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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES MUSEE NATIONAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES

DSSS E.:55:5555555

ZYANOFEYZ

SESE 5555555555 —-

David Jarzen

Palynological Research at the
National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

"Today and Tomorrow”.

MUSÉES NATIONAUX DU CANADA OTTAWA NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA

Syllogeus includes papers on natural sciences and closely related
topics that are not immediately appropriate for inclusion in
other publications and are issued in either English or French.
Syllogeus appears at irregular intervals and individual issues
are available from the Library and the Director, National Museum
of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, KIA 0M8, Canada.

La collection Syllogeus réunit un certain nombre d'articles sur
les sciences naturelles ou sur des sujets qui leur sont
apparentés, et qui sont publiés soit en frangais, soit en anglais.
Les articles paraissent irréguliérement et on peut les obtenir

de la bibliothéque des Musées nationaux ou du cabinet du
Directeur du Musée des Sciences naturelles, Ottawa, K1A OM8,
Canada.

Syllogeus Series No. 10 - (c) Crown Copyrights reserved -
The National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, November 1976.

Palynological Research at the National
Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

- Today and Tomorrow -

David M. Jarzen
National Museum of Natural Sciences

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. K1A OM8

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the purpose, scope and holdings
of the palynology laboratory of the National Museum of Natural Sciences. Because the science
of palynology is a relative newcomer to the museum, and since many of the terms used in this
paper are unique to this branch of science, a brief summary of palynology and some
definitions of terms are presented,

The term "palynology" was first used in the early 1940's by two botanists - Hyde and
Williams, who were examining postglacial peat samples collected from Scandinavian bogs.

They were impressed with the great abundance of microscopic plant pollen and spores which
were contained within the peat, and coined the word "palynology" to describe the study of
recovering and interpreting the significance of these microfossils. In actuality the study
of pollen and spores contained in peat had earlier beginnings in the late teens of the
present century, but Hyde and Williams are credited with establishing it as a science or
separate discipline.

The word palynology is derived from the Greek verb palynein, which means to spread or
strew around. Indeed, pollen grains are often spread by wind, water or by animals such as
insects, birds and bats.

Palynology today is concerned not only with fossil pollen and spores recovered from peat
samples, but also has been extended in recent years to include pollen, spores and other
microscopic organisms living and fossil. The study of fossil palynology (paleopalynology)
includes organisms of all geologic ages, even extending backwards some three billion years --
a time when life was appearing on Earth.

The various structures studied by palynologists have at least one thing in common --
their small size. Pollen and fern spores on the average measure between 20 microns to 200
microns (one micron equals one-thousandth of a millimeter). A period on this page is about
500 microns. The spores of some mushrooms and other fungi are much smaller. In addition to
pollen and spores, palynologists may also study dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres, which
are tiny mobile organisms found primarily in ocean waters, and related to the algae.

Another group of organisms studied by palynologists are nannoplankton which are extremely
small, free-floating organisms whose spherical bodies are composed of several plates of

calcium carbonate arranged in a tight fitting, overlapping arrangement. These organisms, too,

are related to the algae.

The use of palynology as a science is based on the facts that pollen and spores are 1)
produced in great abundance, 2) are dispersed into the atmosphere and fall as the "pollen
rain", and 3) because of their highly resistent walls, are often preserved in river, lake
and near-shore ocean sediments. To the palynologist studying the past history of plants and

to the palynologist in the oil industry, the last point is of major importance.

THE LABORATORY

The laboratory requirements for palynology are different than the requirements in most
other areas within paleontology, inasmuch as contamination from outside sources must be
carefully controlled, In addition, the fossil pollen and spore material under investigation
is microscopic, often only 29 to 30u in size. As a result the laboratory must be designed
to 1) be relatively contamination free, and 2) be equipped with specialized materials and
chemicals to extract and prepare the fossil pollen and spores. To meet these basic require-
ments the laboratory is designed to operate as a separate entity, Laboratory furniture and
major pieces of equipment such as fume hood and floor type centrifuge fulfill the refined
laboratory techniques of pollen analysis.

The use of hazardous chemicals in palynological research is common practice. Several
precautions are employed in the laboratory to protect the lab technicians, the other people
working in the building and to protect the fixtures and furnishings. These pieces of
equipment include a powerful motor blower to exhaust harmful acid fumes from the lab and to
prevent the back up of fumes into the adjoining parts of the building; fire extinguishers to
handle all types of laboratory fires; an eyewash station which can completely wash the eyes
free of acid within seconds; acid resistent bench tops, and acid resistent sink parts.

The palynological laboratory is organized to handle short term research projects which
may require as little time as three to four days, yet is also equipped to maintain longer,
large scale research programs which require specialized techniques and full scale

contamination control, and lab time as much as three to six months.

THE TECHNIQUES
The various mechanical and chemical techniques employed in the course of palynological
studies range from ultra simple to very sophisticated.

In order to remove the fossilized pollen contained within the matrix of a lithified

deposit the use of strong acids is necessary. A rock sample is first mechanically broken
apart with a mortar and pestle until the crushed sample passes through a 2mm screen. The
"powder" is then treated with a series of acid and water washes to remove the various
mineral components of the rock matrix.

Hydrochloric acid will remove most carbonates, hydroflouric acid is used to digest
silicates, and nitric acid will remove most organic fine particles except for the pollen
grains which as mentioned before are very resistent to acid attack. These acid treatments
must not be followed one after the other without thorough removal of the preceeding acid,
Failure to remove completely one of the acids before the addition of the next may result
in the formation of unwanted and insoluble chemical compounds. One such compound is calcium
fluoride.

To remove an acid (or any liquid reagent) from a residue (at this stage, the liquefied
crushed sample is termed a residue) requires several washes or rinses in distilled water,
The residue is transferred to round bottom test tubes specially designed to fit into the
metal carriers of a centrifuge. Water is added to the residue and the mixture is spun in
the centrifuge at approximately 1,500 to 2,000 rpm for four to five minutes. When complete,
the residue (because of its weight and the centrifugal force supplied by the centrifuge), is
packed tightly to the bottom of the tube. The water and acid are then poured off, causing
no disturbance to the residue. Several such centrifugations using distilled water will
eventually dilute and remove the reagent.

Once the mineral components of the rock have been removed, oxidation of the organic
constituent is effected by the use of nitric acid, sodium hypochlorite (Javex) or "Shultz
Solution" (concentrated nitric acid and sodium chlorite). This last solution is a very
strong oxidant and can frequently cause violent explosions.

At this point, the sample is normally ready for slide preparation, but all too often
some very fine (<ly) particulate matter (both mineral and organic) remains in the residue.
The removal of these "fines" is not necessary to adequately study the contained pollen and
spores, but a cleaner sample is desirable in order to reduce light diffraction (when studying
the fossils through a microscope) and clumping of these fines around the pollen and spores
themselves, To remove these fines, a simple sieving technique involving sieves with an ultra
fine mesh (20u or less) can be used.

Staining of the pollen and spores is often done to darken the wall of the grains which

have been somewhat bleached during oxidation. After staining slides are prepared using

standard preparation techniques and are now ready for microscopic examination.

THE HOLDINGS

In referring to the holdings of a palynological collection, one can not talk in terms of
"specimens" as do macro-paleontologists. It is obvious that a collection of bones can easily
be counted, named as to their anatomical status and stored accordingly. The number of speci-
mens can be easily counted.

In palynology however, one slide prepared from the residue of one sample will often
contain thousands of individual specimens; while another slide prepared from the same
residue will likewise contain thousands of individual specimens but not necessarily the
exact same species as found on the first slide. Thus we can not talk of specimens for this
is an incomprehensible entity. Rather we talk of samples prepared and samples awaiting
preparation.

Samples of probable palynomorph bearing rock have been collected from 38 localities,
representing several countries of the world and spanning much of the geologic time scale
(Table I). As can be readily seen from the table, much of the sampling has concentrated
on strata across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary and especially so in western Canada.

The current research being carried out at the Palynology Laboratory concerns the floristic
changes which occurred in the angiosperm flora at the close of the Cretaceous and the onset
of the Tertiary period.

Of the total 393 rock samples collected 151 (38.5%) have been processed (using the
techniques already described) and five slides of each prepared. The remaining 242 samples
(61.57) will be processed as each locality is needed for further research. Fossil
preparation techniques require approximately one week to complete eight samples. At this
rate it is obvious that about 30 weeks of continuous processing will be needed to exhaust
our backlog of samples. Continuous processing however is not possible inasmuch as another
facet of the palynologic holdings needs regular attention.

In order to identify the fossil pollen and spores as found in the fossil material,
comparisons with living or extant plant pollen and spores is necessary. This living
material is obtained for the most part directly from herbarium sheets - collected of
course with permission of the curator of the herbarium. The reason for collecting from
herbarium material is to provide vouchered and referable collected material. It is

important to know the exact specimen from which pollen material was collected. Each

TABLE 1. The localities and samples of fossil material present in the Palynology Collections,

National Museum of Natural Sciences. (Under Status, AP = Awaiting processing; P = Processed).

Locality Geographic Geologic Number of Date

Number Location Age Samples Collected Status Collected

0100 Ravenscrag Butte, Cretaceous/ 16 AP 10/73
Saskatchewan Tertiary

0101 Frenchman River Valley, Cretaceous/ 4 AP 10/73
Saskatchewan Tertiary

0102 Morgan Creek, Cretaceous/ 8 AP 10/73
Saskatchewan Tertiary

0103 Triceratops Locality, Cretaceous/ 2 AP 10/73
Morgan Creek, Saskatchewan Tertiary

0104 Ravenscrag Butte, Cretaceous/ 14 P 6/72
Saskatchewan Tertiary

0105 Dry Island Park, Cretaceous 8 AP 6/72
Alberta (Maastrichtian)

0106 Castel Bay, Banks Cretaceous/ 16 AP T2
Island, N.W.T. Tertiary

0107 Glendive II, Montana Cretaceous/ 18 AP 8/71
SPAS Tertiary

0108 Glendive I, Montana Cretaceous/ 4 AP 8/71
US SA" Tertiary

0109 Glendive III, Montana Cretaceous/ 3 P 8/71
U.S.A. Tertiary

0110 Little Missouri Valley, Cretaceous/ ag AP 8/71
South Dakota, U.S.A. Tertiary

0111 Spain ?Cretaceous au AP ?

TABLE I. contud...

Locality Geographic Geologic Number of Date

Number Location Age Samples Collected Status Collected

0112 We Siberia. U.S.S.R- Lower Permian 4 AP TITE

0113 We Siberia, U-S-S.R. Upper Permian il AP 7/71

0114 W. Siberia, U.S.S.R. Upper Permian 3 AP 7/71

0115 Wo Salleeredley. WoSoSisit. Upper Permian/ 9 AP Fifa

Lower Triassic

0116 WeMSiberia US: SAR. Lower Jurassic 5 AP TNT

0117 NeMStberta, LS. SR. Lower Jurassic 2 AP HLTA

0118 Wee Siberia. Uso. Ri Lower Devonian il AP TT

0119 WeMSiberias USSR Upper Devonian it AP 7/71

0120 W. Siberia, U.S.S.R. Pennsylvanian i AP TE

0121 Red Deer River, Upper Cretaceous 2 AP 8/71
Alberta (Campanian)

0122 Willow Creek, Upper Cretaceous itil AP 8/71
Alberta (Campanian/Maastrichtian)

0123 Rosebud, Alberta Cretaceous/ 7 AP 8/71

Tertiary

0124 Pyramid Valley, Post Glacial 1 AP ial/7/3}
New Zealand (3,700 - 2,620 BP)

0125 MacKenzie, Eocene/Oligocene 4 AP 1973
Guyana

0126 Morgan Creek, Cretaceous/ 96 P 10/74
Saskatchewan Tertiary

TABLE I. contud...

Locality Geographic Geologic Number of Date

Number Location Age Samples Collected Status Collected

0127 Dominion Creek, Pleistocene al BP 9/11/67
Yukon Territory

0128 Assiniboia, Late Cretaceous 16 AP 11/78
Saskatchewan

0129 Braggs, Alabama Cretaceous/ 16 P 4/75
USS 7A. Tertiary

0130 Stevns Klint, Upper Cretaceous il P 7075
Denmark (Danian)

0131 Glendive, Montana Cretaceous 1 P 8/75
UEISTAS (Maastrichtian)

0132 Nugssuaq, Upper Cretaceous 9 P 11/75
Greenland r

0133 K¢élby Gard, Cretaceous/ 31 AP 10/75
Denmark Tertiary

0134 Aix-en-Provence, Cretaceous/ 6 AP 11/75
France Tertiary

0135 Cherry Bluff, Late Pleistocene 3 2 9/75
British Columbia

0136 Morgan Creek, Cretaceous/ 8 P NS
Saskatchewan Tertiary

0137 Waipara, Cretaceous/ 115 AP 3/76
New Zealand Tertiary

0138 Dry Island Park, Cretaceous/ 7 AP 5/76
Alberta Tertiary

specimen on each sheet within a herbarium has its own unique number and collection data.

Since the palynology laboratory began full scale operation in December 1974 modern
pollen has been processed on a regular basis. Pollen and spore material has been obtained
through collections and exchanges of material with the institutions listed below.

Amoco Production Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma

National Herbarium of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

Wala Wala College, College Place, Washington

Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois

Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, Missouri

Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario

Université du Québec, Chicoutimi, Québec

United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

University of Argentina, Corrientes, Argentina

Ohio University, Athens, Ohio

C.N.R.S. Meudon, France

C.N.R.S. Montpellier, France

Gr¢rlands Geologiske Undersdgelse, Copenhagen, Denmark

Eotv¥s Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary

University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The modern pollen and spore collection of the National Museum of Natural Sciences now
numbers over 2,000 entries, which represents 1,722 species; 817 genera and 195 plant
families (Table II). Approximately 1,000 species are added to this collection annually.
This year (1976) our laboratory will be receiving a large donation of prepared pollen
material (+ 2,000 species) from Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.

With these slides, which will double the National Museums holdings, this collection

will represent the largest pollen and spore reference collection in Canada.

TABLE II. Status of the Modern Pollen Reference Collection

Number of Number of Number of Species
Taxon Families Genera Species % of Total
Bryophyta 3} 4 8 D
Microphyllophyta 3 3 2 116 2
Anthophyta il 1 9) 0.3
Pterophyta 13 63 148 8.6
Cycadophyta 2 5 7 0.4
Ginkophyta if il 1 eAO)R IL
Coniferophyta 4 19 56 372
Gnetophyta 3 3 14 0.8
Total non-
flowering plants 30 99 260 TS
Monocotyledoneae 32 143 2371) 1366
Dicotyledoneae 133 576 19225 AE
Total all groups 195 818 1722 100.0

In addition to the fossil pollen and spore material and the modern pollen and spore

reference collection the palynology laboratory also maintains other smaller collections

which enhance our research activities, public relation activities, and provide a possible

source of material for our Interpretation and Extension Division.

1)

2)

3)

4)

10

These collections and a brief description are listed below;

Transparency Collection: Approximately 2,000 transparencies (35mm) of pollen and spore
types, locality panoramas, charts and graphs relative to palynological research have
been prepared over the past five years,

Black and White Print Collection: Black and white contact prints and enlargements of
each modern pollen and spore taxa are being made to enhance routine investigation,
provide material for publications, and for future display material.

Reprint Collection: Published papers on the morphology taxonomy and nomenclature of
the pollen and spores of living plants.

Miscellaneous Prepared Slides: Prepared slides of botanical and some zoological

material as a general reference source for other "stray" forms which may be encountered

in palynological preparation. Examples include, algal whole mounts, fern prothalia,
fungal sporocarps, zooplankton mixed mounts, diatoms, etc, These are purchased
direct from biological supply houses (e.g. Turtox, Triarch, Carolina Biological Supply

House).

THE FUTURE

Plans for the next ten year period are both realistic and somewhat optimistic. Our
collections will grow steadily each year as additional fossil and modern material are
prepared during our routine operations. Considerable emphasis will be placed on preparing
fossil material from western North American Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits. Within the
next decade, once sufficient material and data have accumulated, a thorough study of the
flora and vegetational history of the angiosperms which lived and died at the close of the
Cretaceous period will emerge. This information will allow for accurate reconstructions of
the paleoenvironmental, and paleoecological parameters and will hopefully illustrate with
confidence the already partially supported contention that the flora of western Canada
during the period of 70 to 50 million years ago was one of a subtropical community with
present day botanical and environmental affinities with areas within the Indomalaysian
region,

The long debated and multi-theoried phenomenon of the extinction of the dinosaurs may
always remain locked in the bowels of the earth. Perhaps the answer may never be found.
It is strongly contended however that since terrestrial plants feed, hide, protect, and
are required for the very existence of terrestrial animals, a study and the forthcoming
knowledge of ancient plant communities will give clues as to the nature of the animals
which co-existed with them.

The flowering plants, in regards to numbers of species and habitats colonized, are the
most successful of all plants on the earth today. Their evolution is primarily an Upper
Cretaceous event which, by the close of the Cretaceous, resulted in many modern, extant
families and genera. Speciation and the emergence of new genera and even families continued
well into the Tertiary. But, by the close of the Cretaceous a diverse and complex
vegetational cover existed throughout the world. The distribution of tropical, temperate
and boreal zones has changed several times since the end of the Cretaceous, and plant
distributions reflect these changes. Likewise, the form and position of the continents

have been altered substantially over the past 70 million years. Again, the migrations and

11

extinctions of many plant taxa can and do reflect these tectonic activities.

A study of ancient plant communities and modern tropical and subtropical floristic
regions are basic to and necessary for an understanding of the world's past evolutionary
history. The scientist who studies ancient floras must concern himself with the present
day ecological factors which affect the plants he has identified from his fossil material.
To know that palms once occurred in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan 65 million years
ago is knowledge itself; but once the specific genus is determined through accurate
comparisons with living specimens a wealth of new information becomes available, More
precise temperatures, rainfall, and probable associated plants may be determined through
a better understanding of the living equivalents of the fossil plants.

The paleobotanist must, therefore, understand the complex nature of the tropical
rainforests, since it was within these selvas that the evolutionary process has been least
disturbed. Dobzhansky and other evolutionary biologists have commented on "the great

stability of tropical ecosystems.,."

and that the communities of the Malayan uplands
"l,..appear to have remained above sea-level and probably under a uniform climate since
the Cretaceous."

Canada is fortunate in having buried beneath its landscape the complete sequence of
Cretaceous rocks spanning approximately 72 million years. Contained within these rocks are
the pollen grains of angiospermous plants preserved since their earliest appearance in
the mid Aptian to and through the latest Cretaceous at the close of the Maastrichtian.

It is doubtful if any other such continuous sequence, as occurs in central Alberta, can
be found anywhere else in the world. Yet, despite this wealth of easily researchable
material, only one study, this author's Ph.D. dissertation, has been concerned with the
evolution and paleoecology of the angiosperms during this time interval. Darwin has
commented that the origin of the angiosperms is the "abominable mystery." Canada holds
the trump card on this scientific discovery.

What is needed to unlock and display for the people of Canada and the rest of mankind
the wonderful yet mysterious history of our flowering plants? Being optimistic this
question can be answered in one word - "time." However, being realistic, a sound, well
organized and concentrated effort must be drafted now, which will itemize the approach

that is needed to solve this problem.

I will itemize below, one possible approach:

12

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

Continue to examine Cretaceous and Tertiary sequences of angiosperm evolution as
revealed by the pollen recovered in the sample material already collected over the past
few years.

Collect additional fossil material from several geographically widely separated
localities in order to obtain a regional and eventually world-wide picture of the
ancient floras, rather than strictly a local, "endemic" flora.

Elucidate the botanical affinities of each fossil pollen taxa recovered in order to be
able to compare the fossil community with similar extant communities, This requires
the use of an extensive modern pollen and spore collection as well as the use of
sophisticated microscopic equipment such as the SEM,

Compare the emerging "paleo-picture" with living examples. This can be accomplished
through visitations to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and with
discussions with tropical botanists and ecologists.

Study the effects of sedimentation, particle size, delta formation and similar physical
processes in order to determine to what extent these phenomenon affect pollen dispersal
and preservation. What relationships exist between the flora and rock types which
enclose that flora?

Examine tectonic and geophysical data and correlate the movement and evolution of the
angiosperms accordingly.

In cooperation with other paleobiologists attempt to construct a world-wide picture of
the history of the angiosperms. Where did they begin, and when? How is it that they
first appear nearly simultaneously in many widely separated parts of the world? Was

it simply because of their "protected embryo" that they became successful? or is it
because of their insect, wind, water pollination relationships? Perhaps competition,
isolation, migrations and their herbaceous and deciduous habits play an important role,
These and many other questions can only be fully appreciated through an understanding
of modern botanical knowledge and comprehension of the history of these plants.

The palynological research program stands as a separate unit operating within the

functions of the Palaeontology Division. As all museum research, the results of the

palynological efforts should be an integral, and informative product, presentable to those

to whom our work is directed - the people of Canada. The public, young and old alike,

should ideally become immersed within the reconstruction of a "paleo-Canada". It is a part

15

of their pre-human history which will perhaps give them some insight as to man's place
and purpose within this world.

Nearly every school child has heard of Triceratops but a safe bet would be that few,
if any, will know what plants he ate. Even more obscure would be the knowledge of what
trees Triceratops may have trampled as he moved his way through the ancient vegetation
of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Did these several-tonned reptiles live in deep forests?

Or did they roam peacefully through grassed plains? Was there grass? Picture a
"living" gallery representing one particular instant of time with reconstructions of
several dinosaurs eating, hiding and moving about living representatives of "ancient plants."
Perhaps several palms, screw-pines and some mangrove plants could surround a small pond
where turtles are basking in the warm sun, Vines and epiphytes are striving for more
sunlight, grasping and perching on any available branch or limb. The gallery becomes

a tropical feeling, a mood, alive with the soil, water, ferns, flowers and associated
fauna which together comprised one of the most diverse and fascinating of all Canadian
environments. The visitor, walking slowly, lest he disturb the small nocturnal mammals
or alarm the tree dwelling seed dispersing birds, visits western Canada, now quiet, now
through his imagination, and now recaptured forever as a part of Canada's diverse and

exciting history.

14

SYLLOGEUS TITLES PUBLISHED TO DATE

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

il

10

McAllister, Don E., Anton B. Leere, and
Satya P. Sharma (1972)

A BATCH PROCESS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND CATALOGUING
SYSTEM IN THE FISH COLLECTION, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF
NATURAL SCIENCES

Shchepanek, M.J. (1973)
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE OTISH MOUNTAINS, QUEBEC
Shih, Chang-tai (1973)

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGISTS AND THEIR
PRESENT ACTIVITIES IN CANADA

REPERTOIRE PROVISOIRE DES ZOOLOGISTES DES INVERTEBRES ET
DES TRAVAUX QU'ILS POURSUIVENT PRESENTEMENT AU CANADA

Faber, Ed., Daniel J. (1974)

A HIGH SCHOOL FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY OF LAC LAPECHE
IN GATINEAU PARK, QUEBEC, DURING MARCH, 1972

Gorham, Stanley W., and Don E. McAllister (1974)

THE SHORTNOSE STURGEON, Acipenser brevirostrum, IN THE
SAINT JOHN RIVER, NEW-BRUNSWICK, CANADA, A RARE AND
POSSIBLY ENDANGERED SPECIES

Vladykov, Vadim D., and Herratt March (1975)

DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOCEPHALI OF THE TWO SPECIES OF
Anguilla IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC, BASED ON
COLLECTIONS MADE BETWEEN 1933 AND 1968

Legendre, Vianney, J.G. Hunter, and Don E. McAllister (1975)

FRENCH, ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF MARINE FISHES OF
ARCTIC CANADA

NOMS FRANCAIS, ANGLAIS ET SCIENTIFIQUES DES POISSONS MARINS
DE L'ARCTIQUE CANADIEN

McAllister, Don E. (1975)

FISH COLLECTIONS FROM THE OTISH MOUNTAIN REGION,
CENTRAL QUEBEC, CANADA

Tynen, Michael J. (1975)

A CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN
ENCHYTRAEIDAE (ANNELIDA: OLIGOCHAETA)

Jarzen, David (1976)

PALYNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL
SCIENCES, OTTAWA
"TODAY AND TOMORROW"