LICHENS of the OTTAWA REGION IRWIN M. BRODO —} CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ) SUR 6 1581 LIBRARY SYLLOGEUS NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA OTTAWA NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those disciplines and educational functions for which the National Museum of Natural Sciences is responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal publishing procedures have been abbreviated. Articles are published in English, French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series (1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8. La collection SYLLOGEUS, publiée par le Musée national des sciences naturelles, Musées nationaux du Canada, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les domaines scientifique et éducatif qui sont sous la direction du Musée national des sciences naturelles. Pour assurer la prompte distribution de cette publication, on a abregé les étapes de la rédaction. Les articles sont publiés en français, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent irrégulièrement. On peut obtenir par commande postale la liste des titres de tous les articles publiés depuis le début de la collection (1972) et des copies individuelles de ce numéro, au Musée national des sciences naturelles, Ottawa, Canada. K1lA OM8. The French edition of this publication is available under the title Lichens de la région d'Ottawa. L'édition frangaise de cette publication existe sous le titre Lichens de la région d'Ottawa. Syllogeus series No. 29 (English Série Syllogeus N° 29 (L'édition edition) anglaise) (c) National Museums of Canada 1981 (c) Musées nationaux du Canada 1981 Printed in Canada Imprimé au Canada LICHENS OF THE OTTAWA REGION Irwin M. Brodo Botany Division National Museum of Natural Sciences National Museums of Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM8 Syllogeus No. 29 (English edition) National Museum of Natural Sciences Musée national des science naturelles National Museums of Canada Musées nationaux du Canada Ottawa 1981 ABSTRACT The city of Ottawa is situated in eastern Ontario approximately half way between Quebec City and Toronto in the deciduous forest region. The lichen flora within a 30-mile radius of Ottawa consists of about 370 species of lichens, and is fairly representative of this entire populated corridor. This work opens with a short general discussion of lichens as organisms, including pointers on their collection, preservation, and study. Diagnostic keys are then presented to the genera of crustose lichens based on fertile or on sterile material. Individual species are then keyed out within their genera. Keys to foliose lichens and fruticose lichens (without respect to particular genera) complete the section. A glossary of special terms used in the keys is presented as an appendix, together with an index of the species covered. The keys and glossary are illustrated with 75 black-and-white drawings depicting many of the lichens and some of their microscopic features. RESUME La ville d'Ottawa, situé dans l'est de l'Ontario approximativement à mi-chemin entre Québec et Toronto, se trouve dans la région des forêts décidues. La flore lichénique, dans un rayon de 48 kilomètres autour d'Ottawa, comprend environ 370 espèces de lichens, et elle est veritablement représentative de cette région peuplée dans son entier. Cet ouvrage présente d'abord une discussion générale sur les lichens en tout qu'organismes et fournit des instructions concernant leur collection, leur préservation et leur étude. Ensuite apparaîssent des clefs diagnostiques des genres des lichens crustacés basées sur des spécimens fertiles ou stériles. Alors, il y a une série des clefs pour identifier les espèces individuelles; ces clefs sont classés selon les genres. Les clefs des lichens foliacés et des lichens fruticuleux terminent cette section. Un glossaire de termes spéciaux, employés dans les clefs, constitue une annexe, ainsi qu'un répertoire des espèces comprisés dans l'ouvrage. Les clefs et le glossaire comprennent 75 dessins au trait qui représentent plusieurs lichens et quelques-unes de leurs caractéristiques microscopiques. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction Some basics Previous work and this one How to use these keys Methods of collection and study Acknowledgements Genera of Crustose Lichens (Fertile Specimens) Sterile Crustose and Squamulose Species Species Keys for Genera of Crustose Lichens Acarospora Arthonia Arthopyrenia sel. Arthothelium Asipicrtiera Bacidia Buellia Caliciales Caloplaca Candelariella Dimerella Razlta Lecania Lecanora Lecidea s.l. Micarea Ochrolechia Pertusaria Plagiocarpa Psora & Hypocenomyce Pyrenula Rhizocarpon Rinodina Sarcogyne Staurothele Verrucaria Foliose Lichens (Synopsis) Foliose Lichens (General Key) Fruticose Lichens (Synopsis) Fruticose Lichens (General Key) References Glossary Combined Checklist and Index to Lichen Taxa 11—13 14-15 16-18 19-21 PPAF AT) 28-30 31-932 33-37 38-41 42-43 44-48 49-50 51252 53258 59-64 65-74 ele chl 14. 16. 18. 191 AIRE 22. 24. 26. 55 Sis Acarospora fuscata, 2. Aspicilia cinerea, Candelariella efflorescens, 4. C. xanthostigma Calicium trabinellum, 6. Mycocalicium parietinum, Cyphelium tigillare, 8. Conotrema urceolatum, Graphis scripta, 10. Arthonia radiata Bacidia schweinitzii, 12. Scoliciosporum orococcum, 13. Bacidia sabuletorum Caloplaca feracissima, 15. C. holocarpa Lecanora rugosella, 17. Le pulicaris, L. glabrata Lecidea erratica, 20. Huilia macrocarpa, Hypocenomyce scalaris Dimelaena oreina, 23. Lecanora glabrata, Pertusaria macounii, 25. Sarcogyne simplex, Staurothele fissa, 27. Verrucaria calciseda Rinodina bischoffii, 29. R. dakotensis, R. halei Xanthoria fallax, 32. Parmelia cumberlandia Collema thallus, section, 34. C. subflaccidum, Leptogium thallus, section, 36. Leptogium cyanescens, 37. L. lichenoides 38. 40. 42. 44. mil Peltigera rufescens, 39. Dermatocarpon weberi, Lasallia papulosa, 41. Solorina saccata Hypogymnia physodes, 43. Lobaria pulmonaria Phaeophyscia rubropulchra, 45. Physcia legrana, 46. Heterodermia speciosa, 47. Parmelia sorediosa, 48. P. disjuncta 49. Shes 55% phyllophora, 56. C. cervicornis subsp. verticillata, Dire 591 61. 63. Parmelia sulcata, 50. Cetraria arenaria Cetraria halei, 52. Physcia aipolia CladäinarsStellaris, SAS Ce Mitts, 55e (Cl'adonzta C. coniocraea, 58. C. chlorophaea s.1l. Stereocaulon saxatile, 60. Baeomyces rufus, Usnea hirta, 62. Bryoria furcellata, Ramalina intermedia, 64. Evernia mesomorpha Glossary illustrations 16 22 38 43 50 57 60 65 UP 5) 82 85 88 92 95 100 109 120 PREFACE In 1967, two articles were published on lichen identification in the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' journal, "Trail & Landscape" (Brodo, 1967a, b). The third and final article of the series was published in the same journal a few years later (Brodo, 1972). These articles were written with the serious amateur naturalist in mind with technical language and techniques kept to an absolute minimum. To enable the reader to name the local lichens, the Material was presented as an identification "key" to the common species. There has been a great demand for these keys over the past 10 to 12 years, but not from the amateur naturalists for whom the articles were written. The demand seems to have been from high school and college students for the most part. These individuals seem prepared to make greater use of microscopes and chemical reagents, and they want the keys to include all known species from the area, not just the common ones. Because of the demand and because of the need for more comprehensive keys, the three articles and keys have been combined and completely revised. This edition (available in both French and English) is still, in a sense, an interim version because a great deal more exploration of the Ottawa region needs to be done before we can be reasonably sure that the entire flora has been sampled. The author will welcome additions and corrections to these keys from amateurs and professionals alike. INTRODUCTION One aspect of the natural history of southern Ontario and Quebec which has received relatively little attention is the lichen vegetation. These interesting plants, forming colourful displays on rocks and roadside trees, deserve more of a place in the naturalist's notebook. Some basics To the casual observer, lichens are often mentally grouped with mosses, or sometimes algae, or, more rarely, fungi. People I speak to are often baffled by the wide array of forms lichens can take. Can they all be lichens? How can a black smudge on a rock be closely related to the richly branching, shrubby "reindeer moss"? We can only come close to answering this question by first attempting to answer another: what is a lichen? The most significant thing about all lichens is that they are two plants, not one. Each lichen plant body or "thallus" is a biological twosome composed of a fungus living in initimate contact with an alga. The relationship involves much more than the mere contact or even relative position of the constituents; it results in the formation of the entirely new, self-sufficient, functioning unit which gathers raw materials, manufactures food, conducts an exchange of vitamins and growth substances, and often even reproduces as if it were a single plant. In its form and structure, the lichen is different from the lichen fungus or the lichen alga growing alone, i.e., in an "unlichenized" state. No lichen fungi have yet been definitely found growing naturally without their algal component, and so the only thing we know about their form in this state comes from growing artificially isolated, cultured material. Many species of lichen algae, however, are found free-living. Observers in the Ottawa region can find lichens of all descriptions ina tremendous variety of habitats. There are lobed or "leafy" forms (called foliose lichens); stalked, shrubby, or hair-like forms (called fruticose lichens); and the crust-like forms (called crustose lichens). Most species can be found on soil, boulders, pebbles, tree bark, or wood, but some are confined to submerged rocks in streams, or grow on decaying mosses and heaths, or are found along the rocky shores of the ocean growing on wave-washed rocks or even barnacle shells. You probably won't find many species close to the centre of a city or industrial centre because lichens are notoriously sensitive to polluted and dehumidified air. Previous work and this one The classic work on the lichens of the Ottawa area was written by Canada's first federally employed botanist, John Macoun, about 80 years ago (Macoun, 1898a,b,c; 1902). Macoun was an excellent collector and, although his publications consisted of nothing but a list of names and are now hopelessly out of date, his specimens are still at the National Herbarium and are extremely important in documenting the past and present flora of the region. With the growing interest in lichens, many useful articles are beginning to appear. Several articles in popular Canadian magazines give excellent introductions to the subject of lichenology (Bennett, 1979; McMillan, 1979). The naturalist interested in naming lichens has more of a problem. Certainly the best book available for our area is the second edition of Mason Hale's "How to Know the Lichens" (Hale, 1979). The treatment covers a very wide area, however, (all of the United States and most of Canada) and therefore contains many more species than would be found in southern Canada. This array of species may be a source of confusion for the amateur. A further limitation is that it only deals with the "macrolichens", that is, the foliose and fruticose species. You are on your own with regard to crustose lichens. There was a need, therefore, for a guide to the identification of lichens of southern Canada. The Ottawa region was chosen as a focal point simply because of my familiarity with the area and the fact that it is rather central to the more populated corridor between Quebec City and Toronto. Some experience with the keys has shown that they are applicable for most of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest region in southeastern Canada. They will be less useful in the maritime region and west of the Great Lakes. The keys which follow cover about 370 species, all the species known to occur within a 30-mile radius of central Ottawa. Most of this area is typical deciduous woodland from open poplar-birch stands and elm and oak woods, to mature beech-sugar maple forests. Some coniferous forest types occur in parts of Gatineau Park on the Quebec side of the Ottawa river. How to use these keys Because of the large number of species treated, the keys have been written in sections. The first section is devoted to the crustose species, and includes all species which are truly crustose (forming a superficial crust over or within a substrate, and so intimately attached to it that the lichen cannot be separated from it), as well as the squamulose or "scale-like" species. It should be noted that some "crustose" species become so conspicuously lobed at the margins of the thallus or plant body that they appear to be foliose. Some of these intermediate species are keyed out under both the crustose and foliose keys, but some will have to be sought under the alternative key if the first one does not produce a satisfactory answer. The section on crustose species begins with a key to the genera of fertile crustose lichens (i.e., lichens having fruiting bodies of some kind). Those genera having only one species within the Ottawa region will end their treatment here with a brief description or "diagnosis" of the species at the last choice. [All the keys are, in fact, "diagnostic", having an abbreviated description of the taxon at the final couplet.] Following the key to fertile genera is a key to sterile species of crustose and squamulose lichens (i.e., those species lacking fruiting bodies). Then, there is a series of keys to crustose species within their genera, with the genera arranged in alphabetical order. The next section is devoted to foliose lichens, lichens which are "leafy" in appearance, more or less flattened with distinguishable upper or lower surfaces, and generally attached to the substrate over many points, most often by means of tiny, root-like hairs called rhizines. Sometimes the foliose lichens are extremely closely attached and appear almost crustose (such as Physciopsis, couplet 89), and some growth forms have ascending, almost erect lobes and appear to be virtually fruticose (such as Cetraria arenaria, couplet 100). The foliose lichens are keyed out together, that is, without regard to genus. This is done because many of the genera now recognized are based on microscopic or otherwise minute characteristics. The long, general key to foliose species is preceded by an abbreviated "Synopsis" key. Most users, especially those not familiar with lichens, will find that the synopsis key will be most useful after they have gained some familiarity with the general key. The last section includes the keys to fruticose lichens, those lichens which are erect or pendent and are attached to the substrate by one or at most a few points. Fruticose lichens usually grow in cushions, mats, or tufts, and include the familiar Cladonias, the reindeer lichens, the hairlike "old man's beard", and similar forms. Some lichens such as Baeomyces have a crustose "primary thallus" from which arise fruticose stalks or "podetia". These species are treated with fruticose lichens when fertile, and crustose lichens when sterile. Cladonia species all have a squamulose to almost foliose primary thallus, but all the species are included in the fruticose key. Thus, to use the keys, one must first made a decision as to the growth form of the lichen in question, and then turn to one of the four primary keys: the key to fertile crustose genera (page 14), sterile crustose species (page 27), foliose species (synopsis, page 69; general key, page 70), or fruticose species (synopsis, page 98; general key, page 99). Much of the terminology in the key will, of course, be unfamiliar to you if you have never dealt with lichens before. An illustrated glossary has therefore been provided on pages 113 to 119. Colour: to use it in a key invites trouble, and to avoid it is absurd. It is simply one of those things which requires some experience to use with confidence. Certainly, the trickiest colour designation is "yellowish" or "yellow-green". This usually refers to lichens containing the pale yellow pigment, usnic acid. Generally, if a lichen has any aspect of a yellowish tint, even if one might normally call it simply "green", it is best to follow the leads for "yellowish" thalli. As each species is keyed out, a note on its ecology and relative abundance is given. The abundance description is, admittedly, very subjective, but to make the notes comparable, only the words "common", "frequent", "infrequent" and "rare" are used. By "common", I mean that the lichen has been found in many localities throughout the region; "frequent" indicates that I have several specimens, but the species tends to be spotty in distribution; "infrequent" indicates that I only have a few specimens and one doesn't encounter the species often; and "rare" means that the taxon has only been found once or twice in the area. I should point out, however, that these notes on abundance apply only to the Ottawa region; a "rare" species here may be "common" farther east or west. Methods of collection and study Foliose and fruticose lichens There is generally no problem with collecting the "macrolichens." Almost all of them can be removed from or with the substrate with little more than a good knife. A pair of pruning clippers is handy for species which grow on twigs, but this is a luxury. Put the specimens in paper bags (never plastic bags) with the substrate and habitat data written on the outside. Many of the macrolichens are rather bulky and fragile and require some preparation to make them convenient "Specimens". Bulky foliose and fruticose lichens should be moistened with distilled (or rain) water (to avoid colour changes in the lichens caused by the alkaline tap water reacting with "lichen substances".) The specimens can then be pressed lightly and dried using a small fan to hasten the process. (Heat should not be used; it will often ruin species containing blue-green algae.) The specimens are stored in envelopes or in "packets" folded from 83 x 11" sheets. You will need a good hand lens (about 10x Magnification) for examining the specimens, although a dissecting microscope would, of course, be better. For handling the material, you will need some good, single edged razor blades, and a pair of fine forceps or tweezers. Some sort of needle mounted in a wooden handle would also be handy. Most characters are easily seen, such as surface texture, presence or absence of reproductive structures, and the colour of the upper and lower thallus surfaces. To use the keys most effectively, you will also need a smaller dropper bottle of undiluted bleach (e.g., "Javex"), a small dropper bottle containing a solution of household lye (about 10 lye pellets in ? oz. of water) or 10% potassium hydroxide, and some para-phenylenediamine (to be described below). The chemicals are used to test the lichens for the presence of certain lichen substances which are specific to some species. Tests are made by simply wetting the upper surface of the lichen or the "medulla" (see Figure 65) with a tiny drop of the chemical. The medulla is exposed by cutting away the overlying cortex and algal layer with a razor blade. The less liquid used in each test, the better. The lye solution or potassium hydroxide is abbreviated "KOH" in the keys, and the bleach solution is abbreviated "C" (standing for the "chlorite" part of the chemical name of bleach, sodium hypochlorite). Para-phenylenediamine is abbreviated "PD". If the appropriate lichen substance is present, a colour reaction will occur turning your tested area yellow, orange, or red. A "KC" test is made by moistening the spot to be tested with KOH, and then applying the C on the moistened area. Watch closely because the C and KC tests are very ephemeral. The testing chemicals and the reactions to be looked for are mentioned in the keys. The lichen substances responsible for these reactions are also mentioned, in most cases. The use of PD requires some special comment because, although it is extremely useful for the study of lichens, it can be destructive or even dangerous if mishandled. This chemical was once used extensively in photographic developing, but is rarely used today. The result is that it is hard to come by. It is, however, generally available from scientific supply houses in lots of 100 gms (enough for 25 years or so). To make the most sensitive PD test, dissolve a few crystals of PD in 2 or 3 drops of ethyl alcohol (70%). A tiny dish or vial is a good container. Then, using a thin brush (2 or 4 bristles) or a very slender pipette or 10 dropper, wet the surface of the lichen to be tested with the PD solution. The colour will develop within a few seconds. Prepare only a few drops of PD solution at a time because it decomposes very quickly (within a few minutes). Old, dark PD will not work, and neither will the redissolved residue of old solutions which have evaporated. After the test, discard the tested piece of lichen. This is important because PD irreparably stains paper, desks, ties, shirts, etc., and will become a nuisance if handled carelessly. It is also a deadly poison, so keep it out of the reach of children. If one has access to a few more reagents, a stable aqueous solution of PD can be prepared. First, make a 10% solution of sodium sulfite (10 gms Na:S03 dissolved in 90 ml of water), add five or six drops of a detergent ("Photo-flo", a Kodak product, is best) and then 1 gm of p-phenylenediamine. Stir and shake the mixture for several minutes until as much of the PD has gone into solution as possible. Then filter the saturated solution and throw away the undissolved crystals. The light pink solution which results is fairly sensitive and will last a month or more (especially if kept in a dark bottle). It is still very toxic and will stain objects, so precaution is still needed in handling the solution. When it turns a dark pink, it should be discarded. Crustose lichens Crustose lichens are not always inconspicuous, although some are admittedly little more than black smudges. Some have large brightly coloured thalli or fruiting bodies and cover large areas of rock, bark, or soil. They are especially interesting because of their intimate attachment to their "host" or substrate, often not only growing on but into the material. Even limestone- or granite-inhabiting crusts are known to grow into the rock, between grains and crystals, to depths of several millimeters. Many bark species develop with all their tissues below the outermost bark layer. Significantly, many of these crusts are quite "Substrate-specific" being found on only one or at most a few tree species. Some crustose lichens, on the other hand, seem to grow over everything. For example, some tundra species may start growing on the soil but continue developing over dead vegetation, mosses and even rocks. These fast-growing species are not the rule, however, since most crusts grow very slowly, especially in the Arctic. A moderately large patch of a crustose lichen on an arctic boulder, therefore, might be hundreds of years old, and some individual thalli have been estimated to be over 1000 years old. 23 Since crustose lichens grow attached at all points to the substrate, one must collect the substrate in order to collect the lichen. There is no particular difficulty with bark-dwelling species (bark is easy to remove), but rock lichens present something of a problem. Most lichen collectors use a small (3 - + inch) cold chisel and geologist's hammer to deal with the rock crusts. Wearing safety goggles when using a cold chisel is a very good idea. With a sharp chisel, good aim, and a little practice, most plants can be coaxed into becoming specimens, but I must admit that I still can't do very much with those infuriating crusts (always the most interesting) on smooth, vertical rock walls. Although lichens are composites of two plants, fungi and algae, it is only the lichen fungi that are used in lichen classification. In identifying lichens, therefore, we have to deal mainly with the fungi, especially their fruiting structures. All the lichens in the Ottawa area belong to a class of fungi called the ascomycetes or "Sac fungi". All these fungi produce their sexual spores in small club-shaped or cylindrical sacs called asci (Figure 71). Each ascus usually has eight spores (although there can be as few as one or as many as hundreds). The asci are generally formed together in a layer called a hymenium (Figure 70) together with sterile fungal threads (paraphyses). This hymenium, together with other supporting tissues, is found in fruiting bodies of various types: generally cup- or disk-shaped structures called apothecia (Figures 65, 74a), or more or less embedded, flask-shaped structures called perithecia (Figures 69, 74c). There are other, special types of fruiting bodies as well, as you will see. In order to use the keys to crustose lichens, you will need a compound microscope. This will allow you to make use of spore characters which make identification relatively easy, quick, and sure. Since the key will rarely call for the observation of anything more involved than spore shape, size, colour, and cross-wall type (septation), 100x magnification will often be adequate, and 400x magnification will be the limit of anyone's needs. Of course, the better the light source, the cleaner the lens, and the smoother the focusing apparatus, the easier and more effective using the microscope will become. To examine the spores, it is necessary to prepare microscopic preparations of the fruiting bodies. To begin with, you will need a few items near your microscope: a dropper bottle with water, another with some KOH (the same "recipe" as was used for colour tests), a dissecting needle (or a heavy sewing needle embedded in a wooden handle), and a box of single-edged razor blades. 12 The first step in preparing the "mount" (i.e., microscopic preparation) consists merely of wetting the fruiting body to be examined with a drop of water, and after the water has been absorbed and has softened the tissue, making four or five vertical slices through the central area. If the slicing is done with the aid of a hand lens or, better still, a dissecting microscope (at about 12x), amazingly thin sections can be made with very little practice. This is especially true if you use sharp, new razor blades. Do not remove the fruiting body to be sectioned before you cut it; its natural attachment will very neatly hold it in place while you make the slices. After you make your sections, pick them up on the corner of the razor blade and transfer them to a small drop of water on a clean microscope slide. With any luck, at least one of the sections with be thin enough to examine. If they don't float free from one another in the water drop, they are probably attached a bit at the base. Don't worry about it. Put the cover- slip over the sections and gently move the cover-slip back and forth until the sections become free and lie in a single plane. Usually, enough spores escape from the cut hymenium to allow their examination with no further work. However, if the spores insist on staying inside the asci, while you look through the scope under low power (100x), press down on the cover slip with the side of the tip of your dissecting needle in the vicinity of a spore-packed bit of hymenium. You will actually see the spores come free of the asci. This is also the best way to spread out the asci so that you can count how many spores are in each. If you still have trouble (in some species, the hymenium doesn't squash easily), add a drop of KOH to the edge of the cover-slip and draw it under by absorbing the water under the cover-slip from the opposite edge with a tissue or bit of paper towel. This will dissolve the substance which holds the asci together within the hymenium. Another try at a squash will usually do the trick. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to acknowledge the considerable help of my able assistant, Pak Yau Wong. His help in many of the determinations, his testing of the early drafts of the keys, and his valuable collections all were extremely useful. Anne Hanes, who drew Figures 6, 9, 10 and 68-74, also commented on the Trail & Landscape keys (Brodo, 1967a,b; 1972) and added Many new records to the flora. Susan Laurie-Bourque prepared all the illustrations except for those mentioned above and Figures 54, 57, 58, 62-64, 66 and 67 which were done by Brenda Carter. To all these people, and to the many students, friends and colleagues who used the early keys and tactfully revealed errors they discovered, I owe my thanks. 13 GENERA OF CRUSTOSE LICHENS (FERTILE SPECIMENS ) i Fruiting bodies on short, hair-like stalks up to 1 mm tall (Figure 6); spores mostly free (i.e., not within asci) and massed together in cup-like structures. On old stumps and Shag, OnrOoccastondlty On bark 3 « «©. «© s « « « à « « « « ile Fruiting bodies without stalks: either attached directly CORRE CN ATIUSNOLAINNEESCd IN EEE . . « = © « © « + © + « » 2: Thallus gelatinous when wet, black, containing blue- green algae; spores non-septate; apothecial margin CON CALAMNOMALTA EME Me sr eme eee me à se ee + + + 6 .e ie Thallus not gelatinous when wet; contains green algae with the exception of Placynthium which has lecideine apothecial margins (lacking algae) and septate spores, and Pannaria which has a squamulose thallus (see COUDE Caras) RE EME Es as. se eee Seas ee De 1 + +7 (sp ‘ele eue 3% Thallus membranous, with algae in bead-like chains (Nostoc); apothecia more or less sunken into thallus or thalline ridges (see Foliose key, couplet 30). Rare, on earth or Caliciales —. 2° Pal? 3% L] . de ee (is) De Gis vs 6) Sa. 6 de, « + Le «© 6 © «© +. « + » LeEMDhOLemma ae Thallus granular, with algae in tight packets of a few cells (Gloeocapsa); apothecia almost globular, superficial, at first perithecium-like, then gradually opening at summit to give a lecanorine appearance; spores 12-14 x 6-7 pm. Rane ONMIAIMESEONC GOCK « «< « « à + « » + + « « + Psorotichia 4. Thallus or fruiting bodies bright yellow, orange, or SCN SLOW NSC CIN sm Ten eee sivict fet ay ee isn ser Mal ever s: (es) Us ee 4. Thallus and fruiting bodies grey, brown, black, or green, without yellow pigments (although some species keying out here will have very pale yellowish-brown ADOLHECTAN) as ess Me is le of a she les 6 se iss + © + o 2e 8s Dis GLownngmon moatkmOr «wOOGiesmis ‘sits fc) 6 «| 0) de fof ele) “er de + ee 76 D GEOWANG MONE GOCK tat ve) en tole is! fem een ele, le de Mie et de cay see) et. 6. Thallus or apothecia KOH+ dark red-violet; spores POlArtbIlOCUuT ar (GE ACUECm Zl) sel cs CC 0) 14 schaereri Caloplaca tls als 6. Thallus and apothecia KOH= neous rere cunc tne tnec mnie Snr fm nr We Thallus pale yellow-green (contains usnic acid) or grey- green; apothecia yellow-brown to bright yellow; spores (exo Kolb hates ec o bo G GO Oo Oo G 6 6 6 6 oOo OG Oo 8. Thallus bright yolk-yeliow or bright greenish yellow . . . . . . 9% 8. Spores one-celled, ellipsoid to slightly elongate- ellipsorid/#apothecramvellonwlisSn M CRC eins Lecanora 8. Spores septate, elongate-fusiform; apothecia pale OFANGES G5 se CAES MS EME SPACE ARR Ce Dimerella Thallus areolate (Figure 68) or coarsely granular (not SOrediaté) Re RER A leve LORS CN ER TRE NE CC e 10. Thallus consisting of bright yellow, granular soredia; spores colourless, one-celled, small, ellipsoid, 16 per ASCUS ee TE ce ee « oo (Bagure 3) Candetamella efflorescens 10. Fruiting body yellow, disk-like (typical apothecium); thallus consisting of large yellow granules or small areoles; spores colourless, one-celled/ oftentléhper adSCUS meres. +) ce) cles =) > Candelariella 10. Fruiting body black, actually a mass of loose spores in a kind of "cup" sunken into bright yellow thallus areoles; spores dark brown, 2-celled, not in asci. Infrequent; on fence rails and conifer stumps ss « « -(Pigure 7) Cyphelaium tigilliare Thallus distinctly lobed at margins, with central area becomingmaceolawey me ons. LEE there CL CORP me 12 Thallustmargqunse not. lobedhat ali 5 «96 © © oe sme ce 14. 12. Onraciderocks, ego, J6anlte OL ONeLSS CE CUS G ide 12. Usually on calcareous rocks, e.g., limestone; apothecia pale yellow-brown; spores colourless, one- Ceinlede acCommonts ci. ese ae) en © ws ween see) hecanore murals Apothecia dark brown to black; spores dark brown, two- celled. Infrequent .... + «+ + « + + =. (Figure 22) Dimelaena oreina tS Figures 1-4 -1. Acarospora fuscata, -2. Aspicilia cinerea, (a) rimose-areolate thallus, (b) continuous to rimose thallus. -3. Candelariella efflorescens. -4. Candelariella xanthostigma. Scale: each unit = 1 mm. 16 35 15 ve He 1195 We Apothecia yellowish or orange- to red-brown; spores colourless. one=cel led)" «i 3! xyes (Weep et ee ee Lecanora 14. Thallus or apothecia KOH+ red-violet Oe eM ee Soe Ag Se 14. Thallus and apothecia KOH- or + yellow (not red-violet) a ae ee ee ee eee Cate OS SAR Rw OU S GOB ie Spores one-celled; apothecia convex with a disappearing Margin. Rare; on calcareous rock . . . . . . Protoblastenia rupestris Spores polaribilocular (Figure 72); apothecia generally flat, with a distinct, persistent margin (lecanorine) . + + Caloplaca 16. Spores one-celled, colourless; apothecia Ieee; WIE 6 6 ao 6 o 6 o 6 6 6 oO Go ae Candelariella (Note: The pale orange, aquatic lichen Hymenelia lacustris, may also key out here. (See key to Aspicilia.) 16. Spores muriform (Figure 72), brown or colourless; apothecia lecideine, black or dark reddish brown . . . Rhizocarpon Fruiting bodies irregular in shape, especially elongate and often branched (Figures 9, 10), never immersed in thallus. All species from the Ottawa region are on bialtekor AWwOOCNN ETA ., fener ies. EME TRE PORC OL CE CON 0 le Fruiting bodies circular dots, disks, cups, or warts, not elongate or irregular except some which are immersed in Elfal TiS Sse wae: ace Lape Les ee Le ces, Stee iy SE Pile 18. Spores muriform (Figures 72a, b), very large. UACONMORER ET nr ee e «us ue ys cr mATSthOthelaam 18. Spores only transversely septate (Figures 72e-h), PAS ASIE ig i ig Loch or. 0 CO Re 19. Spore cells lens-shaped (Figure 72h), spores colourless to very pale brown, 6-14-celled; fruiting bodies narrow with a distinct, narrow, longitudinal fissure, or broad, but always with distinct black walls. Extremely common on VaAEuOUSHEGCCSE. rc eee co cc ee. (Figure: S)isGraphismsonmupra Sporercediicgtsquareta (i.e. cyl undricals Fagune W2q) eee NON 20. 117) Bilis eal 29 23. 25 18 20. Fruiting bodies prominent, usually with a distinct fissural opening; wall black, carbon-like and thick; spores 4 to 6-celled. Rare; on bark or wood Ao & 6 0 6 6 8m 6° 6-0 [oe GO OMe = ey Opegrapha pulicaris (Note: Species of the fungus genus Hysterium look very much like Opegrapha spp. ) 20. Fruiting bodies flat (not prominent), with no fissural opening; external wall absent ....... (Figure 10) Arthonia Fruiting body at least partially immersed in thallus ...... 22: Fruiting body superficial, not usually immersed in thallus (although sometimes between thallus areoles; see Figure 68), distinctly disk- or cup-shaped, sometimes convex or even hemispherical (Figures 70, 74a) Seta colo Goad Ot somes se ue le 42. 22. Apothecia buried in a sorediate mound or area ....... 23% 22. Apothecia not buried in a sorediate mound or area ..... 24. Spores muriform, one per ascus; thallus KOH+ red (norstictic aC) re RarermOnm Dark tis cls ce cl te ls se ef «co. « + PHilyctis argena Spores non-septate, 1 or 2 per ascus (Figure 71c); thallus MOH Ore KOH ty ClmlOWMMacmMCmTsmieniic Creer ner ss) ses ce Pemtusiaraarra 24. Fruiting body opening to surface by a more-or-less broad area, although sometimes appearing like an ostiole; fruiting body in section not flask-shaped, with no black, carbon-like wall (except in Acarospora badiofusca); spores colourless, not SELLE cS o CMSs seen ere) Saks OO er 25 24. Fruiting body usually flask-shaped and appearing as a pointed or rounded dot or tiny "volcano" under Magnification, opening to the outside by means of a small pore or ostiole (Figures 26, 69, 74c-d), partially or entirely enclosed in a black, carbon- RONA ER TMC Ure) late de OSL ere de mien 0 eme. eh ~ ie te 27e Fruiting bodies immersed in a raised thalline "wart", usually more than one per wart (Figures 24, 74b); spores very large, one-celled, often thick-walled, most commonly 2-4 per ascus (CE AUCHUITIS mt ANC) EP M ER EN RS me M cer ery se Isle) tee Yer Se, ‘sce. leu ste Pertusaria 25E PST 27e 29. 29 311 Sil. Fruiting bodies not in raised warts; entirely immersed BM: thallus | co. oe hos vee ou yoy bey oy Voy Sug Gol Won roy ap ely eu men se tens ain ae ANE 26. Spores very small, 32 or more per ascus; thallus dispersed areolate (Figure 1) usually brown, sometimes PEULNOSE: à ich ie? M oh Cote: 10 Tek EEE TE a ee eee ACDEDEPOra 26. Spores 8 per ascus; thallus continuous, smooth to rimose-areolate (Figure 2), usually grey, never pruinoôse wi, RP es ey ee RE ee Aspicilia Spores munLEorm sr steht. SNS eee ES ays Bek lesan peed eee 28% Sporessonetormmany-cell'ed} mot MUELEONN yer ver el ten oii rence encnNemnctnne B26 28.0 On FORCES SOUL (roche oak. RUN ed eS EE as 29E 28. On bark. Thallus extremely ChinNMEOrabsSent Ne Me 6 us Bir Thallus a shade of brown, smooth, thick, C-; fruiting bodies (perithecia) opening by a tiny pore (Figure 74c); spores usually brown, very large, 2-6 per ascus; small algal cells present in hymenium among Nasci (Figure 26) 7 <0) 393. 9 3 «ve SIDE Thallus grey to white, areolate, very thick, C+ red; fruiting bodies opening by a deep, often broad pit into hymenial cavity (Figure 74d). Very common; on dry, sunny, exposed rocks and adjacent soil ....... Diploschistes scruposus 30. Thallus squamulose, dispersed to contiguous; perithecia entirely buried in the squamules, with only tiny black ostioles showing at the thallus surface. Rare; on IIMESEONC ARMES ARE ne MONTRES Endocarpon pusillum 30. Thallus continuous to rimose-areolate; perithecia SOMCÉIMESAPAL ELA IV SeXDOSEU M 0<) ss Ga 1. «= Staurothele Fruiting bodies with several chambers, each having its own ostiole; spores hyaline to brown, 30-48(-51) x (12-)15-18(-21) pm (Harris, 1973). [The Ottawa specimen had no spores.] Rare; on deciduous trees, especially oak and maple re EU imite axe mie 0 Jeter. Mycoporum pycnocarpum Fruiting bodies with single chamber; spores colourless (Figure 72b). Infrequent, especially on white birch, but very inconspicuous and possibly just overlooked ee ein el annee demande aoe wt aw is. 18 ae” POlyplastiopsis tealiscrese 19 33% 33. 55e 35° ele 20 See GEOWLNOmOnMmBOCK IORSO TIME «is cl sl QU 7 5% Li 6 de, Ye 58 S2- CS WLiney GIS SG OG OU NING NCES SO à à ei ete Le le 35 On soil. Spores one-celled, elongate-ellipsoid, 15-25 x 7-10 pm; paraphyses persistent; thallus forming a green, membranous crust over bare soil with the perithecia showing only as tiny black dots. Rare ......... . Thrombium epigaeum On rock. Spores one- or two-celled; paraphyses RSG crea RE aM oll behi ish licf sl “stich cn ct ox op om o ele + « 34. 34. Spores one-celled, ellipsoid; thallus thin or CRC SSS 8 Fotomate. O20 6o 00 ee CALE Se de Verrucaria 34. Spores two-celled, ellipsoid, 22-30(-33) x 14-17(-20) um; thallus grey to white, epilithic or endolithic; perithecia forming pits in rock. Rare; on limestone ha coy sa. Soeusu Silat co.) io Soe ve Thelidium decipiens Spores up to 36-celled, colourless, very long and thread- like, sometimes breaking into small segments (Figure 72f); fruiting bodies black, slightly raised, and opening by a deep pit; thallus producing white patches on sugar maple trees or, rarely, on other deciduous trees. Common... DS 6 Sot Beto po oie as ee (Figure 8) Conotrema urceolatum Spores up to 7-septate, narrowly fusiform to ellipsoid; fruiting bodies generally with small, inconspicuous pores (in@re. veVereyo) joes) RE ON CE. DORMI AMEN DE. RULILAT. 0 36. 36. Several fruiting bodies (perithecia), each with its own ostiole, clustered into a single, fertile verruca, the verruca ellipsoid to elongate, up to 3 mm in length; spores colourless, 7-9-septate, with angular to lens-shaped cells (as in Graphis, Figure 72h), 38-52 x 7-10 pm (Harris, 1973). [Ottawa specimens usually sterile.] Rare; on beech, or, rarely, on other deciduous CCC NET CII MES seeks s suisses}. Trypethelium virens 36. Fruiting bodies single, not clustered into verrucae . . . . Bye Fruiting bodies with the ostiole at one side, not at the vertical summit, often having a conspicuous neck; fruiting body 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter; spores colourless or brown, 37) Bik 39. As 41. 3-7 septate. Rare; on deciduous trees, especially maple or ash ee + € er à nee mmo re ce Se - l'agicerpa Fruiting bodies with ostiole central, at the vertical summit, often inconspicuous; fruiting bodies 0.1-0.8 mm in diameter... 38. 38. Fruiting bodies tiny, 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter; thallus with or without algae; spores with cylindrical or lens-shaped CAN RE Or oO foo do o oo 5 oO D o Oe 6 6 ob Oo x S9E 38. Fruiting bodies 0.3-0.8 mm in diameter; thallus always containing algae (Trentepohlia); spores with lens- ShAPEdRCCILS RE TT eH ob OS 41. Spores brown, 5-6 septate, 18-24 x 5-9 pm (Harris, 1973) with lens-shaped cells; perithecia ca. 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter; base of perithecial wall pale; thallus white, hypophloedal. Rare; on deciduous trees, especially maple ay D see Lee Ie ECT aie eee ie Je elle Eopyrenula leucoplaca Spores colourless, 0-3-septate, with cylindrical cells; fFrurting bodies Meo Asati INIATAMCEE A 6 5 6 6 6 > 6 - 40. 40. On white birch trees, producing an almost imperceptible, pale patch on the white bark; spores narrowly fusiform, 20-30 x 2-4 pm (Harris, 1973), banana-shaped (slightly curved), sometimes with one or two cross-walls visible. Frequent, but very inconspicuous . . . . Leptorhaphis epidermidis 40. Usually on other tree species. Spores 1(-3)-septate, Lusmform, SEralght, 1 -20Rx AE 6 0 ume (Haris 39) A PE Ray ae eu ae CME mC ORC. RO RO a Arthopyrenia s.l. Spores 5-6-septate; perithecia 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter; ostioles depressed, conspicuous igs att Goes LE. aa Wie wv We ere (See couplet’ 38} Eopyrenula leucoplaca Spores 3-septate; perithecia 0.3-0.8 mm in diameter, ostiole almost imperceptible, not depressed . .... + + «© « « « « Pyrenula 42. Algae blue-green (algal layer dark grey-green to bukie=—qiTeem) meen RER er ter ol Toles ON MON NOT NU RS 43. 42a ALgae wand algal Mayer) grass—green «2 6 6 «© = Us jen 4) i 6 44. 2] Figures 5-10. -5. Calicium trabinellum; -6. Mycocalicium 22 parietinum; -7. Cyphelium tigillare; -8. Conotrema urceolatum; 9. Graphis scripta, (a) vertical section of ascocarp (see dotted line), (b) elongate ascocarps (apothecia); -10. Arthonia radiata, (a) ascocarps, (b) vertical section of ascocarp (see dotted line on "a") showing ascolocular features. Scale: each unit = 1 mm. 43. Thallus consisting of brownish, imbricate, lobed squamules; spores Simple; apothecia sometimes lecanorine, sometimes lecideine. Infrequent; on rock, usually in shaded or MOLSE sPtuatkLons? MAL MON SR eee Pannaria leucophaea 43. Thallus almost black, coarsely granulose to isidiate, becoming areolate; usually surrounded by a conspicuous blue-black margin; spores one-septate; apothecia black, lecideine. Frequent; on rocks of all types, but most Frequently on CalcareousS rock es ce.) is NT meee Placynthium nigrum 44. Algae present in the margins or below the hymenium of thefruitingMbodies {Biqure W/o) 6 5 G4 G6 0 50 0 6-6 6 Oo .6 0-4 45. 44, Algae not present in the fruiting bodies (Figure 70a) . . . 52. 45. Fruiting bodies in sorediate mounds or warts on thallus . . . . . 46. A> eEnUTcung bodies Not 1n sorediatelmounds MM ten iene cr ec 47. 46. Spores muriform, colourless, 1 per ascus (see couplet 23) PERS Fe RE VAE Fee eee a Mee SUN, Tame rapes Phlyctis argena 46. MSporeshone-celled MCOlOUFICS SEM RE eats Pertusaria Wem SPORES ONCE ASCUS, AUTONET CR NT eel Pertusaria 47. Spores (4-)8 per ascus (Figure 71a) net tie nn ie eh ere eee 48. NEY SOs Coe CCillecl,» GilsbyoOrOuel SG Gaede 8 6 Ob OO OG Go go « 49. 48. Spores two or more-celled, ellipsoid or vermiform . . . . . 50. 49, Apothecia up to 3 mm across with very thick margins; spores quite large, over 30 pm long, ellipsoid; disks usually a shade of pink PONS ah rt i) es, We trey RER Ar TC MERS ER em Ochrolechia 49. Apothecia usually under 1.5 mm; spores under 20 pm long; apothecia pale brown to dark brown or black ...... . Lecanora SOE SSDOGeSeCOlOUrleSis)™ Ws ".t uci te Mote Aa co PM ce cheer en SENS DIT 50. Spores dark brown; spore walls often uneven in thickness (Figure 72m) but sometimes uniform (Figure 721); apothecialwdisks very dark brown’. .9. MM %e © « Rinodina 51. Spores ellipsoid, two-celled (for the most part within any particular apothecium) (Figure 72e); thallus and apothecial 23 51. 5335 53s IC SE 57 24 MABEL WORE 5° 6 a à of 6 6 96 GeO ON OR ii ! Ch ii as Lecania Spores fusiform, twisted and curved, often vaguely septate; thallus thick, verrucose, KOH+ bright yellow (thamnolic acid); apothecial disks red-brown, sometimes pruinose, up to 2 mm in diameter; apothecial margins often appear to be double, the outer, thallus-coloured margin becoming somewhat ragged or tattered. Rare; on bark, especially of white cedar DO LES © isi «| emetenl 's.- is Pas’ Sep TC Haematomma ochrophaeum APO DOGS ONC= CON a missile! ehnergs) ss « « « © « «© & «6 © « 58% 52. Spores two- to many-celled SG CeO CMEC Boe PCr Bene ate me 56. Numerous small spores in each ascus (often giving the ripe ascus a coarsely granular appearance; Figure 71b); apothecia black or pruinose; thallus often virtually absent (endolithic). On HONTE Ne © © ot OO ©) “s 2) golive: Mole cue MC O0 M OR CD domo) ve Sarcogyne Pichi maspOreSomunmeach ASCUS |. 6s 6 6 «ie CT de 0 Eee 6 54. 54. Thallus composed entirely of coarse, green granules or granular soredia; fruiting bodies almost black, without distinct rims; thallus C+ red. Rare; on soft, rotting wood D a Micarea viridescens 54. Thallus never entirely sorediate; fruiting bodies (apothecia) usually with distinct rims (Figure 74a), although in some species, the margins disappear in the Oleic Gioeieele “6 5 o 6 5 0-45.60 o OO 6 OD OO Gn Oo che 55k HUACULINGIS) Selene ~“5 95 ER G5 Oo OO 6 O 80 OM ono) . 1 (PSOEAL SCIE Thallus continuous to areolate, not squamulose, sometimes CuUsappearringmor Very, ENT oe cle ces) ele) «ss 6 « « Lecidea s.l. G5 Sjoronesey ANAL NEO Goo oc oe o G5 oO fe che semer rc dl enrctdue Byilc 56. Spores not muriform, only transversely septate . . . . . . . 58% On bark (usually white cedar). Apothecia black; spores huge, colourless, many-celled, one per ascus; thallus olive-green, often in little patches or areoles. Rare (?) . . Lopadium pezizoideum (Note: This species was recorded for Ottawa by John Macoun, but there are no voucher specimens in CANL.) 57. 59% 59 61. 61. 63: 63. On non-calcareous rock. Apothecia black or dark brown, usually sunken between (or rarely in) thallus areoles (Figure 68); spores colourless to dark greenish or brown, 8 per ascus o. Ao) Wat DONS Ds Oe. Rows a it cee duo © © c'e + Rhizocarpon 58. Spores dark brown, two-celled; apothecia black . . . . Buellia 58. «Spores coliourlesis: 4: sc) <: esue, cusouele a spaelircnmneion rene atone meee ae D9° Exciple distinct, radiate (see Figures 70a, 74a); paraphyses (sterile threads between asci in hymenium) simple or sparingly branched, usually distinctly expanded at tips Lasecohymenial fruiting body): osc) = 6 i, vem a AU Re ce 60. Exciple indistinct or absent, never radiate (Figure 10b, section); threads between asci much branched and anastomosing, tapsenotsexpanded) (ascolocullarsEGULELNG! OM) EC ns 64. GOs Sieeises (A=) Oreille 6 6G 6 Oo 6 6 6 Oo oO oO 8 6 Ooo Gulls GW. Sierees Censiccwiahy, Poole G 5.5 a 4 6 0 6 6 6 6 Oo 6 oOo 62. Spores (especially young ones) with a thick, clear, gelatinous "halo" or epispore outside of normal cell wall (Figure 72a); spores (2-)4-celled, ellipsoid to short-fusiform. Rare; on ROCK TUE et oh eta omen 1e Cole bot lee ne elle de Dee ete Rhizocarpon Spores lacking a gelatinous epispore, fusiform to needle- shaped, 3-16-celled ee leo On eh cy ROM IDS Om tT ns Oran Bacidia 62. Apothecia pale pink to pale orange-brown; asci long and slender; spores fusiform to almost needle-shaped. Rare, ONMD areas. cule cule Re © Se Ne Moe oo ce > Dimerella 62. Apothecia black or very dark brown; asci club-shaped; spores ellipsoid, not more than three times as long as EIGN? “tee Wille" "5 Wo “Gh Geom to Oo Go Se oro oa ca oO. too o Osi On bark. Spores 12-17(-21) x 4.5-6.5 pm (Figure 72k); hypothecium reddish- to violet-brown, more intensely purplish red in KOH; exciple greenish also often turning violet in KOH. Ise aero [GING Se coe Tee ete se eu lenislle le Us es de Catillaria laureri On rock. Spores 18-24 x 8-10 pm; hypothecium and exciple brownish to black, unchanged in KOH ecto le ne nn ere a: ete elle isl Maille Rhizocarpon hochstetteri 25 65. 65. 26 64. Fruiting bodies "frosted" grey or blue-grey (pruinose), black beneath the pruina; thallus entirely granular sorediate, pale yellowish green or pale green; spores 4-celled, constricted somewhat at the cross-walls. Breequemt-mOnuenee Dalby q) cite NN 2 2 isl dl ets Arthonia caesia EEE INOMDOdNESMOENPEULNOS MN MMM mel ss na Baie Gis Thallus thin to essentially absent (within bark), sometimes PLOGUCINGmaNdseyauish estan! von@bark).8a8s ate ses «Jone 2n ls Arthonia Thallus thick, granular to pulverulent, greenish or very dark green. sOneroteingmwood (or ebarks i). fo. 820s Beni os «s Micarea STERILE CRUSTOSE AND SQUAMULOSE SPECIES Sie Growing) on soil, wood! om rock, sometimes) OVERNMOSS CR nen 2" Growing on bark os ee A ee RS Oak Otek ER eae 25 2) Growing on EOCK NE. wo vc. Sue) Se Ce CC CT arn 2s Growing on soil or wood, sometimes over moss ........ 12% Thallus black, containing blue-green algae. On calcareous LOCK is. ‘sus cue Rome Mey mob eg Wohi Toe ey de ee eee Pants ma a O 4. Thallus various shades, not black; containing green algae; on calcareous or non=calicareous GOCK) = i.) sos) ss CR 5 4. Thallus orbicular with a distinct blue or blue-green edge (prothallus); thallus consisting of isidia-like granules which cluster into areolate patches. Common. By OST e or ect Roe EU OM ice Te Placynthium nigrum 4. Thallus effuse, verrucose or granulose; phycobiont is Gloeocapsa. Rare so 6 6 es à à + + « » PSOrOtichlia schaereri AWNEUlbewsa@ioneaeaihy CrouseelitehaSs a Gg oa G6 o o 6° Bo 6% 6 o bee 6. Thallus without soredia sens tee del ele e delete cel Met teal 9. 6. Thallus blue-grey or mineral grey; directly on rock in exposed habitats ROMO sor cil oF RO sets dede oO Oe po. OS) te 8 Ue 6. Thallus green or yellowish green; usually on soil or peat OVEEErOCKS Enushadedm habit atS CET CT lett ter sel te 8. Thallus PD+ deep yellow, KOH+ yellow (alectorialic acid), often forming zonate orbicular patches; granules very coarse. Very common in sunny locations Cr role lee ce Lepraria zonata (Note: A population with atranorin and fumarprotocetraric or protocetraric acid (PD+ red) can be called L. lobificans Nyl.) Thallus PD-, KOH+ yellow (atranorin), thin, blue-grey, indefinite, not zonate. Common on shaded rocks and tree bases eo. Cece Gate oe CE DIOL Of Oe oe Cem me ot oe Ame Lepraria incana 8. Thallus forming a thick, indefinite crust, KOH+ yellow, PD+ orange (stictic acid and zeorin). Common on rocks and tree bases sa Da COTE Lepraria finkii 27 135 15% re 28 8. Thallus forming small shelf-like, membranous outgrowths of soredia, KOH+ yellow, PD+ orange (pannaric and roccellic acids and atranorin). Rare; on shaded rock + à + « < « «. Lepraria membranacea (Note: Perhaps not in the Ottawa region.) Thallus red-brown, thick, squamulose, the squamules having white margins; medulla KOH-, C-, PD-. Rare; on limestone 5 © 0 6 bec 0 8 DO OS OD Cees TE arta Psora russellii Thallus grey-green to yellowish green, continuous to areolate oie Hostel 6 à 5 © 6 0 8 OG 0 000 0 DIT TOO RE RU it ine ne an aaa Ol; 10. Thallus grey-green, KOH+ yellow, PD+ orange (stictic acid), indefinite, areolate to continuous. Rare; shaded habitats LATE SE NOMME TO RER MORRO Cae ec Baeomyces rufus 10. Thallus yellow-green (usnic acid), orbicular with lobate margins; in sunny habitats Te Ne DS Ce Too en eo mas» Ve Wile Thallus lobes thick, not becoming areolate in centre, medulla KOH-, PD—-, C-. Common; on calcareous rock or, rarely, on non- calcareous rock associated with bird perches .. . . Lecanora muralis Thallus lobes thin, closely appressed, becoming areolate except at margins; medulla C+ red or sometimes PD+ red. Infrequent; on non-calcareous rock .. . (Figure 22) Dimelaena oreina 12. Thallus yellow-orange, KOH+ red-purple, areolate, with areoles becoming sorediate. Infrequent; on fence rails and bark 5 © 0 5 @ Oo 6 46 0 6 D oo Caloplaca microphyllina (Zee nalmwusmbltack grey, white; On yellow, KOH= "3 % « « « « « lee Thallus squamulose (Note: See also the Cladonia treatment in the key to fruticose lichens, page 99) Ene Metso os ee sc: ei Tats Thaltus aneolate, verrucose, or efEusSe Sorediate « so) wees be bees A. anastomosans ASPICILIA s.l. Thallus pale orange; apothecial disks pink-orange; spores 11-17 x 5-6.5 pm. Frequent; on rocks at least periodically COVELEMbD VAN io. acme: = ee she ce ‘sige mouse Hymenelia lacustris Thallus grey-green to ashy grey; not aquatic .......«¢s5..-. Dre 2. Apothecial disks red-brown; thallus dark green-grey, KOH-; spores less than 10 pm long. Rare... . Lecanora sp. #2 2: Apothecial disks black; thallus pale to dark ashy grey; SBOECS U5=220% (9-4 16-13) ess a ue su hee (ame ais al Bebtte ts Sie Thallus (cortex and medulla) KOH-, PD-; thallus fairly thick, ashy grey, rimose-areolate; apothecia more-or-less craterform, often with a white rim around the disk; spores broadly ellipsoid VS TER MIE 12am 9/2 ENT 29559... TASICEE. /verrucigeras(inactive strain) Thallus (cortex and/or medulla) KOH+ yellow or red; thallus usually dark ashy grey but can be pale; usually verrucose- areOLACes Ses Aes me MAR TR, RENE. 6. SM à Cut TAGS L'on tartes Jee oo: 4. 35 36 4. Thallus cortex or medulla KOH+ red (norstictic acid); thallus continuous, rimose-areolate to somewhat verrucose. UD ee me © © « « + + + « + + « « Ae Cinerea 4. Thallus cortex or medulla KOH+ persistent yellow latine acc) 8 SO «4 6 6 s 6 ¢ « « « 5 © © * w » 6 5 Thallus areolate to thickly verrucose, the verrucae becoming somewhat lobed and almost squamulose in older portions. PRÉGUANTE 6 0 Bede MOST ET EE EC iee em A. verrucigera Thallus smooth, thin, continuous to rimose and finally areolate, pale ashy grey. Infrequent... . A. cinerea var. laevata BACIDIA OnREOCkKS Spore ZES 2 Yossie erenvenleue GG 5 RC Goa ce De On MOSS, Ilivsynwim, Où loses oc) oF MM M 6: 6 of So 6 Gade G%o G5 4 Se Pc Spores curved and twisted in ascus; hypothecium hyaline; eplthecsum@brown. RATE =. . . . . . » Scoliciosporum umbrinum 2: Spores straight, rod-shaped; hypothecium reddish brown above, hyaline below, or pale yellow; epithecium aeruginose; exciple violet-red, more intense in KOH. Rare EN a tere are “We eee à B. cfr. inundata (Note: Perhaps this is sp. #1 sensu Harris, 1977: true B. inundata has a brownish epithecium.) On moss ee de à © lo tu NE CEC eS ESS So ASS Ssdteadenet: 4. ONADALRENANAENOOTERCRES AACR RONICE wets NE SRE EME LOR See à 4e Wie 4. SÉOÉCSREUS DÉOEN ER NT RE OR Creed. te. Le ou. 5e 4. Spores acicular, 3-7-septate, 35-40 x 2.5-3.5 pm; epithecium greenish; hypothecium brown, thin; exciple mostly colourless to pale reddish purple in KOH. Rare ...... B. bagliettoana Apothecia pale yellowish to buff, never darkening (except in poorly dried herbarium material), very convex when mature; hypothecium pale yellow; spores constantly 3-septate, a 15-20 .x 5-6 pm; thallus granulose. "RE sees B. sphaeroides Apothecia pale brown to black, rarely yellowish Gio) Goo c : 6. Se Spores 3-5-septate, 18-30 x 5.7-7.5 pm; hypothecium red-brown, brown, or rarely pale brown (especially above); hypothecium KOH+ reddish violet; thallus coarsely granulose to almost squamulose. Frequent D CCE D CE CU OT PR 0 EN (Figure 13) B. sabuletorum 6. Spores (1-)3-septate, 20-25 x 6-7 pm; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; apothecia yellow-brown to red-brown to black; margin disk-coloured or paler; Ehalinstqranulose intrequenitirc CR uccicrmc mele. B. obscurata Apothecia minute, 0.10-0.16 mm in diameter, black, hemispherical and without a distinct margin; thallus dark green, Granulose) to! vernrucwlosie ee veil ciate 8. Apothecia 0.25-1.6 mm across; thallus grey-green to olive; SPOres ac TOME. Mise ee! à à 6 ce, Be ce meets ous, io cc Rue ols CS 8. Spores fusiform, 16-19 x 5-6 pm, 1-3-septate. Infrequent; on logs and rotting wood . . . . . . . Micarea melaena 8. Spores fusiform to almost acicular, usually strongly tapering at one end, 25-33 x 3-4.5 um, 3-5-septate; epithecium greenish. Common; on shaded bark and wood... . (Figure 12) Scoliosporum chlorococcum Spores (1-)3-septate, 25-31 x 1.3-2.5 pm; apothecia 0.25-0.35 mm in diameter, black to brown-black, margin thin; hypothecium pale yellow-brown; epithecium green; exciple hyaline to pink within, greenish black at edge. Rare; on lignum (and bark) iso mel ue: Us eue ange oo ME sae) +. +06 Be DeCRDSOSLE Spores 3-15-septate, more than 30 pm long; apothecia 0.4- lr OmmMMe IN Gitamewer. SL, st ee el es En EU as 6 à el el à: er ee e 10. Apothecia large, 0.8-1.6 mm diameter, distinctly constricted at the base; disk flat, pitch black, with thin but prominent black margins; hypothecium brown grading into red-brown exciple which is paler to hyaline at margin; epithecium green; spores 3-8- septate, 30-55 x 2-3 pm; thallus smooth to granulose A 10. cf (a) vertical section of Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, Figures 11-13. -11 Bacidia schweinitzii, apothecium, (b) ascospores; -12. (a) vertical section of apothecium; (b) ascospores; -13. 100 Bacidia sabuletorum, ascospores. Scale: -11a, 12a: each unit = pm; —11b, 12b, 13: each unit = 10 pm. 38 lire ie sie isis or almost isidiate. Frequent; especially in shaded forests, on tree barks CS ne eecme omens (Figure 11) B. schweinitzii 10. Apothecia 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter, appressed to thallus; apothecia, if black, then with a margin even with the disk (not prominent) disappearing in matunwty CS eee Apothecia black, never pruinose; margin disappearing; hypothecium red-brown; epithecium grey-olive; exciple hyaline to yellow-brown within; spores 7-septate, 30-37 x 3.5-5.0 pm. REV ONE 5 oo 6 oO SS ao © co 0 B. accendens sensu Harris, (Note: B. atrogrisea is another rather rare species known from eastern Canada differing from B. accedens in having a dark red-brown to black apothecium, a hyaline to yellowish hypothecium, epithecium with a dark purple pigment and spores which are up to lig=septace, 45-60-70) x (1. 7—)) 222-40 jum. ) Apothecia dark to pale red-brown or yellow-brown, often pruinose Atm ealsicesimr Moats | cy cou ter ee ie loi NT I TT Te Dre 12. Thallus consisting of granules often becoming elongate and isidia-like; spores up to 10-celled, (38-)40-50 x Vale 12 7/7 Ae 2=3 pm (Hargis, 1977). Rare 5.6 G MU G Seva = oF a Bol 12. eb nalaluise not aasHddlOose—ciranudlOSeirs ssi cn tsiurci cist nfs) cla ts) Melle le) itel ats Apothecia bright red-brown to yellow-brown, rarely becoming very dark red-brown (almost black); some apothecia often lightly pruinose, especially on the margins; margins low, often almost disappearing; hypothecium brownish, at least in upper part; exciple hyaline to brown or purple-brown; exciple and hypothecium turn pink-violet in KOH; thallus smooth; spores 3-7-septate, (30-)33-55 x 2-3(-4) pm; Frequent; on deciduous tree bark + . « . « 6 « «|» B. fuscorubella Apothecia dark red-brown, with prominent margins, usually heavily pruinose on disks and margins; hypothecium hyaline to pale yellow, exciple KOH+ pale yellow (never pink-violet); thallus becoming thick, rimose; spores 6-12(-15)-septate, 45-72 x 3-4 pm. Infrequent; on deciduous tree bark . . . . B. suffusa 39 Ue 40 BUELLIA On non-calcareous stone; thallus ashy grey to brownish grey, thick, verrucose; apothecia slightly convex; margin thin to disppearindg/sspores 95 1S 0x .5.5-7.0 um. Rare .. . B. turgescens On bark or wood DO) eGo à D 28 (0 GP TON AGRO ACEC EU RCE RE 2e Die Apothecia large, 0.5-1.2 mm in diameter, flat, witha prominent persistent margin; spores 12-17 x 5-7 pm; apothecial sections KOH+ strong yellow finally developing red crystals in most cases (norstictic acid). Common; On nasdwoods and condier barkp we. ER en B. stillingiana Pe Apothecia small, usually less than 0.5 mm in diameter; HACRMNIMNOESIELCELCRACLAN NT Gers) “on Gell: Le eee ce ss ws Bie Spores 12-24 per ascus, 8.8-9.5 x 4.8-4.9 wm; exciple pale within, black at edge; apothecial margin thin, persistent. Bare; On hardwoodS . « « « « ss +, « + + we « s + ef»: +: B. polyspora SPOGeESmompeEEaScus, Iil—2ZO0Rx eS SC ET « « « «sts © © Ge» « = « 4. 4. Thallus fairly thick, verruculose to granulose, grey- green, PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); apothecia hemispherical with a disappearing margin; spores 14-20 x 7.5-8.0 pm. Rare; on conifers, especially STI RE ue 1 mis unio. om osue ee is, ec ey le 42 B. dialyta 4. Thallus thin, white, or almost absent, PD-; apothecia usually flat with a persistent, thin margin; spores 12-15 x 6-7 pm. Infrequent; on bark and wood, especially LOUE yO MON EN 20 BURG ol WG GN IGF "a, 2s Somecineoe cor PONG GMPC B. punctata CALICIALES Ascocarps without a stalk; mazaedium in thalline verrucae appearing like a lecanorine apothecium; thallus greenish yellow; spores 2-celled. Infrequent; on old, hard wood He 0 sty oo otis Le. - (Figure 7) Cyphelium tigi liave eye 3. Ascocarps at the summit of a shore sons longh ar TRE SEA Pose 2” Parasitic on lichens (especially Lecanora or Pertusaria); stalk extremely short, grey or pale; spores spherical, 8-10 pm in diameter. Rare... . . . . Sphinctrina microcephala De Not parasitic; ‘growing ‘on bark, wood OGmped tlle einen meen 3% Spores“septate, brown “(Pigurer723))) MORE CNRC ER 4. Spores non-septate, brown or colour less iEr1gure 21) eu sins 6. 4° Growing on 2-4 year old branches of Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac); stalks less than 0.4 mm tall, simple or branched once; ascocarp entirely black; spores pale brown, smooth, ellipsoid, hardly constricted; 1125-1475 x °s05=5.0 pm. yeoiiNis 5 6 1G 5.6 o ob oso oho 6 6 co 4-6 6 WaeeO@ccUlicnbin Chicdalsilat 4. Growing on wood; stalks over 0.5 mm (up to 1 mm) tall . . . Le Spores dark brown, constricted at septum, rough on surface, 9.3-11.0 x 3.5-5.5 wm; stalks stout; ascocarps usually with a distinct yellowish margin; flask-like pycnidia often abundant, with a yellowish margin around the ostiole; usually on the wood of conifers. Frequent PRES OO.” DRAP EDS OMC (Figure 5) Calicium trabinellum Spores pale brown, ellipsoid to cylindrical, vaguely septate and not constricted, smooth, 5.5-7.5 x 2.0-2.6 pm; stalks slender, hair-like, turning red in concentrated nitric acid; ascocarps without a yellow rim; pycnidia not seen. Usually on wood of deciduous trees. Rare at ey Tec ats Chaenothecopsis dibilis (Note: Reported by Tibell, 1975; no specimen in CANL.) 6. Spores ellipsoid to fusiform, brown (Figure 721), 6-9 x 2.5-3.5 pm; thallus entirely absent or forming a white stain; ascocarps black, flat and almost disk-like. Common on old wood, especially of conifers ae es ew es ete... (Figure 0) Mycocaliczum parielinum 6. Spores spherical, 2.5-4.0 pm in diameter; ascocarps brownish org AyGulaloyalislay 6. Gg GO Go Om Geen GGG a, mde soo oO cie We Stalks and ascocarps covered with a yellowish pruina; thallus bright greenish yellow, leprose, fairly thick. Often among the 41 42 deeply shaded roots of overturned trees or in similar, Shaded habitats. Infrequent ...... .. + +. Coniocybe furfuracea Stalks black, ascocarps brownish, without a yellow pruina. Onmex OS Comoac Cm WOOC Misamis cmVens Melle iel 6 eh 6s ie) à ee ue ee +. + à 8. 8. Phycobiont appearing square or rectangular in outline (Stichococcus), very small; thallus conspicuous, greenish MEDEOS Smee RAUsCi ie! Let Vel lela le) ce doves Ws) Gels bow ys) de Chaenotheca stemonea 8. Phycobiont circular in outline (Chlorococcales); thallus absent or thin, bluish grey, leprose. Rare BS A oe a ot BG RG ee en Coen Chaenotheca brunneola CALOPLACA Thallus parasitic on foliose lichens (Physciopsis) . . Caloplaca sp. Wael Ios Greevysbie) Chay OCR RDA RM Cre Veeco Goo ooo sowo = olc Seep) Go 2 Pe Waele, Cieoahse? Oh OCR 6 G6 o OF oO Od OND Un ee ee =O OMsO Br Die Tivalwiiicmarowin¢ sOnmbark Om aWwOOG! fr fe sis) 2 ae sie (3s Je) we, 6. Thallus consisting mainly or entirely of yellow granular soredia, often sterile. Rare; on limestone . . . . + + + + C. citrina PROMIS ANRENOME SORA sic We) sculscluumel is 6h Gols os) ou a6) de 6 ep © os 4. 4. Thallus conspicuous, pale sulphur yellow; apothecia 0.4- 1.2 mm in diameter, dark orange, with margins almost the same colour when mature; spores 13-14 x 6-7.5 pm; isthmus broad, more than 1/3 spore length. Common on calcareous ROC sand COMOME is ai. =) ne de,» C. flavovirescens 4. Thallus inconspicuous or absent, blackish or grey if present; spore isthmus very narrow, less than 3 spore length; apothecia brownish orange with a paler orange REVEGLEN AS lat “He Go ol 1g. GeO 6b Bo CET PE One Dy CIC 5 Apothecia small, under 0.25 mm across, dull orange to orange- brown; apothecial margins paler than disk, usually yolk- yellow; spores 14-16 x (6-)7-9 pm (Figure 14); thallus often seen as a blackish crust around apothecia. Common; on limestone and concrete: =: "os. im) 6) <)is0 ee CRC PEACE DE Apothecia 0.25-0.50 mm in diameter, bright orange; margins almost the same colour as disk; spores 10-14 x 4-5 um; thallus usually absent, never blackish. Frequent; on rocks of all kinds emer me mmr eee C. arenaria 6. Thallusjyeliow sto: orange, KOH purspilie yeu meen nia r-marctno ins is 6. Thallus hea (isco Cie Gls 6 56 56 5 6 05000 6 0 0 26 6 8. We Thallus yellowish orange to orange, areolate to squamulose, granular sorediate, usually sterile. Frequent; on roadside trees and fence rails s RES né RS geek C. microphyllina Ue Thallus pale sulphur yellow, more or less continuous; apothecia frequent, orange with paler margin. lnerequent “Chol Seve foresees 4 Gg 5 6 co 5S go 6 G Oo ¢ C. flavorubescens 8. Apothecia with a conspicuous grey margin; apothecia etn besover 0e 5 sii sli) Giles 5 6 6 56 66 6 6 oO boo bo 9. ‘OG AS | Figures 14-15. -14. Caloplaca feracissima, ascospores showing narrow isthmi; -15. Caloplaca holocarpa, ascospores showing broad isthmi. Scale: unit = 10 pm. 43 44 8. Apothecial margin yellow or orange in most apothecia, slightly paler than the disk; apothecia small, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter, dark orange to yellow-orange; spores 10.5-13.0 x 6-8 pm (Figure 15). Common on elms, poplars and wood Te CORRE, SMU, 1 C. holocarpa Apothecial margins white pruinose; apothecial disks yellow pruinose; thallus often becoming squamulose; apothecia 0.5-1.7 mm in diameter. Infrequent; on roadside trees and WGC) CE TC = Dr ec) eee: ele « +. C. ulmorum Apothecial margins and disks epruinose or almost so; thallus ashy grey, not squamulose; apothecia 0.4-0.9 mm in diameter. Frequent; on roadside trees and poplars .......e..«. Cc. cerina CANDELARIELLA Thallus areolate or minutely squamulose or absent, not sorediate or finely granular; usually fertile ee ele ps eee ee 27 Thallus consisting of granules or soredia; usually sterile . . . oye 27 On limestone rock; spores 8 per ascus; thallus usually not evident. Infrequent . . 2. . 2 2 + = © ee wi alte + C. aurella 2: On non-limy rocks or, rarely, wood; spores 16-32 per ascus; thallus usually conspicuous consisting of tiny or larger 1ODate areolcs. Common’ . ss = « + «es sw «= à = Cs. vitellina Thallus consisting of scattered, distinctly corticate, round granules. Common; especially on elms and Thuja A ns De eo tn let et dre ot (Figure 4) C. xanthostigma Thallus entirely or almost entirely leprose (sorediate) . . . . . 4. 4. Thallus generally having a few distinctly foliose lobes among the soredia (soredia forming initially as marginal soralia) usually diffuse; spores 32 per ascus. Frequent. Wel TT Cl Tree cd toe Candelaria concolor ivan. ieiiusa 4. Thallus without foliose lobes; soredia in small clusters, developing at first from the edges of slightly flattened, corticate granules; spores 32 per ascus. Infrequent SVT cts RS CCE (Figure 3) Candelariella efflorescens DIMERELLA Apothecia 0.5-2.0 mm in diameter, yellow to yellow-orange, flat; margins hardly prominent; spores 7-10 x 2.5-7.5 pm. Rare; on bark où entamer Smo wren om eee che cette Celle fe D. lutea Apothecia up to 0.5 mm in diameter, pale buff to pinkish; spores 10-15 x 3-3.5 pm. Rare; over moss or bark . ... .- D. diluta HUILIA Apothecia grey pruinose with a black margin, flat; thallus ashy grey, KOH+ deep yellow to red. Frequent; on acidic HOCKS nw shaded OO ER CN ell elite Meir Te H. albocaerulescens Apothecia epruinose, often strongly convex; thallus KOH- . . . . 2} Zac Apothecia very large, 0.5-2 mm in diameter; spores 17-19 x 6.5-7.5 pm; hymenium 100-120 pm high; thallus often thin or virtually absent. Common; on exposed acidic rocks [etre ee shied ns yf eer ee (Figure 20) H. macrocarpa De Apothecia 0.35-0.75 mm in diameter; spores 14.5-16.0(-19.5) x 6.2-7.6(-8.7) pm; hymenium under 100 pm high; thallus ashy grey. Frequent; on exposed rocks .... .. « + « H. crustulata LECANIA Spores somewhat bent (Figure 72e), 13-16(-18) x 4.5-6.0 pm; apothecia minute, up to 0.25 mm in diameter, dark brown to black; margin thin, disappearing. Infrequent; on deciduous DO Ne in w. ea er oie, ey a cn #6 ee Seins be eager a Te L. dimera 45 SE Die 46 (8.5-)11-13 x 3.3-4.0 pm; 0.25-0.8 mm in diameter, dark red-brown, convex; margin chan: Spores straight, apothecia Frequent on deciduous trees, especially black ash . e . . . . ~ . . ° ° . o e e . . . . e e . . . LECANORA Growing on bark or wood MU en nm Yum MAS Growing on rock 4 8 owen dre do to SS amo MÉCONNU ES 2° Thallus or apothecial margin sorediate UE ne RC 2% Thallus and apothecial margin esorediate ....... Thallus or apothecial margin yellowish green (usnic acid) . Thallus and apothecial margin grey or white, KOH+ yellow; soredia granular, in patches on thallus; apothecia rare; bright red-brown with a distinct, white, often sorediate Margin. Frequent, especially on roadside trees ..... 4. Thallus sterile, thin, fibrous prothallus. leprose, usually with a white, Frequent, especially on sugar merle Jeeves oy © à CCR LORS PO bo Mey TE RE 4. Thallus fertile, with many yellow to brownish apothecia; thallus without a white, fibrous prothallus; thallus not leprose (usually, only the apothecial on bark and margins become sorediate). Frequent; WOOdMO bE: dinErerent “kind smer.t cals eer ts, ores. Sth L. Als yapoeneciia with heavily#pruinose disks <0 sem «2 = « Apothecia epruinose when mature (i.e., in a few species, the apothecia are slightly pruinose when young) . . . . . . 6. Thallus and apothecial margins KOH-; spores 9-14 x 4-6(-7) pm. 6. Thallus and apothecial margins KOH+ yellow Rares on Dark OF WOOd ue sa0e +s. « sre) is (CAECAnO TN) nt den ul otis ree ct: oem, Med var tems otek Le cyrtel la 1-10 2 =f) suite 23% . LL LL 35 a) ve) 5. e Li e 4. L. impudens L. thysanophora strobilina L. hagenii L2 . . Ve ie Apothecial margins persistent, raised; apothecia large, up to 1.2 mm across; apothecial sections (amphithecium) KOH+ yellow, not red ./InÉreqUuent NON bask som CRC L. caesiorubella subsp. caesiorubella Apothecial margins thin or disappearing in older apothecia; apothecia usually under 0.5 mm across; apothecial sections KOH+ red (norstictic acid). Rare; on bark. ae eer wee re cc ee L. pallida. var. rubescens 8. Apothecial margins, disks, or thallus yellowish green or VELLOWLSHN Me cy MS CRS Fs. NE NERO ER ects ane ane cars 9° 8. Apothecial margins, disks, and thallus dirty grey to white, without a yellowish tint OOO Ooo oO Oo Oo Oo Gos oO 59.0 125 Apothecia red-brown, margins yellowish; thallus dirty grey, KOH-; spores 8-12 x 4-7 pm (broadly ellipsoid); amphithecium packed with algae. Infrequent; on roadside trees and wood Py OO pO. SON sO OC A ONE ME Oo ACEO abt LM POUR L. saligna Apothecial margins and thallus yellow to yellow-green, KOH+ vellowish} spores narron, foi se SE EVENT 6 Glib e5 6 666 6 G Go oc 10% 10. Apothecial margin disappearing in maturity, always smooth; amphithecium containing few algae (often appearing biatorine); apothecia yellow to yellow-orange; contains zeorin. Frequent; on bark or wood, especially of GONMAEEESE RENE METRE. Sie RP oe PUS come hy See L. symmictera 10. Apothecial margin usually persistent; lacking zeorin . . . . le Margin becoming granular or sorediate; apothecial margin often containing few algae; apothecia yellow to yellow- brown. Common on wood and bark TOO. a OMAN Om jie L. strobilina Margin remaining smooth; apothecial margins packed with algae; apothecia very small, under 0.25 mm in diameter; disks yellow-brown to dark red-brown. Rare; on wood AG Se GO COR! ou SiGe ra Ome Oe lacuna Mow.c L. piniperda 12. Thallus and apothecial margins KOH+ yellow (eiciceyoyato te OS Cre el AC MID TVOD CO RES CID Seo Bog 18 12. Thallus and apothecial margins KOH- (atranorin lacking) ST OO DUO ET ES D DID PO POI D OMRCS COM OMC # ON 210% 47 13. 13. 15% (se (NE 48 Epithecium pigmented a clear red-brown (in the upper hymenium), not granular or the surface or between the FÉDSIOEMENCMDArAaphVSeSs (bigurel la) MR LS à + + » © Epithecium with fine or coarse granulars appearing on the hymenium surface (Figure 16a) or between the tips of the paraphyses (Figure 17a); upper hymenium pigmented or essentially hyaline; amphithecium containing clumps 17b) (crystals and epithecial granules are strongly reflective of large, colourless crystals (Figures 16b, in polarized light) ee ele es eo + + QU 14. Amphithecium containing clumps of very large, KOH insoluble crystals (sometimes sparse); cortex distinct from amphithecial medulla, spores (9.0—)11.5-14.5(-16.5) x (5.5-)6.0-8.5 pm. Uncommon; on deciduous trees Sena eres, Saray is. ces 4s L. 14. Amphithecium and cortex containing very small, angular, KOH insoluble crystals, usually more-or-less PrielkingeanphaeheecrumeGEVGUIre wN8bi)le sill el sets «ls 5 « Amphithecial cortex thick (especially at base), gelatinous, NOLwGHScInceE, Erom medulia (Evgure Wb)y =. = 2. « « « « = « Amphithecial cortex thin or absent, not at all gelatinous; spores 11-14 x 7.0-8.5 pm. Infrequent; on deciduous trees. L2 L2 L1 L] . . LA . LA e . e ° ° L2 L2 L1 L2 . e L1 L. 116% Apothecial small, soon becoming 0.3-0.6(-0.8) apothecial margin convex, mm in diameter, closely adnate; smooth, thin; spores 9.5-14.5 x 6.0-7.0(-8.0) pm. Common; usually on beech or sugar maple bark (Figures 18, 23) L- 0.6-1.5(-2.0) mm in diameter, Eats, very constricted at base in maturity; apothecial 16. Apothecia large, margin conspicuous, 13-16(-19) x 7.5-10(-11) pm. and ash bark Monte Pel ei ellie Rat el Bo Geter ah of el de: He L. commonly flexuous; spores (12-) Infrequent; on poplar Apothecia at first immersed in thallus, later becoming sessile; margins verrucose to discontinuous; apothecial disk orange- or red-brown; apothecial cortex very thin (less than irregular, uniform in thickness; 14. Vile subfuscata De 16. imshaugii glabrata allophana Wie Ue 15 um), indistinct; epithecium PD+ orange (pannarin), producing clusters of small orange needles as seen under the microscope; spores 11.5-14.5 x 7.5-8.5 pm. Frequent; on deciduous EXeCeSie, RS CE L. cinereofusca Apothecia all sessile; apothecial margins entire, sometimes verruculose; epithecium PD-; cortex gelatinous,, distinces rt RE CR. 2 CRC OC CR nr 18. 18. Apothecial margin PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); epithecium pigmented, containing fine granules between tips of paraphyses. Frequent; especially on conifer bark ss snecppnaratde sésthacis ti cats TE nn L. pulicaris M8 Apothecial margins, PDHVellOWRON PES RE CR Ce 19 Thallus verrucose, thick, pale grey to almost white; apothecia constricted at base, with coarsely verrucose margins; disks usually pale yellow- or pinkish brown, sometimes dark brown, often lightly pruinose when young; epithecium coarsely granular at surface, not pigmented (pigment confined to the tips of the paraphyses); spores 12-18. x 7-10(-11.5) pm... InErequent; especially on Thuja DARK RCE NS ay Some? tomes fe ence ge (Figure 16) L. rugosella Thallus thin, ashy grey, verruculose or areolate; apothecia sessile, not constricted at base; margins smooth to slightly verruculose; disks red-brown, with tiny granules between tips of paraphyses; spores 10-13 x 6.5-8.5 pm. Common; on tree bark. Of all \kindsits LE lies à os se (Figure 17) LE pseudochlarotera (Note: L. chlarotera, a similar species with coarse granules on the epithecial surface (as in L. rugosella) is not known with certainty from the Ottawa region; it is rare in Ontario.) 20. Apothecial margins thick, white; apothecia crowded, pale yellow-brown, some slightly pruinose; spores 1125=1,2.5-x 5750-755. pmpcamphithecial cortex thin, indistinct, not gelatinous. Rare; on wood D ae ee ee lé ae ee ee L. umbrina f. gregaria (Note: This may be a morphotype of L. hagenii.) 20. Apothecial margins thin or thick, yellowish, dark grey, or thallus-coloured, not white; apothecia pale to dark... Zils 49 Figures 16-18. -16 Lecanora rugosella, (a) portion of hymenium showing 50 superficially granular epithecium, (b) vertical section of apothecium showing large crystal heaps in amphithecium; -17. Lecanora pseudochlarotera, (a) portion of hymenium showing inspersed epithecium, (b) vertical section of apothecium; -18. Lecanora glabrata, (a) portion of hymenium showing non-inspersed, pigmented epithecium, (b) vertical section of apothecium showing small amphithecial crystals extending into cortex. Scale: -16a, 17a, 18a: each unit = 10 pm; -16b, 17b, 18b: each unit = 100 pm. 21. 21e 213% 23°. 25e 25 Apothecial margin cortex distinct, gelatinous; apothecium almost biatorine with few algae in amphithecium; margin thin, disk-coloured, becoming excluded. Rare; on wood RO M RO 0 à oo 6 6 © © © © L. subintricata Apothecial margin cortex thin, indistinct, not gelatinous Or expanded; amphithecium usually packed with algae; Margin distinct, yellowish, usually persistent for a long time Pee ea ee oe coho oe so Oa 6G 0 61 © à à 22% 22. Spores 8-12 x 4-7 pm (broadly ellipsoid); apothecial disks red-brown; apothecial margin thick, prominent, verrucose to crenulate; apothecia 0.4-0.75 mm in diameter, epruinose. Infrequent; on elm bark and wood - « « « Le Saligna 22. Spores 7-12 x 3-4.5 pm (narrowly ellipsoid); apothecia yellow-brown to very dark brown; apothecial margin thin, prominent and smooth to even with disk; apothecia 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter, slightly pruinose. Rare; on wood Be. rte tienle a Pak tem (eagio Mee cs oc Cn e) Roe tore L. piniperda Apothecia immersed in thallus, pale orange or orange-pink; thallus smooth to rimose (visible on the dry thallus), continuous. Frequent on rocks at least periodically covered by water oi We SS es. Gis Wok Cones quem Lon ap uate Hymenelia lacustris Apothecia sessile, thallus not orange; not aquatic ...... . 24. 24. Thallus distinctly lobate at margin, or with lobate areoles: yelllowish green (with usnic acid)... .. <2. s « 25 24. Thallus continuous, or dispersed areolate, not lobate . . . 28. Apothectaprurnose medul las RON PR CR CR ol welts CRC. 26. ADOENECTANWLENOUE PDEULNAN F6. NAN. Ol Gf ob, 6.6 6 9G. 0. Oo) be ono < 21e 26. Apothecia pinkish orange or yellow-orange; thallus dull, pale yellowish green, often almost umbilicate; contains pseudoplacodialic acid. Frequent on granitic BOOKS es aa fi a le le ie sy ens + aus @ Linn ChÉVSOLEUCAS SNS 26. Apothecia yellow-green, thallus shiny yellow-brown, areolate to barely lobate; contains fatty acids. Rare; Guegranitie “rocks VAS BR . le ees sono «be chr asubdiscrepangs Sil 21 Qin 29. 295 31. Sie 33% a2 Medulla KOH+ yellow (unknown substance); apothecia yellowish to yellow-buff; thallus with dispersed, loosely attached, lobate areoles; contains placodialic acid and an unknown SUBS tance mmeeinerequents On Granvee . . «0 s « « « « L. opiniconensis Medulla KOH-; apothecia yellow-green to yellow-brown; thallus usually radiately lobed, closely appressed; contains zeorin. Common; on calcareous rock or acidic rock if associated with Eee Bein aia sls (6 iss) < fest sr Den. . © © « + + : L. muralis 28. Thallus or apothecia distinctly yellowish or yellow- PECCTMM RE ee le eee el ee ete « co 6 @ + + «© + s + << 29% 28. Thallus and apothecia lacking a yellow tint of any kind . . 30. Apothecia pruinose, yellow-green; thallus thick, areolate; contains fatty acids (see couplet 26) Sebel << L. cfr. subdiscrepans Apothecia epruinose, yellow-green; thallus usually absent for the most part; contains zeorin. Frequent; on non-calcareous ÉCRAN Ge Sec ce le © se we Nec + » « GL. polytropa 30. Thallus and apothecial margins KOH+ yellow (atranorin); on non-calcareous rock een te et te vet te rete coh rate Met ace Sills SD Loallucs vandmapotheeral Margins) KOH— ~~. =... = © «sss 34. (Note: If thallus is C+ pink and KOH-, the specimen may be Trapelia involuta. See couplet 13 in Lecidea key.) Apothecial disks pruinose; epithecium heavily granular ..... 325 Apothecial disks epruinose; epithecium not at all granular . . . 33% 32. Apothecial disks heavily pruinose, C+ yellow (sordidone) ; apothecia often immersed when young; apothecial margins WIENONEMArJeNCEYSEAlS RATE i.) eee Crete oo L. rupicola 32. Apothecial disk lightly pruinose, C-; contains a fatty acid; apothecia raised, often with a verrucose margin; margin contains clumps of large oxalate crystals. EMBPSQUENERC: Dante. cdyhams So) [ay Soemensisl asp P eye we gi Le oe L. cenisia Apothecial disks dark brown to black; margins usually thick, very coarsely verrucose; apotnecial margin cortex thick (up to 65 pm at the base), radiate, inspersed with tiny granules, distinct; large crystals in margin sometimes absent; contains 33% 35 35: gangaleoidin and an unknown. Infrequent . . . . . . . Lecanora sp. #1 (Note: Perhaps close to L. cenisia or L. gangaleoides.) Apothecial disks red-brown; margins thin or thick, crenulate; apothecial margin cortex thin, 15-25 um, distinct or indistinct, not radiate; large crystals in amphithecium; contains an unidentified substance. Frequent° 25°22 2." = = 2). Gs Galactinulgd 34, On calcareous rock." Thallus white or absent > . =. « = « « % 35% 34. On non-calcareous rock. Thallus dull grey-brown, rimose- areolate; spores19-10 x 4.5-5.5 pm. “Rare LL... Lecanora sp. #2 Apothecial disks black, grey-pruinose; thallus often conspicuous, white, areolate; spores narrowly ellipsoid, 1120-1325 2 530-655) pm." EnEréquent Ss S52" UE L. crenulata Apothecial disks red-brown or yellow-brown, epruinose (or with a thin pruina when young); thallus absent; spores ellipsoid, 8.5-10.5 x 5.2-6.5 pm. Infrequent .. L. dispersa LECIDEA s.l. Onewoodi; bark; MOSS; "OL SOL Mees Samet ea We ce ieee TE ee à De OnaStOner rca were te Lene ee ee Bie er et anes: et et meh TS PS eu Welt tet ite ips De Onmbarkre LU Mel coed ee hah crite) TisGMer to ct er A Led, She Dis Oniewood; MOSS (Om Sows eae RE te, Se en ete ee, en te! oe 6. Thallus sorediate, with discrete, rounded mounds of yellowish green soredia on a thin, continuous crust; apothecia rare, pale brown, all tissues hyaline; spores 11-13 x 2.5-3.5 pm, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform. Rare; tree bases, especially ASS SR Feo Nc Ne Me Me “6 “oes 5, * HECIdea Sp. #4 sensu "Harris, 1977 Thallus continuous, thin or thick, smooth or granulose, not WitehwarSsenetesscondaltaect « Sb SN et bal SR Ste MS cre far Wes ow 4. 4. Apothecia very small, flat, 0.18-0.40 mm in diameter, often clustered, red-brown; thallus thin, KC+ pale orange (sometimes KC-); hypothecium hyaline; spores 10-13 x 5.2-7.0 um, rather 53 54 broadly ellipsoid. Frequent on deciduous trees . . . L. varians 4. Apothecia flat to convex, 0.2-0.75 mm in diameter, scattered, yellow- to red-brown or black; spores HOBEOWINROTMIEIDS ONCE ER ic) lee cise de + eo + © © + + + + Ne Apothecia usually dark brown to black (rarely pale), more or less flat to slightly convex, with a thin, shiny margin; hypothecium dark brown; thallus very thin, continuous; spores 10-13.5 x 3.0-4.0 pm. Infrequent; on various trees Raw More Eston ied a Biel Weil Ss! peer se Us ect dise L. albofuscescens Apothecia yellow- to red-brown, convex to hemispherical; Margin soon disappearing; hypothecium hyaline to pale yellowish; thallus grey-green, granulose; spores 15-17 (-23) x 4.0-6.0 pm. Infrequent; on various trees near DAS ee De de ei oa is. ce a Loe Wad Des eter te.’ à L. vernalis 6. Thallus dark brown to black, granulose, C-; apothecia black, marginless, with a dark brown hypothecium and exciple; spores (7.5)10-15 x (4.3-)5-7(-9) pm. Infrequent; on sandy or peaty soil or rotting wood le Tie oe, hal ne ties eh vo is elie a 0 à L. uliginosa 6. thaltluseqneys to grey-green or yeliiowish . <. 2. = » ©. « « «. « ie Ile Eee EC) CHOYEC COQUE @ lel @ 1 « ¢ © « o «© i @.% @ © © 8e Thallus yellowish; apothecia pale yellow (see Lecanora key, Croom ON) 6 5 Gh ono) 6 5 CRE CLIO CES OS ese Lecanora symmictera 8. Thallus thick, grey-green, verrucose, with some verrucae becoming sorediate, C+ pink (gyrophoric acid); apothecia irregular in shape, flat to convex, pinkish to brown- black or lead-black; spores 9-13 x 4-6 pm. Frequent; on soil or wood Rep teith ys Ga ats Weta od Sea Seek? à L. granulosa 8. Thallus thin or thick, non-sorediate, C-; apothecia brown or pitch black Juan A! 16g MOINE Nome ee eee EE 9% Apothecia pitch black, shiny, flat, irregular, with a thin Margin; thallus thick, verrucose, KOH+ yellow, PD+ red (substance unidentified); spores 5.7-7.8 x 3.3-4.0 pm. Raves On conter ALGMINGs.. js. woe on Ge “le! Ger eral fe Uap err te C8) is L. elabens Wile ive Apothecia red-brown or yellow-brown; apothecia convex, round; thallus more or less verruculose to granulose; spores longer than 10 um 2. MS his clon dg 65 6 66 c.f oD 4 4-9 c 10. 10. Hypothecium light to dark brown, paler below; spores 10-14(-17) x 3.6-4.8 pm. Frequent; on moss at base of trees sat cre ates mt ote CL plea L. berengeriana 10. Hypothecium hyaline to pale yellowish; spores 15-17(-23) x 4-6 pm. Infrequent; on moss, wood and bark ee ee eee ee ee oe aloe eo 8) oO. oc L. vernalis On calcareous rock. Thallus thick, grey, or thin, or even absent; apothecia round, thick flat margin; hypothecium hyaline to pinkish; exciple aeruginose externally (Figure 74a); epithecium black to olive-black; spores very broad, 10.5-13 x 7.5-8.0 pm; paraphyses free in water or at least in KOH. COMMON. Fees aceon mre) ss cto Lecidella stigmatea On non-calcareous rock. Thallus thick or thin; hypothecium brown-black, generally more or less confluent with exciple ... Ae WAS jeleheas, Ayeheyy ekecieys WSS ye foil jn 5 b G6 Ge 6 6 G of 4 OG Go oO Wee W235 Sjetoicesy smaller MESSE An 6 oo G O56 6 6 oo 15% Thallus C+ pink (gyrophoric acid), areolate to dispersed verrucose; exciple thin, brown, sometimes enveloped in a secondary "thalline margin"; hypothecium hyaline; spores IEP oe 08 TO yori, iinigietowehe aS Go oo o 6 6 tec Trapelia involuta Thallus C-; exciple well-developed, usually thick, dark brown to black and carbonaceous; hypothecium brown-black . . . . 14. 14. Exciple radiating, brown-black, paraplectenchymatous (see Figure 20); some spores, especially young ones, have a gelatinous epispore or "halo" (see Figure 72a). COMORES eh dr Stems) spare dei Det (Sec Key. COmiuU al Ta) 14. Exciple uniformly carbonaceous, not radiate; apothecial margin often becoming cracked; thallus membranous, grey CONdISAPPeAr INA Behe A Heo Go Go Go oO Oo 5 6 ne L. cinereoatra (Note: L. subsimplex is also a possibility.) 55 15 56 Epithecium greenish or aeruginose; exciple hyaline within, greenish black at edge (Figure 19); apothecia very small, 0.16-0.25 mm in diameter; spores 6.1-7.5 x 3.2-3.5 pm; thallus dark grey-green. Frequent, especially ONRPEDOLCS RER ators) rol Maite Her Mor Vey co Mele. 0 ion Aus à ish erratica Epithecium brown; exciple brown within, becoming paler externally; apothecia 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter; spores 11-13 = 5-7 pm; thallus thin; continuous. Rare... . L. delincta MICAREA SHOES) NON SCDEA CAM ONE ES SN UP Mle Mat NES Ue cf tet AU ea 2e SDOEeSM=S=SCDEAECr MEN AlLUSACEENMON EEE CC Me Sin Ze On old, rotted wood. Thallus light grey-green to brownish green, coarsely granulose to effuse sorediate, C+ pink (gyrophoric acid); ascocarps black, often crowded or clumped; spores 6-10(-12) x 3-4(-5) pm. Infrequent DNS en Me An Nels, pete. Se he ne Les wy IHS Be M. viridescens 2° On rock, shaded habitats. Thallus greenish grey, continuous to rimose-areolate, finally becoming granulose, C-; ascocarps black to greenish brown, scattered, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter; hypothecium hyaline; spores 9-13 ReseeiereS Mills RATS M ta te te te ts SUN, oe Mele M. bauschiana Spores 1-septate, 6-12 x 3-5 um; ascocarps pink to yellowish, 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter, crowded; thallus greenish, pulverulent. Rare; on bark, or rarely, hard LAGhUM “sve eee ts Le eta Mate ARTS PMO. ia Ub SI Ps M. micrococca Spores 1-3-septate, 16-19 x 5-6 pm; ascocarps pitch black, mostly scattered; thallus dark green to greenish black, smooth or verruculose to granulose. Infrequent; usually"on legs and rotting wood 0; 51. Se MONS, tee. OOM. melaena Figures 19-21. -19. -20. 2e =2 1s Lecidea erratica, vertical section of apothecium; Huilia macrocarpa, vertical section of apothecium; Hypocenomyce scalaris, Scale: -19, 20: each unit = 100 pm; each unit = 1 mm. 57 58 OCHROLECHIA Thallus sorediate in discrete soralia, sterile; soralia C+ DANK AOONOL EC ACL) | a ee isliss ue ©) 5e © 10, 0 eile à te <6) Dye Thailiuicenon—soredwate,. Gertie, SLR. “i ee « « 6 6 6 © © 6 © 3e Dre Soralia UV+ orange (lichexanthone), finely granular or farinose; thallus thin. Frequent; on bark + + + + « QO. arborea PAC Soralia UV-, very coarsely granular; thallus thick. Rare; on moss, vegetation, or rarely at tree bases... QO. androgyna Thallus and apothecial margin C-; disk C+ pink; apothecial section in KOH produces long, needle-shaped crystals (variolaric acid). Rare; on bark . . . . . . . . . O. pseudopallescens Thallus and apothecial margins C+ pink (gyrophoric acid); variolaric acid absent. Frequent; on tree bark ..... Q. rosella PERTUSARIA Fertile verrucae sorediate or lecanorine (with a thick, orale MANN COMORES COR ES CR 2 f6 be es 6 Dis Fertile verrucae opening by one or several ostioles, not Sorediate sor lecanorine (see Figures! 24, 74b). 2.95 « « 2 « «© « Ue Die Fertile verrucae sorediate Tele ele. à à She 2 Fertile verrucae lecanorine; spores one per ascus ..... 6. Sorediate verrucae and medulla KC+ purple, K-, C-, PD- (picrolichenic acid); thallus dark grey, with white, coarsely granular, sorediate mounds. Infrequent; on bark .... . |r . amara Sorediate verrucae and medulla, KE 16 aus, 6 Ses @ nie où 3s à © + 4. 4. Soredia K-, PD-, C-; spores 1 per ascus (often absent). Brequentr OnMbaGhy CNE CCR es ss cle 4c P. ophthalmiza 4. Sonedtase Dr OT ANTENOM EE ne ee 1 6 es (6 ee +0 Lie 11. We Soredia KOH+ bright yellow, PD+ yellow-orange (thamnolic acid); spores 2 per ascus. Infrequent; on bark . . Soredia KOH-, PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); spores 1 per ascüus Rare; ON Dark ei 6) ion cii cit -ie anemone 6 Disks C-, KOH+ red, PD+ yellow (norstictic acid); disks black, more or less pruinose; spores 95-142 x 30-46 pm. Rare; on bark « « «© "ce CORRE Le 6. Disks C+ red, KOH-, PD- (lecanoric acid); disks heavily grey pruinose; spores 180-274 x 47-81 pm. Infrequent; On Dark TS = ss “i, et Vem à rer) om teh ire muse le es CIE Re SPDOECS A BMP ASCUS sa 9 66 6 6 6 5 8 6 6 OG oO moo 6 Oo oe Spores 2 per ascus (Figure 71c) ost og cu e veine te ete ei Ce Sr Spores uniseriate; medulla (especially in verrucae) PD+ pale orange, KOH+ yellow (stictic acid) ...... 8. Spores biseriate; cortex and medulla PD+ yellow, KOH+ yellow becoming blood-red (norstictic acid); spores 6-8 per ascus, 72-100 x 28-38 pm. Infrequent; on hardwood trees er ere, wt eo fe) lon) ty em Tens nome OME CUS cil] ae Be Spores 8 per ascus, 36-60 x 18-32 pm. D'ART Infrequent; on Spores (2-)4(-5) per ascus, 50-100 x 23-43 pm. Frequent; on bark Us elle ohne fer er pal Dod le este Mere le: (es tet nomen, lee te Pls 10. Medulla KOH+ yellow changing to red, PD+ yellow (norstictic acid); spore walls roughened; epithecium KOH-. Rare; on bark » ss ee » same ae! eae P. 10. Medulla KOH+ yellow, PD+ pale orange (stictic acid) . . Epithecium KOH+ purple; spore walls smooth throughout, KOH-. on bark . . ° . . . ° ° ° e ° . . . ° ° . P. Epithecium KOH-; spore walls conspicuously channelled (Figure 72n), often KOH+ purple on spores which have Rare; become dark. Common; on bark P. trachythallina P. multipunctoides waghornei P. velata eae 8. 10. rubefacta P. alpina leucostoma neoscotica Luc consocians se» + = » = (Figure 24) 2. macounm 59 Figures 22-27. -22. Dimelaena oreina; -23. Lecanora glabrata; -24. Pertusaria macounii; -25. Sarcogyne simplex; -26. Staurothele fissa, vertical section of a perithecium; -27. Verrucaria calciseda. Scale: -22, 23, 24, 25, 27: each 60 = 1mm; -26: each unit = 100 pm. unit PLAGIOCARPA (Note: Spore measurements taken from Harris, 1973.) Spores hyaline, 3-septate, 18-27(—30) x 7—-10(—-12) 7m ee ee ae eer Ger remiss, Mos OO GOA © 0 P. hyalospora Spores dark brown ee Pe BO mero 6B ce RE TE c 2 2: Spores 3-septate, 30-40(-45) x (12-)14-16(-18) pm sept. AU lh oS Sat ee OR P. phaeospora 2e spores W=septate M vores ce tome tome cin CR TI Tener a TEs 3 Spores 55-80 x 20-26 um Sire, ee “SE ÈS TER EPS P. macrospora spores, 30-22( 45): x d2=15 jamew Ase ME ee, QT P. septemseptata PSORA AND HYPOCENOMYCE Growing on the soil or over limestone; squamules thick, brown to red-brown, with white margins; medulla and cortex PD-, C-. Infrequent olor tc, tO CMC ton od EC Psora russellii Growing on wood, usually charred wood, or, rarely, bark SS. Js, - PA © 2e Squamules sorediate on the margins of the lower surface . . Se Dre Squamules esorediate, very small, PD-, C-, usually fertile with small black apothecia. Infrequent . . Hypocenomyce friesii Squamules pale olive, very convex, C+ red, PD- (lecanoric acid)iyeabrequent Vey Sees. tae. 2: (Figure 21) Hypocenomyce scalaris Squamules brownish olive, usually more or less flat, C-, PD+ red (unknown substance). Rare . . . Hypocenomyce anthracophila 61 PYRENULA (Note: Spore measurements taken from Harris, 1973) 62 Spores 13-24 pm in length 5a 8" Ge Ou MON ET OT EC OO oc Spores —S5(—4 6) ummm LENG) M hie 8) ve jens, + + +, le + 7 Thallus white to grey, UV-; hymenium not inspersed with oil droplets; spores 13-19(-21) x 8-9(-11) um, end cells having clearly distinguishable walls. Rare; on deciduous ETES 5e OMC aime: wcll sn D ere: c) sc) 6) 6) ‘s: es) « % « 0%. % —« P. laevigata 2e Thallus olive to yellowish olive, UV+ yellow; hymenium inspersed with numerous oil droplets; spores 13-22(-24) x 7-12 pm, end cell walls very thin, causing cells to almost project out somewhat like papillae. Frequent; on smooth bark, especially of beech, oak and maple. . P. neglecta Thallus with tiny white dots; hymenium inspersed with oil; spores 2A—S15\(—=4'6))) x, VO=15\(— ITA eine Rare _ « « «Been © P. imperfecta Thallus without white dots; hymenium not inspersed with oil; Spores 22-30 2006-12 ym. iw is +» te © + « + + + wt P. macounii (Note: Not yet found in the Ottawa region, but described from southern Ontario and known from three localities there; on smooth bark, e.g., Carpinus, blue-beech. ) RHIZOCARPON Thallus greenish yellow, with a conspicuous black prothallus; crescent-shaped areoles or verrucae partially surrounding immersed apothecia; medulla IKI+ blue; spores very dark greenish brown, 30-38 x 12-16 um, muriform, many-celled. (Rare?); on exposed granitic rocks Aa, OT ET 0) ROTO! fe ae R. lecanorinum (Note: This species, though not yet recorded from the Ottawa region, is to be expected there.) Thallus grey to brown or sometimes more or less orange .... . 2% Dis Spores 1-3-septate (not muriform), hyaline re sde e- 3 Die Sjxereas nlbtaalitouai! “oe Go Bo i ee ce sr ase etn eue eee 4. le ile Spores Î1-septate, 18-24 x 8-10 um; thallus continuous, becoming rimose, brown to brownish grey; apothecia sessile, margins thin, persistent. Infrequent ... R. hochstetteri Spores mostly 3-septate, 15-21 x 6-7.2 ym; thallus areolate, dark brown; apothecia immersed. Rare M oo 6 © Oo € R. tetramerum 4 Thallus KOH+ red, PD+ yellow (norstictic acid); thallus pale grey, verrucose-areolate; apothecia sessile, with thick, prominent margins; spores hyaline, becoming dark when old, 20-25(-34) x, 8.5-11(-16) pm. Rare’ <)>. R. eupetraeum 4. Thallus KOH- or + yellow, PD-; thallus grey to brown... . Se Spores dark brown, 27-31 x 12-14 um; thallus dark, pinkish brown to grey-brown, thick, verrucose-areolate, with convex, marginless apothecia between the areoles; medulla IKI+ blue, cortex C+ pale pink (gyrophoric acid). Frequent; on exposed OCs sie sie (6) [ce ugh ees arte See Ree a ea Viste fel ia dots Vets) RTS R. grande Spores hyaline; thallus areolate, flat; apothecia generally with a persistent, grey margin; medulla IKI-; cortex C- . . . . . 6. 6. Spores usually with 5-7(-9) transverse septa and 1-2 longitudinal septa, 23-35 x 10-15 um; thallus pale pinkish brown to greyish brown, or ochraceous (orange); apothecia immersed between areoles. Frequent; on rocks in or close to running water ee eR NT a Meee 0 de R. lavatum Oi Spores with 3-4 transverse septa and 1 longitudinal septum, 24-29 x 11-14 pm; thallus grey-brown, continuous to rimose; apothecia sessile to more or less immersed ae intsequent + On edry —GOCKS 5 «1 us ens R. obscuratum RINODINA GÉOWLINOMONÉSEONC RE Misch emis Mista s Mists: elils CNE OL. 6 sus Phe Growing on bark or wood SR TE es Oe wee is LOL OL Be cite Mier ols) enue lis Bic 63 64 2. Spores 30-35 x 12-16 pm; thallus olive-brown, thin, membranous, becoming almost squamulose in part, KOH-; apothecia with a thick, persistent margin, 0.50-0.75 mm in diameter. Rare on rock (more frequent on Ect hs) AMMO eee Dole ee @ © + + © +. @ R. ascociscana 2. Spores under 25 pm long and 12 pm broad . . . . . + 2 «© « « 3. Spores with a conspicuously darkened central belt (Figure 28), 16-20 x 9.5-11.5 pm; apothecia small, 0.25-0.33 mm in diameter, black; margin dark or grey, thin; thallus absent or grey and discontinuous. Rare; on limestone .... + +++. . R. bischoffii Spore wall uniformly pigmented, without a belt; thallus thick. . 4. 4. Thallus white, verrucose, KOH+ yellow; apothecia large, 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter, with a thick, uneven, crenulate margin (which, on occasion, can disappear giving the apothecia a lecideine appearance); spores 22-23 x 10.5-12 pm, without a conspicuous septum. Frequent; on limestone en = ele lets piel eee eee = ele ee R. verrucosa 4. Thallus pale olive-brown, areolate to squamulose, KOH-; apothecia 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter, erumpent, with a thin to thick white margin; spores 18-26 x 9.5-12 pm. Rare SER TU eset as rie Wis Ges Wl a ne. fe + 0e R. novoconfragosa Spores over 25 pm long (see couplet 2) ... « . . R. ascociscana Spores under 25 um long ee de Due sue Deal, tete die tie 6. 6. Spores cooper ascus, mostly, over MIO pm Wong 5 5. « «© « s = « Ws 6. Spores 2-312 perm ascus, mostly under 6 um Jong << . = « « 9. Apothecia with a thick, even to crenulate margin, 0.33- 0.66 mm in diameter; thallus verruculose, green-grey to brownish; spores 16-20 x 6.5-10 pm, septum distinctly darker brown (Figure 29). Frequent; on bark of all kinds Soe th Oe. CP TROL OY DID RON Ce (D OMR T con So eke Om R. dakotensis Apothecia erumpent, with grey, often "Split" margins; thallus thin, membranous; spore septum distinct, but NOE Gankenedia(baguise SiO) yo cen + 6 6 av sso 6,6 © 04s oa ue 8e Figures 28-30. Ascospores. -28. Rinodina bischoffii; -29. Rinodina dakotensis; -30. Rinodina halei. Scale: each unit = 10 pm. Bie Thallus white; spores 13.5-20 x 7.5-9.5 pm; apothecia 0.33-0.50 mm in diameter. Frequent; on maple, basswood andisdshobarkweii le sucnnencstae meus eet: 49 86 tee R. subminuta 8. Thallus green-grey; spores 15-21 x 8.0-10.5(-11.5) pm; apothecia 0.25-0.41 mm in diameter. Frequent .... R. halei Spores 12-16 per ascus, 14.2-15.8 x 6.8-7.4 um; spore wall uneven in thickness (Figure 72m); apothecial cortex barely discernable, brownish, about 15 pm thick; apothecial margin thin, finally disappearing and apothecium becoming convex; thallus white, thin, membranous. Rare; on poplar bark et eo sc Cle. de sde de, Ome CMa CuO le R. polyspora 65 66 Spores 16-32 per ascus, 11-12 x 6 pm; spore wall even in thickness (as in Buellia; see Figure 721) apothecial cortex conspicuous, about 65 pm thick; apothecial Margin thick, even, persistent; thallus brownish grey, verruculose. Infrequent; on poplar and elm bark . . . R. palustris (Note: R. populicola is a similar species having spore walls even in thickness, but there are 12-16 spores per ascus, and the thallus is grey-green, sometimes disappearing.) SARCOGYNE On calcareous rock (e.g., limestone). Apothecia pruinose, (0.4-)1.0-2.0 mm in diameter; margin thin but distinct; exciple dark brown, not carbonaceous; thallus thin and superficial or developing within the rock and invisible. Frequent ... S. regularis On non-calcareous rock (e.g., granite, gneiss). Apothecia not pruinose; exciple carbonaceous; thallus not generally visible se Ne en eb ben art dote" eee ar ee do Die 2e Apothecia 1-2 mm in diameter, round, usually scattered; Margin usually fairly smooth and even, sometimes prominent; disk smooth, red-brown (especially when wet), more-or-less BRAG UN EESQUCRE = «spt te Ge à de à de et» + + + + Ue Se. Clays Dye Apothecia less than 1 mm in diameter, angular; margin usually irregular and sometimes discontinuous ....... aye Apothecial disks with numerous carbonaceous ridges and lumps sometimes almost obscuring the red-brown epithecium; apothecia almost always crowded into clumps. Frequent mE kde OL OU RL cu oul cnc cer DOI RCE (Figure 25) S. simplex Apothecial disks smooth, red-brown (especially when wet), concave, rarely with a central, carbonaceous "button"; apothecia scattered or crowded. Frequent ........ S. privigna STAUROTHELE On periodically submerged or wet rocks; thallus dark brown, smooth, rimose-areolate with buried perithecia forming conspicuous, prominent verrucae; spores 2 per ascus, 27-34 x 16-17 pm. Common; on non-calcareous rock . . . (Figure 26) S. fissa On dry rock; perithecia entirely immersed in thallus ...... Ps Pe Spores 2 per ascus, 30-40 x 12-20 pm; thallus brown, verrucose to areolate. Frequent; on limestone sh gh et) ok Gk OF ich, oP et ve) oh cep) ‘ar ete oh Pet, ion ee cie S. catalepta Die Spores 4-6 per ascus, 25-28 x 10-12 pm; thallus pale greenish grey, smooth, rimose-areolate; medulla black. infrequent; On acid, Tock 56 20.06 os ais 2s S. diffractella VERRUCARIA Thallus white, extremely thin, endolithic, or absent ....... Die Thallus dirty grey, or olive to dark brown, or black, thick Or Tather chains ceprlvehioss i. a. sees OS he ees ie See 3 2F Perithecia entirely immersed, forming distinct pit in rock; perithecia very small, 0.15-0.16 mm in diameter; involucrellum fused to excipulum and generally not distinguishable; spores 23-31 x 10.5-13.5 um. BECQUCHE <5 2 ss «ss à Soe ee. je (Figure 27) V. calciseda Die Perithecia mostly immersed, sometimes forming pits in part of thallus; perithecia usually visible as black bumps, 0.25-0.4 mm in diameter; involucrellum usually distinct from excipulum; spores 18-26 x 9.3-11.5 pm. IMRESC USING ovo oo bo oo 6 o o ee ee o Oo V. muralis On wet rocks or in streams. Spores 25-30 x 10-12 pm; involucrellum thick, black, distinct from thin, brown to black excipulum; thallus thin, smooth to rimose. ee er ret at tel sa ole so Re em etes ls ee ee V. aethiobola 67 68 OnsGnyenocks; spores Wess than 25 um Long .< 5 « « « « « « «© + « « 4. 4. Thallus dispersed areolate, brown or grey-brown, thick; spores 13-21 x 6-7.5 pm; perithecium about 75% immersed in thallus, wall black only at apex (involucrellum); excipulum pale; medulla black below, colourless above. Rare +O. Chet et 5.0 Cae Boe 0. O mc. Chas Mint + + V. virens 4. Thallus continuous and rimose or rimose-areolate, NnOEAAISpDerSed ERANOE ERIC 6 6 5 3 6 6 à à «à « + + 5e Thallus dark brown to black, very thick, rimose-areolate; medulla black Baud fo Oo 6 8 a & so eo EO Ne) eh ele sde ce ce ue «+ 6. Thallus greenish- to brownish-grey; medulla white (to somewhat bLownsh)) or joo. (than sto/ distinguish). %) i = « « Tia Meduitlarwhiiteror VvenyepalesyieiwlOw mem. CNRC Le cl fo | 150 74. Thallus "frosted" white with white powdery pruina, sometimes only at the lobe tips; medulla mustard-yellow; lobes 1-2 mm broad; soredia entirely marginal. Infrequent; on tree bark in mature deciduous woods . .. .. Pyxine sorediata 74. Thallus without pruina; medulla mostly bright orange (but some lobes can have a white medulla); lobes less than 1 mm broad; soredia marginal and laminal. Common on tree bark of all kinds SS eR oe ee eee COTE TL (Figure 44) Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Thallus pruinose, although sometimes only at lobe tips; soredia entirely marginal; undersurface black; rhizinae Ssquanrose-ameduilasand contex KOH= 98.5% Giver Gls oc fs sf & Ore Thallus entirely without pruina; medulla KOH+ or KOH- . . . . . Wc Uc Ute wo U2e eue Silk. 76. Medulla white, KOH-. Common; especially on roadside elms and) poplars), rare lVSOnMEOCKRSS CC Physconia detersa 76. Medulla and soredia pale yellowish, KOH+ yellow (sometimes faint). Infrequent; on roadside trees eee! Shen Poe à Pes OF GG Physconia cfr. enteroxantha (Note: Doubtfully distinguished from Ph. detersa.) Lobes broad, over 3 mm across, rounded; medulla C+ red or pink; white dots (pseudocyphellae) on thallus surface ........ 78. Lobes narrower than 3 mm across, not rounded; medulla C- . . . Whe 78. Soredia entirely restricted to thallus margins; undersurface with a broad naked zone at margins. Frequent; over mossy, partially shaded rocks, especially cliffs Shes PON coe onan oma eo TRON EME wt At Cetrelia olivetorum 78. Soredia on thallus surface (laminal) as well as on the Margins; rhizinae on the lower surface extend nearly to the lobe margins. Rare; on tree bark . . . . Parmelia borreri Thallus mineral grey or grey-green; upper cortex KOH+ velliowaltatranontn),- CRM ate Gey Felker cease ew eet a a aE eNOS: ou i 80. Thallus olive-brown, grey-brown, or dark grey-green (mineral grey only in Physcia, chiloantha))- upper cortex ROM NC NOS Thallus lobes long, more or less linear, with elongate, sometimes almost cylindrical lobules (see Figure 65) along Margin and on thallus surface; thallus usually brownish 25 105. HOW. TOW. 109. 109. 94 or dark olive; rhizinae squarrose on well-developed specimens. Infrequent; on trees or, sometimes, mossy rocks ae 0 0: Loto 10 GG. et MC > TOO OR EE" Anaptychia palmulata Thallus lobes rounded, irregular, somewhat imbricate, with rounded or irregular, marginal, imbricate lobules; thallus usually grey or greenish grey, but can be slightly brownish; rhizinae never squarrose. Infrequent; on mossy rocks, or very rarely, on tree bases + Phaeophyscia imbricata 106. Apothecia or pycnidia present, along or close to the margins of the thallus lobes (see Figure 51); rhizinae sparse. Usually on conifer, alder, or birch twigs and bark Sesame te elem en re) Ne elle Teh ele Gerkie ver etl ot fe 107. 106. Apothecia or pycnidia present or absent, not marginal; rhizinae abundant. "On various Substrates ~. 5 3s « « « « « 109. Thallus large, 2-4 cm across; apothecia produced on the undersurface of the lobe tips which then turn upwards making it appear as if the apothecia are on the upper surface . . . . 108. Thallus very small, under 2 cm across; apothecia originating on the upper surface of the lobes. (Look for young apothecia. ) EIEGeGUeNnitee wears OMAN em tee CAES, LME, Cetraria sepincola 108. Medulla C-, KC+ pink, with a bright white ultraviolet light fluorescence. Frequent... . (Figure 51) Cetraria halei 106. Medullila i¢spink, KC+ red, UV—.. Rare’. 2 wf. Cetraria ciliaris Thallus lobes 2-5 mm across, loosely attached; undersurface brown, shiny; colour when dry usually brownish olive, more or Wess She medulalia PDF red On Ibarkie i eo sis) ee so OS Thallus lobes 0.5-2 mm across; undersurface black, dull; thallus dark brown to grey-brown, dull; closely appressed to substrate; medulla PD- ER Na? Ste tee Hee et Met Te! te? at fot ls: Mer SS ss bile 110. Thallus smooth, pseudocyphellae absent or very sparse; apothecia flat when mature, with a thin, smooth, disappearing margin. Infrequent... Parmelia septentrionalis 110. Thallus rough, wrinkled; pseudocyphellae usually conspicuous, especially on apothecial margins; apothecia cup-like, with a persistent, often crenulate margin. 1 NME ALCINO NN NOMENN OM ONO 6 OO Do CN Oo Go Oto Parmelia olivacea Pagures: 51—525) s—5 ll" Cetrania shale, 572 Physcia aipolia, (a) habit, (a) habit, (b) pycnidia; (b) white spots (maculae) surface. Scale: each unit = 1 mm. on 95 US UUs. MES MISE 96 Growing on rock. Lobes slender, less than 0.6 mm across, usually dark brown; not verrucose; usually sterile. Rare HO 001 D 00 0 © ot OO TR NT 0, a0 Phaeophyscia decolor Growing on bark or wood*(very rarely on rock). Lobes broader, 0.4-1.5 mm across; thallus dark grey-green to brownish grey, often verrucose; usually fertile, with rhizinae growing from base of apothecial margin ........ 2c 112. Fine, colourless, erect hairs growing from at least some lobe tips and apothecial margins. Frequent Sd Lis at © Phaeophyscia hirtella 1125 Harrs absent SE feist Ste et LS Phaeophyscia ciliata Lower surface "fuzzy" (tomentose) with or without sparse rhizinae, pale tan; medulla C+ pink (gyrophoric acid), especially under the algal layer; thallus very large, often 12-15 cm in diameter; lobes commonly over 10 mm across; large, brown apothecia usually abundant; pseudocyphellae and lobules absent. Infrequent; in rich forests or near DOS PRONMERCCMDAER Go ceo © of oo 6 oO oF oo. o Lobaria quercizans Lower surface either with rhizinae or entirely naked, not EOMCTIEOSSCEMMeCUamG=s. 2 6) of 6 un me © oe) ee à ee elle we ee cs 114. 114. Thallus bulky, deeply pitted, ridged, and wrinkled; lower surface almost entirely without rhizinae, shiny white, brown, and black mottled. Infrequent; on COMME WOOGUMOT. DATE <« « © « « « « « Platismatia tuckermanii 114. Thallus more or less flat, not ridged or wrinkled; lower surface with a uniform colour (i.e., not mottled) .... VU. Undersurface black at center, dark brown at edges; medulla usually pale yellow, at least close to algal layer, KOH+ dark yellow to orange. Common; on tree bark see + « » « Parmelia galbind Undersurtacespalertanmcor white throughout = =. 4. .« 2. « « « « « 116. 116. Pseudocyphellae usually conspicuous on the surface of young lobes; black dots (the tips of pycnidia which are buried in the thallus) are commonly seen on the thallus surface; undersurface brown, shiny, entirely corticate; main lobes broad, 2-5 mm across, but tiny ANT ee WEIS lobules are common over the entire thallus; large, chestnut-brown, shiny, deeply concave apothecia common; medulla KOH—=. Rares on) tree Dark eee Parmelia bolliana 116. Pseudocyphellae and pycnidia absent; undersurface at least partly white and lacking a cortex; lobes mostly narrow, l=3 mm across, (slightly, ETAENINONMAENELDS RE nant CmaS Vile Lobules frequent on lobe margins and apothecial margins; apothecia frequent, deeply concave, not pruinose; medulla KOH+ light yellow. Rare . . . ++. + + + «+ + + Heterodermia hypoleuca Lobules absent; apothecia 1-2 mm in diameter, flat to slightly concave, dark brown to almost black, often frosted with pruina ee Se ee er oo bo, oe Cu Oo Di QE DO ssc 118. Medulla KOH-; upper surface more or less uniform grey, without spots. Frequent; on roadside trees, especially elms << cep spices: cues hans. choco - Maka ome. Bee Physcia stellaris 118. Medulla KOH+ yellow; upper surface conspicuously Mobiea=poroieece| (SES jie HA) 56 6 6 465 6 6 S66 0 6 6 eS Very common; on tree bark, especially elms and poplars. Thallus VMalerss revo) Chateyaninabecr Gc oo o OO 0 6 GO 6 (Figure 52) Physcia aipolia Infrequent; on rocks. Thallus blue-grey to violet-grey nd ay a ter cs) Mae bey soul on” ow chere ele are, Deb ken ek edit Physcia phaea 7 FRUTICOSE SPECIES Synopsis 33° 33° D3" SE 98 SEAlRS OM DEANCheS Cle ARIVANOlLON wares “she ate 6 OR, se + 27 Stalks or branches solid, but the medulla is sometimes loose ANGECOEEONVE ER Ms Me ee et ee ct. de ons Me Heh SNL, 15 1: 49. 2 Podetia highly branched, forming shrub-like cushions OCÉCIUMOS PEER ome OR Me cs Ba vette alls, BS 5.0(p2299) Phe Podetia not at all, or at most once or twice branched, never! shrubby! amneappeabanGe! ee o tn ss ote wry € 8. Podetia ending in bright red fruiting bodies (apothecia) eee eae Ac RO nae eee fee aS 95 (p. 101) Podetia either with brown apothecia or lacking apothecia ALEOJECRELN Seer ere RSR EN M ct ee RS e's) Low al elles à 14. 14. Podetia with more or less distinct cups, or flat, Saucero Like seers Feet. Tes SNe SASOE SMS NS 15e vtpy 1021 14. Podetia without cups of any kind, either ending LNSDOLNES NOM EEUTENNINDOALES MONT ARMES ce TONER 33% Podetwalwithout soredia on gEanules M 5 3 MC Se 34... {(p._ 105) Podetia more or less covered with soredia or granules . 40. (p. 106) 49. Branches or stalks growing vertically upward, often EEOnwa Grantilarmior pPONdeEVICEUSE “ss 6. ee es « 50. (p. 107) 49. Branches or stalks growing outward from a vertical surface, or hanging downward, never originating from AmbAaAS Al CLUS Or Any mkUnG mere RM CN CT betel © cles. 6 5 Sie Branches almost perfectly circular in cross-section; more or less filamentous Us Koon cs ones ete ler os 54. (p. 108) Branches distinctly flattened or very irregular in cross- Section, saveleasievat seherbaser. 5m 5 2h. MU TOM Se 58. (p. 110) General Key Stalks or branches clearly hollow CMTE eS eo tes, 4 Die Stalks or branches solid, but the medulla is sometimes loose and COttony ye fy Sr. MONT ee” cl te) ee) te) ot Me OCC ES ar 49. Bre Stalks (podetia) highly branched, forming shrub-like cushions on clumps (see Figures 53), 5'4))) se) nem ccucncus SE 2: Podetia not at all, or at most once or twice branched, never "shrubby" in appearance (see Figures 55-58) . . . . 8. Podetia having few to many squamules, particularly close CONENEMDASC RPDISTCd G6 5 Se ooepeoe oo Go oo Oo 6 0 6 Go eo ooo o 4. Podetia having eno squamullesmat al IC Ss MR © es ss 5 4. Podetia usually abundantiy branched; entirely without soredia. Infrequent; usually on shaded ground (where it is dark grey-green), but occasionally exposed (where it is Jeon Cisse) RS Re ce ere Cladonia furcata 4. Podetia sparsely branched, especially in upper half; tips of branches with coarse, granular soredia. Infrequent; on ground and logs ...... Cladonia scabriuscula Thallus is silver- or blue-grey, with the extreme tips of the branches usually browned and drooping more or less in one direction; surface KOH+ yellow, PD+ red. Common; in exposed habitats on thin soil, over rocks, and among mosses See ate ce ee Cladina rangiferina (true reindeer lichen) Thallus is distinctly yellowish green or green-grey (never Salivernvyegrey)); sSubhace «KOH-;aPD=" < 6 < s © % 6 + «© fe joo sleet 6. 6. Thallus growing into tightly branched, rounded tufts 2.5-5.0 cm across, with the tip of each branch ending in a star-shaped whorl of 4 or 5 tiny branches around a central hole. Infrequent; in exposed situations on the GEOUNGI ae wc ES SMS Te Met et a se (Figure 53) Cladina stellaris Qe Thallus not growing into rounded tufts or having whorled DÉANCHMRELDSMS ENCRES mis! + FT “ited fo cubrok Ws,” oP lem UCI We 99 Figures 53-58. -53. Cladina stellaris, (a) habit, (b) close view of branch tip; -54. Cladina mitis; -55. Cladonia phyllophora; -56. Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata; -57. Cladonia coniocraea; -58. Cladonia chlorophaea s.l. Scale: each unit = 1 mm. 100 9. 9. le lie Use Surface of podetia smooth and shiny, very yellowish; tips divergent and erect, sharply pointed. Common; on exposed soil OF OVEr. Ole] Gere Pe ION OF tr oO oo Ge} Go. 6 8 a oS ac Cladonia uncialis Surface of podetia uniformly dull, usually greenish or slightly yellowish; tips divergent but often drooping. Common; over ground or in moss mats, usually exposed ee ee SS ee eee ee (Figure 54) Cladina mitis 8. Podetia ending in bright red fruiting bodies (apothecia) . . De 8. Podetia either with brown apothecia, or lacking apothecia altogether SUN ile OMS ek en he he eee. Che Te ee tele tc 14. Podetiia covered with soredijai~. St" eo". : 2° Ss soe oo mere, Seren 110% Podetia not covered with soredia of any kind. Very variable: the podetia can be unbranched or slightly branched, covered with squamules or without squamules, yellowish or perfectly grey. Very common; on soil, logs, tree bases, etc. . + «. . (Figure 66) Cladonia cristatella (British soldiers) 10. Podetia ending in distinct cups, with the red apothecia located atethetCupinAaTgqUnS IOs 6 6 6 6 bo oo 6 6 Oo oe tic 10. Podetia without cups, ending in blunt or sharp points .. 113 Podetia KOH+ bright yellow, PD+ orange. Uncommon; on soil or wood=(see couplet) 3 % 0m = 2 PE ee Cladonia digitata POGELalgkKOH— ser D— elms Lise Great col date Wvubctanc We Ge Belinea ure re, Ve 12% 12. Cups often elongate, somewhat split longitudinally; soredia powdery, very fine. Infrequent; on ground and logs PLATE Cet seme Cele. ome eee ee ie Cladonia deformis 12. Cups goblet-shaped, not split; soredia coarse, mealy. EÉequent HONOR CT Re us Cladonia pleurota Podetia KOH+ deep yellow, PD+ orange; usually stout and robust. dntrequent: on Sol, logs, "and rock <=. Cladonia macilenta Podetia KOH-, PD-; usually slender. Common; on ground, logs, and tree bases . . . . . . .« .« Cladonia bacillaris (pin lichen) 14. Podetia with more or less distinct cups, or flat, Saucer—laKemtteors: “sess EU, oP A ot ST 5 5 PS cs 15% 101 15. 15. Vie 17. 215 21 102 14. Podetia without cups or tiers of any kind; either ending IMROOLNESNONMEEULELNGMDOALES Le fe sme, ens cute ee Le ee S3E Podetia KOH+ bright yellow; covered with fine, powdery soredia; cup margins often inrolled and sometimes split. INEFeQUEN CON MOTSMOE SOLS Re EU sue @ ve Cladonia digitata Podetia KOH- or + dingy brown; sorediate or not sorediate . . . 16. 16. Podetia distinctly yellowish (usually pale yellowish GRC) SOLE ate) PDC Hic) sie «ple Ne. eh 7 16. Podetia without a yellowish tint; PD- or PD+ red ..... 118% Soredia coarse, granular, or mealy; cups goblet-shaped, not split. Frequent; on soil Seno > os en cae Cladonia pleurota Soredia fine, powdery; cups often elongate, somewhat split longitudinally. Infrequent; on logs and soil... Cladonia deformis 18. Cups perforate or opening into podetia through a siaioulinres. Ino 6 Gg 6 of o G6 Oo 16 6 6 $6 oo Ol ce eee el. 19. lc CupsmencmrellwacLosed not) PEELOLACC EN «i «6 «slic, «) «5 mice - 24. Podetia covered with powdery soredia, without squamules; very pale, almost white, with margins of cups somewhat inrolled; KOH—, PD=" Frequent (on iground and) logs . <« « « -» Cladonia cenotea RPodetrannotesonreduate-at all . . Me. 2 6 « à we Sh ememe wuels 20. 20. Thallus PD-, brightly fluorescent in long wave ultraviolet sien (UNE) Lo lo Bo G@ oo lo = OO Gm RO MIO POS mic: TOO som i 21. 20. Thallus PD+ red, UV-; podetia without squamules, or having squamules which are often lobed, but are not finely AVATARS CE Ci.) 1er in: Suncom wa oie Lush cocotte 22% Podetial surface (cortex) discontinuous, patchy, forming abundant, small, finely divided squamules less than 2 mm long which almost cover the podetia; cups single, often stunted (occasionally broad and proliferating). Frequent; usually in partially shaded habitats, on logs or on mossy soil CT Comes ed ele dc chons sjeuGuese Cladonia squamosa Cortex continuous, smooth, rarely covered with squamules; cups usually proliferating at the margins to give rise to 28 28 25% 25% 213 successive tiers of cups. Infrequent; on the ground, usually in the open sn ie Us de Je te Tee ie ee dG Olan 6 om co oC Cladonia crispata 22. Basal squamules very large and ascending, often more than 6 mm long; podetia dark green, with very irregular cups which are often longitudinally split. Intrequents (One SO lls, RS EE Meopmt rar Cladonia turgida 22. Basal squamules small, rarely more than 3 mm long . . . . 23 Podetia usually with easily distinguished cups which are perforated; cortex of older portions of the podetia is smooth and uniformly darkened. Frequent; on soil SO tS CeO. oe Oo oc Sec ide eto So geo o GlleGlomile. joule nscepanthe Podetia with irregular cups, often with squamules at the Margins, with irregular perforations and lacerations; cortex of old portions of the podetia becomes broken up into small white patches showing up on a black background. Common; on SOLE Ne Caine) de ee verre les ee | (Pigure’ 55)" Cladonia phyllophora 2a. iPOodetlatsoredLates Mi sa ce. SLR ST A NS MS Mee lel os 25: 24, Podetia’ not sorediate: PD+ reds wa si ete. OR CE. 29% Cups very narrow or abruptly expanding at the tip of a slender podetium, shallow, sometimes disappearing altogether and leaving aA BOOIMe eC POGeE TUNER te: tomer ven fe) ter fant: vel lo teem Ue (clare ee 26. Cups narrow or broad, more or less deep, usually gradually expanding from podetium; podetia never pointed ........ 21e 26. Soredia very fine, abundant; podetia stocky, rarely slender, originating from the centers of large, usually unlobed basal squamules; cup margins not proliferating; PD+ red. Very common; on wood, tree bases, and sometimes soil . «+ . (Figure 57) Cladonia coniocraea (powder horn lichen) 26. Soredia granular, dispersed; podetia very slender, with lobed or finely divided basal squamules; cups often developing marginal proliferations and giving a "star-like" appearance; PD+ red or PD-. Common; especially on exposed soil ren 0 Resa leis, Feet | à Cladonia rei SoOrédiastine;, powdery; PD EE ee ee 28% 103 27. PA Ne 29 31s Syile 104 Soredia coarse, granular, covering podetia; cups broad, deep; PD- or PD+ red. Very common; on soil, logs, and tree bases 5 oe Oo oS (Figure 58) Cladonia chlorophaea (mealy pyxie-cup lichen) (Note: Four "micro-species", distinguished mainly on the basis of thallus chemistry, will key out here: Cladonia merochlorophaea containing merochlorophaeic acid, C. grayi containing grayanic acid, C. cryptochlorophaea containing cryptochlorophaeic acid and c. chlorophaea s.s. containing none of these substances. Except for occasional specimens of C. grayi, all these species contain fumarprotocetraric acid and are PD+ red. C. chlorophaea in the strict sense is most common.) 28. Podetia entirely covered with soredia; cups narrow, "trumpet-shaped". Common; on soil, logs, and tree bases Awe oo oy Choc Carat ac ane Cladonia fimbriata 28. Podetia only sorediate on upper 1/3; cups broad, deep. Erequent On SO and LOGS). epee to tops ee Cladonia conista Cups very irregular, distorted; podetia often split; commonly covered with squamules (see couplet 23). Common; on soil ete emo nats TCE Lore moo) mCladonwa phyllophora CUPSHGESitInctymreguillare wim © % © cn “ © © «© © © «© © » «© 305 30. Cups deep, containing small, scale-like areoles; podetia with the cortex largely fallen away (decorticate) leaving scattered green areas on a blackened surface; basal squamules thick, unlobed, convex ne ions ee hte ae Silt 30. Cups very shallow to flat, usually proliferating from the cup margins or from the center of the cup; podetial cortex largely intact and smooth PNG ES LE VTRD RE CONS an. 326 Thallus dark grey-green to brownish green; KOH-; cup margins rarely squamulose. Common; on bare soil or over rock M lus vhs de Cladonia pyxidata (true pyxie-cup lichen) Thallus mineral grey to brownish grey, KOH+ yellow (atranorin); cup margins often squamulose. Infrequent; on thin soil in open areas NL D al ONE SOL et Le Cladonia magyarica 32. Proliferating from the center of the cup, sometimes forming several tiers. Common; on exposed soil . . . (Figure 56) Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata (ladder lichen) 33% 53 35. 35° 37. 37% 32. Proliferating from the cup margins; occasionally forming more than one tier. Common; on exposed soil or moss patches. . © 6 6 1% +, ee « « 5 = 5 Cladonia Gracias Podetia without soredia or granules; cortex KOH+ pale yellow..(atranoriin)) 6: ee CCC CCE CE CT 34. Podetia more or less covered with soredia or granules . . . . . 40. 34. Podetras PD bright wyelllowm (pSoromilcmacid)) ER 5 34. Podetia PD- or PD+ red i PA CNED CCS RCE 36. Basal squamules large, narrow (4-6 mm long, 2-3 mm broad), ascending and curled back revealing the white undersurface; podetia corticate in thick, cracked plates, often slit or perforate; apothecia common, small, numerous on each podetium. Rane; onsthin}, (Callcareous Sold. srs. RD 0 Cladonia dahliana Basal squamules and podetial squamules small, less than 2-3 mm long; podetia largely decorticate, with small, almost granule-size patches scattered over the surface; podetia often branched at tip, slit and irregular; apothecia infrequent. InErequent er oil 4) 6 o-n o on o 6 6 4 Oo mn oo Ge CTadondammormlinT 36. Podetia 1-1.5(-2.5) mm tall, entirely ecorticate, arising from the margins of branched, finely lobed squamules; thallus PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid), O85 IReneSI NON Dark Cie Weesl 5 6 56 6 o 0 « Cladonia caespiticia 36. Podetia 2 mm or more tall, at least partially corticate, arising vertically from the substrate level, usually fromsthe centers oLsbasalwsquamulless® “els. smo emcee fons SU Thallus KOH- (atranorin absent). Usually on wood, occasionally on soil so For Palo le Det ice ele de ae. does ee te ele ete lie De DE 38. Thallus (i.e., undersurface of squamules) KOH+ yellow (atranorin). On soil ears era A es, SAM eee 5. Tes bobs, ke 39. 38. Thallus PD-; podetia 2-5 mm tall, terminated by large, pale or yellowish-brown apothecia; basal squamules minute, more or less dispersed over substrate. Rare; on lignum or, rarely, peaty soil ee ko slots ao: Dem 0 Vo 0 Cladonia botrytes 38. Thallus PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); podetia 7-12 mm tall, terminated by very large brown apothecia; basal squamules small, thick, crowded. Rare; on soil or ILbvepaehilG. 5 ee one ce Cie Ve ue OM On On ach ce ele Cladonia capitata 105 39. 392 41. 41. 43. 43. 106 Basal squamules very large and ascending, often more than 6 mm long; podetia dark green, irregular, often longitudinally split, surface smooth and uniform; usually without apothecia. RaneCrmONMERDOSCOMSOUM Es cai « % 6 6 6 us à se 6 Cladonia turgida Basal squamules small, not more than 3 mm long; podetia grey-green, warty, without squamules, often split or "lacerate" longitudinally, terminating in one or more large brown apothecias Common: On) exposed Soll . . à . « + + + Cladonia cariosa 40. Podetia KOH+ bright yellow, PD+ orange (thamnolic ACH CMe CMM MED ee ch eleis, (0 ainsi ch cies ets 3 © 41. 40. Podetia KOH-, KOH+ pale yellow, or KOH+ dull brownish- yellows; PDP EDtabrighnu. yellow, OFePDtured) «4. « . « s « + 42. Podetia and the edges of the basal squamules covered with coarse granules; podetia always tipped with large, brown apothecia-mRare; On lOgS OF SOL... M... Cladonia parasitica Podetia covered with fine, powdery soredia, without apothecia. Infrequent; on soil, logs and rocks . . Cladonia macilenta D RS SOREAARELNETRDONTCEVIRE TL Felice ic sole miegne: lied © foresaw) e 6. « 43. 42. Soredia coarse, granular; podetia slender, PD+ red or PD- . 45. Podetia PD-, very slender, almost white, with fine, powdery soredia; podetia sometimes somewhat thicker at tip (i.e., "club-shaped"); basal squamules small, lobed, or finely divided. Common; on logs, soil, or tree bases > à 8 D 0 0 T'en Cladonia bacillaris (pin lichen) Podetia PD+ red, usually dark olive-green to slightly yellowish agteen or brownish (never white) « suc «2 « « « » 6 « « 44. 44. Podetia short, stocky, usually under 20 mm tall, tapering evenly to a point; basal squamules large, normally unlobed or with shallow lobes and undivided, with podetia arising from the center; soredia generally covering 2/3 or more of podetia. Very common; on soil or soil over rock, logs, and tree bases. So aaa ee (Figure 57) Cladonia coniocraea (powder horn lichen) 44. Podetia usually over 30 mm tall; basal squamules small, divided and lobed; soredia in patches mostly on upper half of podetia. Rare; on logs and ground .... Cladonia cornuta 45. 45. 47. 47. 49. 49. Podetia PD+ yellow, KOH+ pale yellow (psoromic acid and atranorin) (see Couple SE Cladonia norrlinii Podetia PD- or PD+ red, KOH+ brownish (atranorin absent) . . . 46. 46. Podetia under 5 mm tall, cylindric, with very coarse granules at the base grading into almost farinose soredia at the tips; basal squamules divided and lobed, sometimes sorediate; PD+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid and grayanic acid). Infrequent; on wood and tree bases")... Er “a eS Ae TR ue ee Si Cladonia cylindrica 46. Podetia over 5 mm tall, somewhat irregular to branched ait Ener ETS LPS. BAU CR Mel veh CR EE 47. Podetia often over 30 mm tall, branched at tips with open axils; usually squamulose, PD+ red. Infrequent; on ground ANG IOGS MEN CORRE vem coh sep tet pel cto smi tou ron te Cladonia scabriuscula Podetia usually less than 30 mm tall, unbranched or with proliferations at’ taps but!) no open: AXIS CNE tnrCnnInrs 48. 48. Podetia slender, with decorticate areas which are opaque; PD="or PD+ red. “Common ‘(See couplet’ 26) ~~. 2 =. Clladonza rei 48. Podetia stout, very irregular; decorticate areas are translucent (pellucid); PD+ red. Rare; on rotting wood LENS gene EE ES FIN, 45 oes Cladonia anomaea Branches or stalks growing vertically upward, often from a JAN AMOrMpONdeEVR DAS healing G 4 5 G oO 6 5 6 G oO 6 Oo Oo 5 5 C SIP Branches or stalks growing outward from a vertical surface, or hanging downward, never originating from a basal crust of any AE 00 TRE ONE ES RER TES TR LS CORNE EN ET TE 53% 50. Stalks very short (never more than 12 mm high), unbranched, naked, growing from a greenish white, verrucose to areolate basal crust becoming sorediate in patches, terminated by a light brown fruiting body (apothecium); KOH+ yellow, PD+ orange (stictic acid). Rare; on shaded rock or soil UE eV Te ee ee Gel to ET 0 (Figure 60) Baeomyces rufus (Note: Another species of Baeomyces, B. roseus, although common from the Gaspé eastward, has only been collected once 107 Se bile 53% 53% 55e 108 close to this region: north of Ottawa in Parc de la Vérendrye. It has a white, continuous to verruculose thallus which is PD+ yellow, KOH+ yellow (baeomycesic acid), and has short podetia terminated by very large, pink apothecia. It grows on disturbed, often sandy soil, frequently along roadsides.) 50. Stalks highly branched, more or less ascending or spreading as a prostrate cushion; stalks over 25 mm tall, covered with granule-like or scale-like lobes; KOH+ yellow... . Bille Cephalodia absent; "podetial" scales (phyllocladia) broad and lobed; "podetia" generally more or less flattened close to the substrate and having clearly distinguishable upper and lower surfaces; thallus PD- or PD+ pale yellow (atranorin). Very common; growing directly on acid rocks and boulders usually in very sunny habitats ue OF Me OO ce at aR ae (Figure 59) Stereocaulon saxatile Cephalodia present; phyllocladia broadened or finely divided; "podetia" mostly erect, without distinguishable upper and lower surfaces; thallus PD+ pale orange (stictic acid). Rare; usually on soil mpi oS Ghee ACA ee cen De cet tee 52: 52. Cephalodia large, blue-grey, tumor-like, very conspicuous on "podetia"; phyllocladia finely divided 5 Ad. ce Cee ee en MED à Stereocaulon dactylophyllum 52. Cephalodia small, black, buried in thick, fuzzy, grey tomentum on "podetial" surface; phyllocladia thick, lobed, but Note neliya di viGeds ere Leu ese fo Stereocaulon tomentosum Branches almost perfectly circular in cross section, more OG lessmE Mm AMeMtOUS EME D Sort. coy Sot yar toy loos mes. << wer ceanen ie ven le 54. Branches distinctly flattened or very irregular in cross- SECe Lona least at bases 5 6 m6 6 « «© ws 6 «© « «© © os à « à 58. 54. Thallus yellow-green; filaments with a cartilaginous, ellastie icentralwsitrands (Ra gurre sGi7ib)) a a CC cod nn 55% 54. Thallus brown to almost black; filaments lacking a central /mcartilagänous SEtrand EMqUuUEe Nc 2) CR uet = Bile Thallus short and shrubby, not long and pendent o G 6 oo Oc 56. (a) "upper" surface, (b) Usnea hirta, (a) Figures 59-64. -59. Stereocaulon saxatile, "lower" surface; -60. Baeomyces rufus; -61. habit, (b) branches showing scrobiculate surface and isidia; -62. Bryoria furcellata, portion of branch showing uniform medulla and isidiate soralium; -63. Ramalina intermedia; -64. Evernia mesomorpha. Scale: each unit = 1 mm. 109 55, Sis 57. 59% 59% 110 Thallus distinctly pendent; main branches usually darker than secondary branches; isidiate. Rare; on trees Yon a 6S Cala co 6 5 5° sto ee Usnea filipendula 56. Filaments somewhat "dented" and angular, especially close to the base (Figure 61b); surface of main stems without tiny bumps (papillae); young branches with abundant isidia, without soredia of any kind. Infrequent; on trees cee to CEE «US bo. CRU (Figure 61) Usnea hirta 56. Filaments never dented or angular at all; at least main stems with papillae; young branches often with soredia mixed with isidia. Frequent; on trees So obad pew Oe oO eS (Figure 67) Usnea subfloridana Thallus shrubby, irregularly branched, about as broad as it is long; branches having scattered, elliptical patches of soredia mixed with tiny but conspicuous spine-like isidia (Figure 62); sorediate patches and thallus are PD+ red. Frequent; especially ONBCOMUEECTOUSMEGBEES iis is << « « © © © + © + © + à» « Bryoria furcellata Thallus more or less pendent, much longer than broad; branching regular or irregular; entirely lacking soredia or isidia; medulla or inner cortex PD+ red (sometimes hard to detect). Rare; on conifer trees * = es « + + + « «© « + Bryoria trichodes subsp. trichodes 58. Branches angular and uneven, occasionally becoming flattened; thallus very soft and pliable; surface of branches dull, coarse, with granular soredia scattered over much of the surface. Frequent; on trees . . . (Figure 64) Evernia mesomorpha 58. Branches distinctly flattened, quite stiff at least at base; surface of branches shiny and smooth (although often ridged); soredia present or absent, but, if present, in distinct patches or structures 5 65 t 59. ANAM Sm WIEN SOEECGI cae Cf Mo foc. 0 ss) () 6 6 ctmucleueeue © 0 + w © © oe à 60. DHAAMSEWLEROUENSOLEMT A co © «© suc 6 «6 @ © 6 © © So o 5 & 4 « 61. 60. Branches quite narrow, generally less than 1.5 mm across, often becoming long; soredia in conspicuous elliptical patches along the margins of the branches; fruiting bodies rare. Infrequent; on rock walls GSO 6 Oo 00 ob OO OO (Figure 63) Ramalina intermedia 60. Branches usually short and broad, 1.5-4 mm across; soralia in large, often hood-like patches, especially near the tips of branches. Rare; on rocks or bark . . . Ramalina obtusata Branches broad, up to 3 mm across, sometimes more, solid, flattened throughout; large, yellow, disk-shaped apothecia common on margins or close to tips of branches. Frequent; ONNÉFeCS 4 NGL UN EN FONG fy GH. ONO 06 a. oo Ramalina americana Branches narrow, under 3 mm across, flattened only at base, somewhat hollow and tube-like (fistulose) and perforated With pits or holes.) Rates NON trees jer te) Ce Ramalina dilacerata 111 REFERENCES Bennett, J. 1979. Lichens: the first mercy of the earth. Harrowsmith 4:62-65, 69+. Brodo, I.M. 1967a. Lichens of the Ottawa area. I. Trail & Landscape 1:40-45. 1967b. Lichens of the Ottawa area. II. The fruticose species. Trail & Landscape 1:114-115, 118-121. 1968. The lichens of Long Island, New York: A vegetational and floristic analysis. N.Y. State Mus. Sci. Serv. Bull. 410:1-330. 1972. Lichens of the Ottawa area. III. The crustose species. Trail & Landscape 6:15-26. Hale, M.E. 1979. How to know the lichens. 2d ed. Wm. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 246 pp. Harris, R.C. 1973. The corticolous pyrenolichens of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan Bot. 12:3-68. 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. Publ. by author, Ann Arbor, Michigan. (litho.) 150 pp. Macoun, J. 1898. The cryptogamic flora of Ottawa. Ottawa Naturalist 122:25-32; 12:49-56: 12:93-100. Macoun, J. 1902. The cryptogamic flora of Ottawa. Ottawa Naturalist 20:177-186. McMillan, B. 1979. Nature's perfect partnership, or, how a lowly fungus finds happiness with a simple alga. Nature Can. 8:21-26. Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symb. Bot. Upsal. ANP) pair 151% GLOSSARY Acicular. Needle-shaped, i.e., slender and pointed at both ends. Aeruginose. Bluish green. Algal layer. Layer of algal cells in a lichen thallus (Figure 65). Amphithecium. The portion of a lecanorine apothecium external to the exciple (Figure 70b), usually containing algae; the thalline margin. Amphithecial cortex. The outermost protective layer of an amphithecium. Apothecium. A disk- or cup-shaped ascocarp (Figures 65, 70). Areolate. Broken up into small, irregular, usually angular patches (areoles), often appearing tile-like. (Figures 1, 2a, 68). Ascocarp. The fruiting body of an Ascomycete; the structure which bears the asci which in turn contain the ascospores. Ascohymenial. Pertaining to a type of ascocarp having true paraphyses and unlayered ascus walls; characteristic of the subclass Ascomycetidae. Ascolocular. Pertaining to a type of ascocarp in which the asci (generally with layered walls) arise within a uniform fungal tissue mass and are separated in maturity, not by true paraphyses, but by pseudoparaphyses; characteristic of members of the subclass Loculoascomycetidae. Ascospore. A spore produced in an ascus (Figure 72). Ascus (asci). The sac-like structure in Ascomycetes in which the ascospores are formed. (Figure 71). Basal squamules. Small, scale-like lobes forming the basal or "primary" thallus of Cladonia species (Figure 66). Biseriate. Spores in two rows within the ascus. (Figure 71a). Calcareous rock. Rock containing lime and producing vigorous bubbling (CO2) in the presence of a strong acid. Capitate. Referring to a type of rounded, almost hemispherical soralium usually found at the tip of a lobe or branch (e.g., see Figure 47). Carbonaceous. Opaque black, and usually brittle; individual cells in the tissue not usually distinguishable. Cephalodium (cephalodia). A small gall-like growth occurring within the tissues or on the surface of some lichens; containing blue-green algae. Chlorococcales. An order of green algae having taxa with spherical, individual cells. Cilia. Hair-like thalline appendages occurring at the thallus or apothecial Margins of many foliose and fruticose lichens (Figure 46b). Continuous. Thallus unbroken, or broken very little by cracks (Figure 69). Coralloid. (a) Having or being composed of minutely branched cylindrical outgrowths. (b) A type of isidium having this form. 145 Cortex. The outer protective layers of a lichen thallus or apothecium, completely fungal in composition; often cellular in appearance (paraplectenchymatous), but may have other forms as well (Figure 65). Corticate. Having a cortex. Corticolous. Growing on bark. Crenulate. Having a margin with rounded teeth or minute lobes. Crustose. A thallus type which is generally in contact with the substratum at all points and lacks a lower cortex; cannot be removed intact from its substrate without removing a portion of the substrate as well (Figure 73). Decorticate. Having had a cortex which has now fallen away or decomposed. Dichotomous. Branching into two equal parts, as in the letter "Y" (e.g., see Figure 50). Dorsi-ventral. With recognizable upper and lower surfaces. Ecorticate. Never having had a cortex. Effigurate. Referring to the lobed margin of a thick, basically crustose thallus (e.g., see Figure 22). Effuse. Pertaining to a thallus having no clearly defined margins. Endolithic. Growing "within" a rock, i.e., under and around the rock crystals, often with little or no thallus visible on the outer rock surface. Epilithic. Growing on a rock surface with little or no penetration between and under the rock particles. Epispore. A transparent gelatinous covering, often irregular in thickness, Surrounding the ascospores of many lichens; often called a "halo" (Figure 72a). Epithecium. The uppermost portion of the hymenium formed by the expanded tips of paraphyses; usually pigmented and sometimes inspersed with tiny granules (Figure 70). Epruinose. Lacking pruina. Erumpent. Emerging through the thallus surface, visibly pushing aside some thallus tissue as it appears. Exciple. An area in an apothecium external to and below the hypothecium, forming the apothecial margin in lecideine apothecia (Figure 70a) and internal to the amphithecium in lecanorine apothecia (Figure 70b). Excipulum. As used in this key, refers to the wall enclosing a perithecium, i.e., the perithecial wall. (See Figure 26: the pale wall; Figure 74c: the black wall). Farinose soredia. Very fine, powdery soredia. 114 Foliose. Pertaining to a more or less "leafy" lichen thallus, distinctly dorsi-ventral, and varying in its attachment to the substrate from almost completely adnate to umbilicate (Figures 31-52). Fruticose. Pertaining to a lichen thallus which is stalked, pendent, or shrubby, normally with no clearly distinguishable upper and lower surfaces (Figures 53-64). Fusiform. Narrow, tapering toward both ends, usually with pointed ends; spindle- or cigar-shaped. Glabrous. (a) Having a more or less smooth, shiny surface. (b) With no trace of tomentum. Gloeocapsa. Blue-green alga consisting of small groups of spherical cells (2-8) enclosed within a thick gelatinous matrix, with the individual cells having their own gelatinous sheaths. Granular. (a) Having granules or granule-like particles. (b) Pertaining to soredia, composed of particles large enough to be easily distinguished under a dissecting microscope, presenting a coarse appearance, not powdery as in farinose soredia. Granule. A spherical or nearly spherical corticate particle. Halo. See epispore. Hyaline. Colourless. Hymenium. The fertile layer of an ascocarp, consisting of asci and paraphyses or pseudoparaphyses (Figure 70). Hypophloedal. Corticolous lichens in which most or all of the thalline tissue is below one or more layers of cork. Hypothecium. The tissue just below the hymenium but above the exciple (Figure 70a); often difficult to distinguish from the exciple. Imbricate. Pertaining to scales or squamules which overlap in a shingle-like fashion (e.g., see Figure 21). Inflated. Swollen and hollow. Involucrellum. The exposed covering or cap external to the excipulum present on many perithecia; usually black and carbonaceous (Figure 26). Involute. With margins rolled inward. Isidium (isidia). A minute, cylindrical, or coralloid thalline outgrowth which is corticate and contains algae; apparently functions as a vegetative reproductive body (a propagule) (Figure 65). Isthmus (isthmi). The narrow canal between the two locules of a polaribilocular spore (Figure 72d); refers to the distance between the two locules. Labriform. (a) Lip shaped. (b) Pertaining to soralia, generally formed by a revolute thallus margin or a bursting hollow thallus lobe, sorediate on 115 the lower or inside (i.e., exposed) surface, as in Hypogymnia physodes (see Figure 42). Laminal. On the upper surface of a thallus. Lax. Loose; not compact. Lecanorine. Pertaining to an apothecium having a distinct amphithecium, usually containing algae, as in the genus Lecanora (Figure 70b). Lecideine. Pertaining to an apothecium in which there is no distinguishable amphithecium and, therefore, in which the exciple forms the apothecial Margin (i.e., the proper margin), as in the genus Lecidea (Figure T/DEY) o Leprose. Composed almost entirely of loosely organized granules or soredia. Lignicolous. Growing on bare wood (lignum), as on a decorticate log or a wooden fence. Lobule. A small, often scale-like lobe growing from a foliose thallus either along its margin or from the surface, sometimes also appearing along apothecial margins, generally of the same colour and character as the parent thallus (Figure 65). Locule. The cell cavity in an ascospore. Mazaedium. A mass of ascospores and paraphyses formed by the disintegration of the asci of a special type of ascocarp, as in Chaenotheca. Medulla. The internal region in a thallus or lecanorine apothecium which is generally composed of loosely packed fungal tissue (Figure 65). Muriform. Having both longitudinal and transverse septa, with the cells thus appearing like a brick wall (Figure 72a, b). Nostoc. A genus of blue-green algae found in many lichens; producing bead-like chains or filaments when free-living, but, when lichenized, may be single- or few-celled (see Figures 33, 35). Ostiole. The small, round, apical pore in various types of ascocarps (Figure 74). Paraphysis (paraphyses). A sterile fungal filament, sometimes branched, associated with asci in the hymenium of a member of the Ascomycetidae. Paraplectenchymatous. Pertaining to fungal tissue which appears cellular in section due to short cells and highly branched, irregularly oriented fungal filaments. Peltate. Attached at the center of the lower surface; umbrella-like. Perithecium. A flask-shaped ascocarp (Figures 69, 74c, 26, 27): may be sessile or, more commonly, sunken partially or completely into the thallus tissue. Phycobiont. The algal component (symbiont) in a lichen thallus. 116 Phyllocladium (phyllocladia). A minute, often lobed or scale-like outgrowth on the branches of some members of the genus Stereocaulon (see Figure 59). Plicate. Folded into more or less longitudinal ridges or furrows. Podetium. A stalk formed by a vertical extension of apothecial tissues (usually the hypothecium and stipe); the stalk usually becomes secondarily invested with an algal layer and cortex (as in Cladonia) and can be either short and unbranched, or quite tall and highly branched (Figures 53-58, 66). Polaribilocular. Pertaining to spores having two cell cavities (lumina) separated by a relatively thick septum through which a narrow canal or isthmus passes (Figures 72d, 14, 15); characteristic of members of the Teloschistaceae. Primary squamule. The scale-like component of the primary thallus of a Cladonia species. (See basal squamule.) Primary thallus. The thallus of a Cladonia species exclusive of the podetia, composed of leafy scales or squamules. Proper margin. See exciple. Prothallus. The non-assimilative lower portion of a lichen seen around the outer edge of many crustose species as a white or pigmented margin, and often visible as a mat between the areoles or granules of other crustose species (Figure 68). Pruina. White or grey "frost-like" particles on a surface. Pruinose. Having a frosted appearance (usually white or grey). Pseudocyphella (pseudocyphellae). A tiny white dot or pore seen in large numbers on the upper and sometimes the lower thallus surfaces of many foliose species; caused by a break in the cortex and the extension of medullary hyphae to the surface (Figure 65). Pseudoparaphyses. The remains of fungal tissue found between the asci in ascolocular ascocarps; often is highly branched and anastomosing. Pulverulent. Powdery. Pycnidium (pycnidia). A globular or flask-shaped body, usually very small, in which spore-like conidia are formed; often closely resembling a perithecium in external appearance (Figure 51b). Revolute. Pertaining to margins which are rolled backward or downward. Rhizine (rhizinae). A purely hyphal extension of the lower cortex, which generally serves to attach a foliose thallus to its substrate; of various lengths, thicknesses, colours, and degrees of branching (Figure 65)" Rimose. Having a minutely cracked appearance (e.g., see Figure 2b). 1a Ey) Saxicolous. Growing on rock, stone, pebbles, concrete, or brick. Scabrose. Having a minutely roughened, almost crusty surface. Septum (septa). A cross-wall in a fungal filament or spore. Sessile. Without a stalk of any kind. Simple. Unbranched; nonseptate. Soralium (soralia). A body or area in which soredia are produced; can be in many forms (Figure 65). Soredium (soredia). A vegetative reproductive body of a lichen consisting of a few algal cells entwined and surrounded by a layer of fungal filaments; entirely ecorticate; generally produced in localized masses called soralia, or covering large diffuse areas in a thallus. Spore. A single- or few-celled reproductive body capable of giving rise to a new plant; as used here, refers specifically to an ascospore. Squamule. A small, scale-like lobe or areole, generally at least partially ascending (e.g., see Figure 21). Squarrose. With short, stiff, perpendicular branches; having the general appearance of a bottle-brush, as in certain types of rhizinae (Figure 65). Stichococcus. A small, unicellular green alga having short, cylindrical (rod-shaped) cells. Sub- (a) Partially. (b) Incompletely. (c) Approaching. (d) Under. Terricolous. Growing on soil or sand. Thalline. Pertaining to the lichen thallus; similar to the thallus in appearance or structure. Thalline margin. See amphithecium. Thallus. In lichens, the vegetative plant body consisting of both algal and fungal components. Tier. A platform-like expansion on the podetia of several species of Cladonia (e.g., Cladonia cervicornis) at which point one or more new branches arise (see Figure 56). Tomentose. Having a downy or woolly appearance. Tomentum. A covering of fine "hair" or fuzz. Trebouxia. A genus of single-celled green algae. Its distinctive, single, disk-shaped chloroplast almost fills the cell, and has a lobed or crenate margin. It is the most common green phycobiont in lichens. It is here used in the old sense, including Pseudotrebouxia, Trentepohlia. A genus of filamentous green algae found in many crustose lichens; when lichenized, the alga often produces only very short filaments or is single-celled. The orange-red pigmented globules, common in the cells of unlichenized individuals, are more infrequent or absent in lichenized individuals. 118 Umbilicate. Attached from a single, central point (an umbilicus) on the lower surface of the thallus. Umbilicus. A solitary, short, thick, stem-like, purely fungal attachment organ present on various foliose and subfoliose lichens, especially species of Umbilicaria. Uniseriate. Spores occurring in one row within the ascus. Vein. In lichens, broad or narrow ridges or thickenings, often pigmented, on the lower surface of some species of Peltigera (see Figure 38). Vermiform. Shaped like a worm; i.e., elongate, curved, gradually tapering to a point at each end. Verruca (verrucae). A conspicuous, wart-like thalline protuberance (e.g., see Figure 24). Verrucose. Covered with rounded, wart-like protuberances (e.g., see Figure Dye Verruculose. Minutely verrucose. 119 Figures 65-74. Morphological features of lichens. -65. Composite, semi- schematic drawing of a foliose thallus: al, algal layer; apo, apothecia (a) as in Umbilicaria, (b) as in Parmelia, Physcia, etc.; is, isidia; lc, lower cortex; lob, lobules; med, medulla; ps, pseudocyphellae; rh, rhizines (a) simple, (b) tufted as in Peltigera, (c) dichotomously branched, (d) Squarrose; sor, soralia with soredia; uc, upper cortex. -66. Cladonia cristatella podetium: apo, apothecium; bsq, basal squamules; pod, podetium; sq, podetial squamules. -67. Usnea subfloridana (a) young thallus, (b) portion of a branch: cor, cortex; med, medulla; st, central cartilaginous strand. -68-74. Crustose lichens. -68. Areolate thallus from above, and from side: ar, areole; apo, apothecium; pth, prothallus; sub, substrate. -69. Continuous, smooth thallus containing embedded perithecia (per). -70. Apothecia (a-b) in vertical section; (c-d) external appearance. (a, c) lecideine, (b, d) lecanorine: al, algae; amph, amphithecium; epi, epithecium; exc, exciple; hyn, hymenium; hyp, hypothecium. -71. Asci containing spores, (a) Lecanora and Lecidea type, (b) Sarcogyne (polysporous), (c) Pertusaria. -72. Ascospores: (a) muriform, with a transparent, gelatinous "halo", from Rhizocarpon lavatum, (b) muriform, without a halo, from Polyblastiopsis, (c) simple (one-celled or non-septate) from Lecanora; (d) polaribilocular, from Caloplaca; (e) kidney-shaped (slightly curved), one-septate, from Lecania dimera; (£) thread-like, from Conotrema; (g) fusiform, with cylindrical cells, from Opegrapha pulicaris; (h) fusiform, with lens-shaped cells, from Graphis scripta; (i) from Mycocalicium; (j) from Calicium; (k) one-septate with unequal cells, from Catillaria laureri; (1) one-septate, with spore walls even in thickness, from Buellia; (m) one-septate, with spores walls uneven in thickness, from Rinodina; (n) thick, channelled spore walls, from Pertusaria macounii. -73. Crustose thallus in section: al, algae; cor, cortex; med, medulla; sub, substrate. -74. Fruiting bodies (ascocarps) in section: (a) biatorine, Lecidella stigmatea; (b) Pertusaria macounii: "ost", ostiole-like opening of apothecium, (c) perithecium of Pyrenula: ost, ostiole; (d) Diploschistes scruposus. SOUS me D, ay? x generalized approximate scale 121 CHECKLIST AND INDEX TO LICHEN TAXA referenced. expected to occur there. In the following list, only very recent synonyms have been cross- The taxa in square brackets are not known with certainty from the Ottawa region, but might be These synonyms are written in italics. The presence of the taxa on the Ontario or Quebec side of the Ottawa River is indicated by the abbreviations ON and QU, respectively, following each epithet. Page references are made for all points in the text mentioning the taxa; page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Pages ACAROSPORA 1972358 badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr. ON 33 canadensis Magn. ON 55 fuscata (Schrad.) Arn. ON QU 16233 glaucocarpa (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Koerb. ON QU 33 ANAPTYCHIA palmulata (Michx.) Vain. QU 94 ANISOMERIDIUM willeyana (R. Harris) R. Harris, ON QU 34 ARTHONIA 1 AS caesia (Flot. ex Koerb.) Koerb. ON QU 26 dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. QU 34 patellulata Nyl. QU 34 punctiformis Ach. ON QU 34 radiata (Pers.) Ach. ON QU 22 Sa sp. #3 sensu Harris, 1977 QU 34 ARTHOPYRENIA 21 punctiformis Mass. ON 34 willeyana R. Harris = Anisomeridium w. 34 ARTHOTHELIUM (7 anastomosans (Ach.) Arn. QU 35 ruanideum Nyl. ex Rehm in Rabenh. ON QU 35 spectabile (Flot. ex Fr.) Mass. ON QU 55 ASPICILIA 19735 cinerea (L.) Koerb. var. cinerea ON QU 1678316 122 cinerea (L.) Koerb. var. laevata (Ach. ) Koerb. verrucigera Hue BACIDIA accedens sensu Harris, 1977 [atrogrisea (Del. ex Hepp) Koerb.] baglietoana (Mass. & DeNot.) Jatta beckhausii Koerb. chlorococca (Graewe ex Stizenb.) Lett. = Scoliciosporum c. fuscorubella (Hoffm.) Bausch inundata (Fr.) Koerb. luteola (Ach.) Mudd (non Lichen luteolus Schrad.) = B. rubella obscurata (Somm.) Zahlbr. rubella (Hoffm.) Mass. sabuletorum (Schreb.) Lett. schweinitzii (Tuck.) Schneid. sphaeroides (Dicks.) Zahlbr. suffusa (Fr.) Schneid. umbrina (Ach.) Bausch = Scoliciosporum u. BAEOMYCES [roseus Pers.] rufus (Huds.) Rebent. BRYORIA furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. trichodes (Michx.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. subsp. trichodes BUELLIA dialyta (Nyl.) Tuck. polyspora (Will. in Tuck.) Vain. punctata (Hoffm.) Mass. stillingiana J. Stein. turgescens Tuck. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU? QU QU QU QU QU QU 36 36 25% 30 39 39 36 377 39 36 37 39 TPE 38, 39 37 39 107 287 297107; 109 25, "40; 120 40 40 40 40 40 123 CALICIALES CALICIUM trabinellum (Ach.) Ach. CALOPLACA arenaria (Pers.) Muell. Arg. aurentiacasauet. non (light...) “Th. Er. = C. flavorubescens cerina (Ehrh.) Th. Fr. citrina (HOEEM.) Th. Er. feracissima Magn. flavorubescens (Huds.) Laund. (Syn. C. aurantiaca auct.) flavovirescens (Wulf.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. holocarpa (Hoffm.) Wade microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse ulmorum (Fink) Fink sp. (parasite on Physciopsis) CANDELARIA concolor (Dicks.) B. Stein var. concolor concolor (Dicks.) B. Stein var. effusa (fuck. )) Burnh. fibrosa (Fr.) Muell. Arg. CANDELARIELLA aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. efflorescens R. Harris & Buck, ined. vitellina (Ehrh.) Muell. Arg. xanthostigma (Ach.) Lett. CATILLARIA laureri Hepp ex Th. Fr. mrienococca (KOeEb. )) ‘Th. Fr. = Micarea m. CETRARIA 124 arenaria Kärnef. ciliaris Ach. Have iW CU NS AC ACIDE oakesiana Tuck. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 14, 120 22) 14, 43 44 42 43 43 42 44 43 44 42 71 31, Tal Sy, 44 15, 44 16, 257 92, 94 94 74 40 41 17, 44 120 93 42 120 44 31, 45 44 pinastri (Scop.) S. Gray sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach. CETRELIA olivetorum (Nyl.) W. Culb & C. Culb. CHAENOTHECA brunneola (Ach.) Muell. Arg. stemonea (Ach.) Muell. Arg. CHAENOTHECOPSIS debilis (Turn. & Borr. in Schaer.) ie Uestforsatal CLADINA mitis (Sandst.) Hale & W. Culb. rangiferina (L.) Nyl. stellaris (Opiz) Brodo CLADONIA anomaea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James bacillaris (Ach.) Nyl. botrytes (Hag.) Willd. caespiticia (Pers.) Floerke capitata (Michx.) Spreng. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti chlorophaea (Floerke ex Somm.) Spreng. coniocraea (Floerke) Spreng. conista (Ach.) Robb. cornuta (L.) Hoffm. crispata (Ach.) Flot. cristatella Tuck. cryptochlorophaea Asah. cylindrica (Evans) Evans dahliana H. Krist. deformis (L.) Hoffm. digitata (L.) Hoffm. fimbriata (L.) Fr. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 71 94 87 42 42 41 100, 99 99}, 107 101, 105 29, 105 29, 102 100, 100, 100, 104 106 103 NOM 104 107 29, 101, OLE 104 101 100 106 1105 106 104 104 103 102 102 125 (CLADONIA) furcata (Huds.) Schrad. gracilis (L.) Willd. grayi Merr. ex Sandst. macilenta Hoffm. Magyarica Vain. merochlorophaea Asah. multiformis Merr. norrlinii Vain. parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. phyllophora Hoffm. pityrea (Floerke) Fr. = C. pleurota (Floerke) Schaer. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. rei Schaer. scabriuscula (Del. ex Duby) squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. symphycarpa (Ach.) Fr., psoromic acid strain = C. dahliana turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm. uncialis (L.) Wigg. anomaea Nyl. verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. = C. cervicornis subsp. verticillata COLLEMA bachmanianum (Fink) Degel. coccophorum Tuck. furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz limosum (Ach.) Ach. polycarpon Hoffm. subflaccidum Degel. tenax (Sw.) Ach. em. Degel. tuniforme (Ach.) Ach. em. Degel. sp. CONIOCYBE furfuracea (L.) Ach. CONOTREMA urceolatum (Ach.) Tuck. 126 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 99 104 104 Ons, 104 104 103 105, 106 100, 102 104 103, 997 102 29, 101 75 78 77 76 78 78 75, UNI, Wale 76 29, 120 20, 106 107 103, 104 107 107 103, 106 76 78 78 42 CYPHELIUM tigillare (Ach.) Ach. DERMATOCARPON fluviatile (G. Web.) Th. Fr. = miniatum (L.) Mann weberi (Ach.) Mann DIMELAENA oreina (Ach.) Norm. DIMERELLA diluta (Pers.) Trev. lutea (Dicks.) Trev. DIPLOSCHISTES scruposus (Schreb.) Norm. ENDOCARPON pusillum Hedw. EOPYRENULA leucoplaca (Wallr.) R. Harris EVERNIA mesomorpha Nyl. GRAPHIS Scripta (ie) Ach. HAEMATOMMA ochrophaeum (Tuck.) Mass. sp. sensu Brodo, 1968 HETERODERMIA hypoleuca (Muehl.) Trev. speciosa (Wulf.) Trev. HUILIA albocaerulescens (Wulf.) Hert. crustulata (Ach.) Hert. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 15} 83 69, 1157, 15, 45 45 19, 19 21 109, WO 24 32 S)T/ 88, 45, 45 45 22r 81, 28, 120 110 Zi2ie 89 55 40 82 60 45 120 127 (HUILIA) Macrocarpa (DC.) Hert. ON HYMENELIA lacustris (With.) Poelt & Vézda (Syn. Lecanora lacustris) HYPOCENOMYCE anthracophila (Nyl.) P. James & Schneid. friesii (Ach.) P. James & Schneid. ON scalaris (Ach.) Choisy ON HYPOGYMNIA physodes (L.) Nyl. : ON LASALLIA papulosa (Ach.) Llano LECANIA dimera (Nyl.) Th. Fr. ON? cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. ON LECANORA allophana (Ach.) Nyl. ON caesiorubella Ach. subsp. caesiorubella ON cenisia Ach. ON [chlarotera Nyl.] chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach. ON cinereofusca Magn. ON crenulata (Dicks.) Nyl. dispersa (Pers.) Somm. ON galactinula Vain. [gangaleoides Nyl.] glabrata (Ach.) Malme ON hagenii Ach. ON impudens Degel. ON imshaugii Brodo, ined. ON lacustris (With.) Nyl. = Hymenelia 1. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. ON opiniconensis Brodo, ined. 128 QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 45, lithe 61 29, 61 297, 84, 81, 24, 45, 46 15, 46, 48 47 52 51 49 53 53 5) 53 48, 46, 32, 48 yy 52 52 35; 61 57, 85 82 45 120 il; 120 50, 49 46 28, Sit 61 23, 41, 60 52 (LECANORA) pallida (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. rubescens Imsh. & Brodo QU 47 piniperda Koerb. ON A SL polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh. ON QU 52 pseudochlarotera Brodo, ined. ON QU 49, 50 pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. ON QU 49 rugosella Zahlbr. ON QU 49, 50 rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. ON 52 saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. ON 47, 51 strobilina (Spreng.) Kief. ON QU 46, 47 symmictera Nyl. ON QU 47, 54 cfr. subdiscrepans (Nyl.) Stizenb. QU 51/1572 subfuscata Magn. ON QU 48 subintricata (Nyl.) Th. Fr. QU 51 thysanophora R. Harris, ined. QU 31, 46 umbrina (Ehrh.) Mass. f. gregaria Harm. QU 49 sp. #1 QU 53 sp. #2 QU 55 LECIDEA 24,53. LA) albofuscescens Nyl. ON 54 berengeriana (Mass.) Th. Fr. ON QU 55 botryosa (Fr.) Th. Fr. ON 30 cinereoatra Ach. QU 55 cinnabarina Somm. QU 32 delincta Nyl. ON QU 56 elabens Fr. QU 54 erratica Koerb. ON QU 56,57 granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach. ON QU 30, 54 [subsimplex Magn.] uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. ON QU 54 varians Ach. ON QU 54 vernalis (L.) Ach. ON QU 54, 55 sp. #4 sensu Harris, 1977 QU 55 LECIDELLA stigmatea (Ach.) Hert. & Leuck. ON QU 55210 129 LEMPHOLEMMA myriococcum (Ach.) Th. Fr. sp. LEPRARIA finkii (B. de Lesd.) R. Harris, i incana (L.) Ach. lobificans Nyl. s.l. membranacea (Dicks.) Vain. zonata Brodo sp #2 sensu Harris, 1977 LEPTOGIUM azureum (Sw.) Mont. burnetiae Dodge var. hirsutum (Si P.M. Joerg. cyanescens (Ach.) Koerb. dactylinum Tuck. in Nyl. juniperinum Tuck. lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. LEPTORHAPHIS epidermidis (Ach.) Th. Fr. LOBARIA pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. quercizans Michx. [LOPADIUM] [pezizoideum (Ach.) Koerb.] MENEGAZZIA terebrata (Hoffm.) Mass. MICAREA 130 bauschiana (Koerb.) Wirth & Vezda melaena (Nyl.) Hedl. micrococca (Koerb.) Brodo, ined. Catillaria micrococca) viridescens (Schrad.) Brodo ned. erk) (Syn. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 14 UU Ud) 27, 27, 27 28 27 31 75 76 74 Ta, 74 74 75e 21 70, 96 24 84 26, 56 37, 56 24, 31 31 72 76 84, 56 56 30, 85 56 MYCOCALICIUM parietinum (Ach. ex Schaer.) D. (Syn. M. subtile (Pers.) Szat. MYCOPORUM pycnocarpum Nyl. NEPHROMA bellum (Spreng.) Tuck. parile (Ach.) Ach. resupinatum (L.) Ach. OCHROLECHIA androgyna (Hoffm.) Arn. s.s. arborea (Ljubitz.) Almb. pseudopallescens Brodo, ined. rosella (Tuck.) Vers. OPEGRAPHA pulicaris (Hoffm.) Schrad. PANNARIA ahlneri P.M. Joerg. leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Joerg. PARMELIA s.1. aurulenta Tuck. [baltimorensis Gyeln. & For.] bolliana Muell. Arg. borreri (Sm.) Turn. caperata (L.) Ach. conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. crinita Ach. cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale disjuncta Erichs. exasperatula Nyl. flaventior Stirt. galbina Ach. olivacea (L.) Ach. plittii Gyeln. rudecta Ach. Hawksw. ) ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 120 205 19 80 19 80 23, 30, 30, 58 58 18, 78 79 23, 120 on 97 Sila 73 Ws: 86 72s 88, 84 73 96 94 13 84 41 58 58 Silky 120 79 90 73 90 58 131 (PARMELIA s.1.) Saxatilis (L.) Ach. septentrionalis (Lynge) Ahti soredica Nyl. (Syn. P. ulophyllodes) sorediosa Almb. in Krok & Almqu. squarrosa Hale Subaurifera Nyl. sulcata Tayl. taractica Kremp. ulophyllodes (Vain.) Sav. = P. PARMELIOPSIS aleurites (Ach.) Nyl. ambigua (Wulf.) Nyl. hyperopta (Ach.) Arn. PELTIGERA aphthosa (L.) Willd. canina (L.) Willd. var. canina elizabethae Gyeln. evansiana Gyeln. horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg. lepidophora (Nyl.) Vain. leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. neckeri Muell. Arg. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. s.l. praetextata (Floerke) Zopf rufescens (Weis) Mudd scabrosa Th. Fr. .Spuria (Ach.) DC. PERTUSARIA alpina Hepp amara (Ach.) Nyl. consocians Dibb. leucostoma (Bernh.) Mass. macounii (Lamb) Dibb. multipunctoides Dibb. neoscotica Lamb ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. soredica ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 86 94 74 88, 86 90 Only, 713 86 133 89, 120 93 81 Tol, 79 80 79 95 80 81 79 81, 81 79 18, 58, Sy) 58 59 59 59, 59 59 31, 89, 92 91 80 23; 120 90 41, (PERTUSARIA) rubefacta Erichs. QU 59 trachythallina Erichs. QU 327,059 velata (Turn.) Nyl. ON QU 59 waghornei Hult. QU 59 PHAEOCALICIUM cunbtisia (Tuck. Lb. Libel) ON 41 PHAEOPHYSCIA adiastola (Essl.) Essl. ON QU 90 cernohorskyi (Nadv.) Essl. ON QU 89 ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg ON QU 96 decolor (Kashiw.) Essl. QU 96 hirtella Essl. ON QU 96 hispidula (Ach.) Essl. ON QU 89, 90 imbricata (Vain.) Essl. (Syn. Physcia QU 94 lacinulata N. Amer. auct. non Muell. Arg.) pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. ON 89 rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. ON QU 86, 88 sciastra (Ach.) Moberg ON QU 90 PHLYCTIS argena (Ach.) Flot. ON QU 1897257182 PHYSCIA 120 adscendens (Th. Fr.) Oliv. ON QU 87 aipolia (Ehrh.) Hampe ON QU 95, 97 caesia (Hoffm.) Lett. ON QU 91 chloantha Ach. ON 87, 89 dubia (Hoffm.) Lett. ON QU 89, 91 millegrana Degel. ON QU 87, 88 phaea (Tuck.) Thoms. QU 97 stellaris (L.) Nyl. ON 97 tribacoides Nyl. ON 91 PHYSCIOPSIS 42 adglutinata (Floerke) Choisy ON QU 90 PHYSCONIA detersa (Nyl.) Poelt ON QU 87 133 (PHYSCONIA) enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt pulverulacea Moberg PLACYNTHIUM nigrum (Huds.) S. Gray PLAGIOCARPA hyalospora (Nyl.) R. Harris macrospora R. Harris phaeospora R. Harris septemseptata R. Harris PLATISMATIA tuckermanii (Oakes) W. Culb. & C. Culb. POLYBLASTIOPSIS fallaciosa (Stizenb.) Zahlbr. PROTOBLASTENIA rupestris (Scop.) J. Stein. PSORA anthracophila Nyl. = Hypocenomyce a. friesii (Ach.) Hellb. = Hypocenomyce f. russellii (Tuck.) Schneid. scalaris (Ach.) Hook. = Hypocenomyce s. PSOROTICHIA schaereri (Mass.) Arn. PYRENULA imperfecta (Ellis & Everh.) R. Harris laevigata (Pers.) Arn. [macounii R. Harris] neglecta R. Harris PYXINE sorediata (Ach.) Mont. 134 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 87 93 237021] PAPA 61 61 61 61 96 120 19 7) 24, 61 28, 61 14, 27 21, 61, 120 62 62 62 62 86 RAMALINA americana Hale ON stat dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. QU Ua. intermedia Nyl. QU 109} Ai obtusata (Arn.) Bitt. ON 111 RHIZOCARPON 025 37 eupetraeum (Nyl.) Arn. QU 63 grande (Floerke ex Flot.) Arn. ON QU 63 hochstetteri (Koerb.) Vain. QU 2562 lavatum (Ach. ex Fr.) Hazl. QU 687 1210 [lecanorinum And.] 62 obscuratum (Ach.) Mass. QU 63 tetramerum (Vain.) Vain. ON 63 RINODINA 23563. 120 ascociscana (Tuck.) Tuck. ON QU 64 bischoffii (Hepp) Mass. QU 64, 65 dakotensis Magn. ON QU 65,65 halei Magn. QU 65, 65 novoconfragosa Sheard, ined. QU 64 palustris Will. ex Sheard ON QU 66 polyspora Th. Fr. ON 66 [populicola Magn.] 66 subminuta Magn. QU 65 verrucosa Merr. ex Sheard, ined. ON 64 SARCOGYNE 24, 664.120 clavus (Ram.) Kremp. QU 66 regularis Koerb. ON QU 66 privigna (Ach.) Mass. QU 66 simplex (Dav.) Nyl. ON QU 60, 66 SCOLICIOSPORUM chlorococcum (Graewe ex Stenh.) Vézda ON QU Bie: umbrinum (Ach.) Arn. ON QU 36 SOLORINA saccata (L.) Ach. ON QU 69), 62785 135 SPHINCTRINA microcephala Koerb. ON STAUROTHELE catalepta (Ach.) Blomb. & Forss. ON diffractella (Nyl.) Tuck. fissa (Tayl.) Zw. STEREOCAULON dactylophyllum Fr. ON saxatile Magn. ON tomentosum Fr. ON THELIDIUM decipiens (Hepp) Kremp. THROMBIUM epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr. THYREA pulvinata (Schaer.) Mass. TRAPELIA involuta (Tayl. in Mack.) Hert. ON TRYPETHELIUM virens Tuck. in Darl. ON UMBILICARIA deusta (L.) Baumg. ON mammulata (Ach.) Tuck. muehlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck. vellea (L.) Ach. USNEA filipendula Stirt. hirta (L.) Wigg. ON subfloridana Stirt. ON 136 QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 41 19, 67 67 60, 108 108, 108 20 20 76 52, 20 120 81 83 83 83 110 109, 1) 1) Ol 67 67 109 55 110 120 VERRUCARIA aethiobola Wahlenb. ex Ach. calciseda DC. calkinsiana Serv. fuscella (Turn.) Ach. muralis Ach. nigrescens Pers. nigrescentoidea Fink virens XANTHORIA elegans (Link) Th. Fr. fallax (Hepp) Arn. polycarpa (Ehrh.) Oliv. ON ON ON ON ON ON ON QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU QU 20, 57 60, 68 68 67 68 68 68 71 daly 71 67 67 UZ 137 RECENT SYLLOGEUS TITLES/TITRES RECENTS DANS LA COLLECTION SYLLOGEUS No. 16 Jarzen, David M., and Gregory J. Whalen (1978) CATALOGUE OF THE POLLEN AND SPORE EXCHANGE COLLECTIONS, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 29 pic No. 17 Argus, George W., and David J. White (1978) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF ALBERTA./LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE L'ALBERTA. 46 p./47 p. No. 18 Maher, Robert V., David J. White, and George W. Argus (1978) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NOVA SCOTIA./LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE LA NOUVELLE-ECOSSE. 37 p./38 p. No. 19 Boullard, Bernard (1979) CONSIDERATIONS SUR LA SYMBIOSE FONGIQUE CHEZ LES PTERIDOPHYTES. 59e ps No. 20 Maher, Robert V., George W. Argus, Vernon L. Harms, and John H. Hudson (1979) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF SASKATCHEWAN./LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE LA SASKATCHEWAN. 55 p./57 p. No 2 1MBrüunEon, DE. (819579) THE VASCULAR PLANT COLLECTIONS OF JOHN MACOUN IN ALGONQUIN PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO. ZOOM DI. No. 22 Warkentin, John (1979) GEOLOGICAL LECTURES OF DR. JOHN RICHARDSON, 1825-26. 63 p. No. 23 Cody, William J. (1979) VASCULAR PLANTS OF RESTRICTED RANGE IN THE CONTINENTAL NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA. 57 p. No. 24 Haber, Erich and James H. Soper (1979) VASCULAR PLANTS OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. No. 25 Danks, H.V. (1980) ARTHROPODS OF POLAR BEAR PASS, BATHURST ISLAND, ARCTIC CANADA. ii, 68 p. No. 26 Harington, C.R. (ed.) (1980) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA. 246 p. No. 27 White, David J. and Karen L. Johnson. (1980) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MANITOBA./LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU MANITOBA. 52 p./53 p. No. 28 Douglas, G.W., G.W. Argus, H.L. Dickson and D.F. Brunton (1980) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE YUKON./LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU YUKON. CALIF ACAD OF iil ill | 1853 diy 4754 3