- grees, of intellectual and moral improvement, produced by the schools and seminaries of the State, may with propriety be left to individual observation.
CHAPTER XII.
Grants and Sales of Land,
A detailed account of the various and conflicting grants of land from the sovereigns, or subordinate powders claiming the territorial rights and jurisdiction over the country which now constitutes the State of Maine, during the early days of its set- tlement ; with an elucidation of their respective limits, their interference or connection with each other, and their effects upon the views and interest of those who were originally, or since have been, concerned in, or affected by them, would be of some interest at the present day, as matters of history ; but, except so far as they may refer to the origin of titles under which the lands in different parts of the State are now holden, would be foreign to the principal design of this work; and therefore will be noticed no farther than by a brief, and general, reference to those under which the titles to the lands, in different parts of the State, have since been finally settled, and are now holden.
* In the year 1606, James I. of England, granted all die lands from the 40th to the 48th degree of north latitude, to the Council established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing the affairs of New
* The principal facts here stated, are abstracted from, and given on the authority of the late Governor Sullivan, in his History of the District of Maine ; and in soiue iastances in his own language, though not expressly quoted.
ANCIENT GRANTS. 381
England. The first exercise of the powers of the Council, as it respects any lands within the present territory of Maine, ap- pears to be a grant from them, in the year 1624, of all the lands between the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahok, to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason.
It seems that the extension of this grant westward to the Merrimack, interfered with other claims, in New Hampshire ; and it does not very clearly appear what river was then intend- ed by the Sagadahok, which formed its eastern limit. In gen- eral, this name has been understood to refer to the Kennebeck ; but, in some instances, it is supposed, only to the Saco. ,
From a misunderstanding of the grant to Gorges and Mason, or some other cause, the Council made a number of other grants, of smaller extent, some of which were fully within the territory of Gorges and Mason, others clearly without it ; and, with respect to others, it must have been uncertain ; but the most of them conflicted with, and infringed the rights of each other, as well as, a part of them, those of Gorges and Mason. The colony of Massachusetts also extended its claims (and it is still by many believed justly) over the principal part of the grant to Gorges and Mason ; and long and severe disputes arose, which injured the prosperity of the country, and retarded its settlement for many years.
The struggles between the different parties in England, from the demise of Elizabeth to the accession of William and Mary, were felt in the colonies ; and their effects were experienced in the validity or invalidity, which the parties prevailing in the government at different times, gave to the titles to the lands, which were derived respectively from themselves or their op- ponents. The claims of Massachusetts, the opposite views and feelings of the settlers, and the conflicting claims under the different grants from the Council of Plymouth, had nearly destroyed all the hopes of Gorges and Mason, of deriving any benefit from their original grant ; when the apparent establish- ment of the power of Charles I. and the progress of his designs,
382 ANCIENT GRANTS.
threw the colonies, for a tune, into the hands of the monarch, and gave Gorges, who was a zealous royalist, an opportunity, as he hoped, to retrieve his affairs by obtaining a charter, of all the territory between the rivers Piscataqua and Kennebeck, and extending northward 120 miles from the sea. This char- ter was granted in 1639, and the territory was distinguished by the name of the Province of Maine.
In this charter was included all the territory claimed by Massachusetts, and many of the intermediate grants of the Council of Plymouth ; but still it did not effectually, nor long, silence the claimants. The overthrow of Charles, and the prevalence of the republican party in England, soon gave new hopes to Massachusetts, and the others wl:^se rights and inter- ests interfered with those of Gorges. Massachusetts was now in favor with the government, and her claims were agreeable to a large portion of the people of Maine, who were desirous to be subject to her jurisdiction, and receive the benefits of her government and protection. She therefore took possession of the country, and entered upon the administration of its affairs. In this state of things, Gorges died, and the most valuable part of his patent seemed to be in a fair way to be utterly lost. The restoration of Charles U. however reversed the case. The heirs of Gorges revived the claim of tlieir ancestor ; and the claims of Massachusetts were not likely to receive much sup- port from the royal influence. But the contest had been long and expensive, its final event must be uncertain, both parties were tired of the war, and willing to close it by a compromise. The result of tlie whole was that Massachusetts, to secure her own rights, and extend her territory, was willing to pay a val- uable consideration ; and Gorges, the grandson and heir of Sir Ferdinando, was willing to sell, at a cheap rate, the patent which he feared was insecure, for a sum of money, of which be could be made sure. Accordingly John Usher, the agent of Massachusetts, purchased for that colony, the patent of Gorges, for the sum of £1250 sterling, and Massachusetts thus
ANCIENT GRANTS. 383
became possessed of a title, no longer to be contested, to the whole Province of Maine, extending from the Piscataqua to the Kennebeck, and 120 miles into the country, subject how- ever, as appears by the event, to the effects of the smaller grants from the council of Plymouth and purchases of the Indians j the most of which, where actual settlements had neen made, were admitted to support a tide to the soil, but without affect- ing the jurisdiction.
Some probable consequences of this purchase, may perhaps be of sufficient importance to justify a digression in this place, to bestow on them a passing notice.
The value of the purchase to Massachusetts, in a political point of view, may have been great. It may seem so also in a pecuniary sense ; but this may be questioned. From the time of the purchase,in 1674, to the peace, in 1763, the country was frequently harrassed, and at some times almost destroyed, by Indian wars ; and the colony of Massachusetts was constantly required to expend its money, and lives, for the defence of the setderflents in Maine. Very little, if any thing, could be deri- ved, by way of taxes, from the few inhabitants which, during that period, it contained ; and very little also accrued from the sales or grants of the land, for in fact almost or quite the whole of the settlements at that time were made on the grants pre- viously existing, or on tracts subsequently purchased of the Indians, with the consent or connivance of Massachusetts. No records are known to have been preserved, from which any tolerable estimate can be obtained, of the sums expended for the protection of the country during the Indian wars, or its government in times of peace, nor of the sums, if any, which were derived from grants of land, or from taxes on the inhab- itants ; but to those who are, even but indifferently, acquainted with the history of the country during that early, and, for the most part, gloomy period, it can hardly seem possible that the expenses of the Indian and French wars, for the defence and relief of Maine ; and of administering the government of the
884 ANCIENT GRANTS.
district ; should not very far exceed any sum which could have been derived from the territory, or its inhabitants, either directly or indirectly ; and it will be readily admitted, that if an account current could be stated between the Treasury of the colony of Massachusetts, and the province of Maine, from the date of the first purchase in 1674, to the peace of 1763, the latter would stand debtor to the former, in a very considerable balance of principal and interest, exclusive of the original pur- chase money, and its interest for nearly 100 years.
After the peace of 1763, the expenses for the government of Maine were probably, in part, balanced, by the taxes on the inhabitants, but not entirely ; and at this time also there were sales and grants made of different parcels, and townships of land, amounting in the whole, before the close of the revolu- tion, to not far from 500.000 acres. A large proportion of these grants, were made as indemnities for lands which had been previously granted, within the limits of the original charter to Massachusetts, as she had always understood it, but which, upon the settlement of the boundary between that provinft-e and New Hampshire, had fallen within the latter province. Other grants were made in compensation for services rendered in the preceding war, and other claims upon the province ; and a part were sales for money. The sums realized for these lands, and the expenses of their survey and management, are not known, nor easily ascertained at this day ; but judging from what is known of the subsequent sales, it cannot be supposed that the net proceeds were equivalent to the extra expenses of Massa- chusetts proper, incurred for the defence of this territory and relief of its inhabitants during the revolutionary war. The territory therefore, at that period, must still stand debtor, with an accumulation of interest on the original purchase.
After the peace of 1783, and the establishment of the Gov- ernment, the state of the account began to change. Some account of the sales of the land, from that period to the sepa- ration of Maine from Massachusetts, in 1820, will appear in
ANCIENT GRANTS. 385
the sequel ; and a conjectural estimate of the consequences of the purchase from Gorges, as they may be supposed to relate merely to the treasury of the Commonwealth, or of the proba- ble balance in a supposed account current, may be made by each reader for himself, recollecting that, aside from all con- tingent and intermediate expenses, the sum paid by the colony of Massachusetts, for the original purchase, if it had been pla- ced in an accumulating fund, at 6 per cent, per annum, would, at the period of the separation, have amounted to something more than 85.000.000 dollars. And if the net proceeds of the sales of the lands, and amount of the taxes, prior to the separa- tion, have exceeded the expenses of protecting the country, and administering its internalconcerns, in war and peace ; then the surplus may in part liquidate this accumulated amount of the original purchase, and leave whatever balance there may be, to be discharged or reduced by the future sales of the lands yet remaining to the Commonwealth.
But, there are other points of view, in which the perseve- rance of Massachusetts in asserting her claims, and finally pur- chasing the territory, exhibits consequences of a different as- pect.
The Stuarts had looked, with no favorable eye, upon the active spirit of republicanism which existed in some of the col- onies, and especially disliked that of Massachusetts; which, from the intelligence, firmness, and perseverance of its inhab- itants and government, was rather troublesome whenever the royal authority sought to encroach upon the chartered rights and liberties of the colonists. In any contests, therefore, be- tween Massachusetts and any of the royal governments, or other claimants, who were more subservient to the crown, the whole weight of the royal influence was sure to be found, either openly or secretly, on the side opposed to Massachusetts ; and, with the glory of fighting her battles bravely, she always came off also with the glory of shewing her wounds, and counting her scars.
49
386 ANCIENT GRANTS.
The jealousies and antipatliies between Massachusetts and the Stuarts, however, were naturally a passport to the favor of their immediate successor ; and, under William and Mary, the colonies obtained, by the charter of 1691, a restoration of her privileges, and an extension of her limits, so as to include not only the territory she had claimed under her original charter, east of the Piscataqua ; with that which she had purchased of Gorges, with a view to secure her former claim, and define as well as extend, her limits ; but also all that which lay between the province of Maine, as described in the patent of Gorges, and ihe province of Nova Scotia, as described in the grant by James I. in 1621, to Sir William Alexander. These limits were ever after acknowledged, as those of the province of Mas- sachusetts, and were renewed and confirmed, at the treaty of 1783, as the north-eastern limits of the United States.
But though this addition to the territory of Massachusetts, might appear to be made from motives of favor to that colony, and no doubt such motives had their influence ; yet there were mf)tives of another character, which could not but have had their full shai'e of influence, in the determination of the saga- cious William and his cabinet.
The claims of France to the extension of the limits of Nova Scotia or Acadia, westward to the Penobscot, and sometimes to the Kennebeck, interfered with those of England, and were viewed with a jealous eye. The influence of the French, in exciting the Indians to hostilities against the English setdements, was sometimes felt severely by the colonists ; and Massachu- setts was always vigilant and active, in repelling the Indian depredations and French encroachments ; ready to expend her treasure and blood to the utmost extent, to defend, not only that part of Maine which she conceived rightfully belonged to her, but also every other part claimed by Great Britain ; and was usually prompt, and in advance of the mother country, in endeavors to protect the territory, even at her own expense. William 3d was a cool, sagacious, and politic prince ; and be-
ANCIENT GRANTS, 387
sides whatever favors he may be supposed to have been wil- ling to show towards Massachusetts, on account of her partiality to him, or antipathy to the Stuarts, it was not difficuh for him and his ministers to perceive that the defence of the territory, between the Kennebeck and Nova Scotia, would probably occasion continual and heavy expenses, which, if it remained under the more immediate government of the crown, must be defrayed directly from the royal treasury ; but, if it was annexed to IMassachu setts, the burden would principally be borne by the colonists themselves ; and the known zeal and activity of Massachusetts were a suffieient pledge, that the uttermost extent of her ability would be the only limit of her exertions to resist the encroachments of the common enemy. It also did not escape the shrewd observation of William, that it was of but little consequence to the nation at home, whether its territories in America were included under a smaller num- ber of colonial Governments, of larger size, or cut up into a multitude of petty governments ; excepting indeed that the increase of the number of distinct governments, would produce increased demands upon the revenue of the parent country, to support the additional expense of their separate maintenance. The soundest policy therefore dictated to him to gratify Mas- sachusetts, by the addition of so large an extent of territory, when the same act would save to the royal treasury a large portion of the expense of its government and protection, and secure to the mother country the utmost exertions of a vigilant and interested colony, to defend its distant possessions, against the aggressions of the French and Indians on their borders. He took care however to reserve to himself and his successors, a good share of the profits expected to result from the sales or rents of the territory, by a provision that no grants of the soil by the provincial government, should be valid without the con- sent of the crown.
It may seem to be travelling too much out of course, to have noticed, though but briefly, subjects which belong rather to the
388 ANCIENT GRANTS.
department of history ; but when their consequences are at- tentively traced to their relation to the situation and circum- stances of the State, even at the present day, it is believed that the departure will not be severely censured.
Had not the original charter of Massachusetts been under- stood by that colony to have been bounded, on the north, by a line to be drawn due east and west, from a point 3 miles noith of every part of the Merrimack river, which of course would extend its limits, on the sea coast, as far east at least as Casco bay, its government and people would never have thought of contending with Gorges for the territory included in his patent. This claim of Massachusetts probably prompted Gorges to seek support and confirmation of his tide, in a new charter from Charles I. of whose cause he was a zealous supporter, and with whom the stern republican spirit of Massachuseets found no favor. Had not the decline and fall of the Stuarts revived the hopes and claims of Massachusetts, and alarmed the fears of the heir of Sir Ferdinando, for the safety of the best part of his title, it cannot be credible that he would have been so ready to compromise, and relinquish the whole to his adversary, for the comparatively trifling sum of£ 1250 sterling. And, to the zeal and energy of Massachusetts, in prosecuting her claims, and defending the territory from all encroachment, may be imputed the readiness of William to extend her limits, so as to place that of Acadia also under her jurisdiction. Again ; had Gorges, who was a zealous royalist, met with no inter- ruption from Massachusetts, the province of Maine, to the Kennebeck, would have been settled and remained under the control and influence of persons firmly attached to the royal cause. Acadia would have been either an independant roya! government, or annexed to Nova Scotia. The education, character, and habits of the population of both, must, of course, have been very different from those of the people of Massachu- setts, and a different character therefore must have been trans- mitted to tlieir descendants. Under such circumstances, it can
ANCIENT GRANTS. 389 '
ibardly be supposed that the few and thinly scattered inhabit- ants of this extensive coast, partly in possession, and wholly at the mercy, of the British force from Halifax orCastine would, at the breaking out of the revolutionary war, have ventured, any more than those of Nova Scotia, to have declared them- selves on the side of independence ; or, if they had, the pos- session of Portland would have been as easy as that of Castine, and Maine, being in that case a province by itself, distinct from Massachusetts, in full possession of the British force, and, in all probability, more friendly to the royal cause, there could have been no prevaihng argument, at the treaty of 1783, to extend the boundary of the United States eastward of New Hamp- shire ; or, if at all eastward of that State, still no human prob- abilities can justify the belief that it would have been extended east of the Kennebeck, which was the eastern limit of the an- cient Province of Maine. It is therefore to a succession of eauses, each the effect of antecedents which may be traced back to the persevering adherence of our ancestors of Massa- chusetts, to what they conceived to be their chartered rights, and imperious duties, that the State of Maine owes its present extent, and even its existence as a member of the American Union, instead of remaining, as it must otherwise have remain- ed, a dependant British Province.
It is not unworthy of remark also in passing, that the whole history of Massachusetts, and, in connection vnth her, of Maine, from the earliest settlement to the present day, exhibits a con- tinued series of encroachments on her northern and eastern borders ; and continued struggles to defend her chartered rights, and territorial limits against force, finesse, and fraud. But, the encroachment on the limits of the ancieut charter, though successful in part, yet excited a spirit of vigilance and perseverance in asserting and defending her rights, which, with the concurrence of events, resulted in a large accession of ter- ritory, and finally in its deliverance from a state of colonial sub- jection. It is observable too, that all these ancient encroach-
390 ANCIENT GRANTS.
ments were made by the provincial agents or subalterns of the crown, for the furtherance of their own interests, »nd tlie grat- ification of their own ambition ; and that the modern assump- tions and pretensions of Great Britain, to the northern section of Maine, have originated in the same " grasping cupidity" of its present provincial agents and subalterns; supported how- ever by their government, which they have betrayed into a hope that there may be some foundation for their claims. But, — like causes sometimes produce like results. — It is not impos- sible that this bold attempt to wrest from this State and Nation, so large and important a frontier territory ; with the insidious arts, and unblushing finesse and chicanery, with which the British pretensions have been managed , may yet awaken the American people from their apathy on the subject — may excite yet latent energies — and may set in operation a train of causes, the final results of which may be as little expected by, or agree- able to, the projectors and prosecutors of these pretensions, as were the events of the year 1783 to the autliors of the earlier encroachments on the rights and liberties of the colonies.
To return from this digression. — The Council of Plymouth seem to have understood very little of the geography of the country over which tliey exercised their jurisdiction ; for it cannot be reasonably supposed that they wholly disregarded the tides they had themselves conferred ; or that they intend- ed to sow the seeds of contention among their different gran- tees. In the year 1629 they granted to Richard Vines, and Thomas Oldham, a tract on the west side of Saco river, ex- tending from the sea 8 miles up the river, and 4 miles in width. Under this grant the lands in Biddeford are still ftolden. They also granted a tract of similar extent, on the east side of that river, to Thomas Lewis and Richard Benython, wliich is the origin of the present titles in the town of Saco ; and another to Thomas Comstock, or Cammock, of 5000 acres at Black point, under which lands are now holden in the town of Scarborough.
ANCIENT GRANTS. 391
The next year (1630J the Council made a grant to Joha Dy, John Smith, and others, of all the lands from Cape Por- poise 40 miles east, and extending 40 miles into the country ; to which was given the name of the Province of Lygonia. This grant not only infringed the original patent to Gorges and Mason, but included the whole of those above mentioned at Saco and Scarborough. It was soon after transferred to Sir Alexander Rigby, who sent over agents to settle and govern the country. These agents made a number of grants to differ- ent persons, of lands in what are now the towns of Falmouth^ Portland, Westbrook, Cape EUizabeth, Scarborough, and Ken- nebunk port. The title to the lands, under some of these grants, became extinct by the neglect of the grantees, and the interference of other claims ; but some were occupied, and the titles to the lands conveyed under the most of them has de- scended to the inhabitants at the present day.
In 1629 the Council made a grant to the Colony of Plym- outh, of a tract on the Kennebeck, extending 15 miles from the river on each side. This tract was transferred, in 1661, to Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, Thomas Bratde, and John Winslow. Their descendants and assigns afterwards associa- ted under the name of the Kennebeck Company, and the lands are still holden under that title. The ambiguities and obscuri- -ties as to limits, usual in the grants of this council, produced long, expensive, and severe contests between the clainants un- der this grant, and those on its borders ; the effects of which exist, in some degree, to the present day. Its southern limits were finally settled so as to leave the towns of Topsham and Woolwich, with other towns below them, on the sea coast, to other claimants ; and its northern were exteaded to what is now the south line of Anson and Madison, and of other towns on the same palarlel. Different modes of determining the distance on each side of the river, also produced disputes as to its eastern and western limits ; and the conflicting claims to boundaries' between this and other grants, on ahnost every side of it, have
392 ANCIENT GRANTS.
been the fruitful sources of law-suits, expense, and unhappi- ness, for more than half a century. They have however been at length principally determined, either by judicial decision or compromise ; and the rapidly increasing prosperity of the country since, evinces the beneficial result.
In the same year the Council also granted to Beauchamp and Leverett, a tract of about 30 miles square, on the west side of Penobscot bay and river, extending westward to Mus- eongus river, and northward to a line which now constitutes the southern limit of the towns of Hampden, Newburgh, Dix- mont and Troy. This tract came afterwards into the hands of Brigadier General Waldo, and from him descended to the family of the late General Knox. The title under this grant has been held good ; but the limits assigned to it having been found too small, the deficiency was supplied by the Legislature of Massachusetts, since the revolution, by a grant of all the vacant lands, then belonging to the Commonwealth, in the towns of Hampden, Bangor, Newburgh, and Hermon.
Besides the foregoing, the Council of Plymouth made but one other grant, under which any important claim has been set up and sustained, to a title in the lands. This was in 1631, to Robert Alsworth and Gyles Elbridge, of 12.000 acres at Pema- quid, with an addition ol 100 acres for each settler they should procure. The title of Alsworth and Elbridge descended to Shem Drowne and others, who, in 1741, made a survey of about 70 or 80,000 acres as within then- patent, including the town of Bristol, vvitli part of the towns of New-Castle and No- bleborough. Opposed to this were claims under grants made by Colonel Dunbar, or Dungan, Governor of the colony of Pemaquid, under the authority of the Duke of York ; also oth- er grants and deeds, from Indians to Walter Phillips and others, subdivided and transmitted to different claimants, known in late days under the names severally of the Brown, Tappan, Vaug- han and Waldo claims. These different claims conflicted with each other, as well as with others in their vicinity, and eventu-
INDIAN TITLES. 393
ally produced much perplexity, expense, and distress, both to the inhabitants and the claimants ; but at length were generally settled by mutual compromise, under a resolution of ;Massaciiu- setts, passed in 1811 ; the Commonweakh agreeing, in order to relieve and quiet the actual settlers, to indemnity the claim- ants, in certain .specified cases, by grants of an equivalent in other unoccupied lands.
The amount of tlfe lands of which the titles, derived fiom tlie foregoing grants and patents, have been holden to be good, or which have been established to the possessor, appears from the inventory of 1820, to be about 1.758.545 acres, including iiovv- ever some small parcels, derived from Indian deeds, of lands bordering on and intermixed with some of them j and including also some part of the larger parcels under Indian deeds between the Kennebeck and Pemaquid, and south of the Plymoudi pa- tent. It is known however, that of the inventories returned by the several towns in 1820, many were deficient ; and a com- putation of the amount of this deficiency, in each county, is given in the recapitulation of table 1 of this chapter. The proportion of diis computed deficiency, which belongs to the towns included under the grants before mentioned, cannot be accurately ascertained ; but is supposed to be rather over 179.000 acres ; which, added to the quantity actually returned, makes about ] .965.000 acres, to which neither the sale to Massachusetts by Gorges, nor the charter of William and 3Iary, ever actually gave the right of soil, but only the jurisdiction.
Besides this, there were other tracts, the right to the soil of which had passed away, and dierefore need not be here noticed.
From, a retrospect of the history of that period, it will ap- pear that, antecedent to the establishment of the title of Massa- chusetts by the charter of William and Mary, that colony had found it expedient to encourage the purchase of lands from the Indians, at least so far as to allow of some degree of validity" to their deeds, especially when accompanied with actual pos- session and continued occupancy.
394 INDIAN TITLES.
The Indian deeds which have been allowed to be valid, and under which lands are still hold en, are stated by Governor Sullivan, whose professional researches gave him the most ex- tensive means of ascertaining correctly, to be the following.
The first in the year 1643, to Humphrey Chadbourne, of a tract now in the town of South Berwick. In the same year another tract to Broughton. In 1650 another to Thomas Spen- cer. These were all in Kittery, which then included also the towns of South Berwick, and Berwick, though the limits, as they at present exist, do not appear to have been exactly de- fined.
Proceeding eastward, the next conveyance by tlie Indians is of tw^o tracts on Saco river, made in 1660 and 1661, to Wal- ter Phillips. These grants w^ere very indefinite in their limits, and the extent of country intended to be conveyed is not easy, at the present day, to ascertain. They covered the former grant to Vines and Oldham, and probably that to Lewis and Benython, but do not appear to have been used as adversary to those grants. Three other deeds from the Indians, viz. one to Bush and Turbell of 4 miles square, in the present town of Lyman, one to Francis Small, of the lands between the great and little Ossipee rivers, and another to Francis Small and Nicholas Shapleigh, of lands in Shapleigh, appear some of them to set some limits to the indefinite extent of those to Phillips, and, with that, include nearly the whole of the inte- rior of the present county of York, with the exception of some few smaller tracts and parcels, which were afterwards sold by Massachusetts. Eastward of these, was a grant to John Alger, of a tract in Scarborough, the title under which is still good.
In 1654, a deed was obtained from the Indians to Thomas Purchase, of a tract on Androscoggin river, which has since been known by the name of the Pejepscot claim. / The limits of tliis tract interfered with other titles, and were strongly con- tested ; and after long and expensive law-suits, were finally determined to extend as high up the river as to Minot on the
INDIAN TITLES. 395
west, and Leeds on the east sides. Besides this, the towns on the Kennebeck, and the sea-coast, to Damariscotta, were all covered by different purchases from the Indians, in smaller parcels, between the years 1643 and 1666. The boundaries of these purchases, being, in general, loosely defined, and in- terfering with each other, as well as with the grants from the Council of Plymouth, formed fruitful sources of litigation and distress ; and it was not until long after the revolution, that the conflicting chims became, in any degree, defined and limited, so that the inhabitants under them could feel assured that they were not liable to be disturbed in the enjoyment of their possessions, by new claims continually arising, after they had once supposed all to be settled.
The whole territory covered by these Indian grants, so far as they have been adjudged valid, and constitute the basis of the titles under which the present possessors hold their lands, appears by the inventory of 1820, to contain about 491.000 acres. This inventory, however, falls below the true quantity, which, from such data as could be obtained, is supposed to be not far from 540.000 acres, including however some smaller parcels intermixed with them, as before mentioned.
It will be seen from the foregoing sketch of the grants from the crown, and Council of Plymouth, and the claims under Lidian deeds, that, out of the territory purchased of Gorges, by Massachusetts, in 1674, and the additional territory included in the charter of William and Mary, in 1691, about 2.500.000 acres were covered by previous grants, the titles under a part of which were then admitted, and the remainder have been since adjudged to be good ; and which, of course, never passed into the hands of the colony, as proprietors of the soil. These lands, with but trifling exceptions, occupy the whole of the present county of York, all the sea-coast of Cumberland, the whole of Lincoln and Waldo, the greatest part of Kennebeck, and upwards of 200,000 acres in Somerset, embracing the whole of that part of the country vi^hich was setded prior to thp
396 ANCIENT GRANTS.
war of 1756, and much tlie largest part of that which was set- tled before the revolution. The province therefore derived no benefit whatever from any sales of the lands for nearly 100 years from the first purchase, *and very little for many years afterwards.
Besides grants and Indian deeds before mentioned, which have been acknowledged to be valid, as conveying the titles to the soil of so large a portion of the State, there were several made under the authority of the cjown of France, in the epsiern part of the State, while it remained in her posses- sion. The records of these Ijowever were all removed at the final evacuation of the country by the French, and no claim has since been made to any title under them, except in one instance. Alter the revolution, while the grateful feelings of the American people towards France were at their height, and they were disposed to view, with the most favorable eye, any claims of that nation, an application was made to the govern- ment of Massachusetts, for confirmation, or indemnity, for a grant made in April, 1G91, by J^ouis XIV. of France, to Mon- sieur De La Moite Cadillac. This grant had become obsolete, and a part of the land now claimed under it was occupied under the authority of Massachusetts. The feelings of the government however, were friendly to the applicants, and their claim was admitted so far as to release, to Monsieur and Madame De Gregoire, the latter of whom was a descendant and heir of Cadillac, all the land, u'idiin its limits, which then remained at the disposal of the Commonwealth. This inclu- ded the present town of Trenton, with part of the towns of Sullivan, Ellsworth, Hancock, Eden and Mount Desert, with the Islands in front of them to the main ocean ; containing, exclusive of the lands occupied by settlers, and by grants which had been previously confirmed, about 60,000 acres.
Notwithstanding the annexation of Acadia to the province of Maine, and hs assignment to Massachusetts, by tlie charter of AVilliam and Mary ; still the titles to its soil and jurisdiction were
ANCIENT GRANTS. 397
at times contested by the French, who had made settlements at and eastward of the Penobscot. Massachusetts derived no benefit from the lands ; but was continually engaged in dis- putes and contests with the French settlers and claimants, for many years ; and there were no effective settlements nor grants of land made by the province, until near the close of the war of 1756. At this time grants were made, embracing all the towns on the navigable waters of the east side of Penobscot river, and the sea coast, from Bucksport to Machias inclusive, with the exception of the town of Jonesborough. The power of the province being restricted by the charter of 1691, these grants were conditional, being incomplete unless subsequently con- firmed by the crown ; but the troubles which preceded the revolution soon came on, and the grants remained until after the peace of 1783, when they were confirmed by Massachu- setts. The whole quantity of the land contained in them, in the aggregate, including also the French grant confirmed to De Gregoire, and the lands within them occupied by actual settlers previous to the confirmation, is stated, in the inventory of 1820, to be 354,9 1 2 acres. These returns however exhibit deficiences, which are, partly ascertained, and partly computed to be, about 46,000 acres ; making the whole of the lands, east of the Penobscot, alienated prior to the revolution, to be about 400,900 acres ; about 60,000 of which was for a claim originating prior to the charter of William and Mary.
In the w^estern parts of die State, there were other grants made during the same period. These were made absolutely, and were principally subsequent to the peace of 1763, though some were earlier. A considerable part of the whole of those granted during this period, both absolutely and conditionally, were as indemnities for claims, of various descriptions, against the Province, for military and other services ; though some W'Cre sales for present or future considerations ; and most of them were made with a view to promote immediate setdements, and actually v/ere settled to a considerable extent.
398 ANCIENT GRANTS.
These grants included all the present county of Cumberland, except the towns on the sea coast, which had been granted under Gorges and Rigby, and a few detached strips and par- cels of small amount ; with 12 townships, amounting to about 310,000 acres, in Oxford; and several tracts in York, some of which were of considerable extent, not covered by the claims under the Indian deeds and other grants, before alluded to, which occupied the prmcipal part of that county. The whole quantity contained in these grants collectively, in the western section of the State, as near as can be at present ascertained, is neai'ly 750,000 acres.
Those acquainted with the inaccuracy of a large portion of the original surveys made in all parts of the State, will perceive the difficulty of obtaining a correct account of the quantity of the lands included in the various ancient grants which have been mentioned. It might be supposed, however, that the law requiring a statement under oath, of the quantity of land, of every description, in every town, would have produced an ac- count, so far at least as respected the towns which have been sometime settled, and repeatedly surveyed, which might be relied on as perfectly accurate ; yet it is found that, in about 60 towns, respecting which there were other means of deter- mining the true quantity, the account rendered in the returns of 1820 were, in the aggregate, about 191,000 acres deficient. This deficiency has been made the basis of computing tliat of the rest ; yet, even with this aid, there is still much uncertain- ty, and different modes of computation give somewhat differ- ent results. From the method whieh is considered the most nearly accurate, it is computed that the quantity of land con- tained in the tracts wliich are now holden under tlie ancient grants from the Council of Plymouth, and those under pur- chases originally from the Indians, including also some smaller tracts intermixed with tliem, and which could not easily be ascertained separately, is not far from 2,481,000 acres ; and the quantity alienated by the Province of Massachusetts, after
ANCIENT GRANTS. S99
the charter of 1691, and prior to the peace of 1783, is com- puted to be about 1,304,500 acres ; making, in the whole quantity alienated before the territory came fully into the pos- session of the Commonweakh, 3,785,000 acres. Other modes of estimating the quantity make it about 130,000 acres less, and some make it rather more ; but the former is thought to be nearest the truth.
The local and relative positions of these several descriptions of grants, prior to 1783, so far as they have been adjudged valid, and still form the bases of the present land titles, are ex- hibited in Plate V. where they are indicated by the Roman nu- merals I. to VI.
The foregoing account, though comparatively of less moment at the present day, yet it is thought will not be uninteresting nor improper as introductory to a more specific and detailed account of the sales and grants which have been since made, and which form part of a system or systems in the political economy of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and, more recently, of the State of Maine, respecting which their citizens have, at times, felt a strong interest, and the resuhs of which may have had, and may stiH have, important relations to their fiscal concerns, and to the general wealth and resources of the State.
At the termination of the long and arduous struggle for the in- dependence of the nation, Massachusetts found herself a sover- eign State, it is true ; possessing in common with the other States, her proportion of materials for a great and powerful empire ; but at that time, exhausted by the efforts and sufferings of the war — her people borne do^vn with the w^eight of taxes — her treas- ury empty — her credit that of a bankrupt — her paper currency worth, in the market, scarcely 10 per cent of its nominal value — her commerce next to nothing — her utmost exertions barely able to discharge the ordinary expenses of government, in time of peace ; and no resources for the payment of the debts created by the war, except what might possibly be derived
400 SALES OF LANDS.
from the sales of her \\ild lands, or fi-om direct taxes on the people. Tlie latter they had already borne to the extent of their ability, and they could not be increased. The former seemed to promise some relief.
The attention of the Legislature was, at an early period, called by Governor Hancock, to the eastern lands, as a fund from which they might hope to obtain some rehef from the pres- ure of the public debt. Accordingly in 1783 a land office was es- tablished, and measures were taken to survey the lands, and open them to the market. In 1786, finding that the sales proceeded slowly — the public debt still unpaid, and accumulating — and the credit of the Commonwealth below par, the Legislature resol- ved to make an effort to redeem the public debt, by a lottery sale of 50 townships, which had been recently surveyed, be- t\veen tlie Penobscot and Passaraaqdoddy. The land intend- ed to be sold was represented by 2720 tickets, the price of each of which was fixed at £60, payable partly in specie, and partly in evidences of the public debt, or what were termed consoli- dated securities ; by which it was expected to redeem upwards of half a million dollars of the debt.
The effects of the war, however, were too recent, and the value of the lands too little known, and too lighdy esteemed, to encourage very extensive purchases at that time, and the tick- ets in tlie land lottery were not all disposed of. At the con- clusion of the sales it was found that but 437 tickets were sold, wiiich had produced the sum of £26,220, or equal to .$87,400. On the drawing of the lottery the prize lots amounted to 165,280 acres. The average price therefore received for these lands, was nearly 52 cents per acre.
The sales still continued slowly, for a number of years, until the increasing prosperity of the country, and a farther acquain- tance with the intrinsic value of land, excited the attention of purchasers and speculators ; when sales were made so exten- sively that, in 1795, tlie Legislature found it expedient to put a stop to them entirely.
SALES OF LANDS. 401
About the year 1790, the value of the lands was risihg fast in the public estimation, and the attention of those who were interested in the establishment of literary, and other public in- stitutions, was attracted towards them, as a fund from which the Legislature might easily endow those institutions, without any burden upon the community. Applications were accordingly made for those objects, and lands were readily granted.
After the sales were suspended in 1795, the thirst for spec- ulation not subsiding, and having no longer any opportunity to gratify itself, by purchasing from the Commonwealth, it incor- porated itself with the ardor which was then exhibited for the establishment and endowment of literary institutions ; and ap- plications for grants of land, for their endowment and support, increased, and were not frequently rejected. Other objects however soon came in for their share; and, for a time, the Legislature was continually, and, in general, successfully im- portuned, not only for grants to Colleges, Academies and Schools ; but to roads, bridges, canals and other purposes. A large proportion of these grants were immediately purchased of the trustees of the institutions to which they were made ; but some of them still remain in the hands of the original grantees. It was found after a time, that more land had been thrown into the market than the exigencies of the country, for the time, re- quired ; more purchases had been made with a view to a speedy profit from re-sales in smaller parcels to actual settlers,, than was sufficient to meet the demand of the increasing population ; and more families were contracted to be placed, in a given time, on the lands thus purchased, than could easily be obtained. Of course the fever for speculation abated, and the purchasers were left at leisure to employ themselves in improving the value of their property, or waiting until the progress of the popula- tion of the country should bring it again into demand.
An account of the grants and sales will be most conveniently exhibited in a tabular form— and, with a view to comprehend the whole in one connexion, a list is given, in table 1, of all, the 51
402
SALES OF LANDS.
towns and townships, as they existed iii 1 820, with a reference to the period and general origin of the titles under which the lands in them are now hold en.
TABLK I.
Statement of all the lands which have been alienated in the State of Maine prior to the year 18'£0.
The quantity stated in the towns which were alienated before and during the revolutionary war, ar^.d the quanticy granted in small parcels, is from the inventories of towns, taken by order of the Legisla- ture in the year 1820 — the (juantity sold and granted between the years 1783 and 1820, with the names of the several original gr.intees, is from the records of the Luid Ollfice, and Acts nnd Resolves of the Legisla- ture of Massachusetts — except some few instances of small grants, and others, quantity uncertain, whijh are included in tiie return of towns in 1820. It is known, however, that in many of the towns the number of acres returned in the inventory of 1820, is less than the true num- ber This error, as far as it is known, is carried into the recapitula- tion at the end of the table, under the title of ascertained deficiency. From the known deficiencies, an estiuKite is made for those which are unknown, in cases where circumstances appeared to require it ; and this is carried into the table, under the title of computed deficiency. Il will be seen, therefore, that as a part of the amount is a matter of estimate, there may be some errors in the result; but it is believed that they cannot b6 very extensive.
YORK COUNTY.
Towns.
Biddeford
Elliot
Kittery
Kennebunk
Saco
Wells
York
Kennebunk-Port
Acres
15.608^
lL-239
11.160
17.414
19.720 }
28.379
31.788
135.308^ 18.953 Crown prop'rs. & Ind. grants,
Original Titles.
Ancient grants from Crown and Lords proprietors.
Alfred
Berwick
Buxton
Cornish
Hollis
Lebanon
Lyman
Limerick
Limington
12.0581
25.709
22.617
10,388
26.260
23.558
21.630
12.683
23.375 ;
Chiefly or wholly Indian deeds, adjudged valid.
SALES OF LANDS.
463
|
Toions. |
Acres. |
Original Titles. |
|
Newfield |
14.427' |
|
|
Parsonsfield |
29.502 |
|
|
Shapleigh |
43.212 |
|
|
San fold |
20.015 |
Chiefly or wholly Indian |
|
South Berwick |
9.655 |
s deedSj adjudged valid. |
|
Waterborough |
26.358 |
|
|
321.587 |
||
|
Total of the County, |
475.848 , |
|
|
CUMBERLAND COUNTY |
||
|
Cape Elizabeth |
12.881 ^ |
|
|
Falmouth |
14.918 |
|
|
Portland |
2.158 |
|
|
Scarborough |
30.634 |
|
|
Westbrook |
17.063 |
Ancient Crown, Proprietors and Indian grants. |
|
Freeport |
18.661 |
|
|
North Yarmouth |
35.373 |
|
|
Pownal |
12.224 |
|
|
143.912 |
1 |
|
|
Brunswick |
23.909^ 12 873 |
|
|
Danville |
||
|
Durham Harpswell |
16.091 11.495 |
> Indian deeds. |
|
64.368 |
||
|
Baldwin |
44.867^ |
^ |
|
Bridgeton |
25.590 |
|
|
Gorham |
26.387 |
|
|
Gray |
25.256 |
|
|
Harrison |
21.271 |
|
|
Minot |
35.561 |
|
|
New Gloucester |
25.373 |
|
|
Otisfield |
28.075 |
Province grants from 1691 |
|
Poland |
26.958 |
to 1783, including some |
|
Raymond |
32.057 |
small parcels since 1783. |
|
S;andish |
40.779 |
|
|
Windham |
28.249 |
360.423
Thomp. pnd. pi. & small ^ ^^^ tracts not inc. above '
Total of the County, 575.689
404
SALES OF LANDS.
LINCOLN COUNTY.
|
Towns. |
Acres. |
Original Titles. |
|
Alna |
12.001 ^ |
Ancient Crowns and Propri |
|
Part of Bowdoinham |
21.681 |
etor's grants. |
|
Part of Bowdoin |
13.28J |
|
|
Dresden |
17.234 |
|
|
Litchfield |
24.667 |
|
|
Part of Jefferson |
15.580 |
|
|
Part of Lisbon |
12.769 |
' Kennebeck Purchase. |
|
Part of New Castle |
7.564 |
|
|
Wales |
7.697 |
|
|
Whitefield |
19.229 |
|
|
Wiscasset |
9.117 160.820 J |
|
|
Cushing |
9.820" |
|
|
Friendship |
7.178 |
|
|
St. George |
8.303 |
|
|
Thomaston |
20.377 |
|
|
Part of Union |
15.110 5> Waldo Patent. |
|
|
Part of Waldoboro' |
24.798 |
|
|
Warren |
23.717 |
|
|
109.303^ |
\ |
|
|
Biistol |
29.379^ |
|
|
Boothbay |
16.022 |
|
|
Edgecomb |
12.404 |
|
|
Part of Jefferson |
7.790 |
|
|
Part of New Castle |
7.565 |
|
|
Putnam |
18.575 |
> Mixed Claims. |
|
Nobleborough |
14.995 |
|
|
Part of Union |
7.555 |
|
|
Part of Waldoboro' |
24.798 |
|
|
138.983 |
||
|
Bath |
7.015^ |
|
|
Part of Bowdoinham |
10.841 |
|
|
Part of Bowdoin |
13.281 |
|
|
Georgetown |
12 305 J> Indian Deeds. |
|
|
Part of Lisbon |
12.768 |
1 |
|
Lewiston |
17.606 |
|
|
Phipsburgh |
13.085 |
] |
SALES OF LANDS,
405
Totam.
Topsham
Woolwich
LINCOLN COUNTY— CONCLUDED.
Acres. Original Titles
21.833
Jn or near Jefferson
19.963
127.897 11.520
Indian Deeds.
Grant to Lincoln Academy,
Total of the County, 543.523
The fractions ot towns as^signed to the several descriptions of grants, are conjectural divisions, troin an inspection of the Map, and cannot be depended on for accuracy as to the divisions, l»ut tliis does not affect the accuracy K)f the aggregate.
There may be some small tracts not included, and the half township to Lincoln Academy may or may not be correctly added.
WALDO COUNTY.
|
Appleton |
13.009"^ |
Ancient Crown Grants. |
|
Belfast |
24.357 |
|
|
Belmont |
19.694 |
|
|
Brooks |
13.744 |
|
|
Camden |
24.062 |
|
|
Frankfort |
31.463 |
|
|
Hope |
17.619 |
|
|
Islesborough |
6.747 |
|
|
Jackson |
15.697 |
|
|
Lincolnville |
19.093 |
|
|
Liberty Monroe |
21.140 21.941 |
> Waldo Patent. |
|
Knox |
15.642 |
|
|
Montville |
16.024 |
|
|
Northport |
16.129 |
|
|
Prospect |
21.569 |
|
|
Swanville |
24.747 |
|
|
Searsmont |
23.355 |
|
|
Thorndike |
30.519 |
|
|
Waldo |
6.214 |
|
|
382.765 |
||
|
Burnham |
13.920^ 13.302 [ 23.119 ( 19.141 J |
|
|
Freedom |
||
|
Palermo |
||
|
Unity |
||
|
69.482 |
||
|
Troy |
21.681 sold since 1783, to W. Brooks |
|
|
and others. |
||
|
Total of the County, |
473.928 |
406
SALES Cf LAISDS.
Towns.
Bluehill
Brooksville
Bucksport
Castine
Eden
Mount Desert
Trenton
Gouldsborough
Orland
Penobscot
Sedgwick
Sullivan
Surrv
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Acres. Original 7'itks.
28.472]
14.337 I Province grants, and to set- 37.435 f tiers.
3.810 j 17.166 1
25.527 > Chiefly anc. French grant. 17.101 j '
31.561 26.297 13.799 I Province grants and to set-
14.124 12.831 12.763
tiers.
|
255.223 |
Sales and Grants since 1783 |
|
|
Deer Mq |
18.420 |
To settlers ehiefly. |
|
Ellsworth |
46.886 |
Leonard Jarvis and others. |
|
Vinalhaven |
16.373 |
Settlers. |
|
No. 8, N. of Ellsworth |
45.000 |
L. Jarvie and others. |
No. 20 26 27 8 and 9 14 15
Total in inventory ) of 1820 i
132 small islands in 1 Lincoln, Hancock ! and Washington, j sold before 1820. \
44 small islands chief- ; ly in Hancock and Washington, sold since 1820, per re- solves bef that time
Lands sold by lottery in various towns in Hancock & Wash.
126.679 23.478 7 22.856 24.864 1 22.039 ! Lottery and Bingham include
|
23.024 20.694 |
ed in inventory |
|
136.955 |
. |
|
518.857 |
|
|
29.275 Sundry persons. |
|
|
2.270 Sundry persons. |
|
|
165.280 |
Sundry persons in |
1787
SALES OF LANDS.
407
HANCOCK COUNTY— CONCLUDE©.
Towns.
Acres.
Original Titles.
Residue of Lottery"] townships sold to! ^jQ^.3^g
Wm. Bingham, in f
Hancock &c Wash. J Reserved lands in 9 \
towns" in Hancock, >
gx. to Harvard Col. ) Additional to settlers (
in Steuben, &,c. j Reserved lands in 3 \
towns in Wash'gt'n >
gr. to Harvard Col. j 34 small islands in 1
Hancock & Wash. !
sold by Massachu. (
since division j
Do. by Maine, supposed
2.700
1.43:
900
2.023
2.023
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
|
Addison |
17.766") 18.070 I |
|
Harrington |
|
|
Steuben Machias |
^2 977 i^ Province Grants. |
|
99.689, |
|
|
Sales and Grants since 1783 |
|
|
Baring |
19.130 |
|
Columbia |
24.407 |
|
Calais |
22.702 Waterman Thomas. |
|
Cherryfield |
27.003 |
|
Charlotte |
2t).734 John Locke and others. |
|
Cutler |
30.431 Washington Acad. &, others |
|
Cooper |
25.120 |
|
Dennysville |
27.350 B. Lincoln. |
|
Eastport Lubec |
10 457 \ ^^^^^^^* ^"^ others. |
|
Perry |
17.032 B. Lincoln. |
|
Jonesborough |
42.874 J. C. Jones and others. |
|
Robbinston |
16.154 E. H. Robbins and others |
|
Trescott |
19.030 |
|
Whiting ^ |
33.000 John Allen and others. |
|
Alexander |
26.000 |
408
SALES OF LANDS.
WASHINGTON COUNTY— continued Towns. Acres. Original Titles.
No. 7 21.960
No. 10 17.130 Aaron Hobart.
|
402.307 |
|
|
Add, for deficiency > Steuben, &c. ) |
35.149 |
|
Total in settled towns |
437.456 |
|
No. 23 |
18.570 |
|
13 |
23.040 |
|
14 |
26.240 |
|
18 |
21.160 |
ro.440
Not taxed. 1, 4th range, Schoodic 3, 2d do.
J3, 1st do.
1, 1st do.
2, 3d do.
5, 1st ra. N. Lottery lands
6, 1st do. do. 1-2 t'ship near Sch. lakes Adjoining do. Near do. Eastport and Lubec Whiting On Eastern Boundary
line, N. of Monument.
FIRST RANGE.
1-2 township, 1-2 do. do.
Houlton plant, do. 1 township, do.
1-2 do. do.
1-2 township 1-2 do. Adjoining do. Mars Hill
SECOND RANGE.
1 township 23.040
1 township 23.040
1-2 do 11.520
1-2 do 11.520
040 040 770 050 520 520 520 520 500 520 564 500
520 520 520 040 520 520 520 000 040
Part to Bluehill Acadeniv.
Williams College, B. Talmadge S. Hinkley. Justin Ely. Hingham Academy Amherst Academy. Lenox Academy. Heirs of T. Danforth Amasa Smith. Hampden Academy. Settlers. Settlers.
Westford Academy. Groton Academy. New Salem Academy. Williams College. Framingham Academy. Portland Academy. Bridgew?ter Academy, Lemuel Cox. Approp. to soldiers.
Town of Plymouth. Mass. Agricultural Society. Limerick Academy. Belfast A cademv.
SALES OF LANDS.
409
WASHINGTON COUNTY— concluded. Towns. Acres. Original Titles.
SFCOND RANGE.
1-2 township 1-2 do. part do.
Total not settled Steuben \
Harrrington / Addison j
Columbia, part of,
From Lottery and 1
Bingham lands, !
in Hancock and f
Washington j
Deduct six ^
townships
taxed sep- S 136.955 arately in Hancock &. 10 towns taxed sep- arately in Washing- ton, J Balance of Bingham ") Lottery lands to be [ add. to sales, &-C. in ^
11.520 Deerfield Academy. 11.520 Westfield Academy. 10.000 Gen. Wm. Eaton.
389.424
20.506 Settlers. 14.643 John Peck. 35.149
1.272.676
233.090 370.045
902.631
Hancock &l Wash- ington. 3
KENNEBECK COUNTY.
Augusta 36.011
Belgrade 15.680
Clinton 31.145
China 9.560
Harlem 14.064 , _,, , -,
Dearborn 10. 1 6 1 (^ Plyn^o^th Company grant.
Fairfax 20.874
Gardiner 20.884
Hallowell 24.328
Monmouth 24.520 ^
i>^i
|
41U |
SALES OF ] |
LANDS. |
|
KENNEBECK COUNTY— concluded. |
||
|
T'owns. |
Acres. Original Titles |
|
|
Mount Vernon |
11.567^ |
|
|
Pittston |
16.776 |
|
|
Readfield |
19.S:rO |
|
|
Rome |
19 379 |
|
|
Sidney |
23.445 |
|
|
Vassal borough |
26.-204 |
|
|
Water ville |
17.929 |
)• Plymouth Company gra |
|
Winthrop |
23.000 |
|
|
Winslow |
21.703 |
|
|
Windsor |
18.819 |
|
|
405.819 |
[ Mixed titles. |
|
|
Greene Leeds |
17.611 2! 919 |
39.530
Farmington New Sharon Chesterville Vienna Fayette
Surphis in acct. of sales of above three towns Wiyne Wilton Temple
Sales^ Sfc. since 1783. 27.538 Dummer Sewall and others. 25'782 Prince Baker and others. 16.9521 Dummer Sewall
12.162 17206
17.451
9.212 22.544 18.020
166.867
Prescott & Whittier, and others.
William Tyng and others. William Phillips, jr.
Total returned in 1820 612.316
OXFORD COUNTY.
|
Bethel |
24.278 |
|
|
Gilead |
14.345 |
|
|
Fryeburgh |
26.549 |
|
|
Hebron |
36.221 |
|
|
Jay ^nd Canton |
20.643 |
> Province grants |
|
Livermore |
27.435 |
|
|
Lovell |
20.9(.5 |
|
|
Sweden Paris |
16.525 23.971 |
SALES OF LANDS.
411
OXFORD COUNTY— CONTINUED.
Town.\
Turner
Rumford
Waterford
Original Title i
|
282.593 |
|
|
Andover |
29.433 |
|
Albany |
14.153 |
|
Brownfield |
28.866 |
|
Buckfield |
15.959 |
|
Berlin and No. 6 |
27.650 |
|
Carthage |
23.250 |
|
Denmark |
27.623 |
|
Greenwood |
22.574 |
|
Hiram |
13.612 |
|
Hartford |
19.821 |
|
Sumner |
15.713 |
|
Dixfield |
19.130 |
|
Mexico |
12.712 |
|
Norway |
25.022 |
|
Newry |
32.775 |
|
Peru |
21.499 |
|
Porter |
15.693 |
|
Woodstock |
24.192 |
|
Weld |
32.775 |
|
Howard's Gore |
2.012 |
|
Fryeburgh Addition |
1.199 |
|
Bradley and Eastman's |
2.800 |
|
428.076 |
Acres.
31.359 19.170
■* [> Province grants
Sales, S^c. since 1783. Samuel Johnson and others. Joseph Holt cind others. T. Cutler and others.
A. Burk and others.
S. Wetmore and J. Abbot.
B. Ames.
i Fryeburg Aacademy, Lowell ] Foster, &lc. &lc
Phillips Acjid^my and als.
P. Wadsworth and als.
■ J. Parkhurst and others.
J. Holman and others.
Lee, Rust, and others.
Sarah Bostwick
J. Thompson and others.
J. Hill and others.
Dummer Academy and als.
T. Russell, jr.
P. Howard.
Taxed in 1820, but tiot settled.
Small tracts 4.147
Township No. 7 23.937
No. 8 25.412
Hamlin's Grant 1.270
N. Surplus of Andover 15.960
W. .Surplus do. 1L696
A. No. 1 26.165
A. No. 2 28.507
Fryeburg Academy. John Derby. Sarah Waldo. C. Hamlin. John Richards. S. Johnson and other? Phebe Ketchum. J. J. Holmes.
412
SALES OF LANDS.
Towns.
OXFORD COUNTY— coNCLuiiED.
Acres. Original Titles.
|
B. |
25.600 |
Hounsfield and Davis. |
|||
|
C. |
21074 |
Ann S. Davis. |
|||
|
D. |
20.500 |
J. Gardner. |
|||
|
E. |
20.600 |
J. Cummins. |
|||
|
. 1, |
1st: |
range |
224.868 |
||
|
No |
22.552 |
Moses Abbot. |
|||
|
2, |
do. |
do. |
22.««80 |
Thomas Sevvise. |
|
|
3, |
do. |
do. |
29.440 |
do. |
|
|
^% |
do. |
do. |
|||
|
% |
2d |
range |
23.040 |
John Peck. |
|
|
3, |
do |
do |
30.720 |
W. &L G. Gilbert. |
|
|
2, |
3d |
range |
21.000 |
John Peck. |
|
|
8, |
do. |
do. |
2l,0'J0 |
Ed. Bldke, jr. |
|
|
4, |
do. |
do. |
21.000 |
Dunhip &L Grant, |
|
|
5, |
4th |
range |
23.040 |
Josiah Uuincy. |
|
|
5, |
do. |
do. |
23.436 |
Samuel Watkinson. |
|
|
462.176 |
|
Tmniships ^^c. not in |
||
|
inventory o/1820. |
||
|
1-2 No. 1, 3d range |
11.520 |
Canaan Academy. |
|
1-2 1, 4th do. |
11520 |
Bath Academy. |
|
5, 2d do. |
20.904 |
Huntingdon &l Pitkin. |
|
5, 3d do. |
22.717 |
Abel Cutler. |
|
5, 5th do. |
5.760 |
Hallowell Academy. |
|
do. do. do. |
11.520 |
Farmington Academy. |
|
Surplus of C. |
12.206 |
John Peck. |
|
Tract S. ofGilead |
28.822 |
Josiah Bachelder. |
Tract between Hart- ford and Livermore
Sundry small grants not before included
9 islands in Androscog
1.286 Monmouth Free School.
8.200 Various persons. .214 Monmouth Academy.
134.669
SALES OF LANDS.
413
SOMEKSET COUNTY.
|
Towna, |
Acres, |
Original Titles. |
|
Bloomfield |
11.2821 |
|
|
Cdnaan |
26.920 |
|
|
l-5th Cornville |
5.520 |
|
|
Eastpond plantation |
1.255 |
|
|
Industry |
12.462 |
|
|
Fairfield |
27.347 |
|
|
l-5th Madison |
5.769 |
|
|
Mercer Norridgewock |
15.869 23.381 |
-Plymouth Company grant. |
|
Pittsfield |
31.428 |
|
|
Starks |
23.117 |
|
|
Sebasticook plan, say |
5.000 |
|
|
Adj. Hartland, say |
4.00w |
|
|
193.350 |
||
|
■^ |
Sold and granted since 1"*83 |
|
|
Abbot |
3.708 Bowdoin College. |
|
|
Anson |
13.078 Samuel Titcomb. |
|
|
Athens |
23.608 Berwick Academy. |
|
|
Avon |
26.048 John Phillips. |
|
|
4-5ths Cornville |
22.080 Moses Barnard and others |
|
|
Corinna |
21.509 John Warren. |
|
|
Embden |
19.742 Taunton Academy. |
|
|
Freeman New Portland |
24 689 \ ^'^^^^^^^ of Falmouth. |
|
|
Harmony |
20.026 Hallowell Academy. |
|
|
Hartland |
34.264 John Warren. |
|
|
4-5ths Madison |
23.078 Moses Barnard and others. |
|
|
Monson, say |
23.040 Hebron and Monson Acads |
|
|
New Vineyard |
30.838 Smith and Knowlton. |
|
|
Phillips |
22.401 Jacob Abbot. |
|
|
Parkman |
68.743 Samuel Parkman. |
|
|
Palmyra |
27.177 John Warren. |
|
|
Ripley |
28.673 John S. Fary. |
|
|
Solon |
20.625 Prop's, of Warren & Groton. |
|
|
Strong |
22.279 Reed and Eaton. |
|
|
St. Albans |
28.802 John Warren. |
|
|
No. 5, 2nd range |
12.540 } |
Monmouth Acad., J. Barrett and others. |
483.899
414
SALES OF LANDS.
Towns,
SOMERSET COUNTY— CONCLUDED.
Acres. Original Titles
|
Bingham |
19.362 |
||
|
Brighton |
22.425 |
||
|
Concord |
19.360 |
||
|
Kingfield say |
29.2-20 |
||
|
Moscow |
23.000 |
||
|
No. 2, 1st range, A |
V. sid( |
i 12.540 |
|
|
125.907 |
|||
|
Residue Bingham |
pure. |
874.L'93 |
|
|
No, 8, 8th range |
23.040 |
Samuel Parkmau. |
|
|
8, 9th do. |
3.000 |
Mass Medical Society. |
|
|
do. do. |
11. .520 |
Heirs of Wm. Vaughan. |
|
|
do. do. |
5,760 |
Saco Free Bridges, |
|
|
9, do. do. |
i 3.000 |
Wm. C. Whitney. |
|
|
^ 20.040 |
Mass. Medical Society. |
||
|
No, 7 and 8, 10th |
range |
46.080 |
Bowdoin College. |
|
No 9, 10th range |
11 520 |
Saco Academy. |
|
|
do. do |
5.760 |
do. Free Bridge. |
|
|
1-2 No. 1, 1st do N. of B |
. 11.520 |
Tiiunton and Riynham. |
|
|
2, 1st do. |
11520 |
Sandwich Academy. |
|
|
5, 3d do. |
23.040 |
Sandy bay pier Company. |
|
|
1, 4th do. |
23.040 |
Town of Plymouth. |
|
|
2, 4th do. |
7.680 |
Town of Pittston. |
|
|
Near 3Iooschead Lake |
|||
|
1 Township |
23 040 |
Prop's. Kennebeck purchase. |
|
|
2 do. |
46.080 |
Prop's. Middlesex Canal. |
|
|
1-2 do. |
PEN< |
11.520 |
Day's Academy. |
|
287.160 |
|||
|
3BSCOT COUNTY. |
|||
|
Bangor |
18.740^ |
Since 1783. |
|
|
Hampden |
22.288 |
||
|
Hermon |
24.360 |
Grant to proprietors of Waldo |
|
|
Newburgh |
17.497 |
► patent to make up deficien- cy 43.832, and residue to settlers.* |
|
|
82.8H5 |
|||
*About 8200 acres of the lands, in these four towns reserved for settlers, Lave reverted to the Ooramdn wealth, and were divided between Maine and Massachusetts, 2lst Mav J 828.— See Table 4.
SALES OF LANDS.
415
PENOBSCOT COUNTY— CONTINUED.
Towns.
Acres.
|
Atkinson |
23017 |
|
Brewer ) Orrincrton } |
23.708 |
|
11.759 |
|
|
Browuville |
21.320 |
|
Blakesburgh, say Carrnel |
23 040 22.623 |
|
Corinth |
23.010 |
|
Charleston |
24,794 |
|
Dixmont |
21.284 |
|
Button |
22 692 |
|
Dover |
22.444 |
|
Dexter |
25.522 |
|
Exeter |
22 682 |
|
Eddington Etna |
9.834 25.708 |
|
Foxcroft |
17.915 |
|
Guilford |
6.633 |
|
Garland |
22.536 |
|
Jarvis Gore |
15.000 |
|
Kirkland |
23.085 |
|
Levant |
22 325 |
|
Maxfield |
10.950 |
|
Milo |
21.920 |
|
Newport Orono |
21.104 21.946 |
|
Sebec |
22.228 |
|
Sangerville Sunkhare plantation |
24.2 J 6 13.139 |
|
Williamsburgh No. 4, E of Penobscot |
23.204 3.795 |
|
Stetson plantation |
23.040 |
|
Kilmarnock |
20.625 |
Original Titles.
E. Sigourney Moses Knapp and others. Brown and Fowler. Brown and Hills. J. Blake. M Kinsley. John Peck. John Lowell. Bowdoin College. H. Jackson. Hallowell and Lowell. Amos Bond and others. Marblehead Academy. Jonathan Eddy and others^ Bowdoin College. Bowdoin College. Bowdoin College. Williams College. Leonard Jarvis and others. H. Jackson. William Wetmore. Bridgeton Academy Jonathan Hastings. David Green. Settlers and others. Bowdoin College. John S. Fary. Settlers and others. William Dodd. J. Brackett and others. Leicester Academy. Boyd, Weston and others.
637 148
Townships taxed, and not settled in 1820.
No. 1, 6th range
Oxf. pi. adj. Kilmarnock
No. 3, 8th range
5, 9th do.
2, 2d do. N. of) Lottery lands ]
23 040 J. P. Boyd.
11.520 R. Gilmore and others.
11.520 W. C. Whitney and others.
23 040 Town of Boston.
11.520 J, E. Foxcroft.
416
SALES OF LANDS.
PENOBSCOT COUNTY— coNCLTOED.
Towns. Acres.
3, 2d Lottery hnds. 33.040
6,9th do. N > „ ...^
Waldo patent } **'^^"
No. 7, 8th raage 23.040
Original Titles. Williams College. Warren Academy. Thomas Monkhouse.
|
138.240 |
||
|
Townships not taxed. |
||
|
Gore adj. Eddington |
LOOO |
T. Harding. |
|
No. J , west side Penob |
..5<>5 |
Settlers |
|
No. 2 and 3, w. do. |
5.000 |
John Bennock. |
|
Residue of No. 3, do. |
29.164 |
Waterville College. |
|
No. 4, do. Orono |
9.303 |
Sundry persons. |
|
No. 1, eaet side do. |
961 |
Settlers and others. |
|
Cold stream pi |
5.000 |
Joseph Treat. |
|
No. 6, 4th range, N. of Lottery lands |
1 5.760 |
Prop'rs. Duck trap bridgf |
|
Not taxed |
56.693 |
|
|
SUMMARY. |
Land in the towns and plantations settled and incorporated before the year 1820.
|
COLNTIKS. |
Ac.es |
sq. miles. |
i.opu. per sq. mile yi 1320. |
|
York |
623 432 |
818 |
49t |
|
Cumberland |
632.559 |
987 |
50t |
|
Lincoln |
602.113 |
940 |
49t |
|
Waldo |
519 901 |
811 |
27t |
|
Kennebeck |
670.425 |
1.047 |
38f |
|
Somerset |
87L949 |
1.360 |
16t |
|
Oxford |
786.385 |
1228 |
22t |
|
Penobscot |
739.428 |
1.142 |
12t |
|
Hancock |
544.379 |
850 |
22 |
|
Washington |
665.025 |
1.239 |
lOf |
Total in settled towns Average population for
16.555.596110 230, the whole State - - - -
29t
8 2-3
STATEMENT OF LANDS.
RECAPITULATIO]^,
417
COUNTIES.
Aces inj Acres n towns towns granted holden prior to iun. prov
1692, andlincesrts
Acres i!i t'\vns,&,c sold and granted since 1783
mix'd gr. froni 1692 settl'd be- & Maims to 1783 'fore 1820.
Acses re-l Acres in turned in| townsh. valuation sold and of 1820 in I granted f slips notjsiu. 1783 set. sold, but not 1 gi.si.l783| taxed. 1
TOTALS.
York
Computed deficiency
Total
1475.848
47.584
15237432
Cumberland Computed deficiency Total
|208.280|360.423' 6.9861
I 20.827| 86.043!
i229T[ 07| 3967466 679861
Lincoln
Cbmputed deficiency
Total
536.9031
53.690
59075931
11.520
11.520
Waldo
Computed deficiency
Total
452.9281
45.292
498.'"22ol
21.681 1
21.6811
Kennebeck Ascertained defiic'y. Computed deficiency. Total
445.349} 36.7501112.666 I 17.451 3.675
Somerset
Ascertained defic'y. Computed deficiency 6 towns in Bingham-
Tract Residue of Bingham-
Tract Total
44.534
1 4997883 'T9373'50
19.335
212.685
40.425: 130.117
483.899 49.458
125.907
66.360
220.800
Oxford
Ascertained defic'y. Computed deficiency Total
874.093 65&. 264 940.4^ 282.593 428.076 224.868
47.457
28.259
220.800 r34.669
310.852|475.533 224.868!l34.669
Penobscot Ascertained defic'y. Total
82.885i637.148jl38.240j 56.693 I 19.3951
82.885 656.543 138.2401 56.693
Hancock
6 towns in Lottery &
Bingham lands Computed deficiency Total
255.223 126.679
25.522 2Sa745i
136.955 263.634
2.700
523.432
632.559
602.113
519.901
670.425
2.033.202
.145.922
934.361
2.700 547.079
* Tl ere were a number of grants in York, which should properly be included under tliis lea'l, bit tbeir amount bein^ difficult to ascertain with any tolerable precision Ihese are \\i earned inrotlie aggregate of the pjeceding column.
53
418 LOTTERY LANDS.
RECAPITULATION— CONCLUDED.
|
COUNTIES. |
Acres in Acres n town's town? granted holtien prior to un. prov- 1692, anrtlincc srr'ts mix'd gr .from 1692 & claims. 1 to 1783 |
Acres i:i wns .&c Mjld and granted since 17&3 settl'd be- fore 1820. |
Acres rr - turned ir. valuation ot 1820 in t'ships n't set., sold, trr.si.i783 |
A cres in tjwnsb. ! sold and'i granted TOTALS. sin. 1783 but not taxed. |
||
|
Washington Towns in Lottery and Bingham lands Ascertained defic'y. |
99.689 274.8061 96.430 233.090 20.506, 36.934| 120."l9.5|544.830 96.430 |
551.748 |
||||
|
Total |
551.748 |
1.313.203 |
||||
|
Hancock and Wasli. Residue of Lottery & Bingham lands |
902.631 |
902.631 |
||||
|
Lincoln, Hancock & Washington 166 small islands |
31.298 |
31.298 |
Divided and assigned to Massachusetts since the separation
Maine Undivided lands north of the Monument line, estimated (91 small islands, containing about 8970 acres, are among the lands divided since the separation.)
9.856.126 2.486.602 2.515.512 6.305.040
481.037 1 304.4.51 2 770 1
08| 2.302,622|
'08| 21.163.280 or, 33.067 square miles and 400 acres.
The lands sold by lottery, were described by a plan of each township, exhibiting the lots to be drawn, according to which they were afterwards to be surveyed and holden. The tickets, to which the lots were respectively drawn, were declared to be sufficient conveyance and evidence of the title, without any other record than that of the drawing of the lottery. It was afterwards provided that holders of prize tickets, to which were drawn detached lots, distributed through a number of town- ships, might, if they chose, combine in sufficient numbers to take up whole townships, of wliich deeds should be given in exchange for their tickets. Under this provision, a sufficient Bumber combined to take up tlie whole of 4 townships near Machias, viz. townships numbered 13, 14, 15, and 18, in the east division. These surrendered their tickets and received deeds of conveyance in exchange. The residue still held the lands as originally drawn.
LOTTERY LANDS. 419
An account of the number of acres still remaining, as drawn in each township ; with those conveyed in the townships above mentioned in exchange ; and the names of the persons by whom they were originally drawn, is given in table 2. It must be remarked, however, that in the account of the drawing and exchanges of tickets, there appears to be some instances in which the exchanges were not perfectly completed, or cor- rectly recorded, and this may be the occasion of some errors. The table however, will assist those who may be interested, to ascertain and correct such errors, and it will have some other uses both to individuals and to the public.
TABLE II.
Statement of lands sold by Lottery 12th October 1787, in townships in the north, middle, and east divisions of townships between Pe- nobscot and Passamaquodd)' rivers*
Names of Original owners. No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres.
NORTH DIVISION. John Hart 160
rr, 7- AT o Samuel Abbot 160
Township No. 2. Benjamm Tappan 160
Silas Morten 320 Justin Ely 320
Justin Ely 160 Enos Hitchcock 160
Elisha Fuller 3840 George Cotton 160
EpKraim May 160
David Cobb ' 160 Total 1280
Abigail Webb 160 Township No. o.
Heirs ot Sylvester Gardner ^60 ^ilHam Saxton 160
rr . I Aaaf\ Phineas Wait 160
Total 4960 0,^^.^^ pj^^jp^ j^^
m 7. Ttr o Theodore Sedgwick 160
Township No. 3. j^^^^^^ p^^j^^ ^^^
Nicholas P. Tillinghast 160 Thomas Cogswell 160
Timothy Ware Hall 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 160 Total 1440
Total 480 Township No. 6.
Dan'l. Jackson «fe Th.Vose 160 Toumship No. 4. Nathaniel White 160
David Cobb 160 Total 320
420
LOTTERY LANDS.
Names of Original owerg.
No. Acres. Names of Oriofinal owners.
MIDDLE DIVISION,
Township No. 14. Jonathan Dwight 320
Township No. 20.
Township No. 15.
Joseph Fiske John Lowell Ebenezer Oliver
1280 320 320
1920
William Pierpont Ephraim Judson Nathaniel White Benjamin Hinds
320 320 320 320
Township No. 16.
Township iVo. 21.
Israel Evans 320
Ebenezer Williams 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320 Joseph Hudson 320
Artemas Ward 320
640 320
Dorothy Foster Jona. Hamlinton, Ivory > Hovey &l John Lord ) Charles Lowell 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Township No. 22. 1440
Hugh Maxwell Rufus G. Armory John Atkinson
1440
17.
Township No Children of Reuel Baldwin 320
Township No. 23.
TT 1- . TT * T J ..^n Nicholas Easton
Hamlmton, Hovey & Lord 640 j^^j^^^ ^^^^,^^^
Joseph Pennyman 160 ^^^^^^^ ^^jj
Luther Thomas 320 ^
Harvard College 320
320 320 320
960
320 160 480
960
Township No. 18.
Sampson V. S. Wilder Cornelius Fellows Andrew Sigourney William Morse Nathaniel Freeman
Township No. 19.
Robert and Alex. Barr Justin Ely Joshua Howard Rufus G. Amorv
1760 Township No. 24.
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 640 Elijah Dean 640 Charles Gleason 320 Waterman Thomas 320 Rufus G. Amory 320 Timothy Newell
Joseph Wales
2240 John Atkinson, jr. Charles Lowell
Township No. 25.
640 160
640
640 John Hall
Robert and Alex. Barr
2080 Nancy Quincy
160 160 160 640 160 160 160 640 160
2400
160 160 160
LOTTERY LANDS.
421
Names of Original owners.
Amherst Mann
Nc. Acres. Names of Original owners.
No. Acres.
1280
1760
Township No. 26.
320 320
Theodore Sedgwick Timothy Smith & Ths. > Bass )
Patrick M'Namara 320
Nathaniel French 320
Township No. 31.
Ebenezer Oliver 320
Nicholas P.Tillinghast 160 Josh. Howard 6l Wm. Hall 160
Elnathan Haskell 160
Samuel Stone 320
Justin Ely 320
Township No. 27.
Rufus G. Armory William White William Kneeland Jonathan Glover Abel King Frederic W. Geyer
1280
160 640 160 160 160 160
1440
Township No. 28.
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Ephraim May 160
Moses Bullen 160
Township No. 29.
Hodijah Baylies William Pierpont Jonathan Dwight
640
160
160
1280
Township No. 32.
Benjamin Greene Heirs of S. Gardner Enoch Greenieaf Rufus G. Amery
Township No. 33.
Zenas Parsons Simeon Lord John Glover
Township No. 34.
Township No. 30. 1600
Ephraim Lane Harvard College Justin Ely Samuel Brazer Nathan Patch Paul Litchfield Jonathan Dwight Thomas Vose & Daniel Jackson
1280 800 160 160 640 640 160
640
4480
Elnathan Haskell Abiathar Leonard Samuel Hunt Joseph Wales
Township No. 35.
Edmund Gale Thomas Hartshorne
1440
1920 160 160 800
3040
1920 160 160
2240
160 320 160 160
800
160 160
320
Township No. 36.
Noah Heaton 160
Henry Sibley 160
Robert and Alex. Barr 160 Benj. Hurd&Ben.Hurdjr. 160 Josh. Howard & Wm. Hall 160
422
LOTTERY LAISDS.
Names af Original owners.
William Selby
No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres.
160 William Gushing 160
Township No. 37.
960
Toionship No. 43.
320
Robert and Alex. Barr 160
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 640
John Tillet 160
Abijah Hammond 640
Moses Bullen 160
Theodore Sedgwick 160
Joseph Hudson 160
Joseph Willard 320
Abraham &l J. W. Q,uincy 160
John Atkinson, jun. 320
Township No. 38.
Leonard Vassal Borland
Harvard College
Th. Marshall & Josiah
,Bridge Richard Bagnall Samuel Tufte John Tillet Ephraim Judson Ephraim May Thomas Cogswell
Township No. 39.
Jonathan Glover
William McKendry
John Palmer
John Hart
Anna Cabot Lowell and Sarah Champney Low- ell
1920
1280 160
160
160 160 160 160 160 640
3040
160 160 160 160
640
EAST DIVISION.
Township No. 7.
Harvard College Ann duincy
Thomas Clark and Ap- i pleton Prentiss j
960
160 320
1280
1760
Township No. 13.
Frederick William Geyer 960
Charles Turner 320
Caleb Gannet 320
John Deverell 160
James Mellen 320
Edmund Sawyer 160
Harvard College 320
Township No. 14.
Frederic Wm Edward Bass Joseph Fisk William Brown
Geyer
2560
2560 320 320 320
Township No. 40. 1280 Sam'l. Warren &1.3. Brewer 320 Joseph Barrel! 320
Joseph Pennyman 1920
John Atkinson, Jr. 160
Samuel Clarke 160
Joseph Hiller 640
2880 Townsnip No. 41.
John Loring 160
Township No. 15.
Thorn. &L Wm. Davis Andrew Sigourney Aiiron Brown John Lathrop
4160
320 320 160 160
LOTTEUT LANDS.
428
Names ©f Original ownaers.
No. Acres. Names of Original owners.
No. Acres.
Children of Reuel Baldwin
Ebenezer, Sarah and i
Elizabeth Foster (
Township No. 16.
James Thacher Eunice Ray John Atkinson Jonathan Dvvight Samuel P. Gardner John Peck William White William Bird Heirs of S Gardner
320 320
1600
320 320
1280 160 160 160 320 160
2560
5440
Jacob Blake & — Briggs 160
Andrew Sigourney 160
Cheney Read andTilley )
Rice, jun. )
160
Township No. 21.
Jeremiah Lord Theodore Sedgwick Sally and Polly Pierpont George Bacon John Atkinson, jun. Elizabeth Cutts Lowell Benjamin Fisk Harvard College William Story, jun.
Township No. 17.
Nathaniel White 320
Rob't. and Alex. Barr 320
Heirs of Sylvester Gardner 320
Jacob Norton 320
1280
Totonship No. 18.
Nathaniel Eaton 640
Jacob Welsh & J. White 320
William Frost 160
Ebenezer Storer 640
Toionship No. 19.
1760
800
320 320 320 160 320 320 160 160 320
2400
160 160 320 320
960
Thomas Le Gross 160
Joseph Wales 160
William Hall Jackson \ ^^^
and James Prince /
Moses May 320
Heirs of Sylverter Gardner 320
Harvard College 320
Township No. 23.
John Glover Jonathan Dwight Rob't. & Alex. Barr Ebenezer Foster
Township No. 24.
Ebenezer Bancroft 320
JusiinEly 320
Theodore Sedgwick 320
Children of Reuel Baldwin 160 John Waldo 160
John Davis 160
1440
Township No. 25. Jonathan Dwight 160
Heirsof Sylvester Gardner 320
1440
Toicnship No. 20. David Talbot 320
Township No. 26.
Nathaniel Freeman Andrew Peters James Thacher
480
1280 160 160
4-24
LOTTERT LANDS.
Hameg of Original ovrncrs.
Susanna Lowell
Township No. 27.
No. Acres. Names of Original owners. No. Acres
320 William Jackson
Ichabod Edson
1920 James Freeland
Th. Marshall & J. Bridge Sam'l. P. Gardner V:X Silas Morton
160 160 160 160 160 160
1760
Isaac Lucas
John Atkinson 160
Hamlinton, Hovey &,Lord 160 Ann Quincy 160
Lands drawn in other townships and exchanged for lands in townships number 13, 14, 15, and 18, east division, in addition to lots originally drawn in those townships.
Township No. 13.
Samuel Ballard 2880
Samuel Hinds 160
Joseph Ford 160
Isaac Pierce 640
William Turner 320
Frederic Wm. Geyer 6400
Charles Turner 2460
Lydia Haskins 1920
William Ballard 320
William Dawes 1440
Joseph Barrel! 2560
19260 Township No. 14.
William Dall 320
John McLane 640
Oliver Wendell 640
Joseph Barren 6240
John Barrett 960 Moses Grant, treasurer
of relief Society John Joy Nath. W. Appleton
Township No. Matthew Park David Townsend Thomas Curtis Marcy Roberts James Ivers
15.
J 960
1440 800
12000
160 640 800 1920 160
Thomas Lamb
John Bright
Abraham Williams
John Tudor
Elias Parker
Samuel Clark ,
John May
Jonathan Homer
Leonard Jarvis
Joseph Russell and Ju-
dah Hays Charles Williams Christopher Marshall
Township No. 18.
John Murray and others Henry Newman Alexander Hodgdon Mary Hodgdon Asa Waterman and Ju-
dah Thomas Thomas Walley Daniel Waldo Danitl Waldo, jun. Edmund Sawyer William Powell Edward Wyer Enoch Hammond, jun. Ephraim Stearns Timothy Paine Thomas Fay er weather
640
640
5280
2560
1920
800
960
800
800
J 1280
800 1760
21920
4320 320 800 160
160
1280 960 640 48Q 800 960 160 320 160 800
GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C. 425
|
No. Acres. Names of Original owners. |
No. Acres. |
|
640 Caleb Davis |
160 |
|
160 D. Poignard & J. Bazi |
in 160 |
|
160 Isaiah Thomas |
640 |
|
640 Samuel Dashwood |
480 |
|
: 640 Samuel Paine |
160 |
|
800 John AVhite |
160 |
|
160 Stephen Rice |
320 |
|
160 Simeon Ashley |
160 |
|
1120 |
|
|
320 |
19360 |
For what purpose granted. No. Ac.
To Literary Institutions, Leicester Acad'my 23.040
Names of Original owners.
Daniel Fuller Daniel Miles Abraham Bazin Joseph Dorr Joseph and David Spear Samuel Coverley Thomas Capen Red ford Webster Ebenezer Storer Benjamin Wheeler
TABLE III.
Grants of land by Massachusetts, prior to the year 1820, for the aid of Literary and other public Institutions, and charities.
IN MASSACHUSETTS PROPER.
Present designation of the Land.
Stetson plantation, Penobscot Co Exeter, Penobscot Co. Embden, Somerset Co. Garland, Penobscot Co. Near Eastern boundary.
same. ( No. 3, 2d range, N. of Lottery ) lands, Penobscot Co. Part of Greenwood. Part of Woodstock. No. 2, between Woodstock and Peru. Part of Monson. East side of Moosehead Lake.- ( Part of No. 2, 1st range, north of \ Bingham tract.
No. 1,6th range, N. of Lot. lands. No. 2, 3d range, on St. Croix. No. 5, 1st range, N. of Lottery lands. Near Eastern boundary.
same.
same.
same.
same, (now Houlton.)
same.
same. Detached lots in various places.
Marblehead do. Taunton do. Williams College same . same
same
Phillips Academy Dummer do. Milton Monson
Day's
Sandwich do.
do. do. do.
do. do. do. do. do.
Berkshire Derby Amherst Westford Groton Framingh'm do. Bridgewater do. New-Salem do. Deerfield do. Westfield do. Harvard College
23.040 24.231 23.040 23 040 23.040
23 040
11.520 11520 11520 15 360 11.520
11.520
11.520 11.520 11.520 11.520 11.520 1L520 11.520 11520 11.520 11.520 3.600
354.230
54
426 GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C.
For what purpose granieH, No. Ac. Present designation of the Land.
To other Public objects.
Town of Boston \ ^3^4^ ^t^ 5 g^j^ ^ p^ ^^ ^y^j^^
for a hospital ) ' c » f
Town of Ply-j
month for repair > 23.040 On the Aroostook, near East, bound, of its harbor j
same 23040 No. 1, 4th range, N. Bingham tract
Gen. Wm. Eaton ) ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ Aroostook.
reward ot valor ) Agricultural Soc. 23.040 Now Linneus, near East, boundary.
same 2:^.040 Uncertain.
Middlesex Canal 46. OHO 2 townships near Moosehead Lake. Town of Glou- \
cester for piers > 23.040 No. 5, 3d range, N. of Bingham tract, at Sandy Bay j
195.320
Acres granted) 354^30 to Liter. Inst S
Tot«l granted ) ^^g , -„ for Massachu. )
IN MALNE.
To Literary Institutions. Bowdoin College 20.G88 Dixmont.
same 92.16') Sebec, Foxcroft, Guilford &l Abbot.
same 23.040 Etna and part of Plymouth.
*a ,\af\ ( Townships No. 7 &l 8, 10th range, 46.080 ] north of Waldo p.tent. Assigns of same ( , , ^^n S ^"^ township, No. 2, 2d range, N.
for deficiency S ' (of Lottery lands.
Waterviile Coll. 29 160 No. 3, west side of Penobscot river. Berwick Acad. 23 040 Athens. Hallowell do. 23.040 Harmony.
same 5.760 Part No. 5, 5th ra. W. Bingham tract
Washington do 23.040 Cutler. Fryeburgh do. 18.617 3 tracts near Fryeburgh. Monmouth do. 1.286 Tract between Hartford &.Livermore
same 214 9 small islands in Androscoggin R.
same 10.020 Part of Chandlerville.
same 800 Surplus of same.
Portland Acad. 11. -520 Near eastern boundary. Hampden do. 11.520 same.
Phillips Limer'k do 11.520 same.
GRANTS TO LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &C. 427
To what purpose granted. No. Ac. Present (lesignation of the Land.
Belfast Academy 1.1.520 Near eastern boundary.
Lincoln do. 11.520 Near and in Jefferson.
Bluehill do. 12.:320 Part of No. 23, near Machias.
Gorham do. 11.520 Part of Woodstock.
Bath do. 11.520 No. 1, 4th ran. W. of Bingham tract.
Hebron do. 11.520 Part of Mon son.
Bridgetondo. 11.520 Maxfield.
Saco do. 11 520 No. 9, 10th range. N. Waldo patent.
Warren do. 11.520 No. 6, 9th range N. of do.
Canaan do. 11.520 No. 1, 3d range, W. Bingham tract.
Farmington do. 11.520 No. 5, 5th range, W. of do.
490.545
To other public and char- itable objects. Sufferers Falmonth 46.040 New Portland and Freeman. Duck-trap bridge 5.760 Part No. 6, 4th ran. N. Lottery lands. Saco Free bridges 5.760 Part No. 9, 10th r. N. Waldo^atent. same 5.760 Part No. 8, 9th ran^e N. do.
63.320
Total gr. Maine 553.865 Granted Mass. 549.550
Tot. topub. uses 1.103.415 Exclu. of grants alluded to hereafter.
Besides the lands granted to various corporations in aid of purposes of public benefit, before mentioned ; considerable quantities have been granted to discharge claims against the Commonweahh for services rendered, or loses sustained in its service ; also to relieve and quiet those who had settled on them, under the expectation of a free grant or easy purchase of lots for their own cultivation, others for the purpose of mak- ing roads to and over different parts of the pubhc lands. Other grants also have been made, by way of compromise, to satisfy conflicting claimants under some of the ancient crown grants or Indian deeds, and to put an end to lawsuits, and restore quiet to the inhabitants and others interested in or affected by them. It is not at present easy to discriminate exactly the amount of
428 SALES OF LANDS.
the lands granted for each of these several purposes ; nor will it be of much importance. Their gross amount may be dis- covered after deducting the amount of grants and sales made for other purposes, from the whole quantity alienated.
Table 4 exhibit some thun at of sales which were made as mere business transactions, for considerations in money ; (ex- clusive of small lots for the personal use of actual settlers,) the time when the contracts were completed ; and final con- veyances made ; and the average price per acre, of the sales completed in each year, from J 785 (which was the first) to 1812; with the amount, of this description, conveyed from that time to 1820.
TABLE IV.
Aggregate of annual sales, exclusive of free grants, &,c.
|
Dale. 1 |
Acres conveyed. |
j Amount ol consideration. 1 |
1 Averaj^e price [ per acre. |
|
1785 |
33.440 |
$13,967.20 cts. |
49 1-2 |
|
1786 |
113.850 |
66.820.48 |
58 1-2 |
|
1787 |
51.842 |
17.052.34 |
32 1-2 |
|
Same |
* 165.280 |
87.400 |
52 |
|
1788 |
74.615 |
29.529.98 |
39 |
|
1789 |
37.508 |
9.219.77 |
24 1-2 |
|
1790 |
46.538 |
9.237.36 |
19 1-2 |
|
1791 |
76.789 |
15.551.35 |
20 |
|
1792 |
2.060 |
604.28 |
32 |
|
1793 |
2.130.469 |
272.024.84 |
12 1-2 |
|
1794 |
324.684 |
61.253.96 |
19 |
|
1795 |
110.653 |
36.022.72 |
32 1-2 |
|
1796 |
106.212 |
17.577.24 |
16 1-2 |
|
1797 |
46.080 |
12.979.04 |
27 |
|
1798 |
6.185 |
717.62 |
111-2 |
|
1799 |
188.420 |
42.272.06 |
24 |
|
1800 |
23.040 |
6.175 |
26 1-2 |
|
1802 |
148.406 |
35.745.19 |
24 |
|
1803 |
49.920 |
11.499.50 |
23 |
|
1804 |
255.330 |
60.011.61 |
231-2 |
|
1805 |
69.120 |
21.503.17 |
31 |
|
1806 |
69.120 |
34.962.84 |
50 1-2 |
* Sold by lottery.
SALES OF LANDS. 429
TABLE IV CONCLUDED.
|
Date. 1 |
Acres conveyed. |
Amount of consideration. |
1 Averaf^e price 1 per acre. |
|
1809 |
28.322 |
$4,803.66 cts. |
16 2-3 |
|
1810 |
193 |
600 |
$3 10 |
|
1811 |
57.384 |
17.755.50 |
31 |
|
1812 |
35.G74 |
20.804.43 |
581-2 |
|
From 1812 |
t |
t |
|
|
to 1820 |
69.045 |
17.780 |
25 3-4 |
4.320.617 923.871.14 22 3-4
From 1783 ) 79 010 J-^*^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ actual settlers, gener-
. ift20/ " c ^lly about 100 acres to each settler.
) 28.407 in 131 islands fm.Penob. to PassaqMy.
The account of sales in the foregoing table, except the lands sold by lottery, and those conveyed from 1812 to 1820, is condensed from a detailed account furnished some years since by the Land agent of Massachusetts. The quantity stated as conveyed during the latter period is abstracted frem the print- ed report of the Land agent in 1820, but the amount of con- sideration and average price per acre is only an estimate from tlie average of the preceding sales. In February, 1814, a report of a committee of the Legislature gives a different re- sult ; but this is to be accounted for upon the supposition that the report omitted lands which had been contracted for and not fully conveyed, and included, in the account of monies received, payments of interest as well as of principal. In the table are included all the lands sold, and no account of interest on the original purchase money ; the result therefore shows correctly the average price per acre of the land conveyed in each year. — If the account of interest on each year's sales were brought down to the close of the period, it would exhibit fairly the then present worth of the sales to the Commonwealth.
Besides the lands sold and conveyed, as in the preceding
t The amount of consideration for these lands is conjectural •, being supposed to be proba- bly equal to the average of the preceding sales, exclusive of the large tracts sold to Wm, Bingham— viz. for about 25 3-4 cents per acre.
430 SALES OF LAND.
table, there were others under contrncts, which were not fully
executed until since the separation of the States, and are not
included in the table. Their amount as stated in the report of
the Land agent, February 1st, 1820, is as follows :
Acres. Consideration. Av.prac.
In Penobscot counlv, > r aq^ ^ , ^,r i -^n no ^i 10
,, 1 X " ' -5.481 3-4 .v6.1o9.08 Kl.12
(lots to settlers,) i^ i' ^
Hancock, (4 islands) 1.185 1-2 2.131.00 1.80
Washington (18 islands) 1.314 751.70 57
Oxford,^ 320 400.00 1.25
Total, 8.301 1-4 9.421.78 1.13
In addition to the foregoing, there were lands sold and convey- ed (exclusive of free grants) between February 1st, 1820, and February 1st, 1826, in pursuance of Acts and Resolves passed in or prior to 1820, the account of which belongs to that of the sales before the separation. The amount of these lands is as follows :
|
Acres. |
Consideration. |
Av.pr acre. |
|
In Oxford County, 16.280 |
3.023.10 |
18 1-2 cts. |
|
Penobscot 3.697 |
2.291.45 |
62 |
|
Hancock &i Wash. > 3.042 do. in 33 islands 5 2.023 1-2 |
2.264.77 |
74 1-2 |
|
1. 771, 39 |
87 1-2 |
Total, 25.042 1-2 $9,350.71 37 1-3
The Act of separation provided that the public lands, within the then District of INIaine, should, as soon as convenient, be surveyed, and divided equally between the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the State of Maine ; each to hold its own share in severalty ; and while Maine of course must possess the jurisdiction, Massachusetts retained the soil, of the part assigned to her, in fee simple, exempt from all kinds of taxes so long as it should remain in her possession ; and reserved also all the rights to protect her lands from depredations, and to punish trespassers upon them, which existed when the sep- aration took place.
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LANDS. 431
Pursuant to the provisions of the Act, Commissioners were appointed, who from tiiiie to time have caused surveys to be made, and divided different portions of the lands, as equally as the nature of the case would admit, having regard to the situa- tion, quality, and value, as well as to the quantity of the several portions.
The particular tracts and townships assigned to each State respectively, in the several divisions hitherto made, are exhib- ited in tattle 5.
TABLE V.
Divisions aiul iissisiinient of the public lands. First Division 2Sth December, 1822.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and tracts. Acres. Townships and tracts. Acres.
Ranges north of the Lottery townships Ranges on St. Croix, (Titcemb^s survey.)
No. 3, 3dR. riv. towns. 17.062 No. 1, 1st range 22 900
6, 3d range 22.264 2, 1st do. 23.040
7, 3d do. 23.040 1, 2d do. 23.700
Ranges north of Lottery lands
8, 3d do. 23.040 No. 1, 1st range, river 9^ 3d do. 23.040 township
10,3d do. 25.811 No. 1, 1st range 1-2
11, 3d do. 8.374 township
4, 4th do. riv. town. 25.997 No. 2, 1st range 25.401
6, 4th do. 9.992 3, 1st do. 26.010
7, 4th do. 23.040 4, 1st do. 38.424
8, 4th do. 23 040 6, 1st do. 1-2
9, 4th do. 23.583 township 2 9th do. north ) ^8.656 ^'^' ^' 2d range, river \ ^^ g^.
Waldo patent ) township }
No 3,9th range, north ) ^r. ^-^ No. 5, 2d range 23.040
of Waldo patent f ^^''^^'^ 6, 2d do. 26.773
2, 7th r. tract N.W.part 2 415 7, 2d do. 30.000
14.648 12.191
11.520
29.350
8, 2d do. north of lottery lands No. 9, 2d range 19.360
1
Total equalized in val. 308. 154 Tot. equalized in val. 344.053
'^"/^T'^''''"^!'"''"'' 1 28.041 ^V^^* range N. » j^y^j
of Waldo patent ) of Waldo patent j
6, 9th range, south part 11.520 No. 7, 9th range 23.040
2, 8th range, 25.225 4, 9th do. 23.040
432 DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS.
Townships and Tracts. Acres. Townships and Tracts. Acres.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
3, 8th do. west part 11.520 4, 8th range, 23.040 8, 9th do. sou. part 4.476
Total equalized 87.820 Total equalized 79.907
Oli Indian purchase un Penobscot. Old Indian pnrchast in Ptnobscot.
No. 1, west side of ^ 20 062 ^^' 1, east side of riv- i ig^ig river, total acres S ' er, total acres )
Deduct acres sold 362
Acres under contract 1.139
Money due on do. 81.061.23 Balance assigned 16.354
No. 2, west side of » jqqq^j Acres under contract 1.367 river, total acres ) ' Money due on cont. $1,318.41
Deduct acres sold 3.000
No. 2, E. side, tot. ac. 21.633
Balance assigned 16 900
Acres under contract 489
4, W. side, total acres 20 148 Money due on do. §244.63
Deduct acres sold 16.968
No. 4, E. side, tot. ac. 28.680
Balance assigned 3. i 80 Deduct acres sold 3.861
Acres under contract 101 Balance assigned 24.819
Money due on do. $109.98
Acres under contract 482
5, W. side, total acres 8.510 Money due on do. $493.31
Deduct acres sold 3 050
Balance assigned 5.460
3, E side, total acres 24.714 Deduct acres sold 14.577
Balance assigned 10.137 Acres under contract 6.082 Money due on do. $613.87
LotsintownofPenob. 1.150
r Tot. acres ) ^^ S06 Tot. acres assigned 56.889 \ \ assigned S
Money due on con- g^ ^ [ ] Mon. due ) ^2.056,35
tracts assigned } (^ on con. as. )
In Surry 7.840 In Ellsworth, remain- \ -t* icn
Lubec 38.45 ing lands computed at f
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LANDS.
433
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
In No. 23, west of Ma- ) chias, N. E. quarter ) Ellsworth
7.290 1.204
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
In No. 23, W. of Ma- chias S. E. quarter
Acres
7.290
Equalized in value 24.679 Equalized in value 21.446
The reserved lots in towns of Corinth, New- port, Sangerville, But- ton, Kirkland, Blakes- burgh, Ellsworth, Col- umb'a,Freem'n, Temple Madison, Anson, Avon, Phillips, Palmyra, Cor- inna, Parkmun, Chand- lerville, Dixfield, and Andover ; also town- ships No. 1, 6th range, and No. 7, 8th range in Penobscot County, and No. 13, 14 and 18, near Machias in Washington County, with the fol- lowing in Oxford coun- ty, viz. No. 2, 1st range 3, -id do. 5, 2d do. 3, 3d do. 5, 3d do. 4, 4th do. townships No. 6 & 8, townships marked B, E, and A 2, and town- ship No. 1, south of Androscoggin riv. ; ma- king in the whole 38 lots of 320 acres each, 12.160
Also the reserved lots in the towns of Orring- ton, Jonesboro', Perry, Dennysville, Sumner, and Edmunds, being 6 lots of 200 acres each, 1,200 In Chandlerville, 160
Andover surplus, 160
Portland Acad, grant 160
The reserved lots in the towns of Carmel, Charleston, Brownville, Williamsburgh, Atkin- son, Milo, Dover, No. 8, (or Otis) Jarvis' Gore, Calais, New Sharon, Strong, Solon, New- Viney'd, Cornville, Rip- ley, St. Albans, New Portland, Weld, Albany Carthage, Newry, ako in the following town- ships in the County of Oxford, viz. No. 7, No.
1, 1st range, 3, 1st do.
2, 2d do. 2, 3d do. 4, 3d do. 5, 4th do. C, D, and A 1, and the following in Somerset, viz. No. 8, 8th range north of Waldo patent. No. 3, 1st range north of Ply- mouth purchase, and township at the head of Moosehead Lake, being in the whole, 35 lots of 320 acres each.
In No. 3, 8th range, north of Waldo patent,
Hartford
Buckfield
No. 3, 2d range, west of Schoodic
No. 12, near Machias
11.200
160 200 200
3.320 2.800
55
434
DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS,
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and Tracts. Acres. Townships and Tracts. Acres.
No. 3, 1 St range,west ofSchoodic - - 3.320
No. I, 4th range, do. 620
17.780
17.880
All the reserved 1 mds in ilie lottery townsliips (e;jstof Penobscot) sold to Win Binghim, ex- cept those before sold to Bingham, in town- ships No. 7, 8, 9, lO, 11, ind 12.
All the reserved lots in townships No. 7, 8, 9, 10, U, and 12 east of Penobscot, except whit was before sold to Bingham — and all the reserved lots in Bing- ham's Kennebeck pur- 16.747 chase.
1.5.573
IHLANDS.
Monhegan
Allen's
Wooden Ball
Hopkin's
Mttinic
And 54 small islands ")
along the coast of Lin- coln, H.MCock iid Washington counties J
!►
fSLAJmS.
1.000 Great Isle Au Hant 300 Mdrk hands 117 Burnt (off Georges) 117 M 'tinicus 300 And 26 small islmds") along the coast of Lin- ! 1 261 ^'^*^"' H ncock and j Washington counties j
3.096
4.100 186 220 744
615
5.865
Total of 1st Division 480.038 Total of 1st Division 514.177
|
Second Division, |
2lsi |
\ Muy, 1823. |
||
|
Townships west of Bing^ Purchase. |
ham' |
's Kennebeck |
Town |
.ahtps west of Bingham's Kenntbeek Purchase |
|
No. 4, 1st range |
24.480 No. |
5, 1st range, 31.780 |
||
|
4, 2d do. |
23.040 |
1, 2d do. 23.080 |
||
|
1, 4th do. ( township) |
1-2 |
1 11.520 |
1, 3d do. south ) ^^^^ |
|
|
2, 4th do. |
23.040 |
3, 4th do. 23 040 |
||
|
1, 5th do. |
22.080 |
2,5th do. 23.040 |
||
|
4, 5th do. |
23.040 |
3, 5th do. 23.040 |
||
|
3, 6th do. |
26.880 |
5, 5th do. N.w part 3.-528 |
||
|
4, 6th do. |
29.580 |
1,6th do. 25.9.J0 |
||
|
1, 7th do. |
20.200 |
2,6th do. 26 800 |
||
|
2, 7th do. |
20.206 |
1,8th do. 23.040 |
DIVISIONS OF PUBIJC LANDS.
435
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townsliip> and tracts.
Acres. Townships and tracts.
North of Bingham^s Kennebeck Purchase.
Mo. 5, 1st range 23.040
3, 2d do. 23.040
4, 2d do. 23.040
5, 2d do. 23.040 3, 3d do. 23.040
6, 3d do. 23.040 3, 4th do. 23.040 3, 5th do. 23.040
No. 9, Greenwood's ) ^^ ^.^
survey, Wash'g. co. / '^'^'^^^
In Orland 300
In Penobscot & Castine 300
Surry 300
Hermon 900
Hampden 900
Newburgh 700
Brownfield, con- ) r»oi.
tracted to J. Howard )
Trafton Isl. ) in Narra- ) uncer-
No. 2, 8th range,
North of Binghnm's Kennebeck
No. 3, 1st range 4, 1st do. 6, 2d do. 4, 3d do. 4, 4th do. 4, oth do.
10, Greenwood's \ survey, Wash Co. on > eastern boundary )
11, do. do. In Bucksport
Bluehill
Sedgwick
Bdngor
Sanford Between Raymond & ) Standish )
On Iron-bound ishud \
Acres.
20.200
Purchase.
23.040 23.040 23.040 23.040 23.040 23.040
25.752
11.520 300 300 300 700 21
840
|
Gourd do. jguagusb. |
) ^«2«- Frenchman's Bay / ^^^^ Penobscot 948 |
|
Total |
435.140 Total 438.449 |
|
Third Division, 31.? December, 1825. |
|
|
On and near Eastern Boundary. On and near Eastern Boundary. I SI ranje on tbe boundary line. 1st range, on the boundary line. 1-2 township B 11.520 Township A 23.040 Township C 23.040 do. D 23.676 do. F 23.040 do. E 23.040 |
|
|
Ranges west from the boundary. Ranges west iVoni the boundary. Township A 2d range 15.360 Township D 2d range 22.477 B 23.040 E 12.622 C 23.040 F 23.040 G 23.676 H 14.633 I 23.040 K 23.040 |
|
|
No. 1, 3d range 2,3d do. 2, 4th do. 1,5th do. 2,5th do. 3, 5th do. |
33.569 No. 3, 3d range (W. 1-2) 11.344 22.886 1, 4th do. 39.512 23.610 3,4th do. 23.163 44 489 A, 6th do. 22.923 22.188 1,6th do. 23.002 22.188 2, 6th do. 24.084 |
436
DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC LANDS.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS.
Townships and tracts. Acres.
No. 2, 7th range 23.377
A 7th do. except 1 part of Ind. tovvnsh'p. ! ^n 934 and except grant to / Hopkins' Academy i Tract lying between "^ 4th range, N. of lottery townships, Madawam- keag and No. 9 — Schoodic Lake &- 3d range W. of the mon- ument, (excepting out of it the 1-2 half town- ship grant, to Hamp- den Academy.
ASSIGNED TO MAINE.
Townships and tracts.
No. 3, 6th range 1, 7th do. 3, 7th do.
Acres.
24.020 21.517 23.255
y 42.000
Tract Z, between the") Indian reserved town- j ships on west side of ^ 2.100 Penobscot river, and I township A, 6th ran. J Tract between No. ^ 10 at the monument, No. 3, 3d range, No. 9 and Madawamkeag, and A, 2d range, with * all the land south of No. 10, and east of No. 9, to the boundary j
4.000
Total
422.025
Total
420.488
Wourth Division, 2Sth December, 1826.
Ranges west of the eastern boundary,
No. 4, 3d r'nge(s. part) 13.440
5, 3d do. 23.040
7, 3d do. 23.040 9, 3d do. 23.040
11, 3d do. 23.040
13, 3d do. 23.040
15, 3d do. 22.032
4, 4th do. 23.040
6, 4th do. 23.040
8, 4th do. 23 040
10, 4th do. 23.040
12, 4th do. 23.040
14, 4th do. 23.040
16, 4th do. 23 040
5, 5th do. 23.040
7, 5th do. 23.040
9, 5th do. 23.040
11, 5th do. 23.040
13, 5th do. 23.040
15, 5th do. 23.040 4^ 6th do. 23 040
6, 6th do. 23.040
8, 6th do. 23.040
Raiipes west of the easterc boundary.
No. 4, 3d range n. part 9.600
6, 3d do. 23.040
8, 3d do. 23 040
10, 3d do. 23.040
12, 3d do. 23.040 14,3d do. 23 040 16, 3d do. 21.036
5, 4th do. 23.040
7, 4th do. 23 040
9, 4th do. 23.040
11, 4th do. 23.040
13, 4th do. 23.040
15, 4th do. 23 040
4, 5th do. 23.040 6,5th do. 23.040
8, 5th do. 23.040 10, 5th do. 23.040
12, .5th do. 23.040
14, 5th do. 23.040
16, 5th do. 23 040
5, 6th do. 23.040 7, 6th do. 23.040 9,6th do. 23.040
|
DIVISIONS OP PUBLIC LANDS. |
437 |
|||
|
\39IGNED TO |
MASSACHUSETTS. |
ASSIGNED TO MAINE. |
||
|
ToAiijlnpi an tracts. |
Ac-e.-. |
Townshi;)? and Tracts. |
Acres |
|
|
No. m, 6th |
do. |
23.040 |
11, 6th do. |
23.040 |
|
1:1:, 6th |
do. |
23.040 |
13,6th do. |
23.040 |
|
14, 6th |
do. |
23.040 |
15,6th do. |
23.040 |
|
16, 6th |
do. |
23.040 |
4, 7th do. |
23.t)40 |
|
5, 7th |
do. |
23.040 |
6, 7th do. |
23.040 |
|
7, 7th |
do. |
23 040 |
8, 7th do. |
23.040 |
|
9, 7th |
do. |
;-3.1»40 |
10, 7th do. |
23.040 |
|
11, 7th |
do. |
23.040 |
12, 7th do. |
23.040 |
|
13, 7th |
do. |
28.040 |
14, 7th do. |
23.040 |
|
15, 7th |
do. |
23.040 |
16, 7th do. Total |
23.040 |
|
Total |
749.712 |
744.876 |
||
|
Fifth Division, Itl |
I November, 1827. |
|||
|
Ranges west from eastern boundary, |
Ranges we.-( \v^m f-e eastern boundary. |
|||
|
Vo. 1, 8th range |
ISMm No. I, 9th range |
22.104 |
||
|
2, 8th |
do. |
23.040 |
2, 9th do. |
23.p40 |
|
3, 8th |
do. |
23.040 |
3, 9th do. |
23.040 |
|
A 8th &. 9th rangre 20.057 |
B, 11th do. |
26.736 |
||
|
B 10th |
range |
17.424 |
' A, 11th do. |
23.040 |
|
A loth |
do |
23.040 |
1, llth do. |
23.040 |
|
1, 10th |
do. |
23.040 |
2, 11th do. |
23.040 |
|
2, 10th |
do. |
23040 |
3, llth do. |
23.040 |
|
3, 10th |
do. |
23.040 |
A, 13th do. |
23.040 |
|
A 12th |
do. |
25.158 |
1, 13th do. |
23.040 |
|
1, 12th |
do. |
23.040 |
2, 13th do. |
23.040 |
|
2, 12th |
do. |
23.040 |
A 2, 13th & 14thdo |
. 17.925 |
|
3, l4th |
do. |
23.040 |
A, I4th do. |
19.164 |
|
1, 14th |
do. |
23.941 |
X, I4th do. |
5.778 |
|
3, 14th |
do. \ art) ] |
'>3 2/Jfi |
3, 14th east part of 19.787 |
|
|
(west p |
iw0.i%>OU |
1, 1st (part of)N. |
[ 4.465 |
|
|
W — at the head of ^ |
14.068 |
Bingham's Ken pure |
||
|
Moosehead Lake ) |
1, 2d (part of) do |
. 4.770 |
||
|
No. 2, 3d range, N. | Bingham's Ken. pur. J |
> SBRRO |
1, 2d range |
19.284 |
|
|
\ |
2, 2d do. |
22.968 |
||
|
No. 2, 4th |
range, ) part) S |
18 168 |
Tract between Bing- ] |
1 |
|
fwest |
X C7 ■ X \J\J |
ham's west line, and |
\ 532 |
|
|
Sugar Isl. in |
Moose- ) |
4.950 |
Moosehead Lake J |
1 |
|
head Lake |
East part of Moose : |
1 |
||
|
Island in do. east of |
\ 514 |
|||
|
Bingham's line J |
1 |
|||
|
E. part Deer isl'd. do. do. 300 |
||||
|
Peninsula Mt. Kenio i |
[ 1.150 |
|||
|
in Moosehead Lake i |
488 SALES OF LANDS.
ASSIGNED TO MASSACHUSETTS. ASSIGNED TO MAINE,
Townships and tracts. Acres. Townships and tracts. Acres.
Tract between No. 1, ^ ..,» 1st ran. and the Lake )
Farm island in Moose I qq^
Head Lake ] ^^"
All other islands in do. ) .q^. except Sugar island j
Total 399.087 Total 397.522
RECAPITULATION.
Total assigned to each State on the several Divisions.
Acres. Acres.
On first division, 1822, 480.638 On 1st division 1822, 514.177
second do. 1823, 435.140 2d do. 1823, 438.449.
third do. 1825, 422.025 3d do. 1825, 420.488
fourth do. 1826,749.712 4th do. 1826, 744.876
fifth do. 1827,399.087 5th do. 1827, 397.522
Total 2.486.602 Total 2 5J5.512
TABL.E VI.
Sales by Illlassachusetts, prior to 1st of February, 1826, of lands divid- ed since the separation.
Townships and tracts. Acres. Amount of
Iforth of the Lottery Toumships. Consideration. To whom sold.
$ CIS.
No. 3, 3d ran. (riv. T.) 17.062 2.941.56 Simeon Cummins, 6, 3d do. 22,264 2.023.83 Waterston, Pray, &
How. 1.054.57 same. 1.435.20 Jotham Barnes. 1.269.60 Henry Gardner. 4.882.22 Z. French, A. Stet- son, Hill and Mc- Laughlin,&/ Fiske &L Bridg 1.545.60 Sam'l. F. Coolidge.
8.766.06 Waterston, Pray and Co.
6.770.25 E. H. Robbins, jun. Wm. Emerson &- Wm, Hammatt.
|
6, 4th do. 7, 3d do. 8, 3d do. 4, 4th do. |
9.922 23.040 23 040 25.997 |
|
8, 4th do. No. 9— 3d, 10— 3d, ; &l1 4th,E.&No. 2_9th, W. Peuob. \ |
23.040 1 100.547 |
|
Townships north of the Waldo Patent. No. 1, 7th range, 28.041 |
SALES OP LANDS,
439
Townships and tracts.
No. 2, 3th range
4,8th do. 3,9th do.
To whom sold.
6,9th do. (S.1-2) 11.520
Townships west qf Passamaquoddy, and eastern boundary.
No. 11— 3d, and 9— 4th r-mge
Lots in No. 3 — 1st, No. « — 4th, and in lottery townships No. 6, 7, 16 and 20
Part of No. 9, (Green- wood's survey)
Acres. Amotuat of Consideration.
$ cts.
25.225 3.154.45 Waterston, Pray &
Co. 23.040 1.876.80 Charles C. Nichols. 28.000 2.714.40 Nathan Griggs, Lu- ther Felton and Ja- bez Fisher. 1.269.60 Amasa Stetson.
31.957 3.186.11 Edward H. Robbins.
4.940 631.60 William Vance.
15.240 2.856.00 William DalL
{ Jos. Kinsman, for
|
Part of do. do. |
7.800 |
^ making road,before ( separation. , |
|
Residue reserved lots |
||
|
in lottery townships |
13.760 |
2.293.33 John Richards. |
|
Townships and lots. Old Indian |
purchas* |
|
|
on Penobscot river. |
||
|
No. 3, east side, or |
||
|
Sunkhaze |
9.485 |
1.375.33 Fiske& Bridge. |
|
same |
265 |
319.12 SetUers. |
|
No. 1, west side |
869 |
1.132.10 8 lots to settlers. |
|
Part of 4, west side |
4.965 |
L439.85 Joseph Kinsman. |
|
Township No. 4, 1st |
||
|
range, Oxford Co. |
24.480 |
2.956.00 Geo. F. Richardson. |
|
Orono |
3.700 |
592.00 Gorham Parks and Sam'l. Lowder, jr. |
|
Same |
1.567 |
1.321.28 Sundry persons. |
|
Orono & No. 1, W. side 194 |
221.27 |
|
|
No. 1 & 2, W. side |
34.570 |
3.92065 Sam'l. Thatcher and Israel Thorndike,jr |
|
do. do. |
214 |
230.60 Settlers and others. |
|
No. 3, west side, |
700 |
252.00 ditto. |
|
4, do. do. |
100 |
143.00 ditto. |
|
Towns and townships in Washington and |
||
|
Hancock counties. |
||
|
Lubec |
4 906 |
1.373.68 Solomon Thayer. |
|
Same, 8 lots |
800 |
334.00 same. |
|
Same, 19 lots |
1.919 |
1,049..55 Sundry persons. |
440
8ALES OF LAND.
|
Townships aad tracts. |
Acres. |
Amount of |
|
Consideration. To whom sold. |
||
|
$ cts. |
||
|
Machias |
320 |
70.40 |
|
Surry and Ellsworth |
4.020 |
1.026.20 Charles Jarvis. |
|
Surry |
480 |
15160 |
|
Dennysville |
200 |
200.00 |
|
Penobscot |
14! |
41.50 |
|
Penobscot and Castine |
1.249 |
499.60 Thomas Adams. |
|
Orlind and Hampden |
5'jO |
331.00 Suadry persons. |
|
Perry |
200 |
300.00 same. |
|
Edmunds |
200 |
44.00 |
|
No. 33, lottery townships |
320 |
53.30 |
|
45 small Islands |
2.270 |
1.681.91 |
|
Reserved lots in sundry towns and town- |
||
|
ship*, viz. |
||
|
Newburgh |
400 |
394.27 |
|
Hampden |
855 |
642.34 |
|
Hermon |
100 |
80.00 |
|
Orrington |
200 |
50.00 |
|
Corinth |
320 |
320.00 |
|
DuttOQ and Kirkland |
640 |
224.00 |
|
Blakesburgh |
320 |
86 40 |
|
No. 1, 6th range, Penob. |
320 |
64.00 |
|
Sangerville |
320 |
96.00 |
|
Newport |
320 |
128 00 |
|
Anson |
320 |
256 00 |
|
Palmyra and Corinna |
640 |
160.00 |
|
Parkman and Porland |
||
|
Academy grant |
480 |
172.80 |
|
Dixfield and Avon |
640 |
160.00 |
|
Temple |
320 |
48.00 |
|
Phillips |
320 |
80.00 |
|
Freeman |
320 |
128.00 |
|
No. 3, 2d range, Oxf. co. |
320 |
80.00 |
|
Township E, do. |
320 |
96.00 |
|
Portland site of fort Bur- |
400 00 |
|
|
roughi |
s. |
|
|
Madawaska |
200 |
10.00 John Baker & Jam©.' Bacon. |
539.749 74.406.93
It was intended in this place to insert a detailed account of all the sales of the lands belonging to the State of Maine, since the separation, but on application at the Land office, it was found that the accounts of the sales prior to the year 1828, are
SALES OF LANDS, &C. 441
in such form that an accurate and intelligible detail of the kind desired, could not be obtained in season for this work. Such abstracts therefore only are given, as are afforded by the printed annual reports of the late Land agent, with those of a committee of tlie Legislature, and auditors, from the year 1824 so 1827 inclusive. The account however for the year 1828 is given in full from minutes furnished by the present Land agent.
TABLE VII.
Sales of lands, Sac. by the State of Maine, since the separation.
Abstract from report of the Land agent for the year 1824, of the proceeds of sales of land, timber and grass.
Cash received for sales of land, 1.710.08
Notes received on do. ^.111 .{y7
Contracts for do. 6.847.50
Due for timber land bargained for, 2.190.00—13.524.65
Cash received for timber sold 2.183.89
Notes received for do. 1.336.50 Due for timber cut under permissions
from former agent, — estimated, 1.000 — 4.520.39
Cash due on permissions to cut grass, 326
18.371.04 Deduct for expenses, - . - .. 1.996.54
Balance, $16,375.50
Abstract from report of Land agent, for the year 1825.
Cash received on sales of land, timber and grass, ^ 6.108,16
Notes received on do. 21.540.73
Contracts for do. ~ 11.6(K8.52
Amount on sales of land at auction, 5.000
On permissions for cutting grass, 350
Interest on contracts and notes, 1.000
45.607.41
Deduct, for cash paid into the Treasury for build- ing bridges, surveying, &/C. 4.851
Balance, $4;>.756.41
56
442 SALES OF LANDS, &C.
The committee of the Legislature, on State lands, in their re- port February 1826, exhibit schedules of the several articles of proceeds of the sales of land, &c. and of expenses, the sum of which is as follows :
Cash received on sales of land, timber and hay, 6.463.94
Notes do. do. 19.499 49
Due on contracts, 8. 11 5. 40
Notes for timber, on Maine lands, 461.50
Do. do. on undivided lands, 3.656.20
38.196.53
Amount of expenses for building bridges, survey- ing, and other services, 4.755.66
Balance, 3.440.873
Abstracts from Auditor^ s report on accounts of the Land agents for the year 1826.
Dr. James Irish, Esq. Land agent,
1826, In account with the State of Maine,
Feby. To cash to balance account for 1825, $1,708 08
" " received on notes and contracts for land, timber and grass,
I
7.665.92
$9,374.00
Cr.
By cash paid into the treasury, $1,000
'* for building Greatworks bridge, 418.93
" for making road in Ellsworth, 300
" for sundry surveys, and a plan, 259.06
'^ for exploring land and other ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ 7.661.51
expenses, )
balance, $1 712 49
Amount of notes for lands, &c. in the hands of the
Land agent, taken prior to 1S26, 18.677.89
Interest on the same to 31st Dec. 1826, 1.018.03
19.69^.92
Amount of notes taken in 1826, 6.929.15
Amount due on contracts, 10.546 76
Cash, as above, 9.374-00
$46,545.83
SALES OF LANDS, SlC.
443
Lots sold by contract to actual settlers.
|
NO. of settlers. |
.Acres to .;ach. |
[Total 1 pi ice pi [acres | acre. |
Amount.} Townships. |
||
|
9 |
100 |
900;30ct. |
1270 |
No. 2, 1st ran. N. Lot. townships |
|
|
2 |
100 |
20020 |
40 |
do. do |
|
|
2 |
100 |
200130 |
60 |
No. 1, Old Ind. pure. E. side Pen. |
|
|
2 |
100 |
200 |
30 |
60 |
No. 1,E. sidePenob.R. |
|
1 |
100 |
100 |
30 |
30 |
No. 2, do. do. |
|
2 |
100 |
200 |
20 |
40 |
Bo. do. |
|
3 |
100 |
300 |
30 |
90 |
No. 2, Old Ind. pure. E. of Penob. |
|
1 |
100 |
100 |
30 |
30 |
Cold stream settlement, |
|
2 |
100 |
200 30 |
60 |
No. 2, river t'ship E. of Penob. |
|
|
1 |
100 |
100'20 |
20 |
Do. do. |
|
|
2 |
100 |
20020 |
40 |
No. 1, do. do. |
|
|
5 |
100 |
500 30 |
150 |
Do. do. do. |
|
|
7 |
luo |
700 20 |
140 |
No. 10, near source of St. Croix. |
|
|
10 |
100 |
1000 30 |
300 |
Do. do. |
|
|
1 |
100 |
IO0I2O |
20 |
No. 11, ? |
|
|
2 |
lOo |
200;20 |
40 |
No. 1 ] , 1st ran. W. of East. boun. |
|
|
1 |
100 |
100 |
20 |
20 |
No. 11, 2d range do. ? |
|
1 |
100 |
100 |
20 |
20 |
No. 10, 1st range do. |
|
1 |
100 |
100'20 |
20 |
No. 5, 2d range do. |
|
|
1 |
100 |
100 |
20 |
20 |
No. 8, 3d do. do. |
|
Lands conveyed by deed in 1826. |
||
|
Acres. |
Price. |
Amount, Townships. Purchasers. |
|
cts.m. |
$ cts. |
|
|
.100 |
.55 |
55.00 New Portland Sarah Millay. |
|
.100 |
.15 |
15.00 Deer Isle Anthony Merchant. |
|
^160 |
.10 |
16.00 Penobscot Charles Hutchins, jr. |
|
.100 |
.68 |
68.00 2, Old In. purch. E. of Penob. N. Coffee & M. Byrne. |
|
98^ |
.74.5 |
73.00 same Davis Libby. |
|
1.945 |
.166 |
303.50 same James Crosby. |
|
.933 |
.11.7 |
152.00 same D. &. p. Spofford. |
|
.600 |
6.5 |
32.50 1, 1st range, N. lol'y. t'ships. 5 early settlers. |
|
.507 |
1.00 |
521.00 422 in river t'ship No. 1, and J. & D. Carpenter. 75inNo.l,8thran. W. side |
|
91 |
1.00 |
91.37 1, 8th range, W. of Penobscot J^^amuel Chesley. |
|
1.280 |
45 |
576.00 same William Bean. |
|
85 |
1.00 |
84.96 same same. |
|
.352 |
.66 |
237.00 River t'ship No. 2.E Penob. Ira Fish |
|
6.085 |
.11.7 |
712.00 No. 4, E. stde of Penobscot F. Spofford &N.Treat |
|
.100 |
51 00 same John Sawyer. |
|
|
.iOO |
100.00 same M. Spescer, D. Spof- ford & Co. |
|
|
.173 |
129.00 same M.Knapp & E.Spenc'f |
|
|
8 |
20.00 Wooden Ball Island Isaac Dsley. |
12.717
$3,237.33
444
SALES OF LANDS, &C.
Account of sales ami commutations for timber. SALES.
|
To whom |
Where. Amount paid. Amount di:e |
|
|
Charles Jarvis |
In Ellsworth |
8467.47 cts. |
|
D.Varney, J Fish |
J |
|
|
and J. Kendall, |
On Penobscot |
1.184.48 |
|
Charles Brown |
do. |
100 |
|
J. &L J. Wadleigh |
do. |
60 |
|
J. Hathaway |
do. $50 |
10 |
|
J. J. & C. Brown |
do. |
440 |
|
Ezra Richatdson |
do. |
54 |
|
John Burbank |
do. |
130 |
|
Davis Sibley |
do. 50 |
|
|
Fiske &L Billings |
do. 17L17 |
|
|
271.17 |
2.445.95 |
|
|
TRESPASSES. |
||
|
By whom committed. |
WllTC. |
Amount of commutation. |
|
William Neil |
On Penobscot |
$50 |
|
Daniel Davis |
do. |
158 |
|
Peter Bull |
On Aroostook |
40 |
|
F. Heald |
do. |
35 |
|
Wm. Piles |
do. |
25 |
|
E. Packard |
do. |
112.63 cts |
|
Z. Ingersoll |
do. |
10 |
|
J. Harvey |
do. |
8 |
|
438.63 |
||
|
Abstracts fro?n Auditor's report on accounts |
of the Land Agent |
|
|
- |
for the year 1827. |
|
|
Acres. Price. |
Amount. Townships. |
Purchasers. |
|
cts. |
$ cts. |
|
|
.200 .30 |
60.00 Hartford |
* Harvey Fuller |
|
1-2 |
10.00 Little Mark isl'nd Harps- well sound |
Isaac Ilsley |
|
87 .50 |
43.50 River t'ship No. 2,Penob Jacob Parsons |
|
|
.100 |
6.50 1, 1st ran. N. lot'y- lands |
Nathaniel Shorey |
|
.100 |
6.50 same |
Aaron Sweetser |
|
.100 |
6.50 same |
Stephen Messer |
|
.120 .50 |
60.00 Ellsworth. |
Joseph A. Wood |
|
.100 1.00 |
100.00 same |
A. Medar & W.Young |
|
82 1.00 |
82.00 2, Old Indian purchase |
♦Nicholas Coffy |
|
.159 1.00 |
159.00 1, River t'ship E.Penob. |
♦William G. Forbes |
|
.130 1.00 |
130.00 Ellsworth |
♦Abraham Tourtellotte |
|
.100 1.00 |
100.00 same |
Abijah Garling |
|
50 2.58 |
129 00 Banpor |
Allen Oilman |
|
.100 .51 |
51.00 No. 4, ea.«<t of Penobscot |
♦Asa Spencer |
♦ Those with this mark do not appear to bo charged to the Land ajjcnt in the Auditor"? statement of his account.
SALES OF LANDS, &C.
445
Acres. 31.780 2.100 48.509 22.000
105 817
Price. Amt. Townships. Pnrchasers.
.11.1 3.527.88 5, adjoining N. Hamp. Cyrus Shaw .39.1 821.10 Tra^l Z on Penobscot John Barker
13.429.15 in Penobscot County Benjamin Brown .22.2 4.672.60 Tract N. Madawamkeag Morrill and I*ickering
23.394.63
Lands sold hy contract with actual settlers in 1827.
Townships. Purchasers.
Acr'3. Price.
CIS.
300 200 400
100
100
1100
Am't.
$
30 90 2, N. Bingham purchase M. Peasly, E. Peasly & S. Keeler.
40 80 10, near source St. Croix L. Wilson and J. Jones.
30 120 11, near the monument J. Allen, H. Smith, J. Reed and
D. Morse. 20 20 same Ips. S. Dow.
30 30 River t'ship No 2,Penob. F.Ballard.
$340
To whom.
A. Z. Litlefield
Jos. Southwick
Steph. Weston
Alvan Heald William Rice
Towle & Parsons
Joseph Carr Charles Jarvis Ayer & Cross Wm. Emerson E Whitney
Davis & Bartlett Sam'l. B. Morrill Elijah Webster J. Hathaway M. Richardson J. Philbrook
ACCOUNT OF SALES OP TIMBER.
Where and how cut. By permission.
Near Moosehead )
Lake |
On Dead and )
Moose rivers } Near Moosehead )
Lake ]
do. do.
No. 1, 8th range i
W. ofPenob. ] No. 1 &L 2 east )
of Penobscot ) No. I, do. Ellsworth
No. l,oldInd. purch. Near Seboois river Near Machias,
By mistake
Near Madawamk, R.
do.
do. No. 1, E. ofPenob. No. 2, do. Near St. Croix Lakes
Value of grass sold this year
|
Amount paid. |
Am dttt. |
|
119.02 |
527.51 |
|
606.91 |
|
|
70.35 |
|
|
83.34 |
166.66 |
|
129.49 |
|
|
202.76 |
|
|
21.33 76.00 2G^.78 |
23444 40.00 |
|
800.00 8.00 |
120.00 25.00 260.00 48.00 |
|
1.644.58 |
2.J88.01 |
|
$79.00 |
44^
SALES OF LANDS, &tC.
Abstract of expenditures — 1827. Paid for surveys of lands $87*2.94
" survey of Fish river road 462.^^9
** other services 3.539.24
|
48.774.57 |
|||
|
Account of |
sales of land in the year 1828. |
||
|
Acres. Price per |
Amount. |
Townships. Purchasers. |
|
|
Acre. |
_. |
||
|
cts. |
$ cts. |
||
|
21.968 |
40 |
8.787.20 |
No. 2, 2d range west of John Dole and R. Moosehead Lake. Williams |
|
18.164 |
52 |
9.445.28 |
A— 14th range, W. Sam'l. A Bradley, east, boundary. |
|
22 040 |
20 |
4.408.00 |
A — 13th do. same. |
|
25.736 |
29 |
7.463.44 |
K— 11th do. same. |
|
22.040 |
21 |
4.628.40 |
1— 11th do. W. Emerson &als. |
|
10 484 |
32^ |
3.524.S0 |
3— 3d do. (w. 1-2) same. |
|
10.982 |
11 |
1.208.02 |
1— 6th do. (n. 1-2) Hill &M'Laughlin |
|
22.040 |
26 Si |
5.7.30.40 |
6— 7th do, ■ Edward Smith. |
|
lft3.454 |
46.195.04 |
Appropriated to build the State House. |
22.040 ,9 -4.187.60 { ^-M^^U^ad."' "' R- ^ Vo.e &als,
(*Appropriated to repair the Kennebeck road to Canada) 17.147 33 5.658.51 Tract A— 2 T- VV. Smith & als.
18.928 25 4.732.00 18.284 30 5.485.20
No. 3, 14th ran. west of the boundary.
No. 1, 2d range, west of Moosehead .
P. Dillingham and
others. John P. Boyd
229.853 22f 64.258.35
In each of these townships there are 1000 acres, and in each hair township 500 acres, reserved for public uses for the future bensfit of the town, and is not included in the number of acres above stated.
|
Settler's |
lots and other tracts sold or contracted. |
|||
|
Acres. |
Amount of consideratioii |
Townships. |
No. of the lots. Purchasers. |
|
|
.139 |
110.17 1, |
E. |
Pen. 0. In. |
P- Hill & M'Laughlin. |
|
.377 |
227.77 |
Same |
No. 27,28,29, 30, same. |
|
|
9S |
127.09 |
same |
32 same. |
|
|
.877 |
227.77 |
same |
27,28,29, 30, Thomas A. Hill. |
|
|
.100 |
30.00 |
same |
23 Lemuel Messer. |
|
|
.100 |
7.32 |
same |
31 same. |
|
|
.100 |
7.32 |
same |
43 Stephen H Messer. |
|
|
.109 |
782 |
same |
33 Joseph Shorey. |
|
|
100 |
78.50 No. |
1, riv.T. E |
. Pen- 17 Thomas J. Robbins |
|
|
.740 |
300.00 |
same |
3 Curtis Sabins. |
SAl.Ed 0^ LAKDS, &c.
447
Settlers lots and other tracts sold or contracted— ~cofiChViy^i>.
|
Acres. |
consldTraUon, Townships. No. of the lot.. |
Purchasers. |
|
.100 |
50.00 same 2 |
NathM. Webster. |
|
.100 |
100.00 2, 0. Ind. P. E. Penob. 35 |
Benjamin Fuller. |
|
Ji07 |
155.25 4,E. Pen. 0. In. P. 9 fc 10 |
Amos Hardy, |
|
.693 |
277.20 same 16 |
Pinkham & Lovejoy |
|
.655 |
218.32 same 14 & 25 |
Lewis Everett. |
|
.100 |
60.00 No. 2, river t'nship 33 |
Jonathan Clay. |
|
.100 |
24 00 same 37 |
William Doble. |
|
50 |
56.00 same 2 |
John Leighton. |
|
.lOOlab.onr'd. same 4 |
William Lovejoy. |
|
|
.100 |
do. same 5 |
James Pinkham. |
|
.123 |
123.71 same 15 |
James Saunders. |
|
89 |
89 00 No. 1,W. of Penob. 13 |
Jeremiah Hildreth. |
|
.116 |
95.98 same 8 |
William Price. |
|
.100 |
60.00 1, 1st ran. N. lot'y lands 1 |
James M'Kenney. |
|
.100 |
7.32 same 5 |
Saunders & Burleigh |
|
.100 |
7.32 same 1 |
Seth Webb. |
|
.100 |
60.00 2, 1st range, do. 8, 2d range Jefferson Davis. |
|
|
.100 |
130.80 5, 2d do. do. 13,15, 5th do George Forbes. |
|
|
.200 |
120.00 same 7 & 8 |
James Saunders. |
|
.100 |
60.00 same 1,1st range Francis Doble. |
|
|
.560 |
170.00 2, 2d lange 2 |
Pinkham & Lovejoy |
|
.775 |
283.00 2, 5th do. |
Amos Patten. |
|
10.904 |
3.816 40 1-2 t'ship A, 6th range |
Ira Fish. |
|
17.798 |
7.081.56 |
|
|
SaJes of timber, and commutations for |
trespass on do. |
|
|
Wm. Emerson, under former contract, near |
Sebeois riv. 302.60 |
|
|
Baker &- Crosby, do. near Madagascal pond 42.51 |
||
|
Wait & Haywood, trespass on Schoodic, |
42.00 |
|
|
Robert Todd 6l John Heath, do. |
47.60 |
|
|
Samuel Brooks 6l James Dyer, do. |
138.00 |
|
|
WiUiai |
n Thompson, Value of grass sold this y |
77.70 |
|
$650.41 |
||
|
ear, 131.67 |
Incidental expenses for lands, 1828 — exclusive of pay of agent.
For surveys and exploring, $1,470.66
Other expenses, 290.90
$1.76i:56
Grants of land since the separation. Joel Wellington, township A — 1st \ range, on e -stern boundary, — by > For $3,500 resolve February 23d, 1827. )
To
448 9ALES OF LANDS, &^C.
ACRES.
To Foxcroft Academy, North 1-2 No. 5— 2d range, > j^ *^
North of lottery lands, )
To North Yarmouth Academy, middle division, No. ) ,-. g^A
1 — 4tli range, west of eastern boundary, )
To Coney Fem;Je Academy. N 1-2 A — Hth ran. do. 11.520
To Wesleyan Seminary, S. J-2 No. 1— 6th do. do. 11.520
To Chini Ac.idemy, W 1-2 So. 6— 2d range, do. 11.520
To Mariner's Church, S. 1-2 xNo. 3— 6th do. do. 11.520 And appropriations of land for making Calais road — the land not yet conveyed.
In the iniiltitude and variety of forms of the accounts of grants and sales of land, from which the preceding statements are derived, it is not surprising to find, as is the fact, that there are some obscurities, and some discrepancies ; and it is there- fore to be expected that inaccuracies will appear, upon an ex- amination of these statements. It is believed however, that they will not be of any considerable importance. There have been also some appropriations of lands for specific purpose, such as making roads, Sic, which do not appear in the ac- counts ; and such are necessarily omitted, unless they are, as is the case with a part of them, included in the general ac- counts of sales, without discrimination. On the whole, when the difficulties of the undertaking are considered, it is trusted that this first attempt to exhibit a connected view of the vari- ous alienations of the public lands from the beginning, though doubtless imperfect in its results, yet will be found as nearly correct as could r*^asonably be expected, and will prove nei- ther useless nor unacceptable.
APPEIVeiX.
A (Page 107) Extract from Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Article Polar Re- gions, i?. 15.
'' Dr. Brewster concludes, and with the best reason imagina- ble, * that the pole of the globe is not the coldest point of the arctic hemisphere;' but 'that there are two points of greatest cold, not many degrees from the pole, and in meridians nearly at right an- gles with that which passes through the west of Europe.' These points Dr. Brewster supposes to be situated about the 80th par- allel, and in the meridians of 95 east, and 100" west longitude.
The near coincidence of the isothermal poles and of the magnetic poles of the earth, led Dr. Brewster to suppose that they might have some other connection besides their accidental locality. If so — if the centres of greatest cold be also precise- ly the centres of magnetic attraction, and if from some un- known but necessary connection, they are always coincident, then we derive from the known motion of the magnetic poles, an explanation of some of the most remarkable revolutions that have taken place on the surface of the globe. ' There is no fact in the natural history of the earth better ascertained,' ob- serves Dr. Brewster, in his interesting paper that we have al- ready quoted, ' than that the climate of the west of Europe was much colder in ancient than in modern times. When we learn that the Tyber was often frozen ; — that snow lay at Rome for forty days ; — that grapes would not ripen to the north of the Cevennes ; — that the Euxine sea was frozen over every winter, in the time of Ovid; — and that the ice of the Rhine and the Rhone sustained loaded waggons ; — we cannot ascribe the amelioration X)f such climates to the influence of agricultural operations.'*
* Neither can we, with our present knowledg'e, deny that the inuflence of agfricultural operations has produced a part of Ibis amelioration Many facts supnort the opinion that it has ; but to what degree, or how far the hypothesis of Dr. Brewster may be assigned as the radical cause, and the influence of agricultural operations as an accidental adjunct to increase its effect, is not so easily delprniined. The hypothesis is certainly entitled to respect, but its learned author himself would not insist on its unqualified adoption, until supported by farther observation and more thorough investigation of facts ; nor wonld he probably deny that the clearing and exposurp of the surface of the earth to the direct rays of the sun, must have a powerful effect on the climate, and co-operate witli or coun- teract, as tlie case might be, the inrtuenc* r>f any supposed revolution of tlie isothermal poles. Ah.
r.7
450 APPENDIX.
' The cold meridian which now passes through Canada and Siberia, may then have passed through Italy ; and if we transfer the present mean temperature of these cold regions, to the cor- responding parallels in Europe, we shall obtain a climate agree- ing in a singular manner with that which is described in an- cient authors.
' It is not however in the altered condition of our atmosphere merely, that we are to seek for proofs of a periodical rotation of climate. The impression of the plants of warm countries, Jind the fossil remains of l..nd and sea-animals, which could exist only under the genial influence of the temperate zone, are found dispersed over the frozen regions of eastern Asia ; and there is scarcely a spot on the solid covering of the globe, that does not contain indications of a revolution in its animal and vegetable productions.
^ This interchange of the productions of opposite climates, has been ascribed to some sudden alteration in the obliquity of the ecliptic, and even to a violent displacement of the earth's axis; but astronomy rejects such explanations, as irreconcilable with the present condition of the system, and as incompatible with the stability of the laws by which it is governed."
" Dr. Traill, of Liverpool, in a recent investigation on the principles and phenomena of thermo-magnetism, submitted to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, maintains principles not only similar to those of Dr. Brewster, but applies them to the exposi- tion of the change of position in the isothermal poles. Dr. Brewster inferred from the phenomena of temperature, that the present coincidence of the magnetic and isothermal poles is not an accidental circumstunce, but a necessary consequence of some l.w or principle of nature. Recent discoveries are greatly in support of this idea ; for it is clearly shewn that magnetic properties are developed in almost all bodies by unequally heat- ing them. Hence Dr Traill, with great propriety, argues that the earth itself is a great thermo-magnetic apparatus, the prop- erties of which are developed by the disturbance of its equili- brium of temperature, by the perpetual action of solar heat on its equatorial regions, and the icy covering of its poles. From this principle it would reasonably be deduced, that any change takin^ place in the poles of cold ought to produce a correspond- ing change in the magnetic poles."*
* And vice versa, aud of consequence a corresponding cuange iu tbe climate of everv part of Ibe earth.
APPENDIX.
461
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York Cumberland Lincoln Waldo Hancock Washington Kennebeck Oxford Somerset Penobscot |
5 o |
452
APPENDIX,
B.
-CONTINUED.
Statement of the valuation of articles subject to taxation, affixed by the L.e(^islHture in 1820, to the highest and lowest average value of specified articles in any town in each County.
Note. — The Jirst number, under each County, against any article, is the highest average value of that article in any town, the second number the lowest. The average value of the same articles in other towns differs variously between these extremes.
|
York. |
Cum- 1 |
Lin- |
Wal- |
Uan- |
W'sh- |
Keniie- |
Ox- |
Som- |
Pen- |
|
|
bpri-nd |
coin. |
do |
cck. |
ingfa |
bpck. |
ford. |
erset. |
..bsc't |
||
|
S |
$ |
$ |
•S |
S |
* |
$ |
,1 |
$ |
$ |
|
|
Dwelling-hduses, |
170. |
500. |
230 |
170. |
200. |
200. |
2i0. |
150, |
175. |
|
|
do. |
85. |
50. |
40. |
15. |
10. |
40. |
40. |
GO. |
30, |
25, |
|
Barns, |
56 |
60. |
60. |
45. |
45. |
42. |
65. |
55. |
50, |
|
|
do. |
40. |
45. |
30. |
8. |
10. |
30. |
30. |
45. |
30, |
25, |
|
Shops atfch. to houses |
30. |
100. |
70. |
25. |
25. |
35. |
25 |
30, |
30, |
|
|
do. |
25. |
25 |
25. |
20. |
20. |
25. |
20. |
22. |
2.5, |
20, |
|
Shops & stores detach |
80. |
155. |
70. |
60. |
60 |
100. |
90. |
40. |
60. |
75, |
|
do. |
25. |
30. |
25. |
20. |
30. |
40. |
25. |
15. |
21. |
25, |
|
Warehouses. |
100. |
300. |
80. |
80. |
lOO. |
75. |
||||
|
do. |
70. |
40. |
25. |
70. |
30. |
60. |
30. |
50, |
||
|
Ropewalks, |
200. |
800. |
60. |
100. |
||||||
|
Di^tille^ie5, do. |
70. 30. |
1000. |
50, 25. |
25 15. |
||||||
|
Pot & Pcarlash w'ks. |
100. |
30. |
30. |
50. |
SO. |
40, |
50. |
|||
|
do. |
30. |
20. |
25. |
20. |
30. |
20. |
15. |
30, |
20, |
|
|
Tanneries. |
350. |
175. |
200. |
125. |
300. |
100 |
200. |
-.40. |
150, |
|
|
do. |
lOO. |
100. |
100 |
100. |
100. |
25. |
100. |
100. |
50, |
|
|
Grist Mills. |
200. |
225. |
300. |
150. |
125. |
200. |
125. |
125, |
200, |
|
|
do. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
70 |
80. |
5U, |
70. |
|
Saw Mills. |
220. |
200. |
200. |
220. |
150. |
450. |
390. |
125. |
90, |
190. |
|
do. |
75. |
8u. |
80. |
80. |
80. |
100. |
80. |
65 |
50, |
80, |
|
Carding Machines, |
125. |
|||||||||
|
do. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
100. |
lOO. |
100. |
lOO. |
lOO, |
100, |
|
Spinnino Machines, |
25. |
|||||||||
|
do. |
15. |
15. |
||||||||
|
Fulling Mills, |
125. |
125. |
125. |
125. |
125. |
125.' |
125. |
125. |
125, |
'25, |
|
Cotton &, woollen fac. |
300. |
15f)0. |
100, |
|||||||
|
do. |
250. |
1500 |
600. |
200. |
1000. |
|||||
|
Iron works & fume's do. |
1500. 800. |
500. 150. |
||||||||
|
Slitting Mills, |
2500. |
|||||||||
|
All other mills. |
350. |
300. |
250. |
200. |
25. |
|||||
|
do. |
50. |
25 |
1.50 |
40. |
20. |
50, |
||||
|
Bakcbouses, |
150. |
150. |
50. |
50. |
||||||
|
do. |
SO. |
30. |
30. |
25. |
50. |
30. |
25, |
|||
|
Vessels per ton. |
7. |
7. |
7. |
7. |
7. |
7. |
7. |
7, |
||
|
Tillage land per acre |
12. |
13. |
12. |
10. |
10. |
10. |
12. |
11. |
12. |
10, |
|
do. |
95(. |
lO. |
6. |
6. |
6. |
6. |
8. |
9. |
5. |
6, |
|
Upland mowing do. |
12. |
16. |
12. |
10. |
10. |
10. |
14. |
11. |
12, |
10. |
|
do. |
9-50 |
lO. |
7. |
6. |
5. |
8. |
8. |
9. |
5, |
6, |
|
Fresh meadow do. |
4 |
4. |
4. |
4. |
^. |
4. |
4. |
4. |
4, |
4, |
|
Salt Marsh do. |
10. |
12. |
9. |
10. |
10. |
|||||
|
do. |
9. |
9. |
8. |
9. |
8. |
9. |
||||
|
Pasturage do. |
M |
7. |
5. |
5. |
6. |
7. |
6. |
6, |
6, |
|
|
do. |
6. |
3. |
5. |
3. |
3. |
4. |
4. |
5. |
2, |
3, |
|
Wood &. unimprov. " |
IM |
1.20 |
1 |
1, |
1. |
1. |
1.60 |
1.20 |
1, |
|
|
do. |
1. |
50 |
.75 |
.50 |
.17 |
*25 |
.40 |
.15 |
,17 |
,30 |
|
Horses 3 y. old & up |
14. |
14. |
14. |
14. |
14. |
14. |
14- |
14. |
14, |
»4, |
|
Oxen 4 do do. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
12. |
>2, |
12. |
|
Cows & steers 3y. old |
8- |
8. |
8 |
8. |
8. |
8. |
8. |
8. |
8, |
8, |
|
Swine 6 mo. & up'ds |
1.50 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
150 |
1.50 |
1.5f |
1,50 |
|
Carriage- for persons |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35. |
35, |
35, |
|
do. |
15. |
15. |
15. |
15. |
15. |
15. |
15. |
'5. |
15. |
APPENDIX. B. CONCLUDED.
45S
Stock in trade.
Stock in j Money public on
funis. band.
Bank stock.
Stock in bridges, t npike;.
Balance money at interest.
Owners of plate,
|
DoUs. |
Dolls. Dolls. |
Dolls. |
Dolls. |
Dolls. |
||
|
York |
186,5981 42,8271 12.522!134,94:> |
2,730 |
90,496 |
825 |
||
|
Cumberland |
668,120 |
127.500' 40,130 |
299,97£ |
2,560 |
57,345 |
6,904 |
|
Lincoln |
121,945 |
36,836 12,685 |
21,010 |
74,941 |
1,217 |
|
|
Waldo |
39.380 |
1,430 |
740 |
17,821 |
618 |
|
|
Hancock |
70,342 |
3,800 6,625 |
30,250 |
38,645 |
748 |
|
|
Washington |
159,157 |
8,000 20.930 |
28,400 |
66,280 |
886 |
|
|
Kennebeck |
136,08^ |
850 6,9.54 |
54,360 |
3,050 |
87,690 |
8,832 |
|
Oxford |
26,349 |
38 |
37,924 |
395 |
||
|
Somerset |
*24,364 |
790 |
2,06' |
1,122 |
10,220 |
448 |
|
Penobscot |
40,005 |
489 |
1,649 |
1,185 |
3,384 |
680 |
|
Total |
1,472,341 1219.S13|102.5931573.389|10.6471434 74U|15,>: 48 |
Nearly one half of this was returned from the town of Athens alone.
Account of Tonnage ancJ Stock in trade, as returned in the inventory of 1820.
YORK COUNTY.
|
TOWNS. |
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS. |
Tons. Stock in trad* |
||
|
Alfred |
6.750 Newfield |
2.800 |
||
|
Arundel |
3.388 |
56.053 Parsonsfield |
650 |
|
|
Berwick |
900 Saco |
2.220 |
34.575 |
|
|
Biddeford |
823 |
7.050 Shapleigh |
1.325 |
|
|
Buxton |
60 |
L755 Sanford |
1.960 |
|
|
C©rnish |
MOO South Berwick |
150 |
12.530 |
|
|
Elliot |
5 |
900 Waterborough |
395 |
|
|
Hollis |
L530 Wells |
588 |
1.050 |
|
|
Kittery |
L265 |
825 York |
1.011 |
3.800 |
|
Lebanon |
700 Kennebunk |
3.220 |
45.185 |
|
|
Lyman |
||||
|
Limerick |
2.065 |
12.730 |
186.598 |
|
|
Limington |
2.700 |
|||
|
- . |
||||
|
CUMBERLAND COUNTY. |
||||
|
Baldwin |
150 N. Gloucester |
2.905 |
||
|
Bridgton |
2.475 N. Yarmouth |
3.291 |
7.600 |
|
|
Brunswick |
840 |
9.440 Otisfield |
500 |
|
|
Cape Elizabeth |
150 |
1.500 Portland |
15.583 619.700 |
|
|
Danville |
115 Pownal |
156 |
400 |
|
|
Durliam |
750 Raymond |
35^ |
||
|
Falmouth |
L657 |
1.400 Scarborough |
334 |
670 |
|
Freeport |
1.265 |
4.250 Standish |
2.850 |
|
|
Gorham |
2.500 Westbreok |
21 |
4.415 |
|
454 |
APPENDIX. |
|||
|
' |
C. CONTINUED. |
|||
|
TOWNS. |
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS. |
Tons. Slock |
. in trade |
|
|
Gray |
1.450 Windham |
1.100 |
||
|
Harrison Harpswell |
200 700 |
|||
|
791 |
24.075 668.120 |
|||
|
Minot |
2.700 ICOLN COUNTY. |
|||
|
LI]N |
||||
|
Alna |
318 |
4.000 Nobleboro' |
1.645 |
2.450 |
|
Bath |
4.424 |
42.700 Phipsburgh |
1.158 |
6.050 |
|
Boothbay |
1.789 |
1.600 St. George |
924 |
600 |
|
Bowdoin |
200 Thomaston |
2.095 |
10.500 |
|
|
Bowdoinham |
885 |
5.311 Topsham |
403 |
2.719 |
|
Bristol |
2.487 |
3.800 Union |
229 |
1.500 |
|
Gushing |
658 |
600 Waldoboro' |
1.919 |
5.200 |
|
Dresden |
705 |
1.790 Wales |
30 |
|
|
Edgecomb |
1.419 |
850 Warren |
1.070 |
2.150 |
|
Friendship |
551 |
600 Whitefield |
300 |
|
|
Georgetown |
667 |
5.800 Wiscasset |
3.426 |
14.705 |
|
Jefferson |
150 Woolwich |
378 |
965 |
|
|
T.itrhfipid |
. 200 1.000 |
|||
|
J-illC'XIlldU Lewiston |
27.829 : |
121.945 |
||
|
T-idnnn |
2 OO.'i |
|||
|
New Castle |
679 |
4.170 |
||
|
KENNEBECK COUNTY. |
||||
|
Augusta |
105 |
10.825 New Sharon |
200 |
|
|
Belgrade |
100 Pittston |
633 |
4.400 |
|
|
Chesterville |
290 Readfield |
2.100 |
||
|
Clinton |
625 Sidney |
471 |
||
|
China |
700 Vassalboro' |
65 |
2.200 |
|
|
Fairfax |
300 Waterville |
765 |
30.690 |
|
|
Farmington |
1.675 Wayne |
500 |
||
|
Fayette |
1.320 Wilton |
1.125 |
||
|
Gardiner |
9.532 |
21.750 Winthrop |
3.105 |
|
|
Greene |
600 Winslow |
106 |
3.800 |
|
|
Hallowell Leeds |
3.916 |
47.965 600 |
||
|
15.112 |
136.081 |
|||
|
Monmouth Mt. Vernon |
3Q0 |
|||
|
350 |
||||
|
HANCOCK COUNTY. |
||||
|
Belmont |
410 Orland |
208 1-2 |
1.200 |
|
|
Bluehill |
615 |
750 Penobscot |
324 |
|
|
Brooksville |
409 |
1.000 Sedgwick |
357 1-2 |
415 |
|
Bucksport |
791 |
10.250 Sullivan |
1.082 |
1.734 |
|
Castine |
2.515 |
43.635 Swanville |
50 |
|
TOWNS. Deer Isle Eden Ellsworth Gouldsboro' Mt. Desert Atkinson Bangor Brewer Dixmont Dexter Eddington Foxcroft Hampden Levant Addison Calais Columbia Dennysville Eastport Harrington |
APPENDIX. C. CONTINUED. Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS. 1.409. 2.800 Trenton 590 130 Vinalhaven 842 6.100 197 1-2 650 1 1.375 878 PENOBSCOT COUNTY. 150 Newport 560 23.550 Orrington 57 1.300 Sebec 350 Sangerville 400 Sunkhaze 45 1.500 500 631 9.575 500 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 291 Machias 3.500 Steuben 578 1.300 Robbinston 600 No. 11 623 92.700 202 231 639 43.107 OXFORD COUNTY. 80 Rumford 50 Sumner 50 Turner 3.394 Waterford 520 Hebron 50 Hiram 1.500 Jay 2.000 Livermore 150 2.080 500 5.340 SOMERSET COUNTY. 182 Athens 50 Bloomfield 6.250 Bingham |
455 Tons. Stock in trade. 379 1-2 300 902 1-2 500 |
|
1.988 |
70.342 |
|
|
338 1.631 713 252 60 36 3.635 |
500 380 200 100 1.000 |
|
|
40.005 |
||
|
10.050 12.000 6.000 700 |
||
|
169.957 |
||
|
Lubec Andover Albany Brownfield Buckfield Bethel Denmark Dixfield Fryeburgh Peru |
950 130 2.000 3.700 580 500 225 2.550 |
|
|
Norway Porter |
26.349 |
|
|
Paris Solon Strong Norridgwock |
11.005 1.000 200 |
456
APPENDIX.
C. — CONCLUDED.
|
TOWNS. New Portlanc Palmyra Fairfield Mercer Anson ^Camden ,Hope Montville Belfast .Belmont Brooks Frankfort Isleboro' Knox Lincolnville |
Tons. Stock in trade. TOWNS. I 100 Cornville 2.277 Canaan 200 100 1.450 WALDO COUNTY. 720 4.100 Northport 550 Prospect 500 Searsmont 1.331 25.650 SwanvilJe 410 Freedom 35 1.300 Unity 1.125 3.925 459 1-2 175 360 1000 |
Tons. Sto 311 1-2 1.075 63 5.480 |
ck in trade 450 1.100 |
|
24.364 |
|||
|
200 620 50 200 700 |
|||
|
39.380 |
|||
o
Relative wealth of each County at different i)eiiods, averac^ed to each individual of the inhabitants. The average to each individual in the State being supposed 100.
|
AegregMe valua- |
|||||
|
tion of estates in |
|||||
|
each County as |
|||||
|
dctermmrtl b> the |
|||||
|
Coanties. |
YfiJirs. |
Ycras. |
Legislat. iu 1820. |
||
|
1790 |
1800 |
1810 |
1820 |
||
|
York |
105 |
108 |
104 |
102 |
S3.326.359.80 |
|
Cumberland |
101 |
121 |
114 |
136 |
4.704.007.71 |
|
Lincoln |
112 |
97 |
98 |
87 |
2.838.036.32 |
|
Hancock |
97 |
89 |
97 |
100 |
1.260.053.42 |
|
Waldo |
79 |
1.139.880.15 |
|||
|
Washington |
69 |
63 |
103 |
117 |
1.050.600 29 |
|
Kennebec |
63 |
87 |
92 |
96 |
2.708 745 10 |
|
Oxford |
94 |
84 |
92 |
91 |
1.752.970.80 |
|
Somerset |
55 |
72 |
85 |
83 |
1.278.441.45 |
|
Penobscot |
79 |
65 |
92 |
93 |
903 683.90 |
|
20.962.778.74 |
Relative wealth or taxable property to the average of each individual in the several towns in the year 1820 — the average to each individ- ual in the State being supposed 100.
YORK COUNTY. Alfred 109 Kittery 86 Lebanon 74
Sanford 80 Berwick 104 Hollis 77
|
APPENDIX. |
457 |
||
|
D. CONTINUED. |
|||
|
Limerick |
88 Saco |
160 South Berwick |
127 |
|
Kennebunk pt, |
. 186 Limington |
66 Waterborough |
80 |
|
Buxton |
88 Kennebunk |
134 Newfield |
80 |
|
York |
113 Biddeford |
129 Wells |
94 |
|
Shipleigh |
67 Cornish |
79 Elliot |
94 |
|
Lyman |
78 Parsonsfield |
96 |
|
|
CUMBERLAND COUNTY. |
|||
|
Baldwin |
59 Falmouth |
148 North-Yarmouth 130 |
|
|
Standish |
120 Bridgton |
94 Freeport |
116 |
|
N. Gloucester |
128 Scarborough |
149 Brunswick |
93 |
|
Gorham |
1-23 Otisfield |
100 Windnam |
100 |
|
C.::pe Elizabeth 7T Gray |
58 Portland |
281 |
|
|
Westbrook |
129 Harps well |
100 Pownal |
100 |
|
Danrille |
64 Harrison |
73 Thompson pd. p! |
1. 97 |
|
Poland |
84 Durham |
91 Minot |
76 |
|
Raymond |
43 |
||
|
LINCOLN COUNTY. |
|||
|
Alna |
127 Edgecomb |
74 New-Castle |
102 |
|
Woolwich |
114 Bath |
130 Friendship |
61 |
|
Nobleborough |
91 Waldoborough |
123 Bristol |
81 |
|
Lisbon |
63 St. George |
39 Warren |
98 |
|
Bowdoinham |
83 Litchfield |
70 Topsham |
88 |
|
Whitetield |
60 Bowdoin |
61 Lewiston |
76 |
|
Thomaston |
87 Washington |
70 Boothbay |
61 |
|
Jefferson |
71 Union |
90 Phipsburgh |
103 |
|
Gushing |
87 Georgetown |
96 Wiscasset |
109 |
|
Dresden |
88 Wales |
86 |
|
|
WALDO COUNTY. |
|||
|
Appleton |
66 Freedom |
56 Montville |
84 |
|
Troy |
61 Brooks |
124 Hope |
69 |
|
Monroe |
79 Thorndike |
131 Belmont |
50 |
|
Isleborough |
76 Northport |
61 Unity |
74 |
|
Burnham |
64 Jackson |
120 Prospect |
79 |
|
Waldo |
19 Belfast |
103 Knox |
106 |
|
Palermo |
84 Camden |
103 Liberty |
37 |
|
Swanville |
85 Frankfort |
87 Lincolnville |
76 |
|
Searsmont |
74 |
||
|
HANCOCK COUNTY. |
|||
|
Brooksville |
75 Deer Isle |
79 Mount Desert |
58 |
|
Sedgewick |
76 Bluehill |
102 Eden |
72 |
|
Orland |
105 Sullivan |
96 Bucksport |
101 |
|
Ellsworth |
112 Penobscot |
79 Trenton |
79 |
58
|
4Db |
APPENDIX. |
||
|
D. CONTINUED. |
|||
|
Castine |
270 Gouldsborough 101 Surry |
84 |
|
|
Vin.ilhaven |
59 |
||
|
WASHINGTOIS |
[ COUNTY. |
||
|
Addison |
89 Trescott |
82 Calais |
113 |
|
Whiting |
155 Charlotte |
60 Jone>borough |
89 |
|
Lubec |
109 Alexander |
17 Cutler |
63 |
|
Cooper |
— Houlton |
41 Buring |
59 |
|
Dennysville |
121 Machias |
105 Columbia |
167 |
|
Cherryfield |
147 Perry |
103 Rohbinston |
114 |
|
Edmunds |
121 Eastport |
134 Harrington |
64 |
|
KENNEBECK |
COUNTY. |
||
|
Aucrusta |
lOS Greene |
8 i Pittston |
101 |
|
Waterville |
133 Albion |
64 Farmington |
104 |
|
Readfield |
117 Wilton |
64 Belgrade |
67 |
|
Hailowell |
154 Rome |
33 Wiyne |
70 |
|
Clinton |
78 Fayette |
91 Sidney |
98 |
|
Winthrop |
111 China |
64 Leeds |
80 |
|
Temple |
51 Windsor |
40 Chesterville |
97 |
|
Moninouth |
81 Vassalborough 121 Harlem |
50 |
|
|
De rborn |
44 Mount Vernon 81 Vienna |
74 |
|
|
Gardiner |
160 New Sharon 84 Winslow OXFORD COUNTY. |
133 |
|
|
Andover |
121 Fryeburgh |
80 Livermore |
93 |
|
Siunner |
82 Albany |
80 Gilead |
71 |
|
Lovell |
84 Sweden |
126 Brownfield |
79 |
|
Greenwood |
Gl Mexico |
134 Turner |
115 |
|
Biickfield |
83 Hebron |
97 Norway |
98 |
|
Rum ford |
111 Bethel |
87 Hiram |
66 |
|
Newry |
148 Waterford |
109 Cirthage |
16 |
|
H irtford |
97 Paris |
96 Weld |
103 |
|
Denmark |
76 Howard's Gore 77 Peru |
104 |
|
|
Woodstock |
71 Dixfield |
93 Jay |
79 |
|
Porter |
81 Berlin |
15 |
|
|
SOMERSET |
COUNTY. |
||
|
Anson |
79 Corinna |
49 Kingfield |
39 |
|
P .rkman |
80 Athens |
130 Concord |
56 |
|
Mercer |
63 Palmyra |
121 Avon |
63 |
|
Enibden |
69 Madison |
95 Ripley |
70 |
|
East pond pi. |
36 Monson |
134 Starks |
65 |
|
Bincrham |
60 Fairfield |
74 Moscow |
74 |
|
Solon |
91 Brighton |
47 Freeman |
56 |
APPENDIX.
459
D. CONCLUDED.
|
Norricgwock |
87 |
Strong |
67 |
Bloomfield |
98 |
|
Harmony |
73 |
New Portland |
71 |
Pittsfield |
79 |
|
C ana in |
46 |
Hartland |
59 |
New Vineyard |
69 |
|
St. Albans |
81 |
Cornville |
108 |
Industry |
70 |
|
Phillips |
49 |
||||
|
PENOBSCOT COUNTY. |
|||||
|
Atkinson |
120 |
Dutton |
86 |
Hampden |
104 |
|
Newport |
77 |
Bangor |
156 |
Dover |
79 |
|
Hermon |
100 |
Orrington |
79 |
Brewer |
97 |
|
Dexter |
86 |
Howl, nd & > Maxfield i |
60 |
Orono |
84 |
|
Bkkesburgh |
187 |
Eddington |
99 |
||
|
Jar vis's Gore |
60 |
Sebec |
79 |
Brownville |
99 |
|
Exeter |
67 |
Kirkland |
180 |
Sangerville |
96 |
|
Carmel |
168 |
Etna |
110 |
Kilmarnock |
112 |
|
Stetson pi. |
16i |
Corinth |
123 |
Foxcroft |
93 |
|
LevAnt |
166 |
Williamsburgh |
103 |
Charleston |
122 |
|
Cuiltbrd |
43 |
Milo |
144 |
Dixmont |
82 |
|
Garland |
124 |
Newburg |
107 |
E
Statement of the value afifixed by the Lo^islalure in 1820, to the wood and uniinprovetl land in ihe several towns and townships iii the State.
YORK COUNTY.
TOWNS Value per acre. TOWNS. Valut? per acre. TOWNS. Value per acre.
Alfred
Arundel,
Kenneb. Pt.
Berwick
Biddeford
Buxton
Cornish
Elliot
1.00 Hollis
1.00 Saco
1.50
1.50
J. 50 1.50 1.25 1.25
Kittery
Lebanon
Lyman
Limerick
Limington
Newfield
1.50
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
San ford 1.
Shapleigh 1 .
South Berwick L50 Waterborough 1. York 1 .50
Kennebunk 1.50
1.50 Parsonsfield 1
Wells
CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
Baldwin .50
Bridgton .75
Brunswick 1. Cape Elizabeth 1.
Danville .75
Durham 1.
Falmouth 1.20
Freeport 1.10
Gorham 1.10
Gray
Harrison
Harpswell
Minot
N. Gloucester
N. Yarmouth
Otisfield
Portland
.75
..50 1.
.75 1. J.IO
.75
Poland
Pownal
Raymond
Scarborough
Standish
Westbrook
Windham
Thomp. pd. pi.
1.
.75 1.
.50 1. 1.
1.20 1.
.30
|
4(50 |
APPEiNDlX. |
||||
|
E. CONTINUED. |
|||||
|
LINCOLN COUNTY |
. |
||||
|
TOWNS. value |
pr. acre. |
TOWNS. value pr. acre. |
TOWNS. value |
! pr. acre. |
|
|
Alna |
L |
Georgetown |
L |
Thomaston |
1. |
|
Bath |
1. |
Jefferson |
.90 |
Topsham |
1. |
|
Boothbay |
.75 |
Litchfield |
L |
Union |
1. |
|
Boudoin |
.75 |
Lewiston |
.75 |
Waldoboro' |
1. |
|
Bovvdoinham |
L |
Lisbon |
.75 |
Wales |
.75 |
|
Bristol |
1. |
New Castle |
1. |
Warren |
1. |
|
Cashing |
1. |
Nobleboro' |
1. |
Whitefield |
.75 |
|
Dresden |
1. |
Putnam |
.75 |
AVisCiisset |
1. |
|
Edgecomb |
1. |
Phipsburgh |
1. |
Woolwich |
1. |
|
Friendship |
.75 |
St. George |
.75 |
Patricktown |
pi. .40 |
|
V\^ALDO COUNTY. |
|||||
|
Appleton |
.75 |
Burnham |
.40 |
Lincolnville |
1. |
|
Camden |
1. |
Belfast |
1. |
Monroe |
1. |
|
Hope |
.75 |
Belmont |
.50 |
Northport |
1. |
|
Montville |
.80 |
Brooks |
L |
Prospect |
1. |
|
Liberty |
.40 |
Frankfort |
1. |
Searsmont |
1. |
|
Palermo |
.75 |
Isleboro' |
.80 |
Swanville |
.80 |
|
Freedom |
.60 |
Jackson |
1. |
Thorndike |
1. |
|
Joy |
50 |
Knox |
1. |
Waldo |
.50 |
|
Unity |
.70 |
||||
|
HANCOCK |
COUNTY. |
||||
|
Bluehill |
.60 |
Orland |
1. |
No. 26 |
^^o |
|
Brooksville |
.75 |
Penobscot |
1. |
27 |
.30 |
|
Bucksport |
1. |
Sedge wick |
.80 |
8&9 |
.30 |
|
Castine |
1. |
Sullivan |
.60 |
15 |
,30 |
|
Deer Isle |
1. |
Surry |
.80 |
8 |
.30 |
|
Eden |
.60 |
Trenton |
.80 |
10 |
.17 |
|
Ellsworth |
.80 |
Vinalh;tven |
.90 |
Residue of |
1 " |
|
Gouldsboro' |
.60 |
Mariaville |
.50 |
Lott'ry lands |
|
|
Mt. Desert |
.50 |
No. 14 |
.30 |
||
|
KENNEBECK |
COUNTY. |
||||
|
Augusta |
L50 |
Greene |
.90 |
Rome |
.40 |
|
Belgrade |
.80 |
Hallowell |
1.60 |
Sidney |
1. |
|
Chestervilie |
.80 |
Harlem |
.60 |
Temple |
.50 |
|
Clinton |
.70 |
Leeds |
.90 |
Vassalboro' |
1.20 |
|
China |
.90 |
Malta |
.80 |
Vienna |
.80 |
|
Dearborn |
.60 |
Monmouth |
1. |
Waterville |
1.10 |
|
Fairfax |
.80 |
Mount Vernon .90 |
Wayne |
.90 |
|
|
Farmington |
L |
New Sharon |
.80 |
Wihon |
.80 |
|
Fayette |
.90 |
Pittston |
1 10 |
Winthrop |
1.26 |
|
Gardiner |
L50 |
Readlield |
1. |
Winslow |
1. |
|
APPENDIX. |
I |
k6i |
|||
|
E. CONTINUED. |
* |
||||
|
OXFORD COUNTY |
, |
||||
|
TOWNS. value |
pr. acre. |
TOWNS. value pr. |
acre. |
TOWNS. value pr. |
acre |
|
Andover |
.70 |
Jay 1 |
.20 |
Weld |
.80 |
|
Albany |
.7t) |
Lovell |
.80 |
Woodstock 1. |
|
|
Br jwnfield |
.70 |
Livermore 1 |
.20 |
Plant. No 1 ] |
I. |
|
Buckfield |
1. |
Mexico 1 |
Howard's Gore ] |
I. |
|
|
Bethel |
.75 |
Norway 1 |
20 |
Bradley and i Eastman's / grant j |
|
|
Denmark |
.80 |
Newry 1 |
.50 |
||
|
Dixfield |
.90 |
Porter |
.80 |
||
|
Fryeburgh |
.60 |
Paris 1 |
.20 |
Bachelder |
.15 |
|
Fryeburgh adc |
I. .60 |
Rumford 1 |
A No. 1 |
.20 |
|
|
Gilead |
1. |
Sumner 1 |
W. surplus j , of Andover, > .. |
||
|
Greenwood |
.50 |
Sweden |
80 |
to |
|
|
Hartford |
1. |
Turner 1 |
20 |
No 4, 7 & ? ) ' |
cts. |
|
Hebron |
1.20 |
Waterford 1 |
All oth. t'nships. |
.16 |
|
|
Hiram |
.80 |
||||
|
SOMERSET COU |
NT |
Y. |
|||
|
Anson |
.75 |
No. 9— 9th ran. |
.30 |
Abbot |
.50 |
|
Avon |
.60 |
Bingham's pure. |
.17 |
No. 2 — 1st \ |
.50 |
|
Athens |
.67 |
Industry |
.67 |
range, west | |
|
|
Bloornfield |
1. |
Kingfield |
.50 |
Ripley |
.50 |
|
Bmghdm |
.50 |
Moscow |
.50 |
St. Albans |
.67 |
|
Cornville |
.75 |
Madison |
.75 |
Solon |
.67 |
|
Canian |
.75 |
Mercer |
.75 |
Strong |
.60 |
|
Corinna |
.50 |
Norridgwock 1 |
Starks |
.75 |
|
|
Embden |
.67 |
New Portland |
.67 |
Warsaw |
.50 |
|
Fan-field |
I. |
New Vmeyard |
.67 |
Parkman |
.50 |
|
Freeman |
.60 |
Northill |
.46 |
Sebasticook ) and No. 5 ) |
.50 |
|
Hartland |
.50 |
Phillips |
.50 |
||
|
Harmony |
.67 |
Palmyra |
67 |
East pond pi. |
.75 |
|
Monson |
.30 |
Concord |
.50 |
||
|
PENOBSCOT COUNTY. |
|||||
|
Atkinson |
.75 |
Newburgh |
.75 |
Bowerbank |
.30 |
|
Bangor |
150 |
Charleston |
Brown ville |
.50 |
|
|
Brewer |
1. |
Newport |
.80 |
Blakesburgh |
.40 |
|
Carmel |
.75 |
Orrington 1 |
. |
Milo |
.40 |
|
Corinth |
.75 |
Orono |
,80 |
Jarvis' Gore |
.30 |
|
Dixmont |
.75 |
Sebec |
.75 |
No. 1 — 6th ran. |
.25 |
|
Dexter |
Sangerville |
75 |
Kilmarnock ) and adj. ) |
.25 |
|
|
Exeter |
Williamsburgh |
60 |
|||
|
Eddington |
.80 |
Dutton |
.50 |
No 5 — 9th ran. |
.20 |
|
Etna |
.50 |
Rirkland |
.50 |
3— 8th do. |
.20 |
|
Foxcroft |
.60 |
Maxfield |
.50 |
No. 3 — 2d ) ran. E.ofriv. > |
.26 |
|
Guilford |
M |
Stetson plant. |
.50 |
|
^u^ |
E. CONCLUDED. |
|||
|
TOWNS. value |
pr. acre. |
TOWNS. value pr. acre. |
TOWNS. value pr. |
acre.. |
|
Garland |
.60 |
Dover .50 |
1.2 1 — 2d ) ran. E. ofriv. ) |
.20 |
|
Hampden |
1. |
No. 4 — east ^ -,. of Penobscot ) |
||
|
Hermon |
.60 |
Forbf s' grant |
.30 |
|
|
Levant |
.60 |
No. 6— 9th ran. .30 |
Hasting's grant |
.30 |
|
WASHINGTON COUNTY. |
||||
|
Addison |
1. |
Lubeck |
Whiting |
.80 |
|
Calais |
1. |
Machias 1. |
Churlotte |
.30 |
|
Columbia |
1. |
Perry 1. |
Baring |
|
|
Cherryfield |
Steuben .60 |
No 10 |
.30 |
|
|
Denny^ville |
Robbinstown 1. |
Cooper |
.30 |
|
|
Eastport |
Trescott .80 |
Alexander |
.30 |
|
|
Harrington |
.75 |
Cutler .25 |
No. 7 |
.30 |
|
Jonesborough |
.60 |
No. 23 1. |
p
Statement of the Nett amount of Postage accrniiig at each Post Ofifice in the State for the year enchng Isi M;irrh 1826.
YORK COUNTY.
|
Towns and Post Offices. |
NctI |
t amount of Po«ta£rc. |
Towns and Tost Offices. |
Nett amount of Postage. |
|
Alfred |
68 21 |
Lebanon |
14.11 |
|
|
Berwick |
32.68 |
Limerick |
62.05 |
|
|
South Berwick |
283.44 |
Limington |
37.55 |
|
|
Buxton |
48.70 |
Lyman |
13.28 |
|
|
Cornish |
28.71 |
Newfield |
) 1.63 j 27.84 |
|
|
Elliot |
3.05 |
Dam's Mills |
||
|
Hollis |
22.59 |
Parsonsfield |
58.25 |
|
|
Wells |
) |
114 68 |
Saco |
725.64 |
|
Cape Neddick |
92 |
San ford |
27.85 |
|
|
Kennebunk |
} |
204 44 |
Waterborough |
24.85 |
|
Kennebunkport |
278.11 |
York |
106.52 |
|
|
Kittery |
17.56 |
|||
|
CUMBERLAND COUNTY. |
||||
|
Baldwin |
19.41 |
Ne V Gloucester |
54.26 |
|
|
Bridgton |
\ |
40.80 |
North Yarmouth |
23852 |
|
North Bridgton |
i |
17.16 |
Otisfield |
54 |
|
Brunswick |
756.38 |
Poland |
21.40 |
|
|
Cumberland East |
56.78 |
Pownal |
18.18 |
|
|
Danville |
] |
22.92 |
Portland |
4.011.37 |
|
Goff's Corner |
70 |
Raymond |
24.03 |
|
|
Durham |
26.55 |
Saccarappa |
i 26.67 |
|
|
Freeport |
98.87 |
Falmouth |
||
|
Gorham |
104.13 |
Scarborough |
43.19 |
|
F. — CONTINUED; |
**uo |
|||
|
Towns ami Post Offices. |
Nett amount of |
Towns and Post Offices. |
Nett amount of |
|
|
Postage. |
Postage. |
|||
|
Gray |
32.83 |
Standish |
29.38 |
|
|
Minot |
> |
74.01 |
Windham |
27.23 |
|
Emery's Mills |
40.99 |
|||
|
East Minot |
8.69 |
|||
|
West Minot |
3 |
4.38 |
||
|
LINCOLN |
COUNTY. |
|||
|
Alna |
33.98 |
New Castle |
) 146 52 |
|
|
Bath |
M 44.66 |
Sheepscot Bridge |
} 21.82 |
|
|
Boothbay |
56.28 |
Dameriscotta Mills |
j 13.30 |
|
|
Bowdoin |
23.81 |
Nobleborough |
36.71 |
|
|
Bowdoinham |
} |
175.91 |
Phips^burgh |
115.02 |
|
Richmond |
33.64 |
Thomaston |
\ 50459 i 31.57 |
|
|
Bristol |
36.70 |
East Thomaston |
||
|
Dresden ) Dresden Mills ) |
74.16 |
Topsham |
153.67 |
|
|
30.67 |
Union |
79.88 |
||
|
Edgecomb |
20.77 |
Warren |
108.26 |
|
|
Jefferson \ West Jefferson j |
1 1 |
2071 4.67 |
Woldoborough Wales |
244.43 5.75 |
|
Lewiston |
21.52 |
Whitefield |
3L18 |
|
|
Lisbon 4 Corners |
! |
53.79 |
Wiscasset |
481.92 |
|
Little river village |
6.13 |
Woolwich |
48.18 |
|
|
Litchfield |
1 |
42.53 |
||
|
Litchfield Corner |
7.50 |
|||
|
WALDO |
COUNTY. |
|||
|
Appleton |
19.17 |
Monroe |
14.39 |
|
|
Belfast |
555.34 |
Montville |
28.13 |
|
|
Belmont |
25.65 |
Northport |
2L70 |
|
|
Brooks |
21.84 |
Palermo |
13.S9 |
|
|
Camden |
197.21 |
Prospect |
) 22.59 i 50.99 |
|
|
Frankfort |
167.66 |
West Prospect |
||
|
Freedom |
10 85 |
Sefirsmont |
38.48 |
|
|
Hope |
20.08 |
North Searsmont |
4.48 |
|
|
Jackson |
12.99 |
Swanville |
11.55 |
|
|
Joy (now Troy) |
20.26 |
Unity |
24.89 |
|
|
Lincolnville |
45.44 |
Waldo |
9.35 |
|
|
HANCOCK COUNTY. |
||||
|
Bluehill |
47.65 |
Ellsworth |
153.76 |
|
|
Bucksport |
209.09 |
Goaldsborough |
38.-'7 |
|
|
Castine |
575.92 |
Mount Desert |
44.19 |
|
|
Deer Isle |
51.65 |
Orlmd |
27.85 |
|
|
Eden |
36.47 |
Penobscot |
18.7d |
|
464 |
APPENDIX. |
|||
|
F. CONTINUED. * |
||||
|
Towns and Post Offices. |
Nett amount of |
Towns and Post Offices. |
Nett amoiiBt of |
|
|
Postage. |
Po'tage |
|||
|
Sedgewick |
45.62 |
Surry |
45.23 |
|
|
Sullivan |
55.53 |
Trenton |
13.23 |
|
|
WASHINGTON COUNTY. |
||||
|
Calais |
371.17 |
Machias |
) 125.23 S 148.37 |
|
|
Columbia |
82.69 |
East Machias |
||
|
Dennysville |
34 24 |
Narraguagus |
4000 |
|
|
Eastport |
679.80 |
Perry |
9.96 |
|
|
Harrington |
19.86 |
Robbinstown |
130.53 |
|
|
Jonesborough |
22.21 |
Steuben |
54.25 |
|
|
Lubec |
265.77 |
Whiting |
14.13 |
|
|
KENNEBECK COUNTY. |
||||
|
Augusta |
455.37 |
Monmouth |
50.20 |
|
|
Albion |
29.98 |
Mouj t Vernon |
29 35 |
|
|
Belgrade |
15.38 |
New Sharon |
36.06 |
|
|
Chesterville |
25.43 |
Pittston |
) 67.32 } ll>.04 |
|
|
China |
( |
53.26 |
East Pittston |
|
|
Harlem |
^ |
1.59 |
Reidtield |
43.64 |
|
Clinton |
I |
36.15 |
Sidney |
23.49 |
|
North Clinton |
1.56 |
V I' ssiil borough |
) 100.80 |
|
|
Dearborn |
11.04 |
Brown's Corner |
j 33.65 |
|
|
Farmington |
! |
90.15 |
Vienna |
10.54 |
|
Farmington Falls |
22.53 |
Waterville |
308.34 |
|
|
Fayette |
20.37 |
Wayne |
24 58 |
|
|
Gardiner |
598 73 |
Wilton |
58.89 |
|
|
Greene |
37.17 |
Windsor |
17.75 |
|
|
Hallowell |
( |
973.95 |
Winslow |
44.96 |
|
Hallowell ><j roads |
■< \ |
21.84 |
Winthrop |
133.08 |
|
Leeds |
1 |
28.65 |
||
|
North Leeds |
16 |
|||
|
OXFORD COUNTY. |
||||
|
Albany |
5.79 |
Hartford |
i 17.01 |
|
|
Andover |
North Hartford |
} 3.44 |
||
|
Bethel |
1 |
37.74 |
South Hartford |
) 43 |
|
East Bethel |
5.37 |
Hebron |
) 15.52 } 27.92 |
|
|
Brownfield |
15.40 |
Craigie's Mills |
||
|
Buckfield |
40.58 |
Hiram |
14.93 |
|
|
Canton |
14.83 |
Jay |
38.38 |
|
|
Denmark |
9.11 |
Livermore |
1 39.13 |
|
|
Dixfield |
26.21 |
East Livermore |
} 10.04 |
|
|
Fryeburgh |
105.72 |
North Livermore |
) J 1.73 |
|
|
Gilead |
3.71 |
Lovell |
11.95 |
|
APPENDIX. |
4b5 |
|||
|
F. CONTINUED. |
||||
|
Towns and Post OeSces |
Nett aiiKiant of |
Towns and Post Offices |
Nett amount of |
|
|
Postage. |
Postage |
|||
|
Mexico |
5.67 |
Sweden |
4.86 |
|
|
Norway |
! |
45.89 |
Sumner |
12.81 |
|
North Norway |
14.14 |
Turner |
) 33 26 |
|
|
Porter Bridge |
9.46 |
North Turner |
} 2 08 |
|
|
Rumford |
! |
39.27 |
Turner Village |
j 1.83 |
|
East Rumford |
5.71 |
Waterford |
52.34 |
|
|
Paris |
) |
74.28 |
Woodstock |
61 |
|
South Paris |
/ |
11 96 |
||
|
SOMERSET COUNTY. |
||||
|
Abbot |
2.08 |
Mercer |
25.22 |
|
|
Anson |
61.17 |
Milburn |
46.59 |
|
|
Athens |
35.50 |
Monson |
6.77 |
|
|
Avon |
3.94 |
New Portland |
18.59 |
|
|
Bingham |
3.26 |
Norridgwock |
97.73 |
|
|
Bloomfield |
38.87 |
Palmyra |
28.78 |
|
|
Canaan |
17.59 |
Parkman |
5.47 |
|
|
Cornville |
11.59 |
Phillips |
29.25 |
|
|
Embden |
7.34 |
Pittsfield |
410 |
|
|
Fairfield |
) |
29.11 |
Ripley |
9.97 |
|
Fairfield 4 corners ^ |
6.56 |
St. Albans |
22.17 |
|
|
Freeman |
12.05 |
Solon |
1 10.13 |
|
|
Harmony |
12.17 |
South Solon |
^ 3.70 |
|
|
Hartland |
4.74 |
Starks |
12.65 |
|
|
Industry |
20.95 |
Strong |
17.52 |
|
|
Kingfield |
7.40 |
• |
||
|
Mtdison |
! |
6.10 |
||
|
Madison East |
1.17 |
|||
|
PENOBSCOT COUNTY. |
||||
|
Atkinson |
16.67 |
Guilford |
13.37 |
|
|
Bangor |
802.49 |
Rowland |
2.77 |
|
|
Birch Stream |
35 |
Hampden |
110.45 |
|
|
BIdkesburgh |
4.72 |
Kirkland |
1.94 |
|
|
Brewer |
60.69 |
Kilmarnock |
3.37 |
|
|
Brown ville |
8.S5 |
M.ixfield |
1.48 |
|
|
Carmel |
6.08 |
Milo |
15.79 |
|
|
Corinth |
1J.03 |
Newburgh |
14.54 |
|
|
East Corinth |
3.75 |
New Charleston |
20.14 |
|
|
Dexter |
31.90 |
Newport |
23.03 |
|
|
Dixmont |
43.81 |
Orono |
) 53.48 ( 10.80 |
|
|
Dover |
26.49 |
Oldtown |
||
|
Dutton |
2.19 |
Orrington |
37.05 |
|
|
Etna |
5.09 |
Sangerville |
31.32 |
|
|
Exeter |
31.08 |
Sebec |
33.39 |
|
|
Foxcroft |
30.20 |
Williamsburgh |
12.95 |
|
|
Garland |
20.03 |
59
46t3
APPENDIX.
F. CONCLUDED.
Suniniary, jiiul proportions ((fpopiiiation and taxable propert;-, to the neit Post Ofiice revenue accruing in eacli County.
|
Nott amount of |
Amount paid by |
Ara'nt paid |
|
|
COUNTIES. |
postage. |
each average |
to ca. SiOOO |
|
pcr>on. |
lax'bleprop. |
||
|
$ cts. |
c. m. |
$ cts. |
|
|
York |
2.202.66 |
04.7 |
0.66 |
|
Cumberland |
5.799.37 |
11.7 |
1.23 |
|
Lincoln |
3.810.23 |
08.1 |
1.29 |
|
Waldo |
1.387.92 |
06.2 |
1.13 |
|
Hancock |
1.363.02 |
07.7 |
1.16 |
|
Washington |
1.996.21 |
15.7 |
1.91 |
|
Kennebeck |
3.424.86 |
08.5 |
1.22 |
|
Oxford |
769.11 |
02.8 |
0.44 |
|
Somerset |
620.21 |
02.8 |
0.48 |
|
Penobscot |
1.491.34 |
10.7 |
1.65 |
Total of the State 22.866.93
1.08
York
Cumberland
Oxford
Lincoln
Kennebeck
Somerset
Hancock
Waldo
Penobscot
Washington
8.771.14
7.855.70
4.242.28
1.998.21
.0
7.1
15.7
Comparative view of the popuiation, and Post Oflict Northern States, with that of the United States.
0.90 1.15
1.32
1.91
revenue in the
Maine
New-Hampshirt
Massachusetts
Vermont
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
Amount ut ii^tt IFrop, tn
postage m 1802 ea. per-
Ison in
, 1800^
S cts. S c. ni
4.704.15 ().03.1
2.829 710.01.5 23.243.020.05.5
1.275.220.00.8 I 3.375.57:0.04.7
6.941.88 0.02.7 I 41.229.26j0.08.5
Amoiiut ol nt>ttjl'iop. to
p«)sta{j:e in 1826 |eac. per-
|j>on in
I I8£0.
$ cts. $ c. m.
22.866.93 0.07.7 11.827.78'0.04.8 92.428.93'0.17.6 12.305.3ll0.05.2 12.662.90|0.15.2 27 640.7llo 10.0 212.536.15l0.15.5
Total United States
!226.892.16 0.04.3i912.893.08|0.09.4
APPENDIX. 467
Q
EDUCATION.
As it may be a matter of some interest to the citizens of the State, to compare the statistics of their schools with those of other States, an abstract is here given from the message ofGov. Van Buren, of New York, respecting the schools and funds, for their support in that State.
The amount of the literature fund is stated to be $331,609.82 Revenue of the same, 21.074.48
Common school fund, 1.700.000
Revenue of the same, about 100.000
Number of common schools, 8.122
Average term of instruction, 8 months
Whole amount of public money paid these schools, $232,772 Whole number of scholars, 467.947
Number between the ages of 5 and ) .^q qA,^ 15 years, /
From these statements the following results may be deduced : Average number of scholars to each school, 57
Average amount of public money paid to the ) ^^q crq
support of each school for the year, i Average of the same per month, 3.57
Aver :.ge of the same to each scholar, per year, 49 Average to each scholar per month, 6
Whether the public monies defray all the expenses of the schools, or whether they are supported in part by other funds or contributions, does not appear.
The amount for Maine will be found in chapter 1 1 , at page 362.
H
From a note of Mr. Gallatin, which has been published, re- specting a supposed claim of the United States to some part of the interior territory of Maine, and from a subsequent remark of his in a letter to Mr. Monroe, it has been apprehended by some that the title of Massachusetts and Maine to the soil (though not to the jurisdiction) of a large part, if not the whole, of the terri- tory lying more than J 20 miles from the sea, might be called in question by the United States. To correct any mistakes in this respect, and to relieve any such apprehensions, the writer is authorized to state, that Mr. Gallatin's remarks concerning this territory were originally elicited by some observations of the late Governor Sullivan, respecting the Yazoo claim on the Missis- sippi; and that they referred only to so much of the territory of Maine as lay north of the ancient charter to Sir Ferdinand©
ERRATA.
In the revision of this work many typoeraphical and other errors escaped notice — some of which havf: b' en sincp fli-c< vorod and thf n-ader i>- rpquc^ted to correcl them with his pen— others probably may exi>t but it is hoped net materially to affect the sense or inten- tion.
Page 10. for 33 220 square mijp*, read S3.067-and for 21.263 000 acres read 21. 163.000.
Papp 97. Table 4 In the last column. again-.t the year i826, for 24.3, read 42.3.
Pagre 140, 5th line from the bottom. Air thi^ table, read table 5.
Page 151, 9th linp from the loi. for 4 read 5
Pfge 163, nth line from Mie bottom dt le that.
Page 167. Table 14, igBm<t New-York and under 1790 dele the 4.
Page 175. ^d line after And. read on the west.
P.ipe 176. (8tb line. fi>> farther rem faster.
Page 248. 13th line, for l-l read l-lO
Page 251, 2nd line, for Kn^itport read Passamaquuddij— and 2lst line, for "the trade ot Easjport*' read iti- details.
Page 384, .5th line, for 500 000 read 900 000.
Page 388. 4tb lin--. for coli'me;- read cuLmy.
Page 428. .nth Imp, for exhibit some than at read exhibits some account.
Page 456, under 1790, and against Kennebeck, for 63 read 93.
c^