ee Sa Salil fa ; TP 7745 Suspended Sediment in the Littoral Zone at Ventnor, New Jersey, and Nags Head, North Carolina by John C. Fairchild TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 77-5 MAY 1977 distribution unlimited. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING an RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building y Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 << pA eee Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. MWA o 03 iin IMA mw § 3 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) ; READ INSTRUCTIONS 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.) 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER ft > WSS 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) - TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THE LITTORAL ZONE AT VENTNOR, NEW JERSEY, AND NAGS HEAD, NORTH Technical Paper CAROLINA . PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(s) - CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) John C. Fairchild 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK Department of the Army AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CP) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 D31196 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Department of the Army April 1977 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 7 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES «KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Longshore transport Suspended sediment Nags Head, North Carolina Sand sampling Ventnor, New Jersey Pump sampler Waves ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) Suspended-sediment samples were collected in and near the surf zone from Jennette's Pier, Nags Head, North Carolina, and the City Pier, Ventnor, New Jersey, using a tractor-mounted pump sampler. Maximum suspended-sediment concentrations at Ventnor ranged up to 2.6 parts per thousand by weight, and at Nags Head up to about 4.0 parts per thousand. As in previous studies, the log of concentration decreased linearly with elevation above bottom for (Continued ) FORM DD , jan 73 1473. — EDrTion oF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED "2 8 sas RA SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) & 4 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) samples away from the bottom, but near-bottom concentration was higher than the extrapolated log trend. Concentration increased as local height-to- depth ratio increased, to a maximum near the theoretically predicted maxi- mum height-to-depth ratio. Plunging breakers appear to suspend more sediment than spilling breakers. Median sand size at Ventnor ranged from 0.12 to 0.15 millimeter and at Nags Head averaged about 0.21 millimeter. The median size of suspended-sediment samples was lower than bottom samples. Potential applications, including an example on longshore transport, are discussed. The results of this report are based on a total of 850 samples, each pumped for 2.5 to 3 minutes and more than half collected in the 0.2 to 0.5 foot range above the bottom. 2 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE This report provides coastal engineers with data on suspended-sediment concentration collected in and near the surf zones at Ventnor, New Jersey, and Nags Head, North Carolina. These data are of interest because a sig- nificant amount of sand eroded from beaches is transported in suspension through the surf zone. The work was carried out under the coastal processes program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). This report is based on a manuscript prepared by Mr. John C. Fairchild, Research Hydraulic Engineer, retired from the CERC Research Division. The manuscript was condensed for publication by Dr. Cyril J. Galvan) dies, (Chilet; Coastal Processes Branch, under the general supervision of R.P. Savage, Chief, Research Division, CERC. The author acknowledges the officials of the City of Ventnor, New Jersey, including Mr. Kiger, City Engineer, who gave permission to collect data from the Ventnor City Pier, and G. Vavrek, Ventnor piermaster, for his personal assistance during data collection in 1965 and 1971. Data collection was made at Jennette's Pier, Nags Head, North Carolina, by per- mission of W. Jennette, and the Louisiana State University Coastal Studies Institute who was there under contract with the Office of Naval Research. The assistance of the many CERC contributors is also acknowledged, particularly F.F. Monroe who performed the initial analysis of the Nags Head data; C.R. Schweppe and D.C. Fresch, student trainees, who prepared numerous scatter plots and performed other helpful tasks; L.E. Meyerle and M.G. Essick who were helpful in reducing and compiling the data; and B. Sims and M. Fleming who wrote programs for computer-generated plots of the field data. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. OHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS Page CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) ....- - 7 QMIZOLS AND) WISIPIONIMNIIOING 9-5) lou c 6 clip DO olS O° o99 0 0 & S 8 I TINHOOIICHIPIOIN 3 Gog 6 oo Oo 6 (Oo Olro),.0, 8 G6 oo OO BO) S 9 II IOS) DAI COMMACIION DROCEDUINESs solic 6 896 bic GD 5G 6 9 iL, Dileres ‘gunk PrROsPINES 5 ohio 6) 6 6 wo ol "a Hoe O ol Oyo wo 0 6 8 9 2. Pump Sampler. . . Ser AR ee REISE (eee ake 3. Sand Ripple Effects eens ed aiad dee cca cacy doi ae. HL) 4. Sample Collection and Processing. Pers UE SAM EDS Tee meee KO & Weree Collects. gc “a 6 0 6 06 G0) 6 S70 6°50 9 0 5b O26 20 Go Wanye: DAE: So MSOUgI SG eee BS Wee Se) ce, Toman no Sion toe no Opie 9. oy 0 22 Tae DASA IANIAIIENES IISc aii etal acrcpalitest ate (aseselibitct| Golf Zottye nb lel ndeid tollgcdg gouhten ue invent’ 22 ik, (COMCEMEAEOM. 6 66 506 cd of6 Ooo ond 6 9G Oo 0 Oo 6 '< 23 R Sealine SUZ oo g-o2 6 6 oul GG 0 8 Oo GG oF oo 6 6 23 SEP Sample PosicclOnmeremnanten fey yee eesanee! 6 34 Ge Sources: Of sSCatiteraites ten citer cellwell-tel-” “oli ee) ale kim y re 44 IV PONMSNARIEAL, APDIRICAITINOINS 5) Bo “6.6. 6" (oo GO Boy io SS Ol oN on ot 46 Coastal sEneameerimgs- isr ieee Sips eh nema pod hats) ts, UO 2. Longshore Transport Eeeeroie Pees See me Te Mire te ee eee ae CLS) ER OGRE ar SARIS ee A Bei etn Marea, Heiner Gd Vv CONCLUSIONS EROMME TED MSiRUD Ves) serene ey) c lrctants ti isl etre etchant) TTA VAO UIE GUGM S68 og) gieaio (ole fa. Nels “Sleo) fal DusOrO).G So op 6 | 9 49 APPENDIX A COMPILATION OF SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT DATA. . ......-.--.- 51 B BOTTOM PROFILES FOR CITY PIER, VENTNOR, NEW JERSEY, AND JENNETTE'S PIER, NAGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA. . ...... -; 66 C APIODI Ss (CUM NIRS Ao) Bho) auc Bey 62k io 2k oot Os, NOW Ua) oul ae Idec acy Ove Ne Won tG! Tu D ARYA NIly DNCYENGIUR SILA CUIRWESS 8° og glee) GB foo ino on 6 so. bed 80 TABLE Size difference between suspended and bottom samples ....... 28 AS 14 15 16 WY 18 19 20 21 CONTENTS FIGURES Jennette's Pier, Nags Head, North Carolina. City Pier, Ventnor, New Jersey. Prorslespat sJiennettels: Pale 97 Profiles at Ventnor City Pier Tractor-mounted, suspended-sand sampler in operation on pier. Footplate and intake nozzle in operation. Three collection-decanting tanks. Suspended-sediment sample data sheet. Distribution of suspended-sediment concentrations . . Median and coarse sand sizes distributed by water depth . Median and coarse sand sizes distributed by nozzie elevation. Median and coarse said sizes distributed by distance from breaker position . Distribution of sampling positions, relative to breaker position Distribution of water depths at sampling positions. Distribution of nozzle elevations Shoreward increase in concentration across the breaker position . Lack of relation between concentration and local water depth. Decrease in concentration with elevation at Ventnor for all samples. Decrease in concentration with elevation at Ventnor for three selected sample sets Decrease in concentration with elevation at Nags Head for two selected samples Distributions of wave heights during tests at Ventnor and Nags Head . Page 10 nil 13 14 15 17 19 21 24 25 26 27 tn c 32 59 55 36 Ou 38 39 22 23 24 25 26 CONTENTS FIGURES-Continued Distribution of wave periods during tests at Ventnor and Nags Head . Lack of relation between concentration and wave height at WEMEMOPs 6 ‘oi'G4ls) ola 6c Lack of relation between concentration and wave height at Nags Head . Dependence of maximum concentrations in height-to-depth ENENOS oo “Oo “oO 'o Increased concentration during plunging breakers at station 349, Ventnor. Page 40 41 42 43 45 CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.94 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144. meters square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters millibars 1.0197 X 10° kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! TFS ofuetin (cullaina((C) temymeretires Rone Niven aeri e nINOHLG) eet ena TOT RCE TOT SEA) To obtain Kelvin (KX) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (fF — 32) + 273.15. SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS suspended-sediment concentration (in parts per thousand) by weight, given by the ratio of the total weight of sediment sample to the total weight of seawater in the pumped sample. Weight of water is determined from volume pumped, assuming seawater density of 64 pounds per cubic foot, less the weight of the sediment sample. water depth at the sampling station determined by surveying bottom elevation and subtracting it from the tidal stage at the time of sam- ple collection median sand size distance of the intake nozzle above the ocean bottom wave height, the vertical distance between a wave crest and the preceding trough significant wave height determined from analysis of pen-and-ink records for a pressure gage located in a 15-foot water depth at the end of the City Pier at Ventnor, New Jersey longshore transport rate distance scale measured along sampler pipe, used to compute E, nozzle elevation above bottom horizontal distance from the breaker line to the sampling station at the time of the sample. (Distances to stations landward of the breaker line are positive.) distance from the sampling station to the estimated stillwater level (SWL), based on the tide stage at the time of sample collection wave period (in seconds) significant wave period as determined in the analysis for H, time velocity of the water-sediment mixture in the 0.5-inch intake nozzle estimated arigle between breaking wave crest and the shoreline angle of sampler pipe to vertical (in degrees) SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THE LITTORAL ZONE AT VENTNOR, NEW JERSEY, AND NAGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA by John C. Fatrehtld I. INTRODUCTION Much of the sand transport along beaches occurs in suspensions. These suspensions are entrained by wave-induced water velocity near the bottom, particularly in the zone extending from seaward of the breaker line to the runup limit. Such suspensions are important to coastal engineering because, once suspended, the sand can be moved by currents with mean velocities too small to initiate sediment transport. For example, weak longshore currents may be very effective in transporting sand in the longshore direction, once that sand has been stirred up by the onshore-offshore motion of waves cross- ing the surf zone. The relative importance of transport in such suspensions, measured as a fraction of total littoral transport, is presently unknown, but there is evidence that Sand transport in suspension may be the significant fraction of longshore transport (Galvin, 1973). This study examines two extensive collections of data on sediment suspensions in the surf zone to determine the characteristics of such suspensions and to judge the relative impor- tance of sediment suspensions to the total littoral transport. The principal variables considered in this study are listed in Symbols and Definitions. The concentration of the suspension, C, is considered to be a dependent variable determined by an unknown function of sediment size (d,), distance from breaker line (S), water depth (d), elevation above bottom (E), wave height (H), wave period (T), and breaker type: GS 38 (GCap Sp Glo eigy Isl, Un BaReEU eae: INS) (1) Most of this report attempts to isolate the effect of the independent var- iables, grouped as sediment size (dy), position (S,d,E), and wave conditions (H, T, Breaker Type), on suspended-sediment concentration, C, for data collected from City Pier, at Ventnor, New Jersey, in 1965 and Jennette's Pier at Nags Head, North Carolina, in 1964. TI. FIELD DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES 1. Piers and Profiles. Suspended-sediment data were collected at several locations along the fishing pier at each of the study sites. Figure 1 is an aerial photo of Jennette's Pier. The length of the pier deck is about 780 feet (238 meters) and the deck elevation is about 18 feet (5.5 meters) above mean water level (MW) Pere Ralccnsen 2's) anvaerdalliphoto or City Pert. The length of the pier deck measured from the concrete wall on the landward side of the boardwalk ‘BUTTOLIE) UIION ‘peop SBEN ‘LoTq S,oJOUUOL “TT OANSTY Sa 10 °(S$96T ABW PI) AOStOG MON SZOUQUaA SZeTg AIT) °Z oan3sty is about 1,010 feet (308 meters) and the deck elevation varies from about 13 feet (4.0 meters) above MWL at station 22 to 24 feet (7.3 meters) above MWL at station 1010. Beach and nearshore profiles from the beginning and end of the two data collections are shown in Figures 3 and 4. The profiles for both localities indicate that during data collection, there was relatively little sand movement on the major longshore bar and the beach accreted. The. profile data for Jennette's Pier were obtained from profiles made by Louisiana State University (LSU) Coastal Studies Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Dolan, Ferm, and McArthur, 1969). The profile data from City Pier were obtained by lead-line soundings from surveyed elevations on the pier deck. Local water depths were obtained from tide tables (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1963, 1964) for Jennette's Pier and from a tide pre- diction program at the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) for the Steel Pier at Atlantic City, which is) 3 miles northeast of City Pier. Depth data, profile data, and tide data are included in Appendixes A, B, and C, respectively. 2. Pump Sampler. Pump-sampling systems have a long history of use in river sampling (U.S. Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, 1941, 1952, 1962; Witzigman, 1963). The pump sampler used in the littoral zone to obtain the data in this report is described by Fairchild (1965). The basic instrument consists of an intake nozzle (0.5-inch (1.27 centimeters) inside diameter) on a boom- mounted telescoping support pipe, a pump, and a settling tank (Fig. 5). Sediment suspensions are collected by placing the intake nozzle in the water and continuously pumping out (for about 3 minutes) a water-sediment mixture. This mixture is decanted and weighed to produce a suspended- sediment concentration. For field use, the system is mounted on a tractor and is designed to be operated from fishing piers or other platforms less than 20 feet above water. The field instrument has also been used in CERC's large wave tank (Monroe, 1966). The pump system described by Fairchild (1965) is an outgrowth of lab- oratory experiments in measuring suspended sediments (Watts, 1953; Fairchild, 1956). More recent efforts in measuring wave-induced suspended-sediment concentrations have emphasized electronic instruments (Brenninkmeyer, 1975; Locher, Glover, and Nakato, 1976). a. Nozzle Orientation. Nozzle orientation is important in the oper- ation of the pump sampler in a wave-induced oscillating flow. If the nozzle axis is horizontal and parallel with the direction of wave travel, the axis is pointed into the flow part of the time and with the flow the remainder of the time. If the axis is not horizontal, the sample is drawn from elevations above or below the nozzle mouth, depending on whether the axis is pointed up or down. The nozzle orientation with the least apparent 12 "IeTq S,a}}OUUZL Ye SeTTJOIg “¢ aan3tTyz (1) SUOIyO4S OS6 O16 O28 O€8 OGL OSL OIL O29 O19 06S OSS OCIS Ol Ofb O6E OSE OIE O22 OF2 OBI 481: TMI 8A0qgd u0ly0Aa] 3 $082 °ON uoljoys of : yybuaq dald S aypauuar sbuipunos p96| ‘idy2z sOulpunos 7961 1dy || --------- puabaq Os! Sis vl- el- ($$) UOlZOAS] 3 13 *IeTq AYTD ToujUsA e Sa TT FoIg (34) SUO!}D4S ‘p 9in3Tty OS6 O16 O28 Of8 O62 OSL OIL O09 O€9 OBS OSS OIS Ob Ofb OBE OSE OIE Ole Of2 O6! OS! Sbulpunos ¢96| Kow 92 sbulpunos ¢96| Aow Z| -------- puabeq (OlO! uo!joys 40) 4) 2 ( 22 uorsoys yo) yt Bulks0A : TMW A0QgD u0lsDAa]yA “$HOIOL ON voIyoys OY : yybuaq Jatd Ayt9 9I- bl—- 2l- (44) UOI;DAa]R 14 Support Pipe Control Winch Collection Tank Pier Rail Horizontal Stabilizer Bar Pier Deck Figure 5. Tractor-mounted, suspended-sand sampler in operation on pier. bias is when the nozzle axis is horizontal and parallel with the wave crest. For the sampling equipment used in these tests, the nozzle was oriented approximately perpendicular to the pier axis, which was usually within 10° of the wave crest although it may have been as much as 20° to 25° away from parallelism with short-period wave crests. The nozzle is approximately horizontal when the boom is at a standard angle of approxi- mately 15° with the vertical. Deviations from the horizontal position during the tests were slight, and are considered unimportant. b. Measuring Nozzle Height. Two methods for measuring nozzle height were devised. The first method, used in the Nags Head sample collection, consisted of two measurements made with each change of the nozzle height. This method involved reading the sampler pipe angle, 6, and measuring the displacement, R, of the sampler pipe above its minimum level when the nozzle was at the ocean bottom. The value of R was determined indirectly by scaling the motion of a point on the winch cable which con- trolled the up or down motion of the sampler pipe. Therefore, in the Nags Head samplings, the nozzle height above bottom, E, is given by: E = R cos 6 |. (2) For the Ventnor samplings, the tractor-mounted sampler was modified by adding a sampler pipe stop (Fig. 6). The stop was added to prevent the nozzle from clogging in the ocean bottom, and to establish a fixed initial nozzle height above bottom [the initial nozzle height with 6 = 13.4° was 0.25 foot (7.6 centimeters)]. As an aid in obtaining nozzle elevation quickly, graphs were developed to relate the initial nozzle height to 68, and then to determine E from 86 and R. Samples were collected over a range of nozzle heights above the bottom to determine the gradient of the concentration above the sediment bed. Values of E ranged from the minimum of about 0.25 foot to the middepth level which averaged 2.5 feet (0.76 meter) above bottom. Vertical spacing between samples was approximately 0.2 foot (6 centimeters). 3. Sand Ripple Effects. In addition to the vertical variation of suspended-sediment concentra- tion, the concentration also varies in space and time because suspended particles boil upward in clouds of particles when wave crests pass over the sand ripple crests (Fairchild, 1959; Kennedy and Locher, 1972). As observed in wave tanks, sources of the particle clouds appear to be ran- domly spaced along the ripple crest, but whether these source locations are purely random or not is not known. The following hypothesis offers one explanation for these observations. Random locations of particle clouds may result from flow separation and "continuity" effects imposed across the flow by the upstream rippled bottom. In this way, constriction of the near- bottom flow into zones of low ripple height may explain why particle clouds are sometimes lifted above segments of ripple crests which appear smoother than adjacent irregular segments. Those particles immediately below the local maximum velocity in these constricted zones would be the first to be 16 Support Pipe {Boom Angle =F Sampler Pipe Stop initial Nozzle Height Mean Bottom Level Footplate Figure 6. Footplate and intake nozzle in operation. suspended; adjacent particles would become suspended later with further increase in orbital velocity as the wave crest nears coincidence with the sand ripple crest. At this point the particle clouds boil upward rapidly, move slightly ahead of the sand ripple crest, then reverse direction as particles settle in the slower velocities under the wave trough. Ripple observations show that particle clouds occur for sustained times (greater than 5 minutes) at the same source points along the ripple crests, which lends evidence to the hypothesis since time is required for the ripple system to change, and thence give rise to shifted streamlines with con- sequent shifts in particle cloud locations. Suspended-particle clouds have been observed not only in the laboratory, but in ocean waves in the nearshore zone. The varying distance between the particle cloud sources and the intake nozzle apparently causes randomness in the quantity of sedi- ment pumped, especially when pumping is within 6 inches of the bottom. 4. Sample Collection and Processing. a. Sample Pumping. A CERC laboratory study (Watts, 1953) indicated that an average representative sample of the wave-induced suspension could be obtained by pumping if the ratio of intake velocity to maximum orbital velocity is about 2. During this study, intake velocities varied from 18 to 25 feet per second (see App. A) and maximum orbital velocities were generally below 5 feet per second, so the intake velocity-orbital velocity ratio of 2 was equaled or exceeded for the bulk of the data. An average of 40 gallons of sediment-laden seawater was pumped for each sample, which required 2.5 to 3 minutes of pumping through the 0.5-inch nozzle. b. Decanting Water-Sediment Mixture. In the suspended-sediment col- lections described in this study, the water-sediment mixture was pumped directly into a collection-decanting tank calibrated for volume versus tank water level. Water levels in the tank were taken on completion of pumping, using a Lory point gage, and recorded on the sampling data sheet. The total volume in each sampling was obtained from a calibration graph, and the equivalent saltwater weight for this volume was based on a specific gravity of 64 pounds per cubic foot. The ovendry weight of the sediment, decanted and reduced from the water-sediment mixture, was then divided into the total weight to obtain the concentration by weight for the sam- pling. Partial separation of the sediment from the pumped water-sediment mixture was accomplished in the field, using the sediment extraction mech- anisms shown in Figure 7. For the Nags Head data collection, most of the samples were decanted with tank 2; for the Ventnor data, most were done with tank 3. In using any of the decanting mechanisms, 5 minutes was allowed for sediment to settle after the sample pumping had ceased. The methods used to. decant the water from the sediment in tanks 1, 2, and 3 were as follows: (a) In tank 1, the sand which had settled out at the bottom of a transparent plastic hose loop (Fig. 7) was flushed out by lowering the discharge end of the hose below the elevation of the 18 Approximate capacity of tanks, 40 gal Transparent plastic hose Flush or drain Pumping position Fixed jar cap position Stopper position i ition Bumeingdpostit Extract position Sand settles here Removable jar (sand settles here) TANK |! TANK 2 TANK 3 Figure 7. Three collection-decanting tanks. water level in the tank. A thumb held over the hose discharge while directing it,into a fluted (cupped) filter paper was removed just long enough for the sand and water to be flushed out and into the paper. (b) In tank 2, sample pumping proceeded with a large rubber ball in an upper position as shown in Figure 7. After sediment settling, the ball was lowered into stopper position, thus iso- lating water-sediment volume in the glass jar below the ball stopper from the main settling tank volume. The thread-connected glass jar was then carefully removed and its contents poured and flushed into a fluted filter paper. (c) In tank 3 (a stainless steel tank), the water sediment mixture was pumped into the tank, then allowed 5 minutes to settle into the extraction mechanism (a small cylindrical sec- tion at the bottom of the tank) (Fig. 7); entry into this section was controlled from above by a large rubber ball stop- per. On completion of particle settling, the ball stopper was lowered into stopper position, thus separating the lower volume of water-sand mixture (1 quart or less) from the large volume of water (40 gallons) above. Next, the ball stopper at the bottom of the extraction mechanism was raised, allowing the contents to be flushed into a fluted filter paper. c. Sample Packing, Drying, and Weighing. When the excess water had drained in each method described above, the sediment sample in the fluted filter paper was placed in a plastic bag, identified by collection date and data sheet number, and returned to CERC for laboratory analysis. The samples were air-dried at room temperature with drying completed in a temperature-controlled oven. Dry samples were promptly weighed, in an attempt to assure a uniform moisture content at the time of weighing. d. Settling Tube Analysis. A settling tube analysis (visual accumu- lation method) was made of usable samples weighing 2 grams or more. Seven- teen of the 415 samples collected at Ventnor weighed less than 2 grams. The results were reduced to graphs of sediment-size distribution in both sets of data and excerpts from these are included in Appendix D. 5. Data Collected. The concentration of suspended sediment caused by wave action in and near the surf zone depends on the wave and sediment characteristics, and position with respect to the bottom and the breaker line. The prin- cipal independent variables in this study (eq. 1) are the wave character- istics, the position of the sample, and some information on sediment size. The field data collected for each sample are indicated on a data sheet (Fig. 8). Data recorded on these sheets have been reduced and are tabu- lated in Appendix A for both the Ventnor and the Nags Head data collections. Other necessary data are in Appendixes B, C, and D which are compilations of bottom profiles, tide curves, and particle-size curves, respectively. 20 DATB: /747a¢ 645 SAMPLE # SOs BARREL # Zi TIMB /O0O-/0 LOCATION ON PIER Sra. #30 BOOM ANGLE 7072 ° NOZZLB SETTING ABOVE BOTTOM 1.28 £f BARREL WATBR LBVBL 4. PBS” PUMPING DURATION z& MIN £5 SEC, SES Cerrver BREAKER LOCATION S7¥o. 340-350 _TYPB Plunge x Spl// BREAKER ANGLE N Sas S #RIGHT 1. #8 FT, BREAKING DEPTH x FT, WATER TEMP, 56) of WATER DEPTH x FT. WAVB PERIOD /0 SBC. WAVE HBRIGHT 1-65 PT. TIDE LEVEL /75L +f. GS FT. ELEV. OF BOTTOM AT SAMPLING PT. x WIND VEL, WIND DIRECTION S.Wz. REMARKS ¢ Sample wr - 5.8 QL. Vos. gumpeLl - 5.7/0 ek. tA Conc. PPI - -~ O39 NOTED BY Delca Figure 8. Suspended-sediment sample data sheet. The most important characteristic of the sediment in suspension is fall velocity. In general, fall velocity depends on size, shape, specific gravity, and water viscosity. Since most of the sediment was rounded quartz sand grains, the shape and specific gravity do not significantly vary, so the most important sediment characteristic is size. To initiate transport of a sediment particle, local water velocities must exceed the threshold velocity of the given particle size. The threshold velocity for the range of particles sizes reported for the Ventnor data (0.12 to 0.15 millimeter, median diameter) is about 0.8 foot per second (Rance and Warren, 1968; Komar and Miller, 1973; U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975). Considering the range of wave periods and heights reported here as 5 to 10 seconds and up to 4 feet in height, maximum hori- zontal velocities up to 8 feet per second (more than 10 times threshold velocity) may be expected before the waves break in a 5.5-foot water depth (Inman, 1956). 6. Wave Data. In the Ventnor data, significant wave heights and periods were reduced from strip-chart recordings obtained from a wave gage system. The system consisted of a pressure transducer, recorder, amplifier, and about 800 feet (244 meters) of a two-wire cable. The pressure transducer was anchored near the bottom, off the end of the pier at station 1014 in a 15-foot (4.6 meters) water depth. This station was about 600 feet (183 meters) seaward of the midrange of the sampling stations where water depths averaged only 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 meters). The wave gage system produced a strip- chart recording of the wave characteristics during each sample collection, except during the last 2 days of the fieldwork when the recorder failed. Visual estimates of wave breaker height were then made on a spot-check basis. In the Nags Head data, wave records were obtained from a CERC staff gage located on Jennette's Pier. The gage produced 20-minute programed recordings on a paper strip chart and continuous recordings on magnetic tape. The magnetic-tape records were analyzed by the CERC wave spectrum analyzer which gives a wave energy spectrum over a range of wave periods, a linear average, a square average, and peak wave heights. The signifi- cant wave height, Hs, was obtained from the peak wave height, using the formula, SH./PH, = 0.67, where SH, is the significant height on a paper strip-chart recording and PH, is the peak height from the analysis by the spectrum analyzer of the magnetic-tape record. Values of significant wave height thus obtained for Nags Head are compiled in Appendix A. III. DATA ANALYSIS This section discusses the suspended-sediment concentrations obtained from the piers at Nags Head and Ventnor. The approach is empirical, and aims at separating relations between the independent variables of equation (1) and the dependent variable, concentration, using data in Appendixes A to D. The discussion includes sediment-size data, the relation between concentration and the position of the sample, the relation between concen- tration and the wave conditions, and causes of observed scatter. 22 1. Concentration. Figure 9 shows the distribution of suspended-sediment concentration (in parts per thousand) for this study. The median concentration of all samples is about 0.15 parts per thousand for Nags Head and slightly greater for Ventnor. The maximum measured concentration reached 4 parts per thousand in the Nags Head samples and 2.6 parts per thousand in the Ventnor samples. Some of the extreme Nags Head samples were possibly due to the nozzle being without the footplate (Fig. 6) during that part of the study. Without the footplate the nozzle may have been closer to the bottom at times and sucked more sediment. 2. Sediment Size. Sediment-size data are summarized in the table,in Figures 10, 11, and 12, and in Appendix D. These data indicate that the median size of suspended-sediment samples was typically about 0.13 millimeter at Ventnor and about 0.18 millimeter at Nags Head. Contemporary beach samples at Ventnor had a median size of about 0.20 millimeter (App. D, Fig. D-4); contemporary bottom samples at Nags Head were between 0.23 and 0.35 milli- meter at stations where suspended-sediment size was only about 0.16 to 0.22 millimeter (see Table). Because no bottom samples were collected contemporaneously with the suspended sediments at Ventnor in 1965, a few bottom and suspended-sediment samples were collected later in March 1971 at that locality (Schweppe, 1971). Bottom samples at Nags Head were collected by a grab sampler operated from the pier deck, and at Ventnor by a diver scooping sand into a plastic sample bucket. The table compares the median size of bottom and suspended-sediment samples. The median size of bottom or beach sediments is, in all cases, greater than the median size of the suspended sediment at that time. For the data shown, the median size of bottom samples at Nags Head was about 63 percent greater than the suspended samples; the median size of the beach samples in May 1965 at Ventnor was about 54 percent greater than the size of the suspended samples. However, the few data from Ventnor in March 1971 indicate a percent difference of only 22 percent, apparently because the suspended-sediment samples were much coarser in March 1971 than in May 1965. The reason for this is not known, but possible explanations include effects of depth changes, water temperature, or wave conditions (Schweppe, LOZL) ; The circles in Figures 10, 11, and 12, show that coarser sediment does get suspended, and the coarsest 5 percent of the sample is often more than twice the median size in millimeter. Also, these data show surprisingly little variation in median size with increase in water depth (Fig. 10), nozZzlhenelevationu (Rasa Ila vormdistance trom the breaker (Fag. 2) lhexre does appear to be a slight tendency for size to decrease with increasing water depth and nozzle elevations. One restriction on attempting to establish relations between the median size of the suspended sediment and the other independent variables of equa- tion (1) is that median-size variation in the available sand is usually 23 Pct Occurrence Pct Occurrence 100 0.00 Bauouace On a. Ventnor, New Jersey (1965) o fo} o So o {=} o oOo o So wo (=) wo o s wo ~ an oO nN - wo o cO a = ~ tr Oo Oo Oo o _ _ - _ _ _- _— i) N N oO, C (%o) Distribution of suspended-sediment concentrations. 24 225.9 ‘yadep to,em Aq pojnqtijstp sezIs pues osieod pue ueTPpaW ‘OT 9a1n3TY (yy) e ol 8 9 (4) 2 Ame) 810 wo & 3 220 a 2 Lee = ° 5 7 3 920 Sale oc 0 beO 420.G 4ass009 yo az1g oO G 4284009 j0 azIs @ aZig uoIpaw e azig uolpaw x 8¢0 (ww) azig juawipas 25 “UOT}EADTO OTzZzZOU Aq peyngqtdIsSTtp sozts pues asiteod pue uetTpey “TI san3ty 49d G 4281009 j0 azIS oO 71S UDIPaW © (ww ) azig juawipas (4) 3 02 8 91 vl 21 co} 80 90 vO z0 ie} 810 yn 8 2z0$ 3 2 2 ° 03 92:03 ( o¢0 £0 $20 G 4284009 yo azig eo azig uoipam x 80 2p 0 26 00S "uoTjtsod Layeveiq woiz aodUeISTPp Aq Po4Nqr4i}STp seZTsS pues 9SLBOD PUL UPTPoW (4) S 00b 00€ 002 00! 0 00!- 002- p4DMasOYUS P40M DAS ° 06° 0° ae oo ° °o Fo = (OQ oD On on oF’ 090 52 ° OY > °o Ce 3 ° ) Cees eee of 9 ° ° ° e Bog” o oOo 8 Sa Gg © °0 0 ° ° ° & Cv) ° ° ° ° ° a) ° ° 19d G 4983009 30 azIS 9Z1S UDIPON *Z7IT oansty O0¢€- oc 00b- 00S - 01'0 020 G20 0¢'0 ceo Ov'0 (ww) az1S juawipas Zth Table. Size difference between suspended and bottom samples. Median sand size (mm) Locality Date Station Suspended Nags Head Apr. 0.30 0.35 525 ORY22 0.16 0.16 Ae ae 0.18 ORES 0.18 Ventnor Mar. 1971 : a 28 small. Most of the sand is so well sorted that the variation among samples may be less than the error inherent in sampling and determining the size data. Sy oamplemBosa talon’. Three of the independent variables in equation (1) describe the sample position--S is the horizontal location with respect to the defined breaker position, d is the local water depth, and E is the nozzle elevation above the bottom. Figures 13, 14, and 15 show the measured distribution of these variables in histogram form. Individual waves in a series of waves approaching shore may break at different locations, rather than at a single point. For the Ventnor data, stations defining either end of the range of breaker positions were deter- mined and the midstation within the range was defined as the breaker posi- tion. Figure 13 shows the distribution of samples relative to the breaker position. These data indicate that about 67 percent of the Ventnor data were collected within 25 feet of the breaker zero and only 11 percent were more than 50 feet from the breaker zero. About 45 percent of the sample locations were shoreward of the breaker zero and 55 percent were seaward. Since the waves were often small, and consequently the surf zone was shallow, there was a tendency to collect data from the seaward locations. Figure 14 indicates the range of water depths during sampling at the two piers. By comparing the profiles shown on Figures 3 and 4, it was possible to sample at greater depths from Jennette's Pier than from City Pier. The profiles show depths of about 12 feet extended 150 feet along Jennette's Pier, landward of the major longshore bar, but at Ventnor it was necessary to get seaward of the major bar before reaching 12-foot depths. Although the extreme depths were greater at Nags Head, the most commonly sampled depths were greater at Ventnor (Fig. 14). Figure 15 indicates the range of nozzle elevations. At both piers, the most common nozzle elevation was in the range 0.3 to 0.6 foot off the bottom, and nearly half of the samples were within 0.6 foot of the bottom. Some of the extreme Nags Head elevations were more than 10 feet above bottom. Distance from the breaker position, S, is very important. Lacking any other information, it is assumed that sediment concentration will increase at and shoreward of the breaker position, as compared to the con- centration seaward of the breaker. Figure 16 supports this assumption, using data from Appendix A. The increase in sediment concentration can be up to two orders of magnitude, as shown by these data, and the concentration increases significantly with closeness to the bottom. Data to be presented later show that breaker type also affects concentration for given values ie Se Water depth is only incidentally related to suspended-sediment concen- tration in that depth controls breaking wave height and maximum possible 29 *uotztsod royeoiq 0} oATIeTOL ‘suotztsod suttdwes Jo uotjnqta4stq “ET eansty (WW) S OOS O82 Oc OS) OoOl ©5 © OS= WOle O8)5 O04> Wis Weise Clee Ove Wikies @) Ol Oz o¢ Sree age Ov piOMas0US PJOM DAS wn Cc 5 OS N (eo) = 09 (>) (aq) =e OL © 08 06 00! 90uadino90 49d 30 100 Pct Occurrence 100 Pct Occurrence a. Ventnor, New Jersey (1965) b. Nags Head, North Carolina (1964) SHWONHOHONM OH OH OCHO NWMONHW OMOMIANH ODNHON CHOW OHONH OWOMONHW OMONMOHONONHONM OWOW NOE ONMOEONDORONNDFONMORKONOR ONWE ONDE ONOF ONNDRONNDFONDRONMRKONWRKON d (ft) Figure 14. Distribution of water depths at sampling positions. 3| 100 a. Ventnor, New Jersey (1965) oO oO So wo o vr 99uadINI90Q 49d Oo = Oo N So So G2 el 69 39 £9 09 LG B'S VG 8+ Sb eV 6¢ 9€ ¢¢ o¢ Le ve V2 81 Ee (tite) 100 b. Nags Head , North Carolina (1964) vit Vit 8°01 S0l 201 66 9°6 £6 06 28 98 18 82 GL 30 20 10 0 Oo So oO So i=] ~ wo wo s- - Q9IUIIINIIO 49d 20 10 G2 ol 69 99 £9 09 Ls 9S VS 8b Sy oe 6¢ 9¢ £¢ O€ Le v2 V2 81 Eafe) Distribution of nozzle elevations. Ragu cml se 32 *(UOTJBADTS O9[ZZOU FO SoBuUeT 99TYI UT poTstie14s) uot itsod Tayeoiq oY} SSOLOG UOT}EIJUBDUOD UT 9SB2TOUT PIeMeZOYS “OT 9aN3BTY (3) s (4) S (4) S oe 02 0! 0 Ol=s 02 -BOc— OraG OS Ob O€ O2 O! O Ol- O2- O€- OF- OS- Te Ob 02 fe) Oca Otogs09=== 08-5100 != 10° : psomasoys psomMoaS puomasoys 5 200 S 38 ) (OE 100 70 a. Ventnor, New Jersey (1965) Pct Occurrence [@) wo wo oO wo [o) 9) (o) wo ~ [o) N wo ~ oO N wo fo} ro) - = - = rN] “ nN Hg (ft) 100 90 80 70 b. Nags Head, North Carolina (1964) Pct Occurrence ire) [o) wo [o) wo (o) wo [o) Te) fo) N wo ~ (o) Nn wo ~~ (S) N i's) ~ (oe) [o) (2) oO = — N N Cs) N inp) Hg (ft) wo oO wo (oe) 9) (o) ~ wo ~~ fo} N wo rm m-m ie) vr + vt Figure 21. Distribution of wave heights during tests at Ventnor and Nags Head. 39 Pct Occurrence Pct Occurrence 100 a. Ventnor, New Jersey (1965) 100 b. Nags Head, North Carolina (1964) Figure 22. Ts(s ) Distribution of wave periods during tests at Ventnor and Nags Head. 40 *LouqUS) 32 JYSTOY oAeM pUS UOT}ELIUIOUDD UseM}90q UOTIeTEL FO yYoeT “*Sz oAN3TY uoljoung sa|dwos ‘on (00:€1 40450) S96] Aow 12 (00:21 ®40j;0q) S961 AOW 12 C961 AOW 22 C961 AOW v1 2409 (43) SH 2 v2 o2 9 Zz 80 v0 OS eg el : 8 Lae) (°%) sug2'] €| G96] AON GI Sth a sy OE €2 G96IAOW b2 GCE fo) 6961 AoW b2 O6E JoquwkS uoloing sajdwos on 24090 “DIS 4| ze JYSTOY 9AM PUL UOT}eAZUBDUOD Us9M}0q UOTIeTOL FO Yoey] oO 7961 ud Oz 8 44 G0 b 7961 Wdvz1 NGze 09 ® 1 Ob 2 961 Jdv2z2 NGL e Uy GL'2 02 p96l sdvel NeSL o'8 ° sy Ge 8! 961 4dv91 Scze 00! JoquiAs uoljping sajdwos on 20d “DIS 2 ( om, “PeoH joqwis uo1j01ng SSeN (49) SH el! 6S) 44 €€ $a|dw0s ‘ON ‘pz ernst yA v96l Ady |Z NODE aj0q v96lsdvel'll Nve? “DIS ¥) ) (9% 42 "OT\eL yidep-02-1YysTSY UT SUOTIeLJUSDUOD WNUTXeW Fo sdUepusedeq ‘sz oan3Ty (43) p7SH (33) p7SH oo 80 90 i _ Gi vl ¢l 2! Vl Ol 60 80 20 90 SO 0 £0 20 10 O 961 14y oI v961 “dy 22 961 dy 91 961 ‘Jdy 91 961 “4dy 02 joquis aj0g G961 AoW GI 6961 AOW /1 C961 AOW 22 G96! AoW 8! Bm Joqus aj0q ae YONLNIA BSS ae aba Sl aaeSs) BUS Ra ie an Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 0-01 43 Short wave periods are expected to maintain a higher mean suspended- sediment concentration in the surf zone, because there is less time between waves for the sand to settle out. However, the data suggest that a detailed analysis beyond the level of this report is needed, either to prove or disprove that hypothesis. This is due to the relatively small variation in wave periods observed and the confusing effects of the other variables. In some cases where the expected relation between C and T is apparently present, variations in other variables occur which could equally explain the relation. Breaker type was classed as spilling (sp), spilling-plunging (spp), and plunging (p); these data are tabulated in Appendix A. Although breaker type is dependent, at least in part, on wave height and period (Galvin, 1968), it is clear from this study that breaker type is important in clas- sifying suspended-sediment data. Figure 26 shows suspended-sediment concentrations, one set of data for each of 3 days, as a function of breaker type and distance from the breaker point. For these data, the highest concentration occurs with the plunging waves near the breaker line. The lowest concentrations occur for spilling breakers inshore of the breaker. 5. Sources of Scatter. The figures in this report show that there are few clear trends between variables. In part this may be due to errors in measuring and processing the data; much of the scatter is due to the effects of other measured but uncontrolled variables. However, it is the author's opinion that much of the scatter is due to the difficulty of maintaining constant conditions during sampling. In particular, scatter can be due to: (a) The unknown position of the nozzle with respect to the points along ripples where significant sediment is being entrained. Based on laboratory experience (Fairchild, 1956), it is believed that variation in actual sediment suspension along a ripple crest caniicause Gi to vary) Dyjantactor of jsommeven 0. (b) The unknown position of the nozzle (vertical or hori- zontal) with respect to ripple crests. Concentration is inversely proportional to nozzle elevation above the bottom, with concen- tration increasing rapidly near the bed (Fig. 19). Concentration above a ripple crest may be four or five times greater than in ripple troughs (Fairchild, 1959). Figures 18, 19, and 20 show that most samples at both piers were taken within 1 foot of the sand bottom. Some error occurs in identifying breaker position to establish the point where S = 0. Errors also occur in measuring wave height and period, but these are thought to be less important sources of scatter than those due to the position of the nozzle relative to the suspended-sediment sources. 44 *IoujUAa A “6PE uoT}e}sS }e SLoyveiq Sursun,td 3utinp uoljerUIUOD pasvatoUy (4) Ss (a) Ol- €- Ov- 100 4uGL9 =G96IAOWGI SLE ‘ GO6IAOW GI ple SS ES ee i eae Be es ee ol Op {928 182) be 02 9 (W) Ss 2! uy G2 44 0'€ 4y G'¢ "QZ o4n3Ty 6961 AOW Gz G96) AOW 22 6961 AOW 81 45 IV. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS 1. Coastal Engineering. A primary reason for coastal engineering interest in suspended-sediment concentrations in the surf zone is to estimate the contribution of suspended sediment to littoral transport. There has long been an interest in using such concentrations, along with longshore current velocity and surf zone area,to predict longshore transport (Watts, 1953). The measurements in this report indicate a difficulty in characterizing average suspended-sediment values in the surf zone since concentration rises rapidly near the bottom (Figs. 19 and 20), and is influenced by many variables. In addition, con- centration values are low, averaging less than 0.2 part per thousand in the measurements reported here, and only occasionally rising above 1.0 part per thousand. Fairchild (1973) suggested that suspended-sediment concentrations in the surf zone increase with wave height in the same trend that suspended concentrations increase with depth in unidirectional open channel flows. The data also show that suspended sediment has a smaller median size than the contemporaneous bottom sediment. This is expected since it is easier for the turbulence to maintain smaller sizes in suspension. Such a size differential provides the mechanism for sediment sorting, both in the longshore and onshore-offshore direction. Data on this size differen- tial should assist in the design of beach fills and in a better understand- ing of longshore transport. i 2. Longshore Transport Example. Order of magnitude estimates of the contribution of suspended sediment to the total longshore transport rate have been made by Watts (1953), Galvin (1973), and Fairchild (1973). This section presents a modification of previous examples. From the data presented, it appears that most of the suspended sand is within an elevation FE, = 0.4 foot of the bottom, and that C = 1.0 parts per thousand is a characteristic concentration within that zone very near the bottom. A continuity equation for longshore transport rate, Q, based on the amount of sand transported through the near-bottom surf zone is: © = 0.65 GRAN (3) where 0.65 is the conversion factor between concentration by weight and effective volumetric concentration (Galvin, 1973, p. 965), W is the width of the surf zone, and Vp, is the longshore current velocity. For the surf zones in this study, W is 300 feet or less under ordinary conditions. Usually, Vy is less than 1 foot per second (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975, p. 4-47). Evaluating for Q with C = 1 part per thousand, E, = 0.4 foot, W = 300 feet, Vp, = 1 foot per second gives Q = 91,000 cubic yards per year. Evaluations of Q, thus computed, are about 10 to 20 percent of long-term estimated transport rates 46 at the sites, even though contributions from storms, during which when most of the transport occurs, have been omitted. If suspended-sediment transport in storms could be included in the evaluation, the factor of 10 to 20 per- cent noted may increase significantly. This suggests that suspended- sediment transport is an important factor in total longshore transport rate, but that the fractional proportion of Q, not including storms, may be relatively small. 3. Future Studies. This report identifies improvements needed in future field studies of this type. It is important to be able to sample as close to the bottom as possible, without disturbing the bottom. It is important to know more precisely where the nozzle elevation is with relation to the bottom, both with respect to elevation above the mean bottom and with respect to the ripple crest. It would be useful to measure the variation in concentra- tion in the longshore direction, possibly by simultaneously sampling from two positions along the same ripple crest. More bottom samples are needed at the time of sampling to better correlate the size differences between suspended and bottom samples. The wave conditions, including height, period, breaker type, and distance to breaker line, need to be measured at the same station as the sample collection if wave conditions are to be better cor- related with suspended-sediment concentration. Data collection under higher wave conditions is needed. Finally, the data presented in this report, especially Appendix A, can be further analyzed to yield a better understanding of suspended sediment in the surf zone. A statistical analysis, aided by physical theory, of dimensionless combinations of the independent variables in equation (1) would be especially appropriate. V. CONCLUSIONS FROM FIELD STUDY 1. Concentration decreases logarithmically with elevation above the bottom, except very near the bottom where concentration may be higher than a logarithmic extrapolation would predict (Figs. 19 and 20). 2. Concentration increases as wave height increases relative to local water depth. Concentration rises rapidly to maximum values as the wave nears the height-to-depth ratio of 0.8 (Fig. 25). 3. Plunging breakers appear to suspend the most sediment and spilling breakers the least (Fig. 26). 4. Median size of the suspended samples decreases gradually with elevation above the bottom (Figs. 10 and 11). There is some suggestion in the Ventnor data that the median size of suspended particles is larger at the center of the breaker zone than immediately to either side of the breaker zone (Fig. 12). Also, there was less variation of sand size with nozzle height in the smaller size Ventnor sand than at Nags Head. AT 5. Suspended sediment in and near the surf zone is significantly finer than contemporaneous bottom sediment (Table). 6. Concentrations measured in this field study are approximately equal to those measured in the laboratory. 48 LITERATURE CITED BRENNINKMEYER, B.M., “Mode and Period of Sand Transport in the Surf Zone," Proceedings of the 14th Coastal Engineering Conference, Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 812-827. DOLAN, R., FERM, J.C., and McARTHUR, L.S., ''Measurements of Beach Process Variables, Outer Banks, North Carolina,'' TR No. 64, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La., Jan. 1969. FAIRCHILD, J.C., "Development of a Suspended Sediment Sampler for Laboratory Use Under Wave Action," Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, Vol. 10, No. 1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion ‘Board, Washington, D.C., 1956, pp. 41-59. FAIRCHILD, J.C., "Suspended Sediment Sampling in Laboratory Wave Actions," TM-115, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board, Washington, DAGepe une a9 59): FAIRCHILD, J.C., "A Tractor-Mounted Suspended Sand Sampler," Shore and BEAacRaNOl Hy 55, NO). 25,0ct. I96S,. pp. psu 54" FAIRCHILD, J.C., "Longshore Transport of Suspended Sediment," Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1973, pp. 1069-1088. GALVIN, C.J., Jr., "Breaker Type Classification on Three Laboratory Beaches ,"" Journal of Geophysteal Research, Vol. 73, No. 12, 1968, pp. 3651-3659. GALVIN, C.J., Jr., ''Breaker Travel and Choice of Design Wave Height," Journal of the Waterways and Harbor Divtston, Vol. 95, No. WW2, May IQOD, jo. LV SSZAV Os GALVIN, C.J., Jr., "A Gross Longshore Transport Rate Formula,''! Proceedings of the 13th Internattonal Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vol. II, 1973, pp. 953-970. INMAN, D.L., "Orbital Velocity Associated with Wave Action Near the Breaker Zone," TM-79, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D.C., Mar. 1956. KENNEDY, J.F., and LOCHER, F.A., "Sediment Suspension by Water Waves," Waves on Beaches, 1972, pp. 249-295. KOMAR, P.D., and MILLER, M., "The Threshold of Sediment Movement Under Oscillatory Water Waves," Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 43, No. 4, NOs, ja, Loe NO, 49 LOCHER, F.A., GLOVER, J.R., and NAKATO, T., 'Investigation of the Opera- ting Characteristics of Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring System," TP 76-6, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Val, May 1976. MacDONALD, T.C., ''Sediment Suspension and Turbulence in an Oscillating Flume,'' TP 77-4, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Reseeheeln Cemecre, Hore Bellyoise, Wess Ae, S77 MONROE, F.F., "Scuba Diving to Investigate In Situ Behavior of Mobile Suspended Sediment Sampler,'' Bulletin and Summary of Research Progress, Falscall viears Hl965-66.) Vole sll i S6Gr RANCE, P.J., and WARREN, N.F., "The Threshold of Movement of Coarse Material in Oscillatory Flow," Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1968, pp. 487-491. SCHWEPPE, C.R., "Sieve Analysis of Three Suspended Sediment and Seven Bottom Samples Collected at Ventnor, New Jersey,'' Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., June 1971. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, Shore Proteetton Manual, 2d ed., Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-022- 00077-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975, 1,160 pp. U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, "Tide Tables: High and Low Water Pre- dictions, 1964, East Coast, North and South America," U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1963. U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, "Tide Tables: High and Low Water Pre- dictions, 1965, East Coast, North and South America," U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1964. U.S. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES, "Laboratory Investigation of Suspended Sediment Samplers," Report No. 5, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn., 1941. U.S. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES, "The Design of Improved Types of Suspended Sediment Samplers,'' Report No. 6, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn., 1952. U.S. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES, "Investigation of A Pumping Sampler with Alternate Suspended-Sediment Handling Systems," Report Q, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn., June 1962. 50 APPENDIX A COMPILATION OF SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT DATA Compilation of data from suspended-sediment collections at the Ventnor City Pier, May 1965 (Table A-1) and the Nags Head Jennette's Pier, April 1964 (Table A-2) is as follows: Column No. IL 10 ial 12 Heading Sample No. Sitay, No Breaker type Tg Tide Description! Consecutive number of sample collection pump- ing (missing numbers are samples which were dis- carded or below minimum sample weight). Concentration of sample (in parts per thousand) by weight. Station number is distance (in feet) from con- crete wall on landward side of boardwalk at Ventnor and the shoreward end of the pier deck, landward of the dune line at Nags Head. Nozzle height above bottom (in feet). Nozzle intake velocity (in feet per second). Significant wave height (in feet) from gage at station number 1015 at Ventnor and station number 650 at Nags Head. Water depth (in feet) at point of sample collection. Horizontal distance from the breaker line to the sampling station at the time of the sample. (Distances to stations landward of the breaker line are positive.) Identified as: sp, spilling waves; p, plunging waves; and spp, spilling- plunging waves. Distance (in feet) from sampling station to SWL-beach slope intercept. Significant wave period (in seconds). Water level (in feet) above or below MSL. lSee also Symbols and Definitions 5| Table A-1. Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 1965. i Sample S Breaker type i aunununn | +oocon | ooooo a i CTOMDNDOWDUODDNODDWDOONAKRAUNAAKDANUNUUHUNUUKHUKHUUAUHUH Seese00q000 099090090 DO0ODDOOODODO DOOD OCOD OOOO OOO OOO OOOO ~ ed ied wwnomoowmnocond +80| sp 211 | 10.0] +1.72 +80] sp 213 | 10.0] +1.83 +55 | sp 213 | 9.0] +1.86 DB Table A-1. Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 1965.-Continued 1 é Sample Son, No. ere No. type (C/oo) | (Et) | | (ft/s) | (ft) | (ft) | (ft) 430 0.5 1.66 | 6.12 +55 sp 430 ies ae 1.86] 6.14] +55 sp 430 1.08] 26.5 | 1.75| 6.19] +80 spp 430 1.28] 24.6 | 1.13] 6.39 | +95 spp 430 1.48 | 25.8 | 1.65] 6.15] +85 spp 430 1.77 | 25.3 | 1.32] 6.10] +85 spp 430 2.73 | 22.2 | 1.81] 5.92 | +80 spp 430 0.20] 23.7 | 1.24] 4.20] +55 spp 430 0.30] 24.2 | 1.10] 4.00] +85 spp 430 0.30] 23.7 | 1.10] 3.95] +85 spp 430 0.40] 22.8 | 1.30} 3.84] +85 spp 430 0.49 | 22.8 | 1.34] 3.78] +85 spp 430 1.20] 21.0 | 1.02] 3.36] +85 | spp 430 1.48 | 19.6 | 1.11] 3.28] +85 spp 430 0.18} 19.5 | 1.38] 3.08] +25 spp 430 0.18 | 19.7 | 1.02] 3.06] +25 spp 430 0.28] 19.6 | 1.09] 3.00] +25 spp 430 0.28 | 20.0 | 1.10] 3.00] +25 spp 430 0.38 | 19.6 | 1.10] 3.00] +25 spp 430 0.48 | 21.5 | 1.20] 3.00] +25 spp 430 0.57 | 19.2 | 1.15] 3.03] +25 spp 430 0.76] 19.0 | 0.85] 3.05] +25 spp 430 0.95] 19.0 | ---1] 3.12] +25 spp 430 1.45] 19.5 | ----] 3.18] +25 spp 430 1.93 | 19.7 | ----]| 3.20] +25 spp 430 0.28 | 19.8 | ----]| 3.38] +25 spp 430 0.28 | 19.7 | ----] 3.44] +25 spp 84 | ----]| -0.96 349 0.42] 22.8 | 1.57] 2.11 +9] p 109 7.0] +1.29 349 0.42] 23.2 | 1.57] 2.14 +9/ p 110 7.0} +1.32 349 0.50] 24.9 | 1.67] 2.22 -1 Pp 114 6.0] +1.40 349 0°50 | 24.0 | 1.36] 2.26 -1 p 117 7.0} +1.44 349 0.60] 24.9 | 1.86] 2.36 -1 Pp 120°} 11.0] +1.54 349 0.69] 24.5 | 1.44] 2.40 -1 P 120 | 11.0] +1.58 349 0.79 | 25.2 | 1.22] 2.47 -1 P 122 7.0] +1.65 349 0.40] 25.4 | 1.51] 2.52 -1 p 124 8,0] 41,70 AGE) 0.40 ata) 1,ta] 2.hh -l p Vad OO] 41,78 349 0.50] 24.5 | 1.41} 2.62 +4 Pp 124 6.0] +1,80 349 0.50] 24.8 | 1.27] 2.64 +4 P 126 9.0] +1.82 349 OnGO Na 25 n5pultel wg t2eis4 +4 Pp 120 | 11.0] +1.52 349 0.70] 24.5 | 1.12] 2.30 +4 P 119 6.0] +1.48 349 0.80] 24.8 | 1.23] 2.14 +4 Pp 110 7.0] +1.32 349 0.55] 25.0 | 1.22] 2.05 +4 P 104 7.0] +1.23 349 0.55 | 24.5 | 1.02] 2.01 +4 Pp 103 8.0] +1.19 349 0.65 | 18.9 | 1.35] 1.90 +4 Pp 102 7.0} +1.08 349 0.65 9.4 | 1.47] 1.82 +4 Pp 101 7.0] +1.00 770 0.26] 22.0 | 1.69] 8.00] 441 P 441 7.0} -0.50 770 0.26] 21.6 | 1.60] 7.96} 441 Pp 441 9.0] -0.54 374 0.48 | 25.3 | 1.15] 2.05 +6] p 84 9.0] +0.44 374 0.58 I), 25.12) [1 .53\) 2.00 +6] p 85 7.0} +0.50 374 0.66 | 26.0 | 1.31] 2.13 +6] p 94 8.0] +0.52 374 On 74) ne 25S O) | e2hi27 +6] p 100 7.0] +0.66 374 0.88 | 26.2 | 1.40] 2.41 +6] p 104 7.0} +0.80 374 0.93 | 25.6 | 1.12] 2.43 +6 | p 106 9.0] +0.82 374 0.98 | 26.2 | 1.14] 2.56 +6 spp 125 8.0] +0.95 374 1.18 | 26.3 | 0.96] 2.71 +6 spp 127 8.0] +1.10 374 128) | ZO nO a |i lewizal| ead +6 spp 128 7.0] +1.12 374 1.38 | 26.5 | 1.15] 2.83 +6 spp 129 9.0] +1.22 374 1.43 | 25.7 | 1.24] 2.87 +6 spp 129 7.0] +1.26 374 1.73] 26.6 | 1.03] 3.05] +32 spp 136 8.0] +1.44 374 1.93] 26.3 | 1.13] 3.08} +32 spp 138 7.0} +1.47 374 2.08] 25.8 | 1.25] 3.10} +32 spp 140 8.0} +1.49 SS) 0.064 0.014 0.026 0.108 0.176 0.024 0.028 0.019 0.019 0.023 0.024 0.022 0.043 0.140 0.053 0.049 0.380 0.096 0.087 0.110 0.156 1.413 0.275 0.443 0.169 0.165 0.099 0,093 0,031 0,030 0.033 0.078 0.105 0.026 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.094 0.120 0.039 0.030 0.200 0.053 0.092 0.121 0.068 0.141 0.220 0.155 0.201 0.231 0.379 0.593 0.523 0.296 0.403 0.657 0.339 0.503 0.350 0.265 0.104 1No data. Table A-1. 2.22 0.48 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.83 0.93 1.03 1.13 1.15 1.25 1.32 1.42 0.42 0.52 0.61 0.42 0.52 0.60 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.47 0.47 0.57 0.57 0.67) QO.AS 0.93 0.93 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.65 0.65, 0.73 0.80 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.65 0.65 0.73 0.73 O35) 0.73 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.49 0.49 0.59 0.59 0.69 0.69 0.79 3 4 Sta. No. E (ft) to 0.73 to 0.35 5 6 Vy Hy (ft/s) |} (ft) 25/39) 28.0 27.5 27.6 27.2 27.0 26.8 27.2 26.6 26.7 26.3 25.2 16.1 25.7 25.8 25)03) 24.6 24.8. 22.5 24.3 23/1 20.9 21.7 23.4 24.2 24.4 24.6 25.0 2Ava A554) (AX) | 26.2 25.8 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.2 26.2 Sol) 26.3 25.8 25.2 25.2 24.8 24.9 24.4 24.5 23.9 23.8 19.5 22.5 20.2 23.9 24.8 24.5 25.0 24.3 25.3 25.2 25.4 54 3.11 Sark} 3.14 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.24 3,24 3.24 3.15 Soil 2.21 2.16 1.99 1.94 1.71 1.51 Woes) 129 Me 7, 1.13 1.15 1.20 L732 1.36 1.60 1.66 1.83 1,90 2.31 Zo, 4oe3s} Baek) 2.59 2.60 2.64 2.65 2.69 2.69 2.70 2.42 2.10 2.08 1.90 1.77 1.75 5.1 1.49 0.98 1.00 0.82 0.80 1.67 1,68 1.81 1.98 2.02 ZelS) 2.18 2.30 2.38 2.58 +32 +32 +32 +12 +12 +39 +39 +39 +39 +39 +39 59 +39 +39 +39 +39 -16 -16 -16 -16 -21 -3 -8 -3 -3 -3 -3 Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 1965.-Continued 7 8 d s (£t) | (£t) 9 Breaker type AS OS VEO EO OLE ~ _ WANOFNWOOMWNMMOIMHIIINBWMAMOMIINYO oooo0o0o0c000ccoc CCC cCCCOMo0o0CcCCC Sd | a ray ~ ~ 'ODBDMDUODWDOWOUDOANWAIWD MO ® io ‘'oooooco0coo0o0co0co0ccococcccSd i @BmarIoOINrwmenrAwMwo: ooooooo0oo0o°ocoe: Table A-1. Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 1965S. -Continued 1 z 10 ll 12 Sample an No. ores Ss Tg | Tide No. type Cy eo eae) (ft) | | (ee) | CEE] nee) (£t) +0.15 => a Y 385 0.79} 25.8 | 1.14 | 2.63 spp 94 | 8.0 385 0.85] 25.9 | 1.10] 2.83|----| spp |104 | 6.0] +0.35 385 ON85) |) -25e7 ||) 1 20)|/2.88)|) ---- |e spp 07 ||/=2=4|)+0840 385 0.95} 25.8 | 1.15] 2.98) ----| spp | 109 | 8.0] +0.50 385 0.95] 25.6 | 1.31] 3.04] +10] spp | 110 | 8.0] +0.56 385 1.04] 26.6 |1.25]3.18] +10] spp |115 | 7.5] +0.70 385 1.04] 26.0 | 1.38]3.21| +5] spp |116 | 7.0] +0.73 385 1.14] 26.5 | 1.06] 3.28] +5] spp |119 | 8.0] +0.80 385 1.14] 26.0 | 1.19] 3.33] +1] spp |121 | 7.0] +0.85 385 1.24] 26.0 | 0.93] 3.38] +1] spp | 123 | 10.0] +0.90 385 1.24] 26.2 | 1.16] 3.40] -1] spp |124 | 9.0] +0.93 385 1.33| 26.2 | 1.23] 3.48] -S5] spp |126 | 8.0] +1.00 385 1.33] 26.0 | 1.20] 3.49] -S] spp |126 | 9.0] +1.01 385 1.41] 26.5 | 1.10] 3.54] -10] spp |128 | 8.0| +1.06 385 13410] 26e04 | ===-1,3456\|/,=10)|\he spp ||p129) |)_==4i|\ee1\.08 385, Ogi?) ( 17a | Pose || Sinisa ||) us hy 1129) fae leelle 10 385 0322) ABLE Se 1 Bs58 |l cans IP 9) 129 | ----] +1.08 385 OBS 2h |e 26n3e |e =|U3454| Mee'Sil erp 128 | ----] +1.06 385 0.60} 26.8 | ----| 3.49] -12]| p 126) | pemeee TO 385 ONG 7 [e25e1 |) === 24), 3848) (ete 126) |= +100 385 ONS 15/2360) |= =) 3 046i ll 12) | 125 | ----] +0.98 385 0.88 | 26.3 | 1.62| 3.38] -10] p 123 | 6.0] +0.90 385 ON97 a2 ueh| 2225|e336Nle=10l an. 122 | 6.0] +0.88 385 1.09] 26.0 | 1.90] 3.19] -20] p 115 | 5.5] +0.71 385 DOTS e2 564 Mil hte 90h| p37 |es2Sel hen ip 115 | ----] +0.69 385 N26) |e2Se8Ne|\ ei7i6ulu2s78i|0e=25)ll ap, 104 | 6.0] +0.30 385 1.36] 24.5 | 1.76] 2.76] -35] p 102 | 7.0] +0.28 385 1.45| 24.3 | 2.01] 2.68] -35] p 99 | 8.0] +0.20 385 0.31] 26.1 | 1.64] 2.51] -15] p 91 | 8.0) +0.03 385 0.41} 11.6 | 1.60] 2.47] -15] p 89 | 8.0] -0.01 385 OSH ||! 249374) 11882)|' 238i) CnSilaip 87 | 9.6] -0.10 425 0.47} 21.7 | 1.62] 2.80] +20] p Gy) || S501 | alee) 425 0.47] 21.0 | 1.77] 2.81] +20] p 52 | 6.0] -1.29 425 0.57] 21.7 | 1.50] 2.88] +20] p 65 | 6.0] -1.22 425 0.67] 21.6 | 1.73] 2.99] +15] spp 74 | 6.0] -1.10 425 0.74| 24 2 | 1.89] 3.00] +15] spp 74. |) 680) |=te10 425 0.82] 23.4 | 1.71] 3.05] +20] spp 75 | 8.0] -1.05 425 0.92] 23.5 | 1.48] 3.12] +20] spp 77 | 8.0] -0.98 425 1.02] 23.3 | 1.62] 3.15] +25] spp 79 | 9.0] -0.95 425 1.19] 24.2 | 1.62] 3.30] +30] spp 89) |l===5"-0580 425 1.37| 24.8 | 1.80] 3.85] +35] spp |129 | 9.0] -0.25 425 1.47] 20.6 | 1.63] 3.92] +35] spp | 129 | 7.0| -0.18 425 1.56] 24.6 | 2.10] 3.95] +35| spp | 129 | 6.0] -0.15 350 ON46i| egal peas |e Tail 20) espp 58 | ----] +0.10 350 0.46| 20.9 | ----| 1.14] -40] spp 60m |t-== alee Onl2 350 0.56| 22.9 | ----| 1.16] -40] spp 60 eae = Ona 350 ONS6 nu23s2aileo==.|led7|| p=40leecspp 60 | ----| +0.15 350 0.46] 25.4 | 1.69] 1.52] -25] spp 80 | 6.0] +0.50 350 0.56] 11.7 | 1.56] 1.53] -25] spp 80 | 8.0] +0.51 350 0.66] 25.4 | 1.53] 1.57] -25] spp 82 | 8.0] +0.55 350 0.73] 24.9 | 1.51] 1.58] -25] spp 82 | 8.0] +0.56 350 0.81] 24.0 | 1.89] 1.57] -25] spp 82 | 7.0] +0.55 350 0.91| 24.9 | 1.64] 1.57] -25] spp 82 | 6.5] +0.55 350 1.00] 23.6 | 1.40] 1.55] -25] spp 81 | 6.0] +0.53 350 1.10] 16.9 | 1.75]1.52] -25] spp 80 | 7.0] +0.50 350 0843, lh 2507\ 11) 1252) |41.501]| g=25i|¢= spp, 77 | 8.0] +0.48 350 0.53] 23.8 | 1.91] 1.47] -25] spp 75 | 6.0] +0.45 350 0.63} 25.0 | 1.52] 1.42] -25] spp 74 | 7.0] +0.40 350 0.70) 19.9 | 1.48] 1.41] -25] spp 74 | 7.0] +0.39 350 0.80} 20.4 | 1.49] 1.17] -35] spp 60 | 7.0] +#0.15 350 0.43] 24.0 | 1.49] 1.10] -35| spp 58 | 6.0] +0.08 350 0.53] 24.0 | 1.37] 1.03] -35| spp 57 | 8.0] +0.01 55 Table A-1. Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 1965.-Continued a Sampte i. breker i (2/00) | (£t) | (ét/s) | (ft) | (ft) | ee) | les CSD EC 390 0.46 1.25 |1.00| -10 FeO) poe 32 390 0.46 a) 1.24} 1.02] -10 BS s 7.0| -1.30 390 0.56] 21.4 }1.16]1.14] -0] sp 38 | 6.0] -1.18 390 O65 |) BOLO) | atSny7 lite ™ co] sy 38 | 6.0] -1.15 390 0.66| 23.6 |1.12}1.54] -0| sp 55 | 7.0] -0.78 390 0.76] 24.0 |1.14]1.58 o| sp 55 7a0)|"-on74 390 0.83 | 24.6 | 1.18] 1.75 o| sp 78 | 7.0| -0.57 390 0.91 | 23.8 | 0.98 | 1.80 0| sp 78 | 8.0] -0.52 390 1.00] 24.2 | 1.34 | 2.00 0| sp 93 | 5.0] -0.32 390 1.10 | 24.3 | 1.10 | 2.07 0| sp 94 | 6.0] -0.25 355 0.48 | 25.8 | 1.16 | 2.03 Oo} sp 80 | 7.0] +0.48 355 0.58 | 25.6 | 1.19] 2.05 o| sp 85 | 7.0] +0.50 355 0.68] 26.0 | 1.09} 2.11 0] sp 87 | 6.0] +0.56 355 OR 7Saliezseaunlpessell zens 0| sp 88 | 7.0] +0.58 355 0.84] 25.8 | 0.98 | 2.17 O}limesp 90 | 9.0] +0.62 355 0.91 || 23.3 | ---! | 2.20 0| sp 91 | ----| +0.65 355 1.03 | 25.5 | 1.33 | 2.24 o| sp 93 | 7.0] +0.69 355 1.10| 24.8 |1.18|2.25] -10] sp 93 | 6.0] +0.70 355 1.19] 25.0 |1.19| 2.33] -10] sp 95 | 7.0] +0.78 355 1.28} 20.2 |1.22]2.36] -10] sp 96 | 6.0] +0.81 355 0.44), 1987) \/2-==|'2.467| =20)| sp 97 | ----| +1.00 355, 0.54 | 24.9 | ----|2.59] -20| sp 100 | ----| +1.13 355, Onedel 27a s==1|-2066i| ae=8))]) Pp 1103) ||| 222-1 eeler20 355 ag || fb |) Seee: | ASEHE oO) 55 106 | ----] +1.35 355 0.87 | 26.7 | ----|2.84] -10] p 107 | ----] +1.38 355 ONSTA R2TRO MN tease p2 cole e=10) (Sap 108 | ----] +1.45 355 1.07] 26.1 | ----|2.92] -10] spp | 108 | ----| +1.46 355 1.16 | 18.2 | ----|2.92| -10] spp |108 | ----| +1.46 355, 1.25| 16.0 | ----|2.88| -10] spp |107 | ----| +1.42 355 1.34] 21.4 | ----|2.76] -10] spp | 106 | ----] +1.30 355 Tie4'su iF MOM pees ak2070)|ete5) |b ispp) a\b105) \l==-=i|peler24 355 1.62 | 25.4 | ---- | 3.54] -15] spp |102 | ----] +1.18 355 1.72 | 23.4 | ----|3.51| -25] spp |101 | ----]} 41.15 427 0.26| 22.0 | ----| 2.65] +17] spp 56. | -=-=|=1'-65 427 0236) |t22e3ill|=-==4| 2e50\ +1701) spp S3iia===||males0 427 0.46 | 23.0 | ----|2.40| +17] spp By iceS5i) cil 61) 427 0.55 | 23.5 | ----|2.30| +17] spp 48 | ----| -2.00 427 0.62| 22.9 | ----| 2.20] +17] spp ASN === =||-2e10 427 ONS ezoneN |he===al2e 30) (laa a SP 535) ||/====)|eae sO 427 OSTA zoea ane aul 2S Slee S7aleusp Se Neco ihe g/ 427 UNO M2 2NOMI Neen 2NGOUllne Sz \ia0 (sp BG ieee] Short) 427 Tolar ee 22eeMi=-—=nl2e65i (+37) |) Sp. 55) ||eesa|| Silos 427 12 10| 23 OMseeo == ||eze7 oles Sze ansp Ee)! |/osss|| Silay 427 1310 (e222 8h |= (8208 0))| 457) asp 60bN|===—1| eS O 427 adil |! AB6@))|| Saae | Ae Se NO Iga 65 | ----| -1.43 427 eden | 22e8eie———al) 2590) | +371 (Miusp 69 | ----] -1.40 427 TeSGH e238 ON hosel ees On| pue27) sp, is |osco|| ast 349 Os 42i|e24Nonpe==-4| 0 904|/ slg sp 1B \\eas5)) 5310) 349 Ogee ARO.) Sean) Woe | Ses Agi |esee| m0 349 Overt |ie24onl|ieen=n (node =210|arsp Agu) eeea |e Ore: 349 ONT 21 |te2a oll ea=—a [ele Ozn e210 sesp aay) 222s eons 349 ONSON M2550 | pa =— =a dz 2allensp 4S | -22=1)+0.25 349 Ovazh lez aa|yeenad|ale 22h e-2dyleisp 45) eee liso8s0 349 OES |) AAG, || Sem) Meee = SSI, Go 46 | ----| +0.40 349 OVeziiie25elenlke==="|plle42ul ea—6n| sp Op Weal) cos) 349 O72 lhu2se4m |ta=—="lnlle42) |Nuw-6) (Nesp, 47) |(=223|Re08S0 349 0.78) 25.5 | ----|1.45| -16]| sp 47 | ----| +0.53 349 OfG8)| 540M |ea==a|ilie4 7! |p 16s oesp 47 | ----| +0.55 349 OST MizSeSe hee menl eS 3) Wate |e esp 48 | ----| +0.61 349 1.07] 24.8 | ----| 1.55] -11] sp 48 | ----| +0.63 349 1.16| 25.4 | ----| 1.62] -16] sp 49 | ----| +0.70 349 125)|) 24e8e t= -—-| 163i |) 11h |e sp 49 | ----| +0.71 1No data. 56 Table A-1. Suspended-sand sampling data, Ventnor, New Jersey, May 19€5.-Continued ay breaker [| (ét/s) | — (ft) | | (£t) | | (ft) | ned el ie) hese} 2) Mh) =~ Ss = ets} ho} Gefteo} hele} Golo} ts} he} he} Ge} 1No data. Dif April 1964. Table A-2, 1 2 Sample C S No. (2/00) 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 352.5-N 257.5-N 257.5-N 257.5-N 257.5-N 257.5-N 257.5-N 285 -N 285 -N S00 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N S00 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N S00 -N 500 -N S500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 500 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 234 -N 1No data. 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.58 0.78 0.97 0.97 1.16 1.16 1.65 1.65 0.19 0.68 1.16 1.65 0.19 0.39 0.58 0.77 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.39 0.20 0.20 0.49 0.49 0.97 0.97 19 5) 1.95 3.90 3.90 5.85 5.85 7.80 7.80 9.74 9.74 10.72 10.72 0.20 0.20 0.49 0.49 0.19 0.19 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.58 0.77 0.77 0.97 0.97 1.16 3 4 5} ta. No. E VE (ft) | (ft/s) 20.5 20.1 18.9 20.7 19.7 21.0 20.1 20.4 21.6 21.0 22.4 21.6 21) 19.9 20.9 19.1 21.2 20.3 21.0 20.6 20.2 6 Hy (ft) 0.70 0.83 0.83 1.36 1.36 0.87 0.87 1.11 1.17 ilit7/ 1.17 itaibl 1.11 1,11 1.00 1.00 1.31 Noe Te37, Ge 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.21 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.81 0.81 0.95 0.95 0.81 0.81 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.82 0.82 0.91 0.91 0.98 0.98 0.83 0.83 0.83 1,35 1.35 139) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 58 Suspended-sand sampling data, Nags Head, North Carolina me HOWWNNRDDDDBDDDODOMDDDDOODDMMADDODUOM]! YH Ur DAA DBDDBWWODODDCOOOUNKEWWNOOArr- DH ] a w uw 12 Tide (£t) oO 0 2-0 0°00 Pek 00 D090 0 of Oo 0 Oo 0 (Jim i — im im im im im) i dL rN a I I at I) OCNWERAANWDBDDOONWWAWEENNO WWONIWNWOMrWDOOCOWWMDDNWNO OO ooooooo0cococoece oO nN Table A-2. Suspended-sand sampling data, Nags April 1964.-Continued Head, North Carolina 11 12 aN No. Rete Tg | Tide type (£t) | _(£t/s) (£t) (ft) (ft) | (ft) (ft) 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 234 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 788 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 758 -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -N -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S -S Si Nw ou WP EUWUWUNNEE EEF OOOCOCOCONUNFSFEUWUNNEEERODODDOOODDCOOCOCOrFrraSSoSaSo9oSeSeSeSsS un uw @oo uw ZSIS9 24.4 23.7 25;s0 24.5 23.2 23.7 22.1 23.3 21.8 22.6 21.2 21.7 20.4 16.5 20.7 20.6 20.2 19,2 21.5 20.5 Cor! 20.9 20.9 22.6 21.4 23.0 21.4 Siey7) 0. 98 0.85 0.82 2.18 2.18 1.82 1.82 2.00 2.00 1.73 1.73 1.73 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.92 R92: 171 2.12 2.12 1.52 1.5.2; 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.77 2.43 2.43 3.16 3.16 2.49 2.49 2.29 (52%) 2.36 2.36 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.52 4.03 4.03 3.95 S395 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.98 2.98 1.96 1.96 1.96 2.17 2.04 2.04 1.97; 1.97 a9 0. 69 | 0.89 0.92 4.70 4.72 4.74 4.76 4.78 4.77 4.75 4.74 4.72 4.72 4.61 4.59 4.52 4.48 4.30 4.28 4.11 3.88 3.87 9.89 9.88 oy 9.77 9.71 9.72 9.68 9.68 9.68 9.70 9.73 9.76 9.81 9.82 9.88 9.91 10.01 10.04 10.14 10.24 10.76 10.81 12.98 12.99 13.05 13.02 12.96 12.93 12.76 12.75 12.57 12.54 11.87 11.83 11.77 11.75 11.44 11.40 10.95 10.93 201 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 =p sp SP sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp sp es 29 72 WM IDANDNNWDDOUOADAA WOO DMDMDDNOWO WO WD DDO DDDDDDDDDINNIDDINDDMDDBDMDDBDDBDINNINNDMBAAGAINYNMOHW CO Wl -1.16 -5 | -0.97 5} -0.94 +1.14 WKDWDOONNAD + SOD DODOOORKR RRR BBE Er F wo “N SCODDONNNWADMUUNUNAADNUNHEKY KE WDMDANNUUNUNNDDOOUOUUNNHNFEINONNNNNN Table A-2. Suspended-sand sampling data, Nags Head, North Carolina April 1964.-Continued : 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 Sta, No. E Vi; Hy d S Breaker] Sg Tg | Tide type (£t) | (ft/s) |) (ft) | (ft) | (ft) (ft) | (s) | (£t) 733° 8.1) GeB241) cost 2.01 | 10.76] --- -- 620 8.9} -1.42 758 -S | 6.82} 14.0 | 2.01] 10.69] --- -- 617 8.9] -1.49 758 -S | 0.20} 15.6 | 2.55] 10.61] --- -- 613 8.8 | -1.57 758 -S | 0.20] 12.9 | 2.55] 10.58] --- -- 612 8.8 | -1.60 758 -S | 0.39} 21.9 | 2.22] 10.52] --- -- 606 8.8] -1.66 758 -S | 0.39] 20.9 | 2.22] 10.49] --- -- 608 8.8 | -1.68 758 -S | 0.58} 22.1 2.18 | 10.45] --- -- 606 8.8 | -1.72 758 -S | 0.58] 21.4 | 2.18] 10.42] --- -- 605 8.8 | -1.75 758 -S | 0.97 | 22.6 | 3.19] 10.38] --- -- 602 8.8 | -1.79 758 -S | 0.97} 21.6 | 3.19] 10.38] --- -- 602 8.8] -1.79 758 -S | 1.46] 23.0 | 2.83} 10.40] --- -- 603 8.7] -1.77 758 -S | 1.46] 22.5 | 2.82} 10.40} --- -- 603 8.7 | -1.77 300 -N 0.19 =--- 3.22 4.97] --- -- 150 7.9} -0.23 300 -N | 0.19} 23.2 | 3.08} 5.06} --- -- 151 8.1] -0.12 300 -N | 0.39] 23.1 3.08] 5.18] --- -- 144 8.1 0.00 300 -N | 0.39} 23.5 | 3.08] 5.20] --- -- 154 8.1} +0.02 300 -N | 0.58} 24.5 | 3.93] 5.32] --- -- 156 8.6] 0.16 300 -N | 0.58] 23.5 | 3.93} 5.39] --- -- 158 8.6] 0.23 300 -N |] 0.78] 22.8 | 2.64} 5.49} --- -- 159 8.3] 0.34 300 -N | 0.78] 23.7 | 2.64] 5.52} --- -- 160 8.3] 0.38 300 -N | 0.97] 23.4 | 3.02] 5.74] --- -- 164 8.5] 0.61 300 -N | 0.97] 23.3 | 3.02] 5.78] --- -- 165 8.5] 0.66 300 -N | 1.46] 22.6 | 3.02] 5.87] --- -- 166 8.5| 0.76 300 -N | 1.46] 22.0 | 2.96] 5.94] --- -- 167 8.2] 0.84 300 -N | 1.94 22.5 | 2.96] 5.97] --- -- 168 8.2] 0.88 300 -N | 1.94 21.6 | ----| 5.98] --- -- 168 | ---- | 0.S0 300 -N | 2.43] 22.7 | 2.48} 6.05} --- -- 169 8.8 | +0.98 300 -N | 2.43] 21.4 | 2.48] 6.06] --- -- 170 8.8] 0.99 300 -N | 2.91 20.1 | 2.76] 6.05] --- -- 169 9.3] 1.00 300 -N | 2.91 19.4 | 2.76] 6.04] --- -- 169 9.3] 0.99 300 -N | 0.19] 24.4 | 2.76] 6.02] --- -- 169 9.3] 0.98 300 -N | 0.19} 23.7 | 2.76] 6.01] --- -- 169 9.3] 0.97 300 -N | 0.39] 23.5 | 2.99} 5.96] --- -- 168 8.6] 0.94 300 -N | 0.39} 22.6 | 2.99] 5.95] --- -- 168 8.6] +0.93 300 -N | 0.19] 16.9 | 1.61] 4.15] --- -- 138 8.5] -0.70 300 -N |] 0.19] 14.3 | 1.61] 4.09] --- -- 137 8.5] -0.76 300 -N | 0.39] 17.1 1.61] 4.01] --- -- 135 8.5] -0.83 300 -N |} 0.39] ---- | 1.61] 3.92] --- -- 134 8.5] -0.92 300 -N | 0.58} ---- 2.61] 3.80] --- -- 132 8.8] -1.02 300 -N | 0.58] ---- | 2.61 3.79] --- -- 132 8.8] -1.03 325 -S | 0.19] 23.0 | 2.40} 3.48] --- -- 150 4.4] -0.80 325 -S | 0.19] 22.1 | 2.40] 3.49] --- -- 150 4.4] -0.79 325 -S | 0.39] 22.9 | 2.72] 3.62] --- -- 152 6.7] -0.65 S250 Sin On 59H |inie areal 2.72] 3.66] --- -- 152 6.7] -0.61 325 -S | 0.58} 23.5 | 4.18} 4.15] --- -- 159 5.0] -0.08 325 -S | 0.58] 22.2 |} 4.18] 4.19] --- -- 160 5.0] -0.04 325 -S | 0.77] 22.6 | 4.18] 4.25] --- -- 161 5.0] +0.03 325 -S | 0.77] 22.0 | 3.54] 4.31] --- -- 161 5.3] 0.09 325 -S | 0.97} 22.3 | 3.54] 4.45] --- -- 163 5.3] 0.28 S25 SiO Of edytoy phe sito 4st Ai7A || mai -- 163 Sioa O26) 325 -S | 1.45} 21.8 | 3.51] 4.57] --- -- 166 Sie 0.37 325 -S | 1.45] 20.7 | 3.51] 4.59] --- -- 165 5.1] +0.39 325 -S | 1.93] 21.5 | ----] 4.67] --- -- 166 ---| 0.48 325 -S | 1.93] 20.4 | ----}] 4.69] --- -- 167 ---| 0.50 325 -S | 2.42] 20.8 | 2.95] 4.82] --- -- 169 5.4] 0.64 325 -S | 2.42] 19.9 | 2.95] 4.83] --- -- 169 5.4] 0.65 325 -S | 2.90] 16.2 | 2.99} 4.86] --- Pp 169 5.5] 0.69 325 -S | 2.90] 15.9 | 2.99] 4.87] --- p 169 5.5] 0.70 325 -S | 0.19] 22.4 | 3.00} 4.93] --- Pp 170 5.4} 0.78 325 -S | 0.19} 23.1 3.00] 4.94] --- -- 170 $.4] 0.79 354 -N | 0.20} 21.3 | 2.57) 5.43] --- -- 193 5.5] 0.47 354 -N | 0.20] 20.6 | 2.57] 5.40} --- -- 192 5.5] 0.45 INo data. 60 Table A-2. Suspended-sand sampling data, Nags Head, North Carolina April 1964.-Continued 7 8 9 10 1l 12 d Ss Breaker] S, Tg | Tide type (ft) | (ft) (£t) | (s) | (ft) 29} --1 == lo. 354 -N 0.39 2)\08 aio. 190 5.5] 0.34 354 -N | 0.39} 20.0 | 2.08} 5.29] --- -- 190 5.5] +0.34 354) -N 7 |) 0..59)]| 20/52 2.08} 4,80] --- -- 183 5.5} -0.13 354° -N | 0.59)|° 19.4 2.08 | 4.78] --- -- 182 5.5] -0.15 354 -N | 0.78 19.8 1.86} 4.59] --- =- 179 5.4] -0.33 354 -N | 0.78 18.7 | 1.86] 4.57] --- == 178 5.4} -0.35 354 -N | 0.98 18.4 1.86] 4,52] --- =~ 177 5.4] -0.40 354 -N | 0.98} 12.9 | 1.86] 4.49] --- -- 176 5.4] -0.43 354 -N | 0.20] 18.8 1.65] 4.23] --- -- 171 5.5] -0.68 354 -N | 0.20] 17.4 1.65} 4,21} --- -- 170 5.5] -0.70 354 -N | 0.39] 18.8 1.40] 4.07] --- =- 168 5.5] -0.83 354 -N | 0.39] 16.9 | 1.40] 4.05] --- -- 167 5.5] -0.85 354 -N | 0.59] 18.6 | 2.20} 3.91] --- -- 165 5.8] -0.98 354 -N | 0.59] 16.8 | 2.20} 3.86] --- -- 164 5.8] -1.03 354 -N | 0.78 D'GSI eli O58 MS sol | — —— 162 5.8] -1.14 354) -N || 0.:78 16.2 | 1.65] 3.74] --- == 162 5.8] -1.15 354 -N | 0.20} 22.2 | 1.65} 3.62] --- == 160 5.8} -1.26 354 -N | 0.20] 13.8 | 1.64] 3.60] --- os 160 6.0] -1.28 S547 =N O39 5I) U96nN) 1.4 Oifih (3/531! =—— ao 158 9.9} -1.35 354 -N | 0.39} 18.1 1.49] 3.51] --- -- 158 97.9) 137, S54) T=Ni5| 10397) NOE 28 U4 9) 3). 50}, =—— -- 158 9.9} -1.37 354 -N | 0.39 18.4 1.72] 3.47) --- -- 157 5.0] -1.40 354 -N | 0.39] 17.3 | 1.72] 3.41] --- -- 156 5.0] -1.46 326 --N | 0.20] 16.2 1.85] 2.33] --- == 113 9.1] -1.08 326) -N }.0.20) 12.9) } 1.85 2.34] --- -- 114 9.1] -1.07 326 -N | 0.39} 21.1 1.85} 2.43) --- -- 115 9.1} -0.98 326 -N | 0.39) 20.0 | 1.75 2.44] --- -- 115 8.8] -0.97 S2GPMENIAONS SA 2c Suly Veron e235 5i|e——— -- 118 8.8] -0.86 326 -N | 0.59} 20.0 | 1.70} 2.58) --- oo 118 9.1) -0.83 326 -N | 0.78] 21.7 1.65} 2.66] --- = 120 9.3] -0.75 326. -N | 0.78 2079 | 1.65] 2.72) --- a 122 9.3] -0.09 326 -N | 0.98 22.1 1.82) 2.76) --- -- 123 9.3] -0.65 326. -N | 0.98 20.6 | 1.82] 2.77] --- -- 123 9.3} -0.64 326 -N | 1.47 21.5 | 1.08] 2.97] --- == 130 9.1} -0.44 326 -N | 1.47] 20.3 | 1.80] 3.03] --- -- 131 9.1] -0.38 326 -N | 1.96} 21.0 | 1.74} 3.10) --- = 133 9.3] -0.32 326, -N |.1.96) 19.7 >) 1.74 Bi) A -- 134 9.3] -0.31 326 -N | 0.20; 23.4 | (44.0091) AOW ¢1 QN3931 "T-q omn3ty ose oo¢ 0Se 002 (14) TSW uolyDAa]3 67 0S6 006 0s8 SO6T ACW LT SA9Saar MoN ‘SatoujUdA Stotg AIT) SaTtFord wozW0g (14) ON “24S 008 0S2 002 0s9 009 ele 00s Sb 00b (44 Gog!) AOW Z| (44 GO80) ADW 21 QN3941 OSE "Z-q osnsTy 00g 0G2 002 (14) TSW YOl}DAG| 3 68 0S6 “SO6T ABW BT ‘AOSZOr MON ‘1OUQUSA ‘ZeTg AIT) (14) ON OLS 0S8 008 OS2 002 069 009 OSS 00S (440091) ADW 8I (440080) AoW 81 QN4931 ‘attzord wo. 20g OSb 00b ose "¢-q oInsTy 00€ 0S2 002 (14) TSW UYolpoAa| 3 69 006 0g8 02 008 pue 61 ‘A9szor mon OG2 002 0S9 (44 0ES1) AOW O2 (44 6251) ADW 6} QN4941 ‘rouqvusA *tetg AIT) (13) ON “DIS 009 oss 00¢ "SO6T ACW “attyzoid wo1.0g OSb 00b ose "p-gq oan3sty 00€ 0S2 002 (13) TSW UOlyOAa J 70 G6 ose "SO6T AeW ZZ pue Iz ‘Aastor MeN ‘LouqUeA Stotg AIT) SaTtyzoad wo zW0g (43) ON DS 008 0s2 002 0g9 009 oss 00g OSb 00¢ QN4941 "g-q omn3Ty oer 00¢ 0Se 00¢ (13) TSW UOl}DA] 4 Al 0S6 0S8 “S96T AW SZ Pue pz ‘Aosta MON ‘XOUJUaA ‘1oTg ATID ‘attzord woi.0g (1) ON “04S 008 OG2 002 0S9 009 OSS 00S OSb 00b (440091) AOW S2 (AUTO CSM eNO Winton ee eee GN494 | “Oe OSE 9IN3 Te 00g 0Se 002 0S] (14) TSW YoOljona| 3 72 os6 006 "S961 ABW OZ ‘AOSTOG mMoN ‘LOUQUdA SXeTg AIT) SoTtTFoad wo..0g (11) ON “DIS ose 008 0G2 002 0s9 009 sg 00s 0Sb 006 ose (44001) how 92 QN4941 "Z-q ean8Ty 00g 0G¢ 002 (14) TSW uoljoAa|y tS 008 008 "y961T Tt4dy pT pue TT “BuTTOIe) YIION ‘peoy s3eV “IOTd $,9}}OUUNL “aTtzord woz.0g "8-q omnsTy (4) ) ‘ON “DIS OG2 002 Os9 009 OGS 00S OSb O0b OGEe Oo¢€ OGe2 002 0s! 961 4d | TSW (43) ON “DIS OGL 002 0S9 009 OSs 00S OSb 00b OSE 00¢ 0S¢2 002 0S! y96l 40V | 1 SW (44) voljonaly (44) Yorjona)3 74 008 008 OGL OS2 ‘y961 Itatdy 91 pue sT ‘eUT[OIE) YIION ‘peoH sBenN ‘totg s,o}}OUUNr ‘oTTFormd wojOg ‘*G-g OAINsTY (43) ‘ON ‘DIS 002 0S9 009 OSS 00S 0Sb 00v Os¢ O0¢ 0S2 002 0S! 7961 ‘1dy 91 TSW (43) “ON “04S 002 0S9 009 OSS 00S 0Sb 00v OSE 00€ 0S2 002 0S 7961 4dy S| SW 00! (44) wYolyoAa|3 UO!}DAa|q (43) 1S) 008 008 OSL OGL “y961 Itady zz pue /T “eBUTTOIeD YIION ‘peoH sBeN ‘totg s,o}}OUUer SoTtTFord wWoI}0g ‘OT-g dIn3T 4 002 002 (1}) “ON “DIS 0S9 009 OSs 006 OSb 00v ose 00¢ 0S2 002 OS! 7961 Jdy 22 TSW (4}) ON “DIS 0S9 009 OSS 00S OSb 00b OSE¢ 00¢ OS2 002 OS! 796! 4dy 21 TSW STN CS SONI SCO. I (44) uotjonay3 (44) uolonaly 76 APPENDIX C TIDE CURVES Tide curves indicated are for Steel Pier, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 3 miles northeast of the Ventnor City Pier where the sampling collections were made. Tide curves for Jennette's Pier at Nags Head, North Carolina, were interpolated from U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey tide tables from stations at Hampton Roads-and Oregon Inlet. (0 “SO6I AeW ‘AaSZer MON “A1T) ITWUeTIW ‘1eTg [9909S IOF SO9AIND opt} pezoTperg ‘“I-9 oInsTy skoqg 62 92 le | y on UIMIAIANAAANAn aA atana abl EE peyayye skoq €l 6 c UAAAMAAAMAAA ALAA MOANA eT TO TSW | r4 € (43) 4H Opty (43) 4H Opty 78 v2 “yO6l [tidy ‘euTpTore) YON ‘peoy sBeN ‘Iotg $,e}}0UUeL TOF S9AIND Opty poze rodirequy shog 4 ce \2 02 6l shog "7-9 oansty 81 d\ | 2 (4) YH OIL 79 APPENDIX D TYPICAL PARTICLE-SIZE CURVES 80 eS ee Pe Oe oo 8 3| oO S| > mt | = ah lo ep) | = 3 = lh ON a mM Ee o w 2100 <0.24tt --.= 1.41 ft —o— Lek OEE = 0.12 ai suun ty a u (=) So (ww) e@zIS juew! pas d 8| 99.99 99.8 99.9 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pct Coarser Range of four nozzle heights, E, Ventnor, New Jersey. Figure D-l. f-) = £3 a E [S) wn 89 204 0.46 2.5ft 0.09 O.8ft 0.73 2.3ft 85 127 0.09 O.9ft SulUN 1d OP a Sarai ou —2e2R ono ro) foo) ro) eoee ec oo Oo (ww) aZIS juawipas 82 SOm95 98 99 99.8 99.9 99.99 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 Pct Coarser H,, Ventnor, New Jersey. Range of four wave heights, Figure D-2. 6666 *Xosior MON ‘ioujUs,A ‘p Ssyjydep z94eM INOF Jo sB8uey 666 866 66 86 G6 06 439$3009 39d os O24 09 OS Ob OF O2 *¢-q osn3sTy spun 1ud rae) 83 -Xosio¢ mMaN ‘atouque, ‘7 ‘spotzed oAeM InoZ FO oBuey ‘p-q eAN3BIy JaSJDO4 39d 66°66 666 866 66 86 S6 O06 08 OZ 09 OS Ob OF O02 Olas Gg Joquds aR ee BE SHUN Id 400 800 600 (ww) az! juawipas 84 3 4 2 a E iS) wn 99.99 S9ISE9S'9 i 30 40 50 60 70 80 Ei 2 “0.102 05 1.0 5| 2.0 rey A Sylun Ud 2 Ss on De o oO ro) o (ww) azig juawipas 85 Pct Coarser Ventnor, New Jersey. S, Range of four breaker zone distances, Figure D-S. Pet Coarser Sediment Size (mm) Figure D-7. . Low tide, avg. max. runup . Limit of backwash . Limit of backwash Limit avg. runup Limit of backwash . Limit avg. runup . Limit avg. runup . High tide, limit avg. runup . Limit avg. runup . Limit avg. runup WOMNODUSUN- . Atacusp \ 4 [7 y | NN (aN S Rea e ae //) 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pct Coarser . Limit avg. . Limit avg. . Limit avg. . 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